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3A1831648172.jsonld | Chapter 40 Non-linear dynamical systems: Instability and chaos in economics | This chapter aims to (1) set enough of the mathematics of dynamical systems from the perspective of chaos theory so that the endogenous emergence of chaotic dynamics and other highly complex dynamics are understood, (ii) measures of instability and complexity are explained, (iii) how one tests for the presence of chaos... |
3A1831644533.jsonld | Chapter 24. New Developments in Econometric Methods for Labor Market Analysis | Econometric practice in labor economics has changed over the past 10 years as probit, logit, hazard methods, instrumental variables, and fixed effects models have grown in use and selection bias methods have declined in use. To a large degree these trends reflect an increasing preference for methods which are less rest... |
3A1831632748.jsonld | Chapter 78 Quasi-experimental Evaluation of Regional Employment Subsidies | Although certain government policies might be tested in controlled experiments during a pilot phase, such tests are rarely undertaken. Ideally, a policy could be tried, when feasible and meaningful, on a random subset of areas, firms or consumers exposed to the policy and be compared with the remaining subset over a si... |
3A1831647427.jsonld | Chapter 6 Capital theory and trade theory | In a major survey of the theory of international trade, dynamic trade theory calls for further, systematic analysis and synthesis, and notes the negligible dent made so far by intermediate and capital goods in the theoretical models employed by analysts of international trade. This chapter surveys the progress that has... |
3A1831651629.jsonld | Chapter 19. The Impact of International Migration on Economic Growth in the Global Economy | Recent research suggests that the welfare gains that would result from removing restrictions on international migration are large. The long-run impact of a higher level of international migration on the global economy is potentially even larger if it triggers an increase in the global growth rate, but such a growth rat... |
3A1831642042.jsonld | Chapter 59 Strategic aspects of political systems | Early results on the emptiness of the core and the majority-rule-chaos results led to the recognition of the importance of modeling institutional details in political processes. A sample of the literature on game-theoretic models of political phenomena that ensued is presented. In the case of sophisticated voting over ... |
3A1831638150.jsonld | Chapter 29 Agriculture and economic development | This chapter takes an analytical look at the potential role of agriculture in contributing to economic growth, and develops a framework for understanding and quantifying this contribution. The framework points to the key areas where positive linkages, not necessarily well-mediated by markets, might exist, and it highli... |
3A1831639327.jsonld | Chapter 22 Political economics and macroeconomic policy | This chapter surveys the recent literature on the theory of macroeconomic policy. We study the effect of various incentive constraints on the policy making process, such as lack of credibility, political opportunism, political ideology, and divided government. The survey is organized in three parts. Part I deals with m... |
3A1831639998.jsonld | Chapter 27. Macroeconomics of Persistent Slumps | In modern economies, sharp increases in unemployment from major adverse shocks result in long periods of abnormal unemployment and low output. This chapter investigates the processes that account for these persistent slumps. The data are from the economy of the United States, and the discussion emphasizes the financial... |
3A1831644959.jsonld | Chapter 11 Economics of water resources: a survey | This chapter reviews the application of economic concepts to study the consumption, supply, and allocation of water resources. Water management poses a wide array of issues for economists because few commodities are so pervasively involved in human economic activities. To an important degree, the location and intensity... |
3A1831644843.jsonld | Chapter 2 Female labor supply: A survey | This chapter presents a survey on female labor supply. The chapter surveys theoretical and empirical work on the labor supply of women, with special reference to women in Western economies, primarily the United States, in modern times. The behavior of female labor supply has important implications for many other phenom... |
3A183164858X.jsonld | Chapter 4. The Structural Estimation of Behavioral Models: Discrete Choice Dynamic Programming Methods and Applications | The purpose of this chapter is twofold: (1) to provide an accessible introduction to the methods of structural estimation of discrete choice dynamic programming (DCDP) models and (2) to survey the contributions of applications of these methods to substantive and policy issues in labor economics. The first part of the c... |
3A1831652749.jsonld | Chapter 10. Forecasting with Option-Implied Information | This chapter surveys the methods available for extracting information from option prices that can be used in forecasting. We consider option-implied volatilities, skewness, kurtosis, and densities. More generally, we discuss how any forecasting object that is a twice differentiable function of the future realization of... |
3A1831651653.jsonld | Chapter 16. The Fiscal Impact of Immigrants : Taxes and Benefits | This chapter provides a comprehensive look at the different ways of estimating the fiscal impact of immigration, discusses the evidence for different countries, and proposes ideas for future research. The evidence regarding the direction of the fiscal impact of immigration (i.e., fiscal burden or blessing) is mixed, bu... |
3A1831636506.jsonld | Chapter 4. Economics of Common Property Management Regimes | The purpose of this chapter is to identify the reasons for collective action failures and successes in natural resource management, and to understand, in the light of economic theory, the mode of operation of the factors involved whenever possible. In the first section, we clarify the notion of a common property manage... |
3A1831636344.jsonld | Chapter 14 Valuing the Environment as a Factor of Production | This chapter explores the theory and practice of measuring the economic costs and benefits of environmental changes that influence production, both in the context of firms and of households. The theory uses models of household and firm decision making to map the influence of environmental changes to changes in human we... |
3A1831633167.jsonld | Chapter 36 Laboratory Tests of Job Search Models | This chapter is concerned with laboratory tests of job search models. Formal models of job search specify certain common elements, i.e., the length of the search horizon, the searcher's discounting rate of interest, the net costs (subsidies) to search in each period of the search horizon, and the searcher's knowledge a... |
3A1831636352.jsonld | Chapter 13 Environment, Uncertainty, and Option Values | We analyze in this chapter decision-making when costs and benefits of an action are uncertain, that is, when future preferences are uncertain. We begin, in Section 2, with the classical analysis by Krutilla et al. (1972) of whether the expected consumer's surplus is a correct measure of the net benefits from the action... |
3A1796502189.jsonld | Effect of very-large-scale motions on one- and two-point statistics in turbulent pipe flow investigated by direct numerical simulations | Very-large-scale motions appear in the bulk region of turbulent pipe flow. They become increasingly energetic with the Reynolds number and interact with the near-wall turbulence. These structures appear either in the shape of positive (high-speed) or negative (low-speed) streamwise velocity fluctuation. The impact of t... |
3A1831631997.jsonld | Chapter 14 Bankruptcy Law | Bankruptcy is the legal process whereby financially distressed firms, individuals, and occasionally governments resolve their debts. The bankruptcy process for firms plays a central role in economics, because competition drives inefficient firms out of business, thereby raising the average efficiency level of those rem... |
3A1831650282.jsonld | Chapter 16. Change and Persistence in the Economic Status of Neighborhoods and Cities | This chapter reviews recent literature that considers and explains the tendency for neighborhood and city-level economic status to rise and fall. A central message is that although many locations exhibit extreme persistence in economic status, change in economic status as measured by various indicators of per capita in... |
3A183164116X.jsonld | Chapter 30 Arms Industries, Arms Trade, and Developing Countries | This chapter discusses developing (non-high income) states' participation in the production and trade of parts or whole units of major conventional weapons, their integration into a transnationalized global arms industry, and the underlying industrial prerequisites that make that participation and integration possible.... |
3A183165282X.jsonld | Chapter 2. DSGE Model-Based Forecasting | Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models use modern macroeconomic theory to explain and predict comovements of aggregate time series over the business cycle and to perform policy analysis. We explain how to use DSGE models for all three purposes – forecasting, story-telling, and policy experiments – and rev... |
3A770763677.jsonld | Piezoelectric active bearings and supports: structures, characteristics, applications | Active kinematic pairs, piezoelectric motors, active bearings, piezoelectric supports, multi-degreeof-freedom actuators |
3A1831633264.jsonld | Chapter 26 Principles of Market Adjustment and Stability | First, market prices can exhibit the type of instability predicted by classical dynamic models. Second, the conditions under which instability is observed are not captured by the cobweb model but such conditions are captured by models of the form developed by Marshall and Walras in which the market has perversely shape... |
3A1831651610.jsonld | Chapter 20. Migration and Remittances | This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the economics literature on the remittances of international migrants, focusing primarily on empirical studies of their measurement, determinants, and various economic impacts. Given that remittances by international migrants require out-migration to have occurred, one ... |
3A730040763.jsonld | Trade integration, industry concentration and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows | This paper examines the pattern of industry location in Central European Economies during transition with a view of determining whether the geographical concentration of industries has increased, which factors determine location and, finally, whether industrial policies have played a role. |
3A1831634864.jsonld | Chapter 10 Accounting for Growth in the Information Age | The “killer application” of the new framework for productivity measurement presented in this paper is the impact of information technology (IT) on economic growth. A consensus has emerged that the remarkable behavior of IT prices provides the key to the surge in U.S. economic growth after 1995. The relentless decline i... |
3A729990311.jsonld | International Production Relocation and Exports of Services | This paper explores the relationship between the relocation of international production and exports of services from the United States using a number of different panel data estimators for six different categories of services. A conventional export demand relationship is augmented by three different measures of the ext... |
3A1831648911.jsonld | Chapter 14. The Financing of R&D and Innovation | Evidence on the “funding gap” for investment innovation is surveyed. The focus is on financial market reasons for underinvestment that exist even when externality-induced underinvestment is absent. We conclude that while small and new innovative firms experience high costs of capital that are only partly mitigated by t... |
3A729988880.jsonld | Governance of Banks in China | With the economic reform in the late 1970s, it has been an objective of government policy for Chinese banks to move away from their traditional passive role of executing directives adapted to the active role in resource allocation of banks in a market economy. However, owing to unclear ownership structures and a histor... |
3A1831637995.jsonld | Chapter 40 Food security and food assistance programs | Widespread hunger and malnutrition persist today despite considerable growth in per capita food availability. This has prompted an evolving conceptualization of food security and of mechanisms to attain and maintain food security. This chapter discusses both food security and food assistance programs designed to respon... |
3A1831636115.jsonld | Chapter 30 The Economics of Climate Policy | Economics has played an increasingly important role in shaping policy, in the United States and elsewhere. This chapter reviews some of the dimensions of the economic approach to analyzing, understanding, and developing solutions to the problem of climate change. We then turn to the issue of designing regulatory instru... |
3A1831639106.jsonld | Chapter 13 Income distribution and development | This paper is a review of the post-war literature on income distribution and development. It argues that the literature has cycled from one consensus to another, responding to emerging policy issues and new analysis. On the basis of the review, the paper identifies five areas that will command the attention of analysts... |
3A1831641615.jsonld | Chapter 31 Social choice | This chapter discusses social choice and aggregation of individual preferences into a social-welfare ordering. The axiom of independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) and Arrow's impossibility result are presented in the chapter. Two ways of overcoming the impossibility is proposed. One is to restrict the preference... |
3A1831652587.jsonld | Chapter 9. Regulating Occupational and Product Risks | Market forces, supplemented by government policy, affect how firms and households jointly determine product and workplace safety levels. After developing the economic theory of how labor and product markets pair prices and health risks we then explain the effects of the relevant government policies, including informati... |
3A183165279X.jsonld | Chapter 5. Forecasting and Policy Making | Policymakers use forecasts to project the consequences of particular policy decisions for certain policy targets. This chapter investigates the use of economic forecasting in policy making by discussing practical examples, providing new empirical evidence and computing forecasts using different macroeconomic models. Fi... |
3A1831639912.jsonld | Chapter 15. New Methods for Macro-Financial Model Comparison and Policy Analysis | The global financial crisis and the ensuing criticism of macroeconomics have inspired researchers to explore new modeling approaches. There are many new models that deliver improved estimates of the transmission of macroeconomic policies and aim to better integrate the financial sector in business cycle analysis. Polic... |
3A1831651564.jsonld | Chapter 25. Immigrants in Israel | Israel perceives the immigration of Jews as one of its major goals and thus it applies no selection rules towards them. Jewish immigration to Israel hailed from Arab countries as well as European countries. While immigration has shaped the rate of growth of Israel's Jewish population it has also created socio-economic ... |
3A729998096.jsonld | New International Evidence on Asset-Price Effects on Investment, and a Survey for Consumption | A survey of the literature on asset price impacts on the real economy shows a much wider range of work on consumption and related wealth effects than on investment. The existence of wealth effects on consumption per se is little contested, but there remains an issue of whether different effects should hold between coun... |
3A730037681.jsonld | International nuclear law in the 25 years between Chernobyl and Fukushima and beyond | This issue of the Nuclear Law Bulletin opens with a paper dedicated both to legal developments since the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant 25 years ago and possible legal implications of the accidents at Fukushima Daiichi which occurred after Japan was struck by a devastating earthquake on 11 March 2011. |
3A729995658.jsonld | Government Debt Management and Bond Markets in Africa | This article presents highlights from the forthcoming OECD cross-country study Public Debt Management and Bond Markets in Africa. Debt managers from an increasing number of emerging market jurisdictions face challenges similar to those of their counterparts from advanced markets due to competitive pressures from global... |
3A183164178X.jsonld | Chapter 18 The bargaining set, kernel, and nucleolus | This chapter focuses on the bargaining set, kernel, and nucleolus. The theory of the bargaining set answers a more modest question: How would or should the players share the proceeds, given that a certain coalition structure (c.s.) has formed? From a normative point of view, the reason for asking such a question stems ... |
3A1831644746.jsonld | Chapter 12 The theory of equalizing differences | The chapter presents a discussion on the theory of equalizing differences. The theory of equalizing differences refers to observed wage differentials required to equalize the total monetary and nonmonetary advantages or disadvantages among work activities and among workers themselves. On the conceptual level, it can ma... |
3A183165041X.jsonld | Chapter 7. Cities and the Environment | This chapter surveys recent literature examining the relationship between environmental amenities and urban growth. In this survey, we focus on the role of both exogenous attributes such as climate and coastal access and endogenous attributes such as local air pollution and green space. A city's greenness is a function... |
3A1831640481.jsonld | Chapter 8 Artificial intelligence in economics and finance: A state of the art — 1994 : The real estate price and assets and liability analysis case | This chapter emphasizes specific contributions, advantages, and weaknesses of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques various purposes: (1) knowledge-based reasoning that applies heuristic knowledge to make policy search more robust, or to satisfy trading principles in a competitive economy, (2) machine learning to lea... |
3A77074267X.jsonld | Model-based design and implementation of a tool for ultrasonic-assisted turning | Ultrasonically-assisted turning, ultrasonic vibration machining, vibration cutting, vibration turning |
3A1831647451.jsonld | Chapter 3 Higher dimensional issues in trade theory | The extensive structure of modern trade theory has been built on a foundation of several extreme assumptions, including that of low and even dimensionality. This chapter is concerned with HeckscherOhlin theory of international trade in higher dimensions. This theory, in its standard two-commodity, two-factor version ha... |
3A1831651874.jsonld | Chapter 4. Reputations in Repeated Games | This paper surveys work on reputations in repeated games of incomplete information. We first develop the adverse-selection approach to reputations in the context of a long-lived player, who may be a “normal” type or one of a number of “commitment” types, and who faces a succession of short-lived players. We use entropy... |
3A72997314X.jsonld | How large are competitive pressures in services markets? : Estimation of mark-ups for selected OECD countries | Mark-ups can provide valuable information on competitive pressures in various sectors of the economy, reflecting pressures stemming from rules of conduct imposed by regulators as well as those arising from such factors as trade and FDI or increasing consumer demands in terms of price and quality. This study estimates m... |
3A1831639831.jsonld | Chapter 6. Allocative and Remitted Wages : New Facts and Challenges for Keynesian Models | Modern monetary business-cycle models rely heavily on price and wage rigidity. While there is substantial evidence that prices do not adjust frequently, there is much less evidence on whether wage rigidity is an important feature of real world labor markets. While real average hourly earnings are not particularly cycli... |
3A730015882.jsonld | Investing in Infrastructure : Getting the Conditions Right | Maintaining and building new infrastructure that delivers agglomerative benefits is crucial for promoting sustainable economic growth. Capital needs for infrastructure investment are massive. This capital could be sourced especially from pension funds and other institutional investors for whom infrastructure funds are ... |
3A1831632470.jsonld | Chapter 104 Preference Reversals | Study of preference reversals originated with cognitive psychologists and has spread to experimental economics because it is directly relevant to the empirical validity of economic theories of decision-making under uncertainty. A preference reversal experiment involves paired choice and valuation responses, usually ove... |
3A1831633787.jsonld | Chapter 10 Human nature and sociality in economics | Since homo sapiens is a social animal, one might expect human nature the set of psychological propensities with which our species is naturally endowed to equip human beings to live in social groups. In this chapter, we consider the implications of this idea for economics and game theory. We begin by discussing four cla... |
3A1831643588.jsonld | Chapter 9 Industrialization and trade | This chapter presents a discussion on a few major recurring themes that have been prominent in the literature on industrialization. The chapter discusses the initial conditions at the beginning of the post-colonial period and their relation to subsequent industrial development. The chapter describes the determinants of... |
3A1831631768.jsonld | Chapter 3. Migration and the Demographic Shift | This chapter investigates the two-way relationship between population aging and international migration. After documenting the trends for both, we review the supply-push and demand-pull determinants of migration, focusing particularly on the role of age and aging. We subsequently analyze the implications of migration i... |
3A1831639483.jsonld | Chapter 11 Consumption | Consumption is the largest component of GDP. Since the 1950s, the life cycle and the permanent income models have constituted the main analytical tools to the study of consumption behaviour, both at the micro and at the aggregate level. Since the late 1970s the literature has focused on versions of the model that incor... |
3A1831647222.jsonld | Chapter 22 International money and international monetary arrangements | This chapter examines the current research on the basic purpose and functions of international monetary arrangements. The terms and conditions under which assets denominated in different currencies may be exchanged for each other are related both to the intrinsic worth or “purchasing power” of the different currencies ... |
3A1831652927.jsonld | Chapter 7. Endogeneity in Empirical Corporate Finance 1 | This chapter discusses how applied researchers in corporate finance can address endogeneity concerns. We begin by reviewing the sources of endogeneity—omitted variables, simultaneity, and measurement error—and their implications for inference. We then discuss in detail a number of econometric techniques aimed at addres... |
3A1831648628.jsonld | Contributors to Volume 4A | This chapter lists the names of the persons who have directly or indirectly contributed towards this publication titled Labor Economics, volume 4A. |
3A1831652021.jsonld | Chapter 14. Guest or Temporary Foreign Worker Programs | The purpose of guest or temporary foreign worker programs (TFWPs) is to add workers to the labor force but not permanent residents to the population, meaning that TFWPs are based on the principle of rotating foreign workers in and out of the country. A third of the roughly 115 million foreign-born workers in the world’... |
3A729992411.jsonld | Competition Law and Policy in Turkey | This report served as the basis of a peer review of the Turkish Competition Authority (TCA) held in the 2005 OECD Global Forum on Competition. It concluded that the TCA has achieved significant progress since its establishment in 1997. While noting the particular strengths of the TCA, the report makes a wide range of r... |
3A1831640120.jsonld | Chapter 9 New findings on secular trends in nutrition and mortality: Some implications for population theory | This chapter describes the evolution of thought on, and knowledge of, the secular decline in mortality; provides new evidence and new analytical techniques that have made it possible to switch attention from famines to chronic malnutrition as the principal link between the food supply and mortality. The chapter also pr... |
3A1831636743.jsonld | Chapter 34 Introduction: Applied urban economics | There has been an outpouring of high quality applied research in urban economics as in other specialties in the past decade. The reasons for the rapid growth of applied research are not difficult to identify: better theoretical frameworks within which applied research is undertaken; better econometric techniques and so... |
3A730026299.jsonld | The Interface between Competition and Consumer Policies | The Global Forum of the OECD Competition Committee debated the Interface between Competition and Consumer Policies in February 2008. The two policies share a common goal: the enhancement of consumer welfare. In this way they are highly complementary. Applied properly, they reinforce one another; Aside from their differ... |
3A1831636492.jsonld | Chapter 5. Population, Poverty, and the Natural Environment | This chapter studies the interface in poor countries of population growth, rural poverty, and deterioration of the local natural-resource base, a subject that has been much neglected by modern demographers and development economists. The motivations for procreation in rural communities of the poorest regions of the wor... |
3A1831650002.jsonld | Chapter 20. Solution Software for Computable General Equilibrium Modeling | We describe the progress of computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling software since the 1980s and contrast the main systems used today: GAMS, MPSGE and GEMPACK. The development of these general-purpose modeling systems has underpinned rapid growth in the use of CGE models, and allowed models to be shared and their... |
3A1831633973.jsonld | Chapter 15 Volatility and Correlation Forecasting | Volatility has been one of the most active and successful areas of research in time series econometrics and economic forecasting in recent decades. This chapter provides a selective survey of the most important theoretical developments and empirical insights to emerge from this burgeoning literature, with a distinct fo... |
3A1831632667.jsonld | Chapter 86 Explaining the Comparative Statics in Step-Level Public Good Games | The step-level public good game differs strategically from the linear public good game. In the one-shot linear public good game the dominant strategy is not to contribute. In the one-shot step-level public good game multiple Nash equilibria exist. An inefficient Nash equilibrium involves nobody contributing. There are ... |
3A1831640201.jsonld | Chapter 1 Introduction: Population and family economics | This chapter provides an overview of the rationale, contents, and organization of the Handbook of Population and Family Economics . Theodore Bergstrom's opening chapter traverses the burgeoning theoretical literature concerned with understanding the rationale for the formation, structure, and dissolution of, and resour... |
3A183164214X.jsonld | Chapter 49 Game theory and industrial organization | In this article, we consider how important developments in game theory have contributed to the theory of industrial organization. Our goal is not to survey the theory of industrial organization; rather, we consider the contribution of game theory through a careful discussion of a small number of topics within the indus... |
3A1831643669.jsonld | Chapter 1 The concept of development | This chapter discusses the concept of development. It is not hard to see why the concept of development is so essential to economics in general. Economic problems involve logistic issues, and a lot of it is undoubtedly engineering of one kind or another. On the other hand, the success of all this has to be judged ultim... |
3A729999149.jsonld | Country review: Ukraine | This report* was the basis of a two hour and a half peer review in the OECD Global Forum on Competition (GFC) on 21 February 2008. It assesses the development and application of competition law and policy in Ukraine, focusing on activities over the previous five years (2003-07). The report concludes that Ukraine has a ... |
3A730027783.jsonld | Competition Law and the Nuclear Sector : An EU Outlook | Competition law essentially aims at preventing harmful distortions of competition in the market which may be caused by agreements between companies, by the abusive behaviour of dominant companies, by structural changes in the market due to mergers or by state aid.1 However, often such practices and measures are actuall... |
3A1831647605.jsonld | Chapter 31 Regional economic integration | This chapter presents details on regional economic integration. It reviews and evaluates some of the voluminous literature, theoretical and applied, on the economic effects of regional integration agreements (RIAs). These effects are organized into three types: allocation effects, accumulation effects, and location eff... |
3A1831633027.jsonld | Chapter 50 Fairness in Ultimatum Bargaining | Although fairness concerns may be relevant, they appear to be too simple an explanation for why game theory's strong predictions for ultimatum games are so rarely supported. Self interested offerers want to avoid rejections; unpredicted, non-equilibrium behavior is more valuable and effective than equilibrium behavior.... |
3A730013626.jsonld | Environmentally Responsible Food Choice | The purpose of this paper is to review and assess the role of relevant explanatory variables that influence individual purchase decisions for “environmentally responsible” food consumption. In particular, we provide a detailed review of the key empirical studies in the area of consumer demand for those foods which can ... |
3A730033546.jsonld | The wage premium on tertiary education : New estimates for 21 OECD countries | This study focuses on the single most important component of the private return on tertiary education, the gross wage premium. There are at least two additional reasons for paying particular attention to wage premia. First, the wage premium earned by existing graduates is easy to observe, so high-school leavers can be ... |
3A1831632292.jsonld | 4. Games | This chapter reflects attempts to improve upon it and advance our understanding of why it works. The question becomes whether or not the principles of Nash equilibrium can be viewed in the behavior as modification of the attitudes or whether the attitudes themselves induce fundamentally different principles of behavior ... |
3A1831647281.jsonld | Chapter 16 The specification and influence of goods and factor markets in open-economy macroeconomic models | The art of macroeconomic model-building involves making strategic choices among a wide range of alternatives. Theoretical models range from the equation of exchange of the simple quantity theory to vast dynamic models involving many sectors and many agents and which defy analytical solutions. The chapter focuses on the... |
3A1831641925.jsonld | Chapter 4 Repeated games with complete information | The theory of repeated games is concerned with the analysis of behavior in long-term interactions as opposed to one-shot situations; in this framework new objects occur in the form of threats, cooperative plans, signals, etc. that are deeply related to “real life” phenomena like altruism, reputation or cooperation. Mor... |
3A730013375.jsonld | Deliberations on Compensation and Remediation of Nuclear Damage to the Environment | At its meeting held on 17 and 18 November 2009,1 the OECD NEA.s Nuclear Law Committee (NLC) discussed the issue of obtaining financial security to cover liability for environmental damage. The experts from the insurance industry observed that the liability for environmental damage under the ¡°2004 Paris Convention on T... |
3A1831647265.jsonld | Chapter 18 Exchange-rate dynamics | This chapter discusses the dynamic behavior of exchange rates. It focuses on both the exchange rate's response to exogenous disturbances and the relation between exchange-rate movements and movements in such endogenous variables as nominal and relative prices, interest rates, output, and the current account. The chapte... |
3A1831637650.jsonld | Chapter 67 Rural Poverty and Income Dynamics in Southeast Asia | Many rural households in Asia have been able to move out of poverty in the presence of increasing scarcity of farmland, initially by increasing rice income through the adoption of modern rice technology and gradually diversifying their income sources away from farm to nonfarm activities. Increased participation in nonf... |
3A1831647613.jsonld | Chapter 30 Estimating the effects of trade policy | This chapter examines the way imperfect competition affects the gains and losses from trade policies. It focuses on empirical models that estimate the impact of trade policies, with minimum structure imposed on the data. The welfare effects of trade policy under imperfect competition are decomposed into four possible c... |
3A1831653397.jsonld | Chapter 7. Historical Development | This chapter surveys a growing body of evidence showing the impacts that historical events can have on current economic development. Over the past two decades historical persistence has been documented in a wide variety of time periods and locations, and over remarkably long time horizons. Although progress continues t... |
3A1831649160.jsonld | Chapter Twenty-One. Fair Allocation Rules | We review the theory of fairness as it pertains to concretely specified problems of resource allocations. We present punctual notions designed to evaluate how well individuals, or groups, are treated in relation to one another: no-envy, egalitarian-equivalence, individual and collective lower or upper bounds on welfare... |
3A730040925.jsonld | The Radioactive Waste Directive : a necessary step in the management of spent fuel and radioactive waste in the European Union | Council Directive 2011/70/Euratom of 19 July 2011 establishing a Community framework for the responsible and safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste1 (Waste Directive) was adopted with the support of all member states of the European Union. Following the adoption of the Council Directive establishing a Comm... |
3A1831632500.jsonld | Chapter 101 The Endowment Effect | The emergence of empirical evidence suggesting divergence between the willingness- to-accept (WTA), for the sale of an object, and the willingness-to-pay (WTP), for the purchase of an object, has resulted in two explanations. Further they argue that the endowment effect will not apply when the goods are purchased for r... |
3A1831638975.jsonld | Chapter 21 Not-for-profit ownership and hospital behavior | The for-profit hospital is in the minority numerically in all developed countries. Although the for-profits' market share has been quite stable for decades, for-profit chains have grown in share and influence in the United States. By contrast, for-profit chains have made few inroads in other countries. The literature o... |
3A1831653451.jsonld | Chapter 1. Culture, Entrepreneurship, and Growth | We discuss the two-way link between culture and economic growth. We present a model of endogenous technical change where growth is driven by the innovative activity of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship is risky and requires investments that affect the steepness of the lifetime consumption profile. As a consequence, the o... |
3A1831651262.jsonld | Chapter 18. Cultural Diversity, Conflict, and Economic Development | Are cultural differences good or bad for economic development? Can cultural differences generate conflicts and, therefore, retard economic development? Or can cultural diversity spur creativity and improve economic welfare? These are the type of questions that this chapter addresses. There are many channels through whi... |
3A1698439806.jsonld | Nano-structured diffraction gratings as polarizing beam splitters under vertical incidence | Polarizing beam splitters have numerous applications in optical systems, e.g. for the measurement of freeform surfaces. We present a design and manufacturing process for a nanostructured diffraction grating with optimized diffraction efficiencies for TE- and TM-polarization, which acts as a beam splitter over a long ra... |
3A1831634759.jsonld | Chapter 21. A Unified Theory of the Evolution of International Income Levels | This chapter develops a theory of the evolution of international income levels. In particular, it augments the Hansen–Prescott theory of economic development with the Parente–Prescott theory of relative efficiencies and shows that the unified theory accounts for the evolution of international income levels over the las... |
3A1831636328.jsonld | Chapter 16 Property Value Models | One of the only places where environmental quality is traded on explicit markets is real estate. There are several techniques that can be used to study the effects of environmental quality on property values and infer willingness to pay for improvements. The most commonly used method is the hedonic model. In environmen... |
3A730027996.jsonld | The drivers of public expenditure on health and long-term care : An integrated approach | Public expenditures on health and long-term care (hereafter, LTC) are a matter of concern for governments in most OECD countries. These expenditures have recently accelerated and are putting pressure on public budgets, adding to that arising from insufficiently reformed retirement schemes and other forms of social spen... |
3A1831650312.jsonld | Chapter 13. The Microstructure of Housing Markets : Search, Bargaining, and Brokerage | This chapter surveys the literature on the microstructure of housing markets. It considers one-sided search, random matching, and directed search models. It also examines the bargaining that takes place once a match has occurred, with the bargaining taking various forms, including two-party negotiations of different ty... |
3A729999521.jsonld | International Regulatory Activities | European Union Council Decision Authorising the Republic of Slovenia to Ratify the 2004 Protocol Amending the Paris Convention (2007) Council Decision Approving the Accession of the European Atomic Energy Community to the Amended Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (2007) Council Decision Establis... |
3A1831639572.jsonld | Chapter 7 Learning dynamics | This chapter provides a survey of the recent work on learning in the context of macroeconomics. Learning has several roles. First, it provides a boundedly rational model of how rational expectations can be achieved. Secondly, learning acts as a selection device in models with multiple REE (rational expectations equilib... |
3A1831640643.jsonld | Chapter 10. Levels of Reasoning in Keynesian Beauty Contests: A Generative Framework | We introduce a generalization of the Beauty Contest (BC) game as a framework that incorporates different models from micro- and macroeconomics by formulating their reduced forms as special cases of the BC. Examples include public good games, ultimatum games, Bertrand, Cournot, some auctions, asset markets, New-Keynesia... |
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