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abstract: 'The unprecedented range of second-generation gravitational-wave (GW) observatories calls for refining the predictions of potential sources and detection rates. The coalescence of double compact objects (DCOs)—i.e., neutron star-neutron star (NS-NS), black hole-neutron star (BH-NS), and black hole-black hole (BH-BH) binary systems—is the most promising source of GWs for these detectors. We compute detection rates of coalescing DCOs in second-generation GW detectors using the latest models for their cosmological evolution, and implementing inspiral-merger-ringdown (IMR) gravitational waveform models in our signal-to-noise ratio calculations. We find that: (1) the inclusion of the merger/ringdown portion of the signal does not significantly affect rates for NS-NS and BH-NS systems, but it boosts rates by a factor $\sim 1.5$ for BH-BH systems; (2) in almost all of our models BH-BH systems yield by far the largest rates, followed by NS-NS and BH-NS systems, respectively, and (3) a majority of the detectable BH-BH systems were formed in the early Universe in low-metallicity environments. We make predictions for the distributions of detected binaries and discuss what the first GW detections will teach us about the astrophysics underlying binary formation and evolution.'
author:
- 'Michal Dominik, Emanuele Berti, Richard O’Shaughnessy, Ilya Mandel, Krzysztof Belczynski, Christopher Fryer, Daniel E. Holz, Tomasz Bulik, Francesco Pannarale'
bibliography:
- 'b1.bib'
title: 'Double compact objects III: Gravitational-wave detection rates'
---
Introduction
============
Nearly a century has passed since Albert Einstein wrote down the field equations of general relativity. A crucial prediction of his theory is the existence of GWs. Observations of the Hulse-Taylor binary pulsar [@Taylor:1989] and the double pulsar J0737-3039 [@Lyne:2004] leave little doubt of the existence of GWs, with further evidence provided by the recent claim of a detection of a GW-induced B-mode polarization of the cosmic microwave background [@2014arXiv1403.3985B]. However, GWs still elude direct observation. The situation should change in the next few years, when a network of second-generation GW observatories – including Advanced LIGO (Harry, [-@AdvLIGO], henceforth aLIGO), Advanced Virgo [@AdvVirgo henceforth AdV], and KAGRA [@KAGRA] – will start taking data. The unprecedented sensitivity of these observatories will allow them to observe the inspiral and merger of DCOs out to cosmological distances: for example, aLIGO should observe binary neutron stars out to a luminosity distance of $\simeq 450 {\, {\rm Mpc}}$ ($z \sim 0.1$), while DCOs containing BHs will be observable to much larger distances [e.g., @2010CQGra..27q3001A]. Given the cosmological reach of second-generation GW interferometers, a theoretical investigation of the observable DCO populations which incorporates cosmological evolution and accurate models of the gravitational waveforms is particularly timely. This is the goal of this paper, the third in a series [cf. @dominik; @dominik2]. Our work builds on the results presented in the second paper [@dominik2 henceforth Paper 2], where we presented the cosmological distribution of DCOs for a set of four evolutionary models. These models investigated a range of Hertzsprung gap (HG) common envelope (CE) donors, supernova (SN) explosion engines, and BH natal kicks, showing distinct differences in the properties of the resulting DCO populations. Population models were placed in a cosmological context by adopting the star formation history reported in [@strolger] and the galaxy mass distribution of [@fontana], both of which are redshift-dependent. We performed all calculations assuming two scenarios for metallicity evolution, meant to bracket the uncertainties associated with the chemical composition of the Universe. Binary evolution was performed using the [StarTrack]{} population synthesis code [@startrack]. In this work we complete and extend the analysis of Paper 2. We study the detection rates and the expected physical properties of coalescing DCOs at cosmological distances for second-generation GW observatories. The rates are calculated for different sets of gravitational waveform models and different detector sensitivities, representative of aLIGO, AdV, and KAGRA. Several different groups have presented similar estimates and studies in the past decade [e.g., @lipunov1997; @bethe; @dedonder; @bloom; @grishchuk:2001; @nele2001; @voss; @dewi; @nutzman; @pfahl; @danny; @PostnovYungelson:2006; @seba; @mennekens]. However, none have combined cosmological DCO populations with accurate GW models to obtain thorough, detector-specific results. Our astrophysical models for DCO formation are reviewed in Section \[binevol\]. Gravitational waveform models and signal-to-noise ratio estimates are discussed in Section \[wmodels\]. Our procedure to compute event rates is presented in Section \[sec:fullrates\]. Event rates and bulk properties of the detected populations are presented in Section \[sec:results\]. In Section \[sec:nobhbh\] we present and discuss the study by [@mennekens], the primary result of which is the lack of detectable BH-BH systems. In Section \[sec:conclusions\] we discuss the possible astrophysical payoff of the first GW detections and important directions for future work.
Astrophysical models {#binevol}
====================
Binary evolution
----------------
We begin with a summary of the four [StarTrack]{} evolutionary models that form the backbone of this work; a more detailed discussion can be found in [@dominik; @dominik2].
*1) Standard model*. This is our reference model, representing the state of the art in the formation and evolution of binary systems. We consider only field populations here. Rate estimates performed for dense populations in which dynamical interactions between stars are important (i.e., globular clusters and galactic nuclear clusters) have been presented elsewhere [@gultekin; @oleary; @grin2006; @sadowski; @ivan; @downing; @MillerLauburg:2008]. Our Standard model uses the “Nanjing” [@chlambda] $\lambda$ coefficient in the CE energy balance prescription of [@webbink], where the precise value of $\lambda$ depends on the evolutionary stage of the donor, its Zero Age Main Sequence (ZAMS) mass, the mass of its envelope, and its radius. In turn, these quantities depend on metallicity, which in our simulations varies within the broad range $10^{-4}\leq Z \leq 0.03$ (recall that solar metallicity corresponds to $\zsun=0.02$). The values of $\lambda$ for high-mass stars ($M_{ZAMS}>20\msun$) were obtained through private communication with the authors and are not present in [@chlambda].
The impact of the CE outcome on binary populations depends strongly on the evolutionary stage of the donor, as first discussed in [@rarity]. The Standard model does not allow for CE events with HG donors. These stars are not expected to possess a clear core-envelope structure [@ivanovataam], thus making it difficult for them to eject their outer layers during the CE phase. In our Standard model all CE events with HG donors lead to a prompt merger before a DCO binary is formed, regardless of the aforementioned energy balance.
The model employs a Maxwellian distribution of natal kicks for NSs with 1-D root mean square velocity $\sigma=265$ km/s, consistent with NS observations [@hobbs]. The same distribution is extended to BHs, where we allow for the possibility that the kicks may be reduced due to fallback of material during the SN that leads to BH formation. The reduction in BH kicks is described via $$\label{vkick}
V_{\rm k}=V_{\rm max}(1-f_{\rm fb}),$$ where $V_{\rm k}$ is the final magnitude of the natal kick, $V_{\rm max}$ is the velocity drawn from a Maxwellian kick distribution, and $f_{\rm fb}$ is a “fallback factor” that depends on the amount of fallback material, calculated according to the prescription given in [@chrisija]. Our Standard model uses the “Rapid” convection-driven, neutrino-enhanced SN engine [@chrisija]. The SN explosion is sourced from the Rayleigh-Taylor instability and occurs within the first $0.1\,$–$\,0.2\,\mbox{s}$ after the bounce. When used in the context of binary evolution models, this SN engine successfully reproduces the mass gap [@massgap] observed in Galactic X-ray binaries [@mg1; @mg2], but see also [@2012ApJ...757...36K].
*2) Optimistic Common Envelope*. In this model we allow HG stars to be CE donors. When the donor initiates the CE phase, the CE outcome is determined via energy balance. The remaining physics is identical to the Standard model.
*3) Delayed SN*. This model utilizes the “Delayed” SN engine instead of the Rapid one. The former is also a convection driven, neutrino enhanced engine, but is sourced from the standing accretion shock instability (SASI), and can produce an explosion as late as $1\,\mbox{s}$ after bounce. The Delayed engine produces a continuous mass spectrum of compact objects, ranging from NSs through light BHs to massive BHs [@massgap].
*4) High BH kicks*. In this model the BHs receive full natal kicks, i.e. we set $f_{\rm fb}=0$ in Eq. (\[vkick\]). Otherwise this model is identical to the Standard model.
Metallicity evolution {#sec:metallicity}
---------------------
In this paper we employ two distinct metallicity evolution scenarios: “high-end” and “low-end”. These are identical to those in our previous study (Paper 2), and a detailed description can be found therein. Employing such calibrations allows us to explore and bracket uncertainties in the chemical evolution of the Universe. In both cases the average metallicity decreases with increasing redshift.
The high-end metallicity profile is calibrated to yield a median value of metallicity equal to $1.5\,\zsun$ (or $8.9$ in the “12+log(O/H)” formalism) at redshift $z=0$. This calibration was designed to match the upper $1 \sigma$ scatter of metallicities according to [@yuan] (see their Fig. 2, top-right panel).
The low-end metallicity profile is based on SDSS observations [@panter], from which we infer that one half of the star forming mass of galaxies at $z\sim0$ has $20\%$ solar metallicity, while the other half has $150\%$ solar metallicity.
Waveform models {#wmodels}
===============
Order-of-magnitude estimates {#sec:simplerates}
----------------------------
For any given GW detector the “horizon distance”, $D_h$, is defined as the luminosity distance at which an optimally oriented (face-on, overhead) canonical $(1.4+1.4)~M_\odot$ NS-NS binary would be detected at a fiducial threshold signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), taken to be $8$ in this paper. The expectation value of the SNR, $\rho$, of a signal with GW amplitude $h(t)$ is given by \[SNR\] \^2 = 4\_0\^ df, where $\tilde h(f)$ is the Fourier transform of the signal and $S_n(f)$ is the noise power spectral density of the detector [see e.g. @cutlerflanagan; @poissonwill]. The square root of the noise power spectral density is plotted in Fig. \[fig:noise\] for several advanced interferometers of interest. For example, the aLIGO horizon distance is $D_{h} \simeq 450 {\, {\rm Mpc}}$.
Although the sensitivity of a GW detector network depends on the details of the search pipeline and the detector data quality, we follow [@2010CQGra..27q3001A] in considering a single detector with an SNR threshold $\rho \ge 8$ as a proxy for detectability by the network. With this criterion, a simple and common expression to transform the local merger rate to a predicted detection rate $R_D$, given the horizon distance $D_h$ and the merger rate density, ${\cal R}(z)$, evaluated locally (at $z=0$), is: $$\label{eq:LocalUniverseMergerRateFormula}
R_D \simeq \frac{4\pi}{3} D_{h}^3 \langle w^3\rangle \left<(\mc/1.2 M_\odot)^{15/6}\right>{\cal R}(0)
$$ In this expression $\langle w^3\rangle^{-1/3}\simeq 2.264$ is a purely geometrical and SNR-threshold-independent factor commonly used to relate sky location- and orientation-averaged distances to optimal detection distances (see Appendix for details) and $\mc=\eta^{3/5}M$ (where $M=m_1+m_2$ is the total mass of the binary and $\eta\equiv m_1m_2/M^2$) is the “chirp mass” [see, e.g., @cutlerflanagan]. This estimate assumes that (1) cosmological effects are negligible (i.e., space is Euclidean to a good approximation), and (2) most of the SNR is accumulated during an inspiral phase which lasts through the entire sensitive band of the detector, where the GW amplitude in the frequency domain is well approximated by the quadrupole formula, i.e., $\tilde h(f)\sim \mc^{5/6} f^{-7/6}/D$. Here $D$ is the luminosity distance to the source. The estimate of Eq. (\[eq:LocalUniverseMergerRateFormula\]) follows from this simple scaling together with the definition of the SNR, Eq. (\[SNR\]).
![\[fig:noise\] **Noise models**: we use an analytical approximation to the aLIGO zero-detuning high power (ZDHP) noise power spectral density given in Eq. (4.7) of [@ajithspin] (we verified that this approximation gives results in excellent agreement with the “official” tabulated aLIGO ZDHP noise PSD given in [@PSD:AL]. For AdV we use the fit in Eq. (3.4) of [@ajithbose] to [@AdvVirgo], and for KAGRA we use the PSD fit from the Appendix of [@pannarale] to [@KAGRA].](noise){width="1.0\columnwidth"}
Eq. (\[eq:LocalUniverseMergerRateFormula\]) involves only the *local* merger rate ${\cal R}(0)$ and $\langle \mc^{15/6}\rangle$ is averaged over detected binaries. Both quantities can easily be extracted from [StarTrack]{} simulations; they are listed in Table \[tab:simplerates\], along with the values of $R_D$ predicted by Eq. (\[eq:LocalUniverseMergerRateFormula\]). We expect this rough estimate to be accurate for NS-NS binaries, for which the overwhelming majority of the SNR is accumulated during the inspiral phase. More accurate calculations are required for DCOs comprised of BHs, because they are visible out to larger distances (making cosmological corrections important) and because, as we discuss below, a large fraction of the SNR for these binaries comes from the merger/ringdown portion of the signal.
Including merger and ringdown {#sec:IMR}
-----------------------------
In order to refine our rate estimates for high-mass systems containing BHs, it is important to consider the full waveform, including inspiral, merger, and ringdown (IMR). The calculation of gravitational waveforms from merging BH-BH and BH-NS binaries requires expensive numerical relativity simulations, but several semi-analytical models have been tuned to reproduce the amplitude and phasing of BH-BH and BH-NS merger simulations. To estimate systematic uncertainties and the impact of spin, we performed rate calculations using three models: (1) the IMRPhenomB model described in [@PhenomB], one of the earliest phenomenological models tuned to both nonspinning and spinning BH-BH simulations with aligned spins, henceforth abbreviated as PhB; (2) the IMRPhenomC (henceforth abbreviated PhC) model by [@santamaria], a more accurate alternative to PhB also tuned to nonprecessing simulations of BH-BH mergers; and (3) a nonspinning effective-one-body (EOB) model [@eob]. A detailed comparison of the three models can be found in [@Damour:2010zb]. Recent work by [@pannarale] shows that finite-size effects introduce negligible errors ($\lesssim 1\%$) in SNR calculations for BH-NS binaries, therefore the above models are adequate for [*both*]{} BH-BH and BH-NS binaries. In order to facilitate comparison with previous work, we also evaluated rates using the simplest possible approximation: a restricted post-Newtonian (PN) waveform where the amplitude is truncated at Newtonian order, i.e. $\tilde h(f)\sim \mc^{5/6}
f^{-7/6}/D$, terminated at a fiducial “innermost stable circular orbit” frequency $f_{\rm ISCO}=(G M\pi/c^3)^{-1}6^{-3/2}$. At low mass, the upper limit can be neglected and this approximation corresponds to $\rho \propto \mc^{5/6}$, as stated above: see also Eq. (7) in [@roskb].
![\[fig:Ingredients:SNRVersusMass:CompareModels\]**SNR for different signal models**: To illustrate the relatively small differences between the signal models we have adopted, we show the SNR, $\rho(M)$, as a function of total binary mass, $M$, for an equal-mass nonspinning binary at $100 {\, {\rm Mpc}}$, where the SNR is evaluated using a single fiducial aLIGO detector. The colored solid curves show (a) the trivial expression $\rho =\rho_0(M/2.8
M_\odot)^{5/6}$ with $\rho_0=34.3$ (red), (b) an EOB model (black), PhB model (blue), and PhC model (green), all evaluated for zero spin. The green dotted line shows the PhC model evaluated with near-extremal spin on both objects ($\chi_1=\chi_2=0.998$), while the green dashed line shows PhC with near-extremal spin on one object ($\chi_1=0.998,\chi_2=0$). The choice $\chi_i=0.998$ corresponds to the [@Thorne:1974ve] bound. This value of the spin is outside the regime in which phenomenological models have been calibrated, and it has been chosen to provide rough upper limits on the rates.](fig-mma-paper-SNRVersusMass){width="\columnwidth"}
Figure \[fig:Ingredients:SNRVersusMass:CompareModels\] shows that these models all make similar predictions for the SNR of optimally oriented equal-mass binaries as a function of their total mass for a single aLIGO detector. Even small differences can be important: for any given binary, a $30\%$ difference in amplitude corresponds to a factor $(1.3)^3\simeq 2.2$ in rate calculations. In practice, however, all nonspinning IMR models agree in SNR to within tens of percent over the total binary mass range of interest (up to $127\msun$, see Section \[dcos\]). The effect of spin will be discussed in more detail in Section \[subsec:WF\] below.
{width="1.0\columnwidth"} {width="1.0\columnwidth"}
{width="1.0\columnwidth"} {width="1.0\columnwidth"}\
Figure \[fig:Ingredients:SNRContours\] shows contour plots of the SNR, $\rho$, in the $(M_z, q)$ plane, where $M_z \equiv M(1+z)$ is the redshifted total mass, $z$ is the redshift, and $q=m_2/m_1 \leq 1$ is the mass ratio of the components, for nonspinning binaries at luminosity distance $D_L=100$ Mpc. We discuss the justification for considering the SNR as a function of $M_z$ below, but since the chosen distance corresponds to a negligible redshift $z\simeq 0.023$ using the cosmological parameters $\Omega_M=0.3$, $\Omega_\Lambda=0.7$, $\Omega_{\rm k}=0$, and $h=0.7$ (chosen for consistency with [@dominik; @dominik2]), $M\simeq M_z$ at this distance. The left panel refers to a calculation using an inspiral-only waveform with Newtonian amplitude to compute the horizon distance. The right panel includes inspiral, merger, and ringdown, modelled using the PhC waveform. This plot shows two important features: (1) including the full IMR increases the maximum SNR at this luminosity distance by factors of a few with respect to an inspiral-only calculation, from $\approx 300$ to $\approx 10^3$; (2) high-mass binaries ($M_z \gtrsim
10^{2.5}M_\odot \approx 300 M_\odot$) involving BHs that would not be detectable using inspiral waveforms, become detectable using IMR waveforms. The latter point is not important for the field binaries considered in this paper, but it is crucial for intermediate-mass BH mergers [e.g., @walczak; @Fregeau:2006; @Amaro:2006imbh].
In an expanding Universe, GW emission is redshifted by the same factor of $(1+z)$ as electromagnetic radiation. In the units ($G=c=1$) adopted by relativists to describe gravitational waves, the only quantity with dimensions in the GW signal is the total mass $M$. Since the total mass sets the time scale, a binary source of mass $M$ in the local universe has an identical waveform (but with different amplitude) to a binary at redshift $z$ with mass $M/(1+z)$; see, e.g., [@1998PhRvD..57.4535F]. Eq. (\[SNR\]), together with the fact that gravitational amplitudes scale inversely with the luminosity distance $D_L(z)$, implies that the horizon redshift $z_{\rm h}$ (i.e., the redshift at which an optimally located and oriented binary would have SNR $\rho_{\rm thr}=8$) can be found via the simple scaling \[DLhor\] D\_h (z\_[h]{}) = D\_L(z) , where $\rho$ is the SNR at any redshift $z$, or luminosity distance $D_L(z)$. Note that the right-hand side depends only on $z$, $M_z$ and $q$. Therefore one can easily turn an SNR calculation at fixed $z$ (cf. Fig. \[fig:Ingredients:SNRContours\]) into a plot of the horizon luminosity distance $D_h$ (or equivalently of the horizon redshift $z_h$) such as Fig. \[fig:Ingredients:Dhorizon\].
[StarTrack]{} produces large catalogs of DCOs with intrinsic parameters $(M,q)$, with each of these binaries merging at a different redshift. Any of these representative DCOs is potentially detectable (depending on precise sky location and binary orientation) when $z<z_{\rm h}$. Determining detectability therefore amounts to a simple interpolation of two-dimensional grids similar to those plotted in Fig. \[fig:Ingredients:Dhorizon\]. These grids can be computed once and for all, given a waveform model and a detector’s power spectral density (PSD). Evaluating such a grid typically involves $100\times
100=10^4$ SNR evaluations, and it is much faster than the (impractical) evaluation of millions of SNR integrals such as Eq. (\[SNR\]), one for each representative binary produced by [ StarTrack]{}. The conversion between detectability at optimal location and optimal orientation and detectability at generic orientations involves a simple geometrical factor $p_{\rm det}$, as discussed below.
Rate calculation {#sec:fullrates}
================
The detection rate is \[Rdet\] R\_[det]{} = \_0\^ (z\_m) p\_[det]{} dz\_m dm\_1 dm\_2, where ${\cal R} (z_m) \equiv \frac{dN}{dm_1 dm_2 dV_c dt_m}$ is the binary merger rate per unit component mass per unit comoving volume $V_c$ per unit time $t_m$ as measured in the source frame at merger redshift $z_m$, the term $\frac{dt_m}{dt_{\rm det}} = \frac{1}{1+z_m}$ accounts for the difference in clock rates at the merger and at the detector, and $p_{\rm det}=p_{\rm det} (z_m; m_1, m_2)$ is the probability (over isotropic sky locations and orientations) that a source with given masses at a given redshift will be detectable. The quantity =, with $E(z)=\sqrt{\Omega_{\rm M}(1+z)^3+\Omega_{\rm k}(1+z)^2+\Omega_{\Lambda}}$, is the comoving volume per unit redshift, and D\_c(z)=\_0\^z is the comoving distance, related to the luminosity distance $D_L(z)$ by $D_c(z)=D_L(z)/(1+z)$: see [@hogg] for our notation and conventions.
The merger rate ${\cal R} (z_m)$ is a convolution of the star formation rate and the number density of binaries per unit star forming mass $M_f$ per unit time delay between formation and merger $\tau$: \[Rzm\] [R]{} (z\_m) &=& \_0\^[t\_m]{} \_0\^[t\_[det]{}]{} (z\_f) (t\_f; m\_1, m\_2, )\
&& (t\_m-t\_f-) ddt\_f, where ${\rm SFR} = \frac{dM_f}{dV_c dt_f} (z_f)$ is the star formation rate per unit comoving volume per unit time $t_f$ at formation redshift $z_f$.
The distribution of binaries in mass and time delay space, $\frac{dN} {dM_f dm_1
dm_2 d\tau} (t_f; m_1, m_2, \tau)$, is obtained with the [StarTrack]{} population synthesis code, taking into account the metallicity distribution at the formation redshift as described in Section \[binevol\]. Since [StarTrack]{} simulations produce a set of merging binaries with specific component masses and time delays sampling the desired distribution, the integrals above are easily computed via Monte Carlo over the simulated systems. For computational efficiency the outer integral over the time of formation in Eq. (\[Rzm\]) is binned over $\Delta t_f = 100$ Myr segments, while the integral over the merger redshift $z_m$ in Eq. (\[Rdet\]) is transformed into an integral over merger time via $dz_m
= \frac{dz_m}{dt_m} dt_m = H_0 (1+z)E(z) dt_m$ [@hogg]. Thus the detection rate integral can be represented as a Monte Carlo sum over all simulated binaries: \[eq:rate\] R\_[det]{}= p\_[det]{} t , where $\Delta M_f$ is the total star-forming mass that was simulated in the Monte Carlo to represent the time bin $\Delta t$, all terms but the first are computed at the merger redshift of the simulated source.
The detection probability for a given source at its merger redshift $p_{\rm det} (z, m_1, m_2)$ is simply the fraction of sources of a given mass located at the given redshift that exceed the detectability threshold in SNR, assuming that sources are uniformly distributed in sky location and orbital orientation. If a single detector with an SNR threshold (e.g., $\rho_{\rm thr}=8$) is used as a proxy for detectability, the detection probability can be expressed as a cumulative distribution function on the projection parameter $w$. In the Appendix, $w$ is defined such that $w=0$ when the detector has no response to the gravitational wave, and $w=1$ for an optimally located and oriented (face-on and directly overhead) binary. The detection probability is p\_[det]{} = P(\_[thr]{}/\_[opt]{}), where $P(w)$ is the cumulative distribution function on $w$ over different source locations and orientations, and $\rho_{\rm opt}$ is the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for an optimally located and oriented binary at redshift $z$.
[l|ll|ll]{}\[thb\] Model & $\left<\mc^{15/6}\right>$& ${\cal R}(0)$ & $R_D$ (aLIGO $\rho \ge 8$) & $R_D$ (3-det network $\rho
\ge 10$)\
& $M_\odot^{15/6}$ & ${\, {\rm Gpc}}^{-3} {\, {\rm yr}}^{-1}$ & ${\, {\rm yr}}^{-1}$ & ${\, {\rm yr}}^{-1}$\
\
Standard & 1.1 (1.1) & 61 (52) & 1.3 (1.1) & 3.2 (2.7)\
Optimistic CE & 1.2 (1.2) & 162 (137) & 3.9 (3.3) & 9.2 (7.7)\
Delayed SN & 1.4 (1.4) & 67 (60) & 1.9 (1.7) & 4.5 (4.0)\
High BH Kicks & 1.1 (1.1) & 57 (52) & 1.2 (1.1) & 3.0 (2.7)\
\
Standard & 18 (19) & 2.8 (3.0) & 1.0 (1.2) & 2.4 (2.7)\
Optimistic CE & 17 (16) & 17 (20) & 5.7 (6.5) & 13.8 (15.4)\
Delayed SN & 24 (20) & 1.0 (2.4) & 0.5 (0.9) & 1.1 (2.3)\
High BH Kicks & 19 (13) & 0.04 (0.3) & 0.01 (0.08) & 0.04 (0.2)\
\
Standard & 402 (595) & 28 (36) & 227 (427) & 540 (1017)\
Optimistic CE & 311 (359) & 109 (221) & 676 (1585) & 1610 (3773)\
Delayed SN & 829 (814) & 14 (24) & 232 (394) & 552 (938)\
High Kick & 2159 (3413) & 0.5 (0.5) & 22 (34) & 51 (81) \[tab:simplerates\]
[l|ll|ll|lll|ll]{}\[thb\] & & & &\
& & & &\
Model &Insp &PhC (EOB) &Insp &PhC (EOB) &Insp &PhC (EOB) & PhC (spin) & Insp & PhC\
& ${\, {\rm yr}}^{-1}$ & ${\, {\rm yr}}^{-1}$ & ${\, {\rm yr}}^{-1}$ & ${\, {\rm yr}}^{-1}$ & ${\, {\rm yr}}^{-1}$ & ${\, {\rm yr}}^{-1}$ & ${\, {\rm yr}}^{-1}$ & ${\, {\rm yr}}^{-1}$ & ${\, {\rm yr}}^{-1}$\
\
Standard & 0.3 & 0.3 & 0.8 & 0.7 & 1.2 & 1.1 &- & 2.5 (1.5) & 2.4 (1.4)\
Optimistic CE & 0.9 & 0.9 & 2.1 & 1.9 & 3.3 & 3.1 &- & 6.9 (4.0) & 6.5 (3.8)\
Delayed SN & 0.4 & 0.4 & 1.0 & 0.9 & 1.6 & 1.5 &- & 3.3 (1.9) & 3.1 (1.8)\
High BH Kicks & 0.3 & 0.3 & 0.7 & 0.7 & 1.1 & 1.1 &- & 2.3 (1.4) & 2.2 (1.3)\
\
Standard & 0.2 & 0.2 & 0.5 & 0.4 & 0.7 & 0.6 & 0.8 & 1.5 (0.9) & 1.2 (0.7)\
Optimistic CE & 1.1 & 1.0 & 2.9 & 2.2 & 4.4 & 3.6 & 4.4 & 9.2 (5.4) & 7.4 (4.3)\
Delayed SN & 0.09 & 0.07 & 0.2 & 0.2 & 0.4 & 0.3 & 0.5 & 0.8 (0.5) & 0.6 (0.3)\
High BH Kicks & 0.01 & 0.007 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.04 & 0.03 & 0.1 & 0.09 (0.05) & 0.07 (0.04)\
\
Standard & 35 & 41 (38) & 70 & 93 (86) & 117 & 148 (142) & 348 & 236 (144) & 306 (177)\
Optimistic CE & 126 & 144 (133) & 281 & 366 (333) & 491 & 618 (585) & 1554 & 1042 (588) & 1338 (713)\
Delayed SN & 27 & 34 (32) & 50 & 81 (75) & 90 & 129 (124) & 320 & 182 (110) & 270 (155)\
High Kick & 0.6 & 1.0 (0.9) & 0.9 & 2.5 (2.3) & 2.1 & 3.8 (3.8) & 12 & 4.2 (2.7) & 8.2 (4.7) \[rates2genH\]
[l|ll|ll|lll|ll]{}\[thb\] & & & &\
& & & &\
Model &Insp &PhC (EOB) &Insp &PhC (EOB) &Insp &PhC (EOB) & PhC (spin) & Insp & PhC\
& ${\, {\rm yr}}^{-1}$ & ${\, {\rm yr}}^{-1}$ & ${\, {\rm yr}}^{-1}$ & ${\, {\rm yr}}^{-1}$ & ${\, {\rm yr}}^{-1}$ & ${\, {\rm yr}}^{-1}$ & ${\, {\rm yr}}^{-1}$ & ${\, {\rm yr}}^{-1}$ & ${\, {\rm yr}}^{-1}$\
\
Standard & 0.3 & 0.3 & 0.7 & 0.6 & 1.1 & 1.0 &- & 2.3 (1.3) & 2.2 (1.3)\
Optimistic CE & 0.8 & 0.7 & 1.8 & 1.7 & 2.9 & 2.7 &- & 6.0 (3.5) & 5.6 (3.3)\
Delayed SN & 0.4 & 0.4 & 1.0 & 0.9 & 1.5 & 1.4 &- & 3.2 (1.8) & 2.9 (1.7)\
High BH Kicks & 0.3 & 0.3 & 0.7 & 0.6 & 1.0 & 1.0 &- & 2.1 (1.3) & 2.0 (1.2)\
\
Standard & 0.3 & 0.2 & 0.7 & 0.5 & 1.1 & 0.8 & 1.2 & 2.3 (1.3) & 1.8 (1.0)\
Optimistic CE & 1.4 & 1.2 & 3.6 & 2.8 & 5.5 & 4.4 & 5.7 & 12 (6.7) & 9.4 (5.4)\
Delayed SN & 0.2 & 0.1 & 0.5 & 0.4 & 0.8 & 0.6 & 0.9 & 1.7 (0.9) & 1.3 (0.7)\
High BH Kicks & 0.04 & 0.03 & 0.09 & 0.07 & 0.1 & 0.1 & 0.3 & 0.6 (0.2) & 0.5 (0.2)\
\
Standard & 56 & 66 (61) & 106 & 153 (140) & 183 & 246 (235) & 610 & 369 (226) & 514 (292)\
Optimistic CE & 287 & 324 (297) & 629 & 828 (745) & 1124 & 1421 (1339) & 3560 & 2384 (1336) & 3087 (1633)\
Delayed SN & 53 & 64 (59) & 97 & 152 (139) & 171 & 241 (231) & 596 & 345 (213) & 501 (291)\
High Kick & 0.9 & 1.5 (1.4) & 1.4 & 3.8 (3.6) & 3.2 & 5.9 (5.8) & 19 & 6.6 (4.0) & 13 (7.2) \[rates2genL\]
Results {#sec:results}
=======
In Section \[sec:simplerates\] we obtained a rough estimate of event rates by extrapolating the local rate density via the scaling of Eq. (\[eq:LocalUniverseMergerRateFormula\]). This extrapolation is expected to provide a good approximation for low-mass systems (and in particular, NS-NS binaries), because in this case the early inspiral makes up most of the signal observable by advanced GW detectors, the signal extends through the detector band, and the detector range is sufficiently low that cosmological corrections to detectability and the dependence of merger rates on redshift can largely be ignored. The approximation will become increasingly inaccurate for high-mass binaries, such as those comprising one or two BHs. In Sections \[sec:IMR\] and \[sec:fullrates\] we went beyond this approximation by implementing three “complete” IMR waveform models (EOB, PhC, PhB), and we described how to combine these models with simulations from the [StarTrack]{} code in order to obtain more accurate estimates of the event rates (see Eq. (\[eq:rate\])).
The analytical estimates of Section \[sec:simplerates\] with local merger rates based on the [StarTrack]{} code are presented in Table \[tab:simplerates\]. The more careful event rate calculations of Section \[sec:fullrates\] are listed in Table \[rates2genH\] (for the high-end metallicity scenario) and Table \[rates2genL\] (for the low-end metallicity scenario).
In these tables, the “single-detector” columns represent estimated detection rates for a single detector with a $\rho \ge 8$ threshold for detectability. This is often used as a proxy for rates in multi-detector networks [@2010CQGra..27q3001A]. In the “three-detector” columns we consider two alternate detectability thresholds: minimum [*network*]{} SNRs of either 10 or 12 for a three-detector network composed of three instruments located at the LIGO Hanford, LIGO Livingston, and Virgo sites, all with aLIGO sensitivity. The network SNR threshold of 10 would have yielded false alarm rates of roughly once per decade in 2009-2010 initial LIGO and Virgo data [see Fig. 3 in @scenarios]. This threshold is optimistic for making confident detections if data quality in advanced detectors is similar to that in the initial detectors and the same searches are used. With this in mind, @scenarios assumed a network SNR threshold of $12$ with an additional threshold constraint on the SNR in the second-loudest instrument; we consider a simple SNR threshold of $12$. Detection rates using a network SNR threshold were calculated using the same framework as above, but implementing a network-geometry-dependent $P(w)$ described (and fitted) in the Appendix. In the order-of-magnitude estimates described by Eq. (\[eq:LocalUniverseMergerRateFormula\]) and provided in Table \[tab:simplerates\] we employ $\left<w^{3}\right> \simeq 0.404$ for the three-detector network ($\rho \ge 10$), a factor of $\sim
4.6$ larger than the value $\left<w^{3}\right> \simeq (1/2.26)^3
\approx 0.0866$ used for a one-detector network.
We now discuss these rate predictions, their dependence on gravitational waveform models, and the astrophysical properties of DCO populations observable by advanced GW detectors.
Broad features of rate estimates
--------------------------------
The main conclusion of this work is that BH-BH mergers should yield the highest detection rates in all advanced detectors (aLIGO, AdV, and KAGRA), followed by NS-NS mergers, with BH-NS mergers being the rarest. This finding is independent of our evolutionary models and of the details of the gravitational waveforms (however, see Sec. \[sec:conclusions\] for discussion). The only exception is the “Optimistic CE” model, where detection rates for BH-NS mergers dominate over NS-NS mergers (with BH-BH mergers still dominating the detection rates). This model makes the assumption that CE events with HG donors do not always end in a premature merger, allowing more binaries to survive the CE and form merging DCOs, and therefore increasing detection rates. As a result the Optimistic CE model yields very large BH-BH rates, comparable to, though a factor of a few below, existing upper limits on the BH-BH binary mergers from initial LIGO/Virgo observations [see, e.g., @comparison; @2012PhRvD..85h2002A; @2013PhRvD..87b2002A].
Our quantitative predictions for compact binary merger rates are consistent with our previous papers in this series [@dominik; @dominik2]. In particular, we agree with the main conclusion of those papers: detectable BH-BH binaries can be formed over a broad range of metallicities, with a significant proportion forming in highly subsolar environments (Fig. \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:BHBH\]). On a model-by-model basis our results are in good agreement with prior work, with factor-of-two or smaller differences due to our inclusion of cosmological effects. As expected, the simple approximation of Eq. (\[eq:LocalUniverseMergerRateFormula\]) gives a good order-of-magnitude estimate of the NS-NS detection rates listed in Tables \[rates2genH\] and \[rates2genL\]. However, the approximation fails for BH-BH systems. By comparing the detection rates from Table \[tab:simplerates\] with inspiral rates from Tables \[rates2genH\] and \[rates2genL\], we see that the local Universe approximation of Eq. (\[eq:LocalUniverseMergerRateFormula\]) overestimates more careful calculations of detection rates by a factor $\sim 2$ for BH-BH systems. The limited signal bandwidth of high-mass systems, the redshift dependence of binary merger rates, and cosmological corrections make simple scaling relations inaccurate over the large volume in which detectors are sensitive to BH-BH systems. On the other hand, as the merger–ringdown phase of these binaries falls within the sensitive band of second-generation interferometers, it provides a significant contribution to the SNR. Indeed, as can be seen in Tables \[rates2genH\] and \[rates2genL\], the full IMR calculations increase the detection rates considerably. However, BH-BH detection rates computed with appropriate cosmological corrections are still lower than local merger rates converted into detection rates via the basic scaling of Eq. (\[eq:LocalUniverseMergerRateFormula\]).
![ \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:NSNS\]**Compact NS-NS binaries detectable by aLIGO**: Properties of NS-NS binaries with $\rho \ge 8$ in a single aLIGO instrument in the high-end metallicity scenario, scaled in proportion to their detection probability. Different color and line styles indicate results for different binary evolution models: Standard model (solid black), Optimistic CE (dotted black), delayed SN (dashed black), and high BH kicks (blue). The top, second, and third panels show the distribution of birth time $t_{\rm f}$, birth metallicity $Z_{\rm b}$ (with a vertical bar marking solar metallicity, $\zsun=0.02$), and chirp mass $\mc$, respectively. The bottom panel shows the cumulative distribution in chirp mass, to highlight significant changes on a linear scale. The time domain ranges from $0$ Gyr (Big Bang) to $13.47$ Gyr (today). Though our simulations use a discrete array of metallicity bins, to guide the eye their relative contributions have been joined by solid lines in the second panel; this histogram makes no correction for the density of metallicity bins. ](fig-mma-dPdtb-NSNShigh "fig:"){width="0.86\columnwidth"} ![ \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:NSNS\]**Compact NS-NS binaries detectable by aLIGO**: Properties of NS-NS binaries with $\rho \ge 8$ in a single aLIGO instrument in the high-end metallicity scenario, scaled in proportion to their detection probability. Different color and line styles indicate results for different binary evolution models: Standard model (solid black), Optimistic CE (dotted black), delayed SN (dashed black), and high BH kicks (blue). The top, second, and third panels show the distribution of birth time $t_{\rm f}$, birth metallicity $Z_{\rm b}$ (with a vertical bar marking solar metallicity, $\zsun=0.02$), and chirp mass $\mc$, respectively. The bottom panel shows the cumulative distribution in chirp mass, to highlight significant changes on a linear scale. The time domain ranges from $0$ Gyr (Big Bang) to $13.47$ Gyr (today). Though our simulations use a discrete array of metallicity bins, to guide the eye their relative contributions have been joined by solid lines in the second panel; this histogram makes no correction for the density of metallicity bins. ](fig-mma-logZ-NSNShigh "fig:"){width="0.86\columnwidth"} ![ \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:NSNS\]**Compact NS-NS binaries detectable by aLIGO**: Properties of NS-NS binaries with $\rho \ge 8$ in a single aLIGO instrument in the high-end metallicity scenario, scaled in proportion to their detection probability. Different color and line styles indicate results for different binary evolution models: Standard model (solid black), Optimistic CE (dotted black), delayed SN (dashed black), and high BH kicks (blue). The top, second, and third panels show the distribution of birth time $t_{\rm f}$, birth metallicity $Z_{\rm b}$ (with a vertical bar marking solar metallicity, $\zsun=0.02$), and chirp mass $\mc$, respectively. The bottom panel shows the cumulative distribution in chirp mass, to highlight significant changes on a linear scale. The time domain ranges from $0$ Gyr (Big Bang) to $13.47$ Gyr (today). Though our simulations use a discrete array of metallicity bins, to guide the eye their relative contributions have been joined by solid lines in the second panel; this histogram makes no correction for the density of metallicity bins. ](fig-mma-logdPdMc-NSNShigh "fig:"){width="0.86\columnwidth"} ![ \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:NSNS\]**Compact NS-NS binaries detectable by aLIGO**: Properties of NS-NS binaries with $\rho \ge 8$ in a single aLIGO instrument in the high-end metallicity scenario, scaled in proportion to their detection probability. Different color and line styles indicate results for different binary evolution models: Standard model (solid black), Optimistic CE (dotted black), delayed SN (dashed black), and high BH kicks (blue). The top, second, and third panels show the distribution of birth time $t_{\rm f}$, birth metallicity $Z_{\rm b}$ (with a vertical bar marking solar metallicity, $\zsun=0.02$), and chirp mass $\mc$, respectively. The bottom panel shows the cumulative distribution in chirp mass, to highlight significant changes on a linear scale. The time domain ranges from $0$ Gyr (Big Bang) to $13.47$ Gyr (today). Though our simulations use a discrete array of metallicity bins, to guide the eye their relative contributions have been joined by solid lines in the second panel; this histogram makes no correction for the density of metallicity bins. ](fig-mma-PMc-NSNShigh "fig:"){width="0.86\columnwidth"}
![\[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:BHNS\] **Compact BH-NS binaries detectable by aLIGO**: Same as Figure \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:NSNS\], but for BH-NS binaries in the high-end metallicity scenario. Some of the sharp features in the chirp mass distribution are an artifact of the crude binning in metallicity undertaken for computational reasons; see the discussion in section \[dcos\].](fig-mma-dPdtb-BHNShigh "fig:"){width="\columnwidth"} ![\[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:BHNS\] **Compact BH-NS binaries detectable by aLIGO**: Same as Figure \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:NSNS\], but for BH-NS binaries in the high-end metallicity scenario. Some of the sharp features in the chirp mass distribution are an artifact of the crude binning in metallicity undertaken for computational reasons; see the discussion in section \[dcos\].](fig-mma-logZ-BHNShigh "fig:"){width="\columnwidth"} ![\[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:BHNS\] **Compact BH-NS binaries detectable by aLIGO**: Same as Figure \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:NSNS\], but for BH-NS binaries in the high-end metallicity scenario. Some of the sharp features in the chirp mass distribution are an artifact of the crude binning in metallicity undertaken for computational reasons; see the discussion in section \[dcos\].](fig-mma-logdPdMc-BHNShigh "fig:"){width="\columnwidth"} ![\[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:BHNS\] **Compact BH-NS binaries detectable by aLIGO**: Same as Figure \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:NSNS\], but for BH-NS binaries in the high-end metallicity scenario. Some of the sharp features in the chirp mass distribution are an artifact of the crude binning in metallicity undertaken for computational reasons; see the discussion in section \[dcos\].](fig-mma-PMc-BHNShigh "fig:"){width="\columnwidth"}
![\[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:BHBH\] **BH-BH binaries detectable by aLIGO**: Same as Figure \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:NSNS\], but for BH-BH binaries in the high-end metallicity scenario. Some of the sharp features in the chirp mass distribution are an artifact of the crude binning in metallicity undertaken for computational reasons; see the discussion in section \[dcos\].](fig-mma-dPdtb-BHBHhigh "fig:"){width="\columnwidth"} ![\[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:BHBH\] **BH-BH binaries detectable by aLIGO**: Same as Figure \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:NSNS\], but for BH-BH binaries in the high-end metallicity scenario. Some of the sharp features in the chirp mass distribution are an artifact of the crude binning in metallicity undertaken for computational reasons; see the discussion in section \[dcos\].](fig-mma-logZ-BHBHhigh "fig:"){width="\columnwidth"} ![\[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:BHBH\] **BH-BH binaries detectable by aLIGO**: Same as Figure \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:NSNS\], but for BH-BH binaries in the high-end metallicity scenario. Some of the sharp features in the chirp mass distribution are an artifact of the crude binning in metallicity undertaken for computational reasons; see the discussion in section \[dcos\].](fig-mma-logdPdMc-BHBHhigh "fig:"){width="\columnwidth"} ![\[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:BHBH\] **BH-BH binaries detectable by aLIGO**: Same as Figure \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:NSNS\], but for BH-BH binaries in the high-end metallicity scenario. Some of the sharp features in the chirp mass distribution are an artifact of the crude binning in metallicity undertaken for computational reasons; see the discussion in section \[dcos\].](fig-mma-PMc-BHBHhigh "fig:"){width="\columnwidth"}
Impact of waveform models on predicted rates {#subsec:WF}
--------------------------------------------
Our results show that the merger-ringdown contribution is not important for estimating detection rates of DCOs containing NSs. In fact, when compared with the restricted PN model, the IMR waveforms slightly [*decrease*]{} event rates for NS-NS and BH-NS systems. The reason for this reduction is that IMR waveforms (such as PhC and EOB) provide a more accurate representation of the early inspiral, incorporating PN amplitude corrections that [*reduce*]{} the signal amplitude[^1]—and hence the event rates—for signals dominated by the early inspiral.
BH-NS systems may be subject to an additional event rate reduction mechanism. There is the possibility of the NS being distorted and disrupted by the BH tidal field. When these violent phenomena occur, a suppression of the GW amplitude takes place before the ISCO frequency, and the SNR decreases with respect to that of a BH-BH system with the same properties. The GW shut–off due to NS tidal disruption depends on the parameters of the system: large values of the mass ratio, the BH spin, the NS radius and the low tilt angles of NS orbital angular momentum relative to BH spin all favor NS disruption (e.g., [@kabelspin]). By using point-particle IMR waveforms to describe the GW emission of BH-NS systems we are neglecting this event rate reduction mechanism. While it would be possible to take these effects into account for nonspinning systems by using the GW amplitude model of [@pannarale], accurate models for systems with spinning BHs do not exist yet. For consistency we therefore use BH-BH waveform models in both cases. Additionally, [@pannarale] found that in the nonspinning case, the SNR difference between the mergers of disrupted BH-NS systems and the undisrupted systems modeled with PhC is less than $1\%$.
Including the merger portion of the signal is important for BH-BH systems. For illustration, let us focus on the Standard Model: if we use PhC waveforms rather than the restricted PN approximation, we find a $\sim25\%$ increase in the detection rates of BH-BH systems, from 117 (183) to 148 (246) in the *high-end* (*low-end*) metallicity scenario.
The rates predicted by EOB and PhC models agree quite well[^2]. This can be understood by looking again at Figure \[fig:Ingredients:SNRVersusMass:CompareModels\], which shows that different approximations of the strong-field merger waveform agree rather well (at least in the equal-mass limit) on the SNR $\rho$ and hence on the predicted event rates, which scale with the cube of the SNR. Waveform differences produce systematic rate uncertainties significantly less than a factor of 2, much smaller than astrophysical differences between our preferred models.
Our detailed calculation shows that typically PhC models overestimate the rates by about $10\%$ when compared to EOB models. This agreement is nontrivial, because the two families of models are very different in spirit and construction: the PhC family is a frequency-domain model that can be easily implemented in rate calculations, while the time-domain EOB model is more accurate in its domain of validity and more computationally demanding. It is important to note that in order to use the two families of models in rate calculations we must compute waveforms and SNRs in regions of the parameter space where the models were not tuned to numerical relativity simulations. In particular, both models become less accurate for small mass-ratio binaries.
Besides systematic errors in waveform modeling, the detection rates reported in this work (and the resulting distribution of detectable DCO parameters) depend on our detection criteria. We ignore a variety of complications of the detection pipelines, such as the difficulty of searching for precessing sources, noise artifacts (non-stationary, non-Gaussian “glitches” in the instruments) which can make searches for shorter, high-mass signals less sensitive, and the limited uptime of detectors. Instead, we have assumed several simplistic detection thresholds on single-detector or network SNR that are constant across all masses and mass ratios.
Moreover, achieving good detector sensitivity at low frequencies may prove particularly difficult. We have only included bandwidth above specified low-frequency cutoffs ($f_{\rm cut}=20$ Hz in most cases) for detection-rate calculations. However, the specific choice of low frequency cutoff has minimal impact on our results. For example, using a lower cutoff $f_{\rm cut}=10$ Hz rather than $f_{\rm cut}=20$ Hz in the single-detector, high-end metallicity aLIGO rate calculation would increase the Standard Model BH-BH rates from 117 to 128 in the inspiral case, and from 148 to 161 in the IMR case. The effect is even smaller for BH-NS and NS-NS rates.
The impact of spins on the predicted detection rates can be important. We only consider BH spins, since NSs in compact binaries are not expected to be rapidly spinning [e.g., @MandelOShaughnessy:2010] and the dynamical impact of NS spin will be small. In Tables \[rates2genH\] and \[rates2genL\] we use the PhC model to estimate the possible impact of BH spin on BH-NS and BH-BH detection rates by assuming that all BHs are nearly maximally spinning (i.e., with dimensionless spin parameter $\chi_1=\chi_2=0.998$) and aligned with the orbital angular momentum. Aligned BH spins cause an orbital hang-up effect that increases the overall power radiated in the merger, produces a rapidly spinning merger remnant, and therefore increases the range to which high-mass binaries can be detected.
We find that spin effects may increase BH-BH detection rates by as much as a factor of $3$. These increased rates are a direct result of the increased horizon distance to spinning binaries. For example, a (30+30) $M_\odot$ binary can be observed to roughly $1.3$ times farther and be detected $\simeq (1.3)^3 \simeq 2$ more often with near-maximal spins than with zero spin. Additionally, spin dynamics can provide a direct diagnostic of the dominant physical effects in DCO formation [@gerosa]. Spin effects only marginally increase BH-NS rates, but (as discussed at the beginning of this section) tidal disruption, which we neglected, may have the opposite effect.
Astrophysical properties of observable DCOs {#dcos}
-------------------------------------------
We now turn to a more detailed analysis of the observable properties of DCOs. For concreteness we will focus on aLIGO results for the “Standard model” and nonspinning PhC waveforms, unless stated otherwise.
**NS-NS**. By comparing Tables \[rates2genH\] and \[rates2genL\] we see that the detection rates of NS-NS systems are not sensitive to our differing metallicity evolution scenarios. For simplicity, we therefore only discuss our results for the *high-end* metallicity evolution scenario.
As shown in our previous work [@dominik], NS-NS systems are efficiently created in metal-rich environments. The observable population shares this trait, and half of the observable systems originate from solar metallicities and higher. As the average metallicity content of the Universe correlates with time and as most DCOs preferentially merge shortly after formation (i.e., the time delay distribution is $\propto t_{\rm merger}^{-1}$; see [@dominik]), the birth rate of detectable NS-NS systems peaks at $13$ Gyrs after the Big Bang (see Fig. \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:NSNS\]). The most distant detectable system has a merger redshift $z\sim 0.13$ (or luminosity distance $L_{\rm D}=610$ Mpc).
The range of possible chirp masses in the third panel from the top of Figure \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:NSNS\] is limited at the low end ($>0.87 M_\odot$) by the $1M_\odot$ minimum birth mass for NS and is limited at the high end by the (assumed) maximum mass for a NS ($m_{NS} <2.5 M_\odot; \mc < 2.1 M_\odot$). The birth mass, in turn, is set by supernova physics, which we have implemented as the Rapid or Delayed SN engine [@chrisija]. For this reason the NS mass difference between the SN engines is intrinsic to the entire merging population of NS-NS systems. Therefore, this observable feature should be available to any of the detectors considered in this study.
The chirp mass distributions for Standard and Optimistic CE models span the range from $0.9\msun$ to $1.6\msun$. The Delayed SN model results in a notably different NS mass distribution, favoring heavier masses. As the SN explosion in the Delayed engine lasts longer, more matter is accreted onto the proto–NS (which is more massive than in the Rapid engine scenario), allowing the formation of more massive remnants (cf. Figure \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:NSNS\]). The maximum allowed NS mass in this model is $2.5\msun$, and in extreme (but very rare) cases this mass is approached; the maximum chirp mass for a detectable system in our Monte Carlo simulation was $2.1\msun$, corresponding to both components close to the maximum allowed limit. For comparison, chirp masses of NS-NS systems in the models utilizing the Rapid SN engine (Standard, Optimistic CE and High BH kick) never exceed $1.7\msun$. Such extremely high masses are rare for all engines, however, and the majority of chirp masses are much lower, as seen in Figure \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:NSNS\]. The presence of more massive systems in the Delayed SN models extends the horizon of NS-NS detectability to $z\sim 0.16$ ($L_{\rm D}=765$ Mpc).
Lastly, we note that Standard and High BH kick models are identical for NS-NS systems. The difference between the black curve (Standard) and blue curve (High BH Kick) in Figure \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:NSNS\] corresponds to the systematic errors associated with Monte Carlo errors of binary simulations, galaxy sampling, metallicity binning, etc.
**BH-NS**. In our previous study [@dominik2] we showed that BH-NS systems are efficiently created at moderate metallicities (${\rm Z}
\sim 0.1\,\zsun$, or $\log({\rm Z})\sim -2.7$). Indeed, Figure \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:BHNS\] shows that about half of all detectable BH-NS systems will originate from metallicities ${\rm Z}<0.5\,\zsun$ ($\log({\rm Z})< -2$). These systems have higher chirp masses than NS-NS systems, on average $3.3\msun$ vs. $1.2\msun$, and therefore the detectors can sample BH-NS systems from a larger volume. However, BH-NS systems are the rarest of all DCOs per unit (comoving) volume. As a consequence, BH-NS binaries typically yield the lowest detection rates. One exception is the Optimistic CE model, in which the merger rate per unit volume is large enough (while still being lower than for NS-NS systems at all redshifts) that BH-NS detection rates are larger than NS-NS rates because they are observed farther (cf. Table \[tab:simplerates\] and Figure \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:BHNS\]).
In our standard model BH-NS systems are detectable up to redshift $z\approx 0.28$ ($L_{\rm D}=1.4$ Mpc). However, in the Delayed SN model this value reaches $z\approx 0.31$ ($L_{\rm D}=1.6$ Mpc). As discussed earlier, this is due to the more massive NSs (up to $2.4\msun$) produced by the Delayed engine.
**BH-BH**. As discussed in our previous papers in this series [@nasza; @dominik; @dominik2], BH-BH systems are formed most efficiently in low-metallicity environments. The detectable population reflects this property: about half of all detectable BH-BH systems were created in environments with metallicities ${\rm Z}<0.1\,\zsun$ ($\log({\rm Z})<
-2.7$). As in prior studies [@nasza; @dominik; @dominik2; @vosstauris], our calculations imply that BH-BH systems yield the highest detection rates for ground-based interferometers. This is true even in the “High BH kick” model, where the vast majority of binaries containing a BH are disrupted.
Adjusting the metallicity evolution in the Universe from *high-end* to *low-end* we see a factor of $\sim 2$ increase in detection rates. In the *low-end* scenario the average metallicity in the Universe is lower at all times. Low metallicity environments are much more effective at producing merging BH-BH systems than higher ones, hence the increase in the detection rates.
Half of the detectable objects have chirp masses above $14\msun$. The most massive of these systems originate from environments with very low metallicity content (${\rm Z}\sim 0.01\,\zsun$). The birth times of detectable BH-BH systems peak at $\sim1$ Gyr after the Big Bang. Additionally, half of these systems were created within $\sim 2$ Gyrs of the Big Bang (see top panel of Figure \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:BHBH\]), when the average abundance of heavy elements was much smaller than today.
As seen in Tables \[rates2genH\] and \[rates2genL\], the detection rates of BH-BH systems vary as we change our assumptions between the four models and two metallicity evolution scenarios. By comparing detection rates, for example, found by aLIGO with PhC waveforms, for the *high-end* metallicity model (works for all model choices), we can distinguish two extreme configurations: (1) The High BH kick model yields the lowest rates of merging BH-BH systems ($3.8$ yr$^{-1}$). This is a direct consequence of assuming the presence of the maximum natal kick velocities allowed within our framework, which efficiently disrupt BH progenitor binaries. (2) The highest detection rate is achieved with the Optimistic CE model ($618$ yr$^{-1}$). Here, it is assumed that binaries are allowed to progress through the CE with a HG donor, which adds a significant amount of BH-BH systems to the detectable population. The detection rates of the other two models: Standard and Delayed SN are similar to each other ($148$ yr$^{-1}$ and $129$ yr$^{-1}$, respectively).
The farthest objects are detectable out to $z\sim2$ ($L_{\rm D}15$ Gpc). These systems consist of the most massive BH pairs ($m_1=61\msun$ and $m_2=66\msun$ in the detectable population, with a chirp mass equal to $55\msun$), born $1.8$ Gyr after the Big Bang, and originating from regions with our lowest considered metallicity content (${\rm Z}=0.005\,\zsun$). Note that the maximum mass of BH-BH systems is limited by the maximum ZAMS mass of stars, which was set to $150\msun$ in the current simulations. The effect of IMF extending to much higher masses on detection of BH-BH inspirals have been recently presented by [@walczak].
The detectable BH-BH chirp mass distribution for the Standard model has three major peaks. These are present at $\sim 7\msun$, $14\msun$, and $21\msun$ (see the black curve in the 3rd and 4th panels of Fig. \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:BHBH\]). Their presence is associated with the physics governing the Rapid SN engine and the formation of the most massive BH-BH systems. Within this framework we can distinguish three scenarios for BH formation, each depending on the pre-SN carbon–oxygen (CO) mass (see Eq. 16 in [@chrisija]). The “*A*” scenario occurs for $6\msun < M_{\rm CO} \leq 7\msun$ and results in full fallback on the BH and, therefore, no natal kicks (see Eq. \[vkick\]). The “*B*” scenario occurs for $7\msun < M_{\rm CO} \leq 11\msun$, where the fallback is partial and some natal kicks are present. For this scenario we expect a decreased number of BH-BH systems because of natal kicks disrupting binary systems during SNe. The “*C*” scenario develops for $M_{\rm CO} \geq 11\msun$ and again results in full fallback, and no natal kicks.
BH progenitors originating from $\zsun$ environments never form through the *C* scenario, since they lose mass in winds at rates that do not allow them to form CO cores larger than $11\msun$. Since BH-BH progenitors in the *B* scenario are subject to disruption due to the presence of natal kicks, most BH-BH systems in $\zsun$ environments form through the *A* scenario, with chirp masses clustered around $7\msun$.
However, reducing the metallicity by a factor of $2$ lowers the wind mass loss rates sufficiently to allow BHs to form through the *C* scenario. At this metallicity ($\sim 0.5\,\zsun$) only the most massive progenitors ($M_{\rm ZAMS}>100\msun$) may form BHs through this scenario. Additionally, the mass of the BHs formed from these high mass components ($M_{\rm ZAMS}>100\msun$) only depends weakly on their initial mass. This stems from the fact that these stars evolve quickly ($\sim\,\mbox{Myrs}$) and lose large fractions of their hydrogen envelope. Binary evolution does not alter this result significantly, as the interactions between components, such as mass transfer during CE episodes, also lead to the removal of their hydrogen envelopes. The result for metallicity $\sim 0.5\,\zsun$ is a clustering of BH-BH systems formed from the most massive binaries at masses around $16\msun$ for each component. This produces the peak in the chirp mass distribution at $\sim 14\msun$.
Reducing the metallicity content by another factor of $2$ (to $\sim 0.25\,\zsun$) allows the same mechanism to form BH-BH systems with masses clustering at around $24\msun$ for each component. These systems form the peak in the chirp mass distribution at $\sim 21\msun$.
The grouping effect disappears when reducing the metallicity abundance in BH progenitors even further. For example, at $0.1\,\zsun$ the low wind mass loss rate does not increase the separation between components as significantly as for higher metallicities. Consequently, the most massive progenitor binaries engage in a CE phase early in their evolution. This usually happens when the donor is on the HG and the Standard model does not allow for successful outcomes of such CEs. However, this scenario is allowed to form BH-BH systems in the Optimistic CE model, yielding the peak present in the chirp mass distribution at $\sim 29\msun$.
As discussed above, the chirp mass distribution in scenario *C* depends sensitively on the mass loss rate of stars, which depends strongly on metallicity. Binary evolution for $0.5\,\zsun$ and $0.25\,\zsun$ creates sharp peaks in the chirp mass distribution of BH-BH systems. In the discrete metallicity grid simulated in this study, there are no metallicity points between $0.5\,\zsun$ and $0.25\,\zsun$. Targeted follow-up investigations indicate that metallicity choices between $0.5\zsun$ and $0.25\zsun$ lead to additional sharp peaks in the chirp mass distribution between $14\msun$ – $21\msun$. We expect that an integral over a fine grid with appropriately small step sizes in metallicity would lead to all of these narrow peaks merging together to form a single broad distribution without sharp features. However, we cannot confidently describe the shape of this distribution without a more detailed investigation with a fine grid of metallicities, which is not computationally tractable at present.
Finally, the peak in the chirp mass distribution at $\sim 7\msun$ in the Standard model is formed from systems born in $0.5$–$1\,\zsun$ environments. These are low-mass BHs (usually $8$–$9\msun$ per component) formed in the *A* scenario. This formation is particularly interesting as it does not appear in the Delayed SN model, with the difference stemming from the different fallback scenarios in the Rapid and Delayed engines. With the Rapid engine, we can distinguish the three fallback regions. However, the Delayed engine predicts one region of partial fallback for $3.5\msun < M_{\rm CO} \leq 11\msun$ and one region of full fallback $M_{\rm CO} \geq 11\msun$ (identical to the *C* scenario in the Rapid engine). Since partial fallback implies the presence of natal kicks and, therefore, increased probability of binary disruption, there are no “preferred” masses for the lightest BHs in the Delayed SN engine (see dashed line on the 3rd panel, Fig. \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:BHBH\]) as in the Rapid engine.
The Standard and Delayed SN models also yield different lower mass limits for BH remnants (see Section \[binevol\]). For the “Rapid engine” scenario the lowest-mass BH is $\sim 5\msun$, while for the “Delayed engine” scenario the lowest-mass BH is $\sim 2.5\msun$ (this is also the highest NS mass adopted in our [StarTrack]{} calculations). As a result, the detectable systems with the lowest total mass have $\mc=4.8\msun$ and $\mc=2.4\msun$ in the Rapid and Delayed engine scenarios, respectively.
Additionally, regardless of our evolutionary models the majority BH-BH systems are formed with nearly equal mass components. Therefore, systems with mass rations $\sim 1$ dominate the detected population, as shown in Fig. \[fig:qdis\]. For the Delayed SN model the detectable BH-BH systems with the lowest mass ratio have $q\approx 0.05$. For the remaining models this value is $q\approx 0.12$.
![\[fig:qdis\] **Mass ratio ($q$) detection probability distribution for BH-BH systems.** It is clear that one should expect that the vast majority of detectable BH-BH systems will be formed of nearly equal mass components. The lowest values of $q$ among the detected systems are $0.05$ for the Delayed SN model and $0.12$ for the remaining models. For each model the probability is normalized to the total number of detections for this model.](q.ps){width="\columnwidth"}
For future reference we also present the initial–final mass relation for close BH-BH systems in Fig. \[fig:bmr\]. The relation is divided into the primary (more massive at ZAMS) and secondary (less massive) component for two metallicity values ($\zsun$ and $0.1\zsun$), for the Standard model. It is clearly visible that binary evolution distorts the initial-final mass relation for single stars in both mass dimensions. In the initial mass dimension, the absence of BHs forming from stars with ZAMS mass above $\sim 70\msun$ is a direct consequence of the assumption of the negative (merger) CE outcome for HG donors in our Standard model. In our framework more massive stars have larger radii and, therefore, are more likely to engage in CE while the donor is on the HG rather than on later evolutionary stages. If this assumption was relaxed (Optimistic CE model) the maximum BH mass reached in close BH-BH systems is found to be $150\msun$ for both metallicities. In the final mass dimension, binary evolution prevents remnant components from reaching masses as high as those formed from single progenitors. Whereas single stars shed mass only through winds, binaries may also remove mass through interactions like the non-conservative mass transfer and/or CE events, which consequently lowers the mass of the remnants.
![\[fig:bmr\] **Initial-final mass relation for binary systems.** Presented for close BH-BH systems, Standard model. We define primary and secondary components as the initially (at ZAMS) more and less massive, respectively. The shaded scale (right side of each panel) shows the fractional contribution of a given ZAMS mass bin to the total mass of merging black holes formed from primaries (left panels) and secondaries (right panels). Note that binary evolution produces a very different initial-final mass relation than the single stellar evolution (thin line). The top panels and bottom panels show results for $\zsun$ and $0.1\zsun$, respectively. ](binary_mass_rel.eps){width="\textwidth"}
The initial-final mass relation (in this case for the binary population of close BH-BH systems) is a result of a number of various initial and evolutionary assumptions used in population synthesis calculations. Change of any of these assumptions (whether in initial conditions or evolutionary calculations) may potentially influence the initial-final mass relation and in turn the generated BH-BH population. The largest impact is expected from the treatment of RLOF stability (i.e., criteria for CE development), SN explosion physics, wind mass loss and internal mixing within massive stars induced by convection and/or rotation that sets the radial evolution of massive stars. It seems that the change in the assumptions underlying the initial-final mass relation may yield no BH-BHs [@mennekens] or numerous BH-BH systems [@voss; @nasza; @dominik; @dominik2]. However, these results apply only to isolated binary evolution. New studies of globular clusters suggest that, such environments may be the birthplaces of a significant number of BH-BH systems [@gcbhbh].
Note, that the above relations apply only to BH-BH systems. However, our models do not inhibit the creation of NS from progenitors much more massive than $20 \msun$. In fact, the study by [@betaam2008] shows that, due to binary evolution, NS may form from progenitors as massive as $100 \msun$.
Questioning the no BH-BH theorem {#sec:nobhbh}
================================
During more than a decade of research into the evolution of binary stars and the formation of DCOs, several authors proposed the absence of stellar-mass BH-BH systems merging within the Hubble time (e.g. [@nele2001; @mennekens]). In the latter study the authors have claimed that the main reason for this are the high wind mass loss rates experienced by BH progenitors. For example, in their version of the Brussels population/galactic code (originally [@ddv04]) they fix the wind mass loss rates of the Luminous Blue Variable (LBV) phase at $10^{-3}\msun$ yr$^{-1}$. Following such heavy mass loss, the orbital separation of the components increases so that they do not engage in CE. As the CE is a major mechanism for reducing orbital separation in isolated binary evolution, allowing for the formation of close BH-BH systems, the result is an absence of BH-BH systems detectable through gravitational waves. These results stand in contrast with the works of [@voss] and our previous studies [@nasza; @dominik; @dominik2].
There are mitigating factors to the finding of [@mennekens]. For example, their code does not allow for tidal interactions between close binary components. As we demonstrate in the following text, tidal interactions may (even for very high LBV winds) allow for the formation of close BH-BH binaries (for more on the importance of tidal interactions see e.g., [@serena]). Let us consider the following example of binary evolution generated with the StarTrack code. We start with an evolved binary: a $8\msun$ BH accompanied by a $43\msun$ companion at the beginning of the HG phase, with an orbital separation of $4600\rsun$ at $5.5$ Myr after the creation of the systems (ZAMS). This is a typical phase of a BH-BH progenitor in our Standard model. In this example we also set the LBV wind mass loss rate to $10^{-3}\msun$ yr$^{-1}$ and disable tidal interactions between the components, both as in [@mennekens]. We find that intense wind mass loss widens the orbital separation between the components to such extent that they never interact. Therefore, when the BH companion forms a second BH, the resulting BH-BH systems is too wide to merge within a Hubble time. This example is presented in Fig. \[fig:notides\].
![\[fig:notides\] **Orbital evolution with tidal interactions disabled**. This figure presents a part of the evolution of a $8\msun$ BH and $43\msun$ HG system, with Luminous Blue Variable wind mass loss rate set at $10^{-3}\msun$ yr$^{-1}$. The top panel shows the evolution of the radius and Roche lobe of the HG star in addition to the orbital separation in the binary. The bottom panel shows the evolution of the HG star’s spin frequency relative to the orbital frequency. The HG star’s activity as a Luminous Blue Variable is marked by the ’LBV’ label. The vertical line separating the ’HG’ and ’CHeB’ labels marks the transition of the HG star to the Core Helium Burning phase. Note that without tidal interactions the binary’s orbit expands (due to stellar wind mass loss) and no component interaction (e.g., CE) is expected. In the end a wide BH-BH binary is formed. ](notides.ps){width="\columnwidth"}
We can repeat our exercise can be repeated with tidal interactions between the components enabled. Investigating the same system we find a drastically different outcome of the evolution (see Fig. \[fig:tides\]). As in the example above, the BH companion starts its significant evolutionary expansion across Hertzsprung gap. Due to the conservation of angular momentum, the expansion of the star slows its rotation down almost to a standstill.
Once the companion star fills a sizable fraction of its Roche lobe ($\sim 50\%$), the tidal torques imposed on the star by an orbiting BH transfer the orbital angular momentum into the star, spinning it up. At first this effect is negligible. However, after approximately $5000$ years, when the radius of the star becomes sufficient ($\sim 1100\rsun$), the spin up of the HG star stalls and overpowers the increase of orbital separation. From this point on, the orbital separation starts to decrease for another $3000$ years. Finally, when the radius of the star is $\sim 2000\rsun$, it fills its Roche lobe and initiates a CE.
![\[fig:tides\] **Orbital evolution with tidal interactions enabled**. Same as Fig. \[fig:notides\] but with tidal interactions enabled. The ‘Rad. Env.’ and ‘Conv. Env.’ labels along with corresponding arrows highlight areas where the HG star has a radiative and convective envelope, respectively. The vertical line linking the arrows marks the transition point in the structure of the envelope. Tidal interactions allow the transfer of orbital angular momentum into the expanding HG star. The associated orbital decay leads to RLOF and the development of a CE, which allows for the formation of a close BH-BH binary. The timescale on the horizontal axis is zoomed in relative to Fig. \[fig:notides\]. ](tides.ps){width="\columnwidth"}
Our exercise clearly shows that different assumptions may lead to qualitatively different outcomes in terms of the close BH-BH formation. In particular, assumptions used in this study on LBV winds, tidal interactions and radial expansion result in a large number of BH-BH mergers. In contrast, assumptions used by [@mennekens] result in no BH-BH mergers formed out of the isolated binary evolution.
There are several caveats in this framework. First, it is not theoretically well established if stellar radii can grow to $\sim 2000\rsun$. For example, intensive mixing (either invoked by rapid rotation or extended convection in the stellar interior) may reduce the size of the H-rich envelope which is responsible for expansion in massive stars. On the other hand the intense wind mass loss may additionally reduce the envelope (e.g., [@yusof2013], but see MESA models for very massive stars [@walczak]). However, the radii of AH Sco, KW Sgr and UY Scuti estimated with the PHOENIX stellar atmosphere model [@wittkowski] extend well beyond $1000\rsun$, with UY Scuti, reaching $1708\rsun$ [@yuscuti]. The mass of UY Scuti is estimated to be within $25\msun$–$40\msun$, i.e., within the mass range for BH progenitors in our framework. Second, the efficiency of tidal interactions depends on the structure of the envelope of the participating components. Stars with convective envelopes tend to respond more strongly to tidal dissipation than stars with radiative envelopes. In [StarTrack]{} (see Section 3.3 of [@startrack]) we calibrate this phenomenon against the cutoff period for circularization of a population of MS binaries in M67 and the orbital decay accompanying tidal synchronization in the LMC X-4 high mass X-ray binary.
This treatment of tidal dissipation applies directly to the given example as the envelope of the companion star turns from radiative to convective about $3000$ years after the companion enters the HG (when HG star radius increases to over $\sim 1000 \rsun$). However, our simulations show that switching tidal dissipation to the weaker radiative damping does not prevent binaries from initiating the CE. In our framework tides are applied to the entire star and we assume that stars rotate non-differentially. It cannot be excluded that tides operate only on the outer layers of stellar atmosphere that holds only a small fraction of a star’s mass. Additionally, if there is no (or very weak) transport of angular momentum within a star, only a small fraction of orbital energy is used to synchronize the stellar atmosphere as compared to our prescription. Finally, the moment of inertia of very massive stars depends strongly on the radial profile, and the [StarTrack]{} assumptions may yield a moment of inertia that is too large, therefore providing a more significant reservoir for depositing orbital angular momentum into the star than is available in practice. If in fact only very little orbital angular momentum is used for binary component synchronization [*and*]{} if the winds are in fact as intense as indicated by [@mennekens], then this would bar the formation of many close BH-BH binaries found within the framework of our evolutionary model.
Even if tidal interactions turn out to be ineffective in massive close binaries, this does not necessarily rule out the formation of close BH-BH binaries. In field populations about 10–30% of binaries are, in fact, triples (or higher multiples; e.g., [@kiminki1; @kiminki2; @duchene]) and Kozai-Lidov effects or dynamical instabilities [@PeretsKratter:2012] may lead to the merger of wide BH-BH binaries. Additionally, many [@kroupa2014] massive stars are formed in clusters and may be subject to dynamical interactions that can potentially decrease orbital separations. Finally, over the last few years it has been claimed that dense globular clusters may produce significant number of close BH-BH binaries. In contrast with earlier findings with no efficient formation of close BH-BH binaries (e.g., [@kulkarni; @sigurdsson; @zwart2000; @banerjee]) the new paradigm emerged based on recent and updated Monte Carlo simulations of dense cluster evolution (e.g., [@mackey; @morscher; @sippel; @heggie2014]). BH-BH binaries may also form via dynamical interactions in galactic nuclear clusters with or without a massive black hole [@OLeary:2008; @MillerLauburg:2008] (but cf. [@Tsang:2013]).
Conclusions {#sec:conclusions}
===========
We have calculated cosmological detection rates of merging DCOs for second-generation GW observatories. We used redshift distributions of merging DCOs from the [Startrack]{} population synthesis code, and have incorporated the cosmic star formation rate as well as galaxy and metallicity evolution. Using state-of-the-art gravitational waveforms and detector sensitivity curves, we have translated the cosmological merger rates into detection rates for four distinct models of binary evolution.
Our study has several robust implications for imminent GW searches. First and foremost, our four models agree on the detection rates of merging NS-NS systems ($\sim 1$ detection per year), with the exception of the Optimistic CE model which predicts rates a factor of $2$–$3$ times higher than other models. The mass distributions of detectable NS-NS systems are also similar across the models, with the exception of the Delayed SN model, which allows for the formation of NSs with higher masses due to prolonged accretion during the SN explosion. We predict that NS-NS binaries will be detectable up to redshift $z\approx 0.13$, i.e., only in the local Universe.
Second, BH-NS systems are expected to be the rarest detectable DCOs (less than $1$ detection per year), with the exception of the Optimistic CE model, in which BH-NS detection rates slightly exceed those of NS-NS systems of the same model. We predict BH-NS systems to be detectable up to redshift $z\approx 0.3$.
In contrast, BH-BH systems will provide the largest number of detections ($\sim 100$–$1000$ per year), making them the primary target for first detection and the most promising source for future statistical studies of source populations. BH-BH systems dominate event rates even in the pessimistic “High BH kick” model (several events per year), wherein most of the systems containing BHs are disrupted during the SN. Additionally, the BH-BH mass distribution could have rich, observationally-accessible structure (various lower limits and shapes) that encodes fine details about stellar and binary evolution [see, e.g., @PSconstraints3-MassDistributionMethods-NearbyUniverse; @massgap; @2012ApJ...757...36K; @chrisija]. We note, however, that the crude binning in metallicity that we had to undertake in order to limit computational costs may create artificial sharp, narrow features in the mass distribution, which would merge together into broader trends with a finer metallicity grid.
[@mennekens] point out that the detection rate of BH-BH systems may be reduced to zero due to the effects of intense stellar wind during the Red Supergiant and Luminous Blue Variable phases of BH progenitors. However, we have demonstrated that the [@mennekens] result is a direct consequence of their assumption of no tidal interaction in close binaries. If tides can efficiently transfer angular momentum from the orbit into the companion spin, then it is expected that isolated binaries will form close BH-BH systems.
The criteria for the development of the CE phase may influence the merger and detection rates of all DCOs. [@woods] and [@ivanova2014] state that the criterion for the stability of mass transfer sourced from the polytropic approximation is much too strict. Therefore, the frequency of the CE may be overestimated. The CE is a major mechanism for creating close binaries that coalesce within a Hubble time. The lack of CE events would, therefore, decrease the number of DCO mergers. This would provide a reasonable pessimistic scenario for the lack of detections of gravitational wave signals. A study of CE development criteria and its effect on the formation of close BH-BH binaries is underway (Belczynski et al., in prep.). However, an assumed rarity of CE systems would be difficult to reconcile with observational evidence pointing to systems (for example V1309 Sco, V4332 Sgr, OGLE 2002-BLG-360 or CK Vul) which seem to have developed a CE (e.g., [@tylenda; @martini99; @tylenda2013]). Additionally, massive X-ray binaries such as NGC300 X-1 or IC10 X-1 are on close orbits with orbital periods $\sim 30$ hr, which have likely developed through a CE event.
Our study shows that detectable NS-NS systems are formed significantly later in the history of the Universe than BH-BH and BH-NS systems. As shown in Figs. \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:NSNS\], \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:BHNS\], and \[fig:FiducialResultDistributions:BHBH\], the birth times of NS-NS systems cluster around $13$ Gyr after the Big Bang, while for the other systems this is $1$ Gyr. This behavior might be counter-intuitive, as the intrinsic distribution of time delays between formation and merger for all types of DCOs falls off as $t_{\rm merger}^{-1}$, barring exceptional circumstances [e.g., near-solar metallicity BH-BH binaries, @dominik]. Therefore, one might expect the majority of detectable DCOs to be formed within the past $\sim$ Gyr as is the case for NS-NS systems. However, BH-BH systems are created most efficiently in the lowest metallicity environments, and therefore their formation rate is highest in the early Universe. The long time-delay tail of these early systems dominates the subsequent detection rate. The metallicity evolution is therefore a crucial factor in predicting the detectable rate of DCOs.
We also find that including the merger and ringdown components of the GW signal does not have a significant impact on the detection rates of NS-NS systems. The full IMR calculations become important for higher mass systems, and especially for BH-BH binaries. The detection rates for BH-BH systems increases by at least $20\%$, and typically by $\sim
50\%$, when using full IMR waveforms when compared to the PN inspiral alone.
The detection rate of BH-BH systems is also sensitive to spin effects. Extreme aligned spins increase the rates by a factor of $\sim
3$ when compared with the non-spinning case.
We used simplified criteria for detectability, considering an SNR threshold of $8$ in a single detector as a proxy for the network [cf. @2010CQGra..27q3001A]. For reference, we also considered a network SNR threshold of $10$, which is likely to be very optimistic, and $12$, which is more realistic [cf. @scenarios], on a network of three detectors with aLIGO sensitivity. The network SNR threshold of $12$ yields rates which are roughly comparable with rates computed using an SNR threshold of $8$ in a single aLIGO detector as proxy for the network. The actual detection thresholds are a complicated function of network configuration, the level and frequency of non-Gaussian, non-stationary excursions in the noise, and search pipeline sensitivity to different source types. Therefore, our simple thresholds are only meant to yield rough estimates of detection rates, and the focus should be on relative rates for different source types and model assumptions rather than absolute numbers. Finally, we note that the sensitivity of advanced detectors will gradually improve during commissioning, and several years will pass before they reach the sensitivity we have assumed above [for an approximate time line, see @scenarios].
The detection rates computed by assuming an SNR threshold of $8$ in a single aLIGO detector as proxy for the network allow for a direct comparison with the rate ranges compiled in [@2010CQGra..27q3001A], which used the same detectability criterion. @2010CQGra..27q3001A incorporated a number of population synthesis studies and Galactic binary pulsar observations, but did not include some of the factors considered in the present study, such as cosmology and variations in metallicity distributions and star formation rates with redshift. We find that our predicted detection rates for NS-NS and BH-BH binaries fall within the ranges given in [@2010CQGra..27q3001A] for all models and both metallicity distribution choices considered in the present work. For BH-NS binaries, the same holds for all models and metallicity choices except for the high BH kick model, which yields BH-NS detection rates below the range quoted in [@2010CQGra..27q3001A].
We note that uncertainties in waveform systematics and detection criteria pale in comparison to uncertainties in stellar and binary evolution. We consider the most important uncertainties to be the progress and outcome of the CE phase, the SN explosion mechanism and the magnitude of BH natal kicks. The four binary evolution models discussed in this study explore these uncertainties, resulting in a wide range of mass distributions and event rates. Changing other parameters such as the initial binary mass distribution or varying the mass escaping the systems during mass transfer episodes would also influence the resulting distributions and rates [@2005ApJ...620..385O; @2008ApJ...675..566O; @roskb].
The properties of the DCO populations produced in our various models are sufficiently differentiated that it may be possible to constrain or rule out some of the input physics based on observed populations. For example, a lack of significant number of detections will disfavor the Optimistic CE model, in which we allow for CE events with HG donors and thus find very high detection rates. This will indicate how (if at all) CE develops for HG stars. If BH-BH systems are not detected far more frequently than other DCO types, a likely explanation is that BHs receive significant natal kicks disrupting their binaries. A detailed comparison of detection rates with current LIGO upper limits can be found in @comparison. As detections accumulate, a well measured chirp mass distribution could allow us to distinguish between the Rapid and Delayed SN engine models, which generate continuous and gapped chirp mass distribution of DCOs, respectively. The number of detections needed to distinguish between the Rapid and Delayed SN engines will be discussed in future work (Dominik et al. 2014, in preparation).
We thank a number of LIGO and Virgo collaboration colleagues, particularly Thomas Dent, David Shoemaker, Stephen Fairhurst and Peter Saulson, for advice on the manuscript. We thank the N. Copernicus Astronomical Centre in Warsaw, Poland, and the University of Texas at Brownsville, for providing computational resources. The authors acknowledge the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) at The University of Texas at Austin for providing computational resources. KB acknowledges support from a Polish Science Foundation “Master2013” Subsidy, Polish NCN grant SONATA BIS 2, NASA Grant Number NNX09AV06A and NSF Grant Number HRD 1242090 awarded to the Center for Gravitational Wave Astronomy at U.T. Brownsville. MD acknowledges support from the National Science Center grant DEC-2011/01/N/ST9/00383. EB acknowledges support from National Science Foundation CAREER Grant PHY-1055103. ROS was supported by NSF award PHY-0970074 and the UWM Research Growth Initiative. DEH acknowledges support from National Science Foundation CAREER grant PHY-1151836. He was also supported in part by the Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago through NSF grant PHY-1125897 and an endowment from the Kavli Foundation and its founder Fred Kavli. TB was supported by the DPN/N176/VIRGO/2009 grant and the DEC-2013/01/ASPERA/ST9/00001 from the National Science Center, Poland. FP was supported by STFC Grant No. ST/L000342/1. This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. PHYS-1066293 and the hospitality of the Aspen Center for Physics (KB). The study was also sponsored by the National Science Center grant Sonata Bis 2 (DEC-2012/07/E/ST9/01360).
Single and multidetector response
=================================
The “expected detection rate for GW detectors” is a theorist’s idealization. First and foremost, the event rate depends sensitively on the (time-dependent) performance of instruments in development. Furthermore, real GW searches employ complicated detection thresholds, accounting for noise non-gaussianity and non-stationarity; for multiple instruments with unequal power spectra; and for some search-dependent consistency requirement across multiple detectors. Rather than attempt realism, our idealizations provide a concrete, reproducible filter to identify the number and (critically) distribution of “detectable” binaries.
Cumulative amplitude distribution for a single detector
-------------------------------------------------------
In a simple idealization, the detection threshold depends only on a single detector’s SNR. Several authors have characterized the response of a single GW detector to the angular distribution of power for a GW source dominated by $(l,|m|)=(2,2)$ multipole radiation [@finnchernoff; @finn96; @roskb]. This response depends on the 2-dimensional sky location $\Omega$, inclination $\iota$, and polarization $\psi$, and can be conveniently summarized by a projection parameter $w$ which is maximum ($w=1$) for a face-on, overhead source, and minimum ($w=0$) for sky locations and orientations where the detector has no response to the source. The SNR, $\rho(\Omega,\psi,\iota)$, is equal to the maximum SNR of a face-on, overhead source at the same distance scaled by $w$, i.e., $\rho = w \rho_{\rm opt}$. The cumulative distribution function for $w$ is $P(w)$: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:P}
P(w)&=& \int_{V}
\frac{d\Omega}{4\pi}
\frac{d\psi}{\pi}
\frac{d\cos \iota }{2} \end{aligned}$$ where we integrate over the 4-dimensional angular integration volume, $V$, which is the set of all $\Omega,\iota,\psi$ such that the response exceeds $w$. Our expression is identical to the cumulative distribution function $P(\Theta)$ defined by [@finnchernoff] and discussed also by [@finn96], but we use the variable $w=\Theta/4$ such that $0<w<1$: [see e.g. @roskb; @walczak]. Note that $\langle w^2\rangle =
(2/5)^2$, therefore the optimal SNR at a given distance and the square root of the angle-averaged signal power for a source at that distance ($\rho_{\rm ave}^2
\equiv \left<\rho^2\right>$) are related by $\rho_{\rm opt}=(5/2) \rho_{\rm ave}$. Meanwhile, $\langle
w^3\rangle^{-1/3}\simeq 2.264$ is the factor commonly used to relate volume-averaged distances to optimal detection distances, where $\left< w^3 \right>$ is the fraction of detectable sources within a sphere whose radius equals the at-threshold detection distance for an optimally located and oriented source; see, e.g., Eq. (6) of [@roskb].
Easily-interpolated tabulated results for $P(w)$ are available online[^3]. The analytic approximation to this distribution function given by [@finn96] is inadequate for our purposes; our tabulated results follow from sampling the distribution numerically via a Monte Carlo over $10^9$ binaries. We found that a good three-parameter fit to the data is \[eq:Pfit\] P(w)= a\^[(n)]{}\_[2]{} \[(1-w/\^[(n)]{})\^[2]{}\] + a\^[(n)]{}\_[4]{} \[(1-w/\^[(n)]{})\^[4]{}\] + a\^[(n)]{}\_[8]{} \[(1-w/\^[(n)]{})\^[8]{}\] + (1-a\^[(n)]{}\_[2]{}-a\^[(n)]{}\_[4]{}-a\^[(n)]{}\_[8]{})\[(1-w/\^[(n)]{})\^[10]{}\], where $(n)$ refers to the number of detectors in the network, $\alpha^{(n)}$ is the maximum value that $w$ can attain, so that $\alpha^{(1)}=1$ as $w$ is bounded between $0$ and $1$, and the coefficients are $a^{(1)}_2 = 0.374222$, $a^{(1)}_4 = 2.04216$, and $a^{(1)}_8 =
-2.63948$. Notice that Eq.(\[eq:Pfit\]) ensures that $P(\alpha^{(1)})=0$ and $P(0)=1$.
Cumulative amplitude distribution for multiple detectors {#ap:Details}
--------------------------------------------------------
For a multidetector network $A$, a network SNR $\rho_A$ can always be defined. Following an identical procedure as above, we can define a cumulative distribution $P_A$ that generalizes Eq. (\[eq:P\]). As before, $w=\rho/\rho_{\rm opt}$, but for multi-detector networks composed of instruments with equal sensitivity, $\rho$ is the network SNR while $\rho_{\rm
opt}$ is the single-detector SNR from an optimally-oriented binary directly overhead that detector. For three identical instruments at the LIGO Hanford, Livingston, and Virgo sites, tabulated results for $P_A$ are available online at the URL listed in the previous footnote; a good fit to the data has the form given in Eq. (\[eq:Pfit\]), but now $0<w<1.4$, so that $\alpha^{(3)}=1.4$. The coefficients we obtain are $a^{(3)}_2 = 1.19549$, $a^{(3)}_4 = 1.61758$, and $a^{(3)}_8 =
-4.87024$.
@2011CQGra..28l5023S described a simple idealized model for the sensitivity of multi-instrument networks. This model is almost equivalent to our own. The two models differ in that @2011CQGra..28l5023S, in his Eqs.(14)–(15), replaces $w^2$ by an (unphysical) average of $w^2$ over polarization, then treats the rms value of $w$ \[i.e., $\left<w^2\right>^{1/2}$\] as a substitute for $w$ whenever $w$ appears. Our results adopt no such simplifying approximation.
Higher harmonics
----------------
Real GW sources produce multimodal radiation, with each mode providing a distinct angular pattern. For low-mass sources these higher harmonics contribute little to the detector’s response. For high-mass binaries with asymmetric mass ratios, higher harmonics can contribute significantly to the observationally accessible signal [@Capano:2013raa]. For nonspinning binaries of total mass $M<60 M_\odot$, and with the smaller mass $>1.2M_\odot$, we expect higher harmonics to increase the SNR $\rho$ by less than a few percent, consistent with extrapolations derived using PN waveforms. This expectation is supported by investigations carried out with a multimodal EOB IMR waveform [@2011PhRvD..84l4052P]. To a good approximation, the SNR $\rho$ and angular distribution $P(w)$ can be approximated by the corresponding expressions derived assuming purely quadrupolar, $(2,2)$-mode emission. Higher harmonics can play a significant role if the mass distribution extends to very high *redshifted* mass. At high mass, higher harmonics contribute a greater fraction of the SNR, each in a distinctive angular pattern; see [@2010PhRvD..82j4006O] for illustrative results. For aLIGO, systematic astrophysical uncertainties such as the BH spin and mass have a significantly greater impact than the harmonic content. These higher harmonics will be important for third-generation interferometers, like the Einstein Telescope. This will be investigated in future work.
[^1]: Note that in Eq. (3.14) of [@santamaria] the coefficient of the dominant correction, ${\cal A}_2$, listed in their Eq. (A5) is negative.
[^2]: We also carried out calculations using PhB models, which overestimate rates by about $10\%$ with respect to PhC models. We decided not to report these results in the Tables, because the PhB model is less accurate than PhC, although it is easier to implement and less computationally expensive.
[^3]: Data files can be found online at the following URL: <http://www.phy.olemiss.edu/~berti/research.html>.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
}
|
Q:
Javascript slide form Jquery, Prototype, or pure Javascript
I am a newby and would like some professiona advice about the following:
I want to create a form.
The user fills in one part and clicks 'next'.
The form slides to the left and a new part of the form slides in from the right.
Does anyone have any advice as to the way to go.
Jquery, Prototype, or just plain old javascript.
I am using Ruby on Rails3, Mac OSX10.6, Ruby 1.9.2
Any help would be much appreciated.
A:
There are already jQuery plugins to do this kind of thing. Take a look at http://tympanus.net/codrops/2010/06/07/fancy-sliding-form-with-jquery/ for example.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
[Mapping of two fertility-restoring gene for WA cytoplasmic male sterility in minghui63 using SSR markers].
F2 population derived from Shanyou63, F1 hybrid developed from the cross Zhenshan97 A/Zhenshan97B, was used in this study. Fertile bulk was constructed by polling equal amount of 15 highly fertile lines. Sterile bulk was obtained by pooling equal amount of 15 highly sterile lines. Minghui63 and Zhenshan97A, parents of Shanyou63, were analyzed with 302 pairs of SSR primers. 244 pairs of primers gave amplification products, of which 58 pairs of primers on 12 different chromosomes showed polymorphism between the two parents with polymorphic frequency up to 23.77%. Gene bulks were further assayed with the 5 pairs of primers. RM1 on chromosome 1 and RM258, RM304 on chromosome 10 was found to be polymorphic between the two gene bulks. In theory, there should be no difference detected between the two gene bulks except for the target traits governed by fertility-restoring genes. RM1, RM258 and RM304 were probably related to the restorer genes. Ten highly fertile and ten highly sterile lines were selected from F2 population of Shanyou63 to screen the gene bulks. The results showed that specific bands of Minghui63 were detected in all ten highly fertile lines while not observed in all the sterile lines. It indicated that the three SSR markers might be linked to fertility-restoring genes. Dominant lines were not selected due to their inalbility to distinguish recombinant lines from non-recombinant lines. Pure recessive lines were chosen to conduct mapping analysis. A total of 53 highly sterile lines were selected from 900 lines of Shanyou63 F2 population to estimate the genetic distance between three SSR markers and fertility-restoring genes respectively. The results demonstrated that recombination occurred in 2, 3, lines with RM1 and RM258 while no one with RM304. Using MAPMAKER/EXP 3.0, the genetic distance between RM1, RM258, RM304 and the related restorer genes were calculated as 1.9, 2.9 and 0.0 cM, respectively. It is possible that the fertility restoring gene(s) on chromosome 10 for three different types of cytoplasmic male sterility(WA, BT and HL) are of the same, or belong to a gene family.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Why BlackBerry Storm Is An iPhone (and G-1) Killer - raju
http://gigaom.com/2008/10/29/blackberry-storm-should-be-blackberry-stealth/
======
iigs
For a long time I was an unflappable Blackberry fanboy. The reality of the
situation currently is this:
1) Enterprise ready isn't the unique feature it was 18 months ago. ActiveSync
on WM no longer sucks to the point it lowers the barametric pressure in the
area (although that's about all the compliments I have for it), the iPhone has
compelling Exchange integration, and I have heard good things about Nokia's
Exchange support (will know more when my wife's E71 arrives this weekend).
Having to pay an extra $15/mo/device for BES service, plus BES server hardware
+ BES license fees, just to maintain parity with the other products is a
_huge_ disadvantage. The best thing they could do is walk away from BES, but
the carriers won't do it because it's margin for them.
2) They release phones _so slowly_. I appreciate that the build and radio
quality of the phones are top notch, but slipping announced release dates
(AT&T BB Bold, at least Sept-Nov, and maybe Jul/Aug-Nov) is not cool. I don't
know if that's AT&T's fault or RIM's fault, but the whole process is under
control of two major corporations -- get it together. If the Storm's release
happens at all similarly, it better have iPhone v3 killing features -- that's
what it's going to be competing with.
3) The BB App store has a 2009 release date and appears to be a me-too
announcement. Unless there's some magic that has escaped announcement, it's
not going to be a notable feature at all.
~~~
notauser
They also have an awful browser. The bold I tried couldn't even load Slashdot
- it just died. Even the S60 browser can manage to load it, albeit badly.
~~~
iigs
I wrote that before lunch when I was hungry and cranky. I saw that it was
going downhill, so I shut it down. The browser situation is something I didn't
cover, but it truly is the most awful smartphone browser experience.
By far the most charitable thing I've heard about the blackberry browser is
that the phones can all run Opera Mini.
------
yan
I find in the past, once something was labeled an X-killer, it wasn't ever as
successful as X. These labels are cute for getting clicks but lack in
substance.
~~~
baddox
The iPhone was an "other smartphone"-killer.
------
mike_branski
I don't really feel the article hit on too many "killing" points and wasn't
deep enough to support his claims that it will beat out the iPhone. He didn't
even mention the G1 in the article (aside from the title).
Also, the [Insert Product Name] Killer is getting stale fast.
~~~
jcl
Just reading the article, it looked to me like the "clickable" touchscreen has
the potential to be a "killer" feature -- or, barring that, a widely copied
one.
I haven't heard of any touchscreens that distinguish between pointing at
something and clicking it, without adding an additional tap gesture or a press
of an external button. Allowing both actions in a touchscreen interface
combines the expressive power of a mouse (hot zones, tooltips) with the
intuition of a touchscreen. It also lets you distinguish between a swipe and a
drag -- gestures that are intuitive with this pointing device but difficult or
impossible with others.
This feature gives Blackberry a slight edge, like the iPhone's multitouch...
Actually, in light of the swipe/drag distinction, I think this feature is more
desirable than multitouch. Looking at Apple's recent laptop touchpads, it's
obvious that they, too, see the value in such a feature; I wouldn't be
surprised to see a similarly clickable screen appear in a future iPhone.
------
dhimes
I have found the iPhone to be good at everything except being a phone. We have
two in the family (a v1 and a v2), both on the same network as me (I have a
Razr). I get great reception with the Razr where the iPhones don't. Dropping
calls is common for them. My phone is my business line and I can't risk that.
A good alternative would be nice (or a better iPhone!).
Anybody else have these issues with the iPhone?
------
davidw
What's the development environment like? I know you can use Java ME, but is
that it?
~~~
martythemaniak
The SDK is much like Android's. That is, it implements the full java language,
then provides J2ME classes as well as its own Java packages.
The J2ME stuff is there so it can run old apps, but when you're writing a
BlackBerry app, you typically use the net.rim.blackberry.* classes, as they
provide a ton of extra functionality, UI etc (similar to how on Android you
use the android.* classes)
------
Hoff
gigaom is the new cnet. nothing to see. move along.
------
ram1024
it's basically an iPhone clone, which will allow them to remain in the market
for a short while longer.
~~~
martythemaniak
You're aware the iPhone wasn't the first full screen touch-based smartphone on
the market, right? Apart from that, what exactly the Storm 'cloning'? Or is
'cloning' some new slang for providing a ton of functionality which is either
non-existent or broken on the iPhone?
~~~
ram1024
by clone, i mean it offers the same thing that the iPhone already does. it's
practically a genetically identical. i mean if it could only connect to itunes
seamlessly...
~~~
martythemaniak
Let's see. Product X comes out with functionality A. Product Y comes out with
functionality A, B and C. Product Y is therefore a clone, because it offers a
superset of the features?
But hey, let's apply your argument to the iPhone itself. You see, the iphone
is a clone of the LG Prada, since the Prada came out months before that and
the iPhone offered the same thing... Believe that doesn't make any sense to
people without an Apple fanboy mindset.
~~~
ram1024
a clone of a clone is a clone
iphone is a clone. so?
i don't get what you're complaining about. if storm came out first i'd say
iphone is a storm clone. butthurt much?
|
{
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
}
|
Friendly Lists: Nate Sweeney
This post is the first in a series that blatantly lifts from Pitchfork’s Guest List features. But instead of asking bands I’ve never met to tell me what kind of chapstick they prefer, I’ll be asking my dear friends to tell me what kind of chapstick they prefer. Well, not exactly, but whatev.
First up is the delightfully whimsical Nate Sweeney, a guy who always makes me giggle like a schoolgirl serial killer. He also happens to be the drummer of my favorite band to arise in 2007: All These Teepees.
2 responses to “Friendly Lists: Nate Sweeney”
Yea, this is Jesus. God said he doesn’t remember making that Nate guy. Thanks for letting us know we slipped up and sent such a manly being with such an astounding amount of facial hair to that hellhole we call a planet up here. We’ll put out the recall for Nate Sweeneys everywhere. Once again, thanks for bringing this to our attention Chris Piercy. You’re a true American/Earthling.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
The Turning Point (1983 film)
The Turning Point (also screened with the English name Held for Questioning; ) is a 1983 East German film directed by Frank Beyer and starring Sylvester Groth, Fred Düren and Klaus Piontek. The film is based on the 1977 novel of the same name by Hermann Kant, which was based on Kant's own experience as a prisoner of war in Poland. The film tells the story of a German prisoner of war at the end of World War II who is wrongly accused of being a war criminal. The film was controversial upon release as Polish commentators criticized that the film showed the Polish army wrongly accusing someone of war crimes. Nevertheless, the film was successful and won several awards and was the East German official submission to the 56th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film.
Plot
In October 1945 the 19-year-old German prisoner of war, Mark Niebuhr (Sylvester Groth) arrives together with other prisoners at a train station in Warsaw. A Polish woman waiting for her train at the station believes that he is the SS officer who murdered her daughter during a raid in Lublin. He is removed from the other prisoners and incarcerated in a single prison cell. Again and again he is interrogated by a Polish officer who is asking him to write down his life story and to tell his real name. The young former soldier asserts that he is Mark Niebuhr and maintains his innocence, not knowing why he has been detained and not understanding why he is being questioned.
After four months of solitary confinement he is transferred to a new prison cell he is sharing with Polish criminals. As a German he is subject to their hatred and is regularly harassed. He is also assigned the most dangerous works, having to remove stones from bombed houses in Warsaw. During one of his assignment he saves a child, but breaks his arm. He is transferred to a hospital where he learns that he is charged with murder.
After his hospital stay he is transferred to a new prison, where he has to share a cell with German prisoners of war. The German prisoners maintain strict military order according to their former ranks. They are led by General Eisensteck (Fred Düren) and Major Lundenbroich (Klaus Piontek) who still cling to fascist ideals. Little by little Niebuhr gets to know his fellow prisoners. Although everyone is maintaining his innocence, Niebuhr slowly realizes that they are murderers and war criminals. He begins to distance himself from his fellow prisoners and realizes his guilt as an ordinary German soldier. While his cell mates are one by one executed, the Polish authorities ultimately believe Niebuhr and release him.
Cast
Sylvester Groth as Mark Niebuhr
Fred Düren as General Eisensteck
Matthias Günther as Hauptsturmführer
Klaus Piontek as Major Lundenbroich
Alexander van Heteren as Jan Beveren
Hans-Uwe Bauer as Obergefreiter Fenske
Horst Hiemer as gas man
Günter Junghans as Gestapo inspector Rodloff
Gustaw Lutkiewicz as Szybko
Krzysztof Chamiec as Chef
Andrzej Pieczynski as Second Lieutenant
Roman Wilhelmi as Ohnehals
Horst Giese as third German POW
Production and distribution
The Turning Point premiered on 20 January 1984 and was widely released in East Germany on the day after. The film was widely praised by the East German press, with Neues Deutschland declaring the film "a testament to the friendship between the People's Republic of Poland and East Germany". The Polish reaction was very negative and the depiction of the Polish army wrongly accusing a German of war crimes was perceived as anti-Polish. Both the Polish actors in the film and Polish representatives boycotted the premiere of the film. The controversy also resulted in a withdrawal of the film from the Berlin International Film Festival, where it was originally planned to be screened and was expected to successfully compete for the awards. Despite the controversy the film became the top-grossing film of 1983 in East Germany and was released in West Germany to mixed reviews in spring 1984.
Awards and honors
Director Frank Beyer, screenwriter Wolfgang Kohlhaase and the main actor Sylvester Groth were awarded the Heinrich-Greif-Preis in 1984. The Heinrich-Greif Preis was an East German award for film and television productions, named after the German actor Heinrich Greif. The Association of Film and Television Employees (Verband der Film- und Fernsehschaffenden) awarded the critics award of the section theory and film critic in the categories Best Film and Best Actor (Sylvester Groth) in 1983. At the East German National Feature Film Festival in Karl-Marx-Stadt in 1984 the film won the Findling Award and awards in the categories Best Director (Frank Beyer), Best Script (Wolfgang Koohlaase), Best Editing (Rita Hiller), Best Production Design (Alfred Hirschmeier) and Best Young Actor (Sylvester Groth).
Internationally, The Turning Point was screened at the 40th Venice International Film Festival in 1983. The film was also chosen as East Germany's official submission to the 56th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, but did not manage to receive a nomination.
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
The Turning Point at filmportal.de/en
The Turning Point on the DEFA-Stiftung
Category:1983 films
Category:East German films
Category:Films based on German novels
Category:Films directed by Frank Beyer
Category:German-language films
Category:World War II prisoner of war films
Category:Films set in Poland
Category:Films set in 1945
Category:Films set in 1946
Category:Films whose director won the Heinrich Greif Prize
Category:Films whose writer won the Heinrich Greif Prize
Category:Babelsberg Studio films
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Q:
Implementing .Net DI Compile Time Proxies?
I'm not so much seeking a specific implementation but trying to figure out the proper terms for what I'm trying to do so I can properly research the topic.
I have a bunch of interfaces and those interfaces are implemented by controllers, repositories, services and whatnot. Somewhere in the start up process of the application we're using the Castle.MicroKernel.Registration.Component class to register the classes to use for a particular interface. For instance:
Component.For<IPaginationService>().ImplementedBy<PaginationService>().LifeStyle.Transient
Recently I became interested in creating an audit trail of every class and method call. There's a few hundred of these classes so writing a proxy class for each one by hand isn't very practical. I could use a template to generate the code but I'd rather not blow up our code base with all that.
So I'm curious if there's some kind of on the fly solution. I know nHibernate creates proxy classes at some point which overlay all the entity classes. Can someone give me some guidance on how I might be able to do something similar here?
Something like:
Component.For<IPaginationService>().ImplementedBy<ProxyFor<PaginationService>>().LifeStyle.Transient
Obviously that won't work because I can only use generics to generalize the types of methods but not the methods themselves. Is there some tricky reflection approach I can use to do this?
A:
You are looking for what Castle Windsor calls interceptors. It's an aspect-oriented way to tackle cross-cutting concerns -- auditing is certainly one of them. See documentation, or an article about the approach:
Aspect oriented programming is an approach that effectively “injects” pieces of code before or after an existing operation. This works by defining an Inteceptor wrapping the logic being invoked then registering it to run whenever a particular set/sub-set of methods are called.
If you want to apply it to many registered services, read more about interceptor selection mechanisms: IModelInterceptorsSelector helps there.
Using PostSharp, things like this can be even done at compile time. This can speed the resulting application, but when used correctly, interceptors are not slow.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
---
title: Travis CI for R?
date: '2013-04-07'
slug: travis-ci-for-r
---
I'm always worried about [CRAN](http://cran.r-project.org): a system maintained by FTP and emails from real humans (basically one of Uwe, Kurt or Prof Ripley). I'm worried for two reasons:
1. The number of R packages is growing _exponentially_;
2. Time and time again I see frustrations from both parties (CRAN maintainers and package authors);
I have a good solution for 2, which is to keep silent when your submission passes the check system, and say "Sorry!" no matter if you agree with the reason or not when it did not pass (which made one maintainer unhappy), but do not argue -- just go back and fix the problem if you know what is the problem; or use dark voodoo to hide (yes, _hide_, not solve) the problem if you are sure you are right. If you read the mailing list frequently, you probably remember that `if (CRAN)` discussion. The solution in my mind was `if (Sys.getenv('USER') == 'ripley')`.
The key is, do not argue. Silence is gold.
The CRAN maintainers have been volunteering their time, and we should respect them. The question is, will this approach scale well with the growth of packages? Or who should be in charge of `R CMD check`?
We, the poor authors, cannot guaranttee that every time our packages can pass CRAN's machines due to all kinds of reasons. Some problems are actually easy to fix without a real human yelling at us. On the other hand, if the package fortunately passes `R CMD check`, we do not really need an email from a real human acknowledging "thanks, on CRAN now".
[Travis CI](https://travis-ci.org/) is an excellent platform for continuous integration of software packages. You do not need to interact with a real person by email -- each time you push to Github, your package will be automatically built and checked. If there are problems, you will be notified automatically.
A similar platform in the R world is [Bioconductor](http://bioconductor.org/checkResults/). It has the best two components in software development: version control (although sadly SVN) and continuous checking. I do not know if CRAN will catch up one day. I'm not very optimistic about it; perhaps a more realistic approach is to start a Google Summer of Code project on introducing R into Travis CI. I have no idea how difficult that will be, but I will definitely be thrilled if it comes true this year.
Anyone?
> Update on 04/16/2013: just to clarify, what Bioconductor does is not strictly continuous integration (yet) in the sense that it builds packages daily instead of immediately on changes.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
FTA/EPA Haulage firms are facing bankruptcy because of the Calais migrant crisis
FREE now SUBSCRIBE Invalid email Make the most of your money by signing up to our newsletter fornow We will use your email address only for sending you newsletters. Please see our Privacy Notice for details of your data protection rights.
Family-run haulage companies across the country are facing collapse because they cannot shoulder the huge costs caused by rampaging migrants wrecking their lorries. The Road Haulage Association (RHA) said truckers are being "very badly let down" by Government inaction and warned the ongoing crisis could have a catastrophic effect on the economy.
Their dire prediction comes just hours after Express.co.uk revealed that the entire 6,000-strong migrant population of Calais is mobilising and ready to make a major dash for Britain. Huge numbers of migrants are expected to attempt the crossing in the next two weeks as smugglers try to get them across the channel before new security measures come into force. Truckers travelling through the lawless port town have reported a huge spike in migrant activity in the last few weeks, with reports of violent incidents rocketing.
FTA Footage shot yesterday shows the extent of the migrant crisis facing truckers
FTA Trucker Euan Flemming filmed migrants behind the new border fences
RHA Chief Executive Richard Burnett said: "The threat to drivers and to international haulage services is once again on the increase. RHA members and staff have seen intimidation of drivers and attacks on vehicles first-hand. "The continued intimidation is inflicting long-term damage on the road haulage sector in the UK with more and more drivers refusing to do the work. "Smaller hauliers are finding it increasingly difficult to stay in the market as alternative routes are being block booked in advance by larger, regular users. "The impact on these companies and their customers should be of real concern." More than two million people are employed in the haulage and logistics industry in the UK, making it the fifth largest employer overall. But many companies are now facing huge overheads because of delays, fuel costs and vehicle damage all caused by rioting migrants in Calais.
FTA Truckers run a daily gauntlet of migrants in Calais
REUTERS New border fences are being constructed around the town
The authorities are letting our members down very badly RHA Chief Executive Richard Burnett
Mr Burnett raged: "The RHA constantly advises its members on truck security but the authorities are letting our members down very badly. "Delays and damage are now becoming the norm and this represents a cost that the UK supply chain simply cannot accept. “Disruption to trade is still widespread. Last night an RHA member had his vehicle's air lines cut by a frustrated migrant who was discovered to be 'axle riding'. "The UK may be ‘open for business’ but there are continuing problems getting through the front door. "It is abundantly clear to the RHA and to our members that the measures taken so far, while welcome, are inadequate and we need to understand what more can be done to protect our drivers, our international haulage businesses and the UK economy as a whole."
Video courtesy of the Freight Transport Association.
Britain-bound migrants are turning to increasingly extreme tactics including playing chicken with lorries and throwing stones at vehicles to make them stop, with some people even jumping onto the roofs of moving trucks from overhead pedestrian bridges. Last week thousands of migrants invaded a secure lorry compound at Calais port and "ran riot" as they overwhelmed security and attempted to stowaway. Industry experts believe criminal gangs are now "mobilising" migrants after being spooked by planned new security measures in Calais, including extra fencing and the deployment of hundreds more police officers. Many of the new security measures are due to come into place within weeks, which could spark a mass rush of more than 6,000 migrants towards the ferry port and Eurostar terminals.
EPA The notorious Jungle camp has doubled in size
REUTERS 6,000 migrants could now be heading for Britain
Donald Armour from the Freight Transport Association (FTA) told Express.co.uk: "Because this is all serious organised crime - it's not really individuals anymore - you get the feeling the gang masters are organising this. "These criminals they are pretty savvy people, they are businessmen, and they are thinking 'we know this can't last forever'. "Sooner or later the port of Calais will be fenced off better than ever, and the Eurotunnel terminal too, and they are going to be pushing harder than ever and as fast as they can before the fencing is in place."
Evicted Calais migrants sleep rough in Paris Wed, August 3, 2016 Hundreds of migrants evicted from the Calais Jungle camp sleep rough in Paris. Play slideshow Caters News Agency 1 of 191 Calais camp is dismantled as resident set fires and throw stones at Police
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Q:
Cordova command line on windows after Visual Studio tools installed
I installed Visual Studio 2015 with support for building apps with Apache Cordova. I would like to be able to build existing Cordova apps outside of Visual Studio, but I can't find the Cordova command line interface. Should I install Cordova again using npm? Will that break the builds for projects created with Visual Studio? VS installed node.js so npm prompt works. I'm new to Cordova BTW.
A:
I would like to be able to build existing Cordova apps outside of Visual Studio, but I can't find the Cordova command line interface. Should I install Cordova again using npm? Will that break the builds for projects created with Visual Studio?
The answer is yes, you can install Cordova again using npm and that won't break the builds for projects created by Visual Studio.
And one more thing to notice, you need to install cordova command line tool globally: npm install -g cordova.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
Sqlalchemy enum migration update fails saying does not exist
I have following sqlalchemy model:
class Cart(db.Model):
__tablename__ = 'carts'
#...
cart_status = db.Column(db.Enum('confirmed', 'canceled', name='cart_statuses'))
Which generates following migration script:
"""empty message
Revision ID: c7cbe7d1d686
Revises: 56e9612a77ee
Create Date: 2017-06-21 08:52:00.987769
"""
from alembic import op
import sqlalchemy as sa
# revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
revision = 'c7cbe7d1d686'
down_revision = '56e9612a77ee'
branch_labels = None
depends_on = None
def upgrade():
# ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
op.add_column('carts', sa.Column('cart_status', sa.Enum('confirmed', 'canceled', name='cart_statuses'), nullable=True))
# ### end Alembic commands ###
def downgrade():
# ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
op.drop_column('carts', 'cart_status')
# ### end Alembic commands ###
When I try to upgrade, I get following error:
(ecom_bot) root@logicandthoughts:~/ecom/ecombot# python manage.py db upgrade
INFO [alembic.runtime.migration] Context impl PostgresqlImpl.
INFO [alembic.runtime.migration] Will assume transactional DDL.
INFO [alembic.runtime.migration] Running upgrade 56e9612a77ee -> c7cbe7d1d686, empty message
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "manage.py", line 37, in <module>
manager.run()
File "/root/ecom/ecom_bot/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/flask_script/__init__.py", line 412, in run
result = self.handle(sys.argv[0], sys.argv[1:])
File "/root/ecom/ecom_bot/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/flask_script/__init__.py", line 383, in handle
res = handle(*args, **config)
File "/root/ecom/ecom_bot/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/flask_script/commands.py", line 216, in __call__
return self.run(*args, **kwargs)
File "/root/ecom/ecom_bot/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/flask_migrate/__init__.py", line 247, in upgrade
command.upgrade(config, revision, sql=sql, tag=tag)
File "/root/ecom/ecom_bot/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/alembic/command.py", line 254, in upgrade
script.run_env()
File "/root/ecom/ecom_bot/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/alembic/script/base.py", line 421, in run_env
util.load_python_file(self.dir, 'env.py')
File "/root/ecom/ecom_bot/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/alembic/util/pyfiles.py", line 93, in load_python_file
module = load_module_py(module_id, path)
File "/root/ecom/ecom_bot/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/alembic/util/compat.py", line 75, in load_module_py
mod = imp.load_source(module_id, path, fp)
File "migrations/env.py", line 87, in <module>
run_migrations_online()
File "migrations/env.py", line 80, in run_migrations_online
context.run_migrations()
File "<string>", line 8, in run_migrations
File "/root/ecom/ecom_bot/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/alembic/runtime/environment.py", line 817, in run_migrations
self.get_context().run_migrations(**kw)
File "/root/ecom/ecom_bot/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/alembic/runtime/migration.py", line 329, in run_migrations
step.migration_fn(**kw)
File "/root/ecom/ecombot/migrations/versions/c7cbe7d1d686_.py", line 21, in upgrade
op.add_column('carts', sa.Column('cart_status', sa.Enum('confirmed', 'canceled', name='cart_statuses'), nullable=True))
File "<string>", line 8, in add_column
File "<string>", line 3, in add_column
File "/root/ecom/ecom_bot/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/alembic/operations/ops.py", line 1551, in add_column
return operations.invoke(op)
File "/root/ecom/ecom_bot/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/alembic/operations/base.py", line 318, in invoke
return fn(self, operation)
File "/root/ecom/ecom_bot/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/alembic/operations/toimpl.py", line 123, in add_column
schema=schema
File "/root/ecom/ecom_bot/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/alembic/ddl/impl.py", line 172, in add_column
self._exec(base.AddColumn(table_name, column, schema=schema))
File "/root/ecom/ecom_bot/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/alembic/ddl/impl.py", line 118, in _exec
return conn.execute(construct, *multiparams, **params)
File "/root/ecom/ecom_bot/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py", line 945, in execute
return meth(self, multiparams, params)
File "/root/ecom/ecom_bot/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/ddl.py", line 68, in _execute_on_connection
return connection._execute_ddl(self, multiparams, params)
File "/root/ecom/ecom_bot/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py", line 1002, in _execute_ddl
compiled
File "/root/ecom/ecom_bot/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py", line 1189, in _execute_context
context)
File "/root/ecom/ecom_bot/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py", line 1402, in _handle_dbapi_exception
exc_info
File "/root/ecom/ecom_bot/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/compat.py", line 203, in raise_from_cause
reraise(type(exception), exception, tb=exc_tb, cause=cause)
File "/root/ecom/ecom_bot/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py", line 1182, in _execute_context
context)
File "/root/ecom/ecom_bot/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/default.py", line 470, in do_execute
cursor.execute(statement, parameters)
sqlalchemy.exc.ProgrammingError: (psycopg2.ProgrammingError) type "cart_statuses" does not exist
LINE 1: ALTER TABLE carts ADD COLUMN cart_status cart_statuses
^
[SQL: 'ALTER TABLE carts ADD COLUMN cart_status cart_statuses']
A:
I had to update to following:
"""empty message
Revision ID: 51aa3bff68d6
Revises: c7cbe7d1d686
Create Date: 2017-06-21 09:02:55.252361
"""
from alembic import op
import sqlalchemy as sa
from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql
# revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
revision = '51aa3bff68d6'
down_revision = 'c7cbe7d1d686'
branch_labels = None
depends_on = None
def upgrade():
cart_status = postgresql.ENUM('user_unconfirmed', 'user_confirmed', 'client_unconfirmed', 'client_confirmed', name='cart_status')
cart_status.create(op.get_bind())
# ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
op.add_column('carts', sa.Column('cart_status', sa.Enum('user_unconfirmed', 'user_confirmed', 'client_unconfirmed', 'client_confirmed', name='cart_status'), nullable=True))
# ### end Alembic commands ###
def downgrade():
# ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
op.drop_column('carts', 'cart_status')
# ### end Alembic commands ###
cart_status = postgresql.ENUM('user_unconfirmed', 'user_confirmed', 'client_unconfirmed', 'client_confirmed', name='cart_status')
cart_status.drop(op.get_bind())
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Sulfate content and specific glycosaminoglycan backbone of perlecan are critical for perlecan's enhancement of islet amyloid polypeptide (amylin) fibril formation.
Islet amyloidosis is characterized by the deposition and accumulation of amylin in pancreatic beta-cells and is observed in 90% of patients with type 2 diabetes. Previous studies have also revealed the presence of the specific heparan sulfate proteoglycan, perlecan, colocalized to islet amyloid deposits, similar to perlecan's known involvement with other amyloid proteins. In the present study, perlecan purified from the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) tumor was used to define perlecan's interactions with amylin (i.e., islet amyloid polypeptide) and its effects on amylin fibril formation. Using a solid phase-binding immunoassay, human amylin, but not rat amylin, bound immobilized EHS perlecan with a single dissociation constant (Kd) = 2.75 x 10(-6) mol/l. The binding of human amylin to perlecan was similarly observed using perlecan heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and was completely abolished by 10 micromol/l heparin. Using thioflavin T fluorometry, Congo red staining, and electron microscopy methodology, intact perlecan was found to enhance amylin fibril formation in a dosage-dependent manner, with the majority of these effects attributed to the heparan sulfate GAG chains of perlecan. Other sulfated GAGs and related macromolecules were also effective in the enhancement of amylin fibril formation in the order of heparin > heparan sulfate > chondroitin-4-sulfate = dermatan sulfate = dextran sulfate > pentosan polysulfate, implicating the importance of the specific GAG/carbohydrate backbone. The sulfate content of heparin/heparan sulfate was also important for the enhancement of amylin fibril formation in the order of heparin > N-desulfated N-acetylated heparin > completely desulfated N-sulfated heparin > completely desulfated N-acetylated heparin. These studies suggest that the enhancement effects of perlecan on amylin fibril formation are mediated primarily by both specific GAG chain backbone and GAG sulfate content, and implicate perlecan as an important macromolecule that is likely involved in the pathogenesis of islet amyloidosis.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Supported by the Southwest University (Grant Nos. SWUB2006018 & XSGX0602), the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing (Grant Nos. 2007BB5369 & 2006BB4341) and the Key Project from the Personnel Department of China (Grant No. 2002-99)
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
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Vertebral bone mass, size, and volumetric density in women with spinal fractures.
Bone densitometry provides a measure of bone mass expressed as bone mineral content (BMC) or areal bone mineral density (aBMD). BMC is unadjusted for bone size while aBMD is adjusted for the projected area of the region scanned but not its depth. Because patients with fractures often have reduced bone size, the deficit in BMC or aBMD relative to controls may be partly the result of the comparison of a smaller bone in patients with fractures with a bigger bone in controls without fractures. We asked, what proportion of the deficit in BMC and aBMD found in women with spine fractures relative to controls is attributable to smaller vertebral size? We measured BMC (g), volume (cm3, derived from projected area3/2), aBMD (g/cm2), and volumetric BMD (vBMD, g/cm3) of the third lumbar vertebra by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 270 premenopausal women aged 18-43 years, 163 postmenopausal women with spine fractures aged 54-83 years, and 209 women without fractures aged 54-87 years. The regression of BMC and aBMD on volume in the premenopausal women was used to calculate volume adjusted BMC and aBMD in postmenopausal women with and without fractures (adjusted BMC = observed BMC + [50 - observed volume] x 0.29; adjusted aBMD = observed aBMD + [50 - observed volume] x 0.0044). The data were expressed in the original units and as standard deviation scores (SD) above or below the young normal mean (T scores) or the age predicted mean (Z scores). All results were expressed as mean +/- SEM. Women with spine fractures had reduced BMC (T = -2.35 +/- 0.07 SD, Z = -1.18 +/- 0.06 SD), volume (T = -1.08 +/- 0.08 SD, Z = -0.82 +/- 0.08 SD), aBMD (T = -3. 06 +/- 0.09 SD, Z = -1.14 +/- 0.06 SD) and vBMD (T = -2.67 +/- 0.10 SD, Z = - 0.94 +/- 0.07 SD) (all p < 0.001). About 48% of the difference in BMC between postmenopausal women with and without spine fractures, and about 16% of the difference in aBMD was explained by the difference in vertebral volume between them. When women with and without spine fractures were intentionally matched by aBMD (and age, height, and weight), vertebral volume was reduced (Z = -0.66 +/- 0.13 SD, p < 0.001). When women with and without fractures were intentionally matched by vertebral volume (and age, height, and weight), vBMD was reduced (Z = -1.07 +/- 0.10 SD, p < 0. 001). Women with spine fractures have smaller vertebrae with less bone in the smaller bone. About half the deficit in BMC relative to controls is due to their smaller bone size. The remainder may be due to reduced bone accrual, increased bone loss, or both. Thus, the pathogenesis of bone fragility is heterogeneous. Factors responsible for a deficit in bone mass (due to reduced accrual or excess bone loss) are unlikely to be identified when reduced bone size exaggerates the deficit, and increased bone size obscures it. Understanding the pathogenesis of bone fragility requires acknowledgment of this heterogeneity and the description of its varied morphological basis. This can be achieved by the study of the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of bone because the absolute and relative changes in these surfaces during growth and aging determine skeletal size, its mass, and architecture.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Chiral capillary electrophoretic method for quantification of apomorphine.
A new method for chiral determination of apomorphine enantiomers was developed and validated. Seven different neutral and charged cyclodextrins were tested for enantioselectivity on R,S-apomorphine. Sulfobutylether-beta-cyclodextrin was found to offer the best resolution, but with this system, four peaks were detected from a solution of the two enantiomers, which was suggested to be the result of different forms of the complex between the selector and apomorphine. A complexation constant was estimated for a complex of 1:1 ratio for the second and the fourth peak, whereas the other two peaks were fitted to a model ratio of 1:2 (analyte-selector). To avoid this phenomenon, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin was then chosen as the chiral selector. An optimisation study was performed on three factors: concentration of the chiral selector, pH of the buffer, and applied voltage. Optimum conditions were: 14 mM of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, pH 3.0, and 16 kV. UV detection was at 200 nm. The method was validated at the chosen conditions, offering a limit of detection of 0.2 microM and a limit of quantification of 0.5 microM. The validated method was applied for the determination of R,S-apomorphine in a transport study with an in vitro cell culture model of the intestinal mucosa (Caco-2).
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Brian J. Smith
Brian Jacob Smith (born October 12, 1981) is an American actor, known for his role as Will Gorski in the Netflix-produced series Sense8, Lieutenant Matthew Scott in the military science fiction television series Stargate Universe, and his Tony Award-nominated role as Jim O'Connor (The Gentleman Caller) in the 2013 revival of The Glass Menagerie.
Early life and education
Smith is a native of Allen, Texas. He studied at the Quad C Theatre program at Collin County Community College in Plano, Texas. After he was an apprentice for one year at Stephens College in Columbia, Missouri, Smith moved to New York City to attend the Juilliard School Drama Division's four-year acting program (Group 36: 2003–2007), where one of his classmates was Nicole Beharie. Smith graduated from Juilliard with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree.
Career
While enrolled at Collin College, Smith worked as theatre technician. He was later cast as Alex in A Clockwork Orange in a Quad C Theatre production to a positive review from the Dallas Observer. In 2005, he portrayed Trey, a gay man facing intolerance from the son of a fundamentalist preacher, in Hate Crime, an independent film that featured at gay and lesbian film festivals around the United States.
Upon graduating from Juilliard, Smith briefly considered joining the US Army due to several setbacks in his career.
Smith eventually received acting roles in two more independent films, Red Hook and The War Boys. In 2008, he appeared on Broadway in the play Come Back, Little Sheba as the character Turk. Smith was cast as Lieutenant Matthew Scott, a lead role in the 2009 Stargate television series, Stargate Universe, until its cancellation in 2010. He also guest-starred on Law & Order in 2009.
In 2011, Smith recurred on The CW's Gossip Girl and starred in the SyFy original film Red Faction: Origins. In April 2012, he began his run as Andrei in the hit Broadway show, The Columnist, which ended in July 2012. His next projects included the mini-series Coma from producer Tony Scott and an appearance on Warehouse 13 for SyFy.
From September 2013 to February 2014, he played The Gentleman Caller in a Broadway production of Tennessee Williams's The Glass Menagerie at the Booth Theatre. This role earned him 2014 Drama Desk and Tony Award nominations as Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play. In 2015, he appeared in the pilot episode of Quantico as one of the new FBI recruits.
Smith was a lead cast member on the Netflix original series Sense8 (2015-2018) playing the character Will Gorski. He followed up with main roles on Treadstone, a serial spin-off of the Bourne films, and the BBC World War II drama mini series World on Fire in 2019.
Personal life
On November 7, 2019, Smith came out as gay in an interview with Attitude.
Filmography
Theatre
Awards and nominations
References
External links
GateWorld: Brian J. Smith cast in Stargate Universe
"Boldly Going From Collin County Community College to SciFi's New Stargate Series" Unfair Park, the Dallas Observer blog
Category:1981 births
Category:21st-century American male actors
Category:American male film actors
Category:American male stage actors
Category:American male television actors
Category:Gay actors
Category:Juilliard School alumni
Category:LGBT entertainers from the United States
Category:LGBT people from Texas
Category:Living people
Category:Male actors from Dallas
Category:People from Allen, Texas
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{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
At least two Native American groups have appealed directly to NFL players via Twitter this week. The campaign is aimed at bringing an end to the name change controversy surrounding the Washington Redskins. As team owner Dan Snyder seems absolutely unwilling to consider the name change lobbyists are appealing directly to the players. Will it be enough to make the Redskins become 'The Americans?'
The National Congress of American Indians as well as the Oneida Indian Nation appealed directly to over 2,700 NFL players this week urging them to speak out against the Washington Redskins' offensive name. Through written letters and Twitter messages the groups are hoping to rally influential players to their cause (via Washington Post):
"'Because you are in the NFL, you command a level of respect and credibility when speaking out about the league's behavior,' the letter said. 'Indeed, players are the most publicly identifiable representatives of the league, which means your support is critical to ending this injustice.'
"Goodell and Washington team officials have consistently said they don't believe the name is disparaging to Native Americans and have cited polls that show that the majority of people share that sentiment."
How condescending and arrogant of Goodell and Snyder to tell Native Americans what they should and shouldn't find offensive. No one can make that determination other than Native Americans themselves. And many of them have explicitly stated that the term 'redskin' is offensive.
While many have spoken up about the controversy few have actually proposed solutions. According to Sporting News, Kevin Gover of the National Museum of American Indians has a suggestion:
"'The point is that it's about context, Gover said then, via USA Today . 'If you called them the Americans and had a contemporary Native image, that's inclusive. That's much different from singling us out and calling us by that name and having the image of a stereotypical Native American from the 19th Century, as though we're not still around.'"
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Quotation of the Day…
Even more astonishing to some – but an indubitable economic fact – natural resources are increasingly lessimportant with each passing decade. The crucial capital nowadays is “human capital” – people’s skills plus the stock of knowledge – and migrants bring this human capital with them.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Warau Michael
is a manga series by Izumi Kawahara. It was serialized in Hana to Yume beginning in 1987. In 2006 it was adapted into a Japanese film, based on the manga of the same name. The soundtrack was provided by Japanese supergroup Metalchicks.
Cast
Juri Ueno
Airi Taira
Yusuke Iseya
Rinko Kikuchi
References
External links
Official website
Category:Japanese films
Category:Hakusensha franchises
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{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Experienced UK wedding photographer, based in Buckinghamshire.
I have photographed weddings worldwide for over 10 years, but now mostly cover weddings in the Home Counties, London and the South East of England.
I specialise in natural un-posed beautiful photography, in a contemporary style - candid photography with a fly-on-the-wall feel. Let me capture your special day in a relaxed, professional way so that you can simply enjoy your day and have the beautiful memories to share, forever.
Theo Botha Photography
Sunday, 28 April 2013
Becky and Tom's wedding in Kenilworth England
Becky and Tom got married in the County of Castles - Warwickshire: Grand Hotel in Kenilworth. The lovely couple had luck on their side with the most beautiful spring day of the year with the wedding guests bathed in sunshine. It really added to the mood and resulted in a stunning festive event with lots of smiles..
Scroll up again and look at my other galleries on the right hand side of this web page to see more examples of my work. Click on a picture to see the photos in a larger format. Thank you for visiting my website! Theo Botha Photography
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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MP3 Shield
MP3 Shield description:
The MP3 Shield wires your Arduino up to a VS1053D MP3 audio decoder IC, providing it with the ability to decode audio files. The VS1053 is also capable of decoding Ogg Vorbis/MP3/AAC/WMA/MIDI audio and encoding IMA ADPCM and user-loadable Ogg Vorbis.
The VS1053 receives its input bitstream through a serial input bus (SPI). After the stream has been decoded by the IC, the audio is sent out to both a 3.5mm stereo headphone jack, as well as a 2-pin 0.1″ pitch header.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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The invention relates to scintillator materials, to a manufacturing process for obtaining them and to the use of said materials, especially in gamma-ray and/or X-ray detectors.
Scintillator materials are widely used in detectors for gamma rays, X-rays, cosmic rays and particles having an energy of the order of 1 keV and also above this value.
A scintillator material is a material that is transparent in the scintillation wavelength range, which responds to incident radiation by emitting a light pulse.
It is possible to manufacture from such materials, which are generally single crystals, detectors in which the light emitted by the crystal that the detector contains is coupled to a light detection means and produces an electrical signal proportional to the number of light pulses received and to their intensity. Such detectors are used in particular in industry to measure thickness and grammage or coating weight, and in the fields of nuclear medicine, physics, chemistry and oil research.
One family of known scintillator crystals that is used is that of cerium-doped lutetium silicates. Cerium-doped Lu2SiO5 is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,958,080, and the U.S. Pat. No. 6,624,420 discloses Ce2x(Lu1-yYy)2(1-x)SiO5. Finally, U.S. Pat. No. 6,437,336 relates to compositions of the Lu2(1-x)M2xSi2O7 type, where M is at least partly cerium. These various scintillator compositions all have in common a high stopping power for high-energy radiation and give rise to intense light emission with very rapid light pulses.
A desirable additional property is to reduce the amount of light emitted after the incident radiation stops (i.e. delayed luminescence or afterglow). Physically, this phenomenon, well known to those skilled in the art, is explained by the presence of electron traps in the crystallographic structure of the material. The phenomenon of scintillation relies on the photoelectric effect, which creates an electron-hole pair in the scintillator material. Upon recombination on an active site (a Ce3+ site in the aforementioned scintillators), the electron emits photons via a process that generally takes place in much less than one microsecond. The aforementioned scintillators, which are particularly rapid, result in a pulse duration that decreases with a first-order exponential constant of around 40 ns. However, the trapped electrons do not generate light, but their detrapping by thermal excitation (including at room temperature) gives rise to photon emission—the afterglow—, which still remains measurable after times of greater than one second.
This phenomenon may be unacceptable in applications in which it is desired to isolate each pulse, using very short windowing. This is particularly the case with CT (computed tomography) applications (scanners) that are well known in the medical or industrial sectors. When the CT system is coupled to a PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scanner, which is becoming the standard in industry, the poorer resolution of the CT affects the performance of the entire system and therefore the capability of the clinician to interpret the result of the complete PET/CT system. Afterglow is known to be completely unacceptable for these applications.
Compositions of the lutetium silicates type, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,958,080 (of the LSO:Ce type, using the notation of those skilled in the art) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,624,420 (of the LYSO:Ce type) are known to generate a significant afterglow. In contrast, the compositions disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,437,336 (of the LPS:Ce type) have the advantage of a much weaker afterglow. These results are given for example by L. Pidol, A. Kahn-Harari, B. Viana, B. Ferrand, P. Dorenbos, J. de Haas, C. W. E. van Eijk and E. Virey in “Scintillation properties of Lu2Si2O7:Ce3+, a fast and dense scintillator crystal”, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 2003, 15, 2091-2102. The curve shown in FIG. 1 is extracted from this article and represents the amount of light detected in the form of the number of events (or counts) per mg of scintillator material as a function of time, under X-ray excitation for a few hours. The LPS:Ce composition gives a significantly better result in terms of afterglow.
The behavior of LYSO is very similar to that of LSO from this standpoint. The reduction in this afterglow forms the subject of the present application.
The afterglow property may be demonstrated more fundamentally by thermoluminescence (see S. W. S. McKeever “Thermoluminescence of solids”, Cambridge University Press (1985)). This characterization consists in thermally exciting a specimen after irradiation and measuring the light emission. A light peak close to room temperature at 300 K corresponds to an afterglow of greater or lesser magnitude depending on its intensity (detrapping). A peak at a higher temperature corresponds to the existence of traps that are deeper but less susceptible to thermal excitation at room temperature. This is illustrated in FIG. 2, extracted from the aforementioned article by L. Pidol et al., which shows, in another way, the advantage of a composition of the LPS type in terms of afterglow.
However, compositions of the LPS type have the drawback of a lower stopping power than those of the LSO or LYSO type. This situation stems simply from the average atomic number of the compound and from the density of the associated phase.
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{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
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Briarcliff Manor man Rob Niosi building 'Time Machine' replica based on 1960 film
July 28, 2014 5:33 PM
The Briarcliff Manor man was inspired by the 1960 movie "The Time Machine."
Rob Niosi has worked for 11 years building his time machine, but maybe once he's done, he'll get that time back.
The Briarcliff Manor man was first inspired to build his take on a continuum-traveling craft more than 50 years ago, when he saw the 1960 movie "The Time Machine." It told the story of a man from Victorian England who built a time machine to visit the future. The Oscar-winning film...
Content Preview This content is exclusive for Optimum, Time Warner®, Comcast®, customers with access to News 12.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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2019 Seismic Testing
Crestone Peak Resources is partnering with Seismic Acquisition Services, LLC. (SAS) to conduct a 3D seismic survey to safely and efficiently develop oil and natural gas in the area.Seismic data allows scientists to identify the rock formations that have the characteristics required to hold oil and gas. By using this technology, scientists are able to reduce the industry footprint and maximize production from individual wells.
Seismic data is collected when the environmental requirements and weather conditions permit. Usually, it is done 9 a.m. – 3 p.m. in residential areas. Door hangers will be distributed 24-72 hours in advance to the areas where vibe trucks will be operating. The Crestone/SAS Acme/Vessels Minerals project is planned to begin in mid-February and be done by mid-March.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Q:
How can I suppress the "...this does not map back..." message when using SSH?
I am writing a script that attaches to several of our machines via SSH to check some usage stats.
Each time I do:
ssh -i ~/.ssh/ourkeyfile.pem user@host
I get the typical message:
Address X.X.X.X maps to somedomain.com, but this does not map back to the address - POSSIBLE BREAK-IN ATTEMPT!
Is there a commandline switch for ssh that lets me suppress this message from appearing in the output of my script?
A:
Based on what Danila suggested:
To suppress only the warnings and errors you would do this...
2>/dev/null
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to the application of buttress materials used in joining body tissue and attachment systems for attaching buttress materials to surgical instruments. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to systems and methods of temporarily attaching staple line buttress materials to the anvil and/or staple containing cartridge of a surgical stapling instrument.
2. Background of Related Art
Surgical stapling devices are employed by surgeons to sequentially or simultaneously apply one or more rows of fasteners, e.g., staples or two-part fasteners, to body tissue for the purpose of joining segments of body tissue together. Such devices generally consist of a pair of jaws or finger-like structures between which the body tissue to be joined is placed. When the stapling device is actuated, or “fired”, a firing member or members contact staple drive members in one of the jaws. The staple drive members push the surgical staples through the body tissue and into an anvil in an opposite jaw which crimps the staples closed. If tissue is to be removed or separated, a knife blade can be provided in the jaws of the device to cut the tissue between the lines of staples.
When stapling relatively thin diseased, or fragile tissues, a buttress may be used to seal the staple line against air or fluid leakage. Additionally, a buttress may be used to reinforce the staple line against the tissue to prevent tears in the tissue or pulling of the staples through the tissue. A layer of buttress material is placed against the tissue and the tissue is stapled in conventional manner. It is known to position the buttress material on the stapling instrument itself prior to stapling the tissue. An exemplary example of this is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,542,594 to McKean et al. In McKean et al. the buttress material is slipped over the jaw of the stapler. The stapler is then actuated to staple the subject tissue and secure the buttress material between the tissue and staple line to reinforce the tissue and staple line.
It would be desirable to provide a system of attaching a limited amount of buttress material to a surgical instrument such that the material is localized on the jaws of the surgical instrument. It would also be desirable to provide a system of attaching buttress material to a surgical instrument that facilitates the release of the buttress material from the surgical instrument. Additionally, while the method disclosed in McKean is useful for open surgical procedures, it would be desirable to provide a system of attaching buttress material to the jaws of an endoscopic instrument. It would further be desirable to provide a system of attaching buttress material to the anvil and staple containing head of a circular surgical stapling instrument.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Hard Physical Labor May Boost Heart Disease Risk
THURSDAY, April 18 (HealthDay News) -- Demanding physical work may boost a person's risk of heart disease, two new studies suggest.
"Physicians know that high stress can be associated with increased risk of heart disease," said one expert not connected to the study, Dr. Lawrence Phillips, a cardiologist at NYU Langone Medical Center in New York City. "These two studies suggest that, in addition to normal life stressors, the physical demands a person experiences in the workplace can independently increase their risk as well."
"The reason for this [labor-linked risk] is unclear, but might be related to higher stress levels," Phillips said.
In one study, researchers looked at 250 patients who had suffered a first stroke and 250 who had suffered a first heart attack or other type of heart event. They were compared to a control group of 500 healthy people.
Stroke and heart patients were more likely to have physically demanding jobs than those in the control group, researchers found. After adjusting for age, sex and a number of lifestyle and health factors, they concluded that having a less physically demanding job was associated with a 20 percent lower risk of a heart event or stroke.
The findings suggest that people with physically demanding jobs should be considered an important target group for prevention of cardiovascular disease, said study author Dr. Demosthenes Panagiotakos, an associate professor of biostatistics and epidemiology at Harokopio University in Athens, Greece.
The results seem to conflict with recommendations that people should exercise to reduce their risk of heart trouble. But Panagiotakos said the increased risk of stroke and heart events among people with physically demanding jobs may be due to mental stress, while exercise helps reduce stress. He also said people with physically demanding jobs tend to have lower incomes, which might limit their access to health care.
The study suggests that leisure-time exercise might be important to "balance out" the physical stress encountered in laborious jobs, said Dr. Tara Narula, associate director of the cardiac care unit at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City. She was not connected to the study.
Continued
"This delicate interaction between work and leisure-time activity warrants further research in order to appropriately guide public health," she said.
The study was presented at a meeting of the European Society of Cardiology, taking place this week in Rome.
In a second study presented at the same meeting, researchers looked at more than 14,000 middle-aged men who did not have heart disease and were followed for about three years on average. The investigators found that physically demanding work was a risk factor for developing coronary heart disease.
They also found that men with physically demanding jobs who also did moderate to high levels of exercise during their leisure time had an even greater risk (more than four-fold higher) of developing coronary heart disease.
Phillips, who also is an assistant professor in the department of medicine at NYU Langone, said the finding was a bit surprising. "This is a new finding that was not previously seen," he said. "Further studies to support this finding will be needed. As with many areas of medicine, a one-size-fits-all approach to leisure exercise might not work."
Study author Dr. Els Clays, of the department of public health at the University of Ghent, in Belgium, weighed in on the study in a society news release.
"From a public health perspective, it is very important to know whether people with physically demanding jobs should be advised to engage in leisure-time activity," Clays said.
"The results of this study suggest that additional physical activity during leisure time in those who are already physically exhausted from their daily occupation does not induce a 'training' effect but rather an overloading effect on the cardiovascular system," Clays said.
On the other hand, the study did find that men with less physically demanding jobs were 60 percent less likely to develop heart disease if they exercised during their leisure time.
"Further studies will be needed to find out the cause of increased heart disease in those people who have high physical job demands," Phillips said.
Both studies could point only to an association between hard physical labor and increased heart risk, not a cause-and-effect. Studies presented at a medical meetings typically are viewed as preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed journal.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Dadıköy, Amasya
Dadıköy is a village in the District of Amasya, Amasya Province, Turkey.
References
Category:Populated places in Amasya Province
Category:Amasya District
Category:Villages in Turkey
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Aghajari
Aghajari (, also Romanized as Āghājārī and Āghā Jārī; also known as Aghajari-e Zeydūn and Āqā Jarī) is a city and capital of Central District, in Aghajari County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 13,152, in 2,943 families. Because of the Iran-Iraq War the city's population dropped from 64,102 in 1986 to around 16,337 in the 1991 census and its population continued to drop long after the 1991 census (held 3 years after the end of the Iran-Iraq War), but according to World Gazetteer the population has slowly grown to 15,153 in 2012, meaning the city's population is extremely far from reaching or getting close to its 1986 population.
Etymology
The name is the corrupted version of the Turkic aghach ari, ("woodman"), a reminder of the time when the now-Luri-speaking Boyer-Ahmadis, still living nearby, spoke a Turkic dialect, imparting one of their tribal names: (Aghachari) to the town.
"aghach ari" now turns into (probably) "agac ari" which in Turkish language means "tree-bee"
Climate
Aghajari has a desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with long, very hot summers and mild, short winters. Aghajari is consistently one of the hottest places on the planet during the summer, with summer temperatures regularly at least 45 degrees Celsius, sometimes exceeding 50 degrees Celsius with many sandstorms and duststorms common during the summer period. However, in winters, the minimum temperature can fall to around +5 degrees Celsius. Winters in Aghajari have no snow. The average annual rainfall is around 260 mm.
References
Category:Populated places in Aghajari County
Category:Cities in Khuzestan Province
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
/**
* Copyright (C) 2011 JTalks.org Team
* This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
* License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
* version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
* This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
* Lesser General Public License for more details.
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
* License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
*/
package org.jtalks.jcommune.model.dao.hibernate;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.jtalks.common.model.dao.Crud;
import org.jtalks.jcommune.model.entity.PersistedObjectsFactory;
import org.jtalks.jcommune.model.entity.PollItem;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration;
import org.springframework.test.context.testng.AbstractTransactionalTestNGSpringContextTests;
import org.springframework.test.context.transaction.TransactionConfiguration;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
import org.testng.Assert;
import org.testng.annotations.BeforeMethod;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
/**
* @author Anuar Nurmakanov
*/
@ContextConfiguration(locations = {"classpath:/org/jtalks/jcommune/model/entity/applicationContext-dao.xml"})
@TransactionConfiguration(transactionManager = "transactionManager", defaultRollback = true)
@Transactional
public class PollOptionHibernateDaoTest extends AbstractTransactionalTestNGSpringContextTests {
@Autowired
private SessionFactory sessionFactory;
@Autowired
private Crud<PollItem> pollOptionDao;
private Session session;
@BeforeMethod
public void setUp() {
session = sessionFactory.getCurrentSession();
PersistedObjectsFactory.setSession(session);
}
/*===== Common methods =====*/
@Test
public void testGet() {
PollItem expectedOption = PersistedObjectsFactory.createDefaultVotingOption();
session.save(expectedOption);
PollItem resultOption = pollOptionDao.get(expectedOption.getId());
Assert.assertNotNull(resultOption);
Assert.assertEquals(resultOption.getId(), expectedOption.getId());
}
@Test
public void testGetInvalidId() {
PollItem option = pollOptionDao.get(-11111L);
Assert.assertNull(option);
}
@Test
public void testUpdate() {
String newName = "Changed name";
PollItem option = PersistedObjectsFactory.createDefaultVotingOption();
session.save(option);
option.setName(newName);
pollOptionDao.saveOrUpdate(option);
session.flush();
session.evict(option);
PollItem changedOption = (PollItem) session.get(PollItem.class, option.getId());
Assert.assertNotNull(changedOption);
Assert.assertEquals(newName, changedOption.getName());
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Making Science a Presidential Priority - muriithi
http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/feb2008/db2008028_503873.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_businessweek+exclusives
======
yummyfajitas
Sounds great, in principle. Here is what would happen if it actually occurred:
Various big projects of dubious value (particle accelerators, LIGO) will go
begging for money. Any candidate who doesn't want to support them will be
portrayed as anti-science. The majority of the effort will be placed here
(scientists care more about grants than politics).
Standard science issues where the science doesn't fit the party line will be
highlighted: evolution, climate change and sex ed. For the most part, science
will be used as a club to beat republicans with. They certainly deserve it
(1), but not only them.
Non-standard science issues that cut against democrats will be mostly ignored
(race/sex differences in intelligence, lawyers suing doctors without
scientific evidence, the possible link between abortion/miscarriage and breast
cancer) . No one will ask the candidates what they think about Larry Summers
or James Watson.
It sounds like a great idea. But I know my colleagues well enough to know that
if it happens, it will simply turn into a "give us money, we hate republicans"
event.
(1) At various points, I noticed birth control (non-condom) includes the
warning "Does not prevent aids or other STDs." Until I heard McCain speak on
the topic, I didn't think anyone was actually dumb enough to think it did.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
}
|
The physical properties of suspended particles and the relationship between particle size and structure were investigated. In situ properties of the aggregates in a coagulation–flocculation process were obtained using a non-intrusive image analysis technique. Derived properties, including density, porosity and the number of primary particles in a floc, were estimated from aggregate structure using a fractal approach, which better represents the distribution of mass in an aggregate, compared with a conventional Euclidean approach which considers uniform mass distribution in an assumed spherical shape. A spherical particle assumption overlooks the highly porous nature of real aggregates and underestimates volume, which subsequently influences coagulation and settling estimates in solid–liquid separation processes. The present results illustrate a strong inverse relationship between the fractal dimension and aggregate length, consistent with the idea that larger aggregates in general are more porous. In addition, correlations between the solids content, floc density and the number of primary particles that constitute a floc of a given size were established. It is suggested that the aggregation process produces flocs of constantly changing morphology and related physical properties. Overall, these findings can provide additional information for understanding and modeling suspended particle characteristics.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Encoding strings using periodic table abbreviations
I took a JavaScript challenge to finish a task related to logo of "Breaking Bad" where letters in your first name and last name are spotted with elements of periodic table and its respective atomic number. I wrote the below code, any suggestions to improve performance or any best coding practices
function Process() {
var ellist = {
"h": "1",
"he": "2",
"li": "3",
"be": "4",
"b": "5",
"c": "6",
.
.
.
"Lv":"116",
"Uus":"117",
"Uuo":"118"
};
var fname = document.getElementById("firstname");
var lname = document.getElementById("lastname");
var splits = fname.split("");
var value;
for (var i = 0; i < splits.length; i++) {
var onevalue = fname.indexOf(splits[i]);
var singlev = fname.substring(onevalue, onevalue + 1);
var doublev = fname.substring(onevalue, onevalue + 2);
var triplev = fname.substring(onevalue, onevalue + 3);
if (ellist[splits[i]] || ellist[doublev] || ellist[triplev]) {
value = splits[i];
if (ellist[doublev] || ellist[triplev]) {
value = ellist[doublev];
if (ellist[triplev]) {
value = ellist[triplev];
// some code here
}
// some code here
}
// some code here
}
}
Using the Process() function which contains the logic. The object ellist contains the list of elements of periodic table with its atomic number. First name is taken from textbox on webpage and stored in fname and similarly the last name in lname and in the for loop it contains the code which checks whether the firstname contains the string which matches the elemetns of periodic table. Any suggestions?
A:
Any suggestions?
Yes, a few.
First off, split your function into parts (SRP), to separate the view (DOM elements and their values) from the logic (finding element names in strings).
var splits = fname.split("");
for (var i = 0; i < splits.length; i++) {
var onevalue = fname.indexOf(splits[i]);
That doesn't make much sense to me. Don't you expect onevalue == i? If not, you might annotate this explicitly and/or make the comparison. Maybe it's inside the "some code"?
var doublev = fname.substring(onevalue, onevalue + 2);
var triplev = fname.substring(onevalue, onevalue + 3);
Notice that these will have the same value as singlev in the last [two] iterations of your loop, where the end is outside of the string.
if (ellist[splits[i]] || ellist[doublev] || ellist[triplev]) {
value = splits[i];
if (ellist[doublev] || ellist[triplev]) {
value = ellist[doublev];
if (ellist[triplev]) {
value = ellist[triplev];
Ouch. Simplify this to
if (triplev in ellist) {
value = ellist[triplev];
} else if (doublev in ellist) {
value = ellist[doublev];
} else if (splits[i] in ellist) { // are you sure you don't want `singlev`?
value = splits[i];
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
How to divide two Prometheus Counters
I have two metrics, Counters to be precise, lets say they are called
NumberOfVisitors
NumberOfLogins
In grafana I would like to plot is the number-of-logins divided by the number of visitors (or the other way around) over time. So I tried
rate(NumberOfLogins) / rate(NumberOfVisitors)
but this results in an error
Error executing query: invalid parameter 'query': parse error at char
46: expected type range vector in call to function "rate", got instant
vector
I'm not sure what all that means. Hopefully something like this is possible. Any help would be appreciated
A:
The rate function expect a range vector, for example:
rate(NumberOfLogins[5m])
That means to calcualte the rate within the last 5 minutes at each time point. You can change the 5m to other time range.
Therefore this would fit you need:
rate(NumberOfLogins[5m]) / rate(NumberOfVisitors[5m])
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
ARM partners with UBM Electronics to grow annual conference
Most Popular
ARM Holdings has seen demand for its chip architecture stretch past its mobile roots and into new markets. The proliferation has reshaped the audience at its annual ARM Technology Conference, and last year the company tapped United Business Media to help shepherd the event's evolution.
“ARM architecture went from a mobile solution to a solution for the entire embedded market,” said Erik Ploof, ARM's director of corporate communications, who has overseen the development of the event from its inception. “We wanted to bring this to a new level. We had an opportunity to reach out to the broader community, and we needed a strong marketing channel.”
The collaboration yielded significant change. UBM identified two different audiences at the event and segmented content into tracks. Day one content focused on chip development, with the following two days devoted to engineers using those chips in products. The change streamlined audience and exhibitor participation, helping increase return on investment.
The media company brought to the table its connections within the electronics vertical as well as a strong online presence and a reputation for producing successful events like the Embedded Systems Conferences. “They have credibility in the embedded marketplace,” Ploof said. “They enabled partners to feel quite confident in participating in the event.”
That confidence helped the conference strengthen its existing advisory board and establish a marketing council made up of partners. The advisory board drove the development of content for the event, ensuring relevance and increasing the value of technical tracks. The marketing council provided input and resources to develop and promote contests and other engagement initiatives that helped the event generate buzz and attract attendees.
“People started to look at this as a partner-driven event as opposed to a company-driven event,” Ploof said.
Attendance grew by more than 54% to 2,575 people, and David Blaza, VP-UBM Electronics, said he expects to see that number increase again this November, when the event convenes at the Santa Clara Convention Center in California. UBM devoted last year to shoring up content and building confidence with partners, he said. This year, the focus is on increasing momentum. “Nothing builds success like success,” he said.
ARM has seen increased interest in the event from its more than 800 partners. The marketing council has increased in size and seniority, Ploof said, and more companies have inquired about submitting white papers.
The event will continue to expand the technology content of the sessions and dedicate more content to the day-one hardware community, he said. Organizers will also work to bring in new technologies that had a small presence last year and to increase awareness of the energy efficiency of its architecture.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Contemporary psychoanalysis and homosexuality.
In this paper, I contrast older, traditional, psychoanalytic ideas about homosexuality, with those put forth at a panel on homosexuality at the American Psychoanalytic Association in 1983 (and subsequently). I focus particularly on relationships between cross-gender behavior during childhood and adulthood homosexuality; sexual orientation and personality functioning; determinants and intrapsychic consequences of homophobia, countertransference issues in working psychoanalytically with gay and bisexual patients; the sexual orientation of the analyst (i.e. should gay patients be treated only by gay analysts?). Changing psychoanalytic ideas about sexual orientation reflect the increasingly widespread recognition by psychoanalysts of the necessity to integrate psychoanalytic theory with advances in neurobiology, particularly neuroendocrinology.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Targeting of tail-anchored proteins to yeast mitochondria in vivo.
Tail-anchored proteins are inserted into intracellular membranes via a C-terminal transmembrane domain. The topology of the protein is such that insertion must occur post-translationally, since the insertion sequence is not available for membrane insertion until after translation of the tail-anchored polypeptide is completed. Here, we show that the targeting information in one such tail-anchored protein, translocase in the outer mitochondrial membrane 22, is contained in a short region flanking the transmembrane domain. An equivalent region is sufficient to specify the localisation of Bcl2 and SNARE proteins to the secretory membranes. We discuss the targeting process for directing members of this protein family to the secretory and mitochondrial membranes in vivo.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Attention! This news was published on the old version of the website. There may be some problems with news display in specific browser versions.
Gladiators.WT - first official international War Thunder tournament
Gaijin Еntertainment and War Thunder anounce the first official international tournament GLADIATORS.WT
Grand prize is 100 000 Golden Eagles and 60 day Premium!
Gladiators.WT Tournament welcomes War Thunder clans and independent pilots! Gather your team and lead it to the victory!
First international tournament on War Thunder discipline is held in the "Full Real Battle" mode. Every team consists of at least 4 pilots with optional one or two reserve players.
The tournament is held in Matches, every match consists of 3 fights: 1vs1 duel, 2vs2 pair fight and 4vs4 squad fight. The tournament aircrafts are divided into 3 groups:
Group 1
1.I-16 тype 18
2.G50 с2
3.Ki43-II
4.He112V5
5. M.C.200c3
Group 2
1.LaGG-3 тype 35
2.Spitfire Mk.I
3.M.C.202
4.Ki61-IA
5.Yak-7B
Group 3
1.F4F-3
2.Bf109E-3
3.Yak-1B
4.Spitfire Mk.II
5.Ki61-Ib
The complete statute and rules of the Tournament, receipt of applications from teamleaders and discussions are on the official War Thunder forum:
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
She was the leader of the Eco-Feministas, who were protesting Leo Wong's careless destruction of Mars' environment. The feministas were ridiculed because of Frida's terrible slogans. Her "femi-necklace" became lodged in Philip J. Fry's forehead, granting him mind reading powers, when Leo blew up the ground beneath their feet.
Turanga Leela and Amy Wong joined with the feministas and during a peaceful protest, they accidentally killed Vice president Agnew and became wanted criminals. Leela took charge of the feministas and lead them to sabotage Wong's plans to build a giant miniature golf course on The Milky Way, especially the violet dwarf star that was brimming with evolving organisms.
When Frida had snuck onto the Wong Ranch to hammer in another terrible slogan, Fry found her and asked her to relay a message to Leela: that he wants to save the star too. Unfortunately, when she reminded herself, a mysterious voice came into her head, demanding to know who the message came from. When she couldn't tell the voice, she was declared of no use "to the Dark Ones" and is psionically strangled and murdered. She asks her long-lost brother to avenge her. When she is presumed dead, the Dark One sarcastically remarks, "Where are your crappy rhymes now, Frida Waterfall?". She made one last remark before being strangled again and died. Her name is likely a pun on " Free the waterfall" hence her name is Frida.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Office rental prices in Barcelona are still lower than those in major European cities
In 2016, the price per square meter for office leases in Barcelona was € 258/year, according to a report prepared by Cushman & Wakefield Research, 8.9% more than the previous year. The city of Barcelona is in 30th position out of a total of 42 selected cities in the European area, and therefore in the middle-low band, with prices much lower than other big European capitals. However, Madrid is in an intermediate position in the ranking, with an office rental price of € 360/m2/year, showing a 5.3% increase over the previous year. The cities with the highest rental prices for offices are London (€ 1,513/m2/year) and, at a certain distance, Paris, Geneva and Zurich, with all three having prices above € 700/m2/year. However, Barcelona has an office rental price similar to that of cities such as Brussels, Budapest, Prague and Copenhagen, and well below those of reference cities such as Milan, Munich or Amsterdam.
Regarding the profitability of office leases, Barcelona has a yield rate of 3.8% and it is located in the low band of the ranking of European cities. Higher returns are observed in the cities of Kiev or Moscow (superior to 10%), while at the opposite end there is Paris, Munich and Vienna with returns of 3%. Other cities with a yield rate similar to that of Barcelona’s are Hamburg, Berlin, Madrid, Oslo and Milan.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Android How to add TableRows at 0 without scrolling the ScrollLayout up
I have the following structure in my UI
<ScrollView
android:id="@+id/vscroll"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
<TableLayout
android:id="@+id/table"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" >
</TableLayout>
</ScrollView>
I fill the TableLayout with TableRows programmatically.
Sometimes I need to add rows at the top of the table (insert before child(0)). And the problem is the ScrollView jumps up.
I can tell you that I Logged the ScrollY() position of the ScrollView before and after the row insertion. And it remains the same (!!)
This is what is causing the jump, because now I have some more rows and scroll position Y= 234 (for example) before was on row A and now the same position Y means row Q.
Row A was the (lt's say) fifth row, and now after insertion row Q is the fifth row
So you see, from the ScrollView point of view nothing changed, but the View shows now a different Row.
If at this point you are not totally confused with my explanation, then maybe you can advise how can I insert rows at the top without changing what I see on screen.
In other words I want the insertion to go stealth without any influence on what the user sees.
If some code will help clear the picture, here is how I insert 5 rows at the top
table = (TableLayout) findViewById(R.id.table);
TableRow.LayoutParams params = new TableRow.LayoutParams(TableRow.LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT, TableRow.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT);
for(int i=0; i<5 ; i++) {
TableRow mr = new TableRow(getContext());
// some stuff to set the row texts
table.addView(mr, 0, params);
}
Before Insertion After Insertion
Row 0 New Row 0
Row 1 New Row 1
Row 2 New Row 2
Row 3 New Row 3 <--- vscroll Y position stays the same
Row 4 New Row 4
Row 5 Old Row 0
Row 6 Old Row 1
Row 7 Old Row 2
Row 8 Old Row 3 (vscroll jumps up from here to new Row 3)
Row 9 Old Row 4
Row 10 Old Row 5
Row 11 Old Row 6
A:
I haven't tested it but you could try to post() a Runnable where you would get the newly inserted row's height and then scroll the ScrollView by that amount so it stays at the same position:
final TableRow newRow = new TableRow(this);
// add stuff to the row
tl.addView(newRow, 0, params);
// sv is your ScrollView vscroll
sv.post(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
int size = newRow.getHeight();
sv.scrollBy(0, size);
}
});
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
537 U.S. 1145
PEREZ-MENDOZAv.UNITED STATES.
No. 02-7893.
Supreme Court of United States.
January 13, 2003.
1
CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT.
2
C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied. Reported below: 54 Fed. Appx. 408.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
Fancy yourself the next Jürgen Klopp? Reckon you could give Pep Guardiola a run for his money?
With fantasy football the dream of managing your own football team can become a (virtual) reality.
Fantasy football is a competition where you can select imaginary teams from the players in a league and score points according to the actual performance of the players.
But what’s it like to work in fantasy football 'in real life'? We spoke to Holly who has become one of the leading female fantasy football influencers in the UK.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
In-App Purchase Scams in the App Store - okket
https://daringfireball.net/2017/06/in-app_purchase_scams_in_the_app_store
======
fred256
See also the discussion at
[https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=14526156](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=14526156)
I just can't fathom why any $5k/year in-app subscription should be legitimate.
~~~
kranner
You think an app can't provide more than $5000 in value to a customer in a
year? Under any circumstances? Any kind of app?
~~~
danielhooper
It should be enough to raise a flag for someone at Apple to thoroughly review
the app before approving it for release. Not to mention that software worth
$5,000/yr isn't often, if ever, paid for through an app store.
------
dkarapetyan
Isn't it in Apple's financial interest to look the other way? The scam
generates money for Apple so the incentives here are misaligned.
~~~
UnfalseDesign
I highly doubt that these apps are generating such a significant amount of
income for Apple (when taking into account their entire income from the App
Store) that they would consider looking the other way.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
}
|
Dave Ward is a self-described coffee freak and when that hobby turned into a business, he named it after his dog. Buddy Brew Coffee in Tampa, Fla. is a thriving small business that draws inspiration from the loyalty and trust that dogs inspire.
Businesses that are named after dogs are far from unusual. Biff’s Bagel’s, a popular place in Flagstaff, Ariz. is named after the owner’s Samoyed. Mutt Lynch Winery in Sonoma, Calif. is clearly dog friendly, with wines sporting names like Unleashed Chardonnay and Merlot Over and Play Dead. The Great Dane Pub and Brewing Company in Madison, Wisc. was one of my favorite restaurants when I lived there, and now they have four more of them—a small litter if you will.
What are your favorite businesses that have canine names? Has your dog inspired the name of your business or any products?
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
The electrophysiological actions of neurotensin in the central nervous system.
The endogenous neuropeptide, neurotensin (NT) alters the firing frequencies of certain neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). This is one of the findings that support the hypothesis that NT is a neurotransmitter substance. The direct application of NT on CNS neurons causes predominantly excitatory effects. These effects occur in a dose-related fashion via a calcium-dependent postsynaptic mechanism. The C-terminal hexapeptide fragment, NT 8-13 exerts similar electrophysiological effects to NT, while the N-terminal octapeptide fragment, NT 1-8 is devoid of such activity. NT produces a significant increase in the firing rates of individual neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), ventral tegmental area (VTA), medial prefrontal cortex (MPF), hypothalamus, and periaqueductal grey (PAG). This excitation occurs with a rapid onset and is readily reversible after cessation of NT application. In contrast, NT has no effect or weak inhibitory effects on the firing rates of neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) and cerebellum. These electrophysiological actions of NT appear to be unique and not shared by other neurotransmitter and neuropeptide receptor antagonists and agonists that have been studied via direct co-application. NT attenuates dopamine (DA)-induced inhibition associated with direct application onto neurons in the SN and VTA both in vivo and in vitro. Intracellular recordings suggest that direct application of higher concentrations of NT appears to produce 'depolarization block' on individual neurons in the SN, VTA, MPF, and hypothalamus. The electrophysiological consequences of NT application not only show similarities to clinically efficacious antipsychotic medications, but also demonstrate the ability of NT to modulate the activity of dopamine (DA) neurons at the cellular level via specific NT binding sites. These findings further underscore the possibility that NT may play a pre-eminent role in the pathogenesis of, and psychopharmacological management of neurological and psychiatric disorders purportedly related to perturbation of CNS DA systems including schizophrenia.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
<h1 align="center">
<br>
<img src="assets/stegCloakIcon.svg" alt="StegCloak" width="100">
<br>
<br>
<span>StegCloak</span>
<br>
<img src="https://img.shields.io/npm/l/stegcloak?style=plastic" />
<a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/stegcloak"> <img src="https://img.shields.io/npm/v/stegcloak?style=plastic" /> </a>
<a href="https://github.com/sindresorhus/awesome-nodejs">
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sindresorhus/awesome/main/media/badge.svg" />
</a>
<img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/code_style-standard-brightgreen.svg" />
<br>
</h1>
<h4 align="center">The Cloak of Invisibility for your texts</h4>
<p align="justify">
StegCloak is a pure JavaScript steganography module designed in functional programming style, to hide secrets inside text by compressing and encrypting the secret before cloaking it with special unicode invisible characters. It can be used to safely watermark strings, invisible scripts on webpages, texts on social media or for any other covert communication. Completely invisible! See how it works in-depth in this Medium <a href="https://blog.bitsrc.io/how-to-hide-secrets-in-strings-modern-text-hiding-in-javascript-613a9faa5787">article</a> or watch our <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBDqZwcGvQk">demo</a> to know what it does.
<p>
<a href="https://standardjs.com" style="position: absolute; top: 100px; right: 20px; padding: 0 0 20px 20px;"><img src="https://cdn.rawgit.com/feross/standard/master/sticker.svg" alt="JavaScript Standard Style" width="80" align="right"></a>
## Features
- Protect your invisible secret using passwords and HMAC integrity
- Cryptographically secure by encrypting the invisible secret using AES-256-CTR.
- Uses 6 Invisible characters in unicode characters that works everywhere in the web - Tweets, Gmail, WhatsApp, Telegram, Instagram, Facebook, and many more!
- Maximum Compression to reduce the payload (LZ, Huffman).
- Completely invisible, uses Zero Width Characters instead of white spaces or tabs.
- Super fast! Hides the Wikipedia page-source for steganography (800 lines and 205362 characters) within a covertext of 3 words in under one second.
- Hiding files in strings can be achieved by uploading the file to cloud and stegcloaking the link in the string
- Written in pure functional style.
- Usage - Available as an API module, a CLI and also a <a href='https://stegcloak.surge.sh'>Web Interface</a> (optimized with web workers).
<br>
## Installing
Using npm,
```bash
$ npm install -g stegcloak
```
Using npm (to use it locally in your program),
```bash
$ npm install stegcloak
```
## How it works
<img src='assets/FlowDiagram.PNG'>
## CLI Usage
### Hide
```bash
$ stegcloak hide
```
Options:
```
hide [options] [secret] [cover]
-fc, --fcover <file> Extract cover text from file
-fs, --fsecret <file> Extract secret text from file
-n, --nocrypt If you don't need encryption (default: false)
-i, --integrity If additional security of preventing tampering is needed (default: false)
-o, --output <output> Stream the results to an output file
-c, --config <file> Config file
-h, --help display help for command
```
### Reveal
```bash
$ stegcloak reveal
```
Options:
```
reveal [message]
-f, --file <file> Extract message from file
-cp, --clip Copy message directly from clipboard
-o, --output <output> Stream the secret to an output file
-c, --config <file> Config file
-h, --help display help for command
```
### Additional support
- **STEGCLOAK_PASSWORD** environment variable, if set, will be used by default as password.
- **Configuration file** support to configure StegCloak CLI and to avoid prompts. Read the config docs <a href='https://github.com/KuroLabs/stegcloak/wiki/StegCloak-Configuration-File'>here.</a>
## API Usage
```javascript
const StegCloak = require('stegcloak');
const stegcloak = new StegCloak(true, false); // Initializes with encryption true and hmac false for hiding
// These arguments are used only during hide
// Can be changed later by switching boolean flags for stegcloak.encrypt and stegcloak.integrity
```
###### What's HMAC and do I need it?
<p align='justify'>
HMAC is an additional fingerprint security step taken towards tampering of texts and to verify if the message received was actually sent by the intended sender. If the data is sent through WhatsApp, Messenger or any social media platform, this is already taken care of! However, if you are using StegCloak in your program to safely transmit and retrieve, this option can be enabled and StegCloak takes care of it.
</p>
### Hide
###### `stegcloak.hide(secret, password, cover) -> string`
```javascript
const magic = stegcloak.hide("Voldemort is back", "mischief managed", "The WiFi's not working here!");
// Uses stegcloak.encrypt and stegcloak.integrity booleans for obfuscation
console.log(magic); // The WiFi's not working here!
```
### Reveal
###### `stegcloak.reveal(data, password) -> string`
```javascript
const secret = stegcloak.reveal(magic, "mischief managed");
// Automatically detects if encryption or integrity checks were done during hide and acts accordingly
console.log(secret); // Voldemort is back
```
This amazing [blog](https://iwantmore.pizza/posts/zwc-fingerprint.html) by [Francesco Soncina](https://twitter.com/phraaaaaaa) shows how you could use the StegCloak API to watermark any text on your website.
#### Important
<p align='justify'>
StegCloak doesn't solve the Alice-Bob-Warden problem, it's powerful only when people are not looking for it and it helps you achieve that really well, given its invisible properties around the web! It could be safely used for watermarking in forums, invisible tweets, social media etc. Please don't use it when you know there's someone who is actively sniffing your data - looking at the unicode characters through a data analysis tool. In that case, even though the secret encoded cannot be deciphered, the fact lies that the Warden (middle-man) knows some secret communication took place, because he would have noticed an unusual amount of special invisible characters.
</p>
## Resources
The following papers were referred to for insight and understanding of using Zero Width Characters in steganography.
- Milad Taleby Ahvanooey, Qianmu Li , Jun Hou, Ahmed Raza Rajput and Chen Yini
```
Modern Text Hiding, Text Steganalysis, and Applications: A Comparative Analysis
```
- Taleby Ahvanooey, Milad & Li, Qianmu & Hou, Jun & Dana Mazraeh, Hassan & Zhang, Jing.
```
AITSteg: An Innovative Text Steganography Technique for Hidden Transmission of Text Message via Social Media.
IEEE Access
```
## Contributing
Pull requests are welcome. For major changes, please open an issue first to discuss what you would like to change.
## License
[MIT](https://github.com/KuroLabs/stegcloak/blob/master/LICENSE) - Copyright (c) 2020 [Jyothishmathi CV](https://github.com/JyothishmathiCV), [Kandavel A](https://github.com/AK5123), [Mohanasundar M](https://github.com/mohanpierce99)
## Acknowledgements
The StegCloak logo was designed by <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/authors/smashicons" title="Smashicons">Smashicons</a>.
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|
866 So.2d 213 (2004)
Varian V. SCOTT, Appellant,
v.
The STATE of Florida, Appellee.
No. 3D03-1044.
District Court of Appeal of Florida, Third District.
February 25, 2004.
Varian V. Scott, in proper person.
*214 Charles J. Crist, Jr., Attorney General, and Jill K. Traina, Assistant Attorney General, for appellee.
Before COPE, SHEVIN and RAMIREZ, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Varian V. Scott appeals an order denying his motion for discharge under the speedy trial rule. We treat the appeal as a petition for writ of prohibition and deny it on the merits. The subsequent plea bargain entered into by defendant-appellant Scott waived his claim of a violation of the speedy trial rule. Monge v. State, 286 So.2d 34 (Fla. 3d DCA 1973). We need not reach the alternative argument that defense counsel had obtained continuances which waived the speedy trial period in any event.
Affirmed.
|
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|
The new film reveals David Bowie's creative process on his last two albums, as well the musical he was developing when he died.
Prolific up until his the very end, David Bowie is a model to so many artists precisely because he never stopped evolving. “David Bowie: The Last Five Years,” a new documentary from HBO, will chronicle the musician’s final projects, battle with cancer, and creative process. In the newly released trailer, the film promises archival footage, interviews with close friends and collaborators, and nuggets of wisdom from the man himself.
Aspiring musicians will no doubt be moved by Bowie’s indefatigable creative spirit. In one interview, he lays out one of his artistic tenets: “Always go a little further into the water than you feel you’re capable of being in. And when you don’t feel that your feet are quite touching the bottom, you’re just about at the right place to do something exciting.”
As its title suggests, the movie focuses on Bowie’s final years, including writing and recording his last two albums, The Next Day and Blackstar. He was also in the process of developing a musical, Lazarus. Bowie died in 2016 after a battle with liver cancer. “David Bowie: The Last Five Years” premieres on January 8, 2018, which would have been his 71st birthday.
Watch the trailer below:
Sign Up: Stay on top of the latest breaking film and TV news! Sign up for our Email Newsletters here.
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Sunday, February 21, 2010
Aimee Mullins
The thesaurus might equate "disabled" with synonyms like "useless" and "mutilated," but ground-breaking runner Aimee Mullins is out to redefine the word. Defying these associations, she hows how adversity -- in her case, being born without shinbones -- actually opens the door for human potential.
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Effects of selective cholecystokinin antagonists L364,718 and L365,260 on food intake in rats.
The selective type A and B cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor antagonists L364,718 and L365,260 were used to identify the receptor subtype that mediates the satiety effect of endogenous CCK. Male rats (n = 12-13/group), fed ground rat chow ad lib, received L364,718 (0, 1, 10, 100, or 1000 micrograms/kg IP) or L365,260 (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000, or 10,000 micrograms/kg IP) 2 h after lights off, and food intake was measured 1.5, 3.5, and 5.5 h later. L364,718 significantly stimulated 1.5-h food intake by more than 40% at 10 micrograms/kg and higher doses; cumulative intake at 3.5 and 5.5 h remained elevated by about 20% at 1000 and 100 micrograms/kg of L364,718, respectively. In contrast, L365,260 had no significant stimulatory effect on feeding at any dose. The potency of L365,260 for antagonizing gastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion was examined in unanesthetized rats. Male rats (n = 14), prepared with gastric and jugular vein cannulas, received doubling doses of gastrin (G-171) (0.16-5 nmol/kg/h IV), each dose for 30 min, and gastric juice was collected for each 30-min period. G-171 stimulated gastric acid output dose dependently; the minimal effective dose was 0.16 nmol/kg/h, while maximal output (5-fold above basal) occurred at 5 nmol/kg/h. L365,260 (0, 1, 10, 100, 1000, or 10,000 micrograms/kg IV), administered 30 min before continuous infusion of G-171 (1.25 or 5 nmol/kg/h), significantly inhibited acid output only at 10,000 micrograms/kg; cumulative 60-min output was decreased by 60%. These results suggest that CCK acts at CCK-A receptors to produce satiety during the dark period in ad lib-feeding rats.
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}
|
This is a round up! It’s been about a month since our last episode and there’s so much Radiohead news and happenings that we had to record a whole episode to get through it all. We chat about Ed’s upcoming solo record and his love of birds, Thom’s foray into “classical” music and his great interview with CRACK Magazine (not Cracked), a violent video game trailer inexplicably featuring an intense Radiohead cover, and much much more. Plus, an airplane themed song sommelier!
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Several studies have found that, while some women experience orgasms from vaginal penetration alone, others do not [1]. What exactly accounts for this difference? Some research suggests that one of the reasons behind it may come down to a difference in anatomy--specifically, the location of a woman's clitoris relative to her vagina.
Research has found that women who have a clitoris that sits closer to their vaginal opening have a greater likelihood of reaching orgasm during intercourse compared to women who have a larger distance between these two body parts [2]. Specifically, when the distance is within about one inch--approximately the width of an average person’s thumb--orgasms from vaginal penetration are more likely. It is theorized that this distance allows the penis to provide some degree of direct clitoral stimulation during intercourse, thereby facilitating orgasm. Larger distances likely create less clitoral stimulation and, therefore, lower odds of reaching orgasm.
Women whose clitoris is further from their vaginal opening can potentially increase their likelihood of orgasm during vaginal penetration by experimenting with different sexual positions in order to find one that provides more clitoral stimulation, such as the coital alignment technique. Another option would be for one of the partners to provide manual stimulation of the clitoris during intercourse.
This isn't to say that clitoral-vaginal distance is the only factor that matters when it comes to whether women experience orgasms during vaginal intercourse. It's also worth pointing out that a smaller distance is hardly a guarantee of reaching orgasm. Research has found that women's odds of experiencing orgasm depend on many other factors, too (e.g., how many previous sexual experiences she's had with her partner, which other sexual activities take place, etc.).
The important thing to keep in mind is that there are really no "right" or "wrong" ways to have sex. One of the biggest keys to a satisfying sex life is to get familiar with your own body and be willing to communicate with your partner about what feels best.
Want to learn more about Sex and Psychology ? Click here for previous articles or follow the blog on Facebook (facebook.com/psychologyofsex), Twitter (@JustinLehmiller), or Reddit (reddit.com/r/psychologyofsex) to receive updates. You can also follow Dr. Lehmiller on YouTube and Instagram.
[1] Fugl-Meyer, K., Oberg, K., Lundberg, P., & Lewin, B. (2006). On orgasm, sexual techniques, and erotic perceptions in 18- to 74-year-old Swedish women. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 3, 56-68.
[2] Wallen, K., & Lloyd, E. A. (2011). Female sexual arousal: Genital anatomy and orgasm in intercourse. Hormones and Behavior, 59, 780-792.
Image Source: iStockphoto
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Museo diocesano di Lanciano
Museo diocesano di Lanciano (Italian for Diocesan Museum of Lanciano) is a museum of religious art in Lanciano, Province of Chieti (Abruzzo).
History
Collection
Notes
External links
Category:Lanciano
Category:Museums in Abruzzo
Category:Religious museums in Italy
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Anh Phung Duong, age 91 of Blue Ridge, passed away Saturday, January 23, 2016 at Fannin Regional Hospital. Mrs. Duong was born September 15, 1924 in Cambodia, to the late Veng Suoi Duong and the late Muoi Tang. She was a very talented... View Obituary & Service Information
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Regime change
Regime change is the replacement of one government regime with another. Use of the term dates to at least 1925. Regime change may replace all or part of the state's most critical leadership system, administrative apparatus, or bureaucracy.
It can be the deliberate product of outside force, as in warfare. Rollback is the military strategy to impose a regime change by defeating an enemy and removing its regime by force. Regime change can occur through inside change caused by revolution, coup d'état or reconstruction following the failure of a state.
Popular use
The term regime change is sometimes erroneously used to describe a change in the government of the day. It can also be applied to bodies other than nation states.
The transition from one political regime to another, especially through concerted political or military action, as was done in World War II to Italy, Germany, and Japan (also known as the Axis Powers). The term has been popularized by recent US presidents. Ronald Reagan had previously called for regime change in Libya, directing the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to work towards that goal. Bill Clinton and George W. Bush regularly used the term in reference to Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq.
Internal regime change
Regime change can be precipitated by revolution or a coup d'état. The Russian Revolution, the 1962 Burmese coup, the 1953 Jammu and Kashmir coup, the Iranian Revolution and the 1990 dissolution of the Eastern Bloc are consummate examples.
Examples of internally driven regime change are the establishment of the French Fifth Republic (1958) and the Federation of Australia.
Foreign-imposed regime change
The deposition of a regime by a foreign state. This deposition can be achieved through covert means such as in the 1989 United States invasion of Panama or by direct military action. Interstate war can also culminate into a foreign-imposed regime change for the losers, as it did in Germany and Japan in 1945. Foreign-imposed regime change are sometimes used by states as a foreign policy tool. There have been over forty foreign-imposed leadership changes between 1915 and 2004.
During the Cold War, the United States frequently intervened in elections and engaged in attempts at regime change, both covertly and overtly.
In academic use
In addition to the above uses, the term 'regime change' can also be used in a more general sense, particularly in academic work, to refer to a change in political institutions or laws that affect the nature of the system as a whole. For example, the end of the Bretton Woods system was a regime change in the international system, as was the repeal of the National Mandatory Speed Limit in the United States. Regime changes are often viewed as ideal opportunities for natural experiments by social scientists.
Role of the United States
The United States has frequently intervened in elections and engaged in attempts at regime change, both covertly and overtly. Often, such operations are tasked to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
See also
Active measures (in Soviet Union and Russia)
Covert operations
Rollback
History of the Central Intelligence Agency
Russia involvement in regime change
References
External links
Encarta Dictionary
Word Spy: Regime Change
Vijay Prashad, "The History of Regime Change and Its Ground Rules," The Hindu, May 31, 2016. http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-history-of-humanitarian-intervention-and-its-ground-rules/article8668707.ece
Category:1925 introductions
Category:Words coined in the 1920s
Category:Causes of war
Category:Aftermath of war
Category:Changes in political power
Category:Revolution terminology
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Privacy First Challenges Dutch License Plate Parking Scheme July 10, 2017 • by Nederlands Juristen Comité voor de Mensenrechten In the Netherlands, we want to be able to park anonymously. We do not want registration of our license plate numbers and be forced to pay with our bank card.
Anonymous parking with cash
At the beginning of this year, the highest court in the Netherlands decided that the Dutch tax services had illegally collected location data of car drivers in the Netherlands for several years.
The tax services did this with a large network of ANPR cameras, which register license plates, along Dutch highways.
According to the court, there was no legal basis for this. That is why this practice of the tax services was a massive violation of people's privacy.
On a local level, the driving behavior of motorists has been illegally collected for years: by means of license plate parking, whereby drivers are forced to give their plate number in order to park legally, the municipalities' tax services have a complete overview of who parks where and when.
But there is also no specific legal basis for this, as demanded by both the Dutch Constitution and Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the right to privacy).
Furthermore, for obligatory scheme of license plate parking has no societal necessity. License plate parking does not allow for the possibility to pay cash or in any other way anonymously. Therefore, license plate parking amounts to multiple violations of people's privacy.
Registering plate not obligatory
At the beginning of 2015, Privacy First won its first lawsuit against license plate parking: since then, motorists are no longer obliged to enter their license plate number when they park.
At the beginning of 2016, this judgement was confirmed by the High Council. However, anyone who does not enter a license plate number will receive a fine that will only be voided if the receiver objects (with a proof of payment).
"This way, you are still punished as a law-abiding citizen if you want to park anonymously. It is Kafkaesque," Privacy First chairperson Bas Filippini says.
"The High Council is clear: obligatory registration of license plates is illegal. License plate parking needs to be abolished," says lawyer Benito Boer.
To this end, Privacy First recently submitted a short procedure to make anonymous parking possible without submitting a license plate number and with an anonymous payment method.
The court in Amsterdam declared this case inadmissible, because of the presumed complexity. Therefore the court suggested a substantive procedures, which took place on Thursday, June 29, in Amsterdam, which explored but did not conclude whether license plate parking and a lack of anonymous payment methods is legal.
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Proper Sit-stand Work Schedule to Reduce the Negative Outcomes of Sedentary Behavior: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Purpose: This study aimed to recommend an appropriate sit-stand schedule among office workers. Materials and Methods: The participants were randomly allocated into: time regime 1 (TR1), time regime 2 (TR2), and control (C). A sit-stand workstation was provided to TR1 and TR2 groups. The following variables were assessed: energy and macronutrients, energy expenditure in the work shift, blood parameters, depression, musculoskeletal symptoms, fatigue, productivity, comfortability with the workstation, and acceptability of the sit-stand workstation. Results: The results showed a significant increase in energy expenditure in the TR1 and TR2 groups in comparison to the C group. After the intervention, the highest prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in shoulders, wrists/hands, and ankles/feet was related to the TR1 group, which was significantly different from the TR2 and C groups. Additionally, the "severity of depression" was reduced significantly in the TR1 and TR2 groups compared to the C group. The scores of "total fatigue" and its subscales were also reduced in the TR2 group. Furthermore, TR2 improved "total productivity" and some of its subscales. Moreover, TR2 had a higher acceptability compared to TR1. Conclusions: TR2 had a positive effect on the office workers' energy expenditure, blood parameters, depression, fatigue, and productivity.
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Will The Avengers' fight with Thanos take place on Earth or will they be traveling into space to take the fight to the Mad Titan's door step? Iron Man's vision in Age of Ultron would have us believe that the battle will actually take place on the Moon (?). Whether or not, the Scarlett Witch-induced glimpse of the future ever comes to pass won't be confirmed until Avengers: Infinity War kicks off Part One on May 02, 2018. How the Guardians of the Galaxy will factor into the climactic showdown remains to be seen. Previous comments from director and screenwriter James Gunn implies that he may be a bit hesitant to merge franchises. However, Drax actor Dave Bautista has no such misgivings. "[Laughter] Yeah, come on, man. Hell yeah. Yeah, of course I would. At the core of me is the biggest geek you’ve ever met. I’m a superhero fan first and foremost, and…of course, man, I want that to happen. It’s rumors right now, but, you know, I pray every day…and night, and afternoon, and after you walk out the door I’ll go pray and say, “Please let Drax be in ‘The Avengers.’ ” [Laughter] Yeah, I hope it’ll happen."
Guardians of the Galaxy, Vol. 2 hits theaters on May 5, 2017. The film will star Bautista, Chris Pratt, Karen Gillan, Vin Diesel, Bradley Cooper and Zoë Saldana.
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Unbeknownst to me until Saturday when a Facebook status alerted me to the fact, apparently our astrological signs are all out of whack and now I’m a Libra instead of a Scorpio. Oh no they didn’t!
According to the first half of this article on The Washington Post’s website, in the 2,000 years since the astrological chart was created, the gravitational pull of the moon has shifted the earth on its axis, thus pushing the zodiac signs back a month.
Well hell no! There is no way I am a Libra, who strives for balance and peace, and can be indecisive. Usually when I’ve made up my mind, that’s the end of it. And while I do desire a certain amount of balance in my life and try to resist change, I feel I embody the attributes of a Scorpio far more: passion, fierce loyalty, unafraid to voice opinions and will sting if crossed.
Libras do like a bit of gossip and to be surrounded by beautiful things, which I will admit to, however Scorpios are the most misunderstood and introverted sing of the zodiac, and I often feel misunderstood and crave “me time”.
I’m not a big believer in horoscopes per se, in that I don’t read what’s going to happen to me each day, as they’re pretty generic and never come true. However, I know a lot of people in my life who are Pisceans/Arians/Scorpios down to a tee, and astrology helps me to understand them and myself more fully.
In other skeptical blog posts, ComPost blogger Alexandra Petri writes on her predicament of going through life as a Pisces, and now finding out she’s an Aries (two polar opposites if ever there were!). (Two friends and my mother are lucky enough to be born on February 18th, which lies on the cusp on either side of Aquarius, no matter which chart you’re looking at.)
But, if you scroll down to the second half of the Post’s article, astrologist StarJack (take that for what you will!) says:
“The stars are markers that drift, but our main points of reference are not directly the stars. They are the equinoxes (both spring and vernal) and the solstices which altogether make the four cardinal points of the zodiac which in turn determine the signs. The stars help us locate those points which define the SIGNS of the Zodiac which remain constant in relation to the equinox point. The CONSTELLATIONS do move about and we take that into consideration when locating planets.”
So perhaps I do possess character traits from both Libra and Scorpio. Take, for example, the tattoo of a scorpion I want to get on the back of my neck (and have since I was about 16): it represents the stubbornness of not accepting that I might possibly be born under another sign, whilst it is also something pretty to look at, which is an inherently Libran quality.
In The Atlantic’s thought provoking piece on “The End of White America?”, Hua Hsu “discuss[es] Obama, football, hip-hop, and the elusive notion of a ‘post-racial’ society.”
Pandagon responds to Susan Faludi’s piece on third-wave feminism (which I haven’t read yet, but expect it to be included in an upcoming On the [Rest of the] Net), in which “she puts out evidence that younger feminists are sometimes unfair and ungrateful to older feminists, and that older feminists are sometimes so afraid of younger women that they go out of their way to exclude them… complaining that younger women don’t care.” Furthermore:
“… she reinforces a jumble of often conflicting stereotypes on younger feminists to discredit us: that we’re obsessed with navel-gazing over activism, that our obsession with technology comes at the expense of actual work, that we don’t know our history and don’t care about systemic issues, that we’re materialist[ic] and unwilling to challenge sexual exploitation for fear of pissing off men, that we’re so busy cultivating our graduate degrees writing about Lady Gaga… that we can’t be bothered to worry about real world issues.”
I do agree with some of this summary of Faludi’s piece, but Lady Gaga’s meat dress drew attention to vegetarianism, animal welfare and gay rights. They’re, like, real world issues, aren’t they?
“It wasn’t even until halfway through Glee’s first season that the first hint of queerness was even mentioned… Maybe you’d call it bisexual, maybe you’d call it heteroflexible, maybe you’d call it bicurious: whatever they are, it’s definitely a bit queer… Brittany is, if you will, an equal opportunity slut: one who’s willing to make out with whatever hotness crosses her path, regardless of gender… And among fellow fans of the show, my designation of Brittany and Santana as queer icons has met with some derision: their relationship is played for laughs, I’ve been told. They’re just straight girls making out for male attention… [But]… with the exception of their joint date with Finn, Brittany and Santana have hardly been shown using their relationship to win over boys… For me, Brittany and Santana represent a new mode of queer figure… : fluidly sexual, comfortable with same sex contacts, and more interested in finding happiness than finding the right label. They may not fit into the rigid structures of traditional sexual identities, but they’re comfortable enough with themselves not to care.”
“… The slut-shaming of Angelina… revealed their thoughts on sexual double standards. (The ‘thoughts’ being that sexual double standards exist, and that’s just the way it is.)… Pauly said about Angelina: ‘She brought all these random people home. She’s a girl. You don’t do that. That’s a guy thing. Guy’s do that, no girls.’… Shouldn’t Pauly and The Situation be grateful for sluts? If there were no sluts then they would never be able to have sex. Do they think for one minute that they would even want to live in a world in which all girls acted the way they’re ‘supposed’ to?”
“Sarah Palin opposes abortion and comprehensive sex education. While mayor of Wasilla she made sexual assault victims pay for their own rape kits. She also calls herself a feminist. Delaware GOP Senate nominee Christine O’Donnell has said that allowing women to attend military academies ‘cripples the readiness of our defence’ and that wives should ‘graciously submit’ to their husbands—but her website touts her ‘commitment to the women’s movement. Pundits who once mocked women’s rights activists as ugly bra burners are abuzz over the ‘new conservative feminism’, and the Tea Party is lauding itself as a women’s movement.
The right once disparaged feminism as man-hating and baby-killing, but now ‘feminist’ is the must-have label for women on the right.”
“Geeks Versus Hipsters” is the equivalent of the passionate versus the apathetic, respectively, according to Gizmodo. And from the hipsters I’ve come into contact with, I’m inclined to agree.
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The use of combination internal fixation and hybrid external fixation in severe proximal tibia fractures.
Forty-eight patients with 50 severe fractures of the proximal tibia were followed prospectively for 2-4 years (mean 2.7 years) to evaluate the use of limited internal fixation combined with external fixation in the treatment of these injuries. There were 27 men and 21 women ranging in age from 20 to 74 years. Fractures were classified according to the A0 system (Mast J, Ganz R, Jacob R: Planning and reduction technique in fracture surgery. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1989), which included 5 A3, 6 C1, 16 C2, and 23 C3 fractures. All patients in this series healed; 48 fractures healed in an average of 12 weeks without subsequent surgery. There were two (4%) nonunions requiring bone graft. The average hospital special surgery knee score was 90 (68-100). Grading criteria for anatomical outcome revealed there were 17 (34%) excellent results, 24 (48%) good results, 6 (12%) fair results, and 3 (6%) poor results. In conclusion, this treatment method is associated with a high percentage of good and excellent results. Combined internal and external fixation combines the advantages of anatomic, stable fixation with less soft-tissue dissection and eliminates the need for large implants.
|
{
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|
The Music Bay: Pirate Bay Crew Instill More Fear Into The Music Industry - tortilla
http://torrentfreak.com/the-music-bay-pirate-bay-110122/
======
felipepiresrj
Does anyone have any idea what the piratebay guys are up to with the latest
announcement of "themusicbay.org"? Details ? What they're doing ? What's this
new thing they're launching ? when ? where ? is it just a hoax ? who's
bankrolling this ?
I need some insider information. I've seen all the stuff you can easily find
on google.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
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|
‘I found myself missing home’: A Utica photo essay
UTICA, Miss. — The state’s largest city, Jackson offers a fast-paced environment with access to culture, dining, entertainment, and luxuries that most city dwellers could not imagine going without.But, 35 miles away, the small town of Utica has few of the capital’s amenities even though they are located in the same county. For example, after the local Sunflower closed in fall 2014, the nearest grocery store where residents can purchase healthy food is nearly 19 miles away.
Utica is a predominately African-American rural town with a population of 869, according to U.S. Census estimates, tucked away in the southwest corner of Hinds County. Also, a majority of the population is elderly and getting older. Abandoned businesses and other shuttered buildings occupy most of Main Street and are prevalent throughout the town.
Initiatives offered by groups such as Hope Credit Union, a community development financial institution, aim to bolsters economically distressed and low-wealth areas like Utica by providing residents with financial and other community services.
This photo essay explores Utica and its people, who symbolize the fight for the future of predominantly black rural areas throughout the South.
Life-long Utica resident Mack Sears, 68, sits on a bench in the 100 block of West Main Street after leaving Hope Credit Union in Utica Wednesday, June 6, 2018. Utica is about 83 percent African American. Nearly 28 percent of the population lives in poverty.
A water tower is surrounded by trees in the rural town of Utica which is located in Southwest Hinds County.
Businesses and abandoned buildings occupy Main Street in Downtown Utica Wednesday, June 7, 2018. The small rural town is occupied by nearly 869 residents.
An abandoned building with a displayed message is seen in 100 block of West Main Street Main Street in Downtown Utica, protographed one day after the 2018 Mississippi Primary Election.
James Owens, who co-owns Omnibus Thrift with his wife Barbara, works at his store on White Oak Street in Utica Wednesday. “My wife and I look at our business as a service to the community,” Owens said. “Its very important that African Americans and rural communities are involved in the conversation about economic development.”
Larry Loft is photographed near the intersection of Old Highway 27 and West Main Street in Utica Wednesday after expressing endearment for his community. “I moved away to when I was 17, but I found myself missing home,” Loft said.
Yolonda Campbell, Hope Credit Union assistant branch manager, left, and Jan Cook, member service representative, right, prepare a plate of food for Utica resident Inoise Robinson during the credit union’s day of outreach at its location on West Main Street in Utica Wednesday, June 6, 2018. Hope Credit Union provides assistance to residents in areas that are economically challenged.
Calandra Davis, program officer for Hope Credit Union, speaks with Utica resident Arthur Wilson during the credit union’s day of outreach at its location on West Main Street in Utica Wednesday, June 6, 2018. “Hope Credit Union encourages the community and lets them know that they have better options, so they won’t be abused because of their financial situation,” Davis said.
Registered nurse and volunteer Jasmine Crosby, left, checks Lula Wilson’s blood glucose levels as a part of Hope Union Bank’s community outreach at the credit union’s location on West Main Street in Utica Wednesday, June 6, 2018.
Eric J. Shelton is a 2018 corps member in Report for America, a national service program that places talented journalists in local newsrooms, and joined the team as our first photojournalist. Shelton began his photojournalism career with the Associated Press after graduating from the University of Southern Mississippi. He has since worked across Texas and Mississippi as a photojournalist, most recently serving as photo editor of the Killeen Daily Herald. Throughout his career, Shelton has documented issues concerning drug abuse and poverty, and he has won awards from the Mississippi Associated Press Managing Editors and the Arkansas Press Photographers Association.
|
{
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|
February 8, 2005: Headlines: COS - Senegal: Primary Education: Literacy: Seattle Post-Intelligencer: Aware of the link between illiteracy and criminal detention rates, Senegal RPCV Mary Fertakis is concerned that the community's children and families get the help they need to function in an English-speaking society
Peace Corps Online:
Peace Corps News:
Peace Corps Library:
Literacy:
February 8, 2005: Headlines: COS - Senegal: Primary Education: Literacy: Seattle Post-Intelligencer: Aware of the link between illiteracy and criminal detention rates, Senegal RPCV Mary Fertakis is concerned that the community's children and families get the help they need to function in an English-speaking society
Aware of the link between illiteracy and criminal detention rates, Senegal RPCV Mary Fertakis is concerned that the community's children and families get the help they need to function in an English-speaking society
Caption: Mary Fertakis walks with her dogs through her large yard in Tukwila. The setting, with the nearby Duwamish River, provides a very rural feeling. Photo by Kurt Smith / P-I
By DEBORAH BACH SEATTLE POST-INTELLIGENCER REPORTER
As a Tukwila School Board member, Mary Fertakis has watched the district's percentage of non-English speakers steadily increase over the past decade -- to almost one-third of its 2,500 students.
Aware of the link between illiteracy and criminal detention rates, Fertakis is concerned that the community's children and families get the help they need to function in an English-speaking society.
But in Tukwila, an arrival point from which many immigrants move on to established communities in surrounding areas, stability is a challenge.
"We have tried very hard to have parents understand that whatever family crisis or issue they're dealing with, if they can keep their kids in the schools they started in, they have a much better chance of success," said Fertakis, a 10-year board member.
As of yesterday, Tukwila families have an extra resource available to them.
The Tukwila Children's Foundation, in collaboration with other community groups, has opened what are believed to be the first family literacy centers in the Pacific Northwest. The three new centers, which offer free reading assessment and one-on-one tutoring to children and adults, are located at two schools and in an apartment complex.
Since transportation is an issue for many immigrant families, the goal is to open about eight centers in neighborhoods throughout the 17,000-resident community. Plans are in the works for centers at a public library and at least one church, which, Fertakis said, would make the project eligible for federal grants to faith-based initiatives.
Grants so far have come from the Bezos Family Foundation, United Way, The Marguerite Casey Foundation and other organizations. Local law firm Garvey Schubert Barer donated some computers, "and it just sort of exploded from there," Fertakis said.
"What became clear to me is that there are a lot of groups in our community -- service providers and others -- who have been doing something related to literacy, but they haven't had an umbrella to come under and pull everybody's resources together," she said. "The family literacy center initiative is doing that."
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Get My Free Ringtone! The program has so far raised $60,000, including donations of notebooks and written materials. There are plans to hire a coordinator as more money comes in.
For now, management of the centers is being provided by the Tukwila Community Schools Collaboration, established in 1998 to provide academic assistance, medical and dental services, extra-curricular activities, and other family support at each of the district's five schools.
Deborah Salas, the group's program director, said mobility rates among district students have decreased almost by half over the past three years, to 23 percent leaving or arriving during the school year.
Salas believes the decrease is at least partly attributable to the services provided in Tukwila schools. She's hopeful that the literacy centers will provide an additional impetus for families to stay in a suburb frequently perceived as little more than a regional shopping mall and industrial parks.
"These family literacy centers are a way to connect people and to address that mobility issue," Salas said. "If we're placing them in apartments and churches and mosques and community centers ... people might move, but perhaps because of where these are located -- not just in institutions, but in our neighborhoods -- they will come back."
The literacy centers are an outgrowth of the Tukwila Children's Foundation, started by Fertakis and five other residents four years ago. Its first step was to establish academic and extra-curricular scholarships and provide funding for children's emergency needs, such as clothing or basic hygiene items. From there, Fertakis said, the group considered how it could make a long-term difference in the community.
"The issue that rose to the top very quickly was literacy," said Fertakis, whose experience in community-building was furthered by a Peace Corps stint in Senegal.
"There are states, and we are not one of them yet, that actually use their data for literacy at third grade to project how many prison beds they're going to need. There is such a direct correlation between literacy skills and that particular issue. You can't ignore it."
A friend put Fertakis in touch with Ed Green at Family Literacy Centers Inc., a Utah-based non-profit that has helped establish more than 50 centers around the country.
Green said the educational challenges facing migrant families are the same everywhere he goes.
"Studies have shown that four out of 10 kids going to school now will experience at least a couple of moves in their lives," he said, "so we have a lot of kids who become a transient population. The schools are very good at large group instruction and small group instruction, but they don't really have the resources to do one-on-one."
Green came to Tukwila a few weeks ago to train about 25 volunteer tutors on an interactive software program. The software will be used at all Tukwila centers. Students are required to show up for two 45-minute tutoring sessions a week, and on the other days parents are asked to read with them for 20 minutes.
The approach, Fertakis said, is intended to provide children with the most support possible while also involving parents, whose culture may create distrust of schools or shame at their children becoming more educated than them.
"If they can be there at the same time that the child is learning, we know they're going to be learning with them, and it's going to happen in a way that allows them to save face," she said.
"The bottom line is -- if people can function in an English-language society, they're going to be improving their lives and their children's lives."
TO LEARN MORE
For information on Tukwila's family literacy centers, call Deborah Salas at 206-901-7648.
P-I reporter Deborah Bach can be reached at 206-448-8197 or deborahbach@seattlepi.com
When this story was posted in February 2005, this was on the front page of PCOL:
The Peace Corps LibraryPeace Corps Online is proud to announce that the Peace Corps Library is now available online. With over 30,000 index entries in over 500 categories, this is the largest collection of Peace Corps related reference material in the world. From Acting to Zucchini, you can use the Main Index to find hundreds of stories about RPCVs who have your same interests, who served in your Country of Service, or who serve in your state.
WWII participants became RPCVsRead about two RPCVs who participated in World War II in very different ways long before there was a Peace Corps. Retired Rear Adm. Francis J. Thomas (RPCV Fiji), a decorated hero of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, died Friday, Jan. 21, 2005 at 100. Mary Smeltzer (RPCV Botswana), 89, followed her Japanese students into WWII internment camps. We honor both RPCVs for their service.
Bush's FY06 Budget for the Peace CorpsThe White House is proposing $345 Million for the Peace Corps for FY06 - a $27.7 Million (8.7%) increase that would allow at least two new posts and maintain the existing number of volunteers at approximately 7,700. Bush's 2002 proposal to double the Peace Corps to 14,000 volunteers appears to have been forgotten. The proposed budget still needs to be approved by Congress.
Ask NotAs our country prepares for the inauguration of a President, we remember one of the greatest speeches of the 20th century and how his words inspired us. "And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country. My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man."
Latest: RPCVs and Peace Corps provide aid Peace Corps made an appeal last week to all Thailand RPCV's to consider serving again through the Crisis Corps and more than 30 RPCVs have responded so far. RPCVs: Read what an RPCV-led NGO is doing about the crisis an how one RPCV is headed for Sri Lanka to help a nation he grew to love. Question: Is Crisis Corps going to send RPCVs to India, Indonesia and nine other countries that need help?
Read the stories and leave your comments.
Some postings on Peace Corps Online are provided to the individual members of this group without permission of the copyright owner for the non-profit purposes of criticism, comment, education, scholarship, and research under the "Fair Use" provisions of U.S. Government copyright laws and they may not be distributed further without permission of the copyright owner. Peace Corps Online does not vouch for the accuracy of the content of the postings, which is the sole responsibility of the copyright holder.
Story Source: Seattle Post-Intelligencer
This story has been posted in the following forums: : Headlines; COS - Senegal; Primary Education; Literacy
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---
title: Light Task
layout: documentation
---
# Light Task
The Light task wraps [light.exe](~/overview/light.html), the WiX linker. It supports a variety of settings that are described in more detail below. To control these settings in your .wixproj file, you can create a PropertyGroup and specify the settings that you want to use for your build process. The following is a sample PropertyGroup that contains settings that will be used by the Light task:
<pre><font size="2" color="#0000FF"><</font><font size="2" color="#A31515">PropertyGroup</font><font size="2" color="#0000FF">>
<</font><font size="2" color="#A31515">LinkerTreatWarningsAsErrors</font><font size="2" color="#0000FF">></font><font size="2">False</font><font size="2" color="#0000FF"></</font><font size="2" color="#A31515">LinkerTreatWarningsAsErrors</font><font size="2" color="#0000FF">>
<</font><font size="2" color="#A31515">LinkerVerboseOutput</font><font size="2" color="#0000FF">></font><font size="2">True</font><font size="2" color="#0000FF"></</font><font size="2" color="#A31515">LinkerVerboseOutput</font><font size="2" color="#0000FF">>
<</font><font size="2" color="#A31515">SuppressIces</font><font size="2" color="#0000FF">></font><font size="2">ICE18;ICE45;ICE82</font><font size="2" color="#0000FF"></</font><font size="2" color="#A31515">SuppressIces</font><font size="2" color="#0000FF">>
<</font><font size="2" color="#A31515">SuppressSpecificWarnings</font><font size="2" color="#0000FF">></font><font size="2">1111</font><font size="2" color="#0000FF"></</font><font size="2" color="#A31515">SuppressSpecificWarnings</font><font size="2" color="#0000FF">>
<</font><font size="2" color="#A31515">TreatSpecificWarningsAsErrors</font><font size="2" color="#0000FF">></font><font size="2">2222</font><font size="2" color="#0000FF"></</font><font size="2" color="#A31515">TreatSpecificWarningsAsErrors</font><font size="2" color="#0000FF">>
<</font><font size="2" color="#A31515">WixVariables</font><font size="2" color="#0000FF">></font><font size="2">Variable1=value1;Variable2=value2</font><font size="2" color="#0000FF"></</font><font size="2" color="#A31515">WixVariables</font><font size="2" color="#0000FF">>
</</font><font size="2" color="#A31515">PropertyGroup</font><font size="2" color="#0000FF">></font></pre>
The following table describes the common WiX MSBuild parameters that are applicable to the <b>Light</b> task.
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4">
<tr>
<td><b>Parameter</b></td>
<td><b>Description</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>BindInputPaths</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>string</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies a binder path that should be used to locate all files. This is equivalent to the -b <path> switch.<br />Named BindPaths are created by prefixing the 2-or-more-character bucket name followed by an equal sign ("=") to the supplied path.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>BindFiles</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the tool should bind files into a .wixout file. This is only valid when the OutputAsXml parameter is also provided. This is equivalent to the -bf switch.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Pedantic</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the tool should display pedantic messages. This is equivalent to the -pedantic switch.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>SuppressAllWarnings</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that all warnings should be suppressed. This is equivalent to the -sw switch.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>SuppressIntermediateFileVersionMatching</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the tool should suppress intermediate file version mismatch checking. This is equivalent to the -sv switch.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>SuppressSchemaValidation</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that schema validation of documents should be suppressed. This is equivalent to the -ss switch.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>SuppressSpecificWarnings</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>string</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that certain warnings should be suppressed. This is equivalent to the -sw[N] switch.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>TreatSpecificWarningsAsErrors</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>string</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that certain warnings should be treated as errors. This is equivalent to the -wx[N] switch.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>TreatWarningsAsErrors</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that all warnings should be treated as errors. This is equivalent to the -wx switch.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>VerboseOutput</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the tool should provide verbose output. This is equivalent to the -v switch.</td>
</tr>
</table>
The following table describes the parameters that are specific to the <b>Light</b> task.
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4">
<tr>
<td><b>Parameter</b></td>
<td><b>Description</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>AllowIdenticalRows</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should allow identical rows. Identical rows will be treated as warnings. This is equivalent to the -ai switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>AllowDuplicateDirectoryIds</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should allow duplicate directory identifiers. This allows duplicate directories from different libraries to be merged into the product. This is equivalent to the -ad switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>AllowUnresolvedReferences</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should allow unresolved references. This will not create valid output. This is equivalent to the -au switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>AdditionalCub</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>string</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies an additional .cub file that the linker should use when running ICE validation. This is equivalent to the -cub <file.cub> switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>BackwardsCompatibleGuidGeneration</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should use the backward compatible GUID generation algorithm. This is equivalent to the -bcgg switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>CabinetCachePath</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>string</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies a path that the linker should use to cache built cabinet files. This is equivalent to the -cc <path> switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>CabinetCreationThreadCount</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>integer</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that number of threads that the linker should use when building cabinet files. This is equivalent to the -ct <N> switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Cultures</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>string</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies a semicolon or comma delimited list of localized string cultures to load from .wxl files and libraries. Precedence of cultures is from left to right. This is equivalent to the -cultures:<cultures> switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DefaultCompressionLevel</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>string</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies the compression level that the linker should use when building cabinet files. Valid values are low, medium, high, none and mszip. This is equivalent to the -dcl:<level> switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>DropUnrealTables</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should drop unreal tables from the output image. This is equivalent to the -dut switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>ExactAssemblyVersions</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should use exact assembly versions. This is equivalent to the -eav switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Ices</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>string</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should run specific internal consistency evaluators (ICEs). This is equivalent to the -ice:<ICE> switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>LeaveTemporaryFiles</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should not delete temporary files. This is equivalent to the -notidy switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>LinkerAdditionalOptions</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>string</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies additional command line parameters to append when calling light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>LinkerBindInputPaths</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>string</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies a binder path that the linker should use to locate all files. This is equivalent to the -b <path> switch in light.exe.<br />Named BindPaths are created by prefixing the 2-or-more-character bucket name followed by an equal sign ("=") to the supplied path.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>LinkerBindFiles</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should bind files into a .wixout file. This is only valid when the OutputAsXml parameter is also provided. This is equivalent to the -bf switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>LinkerPedantic</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should display pedantic messages. This is equivalent to the -pedantic switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>LinkerSuppressAllWarnings</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that all linker warnings should be suppressed. This is equivalent to the -sw switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>LinkerSuppressIntermediateFileVersionMatching</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should suppress intermediate file version mismatch checking. This is equivalent to the -sv switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>LinkerSuppressSchemaValidation</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should suppress schema validation of documents. This is equivalent to the -ss switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>LinkerSuppressSpecificWarnings</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>string</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that certain linker warnings should be suppressed. This is equivalent to the -sw[N] switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>LinkerTreatSpecificWarningsAsErrors</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>string</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that certain linker warnings should be treated as errors. This is equivalent to the -wx[N] switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>LinkerTreatWarningsAsErrors</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that all linker warnings should be treated as errors. This is equivalent to the -wx switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>LinkerVerboseOutput</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should provide verbose output. This is equivalent to the -v switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>OutputAsXml</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should output a .wixout file instead of a .msi file. This is equivalent to the -xo switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>PdbOutputFile</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>string</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should create the output .wixpdb file with the provided name. This is equivalent to the -pdbout <output.wixpdb> switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>ReuseCabinetCache</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should reuse cabinet files from the cabinet cache. This is equivalent to the -reusecab switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>SetMsiAssemblyNameFileVersion</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should add a fileVersion entry to the MsiAssemblyName table for each assembly. This is equivalent to the -fv switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>SuppressAclReset</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should suppress resetting ACLs. This is useful when laying out an image to a network share. This is equivalent to the -sacl switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>SuppressAssemblies</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should not get assembly name information for assemblies. This is equivalent to the -sa switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>SuppressDefaultAdminSequenceActions</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should suppress default admin sequence actions. This is equivalent to the -sadmin switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>SuppressDefaultAdvSequenceActions</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should suppress default advertised sequence actions. This is equivalent to the -sadv switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>SuppressDefaultUISequenceActions</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should suppress default UI sequence actions. This is equivalent to the -ui switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>SuppressFileHashAndInfo</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should suppress gathering file information (hash, version, language, etc). This is equivalent to the -sh switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>SuppressFiles</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should suppress gathering all file data. This has the same effect as setting the SuppressAssemblies adn SuppressFileHashAndInfo parameters. This is equivalent to the -sf switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>SuppressIces</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>string</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should suppress running specific ICEs. This is equivalent to the -sice:<ICE> switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>SuppressLayout</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should suppress layout creation. This is equivalent to the -sl switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>SuppressMsiAssemblyTableProcessing</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should suppress processing the data in the MsiAssembly table. This is equivalent to the -sma switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>SuppressPatchSequenceData</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should suppress patch sequence data in patch XML to decrease bundle size and increase patch applicability performance (patch packages themselves are not modified).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>SuppressPdbOutput</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should suppress outputting .wixpdb files. This is equivalent to the -spdb switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>SuppressValidation</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should suppress .msi and .msm validation. This is equivalent to the -sval switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>SuppressTagSectionIdAttributeOnTuples</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>boolean</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies that the linker should suppress adding the sectionId attribute on rows. This is equivalent to the -sts switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>UnreferencedSymbolsFile</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>string</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies an unreferenced symbols file that the linker should use. This is equivalent to the -usf <output.xml> switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>WixVariables</b></td>
<td>Optional <b>string</b> parameter.<br />
<br />
Specifies a semicolon-delimited list of bind-time WiX variables. This is equivalent to the -d<name>[=<value>] switch in light.exe.</td>
</tr>
</table>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Welcome to Oshawa Psychological & Counselling Services.
Our private practice psychology and family therapy clinic can help you and your family cope with and overcome life challenges, relationship conflicts, traumas, and mental health concerns in Oshawa and surrounding communities in Durham Region. Strengthening relationships is a key focus of our service. We are committed to client-centered values and place an emphasis on strength, resiliency, and collaboration. Our intent is to provide a “one-stop” full-range psychological and counselling service for you and your family. Our goal is to help you in your effort for change and growth. All of our services are provided by registered psychologists, or by experienced masters and doctoral clinicians under the supervision of a psychologist.
Our Clients
We serve children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families in Oshawa and surrounding communities in Durham Region. We offer services in English, French, and Chinese.
Our private practice psychology and family therapy clinic can help you and your family cope with and overcome life challenges, relationship conflicts, traumas, and mental health concerns. Strengthening relationships is a key focus of our service. We are committed to client-centered values and place an emphasis on strength, resiliency, and collaboration. Our intent is to provide a “one-stop” full-range psychological and counselling service for you and your family. Our goal is to help you in your effort for change and growth. All of our services are provided by registered psychologists, or by experienced masters and doctoral clinicians under the supervision of a psychologist.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
BackReferences, R1, R2 in URL Redirect rule questions
I tried to look for more info on back reference. But the ones i found aren't very clear. So I am really confused. I have this in a web.config
<system.webServer>
<rewrite>
<rules>
<clear />
<rule name="CTVNews Articles" stopProcessing="true">
<match url="(.*?)CTVNews(/?)(.*)" />
<action type="Redirect" url="http://www.ctvnews.ca{R:2}{R:3}" appendQueryString="true" redirectType="Permanent" />
</rule>
so, I know that is the rule with regular expression.That is easy to understand, but what about url="http://www.ctvnews.ca/generic{R:2}{R:3}. Can someone please kindly explain what is R2 and R3? and why we have R2, R3, instead of R1 and R2?
All help is greatly appreciate it.
A:
In the XML snippet you provided, the regular expression has three "capturing groups" - that is, use of parentheses ("(" and ")"). These "capture" whatever is inside them, and can then be referred to by number. There are numbered left-to-right, starting from 1.
Then in the <action> tag above, the {R:2} parts are referring to what the groups in the regular expression captured. There are three such groups, but the <action> is only using the second and third. The first one is being captured but is not being used.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
|
Q:
NullReferenceException: Object reference not set to an instance of an object с Юнити и C#
Код:
using UnityEngine;
using System.Collections;
public class Points : MonoBehaviour {
public Vector3[] point;
private Vector3[] real_point;
public GameObject point_object;
private GameObject[] point_object_inst;
void Start () {
Vector3[] real_point = new Vector3[point.Length];
GameObject[] point_object_inst = new GameObject[point.Length];
for (int i = 0; i <point.Length; i++)
{
real_point[i].z = -point[i].x;
real_point[i].x = point[i].y;
real_point[i].y = point[i].z;
point_object_inst[i] = Instantiate(point_object, real_point[i], Quaternion.identity) as GameObject;
}
}
void Update () {
for (int i = 0; i < point.Length; i++)
{
real_point[i].z = -point[i].x;
real_point[i].x = point[i].y;
real_point[i].y = point[i].z;
point_object_inst[i].transform.position = real_point[i];
}
}
}
собственно в строке real_point[i].z = -point[i].x; метода update вылезает такое. А ранее и чуть ниже - в
point_object_inst[i].transform.position = real_point[i];
знаю что это из за того что обращаюсь к null, но как исправить - не могу понять, конкретно для моего случая, потому что "букварь прокурил" о чем очень сожалею. Объектно ореинтированные языки для меня новое и поэтому с инициализацией объектов я туплю- в старом добром фортране просто объявил переменную и живи спокойно) Так вот, прошу популярно объяснить в чем тут ошибка. ПОдобную ошибку в методе Start я исправил инициализировав real_point.
A:
real_point и point_object_inst - члены класса, не будем повторно объявлять их как локальные переменные в методе Start:
void Start () {
/* убрать Vector3[] */ real_point = new Vector3[point.Length];
/* убрать GameObject[] */ point_object_inst = new GameObject[point.Length];
...
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Psalm 127:3-5
Behold children are a gift of the LORD,The fruit of the womb is a reward.Like arrows in the hand of a mighty warrior, so are the children of one's youth.How blessed are those whose quiver is full of them."
Sunday, December 28, 2014
Seven years..
Our sweet Serene turned SEVEN today. This doesn't seem possible but it's true. Joy and laughter and happiness is always what this girl bring us and we are just so proud of who she is. Love this girl to pieces!!
Jimmy always tells the kids they have to submit paperwork to change ages... So this crazy girl wrote a checklist of why she should get to be seven... Here are a few...
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
We've never been huge fans of touchpads; call us old-fashioned, but we just like the feel of a mouse in our hand. But we also understand the aversion to carrying one more thing with your laptop.
Geniusnet has addressed at least part of that problem with the "Genius Navigator 380," a combination VoIP phone, instant-message device and optical mouse released in India.
While being used as a mouse, the closed clamshell handset can still ring or its LED will blink when someone is trying to reach you. It supports up to six instant messengers simultaneously in one window. But if you've got more than one mouse lying around, don't forget which one is the phone; it could be embarrassing trying to answer the wrong one.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
i don’t know why we are always convinced that somebody is doing something to us
نظرية المؤامرة
we are doing this to ourselves! even worse if they are (US & Israel) doing this, are we this naiive and stupid to go along with it!!?
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
THE BUD LIGHT CONCERT SERIES AT MAD RIVER MOUNTAIN
posted by iHeart Lima -
Jan 3, 2018
ENJOY THE BUD LIGHT CONCERT SERIES EACH SATURDAY ALL WINTER LONG AT THE LOFT: MAD RIVER MOUNTAIN. LIVE MUSIC EVERY SATURDAY NIGHT THANKS TO OUR FRIENDS AT BUD LIGHT. FOR MORE INFORMATION VISIT WWW.SKIMADRIVER.COM
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Arteriovenous grafts for vascular access in haemodialysis.
The outcome of 68 arteriovenous grafts placed in 46 patients requiring haemodialysis was studied over a period of 3.5 years. The biological grafts included autogenous saphenous vein, modified bovine carotid artery and human umbilical cord vein allograft, whereas the synthetic grafts comprised Sparks Dacron mandril, expanded reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene and knitted Dacron velour. These subcutaneous grafts were arranged as looped or straight configurations in the forearm or thigh. Of 59 grafts evaluated in patients with end-stage renal failure, only 48 per cent of the forearm grafts performed well, compared with 85 per cent of the thigh grafts. Although only 38 per cent of the looped grafts were successful, 78 per cent of the straight grafts functioned satisfactorily. Synthetic grafts suffered less serious complications than the commercial biological grafts.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
What town is in the Samsung Galaxy S default wallpaper?
This is the default wallpaper of Samsung Galaxy S smartphone, does anyone know where this place is?
A:
It is Annecy in France.
And you can see on the picture le Palais de l'Isle.
A:
Yes it's Annecy and its Old Town. This building is "Le Palais de l'Ile". It used to be a jail and now it's a place for exhibitions.
See more : http://goo.gl/hUoCJm
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
This invention relates to treatments for ear wax, and in particular to an improved ear wax solution.
Ear wax is produced by ceruminous glands, sebaceous glands, keratinocytes, and hair from the outer third of the human ear canal. Ear wax is composed of lipid coated epidermal cells, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. It is very hydrophobic and not soluble in water. Ear wax functions as a protectant to the inner ear from infection, as well as a cleaning and lubricating agent for the external ear canal. However, accumulation and impaction of ear wax can cause itching, pain, hearing loss, perforated tympanum, tinnitis, dizziness, and increased risk of infection. Approximately 150,000 ear wax removals are performed weekly in America due to such otologic complications. Impaction of ear wax is the most common otologic problem encountered by physicians. It can affect up to 6% of the general population, and 20% of the geriatric population.
Excessive ear wax is often removed in physicians"" offices using mechanical methods. A number of solutions have also been tried to help remove ear wax. Organic based solutions prove not to be very helpful as they appear only to soften the ear wax. Interestingly, water by itself proves to be partially effective. Alkaline solutions (e.g., solutions containing sodium bicarbonate) are somewhat more effective. However, there is still a need for an improved ear wax solution.
This invention relates to an improved ear wax solution. The ear wax solution includes a detergent which is effective to treat the ear wax by a mechanism involving at least one of dissolving the ear wax, softening the ear wax, and reducing the attachment of the ear wax to the ear. The detergent is selected from anionic detergents, cationic detergents, zwitterionic detergents, ampholytic detergents, amphoteric detergents, nonionic detergents having a steroid skeleton, or mixtures thereof. The ear wax solution also includes a solvent which is water, a hydrophilic solvent, or a mixture thereof. The ear wax solution also includes an alkaline material effective to make the solution alkaline. The ear wax solution further includes an ionic additive effective to increase the ionic strength of the solution.
In another embodiment, the ear wax solution includes a detergent comprising a salt of a bile acid, the detergent being effective to treat the ear wax by a mechanism involving at least one of dissolving the ear wax, softening the ear wax, and reducing the attachment of the ear wax to the ear. The ear wax solution also includes a solvent which is water, a hydrophilic solvent, or a mixture thereof. The ear wax solution also includes an alkaline material effective to make the solution alkaline.
In another embodiment of the invention, an ear wax formulation comprises a detergent, a polymer, and a solvent. The detergent is effective to treat the ear wax by a mechanism involving at least one of dissolving the ear wax, softening the ear wax, and reducing the attachment of the ear wax to the ear. The detergent is selected from anionic detergents, cationic detergents, zwitterionic detergents, ampholytic detergents, amphoteric detergents, nonionic detergents having a steroid skeleton, or mixtures thereof. The polymer is effective to enhance the treatment by a mechanism involving at least one of reducing the irritancy of the detergent on the ear canal, and increasing the retention of the formulation in the ear canal and thereby reducing absorption of the formulation into the epidermal tissues of the ear canal. The solvent is water, a hydrophilic solvent, or a mixture thereof.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the ear wax solution includes one or more materials that enhance miscelle formation by the detergent. The formation of miscelles by the detergent optimizes the effectiveness of the ear wax solution.
In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the ear wax solution contains a plurality of detergents effective to treat the ear wax by a mechanism involving at least one of dissolving the ear wax, softening the ear wax, and reducing the attachment of the ear wax to the ear. In some instances the use of two or more detergents together significantly improves the effectiveness of the ear wax solution.
The invention also relates to a method for removing ear wax from an ear. In a first step of the method, an ear wax solution is inserted into the ear in contact with the ear wax, the ear wax solution comprising: (a) a detergent effective to treat the ear wax by a mechanism involving at least one of dissolving the ear wax, softening the ear wax, and reducing the attachment of the ear wax to the ear, the detergent being selected from the group consisting of anionic detergents, cationic detergents, zwitterionic detergents, ampholytic detergents, amphoteric detergents, nonionic detergents having a steroid skeleton, and mixtures thereof, and (b) a solvent selected from the group consisting of water, hydrophilic solvents, and mixtures thereof. In a second step of the method, the ear wax solution is maintained in contact with the ear wax for a time sufficient to treat the ear wax. Preferably, the ear wax solution is held inside the ear for at least about 30 seconds, more preferably at least about 1 or 2 minutes, to increase its effectiveness. In a final step, the ear wax solution and ear wax are removed from the ear.
In another embodiment of the method, an ear wax formulation is inserted into the ear in contact with the ear wax. The ear wax formulation comprises: (a) a detergent effective to treat the ear wax by a mechanism involving at least one of dissolving the ear wax, softening the ear wax, and reducing the attachment of the ear wax to the ear, the detergent being selected from the group consisting of anionic detergents, cationic detergents, zwitterionic detergents, ampholytic detergents, amphoteric detergents, nonionic detergents having a steroid skeleton, and mixtures thereof, (b) a solvent selected from the group consisting of water, hydrophilic solvents, and mixtures thereof, and (c) a polymer effective to enhance the treatment by a mechanism involving at least one of reducing the irritancy of the detergent on the ear canal, and increasing the retention of the formulation in the ear canal and thereby reducing absorption of the formulation into the epidermal tissues of the ear canal. The ear wax formulation is maintained in contact with the ear wax for a time sufficient to treat the ear wax. Preferably, the ear wax formulation is held inside the ear for at least about 30 seconds to increase its effectiveness. Then, the ear wax formulation and the ear wax are removed from the ear.
In another embodiment of the method for removing ear wax, a first ear wax solution is inserted into the ear in contact with the ear wax. The first ear wax solution comprises: (a) a first detergent effective to loosen the ear wax, and (b) a solvent for the first detergent. The first ear wax solution is maintained in contact with the ear wax for a time sufficient to loosen the ear wax, then removed from the ear. A second ear wax solution is inserted into the ear in contact with the loosened ear wax. The second ear wax solution comprises: (a) a second detergent effective to remove the ear wax, the second detergent being different from the first detergent, and (b) a solvent for the second detergent. The second ear wax solution is maintained in contact with the ear wax for a time sufficient to enable the removal of the ear wax. Finally, the second ear wax solution and the ear wax are removed from the ear.
Various objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments.
The present invention relates to an improved ear wax solution that can be used at home or at the office of a physician or practitioner (e.g., an otologist) to improve ear hygiene and to ease ear wax removal.
The ear wax solution comprises a detergent and a solvent which is water and/or a hydrophilic solvent. The detergent is effective to treat the ear wax by a mechanism involving at least one of dissolving the ear wax, softening the ear wax, and reducing the attachment of the ear wax to the ear. The detergent is selected from anionic detergents, cationic detergents, zwitterionic detergents, ampholytic detergents, amphoteric detergents, or nonionic detergents having a steroid skeleton. Mixtures of such detergents can also be used. The detergent can be synthetic, natural, or semi-synthetic.
Suitable anionic detergents may include, but are not limited to, the following: long-chain (fatty) alcohol sulphates; alkali metal soaps, RCOOX, where X is sodium, potassium or ammonium, and R has a chain length between C10 and C20; alkyl aryl sulphonates; sulphonated olefins; sulphated monoglycerides; sulphated ethers; sulphated polyoxyethylated alcohols; sulphated oils; sulphosuccinates; sulphonated methyl esters; alkane sulphonates; phosphate esters; alkyl isethionates; acyl sarcosides; alkyl taurides; and fluorosurfactants. Some specific examples include sodium deoxycholate, sodium dodecyl sulphate, potassium laurate, hexadecylsulphonic acid, and sodium dioctylsulphosuccinate. In general, anionic detergents are preferred for use in the ear wax solution.
Suitable cationic detergents may include, but are not limited to, the following: hexadecyl(cetyl)trimethylammonium, dodecylpyridinium chloride, dodecylamine hydrochloride, cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium-bromide (e.g., Cetrimide B.P.), and benzalkonium chloride.
Suitable zwitterionic detergents may include, but are not limited to, the following: Zwittergent 3-08(n-octyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate), Zwittergent 3-10(n-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate), Zwittergent 3-12(n-dodecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate) (Calbiochem, LaJolla, Calif.), and betaine and betaine-like detergents wherein the molecule contains both basic and acidic groups which form an inner salt giving the molecule both cationic and anionic hydrophilic groups (e.g., as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,082,275, 2,702,279 and 2,255,082).
Ampholytic and amphoteric detergents can be either cationic or anionic depending on the pH of the solution. An example of an ampholytic detergent that may be suitable in the ear wax solution is N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethyl betaine. An example of an amphoteric detergent that may be suitable is alkyl dimethylamine betaine (e.g., Empigen B B from Albright and Wilson, Richmond, Va.). Other nonlimiting examples of amphoteric and ampholytic detergents that may be suitable are dodecylbeta-alanine, N-alkyltaurines, N-higher alkylaspartic acids, and the detergents sold under the trade name xe2x80x9cMiranolxe2x80x9d, and described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,528,378.
Preferably, the detergent is selected from the category of detergents having a steroid skeleton. Anionic detergents having a steroid skeleton may include, but are not limited to, the following: sodium deoxycholate, sodium cholate, sodium taurocholate, and sodium taurodeoxycholate. Nonionic detergents having a steroid skeleton may include, but are not limited to, the following: N,N-Bis(3-D-gluconamidopropyl)cholamide (e.g., BIGCHAP, Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.), N,N-Bis(3-D-gluconamidopropyl)deoxycholamide (e.g., DeoxyBIGCHAP), and digitonin. Zwitterionic detergents having a steroid skeleton may include, but are not limited to, the following:, 3[(3-Cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]propanesulfonic acid (e.g., CHAPS). Other categories of detergents having a steroid skeleton may also be suitable.
More preferably, the detergent having a steroid skeleton is a natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic bile salt. Naturally occurring bile salts are biological detergents synthesized in the liver. The commonly occurring bile acids include cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, and hyocholic acid. The bile acid can be a primary or secondary bile acid. The bile salts include alkali metal salts of such acids, such as sodium deoxycholate and sodium cholate. Most preferably, the detergent is sodium deoxycholate (xe2x80x9cDOCxe2x80x9d).
It is believed that bile salts such as DOC dissolve lipid bilayers of the ear wax by forming mixed micelles with lipids, and penetrate the monolayer of lipids bound to epidermal cells inside the ear. Approximately one-half of the constituents of ear wax accumulations in the ear are epidermal cells (mostly lipids and proteins); consequently, it is very important to remove these bound lipids to ease ear wax removal. It is also believed that the bile salts surround the hydrophobic parts of membrane bounded protein and move them into solution. By its dual action, the bile salt attaches itself to hydrophobic areas of the ear wax, exposing its hydrophilic tail into solution, and pulls hydrophobic particles such as membrane bounded protein into solution. The bile salt also denatures the protein.
Preferably, the ear wax solution contains from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of a bile salt such as DOC, more preferably from about 0.5% to about 5%. The ear wax solution acts as an ear wax softening agent at low concentrations of detergent, and an ear wax dissolution agent at higher concentrations of detergent. For example, a 1% concentration of DOC could be used to act as an ear wax softening agent, while a higher concentration of DOC could function as an ear wax dissolution agent.
Other examples of naturally occurring detergents that may be used in the ear wax solution include phosphatides which are surface-active agents, such as lecithin and dialkylglycerylphosphorylcholine.
In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the ear wax solution contains a plurality of detergents effective to treat the ear wax by a mechanism involving at least one of dissolving the ear wax, softening the ear wax, and reducing the attachment of the ear wax to the ear. In some instances the use of two or more detergents together significantly improves the effectiveness of the ear wax solution. For example, the ear wax solution may contain a mixture of sodium deoxycholate and sodium dodecyl sulphate.
In addition to the detergent, the ear wax solution also includes a solvent for the detergent. Preferably, the solvent is water, a hydrophilic solvent, or a mixture thereof. Examples of hydrophilic solvents include alkylalcohols such as isopropanol, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, secondary butanol, tertbutanol and isobutanol, alkylene glycols such as propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol, ether alcohols such as methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, propyl cellosolve, butyl cellosolve, methyl carbitol and ethyl carbitol, ether esters such as methyl cellosolve acetate and ethyl cellosolve acetate, dioxane, dimethylformamide, diacetone alcohol, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, and mixtures thereof. The percentage of solvent in the solution is the balance after subtracting the percentages of the other ingredients.
Preferably, the ear wax solution also includes an alkaline material effective to make the solution alkaline. An alkaline solution increases the effectiveness of the detergent. Additionally, an alkaline solution produces an expansion of keratinocytes which provides mechanical force to disintegrate ear wax. Preferably, the solution has a pH between about 7 and about 9.5. Any suitable alkaline material can be used to make the solution alkaline. Some examples of alkaline materials include the sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and aluminum salts of phosphoric acid, carbonic acid, citric acid, and certain aluminum/magnesium compounds. Other examples include antacid materials such as aluminum hydroxides, calcium hydroxides, magnesium hydroxides and magnesium oxide. A preferred alkaline material for use in the ear wax solution is disodium phosphate. The alkaline material may function as a buffer in addition to increasing alkalinity. Generally, the amount of alkaline material in the solution is between about 0.1% and about 5% by weight of the solution.
Preferably, the ear wax solution also includes an ionic additive effective to increase the ionic strength of the solution. An increased ionic strength increases the effectiveness of the detergent, for example, by insuring a large aggregation number and a small critical micellization concentration for the detergent. Any suitable ionic additive can be used in the solution. The ionic additive is preferably an alkali metal salt, more preferably an alkali metal salt of a halogen, even more preferably a chloride salt of an alkali material, and most preferably sodium chloride. Non-limiting examples of suitable ionic additives include sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium bromide, potassium bromide, sodium iodide, potassium iodide and the like. Generally, the amount of ionic additive in the solution is between about 0.1% and about 5% by weight of the solution. For example, in a preferred embodiment, sodium chloride is added to water in an amount to make a 0.1M sodium chloride solution.
In some embodiments of the invention, a polymer delivery system is added to the ear wax solution to make an improved ear wax formulation. The polymer enhances the treatment of the ear wax by reducing the irritancy of the detergent on the ear canal, and/or by increasing the retention of the formulation in the ear canal and thereby reducing absorption of the formulation into the epidermal tissues of the ear canal. These properties of the polymer allow stronger detergents to be used for ear wax removal. These properties also aid ear wax removal by increasing the ability of the formulation to wet the ear wax and the surface of the ear canal. By reducing the irritancy of the detergent on the ear canal and providing a time release delivery of the detergent, the polymer allows the use of a higher concentration of detergent without irritation of the ear. The polymer also protects and stabilizes the detergent from being broken down by any substances in the ear canal.
A current commercial product used for ear wax removal has a tendency to develop an allergic reaction in the ear. This is not a problem with the ear wax formulation of the invention. With the addition of the polymer, the ear wax formulation can usually be left inside the ear for over 30 minutes if necessary without causing an allergic reaction. The ear wax formulation is also effective to reduce tissue inflammation and exudation in the ear.
Generally, the amount of polymer in the ear wax formulation is between about 0.5% and about 20% by weight of the formulation, and typically between about 0.5% and about 10%. The polymer is usually dispersed throughout the solvent. Preferably, the polymer and other materials are formulated so that the ear wax formulation has a viscosity between about 2500 cps and about 25,000 cps. Preferably, the formulation is clear to allow for better visualization of the impacted ear wax when removing it.
The polymer delivery system can be any polymer, or combination of polymers, capable of better retaining the formulation in the ear canal and thereby reducing absorption of the formulation into the epidermal tissues of the ear canal. The polymers can be water soluble, or non-water soluble, and can come in various lengths to accommodate one""s needs. Some polymers can change from a solution state to solid state dependent upon temperature. Thus, a polymer could be in solid form at room temperature, but in a solution state when heated a few degrees more.
Preferred polymers for use in the polymer delivery system include, but are not limited to, microsponge polymers, polytrap polymers, N,O-carboxymethyl-chitosan (xe2x80x9cNOCCxe2x80x9d), polyolprepolymers, and chitosan polymers. Microsponge polymers consist of polymeric beads having a network of pores. One such microsponge polymer is available commercially from Advanced Polymer Systems, Redwood City, Calif. The microsponge polymer is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,690,825 to Won, issued Sep. 1, 1987, and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,145,675 to Won, issued Sep. 8, 1992 (both of which are incorporated by reference herein).
Polytrap polymers are highly cross-linked polymethacrylate copolymers. Such a polymer is manufactured by Dow Coming Corporation, Midland, Mich., and sold under the trademark Polytrap. It is powder having particles capable of absorbing high levels of lipophilic liquids and some hydrophilic liquids. The powder structure consists of a lattice of unit particles less than one micron that are fused into agglomerates of 20 to 100 microns, and the agglomerates are loosely clustered into macro-particles or aggregates of about 200 to about 1200 micron size. Advanced Polymer Systems also sells a Polytrap System which can be used in the invention.
NOCC is a chitosan derivative having carboxymethyl substituents on some of both the amino and primary hydroxyl sites of the glucosamine units of the chitosan structure. One such polymer is available commercially from Chitogenics, Inc., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. This polymer is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,619,995 to Hayes, issued Oct. 28, 1986, U.S. Pat. No. 5,679,658 to Elson, issued Oct. 21, 1997, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,888,988 to Elson, issued Mar. 30, 1999 (all of which are incorporated by reference herein).
Polyolprepolymer is a mixture of liquid hydroxyl terminated polymers and polyethylene glycol. One such polymer, Polyolprepolymer-2, is available commercially from Barnet Products, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Chitosan is deacetylated chitin, or poly-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. It is available commercially from many sources, such as Protan Laboratories Inc., Redmond, Wash. As used herein, xe2x80x9cchitosanxe2x80x9d includes chitosan, inorganic or organic salts of chitosan, and any chemically modified forms of chitosan or chitosan derivatives. This polymer is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,141,964 to Noel, issued Aug. 25, 1992, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,744,166 to Illum, issued Apr. 28, 1998 (both of which are incorporated by reference herein). Other types of polymers can also be used in the invention.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the ear wax solution includes one or more materials that enhance miscelle formation by the detergent. The formation of miscelles by the detergent optimizes the effectiveness of the ear wax solution. Any suitable material(s) can be used to enhance miscelle formation. In some embodiments, the materials are alkaline materials such as alkaline buffers, ionic additives and/or polymers as described above. The ear wax solution may also include one or more additives (e.g., polymers or alcohols) to increase patient comfort.
The ear wax solution, or the ear wax formulation with the polymer delivery system, can also include a topical therapeutic agent for the treatment of the ear. Some nonlimiting examples of therapeutic agents are anti-infectives, antiinflammatory agents, analgesics, and anesthetics. When the therapeutic agent is used in an ear wax formulation containing a polymer, the polymer typically enhances the formulation by either reducing side effects of the therapeutic agent, increasing the therapeutic efficacy of the therapeutic agent, or improving the stability of the formulation.
The ear wax solution of the invention can be prepared in any suitable manner. Typically, the solution is prepared by adding the ionic additive to the solvent in a desired concentration and mixing the solution, and then adding the desired amounts of alkaline material and detergent and further mixing the solution until the materials are dissolved. The ear wax formulation containing the polymer can also be prepared in any suitable manner. Typically, the formulation is prepared by initially mixing the detergent with the polymer so that it is incorporated into the polymer, and then adding the detergent/polymer to a solution prepared as described above.
In another embodiment of the method for removing ear wax, the ear is washed with a first ear wax solution to loosen the ear wax, and then a second ear wax solution is used to remove the ear wax. In this method, the first ear wax solution is inserted into the ear in contact with the ear wax. The first ear wax solution comprises: (a) a first detergent effective to loosen the ear wax, and (b) a solvent for the first detergent. The first ear wax solution is maintained in contact with the ear wax for a time sufficient to loosen the ear wax, then removed from the ear. The second ear wax solution is inserted into the ear in contact with the loosened ear wax. The second ear wax solution comprises: (a) a second detergent effective to remove the ear wax, the second detergent being different from the first detergent, and (b) a solvent for the second detergent. The second ear wax solution is maintained in contact with the ear wax for a time sufficient to enable the removal of the ear wax. Finally, the second ear wax solution and the ear wax are removed from the ear.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Q:
Using exported symbols
I have a Haskell file called maxflow.hs that exports few symbols
module MaxFlow
(solveMaxFlow,MaxFlowNet,Vertex,Graph) where
import Data.List
data Vertex = Vertex {
vertexLabel :: String
, vertexNeighbors :: [(String,Int)]
, vertexDistance :: Int
, vertexPredecessor :: String
} deriving (Show)
....
In the same directory I have another file called elimination.hs that tries to use one of those symbols
import MaxFlow
g = [
Vertex "0" [("1",16), ("2",13) ] (maxBound::Int) "",
Vertex "1" [("2",10), ("3",12) ] (maxBound::Int) "",
Vertex "2" [("4",14) ,("1",4) ] (maxBound::Int) "" ,
Vertex "3" [ ("5",20), ("2",9)] (maxBound::Int) "" ,
Vertex "4" [("5",4), ("3",7) ] (maxBound::Int) "" ,
Vertex "5" [ ] (maxBound::Int) ""
]
But for some reason I can't load this file. Running
:l elimination.hs
I get
elimination.hs:4:17: error:
Data constructor not in scope:
Vertex :: [Char] -> [([Char], Integer)] -> Int -> [Char] -> a
|
4 | Vertex "0" [("1",16), ("2",13) ] (maxBound::Int) "",
| ^^^^^^
I'm probably missing something very basic. Any idea ?
Thanks!
A:
module MaxFlow
(...,Vertex,...) where
This says you want to export the type named Vertex and not the data constructor or the fields. What you probably want is either to export both the data type and the data constructor:
module MaxFlow (Vertex(Vertex)) where
Or to export the type, all data constructors, and all fields:
module MaxFlow (Vertex(..)) where
Those dots are literal not a short hand, you can type Vertex(..) in the export list to mean the type, data constructors, and all fields.
A:
You only exported the type constructor, not its data constructor(s). If you want to export the data constructor(s), you can write the can write this between parenthesis in the export:
module MaxFlow (solveMaxFlow, MaxFlowNet, Vertex(Vertex), Graph) where
-- …
If you want to export the getters/setters, you should include these in the parenthesis as well:
module MaxFlow (solveMaxFlow, MaxFlowNet, Vertex(Vertex, vertexLabel, vertexNeighbors, vertexDistance, vertexPredecessor), Graph) where
-- …
You can write two consecutive dots (..) if you want to export all:
module MaxFlow (solveMaxFlow, MaxFlowNet, Vertex(..), Graph) where
-- …
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
extend a right floating div to the left
I am trying to extend a right floating div to the left.
I have an image and would like to put some text on the right of the image.
EDIT
the goal is that the site stays dynamic. So I can not use a fixed width.
One way would be to use Javascript, I guess but I would prefer to do this in HTML CSS only if possible.
Here is a picture of what I have
And here is a picture of what I would like to have
How can I extend the right div to left ?
Or should I use a div in the middle ?
Here is the HTML
<div id="logo_container">
<div id="logo_image">
<img src="../img/KI_Logo_Long_FINAL.png" width="439" height="150" alt="KI-consult logo rectangle">
</div> <!-- div id="logo_image" -->
<div id="logo_address" height="150">
test<br>address 1 <br>address2
</div> <!-- div id="logo_address" -->
</div> <!-- div id="logo_container" -->
and the CSS
#logo_container
{
padding: 0px;
overflow: hidden;
zoom: 1;
}
#logo_image
{
float: left;
background-color: transparent;
border: 1px solid red;
}
#logo_address
{
background-color: #0E4194;
color: #FFFFFF;
margin-left: auto;
padding: 0px;
float: right;
border: 1px solid red;
height: 150px;
}
A:
#logo_address
{
background-color: #0E4194;
color: #FFFFFF;
padding: 0px;
textalign: right;
float: left;
border: 1px solid red;
height: 150px;
width: ENTER VALUE HERE;
}
This would be a solution. If you float the #logo_address to the left, align the text to the right and enter a width value it would look as you want.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Industrias culturales en Europa (debate)
Presidente
El próximo punto del orden del día es el informe de Guy Bono, en nombre de la Comisión de Cultura y Educación, sobre las industrias culturales en Europa.
Guy Bono
ponente. - (FR) Señor Presidente, el informe que presento se deriva de la pregunta que formulamos la señora Trüpel, aquí presente, a la que saludo, y yo, con ocasión del informe Cultura 2007, hace de ello ahora tres años, para que se otorgase un mayor reconocimiento a las industrias culturales, en las que, recuerdo, trabaja el 3,1 % de la población activa de la Unión Europea y que generan el 2,6 % del PIB, lo que hoy en día les hace tener un mayor peso que la industria automovilística en la Unión Europea.
Así, en la elaboración de este informe consulté ampliamente al conjunto de los participantes en el sector. Por consiguiente, me gustaría dar las gracias a los especialistas y profesionales del sector, así como a las asociaciones de internautas y consumidores, y, por último, a mis colegas de la Comisión de Cultura, por los intercambios de ideas que hemos mantenido sobre estas cuestiones fundamentales.
El presente informe parte del siguiente postulado: la cultura y la economía se han hecho inseparables en la actualidad. La economía necesita de la cultura y la cultura de la economía. Desde este punto de vista, resulta urgente devolver a la cultura al lugar que le corresponde en la Agenda de Lisboa. Por consiguiente, en mi informe recojo una serie de propuestas a este respecto.
La primera sería la creación de un grupo de trabajo encargado de examinar la relación entre la cultura, la creatividad y la innovación en el marco de las políticas comunitarias.
En segundo lugar, resulta indispensable conceder un lugar más preeminente en la financiación comunitaria a las industrias culturales. En este informe, recomiendo que se ponga en práctica en los Estados miembros una financiación público-privada, así como la promoción de un marco reglamentario y fiscal favorable a las industrias culturales y, más concretamente, la aplicación de créditos fiscales y tipos de IVA reducidos a todos los productos culturales, incluidas las obras en línea. Por otra parte, invito también a la Comisión a considerar la posibilidad de poner en marcha un programa similar al programa MEDIA para el conjunto de las industrias culturales.
En tercer lugar, el presente informe propone que la cultura se integre mejor en las políticas exteriores de la Unión Europea, porque -e insisto en ello- lo que constituye la riqueza de Europa es, para empezar, su cultura, o, más bien, iba a decir la diversidad de su cultura. Así, invito también a la Comisión y a los Estados miembros a aumentar el importe de las ayudas a la traducción.
Por último, si me lo permite, señor Presidente, me gustaría volver sobre la cuestión de los derechos de autor, que ha sido objeto en el presente informe de numerosas enmiendas. En relación con esta cuestión, me opongo firmemente a la posición de ciertos Estados miembros, cuyas medidas represivas son medidas dictadas por las industrias que no han sido capaces de cambiar su modelo económico frente a las necesidades impuestas por la sociedad de la información. La interrupción del servicio de Internet es una medida desproporcionada a la luz de los objetivos que persigue. Se trata de una sanción que tendría un enorme efecto y que podría tener graves repercusiones en una sociedad en la que el acceso a Internet es un derecho esencial para la inclusión social.
Señoras y señores, creo que debemos distinguir entre la piratería en masa y los consumidores que no actúan con un propósito mercantil. En lugar de criminalizar a los consumidores, debemos poner en práctica nuevos modelos económicos que permitan encontrar un equilibrio entre las posibilidades de acceso a las actividades y contenidos culturales, la diversidad cultural y una auténtica remuneración a los titulares de los derechos de autor. Me parece que éste es el único modo en que la Europa de la cultura puede entrar verdaderamente en el siglo XXI.
Ján Figeľ
Miembro de la Comisión. - Señor Presidente, me complace estar hoy aquí para asistir al debate sobre el informe del señor Bono; me gustaría dar las gracias al señor Bono por su contribución y a la comisión por su trabajo. Estoy convencido, como él mismo ha dicho, de que la cultura es importante para nuestras vidas y cada vez resulta más esencial para el futuro de la Unión Europea.
Me gustaría añadir que la cultura define a nuestra Comunidad mucho más que nuestras empresas o nuestra geografía. También debemos entender que la cultura realiza aportaciones, la cultura crea, la cultura es algo positivo, y no algo que consume nuestros presupuestos o se opone a nuestras necesidades; por el contrario, la cultura nos enriquece, también en términos de empleo y crecimiento. Ésta ha sido la primera vez que la Unión Europea ha reconocido explícitamente las conclusiones de la cumbre del año pasado, recogidas en el estudio que presentamos hace algún tiempo, y ahora en la Agenda Europea para la Cultura en un Mundo en vías de Globalización.
También me gustaría subrayar tres cuestiones específicas de su informe, que incluye muchas más, aunque no comentaré todas.
En primer lugar, nos pide que aclaremos cuál es la visión europea de la cultura, la creatividad y la innovación. La Agenda Europea que hemos acordado hace exactamente esto. Estamos reforzando la cooperación entre Estados miembros, especialmente la promoción de las industrias creativas. Éste es uno de los tres pilares. En el marco de esta labor debemos analizar cómo medir de forma más precisa la contribución de estas industrias a la economía y cómo podemos prestarles un mejor apoyo.
En segundo lugar, nos pide que consideremos la dimensión exterior. Ésta es una de las tres prioridades de la Agenda y actualmente estamos trabajando muy activamente en lograr que nuestros socios, nuestros Estados miembros, ratifiquen la Convención de la UNESCO -porque no todos los Estados miembros ni todos los países lo han hecho- y garanticen su aplicación. Además, estamos incluyendo cada vez más elementos culturales tanto en nuestra cooperación al desarrollo como en nuestras relaciones bilaterales con las economías emergentes.
En tercer lugar, estoy de acuerdo con usted en que se debe actuar de forma sistemática para conseguir la aplicación plena del artículo 151 en las políticas comunitarias. Mantengo el contacto y he logrado una cooperación positiva con mis colegas, especialmente el Comisario para el mercado interior, el señor McCreevy, sobre los diferentes aspectos de la protección de los derechos de autor. Confío en que, con la ayuda de todos ustedes, seamos capaces de lograr los objetivos establecidos en este artículo del Tratado.
También menciona usted la movilidad de los artistas y los profesionales del sector, algo que ocupa un lugar preeminente en nuestro programa, especialmente este año. Los Estados miembros ya han creado un grupo de trabajo sobre esta cuestión y la Comisión está aplicando la acción piloto sobre la movilidad de los artistas propuesta por este Parlamento el año pasado.
La Comisión apoyará todos estos esfuerzos, especialmente con un estudio para comprender mejor los vínculos existentes entre la cultura, la creatividad y la innovación, así como otro estudio sobre el modo de lograr un entorno que favorezca el desarrollo de las industrias creativas y culturales, que incluya el apoyo a las PYME y a la asunción de riesgos.
El resultado de estas iniciativas alimentará un Libro Verde sobre las industrias culturales y creativas, que la Comisión tiene previsto publicar en 2009.
Espero con impaciencia el comienzo del debate.
Rolf Berend
en nombre del Grupo del PPE-DE. - (DE) Señor Presidente, señor Comisario, señoras y señores, las nuevas tecnologías cada vez adquieren mayor peso en la industria cultural de Europa. Por consiguiente, se debe prestar una atención especial a la protección de los derechos de autor.
La Unión Europea y los Estados miembros deberían ofrecer los recursos necesarios para garantizar el respeto y la protección de los derechos de propiedad intelectual. La lucha contra la piratería es especialmente importante en este sentido. Todos los interesados deberían ser conscientes de sus derechos y sus obligaciones en relación con una solución común.
En su informe, nuestra comisión defiende la puesta en marcha de campañas de sensibilización y de educación, especialmente entre los consumidores. Se deberían emprender medidas preparatorias y educativas que expliquen el valor de la propiedad intelectual dirigidas a los jóvenes en los centros educativos. En este sentido, me gustaría subrayar de nuevo la opinión de la comisión de que la criminalización de los consumidores sin intenciones de lucro no es una buena solución para luchar contra la piratería informática.
Hemos subrayado repetidamente la importancia para el sector creativo europeo de las infraestructuras de información libre como la WWW y la necesidad de lograr un equilibrio entre las posibilidades de acceso a Internet y la protección de la propiedad intelectual. En este sentido, señor Presidente, permítame un último comentario sobre la versión revisada de la enmienda 22 bis presentada por 40 diputados. Mi grupo, el Grupo del Partido Popular Europeo (Demócrata-Cristianos) y de los Demócratas Europeos, ha declarado claramente que está dispuesto a apoyar la primera parte de la enmienda y a rechazar tajantemente la segunda parte.
Katerina Batzeli
en nombre del Grupo del PSE. - (EL) Señora Presidenta, señor Comisario, en un momento en que los sectores económicos e industrias tradicionales atraviesan por un periodo de declive acusado, y las presiones de la globalización están poniendo a las empresas europeas en una posición de desventaja significativa, el sector de las industrias culturales es uno de los pocos que ofrecen unas posibilidades considerables de desarrollo económico, regional, social y cultural plurifacético. En esta coyuntura, y además del cumplimiento del artículo 157 del Tratado y la Convención sobre la protección y la promoción de la diversidad de las expresiones culturales de la UNESCO, Europa debe lograr un equilibrio adecuado para que las empresas y entidades dedicados a la producción de bienes y la prestación de servicios culturales sean completamente competitivas. Al mismo tiempo, Europa no debe poner en peligro ni su distintiva naturaleza multicultural ni su diversidad.
Por este motivo, señor Comisario, creo que el próximo año, declarado Año Europeo de la Creatividad y la Innovación, como usted mismo ha dicho, sería el momento adecuado para que la UE emprenda medidas activas que favorezcan a las industrias culturales. Debemos abandonar la idea de que tales industrias constituyen un lujo y elaborar políticas específicas para promover la inversión en este sector.
Señora Presidenta, apoyamos plenamente el informe del señor Bono, que creo que el Comisario Figel' examinará seriamente, de modo que podamos debatir y continuar con su creativa labor.
Zdzisław Zbigniew Podkański
en nombre del Grupo UEN. - (PL) Señora Presidenta, a menudo nos encontramos con casos en los que se descuida el papel y la importancia de la cultura. Las empresas reciben toda nuestra atención, mientras que se considera a la cultura algo secundario, una especie de añadido. Pero no sólo se subestima la importancia cultural de la propia cultura, sino también su importancia económica y social.
Gracias a este informe, se nos presenta una imagen de la cultura diferente. Examinemos las cifras. La Unión Europea dispone del 1 % del PIB de todos los Estados miembros, mientras que la industria cultural supone el 2,6 % del PIB y más del 3 % del empleo, lo que nos hace tomar conciencia de la importancia de la cuestión. Sin embargo, estos datos son incompletos. Sabemos que no incluyen el papel y la importancia de las obras artísticas y de artesanía, ni tampoco numerosos ámbitos que reciben la influencia de la cultura. Por consiguiente, considero que este informe reviste una importancia fundamental y que deberíamos seguir en esta vía y apoyar al Comisario Figel', ya que ha adoptado un enfoque muy adecuado, una estrategia que ofrece numerosas oportunidades para todos.
Helga Trüpel
en nombre del Grupo Verts/ALE. - Señora Presidenta, señor Comisario, señoras y señores, el informe del señor Bono fuerza la apertura del rígido debate entre el concepto de cultura meramente como un fin en sí misma, por una parte, y la total "comercialización" de la cultura, por otra. Subrayamos la importancia de las industrias creativas como parte de la Estrategia de Lisboa para el crecimiento económico, al tiempo que sometemos a la política cultural a unas limitaciones meramente económicas.
Las industrias creativa y cultural se consideran sectores económicos independientes y han sido el motor de la creación de empleo en Europa en los últimos años. En Alemania, por ejemplo, crean más puestos de trabajo que la industria automovilística, y la Unión Europea y los Estados miembros deben orientar sus políticas consiguientemente. Aún queda mucho por hacer en este sentido.
Me gustaría volver a hacer hincapié -frente a todos los complicados argumentos que rodean a los derechos de autor- sobre el hecho de que debemos aún encontrar la solución política adecuada para los productos de la propiedad intelectual en el sector informático, con vistas a garantizar un acceso libre a Internet para los usuarios particulares, por una parte, y crear nuevas oportunidades económicas para los artistas que producen contenidos creativos, por otra.
Miguel Portas
Señora Presidenta, el informe del señor Bono es un documento excelente al que prestamos todo nuestro apoyo. En esta breve intervención me gustaría limitar mis observaciones a la cuestión de los derechos de autor. En el mundo pre-digital, la compra de libros y discos se podía considerar la actitud normal del consumidor. Las fotocopiadoras y las grabadoras de casetes supusieron un revés para la remuneración de los autores, pero la compra siguió siendo la regla.
El cambio de paradigma surge con el universo digital. En Internet, compartir y hacer circular libremente las ideas, informaciones y obras se deshace de sus antiguas cadenas físicas. En este mundo, el pago pertenece al pasado. La libre circulación de obras es el hábitat natural de la cultura. Luchamos contra la piratería con intención de lucro, pero somos completamente contrarios a la criminalización del consumidor. Sin embargo, siguen siendo necesarias algunas limitaciones y bloqueos en el universo digital, porque aún no hemos descubierto cómo remunerar dignamente a los autores de otro modo, pero esta situación tiene los días contados.
Thomas Wise
en nombre del Grupo IND/DEM. - Señora Presidenta, Europa cuenta con un patrimonio cultural rico y diverso, que enriquece a su vez nuestras vidas, no sólo estéticamente, sino también económicamente. El sector aporta el 2,6 % del PIB de la UE, como se ha dicho. Además, muestra un índice de crecimiento más elevado que la economía en general y emplea a más de cinco millones de personas.
Todas ellas son razones muy claras por las que la Comisión debería mantenerse al margen, a menos que deseemos ver cómo la cultura acaba igual que la pesca y la agricultura. No obstante, el déficit comercial de las películas entre la UE y los Estados Unidos sigue creciendo todos los años, ya que el público en Europa elige productos estadounidenses en lugar de productos europeos. Este déficit, según las últimas cifras, alcanzó los 7 200 millones de GBP sólo en un año.
Libres de cualquier limitación impuesta por la subvención estatal, el volumen de ventas de las seis principales productoras estadounidenses de películas alcanzó los 42 600 millones de USD en 2006, mientras que, según un informe del Observatorio Audiovisual Europeo, la situación general de la industria cinematográfica europea se está deteriorando. Ello es así porque las subvenciones y la legislación no inspiran a los artistas, lo único que hacen es alimentar a burócratas y parásitos.
Christofer Fjellner
(SV) La aparición y la difusión de Internet han cambiado radicalmente las posibilidades de la cultura. En mi opinión, este acontecimiento ha sido casi exclusivamente positivo. La cultura se ha vitalizado, democratizado y difundido ampliamente. A pesar de ello, buena parte del debate europeo se centra actualmente en los problemas que se dice que ha creado Internet para los que realizan actividades culturales. Esto resulta desafortunado.
Ello no quiere decir que no hayan surgido desafíos en el ámbito de la cultura. La vulneración de los derechos de autor y el intercambio ilegal de archivos son ejemplos de tales desafíos. Buena parte de este informe aborda también estos problemas. En Europa circulan ahora muchas propuestas sobre el modo en que se deberían abordar estas cuestiones. Desgraciadamente, en muchos casos se presta poca atención a nuestras libertades fundamentales y nuestros derechos como ciudadanos. Por ejemplo, tal vez la más controvertida de estas propuestas ahora mismo intenta prohibir el acceso a Internet a los que hayan vulnerado los derechos de autor.
Me gustaría aprovechar esta oportunidad para instar a sus Señorías a apoyar la enmienda que he presentado a este informe. Brevemente, mi propuesta hace hincapié sobre el papel positivo que Internet ha desempeñado a favor de la cultura y la democracia, y también rechaza la idea de prohibir a los ciudadanos el acceso a Internet. Se debe luchar contra la vulneración de los derechos de autor y el intercambio de archivos a través de sanciones proporcionadas que respeten los derechos y libertades fundamentales. Prohibir a las personas el acceso a Internet constituye, en mi opinión, una grave vulneración de la libertad de expresión e información y es completamente desproporcionado. Internet es mucho más que una máquina copiadora o un canal de difusión ilegal de películas o música. Es un foro para la libertad de expresión, información y comunicación.
Para mi hermano menor, Internet es tan natural como ver la televisión o chatear durante el recreo. Por otra parte, ¿vamos a imponer restricciones similares cuando se infringen los derechos de autor de otra manera? No hace tanto tiempo que estudiaba en la universidad y allí, desgraciadamente, muchos estudiantes copiaban ilegalmente los manuales de literatura, pero castigarles prohibiéndoles leer libros o escribir artículos hubiera sido claramente irrazonable. A los que hurtan alimentos no se les prohíbe comprar leche y al que sustrae una bicicleta no se le prohíbe utilizar la calle. De modo que no hagamos nada igual de estúpido en el caso de otros delitos simplemente porque se han cometido en Internet. Gracias.
Maria Badia i Cutchet
Gracias, señora Presidenta. Señoras y señores diputados, en primer lugar yo también quiero felicitar al ponente, señor Bono, por este informe sobre las industrias culturales que abarca un amplio abanico de cuestiones a las que se ha intentado dar respuesta.
Un breve comentario sobre un aspecto que me parece prioritario: en la sociedad de la información, de la comunicación y de la tecnología digital surgen constantemente nuevas formas de producción y de distribución que suponen nuevas oportunidades para productores, creadores, artistas y también para los consumidores. En este nuevo contexto es imprescindible encontrar nuevas fórmulas equilibradas que combinen el respeto de los derechos de los creadores con el acceso de la ciudadanía a estos bienes culturales.
Por otro lado, las industrias culturales y el conjunto de creadores -incluyendo las PYME, por su doble naturaleza cultural y económica- contribuyen tanto a la promoción de la diversidad cultural como a la creación de nuevos empleos y posibilidades de desarrollo económico y, en la medida en que forman parte de uno de los sectores más dinámicos de nuestra economía, las ayudas al sector creativo deben considerarse como una inversión. Así, la promoción del aprendizaje permanente que fomente el talento creativo y el fenómeno de las sinergias entre las empresas del sector y las escuelas debe ser una prioridad dentro de las políticas europeas.
Bernard Wojciechowski
(PL) Señora Presidenta, me congratulo por este importante informe sobre la cultura. La afirmación de que, si tuviese que empezar de nuevo, empezaría con la cultura, se atribuye a Jean Monet. La historia escrita de Europa se remonta a hace dos mil quinientos años, y ¡qué rica y variada en su contenido! La cultura es un componente significativo del desarrollo de nuestra civilización. Se deberían apoyar las medidas que favorecen la industria vinculada a la cultura. Sería estupendo que se encontraran fondos para financiar el desarrollo de una red de bibliotecas modernas en Polonia, en beneficio de las personas que no pueden permitirse comprar libros. Existen todavía distritos en Varsovia donde no existen salas de lectura académicas adecuadas. No existe un sistema de intercambio entre bibliotecas. Los jóvenes deben ir al centro de la ciudad para tener acceso a las obras científicas. El sistema bibliotecario de los Estados Unidos podría servir de ejemplo. Es necesario financiar el desarrollo de bibliotecas locales que ofrezcan acceso a los materiales necesarios, para que las personas puedan acceder a la educación.
No estoy del todo de acuerdo con el considerando T del informe. La identidad nacional y el lenguaje son la raíz de la creatividad. La cultura europea moderna comenzó cuando Dante y Petrarca empezaron a escribir en italiano. La razón del desarrollo de la civilización europea ha sido siempre la difusión de los valores que caracterizan al ser humano como individuo, su progreso espiritual y el hecho de que los pueblos hayan hecho uso de su individualidad para enriquecer el contenido de su vida colectiva.
Paul Rübig
(DE) Señora Presidenta, señor Comisario, la cultura es un factor económico y de otro tipo especialmente importante para todos nosotros, y hemos visto que genera beneficios que se elevan a varios miles de millones de euros en Europa, que millones de personas trabajan en el sector y que muchas PYME, sobre todo, trabajan en la industria cultural de forma creativa y apasionada.
En mi opinión, es importante que estos motores culturales tengan el mejor acceso posible a los nuevos formatos digitales y audiovisuales. Es importante poder presentarse al público y concebir nuevos productos de aprendizaje permanente, especialmente porque estos medios nuevos e innovadores están desarrollando y promoviendo el talento creativo de forma adecuada.
Mary Honeyball
Señora Presidenta, desearía dar las gracias al señor Bono por su informe, que destaca el papel, cada vez más importante en nuestra economía, que desempeñan las industrias creativa y cultural.
Como la mayoría de ustedes saben, represento a Londres, que es, en efecto, uno de los centros creativos de Europa. Así pues, soy muy consciente de los beneficios que las industrias creativas pueden aportar a una localidad. Londres cuenta con una enorme diversidad cultural y creatividad y, como las industrias culturales son un sector significativo de la economía londinense, acojo con satisfacción las recomendaciones de apoyo a la sostenibilidad y el crecimiento de la industria cultural.
Sin embargo, y sin perjuicio de lo que acabo de exponer, existe otra cuestión muy preocupante, a la que algunos ya han aludido en el marco del debate sobre otro informe esta tarde. Tal cuestión se refiere al hecho de que, aunque existe un elevado número de mujeres que trabajan en la industria, no hay muchas que ocupen un puesto de responsabilidad en las industrias creativas, por lo que espero que podamos abordar este problema en nuestras futuras deliberaciones.
Ewa Tomaszewska
(PL) Señora Presidenta, el proyecto de resolución llama la atención hacia el vínculo existente entre una industria cultural floreciente y la movilidad transfronteriza de los artistas; insta a la Comisión a publicar un Libro Verde sobre el mercado interior para los productos y servicios de la creación, lo que permitirá comparar los logros alcanzados en este ámbito. El informe subraya el papel de la cultura en las políticas comunitarias, así como el papel de la educación cultural en el desarrollo de la personalidad y el sentido de identidad.
La creatividad, y la participación en la creación de valor añadido, son los elementos que determinan el importante papel económico de la industria cultural. Su contribución efectiva al desarrollo económico, especialmente en los sectores de la música y la edición, supera varias veces el gasto realizado para el desarrollo de la cultura. Mis felicitaciones al ponente.
Tomáš Zatloukal .-
(CS) Las industrias culturales prestan importantes servicios de valor añadido, que constituyen la base de una economía dinámica basada en el conocimiento. Tales industrias constituyen una importante fuente de creación de empleo en ámbitos creativos que contribuyen significativamente a lograr una Unión Europea más competitiva. Los llamamientos al apoyo de las industrias cultural y creativa a través de una mejor cualificación y unos mejores sistemas de educación y formación, especialmente brindando a los estudiantes de todos los niveles educativos en disciplinas artísticas y culturales una formación profesional, reflejan esta situación.
Apoyo la invitación a los Estados miembros a incluir estudios empresariales en los programas nacionales de enseñanza secundaria y superior, en particular en los ámbitos de humanidades, arte y cultura. También es necesario realizar mayores avances en materia de reconocimiento recíproco de diplomas en los estudios artísticos. También pediría a la Comisión que tomase en consideración en mayor medida la naturaleza especial del sector cultural en todas las políticas relativas al mercado interior, competencia, comercio, empresa, e investigación y desarrollo.
Ruth Hieronymi
(DE) Señora Presidenta, simplemente me gustaría acabar con los malentendidos de una vez por todas. Este informe no trata de prohibir el acceso a Internet a nadie. La Comisión de Cultura y Educación ha rechazado esta propuesta por unanimidad.
El informe intenta lograr una relación equilibrada entre un acceso libre a Internet y la protección de la propiedad intelectual, y, en este sentido, tenemos aún muchas cuestiones por resolver y debemos encontrar los instrumentos que tomen en consideración ambos objetivos. Por consiguiente, me gustaría pedir específicamente que también se siga este enfoque en la votación.
Nicodim Bulzesc
Señora Presidenta, aprecio la valía de este informe, pero me gustaría hacer algunas observaciones.
El tema de las industrias culturales se vincula estrechamente a la cuestión del valor económico de la cultura. Ahora se hace referencia a la cultura como un medio hacia el crecimiento económico y muchos estudios ponen actualmente de manifiesto las repercusiones económicas de las actividades culturales. En este contexto, recuerdo el estudio titulado The Economy of Culture in Europe elaborado en 2006 por una consultora privada, KEA European Affairs, que presenta algunas cifras impresionantes relativas al sector cultural; no obstante, tales cifras son debatibles, porque el estudio incluye los reproductores MP3, los teléfonos móviles y la publicidad como "cultura".
Por consiguiente, consideramos que centrar nuestra atención sobre tales aspectos económicos puede ser confuso y podría dejar en un segundo plano cosas tan importantes como la creatividad o el potencial artístico si no se revelan lo suficientemente rentables.
Estoy a favor de una política cultural que apoya la diversidad cultural, la creatividad artística y el desarrollo del potencial artístico de los individuos y las comunidades: todas ellas directrices que considero debemos tener en cuenta para las iniciativas futuras.
Ján Figeľ
Miembro de la Comisión. - (SK) He escuchado el debate con interés. Por supuesto, el informe en sí mismo es muy interesante y, como la presidenta de la comisión, la señora Batzeli, ha dicho, también constituye un estímulo para la Comisión, para los Estados miembros y para el mundo de la cultura y las industrias creativas.
Creo que el tema u objetivo principal es adquirir una idea general, hacer de todos estos estímulos el centro de atención y crear un entorno favorable para la creatividad, la innovación, la cultura en sí misma y la situación de la cultura en nuestra sociedad y nuestras relaciones.
Permítanme decir sólo unas palabras. No podemos existir sin la economía, pero es la cultura la que dota de sentido a nuestras relaciones y nuestras identidades y define los valores que nos unen en la Comunidad. Ésta es mi respuesta a los que manifiestan su preocupación por el hecho de que hoy todo se vea en términos económicos y se exprese en valores monetarios. La cultura es algo más que dinero, pero es importante considerarla como un activo de creación que genera empleo y contribuye al desarrollo de la economía. La ausencia de cultura en la mayoría de los casos desemboca en el deterioro no sólo de la economía, sino también de la política y la sociedad. La ausencia de cultura, por consiguiente, tiene muchas consecuencias.
Éste es el motivo por el cual me complace ver que existe un amplio apoyo a la creatividad y la innovación en las observaciones relativas a la propuesta de la Comisión Europea para 2009. La propuesta oficial en sí ya está en este Parlamento y espero que el procedimiento legislativo conduzca pronto a su adopción y al inicio de los preparativos para el Año Europeo de la Creatividad y la Innovación.
Para terminar, me gustaría decir algunas palabras acerca de la lucha contra la piratería. Creo, como muchos de ustedes aquí hoy, que debemos lograr un equilibrio entre el acceso a la cultura y su accesibilidad, comunicación y oportunidades culturales, por una parte, y la protección de los derechos de propiedad intelectual, por otra. Debemos combatir el abuso de los derechos de propiedad intelectual, porque ésta es a menudo la razón por la que quiebran las empresas más pequeñas y más débiles. Ésta es la postura de la Comisión Europea. La educación constituye uno de los medios para abordar este problema: la sensibilización acerca de la importancia de proteger los derechos de propiedad intelectual y la no vulneración de las libertades. El otro método consiste en invitar y organizar a todos los interesados o todos los que tienen algún tipo de responsabilidad en este ámbito, para que cooperen y contribuyan a los esfuerzos de protección de los derechos de propiedad intelectual, al tiempo que se desarrolla el acceso a las redes electrónicas en el marco de las modernas comunicaciones. Esto es, después de todo, lo que presentamos por primera vez en nuestra reciente propuesta para reformar las redes y servicios de comunicaciones electrónicas (paquete de telecomunicaciones) y también el núcleo de la actitud de la Comisión Europea respecto de la lucha contra la piratería. Por supuesto, los propios Estados miembros deben poner mucho de su parte.
Esto es todo lo que quería decir, gracias. Espero que podamos seguir cooperando.
Guy Bono
ponente. - (FR) Señora Presidenta, señor Comisario, creo que no debemos equivocarnos de objetivo. A pesar de lo que quieren hacernos creer algunos estudios subjetivos, no es el 13 % de los europeos que descargan ilegalmente contenidos culturales lo que amenaza nuestra cultura, sino que, en mi opinión, más bien la concentración de nuestra cultura entre las manos de los grandes grupos pone en peligro nuestra diversidad y, por consiguiente, la riqueza de nuestro patrimonio cultural.
Únicamente voy a poner un ejemplo, el de la industria discográfica. Actualmente, el 95 % de lo que se distribuye procede de las cuatro principales compañías discográficas. Creo que es importante obrar para que los consumidores puedan elegir y que es necesario garantizar el pluralismo de los contenidos en un mercado muy concentrado donde los actores clave de la innovación y la creatividad son las pequeñas y no las grandes empresas. Y, desde este punto de vista, hablaba usted, señor Comisario, de las PYME y recomendaba un estudio que me parece, por otra parte, bastante interesante.
La autorización de la fusión entre Sony y BMG concedida por la Comisión contradice totalmente la política europea de apoyo a las PYME del sector de la música, que crean más empleo que las empresas grandes y que representan al 99 % de los actores del mercado, así como el 80 % de la innovación en el sector. Me parece, por consiguiente, urgente apoyar la diversidad en el sector cultural, auténtico motor del crecimiento y verdadero medio de desarrollo individual.
Para terminar, diría que la diversidad de la cultura la enriquece y no al contrario.
Presidenta
Se cierra el debate.
La votación se celebrará el jueves 10 de abril de 2008.
Declaraciones por escrito (artículo 142)
John Attard-Montalto
por escrito. - La cultura y la creatividad desempeñan un papel central en la promoción de la ciudadanía europea. Ambas cuestiones, cultura y creatividad, se deben tomar en consideración en las futuras políticas de la UE.
La Comisión promovió un análisis de la economía de la cultura en Europa, del que han surgido datos importantes. Así, parece que la cultura en sentido amplio contribuye de forma sustancial a la economía, incluso en mayor medida de lo que inicialmente se estimaba.
Hace cinco años se estimó que los sectores culturales contribuían en un 2,6 % al PIB de la UE. En 2004, el 3,1 % de la población activa de la UE trabajaba en este sector. La relación entre las actividades culturales y la economía en Malta y Gozo se puede evaluar gracias a un estudio reciente de 2007 elaborado por la Oficina Nacional de Estadística en el que participaron 5 086 personas matriculadas en escuelas de danza.
Tales escuelas empleaban a 109 personas y generaban un excedente financiero de cerca de 400 000 euros. Los ingresos totales superaban el millón de euros.
Éste es únicamente un ejemplo que demuestra la importancia de las actividades culturales para la economía.
Neena Gill
por escrito. - Mi región, las Midlands Occidentales, lidera el desarrollo de las industrias creativas, con más de una de cada diez personas empleadas actualmente en el sector. La región es una de las más multiculturales del Reino Unido y está demostrando que sus ventajas competitivas en la diversidad cultural se están convirtiendo en una fuente de creatividad e innovación.
No obstante, la UE debe comprometerse con mayor empeño en relación con el apoyo a las industrias culturales, estimulando la creación de empleo en este ámbito para contrarrestar el traslado de sus industrias tradicionales a las economías emergentes.
Es necesario aunar esfuerzos y ofrecer una mayor asistencia financiera para las empresas de nueva creación y las PYME del sector de las industrias culturales a través del Séptimo Programa marco, los Fondos Estructurales y el Fondo Social Europeo. Ello contribuirá a sacar mayor partido a la preparación y el talento de los empresarios y los trabajadores europeos, para garantizar que se dispone de la cualificación necesaria para seguir desarrollando el sector. La UE debe apoyar la creatividad para lograr un mayor nivel de innovación y espíritu emprendedor.
En el Año Europeo del Diálogo Intercultural, deberíamos también reconocer la importancia de las industrias culturales en relación con la sensibilización y el entendimiento de otras culturas y, por consiguiente, su importancia para la cohesión social. De forma análoga, Europa tiene mucho que ganar económicamente de su diversidad cultural.
Eija-Riitta Korhola
por escrito. - (FI) Me gustaría dar las gracias al ponente por la elaboración de un informe que trata de forma tan integral la naturaleza polifacética de las industrias culturales y los principales problemas conexos. Para examinar la situación de las industrias culturales en la sociedad europea es necesario recordar dos principios básicos.
En primer lugar, debemos entender hasta qué punto la cultura es importante para la calidad de vida de las personas. Los productos culturales mejoran el bienestar. La Comunidad reconoce que los europeos tienen el derecho básico a la educación, que incluye el derecho de las personas a la cultura. Por consiguiente, estamos hablando de derechos civiles fundamentales.
En segundo lugar, debemos entender hasta qué punto es importante la cultura para aquéllos que la producen. Para muchos el trabajo no es sólo una pasión, es también un medio de vida. Una remuneración adecuada del trabajo realizado es un derecho básico. De los legisladores depende garantizar que las personas puedan trabajar en un entorno que no menoscaba sus derechos. Sin creadores no existen productos culturales, y si no se les paga por el trabajo que realizan, se estará limitando el crecimiento cultural.
La legislación sobre las industrias culturales, como la protección de los derechos de propiedad intelectual y los derechos conexos, por consiguiente, debe siempre lograr un equilibrio adecuado entre las dos dimensiones sociales de la cultura. Ello requiere una sensibilidad especial por parte del legislador. Se debe reconocer que las industrias culturales son un sector muy especial y, por consiguiente, requieren un estatuto jurídico también muy especial.
El principal problema para las industrias culturales reside, naturalmente, en las tecnologías de la información. Ciertamente, las industrias culturales se benefician de los avances tecnológicos y el mercado de la información, pero al mismo tiempo deben ser protegidas cuando se utilizan nuevos sistemas.
También es necesario que la Comisión emprenda urgentemente medidas para aclarar la relación entre la propiedad intelectual y la cultura y la economía. El principal problema consiste en el modo en que podemos garantizar una remuneración justa de los titulares de derechos e industrias culturales por el trabajo realizado, al tiempo que se garantiza que los consumidores pueden elegir y acceder fácilmente a los productos culturales.
Marianne Mikko
por escrito. - A medida que la producción de bienes se mecaniza y se externaliza, aumenta el número de personas en Europa que se dedican a la producción de bienes culturales.
El estudio KEA encargado por la Comisión Europea subestima significativamente la contribución de las industrias culturales a nuestra economía y nuestra sociedad. Aunque únicamente el 3,1 % de la población activa de la UE genera directamente valor económico en el ámbito cultural, su impacto es notable en casi cualquier aspecto de nuestras vidas.
La cultura popular transmite mensajes culturales y sociales. Los músicos y actores desempeñaron un papel fundamental en el establecimiento de la economía verde. La música y las películas promueven considerablemente el entendimiento entre los pueblos y difunden los valores europeos. Las industrias culturales desempeñaron también un papel importante en la creación de la demanda de las nuevas tecnologías y las plataformas digitales.
Por consiguiente, es fundamental que las industrias culturales europeas sigan siendo viables. En primer lugar, debemos garantizar que los creadores sean capaces de vivir de su creatividad. Ello significa que debemos hacer que los creadores puedan difundir su trabajo lo más ampliamente posible, sin ningún temor por el posible abuso de intermediarios o consumidores.
Considero que éste es el principal mensaje del informe. Desearía dar las gracias al ponente y a aquéllos de sus Señorías que hayan contribuido con sus ideas a la elaboración de este documento.
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DES MOINES—Bernie Sanders dropped by the Iowa State Fair late on Sunday afternoon. He drew a big crowd. Not as big as the one he drew four years ago, and not as big as the one Elizabeth Warren had drawn the day before, but his crowd jammed the small area around the Des Moines Register's "Soapbox" set and spilled over into the fair's main drag and spread itself all the way back toward the Iowa pork producer's booth.
Let me begin by thanking the people of Iowa for playing an extraordinary role in transforming politics in America. Four years ago, I stood right up here and I said that if you work 40 hours a week in America, you should not live in poverty. We have to raise that minimum wage to $15 an hour. Workers should find it easier to become members of a union. Four years ago, that seemed like a wild and crazy idea. Since then, seven states and the U.S. Congress have passed legislation raising the minimum wage to $15 an hour. Thank you, Iowa, for helping to lead the way.
Four years ago, I came here and I said, you know what? If we want to be the best educated country on earth, we need to make public colleges and universities tuition free. And that idea was considered wild and extreme. Since then, state after state, city after city have done just that. We are going to make public colleges and universities in America tuition free. Four years ago, I said, sounds to me a little bit crazy that we are punishing young people for the "crime" of getting a higher education and finding themselves $50,000 or $100,000 in debt. And I said then and let me say it now more clearly, that in America today, we need to cancel student debt.
Bernie took to the Soapbox on Sunday. Alex Wong Getty Images
Here in America should do what every other major country on earth is doing. That is guaranteeing health care to all people as a human right. Guess what? Everybody said that was too radical. American people won't accept it. Yet, the people of Iowa understood that there is something wrong when 87 million Americans are uninsured or underinsured. Something very wrong with today, 30,000 people a year die because they don't have access to health care. Something awful when 500,000 Americans go bankrupt because they cannot afford the incredibly high medical bills that they receive when they got out of the hospital. Something is very wrong when we spent twice as much per capita on health care as the people of any other country, and yet one in five Americans cannot afford the cost of prescription drugs because the pharmaceutical industry rips us off every single day. I said that four years ago and the people of Iowa said, Bernie, you are right. Since then, what we have seen is poll after poll that the American people want us to move to a Medicare For All single-payer program.
I quote this at length because, in recent days, there has been something elegiac about the Sanders campaign. It seems to be developing an argument for its candidate based on the notion that he came to all of the driving ideas of the current Democratic Party first, and that, because he changed the game, he is best positioned to win it. That this comes dangerously close to the notion of it now being Sanders's "turn" to be nominated—an idea he rightfully scorned when it was applied to Hillary Rodham Clinton in the 2016 primaries—is only the most obvious risk in this new strategy. Unless it is handled very carefully, it could position Sanders as a candidate of the past, owed a vote of thanks, but not an actual vote next winter.
Unless it is handled very carefully, it could position Sanders as a candidate of the past.
That, eventually, he is going to have to collide with Senator Professor Warren to be the progressive alternative to Joe Biden—and one of the most remarkable things about the campaign so far is that no centrist alternative to the former vice-president's stumbling campaign has emerged—and, again, unless that's handled with political deftness, it could do damage to both their campaigns, and to the issues on which they share positions. And, finally, the problem with arguing that, "I got there first," is that it's an inherently empty assertion. Nobody votes for that person.
But, one day, it's entirely possible that Bernie Sanders will be reckoned with spurring a progressive revival in American politics the same way that Barry Goldwater's crash-and-burn campaign in 1964 is now seen to be the seedbed for the conservative revival that is just now beginning to lose steam because of the malignant presidency* it always was destined to produce. That would make him a major figure in modern political history. But I also think it will make someone else president.
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Charles P. Pierce Charles P Pierce is the author of four books, most recently Idiot America, and has been a working journalist since 1976.
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There's no mention of when you can expect to see Baptiste in action. Blizzard historically introduces heroes shortly before they appear in the Public Test Realm, though. If you're willing to be an early adopter, you can likely check out his abilities in the near future.
The timing may be more important than it has in the past. The second season of Overwatch League kicked off earlier in the month (albeit with a rough start), and the Paris map debuted shortly before that. More importantly, there's fresh competition. While a title like Apex Legends is fundamentally different, there's a real chance it's drawing the attention of some Overwatch players given its early popularity. Baptiste might give them a reason to come back, if just to see what's new.
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Vacate
cleaning checklist
An updated final inspection checklist will be emailed to you when you give notice to vacate
CLEANING CHECKLIST – FINAL INSPECTION GUIDE
Please use this checklist as a guide.
These items must be completed as a minimum and there may be other cleaning requirements specific to your property.
All of these items – where they apply – are compulsory.
It is a condition for the refund of your bond that you leave the property in the same or better condition than on your condition report.
Please be advised that should you be contacted to clean or remove something at the property once you have vacated, this must happen within 24 hours of notification, otherwise we will have the problem rectified by professionals and the amount deducted from your Bond.
GENERAL INSIDE
Wash and sweep/vacuum floors
Carpets professionally steamed clean (receipt needs to be provided)
Wipe and clean all light fittings and light switches
Wash all walls, ceilings and remove all marks
Skirting boards dusted and cleaned
Clean doors and woodwork
Wash windows inside and outside
Brush down flyscreens
Clean windowsills and tracks
Clean Venetian blinds
Have drapes dry cleaned (receipt needs to be provided)
Take down your own curtains/blinds and replace with original fittings
Clean out wood heater/Fire places
Have chimneys professionally cleaned (receipt needs to be provided)
Remove all cobwebs
Ceiling fan blades to be cleaned
Clean filters on air conditioning units and clean all electric heaters
Remove personal effects from all cupboards
KITCHEN
Clean stove including elements, oven racks, griller and drip trays
Remove grease/debris from stove surrounds
Clean exhaust fans & range hood
Defrost/clean refrigerator and remove water
Clean dishwasher including filters and powder dispensers
Clean sink, tiled splash backs & cupboards
Clean pantry shelves and doors inside and out
LAUNDRY
Clean laundry tub and cupboards inside and out
Clean clothes dryer & lint filter
Clean washing machine & filters
BATHROOM
Clean shower curtain
Clean bath and all tiles
Clean shower recess and all glass screens
Clean exhaust fan
Clean vanity mirrors and cabinet
TOILET
Clean behind toilet pan
Clean cistern
Clean toilet bowl, seat and cover inside and out
EXTERIOR
Mow lawns, trim edges, remove weeds and tidy up gardens
Remove oil/tyre/rust marks from driveway and garage floor
Remove all rubbish from sheds and all storage lockers
Sweep verandas and paths
Remove all garbage bags and rubbish
Remove all cobwebs from the exterior of the house/unit
Where pets have been kept on the property all animal droppings to be removed
FINAL CHECK
Check all drawers/cupboards for personal items
Return all “moved” items to their original position
DISCONNECT SERVICES
Contact Synergy, Alinta Gas, Kleenheat etc to disconnect services
Apply to Australia Post to redirect all mail
Cancel all deliveries
HANDOVER TO AGENT
Provide a forwarding contact address and telephone number for bond refund
Pay all outstanding rent and water rates
Hand in all keys by 2 pm on the day of vacating or onsite at the final inspection as arranged
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Clinical and microbiologic determinants of serious bloodstream infections in Egyptian pediatric cancer patients: a one-year study.
Bloodstream infections (BSI) remain a major cause of morbidity and death in patients undergoing treatment for cancer. However, all recent epidemiological and therapeutic studies underline the absolute need for knowledge of the factors governing the infections in each center. The aim of this study is to identify the factors affecting BSI in the pediatric service of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) at Cairo University. More tailored policies for the treatment of patients with febrile neutropenia following chemotherapy can then be created. Over a 12-month period, all children with cancer and fever, with or without neutropenia, who were admitted to the NCI for empirical therapy of febrile episodes and who had a microbiologically confirmed bloodstream infection were studied retrospectively. A total of 328 BSI occurred in 1135 febrile episodes in pediatric cancer patients at the NCI in one year. Gram-positive bacteria were isolated in 168 episodes (51.2%) and 61.9% of the total isolates (either single or mixed), Gram-negative in 97 (29.6%), and mixed infections in 45 (13.7%). The common causative agents of bloodstream infections in this study were coagulase-negative staphylococci (16.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (13.4%), Streptococcus spp. (12.1%) followed by Acinetobacter spp. (6.7%) and Pseudomonas spp. (5.5%). Fungemia was encountered in 18 episodes, being mixed in nine of them. A more serious BSI in terms of a prolonged episode was encountered in 30.2% of the episodes and was significantly associated with patients being hospitalized, having intensified chemotherapy, polymicrobial and fungal infection, lower respiratory tract infections and persistent neutropenia at day seven. In a large population of children, common clinical and laboratory risk factors were identified that can help predict more serious BSI. These results encourage the possibility of a more selective management strategy for these children.
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Re: Whether tax abatement may be granted to
owner of property that was subject of a previous ten-year tax abatement agreement under chapter 312 of
the Tax Code, and related question (RQ-0077-JC)
Dear Ms. Letson:
Chapter 312 of the Tax Code, the Property Redevelopment and Tax Abatement Act,
authorizes municipalities and other local taxing units to grant tax abatements to property owners,
under certain circumstances, for the purpose of economic development of property located in a
reinvestment zone. You ask two questions regarding the allowable duration of tax abatement
agreements under chapter 312.
A tax abatement agreement made pursuant to chapter 312 of the Tax Code may not exceed
ten years: "The governing body of a municipality . . . may agree in writing with the owner of taxable
real property . . . to exempt from taxation a portion of the value of the real property . . . for a period
not to exceed 10 years . . . ." Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 312.204(a) (Vernon 1992). An agreement may
be modified to extend its duration at any time before the expiration of the agreement. Id.
§ 312.208(a). However, the original agreement may not be modified to extend beyond ten years
from the date of the original agreement. Id.
Before September 1, 1989, tax abatement agreements could be made for a period of up to
fifteen years. In 1989, the legislature amended chapter 312 to shorten the maximum duration of a
tax abatement agreement from fifteen years to the current ten years. See Act of May 24, 1989, 71st
Leg., R.S., ch. 1137, §§ 7, 10, 1989 Tex. Gen. Laws 4683, 4685-87. The change became effective
on September 1, 1989. Id. § 29 at 4692-93. Agreements entered into before the effective date of the
amendment were not affected. Id.
You tell us that in 1988 the City of Amarillo entered into a tax abatement agreement with
the owner of certain real property located in a reinvestment zone. See Letter from Honorable
Sonya Letson, Potter County Attorney, to Honorable John Cornyn, Attorney General (June 10, 1999)
[hereinafter "Request Letter"]. At that time, section 312.204 of the Tax Code allowed tax abatement
agreements to last as long as fifteen years. The initial term of the agreement was five years,
beginning on January 1, 1989. Id. at 1. But the agreement was "renewable" for two additional
periods of five years, for a total of fifteen years, if the property owner met certain employment goals.
Id.
The property owner met its employment goals, and the tax abatement agreement was
extended for a second period of five years, beginning on January 1, 1994. Id. Again, the agreement
set certain employment goals for the property owner which, if met, would allow the agreement to
be extended for an additional five-year period. Id. at 2.
The employment goals were met again by the end of the second five-year period. Id.However, the property that was the subject of the agreement had a new owner. Id. You describe the
new owner as the "successor in interest" to the previous owner, but you also say that there is a
possibility that the two owners are the same entity. Id. In any event, in 1998 the City entered into
a new tax abatement agreement with the new owner of the property. You tell us that the agreement
is "new" but that its preamble states that it "is for the general purpose of continuing a tax abatement
agreement on improvements constructed on the herein-described property." Id. The agreement is
for a five-year period beginning January 1, 1999. Id. You inform us that Potter County and other
taxing entities entered into tax abatement agreements with the new owner under the same terms. Id.
You ask whether a governmental entity may grant a tax abatement to the owner of property
that was previously the subject of a ten-year tax abatement agreement. We conclude that it may not.
We do not decide, however, whether such a tax abatement agreement was entered into in the
particular case that you describe.
Section 312.204 of the Tax Code limits a tax abatement agreement with a property owner to
ten years. Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 312.204(a) (Vernon 1992). It does not expressly prohibit
subsequent ten-year agreements with respect to the same property. Thus, as your letter points out,
it might be argued that after the expiration of one ten-year tax abatement agreement, a governmental
body may enter into subsequent tax abatement agreements with the property owner provided no
single agreement is for a period of more than ten years. We disagree with this argument.
In interpreting a statute, we presume that the legislature intended to give effect to the entire
statute, to promote a just and reasonable result, and to favor the public interest over any private
interest. Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 311.021 (Vernon 1998). If section 312.204 were construed to
permit subsequent tax abatement agreements on the same piece of property, it would allow ten-year
agreements to be entered into one after the other, potentially resulting in taxes being abated on a
piece of property for an unlimited length of time. We do not believe that the legislature intended
such a result.
The constitutional provision authorizing the Property Redevelopment and Tax Abatement
Act states that tax relief may be provided "for the purpose of encouraging development or
redevelopment and improvement" of property. Tex. Const. art. VIII, § 1-g(a). In our view, the
purpose of the Act is to spur economic development in an area: to give the area an economic boost,
so to speak. The statute's ultimate goal is to increase an area's tax base, not to remove taxable
property from it.
When the maximum duration of a tax abatement agreement was changed from fifteen years
to ten years, supporters of the change argued that the shorter period would more quickly return the
property to the tax rolls:
Shortening the maximum duration of abatement agreements would
ensure that abated property finds its way onto the tax rolls before
depreciation makes the property obsolete. The ten-year limit would
bring Texas in line with a majority of other states and ensure that the
abated property eventually becomes a part of the local property tax
base.
House Research Org., Bill Analysis, Tex. H.B. 2392, 71st Leg., R.S. 3 (May 11, 1989)
(companion to S.B. 1312). Similarly, a court of appeals described chapter 312 tax abatements as
increasing the local tax base in the long run and decreasing tax revenue only in the short run. SeeCalhoun County Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Meno, 902 S.W.2d 748, 749 (Tex. App.-Austin 1995, writ
denied). We likewise find no purpose for the ten-year limit other than to make certain that the
property is returned to the tax rolls. Allowing successive ten-year agreements on the same property
would defeat this purpose.
You point out that because section 312.204 refers to tax abatement agreements with the
owner of taxable real property, it might be argued that following a ten-year agreement with the owner
of a piece of property, a governmental body may enter into a new ten-year agreement with a new
owner of the same property. We also find this argument incompatible with the purpose of the tax
abatement law. Such a construction could result in successive abatement agreements on the same
piece of property, provided each agreement is with a different owner. Again, it has the potential of
forestalling indefinitely the return of property to the tax rolls. Accordingly, we conclude that a
governmental entity may not grant a tax abatement to a new owner of the same property that
previously received a ten-year tax abatement.
You also ask whether the 1989 amendment to section 312.204 of the Tax Code, changing the
maximum duration of a tax abatement agreement from fifteen years to ten years, prohibits the City
of Amarillo from granting a tax abatement for a total of fifteen years pursuant to the agreement
described in your letter. We conclude that section 312.204 permits a city to complete the terms of
a fifteen-year tax abatement agreement executed prior to September 1, 1989, the effective date of the
amendment. We do not decide, however, whether the agreement about which you ask is a fifteen-year agreement executed prior to September 1, 1989.
The act adopting the ten-year limit on tax abatement agreements provides that it does not
affect agreements executed before the act's effective date:
The change in law made by this Act to Section 312.204, Tax
Code, relating to the duration of a tax abatement agreement applies
only to an agreement executed on or after the effective date of this
Act. An agreement executed before the effective date of this Act is
governed by Section 312.204, Tax Code, or by former Article 1066f,
Vernon's Texas Civil Statutes, as applicable, as the law existed when
the agreement was executed.
A tax abatement agreement executed prior to the effective date of the new law could be
modified to extend beyond ten years, but only if the modification occurred before the effective date
of the new law:
The change in law made by this Act to Subsection (a), Section
312.208, Tax Code, relating to the extension of a tax abatement
agreement applies to an extension of an agreement that occurs on or
after the effective date of this Act even if the agreement was
originally executed before the effective date. The change in
Subsection (a), Section 312.208, Tax Code, made by this Act does not
affect the validity of an extension made before the effective date.
Id. § 29(c), at 4692. Thus, a tax abatement agreement could last for as many as fifteen years if the
agreement was entered into or modified to establish that length before September 1, 1989.
Modifications made after September 1, 1989, are governed by the new law and thus are limited to
ten years.
You tell us that the City of Amarillo entered into a tax abatement agreement in 1988 that was
for an initial period of five years, but which was "renewable" to last as many as fifteen years if
certain conditions were met. See Request Letter, supra, at 1. Then, you tell us that the original
agreement was "extended" for a second period of five years, beginning on January 1, 1994. Id.
Finally, you tell us that in 1998, the city entered into a "new" five-year tax abatement agreement with
the new owner of the property, although the agreement's preamble states that it "is for the general
purpose of continuing a tax abatement [agreement] on improvements constructed on the herein-described property." Id. at 2.
It is unclear to us whether the original agreement you describe was a five-year agreement or
a fifteen-year agreement. In order for the original agreement to have been a fifteen-year agreement,
it would have to have bound the City to the tax abatement for fifteen years if the conditions of the
agreement were met by the property owner. If the City had the option of ending the agreement after
five years, even if the conditions were met, then the city was bound for only five years and the
agreement was a five-year agreement.
If the original 1988 agreement was a fifteen-year agreement and the 1998 agreement is
merely a continuation of the agreement, then it is not affected by the change in the law, because the
new ten-year limitation did not affect agreements in existence before September 1, 1989. However,
if the 1988 agreement was a five-year agreement that could be extended or renewed twice, then the
1998 agreement is invalid because it would extend the tax abatement on the property to a period of
more than ten years from the original agreement, and the extension was not made before September
1, 1989. Likewise, if the 1998 agreement is a completely new agreement for the same property, it
is also invalid, since it would constitute a new agreement on property that was previously the subject
of a ten-year tax abatement.
In sum, in order for a piece of property to receive fifteen years of tax abatement pursuant to
chapter 312 of the Tax Code, the agreement for the fifteen-year abatement must have been executed
prior to September 1, 1989. The factual matters surrounding the tax abatement agreement you
describe are unclear, and normally this office neither determines facts nor construes contracts.
Therefore, we do not determine whether the particular tax abatement agreement about which you ask
is valid.
S U M M A R Y
A tax abatement agreement made pursuant to chapter 312 of
the Tax Code, the Property Redevelopment and Tax Abatement Act,
may not exceed ten years. A governmental entity may not grant a
tax abatement for property that previously received a ten-year tax
abatement. In order for property to receive more than ten years of tax
abatement, the agreement for the abatement must have been made
prior to September 1, 1989.
|
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First Thoughts: What's the endgame for Syria?
What’s the endgame for Syria?... And what happens next week at the G-8 summit in Northern Ireland… NBC/WSJ poll on a war-weary public… A tale of two different conferences today: Jeb Bush and Paul Ryan speak at Faith and Freedom in DC, while Chris Christie speaks at the Clinton Global Initiative… Bill Clinton grabbing headlines and Hillary Clinton defining TBD… And House GOP to hold immigration meeting on July 10.
By Chuck Todd, Mark Murray, and Domenico Montanaro, NBC News
*** What’s the endgame for Syria? After months of internal deliberations, the Obama White House yesterday announced its first significant effort at trying to intervene in the Syrian civil war. The decision comes after the White House confirmed the Assad regime has been using chemical weapons, and it comes amid growing public pressure on the White House to do more -- from John McCain on the right to Bill Clinton on the left. But here’s our question: What is the administration’s ultimate policy toward Syria? And what’s the endgame? While this issue isn’t a domestic political problem for Team Obama, it has become an international one where its international credibility is on the line. It was striking to see the administration announce this change in policy on a conference call while the president was attending an LGBT event at the White House. Of course, with the G-8 summit in Northern Island coming up next week, it’s very likely that President Obama uses it to announce some form of an international coalition to support the opposition.
Stringer / REUTERS
Members of the Free Syrian Army run to avoid a sniper in Deir al-Zor, June 13, 2013.
*** And what happens next week in Northern Island? But the G-8 isn’t united against Assad. The old G-7 might be, but country No.8 -- Russia -- is in a different place. The end game the president HOPES is a reality is that the ramped up international effort to support the opposition in Syria convinces Russia to back off its support of Assad. But with Assad’s forces winning, can a negotiated settlement be reached? What’s the incentive? Maybe the best criticism of the president on this issue came from someone on the left, actually: former Carter NSA Zbigniew Brzezinski, who noted the lack of U.S. leadership globally in trying to force China and Russia to see this issue through the prism of the Western powers and key Arab allies.
*** A war-weary public: The White House’s change in Syria policy comes as the American public is EXTREMELY hesitant to intervene directly in Syria's civil war. According to our NBC/WSJ poll released last week, just 15 percent of respondents said they favor U.S. military action when asked to pick a response to stop the killing in Syria, and only 11 percent wanted to provide arms to the opposition. Folks, that’s just one-in-four Americans who support the policy the White House announced yesterday. By comparison, a plurality of respondents -- 42 percent -- preferred to provide only humanitarian assistance, and 24 percent believe the U.S. shouldn't take any action. Perhaps more significantly, those attitudes cut across party lines and almost all demographic groups. "Whether you voted for Romney or Obama, they have the same opinion on Syria," said Republican pollster Bill McInturff, who conducted the survey with the Democratic firm Hart Research.
*** A tale of two conferences: Another round of potential 2016 Republican hopefuls today addresses the Ralph Reed-founded Faith and Freedom Coalition gathering in DC, including former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush and House Budget Committee Chairman Paul Ryan (R-WI). Among yesterday’s Faith and Freedom speakers were Sens. Marco Rubio (R-FL) and Rand Paul (R-KY), as well as Rick Santorum. But more than 700 miles away, in Chicago, Republican New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie is speaking to a different audience -- the Clinton Global Initiative. At 5:00 pm ET, Christie shares the stage with former President Bill Clinton at a session entitled “Cooperation and Collaboration: A Conversation on Leadership.” Of course, don’t forget that Christie’s participation at the Clinton Global Initiative comes just after his recent appearance with President Obama on the Jersey Shore. Yet don’t miss Ralph Reed’s very conciliatory remarks about Christie, which were VERY different than he got from the CPAC folks who didn’t invite the New Jersey governor to their confab earlier this year. “We’re sorry he didn’t come, but Chris Christie is pro-life,” Reed said. “We’re hoping he’ll be here a year from now.”
*** Christie trailing the pack among Republicans and conservatives: But we’ll remind you of these numbers: While Christie has plenty of crossover appeal per our most recent NBC/WSJ poll, he trails other Republican 2016ers in fav/unfav scores among GOP and conservative respondents. He’s got a lot of work to do if he’s going to win the support of the voters you need these days to secure the ’16 GOP nod. No one has higher negative ratings among Republicans and core conservatives than Chris Christie. From our poll going back to December:
*** Bill grabbing headlines and Hillary defining TBD: Yesterday, we wrote that Hillary Clinton -- over the past four years -- has emerged with her own brand that’s distinct and separate from her husband’s. But we certainly got a reminder how Bill Clinton can still grab headlines (on Syria), even on a day that was supposed to be about Hillary’s debut with the Clinton Global Initiative. That must have given former Hillary campaign staffers a negative flashback back to ’08, when they would constantly get frustrated at how the Big Dog could throw them off…. As for Hillary’s speech yesterday, she is starting to define “TBD.” She laid out the issues she wants to focus on (early childhood development, opportunities for women, economic mobility) And now she’s launching “Too Small to Fail,” which is her early childhood initiative.
*** House GOP to hold immigration meeting on July 10: Lastly, NBC’s Frank Thorp reported yesterday that House Republicans will hold a “special GOP conference meeting” on July 10 to discuss immigration reform. Folks, if you wanted a sign that the Gang of Eight bill is probably going to pass the Senate and that it’s likely headed to the floor of the House for a vote, it’s this House GOP meeting. The meeting is also a sign that House Speaker John Boehner is trying to telegraph to his members that they need to come up with a solution to whatever the Senate ultimately passes. Bottom line: Boehner is laying the groundwork to show membership there is no House consensus, so they might be stuck with the Senate solution.
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Anzeige
Geahnt hatte man es schon, dass die Sache mit den Bio-Eiern einen Haken haben könnte. Es gibt einfach zu viele davon. In jedem Supermarkt stapeln sich die mehr oder weniger grünen Kartons mit den Abbildungen glücklicher Legehennen zwischen stilisierten Grashalmen.
Seit 2009 hat sich die Produktion von Bio-Eiern verdoppelt, auf jetzt sage und schreibe mehr als 1,2 Milliarden Stück pro Jahr. Allein in Deutschland. Der Marktanteil geht auf zehn Prozent zu, obwohl die Öko-Eier zum Teil doppelt so teuer sind wie Standardware.
Merkwürdig bloß, dass das glückliche Federvieh kaum jemals irgendwo beim Scharren im Sand gesichtet wird. Dabei müssten Millionen von Hennen auf den Weiden herumpicken. Seit der ARD-Sendung über die „Eierlüge“ am Montagabend zur besten Sendezeit wissen wir, wo die vielen Öko-Legehennen sich normalerweise befinden: im Stall, oft unter übelsten Bedingungen. Eng zusammengepfercht, manche mit Parasiten übersät, die Herden von Kadavern und kranken Tieren durchsetzt.
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Wie kann das sein? Versprochen wird Öko, die Realität ist industrielle Landwirtschaft der schlimmen Sorte. Teilweise, so wurde deutlich, durch ans Kriminelle grenzende Praktiken. Bei einigen Betrieben in den Niederlanden und Deutschland entdeckte der Tierschützer Jan Pfeifer Stromkabel vor den Ausläufen, die die Hühner am Freigang hindern, und dokumentierte diese in heimlichen Aufnahmen.
Pfeifer war eine Art Kronzeuge der Sendungsmacher Monika Anthes und Edgar Verheyen. In der halbstündigen Sendung berichteten Beamte des niedersächsischen Landesamtes für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit auch von systematischen Betrügereien zur Verdichtung des Tierbestands weit über das erlaubte Maß hinaus, alles, um den Gewinn zu steigern.
Die buchstabengetreue Umsetzung untauglicher Vorschriften
Doch so weit müssen die Halter gar nicht gehen. Ein Kernsatz, der den Regelfall eher treffen dürfte, stammte von dem Lebensmittelökonomen Markus Mau: „Die gesetzlichen Mindestvoraussetzungen werden erfüllt, und zwar exakt die Mindestvoraussetzungen.“ Nach der entsprechenden EU-Verordnung dürfen pro Quadratmeter Stallfläche nicht mehr als sechs Tiere gehalten werden, und pro Henne müssen vier Quadratmeter Freifläche zur Verfügung stehen. Zwischen zehn Uhr und Sonnenuntergang ist Freigang für die Hennen zu ermöglichen.
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Klingt gut, aber die Realität sieht anders aus. Riesige leere Flächen vor riesigen Ställen bleiben fast leer, einfach weil die Tiere sich nicht raustrauen – auch ohne Elektrodraht. Luftaufnahmen belegten das eindrucksvoll. Die natürliche Furcht des Federviehs vor großen Freifläche war sinnvoll zur Arterhaltung, als der Habicht noch die größte Gefahr für Hühner war. Heute ist es die Gier mancher Großbetriebe.
Sie könnten Unterstände für die Vögel bauen oder Gebüsche pflanzen, um den natürlichen Instinkten der Hühner zu entsprechen, die eine Zuflucht in der Nähe erwarten. Aber wozu? Es ist viel einfacher, die Eier aus dem Stall zu sammeln, als sie personalintensiv aus der Wiese zu klauben. Auch der Kot lässt sich so leichter und billiger entfernen.
Das Ergebnis ist reine Massentierhaltung bei buchstabengetreuer Umsetzung untauglicher Vorschriften – und eklige Aufnahmen, die zum Teil schwer zu ertragen sind. Die Betriebe redeten sich damit heraus, dass es sich bei den desolat aussehenden Tieren um „sehr alte Bestände“ gehandelt habe, die aber fachgerecht tierärztlich betreut würden. Einerlei.
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Denn gerade das wollen die Verbraucher nicht mehr, erst recht nicht Käufer, die bewusst mehr für Eier mit der Kennzeichnung „0“ ausgeben, also für Öko-Eier. Sie haben sich unter den vier Haltungsformen – Käfighaltung, Bodenhaltung, Freilandhaltung und Öko-Erzeugung – für ein subjektiv empfundenes ethisches Optimum entschieden. Es wird ihnen vorenthalten. Der Titel der Sendung war gerechtfertigt: Eierlüge.
Auch die Konsumenten müssen sich ehrlich machen
Damit ist es auch nur konsequent, wenn sich Bürgerinitiativen gegen Produzenten von Bio-Eiern bilden wie in Oranienburg. Dort will laut TV-Bericht ein Investor zwei Ställe bauen. Jeweils 120 Meter lang, jeder für 21.000 Legehennen. „Nicht bei uns“, sagten die Protestierer.
Um zu belegen, dass es auch anders geht, wurde den Zuschauern Hans Dieter Greve präsentiert, ein Muster-Bio-Bauer mit Strohhut und Latzhose von einem Hof, der auch noch Hasenkrug heißt. Seine Hennen strolchen laut SWR wirklich durchs Gras, in das er sie mit einem mobilen Stall an unterschiedlichen Stellen aussetzt. Dafür kosten die Eier im Handel anschließend 35 Cent das Stück, statt 26 Cent beispielsweise bei Ware aus einem Hof, der Aldi Süd belieferte – bis der SWF kam.
Die deutsche Geflügelwirtschaft kämpft seit Jahr und Tag um ein besseres Image, unter anderem mit einer Kampagne unter dem Titel „Das deutsche Ei – ein starkes Stück“. Das dafür ausgegebene Geld wird keinen Effekt haben, solange der Öko-Anspruch und eine traurige Realität so weit auseinanderklaffen, dass die Vermarktung als „Bio“ an eine Verhöhnung der Verbraucher grenzt.
Dass das Sendematerial zum Teil mit illegalen Mitteln, darunter Einbruch, entstanden ist, hilft den Öffentlichkeitsarbeitern der Geflügelwirtschaft kaum weiter, in Zeiten, in denen der Staat selbst geklaute Steuer-CDs kauft und auswertet.
Aber auch die Konsumenten müssen sich ehrlich machen. Ein grüner Aufdruck auf der Schachtel macht noch kein Öko. Und auch bei einem hohen Preis ist nicht immer sicher, ob er eher dem Tierwohl oder der Marge von Erzeugern und Händlern zugutekommt. Wir werden uns selbst um belastbare Informationen darüber kümmern müssen, woher unser Essen kommt.
Denn „dem Verbraucher wird eine Idylle vorgetäuscht, die so nicht existiert“, wie es an einer Stelle der Sendung hieß. Wie gesagt: Geahnt hatte man es schon. Jetzt sind wir um eine Illusion ärmer. Gut so, ARD.
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Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Esophageal carcinoma (EC) is one of the most devastating cancer worldwide, including over 450,000 new cancer diagnoses yearly, and in some areas of China, this disease is the fourth leading cause of mortality from cancer, with an esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) histology in approximately \> 90% of cases \[[@CR1], [@CR2]\]. Unfortunately, most patients diagnosed with esophageal cancer are at a locally advanced stage with unresectable or metastatic disease; therefore, concurrent chemo-radiotherapy (CRT) is currently considered the best treatment modality \[[@CR3]\]. On the other hand, patients who are insensitive to CRT (18--25%) may be damaged by the toxicity of an ineffective therapy without survival benefit \[[@CR4]\]. Hence, if the CRT response is well monitored earlier, the effectiveness of the treatment regimens will be better predicted, and then the early identification of patients who are at higher risk of poor response before CRT would allow for individualization of their treatment.
Furthermore, there is uncertainty about the optimal radiotherapy dose in esophageal carcinoma. For example, a phase III clinical trial documented that the survival or local/regional control in the group with a higher radiation dose (64.8 Gy) was not increased compared to that in the group with the lower radiotherapy dose (50.4 Gy) \[[@CR5]\]. Moreover, in the CROSS phase III trial, disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival were improved in the group that underwent preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) compared with the group that underwent surgery alone \[[@CR6]\].
However, traditional treatment evaluation systems are based on dimensional changes in tumour diameter or volume on anatomical MRI. Recent advancements in functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have the potential to be applied in the early assessment of treatment response in many cancers \[[@CR7]\]. For example, diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) is a noninvasive approach to probe the molecular diffusion of water on the microscopic scale without contrast administration, and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value has been utilized to evaluate the treatment response to CRT in many cancers including esophageal carcinoma \[[@CR8]\]. Nevertheless, only a few studies have evaluated the clinical significance of the capacity of DWI to predict the treatment response in patients with EC \[[@CR9]--[@CR11]\], and there is uncertainty about how to select the timing of observation post-therapy to avoid false negatives, and how to minimize the confounding factors that may interfere with the measurements \[[@CR12]\].
It is well known that ADC values reflect the free diffusion of water molecules in a single voxel due to restrictive barriers such as membranes, macromolecules, and fibresin tissue compartments. Is the ADC value associated with some macromolecules? Aoyagi T \[[@CR13]\] reported a negative correlation between the ADC of the tumours and the amount of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). SIRT1, a member of the mammalian Sirtuin family, has been implicated to play vital roles in many biological processes including stress response, apoptosis, cellular metabolism, ageing, and a double effect on tumorigenesis \[[@CR14]\]. In our previous study \[[@CR15]\], we found that the expression level of protein Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) was higher in CRT non-responder patients with ESCC than in CRT responder patients, and suppression of SIRT1 may inhibit the growth of ESCC cell lines. We also demonstrated that the downregulation of SIRT1 expression may inhibit the growth of ESCC cell lines, and that SIRT1 may be a biomarker for the treatment of EC \[[@CR16]\]. With regard to ADC and SIRT1 as biomarkers in the treatment of EC, what is the relationship of both factors? To our knowledge, no published studies have determined whether the amount of SIRT1 in EC patients shows a biological correlation with the ADC value.
The goals of this study were to determine the correlation between the ADC values of patients with ESCC and the amount of SIRT1 in esophageal tumour tissue, to ascertain a better biomarker to predict the prognosis and therapeutic response for patients with ESCC.
Methods {#Sec2}
=======
Ethics statement {#Sec3}
----------------
This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital. All patients were provided with and subsequently signed informed consent documentation.
Patient database {#Sec4}
----------------
Between January 2015 and December 2017, 75 patients diagnosed with ESCC at our hospital were enrolled in the study. All patients were qualified by the following criteria: (1). All cases were confirmed by pathology; (2). Without a second primary tumour and distant metastasis; (3). With normal liver/kidney function and routine blood examination and electrocardiograms; (4). Without any serious medical diseases; (5). Without any known history of chest CRT or surgery; (6). Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) score ≤ 2; and (7). Without any contraindications for CRT. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1). Contraindications for MRI examination; (2). With any signs of esophageal perforation in radiology examination including niche, penetrating ulcer, tortuosity, and angulation; or (3). With a medical history of systemic heart, liver, and kidney diseases. The classification of disease stage was according to the 7th edition of the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system.
MR imaging {#Sec5}
----------
All subjects underwent two MRI examinations using a 3.0-T MR scanner (Achieva, Philips Medical Systems, Best, The Netherlands) equipped with a phased array body coil (SENSE body coil, Philips Medical Systems, Best, The Netherlands). Before the MRI examinations, all cases were arranged shallow and slow uniform breathing training to collect the required signals. The examinations were performed before the treatment and at the 5th fraction radiotherapy (RT). All MRI examinations contained T1 weighted imaging (TR/TE 423/100 ms, average number 1, FOV 365 × 284 mm, matrix 320, slice thickness 4 mm, skip 1.2--1.6 mm and slice 20), T2 weighted imaging (TR/TE 2000/70 ms, concatenations 2, flip angle 180°, matrix 288, average number 2, FOV 300 × 280 mm, slice thickness 4 mm, slice 20 and skip 1.2--1.6 mm), T1 plus contrast enhanced imaging including sagittal and transverse axial, and then DWI imaging (TR/TE/TI 10,205/70/180 ms, FOV 450 × 366 mm, matrix 256, slice thickness/gap 4/0 mm, slice 20, EPI factor 43). DWI scans were obtained using a single-shot spin-echo type of echo-planar sequence, and fat signals were suppressed using short-tau inversion recovery (STIR). The b-values of DWI were b = 0 and 1000 s/mm^2^.
Imaging analysis {#Sec6}
----------------
Both MR images were transferred into a workstation (ViewForum; Philips Medical Systems, Best, The Netherlands). According to the images obtained from DWI, the corresponding ADC maps were obtained through DWI image fusion when the b value was 0 and 1000 s/mm^2^. The method of ROI contouring was depicted in the previous study, and three continuous slices centered in the largest and clearest regions on the lesion sites from the images of ADC maps were selected as the ROIs, and then three ADC values were automatically generated in ADC maps, which were averaged and labeled as ADC of tumour (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). The pretreatment and intra-treatment ADCs were labeled as pre-ADC and intra-ADC respectively, and then ΔADC, and ADC~ratio~ were calculated according to the following equation: (intra-ADC - pre-ADC) and (intra-ADC - pre-ADC)/ pre-ADC, respectively. Fig. 1Example of ADC measurements of a primary tumour in a patient diagnosed with esophageal carcinoma before treatment. **a**. A sagittal view of T1 with contrast-enhanced (T1 + C) image with position line for the primary tumour. **b** A transverse view of the T1 + C image from the one of three continuous sections with maximal diameter based on the transverse and sagittal view. **c**. A region of interest (ROI) was contoured manually in the selected section of the DWI image, which was obtained at a b-value of 1000 s/mm^2^, and the ROI was then copied and pasted onto the ADC map (**d**), and the ADC value of the selected section was automatically calculated
Analysis of SIRT1 levels in tumours {#Sec7}
-----------------------------------
All patients undergoing the whole course of treatment were collected before treatment and then analysed for SIRT1 levels of tumours using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The primary antibodies to SIRT1 (rabbit pAb, Sigma antibody, USA, 1:200) were used, and then evaluated on the basis of the positively stained cell percentage and staining intensity. To quantitatively analyse the level of SIRT1, the tumour underwent imaging using light microscopy (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) at a low magnification (× 40) to search for zones with strong positive staining. The staining zones were photographed at a magnification of × 400. IHC results were independently evaluated by 2 pathologists, and a score was recorded only when both pathologists agreed.
Treatment regimens {#Sec8}
------------------
All patients received definitive chemoradiotherapy (dCRT), and the chemotherapy regimen including docetaxel 75 mg/m^2^, intravenous (IV) bolus, day 1 and cisplatin 75 mg/m^2^, days 1 to 3 was administered every 3 weeks for 2 cycles. A prescription dose of 60.0 Gy was carried out in 30 fractions of 2.0 Gy per day, five fractions every week, starting at the first day of the first cycle of chemotherapy. The gross tumour volume was covered including the primary tumour and any enlarged regional lymph nodes, which were confirmed by all available information including computer tomography (CT), gastroscopy, and barium esophagram. All patients underwent intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) technique.
Follow-up {#Sec9}
---------
All patients were subject to a follow-up process, and the examinations including neck-thorax-abdomen contrast-enhanced CT, gastroscopy, and barium esophagram were appointed at 1 month after the treatment. The short-term response was based on the Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumours 1.1 (RECIST version 1.1). Treatment response was subdivided into two groups: the Responder group and the Non-Responder group. The former included clinical complete response (cCR) and clinical partial response (cPR), and the latter included clinical stable disease (SD) and clinical progressive disease (PD).
Statistical analysis {#Sec10}
--------------------
Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to measure the association between ADC values and SIRT1 level. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to measure the association between ADC values and short-term response. The differences were considered significant when the *P* values were less than 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 16.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). The diagnostic accuracy of ADC regarding the predicting sensitivity in short-term response was analysed in concert with the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Continuous variables are expressed as the mean ± SD.
Results {#Sec11}
=======
The baseline characteristics of patients with EC between the responder and non-responder groups {#Sec12}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Among the 75 patients with EC in the study, 66 patients fulfilled the entire course of treatment, and 9 patients were excluded because of the termination of treatment and drop-out. Forty-five patients were in the Responder group, while 21 patients were in the Non-Responder group. The number of patients in each T stage was T3, *n* = 52, T4, *n* = 14. Primary lesion sites were located in the cervical segment, upper thoracic, middle thoracic and lower thoracic. Twenty-four patients scored performance status (PS) of 0, 16 cases scored PS of 1, and 12 cases scored PS of 2. The mean prescription RT dose was 6060.75 ± 557.74 cGy. The details were recorded in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}. Table 1General clinical data of 66 esophageal carcinoma according to short-term responseCharacteristicsShort-term response*P* valueResponderNon-responderNo.4521Age (years)52.67 ± 9.8249.45 ± 10.780.67Gender Male29140.86 Female167PS0.71 01911 1176 294Location of tumor0.18Neck + Upper thoracic118Middle thoracic288Lower thoracic65T stage0.24 T33814 T477Mean prescriptive dose of RT (cGy)6030.56 ± 480.966075.85 ± 645.580.58
Variability of different ADC values according to short-term responses {#Sec13}
---------------------------------------------------------------------
The mean pre-ADC and intra-ADC values of primary tumours in 66 cases were 1.29 ± 0.21 (10^− 3^ mm^2^/s) and 1.62 ± 0.32 (10^− 3^ mm^2^/s) respectively, and the mean ΔADC value was 0.34 ± 0.22(10^− 3^ mm^2^/s). There was a significant difference between pre-ADC and intra-ADC (*P* = 0.03). With regard to short-term response, mean pre-ADC, intra-ADC, ΔADC and ADC~ratio~ were 1.31 ± 0.20(10^− 3^ mm^2^/s) and 1.23 ± 0.21 (10^− 3^ mm^2^/s), 1.37 ± 0.25 (10^− 3^ mm^2^/s) and 1.74 ± 0.28(10^− 3^ mm^2^/s), 0.14 ± 0.17(10^− 3^ mm^2^/s) and 0.43 ± 0.18(10^− 3^ mm^2^/s), 11.98 ± 14.39(%) and 33.75 ± 15.72(%) in the Responder and Non-Responder groups respectively, and only ΔADC value showed significant differences (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). Fig. 2Comparisons of various ADC values including pre-ADC (**a**), intra-ADC (**b**), ΔADC (**c**) and ADC~ratio~ (**d**) according to different short-term responses. Only ΔADC showed significant statistical differences (\*: *P* = 0.00, *P* \< 0.05)
Correlation and ROC analysis between ADC value and short-term response {#Sec14}
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient demonstrated that pre-ADC, intra-ADC, ΔADC and the ADC~ratio~ were positively correlated with the short-term response (*ρ* = 0.215, 0.595, 0.627 and 0.592 respectively, Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}), and that only ΔADC may be an independent factor associated with the short-term response via logistic regression analysis (odds ratio: 875.03, 95%CI: 6.35\~1.21E5). Constructing the ROC curve based on different responses, the area under the ROC curves (AUCs) for pre-ADC, intra-ADC, ΔADC and ADC~ratio~ were 0.633 (95%CI: 0.494\~0.771, *P* = 0.084), 0.869 (95%CI: 0.767\~0.970, *P* = 0.003), 0.888 (95%CI: 0.802\~0.974, *P* = 0.001) and 0.867 (95%CI:0.769\~0.965, *P* = 0.001), respectively (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). According to the ROC curve, the diagnostic efficacy of short-term response was better evaluated at the point where ΔADC was at a threshold of 0.23\*10^− 3^ mm^2^/s; the sensitivity was 82.2% and specificity was 81.0%. Table 2Spearman's rank correlation coefficient of short-term response and ADC valuesResponsepre-ADCIntra-ADCΔADCADC~ratio~SIRT1Response1pre-ADC0.2151Intra-ADC0.595^\*^0.3311ΔADC0.627^\*^−0.2080.757^\*\*^1ADC~ratio~0.592^\*\*^−0.359^\*^0.668^\*\*^0.968^\*\*^1SIRT1−0.710^\*\*^−0.227−0.749^\*\*^− 0.837^\*\*^−0.782^\*\*^1\*\*: *P* \< 0.01 (2-tailed), \*: *P* \< 0.05 (2-tailed) Fig. 3Constructing ROC curves of parametric ADCs to predict the accuracy of treatment response. AUC: area under the curve
Protein SIRT1 levels of primary tumours in EC patients using IHC examination {#Sec15}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
The percentages of SIRT1 varied from 4.6 to 76.7%, and the mean percentage of protein SIRT1 in 66 EC patients was 36.6 ± 23.1 (%). Comparison of the SIRT1 levels between different short-term responses showed that the levels were higher in the Non-responder group (61.1 ± 11.9(%)) than in the Responder group (25.1 ± 17.3(%)) (Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}), and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient showed a negative correlation between the SIRT1 levels of the tumours and the short-term response (*ρ* = − 0.710, *P* \< 0.01). Fig. 4Expression of SIRT1 in EC patients before chemoradiotherapy using IHC. **a**. Negative/Low expression received CR in short-term response, **b**. Positive/High expression with brown staining, received SD in short-term response, × 400
Correlation analysis between ADC values and SIRT1 levels {#Sec16}
--------------------------------------------------------
Intra-ADC, ΔADC and ADC~ratio~ had various strong negative correlations with SIRT1 levels (intra-ADC: *r* = − 0.748, *P* = 0.002; ΔADC: *r* = − 0.943, *P* = 0.002; ADC~ratio~: *r* = − 0.911, *P* = 0.000), while a weak positive correlation between the pre-ADC and the levels of SIRT1 was observed, and no significant difference in the statistics was found (*r* = 0.109, *P* = 0.558) (Fig. [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). Fig. 5The correlation between the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and SIRT1 levels. The ΔADC values (**a**), ADC~ratio~ (**b**) and intra-ADC (**c**) (vertical axis) are plotted against the expression of the percentage of SIRT1 (horizontal axis). The circles indicate each ADC value as the percentage of SIRT1
Discussion {#Sec17}
==========
In conventional evaluation systems, a decrease in tumour size may serve as a biomarker of treatment response, unfortunately, factors such as edema, necrosis, and inflammation can lead to anatomical distortion and signal changes difficult to distinguish from tumour residue during the course of CRT. In the current study, we endeavored to elaborate the biological correlation between ADC values and SIRT1 protein levels in tumour tissues in patients with ESCC, because SIRT1 was documented to be related to chemoradiation resistance by several studies including our preliminary studies \[[@CR16]--[@CR18]\]. Therefore, we illustrate ADC as a biomarker to predict the early response of CRT in EC patients.
We found that changes in both the ADC values (ΔADC) and the percentages of ADC (ADC~ratio~) in the Responder group were higher than those in the Non-Responder group in the early period of definitive CRT, and the rapid changes at the early point are more straightforward and may potentially be used to predict CRT responses well in advance. We propose that the acute increase of ADC indicates and acute decrease of cell density in EC patients sensitive to CRT such as the Responder group, mostly likely due to the death of tumour cells with an enlarged intercellular space caused by definitive CRT, and the different sensitivity in EC patients may be observed by early DWI examination. Furthermore, Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that different ADC values except pre-ADC may have different strong positive relationships with the short-term response of CRT, and then multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that only ΔADC may be an independent factor associated with the short-term response. Moreover, according to the results of ROC curve analysis, ΔADC was superior in identifying treatment response at the early time-point of CRT with a cutoff value of 0.23\*10^− 3^ mm^2^/s and an AUC of 0.888 compared with other ADC values.
There are scarce reports on the ADC value as a biomarker in predicting tumour response prediction; however, the timing of the observation during CRT was uncertain and the cut-off value to predict the response has scarcely been reported in previous studies. In a previous animal model of rat brains implanted with 9 L glioma cells through gene therapy, ADC maps acquired over 10 days showed an increase in ADC values within the tumours by 31% after 8 days of treatment that preceded tumour growth arrest and regression \[[@CR19]\]. In another pre-clinical study DWI in rabbits with metastatic tumour underwent irradiation, and 3 and 7 days after therapy, the ADCs were significantly higher than pretreatment and 1 day after therapy \[[@CR20]\]. The above studies revealed that DWI is superior to morphological MRI in monitoring early radiation response in animal models. A multicenter trial using diffusion-weighted MRI findings to predict pathologic response in neoadjuvant treatment of breast cancer, change in breast tumour ADC (ΔADC) after 12 weeks of chemotherapy at MRI predicts complete pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy \[[@CR7]\]. However, the correlated studies carried out in the field of esophageal carcinoma are sparse. Recently, a pilot study in EC patients showed that ADC changes at the time-point of 2--3 weeks after the start of CRT in the CR group were significantly higher than those in the PR group using intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) MRI, which indicated that IVIM parameters were useful in assessing the response to definitive concurrent CRT for EC patients, but the ADC was not performed at the early course of CRT \[[@CR21]\]. Wang et al. \[[@CR11]\] reported that the ADC values of ESCC increased gradually with the progression of concurrent CRT, and only the ADC values at Week 3 (15 fractions) were an independent prognostic factor of tumour response. The above studies, including our research, support the viewpoint of ADC change as a biomarker to predict the response of CRT in EC patients with differences at the time-point of observation. However, the study by Giganti et al. \[[@CR22]\] showed that pretreatment ADC values below or equal to 1.4\*10 − 3 mm^2^/s can predict a negative prognosis for esophageal cancer, and a study \[[@CR23]\] from Japan showed that ADC values of pretreatment may be a useful marker to predict CRT response and high ADC values indicated a good response. Therefore, it is questionable at which time point and to what extent the evaluation of the target lesions may be valuable for further EC patient management. Multicenter prospective studies may solve this question.
Changes in the ADC value may indicate changes in the tumour inner structure by detecting diffusion changes in water, but the correlation between ADC and molecular pathologic information in tumour tissues remains unclear. To our knowledge, few studies have reported the correlation between ADC value and radioresistant-related protein. A study by Aoyagi T \[[@CR13]\] et al. previously showed a negative correlation between the ADC of the tumours and the levels of VEGF, while protein VEGF was reported to be responsible for the malignant potential and a useful marker in estimating patient prognosis in esophageal carcinoma \[[@CR24], [@CR25]\]. Therefore, the ADC value may be a novel prognostic factor and contribute to the treatment of esophageal cancer by predicting the overexpression of VEGF protein. Previous studies revealed that aberrant expression of SIRT1 has been noted in many solid tumours including esophageal carcinoma, and the overexpression of SIRT1 is responsible for radiation resistance and poor prognosis in patients with esophageal cancer treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy \[[@CR18], [@CR26]\]. In our previous study, we also revealed that SIRT1 was highly expressed in EC patients and that SIRT1 downregulation may inhibit the cell growth of ECSS cell lines \[[@CR16]\]. In the current study, we compared the SIRT1 level between the Non-responder group and the Responder group. The level of SIRT1 in the latter group was significantly lower than in the former group, which is inverse with the correlation between ADC and short-term response. We further found a negative correlation between the change of ADC values (ΔADC) and the level of SIRT1. A possible explanation for this finding is that the changes of the ADC (ΔADC) are associated with the tissue cellularity/cellular density, while the levels of SIRT1 directly associated with chemoradiation resistance of tumour cells, also reflect the situation of cellularity/cellular density. A better understanding of the biological correlation between ADC and protein SIRT1 holds the promise of discovering predictive and prognostic biomarkers that might be helpful in the management of esophageal carcinoma.
Our study had several limitations. First, the sample size was relatively small, without variability in age, gender, and other factors. Second, further high-level evidence such as prospective multicenter trials are needed to verify the value of ADC in predicting the response of CRT in EC patients. Third, we did not analyze the situation of ADC in metastatic nodes. To overcome these limitations, a large number of patients will be enrolled in the prospective study to assess the predictive value of ADC in the primary site and metastatic nodes.
Conclusion {#Sec18}
==========
In summary, the early increases in ADC may be used as a biomarker to predict the early response of CRT in patients with ESCC, and the high accuracy of ADC may facilitate the timely selection of patients for regimen adjustment. The reason may be partly explained by the different correlation between the change of ADC and the expression in SIRT1. Further prospective studies with a larger patient population are required to clinically validate these results.
ADC
: Apparent diffusion coefficient
AJCC
: The American Joint Committee on Cancer
CR
: Complete response
CRT
: Chemoradiotherapy
DFS
: Disease-free survival
DWI
: Diffused weighed imaging
EC
: Esophageal carcinoma
ECOG
: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
ESCC
: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
FOV
: Field of view
IHC
: Immunohistochemical
IMRT
: Intensity modulated radiotherapy
IVIM
: Intravoxel incoherent motion
MRI
: Magnetic resonance imaging
PD
: Progressive disease
PR
: Partial response
PS
: Performance status
RECIST
: Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumours
ROI
: Regions of interest
RT
: Radiotherapy
SD
: Stable disease
SIRT1
: Sirtuin1
STIR
: Short-tau inversion recovery
UICC
: Union for International Cancer Control
**Publisher's Note**
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Ying Chen and Tieming Xie are considered as co-first authors.
Not applicable.
FZ and ZY designed the study, and YC and XT wrote the manuscript. LD, XT, FJ, WZ, JM and LK conducted DWI examinations and ROI contouring and analyzed the data. LQ collected the data, and assisted with manuscript preparation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This research was supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. LQ15H160012, LY18H160031, LY19H160004 and the General Project of Zhejiang Provincial Health Commission (Grant Nos.2018273652, 2019328882, 2019326095).
Raw data may be available on request from the corresponding author.
The study was a retrospective study with no informed consent from the individual patient, and was approved by the ethics committee of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital.
This analysis is not applicable because it has a retrospective nature.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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Introduction {#section1-2050313X19882843}
============
Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease that can be skin limited or systemic. Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is the most common variant of cutaneous lupus. While it has a lower chance (5%--10% life time) compared to other subtypes to progress to systemic forms, it has significant morbidity because of its tendency to involve cosmetically important areas such as the face and scalp and resulting disfiguring scarring alopecia.^[@bibr1-2050313X19882843]^ Similar to other subtypes of lupus, DLE is most commonly seen in women and in the third to fourth decade of life.^[@bibr2-2050313X19882843]^ DLE typically presents as erythematous to violaceous papules or plaques that eventually develop scales, follicular plugging, central hypopigmentation and scarring in photo-distributed areas.^[@bibr3-2050313X19882843]^ A localized form of the condition occurs in 80% of the patients with lesions developing solely on the face, ears, and/or scalp and 20% of patients present a disseminated form of the disease defined by the presence of lesions beyond the head and neck area.^[@bibr2-2050313X19882843]^ Rarely, discoid and other forms of cutaneous lupus may present in linear fashion following the lines of embryologic migration (lines of Blaschko).^[@bibr4-2050313X19882843]^ We report, the first to our knowledge, case of linear lupus with *en coup de saber* presentation clinically mimicking acute morphea.
Case report {#section2-2050313X19882843}
===========
A 24-year-old non-smoking middle eastern male presented to dermatology clinic with a history of slowly progressive asymptomatic linear skin eruption. On clinical examination, a sharply demarcated pink to violaceous linear patch was noted extending from the root of his frontal scalp to the nasal tip ([Figure 1(a)--(b)](#fig1-2050313X19882843){ref-type="fig"}). Given the clinical presentation, a Doppler ultrasound and a skin biopsy were performed to rule out vascular etiology and early *en coup de saber* morphea. However, the histological picture was diagnostic of discoid lupus showing characteristic features of basal vacuolation, follicular plugging, lichenoid infiltrate and mucin deposition ([Figure 1(c)](#fig1-2050313X19882843){ref-type="fig"}). Full body examination, review of systems and laboratory investigations did not reveal any features of systemic lupus. The patient was prescribed an alternative day regimen of high potency topical steroid (clobetasol dipropionate 0.05% cream) and calcineurin inhibitor (tacrolimus 0.1% ointment) and strict photoprotection to halt inflammation and prevent scarring. He was seen in follow-up 4 months later, at which time his lesions had mostly cleared.
{#fig1-2050313X19882843}
Discussion {#section3-2050313X19882843}
==========
Linear forms have been described in many morphological subtypes of lupus erythematosus, such as subacute, discoid, panniculitis and profunda. Various attempts have been made at explaining the linearity of these lesions as well as their tendency to follow the lines of Blaschko. For example, linear nevoid and linear inflammatory dermatosis both follow Blaschko lines and both show evidence of genetic mosaicism as a potential cause. Therefore, antigenic effects mediated by T-cell activity targeted at the mosaic cells could produce the observed skin lesions.^[@bibr5-2050313X19882843]^ Others have postulated that the linear lesions may be due to microchimerism that specifically targets skin cells in a mechanism like that of graft-versus-hosts disease.^[@bibr5-2050313X19882843]^ However, the predominate view is that the presence of the linear lesions is caused by genetically unique keratinocytes that, when exposed to ultraviolet light, produce an inappropriate cytokine response.^[@bibr5-2050313X19882843]^
Although overlap syndromes that fulfill the diagnostic criteria of both DLE and morphea have been described, the case we present illustrates a case of mimicry.^[@bibr5-2050313X19882843]^ Upon skin biopsy, only classic histological findings of DLE, such as follicular plugging, increased mucin, basement membrane thickening and perivascular lymphocytic inflammation with involvement of adnexal elements were observed.^[@bibr6-2050313X19882843]^ This knowledge had clear implications on our choice of treatment and further emphasizes the importance and near-necessity of performing skin biopsies and subsequent histopathological analysis when using other mainstay methods of diagnosing cutaneous maladies.
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune skin disease favoring sun exposed skin. The most common form is DLE. Similar to other subtypes of lupus, DLE may rarely follow the lines of Blaschko. We report here, for the first time, a case of linear DLE mimicking *en coup de saber* morphea.
**Declaration of conflicting interests:** The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
**Funding:** The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
**Informed consent:** Patient consent was obtained for publication of this case report.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
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Effect of aromatherapy massage on dysmenorrhea in Turkish students.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aromatherapy massage on dysmenorrhea. The study used a quasiexperimental design with the subjects as their own control. Every participant applied both aromatherapy massage with lavender oil and placebo massage with odorless liquid petrolatum [soft paraffin]. The population comprised 438 midwifery and nursing students. The 150 students who had declared that they had suffered from dysmenorrhea used a visual analog scale to indicate their level of pain. Higher scores reflected a greater severity of dysmenorrhea. Forty-four students volunteered to participate in the study. When the lavender massage and the placebo massage were compared, the visual analog scale score of the lavender massage was found to decrease at a statistically significant rate. This study showed that massage was effective in reducing dysmenorrhea. In addition, this study showed that the effect of aromatherapy massage on pain was higher than that of placebo massage.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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The active medicine user.
The purpose of the study is to analyse medicine behaviour seen from the user's point of view. The study intends to generate ideas to specify topics of problems and to try out a combination of qualitative research methods. The practitioners and four asthmatic patients attached to a health centre in Billund, Denmark, were interviewed. The patients kept a diary based on topics, the notes of which were elaborated by weekly telephone interviews. In a final interview all participants evaluated the course of the study. The combination of qualitative methods has been very suitable to provide the perspective of the user. The results of the study question the ideal picture of the patient as a passive user of medicine. The main trends show that: the users develop different strategies to evaluate medication therapy; it has negative consequences to the patient when medication is changed regardless of patient experience; the therapy improves when the doctor draws on the experience of the patient. The study contributes to the present, sparse knowledge about the consciously acting user of medicine and indicates the importance of incorporating the user's experience and life situation in the health care system's handling of health problems.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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The demand for systems that use a variety of devices at a location to monitor a variety of conditions, such as monitoring homes and businesses for alarm conditions, allowing users to centrally control various devices (such as thermostats, switches, cameras, appliances, etc.), monitor medical conditions, and the like has continued to grow as more home and business owners seek better control over their premises and to protect it from various hazards and threats. Such hazards and threats include intrusion, fire, carbon monoxide and flooding, among others dangers that may be monitored and reported to a monitoring station.
Conventional systems typically employ a control panel and/or gateway that receive “event” (such as triggering alarms) and other information from various sensors and devices, and is used to operate them. This may be done locally by the user, or remotely via a monitoring center. In the case of alarm events, the monitoring center can also take appropriate action, such as notifying emergency responders. Installation and servicing complexity associated with these systems tends to be high, as an installer has to physically position, mount, and configure the control panel and all of the various sensors, while taking into account a variety of performance characteristics and requirements for each device to ensure proper operation of the system. These systems also typically incorporate a manufacturer's specific technology designed for the manufacturer's security application, and only certain devices may only appropriately interoperate with other devices in certain ways. This is true as well for more recent all-in-one (AIO) security systems, in which the control panel and a user interface (such as a keypad) are combined in a single unit, even portable AIO systems where the control panel may be relocated around the premises and not permanently installed. For example, such units may sit on top of a table or on the floor, but nevertheless communicates with life safety sensors in a similar manner as a wall-mounted security panel.
However, these existing security systems suffer from the same problem, namely, a lack of health monitoring of the security system. In particular, these existing security systems only generate a system alert when the health levels of sensors or components fall below predefined minimum thresholds. For example, a battery alert for a sensor will only trigger an alert when the battery is falls below an operational threshold, but this operational threshold typically corresponds to a battery level of where the sensor or component is forced to turn off or will turn off shortly. In other words, health level thresholds in existing systems are only triggered when the levels are so bad such that at least one sensor or component of the system stops functioning properly.
Further, customers have no way of knowing when the heath levels of their security systems are going to degrade to the point that functionality, i.e., monitoring capabilities, of the security system are affected. Such a failure may come at an inopportune time such as when the customer is on vacation or otherwise away from the premise. Therefore, the user is not able to fix the problem, e.g., change batteries, or call for a service technician because the customer may not even know a problem exist until the customer returns to the premise. Such a sudden failure in monitoring capabilities of these existing security systems may inadvertently provide thieves the window of opportunity they have been waiting for.
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{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
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The present invention relates generally to lockers and more particularly to locker door retrofit assemblies. The present invention is designed to replace existing metallic door or other assemblies with a locker door assembly comprised of a more suitable material.
Lockers for storing clothing, articles of merchandise, etc., are commonly constructed. Storage lockers are found in many different settings. For example, athletic facilities have lockers to allow athletes to store their possessions while participating in athletic events. Community swimming pools typically have lockers for storing street clothes while a person swims. Lockers are also found in industry where they are used for several purposes, such as the storage of equipment, work clothes, chemicals, and other items which are preferably kept in such a concealed environment when not in use. Lockers are also commonly found in airports, hospitals, school hallways, prisons, and many other sites too numerous to mention.
Most commonly steel sheet metal is used as a primary construction material with metal fasteners used to assemble the finished locker. Metallic lockers suffer from several disadvantages. They are easily damaged or marred in some way such as by dents, scratches and graffiti. Moreover, the metal is subject to damage from rust, odors, delamination and fading.
Attempts have been made to solve the above-mentioned problems by wholly replacing these metallic lockers with plastic or wood lockers. Some storage lockers were built into either an existing wall of a building or into a building wall while under construction. These in-wall lockers may be expensive to replace with plastic lockers. These problems prevent many from taking advantage of the properties that plastic offers over steel sheet metal.
A need exists for a locker that is designed to overcome the aforementioned disadvantages. The present invention is a locker door retrofit assembly comprised of a material designed to overcome the above disadvantages, such as a plastic or a composite material. The following disclosure describes a plastic locker door retrofit assembly. However, it must be understood that any non-metal material that exhibits the desired characteristics may be utilized for the present invention.
In the present invention existing metallic doors and metallic jams or doors of other materials, such as wood, may be replaced with the plastic locker door assembly. Due to the plastic construction of the door assembly, the locker face will be resistant to many forms of abuse that lockers commonly receive. The locker doors will not dent as will metal lockers. The locker door of the present invention will maintain its color throughout its entire cross-section. Due to the preferred homogeneous nature of the plastic door assembly, the lockers of the-present invention will not delaminate. Furthermore, most materials used in the application of graffiti are readily removed from plastic panels to return the locker doors to the original surface appearance. The remaining metallic body of the locker system is hidden behind the plastic face and is thus protected. Moreover, the substitution with a plastic door assembly provides many cosmetic and aesthetically pleasing attributes to the locker system. These plastic lockers may carry almost any color scheme desirable. Colors may be chosen to match the surrounding decor, to provide a color coding scheme and/or to provide a medium for an organizational theme.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following description and claims and are illustrated in the accompanying drawings which show preferred features of the present invention and the principles thereof.
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{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
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Teasing an event called “Operation Early Bird” that’s set to occur tomorrow morning at 10am PST, the below images continues the ARG storline that involves Alon Abutbul’s character, Dr. Leonid Pavel. Meanwhile, the website OperationEarlyBird.com bears a countdown clock that targets the same timeframe tomorrow. What it’s all going to lead to, however, remains a mystery.
Set for release on July 20, 2012, the Christopher Nolan sequel stars Christian Bale, Michael Caine, Gary Oldman, Morgan Freeman, Tom Hardy, Anne Hathaway, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Marion Cotillard, Juno Temple, Josh Pence, Daniel Sunjata and Nestor Carbonell. You can catch the six-minute prologue next week at one of these IMAX theaters and be sure to check back later tonight as SuperHeroHype is attending a special preview of the IMAX footage and will have a full report.
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Chahar Gonbad Rural District
Chahar Gonbad Rural District () is a rural district (dehestan) in the Central District of Sirjan County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 2,564, in 655 families. The rural district has 81 villages. It also contains many copper and metal mines: one metal mine is located near Bolboli village and the biggest copper mine is located near Takht. The name of the mine company is Takhtgonbad Copper Mine and it is located 80 km from Sirjan.
References
Category:Rural Districts of Kerman Province
Category:Sirjan County
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Where will the Ukrainian bombs explode?
by
Andrey Fomin
While the International Coalition planes bombed a camp of the Syrian Arab Army, December 6, Ukrainian Cyber-Berkut have made public new documents. They show that Qatar has bought Russian-made bombs in Ukraine so as to accuse Russia.
Anton Pashynskyi is the 25-years old son of Sergei Pashynskyi, who is known for his controversial role in the shootings during February 2014 coup in Kiev. The latter is currently a member of Verkhovna Rada (parliament) of Ukraine.
On Dec 7 the Cyber-Berkut made public another set of evidence exposing preparations for false flag attacks in Syria by the Ministry of Defense of Qatar. According to a hacked mail by Anton Pashynskyi, a SpetsTechnoExport (official Ukrainian arms trader) functionary, on Oct 21, 2015 he wrote to his Polish partner Level 11 the following:
“Good afternoon! There is a new proposal. The Qatari military want to buy 2 thousand High Explosive Fragmentation bombs OFAB 250-270. The issue is urgent, they are ready to pay US$2100 per item. Consider how to deliver ASAP. The final recipient is the Ministry of Defense of Qatar. EUC is enclosed.”
OFAB 250-270 is the unguided 250-kg bomb currently used by the Russian jets SU-25 and TU-23M3 to hit the positions of Daesh and sister subversive groups in Syria:
The Qatar Air Force consists of French Mirage multirole fighter jets and Alpha light attack jets. None of them can be equipped with OFAB 250-270. So the legitimate question is:
Why does the Qatari Minitry of Defense want to buy enormous arsenal of the air bombs, not only unfit for their aircrafts, but at a price 3 times (!) higher than the market one? (normally OFAB 250-270 is sold at US$700-800 per item)
The answer is horrifically simple: to make an OFAB 250-270 explode you do not need to drop it from a jet — it can be done right on the ground. Any Qatar-linked terrorist group can drive it to a highly-populated area in Syria and stage a “merciless strike by the Russian aviation”. No doubt the a number of absolutely independent forensic experts would promptly conclude that this type of bomb is widely used by the Russian AF in Syria.
At the end we have to note that some pro-Kiev bloggers are harping on the allegations about “Russian aviation recklessly using unguided bombs close to civilian areas in Syria” since early October.
Below is the End-User Cerficate proved by the Ukrainian seller to the importer.
You visit this website to seek quality analysis that enables you to forge your own understanding of today’s world. In order to continue our work, we need you to support our efforts.
Help us by making a contribution.
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"TEHRAN" "Ticket and passport, please." "Ma'am, I need your ticket and passport." "Marji, stop running!" "Look, there's Nioucha!" "Marji, haven't you grown!" "Got a present for me?" "How was Paris?" "You saw Bruce Lee?" "And the eiffel Tower?" "Welcome to Tehran." "We've missed you." "I'll take your bags." "No!" "I'II get them." "Hurry, everyone's waiting!" "I remember I led a peaceful, uneventful life as a little girl." "I loved fries with ketchup, Bruce Lee was my hero I wore Adidas sneakers, and had two obsessions:" "Shaving my legs one day and being the last prophet of the galaxy." "Tehran 1 978" "slip a pencil under your breasts." "If it falls, they're great." "If it sticks, they're crap." "Shake her and you'll fill a box of pencils." "Calm down." "They let me see him last week." "The state he's in...." "They said they'd free him, though." "It'll soon be four years." "Don't worry." "This regime will collapse sooner or later." "Mom, Marji kicked my head!" "The dragon's revenge is a bitter dish best served cold." "This dragon is heading for a good thrashing." "I, Marjane future prophet, hereby decide:" "First, everyone must behave well." "Second, everyone must keep their word." "Third, everyone must do good." "Fourth, the poor must all eat one roasted chicken every day." "Fifth, old women will never suffer again." "Well, Marji, in that case I'II be your first disciple." "You will?" "Great!" "How'II you make sure old women don't suffer?" "It'll be forbidden." "Why didn't I think of that?" "What's going on?" "Down with the Shah!" "Down with the Shah!" "Down with the Shah!" "I knew it!" "I told you so!" "I knew it!" "This is a historic moment!" "He'II pay for what he's done." "Your poor father will be avenged at last." "The Shah can join his pals in Washington." "personally, I think I like the Shah." "He was chosen by God." "Absolutely." "God told me so himself." "God and my teacher too." "The Shah wasn't chosen by God." "That's not true!" "My teacher" "That's what people say." "Here's what really happened." "The truth is, 50 years ago the Shah's father, an army officer wanted to overthrow the Qadjar emperor." "As Ataturk did in Turkey." "I shall modernize Iran and make it a republic!" "The English heard about this, and one day...." "hello!" "Why create a republic when you could be emperor?" "Me?" "Emperor?" "Of course!" "It's better than being president." "You'll have all the power." "A country like yours needs a strong man like you to lead it." "You have a point." "Besides the religious leaders are against a republic and, frankly, they're right." "What do I have to do?" "Nothing." "Just give us the oil and we'II take care of the rest." "I'm the king now!" "AII your property is mine!" "So, in fact, he was a moron." "Yes and no." "He was a dictator, but he modernized Iran." "In a way, he loved his country unlike his son who succeeded him." "I'm the king now!" "I'm the light of the Aryans." "I'll make this country the most modern one ever!" "Our people will regain their splendor." "Yes, the Shah's father was very cruel." "He even jailed your grandpa." "But his son is ten times worse." "Grandpa was in jail?" "Yes." "He had royal blood." "He was a Qadjar prince." "The Shah's father ruined him." "He was jailed above all for being a communist." "My grandpa was a Qadjar prince and a "communiss."" "Dear God." "You're alive!" "I was worried sick." "They opened fire on the crowd." "We had a close call, Grandma." "Tadji and I ran, but the soldiers cornered us." "Those bastards took my film." "They held us for hours." "Marji was so excited." "She went on about proIes, peasants, the class struggle and that bearded guy, Che "Guevero."" "The boy shot next to us wasn't even 20." "What's happened to this country?" "Right now, it's a shit hole, my dear." "Down with the Shah!" "Here we go again." "Down with the Shah!" "Down with the Shah!" "Marji, go to bed." "Right now!" "Down with the Shah." "Down with the Shah." "I've understood your revolt." "Together, we shall try to march towards democracy building the future hand in hand." "Siamak!" "They let you out." "Hello, Ebi." "It's Siamak." "He's back." "hello, Tadji." "Come in." "We're so glad you're alive!" "Come in." "Don't just stand there." "This must be Marjane." "How you've grown." "You were just a baby before." "And now you're a young lady." "Who is that guy?" "My father." "He was in jail." "He's a hero." "There were scientists who knew the whole body." "They knew what caused the most pain." "They whipped me with cables so much my foot isn't like a foot anymore." "And why?" "The foot's nerves are linked to the brain." "The pain's incredible." "Our torturers were trained by the ClA." "They certainly knew their stuff." "What happened to Hamid?" "Hamid was killed." "As a guerrilla member, he suffered horribly." "He had cyanide on him just in case but he wasn't able to use it." "He had the worst torture." "The loser gets tortured to death." "Cool!" "What kind of torture?" "We'll hit him on the head with a cable!" "But first he has to put this in his mouth and chew it three times." "Look." "It's Ramine." "I heard that his dad was in the Shah's secret police." "His dad killed a million people with his own bare hands." "A million?" "Absolutely!" "In their name we'll teach Ramine a lesson." "We'll rip his eyes out." "Marjane!" "What are you up to?" "Marji found nails!" "We'II beat Ramine up." "We'll rip his eyes out!" "What if I nailed your ears to the wall?" "Go to your room and stay there until I say so!" "Marjane, what's the matter with you?" "That's no way for a future prophet to behave." "But, Lord, Ramine's father killed people." "Marjane." "That's not poor Ramine's fault." "His father's crimes aren't his doing." "The wicked will pay one day." "Have faith in my justice." "You cannot wield it." "Your duty is to forgive." "Ramine...." "What do you want?" "It's not your fault your father's a murderer." "So I forgive you." "He only ever killed communists and communists are evil!" "In the months after the Shah left the country was euphoric." "Everyone had been a revolutionary." "Everyone had fought the Shah." "Our neighbor's birthmark had magically become a war wound." "Our teacher, who loved the Shah made us tear up the photos of the royal family in our books." "Political rallies thrived and the old internal enemies became national heroes." "In this merry chaos, Uncle Anoush came into my life." "Things will get better now." "Nothing will stop the people." "We'll have a society of justice and freedom at last." "As Lenin predicted, the proletariat will rule." "uncle Anoush, how long were you in jail?" "Nine years." "Wow!" "More than Laly's dad." "Are you married?" "A communist?" "Marji, give your uncle time to digest." "She's so inquisitive." "You're right." "It's good to be curious." "Have you digested?" "Enough!" "It's time for bed!" "Put your pajamas on." "I'll come and tell you everything." "Elections are soon." "Trust the people." "They'II do all they can to keep their freedom now." "It can't be worse than under the Shah." "I'm ready!" "Watch out, she'II eat you alive." "I'm ready!" "I'll start at the beginning." "I was 1 8 when my uncle Fereydoun and his friends procIaimed the Iranian province of Azerbaijan independent." "Fereydoun named himself the minister of justice." "Democracy is based on justice." "AII men must be equal before the law." "We shared ideas, so I became his secretary." "This is just the beginning." "We shall liberate Iran province by province, city by city." "I'm sure we will." "It wasn't easy to follow him for my father was loyal to the Shah." "My son is a traitor!" "Go and join my idiotic brother." "You'll all end up shot, you hear?" "Shot!" "My father turned out to be right." "And one morning...." "My God !" "Fereydoun!" "I had to flee." "I had no choice." "While my uncle faced his fate alone." "I walked for days through the snow and blizzards." "I was hungry and cold but kept going." "I crossed the Alborz Mountains to go to my parents in Astara." "Who's bothering me this late?" "My God, Anoush!" "Our son." "He's half-dead." "My darling son!" "My son...." "My darling son, forgive me." "I couldn't stay." "The Shah's army was after me." "I went into exile." "I swam across the Aras River and arrived in the USSR." "What did you do then?" "I went to Leningrad, then Moscow." "I did a doctorate in Marxism-Leninism." "But I missed my family more and more." "I tried to come back in disguise, with forged papers but it didn't work." "They arrested me." "You went to jail?" "Yes." "You know I'm telling you this because you need to know." "The family memory must live on." "Even if it's not easy for you to understand." "Don't worry, Uncle Anoush, I'll never forget." "Were you married?" "It's late now." "Go to sleep." "This is for you." "I made it in prison." "Out of bread." "99.99% of the people have voted democratically for the Islamic Republic." "It's normal, every revolution has a period of transition." "half the country is illiterate." "Only nationalism and religion can unite people." "Mina and her family have left." "They say it's too dangerous here." "They found Mohsen drowned in his bath." "Don't worry." "Everything will be okay." "Siamak and his family have fled." "The bastards killed his sister." "Maybe we should leave Iran too." "So you can be a maid and I can drive a taxi?" "We'll purge anti-revolutionary elements." "Only one law will prevail:" "That of blood." "Marji...." "They've arrested Anoush." "I know." "Dad.... lt will be all right." "Do you want to do something for him?" "He's allowed one visit." "He wants to see you." "I'll go." "Ten minutes." "What a pretty dress." "What a beautiful girl." "You know that your visit honors me?" "You're the daughter I'd have loved to have." "You'll see." "One day, the proletariat will rule." "Here." "I made you another bread swan." "It's the first one's uncle." "Star of my life...." "What's wrong, my child?" "Don't be sad." "Shut up." "You didn't stop them from killing him." "It's not my fault." "Men did it." "Shut up!" "Never come back again!" "Get out!" "Get out!" "One year after the revolution, Iraq attacked Iran." "Saddam struck a vulnerable country." "The revolution and purges in the army had vastly weakened us." "In the name of fighting the external enemy the state exterminated the internal one:" "The opponents to the Shah's regime." "Arrests and executions took place daily." "Everyone was afraid." "The new government adopted even more repressive laws." "In two years every aspect of our lives changed." "And so did we." "AII right, children!" "On the heart for our martyrs!" "Daughters and sons of Iran the war has killed our best children." "The truth will soon rise up from their blood." "For whom did they die?" "For us!" "For us!" "Martyr." "Martyr!" "Finish me!" "What are you doing?" "I'm suffering." "Can't you see?" "Go to class now!" "Tehran 1 982" "The veil stands for freedom." "A decent woman shelters herself from men's eyes." "A woman who shows herself will burn in hell." "Hey, have you seen this?" "Our soldiers die every day on our borders to save our dear land from indecency." "Look!" "Abba is for wimps." "Leave in single file." "Hurry!" "Mom, what's for dinner?" "How about a nice chili?" "Yeah!" "It'll make us fart!" "Give me that!" "I saw it first!" "Sure, bitch!" "Stop that!" "Look at you, fighting like animals." "We should show solidarity." "What's her problem?" "Who asked you?" "Your scarf, sister." "You, woman!" "Sir, you don't say "woman," you say "ma'am."" "Show some respect, please." "Respect you?" "I screw women like you and dump them in the trash." "Get in!" "Are you okay?" "Yes, dear, I'm fine." "Move it!" "Shut up, bastard!" "Mom, you have to give me 50 tomans." "Really?" "What for?" "They're selling tapes on Gandhi Avenue." "Bee Gees tapes?" "Mom!" "The Bee Gees suck!" ""Estivie" Wonder." "Julio iglesias." "Pink floyd." ""Jickael Mackson."" "Lipstick, varnish, playing cards." "Iron Maiden." "How much?" "One hundred tomans." "Fifty." "Sixty." "Fifty." "Sixty." "Fifty." "Fifty." "What's that outfit?" "And those punk shoes?" "What punk shoes?" "Those!" "They're sneakers." "That style is punk." "I'm on my school's basketball team." "is that a basketball jacket?" "What's that?" "Michael Jackson!" "That symbol of Western decadence!" "No, ma'am, it's...." "malcolm X!" "Michael Jackson!" "Your scarf, slut!" "You're coming with us!" "I'm sorry." "It won't happen again." "Ma'am, my mother is dead." "My stepmother's so cruel." "If I'm late, she'll kill me!" "She'II burn me with an iron." "She'II make my dad put me in an orphanage!" "Have mercy!" "Please, ma'am, have mercy!" "Today, our army destroyed 63 Iraqi tanks and 26 fighter planes." "Our martyrs' blood irrigates our land and feeds deserts of hope." "To die a martyr is to inject blood into the veins of society." "is everything all right, Mrs. Nassrine?" "No, it isn't." "They gave my son this at school." "They said that if he fights and dies this key will get him into heaven." "This plastic key!" "They said heaven is full of food women, gold houses and diamonds!" "Women?" "Well, he's 1 4." "Women interest him." "I've suffered so much." "I've raised five children with my tears." "Now they want to swap my oldest for this key." "I've always been devout." "I've prayed, I've worn the veil, I've obeyed." "But I can't believe in anything anymore." "It's me." "Did you hear?" "They arrested the Roshanis." "They found alcohol and playing cards." "Why are you covering your head?" "For your husband." "That's how we were brought up." "Don't worry." "I'll talk to your son." "Thanks to my parents, her son never went to war." "Between air raids government repression and spying neighbors life tried to follow its course." "To make everything bearable, people had parties safe from prying eyes." "They were often boozy." "Alcohol was banned but my uncle Taher supplied us with wine." "He had built a winemaking lab in his basement." "Mrs. Nassrine who cleaned for him too, helped crush the grapes." "God forgive me." "Attending these parties was risky." "But it was the only bit of freedom we had left." "Come on." "Get out!" "Id, registration, license." "Come here." "Breathe!" "Been drinking?" "No." "Liar." "You Westernized trash." "Enough." "I work for this country." "How dare you!" "Forgive him." "Shut up!" "I could be your mother." "How old are you?" "Fifteen?" "Sixteen?" "My daughter is 1 3." "If not for your wife, you'd be in hell." "Thank you!" "Get in." "Let's see if you have bottles at home." "Grandma, Marji, go up first." "I'll stall them." "Empty all the bottles." "But how?" "Don't worry, I was used to it with your father." "I always had to hide his tracks." "Our neighbor is an elderly man with a heart condition." "Any sudden noise could kill him." "Perhaps we can work something out...." "Where are you two going?" "I have diabetes, my boy." "Without syrup, I'm going to faint." "Diabetes?" "Like my mother." "AII right." "Where are they?" "Arrogant, but no ideology." "A few bills made them forget." "You didn't throw it all out?" "Yes, we did." "Shit.... lt's his heart again." "They were after communists near our house." "They threw a grenade." "Taher couldn't take it." "I found him on the floor in the living room." "It will be all right." "No, it won't." "He needs open-heart surgery." "They can't do it here." "They say he has to go to England." "I went to see the hospital director." "You won't believe it." "Know who he is?" "My old window washer!" "I pretended not to know him so as not to humiliate him." "With the borders closed, only the very sick can go abroad." "It's his third coronary." "He needs an operation abroad or he'll die!" "We'll do our best." "If God wills it, he'll get better." "It all depends on God." "I need your authorization to get his passport." "If God wills it." "Thanks to a beard and suit this idiotic window washer runs a hospital now!" "My husband's fate depends on a window washer!" "He's so religious he won't look at a woman." "The stupid bastard!" "I know someone who makes passports." "I'll go see him." "It'll all be okay." "Wait. I'll come too." "Where did I put it?" "Here it is!" "Look at this." "It looks real, huh?" "A whole month's work went into this." "You're cute." "What's your name?" "How long to make a passport?" "Passports are in high demand." "They're how I make my living now." "usually, it takes two weeks." "But I can do it in one." "Perfect, but hurry." "It's only Niloufar." "Meet Ebi. I told you about his brother Anoush." "hello." "She's a communist too." "Her brother was my messenger boy so I hide her here." "It's the only place she's safe." "is he dumb or what?" "He'II get crushed." "There!" "What did I tell you?" "Don't look." "It's horrible." "Grandma, stop it!" "What a load of crap." "The Japanese either gut themselves or make hideous monsters." "That's all they ever seem to do." "Grandma, will Uncle Taher die?" "Of course." "You think so?" "Without a passport, he won't make it." "He smoked too much." "bullshit!" "His heart's not failing from cigarettes." "His kids are too far away." "A portion of beans, piping hot, please." "Children always leave." "That's normal." "But having to part with them at 1 3 due to an absurd war that breaks your heart." "In Taher's shoes, I'd be dead and buried by now." "May God eradicate these barbarians." "May God hear you." "Khosrow, it's you." "is the package ready?" "They arrested Niloufar and trashed my place!" "NiIoufar was executed." "Khosrow fled to Turkey and then to Sweden." "Three weeks later we buried Uncle Taher." "The war intensified." "Let me through." "Excuse me." "Let me through." "Stop!" "I live over there." "Go on." "Marji!" "Mom." "Are you hurt?" "No, sweetie, we're fine." "Where did the missile land?" "The Baba Levy's house." "Under our new government, we no longer have political prisoners." "Ma'am?" "We have paid a high price for our liberty." "Ma'am." "What now, Satrapi?" "My uncle was jailed by the Shah, but the new regime had him shot." "We have gone from 3,000 prisoners under the Shah to 300,000 with you." "How dare you lie to us like this?" "Stop that!" "Who was it?" "The principal." "Marji told her teacher off." "Again?" "Just like her uncle." "What?" "You want her to end up like him?" "Executed?" "You know what they do to young girls?" "You know what they did to Niloufar?" "It's illegal to kill a virgin, so a guard married her and took her virginity first!" "You know what that means?" "If they touch you, I'll kill them!" "Shortly after, they decided to send me abroad." "Since I had attended the French school in Tehran I went to the French school in Vienna." "My father got me a visa." "I'd stay with my mother's friend and her family." "The day before I left Grandma slept at our house." "Every morning, she'd put jasmine in her bra to smell good." "When she undressed, the flowers fell from her breasts." "It was magical." "How come your breasts are so round at your age?" "I soak them in a bowl of iced water for ten minutes every day." "I'll miss you." "I'll come to see you." "Listen." "I don't like to preach, but here's some advice." "You'll meet a lot of jerks in life." "If they hurt you, remember it's because they're stupid." "Don't react to their cruelty." "There's nothing worse than bitterness and revenge." "Keep your dignity and be true to yourself." "Everything will be all right." "No tears." "Think of your future." "Europe awaits you." "When you get to Vienna, have a Sachertorte." "It's a delicious chocolate cake." "We'll come to visit." "You're a big girl." "No tears." "Dad." "Enough." "You have to go now." "Never forget who you are and where you're from." "My daughter." "Mom." "My little Marji." "Europe awaited." "But not the way I imagined." "After a few days at my mother's friend's she decided her place was too small." "She found lodgings where I'd be fine according to her." "What?" "I was delighted to find stores packed with goods that had vanished at home." "For a while going to the supermarket was my favorite pastime." "My favorite pastime." "My favorite pastime." "In short, I needed to make friends fast." "Luckily, at school, I could understand the others and could get myself understood." "Got a smoke?" "I was the center of attention for all the outsiders." "People like Momo, Thierry, Olivier and Eve." "My nationality and story fascinated them." "You saw a revolution and a war?" "Well, yeah." "You saw lots of dead people?" "A few." "That's wild." "I was soon part of the gang." "Momo introduced me to nonchaIance the concept of forced nihilism and Vienna's sub-culture." "I had trouble adapting at first." "But then I thought, "Why not?"" "I convinced myself I'd found my place." "But I wasn't like them." "As school holidays reminded me." "Shit." "Christmas again." "With the whole damn family too." "AII due to a crappy American invention." "Santa claus wears red and white...." "Because he was a Coca-Cola mascot." "I'll be bored shitless in Monte Carlo." "Monte Carlo's nothing." "I have to go to brazil to see my dad." "It's a 1 3-hour flight." "Holidays are crumbs to keep the proles happy." "If the anarchists had won, we wouldn't work at all." "is everything all right, dear?" "Good." "What are you doing for Christmas?" "Well?" "She's spending it with friends." "Be careful." "So you need anything?" "Have fun." "Lots of love." "Eat plenty of fruit and vegetables." "Is that any way to behave?" "What?" "Is that how you eat?" "You all eat in front of the TV." "Not from the pot." "It's disgusting!" "It's true what they say." "Iranians have no manners." "is it true that all nuns were prostitutes first?" "That marked the start of a series of moves from apartment to apartment." "First, Eve and her mother took me in." "Then I lived with 8 homosexuals." "Then in a maid's room on Floriangasse." "Then with friends." "And friends' friends." "I ended up at the home of Frau Doktor Schloss." "She was a retired philosophy teacher." "To be honest, she was crazy." "The rent is 2,000 schillings." "You like dogs, don't you?" "Yes, I love them." "Yuki has adopted you." "Dogs have a sixth sense." "They can tell if people are kind." "Over the next year, I decided to fit in for real." "Certain aspects of Western culture remained a mystery." "I had to educate myself." "From Sartre to Bakunin to Zweig and Freud I read all I could." "But I realized there were things I'd never understand." "Vienna 1 986" "That bastard WaIdheim got elected." "Yeah, it's crazy." "Sickening." "I want to puke." "It can't happen." "There's a big protest tomorrow." "That's all hot air anyway." "Life is a void." "When man realizes that he can no longer live, so he invents power games." "Bullshit!" "Life isn't absurd!" "Some people give their lives for freedom." "You think my uncle died for fun?" "EgotisticaI prick." "I was very confused." "I had a safe, frivolous life while those I loved knew the hell of war." "However hard I tried, I was haunted by guilt." "I just wanted to live like a girl my age." "A big change was coming." "In a few months, I became a young lady." "It was a time of constantly renewed ugliness." "First, I grew seven inches." "Then my face became longer my right eye grew, then my chin." "My right hand became huge then my left foot." "My nose tripled in size." "My chest developed." "My butt then restored my center of gravity." "To cap it all off, a huge beauty mark decorated my nose." "See, Yuki, I told you." "She's a prostitute." "This music sucks." "In any case, they're all losers here." "Bakunin wanted bourgeois democrats to adopt socialist resolutions." "Things could have changed." "capitalism undermines us." "See what I mean?" "You're right." "Where are you from?" "Marie-Jeanne, right?" "Yeah, I'm from...." "I'm French." "I'd never have guessed." "I was in Paris." "Know it?" "Sorry, I need to go see my friends." "Okay, fine." "See you." "So you're French now?" "Grandma, stop it." "I'm just asking." "I didn't know you were French." "Do you think it is easy being Iranian here?" "If I say I am, they treat me like a savage." "They think we're all violent, bloodthirsty fanatics." "is that any reason to deny your roots?" "You remember what I told you?" "Be true to yourself." "Know what she told my brother?" "She said she was French." "No." "I swear." "And he believed her?" "Have you seen her?" "Who'd believe she's French?" "Was he hitting on her?" "Are you crazy?" "I'd kill myself if he went out with" "Shut up, you bitches!" "Yes, I'm Iranian and, yes, I'm proud of it!" "After three years in Austria, I felt good at last." "Momo, Thierry, Eve and olivier had left." "I had new friends." "Birgit was a hippie who looked like an old child." "At her house in the forest she threw anarchist parties." "The state had nothing to fear because these anarchists mainly drank beer and ate sausages." "At one of these parties, I met Fernando." "When I saw him, I knew he was the man of my Iife." "Marjane, are you there?" "Last night, thanks to you, I finally understood." "You've helped me discover myself." "If it didn't work with you, it won't with any girl." "I know now:" "I'm homosexual." "It's so good to say it." "Thank you, Marjane." "You're welcome." "After that pathetic setback, I swore off love." "I swear off love." "Love is a petty bourgeois emotion." "But "life is life," as some losers used to sing." "And, one November morning, Markus came into my life." "Want a ride home?" "I had finally found love." "Nothing scared me and the future seemed bright." "Markus was going to be a great writer." "He'd read extracts of his play to me in his room." "We were one." "I got croissants, baby!" "Wait, I can explain." "It's not what you think." "Marjane, I love you!" "I love you!" "I can't find my brooch." "I'm sure you've stolen it." "Not now." "Leave me be." "No!" "You won't get away with it you thief!" "Go to hell!" "I detest you!" "You and your shitty dog!" "How dare you say that about Yuki?" "Where are you going?" "You won't get away!" "Go fuck yourself!" "You thief!" "Give me my brooch back!" "I'll call the police!" "Come back!" "What an idiot." "That bastard fooled me." "I'm an idiot." "How did I fall in love with that pathetic, stingy prick?" "Want a ride home?" "Okay." "I need to get gas." "Shall we split it?" "And his breath smelled like shit!" "The jerk had a lousy personality." "Damn!" "Are you crazy?" "My eye hurts!" "Let me see, honey." "It's okay!" "Pretentious loser." "Writer, my ass!" "His rotten play was a piece of shit." "And he didn't have any balls." "He didn't stand up to his mom for me." "A real wimp." "I always bought our hash too." "That coward stayed in the car waiting for me!" "He didn't care if I got arrested." "What an idiot I was." "What an idiot...." "That was my first night on the street." "There were plenty more." "A revolution had carried off part of my family." "I had survived a war but a banal love story nearly killed me." "Are you okay?" "Are we awake now?" "You had a close call." "You're lucky we found you in that cold." "You have bronchitis." "I forbid you to smoke a single cigarette." "Your last name?" "Satrapi." "First name?" "Marjane." "Where do you live?" "In Iran." "In Iran?" "Can I make a phone call?" "Hello?" "Dad?" "Marjane?" "Is that you?" "We were so worried." "No news in two months!" "Dad, can I come home?" "Of course." "Promise me, no questions." "I promise." "Here's your mother." "Marjane?" "Mom, don't cry, please." "Come home, we're waiting for you." "Mom...." "No one will ask you anything." "We promise." "Any forbidden goods, sister?" "Pork, alcohol, playing cards, music films, fashion, porn?" "No, sir." "Fix your veil." "Yes, sir." "You may go." "Look!" "It's Marji!" "My little girl...." "l didn't recognize you." "You're here." "You've grown." "You're here." "The next day, I saw the mountains." "It had snowed." "My father wondered if he needed snow chains to go to work." "We had breakfast together as we used to." "My mother made me my favorite omelet." "Nothing had changed but, deep down, I knew nothing would be like before." "We talked about this and that." "They respected my wishes and asked nothing about Vienna." "I was anxious but also believed that the nightmare was behind us." "The future could be brighter now that the war was over." "The war is over." "That's true." "But now it's almost worse." "people don't know why we had a war." "Let her breathe." "She just got back." "It's all right, Mom." "The West sold weapons to both sides and we stupidly played their cynical game." "Eight years of war for nothing." "A million dead for nothing." "The last days were terrible." "One month before the armistice, Iraq bombed Tehran every day as if to wipe it off the map." "Towards the end, the regime got scared because an opposition army had entered from Iraq." "The government feared the threat posed by political prisoners." "The state adopted a radical solution to the problem." "It gave the prisoners a choice." "Either they give up their ideas swear loyalty to the regime and do their time or they would be executed." "The majority of them were executed." "Now they name streets after the war martyrs." "That's all the families have left:" "street names." "Walking in Tehran now is like walking through a cemetery." "Lord, you've grown!" "You'll grab God's balls soon!" "Grandma!" "So tell me everything." "How was Vienna?" "Well, it was different...." "Remember Mina?" "Sure, she's my cousin." "She's married, with two kids." "As dumb as ever." "You remember ShiIa?" "Yes." "She's an ugly cow." "Her face is so hairy." "She's like a gorilla." "And you remember Modjeh?" "I remember everyone." "She got divorced." "apparently, he had a tiny dick." "Or so Shari says." "Well, she told Mehri who told me." "You'll see them soon." "Oh, no." "Yes." "You must speak good German now." "Yes, a little." "I can say , "Ich liebe dich ."" "Vienna reminds me of Empress Sissi." "Did you meet Romy Schneider?" "Marjane, stars shine in the sky and you shine in my heart." "You look like a nun." "Who'd guess you were in Europe?" "You think so?" "You must have loads to tell us." "Not really." "How were the Vienna nightclubs?" "I didn't really go to nightclubs." "I don't like them." "What?" "Ever slept with a guy?" "Yes." "Is it good?" "It depends on the guy." "What?" "You've slept with more than one?" "enroll in a prep class." "Get your nose fixed." "Be an astronaut." "Dress better." "It's 90 degrees out there!" "I'm sick of this thing!" "Damn hairdresser you're unworthy of my son." "hello, Anahita." "Marjane just went out." "Okay, I'II tell her." "Goodbye." "You can't watch TV all day long." "Didn't you want to take that exam?" "You're wasting the best years of your life." "See people." "Get a change of scenery." "They all piss me off." "There must be someone you Iike." "Just one among the 7 million here!" "Yes, there was Kia, an old childhood friend." "When I saw him, I understood Grandma's words." "He's nearly dead." "Kia had been to war." "He'd lost an arm and a leg." "I had fun with him." "We even Iaughed. I realized my problems weren't that bad." "His whole life is ruined but he can still laugh." "I suppose that's the only way to deal with it." "I keep telling myself that, but I can't do it." "It's unbearable." "My life weighs down on me, but who can I talk to?" "You understand?" "Everyone around me has suffered." "I was a stranger in Austria and now I'm one in my own country." "Your condition has a name." "Depression." "Effective treatment exists." "I'll give you some pills." "Sure you won't come with us?" "The sea air will help." "No, I want to be alone." "Don't worry." "Why are you here, my dear?" "Well, I'm dead." "Don't you know your time hasn't come?" "It hasn't?" "You have to pull yourself together." "Yes!" "He's right for once!" "You have a lot to do." "Get moving!" "Go and do what you have to do." "Remember, the struggle continues!" "Right?" "Yeah, the struggle continues." "Tehran 1 992" "I'm starving." "Haven't you eaten?" "The idiot's on a diet." "You're crazy." "She got a copy of Vogue." "She reads it all the time." "You've caught his eye." "You're embarrassing me." "We'll now talk about BotticeIIi and, in particular, The Birth of Venus." "We could also call this painting Spring like Botticelli's other allegory in the Uffizi gallery." "In this painting...." "You there!" "What's so funny?" "Want to bet I'll take my veil off?" "Sure." "Come on, how much?" "Four hundred tomans." "Go on." "In the early 1 990s, the age of great ideals was over." "After the Revolution, so many students were imprisoned we didn't dare discuss politics." "The war was behind us at last." "We were so eager for happiness, we forgot we weren't free." "Is that any way to dress?" "You hear me?" "Beat it!" "Grandma, you're here?" "Yes, I came to see you." "You're all dolled up!" "Are you in love?" "Yes, I was meeting him earlier." "The Guardians turned up." "I had a close call." "Look how I'm made up!" "I didn't know what to do." "But a guy was staring at me." "My only solution was to play the poor, defenseless girl." "Brother...." "Yes, sister." "A man just insulted me." "Where is the bastard?" "We'll shut him up." "That's him on the steps there!" "Shame on you." "Got a mother?" "A sister?" "What if someone insulted them?" "I didn't do anything!" "I swear, on my mother's life!" "What did they do to him?" "They arrested him." "You find that funny?" "Yes, don't you?" "You're a selfish bitch, that's what I think!" "Grandma, I had no choice." "You had a choice!" "Everyone has a choice!" "Everyone always has a choice!" "Your grandfather spent years in jail for defending the innocent." "And your uncle Anoush!" "Have you forgotten why he died?" "What have I taught you?" "Integrity!" "Does that word mean anything to you?" "Shame on you!" "The lady with the shoulder bag, stop running." "The lady with the bag, stop running!" "Hey, you, don't run!" "Why are you running?" "I'm late for my class!" "Maybe, but you mustn't run." "When you run, your behind moves in an obscene way." "So don't look at my ass!" "This is crazy." "It's the same from every angle." "An anatomy class?" "AII you can see is her big nose." "You must all go to the main campus immediately." "AII absentees will be barred for two weeks." "We simply cannot behave badly." "Our martyrs' blood nourished our revolution." "Indecent behavior scorns those who gave their lives for us." "And so I'd Iike the young ladies here to wear narrower trousers and longer headscarves." "They should cover their hair and not use make-up." "Any questions?" "If not, the meeting is over." "Yes?" "You talk about our scarves and trousers you say we use makeup, etc." "As an art student, I'm often in the studio." "I need to move freely in order to draw." "A longer scarf would hinder me." "You say our trousers are too wide even though they hide our shape." "Since these trousers are the fashion right now is religion defending our integrity or is it opposed to fashion?" "You criticize us, yet our brothers here have different hair and clothes." "Sometimes we can even make out their underwear." "Why, as a woman should their tight clothes have no effect on me while a shorter headscarf arouses them?" "Good girl." "That's like chopping their tiny dicks off." "Take that hood off." "It makes me claustrophobic." "I forget I'm wearing it." "Never forget that." "Fear lulls our minds to sleep." "It turns us into cowards as well." "You showed guts." "I'm proud of you." "I want to leave." "To go where?" "Who cares." "The USA or Europe." "Where in Europe?" "Anywhere." "I'm sick of Iran." "What about us?" "You'II come too." "I don't want to leave." "You're still nostalgic." "You'll soon be sick of people's meddling." "Maybe, but in the West nobody cares if you die on the street." "Don't worry." "We'll manage somehow." "What's your relationship with this man?" "You know what happens now." "We call your parents." "They pay a fine or you get whipped." "When your mother and I were 1 5, we'd walk hand in hand." "It was in this same country." "This is the way things are now, my daughter." "You must be careful from now on." "You should avoid being together in public." "It's impossible." "We can't go anywhere." "We're like prisoners." "What kind of Iife is this?" "Yeah." "We should get married." "Well?" "Have you been crying, Mom?" "No." "I wanted you to be independent, educated, cultured." "Now you're marrying at 21 !" "I want you to leave Iran, to be free and emancipated!" "Mom, trust me." "I know what I'm doing." "One year later" "Seen my car keys?" "Huh?" "My car keys!" "I Ieft them on the table." "No idea." "They were just there." "We share nothing." "You're a great match." "The perfect couple." "Perfect, my ass!" "Do you want my photo?" "Jerk!" "You used to say how much in love you were." "It's easy to be in love three hours a week." "Not when you share the same home." "surely you're not getting divorced?" "I don't know." "My sister left her husband last year." "As soon as she was divorced every man around wanted to sleep with her." "The butcher made advances." "Then the baker too." "The grocer." "And even beggars!" "Men all think their thing is irresistible and that a divorcée won't refuse since she's not a virgin." "If life isn't hell, stay with him." "What's got you in such a state?" "Forgive me." "Of course." "But what has made you so sad?" "Grandma." "It's terrible." "What's so terrible?" "I don't love Reza anymore." "I think we're going to separate." "So that's all it is?" "I thought someone had died." "You're out of your mind." "You do this to me, with my weak heart!" "AII these tears over a divorce!" "Listen to me." "I did it 55 years ago and no one got divorced back then." "I knew I'd be happier alone than with some jerk." "But" "There's no "but."" "The first marriage is practice for the second." "You'll be happier next time round." "You're crying because you were wrong." "It's hard admitting your mistakes, hmm?" "Where were you?" "Why didn't you call?" "Nima is dead." "What?" "Nima is dead." "I'm leaving you." "It was time for me to leave." "I decided to go to France." "I had to wait three months for a visa." "I went to the Caspian Sea with my Grandma to fill my lungs with its special air." "An air you find nowhere else." "I promised my grandfather I'd make him proud." "Finally, I went to the prison where Uncle Anoush lay somewhere among thousands of other innocents." "I swore to him to remain as honest as possible." "Then came the day I left." "My father cried as usual." "You're going for good." "You're free." "Today's Iran is not for you." "I forbid you to come back." "Yes, Mom." "Grandma...." "My little girl." "I never saw my grandmother again." "She died shortly thereafter." "Freedom always has a price." "Terrible weather." "Where are you coming from?" "Iran." "Grandma, you smell so good." "How do you do it?" "I pick jasmine flowers every morning." "When I dress, I slip them inside my bra." "That way, I always smell good." "Wow!" "That's great!"
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenSubtitles"
}
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Contrast alternatives for iodinated contrast allergy and renal dysfunction: options and limitations.
Diagnostic angiography and vascular interventions make routine use of iodinated contrast material (ICM). Patients with renal disease or contrast allergy pose limitations on the use of ICM. In such cases, alternative contrast media may be used to carry out the procedure. Current alternatives include carbon dioxide, gadolinium, and dilute ICM. Each of these alternatives has its own unique features and limitations. In the present review article, the current alternatives to ICM are explored, with a focus on the applications and restrictions of each.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Jared Kushner continues to astound.
As a senior advisor to President Donald Trump, he could be one of the most powerful people in the White House, holding an extensive portfolio that includes reforming the federal government and bringing peace to the Middle East peace. But he’s also become an important focus of several investigations into Russian interference in the most recent presidential election. On top of all that, he’s worth hundreds of millions of dollars and is married to Ivanka Trump, one of the most polarizing women in America today.
Finally, he barely speaks in public, probably because he’s been mocked on social media as sounding like an “Arrested Development”-era Michael Cera. But the fact that we rarely hear his voice or never see him tweet — like his wife and her family — adds to his aura as a man of mystery.
But on Wednesday, we learned something else that adds to this aura, Wired magazine is reporting.
It is that Jared Kushner is a woman. Or rather, Jared Corey Kushner’s gender is ”female,” according to records held by the New York State Board of Elections, Wired reported.
Where the record lists “gender,” the field says “female.” (On a side note, where the record shows “party affiliation,” it says “None declared.”) The records furthermore show that Jared has been voting as a woman since first registering in 2009; he last voted in the Nov. 8 presidential election.
Wired writer Ashley Feinberg naturally wondered how Kushner, who no doubt considers himself to be a proud father of three, came to be listed as female in his voter registration records.
“Unfortunately, there’s absolutely no way to know for sure, because he has yet to provide Wired with a comment,” Feinberg said. CNN added that the White House declined to comment on Wired’s report.
Absent any response from Jared or the White House, Feinberg offers several possible reasons for how this apparent gender misstatement came to be, and we’ll add one or two. The possible explanations are:
Jared is, in fact, female. Jared is a victim of Russian hackers. The New York State Board of Elections messed up in its records-keeping. Jared is is up to something nefarious. How about voter fraud? That, of course, would be interesting, considering that Trump’s White House has been fixated on allegations that rampant voter fraud took place during the 2016 election Jared, once again, screwed up filling out his paperwork.
We can see no. 3 happening, but Feinberg said no. 5 seems to be the most likely explanation, given all that’s known about the challenges Jared has had in filling out forms to get his job in the White House.
Numerous news reports have chronicled the multiple attempts Jared has made to update the disclosure form needed to obtain a White House security clearance.
Jared’s paperwork issues have definitely compounded suspicion over his contacts with foreign officials, notably with Russians with possible ties to the Vladimir Putin and the Kremlin.
Back in January, Jared listed zero names on the section of the form that asked about foreign contacts, CBS reported.
He later claimed his team had accidentally hit send before he had a chance to fully fill it in, though Wired cited a Washington Post report that said the form also showed the wrong dates of Jared’s graduate degrees. The form also omitted Trump’s address. Jared submitted a supplemental form acknowledging that the original form was incomplete the following day.
Kushner in May again tried to fix his security clearance form — adding more than 100 calls and meetings with foreign contacts, Wired said. He then had to update the form yet again when it came to light that he had attended a Trump Tower meeting in June 2016 with his brother-in-law Donald Trump Jr., then-Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort and Russian lawyer Natalia Veselnitskaya, who had allegedly offered damaging information about Hillary Clinton.
“How, exactly, Kushner managed to bungle the form multiple times has been the subject of much debate, as well as of his own testimony before the Senate Intelligence Committee,” Feinberg said. “But regardless of the cause, his apparently chronic inability to correctly fill out boxes is troubling coming from the man who’s supposed to overhaul the entire United States government.”
Brad Beinum, a spokesperson for American Bridge, a liberal opposition research hub and the group that first identified Jared’s voter registration slip-up, added to the view that Jared’s paperwork problems are troubling. These issues certainly make it questionable that he should have so much White House influence, Beinum told Wired.
“Kushner can’t even fill out the most basic paperwork without screwing it up, so it’s a mystery why anyone thinks he’s somehow going to bring peace to the Middle East,” Beinum said. “Would anyone but the president’s son-in-law still have a West Wing job after repeated disclosure errors and a botched a security clearance form?”
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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Main menu
Writer. Editor.
Post navigation
Madison Bernath is a strong writer and editor with eight years’ experience in the field. She is practiced in writing across many forums, researching material, and laying out articles for print and for websites. She is familiar with AP, MLA, and Chicago styles and is skilled in social media marketing. She believes writing is a collaborative effort and engages in editorial criticism.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Q:
Android : Exit application
I went throgh different questions realted to this topic and still have few doubts.
Que One: In my application i have multiple activities A->B->C
A->B2->C2..
A-B3-C3...
is the flow . I have "back" and "home" button for each activity to go to previous activity and A respectively.
Initially i was launching each of these as "single task" and everything appeared to be good.
Now i wanted to handle error condition and thus the exit application came to picture.
SO from my reading i understand its not "good" to launch each activity as single task
( i ma not very clear the reason or am i wrong here )
SO i changed all activities launch mode as standard
So one thing i noticed is switching between actvities throu "back" or "home" is slow than earlier. SO iam i doing the right thing here
Que two:now i have my code
if (some error)
{
this.finish()
}
code line;
this is in my root activity A and will be hit before launching any other activity
But what i see is finish is executed but before application really exit , code line is executed leading to some exception. My expected behaviour is once i call finish , it is like a return from this activity and no more code executed here
Que 3: Now when we call a finish on the root activity, who will actually handle it.
A:
Intent i = new Intent();
i.setAction(Intent.ACTION_MAIN);
i.addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_HOME);
ListActivity.this.startActivity(i);
finish();
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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