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3A183163502X.jsonld | Chapter 36 Tax Incentives in Cultural Policy | Cultural policy discussions are increasingly concerned with the creation and restructuring of tax incentives; thus, cultural policy and tax policy are becoming more and more intertwined. With the widely held perception that there has been a general decrease in the availability of direct public resources for culture, a ... |
3A1831640287.jsonld | Chapter 18 Demographic variables and income inequality | This chapter explores a variety of areas in which demographic variables may play an important role in the distribution of income, introduces a host of demographic issues relating to marriage, fertility, and household living arrangementsusing the household as the unit of analysis. The chapter focuses on the large litera... |
3A1831644312.jsonld | Chapter 38 Executive compensation | This chapter summarizes the empirical and theoretical research on executive compensation and provides a comprehensive and up-to-date description of pay practices (and trends in pay practices) for chief executive officers (CEOs). Topics discussed include the level and structure of CEO pay (including detailed analyses of... |
3A1831632713.jsonld | Chapter 81 Experimental Evidence on the Existence of Hypothetical Bias in Value Elicitation Methods | There seems to be little doubt that the presumptive absence of hypothetical bias in CVM surveys is invalid. It is invalid as a general proposition, since the experiments surveyed here provide special cases when it is demonstrably false. The importance of these experimental results is that they change the tenor of the d... |
3A730012565.jsonld | Competition Policy in Subsidies and State Aid | Many sectors of OECD economies are strongly influenced by government policies, which provide financial support, assistance or aid to individual firms in an industry. Subsidies like regulations maybe either beneficial or harmful, either promoting welfare or distorting competition, depending on the circumstances. A round... |
3A1831653443.jsonld | Chapter 2. Trust, Growth, and Well-Being: New Evidence and Policy Implications | This survey reviews the recent research on trust, institutions, and economic development. It discusses the various measures of trust and documents the substantial heterogeneity of trust across space and time. The conceptual mechanisms that explain the influence of trust on economic performance and the methods employed ... |
3A1831648199.jsonld | Chapter 38 Computation and multiplicity of equilibria | In recent years the Walrasian general equilibrium model has become an important tool for applied work in such fields as development economics, international trade, macroeconomics, and public finance. This chapter discusses that economic equilibria are usually solutions to fixed point problems rather than solutions to c... |
3A183164262X.jsonld | Chapter 24 Design of regulatory mechanisms and institutions | This chapter focuses on the design of regulatory policies that take into account the opportunities for strategic behavior provided by incomplete information and limited observability on the part of the regulator. The design of regulatory mechanisms is straightforward, albeit complex, in such a case where the regulator ... |
3A1831651807.jsonld | Chapter 10. Behavioral Game Theory Experiments and Modeling | This chapter reviews recent experimental data testing game theory and behavioral models that have been inspired to explain those data. The models fall into four groups: in cognitive hierarchy or level- k models, the assumption of equilibrium is relaxed by assuming agents have beliefs about other agents who do less reas... |
3A1831648326.jsonld | Chapter 8. Extrinsic Rewards and Intrinsic Motives: Standard and Behavioral Approaches to Agency and Labor Markets | Employers structure pay and employment relationships to mitigate agency problems. A large literature in economics documents how the resolution of these problems shapes personnel policies and labor markets. For the most part, the study of agency in employment relationships relies on highly stylized assumptions regarding... |
3A1831647273.jsonld | Chapter 17 Stabilization policies in open economies | This chapter discusses that the modern open economy is not the one found in most macroeconomic textbooks, an economy that occasionally imports Bordeaux wine but which produces most of what it consumes at prices determined domestically. It is rather an economy integrated with those abroad through commodity and financial... |
3A1831654350.jsonld | Chapter 4. Preferences for Redistribution | This paper discusses what determines the preferences of individuals for redistribution. We review the theoretical literature and provide a framework to incorporate various effects previously studied separately in the literature. We then examine empirical evidence for the US, using the General Social Survey, and for a l... |
3A1831648962.jsonld | Chapter 9. Open User Innovation | Almost 30 years ago, researchers began a systematic study of innovation by end users and user firms. At that time, the phenomenon was generally regarded as a minor oddity. Today, it is clear that innovation by users, generally openly shared, is a very powerful and general phenomenon. It is rapidly growing due to contin... |
3A1831634317.jsonld | Chapter 14 School Resources | Although there is intense policy interest in improving educational outcomes around the world, there is much greater uncertainty about how to accomplish this. The primary governmental decisions often relate to the resources that are devoted to schooling, but the research indicates little consistent relationship between ... |
3A730018474.jsonld | Price Transparency : Will a Greater Degree of Price Transparency Help or Harm Buyers? | Although enhanced price transparency will generally increase competition to the benefit of consumers, this paper argues that it can have the opposite effect in some special situations. A negative impact is especially likely in markets already prone to anti-competitive coordination. In such markets, competition authorit... |
3A730009998.jsonld | Critical Reflections on the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons | The announcement by American President G.W. Bush and Indian Prime Minister Singh on 18 July 2005 of an agreement on civil nuclear co-operation marked a fundamental change in three decades of American policy on trade in nuclear equipment and applied technology which brooked no exceptions. |
3A1831649764.jsonld | Chapter 6. Merger Policy and Regulation in Media Industries | The aim of this chapter is to survey the media economics literature on mergers. In particular, we try to accentuate where the effects of mergers differ between conventional one-sided markets and two-sided media markets (though not all media mergers are within two-sided markets). We focus on price effects in the first p... |
3A1831651742.jsonld | Chapter 16. Game Theory and Distributed Control | Game theory has been employed traditionally as a modeling tool for describing and influencing behavior in societal systems. Recently, game theory has emerged as a valuable tool for controlling or prescribing behavior in distributed engineered systems. The rationale for this new perspective stems from the parallels betw... |
3A1831636034.jsonld | Chapter 3. The nature of natural capital and ecosystem income | The natural capital concept is generating broad interest that extends well beyond economists. Economics has a long history of applying capital theory to natural resources. However, measurement of the value of ecosystems has mostly focused on income flows rather than valuing stocks of natural assets. While, the two conc... |
3A1831631687.jsonld | Chapter 8. Retirement Incentives and Labor Supply | In this chapter, we review the evidence on retirement and study the role of incentives in the retirement decision. The key patterns of withdrawal from the labor market are presented and some of the factors that might explain the large and discrete drops in hours of work at the point of “retirement” are presented. We st... |
3A1831636026.jsonld | Chapter 10. Uncertainty and ambiguity in environmental economics: conceptual issues | Uncertainty is ubiquitous in environmental economics: the field studies interactions between socio-economic and biogeochemical systems and neither is fully understood. So our grasp of their interactions is necessarily limited. We argue that this pervasive uncertainty is best modeled as ambiguity rather than risk, as a ... |
3A730010155.jsonld | Case Law | Canada – R. v Bruce Power Inc. (2009) European Union – Judgement of the European Court of Justice in the Case Land Oberosterreich v CEZ (2009) United States – Judgement of a U.S. Court of Appeals on the design basis threat security rule (2009) Judgement of a U.S. Court of Appeals on consideration of the environmental i... |
3A1831642107.jsonld | Chapter 53 The shapley value | This chapter surveys some of the literature in game theory that has emerged from Shapley's seminal paper on the Value. The survey includes both contributions which offer different interpretations of the Shapley value as well as several different ways to characterize the value axiomatically. The chapter also surveys som... |
3A1831632810.jsonld | Chapter 71 Procurement Contracting | Purchases by government agencies from private sector firms are often initiated by solicitation of bids to supply the desired items. Payment to the firm that is awarded the supply contract may be determined by (a) the bid price or (b) bid price plus a share of the difference between observable production cost and the bi... |
3A1831638851.jsonld | Chapter 33 Economic epidemiology and infectious diseases | Infectious diseases are is currently the main cause of mortality in the world and have been even more important historically. This paper reviews recent research in economic epidemiology. Specifically, it discusses the occurrence of infectious diseases and the effects of public health interventions designed to control t... |
3A1831653834.jsonld | Contributors | This chapter lists the names of the people who have contributed to the book Handbook of Economics in Education , such as Julian R. Betts, Sandra E. Black, David Figlio, and others. For reference to the reader, their names have been mentioned along with their address. |
3A1831653532.jsonld | Chapter 24. Implementation of Monetary Policy : How Do Central Banks Set Interest Rates? | Central banks no longer set the short-term interest rates that they use for monetary policy purposes by manipulating the supply of banking system reserves, as in conventional economics textbooks; this process normally involves little or no variation in the supply of central bank liabilities. In effect, the announcement... |
3A1831640252.jsonld | Chapter 21 Long-term consequences of population growth: Technological change, natural resources, and the environment | This chapter explores the long-term implications of population growth and its interaction with technological change, resources utilization, and the environment. The interaction among economic growth, population dynamics, and resource use is complex and the jointly endogenous outcome of the whole process of evolution an... |
3A183163547X.jsonld | Chapter 5 Implementation theory | The implementation problem is the problem of designing a mechanism (game form) such that the equilibrium outcomes satisfy a criterion of social optimality embodied in a social choice rule. If a mechanism has the property that, in each possible state of the world, the set of equilibrium outcomes equals the set of optima... |
3A1831637936.jsonld | Chapter 44 Agricultural Extension | In this chapter we analyze the considerations that lead policy makers to undertake extension investments as a key public responsibility, as well as the complex set of factors and intra-agency incentives that explain why different extension systems' performance varies. Accordingly, the chapter provides a conceptual fram... |
3A1831641283.jsonld | Author index | This chapter is an index to the names of the authors who have contributed towards this publication titled Handbook of Defense economics, volume 1. The chapter also highlights the page numbers where author's names appear in the text. |
3A1831651343.jsonld | Chapter 10. Investment in Visual Art: Evidence from International Transactions | This study uses international trade data to discern whether fine art is, on average, more an investment or a consumption good. Using a battery of novel measures, the chapter demonstrates that the flows of services embodied by visual artworks most closely resemble consumption services. A stylized prediction of the perma... |
3A1831650851.jsonld | Chapter 22. The Behavior of Individual Investors | We provide an overview of research on the stock trading behavior of individual investors. This research documents that individual investors (1) underperform standard benchmarks (e.g. a low-cost index fund), (2) sell winning investments while holding losing investments (the “disposition effect”), (3) are heavily influen... |
3A729992098.jsonld | The Independence of the Nuclear Regulator : Notes from the Canadian Experience | The firing of Linda Keen as President and Chief Executive Officer of the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission provoked considerable debate within Canada and internationally about the independence of the Canadian nuclear regulator. Ms. Keen was dismissed from her position at the height of the crisis over a world-wide shor... |
3A1831635313.jsonld | Chapter 7 The Economic Analysis of Art Law | This paper surveys from an economic standpoint a number of important legal issues that influence the market for art, which include the creation, sale, valuation, maintenance and, in some instances, the destruction of works of art. We show that the important legal doctrines that bear on the visual arts can best be under... |
3A1831633663.jsonld | Chapter 17 The Economics of Migrants' Remittances | This chapter reviews the recent theoretical and empirical economic literature on migrants' remittances. It is divided between a microeconomic section on the determinants of remittances and a macroeconomic section on their growth effects. At the micro level we first present in a fully harmonized framework the various mo... |
3A1831651602.jsonld | Chapter 21. Immigration : What About the Children and Grandchildren? | Intergenerational immigrant integration is central to the economic growth and social development of many countries whose populations comprise a substantial share of the children and grandchildren of immigrants. In addition to basic demographics, relevant economic theories and institutional features are surveyed to assi... |
3A1831644738.jsonld | Chapter 13 The economic analysis of labor market discrimination: A survey | The chapter presents a survey on the economics of labor market discrimination, motivated by two fundamental problems associated with income and wage differences among groups classified by sex, race, ethnicity, and other characteristics. The first is the inequity of long-lasting differences in economic well-being among ... |
3A1831642352.jsonld | Chapter 17 The macroeconomics of government finance | This chapter is a critical survey of literature on the implications of government financial policy for economic activity. The central question is whether the mode of financing of a given path of real government purchases — by taxes, non-monetary debt issue, or money creation — has real effects, in particular real effec... |
3A72999676X.jsonld | Are ICT Users More Innovative? : an Analysis of ICT-Enabled Innovation in OECD Firms | The aim of this study is to assess the effects of information and communications technologies (ICTs) on firms’ capabilities to innovate in a selection of OECD countries. Our findings support the hypothesis that ICTs act as an enabler of innovation, particularly for product and marketing innovation, in both manufacturin... |
3A1831632179.jsonld | Chapter 2 Liability for Accidents | This is a survey of legal liability for accidents. Three general aspects of accident liability are addressed. The first is the effect of liability on incentives, both whether to engage in activities (for instance, whether to drive) and how much care to exercise (at what speed to travel) to reduce risk when so doing. Th... |
3A1831640473.jsonld | Chapter 9 Neural networks for encoding and adapting in dynamic economies | This chapter describes feedforward neural networks as approximators and relates them to statistical discriminant functions, and explains the ways in which neural nets of varying complexity can represent equilibria in two repeated games and one dynamic economic model. Because linear strategies are simple to implement, a... |
3A1831650738.jsonld | Chapter 7. Long-Run Trends in the Distribution of Income and Wealth | This chapter reviews the long-run developments in the distribution of personal income and wealth. It also discusses suggested explanations for the observed patterns. We try to answer questions such as: What do we know, and how do we know, about the distribution of income and wealth over time? Are there common trends ac... |
3A1831638517.jsonld | Chapter 3 Expectations, information and dynamics | The role of expectations in the empirical analysis of agricultural supply is examined under the assumption of separation of expectations and constraints in dynamic decision making. Extrapolative, adaptive, implicit, rational and quasi-rational, and futures-based models of expectation formation are discussed. Empirical ... |
3A1831643650.jsonld | Chapter 2 The roots of development theory | This chapter presents an investigation on the availability of the current development theory, in the writings of the 18th century. The theory of economic development established itself in Britain in the century and a half running from about 1650 to Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations. The chapter concentrates on the wri... |
3A72999662X.jsonld | Case Law | European Union – Judgement of the European Court of Justice on failure of a Member State to fulfil obligations under Directive 96/29/Euratom (2007) Germany – Judgement of the Federal Administration Court on the standing of third parties regarding attacks at interim storage facilities (2008) United States – Judgement of... |
3A1831635097.jsonld | Chapter 29 The Economics of Museums | Museums fulfill many important functions in the art world and visits to museums are becoming an important leisure and holiday activity. This chapter surveys research about the functioning of museums from an economic point of view. Museum services are shaped by demand and supply factors and by the institutional setting ... |
3A730032086.jsonld | Reform of the Railway Sector in Russia | The rail industry in Russia is one of the largest in the world. Russia’s vast distances, relatively under-developed road infrastructure, and high reliance on bulk commodities imply that the rail industry has a unique and key role in the transportation infrastructure of Russia. At present the industry is organised as a ... |
3A730020371.jsonld | Between Shadow and Light: The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Forty Years On | “Despite its flaws and weaknesses, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) remains an invaluable instrument for international security… There is no alternative but to support and strengthen the NPT…” Foreign Affairs, Defence and Armed Forces Committee of the French Senate |
3A1831654156.jsonld | Chapter 1. The Mechanism-Design Approach to Monetary Theory | The mechanism-design approach to monetary theory is the search for fruitful settings in which money is necessary for the achievement of some desirable allocations. Fruitfulness means that the settings provide insights about puzzling observations and policy questions. Settings with three frictions are considered: imperf... |
3A1831647389.jsonld | Chapter 10 Testing trade theories and predicting trade flows | The major obstacle to the testing of trade theories has been the difficulty of constructing tests that is theoretically sound. The intuitive content of most trade theories is quite simple and straightforward. But empirical tests of the theories are often faulted on the grounds that they test propositions that do not de... |
3A729990559.jsonld | Environmental policy, management and R&D | The authors would like to thank Chris Heady (OECD Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs) and Dirk Pilat (OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry) for valuable comments on an earlier draft of the paper. In addition, the contributions from all of our colleagues on the OECD Project on “Environment... |
3A729973883.jsonld | National Legislative and Regulatory Activities | CANADACriminal Court decision respecting attempted export of nuclear-related dual use items to Iran: Her Majesty the Queen vs Yadegari (2010) CZECH REPUBLIC Supreme Administrative Court on the legal status of ÈEZ (2010) National Legislative and Regulatory Activities BULGARIA Amendment to the Act on the Safe Use of Nucl... |
3A1831649004.jsonld | Chapter 5. The Economics of Science | This chapter examines the contributions that economists have made to the study of science and the types of contributions the profession is positioned to make in the future. Special emphasis is placed on the public nature of knowledge and characteristics of the reward structure that encourage the production and sharing ... |
3A1831639149.jsonld | Chapter 9 Macroeconomics of distribution and growth | This chapter reviews various interactions between the distribution of income across individuals and factors of production on the one hand, and aggregate savings, investment, and macroeconomic growth on the other. Tractable models necessarily focus on specific causal channels within this complex web of interactions, and... |
3A1831638339.jsonld | Chapter 16 Marketing margins: Empirical analysis | The marketing margin, characterized as some function of the difference between retail and farm price of a given farm product, is intended to measure the cost of providiing marketing services. The margin is influenced primarily by shifts in retail demand, farm supply, and marketing input prices. But other factors also c... |
3A1831638533.jsonld | Chapter 1 Production and supply | The work of more than 50 years aimed at gaining empirical insight into the production structure of agriculture and the related modes of farmers' behavior is reviewed, and orders of magnitude of the various parameters of interest are quoted. The review follows the lines of the evolution of the pertinent research, and it... |
3A1831649446.jsonld | Chapter 6. Teacher Pensions | Most educators in the United States receive retirement compensation via a subnational defined-benefit pension plan. These plans exert strong “pull” and “push” incentives over the course of the career and concentrate teacher retirements at relatively early ages compared to other professions. They also impose sharp penal... |
3A1831644177.jsonld | Chapter 46 Labor market institutions and economic performance | Barely a day goes by without some expert telling us how the continental European economies are about to disintegrate unless their labor markets become more flexible. Basically, we are told, Europe has the wrong sort of labor market institutions for the modern global economy. These outdated institutions both raise unemp... |
3A1831637871.jsonld | Chapter 50 Plant Biotechnology for Developing Countries | This paper reviews the tools applied in plant biotechnology and explores the prospects for biotechnology to generate benefits for developing countries. Possible near-term applications are identified. Needed capability in biological research, intellectual property management and biosafety are outlined. The experience of... |
3A183163421X.jsonld | Chapter 23 Public Intervention in Post-Secondary Education | This chapter provides an overview of the nature of state and federal subsidies to higher education and the empirical evidence on the impacts on students' college enrollment decisions. The discussion includes a brief discussion of the incentives created by federal and state subsidies for institutions and for students, a... |
3A1831644509.jsonld | Chapter 27. Labor Supply: A Review of Alternative Approaches | This chapter surveys existing approaches to modeling labor supply and identifies important gaps in the literature that could be addressed in future research. The discussion begins with a look at recent policy reforms and labor market facts that motivate the study of labor supply. The analysis then presents a unifying f... |
3A1831649292.jsonld | Chapter 16. Media Capture and Media Power | This chapter studies situations where media sources deliberately deviate from truthful reporting in order to manipulate electoral outcomes. Media capture occurs when the government actively attempts to influence the media industry. We instead speak of media power when news organizations engage in biased reporting for p... |
3A1831632020.jsonld | Preface | This chapter presents a brief preview for this book Handbook of Law and Economics Volume 1 . The book provides economists with a systematic introduction and survey of research in the field of law and economics. The book contains 22 chapters and is organized into three main parts. Part I deals with the building blocks o... |
3A183165086X.jsonld | Chapter 21. Household Finance: An Emerging Field | Household finance—the normative and positive study of how households use financial markets to achieve their objectives—has gained a lot of attention over the past decade and has become a field with its own identity, style, and agenda. In this chapter we review its evolution and most recent developments. |
3A1831635976.jsonld | Chapter 8. Environmental macroeconomics: The case of climate change | We describe the construction of an integrated assessment model of the economy and the climate. The framework is quantitatively oriented—it is constructed to account for the main global macroeconomic and climate facts—and its structure is a dynamic, stochastic general-equilibrium model. It is designed, in particular, fo... |
3A1831643480.jsonld | Introduction to part 2 | This chapter presents an introduction to the handbook on development economics, Part 2. Development economics has evolved through the interaction between theoretical inquiry and empirical studies. Two areas of interactionone macro and the other microhave proven quite fruitful, and have led to continuing programs of res... |
3A1831637839.jsonld | Chapter 54 Agricultural Mechanization: Adoption Patterns and Economic Impact | Over the past half a century developing regions, with the exception of Sub-Saharan Africa, have seen labor-saving technologies adopted at unprecedented levels. Intensification of production systems created power bottlenecks around the land preparation, harvesting and threshing operations. Alleviating the power bottlene... |
3A1831653281.jsonld | Chapter 4. Regional Growth and Regional Decline | Since the early 1990s, there has been a renaissance in the study of regional growth, spurred by new models, methods, and data. We survey a range of modeling traditions, and some formal approaches to the hard problem of regional economics; namely, the joint consideration of agglomeration and growth. We also review empir... |
3A729996344.jsonld | Bilateral and Multilateral Agreements | This article presents a list of Bilateral and Multilateral Agreements on nuclear law concluded during the second half of 2009. |
3A1767146051.jsonld | Second-order finite automata: expressive power and simple proofs using automatic structures | Second-order finite automata, introduced recently by Andrade de Melo and de Oliveira Oliveira, represent classes of languages. Since their semantics is defined by a synchronized rational relation, they can be studied using the theory of automatic structures. We exploit this connection to uniformly reprove and strengthe... |
3A1831633817.jsonld | Chapter 7 The Formation of Social Preferences: Some Lessons from Psychology and Biology | The goal of this paper is to draw some lessons for economic theory from research in psychology, social psychology and, more briefly, in biology, which purports to explain the formation of social preferences. We elicit the basic mechanisms whereby a variety of social preferences are determined in a variety of social con... |
3A1831653095.jsonld | Chapter Fourteen. Medical Workforce | The medical workforce is important based merely on its size and takes on even greater importance given the influence physicians, nurses, dentists, and pharmacists have on patient treatment. On the supply side, most governments regulate health professions to assure that the inputs into the health production function are... |
3A1831641895.jsonld | Chapter 7 Noncooperative models of bargaining | This chapter focuses on the noncooperative models of bargaining. John Nash's (1950) path- breaking paper introduces the bargaining problem, and his pioneering work on noncooperative bargaining theory was taken up again and developed by numerous authors. The target of such a noncooperative theory of bargaining is to fin... |
3A1831654725.jsonld | Chapter 66. International Migration and the Developing World | In this chapter, I discuss the recent academic research on international migration, focusing on the causes and consequences of emigration from developing countries and the motivations behind the restrictions imposed by the developed countries on immigration. My aim is to identify facts about international migration rel... |
3A1743761929.jsonld | Strategies for smart service prototypes - implications for the requirements elicitation in the early development stages | The purpose of this paper is to investigate how can prototypes contribute to the requirements elicitation for smart services in the early development stages. Smart services are delivered to or via intelligent objects and are characterized by context awareness, connectivity, and data-driven value creation. Smart service... |
3A1831638436.jsonld | Chapter 11 Economic impacts of agricultural research and extension | Agricultural research and extension programs have been built in most of the world's economies. A substantial number of economic impact studies evaluating the contributions of research and extension programs to increased farm productivity and farm incomes and to consumer welfare have been undertaken in recent years. Thi... |
3A1831634937.jsonld | Chapter 3 Horizontal Innovation in the Theory of Growth and Development | We analyze recent contributions to growth theory based on the model of expanding variety of Romer [Romer, P. (1990). “Endogenous technological change”. Journal of Political Economy 98, 71–102]. In the first part, we present different versions of the benchmark linear model with imperfect competition. These include the “... |
3A1771591269.jsonld | Reconfigurable planar quadrilateral linkages based on the tensegrity principle | A feasible possibility to develop planar reconfigurable mechanisms is introduced in this work. Applying the tensegrity principle to common four-bar linkages allows a controllable change between two configurations of the mechanism. These two states correspond to different working spaces which vary regarding to the kinem... |
3A1831641801.jsonld | Chapter 16 Two-sided matching | This chapter discusses the games that are two-sided matching markets. The phrase two-sided refers to the fact that agents in such markets belong, from the outset, to one of two disjoint sets-e.g, firms or workers. The term matching refers to the bilateral nature of exchange in these markets. The game-theoretic analysis... |
3A1831635763.jsonld | Chapter 9. Market Microstructure | Market microstructure deals with the purest form of financial intermediation – the trading of a financial asset, such as a stock or a bond. In a trading market, assets are not transformed but are simply transferred from one investor to another. The field of market microstructure studies the cost of trading securities a... |
3A1831644371.jsonld | Chapter 32 Minimum wages, employment, and the distribution of income | After nearly a decade of relative quiet, the increases in the US minimum wage that began in 1990 have coincided with a renewed interest in its effects. Recent work suggests that a relative consensus on the effects of the minimum wage on employment came undone; on balance, however, the recent estimates seem if anything ... |
3A1831651904.jsonld | Chapter 1. Rationality | This chapter is a very compressed review of the neoclassical orthodoxy on the nature of rationality on economic theory. It defends the orthodoxy both against the behavioral criticism that it assumes too much and the revisionist view that it assumes too little. In places, especially on the subject of Bayesianism, the pa... |
3A1831645521.jsonld | Chapter 4 Taxes and labor supply | This chapter discusses taxes and labor supply. The effect of taxes on labor supply introduces interesting questions in economic theory, econometrics, and public finance. Since the greatest share of federal tax revenue, approximately 50 in 1980, is raised by the individual income tax. The federal income tax is based on ... |
3A1831644304.jsonld | Chapter 39 New developments in models of search in the labor market | Equilibrium models of labor markets characterized by search and recruiting friction and by the need to reallocate workers from time to time across alternative productive activities represent the segment of the research frontier explored in this chapter. In this literature, unemployment spell and job spell durations as ... |
3A1831653249.jsonld | Chapter 8. Growth from Globalization? A View from the Very Long Run | What is the connection between different forms of globalization, economic growth, and welfare? International trade, cross-border capital flows, and labor movements are three areas in which economic historians have focused their research. I critically summarize various measures of international integration in each of th... |
3A730031101.jsonld | Intergovernmental organisation activities | European Atomic Energy Community Adopted legislative instruments Reports Meetings International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA Action Plan on Nuclear Safety Non-binding instrument on the transboundary movement of scrap metal 55th IAEA General Conference Basic Safety Standards Nuclear Law Institute OECD Nuclear Energy Agency... |
3A1831643146.jsonld | Chapter 43 Human and physical infrastructure: Public investment and pricing policies in developing countries | This chapter focuses on what has traditionally been considered as the core infrastructure sectors, which enhance the productivity of physical capital and land (mainly transportation and power). It discusses human infrastructure- or those services that raise the productivity of labor (health, education, nutrition). Publ... |
3A183164973X.jsonld | Chapter 9. Newspapers and Magazines | We review the Economics literature on newspapers and magazines. Our emphasis is on the newspaper industry, especially in the United States, given that this has been the focus of existing research. We first discuss the structure of print media markets, describing the rise in the number of daily newspapers during the ear... |
3A1831630559.jsonld | Chapter 9. How price promotions work: A review of practice and theory | In many markets, price promotions are a primary mechanism by which prices are adjusted. This chapter presents an overview of how retail price promotions work in theory and in practice. While there is a heavy emphasis on fast moving consumer goods (e.g., items sold in grocery stores or CPG), we discuss price promotions ... |
3A1831639211.jsonld | Chapter 2 Measurement of inequality | The analysis of inequality is placed in the context of recent developments in economics and statistics. |
3A1831637375.jsonld | Chapter 13 Regional labor market analysis | This chapter focuses on regional labor market analysis. Regional labor market analysis entails a synthesis of economic and demographic modeling. Migration alters population levels, and thus together with labor force participation rates determines labor supply. Population change also affects demand for goods and service... |
3A1831641550.jsonld | Chapter 37 Coalition structures | The study of stable coalition structures, or more generally of coalition formation, was conducted mainly within the framework of games in coalitional form. The most commonly used stability concept is the coalition-structure core, which extends individual stability to group stability. The best-known example of social en... |
3A1831641372.jsonld | Chapter 12 Incentive models of the defense procurement process | Economic theorists have devoted considerable attention to analyzing models of closely related incentive contracting problems that arise in the study of public procurement, private procurement, regulation, the theory of the firm, the theory of organizations, and managerial compensation. The purpose of this chapter is to... |
3A1831634856.jsonld | Chapter 11 Externalities and Growth | Externalities play a central role in most theories of economic growth. We argue that international externalities, in particular, are essential for explaining a number of empirical regularities about growth and development. Foremost among these is that many countries appear to share a common long run growth rate despite... |
3A1831651432.jsonld | Chapter 2. Creative Genius in Literature, Music, and the Visual Arts | This chapter examines creative genius in the three most prominent domains of artistic achievement: literature, music, and the visual arts. Treatment begins with the definition of artistic genius in terms of achieved eminence, with special attention to the measurement issues (i.e. magnitude of consensus and degree of te... |
3A1831643855.jsonld | Chapter 56 The Impact of Child Health and Nutrition on Education in Less Developed Countries | Hundreds of millions of children in less developed countries suffer from poor health and nutrition. Children in most less developed countries also complete far fewer years of schooling, and learn less per year of schooling, than do children in developed countries. Recent research has shown that poor health and nutritio... |
3A1831649780.jsonld | Chapter 4. Advertising in Markets | This chapter proposes an analysis of the role of advertising in the transmission of information in markets. It also describes how the economic analysis of informative advertising provides a satisfactory account of advertising practices and discusses the extent to which resorting to alternative approaches to advertising... |
3A1831653222.jsonld | Chapter One. Health Care Spending Growth | This chapter provides a conceptual and empirical examination of health care spending growth (as opposed to the level of health care spending). Given that an equilibrium spending level exists, spending growth requires some variable to change. A one-time change in such a variable (or a one-time policy intervention) will ... |
3A1831643030.jsonld | Chapter 32 An Empirical Perspective on Auctions | We describe the economics literature on auction markets, with an emphasis on the connection between theory, empirical practice, and public policy, and a discussion of outstanding issues. We describe some basic concepts, to highlight some strengths and weaknesses of the literature, and so indicate where further research... |
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