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dev-2912-89 | As they did with art direction, the major studios gave screen credit for make-up to only the department head. When RKO make-up department head Mel Berns refused to share credit with Seiderman, who was only an apprentice, Welles told Berns that there would be no make-up credit. Welles signed a large advertisement in the... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 89 | 50,941 | 51,298 |
dev-2912-90 | THANKS TO EVERYBODY WHO GETS SCREEN CREDIT FOR "CITIZEN KANE"
AND THANKS TO THOSE WHO DON'T
TO ALL THE ACTORS, THE CREW, THE OFFICE, THE MUSICIANS, EVERYBODY
AND PARTICULARLY TO MAURICE SEIDERMAN, THE BEST MAKE-UP MAN IN THE WORLD[73]:20 | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 90 | 51,299 | 51,536 |
dev-2912-91 | "To put this event in context, remember that I was a very low man," Seiderman recalled. "I wasn't even called a make-up man. I had started their laboratory and developed their plastic appliances for make-up. But my salary was $25 a week. And I had no union card."[74]:48 | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 91 | 51,537 | 51,807 |
dev-2912-92 | Seiderman told Gambill that after Citizen Kane was released, Welles was invited to a White House dinner where Frances Perkins was among the guests. Welles told her about the Russian immigrant who did the make-up for his film but could not join the union. Seiderman said the head of the union received a call from the Lab... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 92 | 51,808 | 52,221 |
dev-2912-93 | Although credited as an assistant, the film's art direction was done by Perry Ferguson.[34]:85 Welles and Ferguson got along during their collaboration.[10]:37 In the weeks before production began Welles, Toland and Ferguson met regularly to discuss the film and plan every shot, set design and prop. Ferguson would take... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 93 | 52,222 | 53,020 |
dev-2912-94 | In the original script the Great Hall at Xanadu was modeled after the Great Hall in Hearst Castle and its design included a mixture of Renaissance and Gothic styles.[10]:50–51 "The Hearstian element is brought out in the almost perverse juxtaposition of incongruous architectural styles and motifs," wrote Carringer.[10]... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 94 | 53,021 | 54,257 |
dev-2912-95 | Still photographs of Oheka Castle in Huntington, New York, were used in the opening montage, representing Kane's Xanadu estate.[78][79] Ferguson also designed statues from Kane's collection with styles ranging from Greek to German Gothic.[10]:61 The sets were also built to accommodate Toland's camera movements. Walls w... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 95 | 54,258 | 55,000 |
dev-2912-96 | The film's special effects were supervised by RKO department head Vernon L. Walker.[34]:85 Welles pioneered several visual effects to cheaply shoot things like crowd scenes and large interior spaces. For example, the scene in which the camera in the opera house rises dramatically to the rafters, to show the workmen sho... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 96 | 55,001 | 55,745 |
dev-2912-97 | Some shots included rear screen projection in the background, such as Thompson's interview of Leland and some of the ocean backgrounds at Xanadu.[10]:88 Bordwell claims that the scene where Thatcher agrees to be Kane's guardian used rear screen projection to depict young Kane in the background, despite this scene being... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 97 | 55,746 | 56,344 |
dev-2912-98 | Optical effects artist Dunn claimed that "up to 80 percent of some reels was optically printed." These shots were traditionally attributed to Toland for years.[81]:110 The optical printer improved some of the deep focus shots.[10]:92 One problem with the optical printer was that it sometimes created excessive grainines... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 98 | 56,345 | 57,085 |
dev-2912-99 | Any time deep focus was impossible—as in the scene in which Kane finishes a negative review of Susan's opera while at the same time firing the person who began writing the review—an optical printer was used to make the whole screen appear in focus, visually layering one piece of film onto another.[10]:92 However, some ... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 99 | 57,086 | 57,951 |
dev-2912-100 | The film's music was composed by Bernard Herrmann.[82]:72 Herrmann had composed for Welles for his Mercury Theatre radio broadcasts.[82]:63 Because it was Herrmann's first motion picture score, RKO wanted to pay him only a small fee, but Welles insisted he be paid at the same rate as Max Steiner.[82]:72 | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 100 | 57,952 | 58,256 |
dev-2912-101 | The score established Herrmann as an important new composer of film soundtracks[35] and eschewed the typical Hollywood practice of scoring a film with virtually non-stop music. Instead Herrmann used what he later described as '"radio scoring", musical cues typically 5–15 seconds in length that bridge the action or sugg... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 101 | 58,257 | 58,855 |
dev-2912-102 | Herrmann realized that musicians slated to play his music were hired for individual unique sessions; there was no need to write for existing ensembles. This meant that he was free to score for unusual combinations of instruments, even instruments that are not commonly heard. In the opening sequence, for example, the to... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 102 | 58,856 | 59,310 |
dev-2912-103 | For Susan Alexander Kane's operatic sequence, Welles suggested that Herrmann compose a witty parody of a Mary Garden vehicle, an aria from Salammbô.[12]:57 "Our problem was to create something that would give the audience the feeling of the quicksand into which this simple little girl, having a charming but small voice... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 103 | 59,311 | 60,263 |
dev-2912-104 | Music enthusiasts consider the scene in which Susan Alexander Kane attempts to sing the famous cavatina "Una voce poco fa" from Il barbiere di Siviglia by Gioachino Rossini with vocal coach Signor Matiste as especially memorable for depicting the horrors of learning music through mistakes.[86] | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 104 | 60,264 | 60,558 |
dev-2912-105 | In 1972, Herrmann said, "I was fortunate to start my career with a film like Citizen Kane, it's been a downhill run ever since!" Welles loved Herrmann's score and told director Henry Jaglom that it was 50 percent responsible for the film's artistic success.[82]:84 | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 105 | 60,559 | 60,823 |
dev-2912-106 | Some incidental music came from other sources. Welles heard the tune used for the publisher's theme, "Oh, Mr. Kane", in Mexico.[12]:57 Called "A Poco No", the song was written by Pepe Guízar and special lyrics were written by Herman Ruby.[87] | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 106 | 60,824 | 61,066 |
dev-2912-107 | "In a Mizz", a 1939 jazz song by Charlie Barnet and Haven Johnson, bookends Thompson's second interview of Susan Alexander Kane.[10]:108[87] "I kind of based the whole scene around that song," Welles said. "The music is by Nat Cole—it's his trio."[12]:56 Later—beginning with the lyrics, "It can't be love"—"In a Mizz" i... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 107 | 61,067 | 61,659 |
dev-2912-108 | All of the music used in the newsreel came from the RKO music library, edited at Welles's request by the newsreel department to achieve what Herrmann called "their own crazy way of cutting". The News on the March theme that accompanies the newsreel titles is "Belgian March" by Anthony Collins, from the film Nurse Edith... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 108 | 61,660 | 62,246 |
dev-2912-109 | One of the editing techniques used in Citizen Kane was the use of montage to collapse time and space, using an episodic sequence on the same set while the characters changed costume and make-up between cuts so that the scene following each cut would look as if it took place in the same location, but at a time long afte... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 109 | 62,247 | 63,241 |
dev-2912-110 | Welles was influenced by the editing theories of Sergei Eisenstein by using jarring cuts that caused "sudden graphic or associative contrasts", such as the cut from Kane's deathbed to the beginning of the News on the March sequence and a sudden shot of a shrieking bird at the beginning of Raymond's flashback.[61]:88–89... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 110 | 63,242 | 63,950 |
dev-2912-111 | In her 1992 monograph for the British Film Institute, critic Laura Mulvey explored the anti-fascist themes of Citizen Kane. The News on the March newsreel presents Kane keeping company with Hitler and other dictators while he smugly assures the public there will be no war.[90]:44 Mulvey wrote that the film reflects "th... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 111 | 63,951 | 64,873 |
dev-2912-112 | Journalist Ignacio Ramonet has cited the film as an early example of mass media manipulation of public opinion and the power that media conglomerates have on influencing the democratic process. Ramonet believes that this early example of a media mogul influencing politics is outdated and that "today Citizen Kane would ... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 112 | 64,874 | 65,509 |
dev-2912-113 | To ensure that Citizen Kane's influence from Hearst's life was a secret, Welles limited access to dailies and managed the film's publicity. A December 1940 feature story in Stage magazine compared the film's narrative to Faust and made no mention of Hearst.[10]:111 | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 113 | 65,510 | 65,775 |
dev-2912-114 | The film was scheduled to premiere at RKO's flagship theater Radio City Music Hall on February 14, but in early January 1941 Welles was not finished with post-production work and told RKO that it still needed its musical score.[11]:205 Writers for national magazines had early deadlines and so a rough cut was previewed ... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 114 | 65,776 | 67,167 |
dev-2912-115 | Shortly after Friday's article, Hearst sent Parsons an angry letter complaining that he had learned about Citizen Kane from Hopper and not her. The incident made a fool of Parsons and compelled her to start attacking Welles and the film. Parsons demanded a private screening of the film and personally threatened Schaefe... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 115 | 67,168 | 68,256 |
dev-2912-116 | When Schaefer did not submit to Parsons she called other studio heads and made more threats on behalf of Hearst to expose the private lives of people throughout the entire film industry.[11]:206 Welles was threatened with an exposé about his romance with the married actress Dolores del Rio, who wanted the affair kept ... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 116 | 68,257 | 68,948 |
dev-2912-117 | The Hollywood Reporter ran a front-page story on January 13 that Hearst papers were about to run a series of editorials attacking Hollywood's practice of hiring refugees and immigrants for jobs that could be done by Americans. The goal was to put pressure on the other studios to force RKO to shelve Kane.[10]:111 Many o... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 117 | 68,949 | 70,323 |
dev-2912-118 | Hearing about Citizen Kane enraged Hearst so much that he banned any advertising, reviewing, or mentioning of it in his papers, and had his journalists libel Welles.[96] Welles used Hearst's opposition as a pretext for previewing the film in several opinion-making screenings in Los Angeles, lobbying for its artistic wo... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 118 | 70,324 | 71,430 |
dev-2912-119 | When Schaefer rejected Hearst's offer to suppress the film, Hearst banned every newspaper and station in his media conglomerate from reviewing—or even mentioning—the film. He also had many movie theaters ban it, and many did not show it through fear of being socially exposed by his massive newspaper empire.[97] The Osc... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 119 | 71,431 | 72,480 |
dev-2912-120 | Hearst's attacks against Welles went beyond attempting to suppress the film. Welles said that while he was on his post-filming lecture tour a police detective approached him at a restaurant and advised him not to go back to his hotel. A 14-year-old girl had reportedly been hidden in the closet of his room, and two phot... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 120 | 72,481 | 73,150 |
dev-2912-121 | In March 1941 Welles directed a Broadway version of Richard Wright's Native Son (and, for luck, used a "Rosebud" sled as a prop). Native Son received positive reviews, but Hearst-owned papers used the opportunity to attack Welles as a communist.[11]:213 The Hearst papers vociferously attacked Welles after his April 194... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 121 | 73,151 | 73,576 |
dev-2912-122 | Welles described his chance encounter with Hearst in an elevator at the Fairmont Hotel on the night Citizen Kane opened in San Francisco. Hearst and Welles's father were acquaintances, so Welles introduced himself and asked Hearst if he would like to come to the opening. Hearst did not respond. "As he was getting off a... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 122 | 73,577 | 74,122 |
dev-2912-123 | In 1945 Hearst journalist Robert Shaw wrote that the film got "a full tide of insensate fury" from Hearst papers, "then it ebbed suddenly. With one brain cell working, the chief realized that such hysterical barking by the trained seals would attract too much attention to the picture. But to this day the name of Orson ... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 123 | 74,123 | 74,525 |
dev-2912-124 | Despite Hearst's attempts to destroy the film, since 1941 references to his life and career have usually included a reference to Citizen Kane, such as the headline 'Son of Citizen Kane Dies' for the obituary of Hearst's son.[102] In 2012 the Hearst estate agreed to screen the film at Hearst Castle in San Simeon, breaki... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 124 | 74,526 | 74,879 |
dev-2912-125 | Radio City Music Hall's management refused to screen Citizen Kane for its premiere. A possible factor was Parsons's threat that The American Weekly would run a defamatory story on the grandfather of major RKO stockholder Nelson Rockefeller.[10]:115 Other exhibitors feared being sued for libel by Hearst and refused to s... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 125 | 74,880 | 75,549 |
dev-2912-126 | Schaefer managed to book a few theaters willing to show the film. Hearst papers refused to accept advertising.[10]:115 RKO's publicity advertisements for the film erroneously promoted it as a love story.[11]:217 | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 126 | 75,550 | 75,761 |
dev-2912-127 | Kane opened at the RKO Palace Theatre on Broadway in New York on May 1, 1941,[5] in Chicago on May 6, and in Los Angeles on May 8.[10]:115 Welles said that at the Chicago premiere that he attended the theater was almost empty.[11]:216 It did well in cities and larger towns but fared poorly in more remote areas. RKO sti... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 127 | 75,762 | 76,684 |
dev-2912-128 | Citizen Kane received good reviews from several critics. New York Daily News critic Kate Cameron called it "one of the most interesting and technically superior films that has ever come out of a Hollywood studio".[106] New York World-Telegram critic William Boehnel said that the film was "staggering and belongs at once... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 128 | 76,685 | 77,834 |
dev-2912-129 | The day following the premiere of Citizen Kane, The New York Times critic Bosley Crowther wrote that "... it comes close to being the most sensational film ever made in Hollywood." | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 129 | 77,835 | 78,016 |
dev-2912-130 | Count on Mr. Welles: he doesn't do things by halves. ... Upon the screen he discovered an area large enough for his expansive whims to have free play. And the consequence is that he has made a picture of tremendous and overpowering scope, not in physical extent so much as in its rapid and graphic rotation of thoughts.... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 130 | 78,017 | 78,413 |
dev-2912-131 | In the UK C. A. Lejeune of The Observer called it "The most exciting film that has come out of Hollywood in twenty-five years"[110] and Dilys Powell of The Sunday Times said the film's style was made "with the ease and boldness and resource of one who controls and is not controlled by his medium."[111]:63 Edward Tangye... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 131 | 78,414 | 78,853 |
dev-2912-132 | A few reviews were mixed. Otis Ferguson of The New Republic said it was "the boldest free-hand stroke in major screen production since Griffith and Bitzer were running wild to unshackle the camera", but also criticized its style, calling it a "retrogression in film technique" and stating that "it holds no great place" ... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 132 | 78,854 | 79,628 |
dev-2912-133 | Some prominent critics wrote negative reviews. In his 1941 review for Sur, Jorge Luis Borges famously called the film "a labyrinth with no center" and predicted that its legacy would be a film "whose historical value is undeniable but which no one cares to see again."[116] The Argus Weekend Magazine critic Erle Cox cal... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 133 | 79,629 | 80,501 |
dev-2912-134 | Citizen Kane received the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Picture.[120] The National Board of Review voted it Best Film of 1941,[121] and recognized Welles and Coulouris for their performances.[122] | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 134 | 80,502 | 80,712 |
dev-2912-135 | Citizen Kane received nine nominations at the 1941 Academy Awards:[123] | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 135 | 80,713 | 80,784 |
dev-2912-136 | It was widely believed the film would win most of its Oscar nominations, but it received only the award for Best Writing (Original Screenplay), shared by Welles and Mankiewicz. Variety reported that block voting by screen extras deprived Citizen Kane of Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Actor (Welles), and simil... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 136 | 80,785 | 81,212 |
dev-2912-137 | Citizen Kane was the only film made under Welles's original contract with RKO Pictures, which gave him complete creative control.[11]:223 Welles's new business manager and attorney permitted the contract to lapse. In July 1941,[125][126] Welles reluctantly signed a new and less favorable deal with RKO[11]:223 under whi... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 137 | 81,213 | 82,010 |
dev-2912-138 | During World War II, Citizen Kane was not seen in most European countries. It was shown in France for the first time on July 10, 1946 at the Marbeuf theatre in Paris.[128]:34–35[p] Initially most French film critics were influenced by the negative reviews of Jean-Paul Sartre in 1945 and Georges Sadoul in 1946.[10]:11... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 138 | 82,011 | 82,807 |
dev-2912-139 | André Bazin, a little-known film critic working for Sartre's Les Temps modernes, was asked to give an impromptu speech about the film after a screening at the Colisée Theatre in the autumn of 1946[128]:36 and changed the opinion of much of the audience. This speech led to Bazin's 1947 article "The Technique of Citizen ... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 139 | 82,808 | 84,453 |
dev-2912-140 | In his 1950 essay "The Evolution of the Language of Cinema", Bazin placed Citizen Kane center stage as a work which ushered in a new period in cinema.[133]:37 One of the first critics to defend motion pictures as being on the same artistic level as literature or painting, Bazin often used the film as an example of cine... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 140 | 84,454 | 85,385 |
dev-2912-141 | Bazin's praise of the film went beyond film theory and reflected his own philosophy towards life itself.[130]:125 His metaphysical interpretations about the film reflected humankind's place in the universe.[130]:128 Bazin believed that the film examined one person's identity and search for meaning. It portrayed the wor... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 141 | 85,386 | 85,882 |
dev-2912-142 | The world of Citizen Kane, that mysterious, dark, and infinitely deep world of space and memory where voices trail off into distant echoes and where meaning dissolves into interpretation, seemed to Bazin to mark the starting point from which all of us try to construct provisionally the sense of our lives.[130]:129 | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 142 | 85,883 | 86,198 |
dev-2912-143 | Bazin went on to co-found Cahiers du cinéma, whose contributors (including future film directors François Truffaut and Jean-Luc Godard) also praised the film.[133]:37 The popularity of Truffaut's auteur theory helped the film's and Welles's reputation.[134]:263 | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 143 | 86,199 | 86,460 |
dev-2912-144 | By 1942 Citizen Kane had run its course theatrically and, apart from a few showings at big city arthouse cinemas, it largely vanished and both the film's and Welles's reputation fell among American critics. In 1949 critic Richard Griffith in his overview of cinema, The Film Till Now, dismissed Citizen Kane as "... tinp... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 144 | 86,461 | 86,819 |
dev-2912-145 | In the United States, it was neglected and forgotten until its revival on television in the mid-1950s. Three key events in 1956 led to its re-evaluation in the United States: first, RKO was one of the first studios to sell its library to television, and early that year Citizen Kane started to appear on television; seco... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 145 | 86,820 | 87,639 |
dev-2912-146 | During Expo 58, a poll of over 100 film historians named Kane one of the top ten greatest films ever made (the group gave first-place honors to The Battleship Potemkin). When a group of young film directors announced their vote for the top six, they were booed for not including the film.[136]:152 | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 146 | 87,640 | 87,937 |
dev-2912-147 | In the decades since, its critical status as the greatest film ever made has grown, with numerous essays and books on it including Peter Cowie's The Cinema of Orson Welles, Ronald Gottesman's Focus on Citizen Kane, a collection of significant reviews and background pieces, and most notably Kael's essay, "Raising Kane",... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 147 | 87,938 | 88,660 |
dev-2912-148 | The British magazine Sight & Sound has produced a Top Ten list surveying film critics every decade since 1952, and is regarded as one of the most respected barometers of critical taste.[137] Citizen Kane was a runner up to the top 10 in its 1952 poll but was voted as the greatest film ever made in its 1962 poll,[138] r... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 148 | 88,661 | 89,086 |
dev-2912-149 | The film has also ranked number one in the following film "best of" lists: Julio Castedo's The 100 Best Films of the Century,[143] Cahiers du cinéma's 100 films pour une cinémathèque idéale,[144] Kinovedcheskie Zapiski,[145] Time Out magazine's Top 100 Films (Centenary),[146] The Village Voice's 100 Greatest Films,[147... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 149 | 89,087 | 89,500 |
dev-2912-150 | Roger Ebert called Citizen Kane the greatest film ever made: "But people don't always ask about the greatest film. They ask, 'What's your favorite movie?' Again, I always answer with Citizen Kane."[149] | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 150 | 89,501 | 89,703 |
dev-2912-151 | In 1989, the United States Library of Congress deemed the film "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry. Citizen Kane was one of the first 25 films inducted into the registry.[150] | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 151 | 89,704 | 89,963 |
dev-2912-152 | On February 18, 1999, the United States Postal Service honored Citizen Kane by including it in its Celebrate the Century series.[151] The film was honored again February 25, 2003, in a series of U.S. postage stamps marking the 75th anniversary of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Art director Perry Fergu... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 152 | 89,964 | 90,417 |
dev-2912-153 | Citizen Kane was ranked number one in the American Film Institute's polls of film industry artists and leaders in 1998[153] and 2007.[154] "Rosebud" was chosen as the 17th most memorable movie quotation in a 2005 AFI poll.[155] The film's score was one of 250 nominees for the top 25 film scores in American cinema in an... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 153 | 90,418 | 90,763 |
dev-2912-154 | In 2012, the Motion Picture Editors Guild published a list of the 75 best-edited films of all time based on a survey of its membership. Citizen Kane was listed second.[157] | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 154 | 90,764 | 90,936 |
dev-2912-155 | The film currently has a 100% rating at Rotten Tomatoes, based on 75 reviews by approved critics, with an average rating of 9.4/10. The site's consensus states: "Orson Welles's epic tale of a publishing tycoon's rise and fall is entertaining, poignant, and inventive in its storytelling, earning its reputation as a land... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 155 | 90,937 | 91,288 |
dev-2912-156 | Citizen Kane has been called the most influential film of all time.[159] Richard Corliss has asserted that Jules Dassin's 1941 film The Tell-Tale Heart was the first example of its influence[160] and the first pop culture reference to the film occurred later in 1941 when the spoof comedy Hellzapoppin' featured a "Roseb... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 156 | 91,289 | 91,906 |
dev-2912-157 | The cinematography influenced John Huston's The Maltese Falcon. Cinematographer Arthur Edeson used a wider-angle lens than Toland and the film includes many long takes, low angles and shots of the ceiling, but it did not use deep focus shots on large sets to the extent that Citizen Kane did. Edeson and Toland are often... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 157 | 91,907 | 92,634 |
dev-2912-158 | Its cinematography, lighting, and flashback structure influenced such film noirs of the 1940s and 1950s as The Killers, Keeper of the Flame, Caught, The Great Man[71]:425 and This Gun for Hire.[10]:85–86 David Bordwell and Kristin Thompson have written that "For over a decade thereafter American films displayed exagger... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 158 | 92,635 | 93,777 |
dev-2912-159 | The film's structure influenced the biographical films Lawrence of Arabia and Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters—which begin with the subject's death and show their life in flashbacks—as well as Welles's thriller Mr. Arkadin.[136]:154 Rosenbaum sees similarities in the film's plot to Mr. Arkadin, as well as the theme of ... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 159 | 93,778 | 94,640 |
dev-2912-160 | Akira Kurosawa's Rashomon is often compared to the film due to both having complicated plot structures told by multiple characters in the film. Welles said his initial idea for the film was "Basically, the idea Rashomon used later on,"[12]:53 however Kurosawa had not yet seen the film before making Rashomon in 1950.[16... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 160 | 94,641 | 95,344 |
dev-2912-161 | The films of Paul Thomas Anderson have been compared to it. Variety compared There Will Be Blood to the film[168] and called it "one that rivals Giant and Citizen Kane in our popular lore as origin stories about how we came to be the people we are."[169] The Master has been called "movieland's only spiritual sequel to ... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 161 | 95,345 | 96,606 |
dev-2912-162 | Many directors have listed it as one of the greatest films ever made, including Woody Allen, Michael Apted, Les Blank, Kenneth Branagh, Paul Greengrass, Michel Hazanavicius, Michael Mann, Sam Mendes, Jiri Menzel, Paul Schrader, Martin Scorsese,[176] Denys Arcand, Gillian Armstrong, John Boorman, Roger Corman, Alex Cox,... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 162 | 96,607 | 98,074 |
dev-2912-163 | William Friedkin said that the film influenced him and called it "a veritable quarry for filmmakers, just as Joyce's Ulysses is a quarry for writers."[185]:210 The film has also influenced other art forms. Carlos Fuentes's novel The Death of Artemio Cruz was partially inspired by the film[186] and the rock band The Whi... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 163 | 98,075 | 98,481 |
dev-2912-164 | In 1982, film director Steven Spielberg bought a "Rosebud" sled for $60,500; it was one of three balsa sleds used in the closing scenes and the only one that was not burned.[188][189] After the Spielberg purchase, it was reported that retiree Arthur Bauer claimed to own another "Rosebud" sled.[190] In early 1942 when B... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 164 | 98,482 | 99,218 |
dev-2912-165 | Welles's Oscar for Best Original Screenplay was believed to be lost until it was rediscovered in 1994. It was withdrawn from a 2007 auction at Sotheby's when bidding failed to reach its estimate of $800,000 to $1.2 million.[194] Owned by the charitable Dax Foundation,[194] it was auctioned for $861,542 in 2011 to an an... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 165 | 99,219 | 99,667 |
dev-2912-166 | In 1989, Mankiewicz's personal copy of the Citizen Kane script was auctioned at Christie's. The leather-bound volume included the final shooting script and a carbon copy of American that bore handwritten annotations—purportedly made by Hearst's lawyers, who were said to have obtained it in the manner described by Kae... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 166 | 99,668 | 100,098 |
dev-2912-167 | In 2007, Welles's personal copy of the last revised draft of Citizen Kane before the shooting script was sold at Sotheby's for $97,000.[194] A second draft of the script titled American, marked "Mr. Welles' working copy", was auctioned by Sotheby's in 2014 for $164,692.[201][s] A collection of 24 pages from a working s... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 167 | 100,099 | 100,535 |
dev-2912-168 | In 2014, a collection of approximately 235 Citizen Kane stills and production photos that had belonged to Welles was sold at auction for $7,812.[204][205] | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 168 | 100,536 | 100,690 |
dev-2912-169 | The composited camera negative of Citizen Kane was destroyed in a New Jersey film laboratory fire in the 1970s. Subsequent prints were derived from a master positive (a fine-grain preservation element) made in the 1940s and originally intended for use in overseas distribution.[206] Modern techniques were used to produc... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 169 | 100,691 | 101,201 |
dev-2912-170 | In 1955, RKO sold the American television rights to its film library, including Citizen Kane, to C&C Television Corp.[209] In 1960, television rights to the pre-1956 RKO library were acquired by United Artists. RKO kept the non-broadcast television rights to its library.[210] | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 170 | 101,202 | 101,478 |
dev-2912-171 | In 1976, when home video was in its infancy, entrepreneur Snuff Garrett bought cassette rights to the RKO library for what United Press International termed "a pittance." In 1978 The Nostalgia Merchant released the film through Media Home Entertainment. By 1980 the 800-title library of The Nostalgia Merchant was earnin... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 171 | 101,479 | 102,053 |
dev-2912-172 | In 1984, The Criterion Collection released the film as its first LaserDisc. It was made from a fine grain master positive provided by the UCLA Film and Television Archive.[213] When told about the then-new concept of having an audio commentary on the disc, Welles was skeptical but said "theoretically, that's good for t... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 172 | 102,054 | 102,677 |
dev-2912-173 | Turner Broadcasting System acquired broadcast television rights to the RKO library in 1986[215] and the full worldwide rights to the library in 1987.[216] The RKO Home Video unit was reorganized into Turner Home Entertainment that year.[217] In 1991 Turner released a 50th Anniversary Edition on VHS and as a collector's... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 173 | 102,678 | 103,344 |
dev-2912-174 | In 2001, Warner Home Video released a 60th Anniversary Collectors Edition DVD. The two-disc DVD included feature-length commentaries by Roger Ebert and Peter Bogdanovich, as well as The Battle Over Citizen Kane. It was simultaneously released on VHS.[221] The DVD was criticized for being "too bright, too clean; the dir... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 174 | 103,345 | 103,784 |
dev-2912-175 | In 2003, Welles's daughter Beatrice Welles sued Turner Entertainment, claiming the Welles estate is the legal copyright holder of the film. She claimed that Welles's deal to terminate his contracts with RKO meant that Turner's copyright of the film was null and void. She also claimed that the estate of Orson Welles was... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 175 | 103,785 | 104,326 |
dev-2912-176 | In 2011, it was released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD in a 70th anniversary box set.[224] The San Francisco Chronicle called it "the Blu-ray release of the year."[225] Supplements included everything available on the 2001 Warner Home Video release, as well as RKO 281 and packaging extras that include a hardcover booklet and... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 176 | 104,327 | 104,898 |
dev-2912-177 | In the 1980s, Citizen Kane became a catalyst in the controversy over the colorization of black-and-white films. One proponent of film colorization was Ted Turner,[227] whose Turner Entertainment Company owned the RKO library.[228] A Turner Entertainment spokesperson initially stated that Citizen Kane would not be color... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 177 | 104,899 | 105,584 |
dev-2912-178 | In February 1989, Turner Entertainment president Roger Mayer announced that work to colorize the film had been stopped due to provisions in Welles's 1939 contract with RKO that "could be read to prohibit colorization without permission of the Welles estate."[232] Mayer added that Welles's contract was "quite unusual" a... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 178 | 105,585 | 106,186 |
dev-2912-179 | The colorization controversy was a factor in the passage of the National Film Preservation Act in 1988 which created the National Film Registry the following year. ABC News anchor Peter Jennings reported that "one major reason for doing this is to require people like the broadcaster Ted Turner, who's been adding color ... | dev-2912 | Citizen Kane | 179 | 106,187 | 106,640 |
dev-2128-0 | The Guantanamo Bay detention camp is a United States military prison located within Guantanamo Bay Naval Base,[1] also referred to as Guantánamo or GTMO (/ˈɡɪtmoʊ/), which is on the coast of Guantánamo Bay in Cuba. Since the inmates have been detained indefinitely without trial and several detainees have alleged tortur... | dev-2128 | Guantanamo Bay detention camp | 0 | 0 | 431 |
dev-2128-1 | The camp was established by President George W. Bush's administration in 2002 during the War on Terror. His successor, President Barack Obama, promised that he would close it, but met strong bipartisan opposition, with Congress passing laws to prohibit detainees from Guantanamo being imprisoned in the U.S. During Obama... | dev-2128 | Guantanamo Bay detention camp | 1 | 432 | 1,013 |
dev-2128-2 | At the time of its establishment in January 2002, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld said the prison camp was established to detain extraordinarily dangerous people, to interrogate detainees in an optimal setting, and to prosecute detainees for war crimes.[6] In practice, the site has long been used for indefinite de... | dev-2128 | Guantanamo Bay detention camp | 2 | 1,014 | 1,359 |
dev-2128-3 | The Department of Defense at first kept secret the identity of the individuals held in Guantanamo, but, after losing attempts to defy a Freedom of Information Act request from the Associated Press, the U.S. military officially acknowledged holding 779 prisoners in the camp.[7] The facility is operated by the Joint Task... | dev-2128 | Guantanamo Bay detention camp | 3 | 1,360 | 1,887 |
dev-2128-4 | After Bush political appointees at the U.S. Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice advised the Bush administration that the Guantanamo Bay detention camp could be considered outside U.S. legal jurisdiction, military guards took the first twenty detainees to Camp X-Ray on 11 January 2002. The Bush administration... | dev-2128 | Guantanamo Bay detention camp | 4 | 1,888 | 2,766 |
dev-2128-5 | Current and former detainees have reported abuse and torture, which the Bush administration denied. In a 2005 Amnesty International report, the facility was called the "Gulag of our times."[13] In 2006, the United Nations demanded unsuccessfully for the Guantanamo Bay detention camp to be closed.[14] In January 2009, S... | dev-2128 | Guantanamo Bay detention camp | 5 | 2,767 | 3,320 |
dev-2128-6 | On 22 January 2009, President Obama issued a request to suspend proceedings at Guantanamo military commission for 120 days and to shut down the detention facility that year.[16][17] On 29 January 2009, a military judge at Guantanamo rejected the White House request in the case of Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri, creating an un... | dev-2128 | Guantanamo Bay detention camp | 6 | 3,321 | 4,200 |
dev-2128-7 | The Final Report of the Guantanamo Review Task Force, dated 22 January 2010, published the results for the 240 detainees subject to the review: 36 were the subject of active cases or investigations; 30 detainees from Yemen were designated for "conditional detention" due to the poor security environment in Yemen; 126 de... | dev-2128 | Guantanamo Bay detention camp | 7 | 4,201 | 4,651 |
dev-2128-8 | On 6 January 2011, President Obama signed the 2011 Defense Authorization Bill, which, in part, placed restrictions on the transfer of Guantanamo prisoners to the mainland or to foreign countries, thus impeding the closure of the facility.[22] In February 2011, U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that Guantanamo... | dev-2128 | Guantanamo Bay detention camp | 8 | 4,652 | 5,275 |
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