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Otis Grigsby
Otis Wayne Grigsby, Jr. (born November 19, 1980) is a former American football defensive end. He was signed by the Miami Dolphins as an undrafted free agent in 2003. He played college football at Kentucky.
Grigsby has also been a member of the Atlanta Falcons and Carolina Panthers
Early years
Grigsby attended Judson High School in Converse, Texas and was a student and a letterman in football and basketball. In football, as a senior, he started as a linebacker and was a first team All-State selection. In basketball, he was an All-District Honorable Mention selection and an All-City selection. Grigsby graduated from Judson High School in the top 10 percent of his class.
College career
Grigsby in 45 games and started 18 at Kentucky and notched 10.0 sacks during collegiate career.
Professional career
In 2007, he played in eight regular season games—four with Carolina and the final four games of the season with Minnesota. He made his presence felt immediately with the Vikings, notching a 4th-quarter sack of former Vikings QB Shaun Hill at San Francisco (12/9), his 1st career sack, and forced a fumble on the play that was recovered by fellow lineman Spencer Johnson he played in 1st NFL game of his career in the opener at St. Louis (9/9) as a Panther.
In 2006, he spent final two weeks of regular season on Panthers practice squad. He went to training camp with Carolina but was waived on 8/29/06. In 2005, he went to training camp with Atlanta but was waived on 8/26/05. In 2004, he spent training camp with Miami but was released in final roster cuts on 9/5/04. In 2003, he entered NFL as a rookie free agent with the Dolphins. He was inactive for all 16 games with Miami on a team that went 10–6 but did not make the playoffs under head coach Dave Wannstedt.
References
External links
Minnesota Vikings bio
Category:1980 births
Category:Living people
Category:Judson High School alumni
Category:Sportspeople from San Antonio
Category:American football defensive ends
Category:Kentucky Wildcats football players
Category:Miami Dolphins players
Category:Atlanta Falcons players
Category:Carolina Panthers players
Category:Minnesota Vikings players
Category:Cologne Centurions players
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Transient thrombopoietin peak after liver transplantation for end-stage liver disease.
Knowledge about synthesis of thrombopoietin (TPO) by human liver cells is now well established and makes the study of TPO serum levels and interdependency with platelet concentrations important before and after liver transplantation. We followed these variables in 14 patients suffering from primary biliary cirrhosis (group A), 10 with hepatitis B (group B) and nine with hepatitis C (group C) infections, as well as 11 patients suffering from alcoholic cirrhosis (group D). In the pretransplant serum samples, TPO levels and platelet counts revealed median values (range) of 112.75 pg/ml (5.0-349.3) in group A, 67.8 pg/ml (14.8-249.9) in B, 68.6 pg/ml (31.4-147.3) in C and 57.9 pg/ml (25.2-264.2) in D for TPO, and 138 x 10(9)/l (36-243) in A, 48 x 10(9)/l (22-129) in B, 105 x 10(9)/l (32-176) in C and 109 x 10(9)/l (33-285) in D for platelets, the latter levels being abnormally reduced. Within 2-3 d of transplantation, the TPO levels started to increase to transient peaks of mostly 5-10 times baseline, which were followed by continuous correction of thrombocytopenia. Splenomegaly was identified to be an important co-factor of thrombocytopenia in groups A and D. We conclude that decreased TPO production in patients with end-stage liver diseases is reverted by orthotopic liver transplantation.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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Case: 17-31006 Document: 00514796956 Page: 1 Date Filed: 01/16/2019
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
No. 17-31006 United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
January 16, 2019
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Lyle W. Cayce
Plaintiff-Appellee, Clerk
v.
ERNESTO MORENO,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Louisiana
USDC No. 2:15-CR-76-7
Before JONES, HAYNES, and OLDHAM, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
On the eve of trial, Ernesto Moreno pleaded guilty to knowingly
conspiring to distribute more than 500 grams of methamphetamine in violation
of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(A), and 846. This drug-trafficking crime
triggers a mandatory minimum sentence of 120 months and a maximum of life.
See 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(viii). The district court sentenced Moreno to 372
* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
Case: 17-31006 Document: 00514796956 Page: 2 Date Filed: 01/16/2019
No. 17-31006
months. Moreno argues the district court misapplied the Guidelines. We
affirm.
I.
A grand jury indicted Moreno for knowingly conspiring to distribute (and
possess with intent to distribute) 500 or more grams of methamphetamine.
The district court set the case for trial. On the scheduled first day of trial,
however, Moreno pleaded guilty. He did so without a plea agreement.
Moreno signed a nine-page factual basis to support his plea. In it,
Moreno admitted participating in a drug-trafficking conspiracy from 2011 to
2015. He further admitted he was a “leader” of the conspiracy. He admitted
conspiring with family members and others to distribute drugs from California
to Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. At times, Moreno shipped the drugs
himself. Other times, he directed one of his co-conspirators to ship the drugs.
The factual basis did not, however, identify the quantity of drugs Moreno
trafficked.
The final presentence report (“PSR”) did. The PSR described a series of
narcotics seizures and undercover purchases on various dates and in various
places. It specified the types and weights of the various drugs attributable to
Moreno. The PSR concluded the “conspiracy involved the trafficking of at least
17.95941 kilograms of methamphetamine, 3.34 kilograms of cocaine
hydrochloride, 17.38 grams of marijuana, and 5.10 grams of alprazolam.”
Based on those drug quantities, the PSR assigned a base offense level of
36. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(2). The PSR applied a four-level enhancement for
Moreno’s leadership role and recommended a two-level reduction for
acceptance of responsibility. That yielded a total recommended offense level of
38.
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No. 17-31006
At the sentencing hearing, the district court started with the PSR. It
accepted the PSR’s estimate of the drug quantities attributable to Moreno.
Moreno did not object.
Then the district court considered whether Moreno was a “leader” of his
family’s drug-trafficking organization. Moreno admitted as much in the
factual basis for his plea. But the initial PSR had failed to recommend a four-
level leadership enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a). The Government
objected. The probation officer reconsidered and revised the final PSR to
recommend the four-level leadership enhancement. That obviously mooted the
Government’s objection to the initial PSR. But it also confused the record of
who objected to what:
[THE COURT:] [T]he probation officer’s response [to the
Government’s objection] indicates that the role assessment in the
offense level computation sections for the final PSR have been
amended to reflect a four-level enhancement pursuant to
guidelines, Section 3B1.1(a). Thus, [the Government’s] objection
would also be moot. Is that correct?
[AUSA]: Correct.
THE COURT: And, likewise, any objection from the defendant.
[MORENO’S ATTORNEY]: Yes.
It is unclear whether Moreno’s attorney was saying “Yes, I agree any objection
is moot,” or “Yes, I object.” In all events, Moreno’s attorney said nothing else.
And the district court acted as if no objection was made. It imposed the four-
level leadership enhancement.
The district court next considered whether Moreno was entitled to a
reduction for acceptance of responsibility. The Guideline on acceptance of
responsibility has two subsections. See U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a)–(b). The PSR
recommended a two-level reduction under subsection (a) because the probation
officer believed Moreno “clearly demonstrate[d] acceptance of responsibility for
his offense.” U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a). Subsection (b) allows the Government to
3
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No. 17-31006
request an additional one-level reduction where the defendant “timely” accepts
responsibility, “thereby permitting the government to avoid preparing for trial
and permitting the government and the court to allocate their resources
efficiently.” U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(b). The Government did not request the
subsection (b) reduction because it “had fully prepared for . . . trial and
expended countless hours and significant government resources,” including
flying two state witnesses to the trial location, prior to Moreno’s “change of
heart.” The district court accepted the Government’s explanation under
subsection (b). The district court also concluded the same rationale precluded
a two-level reduction under subsection (a). Moreno did not object. Accordingly,
he received no reduction under either subsection of § 3E1.1.
Finally, the district court received evidence on whether Moreno
possessed a firearm during his drug deals. A witness testified that he saw
Moreno pull out a firearm and place it on a table while delivering drugs. The
Government also presented evidence that Moreno posted pictures of drugs and
firearms on a social media page. After considering this evidence, the district
court concluded by a preponderance of the evidence that Moreno possessed a
firearm during drug-trafficking activity. It therefore applied a two-level
firearm enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1).
That brought Moreno’s offense level to 42. That’s 36 (base offense) plus
4 (leadership role) plus 2 (firearm). Moreno’s criminal history placed him in
category III. That yielded a guideline range of 360 months to life. The district
court sentenced Moreno to 372 months in prison. Moreno timely appealed.
II.
Moreno raises four claims on appeal. He argues the district court
erroneously found (A) the quantity of Moreno’s drugs, (B) Moreno was a
“leader” of the drug-trafficking organization, (C) Moreno possessed a firearm,
4
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No. 17-31006
and (D) Moreno did not timely accept responsibility. Some of these claims are
preserved. Others are not. All are meritless.
A.
We start with drug quantity. The PSR attributed to Moreno 14.68
kilograms of methamphetamine recovered from a stash house in El Centro,
California. Moreno argues those drugs should be excluded from his sentence.
Doing so would reduce his base offense level from 36 to 32.
Moreno affirmatively waived his right to appeal this issue. When a
defendant “intentionally relinquishe[s] or abandon[s] a known right, the issue
is waived.” United States v. Rico, 864 F.3d 381, 383 (5th Cir. 2017). And when
a defendant waives an objection, it is “entirely unreviewable” and “we cannot
address it.” Id. (citation omitted). In Moreno’s sentencing memorandum, he
argued the applicable base level was 30 and sought to “preserv[e] his right to
argue” that not all of the drugs should be attributed to him. But at the
sentencing hearing, Moreno twice told the district court he had no objection to
a sentence based on the drug amounts included in the PSR. This shows that
Moreno “consciously decided to forgo that objection at sentencing.” Id.
Accordingly, this issue is entirely unreviewable. See id.; United States v. Cupit,
670 F. App’x 273, 273 (5th Cir. 2016) (per curiam).
B.
Next, we turn to Moreno’s leadership enhancement. Moreno argues he
was merely a drug supplier, not a drug-trafficking leader. He also attacks the
reliability of the Government’s evidence.
As an initial matter, the standard of review is unclear. If Moreno
properly preserved the issue, “[a] trial court’s finding that a defendant is a
leader or organizer is a factual finding reviewed for clear error.” United States
v. Haines, 803 F.3d 713, 744 (5th Cir. 2015). But where the defendant fails to
preserve a claim, we are “strictly circumscribed” to plain-error review. Puckett
5
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No. 17-31006
v. United States, 556 U.S. 129, 134–35 (2009). That is because the defendant’s
failure to object at sentencing deprives the district court of the “opportunity to
clarify its reasoning or correct any potential errors in its understanding of the
law at sentencing.” United States v. Hernandez-Martinez, 485 F.3d 270, 272
(5th Cir. 2007). Plain-error review likewise applies to “objections that are too
vague [to] . . . alert the court to the legal argument [the party] now presents.”
United States v. Dominguez-Alvarado, 695 F.3d 324, 327–28 (5th Cir. 2012)
(quotation omitted). Here, the district court confirmed the Government’s
objection to the initial PSR was mooted by the probation officer’s decision to
include a leadership enhancement. Then the district court said, in a
declarative sentence, “And, likewise, any objection from the defendant.” To
which Moreno’s attorney replied “Yes.”
We think plain error applies. That’s for two reasons. First, it appears
that Moreno’s attorney was simply agreeing the Government’s previous
objection had been mooted in the final PSR. Second, in any event, an
unadorned one-word “yes” is insufficient to alert the district court to the basis
for the objection. In either event, plain error would apply. See id.
But Moreno’s claim would fail under either standard of review. The
aggravating-role “sentencing enhancement is applicable if the defendant is a
leader and not the leader.” United States v. Olguin, 643 F.3d 384, 402 (5th Cir.
2011). Several factors are relevant in assessing whether the defendant is one
of the leaders of a conspiracy:
[1] the exercise of decision making authority, [2] the nature of
participation in the commission of the offense, [3] the recruitment
of accomplices, [4] the claimed right to a larger share of the fruits
of the crime, [5] the degree of participation in planning or
organizing the offense, [6] the nature and scope of the illegal
activity, and [7] the degree of control and authority exercised over
others.
U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1, cmt. n. 4. Being “a buyer and seller of illegal drugs” alone is
6
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No. 17-31006
not enough to show a defendant is a leader. United States v. Betancourt, 422
F.3d 240, 245 (5th Cir. 2005). But “[a] person’s status as a distributor in a drug
conspiracy is relevant in determining both the degree of participation in
planning or organizing the offense and the nature and scope of the illegal
activity.” Haines, 803 F.3d at 744 (quotation omitted).
In this case, several factors support the district court’s imposition of the
aggravating-role enhancement. Moreno admitted he was a “leader” of the
drug-trafficking organization. A Government witness also testified to that
effect. Furthermore, the PSR detailed an instance where Moreno instructed a
co-conspirator to “find a safe location to store the narcotics and await further
instructions.” See United States v. Akins, 746 F.3d 590, 610 (5th Cir. 2014)
(concluding the district court did not err in applying an aggravating-role
sentencing enhancement when the defendant provided instructions “on what
to do with the drugs”). The PSR also detailed Moreno’s responsibilities for the
drug-trafficking organization’s financial affairs, including directing deposits of
funds and planning a potential expansion to Nashville. See United States v.
Benavidez, 360 F. App’x 525, 527 (5th Cir. 2010) (per curiam) (explaining
“[s]omeone with major responsibilities on the financial side of a criminal
enterprise” qualifies for “the leadership enhancement under Section
3B1.1(a)”). And at least on one occasion, Moreno “fronted” some drugs to a co-
conspirator so he could make enough money to repay Moreno a previous debt.
See United States v. Wilson, 622 F. App’x 393, 402–03 (5th Cir. 2015) (per
curiam) (considering a defendant’s fronting of drugs to be evidence of control).
Based on this evidence, it was not clear error, much less plain error, for the
district court to impose the four-level sentencing enhancement.
Moreno argues this evidence was too unreliable or conclusory for the
district court to rely on it. We disagree. The PSR did not merely conclude
Moreno was a leader; it provided detailed examples of how Moreno organized
7
Case: 17-31006 Document: 00514796956 Page: 8 Date Filed: 01/16/2019
No. 17-31006
the conspiracy and exercised control over co-conspirators. And “[f]indings of
fact included in a ‘PSR are considered reliable and may be adopted without
further inquiry if the defendant fails to present competent rebuttal evidence.’ ”
United States v. Tisdale, 264 F. App’x 403, 409 (5th Cir. 2008) (quoting United
States v. Parker, 133 F.3d 322, 329 (5th Cir. 1998)). Moreno did not do so.
C.
We turn now to Moreno’s gun possession. Under the Guidelines, “the
defendant’s sentence should be increased by two levels whenever, in a crime
involving the manufacture, import, export, trafficking, or possession of drugs,
the defendant possessed a dangerous weapon.” United States v. Cooper, 274
F.3d 230, 245 (5th Cir. 2001) (citing U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1)). This two-level
enhancement should be applied if the Government shows “by a preponderance
of the evidence that a temporal and spatial relation existed between the
weapon, the drug trafficking activity, and the defendant.” Id. (quotation
omitted). Moreno preserved this claim of error, so our review is for clear error.
There is none. A witness testified he saw Moreno take out a gun while
Moreno was delivering drugs. Moreno contends that testimony was unreliable,
in part because the witness was a drug addict. But “[c]redibility
determinations in sentencing hearings are peculiarly within the province of
the trier-of-fact.” United States v. Sotelo, 97 F.3d 782, 799 (5th Cir. 1996)
(quotation omitted). And the district court did not clearly err by crediting the
witness’s testimony despite his drug use. Cf. United States v. Armendariz, 663
F. App’x 350, 352–53 (5th Cir. 2016) (affirming judgment of district court when
it was based, in part, on an admission made by a defendant who used heroin).
Furthermore, separate photographs posted on social media of Moreno, drugs,
money, and guns corroborated Moreno’s use of a firearm in connection with his
drug transactions. Because it is more than plausible Moreno used a gun while
distributing methamphetamine, the district court did not clearly err by
8
Case: 17-31006 Document: 00514796956 Page: 9 Date Filed: 01/16/2019
No. 17-31006
applying the firearm enhancement. See Cooper, 274 F.3d at 238 (“A factual
finding is not clearly erroneous if it is plausible in light of the record read as a
whole.”).
D.
Finally, Moreno argues the district court clearly erred by declining to
award a two-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility under U.S.S.G.
§ 3E1.1(a). Again, we disagree.
As a threshold matter, our standard of review is something tougher than
clear error. That’s for two reasons. First, “[t]his Court will affirm a sentencing
court’s decision not to award a reduction [under § 3E1.1(a)] unless it is without
foundation, a standard of review more deferential than the clearly erroneous
standard.” United States v. Hott, 866 F.3d 618, 620 (5th Cir. 2017) (alteration
omitted) (quotation omitted). Second, plain-error review applies whenever a
defendant forfeits his objection—as Moreno did here. See Puckett, 556 U.S. at
134. When the district court sua sponte declined to apply the two-level
reduction, Moreno did not object. Nor did he object later in the sentencing
hearing when the district court gave the parties a final opportunity to present
arguments or objections to the Guidelines calculations.
Under either standard—“without foundation” or plain error—Moreno’s
claim fails. “This court has routinely upheld the denial of a reduction for
acceptance of responsibility when a defendant waits until the eve of trial to
enter a guilty plea.” United States v. Taylor, 331 F. App’x 287, 288 (5th Cir.
2009) (per curiam) (collecting cases). That is what happened here. And that
is more than enough to warrant rejecting Moreno’s claim.
Moreno’s only counterargument is out-of-circuit precedent suggesting a
late guilty plea alone is insufficient to deny a reduction under § 3E1.1. See
United States v. Hollis, 823 F.3d 1045, 1049 (6th Cir. 2016) (per curiam);
United States v. Kumar, 617 F.3d 612, 637 (2d Cir. 2010). It is not obvious that
9
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No. 17-31006
either case stands for that proposition. See Hollis, 823 F.3d at 1049
(acknowledging a guilty plea “on the eve of or during trial” might indicate a
defendant is not truly accepting responsibility); Kumar, 617 F.3d at 637
(acknowledging that “under certain circumstances the lateness of a plea might
indeed weigh against the defendant”). Moreover, even assuming (without
deciding) a court may not deny a § 3E1.1(a) reduction solely due to a late guilty
plea, other reasons support the denial here. See United States v. Diaz, 39 F.3d
568, 571 (5th Cir. 1994) (explaining that if a valid reason supports the district
court’s ruling, it can be affirmed). The most obvious reason is Moreno
“blame[d] others”—namely, his family—“for his criminal activity” during his
statement at sentencing. See United States v. Wilder, 15 F.3d 1292, 1299 (5th
Cir. 1994) (concluding a defendant did not show “sincere contrition” when he
blamed others and downplayed his own participation in the offense). Moreno
therefore “[has] not show[n] plain error and, in any event, the district court
had foundation to deny the reduction.” Hott, 866 F.3d at 620.
AFFIRMED.
10
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
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|
Christina Aguilera once asked in the 1998 song Reflection “when will my reflection show?”
And for a cat staring into two mirrors at once, the answer is now.
A photo of a cat presumably stunned by its own distorted reflection in a circular bathroom mirror and a wall mirror simultaneously has recently got all of the likes on Twitter.
Apparently the internet has endless fondness for this photo, and the magical moment was recently rediscovered this week when it really exploded on Twitter. The enduring sensation of a cat is Roscoe, and he is based in Chicago. Owner Katie B. tells TIME she first captured the masterpiece moment, and shared the photo back in August.
“He follows me everywhere and that morning, he was sitting in my sink while I got ready for work like he always does. I looked down and saw him in the mirror and thought it was super funny so I took a picture really quick before he moved!” she told TIME. “Everyone who he meets is his new best friend. He also has a very expressive face and a really fun personality so he makes everyone laugh.”
Perhaps that’s why it feels like the feline belongs to all of us now. Her post of the image has been liked nearly 400,000 times.
The cat looks quite taken aback by the confrontational experience. In the image, the cat wears a special kind of wide-eyed shocked expression. Everyone is bringing an excellent sense of humor to the photo, including one person who imagines the mirrors as “intrusive thoughts” and “inescapable anxiety” staring back at them.
Of course, checking out confused cats checking out themselves in mirrors is a time-honored pastime.
See the cat see itself clearly in two mirrors below.
This cat is of course not the first.
And cat filters are a completely different story, but kind of the same energy.
Get The Brief. Sign up to receive the top stories you need to know right now. Please enter a valid email address. Sign Up Now Check the box if you do not wish to receive promotional offers via email from TIME. You can unsubscribe at any time. By signing up you are agreeing to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Thank you! For your security, we've sent a confirmation email to the address you entered. Click the link to confirm your subscription and begin receiving our newsletters. If you don't get the confirmation within 10 minutes, please check your spam folder.
Write to Ashley Hoffman at Ashley.Hoffman@time.com.
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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Clinical Value of Ultrasonography in Diagnosing Diffuse Thyroid Diseases Accompanied with Suspicious Nodules.
To investigate the diagnostic value of ultrasonography for diffuse thyroid disease accompanied with suspicious nodules. A total of 148 patients with diffuse thyroid diseases accompanied with suspicious nodules underwent both ultrasonography and ultrasound-guided biopsy, and the results were analyzed and compared. Among these 148 patients, 44 had Hashimoto's thyroiditis and 104 had Graves'disease. Totally 151 suspicious lesions were detected by ultrasonography, among which 48 lesions were pathologically confirmed to be benign and 103 malignant. Thirteen malignant lesions were diagnosed as benign by pre-operative ultrasonography, which were confirmed to be malignant after the surgical resection due to other suspected or confirmed malignant lesions. The detection rate of diffuse thyroid disease accompanied with thyroid cancer by per-operative ultrasound was 68.21%, and the misdiagnosis rate was 31.79%. The gender of patients(P=0.36), number of nodules(P=0.08), and blood flow types in lesions(P=0.080) had no significant difference between the benign and malignant groups, whereas internal echo(P=0.040), margin(P=0.000), shape(P=0.001), and calcification features(P=0.000)showed significant differences. Up to 80.74% of the lesions with hyperechoic calcification were malignant. Gray-scale sonographic features are helpful for the differential diagnosis of nodules in patients with diffuse thyroid diseases. Nodules in the isthmus and those accompanied with multiple nodules should be noticed.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to an implantable arrangement for defibrillation or cardioversion of a heart.
2. Related Application
The subject matter of the present application is related to that of application Ser. No. 07/895,810, filed simultaneously herewith, of the same inventors and assigned to the same Assignee as the present application.
3. Description of the Prior Art
An implantable system for in vivo defibrillation or cardioversion of a heart is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,662,377. This known system includes two intravascular electrodes, which are both carried on a catheter which is introduced into the right half of the heart. The intravascular electrodes are spaced from each other along the cathode so that when the cathode is properly in place within the heart, one electrode is disposed in the right ventricle of the heart and the other electrode is disposed in the superior vena cava. A planar electrode is disposed outside of the heart, opposite the left ventricle and is subcutaneously implanted at that location. The planar electrode is connected to the electrode in the superior vena cava and is connected to an output terminal of an implantable defibrillation pulse generator. The other output terminal of the pulse generator is connected to the electrode disposed in the ventricle so that, when defibrillating the heart, the current surge is divided into a first sub-current between the electrode in the ventricle and the electrode in the superior vena cava, and a second sub-current between the electrode in the ventricle and the planar electrode.
Another arrangement for defibrillation or cardioversion of a heart is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,708,145 which also uses a catheter having an electrode disposed in the right ventricle and another electrode in the superior vena cava, and a planar electrode which can be either subcutaneously disposed or epicardially disposed in the proximity of the diaphragm. Defibrillation pulses are supplied sequentially between the electrode and the superior vena cava and the electrode in the ventricle, and the planar electrode and the electrode in the ventricle. Thus, only two electrodes simultaneously participate in the delivery of pulses, and a true distribution of the current density into different zones of the heart muscle therefore does not occur. As an alternative to the aforementioned electrode placement, the electrode in the superior vena cava may be disposed in the inferior vena cava. Another electrode arrangement is disclosed in this patent wherein only planar electrodes are arranged on the heart.
A defibrillation arrangement is disclosed in European Application 0 373 953 wherein, when employing three electrodes, one electrode is arranged in the right ventricle via a catheter, another electrode is arranged in the vena cordis magna (great coronary vein) via a further catheter, and a third planar electrode is subcutaneously arranged disposed opposite the left ventricle. Defibrillation pulses are supplied either between one of these electrodes and the two other electrodes, which are connected to each other to achieve this purpose, or alternatively the electrodes may be successively charged with a defibrillation pulse in pairs.
Lastly, German OS 39 19 498 discloses an implantable arrangement for defibrillation or cardioversion of a heart, wherein one of a plurality of electrodes is disposed in the right ventricle, and the other electrodes, which are planar electrodes, are placed outside the heart or implanted subcutaneously. Defibrillation pulses are supplied between the electrode in the ventricle and the outer electrodes, which are connected to each other, so that the electrical current density is divided according to the spatial arrangement of the electrodes, and thus tends to penetrate the thickest zones of the heart muscle. If the defibrillation energy is to be optimally exploited, it is then necessary that the outer electrodes be applied directly to the epicardium. This requires, however, surgical opening of the thorax.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Get breaking news alerts and special reports. The news and stories that matter, delivered weekday mornings.
A uniformed U.S. Secret Service officer was injured and a pedestrian arrested after an accident involving a motorcade carrying Chinese officials in Washington, D.C., on Wednesday afternoon, authorities said.
The incident occurred near the corner of 17th Street NW and F Street at 12:55 p.m. only a few blocks from the White House, the Secret Service said.
Sources say Chinese motorcade was involved in the incident and @secretservice officer was injured but not struck by a vehicle pic.twitter.com/AhQAahadkn — Kelly O'Donnell (@KellyO) January 30, 2019
When paramedics arrived, the officer was sitting up in the street and was later taken to the hospital with a leg injury — possibly a dislocated knee, a fire department spokesman said. His injury was considered serious, but not life-threatening, the official said.
A person was arrested for allegedly crossing a police line and assaulting a police officer after attempting "to impede the progress" of the motorcade "in a temporarily secured area," the Secret Service said.
The Chinese delegation is in town for the trade talks at the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, and the Secret Service is responsible for the safety of all foreign dignitaries. Protesters were active and visible in the area at the time of the accident.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE.
# Copyright (C) YEAR THE PACKAGE'S COPYRIGHT HOLDER
# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
#
# Translators:
# Mingcong Bai <jeffbai@aosc.xyz>, 2017
# plantman <weihanlin@live.com>, 2017
# Feng Chao <chaofeng111@qq.com>, 2020
# Bobby Rong <rjl931189261@126.com>, 2020
# 玉堂白鹤 <yjwork@qq.com>, 2020
#
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-09-03 21:19+0200\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2017-08-09 10:34+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: 玉堂白鹤 <yjwork@qq.com>, 2020\n"
"Language-Team: Chinese (China) (https://www.transifex.com/calamares/teams/20061/zh_CN/)\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Language: zh_CN\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
#: src/modules/grubcfg/main.py:28
msgid "Configure GRUB."
msgstr "配置 GRUB."
#: src/modules/mount/main.py:29
msgid "Mounting partitions."
msgstr "挂载分区。"
#: src/modules/mount/main.py:141 src/modules/initcpiocfg/main.py:196
#: src/modules/initcpiocfg/main.py:200
#: src/modules/luksopenswaphookcfg/main.py:86
#: src/modules/luksopenswaphookcfg/main.py:90 src/modules/rawfs/main.py:164
#: src/modules/initramfscfg/main.py:85 src/modules/initramfscfg/main.py:89
#: src/modules/openrcdmcryptcfg/main.py:69
#: src/modules/openrcdmcryptcfg/main.py:73 src/modules/fstab/main.py:323
#: src/modules/fstab/main.py:329 src/modules/localecfg/main.py:135
#: src/modules/networkcfg/main.py:39
msgid "Configuration Error"
msgstr "配置错误"
#: src/modules/mount/main.py:142 src/modules/initcpiocfg/main.py:197
#: src/modules/luksopenswaphookcfg/main.py:87 src/modules/rawfs/main.py:165
#: src/modules/initramfscfg/main.py:86 src/modules/openrcdmcryptcfg/main.py:70
#: src/modules/fstab/main.py:324
msgid "No partitions are defined for <pre>{!s}</pre> to use."
msgstr "没有分配分区给 <pre>{!s}</pre>。"
#: src/modules/services-systemd/main.py:26
msgid "Configure systemd services"
msgstr "配置 systemd 服务"
#: src/modules/services-systemd/main.py:59
#: src/modules/services-openrc/main.py:93
msgid "Cannot modify service"
msgstr "无法修改服务"
#: src/modules/services-systemd/main.py:60
msgid ""
"<code>systemctl {arg!s}</code> call in chroot returned error code {num!s}."
msgstr "chroot 中的 <code>systemctl {arg!s}</code> 命令返回错误 {num!s}."
#: src/modules/services-systemd/main.py:63
#: src/modules/services-systemd/main.py:67
msgid "Cannot enable systemd service <code>{name!s}</code>."
msgstr "无法启用 systemd 服务 <code>{name!s}</code>."
#: src/modules/services-systemd/main.py:65
msgid "Cannot enable systemd target <code>{name!s}</code>."
msgstr "无法启用 systemd 目标 <code>{name!s}</code>."
#: src/modules/services-systemd/main.py:69
msgid "Cannot disable systemd target <code>{name!s}</code>."
msgstr "无法禁用 systemd 目标 <code>{name!s}</code>."
#: src/modules/services-systemd/main.py:71
msgid "Cannot mask systemd unit <code>{name!s}</code>."
msgstr "无法屏蔽 systemd 单元 <code>{name!s}</code>."
#: src/modules/services-systemd/main.py:73
msgid ""
"Unknown systemd commands <code>{command!s}</code> and "
"<code>{suffix!s}</code> for unit {name!s}."
msgstr ""
"未知的 systemd 命令 <code>{command!s}</code> 和 {name!s} 单元前缀 "
"<code>{suffix!s}</code>."
#: src/modules/umount/main.py:31
msgid "Unmount file systems."
msgstr "卸载文件系统。"
#: src/modules/unpackfs/main.py:35
msgid "Filling up filesystems."
msgstr "写入文件系统。"
#: src/modules/unpackfs/main.py:248
msgid "rsync failed with error code {}."
msgstr "rsync 报错，错误码 {}."
#: src/modules/unpackfs/main.py:293
msgid "Unpacking image {}/{}, file {}/{}"
msgstr "解压镜像 {}/{}，文件{}/{}"
#: src/modules/unpackfs/main.py:308
msgid "Starting to unpack {}"
msgstr "开始解压 {}"
#: src/modules/unpackfs/main.py:317 src/modules/unpackfs/main.py:439
msgid "Failed to unpack image \"{}\""
msgstr "解压镜像失败 \"{}\""
#: src/modules/unpackfs/main.py:406
msgid "No mount point for root partition"
msgstr "无 root 分区挂载点"
#: src/modules/unpackfs/main.py:407
msgid "globalstorage does not contain a \"rootMountPoint\" key, doing nothing"
msgstr "globalstorage 未包含 \"rootMountPoint\"，跳过"
#: src/modules/unpackfs/main.py:412
msgid "Bad mount point for root partition"
msgstr "错误的 root 分区挂载点"
#: src/modules/unpackfs/main.py:413
msgid "rootMountPoint is \"{}\", which does not exist, doing nothing"
msgstr "rootMountPoint 是 \"{}\"，不存在此位置，跳过"
#: src/modules/unpackfs/main.py:429 src/modules/unpackfs/main.py:433
#: src/modules/unpackfs/main.py:453
msgid "Bad unsquash configuration"
msgstr "错误的 unsquash 配置"
#: src/modules/unpackfs/main.py:430
msgid "The filesystem for \"{}\" ({}) is not supported by your current kernel"
msgstr "你当前的内核不支持文件系统 \"{}\" ({})"
#: src/modules/unpackfs/main.py:434
msgid "The source filesystem \"{}\" does not exist"
msgstr "源文件系统 \"{}\" 不存在"
#: src/modules/unpackfs/main.py:440
msgid ""
"Failed to find unsquashfs, make sure you have the squashfs-tools package "
"installed"
msgstr "未找到 unsquashfs，请确保安装了 squashfs-tools 软件包"
#: src/modules/unpackfs/main.py:454
msgid "The destination \"{}\" in the target system is not a directory"
msgstr "目标系统中的 \"{}\" 不是一个目录"
#: src/modules/displaymanager/main.py:514
msgid "Cannot write KDM configuration file"
msgstr "无法写入 KDM 配置文件"
#: src/modules/displaymanager/main.py:515
msgid "KDM config file {!s} does not exist"
msgstr "KDM 配置文件 {!s} 不存在"
#: src/modules/displaymanager/main.py:576
msgid "Cannot write LXDM configuration file"
msgstr "无法写入 LXDM 配置文件"
#: src/modules/displaymanager/main.py:577
msgid "LXDM config file {!s} does not exist"
msgstr "LXDM 配置文件 {!s} 不存在"
#: src/modules/displaymanager/main.py:660
msgid "Cannot write LightDM configuration file"
msgstr "无法写入 LightDM 配置文件"
#: src/modules/displaymanager/main.py:661
msgid "LightDM config file {!s} does not exist"
msgstr "LightDM 配置文件 {!s} 不存在"
#: src/modules/displaymanager/main.py:735
msgid "Cannot configure LightDM"
msgstr "无法配置 LightDM"
#: src/modules/displaymanager/main.py:736
msgid "No LightDM greeter installed."
msgstr "未安装 LightDM 欢迎程序。"
#: src/modules/displaymanager/main.py:767
msgid "Cannot write SLIM configuration file"
msgstr "无法写入 SLIM 配置文件"
#: src/modules/displaymanager/main.py:768
msgid "SLIM config file {!s} does not exist"
msgstr "SLIM 配置文件 {!s} 不存在"
#: src/modules/displaymanager/main.py:894
msgid "No display managers selected for the displaymanager module."
msgstr "显示管理器模块中未选择显示管理器。"
#: src/modules/displaymanager/main.py:895
msgid ""
"The displaymanagers list is empty or undefined in bothglobalstorage and "
"displaymanager.conf."
msgstr "globalstorage 和 displaymanager.conf 配置文件中都没有配置显示管理器。"
#: src/modules/displaymanager/main.py:977
msgid "Display manager configuration was incomplete"
msgstr "显示管理器配置不完全"
#: src/modules/initcpiocfg/main.py:28
msgid "Configuring mkinitcpio."
msgstr "配置 mkinitcpio."
#: src/modules/initcpiocfg/main.py:201
#: src/modules/luksopenswaphookcfg/main.py:91
#: src/modules/initramfscfg/main.py:90 src/modules/openrcdmcryptcfg/main.py:74
#: src/modules/fstab/main.py:330 src/modules/localecfg/main.py:136
#: src/modules/networkcfg/main.py:40
msgid "No root mount point is given for <pre>{!s}</pre> to use."
msgstr " 未设置 <pre>{!s}</pre> 要使用的根挂载点。"
#: src/modules/luksopenswaphookcfg/main.py:26
msgid "Configuring encrypted swap."
msgstr "配置加密交换分区。"
#: src/modules/rawfs/main.py:26
msgid "Installing data."
msgstr "安装数据."
#: src/modules/services-openrc/main.py:29
msgid "Configure OpenRC services"
msgstr "配置 OpenRC 服务。"
#: src/modules/services-openrc/main.py:57
msgid "Cannot add service {name!s} to run-level {level!s}."
msgstr "无法将服务 {name!s} 加入 {level!s} 运行级别."
#: src/modules/services-openrc/main.py:59
msgid "Cannot remove service {name!s} from run-level {level!s}."
msgstr "无法从 {level!s} 运行级别中删除服务 {name!s}。"
#: src/modules/services-openrc/main.py:61
msgid ""
"Unknown service-action <code>{arg!s}</code> for service {name!s} in run-"
"level {level!s}."
msgstr "未知的服务动作 <code>{arg!s}</code>，服务名: {name!s}，运行级别: {level!s}."
#: src/modules/services-openrc/main.py:94
msgid ""
"<code>rc-update {arg!s}</code> call in chroot returned error code {num!s}."
msgstr "chroot 中运行的 <code>rc-update {arg!s}</code> 返回错误 {num!s}."
#: src/modules/services-openrc/main.py:101
msgid "Target runlevel does not exist"
msgstr "目标运行级别不存在。"
#: src/modules/services-openrc/main.py:102
msgid ""
"The path for runlevel {level!s} is <code>{path!s}</code>, which does not "
"exist."
msgstr "运行级别 {level!s} 所在目录 <code>{path!s}</code> 不存在。"
#: src/modules/services-openrc/main.py:110
msgid "Target service does not exist"
msgstr "目标服务不存在"
#: src/modules/services-openrc/main.py:111
msgid ""
"The path for service {name!s} is <code>{path!s}</code>, which does not "
"exist."
msgstr "服务 {name!s} 的路径 <code>{path!s}</code> 不存在。"
#: src/modules/plymouthcfg/main.py:27
msgid "Configure Plymouth theme"
msgstr "配置 Plymouth 主题"
#: src/modules/packages/main.py:50 src/modules/packages/main.py:59
#: src/modules/packages/main.py:69
msgid "Install packages."
msgstr "安装软件包。"
#: src/modules/packages/main.py:57
#, python-format
msgid "Processing packages (%(count)d / %(total)d)"
msgstr "软件包处理中（%(count)d/%(total)d）"
#: src/modules/packages/main.py:62
#, python-format
msgid "Installing one package."
msgid_plural "Installing %(num)d packages."
msgstr[0] "安装%(num)d软件包。"
#: src/modules/packages/main.py:65
#, python-format
msgid "Removing one package."
msgid_plural "Removing %(num)d packages."
msgstr[0] "移除%(num)d软件包。"
#: src/modules/bootloader/main.py:42
msgid "Install bootloader."
msgstr "安装启动加载器。"
#: src/modules/hwclock/main.py:26
msgid "Setting hardware clock."
msgstr "设置硬件时钟。"
#: src/modules/mkinitfs/main.py:27
msgid "Creating initramfs with mkinitfs."
msgstr ""
#: src/modules/mkinitfs/main.py:49
msgid "Failed to run mkinitfs on the target"
msgstr ""
#: src/modules/mkinitfs/main.py:50 src/modules/dracut/main.py:50
msgid "The exit code was {}"
msgstr "退出码是 {}"
#: src/modules/dracut/main.py:27
msgid "Creating initramfs with dracut."
msgstr "用 dracut 创建 initramfs."
#: src/modules/dracut/main.py:49
msgid "Failed to run dracut on the target"
msgstr "无法在目标中运行 dracut "
#: src/modules/initramfscfg/main.py:32
msgid "Configuring initramfs."
msgstr "正在配置初始内存文件系统。"
#: src/modules/openrcdmcryptcfg/main.py:25
msgid "Configuring OpenRC dmcrypt service."
msgstr "配置 OpenRC dmcrypt 服务。"
#: src/modules/fstab/main.py:29
msgid "Writing fstab."
msgstr "正在写入 fstab。"
#: src/modules/dummypython/main.py:35
msgid "Dummy python job."
msgstr "占位 Python 任务。"
#: src/modules/dummypython/main.py:37 src/modules/dummypython/main.py:93
#: src/modules/dummypython/main.py:94
msgid "Dummy python step {}"
msgstr "占位 Python 步骤 {}"
#: src/modules/localecfg/main.py:30
msgid "Configuring locales."
msgstr "正在进行本地化配置。"
#: src/modules/networkcfg/main.py:28
msgid "Saving network configuration."
msgstr "正在保存网络配置。"
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
San Joaquin College of Law
San Joaquin College of Law (SJCL) is a private law school in Clovis, California.
History
SJCL was founded in Fresno in 1969 by Fresno County Municipal Court Judge Dan Eymann, U.S. District Court Judge Oliver Wanger, and attorney John Loomis. The school began instruction in 1970.
In 1996, SJCL relocated to the original Clovis High School building. The structure was built in 1920. The renovation, including a new courtroom, lecture hall, and enlarged library, allowed the Law School to expand, while still maintaining the historic character of the building.
Accreditation
SJCL is approved by the Committee of Bar Examiners of the State Bar of California. It is not approved by the American Bar Association. As a result, SJCL graduates may not qualify to take the bar or practice outside of California.
Bar pass rate
For the July 2019 bar exam, the school's pass rate for first-time takers was 18%. In order to evaluate the "qualitative soundness of a law school's program of legal education," the State Bar of California requires all California-Accredited Law schools to provide cumulative bar passage rates for the previous five years. In 2019, SJCL's cumulative five-year bar pass rate was 72.4%, vs. 77.4% in 2018.
San Joaquin Agricultural Law Review
The San Joaquin Agricultural Law Review has been published by SJCL students since 1990, making it the oldest of the three law reviews in the United States focusing on agriculture law.
New American Legal Clinic
The New American Legal Clinic (NALC) is a non-profit immigration law clinic that operates out of San Joaquin College of Law. There is both a classroom and practical component to the clinical course which is offered every fall, spring and summer session. There is a director and legal director as well as clinical staff that instruct and assist the students in completing and filing cases with the Department of Homeland Security/USCIS as well as the immigration courts. Cases are handled by students and supervised by professors. The NALC Clinic is also recognized as a source of information for media, practitioners, immigrants’ rights groups and collaboratives and agricultural and other industry employers in the Central San Joaquin Valley of California.
Family Law Mediation Clinic
Students and faculty of San Joaquin College of Law provide alternative dispute resolution services in a free family law mediation clinic. They meet with husband and wife in the mediation setting to help them negotiate a legal agreement while avoiding the time and expense of going to court. In their role as mediators, they do not represent either party, nor do they represent the parties jointly.
Notable faculty
Anthony P. Capozzi (1974–1978) Criminal law
References
External links
Category:Law schools in California
Category:Educational institutions established in 1969
Category:Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges
Category:Clovis, California
Category:Universities and colleges in Fresno County, California
Category:San Joaquin Valley
Category:1969 establishments in California
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
====== Lähetä uusi salasana ======
Täytä käyttäjätunnuksesi kaavakkeeseen pyytääksesi uutta salasanaa wikin käyttäjätilillesi. Vahvistuslinkki lähetetään kirjautumisen yhteydessä antamaan sähköpostiosoitteeseen.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q:
git push heroku master takes forever
I'm using a VM based on Ubuntu 12.04 (ruby 1.9.2p290 and rails 3.1.0) and my app work perfectly on local. I'm using git and when I try to git push heroku master it doesn't work:
git push heroku master
I get: "Counting objects: 435, done. Compressing objects: 100% (215/215), done. Writing objects: 100% (435/435), 73.35 KiB, done. Total 435 (delta 171), reused 435 (delta 171) "
And it never finish, so it doesn't push anything to heroku. The terminal standby forever. I'm new to heroku and git sorry if the question was obvious :)
Operative System information:
jobs
[1]+ Running git push heroku master &
ps -x
PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND
1078 ? Ssl 0:00 gnome-session --session=ubuntu
1135 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/bin/VBoxClient --clipboard
1147 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/bin/VBoxClient --display
1154 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/bin/VBoxClient --seamless
1162 ? Sl 0:19 /usr/bin/VBoxClient --draganddrop
1167 ? Ss 0:00 /usr/bin/ssh-agent /usr/bin/dbus-launch --exit-with-s
1171 ? S 0:00 /usr/bin/dbus-launch --exit-with-session gnome-sessio
1172 ? Ss 0:01 //bin/dbus-daemon --fork --print-pid 5 --print-addres
1246 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/bin/gnome-keyring-daemon --start --components=se
1250 ? Sl 0:02 /usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon/gnome-settings-daemon
1329 ? S 0:00 /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd
1334 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/lib/gvfs//gvfs-fuse-daemon -f /home/ubuntu/.gvfs
1401 ? Sl 0:03 metacity
1417 ? S 0:00 /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/gconf/gconfd-2
1421 ? S
1426 ? Sl 0:01 unity-2d-panel
1427 ? Sl 0:07 unity-2d-shell
1430 ? S 0:00 /usr/lib/pulseaudio/pulse/gconf-helper
1447 ? Sl 0:01 /usr/lib/bamf/bamfdaemon
1450 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon/gnome-fallback-mount-h
1453 ? Sl 0:02 nautilus -n
1455 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/lib/policykit-1-gnome/polkit-gnome-authenticatio
1457 ? Sl 0:00 bluetooth-applet
1468 ? Sl 0:00 nm-applet
1482 ? S 0:00 /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfs-gdu-volume-monitor
1500 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfs-afc-volume-monitor
1504 ? S 0:00 /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfs-gphoto2-volume-monitor
1518 ? S 0:00 /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd-trash --spawner :1.9 /org/gtk/gvf
1521 ? Sl 0:01 /usr/lib/unity/unity-panel-service
1523 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/lib/dconf/dconf-service
1539 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/lib/indicator-datetime/indicator-datetime-servic
1541 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/lib/indicator-printers/indicator-printers-servic
1543 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/lib/indicator-messages/indicator-messages-servic
1545 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/lib/indicator-session/indicator-session-service
1547 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/lib/indicator-application/indicator-application-
1549 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/lib/indicator-sound/indicator-sound-service
1574 ? S 0:00 /usr/lib/geoclue/geoclue-master
1591 ? S 0:00 /usr/lib/ubuntu-geoip/ubuntu-geoip-provider
1597 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/lib/gnome-disk-utility/gdu-notification-daemon
1603 ? S 0:00 /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd-metadata
1609 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/lib/indicator-appmenu/hud-service
1620 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/lib/unity-lens-applications/unity-applications-d
1622 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/lib/unity-lens-files/unity-files-daemon
1624 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/lib/unity-lens-music/unity-music-daemon
1626 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/bin/python /usr/lib/unity-lens-video/unity-lens-
1653 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/bin/zeitgeist-daemon
1661 ? Sl 0:00 telepathy-indicator
1668 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/lib/zeitgeist/zeitgeist-fts
1672 ? Sl 0:00 zeitgeist-datahub
1676 ? S 0:00 /bin/cat
1682 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/lib/telepathy/mission-control-5
1701 ? Sl 0:00 gnome-screensaver
1703 ? Sl 0:00 /usr/bin/python /usr/lib/unity-scope-video-remote/uni
1728 ? Sl 0:05 gnome-terminal
1734 ? S 0:00 gnome-pty-helper
1738 pts/2 Ss 0:00 bash
1796 ? Sl 0:00 update-notifier
1954 pts/2 S 0:00 git push heroku master
1955 pts/2 S 0:00 ssh git@heroku.com git-receive-pack 'polar-island-471
1959 pts/2 R+ 0:00 ps -x
A:
There are many reasons why your push to Heroku can timeout. In my experience, the most common reason is due to site size, and by site size, I mean 3 things: the size of your git repo, the size of your site that gets pushed to Heroku (git repo - ignored files), and the size of the gems you use. Heroku is not particularly robust when it comes to accommodating big sites (or long running processes, for that matter) and if you get too big, you can cause your push to hang / timeout and intermittently too, which can be perplexing.
.git folder
I have had the site get unexplainably large and saw that over time my .git folder in the root of the project had grown to 600mb. Thank goodness I noticed a warning in the heroku deploy chatter that warned me that my git repo was too large. Anyway, since that folder is managed by git behind the scenes, I ended up starting a fresh git repo and moving my code over to it, which shrunk my site by 90%.
.slugignore
Another pitfall that caused my site to become large enough to timeout was allowing things like logs, my temp directory, and my solr indexing directory to be included in the project. After I excluded all of those folders in my .slugignore file, pushing became very fast. And yes, you could get the same basic effect using .gitignore, but there are some things that I like to manage through git, but ignore when pushing to heroku. That's when the .slugignore comes in handy.
gems
By completing the steps above, I reduced my site to a reasonable size, but still had occasional timeouts. Then I realized that gems contribute to your site size too. So I removed a handful of unused gems from my gemfile, and I was able to reduce my slug compile time from 900+ seconds to 250 seconds and my overall deployment time from 15+ minutes with frequent timeouts to under 10 minutes. What a relief to not have to wait so long for each deploy and risk timing out half the time.
Depending on your particular setup, any or all of these factors can really hurt you. In my case I was doing everything wrong. However, even if you are not timing out, you may still want to prune your site as much as possible to cut down your deployment time.
how to make heroku not suck
http://www.stormconsultancy.co.uk/blog/development/6-ways-to-get-more-bang-for-your-heroku-buck-while-making-your-rails-site-super-snappy/
A:
The reason was, that my connection was very slow. It was the Access Point of my smartphone.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Single-dose intravenous iron infusion or oral iron for treatment of fatigue after postpartum haemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial.
To evaluate the clinical efficacy of a single-dose intravenous infusion of iron isomaltoside compared with current treatment practice with oral iron measured by physical fatigue in women after postpartum haemorrhage. Single-centre, open-label, randomized controlled trial. Participants received intravenous iron (n = 97) or oral iron (n = 99), and completed the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and haematological and iron parameters were measured. Primary outcome was the aggregated change in physical fatigue score from baseline to 12 weeks postpartum. The difference in physical fatigue score was -0·97 (95% CI: -1·65; -0·28, P = 0·006) in favour of intravenous iron, but did not meet the predefined difference of 1·8. Across visits, we found statistically significant differences in fatigue and depression scores, as well as in haematological and iron parameters, all in favour of intravenous iron. There were no serious adverse reactions. A single dose of intravenous iron was associated with a statistically significant reduction in aggregated physical fatigue within 12 weeks after postpartum haemorrhage compared to standard medical care with oral iron below the prespecified criteria of clinical superiority. As patient-reported outcomes improved significantly and intravenous iron resulted in a fast hematopoietic response without serious adverse reactions, intravenous iron may be a useful alternative after postpartum haemorrhage if oral iron is not absorbed or tolerated.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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Where I’m Going With This – See If You Want To Go
This is a blog for NPRme troops, baby boomers, and entrepreneurs who need to get their act together so they can figure out what they’re going to be when they grow up. Fitness, finances, and organization are interconnected and use similar skills. They’re at the top of every New Year’s resolution list. If you haven’t been able to get it together yet, maybe you DO need to make a major production out of it. Don’t wait for a starting date – start now and work toward a deadline – Before Your Next Birthday.
Posts Tagged ‘expense categories’
Having written a list of everything financial I could imagine wanting to organize (in my previous post), getting my financial affairs in order still seems a bit overwhelming and without an identifiable course of actions. So I grouped my financial issues into categories, and was able to pinpoint the category with the highest priority for action.
Now all this planning and writing about how to get things in order may not seem like the most effective way to get things done, but I’ve found that thinking about what I have to do is part of the process. And separating the thinking from the doing allows for focus and keeps me from second guessing whether or not I’m working on the right task.
After some thought and some editing, and an attempt to list these categories in order of priority, I ended up with 13 categories. This is how my organized list turned out:
Making choices about your lifestyle and activities that support your financial goals
Teaching your children or other family members responsible financial management
Next Steps – What, Where, and When
My next step will be to identify specific concerns that fall into the first category – Imminent Issues and Recurring Events. I want to rank them into a prioritized list so that I can tackle them completely, one at a time. Working “at” a task isn’t usually the difficult part – it’s FINISHING that’s the toughest. But finishing is what needs to be done to get results. The “where” and “when” of my next step will follow my previous weekly routine. Weekly progress may seem like a slow pace, but it IS progress, and it’s realistic for me. So that’s what I’m going with for now.
The thing I like about Suze Orman is that she’s practical. Unlike other financial experts who write, blog, or have their own shows, she doesn’t sandwich her advice between disclaimers or discussions that end in the phrase “consult with your financial advisor” (as if having a personal financial advisor were as common as having a family physician). Suze doesn’t talk in vague terms or in general concepts. She tells people exactly what to do, straight out, and provides step-by-step pragmatic advice. It’s specific, understandable, and realistic. And it’s delivered with confidence, competency, and in a way that makes it seem like an obvious, common-sense plan.
Use this survey to see the big picture of where your money is going. This is the best pre-formatted expense tool that I’ve seen. It covers a broader list of expense categories than most others, and gives you a view of how your expenses compare with national averages (using numbers from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics). Take the national averages and the side comments with a grain of salt. When I used this tool, I found some comments or suggestions that didn’t quite make sense to me. Keep in mind, this is an automated tool, so there may be some quirky kinks involved. You don’t need a disclaimer to tell you this, do you?
One thing that you may notice, at the end of this exercise, is that your estimate of where your money goes does not equate to the amount of money that comes in. This is a good thing for you to know. It means you are not fully aware of how you’re handling your money. But you can figure out for yourself how to fix this problem. There are plenty of resources for tracking your spending. The key is finding or creating a system that’s best for you. The one that works best is the one that you use.
If you don’t know where to start, try an internet search for various phrases such as expense sheet, track spending, or the like. I’ll also include this link to Wise Bread’s post from early 2009, which lists the Top 100+ Personal Finance Blogs.
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"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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Roadmap of Funding Solutions for Sustainable Streets
Roadmap of Funding Solutions for Sustainable Streets
The Roadmap, was developed to identify and remedy obstacles to funding for Sustainable Street projects, which are defined as projects that include both Complete Street improvements and green stormwater infrastructure, and that are maintained in a state of good or fair condition.
The specific actions included in this Roadmap are designed to improve the capacity – both statewide and in the San Francisco Bay Area -- to fund Sustainable Street projects that support compliance with regional permit requirements to reduce pollutant loading to San Francisco Bay, while also helping to achieve the region’s greenhouse gas reduction targets.
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"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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---
abstract: |
Collisionless shocks are loosely defined as shocks where the transition between pre-and post-shock states happens on a length scale much shorter than the collisional mean free path. In the absence of collision to enforce thermal equilibrium post-shock, electrons and ions need not have the same temperatures. While the acceleration of electrons for injection into shock acceleration processes to produce cosmic rays has received considerable attention, the related problem of the shock heating of quasi-thermal electrons has been relatively neglected.
In this paper we review that state of our knowledge of electron heating in astrophysical shocks, mainly associated with supernova remnants (SNRs), shocks in the solar wind associated with the terrestrial and Saturnian bowshocks, and galaxy cluster shocks. The solar wind and SNR samples indicate that the ratio of electron temperature, ($T_e$) to ion temperature ($T_p$) declines with increasing shock speed or Alfvén Mach number. We discuss the extent to which such behavior can be understood via cosmic ray-generated waves in a shock precursor, which then subsequently damp by heating electrons. Finally, we speculate that a similar mechanism may be at work for both solar wind and SNR shocks.
author:
- Parviz Ghavamian
- 'Steven J. Schwartz'
- Jeremy Mitchell
- Adam Masters
- 'J. Martin Laming'
date: 'Received: date / Accepted: date'
title: 'Electron-Ion Temperature Equilibration in Collisionless Shocks: the Supernova Remnant-Solar Wind Connection '
---
[example.eps]{} gsave newpath 20 20 moveto 20 220 lineto 220 220 lineto 220 20 lineto closepath 2 setlinewidth gsave .4 setgray fill grestore stroke grestore
Introduction {#intro}
============
Shock waves have been observed in a wide range of environments outside the Earth, from the solar wind to the hot gas in galaxy clusters. However, the mechanism whereby the gas in these environments is shocked has been poorly understood. While shock transitions in the Earth’s atmosphere are mediated by molecular viscosity (and hence direct particle collisions), those in interstellar space and the solar wind are too dilute to form in this way. In non-relativistic shocks, the role of collisions is effectively played by collective interactions of the plasma with the magnetic field. This results in a multi-scale shock transition having sub-structure at ion kinetic length scales (Larmor radius or inertial length) and potentially electron kinetic scales (inertial lengths or whistler mode) (e.g., Schwartz et al. (this volume), Treumann 2009). Such plasmas are termed collisionless. The magnetic fields threading through the charged particle plasmas in space endow the plasmas with elastic properties, much like a fluid. The kinetic energy of the inflowing gas is dissipated within this fluid via collective interactions between the particles and magnetic field, transferring energy from the magnetic field to the particles. The collective processes are the result of the DC electromagnetic fields present in the shock transition layer, kinematic phase mixing, and also plasma instabilities; the last give rise to a rich range of plasma waves and turbulent interactions.
It has long been known that these processes may heat the electrons beyond the mass-proportional value predicted by the Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions - ample evidence is found in spacecraft studies of solar wind shocks (Schwartz et al. 1988) and multi wavelength spectroscopy of supernova remnants (Ghavamian et al. 2001, 2002, 2003, 2007; Laming et al. 1996; Rakowski et al. 2008) and galaxy cluster gas (Markevitch et al. 2005; Markevitch & Vikhlinin 2007; Russell et al. 2012) understanding how this process depends on such shock parameters as shock speed, preshock magnetic field orientation and plasma beta has been slow.
In collisionless plasmas, the downstream state of the plasma cannot be uniquely determined from the upstream parameters because the Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions only predict the [*total*]{} pressure downstream, not the individual contributions from the electrons and ions: $P\,=\,n_i\,k\,T_i\,+\,n_e\,k\,T_e$. At the limit of a strong shock, $n_e$ and $n_i$ are each 4 times their preshock values, so the relative values of [$T_e$]{}and [$T_i$]{}immediately behind the shock are wholly dependent upon the nature of the collisionless heating processes occurring at the shock transition. Although an MHD description can be used to describe the behavior of the gas far upstream and far downstream of the shock, a more detailed kinetic approach is required for understanding how the dissipation at the shock front transfers energy from plasma waves and turbulence to the electrons and ions.
Non-relativistic collisionless shocks can be broadly sorted into three categories: slow, intermediate and fast. The three types are defined according to the angle between the shock velocity and upstream magnetic field, as well as the relative value of the shock speed compared to the upstream sound speed ($c_s\,\equiv\,\sqrt{\gamma\,P/\rho}$) and Alfvén speed ($v_A\,\equiv\,B/\sqrt{4\pi\,\rho_i}$). Most astrophysical shocks are quasi-perpendicular (i.e., they propagate at a nearly right angle to the preshock magnetic field), allowing only for fast-mode propagation. In that case, the relevant quantity is the magnetosonic Mach number, $M_{ms}$ ($\equiv\,v_{sh} / \sqrt{v_A^2\,+\,c_s^2}$). Collisionless shocks have also been classified according to whether the flow speed exceeds the sound speed in the downstream plasma (Kennel 1985). Above the critical Mach number where the flow is subsonic, the dissipation of flow energy into thermal energy can no longer be maintained by electrical resistivity, and plasma wave turbulence (the cause of which are instabilities generated when the electron and ion distribution functions are distorted at the shock transition) is required (Kennel 1985). Shocks above the critical Mach number are termed supercritical, while those below are termed subcritical. Note that even for subcritical shocks, observations suggests that kinetic processes other than resistivity and turbulence contribute to the shock dissipation (Greenstadt and Mellott 1987).There are also other, higher critical Mach numbers related to the formation of subshocks (Kennel et al. 1985) and non-steady cyclic shock reformation beyond the whistler critical Mach number (Krasnoselskikh et al. 2002). The critical Mach number for quasi-perpendicular shocks is estimated to be rather low $\sim$2.8 (Edmiston and Kennel 1984). The Mach numbers of most SNR shocks are expected to be well in excess of this value, meaning that they are both fast-mode and supercritical.
As one approaches the high Mach numbers expected for astrophysical shocks ($M_A\,\sim\,$20-100 for an ambient magnetic field of 3 $\mu G$), a greater and greater fraction of the incoming ions become reflected back upstream from the shock front, corresponding to an increasingly turbulent and and disordered shock transition. Physical parameters such as $B$, $T$ and $n$ no longer jump in an ordered manner (i.e., the transitions are no longer laminar). In addition to the reflected particles, the hot ions from downstream become hot enough to escape upstream, further enhancing the population of ions in front of the shock. These ions, which form a precursor, are now believed to play an essential role in the dissipation of high Mach number collisionless shocks. Aside from providing the seed population for the acceleration of cosmic rays, the precursor ions are likely generate a variety of plasma waves capable of selectively heating the electrons over the ions, thereby providing an important mechanism for raising [$T_e/T_p$]{} above the mass-proportional value of $m_e/m_p$.
Formalism: Equilibration Timescales
===================================
Taken at face value, the Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions predict that electrons and ions will be heated in proportion to their masses:
$$k \,T_{e,i}\,=\,\frac{3}{16}{m_{e,i}}\,V^2_{sh}
\label{massprop}$$
In collisionless shocks, there are three relevant timescales to consider: the time required for Coulomb collisions to isotropize a distribution of electrons, $t_{ee}$, the time required for Coulomb collisions to isotropize distribution of ions, $t_{ii}$, and finally the time required for the electrons and ions to equilibrate to a common temperature, $t_{ei}$ (Spitzer 1962). After a time scale $t_{ee}$ or $t_{ii}$, the particles in question attain a Maxwellian velocity distribution. The self-collision time, $t_{c,ee}$ for electrons of density $n_e$ and temperature $T_e$ is (Spitzer 1962):
$$t_{c,ee}\,=\,\frac{0.266\,T_e^{3/2}}{n_e\,ln\,\Lambda_e}\,\,sec\,
\approx\,\frac{0.0116\,V_{s}(1000)^3}{n_e\,ln\,\Lambda_e}\,\,\,yr
\label{relax}$$
where ln$\Lambda$ is the Coulomb logarithm, Equation \[massprop\] has been used to write the relaxation time in terms of the shock speed and $V_s(1000)$ is the shock speed in units of 1000 [kms$^{-1}$]{}. For a young SNR having $V_s\,\sim\,$1000 [kms$^{-1}$]{}, postshock density n$\,\sim\,$1 cm$^{-3}$ and ln $\Lambda\,\sim$30 the time required to establish a Maxwellian distribution at the electron temperature given by equation 1 is $t_{c,ee}\,\sim\,$ 0.004 yrs. The electrons are isotropized by self-collisions first, then the protons, and finally over a longer timescale the electrons and protons equilibrate to a common temperature. For this reason, Coulomb collisions alone are unable to establish equilibration electron and proton distributions at the shock front. This equilibration is described by the relation
$$\frac{d T_e}{dt}\,=\,\frac{T_p\,-\,T_e}{t_{c,ep}}
\label{tetp}$$
where $$t_{c,ep}\,=\sqrt{m_p\over m_e}t_{c,pp}\,={m_p\over m_e}t_{c,ee}
\label{tep}$$
The temperatures $T_e$ and $T_i$ equilibrate to a common density-weighted average temperature $T_{av}$, given by $T_{av}\,=\,\frac{3}{16}\mu m_p V_s^2$, where $\mu$ is the mean mass per particle ($=\,(1.4/2.3)\,=\,0.6$ for cosmic abundances). For mass-proportional heating, the timescale given by Equation \[tep\] is $\sim $2000 yrs for [$V_s$]{} $ \geq $1000 [kms$^{-1}$]{}, of similar order but longer than the proton-proton isotropization timescale, $t_{c,pp}$. These are longer than the age of the SNR, substantially so at higher [$V_s$]{} indicating that for minimal heating (i.e., [$T_e/T_p$]{}$=\,\frac{m_e}{m_p}\,\sim\,$1/1836) the electrons and ions will not equilibrate to $T_{av}$ during the lifetime of the SNR (Itoh 1978; Draine & McKee 1993).
The arguments above indicate that Coulomb collisions are ineffective at both isotropizing the heavy ion particle distributions and equilibrating the electron and ion temperatures at the transtions of collisionless shocks. The emission spectra of non-radiative SNRs (dominated mostly by X-ray and ultraviolet emission) should therefore be sensitive probes of the collisionless heating processes at the shock transition. We consider the observational constraints of these processes below.
Observational Constraints From SNRs {#sec:1}
===================================
The most useful shocks for studying collisionless equilibration processes are those exhibiting detectable emission from the immediate postshock gas. To be diagnostically useful, the emission should arise from the region close to the shock front, where temperature disequilibrium between electrons, protons and heavy ions is substantial enough to affect both the relatives fluxes and relative velocity widths of emission lines. The shape and extent of the spatial profile for the different emission species behind the shock is also a useful diagnostic, especially for the UV resonance lines of He II $\lambda$1640, C IV $\lambda\lambda$1548, 1550, N V $\lambda\lambda$1238,1243, and O VI $\lambda$1032, 1038. For a given shock speed, the distance behind the shock where the emission peaks depends strongly on the initial electron temperature, and electron temperature immediately behind the shock.
The ubiquity of non-radiative SNRs, as well as their relatively simple geometry and very high shock speeds, makes these objects the most important laboratories for investigating the efficiency and nature of electron-ion and ion-ion equilibration. Other non-radiative shocks available for study are those occurring in stellar wind bubbles (for example, Wolf-Rayet bubbles) (Gosset et al. 2011) and in galaxy cluster shocks (e.g., the ’Bullet Cluster’ (Markevitch et al. 2005) and Abell 2146 (Russell et al. 2012)). However, these shocks are far less frequently observed than those in SNRs, leaving the latter as the most important objects providing both a broad range of shock speeds and corresponding diagnostic information (such as proper motions and spatially resolved structure). Shocks in star forming regions, such as HH objects and their associated bow shocks, tend to be clumpy and complicated, and are usually located in dense environments ($n\,\sim\,$100-1000 cm$^{-3}$) with low enough shock speeds ([$V_s$]{}$\sim\,$100-200 [kms$^{-1}$]{}) to be radiative. In those cases, the optical and UV emission (where the most valuable shock diagnostic line emission arises) is dominated by emission from the cooling and recombination zones far downstream from the shock. In those regions the cooling of the gas below 100,000K and the accompanying compression of the gas result in a collisional plasma with $T_e\,=\,T_p\,=\,T_i$. This erases any ’memory’ of the initial electron-ion equilibration. Furthermore, a significant fraction of the Ly $\alpha$ continuum produced in the recomination zone is expected to pass upstream and ionize the preshock gas. In strong shocks ([$V_s$]{}$>$80 [kms$^{-1}$]{}), this results in complete ionization of hydrogen (Shull & McKee 1979; Cox & Raymond 1985; Dopita et al. 1993), thus precluding the use of collisionally excited Balmer line emission from neutral H (described in the next section) as a temperature equilibration diagnostic.
Optical Spectroscopy of Balmer-Dominated Shocks: The [$T_e/T_p$]{}$\propto$V$_{sh}^{-2}$ Relation {#sec:2}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the late 1970s it was discovered that very fast ($\sim$2000 [kms$^{-1}$]{}) shocks in young SNRs could generate detectable optical emission very close to the shock transition (Chevalier & Raymond 1978; Chevalier, Kirshner & Raymond 1980), providing a valuable diagnostic of physical conditions at the shock before Coulomb collisions or cooling could alter them. This emission is produced by collisional excitation of H I as it flows into the shock front. The cold neutral component does not interact directly with the plasma waves and turbulence at the shock, while the ionized component is strongly heated and compressed by a factor of four (when the shock is strong). Some of the cold H is destroyed by collisional ionization; however, the rest of the cold H undergoes charge exchange with hot ions behind the shock, generating a separate population of hot H. Approximately 1 in every 5 collisions results in collisional excitation to the n=3 level of H, producing H$\alpha$ and Ly $\beta$ emission. The H$\alpha$ line from the cold neutrals is narrow and reflects the preshock temperature ($\leq$30,000 K), while that from the hot neutrals is broad (typically $\geq$500 [kms$^{-1}$]{}), and reflects the postchock temperature (and to a large extent, the velocity distribution) of the protons (Chevalier & Raymond 1978; Chevalier, Kirshner & Raymond 1980; Smith et al. 1991; Ghavamian et al. 2001) (Figure \[fig:balmerprofile\]). In Balmer-dominated shocks,the broad to narrow H$\alpha$ flux ratio is proportional to the ratio of the charge exchange rate to the ionization rate, with the latter being highly sensitive to the electron and proton temperatures. This makes the broad to narrow ratio, [$I_b/I_n$]{}, very sensitive to [$T_e/T_p$]{}. There is only weak dependence of [$I_b/I_n$]{} on the preshock H I fraction and preshock temperature, mainly due to differences in the amount of Ly $\beta$ converted into H$\alpha$ in the narrow component (Ghavamian et al. 2001; van Adelsberg et al. 2008).
-0.2in
The first systematic attempt to use Balmer-dominated SNRs to infer [$T_e/T_p$]{} for collisionless shocks was attempted by Ghavamian et al. (2001). Using the broad H$\alpha$ line widths measured from a sample of Balmer-dominated shocks, they constrained the range of plausible shock speeds between the limits of minimal equilibration and full equilibration. They then predicted the broad-to-narrow ratios for a grid of shock models over this range of [$V_s$]{} and [$T_e/T_p$]{}, allowing [$T_e/T_p$]{} to be constrained. The range of broad component H$\alpha$ widths observed in SNRs ranges from $\sim$250 [kms$^{-1}$]{} for the slowest Balmer-dominated shocks (Cgynus Loop), to $\sim$ 500 [kms$^{-1}$]{} for intermediate-velocity shocks (RCW 86) and finally $\sim$2600 [kms$^{-1}$]{} for the fastest shocks (SNR 0509$-$67.5). This corresponds to a well-sampled range of shock speeds: nearly a factor of 10. The primary uncertainty in measurement of the broad component width at low shock speeds ($\lesssim$200 [kms$^{-1}$]{}, as seen in the Northeastern Cygnus Loop; Hester et al. 1994) is disentangling the broad and narrow components when they are of comparable width. At high shock speeds ($\gtrsim$2000 [kms$^{-1}$]{}) the main difficulty is the baseline uncertainty of the surrounding continuum: if the peak of the broad line is low and the width very large, errors in ascertaining where the broad line merges into the background can lead to underestimates of the broad component width. The range of [$I_b/I_n$]{} for this sample of Balmer-dominated shocks lies between 0.4 and 1.2 (Kirshner, Winkler & Chevalier 1987; Smith et al. 1991; Ghavamian et al. 2001; 2003, Rakowski, Ghavamian & Laming 2009). However, it does not not vary with broad component width in a monotonic fashion.
Recently there has been substantial improvement in the modeling of Balmer-dominated shocks. Earlier calculations of the broad H$\alpha$ line profile assumed that it formed from a single charge exchange (Chevalier, Kirshner & Raymond 1980; Smith et al. 1991; Ghavamian et al. 2001), and it treated the hot and cold neutrals as two separate, distinct populations, with a given neutral belonging to either one or the other. However, in reality an interaction ’tree’ is required to track the number of photons emitted by each neutral over multiple excitations and charge exchanges. These effects were first incorporated in the Balmer-dominated shock models of Heng & McCray (2007), who also found that charge exchange results in a third population of neutrals having velocity widths intermediate between the hot and cold neutrals. Further improvements in modeling of Balmer-dominated shocks were included by van Adelsberg et al. (2008), who included the momentum transferred by charge exchange between the hot neutrals and protons. This allowed the bulk velocity of the postshock neutrals to be calculated separately from those of the protons. Inclusion of the momentum transfer showed that for shock speeds $\lesssim$1000 [kms$^{-1}$]{}, charge exchange effectively couples the fast neutral and thermal proton distributions, while for high shock speeds ($\gtrsim$5000 [kms$^{-1}$]{}), it does so far less effectively. This results in a fast neutral distribution that is skewed relative to the protons in velocity space and an average velocity that is much higher for the fast neutrals than the protons (van Adelsberg et al. 2008). Together, the inclusion of all these effects has enhanced the ability of the models to match the observed broad-to-narrow ratios (and hence predict [$T_e/T_p$]{}). In particular, the newer models can now match the low broad-to-narrow ratio ([$I_b/I_n$]{}$\approx$0.67) observed in Knot g of Tycho’s SNR, yielding [$T_e/T_p$]{}$\approx$0.05, [$V_s$]{}$\approx$1600 [kms$^{-1}$]{}. However, even after all the additional physics is included, the Balmer-dominated shock models are still unable to reach the low broad-to-narrow ratios measured along the rims of DEM L71 ([$I_b/I_n$]{}$\approx$0.2-0.7; Ghavamian et al. 2003; Rakowski, Ghavamian & Laming 2009). The electron-ion equilibration in DEM L 71 was instead determined via comparison of broad H$\alpha$ line FWHM with postshock electron temperatures measured from [[*Chandra*]{}]{} observations (Rakowski, Ghavamian & Hughes 2003). The most promising explanation advanced for the [$I_b/I_n$]{} discrepancy has been added narrow component flux from the shock precursor (Raymond et al. 2011; Morlino et al. 2012), hitherto not included in the earlier shock models (Ghavamian et al. 2003, Rakowski, Ghavamian & Laming 2009). These developments are described in more detail in the next section.
The plot of [$T_e/T_p$]{} versus [$V_s$]{}for the available sample of Balmer-dominated shocks shows a declining trend of equilibration with shock speed (Ghavamian et al. 2007; Heng et al. 2007; van Adelsberg et al. 2008). The trend is described by Ghavamian et al. (2007) as full equilibration for shock speeds up to and including 400 [kms$^{-1}$]{}, and a declining equilibration proportional to the inverse square of the shock speed above 400 [kms$^{-1}$]{}. This description can be characterized in the following way: $$\frac{T_e}{T_p}\,=\,\left\lbrace\begin{array}{c c}{1} & {\rm if\,V_s\,< 400\,km\,s^{-1}} \\ { \frac{m_e}{m_p}\,+\,\left(1\,-\,\frac{m_e}{m_p}\right)\left(\frac{V_s}{400}\right)^{-2}} & {\rm\,\, if\, V_s\,\geq\,400\,km\,s^{-1} }\end{array}\right\rbrace
\label{tetpeq}$$ where the functional form of the the [$T_e/T_p$]{} relation is designed to asymptotically transition to [$T_e/T_p$]{}=[$m_e/m_p$]{} at very high shock velocities.
The most up to date plot of [$T_e/T_p$]{} versus shock speed, reproduced from van Adelsberg et al. (2008), is shown in Figure \[fig:plotequil\] (Note that the shock models used in producing these plots do not include contribution from the shock precursor). Although the inverse correlation between [$T_e/T_p$]{} and [$V_s$]{}was largely confirmed by van Adelsberg et al (2008), there may be some evidence of departure from the [$T_e/T_p$]{}$\propto$ $V_s^{-2}$ relation at shock speeds exceeding 2000 [kms$^{-1}$]{}. van Adelsberg et al. find that when all three measured broad component widths and broad-to-narrow ratios from SN 1006 are included in the plot ([$V_s$]{}$\sim$2200-2500 [kms$^{-1}$]{}), a slight upturn in the [$T_e/T_p$]{}-[$V_s$]{} relation appears. The [$T_e/T_p$]{} ratios for those cases are found to be $\sim$0.03, superficially similar to [$\sqrt{m_e/m_p}$]{}, rather than ${\rm m_e/m_p}$. The reason for the discrepancy is not clear, nor whether this indicates a breakdown in the $V_s^{-2}$ dependence at shock speeds exceeding 2000 [kms$^{-1}$]{}. Some caveats to consider when interpreting the upturn in [$T_e/T_p$]{} seen in Figure \[fig:plotequil\] are as follows: For shock speeds $\gtrsim$2000 [kms$^{-1}$]{} collisional ionization and excitation of H are primarily caused by proton (and to a lesser degree, alpha particle) impact (Laming et al. 1996; Ghavamian 1999; Ghavamian et al. 2001; Tseliakhovich et al. 2012). Experimentally measured cross sections for these interactions have still not been available to high precision (uncertainties $\sim$20%-30% still exist), although more sophisticated theoretical calculations are now becoming available (see, for example, Tseliakhovich et al. 2012) . In addition, as the broad component width increases, the H$\alpha$ profiles are spread out over an increasing number of pixels, resulting in noisier spectra and greater measurement uncertainty in the broad component width. These larger error bars in turn result in a larger uncertainty in [$V_s$]{}, especially at shock speeds of 2000 [kms$^{-1}$]{} and higher.
{width="55.00000%"}
The best way to further constrain the equilibration-shock speed relation is to add new data points to the curve shown in Figure \[fig:plotequil\]. To this end, we present Balmer-dominated H$\alpha$ profiles for two additional positions in Tycho’s SNR (different from those of Knot g presented by Kirshner, Winkler & Chevalier (1987), Smith et al. (1991) and Ghavamian et al. (2001)). These profiles, shown in Figure \[fig:tychocennwspec\], were acquired with a moderate resolution spectrograph in 1998 (for details on the observational setup, see Ghavamian 1999 and Ghavamian et al. 2001). The profile marked ’NE’ was obtained from a clump of H$\alpha$ emission located along the northeastern edge of Tycho’s SNR, approximately 1$^{\prime}$ northward of Knot g. The clump appears behind the main body of the Balmer filaments and exhibits a broad component that is substantially Doppler shifted to the red (10.7$\pm$1.2 Å, or about 490 [kms$^{-1}$]{}). The Doppler shift reflects the bulk velocity of the hot posthock proton distribution, so the significant velocity shift of the broad component centroid indicates that the shock in the NE has a substantial velocity component into the plane of the sky, i.e., that the NE shock is located on the far side of the blast wave shell.
The broad H$\alpha$ width of the NE shock is 1300$\pm$65 [kms$^{-1}$]{} (the smallest broad component width measured in Tycho’s SNR so far), with [$I_b/I_n$]{}=0.85$\pm$0.04. The NW shock, on the other hand, has a broad H$\alpha$ width of 2040$\pm$55 [kms$^{-1}$]{} (the largest broad component width measured in this SNR so far), with [$I_b/I_n$]{}=0.45$\pm$0.15. Neither of these broad-to-narrow ratios is strictly reproduced by the latest models of van Adelsberg et al. (2008), with the lowest predicted ratios being for Case B (the assumption of optically thick conditions for Ly $\beta$ photons in the narrow component) and for low equilibrations ([$T_e/T_p$]{}$\lesssim$0.1). For these low equilibrations, the corresponding shock speeds for the NE and NW shocks in Tycho are approximately 1400 [kms$^{-1}$]{} and 2250 [kms$^{-1}$]{} (using Figures 5 and 10 of van Adelsberg et al. 2008).
{width="75.00000%"}
In Figure \[fig:plotequil\] we have added data from the NE and NW shocks in Tycho’s SNR to the [$T_e/T_p$]{}-[$V_s$]{} plot. The two data points help fill in a portion of the plot where the data are sparse: the region between approximately 1200 [kms$^{-1}$]{} and 1500 [kms$^{-1}$]{}, as well as the region beyond 2000 [kms$^{-1}$]{}, where the existing data are taken entirely from SN 1006. The added point near 1400 [kms$^{-1}$]{} is fully consistent with the $V_s^{-2}$ relation, while [$T_e/T_p$]{} is not well constrained enough for the point at 2250 [kms$^{-1}$]{} to contradict the appearance of an upturn at the highest shock velocities. It is clear that proper characterization of the equilibration-shock velocity curve above 2000 [kms$^{-1}$]{} will require both higher signal-to-noise spectra on existing Balmer-dominated shocks, as well as new data points beyond a broad component width of 2500 [kms$^{-1}$]{}.
Exceptions to [$T_e/T_p$]{}$\propto$V$_{sh}^{-2}$
-------------------------------------------------
Although the inverse squared relation between equilibration and shock velocity appears has been the most salient result of the study of Balmer-dominated shocks, there have been discrepant results reported in a small subset of cases. Recently the broad H$\alpha$ component in the LMC SNR 0509$-$67.5 was detected for the first time (Helder, Kosenko & Vink 2010). Broad emission was observed along both the northeastern rim (FWHM 3900$\pm$800 [kms$^{-1}$]{}) and southwestern rim (FWHM 2680$\pm$70 [kms$^{-1}$]{}), with the former being the fastest Balmer-dominated shock detected to date having the characteristic broad and narrow component H$\alpha$ emission. Interestingly, the broad-to-narrow ratios for both shocks are exceptionally low, [$I_b/I_n$]{}=0.08$\pm$0.02 and 0.29$\pm$0.01 along the NE and SW rims, respectively. As noted by Helder, Kosenko & Vink (2010) these ratios are nearly twice as large as the smallest ones predicted by the models of van Adelsberg et al. (2008), precluding measurement of [$T_e/T_p$]{} from the Balmer-dominated spectra and implicating excess narrow component H$\alpha$ emission in a cosmic ray precursor once again. Using RGS spectra of SNR 0509$-$67.5 acquired with [*XMM-Newton*]{}, they obtained a forward shock speed of approximately 5000 [kms$^{-1}$]{} in the SW. This implies a broad H$\alpha$ width of 3600 [kms$^{-1}$]{}, substantially smaller than the measured width of 2680 [kms$^{-1}$]{}. Helder, Kosenko & Vink (2010) suggest that this indicates some thermal energy loss ($\sim$20%) to cosmic ray acceleration. This picture is supported by the presence of nonthermal X-ray emission in their fitted RGS spectra of SNR 0509$-$67.5.
The result described above relies upon an accurate disentangling of the bulk Doppler broadening from the thermal Doppler broadening in the X-ray lines. The disentangling depends on parameters such as the ratio of reverse shock to forward shock velocities, as well as the ratio of the gradients in the reverse and forward shock velocities, which in turn had to be assumed from evolutionary SNR models. The result, while intriguing, is still significantly uncertain. On the other hand, Helder, Kosenko & Vink (2010) found that the X-ray shock velocities from the NE could only be reconciled with the observed broad H$\alpha$ width there if [$T_e/T_p$]{}$\approx\,$0.2, which clearly which predicts [$T_e/T_p$]{}$\sim\,m_e/m_p$ predicted from Equation \[tetpeq\]. If this result were to be confimed by future observations, it would present a new challenge in understanding how electron-ion equilibration occurs in fast collisionless shocks. One possibility, given the presence of nonthermal X-ray emission in the spectra of 0509$-$67.5 (Warren & Hughes 2004; Helder, Kosenko & Vink 2010) is that the moderate loss of thermal energy to cosmic ray acceleration may have slightly increased the compression and reduced the temperature at the shock front compared to the case with no acceleration (Decourchelle, Ellison & Ballet 2000; Ellison et al. 2007). Both of these effects would tend to render the plasma more collisional, possibly explaining the [$T_e/T_p$]{}$\approx\,$0.2 result. However, it is also worth noting that the shock velocity used for obtaining [$T_e/T_p$]{} in the NE is subject to the same model dependence and uncertainties as the SW measurements, so similar caution is required in its interpretation.
A similar combined optical and X-ray study of RCW 86 was performed by Helder et al. (2009,2011). There, the broad component H$\alpha$ widths were supplemented with electron temperatures measured from [*XMM-Newton*]{} RGS spectra from the same projected locations along the rim. One of the main results of this study was that the slower shocks (broad H$\alpha$ FWHM $\sim$500-600 [kms$^{-1}$]{}) showed showed [$T_e/T_p$]{}$\sim$1, agreeing with earlier results from similar shocks observed both in RCW 86 and elsewhere (Ghavamian et al. (1999, 2001, 2007)). However, Helder et al. (2011) found while the results were indeed consistent with low equilibration at the shock front for fast shocks ([$T_e/T_p$]{}$\approx$0.02 for broad FWHM $\sim$1100 [kms$^{-1}$]{})) and higher equilibration for the slower shocks ([$T_e/T_p$]{}$\approx$1 for broad FWHM $\sim$650 [kms$^{-1}$]{}), their X-ray derived electron temperatures were inconsistent with $T_e\,=\,$0.3 keV at the shock front contradicting the suggestion of Ghavamian et al. (2007) that shocks above 400 [kms$^{-1}$]{} may all heat electrons to roughly 0.3 keV. However, a major caveat of these results is that the forward shock in RCW 86 is believed to be impacting the walls of a wind-blown bubble (Williams et al. 2011), resulting in substantial localized variations in shock speed around the rim. These variations occur as different parts of the forward shock impact the cavity wall at different times. While the broad component H$\alpha$ widths closely trace the current position of the shock front, the X-ray emission behind that shock arises over a much more extended spatial scale, and is sensitive to the history of the forward shock interaction with the cavity wall. Furthermore, narrowband H$\alpha$ imagery of RCW 86 with the ESO Very Large Telescope (Helder et al. (2009, 2011)) shows a complex morphology of filaments, especially along the eastern side of the SNR. The broad H$\alpha$ components of these filaments exhibit substantial, localized variations in line width, ranging from $\sim$600 [kms$^{-1}$]{} FWHM to 1100 [kms$^{-1}$]{} Ghavamian (1999), Helder et al. (2009, 2011)). These variations reflect localized changes in density and viewing geometry along the line of sight. As such, uniquely mapping the observed Balmer filaments to their corresponding X-ray emission in [*XMM-Newton*]{} data (especially given the somewhat coarse 10$^{\prime\prime}$ spatial resolution of that instrument) is fraught with uncertainty. Additional corroboration for these results would be desirable.
Imprint of the Shock Precursor on the H$\alpha$ Line Profile
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Perhaps the most important and exciting recent development in our understanding of Balmer-dominated shocks has come with the development of new kinetic-based shock models. Blasi et al. (2012) have introduced a kinetic model for following the momentum and energy exchange between neutrals and ions, along with the back-reaction of those neutrals when they pass back upstream and form a fast neutral precursor. Rather than assume a Maxwellian velocity distribution for the neutrals (as had been done in previous models, despite the lack of thermal contact between neutrals needed to justify such an assumption), both the ion and neutral distributions are computed from their appropriate Boltzmann equations. Building on these models, Morlino et al. (2012a,b) have confirmed what had been suspected earlier (Smith et al. 1994; Hester et al. 1994; Sollerman et al. 2003), namely that the broadening of the narrow component beyond the expected ISM value ($\sim$25-30 [kms$^{-1}$]{} instead of 10 [kms$^{-1}$]{}) is most likey due to heating in a cosmic ray precursor. In particular, Morlino et al. (2012) found that the characteristic charge exchange length of the incoming neutrals exceeds that of the neutrals crossing back upstream, so that the narrow component width is impacted not by the neutral return flux, but rather by heating in the cosmic ray precursor. Raymond et al. (2011) predicted a similar broadening of the narrow component, though they focused mainly on the contribution of collisional excitation in the precursor to the flux in the narrow H$\alpha$ component. Spatially resolved line broadening of the narrow H$\alpha$ component was detected in ground-based longslit spectroscopy of Knot g in Tycho (Lee et al. 2007). In addition, a small ramp-up in H$\alpha$ emission was observed ahead of Knot g in HST imagery Tycho’s SNR (Lee et al. 2010). The results, taken together, are strong evidence for the presence of cosmic ray precursors in Balmer-dominated SNRs.
One prediction of the new Balmer-dominated shock models is the existence of a third component of the H$\alpha$ emission (Morlino et al. 2012a,b). When the hot neutrals escape upstream, they undergo charge exchange with the colder preshock protons. This results in fast protons with cold neutrals, with the former rapidly equilibrating with preshock protons and pre-heating the gas. The temperature of the equilibrated protons in the precursor lies between the temperature of the far upstream protons ($\sim$5000 K) and the far downstream protons ($\sim$ 10$^6$ - 10$^8$ K), typically $\sim$10$^5$ K. Further charge exchange between these warm protons and the preshock neutrals gives rise to a third, ’warm’ neutral component (neither fast nor slow) having velocity widths of hundreds of [kms$^{-1}$]{}(Morlino et al. 2012a). Interestingly, the presence of a third H$\alpha$ component was first observationally reported by Smith et al. (1994) in their high resolution echelle spectroscopy of Balmer-dominated SNRs in the Large Magellanic Cloud (an example of one of the spectra from Smith et al. (1994) is reproduced in Figure \[fig:0509\_3rdHalphacomp\]). A third H$\alpha$ component was also reported in high resolution spectra of Knot g in Tycho’s SNR (Ghavamian et al. 2000). In their models of Balmer-dominated shock emission, Morlino et al. (2012a) found that the importance of the third component relative to that of the broad and narrow components depends strongly on the preshock neutral fraction and [$T_e/T_p$]{}, in line with earlier theoretical predictions on properties of a fast neutral precursor (Smith et al. 1994). The fact that the third component has been detected in Tycho’s SNR (width $\sim$150 [kms$^{-1}$]{}) is consistent with the high preshock neutral fraction ($f_{H~I}\,\sim\,$0.9) inferred from the broad-to-narrow ratio of Knot g by Ghavamian et al. (2001). A similar third component may have been detected in high resolution spectra of SNR 0509$-$67.5, where measurement of the narrow component width required the inclusion of an additiona component of width 75 [kms$^{-1}$]{} (Smith et al. 1994).
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The new fast neutral precursor models predict that a substantial fraction of the H$\alpha$ excitation in Balmer-dominated shocks can arise ahead of the shock, where warm neutrals are excited by electron impact. Interestingly, the relative contribution of the preshock H$\alpha$ to the total (upstream + downstream) is sensitive to [$T_e/T_p$]{} behind the shock. Morlino et al. (2012a) found that up to 40% of the total H$\alpha$ flux from a Balmer-dominated shock can arise from the fast neutral precursor when [$V_s$]{}$\sim$2500 [kms$^{-1}$]{} and [$T_e/T_p$]{}=1 both upstream and downstream. In these models the preshock contribution to the total flux drops substantially for lower downstream equilibrations for [$V_s$]{}$\gtrsim$1000 [kms$^{-1}$]{} (the slowest shocks considered by Morlino et al. 2012a). This is generally consistent with the fact that in most cases, shock models not including the precursor H$\alpha$ emission have been able to match the observed broad-to-narrow ratios. In other words, if the postshock temperature equilibration were not low for such fast shocks, the agreement between the observed and predicted [$I_b/I_n$]{}would have been substantially worse for such remnants as Tycho’s SNR and SN 1006.
Ultraviolet and X-ray Studies of Balmer-Dominated Shocks {#sec:3}
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SN 1006 is an example of a SNR accessible to UV spectroscopy due to its galactic location, 450 pc up from the galactic plane, and therefore with relatively low extinction due to intervening dust and gas. The Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope (HUT) observed the UV resonance lines of He II $\lambda$1640, C IV $\lambda\lambda$1548, 1550, N V $\lambda\lambda$1238,1243, and O VI $\lambda$1032, 1038 (Raymond et al. 1995) emitted from the Balmer dominated filament in the NW quadrant. The line showed Doppler broadening consistent with that of the H $\alpha$ broad component observed in the optical, indicating insignificant ion-ion equilibration. Laming et al. (1996) were also able to infer the degree of electron-ion equilibration at the shock.
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He II $\lambda$1640, by virtue of its relatively high excitation potential $\sim$ 48 eV), is excited only by electrons, and its intensity is therefore directly related to the electron temperature. C IV $\lambda\lambda$1548, 1550, N V $\lambda\lambda$1238,1243, and O VI $\lambda$1032, 1038, by contrast, have much lower excitation potentials of $\sim 8, 10$ and 12 eV, so although these ionization states are established by electrons, the line emission in these transitions can also be excited by impacts with hot protons and $\alpha$ particles, and the intensity ratio of He II $\lambda$1640 to C IV $\lambda\lambda$1548, 1550, N V $\lambda\lambda$1238,1243, and O VI $\lambda$1032, 1038 can be sensitive to the post-shock electron-proton temperature equilibration. The spatial distribution of the UV resonance line emission, when spatially resolved, provides additional constraints on the degree of electron-ion equilibration at the shock front. For shocks slower than 1500 [kms$^{-1}$]{}, $T_e\,=\,T_p$ at the shock front results in both a more rapid rise and higher maximum in emissivity of the UV resonance lines with distance behind the shock (see Figure \[fig:ovispatial\]).
Laming et al. (1996) calculated impact excitation cross sections for protons and $\alpha$ particles colliding with Li-like ions, using a partial wave expansion with the Coulomb-Bethe approximation, and applying a unitarization procedure following Seaton (1964). They found a degree of equilibration of order $T_e/T_p\sim 0.05$ or less, which implied for a 2250 km s$^{-1}$ shock an electron temperature immediately postshock of $< 5\times 10^6$ K, in very good agreement (and actually predating) the optical results discussed above in subsection 4.1.
The ion-ion equilibration in SN 1006 was revisited by Korreck et al.(2004), using higher spectral resolution FUSE data comprising O VI $\lambda$1032, 1038 and the broad Ly $\beta \lambda$1025 emission lines. They found a slightly broader line profile in Ly $\beta$, implying less than mass-proportional heating and possibly a small degree of ion-ion equilibration.
SN 1987A represents another SN/SNR in a region of the sky accessible to UV observations. HST COS observed the He II $\lambda$1640, C IV $\lambda\lambda$1548, 1550, N V $\lambda\lambda$1238,1243 and N IV $\lambda\lambda$1486 lines emitted from the reverse shock (France et al. 2011). When combined with optical spectroscopy of H $\alpha$, the [$T_e/T_p$]{} ratio at the shock is determined to be in the range 0.14 – 0.35, significantly higher than similar ratios coming from Balmer dominated forward shocks. France et al. (2011) argued that a different equilibration mechanism is likely at work. Considering the relative youth of SN 1987A, and the fact that the reverse shock is the origin of the emission, significant populations of cosmic rays and associated magnetic field amplification are unlikely. In fact, in the expanding ejecta the magnetic field is likely to be very weak, leading to a very high Aflvén Mach number shock. As will be discussed below in connection with shocks in galaxy clusters, electron heating in such a case is likely to be due to acceleration in the cross-shock potential. The cross-shock potential is effective at heating electrons, and so may explain the higher [$T_e/T_p$]{} in SN 1987A.
The forward shock of SN 1987A has also been observed in X-rays with the grating instruments on Chandra (e.g. Zhekov et al. 2009). In general electron heating well below complete equilibration is seen, though precise interpretation is difficult because one observation sees emission from shocks at a variety of different velocities, due to irregularities in the density of the surrounding medium.
Do Results from the Balmer-Dominated Shocks Apply to Fully Ionized Shocks? {#sec:4}
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The inverse relationship between the temperature equilibration and shock speed is an interesting result from studies of Balmer-dominated SNRs. However, the applicability of this result to both fully ionized shocks and shocks undergoing efficient CR acceleration ($\gtrsim$50% of their energy transferred to CRs) remains unsettled. Recently, Vink et al. (2010) used a two-fluid-model for cosmic rays and thermal gas to simulate the effect of cosmic ray acceleration on the temperature and ionization structure of fast, non-relativistic shocks. They found that if 5% of the shock energy were to be channeled into cosmic rays (the minimum needed if SNRs are the dominant source of cosmic rays) then approximately 30% of the postshock pressure must reside in cosmic rays (corresponding to a ratio of cosmic ray to total postshock pressure, w, of 0.3). For w=0.3, Vink et al. (2010) predicted a lowering of the average temperature of the postshock gas to $\sim$70% of the value when the cosmic ray contribution is ignored. This is a significant alteration of the postshock temperature profile, and should result in much more rapid equilibration of electrons and protons close to the shock.
However, do the effects described above actually occur in SNR shocks? One of the principle lines of evidence cited by Vink et al. (2010) in support of this picture was the result found in RCW 86 by Helder et al. (2009). In that SNR, the broad H$\alpha$ widths of Balmer-dominated filaments were found to be nearly 50% smaller than the minimum allowed given their X-ray proper motions. Filaments in the NE of the SNR exhibited broad H$\alpha$ widths of 1000 [kms$^{-1}$]{}, but their apparent X-ray counterparts, which exhibited strong X-ray synchrotron (nonthermal) emission, exhibited proper motions indicating shock speeds of 3000-6000 [kms$^{-1}$]{}. This result, along with the theoretical prediction that X-ray synchrotron emission requires shock speeds of at least 2000 [kms$^{-1}$]{} (Aharonian et al. 1999) was taken by Helder et al. (2009) and Vink et al. (2010) as evidence for substantial energy loss (w$\sim$0.5) from the Balmer-dominated shocks to cosmic rays. However, this association has now been refuted by subsequent multi-epoch optical imagery of the H$\alpha$ filaments, which have failed to show the kind of high proper motions seen in the nonthermal X-ray filaments (Helder et al. 2012, in preparation). Instead, they show proper motions consistent with shock speeds predicted by the broad H$\alpha$ widths without energy loss to cosmic rays($\sim$600-1200 [kms$^{-1}$]{}), implying that w$<$0.2. The association between the Balmer-dominated shocks studied spectroscopically by Helder et al. (2009) and the X-ray filaments was due either to coincidental spatial alignment, or due to sudden deceleration of the outer shock in RCW 86 during its encounter with the surrounding cavity wall (Williams et al. 2011; Helder et al. 2012, in preparation).
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The lack of association between the Balmer-dominated filaments and the non-thermal X-ray filaments in RCW 86 raises some important questions about the feasibility of using Balmer-dominated shocks to study electron-proton equilibration in cases where 50% or more of the thermal energy is diverted to cosmic rays. In SNRs such as SN 1006 (Koyama et al. 1996; Katsuda et al. 2010a), Tycho’s SNR (Warren et al. 2005; Katsuda et al. 2010b), Cas A (Vink & Laming 2003) and RX J1713.7$-$3946 (Koyama et al. 1997; Slane et al. 1999; Tanaka et al. 2008) the presence of strong synchrotron X-ray filaments has been interpreted as evidence for highly efficient cosmic ray acceleration. The narrowness of the synchrotron filaments most likely reflects the short emitting lifetimes of the ultra high energy electrons (energies $\sim$10-100 TeV) as they spiral in the postshock magnetic field (Vink & Laming 2003). The detection of $\gamma$-ray emission from the shells of SN 1006 (Acero et al. 2010) and RX J1713.7$-$3946 (Aharonian et al. 2006; Abdo et al. 2011) has shown that cosmic rays are accelerated to energies as high as 100 TeV in these SNRs. In all cases thermal X-ray emission has been exceptionally faint due to the very low inferred preshock densities ($\lesssim$0.1 cm$^{-3}$), making it more likely that the overall X-ray emission will be dominated by synchrotron radiation from the most energetic cosmic rays. SNRs expanding into such low density media can propagate at the high shock speeds required for cosmic ray acceleration ($\gtrsim$2000 [kms$^{-1}$]{}; Aharonian et al. 1999) for a longer time, allowing their structure to become modified by the back pressure from the cosmic rays. Investigating the temperature and ionization structure of such shocks with Balmer line spectroscopy requires finding Balmer-dominated shocks exhibiting X-ray synchrotron radiation.
All of the known SNRs exhibiting Balmer-dominated shocks have also been imaged at X-ray wavelengths with [[*Chandra*]{}]{} or XMM, allowing reasonably detailed searches for shocks emitting both H$\alpha$ and synchrotron X-ray emission (the latter producing hard continuum that is dominant at energies of 2 keV and higher). A detailed comparison for all Balmer-dominated SNRs has not yet been published. However, even a cursory comparison between the narrowband H$\alpha$ and hard X-ray images of these SNRs shows a distinct [*anticorrelation*]{} between shocks emitting in these two bands. For example, overlaying H$\alpha$ and [[*Chandra*]{}]{} images of Tycho’s SNR acquired during the same epoch (2007) (Figure \[fig:tycho\_balmer\]) shows little or no correlation between the prominent Balmer-dominated filaments on the eastern and northeastern edges and the non-thermal X-ray filaments (E$\geq$3 keV) circling the remnant. The Balmer-dominated filaments (shown in red in Figure \[fig:tycho\_balmer\]) on the eastern side of Tycho’s SNR are seen projected 30$^{\prime\prime}$-1$^{\prime}$ inside the edge of the nonthermal X-ray filaments (marked in green), an indication that portion of the shell along the line of sight has significantly decelerated. The Balmer filaments are seen at the outermost edge of the thermally emitting X-ray ejecta (marked in blue), but only at locations where little or no nonthermal X-ray emission is present. The bright optical filament known as Knot g (at the far left edge of Figure \[fig:tycho\_balmer\]) is the only location where Balmer filaments and X-ray synchrotron emission appear coincident. However, upon closer inspection the anticorrelation between the Balmer line and synchrotron emission can be seen in Knot g as well: the upper half of the filament, where Balmer line emission is strongest, exhibits minimal synchrotron emission, while the opposite is true in the lower half of the filament. The enhanced nonthermal emission inside of Knot g may be due to the strong recent deceleration of Knot g, where the SNR is currently propagating into a strong density gradient at the outermost edge of an H I cloud (Ghavamian et al. 2000). The lack of optical/X-ray synchrotron correlation is especially striking given that the Balmer-dominated filaments in Tycho’s SNR have a high enough shock velocity ($\sim$1800-2100 [kms$^{-1}$]{}) to accelerate particles to TeV energies.
The anticorrelation between the optical and nonthermal X-ray emission can be observed in other SNRs as well, including SN 1006, where recently X-ray proper motions have been measured along the entire rim by Katsuda et al. (2012). As with Tycho’s SNR, the locations of the Balmer-dominated filaments and the nonthermal X-ray filaments along the NW rim of SN 1006 are mutually exclusive. Instead, the Balmer-dominated shocks are closely associated with thermal X-ray filaments having a proper motion consistent with a shock velocity of 3300$\pm$200$\pm$300 [kms$^{-1}$]{} (statistical and registrational uncertainties, respectively) for a distance of 2.2 kpc. This result is in excellent agreement with the shock velocity of 2890$\pm$100 [kms$^{-1}$]{} determined from the broad H$\alpha$ width and broad-to-narrow ratio of the NW filament by Ghavamian et al. (2002). Such close agreement is a strong indication that little substantial energy has been lost from the thermal plasma to cosmic ray acceleration, similar to optical proper motion studies from RCW 86 (Helder et al., in preparation).
From the above discussion it appears that Balmer-dominated SNRs, while offering powerful diagnostics of [$T_e/T_p$]{} and [$V_s$]{}, are not useful for investigating equilibration the extreme cases of strongly cosmic-ray modified shocks. In fact, the very condition allowing for the detection of the Balmer line emission - presence of neutral gas ahead of the shock - is also responsible for limiting the fraction of shock energy lost to cosmic ray acceleration. Quantatitive evaluations of this effect by Drury et al. (1996) and Reville et al. (2007) show that when the preshock gas is significantly neutral, Alfvén waves driven by the cosmic rays ahead of the shock are dissipated by ion-neutral damping. As long as the charge exchange frequency, $\omega_{cx}$ ($\equiv\,n_{HI} \langle\sigma_{cx} v\rangle$) is larger than the Alfvén wave frequency, $\omega_A$ ($\equiv\,k\,v_A$) the ions and neutrals oscillate coherently, and ion-neutral damping is not important. However, when $\omega_{cx}\,<\,\omega_A$ the neutrals are left behind by the ions in the Alfvén wave motion, and during the incoherent oscillation between the two, charge exchange exerts a drag on the Alfvén waves, damping them. The condition required for Alfvén waves to not be strongly damped in the precursor can be written out as $$n_{HI}\langle \sigma_{cx}v\rangle\,\,>\,\,k\,v_A$$ where $v_A\,\equiv\,\frac{B}{(4\pi\,m_i\,n_i)^{1/2}}$ is the Alfvén speed of the ions ahead of the shock and $n_{HI}$ is the preshock neutral density. Given that cosmic rays resonantly scatter off Alfvén waves having Doppler shifted frequencies comparable to their gyrofrequency, and that the cosmic ray gyrofrequency is related to its energy via $\omega_{cr}\,\equiv\,e\,c\,B / E$, the inequality above can be cast in terms of the energy, $E_{crit}$, below which a significant fraction of the cosmic ray flux out of the shock is reduced by ion-neutral damping: $$E_{crit}(TeV)\,=\,0.07\,\frac{B^2_3\,T_4^{\,-0.4}}{x_{HI}\,(1 - x_{HI})^{1/2}\, n^{3/2}}$$ where we have set $\langle\sigma_{cx}v\rangle\,\approx$8.4$\times$10$^{-9}\, T_4^{\,0.4}$ cm$^{3}$ s$^{-1}$ (Kulsrud & Cesarsky 1971), $B_3$ is the preshock magnetic field strength in units of 3 $\mu G$, $n$ and $x_{HI}$ are the total preshock density and neutral fraction, and $T_4$ is the preshock temperature in units of 10$^4$ K. For Balmer-dominated SNRs, where recent models have required moderate amplification of the preshock magnetic field ($\Delta B/B\,\sim\,$3-5; Ghavamian et al. 2007) and where the preshock temperature may exceed 20,000 K (Raymond et al. 2011), $E_{crit}\,\sim\,$4 TeV for the typical case where $x_{HI}\,=\,$0.5 cm$^{-3}$. SNRs exhibiting nonthermal X-ray emission are believed to contain cosmic rays with energies of tens of TeV, so $E_{crit}\,\sim$4 TeV is certainly high enough reduce the effectiveness of Balmer-dominated shocks in producing nonthermal X-ray emission.
However, as noted earlier, a modest back pressure from cosmic rays is required to explain the width of the H$\alpha$ narrow component line, as well as the low broad-to-narrow ratios seen in some SNRs (Rakowski et al. 2009; Raymond et al. 2011). In fact, one model for electron heating in fast collisionless shocks requires at least some feedback from the cosmic rays in order to explain the moderate heating of electrons in SNRs, as well as the inverse squared relationship between [$T_e/T_p$]{} and [$V_s$]{} (Ghavamian et al. 2007, described in the next section). Furthermore, as pointed out by Drury et al. (1996), the ion-neutral damping of Alfvén waves in the precursor is unimportant for cosmic rays which have already exceeded $E_{crit}$. Since the acceleration time for cosmic rays shortens considerably with shock speed ($\tau_{acc}\,\approx\,\kappa_{CR}/V_s^2$; Malkov & Drury 2001), the fastest Balmer-dominated shocks are more likely to have accelerated particles beyond $E_{crit}$ and hence will begin to exhibit nonthermal X-ray emission and cosmic-ray modified shock structure. A good example is the aforementioned SNR 0509$-$67.5, where the shock speeds exceed 5000 [kms$^{-1}$]{} (Helder, Kosenko & Vink 2010) and nonthermal X-ray emission from cosmic ray accelerated electrons is detected from the forward shock. The forward shocks in more evolved Balmer-dominated SNRs (such as SN 1006 and Tycho’s SNR) will have swept up more mass and slowed down to speeds $\lesssim$2000 [kms$^{-1}$]{}, by which point $\tau_{acc}$ will have lengthened and the shocks will be less cosmic-ray dominated.
Models for Electron Heating in SNRs {#sec:5}
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Given the lack of in situ measurements of the particle distributions in SNRs, the electron heating mechanisms in these shocks have been studied primarily via numerical methods. On one hand, a number of studies have focused on electron heating in relativistic shocks, with the aim of modeling high energy emission from gamma-ray bursts (e.g., Gedalin et al. 2008; Sironi & Spitkovsky 2011). These shocks are in a different area of parameter space than the SNR shocks discussed here, and the physics governing the electron heating in relativistic shocks is substantially different. At the very high Alfvénic Mach numbers characteristic of gamma-ray bursts, the shock transition becomes very thin (less than an electron gyroradius). Electrons in this case may be once again accelerated by the cross shock potential, similar to the very low Mach number case. On the other hand, a number of other studies consider non-relativistic shocks relevant to SNRs ($\lesssim$0.01c), where accelerated particles such as cosmic rays or solar energetic particles (SEPs) may play an important role in establishing their shock structure. These studies have sought to identify plasma waves capable of boosting electrons to mildly relativistic energies (e.g., Amano & Hoshino 2010; Riquelme & Spitkovsky 2011), with the objective of understanding how electrons are injected into the cosmic ray acceleration process. This is a different (though related) question from what we consider here, namely how electrons are promptly heated to temperatures $\sim$5$\times$10$^6$ K at the shock front (Ghavamian et al. 2007; Rakowski et al. 2008). This limits our consideration of the work done so far to two broad scenarios of electron heating in fast, non-relativistic collisionless shocks. One scenario is based on lower hybrid wave heating in the cosmic ray precursor (Laming 2000; Ghavamian et al. 2007; Rakowski et al. 2008) while the other is based on counterstreaming instabilities ahead of the shock (e.g., the Buneman instability, Cargill & Papadapoulos (1988), Matsukiyo 2010; Dieckmann et al. 2012). We discuss these mechanisms below in turn.
Lower Hybrid Wave Heating
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The most significant result of the Balmer-dominated shock studies, the inverse squared relation between [$T_e/T_p$]{} and [$V_s$]{}, places a useful constraint on the range of plausible equilibration mechanisms at the shock front. The simplest way to obtain [$T_e/T_p$]{}$\propto\,V^{-2}_{s}$ is to set $\Delta\,T_e\,\approx\,const.$ at shock speeds of 400 [kms$^{-1}$]{} and higher, while allowing $T_p$ to rise according to the Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions, $k \Delta\,T_p\,\approx\,\frac{3}{16}m_p V^2_{s}$. The requirement that [$T_e/T_p$]{}=1 at [$V_s$]{}=400 [kms$^{-1}$]{} gives $\Delta\,T_e\,\approx\,$0.3 keV for [$V_s$]{}$\geq$400 [kms$^{-1}$]{}, independent of shock velocity (Ghavamian et al. 2007). Although there may be marginal evidence of a departure from this relation at shock speeds exceeding 2000 [kms$^{-1}$]{} (van Adelsberg et al. 2008), a velocity-independent heating of electrons in SNR shocks is an important clue to the nature of plasma heating processes in fast collisionless shocks. It suggests that plasma processes ahead of the shock front are an important (if not dominant) source of electron heating in SNRs (Ghavamian et al. 2007; Rakowski et al. 2009).
As mentioned earlier, strong interstellar shocks are expected to form a precursor where cosmic rays crossing upstream give rise to Alfvén waves and turbulence (Blandford & Eichler 1987; Jones & Ellison 1991), compressing and pre-heating the gas before it enters the shock. As long as the shock is strong ($v_{downstream}/V_{s}\,\approx\,$1/4) and cosmic ray pressure does not dominate the postshock pressure ($\Delta$B/B does not greatly exceed unity, with $\lesssim$20% of the postshock pressure provided by cosmic rays) the thermal heating within the precursor does not depend strongly on shock velocity. The limited range of narrow component H$\alpha$ widths observed in Balmer-dominated SNRs over a wide range in shock speeds (Sollerman et al. 2003; Raymond et al. 2011) is consistent with the relative insensitivity of the preshock heating to shock speed. Since the widening of the H$\alpha$ narrow component line is now believed to arise in a precursor where the gas is heated by the damping of cosmic-ray driven waves (Wagner et al. 2008; Raymond et al. 2011; Morlino et al. 2012), it stands to reason that perhaps the physical processes generating a constant electron heating with shock speed ($\Delta\,T_e\,\approx\,$0.3 keV) also originate within the cosmic ray precursor.
The above argument was used by Ghavamian et al. (2007) and Rakowski et al. (2008) to advocate for a heating model where lower hybrid waves within the cosmic ray precursor preheat electrons to a constant temperature before they enter the shock front. This model was based on the conception of McClements et al. (1997), who suggested that lower hybrid waves driven by the reflected population of nonthermal ions could generate lower hybrid waves ahead of the shock, pre-heating electrons and injecting them into the cosmic ray acceleration process. The condition for generating such waves is that the shock be quasi-perpendicular, and that the reflected ions form a beam-like (gyrotropic) distibution. A similar scenario was suggested by Ghavamian et al. (2007) and Rakowski et al. (2008), but with one crucial difference: the reflected particles considered are ultra-relativistic cosmic rays rather than suprathermal ions. The lower hybrid waves are electrostatic ion waves which propagate perpendicular to the magnetic field and whose frequency is the geometric mean of the electron and ion geofrequencies, $\omega_{LH}\,=\,(\Omega_e\,\Omega_i)^{1/2}$. The group velocity of these waves is directed primarily along the magnetic field lines ($k^2_{||}/k^2_{\perp}\,=\,m_e/m_p$; Laming 2001) and the waves can simultaneously resonate with ions moving across the field lines and electrons moving along the field lines. Although the growth rate of lower hybrid waves is generally small (Rakowski et al. 2008), their group velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field (and hence the shock front) can be on the order of the shock velocity ($\partial \omega/\partial k_{\perp}\,\approx\,$[$V_s$]{}). This allows the lower hybrid waves to remain in contact with the shock for long periods of time, attaining high intensities capable of effectively heating the electrons (McClements et al. 1997; Ghavamian et al. 2007).
In the case of cosmic rays, the time spent by the electrons in the precursor is $t\,\sim\,\kappa_{CR}/v^2_{sh}$. The kinetic energy acquired by the electrons in the precursor is $\Delta\,E_e\,\propto\,D_{||\,||}\,t$, where $D_{||\,||}$ is the momentum diffusion coefficient of electrons (Ghavamian et al. 2007). For lower hybrid wave turbulence, $D_{||\,||}\,\propto\,V_{s}^2$ (Karney 1978; Ghavamian et al. 2007; Rakowski et al. 2008), so that $\Delta\,E_e\,\approx\,\frac{1}{16}\,\left(\frac{m_e}{m_p}\right)^{1/2}\,
m_e \Omega_e\,\kappa_{CR}\,\propto\,B\,\kappa_{CR}\,\sim\,const$, as needed to account for the inverse squared relationship between equilibration and shock speed. Note that under the assumption that nonlinear amplification of the preshock magnetic field is not too strong ($\Delta\,B/B\,\sim\,1$), $\kappa_{CR}$ is that of Bohm diffusion, which scales as 1/B, so that $\Delta\,E_e$ is also approximately independent of B.
During the past decade more refined models of cosmic ray acceleration have shown that a non-resonant mode of Alfvén waves, having a higher growth rate than the previously considered resonant mode (Skilling 1975), can be excited by cosmic rays in the precursor (Bell & Lucek 2001, Bell 2004, 2005). Unlike for the resonant case, the non-resonant amplification allows for $\Delta\,B/B\,\gg\,1$, driving preshock magnetic fields to values as high as 1 mG (Vink & Laming 2003; Berezhko et al. 2003; Bamba et al. 2005; Ballet 2006). Such magnetic fields are hundreds of times stronger than the canonical preshock magnetic field of 3 $\mu G$ and high enough to account for the observed narrowness of X-ray synchrotron-emitting rims in such SNRs as SN 1006 (assuming the narrowness is due to rapid cooling of high energy electrons behind the shock; see Ballet 2006 and Morlino et al. 2012). Additional studies have suggested that non-resonant amplification may dominate early in the life of the SNR, while resonant amplification may take over during the Sedov-Taylor stage of evolution (Amato & Blasi 2009; Schure et al. 2012), though in either case, $\Delta\,B/B\,>$10 is readily attained. Such a strong magnetic field effectively reduces the acceleration time for particles, and is very well suited for explaining how cosmic rays can reach the knee in the cosmic ray spectrum near 10$^{15}$ eV (Bell & Lucek 2001; Eriksen et al. 2011).
An important factor influencing the effectiveness of lower hybrid wave heating of electrons is the orientation of the preshock magnetic field relative to the shock front. Lower hybrid wave heating is only effective in perpendicular shocks (Vink & Laming 2003, Ghavamian et al. 2007; Rakowski et al. 2008). Given their spherical global geometry, SNR blast waves generally propagate at a range of angles to the interstellar magnetic field. X-ray observations and models of such SNRs as SN 1006 (Orlando et al. 2007; Petruk et al. 2008) have indicated that perpendicular shocks are far more effective at accelerating cosmic rays than parallel shocks. Although the detailed implications of such differences have not yet been worked out for the lower hybrid wave heating model, Rakowski et al. (2008) argue that even for quasi-parallel shock geometries the cosmic ray current driving the nonresonant Alfvén waves will generate a significant perpendicular magnetic field ahead of the shock (such a possibility has also been inferred from numerical simulations; Riquelme & Spitkovsky 2011). This would allow lower hybrid wave growth to overtake modified Alfvén wave growth for arbitrary orientations of the far upstream magnetic field, and allow for a more ubiquitous role for lower hybrid wave heating of electrons.
The amplification of the preshock magnetic field well beyond its far upstream value introduces an interesting possibility: effective lowering of the Alfvénic (and hence magnetosonic) Mach number of the shock. For the Balmer-dominated shocks, where analysis of the optical spectra has shown that at best only a moderate fraction ($\lesssim$20%) of the shock energy has likely been channeled into cosmic rays, the widening of the H$\alpha$ narrow component has been interpreted as nonthermal broadening caused by the lowest frequency waves in the precursor (Ghavamian et al. 2007; though see Raymond et al (2011) for a thermal intepretation) . To explain the 30-50 [kms$^{-1}$]{} widths of the H$\alpha$ narrow component, the preshock magnetic field must be enhanced by a factor of a few. For the non-resonant Alfvén waves in the Bell (2004) mechanism, the magnetic field energy density immediately behind the shock is given by (Schure et al. 2012) $$\frac{B^2}{4\pi}\,\approx\,\frac{1}{4}\,\phi^2\,\rho\,v^2_{sh}$$ where $\phi\,\equiv\,P_{CR}/\rho\,v^2_{sh}$ is the fraction of the shock ram pressure channeled into cosmic rays. Solving this expression for B gives $B(\mu G)\,\approx\,228.7\,\phi\,n^{1/2}\,V_{1000}$, where $V_{1000}$ is the shock speed in units of 1000 [kms$^{-1}$]{}. For $\phi\,\sim\,$0.1-0.2, $n\,\sim\,$1 cm$^{-3}$, a postshock compression factor of 4 and Balmer-dominated shock speeds $\sim$2000 [kms$^{-1}$]{}, this gives $\Delta\,B/B\,\sim$4-10 ahead of the shock. Correspondingly, $v_A$ can increase by nearly the same factor, so that $M_A$ can be reduced by as much as an order of magnitude. Treumann & Jaroschek (2008) describe the physical picture in this case as that of the shock having to prevent an increasing number of ions from crossing the shock jump by deflecting an increasing number of them at higher and higher Mach numbers. This deflection is necessary so that the ability of the shock to dissipate the inflowing energy is not overwhelmed. By deflecting these ions back upstream into a precursor, the net inflow of momentum and energy density into the shock is reduced, reducing the net difference in velocity between the inflowing and outflowing ions. This effectively reduces the Mach number in the frame of the upstream medium.
Note that the ions in the precursor are only mildly compressed (Wagner et al. 2008; Morlino et al. 2012), which only weakly counteracts the rise in B. In addition, $v_A$ only scales as $n^{-1/2}$, but scales directly as B. The result is that [*given the compelling evidence for enhanced preshock magnetic fields in SNRs shocks, the Mach numbers of these shocks may be overestimated by as much as an order of magnitude.*]{} As we describe in Section \[sec:5\], a unified description of solar wind and SNR shocks, where the physics of electron-ion temperature equilibration occurs over a similar range in Mach numbers and involves a similar range of physical processes, may be possible.
Plasma Wave Heating from the Buneman Instability
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Similar to the lower hybrid wave model, the Buneman instability-driven wave model focuses on the region immediately ahead of a quasi-perpendicular shock. However, unlike the lower hybrid wave model, the Buneman instability models consider the reflected nonthermal ion distribution, rather than ultrarelativistic cosmic rays. In the latter model, $\sim$20% of the ions are reflected backstream against the incoming electron and ion plasma (Papadapoulos 1988; Cargill & Papadapoulos 1988). Here the upstream plasma is not electrically neutral due to the positive charge of the reflected ion distribution. In such cases, a drift is induced between the electrons and ions. The microinstabilities excited by this configuration depend upon the relative size of the electron thermal speed relative to the electron-ion drift velocity. The Buneman instability occurs when the drift velocity of the reflected ions relative to the upstream electrons exceeds the thermal speed of the upstream electrons ($2 v_{s}\,>\,(kT_e/m_e)^{1/2}$)(Cargill & Papadapoulos 1988), a condition which occurs for very high Mach number ($M_A\,\gtrsim$50) shocks. If the reflected ion current upstream is strong enough, the electron current generated to counteract it may produce a large enough drift between the preshock ions and electrons to cause a secondary Buneman instability when the ion speed exceeds the electron thermal speed (Dieckmann et al. 2012). The Buneman instability generates electrostatic plasma waves which damp by rapidly heating the preshock electrons to $k\Delta\,T_e\,\approx\,2 m_e v^2_{s}\,\approx\,0.01\,v^2_{1000}$ keV, where $v_{1000}$ is the shock speed in units of 1000 [kms$^{-1}$]{}. until their thermal speed matches the electron-ion drift speed, at which point the instability saturates. The rapid heating of the electrons perpendicular to the magnetic field results in $T_e/T_i\,\gg\,$1 and makes it possible for an ion acoustic instability to occur between the preshock electrons and either the reflected ions or preshock ions (Cargill & Papdapoulos 1988). The waves generated by the ion acoustic instability can then transfer a substantial fraction of the shock energy (tens of percent) into electron thermal energy. This process occurs over a length scale of $v_{s}/\Omega_i$ (as opposed to $\kappa_{CR}/v_{s}$ for the cosmic ray precursor), resulting in a [$T_e/T_p$]{}$\approx$0.2, independent of shock speed. [*This is in strong disagreement with the equilibrations obtained for the Balmer-dominated shocks.*]{}
A number of other electron heating mechanisms, such as the modified two-stream instability and electron-cyclotron drift instability, have been proposed for collisionless shocks based on results from particle in cell (PIC) simulations (Umeda et al. 2012a, 2012b). A unified picture proposed by Matsukiyo (2010) suggests that electrons can be strongly energized at low Mach numbers ($M_A\,\leq\,$10) via a modified two-stream instability, where the velocities of the reflected/incoming ions and the electrons are lower than the thermal speed of the electrons and the electrons are able to damp out the Buneman instability. In this case, obliquely propagating whistler mode waves are excited, having frequencies between the electron cyclotron frequency and the lower hybrid wave frequency. When the electron-ion drift velocity and electron thermal speed become nearly equal, the electron-cyclotron drift instability becomes important (Umeda et al. 2012a), exciting waves with frequencies that are multiples of the electron cyclotron frequency. At higher Mach numbers the electron thermal speed is lower than that of the ions, and the Buneman instability/ion acoustic wave process descrbied earlier is predicted to take over.
The amount of electron heating predicted by the Buneman instability/ion acoustic wave model scales as $M^2_A$ (Cargill & Papadapoulos 1988; Matsukiyo 2010), so that for shocks in the 2000 [kms$^{-1}$]{}-10,000 [kms$^{-1}$]{} range, $\Delta\,E_e\,\sim\,
$2-50 keV. This is clearly at odds with $\Delta\,E_e\,=\,$0.3 keV observed between 400 [kms$^{-1}$]{} and 2000 [kms$^{-1}$]{} for Balmer-dominated shocks. One explanation for this discrepancy is that growth of the Buneman-like and two-stream instabilities described above requires that the reflected ions form a distribution function with a positive gradient at some velocity (Laming 2000). This distribution forms when specularly reflected ions have a mostly monoenergetic, beamlike configuration. At the low Mach numbers in the solar wind ($\lesssim$10), where the shock structure is laminar, the reflected ions closely resemble a monoenergetic beam. However, at the higher Mach numbers, where the shock front is more turbulent and disordered, the reflected ions are likely to have a greater spread in energy and are probably less beamlike (Laming 2000). This would lead to suppression of Buneman-like instabilities. However, this line of reasoning is still speculative, and the real explanation for the lack of agreement between the observed [$T_e/T_p$]{} and those predicted by models in this section remains to be explored. Cosmic-ray driven processes may ultimately provide a better explanation for electron heating at SNR shocks than those involving reflected suprathermal ions.
The cross shock potential arises from the charge separation produced by the different gyroradii for ions and electrons as they cross the shock transition. It accelerates electrons into the post shock layer, and can be a means of electron heating at subcritical shocks with an approximately laminar structure. At supercritical shocks, the time dependence and non-locality introduced reduces the degree of electron heating. However at sufficiently Alfvén Mach number (where the shock transition becomes thin (on the order of the electron convective gyroradius or inertial length), significant electron heating may again occur. In the absence of magnetic field amplification by cosmic rays, this might be expected to happen at SNR shocks. However it is much more likely in environments where the plasma beta is low, such as galaxy clusters. It may also occur in cases where a significant population of cosmic rays is unlikely due to the low age of the shock, as in gamma-ray bursts.
Constraints From Solar Wind Studies {#sec:6}
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From the beginning, a detailed study of the fastest collisionless shocks has been hampered by one inherent limitation: they occur in objects which are too remote for in situ study. Although some collisionless shocks in our solar system reach Alfvénic Mach numbers as high as 30 (such as those around Saturn; Achilleos et al. 2006; Masters et al. 2011), there are no physical phenomena in our solar system energetic enough to produce the type of shocks seen in SNRs (Mach numbers $\sim$100 or more if no preshock magnetic field enhancement in the CR is assumed). In addition, the range of plasma betas attainable in the solar system is larger than the range of plasma betas attained in the interstellar medium.
Another fundamental difference between solar wind and SNR shocks is the fact that the former are short-lived phenomena confined to small spatial scales (millions of km) in a curved (bow shock) geometry, whereas the latter are sustained for thousands of years, on spatial scales of parsecs, often well-described by a planar geometry. This results in an irreducible difference between the two types of shocks: particles crossing back and forth between upstream and downstream can remain in contact with SNR shocks for long periods of time, allowing accelerated CRs to acquire much more energy in SNR shocks than in solar wind shocks. This potentially allows the CRs to create shock precursors with properties needed to heat electrons and influence [$T_e/T_p$]{}.
The heating of electrons at the Earth’s and other planetary bow shocks has been the subject of much theoretical and observational work. Typical features of the electron temperature change, $\Delta T_e$, observed at the bow shock as observed by @schwartz88 include (a) an approximate relationship between heating and the incident solar wind energy $\Delta T_e \propto U^2$, where $U$ is the component of the solar wind’s velocity incident upon the shock, and (b) a relationship between the change in temperature normalized by the incident energy and the fast magnetosonic Mach number, $\Delta T_e / (m_p U^2/2) \propto
M_{ms}^{-1}$. A similar approximate relationship holds between the normalized electron temperature change and the Alfvén Mach number $M_A$, especially for shocks with a low plasma $\beta$, which is the ratio between thermal and magnetic pressures. Recent work by @masters11 shows that this relationship with $M_A$ holds well at Saturn’s bow shock. This is particularly interesting as $M_A$ at Saturn is often much larger than at Earth.
In Figure \[fig:combined\] we plot the ratio of electron and ion temperatures downstream of the shock against the magnetosonic, and Alfvén Mach numbers, as well as the upstream flow velocity relative to the shock. The data in these figures are taken from bow shock crossings of the ISEE spacecraft, and is a subset of those listed in @schwartz88, consisting of 61 crossings for which all the necessary data is available.
It is well known that quantities other than those displayed here may be more appropriate, specifically the change in electron temperature over the change in total temperature $\Delta T_e / \Delta (T_e + T_i)$ or even $\Delta T_e / \Delta
T_i$ are better correlated with inverse Mach numbers than $T_e / T_i$ [@schwartz88]. Nevertheless, we use the latter quantity here as it enables a comparison with data from extra-solar system and outer planetary shocks at where less data are available. Furthermore, the approximate inverse dependence upon $M_{ms}$, $M_A$, and $V_s$ is still quite apparent in this data. It is interesting to note that the relationship with the Mach numbers is much more favourable than the dependence upon $V_s$, indicating that the Mach number is the more relevant quantity for organizing the relationship between [$T_e/T_p$]{} and shock strength.
![Collected electron-ion equilibration data from both the solar wind bow shocks and supernova remnant shocks. [$T_e/T_p$]{} is plotted versus shock speed (left), Alfvénic Mach number (center) and magnetosonic Mach number (right). Green symbols show data from crossings of Earth’s bow shock (@schwartz88), while the black symbols show data from crossings of Saturn’s bow shock (@masters11). Shock speeds for the Saturnian bow shock are based on a solar wind model and an assumed shock speed with respect to the spacecraft of 100 [kms$^{-1}$]{}, and ion temperatures are based on electron distribution measurements and the application of the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions (see Masters et al. (2011) for a full discussion of shock parameter derivations at Saturn’s bow shock). Red symbols show data acquired from Balmer-dominated SNR shocks (van Adelsberg et al. 2008), and assume $v_A$=9 [kms$^{-1}$]{}, $c_s$=11 [kms$^{-1}$]{}. []{data-label="fig:combined"}](combined_vs_ma_mms.ps "fig:"){width="5in"} -.5in
Many mechanisms may be involved in the heating of electrons in solar system shocks. Proposed mechanisms involve acceleration of electrons by a cross-shock potential [@goodrichScudder84; @scudder1_86; @scudder3_86], wave turbulence [@galeev76], microinstabilities [@wu84], and electron trajectory scattering [@Balikhin93]. The existence of a cross-shock potential may be deduced from the generalized Ohm’s law in which a gradient in electron thermal pressure gives rise to an electric field. Examining the energetics of electrons crossing the shock may simplified by working in the de Hoffmann-Teller frame of reference [@dehoffmannTeller50], defined as the frame in which the shock is at rest, and in which the magnetic field and plasma flow velocity are (anti-)parallel. In this case the the electric field is dominated by that generated by the electron pressure gradient, and the work done on electrons crossing the shock is determined by the cross-shock potential. Additional mechanisms are required to scatter electrons to pitch angles that are more perpendicular, and to flatten the distribution so that empty regions of phase space are filled. This results in a distribution whose temperature is controlled to a large extent by the de Hoffmann-Teller frame cross-shock potential and downstream density. In addition to direct measurement of the electric fields within the shock, [@baleMozer07; @dimmock11], comparison of upstream and downstream electron phase space distributions have shown that these are consistent with electron acceleration by a cross-shock potential in the de Hoffmann-Teller frame [@lefebvre07].
Connecting the Solar Wind Results to those in SNRs {#sec:7}
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Figure \[fig:combined\] may indicate that similar mechanism(s) heat the electrons in solar wind and in SNR shocks. [*This is especially appealing when we remember that $M_A$ in SNRs may be overestimated due to preshock amplification of magnetic field by cosmic rays.*]{} In their study of the terrestrial bow shock and interplanetary shocks, Schwartz et al (1988) found that the electron-ion temperature equilibration organizes best by $T_e/T_i\propto 1/M_A$. Given the difficulty in determining the Mach numbers of SNR shocks, the equilibration dependence on shock strength has been characterized via the shock speed instead, and found to obey $T_e/T_i\propto$ 1/[$V_s$]{}$^{2}$ ([$V_s$]{} is much more accurately known than the Mach numbers). Subsection 4.1 outlined a model for SNR electron heating, where the cosmic ray diffusion coefficient $\kappa _{CR}$ is assumed independent of [$V_s$]{}. From quasi-linear theory (Blandford and Eichler 1987), $$\kappa _{CR} = {p^2c^2v\over 3\pi e^2U}$$ where $U$ is the energy density of turbulence ($\equiv\,\langle\Delta\,B^2\rangle/8\pi$) and $v$ is the cosmic ray velocity. For resonant amplification, we evaluate $U$ at $k_{\Vert} = \Omega /v_{\Vert}$ , where $\Omega$ is the gyroradius and $v_{\Vert}$ the parallel component of the cosmic ray velocity. For relativistic cosmic rays, where $v=c$, this results in $\kappa _{CR}\propto p^2/U$, assumed constant with $V_s$. However, for nonrelativistic suprathermal particles, $v$ will most likely be proportional to the shock velocity [$V_s$]{}, which with the same assumptions leads to $T_e/T_i\,\propto$1/[$V_s$]{} for solar wind shocks (as opposed to $1/V_s^2$ in SNRs). This argument is admittedly loose, and should not be be viewed as much more than a hypothesis to motivate further work.
In our arguments above we have made considerable assumptions about $\kappa_{CR}$. The most obvious one is that $\kappa _{CR}$ as written above applies to parallel shocks, whereas we are most likely dealing with quasi-perpendicular cases. This may reduce the difference anticipated between solar wind and SMR shocks, depending on the turbulence spectrum (summarized in Appendix A of Rakowski et al. 2008).
The degree of cosmic ray magnetic field amplification at SNR shocks required to bring SNR data points in Figure \[fig:combined\] into alignment with solar wind data points is approximately an order of magnitude or less at the highest velocities considered. Given the degree of magnetic field amplification expected from cosmic ray acceleration, this appears to be highly plausible. In the case of saturated nonresonant instability (Bell 2004, 2005) by resonant scattering (Luo & Melrose 2009), $\langle\Delta B\rangle^2/B^2\sim 10 - 100$ is expected. In the case of nonresonant saturation, higher values, but strongly dependent on $k$, are predicted. Saturation by electron heating (i.e. the $M_A$ where growth of lower hybrid waves becomes greater than the growth rate of magnetic field) leads to similar magnetic field enhancement, with $\Delta B^2/B\sim 200$ (Rakowski et al. 2008). Such magnetic field amplification is less likely at solar wind shocks. The suprathermal particle densities are lower in solar wind shocks, and the ambient magnetic fields are higher, much closer to where the nonresonant instability would saturate (if not already beyond it).
Observational Constraints from Galaxy Cluster Shocks {#sec:8}
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Collisionless shocks occur over a vast range of length scales, with those in galaxy clusters being among the largest. While the shock speeds in the galaxy cluster shocks are similar to those in supernova remnants (up to 4000 [kms$^{-1}$]{}; Markevitch 2005; Markevitch & Vikhlinin 2007; Russell et al. 2012), they occur in environments that are substantially different from both the solar wind and the ISM. These differences can be encapsulated via the plasma beta, defined as the ratio of the thermal pressure to the magnetic pressure of a plasma ($\beta\,\equiv\,n\,k\,T / (B^2 / 8\pi)$). Utilizing solar wind parameters listed by Bruno & Carbone (2005), this ratio ranges from around unity at 1 AU under fast solar wind conditions (wind velocity $\sim$900 [kms$^{-1}$]{}) to around 20 for the quiescent wind (wind velocity $\sim$300 [kms$^{-1}$]{}). The plasma $\beta$ of the ISM is close to that of the fast solar wind, $\beta_{ISM}\,\sim$1-4 (assuming a B=3$\mu$G, n= 1 cm$^{-3}$ and T=10$^4$ K). On the other hand, the electron temperature of the intracluster medium (ICM) ranges from ∼ 10$^7$K - 10$^8$K (1-10 keV), with number densities steeply declining from $\sim$ 10$^{−2}$ cm$^{−3}$ near the cluster centers to $\sim$10$^{−4}$ cm$^{−3}$ at the outer edges. The corresponding sound speed is close to 1000 [kms$^{-1}$]{}, nearly two orders of magnitude higher than in the general ISM. The magnetic fields measured in galaxy clusters are actually close that of the ISM, typically on the order of a microGauss (Carilli & Taylor 2002). Therefore, $v_A\,\sim\,$50 [kms$^{-1}$]{} in galaxy clusters, so that $\beta_e\,\gg\,$1 and the magnetic field pressure has negligible contribution to the dynamics of shocks in galaxy clusters. This puts galaxy cluster shocks in a different region of parameter space than solar wind and SNR shocks.
Clusters such as 1E0657$-$56 (the ’Bullet Cluster’) and A520 show strongly enhanced X-ray emission from collisionless shocks, formed during major mergers when gas from one cluster plunges through gas from the other (Markevitch et al. 2005; Markevitch & Vikhlinin 2007; Russell et al. 2012). Shocks moving mostly along the plane of the sky have a favorable viewing geometry and appear as giant curved structures hundreds of kiloparsecs in length. The large clumps of infalling gas drive bow shocks into the cluster gas, which has already been heated to at least 1 keV, and produces thermal Bremsstrahlung emission peaking close to that energy. This is another major difference between collisionless shocks in the ISM and those in the ICM. While the Alfvénic and magnetosonic Mach numbers of SNR shocks are very difficult to determine due to the lack of available observational constraints on magnetohydrodynamic quantities upstream (such as $T$, $B$ and $n$), those in galaxy clusters can readily be measured by spectral analysis of X-ray emission upstream. Comparison of this emission to that of the enhanced postshock region gives the density contrast between the downstream and upstream gas (i.e., $n_2/n_1$). This density contrast yields the sonic Mach number, $M$, via solving the Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions (Russell et al. 2012): $$M\,=\,\left( \frac{2\,n_2/n_1}{\gamma\,+\,1\,-\,\frac{n_2}{n_1}(\gamma-1)} \right)^{1/2}$$ where $\gamma$ is the ratio of specific heats of the cluster gas. Measurement of these jumps from X-ray observations have yielded $M\,\sim\,$1.5-3 for the Bullet Cluster (Markevitch et al. 2005), Abell 520 and Abell 2146 (Russell et al. 2012). Using these estimated Mach numbers, the shock velocity itself can be calculated via [$V_s$]{}=$M\,c_s$, where $c_s$ is the upstream sound speed as inferred from the X-ray spectra. This yields shock speeds ranging between 2500 [kms$^{-1}$]{} and 4000 [kms$^{-1}$]{}, similar to the fastest known Balmer-dominated shocks. However, fits to the X-ray spectra behind these shocks show prompt electron-ion equilibration at the shock front, consistent with [$T_e/T_p$]{}=1 (Markevitch et al. 2005; Markevitch & Vikhlinin 2007), despite the extremely high shock speeds involved. This result can only be reconciled with equilibration measurements from the solar wind and SNRs if the equilibration depends on the Mach number, rather than [$V_s$]{}. Furthermore, given the low Mach numbers found in the galaxy clusters, it is plausible that the shock transitions in these cases are laminar (as opposed to turbulent like the SNR and fastest solar wind shocks), with electron heating occurring efficiently at the shock front via the same type of cross-shock potential as seen in the slowest solar wind and slowest SNR ([$V_s$]{}$\leq$ 400 [kms$^{-1}$]{}) shocks. This is of course a speculation; further insight into collisionless cluster shocks may be obtained via numerical simulations for the appropriate conditions.
Summary and Future Work {#sec:9}
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There have been exciting advances in the study of electron-ion temperature equilibration in collisionless shocks during the past few years. Perhaps most notable has been the growing realization that temperature equilibration and cosmic ray acceleration may be intertwined processes. Optical studies of collisionless shocks in partially neutral gas (Balmer-dominated shocks) have shown that the electron-ion temperature equilibration is a declining function of shock speed, well characterized as [$T_e/T_p$]{}$\propto\,V_s^{-2}$. This relationship most likely arises due to electron heating ahead of the shock that is nearly independent of shock speed above 400 [kms$^{-1}$]{}. Cosmic ray precursors, with moderately amplified preshock magnetic field and density, are the most logical sites for electron heating in SNR collisionless shocks. The transition to fully equilibrated SNR shocks at speeds below 400 [kms$^{-1}$]{} may be due to a less turbulent and more laminar structure at low shock speeds and Mach numbers. This allows the electrons to experience a more uniform cross-shock potential, and hence higher energization compared to higher shock speeds and Mach numbers, where the shock jump is more turbulent and disordered. The magnetosonic Mach numbers of SNR shocks may match those in solar wind shocks if there is a approximately an order of magnitude increase in the Alfvén speed of the preshock gas in SNRs compared to the average ISM value. This is possible if there is a moderately amplified preshock magnetic field ($\sim$10), and is readily provided by compression and heating in a cosmic ray precursor. In solar wind shocks, the precursor is due to suprathermal, non-relativistic ions, resulting in a [$T_e/T_p$]{}$\propto\,1/V_s$ seen in the solar wind.
While Balmer-dominated shocks have allowed us to elucidate some of the physics of electron-ion temperature equilibration, ion-neutral damping limits most of those observed to cases where the shock structure has not become strongly modified by cosmic ray acceleration. Given this limitation, [*electron-ion equilibration studies of fast, collisionless shocks in fully pre-ionized gas would be highly desirable*]{}. Such a sample would allow the equilibration to be studied over a range of speeds where shocks are increasingly affected by feedback from the accelerated cosmic rays. In such circumstances it is unclear what would happen to the [$T_e/T_p$]{} versus [$V_s$]{} relation. If, as predicted by Amato & Blasi (2009), Bell’s non-resonant cosmic ray instability takes over from the resonant instability at the highest shock speeds, then additional electron heating may occur in the fastest shocks ([$V_s$]{}$\gtrsim$5000 [kms$^{-1}$]{}), resulting in substantial deviation from the [$T_e/T_p$]{}$\propto\,V_s^{-2}$ relation. Such deviations may already have been seen in the fastest ([$V_s$]{}$\gtrsim$2000 [kms$^{-1}$]{}) shocks, where there is evidence that [$T_e/T_p$]{} does not settle down to [$m_e/m_p$]{}, but rather $\sim$0.03. Other deviations may have been detected in SNR 0509$-$67.5, where [$T_e/T_p$]{} for a 5000 [kms$^{-1}$]{} shock has been estimated to be $\sim$0.2, substantially higher than predicted by the inverse squared relation. However, the study of such shocks would be challenging. Without an H$\alpha$ broad component to constrain the range of [$V_s$]{}, shock speeds would have to be determined by other means, such as proper motion studies. That would require X-ray and or UV imagery of SNRs with well-constrained distances (such as those in the LMC or SMC), over multiple epochs. It would also require spectroscopy of the forward shocks in these SNRs, in order to constrain both the electron temperature (via X-ray continuum fits and and UV emission line ratios) and the ion temperature (e.g., via He II, C IV, N V and O VI resonance lines).
An important test of our ideas concerning electron heating by cosmic ray generated waves in a shock precursor would be to measure electron temperatures at SNR shocks exhibiting strong cosmic ray modification and substantial magnetic field amplification ($\Delta\,B/B\,\gtrsim$100). Several SNRs show X-ray filaments produced by synchrotron radiation from cosmic ray electrons, and are generally distinct from those shocks with strong Balmer emission. The absence of neutral material ahead of these shock means that optical and UV emission is weak, and electron temperatures will have to be measured from X-ray spectra. Difficulties arise in distinguishing thermal electron bremsstrahlung from cosmic ray electron synchrotron emission, requiring data of high signal to noise. Further complications in some SNRS (e.g. Cas A) stem from scattering of bright X-ray emission from the ejecta such that it coincides spatially with emission from the forward shock. Such scattering may either be local, due to SNR dust, or instrumental, due to telescope imperfections. This leaves SN 1006 as the best likely target for such an observation, since due to its evolutionary state, only the outer layers of ejecta have encountered the reverse shock.
The development of missions like Solar Orbiter and Solar Probe Plus will allow [*in situ*]{} measurements of shocks in the solar wind, most likely associated with coronal mass ejections, much closer to the Sun. These will probe a different parameter regime, where the magnetic field pressure dominates over the gas pressure (low $\beta$, similar to ISM shocks). As such, measurements here might yield insights into the properties of similar plasma in the precursors of SNR shocks where the magnetic field has been amplified by cosmic rays.
P. G. acknowledges support by HST grant HST-GO-11184.07-A to Towson University. JML acknowledges support by grant NNH10A009I from the NASA Astrophysics Data Analysis Program, and by basic research funds of the Office of Naval Research.
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J. S. [Warren]{}, J. P. [Hughes]{}, C. [Badenes]{}, P. [Ghavamian]{}, C. F. [McKee]{}, D. [Moffett]{}, P. [Plucinsky]{}, C. E. [Rakowski]{}, E. [Reynoso]{}, and P. [Slane]{}. . *Astrophysical Journal*, 634:0 376–389, November 2005. [doi: ]{}[10.1086/496941]{}.
B. J. [Williams]{}, W. P. [Blair]{}, J. M. [Blondin]{}, K. J. [Borkowski]{}, P. [Ghavamian]{}, K. S. [Long]{}, J. C. [Raymond]{}, S. P. [Reynolds]{}, J. [Rho]{}, and P. F. [Winkler]{}. . *Astrophysical Journal*, 741:0 96, November 2011. [doi: ]{}[10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/96]{}.
C. S. [Wu]{}, D. [Winske]{}, M. [Tanaka]{}, K. [Papadopoulos]{}, K. [Akimoto]{}, C. C. [Goodrich]{}, Y. M. [Zhou]{}, S. T. [Tsai]{}, P. [Rodriguez]{}, and C. S. [Lin]{}. . *Space Science Reviews*, 37:0 63–109, January 1984. [doi: ]{}[10.1007/BF00213958]{}.
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A shift in dynamics…
Well the old Pentinum 3 Rach uses to do her work is playing up. Win 98, never the most stable of beasts is playing up, so my monster machine has moved out of the attic so she can use it to do her dissertation on it.
My inner 15 year old did much stropping about this and it does see the end of the attic as my ivory tower, a retreat from the world and my problems were I could isolate myself from my problems and game. I’m calm almost serene about it now. I see it as a posistive move, becoming more socialble, less dependant on my PC for entertainment. It will allow me to sort out the attic, since I won’t be distracted by my uber gaming machine. This is a job which is long over due. Saying all this I’m moving Rach’s machine upstairs, and reinstalling. What I’m not sure? The technogeek in me thinks Linux, since I’m going to use the machine to write my Roleplaying stuff and do some web design, things that are infinately more creative than playing online shooters. Also I have the little matter of a scenario book I said I would write still outstanding. With Rach concentrating on her dissertation I should use this as an opportunity to put in the hours writting this beast.
Saying this I’ve still got my partition on Monstro (my pc) and blast things up with the best of them when Rach is at work, out or having a lay in. All in the comfort of the lounge 🙂
You might think this another sad and geeky post about computers, but actually it is about a fundamental shift in my attitude. Away from ‘this is mine do not touch” to a more reasonable “hey lets pool resources and make the most of it”.
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The state-wide bandh called by Karnataka organisations and farmers on 25 January is expected to affect life across the state and capital Bengaluru.
The state-wide bandh called by Karnataka organisations and farmers on 25 January is expected to affect life across the state and capital Bengaluru. Private schools and government offices are expected to remain closed in view of the bandh. Citing safety issues, the Associated Managements of Primary and Secondary Schools in Karnataka said member-schools would remain closed on 25 January. Deccan Herald report said that since the holiday hinders teachers from covering the syllabus ahead of the upcoming exams, schools will conduct additional classes on Saturday. However, association members also felt that 25 January be most probably be declared a holiday since noone nows what preparations are in place to handle the law and order situation in the city.
Reports said that the Bengaluru Metro is expected to run normally. "We will not stop services. If and only if there is a hindrance to the safety of the passengers, we will inform the police and stop services. However, for now it has been decided that the metro will run without any hassle," The News Minute quoted Vasanth Rao, the Public Relations Officer of Namma Metro, as saying.
Transport services would, however, function on Thursday. Several app-based taxi services said on the social media that they would function as normal. H D Revappa from the KSRTC Employee Federation, affiliated to the CITU, said services would be operational on Thursday. However services in Hubbali and other parts of northern Karnataka are likely to be severely hit as the epicentre of the protests are in those areas. Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) managing director V Ponnuraj said they would follow the directives given by the State government.
#KarnatakaBandh Transport authorities have said they would operate services on Thursday. Ride-hailing apps have said on social media that they would be functioning https://t.co/a1qM17pbiO — The Hindu (@the_hindu) January 24, 2018
However, fissures have emerged among the various groups who have called for the bandh, which is over Mahadayi river water sharing row. Despite differences, Vatal Nagaraj, who heads Kannada Okoota, an umbrella organisation of Kannada bodies, confirmed that the state-wide dawn to dusk bandh on 25 January will happen as per schedule. Nagaraj also demanded the prime minister's intervention. Other groups have, however, opposed to the bandh.
Speaking with The Hindu Karnataka Sanghatanegala Okkoota (KSO) president HB Nagesh said, "We oppose the bandh as it would affect the livelihood of a large number of daily wage workers and also cause hardship to the general public.” They also opposed what they called the “unilateral decision” taken by Nagaraj." KSO is an umbrella group.
Several Kannada activists had expressed anger and questioned Nagaraj's decision to call for a bandh. "Did you take our consent before giving a bandh call on 25 January? We will not support it. Our intention of calling a bandh on 27 January was to pressure Modi to intervene in the Mahadayi issue, as he was to visit the state on 28 January. Frequent bandhs are causing a lot of inconvenience to the public, who are now upset."
There are others who support the bandh wholeheartedly. The Karnataka State Government Employees' Association is not only participating in the shutdown but also giving away a day's salary for the cause. Private bus operators said that services will continue as long as there is no violence. The New Indian Express reported that several IT firms in Bengaluru have told their employees to either take the day off or work from home.
However, the union members said services will not be stopped despite their own protest as well as the bandh. The management of the corporations has also decided not to suspend services. Bangalore University has postponed all exams scheduled for 25 January. It has put up the revised schedule on its website bangaloreuniversity.ac.in. Time and venue remain unchanged, reports have said.
The bandh will also coincide with a statewide dharna called by the Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) Staff and Workers Federation which has been demanding implementation of an Industrial Tribunal award of 29 August 2017, as well as an extension of the 12.5 percent wage hike announced in 2016 to all officers and supervisory staff.
The outfits have announced the strike in order to put pressure on the state and central governments to resolve the Mahadayi water-sharing dispute. They are protesting against the non-implementation of the Kalasa-Banduri dam project, which will divert water from the Mahadayi river to districts in North Karnataka.
Political slugfest as BJP and Congress continue blame game
The call for bandh has sparked a bitter war-of-words between the ruling Congress and the principle Opposition in the state the Bharatiya Janata Party. The BJP called the two bandhs (25 January and 4 February) "politically motivated" demanding the Prime Minister's intervention in the inter-state Mahadayi river water dispute with Goa. The party alleged Congress government had a role in selection of dates when BJP national president Amit Shah and Prime Minister Narendra Modi are expected to visit the poll-bound state to take part in 'Nav Karnataka Parivartan Yatra', organised by the state unit.
Shah will address a rally on 25 January in Mysuru. Modi will arrive in Bengaluru on 4 February. "There is no necessity for a Karnataka bandh.If there was a bandh in the affected area,it is fine;what has Mysuru got to do with the issue?" BJP state president BS Yeddyurappa was quoted as saying by PTI. The 25 January programme in Mysuru would go ahead as planned, Yeddyurapppa said and added that his party was in favour of protecting the state's interests on the Mahadayi issue.
Accusing Chief Minister Siddaramaiah of extending support to the bandh with "malicious" intent, he said, "The chief minister is trying to create confusion, stop buses and close schools and colleges as done in the past....I have not heard of any chief minister behaving in such a manner."
The Congress said it supported the call for bandh demanding Modi's intervention to resolve the Mahadayi river water sharing dispute. "Everybody must support the bandh call given by farmer groups and pro-Kannada organisations seeking Modi's intervention," Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee working president Dinesh Gundu Rao told reporters in Bengaluru on Tuesday. "The chief minister said the bandh should be advanced to 25 January because 26 January is Republic Day. It's not that we knew Shah and Modi were coming. We have to put up a united fight in the Mahadayi issue. It is true that the Centre has not stood by the people of Karnataka." Rao was quoted as saying.
Accusing Congress of playing politics, Leader of the Opposition Jagadish Shettar questioned the need to call for a bandh in Bengaluru on 4 February when a state-wide call had already been given on 25 January. "This clearly showed that there was political malice and that the chief minister is directly involved in planning it," he said in Huballi.
"When the Prime Minister is coming for a political event, if they are doing this it is clear that they are terrified... On hearing that Modi is coming Siddaramaiah and Congress start trembling, so they want to create disturbance," he alleged.
Hitting back at the BJP, Siddaramaiah termed BJP's allegations as baseless. "Will Vatal Nagraj or Kannada organisations listen to government... why should we ask them to organise a bandh? It is a problem for the government if there is a bandh," he said, adding, "We have nothing to do with it, let BJP go and request Kannada organisers against bandh."
For more updates, follow our live blog here
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Q:
Retrieve current and localized month
instead of writing array of months in desired language, and doing a function to replace date('m') with localized month... I believe there should be some fast and easy way to echo current month, after all its Wordpress?
I have define('WPLANG', 'hr');
A:
global $wp_locale;
echo $wp_locale->get_month( date( 'm' ) );
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}
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Q:
escaping $ sign for String.replace
At following String.replace line, lossLocation.state$ ,
the $ sign is removed after the replace,
i need to keep the $, as it is used in the variable.
'{0}'.replace(
'{0}'
, 'categories.Country === \'$formData.lossLocation.state$\'.toUpperCase()')
It gives me
"categories.Country === '$formData.lossLocation.state'.toUpperCase()"
The expected outcome should be
"categories.Country === '$formData.lossLocation.state$'.toUpperCase()"
i've tried the following but still been removed when replace
state\$
A:
As it states in String.prototype.replace(). To escape '$' in replacement content, you should use '$$' instead of '\$'.
So a proper way of constructing it would be
'{0}'.replace('{0}',
'categories.Country === \'$formData.lossLocation.state$\'.toUpperCase()'
.replace(/\$/g, '$$$$')
)
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Unbalance type exciter serve for generating exciting forces changing over time, by means of which components coupled to the exciter can be caused to vibrate. They are employed in many technical fields, e.g. in vibrating conveyors, in vibrating screens, in compacting devices like e.g. vibratory plates or vibratory rollers, in vibratory pile driving devices and in vibration excited drilling and cutting devices.
For generating the exciting forces, depending on the design concept, one or more shafts, at which unbalance weights are arranged, are put into rotation.
In vibratory rollers it is preferred to arrange the unbalance type exciter within the roller drum and to decouple the rest of the machine with respect to vibrations in order to keep the vibrating masses and therewith the energy requirement as low as possible.
However, especially in case of relative narrow soil compacting devices like trench rollers, there is the problem that the unbalance type exciters known today, when providing a suitable exciting power comprise an overall length which makes it difficult or even impossible to arrange them axial in line with the roller drive in the rotational centre of the roller, what is desirable since in that case the starting point of the exciting forces substantially coincides with the centre of mass of the roller arrangement formed in this way so that an optimal vibration behaviour of the rollers can be achieved and the remaining structure of the machine is exposed only to minor additional load due to the exciting forces.
Hence, it is an object of the invention to provide an unbalance type exciter for soil compaction devices which has a substantially reduced overall length compared to known unbalance type exciters.
This object is achieved by the present invention.
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By Taylor Kuykendall
West Virginia's coal industry enjoys broad support in the state Legislature, and the issue of coal is often a lightning rod for state voters in national elections. Many in the state, however, are increasingly critical of broad measures to support coal production over other forms of energy and economic development.
Ted Boettner, executive director and co-founder of the West Virginia Center on Budget and Policy, examines economic trends in West Virginia's coal industry, including the ongoing decline in production, productivity and employment, and fiscal aspects of the energy sector such as severance and property taxes.
The organization has made a number of proposals for economic and coal legislation in the state, frequently challenging energy producers and public officials with its reports, legislative testimony and other outreach efforts.
Boettner spoke with SNL Energy and shared his thoughts on the current impact and future of the West Virginia coal industry. The questions and answers below have been edited for clarity and brevity.
SNL Energy: You have been critical of some state legislative measures designed to benefit the coal industry in West Virginia via tax breaks or other means. What role has the state government played in coal's success or failure, and what role do you think it should play in the future?
Ted Boettner: We try to look critically at all issues, whether it's a severance tax credit or an early childhood intervention program. For example, last week the West Virginia House Energy Committee passed out of committee a bill to give coal companies a $3/ton credit on the severance tax for coal that is sold in-state to a utility or industry above a certain threshold.
While the perceived aim of the legislation is to boost in-state coal production, the incentives are pointed backwards. If anything, the state should be giving the utility or factory the tax credit for purchasing more expensive West Virginia coal. The bill is nothing more than rent-seeking and it highlights how West Virginia coal companies are unable to compete with higher-taxed coal in Wyoming and how much they are looking for government to step in and help with their market woes. It will only work if the coal companies were forced to pass along the tax savings to in-state coal purchases, but that's not in the bill.
Instead of giving handouts to coal companies that will do little to boost production or employment, the state should be using coal revenue to diversify its economy and help coal miners' transition. We should also explore other less harmful uses for coal and implement smarter rules to ensure mining health and safety.
While the positive economic impacts of the coal industry are often touted at state and national levels, you have written about what you describe as negative impacts in West Virginia. What are some of those negative impacts, and what would you recommend as a solution?
It would be irrational to only look at the benefits of the coal industry without considering its costs. Natural resource extraction of any kind can be very hard on communities and has been heavily associated with political corruption and uneven development. Typically in West Virginia, it is very difficult to have an evidence-based discussion about the costs of coal because of the strong influence of the coal industry on political discourse and at the state Capitol.
The largest externality of coal is health and well-being, where the costs are well into the billions. The negative impact on investment and attainment of human capital is also prevalent in communities and in the state, although West Virginia has done a decent job investing in higher education over the last two decades. Other externalities include the enormous toll on our roads from heavy coal trucks where the state doesn't collect enough in fees to cover the costs.
Like I mentioned earlier, the coal industry isn't engaged in free market capitalism and they benefit tremendously from state tax subsidies and public projects like locks and dams.
The solution is to mine coal responsibly with smarter and more effective regulations and enforcement so that communities can attract other industries and have clean drinking water and stronger infrastructure.
Is there any sort of coal-related legislation you are watching in West Virginia's 2014 legislative session?
For over the last five years, we have been pushing the state to create a permanent mineral trust fund or Future Fund with a portion of severance tax revenue from coal, oil, and natural gas. Several other states and countries have similar funds — including Wyoming, Alaska, Alberta, Canada and Norway — and they ensure that their people will always benefit from their states non-renewable, depleting resources.
Unfortunately, many lawmakers feel that we've already missed the boat with coal, but there is a lot of momentum to create a fund from the increased share of severance tax revenues from shale development. Senate President Jeff Kessler has been leading the charge and I think he can make it happen this year. Just think how wealthy West Virginia would be if it took 5 percent of the coal, gas, and oil wealth from the state and invested it in a fund 100 years ago. We would be one of the richest states in the country and our fund would be bigger than Alaska's Permanent Fund at $48 billion.
Based on the data you have examined, does coal have a future in West Virginia?
Yes, especially in the metallurgical markets as long as economic growth continues in places like India and China.
Does that vary by region?
While steam coal production will continue to decline in southern West Virginia, it will most likely stagnate in the northern part of the state for the next several decades. This is why it so imperative for policymakers to plan for the future, especially in the southern coalfields that will continue to lose population and jobs if nothing is done. Recently, Kentucky Gov. Steve Beshear and Rep. Hal Rogers from eastern Kentucky launched an initiative called SOAR, or Shaping our Appalachian Region, that could be something for West Virginians to emulate.
How would you describe the health of West Virginia's economy, and what role has coal played in it? What are your thoughts on the state's future?
West Virginia is a low-wage economy. It is probably the central reason why the state ranks so poorly in income and other economic indicators. That being said, the economy has gotten more diverse over the last couple of decades. However, we are still very dependent on extractive industries, especially for jobs that do not require a post-secondary degree.
Since we didn't have a big housing boom in our state, and the fact that the shale boom coincided with the beginning of the economic crisis, West Virginia has done relatively well compared to other states. While coal employment declined because of the lack of global and interstate demand during the recession, it bounced back quickly up until the beginning of 2013 when the industry was getting hammered by competition from shale gas and cheaper coal from Wyoming and Illinois. Fortunately, the boom in shale development has mostly made up for the decline in coal jobs, although those jobs are primarily in the northern part of the state and the coal job losses are in the southern part of the state.
Coal is still a big piece of our state' economic pie, but its power is waning. This is also evident by looking at how the political power of the state is shifting north to the shale gas fields and to the eastern panhandle where the population is growing.
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King of Hi-de-ho
November 22, 1994
Bassist Milt Hinton once recalled how Cab Calloway's big band traveled in grand style in its own Pullman train. Once he peeked into the baggage car and his eyes "nearly popped out. In the middle of all these trunks and instruments was Cab's big green Lincoln. . . Everywhere Cab went he took that beautiful car with him, and when he got into a town the rest of us would get taxis, but Cab would roll that old Linc down off the train, with his coonskin coat on and a fine Homburg or derby, and drive off. . ."
Onstage or off, eye-popping flash was the hallmark of Cabell "Cab" Calloway III, the Baltimore-reared jazz giant who died at age 86 last Friday. The colorful "King of Hi-de-ho" was an archetypal figure of 20th century American culture: a charismatic vocalist fronting his own band. The bright zoot suits, the smile that seemed as wide as a piano keyboard, the loose strand of hair swinging wildly, the baton bobbing to the beat of the million-selling "Minnie the Moocher," the slick dance moves -- all predated a long line of popular musicians who followed a trail blazed by Cab Calloway.
But there was more to Mr. Calloway than surface "star" appeal; his dramatic, trumpet-like voice, for example. And though not in bTC the league of the Duke Ellington and Count Basie orchestras, the Calloway band was respected for some of the hottest arrangements of the big band era, performed by such top-flight players as trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie, saxophonists Chu Berry and Ben Webster and drummer Cozy Cole.
A grad of Frederick Douglass High School, Mr. Calloway often brought his band to his home town, to the Royal Theatre on Pennsylvania Avenue and the Century on West Lexington, among other night spots now long gone. His Baltimore memories were mostly good, despite the segregation of the day. The reverence he felt for his family and teachers was matched by his fondness for the characters he encountered in what he called "that rough and raucous Baltimore Negro night life with loud music, heavy drinking and the kind of moral standards that my parents looked down on."
He kept making music around the world, staging concerts as late as last year. He led a sing-along to "Minnie the Moocher" in May 1993 during commencement ceremonies at the University of Rochester. Five months later, Mr. Calloway received a National Medal of Arts from President Clinton.
From West Baltimore to the White House, it was indeed a royal life for the King of Hi-de-ho.
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Q:
How to write while members of class still exist in page condition
In jquery or js, preferably jQuery or js that is well supported, how can I do a while with the condition that there are still members of the class on the page.
What I am doing in the suite of the while is systematically removing the elements in the class, but I can not remove them all at once.
Let's say the class is .card.
Here is my code:
$('#dismissAllButton').click(function(){
while($('.dataCard').length>0){
$('.right').eq(0).remove();
$('#left').children('.dataCard').first().addClass('animated').addClass('right');
setTimeout(function(){
$('.right').eq(0).remove();
$('#right').children('.dataCard').first().addClass('animated').addClass('right');
}, 150);
}
});
HTML:
<div id="left">
<div class="dataCard"></div>
<div class="dataCard"></div>
</div>
<div id="right">
<div class="dataCard"></div>
<div class="dataCard"></div>
</div>
A:
You don't need a while loop. Instead, first iterate over each list, then within each list, iterate over each card. This allows you to set a delay on removing the card based on which list it is in so that you can get the effect of removing 1 by 1 from each list at the same time.
$("#dismissAllButton").on("click", function() {
$("#left, #right").each(function(i){
$(".dataCard",this).each(function(ii) {
var card = $(this);
setTimeout(function() {
card.addClass("right");
setTimeout(function() {
card.remove();
},500);
}, i*250+ii*500); // adjust `250` and `500` as needed.
});
});
});
Demo
250 is the delay between left and right, and 500 is the animation duration (dont forget to also update the css transition to reflect that)
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Worsening haze across Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia forces schools to close, airlines to cancel flights
* Haze forces school closings, flight cancellations in SE Asia
* State of emergency declared in two Indonesian provinces
* Police investigating 26 firms (Adds Indonesian minister's quotes)
By Michael Taylor and Kanupriya Kapoor
JAKARTA, Sept 15 (Reuters) - A worsening haze across northern Indonesia, neighbouring Singapore and parts of Malaysia on Tuesday forced some schools to close and airlines to delay flights, while Indonesia ordered a crackdown against lighting fires to clear forested land.
Southeast Asia has suffered for years from annual bouts of smog caused by slash-and-burn practices in Indonesia's Sumatra and Kalimantan islands, but governments in the region have failed to address the problem.
The fires have been exacerbated this year by the effects of the El Nino weather phenomenon, as a prolonged dry season in Indonesia has parched the top soil, fuelling the flames.
"The fire problems have reached a critical point," Luhut Pandjaitan, coordinating minister for political, legal and security affairs, told reporters.
"Our neighbouring countries have protested for years. We are not playing around."
President Joko Widodo, who was on an official visit to the Middle East, instructed security forces late Monday to accelerate efforts to extinguish the fires and revoke land permits from companies found responsible.
Nearly 3,000 military and police personnel, 17 helicopters and four cloud-seeding aircraft have been deployed to fight the fires, according to the country's disaster management agency.
A state of emergency has been declared in Indonesia's Riau and Central Kalimantan provinces as an air quality index has hit "dangerous" levels, rising to as high as 984, officials said.
In Singapore, the index has fluctuated well above 100, levels considered "unhealthy", for the past few days, and reached as high as 249 on Monday night, putting it in "very unhealthy" territory.
Indonesia has struggled for years to contain forest fires and the resulting haze despite repeatedly promising to punish perpetrators.
THOUSANDS SICK
The unhealthy air has caused acute respiratory infections for around 26,000 people in Indonesia's Riau province alone, a government official said.
It has also increased the workload for doctors in Malaysia and Singapore, where the haze has clouded the build-up to the Formula One night race later this week.
Malaysia said it was preparing to conduct cloud-seeding operations to reduce the haze as schools were closed in several states and some flights were disrupted due to poor visibility.
The smog is usually caused by firms and small-holder farmers clearing land adjacent to existing concessions for palm or pulp and paper.
Major plantation companies like Asia Pulp and Paper say they have a "zero burning" policy but have often been criticised by green groups for not doing enough to stop the haze.
Indonesian authorities plan to sanction this week three or four companies of the total 26 under investigation, said Environment Minister Siti Nurbaya Bakar, with the revoking of their land permits a possibility.
(Additional reporting by Bernadette Christina and Eveline Danubrata in JAKARTA, Trinna Leong in KUALA LUMPUR and Fathin Ungku in SINGAPORE; Editing by Randy Fabi and Simon Cameron-Moore)
Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.
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|
Perpendicular magnetic recording, wherein the recorded bits are stored in the generally planar recording layer in a generally perpendicular or out-of-plane orientation (i.e., other than parallel to the surface of the recording layer), is a promising path toward ultra-high recording densities in magnetic recording systems, such as hard disk drives. The perpendicular magnetic recording layer is typically a continuous layer on the disk substrate, like in conventional perpendicular magnetic recording disk drives. However, magnetic recording disk drives with patterned perpendicular magnetic recording layers have been proposed to increase data density. In patterned media the perpendicular magnetic recording layer on the disk is patterned into small isolated data islands arranged in concentric data tracks. To produce the magnetic isolation of the patterned data islands, the magnetic moment of the spaces or regions between the data islands is destroyed or substantially reduced to render these regions essentially nonmagnetic. Alternatively, the media may be fabricated so that there is no magnetic material in the regions between the data islands.
A problem associated with continuous perpendicular magnetic recording media is the thermal instability of the recorded magnetization patterns. In continuous perpendicular magnetic recording layers, the magnetic material (or media) for the recording layer on the disk is chosen to have sufficient coercivity such that the magnetized data bits are written precisely and retain their magnetization state until written over by new data bits. As the areal data density (the number of bits that can be recorded on a unit surface area of the disk) increases, the magnetic grains that make up the data bits can be so small that they can be demagnetized simply from thermal instability or agitation within the magnetized bit (the so-called “superparamagnetic” effect). To avoid thermal instabilities of the stored magnetization, media with high magneto-crystalline anisotropy (KU) may be required. However, increasing KU in recording media also increases the switching field, H0, which is proportional to the ratio KU/MS, where MS is the saturation magnetization (the magnetic moment per unit volume). The switching field H0 is the field required to reverse the magnetization direction at short time scales on the order of 1 ns relevant for the data rates achieved in modern hard disk drives. For most magnetic media H0 is greater but of similar magnitude than the coercivity or coercive field HC of the material measured at time scales of 1 s that are easily accessible in magnetometry experiments. H0 cannot exceed the write field capability of the recording head, which currently is limited to about 15 kOe for perpendicular recording.
One approach to addressing this problem is thermally-assisted recording (TAR) using a magnetic recording disk like that described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,834,026 B2, assigned to the same assignee as this application. This disk has a bilayer medium of a high-coercivity, high-anisotropy ferromagnetic material like FePt as the storage or recording layer and a material like FeRh or Fe(RhX) (where X is Ir, Pt, Ru, Re or Os) as a “transition” layer that exhibits a transition or switch from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic (AF-F) at a transition temperature less than the Curie temperature of the high-coercivity, high-anisotropy material of the recording layer. The recording layer and the transition layer are ferromagnetically exchange-coupled when the transition layer is in its ferromagnetic state. To write data the bilayer medium is heated above the transition temperature of the transition layer with a separate heat source, such as a laser or electrically resistive heater. When the transition layer becomes ferromagnetic, the total magnetization of the bilayer is increased, and consequently the switching field required to reverse a magnetized bit is decreased without lowering the anisotropy of the recording layer. The magnetic bit pattern is recorded in both the recording layer and the transition layer. When the media is cooled to below the transition temperature of the transition layer, the transition layer becomes antiferromagnetic and the bit pattern remains in the high-anisotropy recording layer.
However, the FeRh or Fe(RhX) transition layer required for this type of TAR must be grown at high temperatures, i.e., greater than 500° C., and is difficult to deposit on the substrate in a manner that assures reliable and repeatable magnetic properties.
A problem associated with patterned perpendicular media is broadening of the switching field distribution (SFD). During the writing of an individual data island, the dipolar interaction of fields from neighboring data islands causes a relatively wide distribution of the switching field, i.e., the write field required to switch the magnetization of the data island from one state to the other state. The SFD broadens (that is, the bit-to-bit variation in the switching field increases) as the size of the data islands is reduced, which limits the achievable data density of patterned perpendicular media.
What is needed is improved perpendicular magnetic recording media, usable for either continuous or patterned media, that takes advantage of heating the recording layer to address the problems of thermal instability and SFD.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
[Posttetanic changes in the background gamma oscillations in interhemispheric interactions].
The influence of high-frequency microstimulation (HFMS) of one of the hemispheres on the parameters of spontaneous gamma-oscillations in the neural network containing callosal cells of the motor cortex of both hemispheres. There were three modes in the background oscillation periods distribution, which corresponded to the frequencies 40-60, 70-100, and 100-200 Hz. These oscillation frequencies were also revealed after the HFMS in neural interactions of the cells, which were active before the HFMS; the frequency 40-60 Hz, which dominated before the HFMS, became even more pronounced. The same three groups of oscillation frequencies were found in the activity of cells which became active after the HFMS. The expression of oscillations, the number of oscillatory interactions, as well as the number of neuronal pairs with additional synchronization decreased after the HFMS, which suggests a decrease in synchronization. Taking into account the results of simulation experiments that the frequency of gamma-oscillations is determined by the strength of inhibitory and excitatory input, we suggest that the long-term posttetanic modifications in the efficacy of synaptic inputs of the neurons of both hemispheres underlie the observed posttetanic changes.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Applied Mathematics by Example: Theory
Mathematics is an exceptionally useful subject, having numerous applications in business, computing, engineering and medicine to name but a few. `Applied mathematics’ refers to the study of the physical world using mathematics.
This book approaches the subject from an oft-neglected historical perspective. A particular aim is to make accessible to students Newton’s vision of a single system of law governing the falling of an apple and the orbital motion of the moon.
The book and its associated volume of practice problems give an excellent introduction to applied mathematics.
grato
it helps me learn mathematics
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Jeremy Pickles
Jeremy Pickles was born in 1946 in Hampstead. He attended Tonbridge School in Kent and was awarded a scholarship to St John’s College, Cambridge when he was 16. He spent seven years there, gaining a BA and masters, followed by a PhD in Theoretical Physics with a thesis titled ‘Many-body Theory and the Landau Theory of Fermi Liquids’ under the guidance of Brian Josephson (later a Nobel Laureate). He was also a Cambridge Blue in athletics, specialising in the 880 yards.
After leaving Cambridge he became a Research Officer at the Central Electricity Research Laboratories for 20 years, with some success; in 1977 he won a prize for a paper on the calculation of electric fields using Monte-Carlo methods. In 1992 he left to set up his own consultancy, Statistics Extremes. A keen advocate of the beauty and relevance of mathematics, he began teaching A-level maths on a parttime, voluntary basis at St James Independent School, where both his sons had been pupils. He was also an active member of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications and chaired its London branch from 1993 – 1996.
He attended philosophy courses for many years and through these was initiated into meditation and also introduced to Vedic mathematics. This is an old system of mathematics from the ancient Hindu Vedas that was rediscovered in the early 20th century. The simplicity of the techniques interested Jeremy greatly and he gave a number of lectures on Vedic maths together with Andrew Nicholas, Kenneth Williams and James Glover. He also coauthored two books on the subject: ‘Introductory Lectures on Vedic Mathematics’ and ‘Vertically and Crosswise’.
Throughout his years of teaching, Jeremy made up his own homework questions for his pupils. He wanted to give them practical problems that demonstrated how mathematics worked in the world. He also wanted to give his students an insight into the history of mathematics, something often overlooked. He had a great love and understanding of his subject and was able to convey it with patience and simplicity even to the unmathematical mind.
In 2004, I suggested that he write a book incorporating some of his ideas and work sheets so they could be used by others. He was able to complete it just two months before his death from cancer in 2006.
Sine Pickles, 2010
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
List of countries by number of Internet hosts
This is the list of countries by number of Internet hosts, based on 2012 figures from the CIA World Factbook. Several dependent territories, not fully recognized states, and non-state territories are also listed. The European Union host (.eu) is mostly composed of French, Polish and German hosts.
__TOC__
List
(*) The U.S. figure includes hosts in the .us, .mil, .gov, .edu, .com, .org, and .net domains.
See also
Internet Census of 2012
References
*
*
Category:Internet-related lists
Internet Hosts
Category:IT infrastructure
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
It uses the highest quality goat hair "Saikoho" which delivers you an extra soft feeling. Japanese Cherry Birch handle is also a special feature that will highlight your makeup set. The same pattern does not exist as one in the world!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Document Library - Controllers
"""
module = request.controller
if not settings.has_module(module):
raise HTTP(404, body="Module disabled: %s" % module)
# =============================================================================
def index():
"Module's Home Page"
module_name = settings.modules[module].get("name_nice")
response.title = module_name
return dict(module_name=module_name)
# =============================================================================
def document():
""" RESTful CRUD controller """
# Pre-processor
def prep(r):
# Location Filter
s3db.gis_location_filter(r)
if r.method in ("create", "create.popup"):
doc_id = get_vars.get("~.doc_id", None)
if doc_id:
# Coming from Profile page
s3db.doc_document.doc_id.default = doc_id
return True
s3.prep = prep
output = s3_rest_controller(rheader = document_rheader,
)
return output
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
def document_rheader(r):
if r.representation == "html":
doc_document = r.record
if doc_document:
#rheader_tabs = s3_rheader_tabs(r, document_tabs(r))
table = db.doc_document
rheader = DIV(B("%s: " % T("Name")), doc_document.name,
TABLE(TR(
TH("%s: " % T("File")), table.file.represent(doc_document.file),
TH("%s: " % T("URL")), table.url.represent(doc_document.url),
),
TR(
TH("%s: " % ORGANISATION), table.organisation_id.represent(doc_document.organisation_id),
TH("%s: " % T("Person")), table.person_id.represent(doc_document.organisation_id),
),
),
#rheader_tabs
)
return rheader
return None
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
def document_tabs(r):
"""
Display the number of Components in the tabs
- currently unused as we don't have these tabs off documents
"""
tab_opts = [{"tablename": "assess_rat",
"resource": "rat",
"one_title": "1 Assessment",
"num_title": " Assessments",
},
{"tablename": "irs_ireport",
"resource": "ireport",
"one_title": "1 Incident Report",
"num_title": " Incident Reports",
},
{"tablename": "cr_shelter",
"resource": "shelter",
"one_title": "1 Shelter",
"num_title": " Shelters",
},
#{"tablename": "flood_freport",
# "resource": "freport",
# "one_title": "1 Flood Report",
# "num_title": " Flood Reports",
#},
{"tablename": "req_req",
"resource": "req",
"one_title": "1 Request",
"num_title": " Requests",
},
]
tabs = [(T("Details"), None)]
crud_string = s3base.S3CRUD.crud_string
for tab_opt in tab_opts:
tablename = tab_opt["tablename"]
if tablename in db and document_id in db[tablename]:
table = db[tablename]
query = (table.deleted == False) & \
(table.document_id == r.id)
tab_count = db(query).count()
if tab_count == 0:
label = crud_string(tablename, "label_create")
elif tab_count == 1:
label = tab_opt["one_title"]
else:
label = T(str(tab_count) + tab_opt["num_title"] )
tabs.append( (label, tab_opt["resource"] ) )
return tabs
# =============================================================================
def image():
""" RESTful CRUD controller """
# Pre-processor
def prep(r):
# Location Filter
s3db.gis_location_filter(r)
if r.method in ("create", "create.popup"):
doc_id = get_vars.get("~.doc_id", None)
if doc_id:
# Coming from Profile page
s3db.doc_image.doc_id.default = doc_id
return True
s3.prep = prep
output = s3_rest_controller()
return output
# =============================================================================
def bulk_upload():
"""
Custom view to allow bulk uploading of Photos
@ToDo: Allow creation of a GIS Feature Layer to view on the map
@ToDo: Allow uploading of associated GPX track for timestamp correlation.
See r1595 for the previous draft of this work
"""
s3.stylesheets.append("plugins/fileuploader.css")
return dict()
def upload_bulk():
"""
Receive the Uploaded data from bulk_upload()
https://github.com/valums/file-uploader/blob/master/server/readme.txt
@ToDo: Read EXIF headers to geolocate the Photos
"""
tablename = "doc_image"
table = s3db[tablename]
import cgi
source = request.post_vars.get("qqfile", None)
if isinstance(source, cgi.FieldStorage) and source.filename:
# For IE6-8, Opera, older versions of other browsers you get the file as you normally do with regular form-base uploads.
name = source.filename
image = source.file
else:
# For browsers which upload file with progress bar, you will need to get the raw post data and write it to the file.
if "name" in request.vars:
name = request.vars.name
else:
HTTP(400, "Invalid Request: Need a Name!")
image = request.body.read()
# Convert to StringIO for onvalidation/import
from s3compat import StringIO
image = StringIO(image)
source = Storage()
source.filename = name
source.file = image
form = SQLFORM(table)
vars = Storage()
vars.name = name
vars.image = source
vars._formname = "%s_create" % tablename
# onvalidation callback
onvalidation = s3db.get_config(tablename, "create_onvalidation",
s3db.get_config(tablename, "onvalidation"))
if form.accepts(vars, onvalidation=onvalidation):
msg = Storage(success = True)
# onaccept callback
onaccept = s3db.get_config(tablename, "create_onaccept",
s3db.get_config(tablename, "onaccept"))
from gluon.tools import callback
callback(onaccept, form, tablename=tablename)
else:
error_msg = ""
for error in form.errors:
error_msg = "%s\n%s:%s" % (error_msg, error, form.errors[error])
msg = Storage(error = error_msg)
response.headers["Content-Type"] = "text/html" # This is what the file-uploader widget expects
return json.dumps(msg)
# =============================================================================
def ck_upload():
"""
Controller to handle uploads to CKEditor
Based on https://github.com/timrichardson/web2py_ckeditor4
"""
upload = request.vars.upload
if upload is None:
raise HTTP(401, "Missing required upload.")
if not hasattr(upload, "file"):
raise HTTP(401, "Upload is not proper type.")
path = os.path.join(request.folder, "uploads")
# Load Model
table = s3db.doc_ckeditor
form = SQLFORM.factory(Field("upload", "upload",
requires = IS_NOT_EMPTY(),
#uploadfs = self.settings.uploadfs,
uploadfolder = path,
),
table_name = "doc_ckeditor",
)
old_filename = upload.filename
new_filename = table.upload.store(upload.file,
upload.filename)
#if self.settings.uploadfs:
# length = self.settings.uploadfs.getsize(new_filename)
#else:
length = os.path.getsize(os.path.join(path, new_filename))
mime_type = upload.headers["content-type"]
title = os.path.splitext(old_filename)[0]
result = table.validate_and_insert(title = title,
filename = old_filename,
upload = new_filename,
flength = length,
mime_type = mime_type,
)
if result.id:
text = ""
else:
text = result.errors
url = URL(c="default", f="download",
args = [new_filename])
return {"text": text,
"cknum": request.vars.CKEditorFuncNum,
"url": url,
}
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
def ck_browse():
"""
Controller to handle uploads to CKEditor
"""
table = s3db.doc_ckeditor
#browse_filter = {}
set = db(table.id > 0)
#for key, val in browse_filter.items():
# if value[0] == "<":
# set = set(table[key] < value[1:])
# elif value[0] == ">":
# set = set(table[key] > value[1:])
# elif value[0] == "!":
# set = set(table[key] != value[1:])
# else:
# set = set(table[key] == value)
rows = set.select(orderby = table.title)
return {"rows": rows,
"cknum": request.vars.CKEditorFuncNum,
}
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
def ck_delete():
"""
Controller to handle deletes in CKEditor
"""
try:
filename = request.args[0]
except:
raise HTTP(401, "Required argument filename missing.")
table = s3db.doc_ckeditor
db(table.upload == filename).delete()
# Delete the file from storage
#if self.settings.uploadfs:
# self.settings.uploadfs.remove(filename)
#else:
filepath = os.path.join(request.folder, "uploads", filename)
os.unlink(filepath)
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
def card_config():
return s3_rest_controller()
# END =========================================================================
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
2
Let t = 5544 + -5542. Suppose -6*w = -3*i - 2*w + 44, 0 = -4*i - 4*w + 12. Find the third derivative of 23*p**4 - 12*p**t - 18*p**2 + i*p**2 - 3*p**2 wrt p.
552*p
Suppose 7*m - 93 = -79. Find the second derivative of p**5 + 27*p + 19*p**2 + 13*p + 91*p**m - 12*p - 3 wrt p.
20*p**3 + 220
Let w(d) be the second derivative of 0*d**2 - 29*d + 0 + 43/3*d**3 + 35/6*d**4. Find the second derivative of w(j) wrt j.
140
Let g(a) = -1229*a**4 + 12*a**2 - 2*a - 105. Let t(x) = -2458*x**4 + 30*x**2 - 5*x - 209. Let o(i) = 5*g(i) - 2*t(i). Differentiate o(m) with respect to m.
-4916*m**3
Let f = -367 - -372. Find the second derivative of -11 - 45*w**2 + f*w**3 + 43*w**2 + 0*w**3 - 3*w wrt w.
30*w - 4
Find the third derivative of 4174 + 11*x - 11*x - 4843*x**3 - 4179 + 5*x**2 wrt x.
-29058
Let z(l) be the third derivative of -281*l**4/8 - 364*l**3 - 2133*l**2. What is the first derivative of z(a) wrt a?
-843
Suppose -4*p + 4 + 12 = c, 5*c = -5*p + 5. Find the third derivative of 17*w**4 + 28*w**2 - 13*w**4 + 2*w**p - 4*w**2 - 6*w**5 wrt w.
-240*w**2 + 96*w
Let c(k) be the first derivative of 1687*k**3/3 - 32*k**2 - k - 658. Find the second derivative of c(t) wrt t.
3374
Let s(y) be the second derivative of -2285*y**3/6 - 396*y**2 - 2638*y. Find the first derivative of s(r) wrt r.
-2285
Let i(z) = -z**2 + 19*z - 18. Let g be i(18). Let d be 2 - (g + -1)*755/5. What is the first derivative of 96 + 77 + 9*c**3 - d wrt c?
27*c**2
Let y = 276 - 273. Find the third derivative of -22300*s**3 + 0*s**2 + 68*s**2 + 22202*s**y wrt s.
-588
Let d = 437 + -407. Find the second derivative of -4*q - 2*q**2 + d*q**5 - 4*q + 24294 - 24290 wrt q.
600*q**3 - 4
Let n(q) be the third derivative of -459*q**5/20 + 352*q**4/3 + 2*q**2 - 42*q. Find the second derivative of n(l) wrt l.
-2754
Let a(w) be the first derivative of -7*w**7 + 3*w**5/5 - 4*w**4 + 2864*w**3/3 - w - 4138. What is the third derivative of a(m) wrt m?
-5880*m**3 + 72*m - 96
Let p(y) be the first derivative of 0*y**3 - 87/5*y**5 - 86 + 0*y**4 + 62*y + 0*y**2. What is the first derivative of p(u) wrt u?
-348*u**3
Find the first derivative of -281 - 222*d**2 - 1108 - 270*d**2 wrt d.
-984*d
Differentiate -1774 + 2263*h**3 + 452 - 776 wrt h.
6789*h**2
Suppose 0 = 30*c - 28*c - 90. Suppose 44*y + 4 = c*y. What is the derivative of -3*i**2 - 16 + 11*i**2 - 8*i**2 + 8*i**y wrt i?
32*i**3
Let v(z) = -z**3 + z**2 - 2*z - 3. Let c be v(0). Let x be (340/(-30))/(2/c). What is the third derivative of 10 - 5*w**3 + 22*w**2 + x - 27 wrt w?
-30
Let s(i) be the first derivative of 865*i**3 - i**2/2 + 923*i + 1358. What is the second derivative of s(k) wrt k?
5190
Let c(t) = 1678*t**3 - 6*t**2 - 6*t + 2389. Let k(j) = 1677*j**3 - 7*j**2 - 7*j + 2378. Let w(p) = -7*c(p) + 6*k(p). What is the derivative of w(a) wrt a?
-5052*a**2
Let s(y) be the second derivative of 177*y**4/4 - 251*y**3/3 + 711*y. What is the second derivative of s(w) wrt w?
1062
Let d(t) be the first derivative of t**5/5 - 17*t**4/2 + 817*t**3/3 + 1182. Find the third derivative of d(s) wrt s.
24*s - 204
What is the first derivative of 180*x**4 + 491*x**4 + 888 + 893 - 553 + 253*x**4 wrt x?
3696*x**3
Let w(j) be the third derivative of -1/24*j**6 + 0 - 29/24*j**4 - 1/30*j**5 + 1/6*j**3 - 59*j**2 + 0*j. What is the second derivative of w(p) wrt p?
-30*p - 4
Let q(c) = 170*c - 51. Let j be q(9). What is the second derivative of 1432*s - 2852*s + j*s - 250*s**5 - 3 wrt s?
-5000*s**3
Differentiate -10847*i**3 + 9087 - 10846*i**3 + 7898*i - 10842*i**3 + 32534*i**3 wrt i.
-3*i**2 + 7898
Let z(q) be the first derivative of 112 + 0*q**6 - 1/7*q**7 + 0*q - 13/4*q**4 + 4/3*q**3 + 0*q**5 + 3/2*q**2. What is the third derivative of z(c) wrt c?
-120*c**3 - 78
Let v(t) = -6*t**2 - t - 1. Let a(m) = 832*m**3 + 18*m**2 + 3*m + 597. Let x(j) = 2*a(j) + 6*v(j). What is the derivative of x(p) wrt p?
4992*p**2
Find the second derivative of -4 + 5 - 39*w - 6604*w**2 + 6766*w**2 wrt w.
324
Let s(k) be the first derivative of -96*k + 59 - 1/2*k**2 + 25/3*k**3. What is the second derivative of s(g) wrt g?
50
Find the first derivative of -24737*w**3 - 4095 + 24748*w**3 + 20*w**2 + 77*w**2 wrt w.
33*w**2 + 194*w
Differentiate 1068*u + 1948 + 69 - 1141*u with respect to u.
-73
Let v(i) be the first derivative of -1831*i**4/4 - 2*i**3/3 + 211*i + 631. Find the third derivative of v(d) wrt d.
-10986
Let l = 1 + -4. Let q = l + 6. Find the third derivative of -18*u**2 + 11*u**q + 2*u**2 - 8*u**3 + 21*u**3 wrt u.
144
Suppose -18 + 6 = -3*a. Suppose -r - a = -12. Find the third derivative of -137*x**4 + 151*x**4 + r*x**2 + 3*x**2 wrt x.
336*x
Let a(y) = -y**4 + y**2 - y + 3. Let h(r) = -1349*r**5 + 5*r**4 + 2014*r**2 + 5*r - 15. Let t(u) = -5*a(u) - h(u). Find the third derivative of t(z) wrt z.
80940*z**2
Let h(w) be the third derivative of 361*w**8/42 + 67*w**5/6 - w**4/8 + 265*w**2 - w. What is the third derivative of h(q) wrt q?
173280*q**2
Let a(d) = -d**2 + 2. Let u(x) = 1767*x**2 - 3*x + 160. Let r(n) = 18*a(n) - 2*u(n). What is the second derivative of r(l) wrt l?
-7104
Let b(f) be the first derivative of -168*f - 98 + 81/2*f**2. Differentiate b(g) with respect to g.
81
Suppose 392*s - 377 = 363*s. Let m be (-2*1)/(-2) + 2. Differentiate -h**3 - h**m + s*h**3 + 35 - 28 with respect to h.
33*h**2
Let j(q) = q**3 + 4*q**2. Let d(m) = 4175*m**3 - 24*m**2 + 12163*m. Let p(a) = -d(a) - 6*j(a). What is the second derivative of p(f) wrt f?
-25086*f
Let v(d) be the first derivative of 0*d**3 + 0*d**2 - 81/5*d**5 - 44*d + 0*d**4 - 35. What is the derivative of v(f) wrt f?
-324*f**3
Let b(q) = q**4 - q - 2. Let t(m) = -10*m**3 + 4 - 21*m - 104*m + 10*m**3 - 81*m**4 + 4. Let d(k) = -4*b(k) - t(k). What is the second derivative of d(i) wrt i?
924*i**2
Suppose 0 = -3*z + z + 444. Suppose -5*x = 152 - z. What is the third derivative of 9*i**4 - 3*i**2 + x*i**2 - 13*i**4 + 29*i**4 wrt i?
600*i
Let x = -21617 + 21664. Let y(a) be the first derivative of 18*a + 0*a**3 + x + 0*a**4 - 11/5*a**5 + 0*a**2. What is the derivative of y(b) wrt b?
-44*b**3
Differentiate -191 - 294*c**4 + 100 - 169 - 851*c**4 with respect to c.
-4580*c**3
Let l(d) = 3*d**2 - d + 4. Let a(y) = -2740*y**2 + 5*y + 307. Let b(g) = a(g) + 3*l(g). Find the second derivative of b(c) wrt c.
-5462
Let k(y) be the second derivative of 0 + 0*y**3 + 5/21*y**7 + 5/2*y**4 + 245*y + 0*y**5 + 0*y**2 + 2/15*y**6. What is the third derivative of k(l) wrt l?
600*l**2 + 96*l
Let o be (-1)/3*(3 + -18). Find the third derivative of -15*p**5 + 26*p**o - 6*p**2 + 30*p**5 + 4*p**2 wrt p.
2460*p**2
Find the second derivative of -56*s**5 + 987*s + 50290*s**3 + 2*s**4 + 26*s**2 + 2 - 50290*s**3 wrt s.
-1120*s**3 + 24*s**2 + 52
What is the third derivative of 3987*n**3 - 588*n**2 + 147*n**4 - 149*n**4 - 1 + 4*n**4 wrt n?
48*n + 23922
Find the third derivative of -316*r - 7885*r**2 - r**5 + 0*r**5 + 59*r**4 + 316*r - 46*r**4 wrt r.
-60*r**2 + 312*r
Let t(g) be the first derivative of 21/5*g**5 + 0*g + 225 + 1/3*g**6 - 17/3*g**3 + 0*g**2 + 0*g**4. What is the third derivative of t(m) wrt m?
120*m**2 + 504*m
Find the first derivative of 2315*n + 43 - 365 - 1306*n - 1330*n wrt n.
-321
Let r(y) be the third derivative of 0*y - 49*y**2 - 1/12*y**5 + 0 + 0*y**3 + 1/60*y**6 + 13/6*y**4. Find the second derivative of r(c) wrt c.
12*c - 10
Suppose -4 = -4*m + 2*s, -m - 6*s + 5*s = -7. Let g(w) be the first derivative of -m*w + 6*w**3 - 12 + 4*w + w. Differentiate g(u) wrt u.
36*u
Suppose 13 - 1 = 2*b. Let p = -112 - -112. What is the third derivative of p*g**6 + 0*g**6 - 6*g**b + 3*g**6 + 3*g**2 wrt g?
-360*g**3
Let r(d) be the second derivative of 0 + 4/3*d**3 + 15*d**2 - 54*d. What is the first derivative of r(p) wrt p?
8
Differentiate -1769*v - 383*v - 327 - 433 - 268 wrt v.
-2152
Suppose 9 = 3*u + f + 4*f, 4*u - 12 = -5*f. What is the third derivative of -21326*w + 21326*w + w**2 - 68*w**u - 9 wrt w?
-408
Let x(d) = -46*d**2 - 65*d - 1112. Let r(v) = 2*v**2 - 4*v - 9. Let q(g) = r(g) - x(g). What is the first derivative of q(a) wrt a?
96*a + 61
Let v be (2/4)/(4/(1112/1)). Suppose f - v = -s + 306, -f - 3*s + 439 = 0. Find the first derivative of -490*m + f*m - 67 + m**2 + 16 wrt m.
2*m - 42
Suppose -u - 24 = -3*w, 3*u - 85 + 132 = 4*w. Let f(j) be the third
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Q:
Using Python's UUID to generate unique IDs, should I still check for duplicates?
I'm using Python's UUID function to create unique IDs for objects to be stored in a database:
>>> import uuid
>>> print uuid.uuid4()
2eec67d5-450a-48d4-a92f-e387530b1b8b
Is it ok to assume that this is indeed a unique ID?
Or should I double-check that this unique ID has not already been generated against my database before accepting it as valid.
A:
You should always have a duplicate check, even though the odds are pretty good, you can always have duplicates.
I would recommend just adding a duplicate key constraint in your database and in case of an error retry.
A:
I would use uuid1, which has zero chance of collisions since it takes date/time into account when generating the UUID (unless you are generating a great number of UUID's at the same time).
You can actually reverse the UUID1 value to retrieve the original epoch time that was used to generate it.
uuid4 generates a random ID that has a very small chance of colliding with a previously generated value, however since it doesn't use monotonically increasing epoch time as an input (or include it in the output uuid), a value that was previously generated has a (very) small chance of being generated again in the future.
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chooseFileDialogTitle = Seleccione un archivo
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PHPfiles = Archivos PHP
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RICHMOND (CN) – A Democratic congressional candidate in Virginia is threatening legal action against a conservative PAC that shared an unredacted copy of her federal security clearance application with the press.
The document in question is an SF86 form filled out by Abigail Spanberger, the Democratic candidate for Virginia’s 7th District.
The survey is a massive, highly personal and mandatory form for those seeking federal jobs that require security clearance. They are used to conduct background investigations, reinvestigations, and continuous evaluations of persons under consideration for, or retention of, national security positions.
Lying on the form can lead to a five-year prison sentence.
The document, unredacted and containing Spanberger’s social security number, home addresses and phone numbers, was acquired and shared with the press by the Congressional Leadership Fund, a political action committee “dedicated to protecting and strengthening the Republican Majority in the House of Representatives.”
The group said the document was legally obtained via FOIA request from the Official Personnel Folder for Spanberger from the US Post Office. Spanberger said she filled out the document when she was seeking a job as a federal postal inspector for the USPS.
Spanberger has since released a statement condemning the PAC for distributing the document as well as the federal agencies for allowing the information inside to be released to the public without her consent.
She also linked Speaker Paul Ryan, who heads the PAC, to the document’s release.
“I am not aware of any legal way the CLF could have this document,” she said in a statement before threatening legal action against the group if her request to destroy the document was not met by 5 p.m. Wednesday.
But according to Victoria Baranetsky, general counsel for the Center for Investigative Reporting, Spanberger’s chance of success in a legal challenge is in “murky territory.”
“An agency can mistakenly release documents … and a publication can publish that information, but there are consequences for that,” she said, offering two common outcomes.
In once scenario, the agency tells the FOIA receiver it was given the document, or unredacted parts of the document, by mistake. They can then tell the receiver to stop publishing it and ask a court to issue prior restraint order stopping it from being published or shared further.
“[That’s] incredibly rare and not usually the case,” Baranetsky said.
But there’s another scenario, also backed up with case law, that says once the agency has disclosed the record they’ve waved any FOIA exemption privileges.
“Sometimes an agency, just by mistaken release, has waived [that FOIA exemption],” she said.
While Baranetsky said she hadn’t heard any of her reporters filing for SF86 documents, she had seen plenty of requests for personnel files and while they are sometimes granted, there’s also a specific part of FOIA law that allows the agency to deny such a request.
“Under FOIA, there is an exemptions for personnel records, but the question is ‘is there any portions that can be published while others parts are redacted,’” she said, noting things like phone numbers, addresses and, in particular social security numbers, would often be among the information that is denied or redacted prior to release.
Still, as a media attorney, Baranetsky said it’s important to promote transparency and access to public documents.
“That’s an integral tenent to the practice,” she said. “However there’s also the importance of respecting certain privacy concerns and that type of balancing is imported into FOIA practice as well as pre-publication review.”
In a statement, CLF spokesperson Courtney Alexander said the group “follows the letter of the law in examining any candidate’s background and Ms. Spanberger was no different.”
“That she’s threatening legal action, however, should raise serious questions for voters about what else she is trying to hide,” she said.
The Fund used the document to trace Spanberger’s work history to a less-than-a-year long stint working at a Saudi-funded Islamic school from late 2002 to early 2003. In 2005 the school came under fire when one of its graduates was convicted of providing information in a terrorist plot to assassinate then-president George W. Bush. Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, at the time, accused the school of being a training ground for radical Islamic theology.
The Fund has since used Spanberger’s time there, and her attempt to destroy the document, as a campaign attack saying the candidate’s actions show she “would want to hide from voters that she worked at a school that produced some of the world’s most dangerous terrorists.”
A newcomer to politics, Spanberger is challenging incumbent Republican and Tea Party member Dave Brat in the upcoming 2018 midterm election. The Cook Political Report has put the race as a “toss up” as the district, made up of Richmond’s suburbs and large swaths of rural land, shifts more blue, however the district has been GOP controlled since 1971.
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1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to mechanisms for providing security in networked computing systems. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method and an apparatus that uses a portable security token (PST) to facilitate cross-certification between certification authorities (CAs) associated with separate public-key infrastructure (PKI) domains.
2. Related Art
Public key cryptography provides a powerful tool that can be used to encrypt data and to authenticate digital signatures. However, widespread use of public key cryptography requires that a practical solution be found for the problem of associating public keys with their owners in a trusted (authenticated) manner.
One solution to this problem is to construct a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). A PKI supports a collection of well-known trusted public keys, which can be hierarchically organized. In a PKI, the owner of a trusted key is usually referred to as a “Certification Authority,” or “CA.” A CA can use a private key corresponding to its trusted public key to authenticate the keys of other members (users and devices) in the PKI by signing the keys for the members, and creating “digital certificates.” A digital certificate typically links a public key to information indicating who owns the key (an identity certificate), or what the key is allowed to be used for (an attribute certificate), or at a minimum, that the bearer of the corresponding private key is a valid member of this particular PKI or some other trust system. A PKI simplifies the key management problem because it eliminates the need to exchange keys between all the members of a trusted network. Instead, in a PKI, only the trusted public keys need to be publicized.
It was initially envisioned that a single “global” PKI would eventually be adopted, which would enable any device on the Internet to authenticate itself to any other device on the Internet. Unfortunately, such a global PKI has not been adopted. Instead, there presently exist many separate PKI domains. For example, a separate PKI domain often exists for computing devices within a company or within a governmental organization. Because of absence of a single global PKI, it is difficult for devices on the Internet to establish trust with other devices on the Internet.
A number of schemes have been developed to enable devices from different PKI domains to interoperate with each other. In particular, a technique known as “cross-certification” allows two separate PKI domains to be merged into a single combined PKI domain. For example, consider a scenario with two PKI domains: a first PKI domain, with an associated first root CA, and a second PKI domain, with an associated second root CA. In the cross-certification process, the second root CA issues a “cross-certificate” to the first root CA. The cross-certificate is then propagated to devices in the first PKI domain, thereby allowing these devices to authenticate themselves to devices in the second PKI domain. In addition, cross-certification can also take place in the other direction, in which the first root CA issues a cross-certificate to the second root CA, thereby achieving full cross-certification.
Unfortunately, cross-certification is a complicated and time-consuming process. Cross-certification typically requires a meeting between administrators of the different domains, and certification information has to somehow be transferred securely between the root CAs for the different domains. Note that secure communications between the root CAs cannot take place across a public network, such as the Internet, until the cross-certificate is completed. Consequently, the certification information has to be exchanged through some other communication channel. For example, disks carrying this certification information can be hand-carried between the CAs.
Hence, what is needed is a method and an apparatus that simplifies the process of performing cross-certification between different PKI domains.
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INTRODUCTION {#s1}
============
One of the most frequently deregulated pathways in human cancers is the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-K) and Akt signaling cascade \[[@R1]\]. This is particularly evident in breast cancer where mutations exist in virtually all of the proteins that lead to activation of PI 3-K and its downstream effectors. Activation of cell surface receptors, particularly receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), leads to activation of class I PI 3-K, which catalyzes the synthesis of PtdIns-3,4,5-P3 (PIP3) from PtdIns-4,5-P2 (PIP2). PIP3 functions as a true second messenger by recruiting multiple effector molecules, one of which is the Akt/PKB protein kinase that directly binds to PIP3 through its pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. This binding facilitates the phosphorylation of Akt at Thr308 and Ser473 mediated by phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK-1) and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2), respectively \[[@R2]\]. Finally, activated Akt translocates to multiple cellular compartments where it phosphorylates a large number of substrates that transduce the signal to a variety of cellular responses that are intimately associated with malignancy, including cell proliferation, growth, motility, survival and metabolic reprogramming \[[@R3]\]. The Akt family comprises three isoforms - AKT1 (PKBα), AKT2 (PKBβ), and AKT3 (PKBγ) - which have non-redundant functions in various physiological as well as pathophysiological conditions \[[@R4]\].
The most frequent genetic lesions in this pathway comprise oncogenic mutations in *PIK3CA*, the gene that encodes the p110α isoform of class I PI 3-K \[[@R5]\]. Other breast cancer mutations prevalent in this pathway include mutational or epigenetic inactivation of Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog (*PTEN*), a lipid phosphatase that terminates PI 3-K signaling by dephosphorylating PIP3. Both oncogenic *PIK3CA* mutations and inactivation of *PTEN* lead to excessive and constitutive activation of Akt and downstream signaling, resulting in uncontrolled proliferation and increased cellular survival \[[@R6]\]. Mutations and amplifications in the Akt genes themselves have also been identified in various human solid tumors. In the context of breast cancer, the *AKT1(E17K)* somatic mutation was first identified in breast cancer but is also found in lung, bladder, endometrial, urothelial and prostate cancers \[[@R7]-[@R13]\]. The frequency of the *AKT1(E17K)* mutation in breast cancers ranges from 4-8%. This oncogenic mutation renders Akt constitutively active by broadening the lipid specificity of the Akt PH domain \[[@R14]\], thus enabling its transforming capacity in fibroblasts *in vitro* and leukemias *in vivo \[[@R7]\]*. Interestingly, in breast cancer *AKT1(E17K)* is mutually exclusive with *PIK3CA* and *PTEN* mutations \[[@R15]\], although in other cancers such as endometrial carcinoma, these mutations frequently co-exist in the same tumor \[[@R12]\]. Furthermore, *AKT1(E17K)* has been found predominantly in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast tumors \[[@R16]\]. However, *in vitro* studies have provided inconclusive information regarding the functional advantages this oncogenic mutation confers \[[@R17]\]. Expression of AKT1(E17K) has been shown to enhance cell migration and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents in luminal breast cancer cells \[[@R17], [@R18]\]. Similarly, knock-in of the *AKT1(E17K)* mutation into MCF-7 ER-positive cells in which oncogenic *PIK3CA(E545K)* has been restored to the wild-type allele restores proliferation and tumor growth *in vivo*, arguing that at least in ER-positive luminal breast cancer cells, *AKT1(E17K)* can function as a *bona fide* oncogene \[[@R19]\]. It is also worth noting that an analogous E17K mutation has been identified in *AKT2* in one breast cancer patient \[[@R20]\] and in *AKT3* in melanomas \[[@R21]\]. Moreover, a recurrent MAGI3-Akt3 fusion protein that results in a truncated form of the *MAGI3* gene fused in frame to *AKT3* at the E17 residue of Akt3 has been identified in breast cancers \[[@R22]\]. The mechanisms by which any of these somatic mutations contribute to malignancy have yet to be reported.
To date, no studies have examined the capacity of *AKT1(E17K)* to drive mammary cancer in a genetically engineered mouse model. Previous studies have addressed the contribution of AKT1 activity to mammary tumorigenesis using constitutively active AKT1 transgenes driven by the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter. MMTV-MyrAKT1 mice treated with DMBA to induce chemical carcinogenesis develop ER-positive mammary tumors \[[@R23]\]. In addition, transgenic mice harboring a phospho-mimetic *AKT1(T308D/S473D)* mutant in combination with *HER2* display a decrease in tumor latency and accelerated tumor growth, but decreased incidence of metastases, consistent with AKT1 functioning as a metastasis suppressor \[[@R24], [@R25]\]. Studies using AKT1 and AKT2 knockout mice have arrived at similar conclusions \[[@R26]\].
Since any association between AKT1 and ER has not been explored *in vivo,* and there are no models to evaluate the contribution of *AKT1(E17K)* to mammary tumorigenesis, we generated a mammary-specific inducible *AKT1(E17K)* transgenic mouse. We present evidence indicating that *AKT1(E17K)* is not sufficient for transformation *in vivo*, but induces mammary gland hyperplasia in both virgin and multiparous females. In addition, combination of MMTV-driven *AKT1(E17K)* with MMTV-*HER2* overexpression prevents *HER2-*driven mammary tumor formation, in part through negative feedback inhibition of RTK signaling mediated by AKT1(E17K).
RESULTS {#s2}
=======
AKT1(E17K) escapes negative feedback inhibition but does not enhance proliferation of mammary epithelial cells *in vitro* {#s2_1}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To study the functional significance of the *AKT1(E17K)* mutation in breast cancer, we developed a system to stably express either wild-type *AKT1* or *AKT1(E17K)* in a doxycycline-inducible manner in the non-tumorigenic immortalized MCF10A breast epithelial cell line. Cells were serum-starved overnight and stimulated with 5% serum. Consistent with previous studies \[[@R17]\], basal phosphorylation of AKT1(E17K) at Ser473 and Thr308 is moderately elevated compared to wild-type AKT1 (Figure [1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). However, this does not translate into significantly enhanced phosphorylation of downstream Akt substrates as measured with a substrate-directed Akt motif antibody, as well as antibodies against known Akt substrates (Figure [1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). This is despite the fact that in a cell-free system, isolated AKT1(E17K) has significantly elevated protein kinase activity toward the model substrate GSK-3β, again when compared to wild-type AKT1. Apparently, this enhanced intrinsic kinase activity is not sufficient to propagate signals to constitutive downstream substrate phosphorylation in the absence of stimuli. Consistently, AKT1(E17K) cannot promote the proliferation of cells in the absence of serum and growth factors (Figure [1C](#F1){ref-type="fig"}), nor does it provide a proliferative advantage in full growth media (data not shown).
{#F1}
Since multiple feedback loops exist in the PI 3-K and Akt pathway to maintain homeostatic control, and oncogenic mutations in genes that modulate this pathway can often escape this feedback regulation, we next evaluated the kinetics of AKT1(E17K) activation in MCF10A cells. Cells expressing wild-type AKT1 show a robust induction of Akt phosphorylation in response to IGF-1 as early as 2 min, translating into Akt substrate phosphorylation (pPRAS40). This activation attenuates by 1 h post-stimulation and returns to basal levels by 24 h (Figure [2A](#F2){ref-type="fig"}), as would be expected by feedback inhibition. By contrast, cells expressing AKT1(E17K) show sustained Akt activation (pSer473, pThr308, pPRAS40) out to 24 h post-stimulation (Figure [2B](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). The kinetics of endogenous Akt2 phosphorylation are still subject to feedback inhibition as judged by phosphorylation of pSer474 in both wild type and AKT1(E17K) expressing cells. This indicates that AKT1(E17K) specifically escapes feedback inhibition, allowing for sustained signal propagation.
{#F2}
AKT1(E17K) transgenic mice develop mammary hyperplasia associated with increased estrogen receptor expression {#s2_2}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The above data demonstrate that the *AKT1(E17K)* mutation is not sufficient to drive proliferation in non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cells *in vitro*. However, MCF10A cells do not express estrogen receptor, and the *AKT1(E17K)* mutation is strongly associated with ER-positive tumors in patients \[[@R16]\]. Furthermore, the majority of ER-positive breast cancer cell lines also harbor *PIK3CA* or *PTEN* mutations, which are mutually exclusive with *AKT1(E17K)* \[[@R15]\]. Therefore, to evaluate the contribution of *AKT1(E17K)* to mammary tumorigenesis in the context of ER expression, we generated a tissue-specific, *AKT1(E17K)* transgenic mouse line by cloning human HA-*AKT1(E17K)* (*hAKT1(E17K)*) into the tetracycline-responsive (tet-off) pTET splice vector. Two founder lines (Tg \#4 and Tg \#9) were selected based on protein expression by crossing candidate founders determined by PCR with a VE-Cadherin-tTA driver mouse for constitutive expression of the transgene (Figure [3A](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). This allowed us to perform expression analysis on livers harvested from newborn pups to expedite the initial screening of protein levels among founder lines. To validate the responsiveness to tetracycline, we added tetracycline to the drinking water of VE-Cadherin-tTA;*hAKT1(E17K)* mice to turn off protein expression (Figure [3B](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Upon selection of two *hAKT1(E17K)* expressing lines, we validated activity of the transgene in the mammary epithelium using MMTV-tTA driver mice, revealing expression of the transgene using anti-HA IHC in control MMTV-tTA or MMTV-tTA;*hAKT1(E17K)* lines (data not shown).
{#F3}
To address whether *AKT1(E17K)* is sufficient to drive oncogenic signaling in the mammary epithelium, we initially assessed transformation in virgin female transgenic mice. MMTV-tTA;*hAKT1(E17K)* mice were monitored for the presence of palpable mammary tumors over the course of 1 year of constitutive transgene expression. No palpable tumors were detected in any of the virgin females. Whole mount and histological analyses of mammary glands confirmed the absence of tumors as a result of prolonged MMTV-driven *hAKT1(E17K)* expression, compared to control mice harboring MMTV alone (Figure [4A and 4B](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). However, all mammary glands of transgenic mice demonstrated marked acinar hyperplasia beginning at 6 months of age (Figure [4B](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the hyperplasia results from an expansion of the myoepithelium, since the hyperplastic mammary acini are negative for CK8, a luminal marker, but maintain expression of CK14, a myoepithelial marker ([Supplementary Figure S1](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Furthermore, expression of the *hAKT1(E17K)* transgene results in increased expression of ER (Figure [4D](#F4){ref-type="fig"}, bottom panel), concomitant with expression of the transgene as revealed by staining for anti-HA and anti-pSer473 (Figure [4D](#F4){ref-type="fig"}, top and middle panels), again compared to control mice (Figure [4C](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). This is consistent with published data showing that the *AKT1(E17K)* somatic mutation is associated with ER-positive breast tumors \[[@R16]\].
{#F4}
We next determined whether signaling events contributing to the proliferation and morphogenesis of the mammary gland as a result of pregnancy provide the necessary factors to promote transformation. MMTV-tTA;*hAKT1(E17K)* mice were paired multiple times and monitored for 1 year for evidence of palpable tumors. Similar to virgin females, whole mount and histological analyses confirmed the absence of tumors. However, multiparous females display a more dramatic mammary gland hyperplasia at 1 year compared to virgin females and control MMTV mice (Figure [5A and 5B](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, expression of *hAKT1(E17K)* also leads to increased ER expression in hyperplastic mammary acini compared to control (Figure [5C](#F5){ref-type="fig"} and Figure [5D](#F5){ref-type="fig"}, bottom panel). Taken together, these data demonstrate that constitutive expression of *hAKT1(E17K)* causes mammary hyperplasia in both virgin and multiparous females with an associated increase in ER expression.
We also determined if mammary hyperplasia occurs as a result of *hAKT1(E17K)* signaling during early events in mammary gland development. Tetracycline was added to the drinking water to turn off transgene expression just after the onset of puberty in virgin females at approximately 6-7 weeks of age. Mice were administered tetracycline for a total of 6 months. Mammary glands analyzed by whole mount and histological analysis appear normal, and hyperplasia is not observed (data not shown). These data indicate that the events driving mammary hyperplasia in MMTV-tTA;*hAKT1(E17K)* transgenic animals do not occur as a result of alterations in early mammary developmental programs.
{#F5}
Estrogen does not enable *AKT1(E17K)* to promote mammary tumorigenesis {#s2_3}
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Numerous studies have indicated multiple interactions between PI 3-K/Akt signaling and ER function in breast cancer. Growth factor signaling promotes ER phosphorylation, which alters receptor conformation, affinity and transcriptional activity \[[@R27]\]. ERα can also directly bind the p85 subunit of PI 3-K, allowing estrogen stimulation to potentiate PI 3-K activity leading to Akt activation \[[@R28]\]. Moreover, overexpression of HER2 simultaneously with ERα in breast cancer modulates endocrine resistance \[[@R29]\]. Stimulation of mammary epithelial cells with estradiol results in increased expression and activity of the estrogen receptor \[[@R30]\], and prolonged exposure to estrogen accelerates mammary transformation in mice \[[@R31]\]. Since the *AKT1(E17K)* somatic mutation is only detected in patients with ER-positive breast tumors \[[@R16]\], we evaluated whether exposure to estradiol accelerates the MMTV-tTA;*hAKT1(E17K)* mammary gland phenotype. Multiparous MMTV-tTA;*hAKT1(E17K)* transgenic mice were exposed to a slow-release pellet of 17β-estradiol for 63 days. Whole mount and histological analyses revealed that prolonged exposure to 17β-estradiol results in an arrested state of lactation in both MMTV-tTA;*hAKT1(E17K)* and MMTV-tTA control mice ([Supplementary Figure S2A and S2B](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). We were unable to detect mammary tumors in either MMTV-tTA;*hAKT1(E17K)* or MMTV-tTA control mice; however, hyperplasia was observed in MMTV-tTA;*hAKT1(E17K)* mice ([Supplementary Figure S2C and S2D](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Interestingly, increased pAkt Ser473 staining is observed as a result of estradiol stimulation in the acini of MMTV-tTA control mammary glands, with a further increase in MMTV-tTA;*hAKT1(E17K)* mice (Figure [4C and 4D](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). As expected, elevated expression of ER is also observed in both transgenic and control mammary glands as a result of prolonged estradiol stimulation. Taken together, these results further support a role for *AKT1(E17K)* in mediating upstream and downstream ER signaling.
*AKT1(E17K)* suppresses *HER2*-mediated mammary tumorigenesis {#s2_4}
-------------------------------------------------------------
Integrative genomic studies have indicated that the *AKT1(E17K)* mutation in breast cancer is mutually exclusive with *HER2* \[[@R16]\]. However, transgenic expression of activated phospho-mimetic or myristoylated AKT1 mutants in the mammary gland in combination with MMTV-*HER2* significantly decreases tumor latency, suggesting that signaling through Akt can enhance the effects of *HER2* \[[@R25], [@R32]\]. By contrast, we find that tumor formation in double MMTV-tTA;*hAKT1(E17K)*;MMTV-*HER2* transgenic mice is completely abolished compared to MMTV-*HER2* alone (Figure [6A-6C](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). However, the MMTV-tTA;*hAKT1(E17K)*;MMTV-*HER2* mammary glands display mammary gland hyperplasia similar to that observed in MMTV-tTA;*hAKT1(E17K)* transgenic mice (Figure [6C](#F6){ref-type="fig"}, compared to Figure [4B](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). MMTV-tTA;*hAKT1(E17K)*;MMTV-*HER2* mice exposed to tetracycline (to turn off transgene expression) in the drinking water develop mammary tumors as expected (data not shown).
A previous study has shown that expression of an activated Akt allele in a *HER2*-driven background in the mouse mammary gland leads to decreased expression and phosphorylation of a number of RTKs, including HER3 and EGFR \[[@R32]\]. Consistent with this, we find that MMTV-tTA;*hAKT1(E17K)*;MMTV-*HER2* mice express significantly lower total and tyrosine-phosphorylated EGFR, HER2 and HER3, to the same extent that is observed in MMTV-tTA;*hAKT1(E17K)* mice (Figure [6D](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). Moreover, MMTV-tTA;*hAKT1(E17K)*;MMTV-*HER2* mice show significantly improved survival to the same extent that is seen in control or MMTV-tTA;*hAKT1(E17K)* mice, when compared to MMTV-*HER2* mice (Figure [6E](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). These data are consistent with AKT1(E17K) attenuating RTK signaling through feedback inhibition.
{#F6}
To determine if AKT1(E17K) controls negative feedback, we examined dose-dependent activation of endogenous Akt2 in MCF10A cells expressing AKT1(E17K). As predicted, activation of endogenous Akt2 is suppressed by AKT1(E17K) expression in cells stimulated with IGF-1, compared to cells expressing wild-type AKT1 (Figure [7A](#F7){ref-type="fig"}). No changes in the total levels of AKT or IGF-1-1R are observed. Finally, we analyzed mRNA expression and reverse-phase protein array (RPPA) data from the breast cancer TCGA data set for tumors harboring *AKT1(E17K)* \[[@R33]\]. Consistent with the findings from the MMTV-tTA;*hAKT1(E17K)*;MMTV-*HER2* mice, analysis of RTKs and RTK-related proteins in the microarray and RPPA data sets reveals that a significant proportion of these show a downward trend in mRNA expression, protein levels, and phosphorylation, although this does not reach statistical significance due to the relatively small number of *AKT1(E17K)* cases (Figure [7B](#F7){ref-type="fig"}). Moreover, total ER (*ESR1*) is elevated in *AKT1(E17K)* tumors (Figure [7C](#F7){ref-type="fig"}), consistent with elevated ER in the MMTV-tTA;*hAKT1(E17K)* mice (Figure [4D](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Intriguingly, we also note a significant up-regulation of several tumor suppressors in *AKT1(E17K)* tumors, including neurofibromin 2 (*NF2*), *PTEN* and tuberous sclerosis 2 (*TSC2*) (Figure [7C](#F7){ref-type="fig"}). The significance of this up-regulation remains to be determined, but is consistent with *AKT1(E17K)* suppression of *HER2*-driven tumorigenesis. Taken together, these data support a model in which *AKT1(E17K)* is not sufficient to promote signals that promote tumorigenesis because it attenuates RTK signaling through negative feedback control.
{#F7}
DISCUSSION {#s3}
==========
In this study we generated the first genetically engineered mouse model for the oncogenic *AKT1(E17K)* somatic mutation in the mammary gland. This mutation has been detected in approximately 4-8% of breast tumors, with a strong association with ER expression. Although *AKT1(E17K)* can drive transformation of fibroblasts *in vitro* \[[@R7]\] and enhances the survival and migration of luminal breast epithelial cells \[[@R18]\], we find that expression of *AKT1(E17K)* in MCF10A cells does not strongly activate downstream signaling, nor does it enhance proliferation, consistent with previous findings \[[@R17]\]. Consistently, transgenic mice expressing *AKT1(E17K)* driven by the MMTV promoter develop hyperplastic lesions that do not progress to carcinoma. This hyperplasia is concomitant with an increase in ER expression, suggesting that ER activity may enable *AKT1(E17K)* to promote proliferation *in vivo*. Previous studies that have evaluated the functional significance of the *AKT1(E17K)* mutation *in vitro*, including our own, have been primarily performed in ER-negative cell lines. More recently, a study demonstrated that replacing the oncogenic *PIK3CA(E545K)* mutation with wild-type *PIK3CA* in MCF7 luminal breast cancer cells that are ER-positive in the context of *AKT1(E17K)* knock-in leads to increased transformation and xenograft tumor volume, demonstrating that *AKT1(E17K)* can function as an oncogene in the context of an ER-positive, luminal breast cancer \[[@R19]\]. Together with the observation that *AKT1(E17K)* expression leads to different phenotypes in mammary myoepithelial *versus* luminal cells \[[@R18]\], it is likely that this mutation is selected for in human breast cancer under specific genetic and cellular contexts that enable it to function effectively as an oncogene.
The finding that *AKT1(E17K)* suppresses *HER2*-mediated mammary tumorigenesis is in stark contrast with previous findings that have examined activated AKT1 transgenes in the same context. Specifically, both phospho-mimetic *AKT1(T308D/S473D)* and Myr-AKT1 transgenes accelerate *HER2*-driven mammary tumor formation \[[@R25], [@R32]\]. There are likely a number of reasons why *AKT1(E17K)* does not phenocopy artificially-activated AKT1 with respect to *HER2*-mediated tumor progression. First, both *AKT1(T308D/S473D)* and Myr-AKT1 have a quantitatively higher constitutive protein kinase activity that is not recapitulated by *AKT1(E17K)*. *AKT1(T308D/S473D)* is constitutively basally hyperactive and not subject to inactivation by dephosphorylation, and similarly Myr-AKT1 is constitutively membrane-localized and phosphorylated. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulations have revealed that the increased membrane association of the AKT1(E17K) mutant is due to rapid conformational changes in the PH domain that likely explain the pathological consequences attributed to this mutation \[[@R34]\]. Another likely explanation that accounts for the suppressed *HER2*-driven tumors in the context of *AKT1(E17K)* is feedback inhibition of RTK signaling. Several lines of evidence support this conclusion. For example, studies have shown that inhibition of Akt leads to up-regulation of several RTKs, including insulin receptor, IGF-1R and HER3 \[[@R35]\]. By extension, one would predict that in the converse situation, *AKT1(E17K)* would suppress RTK expression, and indeed we observe this correlation in both MMTV-tTA;*hAKT1(E17K)*;MMTV-*HER2* mice (Figure [6D](#F6){ref-type="fig"}) and human tumors harboring *AKT1(E17K)* (Figure [7B](#F7){ref-type="fig"}). Although Myr-AKT1 transgenic mice show decreased RTK expression \[[@R32]\], this hyperactive allele is sufficient to propagate downstream signaling to enhance phenotypes that control tumor progression, even in the presence of the negative feedback. By contrast, the relatively lower constitutive activity of AKT1(E17K) is not sufficient to promote downstream signaling (Figure [1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Therefore, *AKT1(E17K)* suppresses HER2 signaling in a manner that is not overcome by its own protein kinase activity, ultimately leading to suppression of tumorigenesis.
Since *AKT1(E17K)* expression in the mouse mammary gland does not lead to tumor formation, this begs the question as to why this mutation is detected in 4-8% of breast cancer patients \[[@R7], [@R16]\]. One study revealed that the *AKT1(E17K)* somatic mutation occurs early in breast tumor progression, and therefore one can speculate that subsequent and additional genetic lesions are required for *AKT1(E17K)* to function as an oncogene in breast carcinoma \[[@R36]\]. Since *AKT1(E17K)* escapes feedback inhibition and displays sustained activation kinetics (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}), it is likely that additional genetic lesions may potentiate its protein kinase activity. The nature of these genetic lesions remains to be determined, but are not likely to include oncogenic *PIK3CA* mutations or *PTEN* inactivation, which have been shown to be mutually exclusive with *AKT1(E17K)*, at least in breast tumors \[[@R16]\]. Based on the correlation of RTK suppression in the MMTV-tTA;*hAKT1(E17K)*;MMTV-*HER2* mice and in human *AKT1(E17K)* tumors, we also predict that cooperating mutations likely do not occur in signaling pathways that function through RTKs, particularly those in the EGFR family.
The findings presented in this study have implications for therapeutic intervention and development of targeted therapies for both RTKs as well as PI 3-K and Akt. There are presently numerous phase I and II clinical trials with a variety of allosteric and catalytic Akt small molecule inhibitors for therapeutic benefit in breast and other solid tumors \[[@R1], [@R37]\]. Since inhibition of Akt using catalytic inhibitors leads to the up-regulation of RTK signaling \[[@R35]\], and *AKT1(E17K)* tumors show suppressed levels and phosphorylation of RTKs, one implication is that breast cancer patients with *HER2* amplification would not benefit from treatment with Akt inhibitors. Instead, combination therapy with Akt inhibitors followed by RTK inhibition may be a more effective therapeutic strategy \[[@R38]\]. It is also important to note that the E17K somatic mutation has also been identified in *AKT2* in breast cancer, albeit at lower frequency, and also in *AKT3* in human melanoma. Whether the same mechanism of RTK suppression and escape of feedback inhibition applies to these mutants remains to determined. Regardless, these findings underscore the importance of understanding the mechanisms by which oncogenes escape feedback inhibition to lead to tumor initiation and progression.
MATERIALS AND METHODS {#s4}
=====================
Cell lines {#s4_1}
----------
MCF10A cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and authenticated using short tandem repeat (STR) profiling. Cells were maintained in DMEM/Ham\'s F12 supplemented with 5% equine serum (Gibco), 10 mg/mL insulin, 500 ng/mL hydrocortisone (Sigma-Aldrich), 20 ng/mL EGF (R&D Systems), and 100 ng/mL cholera toxin (Sigma-Aldrich). Cells were passaged for no more than 6 months and routinely assayed for mycoplasma contamination.
Plasmids {#s4_2}
--------
The *AKT1(E17K)* mutation was generated by site-directed mutagenesis (Qiagen) from HA-*AKT1*/pcDNA3 (Addgene). For doxycycline-inducible overexpression of *AKT1* and *AKT1(E17K)*, HA-*AKT1*/pTRIPZ and HA-*AKT1(E17K)*/pTRIPZ were constructed. HA-*AKT1* and HA-*AKT1(E17K)* cDNA was amplified by PCR from HA-*AKT1*/pcDNA3 and HA- *AKT1(E17K)*/pcDNA3. The resulting PCR product was digested with restriction enzymes AgeI and ClaI, followed by insertion into the pTRIPZ lentiviral vector (Thermo Scientific).
Immunoblotting {#s4_3}
--------------
Cells were washed with PBS at 4°C and lysed in radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer (1% NP-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, 150 mmol/L NaCl, 50 mmol/L Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), proteinase inhibitor cocktail, 50 nmol/L calyculin, 1 mmol/L sodium pyrophosphate, and 20 mmol/L sodium fluoride) for 15 minutes at 4°C. Cell extracts were pre-cleared by centrifugation at 13,000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4°C, and protein concentration was measured with the Bio-Rad DC protein assay. Lysates were then resolved on 10% acrylamide gels by SDS-PAGE and transferred electrophoretically to nitrocellulose membrane (Bio-Rad) at 100 V for 90 minutes. The blots were blocked in Tris-buffered saline (TBST) buffer (10 mmol/L Tris-HCl, pH 8, 150 mmol/L NaCl, and 0.2% Tween 20) containing 5% (w/v) nonfat dry milk for 1 hour, and then incubated with the specific primary antibody diluted in blocking buffer at 4°C overnight. Membranes were washed three times in TBST and incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibody for 1 hour at room temperature. Membranes were washed three times and developed using enhanced chemiluminescence substrate (EMD Millipore).
*In vitro* protein kinase assays {#s4_4}
--------------------------------
MCF10A cells expressing HA-*AKT1* or HA-*AKT1(E17K)* were serum starved for 16 hours. HA-*AKT1* or HA-*AKT1(E17K)* were immunoprecipitated from cell extracts with an anti-HA antibody and incubated with 300 ng GSK-3 fusion protein peptide (Cell Signaling Technology) in the presence of 150 μmol/L cold ATP in a kinase buffer for 40 min at 30°C. The kinase reaction was terminated by the addition of SDS-PAGE sample buffer.
Antibodies {#s4_5}
----------
All antibodies except the anti-HA and anti-p85 antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology. The anti-HA monoclonal antibody was purified from the 12CA5 hybridoma. The anti-p85 antibody has been described \[[@R39]\].
Proliferation assays {#s4_6}
--------------------
MCF10A cells were seeded into 96-well plates at a density of 1500 cells per well in 100 μL medium. The medium was replaced with serum-free medium after 16 h. Cell viability was measured 0, 1, 2, and 3 days after the media change using the water soluble tetrazolium salt WST-1 assay (Clontech) according to the manufacturer\'s protocol.
Generation of hAKT1(E17K) transgenic mice {#s4_7}
-----------------------------------------
HA-tagged *hAKT1(E17K)* (Addgene) was cloned into the Tetracycline-regulated (Tet-off) vector pTET Splice \[[@R40]\]. DNA was prepared for microinjection, performed at the Transgenic Animal Core Facility at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center under IACUC approved protocols. Resulting founder animals generated on an FVB background were genotyped using genomic DNA purified from a tail biopsy and performing PCR utilizing the following primer sequences: FW: 5′-CTGGAATTCATGTACCCATACGATGTTCCAG-3′ RV: 5′-CCT CTTCTTGAGGCCGTCAGCCACAGTCTGG-3′
Validation of protein expression {#s4_8}
--------------------------------
HA-*hAKT1(E17K)* protein expression was confirmed by crossing animals positive for the transgene with VE-Cadherin-tTA driver mice \[[@R40]\]. Livers were collected from pups at P10 and screened for protein expression using immunoblot for HA (12CA5 Hybridoma) as previously described \[[@R41]\].
Mammary specific transgene expression {#s4_9}
-------------------------------------
*hAKT1(E17K)* transgenic mice that screened PCR positive were crossed with MMTV-tTA mice generated by Henninghausen et. al. as previously described \[[@R42]\], and the offspring were re-genotyped for the presence of the *hAKT1(E17K)* transgene as well as for MMTV-tTA using the primer sequences: FW: 5′-GACGCCTTAGCCATT AGAT-3′ RV: 5′-CAGTAGTAGGTGTTTCCCTTTCTT-3′. Double positive transgenic females were either maintained as virgins or were multi-paired. Double positive males were bred with MMTV-*HER2* homozygous females (Jackson Laboratories, \#002376) and offspring were re-genotyped to confirm the presence of the transgenes.
Mammary gland wholemount staining {#s4_10}
---------------------------------
Mammary fat pads were removed and placed on glass microslides and allowed to dry for 5 min, and then fixed overnight in Carnoy\'s fixative (60% ethanol, 30% chloroform, 10% acetic acid) at room temperature. After fixation, mammary glands were stained with Carmine alum.
Immunohistochemistry {#s4_11}
--------------------
Mammary glands were removed and fixed in 10% NBF and processed for histology and evaluated by H&E staining at the Harvard Medical School Rodent Histopathology Core and the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Histology Core. Immunohistochemistry on paraffin sections was performed for α-HA (12CA5 Hybridoma) utilizing a M.O.M kit (Vector labs, BMK-2202). Immunohistochemistry for α-ER (Millipore, \#04-227), α-pAkt Ser473 (Cell Signaling Technology \#4060), α-HER2 (Cell Signaling Technology \#4290), α-pHER2 pTyr877 (Abcam \#ab47262), α-HER3 (Cell Signaling Technology \#12708), α-pHER3 pTyr1289 (Cell Signaling Technology \#4791), α-EGFR (Cell Signaling Technology \#4267), pEGFR pTyr1068 (Cell Signaling Technology \#3777), α-CK8 (Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank clone Troma-I), and α-CK14 (Biolegend PRB-155) was performed as follows: Briefly, sections were deparaffinized and rehydrated. Antigen unmasking was performed using target retrieval solution (DAKO \#S2367). Endogenous peroxidases were blocked using 3% H~2~0~2~ and immunostaining performed using the Rabbit Vectastain ABC kit (Vector labs \#PK-4001) and developed using a DAB peroxidase substrate kit (Vector labs \#SK-4100).
SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURES {#s5}
=====================
Grant Support: NIH grants CA177910 (A.T.), F32 CA134056 (M.L.M.) and National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program Grant No. DGE1144152 (E.C.L.). We thank Joel Lawitts in the BIDMC Transgenic Core Facility, Roderick Bronson in the HMS Rodent Histopathology Core facility, Andrew Beck for the TCGA analysis and members of the Wenyi Wei and Toker laboratories for advice.
**CONFLICTS OF INTEREST**
The authors disclose no potential conflicts of interest
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
11th GCC Closed Forum: cumulative stability; matrix stability; immunogenicity assays; laboratory manuals; biosimilars; chiral methods; hybrid LBA/LCMS assays; fit-for-purpose validation; China Food and Drug Administration bioanalytical method validation.
The 11th Global CRO Council Closed Forum was held in Universal City, CA, USA on 3 April 2017. Representatives from international CRO members offering bioanalytical services were in attendance in order to discuss scientific and regulatory issues specific to bioanalysis. The second CRO-Pharma Scientific Interchange Meeting was held on 7 April 2017, which included Pharma representatives' sharing perspectives on the topics discussed earlier in the week with the CRO members. The issues discussed at the meetings included cumulative stability evaluations, matrix stability evaluations, the 2016 US FDA Immunogenicity Guidance and recent and unexpected FDA Form 483s on immunogenicity assays, the bioanalytical laboratory's role in writing PK sample collection instructions, biosimilars, CRO perspectives on the use of chiral versus achiral methods, hybrid LBA/LCMS assays, applications of fit-for-purpose validation and, at the Global CRO Council Closed Forum only, the status and trend of current regulated bioanalytical practice in China under CFDA's new BMV policy. Conclusions from discussions of these topics at both meetings are included in this report.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
of 2*u**5 - b*u**5 + 2*u + 2*u**s wrt u?
20*u**3
Let q(i) be the third derivative of i**9/168 - i**5/15 + i**2. Find the third derivative of q(o) wrt o.
360*o**3
Let i(k) = 2*k**3 + k**2 - 3*k - 1. Let b(v) = v**3 + v**2 + v - 1. Let r(t) = -2*b(t) + 2*i(t). What is the second derivative of r(s) wrt s?
12*s
Let r(c) be the first derivative of -5*c**6/6 + 21*c**2/2 + 12. What is the second derivative of r(v) wrt v?
-100*v**3
Suppose 2*b - 25 = -b - 4*y, -2*y + 8 = 0. Find the second derivative of -w - 3*w**5 - 3*w**5 + b*w - 9*w wrt w.
-120*w**3
Let j(i) = 31*i**2 - 20*i + 11. Let r(n) = 8*n**2 - 5*n + 3. Let s(w) = -6*j(w) + 22*r(w). Find the second derivative of s(m) wrt m.
-20
Let x(a) be the second derivative of -3*a**5/5 + 23*a**3/6 + 31*a. Find the second derivative of x(z) wrt z.
-72*z
Let x(m) = 4*m**3 - 7*m - 5. Let l(y) = -y - 1. Suppose -a + 8 = 3*a. Let z(s) = a*x(s) - 10*l(s). Find the second derivative of z(p) wrt p.
48*p
Let n(d) = 5*d**2 - d - 1. Let a be n(-1). Suppose -7 = -a*q + 3. Find the third derivative of -3*o**2 - 3*o**5 + 0*o - o**q + 0*o wrt o.
-180*o**2
Let h(a) = 2*a + 1. Let v be h(2). Suppose -v*g + 10 = -10. Find the first derivative of 2 + 0*s**4 + 0 - s**g wrt s.
-4*s**3
Suppose 0 = 3*z - 2*z. Differentiate -5 - 2*o - o + 2*o + z*o with respect to o.
-1
Let h be (-6)/21 + (-4)/(-14). Suppose 0*d + 4*d - 12 = h. Find the second derivative of -d*p**5 + 4*p**2 - 4*p**2 - 13*p + 12*p wrt p.
-60*p**3
Let t = 12 + -32. Let u be 4/(-18) + t/(-9). What is the second derivative of -o + o + 2*o + u*o**2 wrt o?
4
Suppose 2*y = -m - 4*m, -4*m = 0. What is the second derivative of 0*r + r - 3*r**2 + y*r wrt r?
-6
Suppose 2 = -2*m + 6. Let q(t) be the third derivative of -1/12*t**4 + 0*t - 1/30*t**5 + 0 + 0*t**3 - 2*t**m. Find the second derivative of q(j) wrt j.
-4
Let x = 8 - 6. Differentiate 2 - 3 - x + 3*s**4 wrt s.
12*s**3
Let w(k) = k + 1. Let b be w(3). What is the first derivative of 17*y**2 - 4 - 2*y**b - 17*y**2 wrt y?
-8*y**3
Let r be (4/2)/(-1)*1. Let w = r - -6. What is the derivative of 0 - w + 1 - z wrt z?
-1
Let j(p) = 4*p**2 + 3*p + 2. Let a(t) = 20*t**2 + 16*t + 11. Let y(g) = 4*a(g) - 22*j(g). What is the second derivative of y(o) wrt o?
-16
Let z(c) be the third derivative of -c**7/2520 + c**5/24 - c**4/24 - 5*c**2. Let n(v) be the second derivative of z(v). Find the first derivative of n(d) wrt d.
-2*d
What is the third derivative of -26*l**2 + 7*l**6 - 47*l**2 + 0*l**6 + 58*l**2 wrt l?
840*l**3
Suppose 0 = -3*o + 7 + 2. Let i(l) be the third derivative of 2*l**2 + 0*l + 0*l**4 + 0 - 1/6*l**o + 1/20*l**5. What is the first derivative of i(s) wrt s?
6*s
Suppose 2*r = -3*x + x + 20, 4*x - r = 15. Find the second derivative of -m + 6 - 6 + 2*m**x wrt m.
40*m**3
Let b = 12 - 0. Find the second derivative of 4*p - 2*p**4 - p**4 - b*p + 2*p wrt p.
-36*p**2
Let s(a) = -24*a**2 - 5*a + 12. Let d(p) = 24*p**2 + 6*p - 11. Let h(k) = 5*d(k) + 6*s(k). Differentiate h(x) with respect to x.
-48*x
Let k(z) = -2*z**2 - 2*z + 1. Let p be k(1). Let x be p/(-2 - (-1)/2). Find the second derivative of x*w**2 + 2 - 2 - 2*w wrt w.
4
Let g(w) = 3*w + 5. Let y(n) = -n**4 - 5*n - 9. Let j(o) = -o**2 + 10*o + 16. Let k be j(11). Let c(s) = k*g(s) + 3*y(s). Differentiate c(u) wrt u.
-12*u**3
Let o be (-7)/21 + (-49)/(-3). Suppose -4*x + 2 - o = -2*q, -3*q + 11 = -x. Find the first derivative of 2*f**4 - q*f**4 + 0*f**4 - 2 wrt f.
-4*f**3
Let d(f) = -15*f**3 + 2*f**2 + 12*f - 2. Let r(l) = 74*l**3 - 11*l**2 - 60*l + 11. Let o(g) = -11*d(g) - 2*r(g). Find the second derivative of o(t) wrt t.
102*t
Differentiate 8*h**4 - 1 - 2*h**4 + 12 wrt h.
24*h**3
Let i(a) be the third derivative of -a**5/60 - a**4/6 - 2*a**2. Let t be i(-3). What is the third derivative of 3*d**6 - 3*d + t*d**2 + 3*d wrt d?
360*d**3
Let d(l) = -26*l**4 + 11*l**2 + 11*l + 9. Let k(s) = 5*s**4 - 2*s**2 - 2*s - 2. Let v(u) = 2*d(u) + 11*k(u). Differentiate v(j) wrt j.
12*j**3
Let i(b) be the third derivative of b**6/24 - 7*b**3/6 + 6*b**2. What is the first derivative of i(t) wrt t?
15*t**2
Suppose -2*o = -6*o + 36. Suppose -4*g = -z + o - 21, -5*z - 10 = 5*g. Find the second derivative of 2*k**3 + 3*k + g*k**3 - 4*k**3 - 3*k**4 wrt k.
-36*k**2
Let o(z) be the first derivative of z**8/840 - z**5/24 + z**3 + 4. Let v(f) be the third derivative of o(f). Find the second derivative of v(p) wrt p.
24*p**2
Let q(f) = 2*f**4 - 3*f**4 + 3*f**2 - 2 - 2 + 8. Let y(u) = -10 - 7*u**2 + 1 - 2*u**4 + 4*u**4. Let z(h) = 7*q(h) + 3*y(h). Differentiate z(c) wrt c.
-4*c**3
Let n = 158 + -158. Let c(h) be the second derivative of -1/2*h**3 + 0*h**2 - h + n + 0*h**4 - 1/30*h**6 + 0*h**5. Find the second derivative of c(b) wrt b.
-12*b**2
What is the first derivative of 3 + 0*d**3 + 8 - 5*d**3 - 4 wrt d?
-15*d**2
Let k(q) be the first derivative of 29*q**5/5 - 7*q**3/3 - 4. Find the third derivative of k(o) wrt o.
696*o
Let j(p) be the third derivative of -4*p**7/35 - 7*p**5/20 + 19*p**2. What is the third derivative of j(t) wrt t?
-576*t
Let p(z) = 48*z + 16. Let t(s) = 1. Let v(l) = -p(l) - 6*t(l). Differentiate v(m) with respect to m.
-48
Find the second derivative of -16*z + 10*z**5 + 9*z - 6*z wrt z.
200*z**3
Let w(t) be the first derivative of 10*t**3/3 + 8*t**2 + 2. What is the second derivative of w(y) wrt y?
20
What is the first derivative of -5*o**3 - 4*o**3 + 13*o**3 - 3 wrt o?
12*o**2
Let x(q) = q**2 + q. Let d be x(-2). Find the second derivative of -p**2 + 2*p**3 + 4*p**2 - p - 3*p**d wrt p.
12*p
Find the second derivative of -1309 - 13*y - 32*y**5 + 1309 wrt y.
-640*y**3
Suppose -2*q + 0*q + 6 = 0. What is the second derivative of 2*y**2 + 2*y + 4*y**q - 3*y**2 + y**2 wrt y?
24*y
Let f(j) be the second derivative of j**6/30 - 9*j**2/2 - 3*j. Differentiate f(w) wrt w.
4*w**3
Let q(h) be the first derivative of 2*h**4 - 3*h + 1. What is the first derivative of q(l) wrt l?
24*l**2
Suppose 4*g = g + 6. What is the derivative of -2*u - 1 + g + u wrt u?
-1
Find the second derivative of 26*m**2 - 2*m**3 - 42*m + 13*m - 5*m + m wrt m.
-12*m + 52
Suppose 4 + 8 = 6*b. Let m(g) be the first derivative of 2/3*g**3 + b*g - 1 + 0*g**2. Differentiate m(x) wrt x.
4*x
Let g(t) = -t - 8. Let q(n) = n + 4. Let p = 16 - 23. Let a(v) = p*q(v) - 4*g(v). Differentiate a(w) with respect to w.
-3
What is the derivative of -19 - 12*b**2 + 0 + 32*b**2 + 55 wrt b?
40*b
Let j(f) be the third derivative of -f**9/9 - 7*f**5/15 + 36*f**2. Find the third derivative of j(n) wrt n.
-6720*n**3
Let a(o) be the second derivative of o**6/60 - o**5/30 + o**2/2 - o. Let l(p) be the first derivative of a(p). What is the third derivative of l(y) wrt y?
12
Suppose -2*v + 3*s = -18, -3*v + 5 = -0*v + s. Find the second derivative of -7*t**5 + v*t + 2*t + 2*t wrt t.
-140*t**3
Let l(v) be the third derivative of -5*v**8/42 + v**5/4 + 26*v**2. Find the third derivative of l(g) wrt g.
-2400*g**2
Let l be 9/(-4)*(-16)/(-6). Let h be 13/5 - l/15. Find the second derivative of -2*c - 3*c**3 + 0*c + c**h wrt c.
-12*c
Let n be (-3)/12 - (-243)/12. Find the third derivative of -20*o**4 + n*o**4 + o**2 - 6*o**5 wrt o.
-360*o**2
Let f(i) be the second derivative of 5*i**4/12 + 16*i**2 + 26*i + 2. Differentiate f(k) wrt k.
10*k
Suppose q - 5 = -0. Let d be (-20)/(-6)*(-6)/(-5). Find the third derivative of -d*u**5 + u**2 + 5*u**q + u**2 wrt u.
60*u**2
Let r(d) be the first derivative of 3*d**4/4 - 15*d + 6. Differentiate r(w) wrt w.
9*w**2
Differentiate -61*c**3 + 72*c**3 + 2 - 4 wrt c.
33*c**2
Let q(s) be the first derivative of -s**5/5 + 2*s**3/3 + s - 4. Let r(x) be the first derivative of q(x). What is the second derivative of r(k) wrt k?
-24*k
Let c(t) be the second derivative of 7*t**4/12 + 3*t**2/2 + 2*t. What is the first derivative of c(m) wrt m?
14*m
Differentiate 365*g + 374*g - 695*g - 5 wrt g.
44
Let v(w) = -19*w**3 + 17. Let h(a) = -153*a**3 + 136. Let t(s) = -2*h(s) + 17*v(s). Differentiate t(g) wrt g.
-51*g**2
Let u(r) = r**3 - 7*r**2 + r - 5. Let n be u(7). Suppose s - 3*o + n = -o, -3*s + 4 = 4*o. Differentiate s*k**3 + 1 + 2 + k**3 + k**3 wrt k.
6*k**2
Let p(a) = a**4 - a**2 - a. Let h(f) = -f**4 - f**2 - f + 2. Let u = -13 - -11. Let q(x) = u*p(x) + 2*h(x). Find the first derivative of q(l) wrt l.
-16*l
|
{
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
}
|
Q:
Passing method parameters/arguments to method reference - bind, anonymous, named
I have multiple places in my code where i use method references(i.e. just the method name with no arguments) but I need to pass it specefic arguments.
I don't want to insert an anonymous method b.c. it makes the code unreadable.
I've told I can use the .bind method, but I don't know how to use it properly. Can some one elaborate on how to do this.
Here is one example of where I need to to to this.
How do I use bind to add in parameters to ajax_signin?
if(d===0){ajax('arche_model.php',serialize(c)+'&a=signin',ajax_signin,b);}
A:
If you want ajax_signin() to get called with parameters, then you have to make a separate function that you can pass to ajax that calls ajax_signin() with the appropriate parameters. There are a couple ways to do this:
Using an anonymous function:
if(d===0){ajax('arche_model.php',serialize(c)+'&a=signin',function() {ajax_signin("parm1","parm2")},b);}
Creating your own named function:
function mySignIn() {
ajax_signin("parm1","parm2");
}
if(d===0){ajax('arche_model.php',serialize(c)+'&a=signin',mySignIn,b);}
If you want to use .bind() and you are sure you are only running in browsers that support .bind() or you have a shim to make .bind() always work, then you can do something like this:
if(d===0){ajax('arche_model.php',serialize(c)+'&a=signin',ajax_signin.bind(this, "parm1","parm2"),b);}
The .bind() call creates a new function that always has a specific this ptr and always has "parm1" and "parm2" as it's first two parameters.
|
{
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|
Q:
Is the use of "de" mandatory or optional here? And what function does it serve?
Rien ne me met plus en transe que d'affronter un adversaire très fort.
Rien ne me ferait plus plaisir que de vous revoir.
Je pensais que de savoir ce qui s'était réellement passé m'apaiserait.
When you say "Affronter un adversaire très fort me met en transe.", you will never place "de" before "affronter", correct?
Then, why is it necessary to include "de" in these three instances? And what is the meaning of "de" here?
A:
In all your sentences, the infinitive is the subject of a verb, sometimes suggested:
[(D')affronter un adversaire très fort] me met en transe. Rien ne me met plus en transe que [cela]
[(De) vous revoir] me ferait plaisir. Rien ne me ferait plus plaisir que [cela].
Je pensais que [(de) savoir ce qui s'était réellement passé] m'apaiserait.
Each time, I've put the verb in bold and the infinitive phrase in brackets.
When an infinitive is the subject of a verb, de-marking is always possible, but only obligatory when the infinitive is post-verbal and a dummy pronoun (ça or il) appears on the verb. It almost always is included with the "Rien ne [verb] plus que + [infinitive]" construction of your first two examples (1). In all other contexts, de appears very rarely, mostly in high-register writing.
In this, this de functions like other prepositions which take nouns as their objects:
(À) Cécile, je (ne) lui ai jamais parlé
Je (ne) lui ai jamais parlé, à Cécile
(De) Cécile, j(e n)'en ai jamais parlé
J(e n)'en ai jamais parlé, de Cécile
So:
When you say "Affronter un adversaire très fort me mets en transe.", you will never place "de" before "affronter", correct?
Incorrect, but this is optional and uncommon.
Then, why is it necessary to include "de" in these three instances? And what is the meaning of "de" here?
It is not necessary. De functions as an optional subject marker for infinitives, although this is not how native speakers are taught to think about it.
(1) But not always, for example this quote from a random blog, writen in a formal register: "Rien ne me plait plus qu’être dans de beaux endroits"
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
La URJC ha achacado todo a un error administrativo a la hora de poner las notas y señala que el fallo se descubrió cuando Cifuentes fue a pedir su título
La presidenta de la Comunidad de Madrid, Cristina Cifuentes, presume en su web de tener cursados dos máster, uno de ellos "en Derecho Autonómico por la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos" de Madrid. Tal y como demuestra eldiario.es con documentación de la propia universidad pública, a Cifuentes, entonces delegada de Gobierno en Madrid, le cambiaron la nota de "No presentado" a "Notable" dos años después de matricularse y sin mediar nueva matrícula. Lo hizo una funcionaria que no trabajaba en el servicio de posgrado ni siquiera en el mismo campus donde se impartía.
Las inverosímiles explicaciones de la universidad que le ha regalado el máster a Cifuentes
Saber más
Tras ofrecer explicaciones vagas antes de la publicación del artículo y ante el revuelo que ha levantado el caso, la universidad ha desplegado este miércoles al rector, Javier Ramos, al director del curso, Enrique Álvarez Conde y al profesor implicado Pablo Chico de la Cámara para achacar todo el problema a un error administrativo: se transcribieron mal las calificaciones reales.
La política del PP se matriculó en este máster en el curso 2011/2012 y pagó los correspondientes 1.586,39 euros, como ha confirmado eldiario.es. Según su expediente de notas, al que ha tenido acceso este medio, aprobó todo ese mismo curso.
Sin embargo, un pantallazo del sistema de gestión de alumnos de la URJC (aquí puedes ver el documento ampliado) revela otra cosa. En 2011-12 aparecían como "No presentado" o "-", que es lo mismo, dos materias: 'La financiación de las comunidades autónomas' y el 'Trabajo Fin de Máster'.
La explicación está en ese mismo pantallazo. En 2014, dos años después de la matrícula oficial, el usuario que corresponde a la funcionaria Amalia Calonge entra en el sistema informático y cambia la nota de "No presentado" a sendos notables, concretamente 7,5, dejando rastro en el sistema. Días después de sus notables, Cifuentes paga el título y cuando va a recogerlo se hace una sonriente foto con la funcionaria Calonge, una imagen que estaba en el perfil de whatsapp de esta última hasta este martes por la tarde. Esas dos asignaturas suman 27 créditos (24 el trabajo y 3 créditos la asignatura) de un total de 60 que tiene el máster, es decir, suponen casi la mitad del posgrado.
En el registro se ve que Calonge está cambiando en el año 2014 las notas de 2011. En la columna de la izquierda se aprecia que la modificación se está produciendo para las calificaciones del año académico 2011-12 (bajo el epígrafe ANY_ANYACA). Ni la universidad, ni la funcionaria ni el profesor han explicado por qué.
Curiosamente, fuentes de Presidencia de la Comunidad de Madrid confirman que, efectivamente, se dejó "2 ó 3 asignaturas" como dice el sistema interno, pero que las aprobó en 2014, aunque no explican por qué entonces sus notas del expediente académico oficial dicen que las aprobó todas en 2011-12.
La única manera en la que podría ser factible que Cifuentes apruebe dos años después como ella defiende, es si se hubiera matriculado de nuevo, como marca la ley, pero según el historial de Cifuentes en el registro de administración de la URJC, no se matriculó de nada ese año, como ha podido confirmar eldiario.es
El único pago que aparece en 2014 de la alumna Cristina Cifuentes son 176,27 euros, lo que cuesta retirar el título, un pago que hizo 15 días después de esos 'notables fantasma'. Preguntadas por cómo sacó dos notables en 2014 sin mediar matrícula, fuentes de Presidencia se aferran a que las abonó y que aprobó ese año lo que le faltaba: "Pagó para volverse a presentar, debe de haber un error". ¿Lo ha confirmado la presidenta de Madrid, pagó en 2014 y se examinó de nuevo de dos asignaturas? "No confirmo que fuera en 2014, no se acuerda del hecho de haber pagado o no, pero pagó y se sacó las asignaturas que le faltaban y que no había aprobado en primera instancia". La realidad es que no hay ningún registro de pago de matrículas o examen en 2014 por parte de Cristina Cifuentes. Todo lo aprobó y pagó en el curso 2011-2012, como revela la documentación oficial a la que ha tenido acceso eldiario.es.
Por otra parte, según la propia normativa de la universidad, "para poder realizar la defensa del Trabajo Fin de Máster el alumno tendrá que haber superado el resto de las asignaturas del Máster, para lo que deberá entregar la justificación correspondiente". Según el expediente académico de Cifuentes, entre la calificación de la asignatura que le quedaba pendiente y la calificación del Trabajo Fin de Máster pasa un minuto, lo que tarda el usuario Calonge en cambiar las notas. Tiempo insuficiente para presentar un justificante, preparar un trabajo y defenderlo en público.
Por qué le cambiaron esas calificaciones dos años después es un misterio y ante qué comisión presentó su trabajo y con qué tutor, también. La universidad tampoco lo ha logrado explicar de momento. Fuentes cercanas a Cifuentes dicen que lo explicarán todo este miércoles con documentación.
Amalia Calonge, como ella misma confirma por teléfono a eldiario.es, no tenía en 2014 ninguna responsabilidad sobre los máster de la URJC, una universidad pública que depende de la financiación de la propia Comunidad de Madrid. En ese momento trabajaba en otro campus, en Móstoles (hoy es jefa en el Rectorado): "Yo no hago ni una sola rectificación de nada si no me lo ha pedido un profesor por escrito", y añade que no puede dar ninguna explicación más "porque es información amparada en la Ley de Protección de Datos".
¿Quién le pidió que cambiara la nota de un alumno de otro campus y otro departamento dos años después de la matrícula para cambiar dos "no presentado"? No se acuerda. "En aquel entonces era habitual que se hicieran matrículas y gestiones aunque fueran de otro campus, ahora ya no", zanja, sin dar más información. Preguntada sobre si es amiga de la presidenta y por su foto con ella, prefiere no responder. Desde el entorno de Cifuentes aseguran que no la conoce de nada.
El profesor en una de las asignaturas que aparece con Notable en 2014 fue Pablo Chico de la Cámara. eldiario.es le ha preguntado telefónicamente por esta célebre alumna, si fue a clase y por qué se le cambió la nota dos años después. No niega nada y se limita a decir que "es una información reservada, me remito a las autoridades de la universidad". Tampoco contesta si normalmente cambia las notas a alumnos con dos años de diferencia y sin que se matriculen de nuevo. "Me remito a lo que digan las autoridades".
El otro notable fantasma, el Trabajo Fin de Máster, supone casi la mitad de créditos (24), para el que hay que tener un tutor y que se expone en público ante una comisión evaluadora, como dice la normativa de la URJC. Tampoco nadie en la universidad da un nombre ni ante quién se presentó.
Sorpresa por el cambio de notas
José María Álvarez Monzonzillo, vicerrector de tercer grado de la URJC, al ser cuestionado por eldiario.es se mostró sorprendido respecto al cambio de notas: "No sé ni quién es Amalia Calonge. ¿Pero es profesora? Si no es profesora no lo puede cambiar", aunque en una llamada posterior matiza que hace unos años una funcionaria de otro campus sí podía cambiar notas, y que por eso puede aparecer cambiado por ella.
Monzonzillo cuenta que ha hecho varias gestiones para averiguar el nombre del profesor de la asignatura, el tutor del trabajo y ante qué comisión se presentó públicamente Cristina Cifuentes a defender su proyecto. Monzonzillo tuvo poco éxito durante todo el martes. La sexta universidad madrileña no logró averiguarlo y remitió explicaciones vagas sobre lo que pudo pasar. Una vez ha estallado el caso –y con radios, televisiones y periódicos insistiendo en obtener respuestas más convincentes– el Rectorado ha optado por convocar una comparecencia pública para, ahora sí, asegurar que todo ha sido un fallo en aras de la "transparencia", ha dicho el rector Ramos.
Fuentes jurídicas consultadas apuntan a que, si se confirma que ha habido un cambio de expediente ilegal, podríamos estar ante una presunta falsificación en documento público, regulada por el artículo 390 del código penal y que prevé penas de tres a seis años de cárcel para el funcionario que cometa la falsedad.
Desde el punto de vista académico, la URJC prevé sanciones por la "utilización de medios fraudulentos, con el fin de obtener resultados no merecidos en pruebas de evaluación, que conlleven la colaboración de agentes externos", según su reglamento disciplinario y lo considera una falta grave.
Este escándalo se suma a otro en la familia de Cifuentes: su hermana, Margarita Cifuentes es desde el 2016 profesora visitante en la misma universidad pública pese a que no cumple ninguno de los requisitos de la LOU, el convenio y los estatutos de la URJC. La hermana de la presidenta de Madrid fue personal de administración hasta que el exrector Fernando Suárez le hizo un contrato reservado a profesores de reconocido prestigio. Le dirigió personalmente la tesis y después la contrató como profesora haciendo uso de esa figura discrecional, que evita los concursos y controles.
La Rey Juan Carlos es la misma universidad que dirigía Fernando Suárez, rector hasta 2017, cuando tuvo que convocar elecciones por el escándalo desvelado por eldiario.es de la decena de plagios que había hecho antes y durante su rectorado.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Read the Description
If you expect to receive all the pretty stones in the picture you will be disappointed. Be sure to read the description. There were two stones in my envelope. The description says you will receive one stone.
Verified purchase: Yes | Condition: New
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
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The Village at Redlands offers more than just a retirement community. We have a complete selection of Cottage Homes, Apartment Homes, services and activities that focus on maintaining your independence. At the same time, we listen carefully to your personal needs, preferences and requests, to help provide the services you may need.
Should the time come when you desire additional assistance, you can easily access the support you need. Professional care givers provide tailored servicesto meet your individual needs. So regardless of whether you live in an apartment or cottage, the care and health services can come to you, a concept known as “Aging in Place”.
The Village at Redlands is designed to serve the needs of the elderly, 62 years of age or older, in an environment, which promotes the privacy, dignity, independence and choices of all residents. The Village at Redlands is committed to providing equal housing opportunities and does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status or national origin.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Work described herein was funded by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Focal adhesion plaques are specialized regions of the plasma membrane through which cells in culture adhere to the external substrate (Burridge, K. et al., Ann Rev. Cell. Biol., 4:487-525 (1988); Burridge, K. and K. Fath, BioEssays, 10:104-108 (1989)). On their internal face these structures anchor actin stress fibers, which are important in determining cell shape. Similar, but less well-characterized structures have been implicated in attachment between neighboring cells and adherence to extracellular matrix in vivo. Oncogenic transformation is frequently accompanied by a less-adherent, rounded morphology resulting from reorganization of the cytoskeleton (Ben Ze""ev, A., Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 780:197-212 (1985; Felice, G. R. et al., Eur. J. Cell Biol., 52:47-49 (1990)). In Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) transformed cells, for instance, it has been postulated that a contributing factor is the aberrant phosphorylation by pp60v-src of tyrosyl residues in key focal adhesion proteins (Burr, J. G. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77:3484-3488 (1980); Parsons, J. T. and M. J. Weber, Curr. Topics in Microbiol. and Immunol., 147:79-127 (1989)). Phosphotyrosine has also been detected in focal adhesions (Maher, P. A. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82:6576-6580 (1985)) and apical junctions (Takata, K. and S. J. Singer, J. Cell Biol., 106:1757-1764 (1988)) in nontransformed cells, raising the possibility that tyrosine phosphorylation at these sites may regulate normal cellular function. Such phosphorylation events must be tightly controlled and an understanding of the mechanism(s) involved would be very useful in furthering our understanding of control of normal and neoplastic cell growth.
The present invention relates to DNA which encodes a protein homologous to the protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) which catalyze the dephosphorylation of proteins in which tyrosyl residues have been phosphorylated through the action of a protein kinase. The protein, which appears as if it will localize to focal adhesions, is also the subject of the present invention. In particular, it relates to cDNA encoding a protein, referred to as PTPH1, which was obtained from HeLa cells and characterized. PTPH1 has also been identified in other cell types. The structure of PTPH1 includes three segments: 1) an N-terminal segment of approximately 320 residues, which shows homology with the N-terminal segments of the talin family in the region known to be important for localization to focal adhesions; 2) a central segment, in which there are sequences with the features of sites of phosphorylation by casein kinase 2 and p34cdc2, which may be important for regulation of phosphatase activity; and 3) a C-terminal segment of approximately 250 residues, which shows homology to the known members of the PTPase family. PTPH1 has a single putative catalytic domain.
Because of its homology with the talin family of proteins, which are known to participate in linkage of intracellular actin filaments to the extracellular matrix at focal adhesions, it is likely that PTPH1 localizes to the focal adhesions, which is a major site ofaction. for oncogenic protein tyrosine kinases (PTK). Thus, overexpression of PTPH1 may be a powerful approach to countering the effects of oncogenic protein tyrosine kinases, such as those of transforming viruses, and interfering with or reversing cell transformation. This would provide a means of preventing or reversing abnormally high levels of phosphotyrosine associated with any disease or condition, such as preventing or reversing malignancy associated with the activity of a protein tyrosine kinase. Such protein tyrosine kinase may be of viral origin or be a cellular protein tyrosine kinase whose normal cellular function is disrupted, resulting in abnormal phosphorylation of tyrosyl residues. Such a method of preventing or reversing malignancy caused by or associated with the activity of a protein tyrosine kinase is also the subject of the present invention. In the present method, DNA or RNA encoding PTPH1 or a functional equivalent of PTPHl is administered to an individual in an appropriate gene transfer vehicle which can infect mammalian cells and, once inside the mammalian cells, express and make available PTPH1 or its functional equivalent in sufficient quantities to overcome or counteract the protein tyrosine kinase activity. As a result, phosphorylation of tyrosine residues at abnormal levels is prevented or reversed, resulting in turn in prevention or reversal of malignancy of cells. Suitable gene transfer vehicles are those which contain DNA or RNA encoding PTPH1 or a PTPH1 functional equivalent, can infect mammalian cells and express the encoded protein within the infected mammalian cells. Such vehicles include recombinant retroviruses and recombinant vaccinia virus.
The method of the present invention is useful in treating or preventing a wide variety of conditions in which abnormally high levels of phosphotyrosine occur and particularly in treating or preventing malignancies in which tyrosyl phosphorylation by a protein tyrosine kinase occurs at an abnormal rate or level and in which dephosphorylation of tyrosyl residues by PTPH1 or its functional equivalent results in prevention or reversal of a malignant phenotype.
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{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
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IV&V • Assessment Services • Program and Project Management
Gardyloo! – In Scotland, a warning cry when it was customary to throw slops from the second story windows into the streets. A warning that something unpleasant was about to descend on one’s head. It would be good if project teams used such a term to warn each other of impending unpleasantness.
Independence - In IT development, this generally refers to managerial, technical and financial entities unconnected with any development organization team members. The evaluation of true independence requires an in-depth understanding of development and contractor teams contract relationships with other entities.
Technical Debt - Technical debt is an IT “off balance sheet” item that explains what occurs whenever a development team takes short cuts and delivers code that is not quite up to standard for the organization. These types of trade-offs are often made in order to meet a ship or implementation date and may affect or relate to architecture, structure, duplication, test coverage, comments and documentation, potential bugs, complexity, coding practices and style. While these types of trade-offs happen pretty often, you should know that the technical debt incurred has a long term negative affect on productivity. And few organizations track how much technical debt is being incurred or how much has accumulated. A little debt speeds development so long as it is paid back promptly with refactoring. Time must be devoted on a regular basis to refactoring to the norm.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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/*
* SonarQube
* Copyright (C) 2009-2020 SonarSource SA
* mailto:info AT sonarsource DOT com
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
* License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
* version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
* Lesser General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
* Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
*/
package org.sonar.server.platform.db.migration.version.v84.qualitygateconditions;
import org.sonar.db.Database;
import org.sonar.server.platform.db.migration.version.v84.common.DropPrimaryKeyOnIdColumn;
import org.sonar.server.platform.db.migration.version.v84.util.DropPrimaryKeySqlGenerator;
public class DropPrimaryKeyOnIdColumnOfQualityGateConditionsTable extends DropPrimaryKeyOnIdColumn {
private static final String TABLE_NAME = "quality_gate_conditions";
public DropPrimaryKeyOnIdColumnOfQualityGateConditionsTable(Database db, DropPrimaryKeySqlGenerator dropPrimaryKeySqlGenerator) {
super(db, dropPrimaryKeySqlGenerator, TABLE_NAME);
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q: As a newcomer to Notre Dame, what do you hope to achieve here that perhaps you couldn't achieve elsewhere?
A: Two things really stand out to me: First, there is a genuine focus on multi-disciplinary research that focuses on large, key issues of our time. Sure, pluridisciplinary centers and initiatives are the rage everywhere, but often it is mostly lip service and marketing. Here at Notre Dame, these initiatives really connect me to an incredible density of talent, and invaluable opportunities to collaborate beyond my discipline. I have already written grants with biologists, lawyers, economists, climate modelers and political scientists during my ten months here. Second, I can really sense that faith is a central part of the university’s identity. This deep desire to improve the world through our scholarship and research transpires in my daily interactions with my colleagues and students, and is incredibly motivating.
Q: Disagreements over water rights between nations can be a major source of potential conflict. In your research on transboundary water use, have you found any solutions or technologies that could help lessen these tensions?
A: Let me say at the outset that these issues are incredibly complex, and anyone who could truly solve them would probably win the next Nobel Peace Prize. What I have done so far is definitely only piecework, but hopefully promising. One key obstacle for collaboration is the lack of credible communication when it comes to water use, because parties do not have access to “objective” information that could be used for contracts. This is where satellite data can potentially be transformative; except that it doesn’t directly measure water availability (streamflow) and water use. We can infer it partly through models, but that introduces uncertainty in our predictions. The big question (and what lot of my research focuses on) is whether this source of information, non-partisan but noisy, can be used to facilitate cooperation.
Q: You've worked on humanitarian projects in Cambodia, Tanzania and Nepal. How does your work in resource-scarce areas such as these influence your thinking as an engineer?
A: Engineers can be too focused on improving technical issues, without regard to the greater social context. My experience has taught me that empathy is crucial, and that my contribution will only be valuable if I can put myself in someone else’s shoes. This often requires leaving the comfort zone of a lab, and going on the ground to experience local realities, listen to the locals and learn from them. Some issues appear purely technical on the surface, but hide much broader concerns. For example, as I was helping to build a water network in Tanzania, there were repeated reports of sabotage on a nearby water network. To our surprise, the culprits were the local women who were supposed to be the primary beneficiaries of improved water access. Why would they undermine the project that was meant to make their lives easier? Well, it turns out that fetching water was an integral part of their social role, and they actually cherished the time away from their husbands. Water that was readily available in their village meant a lost opportunity for private chats with their female friends.
Q: Are there any new research interests or projects on the horizon that you're excited about?
A: I am interested at the intersection between information, armed conflict, and water resources. In a recent study, we have shown that the Syrian conflict had an impact on the water distribution on a regional scale. It is exciting to do such timely research even when war makes it impossible to set foot on the ground. This is where satellite data really amazes me, because it opens up so many new opportunities! By applying similar techniques in other war zones, I hope to ultimately help develop remote sensing tools that can prevent further conflicts.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Adding together GetCount Results
Is there anyway to add together GetCount Results? I am using GetCount to find the number of selected features for multiple layers but when I try to add them all together I get an error message saying it is an unsupported operand type for +: 'Result' and 'Result'.
SampledFaild = arcpy.GetCount_management('SamplingFaild')
SampledValid = arcpy.GetCount_management('SamplingValid')
Total = SampledFaild + SampledValid
A:
As the error message indicates, the return value of GetCount_management is a Result object. The documentation for GetCount includes an example of how to extract the return value, by casting the Result.GetOutput() value to integer.
Rewriting your code to use Style Guide for Python (PEP 8) recommended leading lowercase variable names, the result is:
sampledFaild = arcpy.GetCount_management('SamplingFaild')
sampledValid = arcpy.GetCount_management('SamplingValid')
total = int(sampleFaild.getOutput(0)) + int(sampleValid.getOutput(0))
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
/*
* Copyright (c) 2018 Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
*
* This program and the accompanying materials are made available under the
* terms of the Eclipse Public License v. 2.0, which is available at
* http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-2.0.
*
* This Source Code may also be made available under the following Secondary
* Licenses when the conditions for such availability set forth in the
* Eclipse Public License v. 2.0 are satisfied: GNU General Public License,
* version 2 with the GNU Classpath Exception, which is available at
* https://www.gnu.org/software/classpath/license.html.
*
* SPDX-License-Identifier: EPL-2.0 OR GPL-2.0 WITH Classpath-exception-2.0
*/
module com.sun.mail.util.logging {
exports com.sun.mail.util.logging;
requires jakarta.mail;
requires java.logging;
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
129 P.3d 497 (2006)
212 Ariz. 208
ARIZONA COMMERCIAL DIVING SERVICES, INC., an Arizona corporation, Plaintiff/Appellant,
v.
APPLIED DIVING SERVICES, INC., an Arizona corporation; Israel G. Torres, Registrar of Contractors; Arizona Registrar of Contractors, Defendants/Appellees.
No. 1 CA-CV 05-0082.
Court of Appeals of Arizona, Division 1, Department E.
March 2, 2006.
*498 Freeman & St. Clair PLLC, by Norman R. Freeman, II, Tucson, Attorneys for Plaintiff/Appellant Arizona Commercial Diving Services, Inc.
Carmichael & Powell PC, by David J. Sandoval, Attorneys for Defendant/Appellee Applied Diving Services, Inc.
*499 OPINION
OROZCO, Judge.
¶ 1 Arizona Commercial Diving Services (ACDS) appeals the judgment in favor of Applied Diving Services, Inc. (ADS) and the Arizona Registrar of Contractors ("the ROC") on ACDS's appeal and ADS's and the ROC's cross-appeals from the decision of the Administrative Law Judge (ALJ). The trial court upheld the ALJ's decision that ACDS did not meet the standards to satisfy the "substantial compliance" exception to the licensing requirement. It reversed the ALJ's decision that the requirements contract at issue was exempt from the licensing requirements because it might be worth less than $750 per year. It further directed the ROC to rescind ACDS's license, and not reissue the license for one year. For the following reasons, we affirm the trial court's decision.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶ 2 Kurt Hankes, a former employee of ADS, started a new business, ACDS, in March 2003. Before transacting business, ACDS contacted the ROC regarding licensing requirements. On May 15, 2003, ACDS applied for a license by submitting its financial statement and evidence of license bond and insurance. On June 5, 2003, the ROC issued ACDS's class K-05 license.
¶ 3 Meanwhile, on May 23, 2003, ACDS submitted a bid in response to the City of Phoenix's ("the City's") Invitation for Bids (IFB). The City's IFB requested sealed bids for a three-year diving services requirements contract to provide inspection and preventive maintenance services at several of the City's wastewater treatment plants and water reservoirs. The City estimated that the average annual expenditure under the contract would be $125,000. ACDS's bid was the low bid, and on June 20, 2003, the City notified ACDS that its bid had been recommended for approval.
¶ 4 On June 10, 2003, ADS filed a Complaint with the ROC, alleging that ACDS had violated Arizona Revised Statutes (A.R.S.) section 32-1151 (2002). That section provides in relevant part:
It is unlawful for any person . . . [or] corporation. . . to engage in the business of, submit a bid or respond to a request for qualification or a request for proposals for construction services as, act or offer to act in the capacity of or purport to have the capacity of a contractor without having a contractor's license in good standing in the name of the person . . . [or] corporation. . . unless the person . . . [or] corporation. . . is exempt.
A.R.S. § 32-1151. ACDS admitted that it did not hold a contractor's license when it submitted its bid to the City, but argued that it had substantially complied with the ROC's licensing provisions, and therefore had not violated the statute. See City of Phoenix v.Super. Ct., 184 Ariz. 435, 909 P.2d 502 (App.1995).
¶ 5 The ROC conducted an administrative hearing. The ALJ concluded that ACDS had violated A.R.S. § 32-1151, and recommended that ACDS's contractor's license be suspended for a period of three months. The ROC adopted the ALJ's decision, and ACDS filed a complaint for judicial review of the decision in the superior court. ACDS also requested a stay of the ROC's order suspending its license for three months, which the trial court granted. ADS counterclaimed asserting that A.R.S. § 32-1123 mandates a one-year suspension of ACDS's license and requested that the trial court require such a suspension.
¶ 6 The superior court affirmed the ALJ's decision that ACDS had violated A.R.S. § 32-1151, and concluded that under A.R.S. § 32-1123.A, ACDS should not have been issued a contractor's license for a period of one year from the date of the bid. Because that time had already passed and ACDS's license had remained effective, the trial court ordered that the ROC rescind ACDS's license effective January 26, 2005, and directed the ROC not to reissue the license for a period of one year from that date. ACDS timely appealed the judgment. This court granted ACDS's request for a stay pending the outcome of the appeal.
*500 DISCUSSION
¶ 7 On review of an administrative agency's decision pursuant to the Administrative Review Act, the superior court determines whether the administrative action was supported by substantial evidence or was contrary to the law, arbitrary and capricious, or an abuse of discretion. Siegel v. Ariz. St. Liq. Bd., 167 Ariz. 400, 401, 807 P.2d 1136, 1137 (App.1991). The trial court does not reweigh the evidence. Plowman v. Ariz. St. Liq. Bd., 152 Ariz. 331, 335, 732 P.2d 222, 226 (App.1986). On appeal, "we review the superior court's judgment to determine whether the record contains evidence to support the judgment." Smith v. Ariz. Long Term Care Sys., 207 Ariz. 217, 221, ¶ 19, 84 P.3d 482, 486 (App.2004)(citing Ethridge v. Ariz. St. Bd. of Nursing, 165 Ariz. 97, 100, 796 P.2d 899, 902 (App.1989)). We review de novo the superior court's decision "whether the administrative action was illegal, arbitrary, capricious or involved an abuse of discretion." Id. (citation omitted). We are free to reach our own legal conclusions if resolution of the case requires the interpretation of any law. Id.
A. Substantial Compliance
¶ 8 ACDS first contends that the superior court erred in affirming the ALJ's decision that ACDS did not substantially comply with the statutory requirement that it be licensed before submitting a bid for contracting work to the City of Phoenix. This court, in City of Phoenix, 184 Ariz. at 438, 909 P.2d at 505, concluded that the doctrine of substantial compliance may apply to the statute at issue in this case, A.R.S. § 32-1151. Specifically, if the statute's purpose "to protect the public from unscrupulous, unqualified and financially irresponsible contractors" is satisfied, then substantial compliance suffices. Id.
¶ 9 Several factors must be considered in determining whether a contractor has substantially complied with the statutory requirements. The factors are: (1) whether the ROC's failure contributed to the contractor's noncompliance; (2) whether the contractor was financially responsible while its license was suspended or not yet issued; (3) whether the contractor knowingly ignored the registration requirements; (4) whether the contractor immediately remedied the statutory violation; and (5) whether the failure to comply with the statute prejudiced the party the statute seeks to protect. Id. (citing Aesthetic Prop. Maint., Inc. v. Capitol Indem., 183 Ariz. 74, 77, 900 P.2d 1210, 1213 (1995)). Aesthetic Property Maintenance further provides that knowingly ignoring the registration requirements is fatal to a claim of substantial compliance. 183 Ariz. at 78, 900 P.2d at 1214 ("Did the contractor knowingly ignore the registration requirements? If so, this is fatal to a claim of substantial compliance."); see also Crowe v. Hickman's Egg Ranch, Inc., 202 Ariz. 113, 116, ¶ 10, 41 P.3d 651, 654 (App.2002) (citing Aesthetic Prop. Maint., 183 Ariz. at 78, 900 P.2d at 1214).
¶ 10 In City of Phoenix, the contractor possessed a Class A license, but had failed to obtain a Class B license because it had not been thought necessary. After the contractor had submitted a bid on a project for the City of Phoenix, the ROC issued a contrary opinion. 184 Ariz. at 438, 909 P.2d at 505. This court held that the contractor had "substantially complied" with the statute because the error was caused in part by the ROC, the contractor obtained a Class B license as soon as it discovered that it needed to do so, and the City was not prejudiced by the temporary failure to comply. Id.
¶ 11 Similarly, in Aesthetic Property Maintenance, our Supreme Court held that a contractor had substantially complied with the statute even though its license had been suspended by operation of law for failure to pay a renewal fee. The contractor's failure to timely pay the fee was caused, in part, by the ROC's failure to send the renewal notice to the correct address, even though the contractor had provided the ROC with its new address. Moreover, the contractor had paid the late fee and had the license reinstated as soon as it learned of the suspension. Furthermore, the contractor had remained financially responsible by keeping current its surety bond, workers' compensation insurance, liability insurance and financial documents. 183 Ariz. at 78, 900 P.2d at 1214.
*501 ¶ 12 Unlike the contractors in Aesthetic Property Maintenance and City of Phoenix, in this case, the ALJ found that ACDS was aware of its need for a Class K-05 license (as evidenced by the fact that it had applied for one), but had knowingly ignored this requirement and failed to obtain the license before submitting its bid. ACDS contends that the facts do not support the conclusion that it "ignored" the licensing requirements because it had applied and qualified for a license but merely had not received the formal document showing issuance of the license. ACDS admits that it did not possess an actual license, yet knowing that it had not yet received the actual license, ACDS submitted a bid to the City of Phoenix.[1] There was sufficient evidence in the record to support the ALJ's and the superior court's conclusion that ACDS knew that it did not actually possess the required license when it submitted its bid to the City of Phoenix.
¶ 13 ACDS nevertheless contends that the ALJ and the superior court erred in considering only this one factor, rather than balancing all of the factors, in determining that ACDS did not substantially comply with the statute. But our Supreme Court clearly stated that a knowing violation of the licensing requirements is "fatal" to a claim of substantial compliance. Aesthetic Prop. Maint., 183 Ariz. at 78, 900 P.2d at 1214. We are bound by decisions of the Arizona Supreme Court. Myers v. Reeb, 190 Ariz. 341, 343, 947 P.2d 915, 917 (App.1997); McKay v. Indus. Comm'n, 103 Ariz. 191, 193, 438 P.2d 757, 759 (1968). Therefore, the superior court properly upheld the ALJ's decision that ACDS did not substantially comply with the licensing statutes.
B. Exemption for "Requirements Contract"
¶ 14 ACDS contends that the superior court erred in overruling the ALJ's decision that the contract was a "requirements contract" with a potential aggregate net worth of less than $750 and thus subject to the exemption from the licensing requirement set forth in A.R.S. § 32-1121.A.14 that provides:
A. This chapter shall not be construed to apply to:
. . .
14) Any person other than a licensed contractor engaging in any work . . . for which the aggregate contract price . . . is less than seven hundred fifty dollars. The work or operations which are exempt under this paragraph shall be of a casual or minor nature.
The ALJ concluded that although the City estimated that its annual expenditure on the contract would be $125,000, the price was not a term of the contract, which was a requirements contract at an hourly rate. The ALJ reasoned that "there exists the possibility, however small, that the City would not have any requirements, and would not, therefore, be obligated to pay." The ALJ thus was "unable to conclude . . . that the contract has an aggregate worth of more than $750.00." The ALJ therefore concluded that A.R.S. § 32-1123, requiring a one-year suspension of the license, did not apply, and instead ordered a three-month license suspension.
¶ 15 The superior court, however, concluded that the contract was estimated to be worth $375,000 over the course of its three-year duration and the contract was not "of a casual or minor nature." A.R.S. § 32-1121.A.14. Thus, the superior court concluded that the exemption did not apply. ACDS contends that the superior court erred in overruling the ALJ's finding that the contract did not have a value of more than $750.
¶ 16 As noted above, in reviewing an administrative agency's decision, the superior court must determine whether the administrative action was supported by substantial evidence or was contrary to the law, arbitrary and capricious, or an abuse of discretion. Siegel, 167 Ariz. at 401, 807 P.2d at 1137. The superior court correctly concluded that the ALJ's decision that the contract *502 did not have "an aggregate worth of more than $750.00" was not supported by substantial evidence. Although it was a requirements contract, the contract estimated that 1,250 hours would be required over the three-year term, and the record showed that in prior years (1996 to 2003) the services required by the City had fluctuated, ranging from $49,197 to more than $250,000 per year. Thus, the evidence was uncontradicted that well over $750 in services would be required and that the City expected to require approximately $375,000 in services over the three-year contract period. No evidence supported a conclusion that the City would require less than $750 in services under the contract. Additionally, the ALJ did not consider the portion of the statute providing that to be exempt, the work must be "of a casual or minor nature." A.R.S. § 32-1121.A.14. As the superior court concluded, a three-year contract with an expected value of $375,000 is not "of a casual or minor nature," even if it somehow turned out that the City did not require more than $750 in services. The superior court properly concluded that the ALJ abused his discretion in concluding that the exemption applied.
C. Authority to Rescind License
¶ 17 The superior court concluded that the exemption for minor contracts with a value of less than $750 did not apply and that A.R.S. § 32-1123.A. therefore did apply, and entered an order directing the ROC not issue ACDS a license for one year from the date of the bid. Because the ROC had issued the license before discovering the violation, and because ACDS had obtained a stay of the three-month suspension ordered by the ROC, ACDS had not been subjected to any loss of its license to date. Thus, the superior court directed the ROC to "rescind the license issued to Arizona Commercial Diving Services and to not reissue the license for a period of one year from the date of this Judgment." ACDS contends that the ROC and superior court lack the authority to order that its license be rescinded.
¶ 18 Specifically, ACDS contends that the plain language of the statute provides that the penalty for bidding on a contract without a valid contractor's license is that the ROC "shall not issue the entity a license . . . for one year after the date of the bid." A.R.S. § 32-1123.A. Because the statute does not specifically provide that the ROC or the court may suspend or revoke an existing license, ACDS contends that no such authority exists.
¶ 19 In this case, the ROC violated the statute by issuing the license. The statute provides that the ROC "shall not" issue a contractor's license for a period of one year following the violation at issue, but the ROC erroneously issued the license after ACDS violated the law, although before the ROC was aware that ACDS violated the law.
¶ 20 The ROC has authority under A.R.S. § 32-1154 to suspend or revoke a contractor's license for violation of that section. The ALJ specifically concluded that by bidding on a contract without the proper license, ACDS violated A.R.S. §§ 32-1151,-1154.A.7, thus subjecting ACDS to the ROC's authority to suspend or revoke its license. A.R.S. § 32-1154.A.21 clearly allows the ROC to suspend or revoke a license based on "[s]ubsequent discovery of facts which if known at the time of issuance of a license . . . would have been grounds to deny the issuance . . . of a license."
¶ 21 Moreover, the clear intent of the legislature is to subject unlicensed contractors who bid on qualifying contracts to a one-year penalty period during which time they cannot obtain a license. A.R.S. § 32-1123.A. Thus, the ROC is authorized to suspend or to revoke ACDS's license and to disallow reinstatement of the license for a period of one year. Moreover, the superior court, in reviewing the ALJ's decision for an abuse of discretion or improper application of the law, was authorized to modify the ALJ's decision and state what the proper penalty for ACDS's violation should be. A.R.S. § 12-911.A.5 (2003).
¶ 22 The superior court did not exceed its authority in directing the ROC to rescind ADCS's license and not to reissue it for a period of one year.
*503 D. Attorneys' Fees
¶ 23 ADS requests an award of reasonable attorneys' fees and costs incurred in this appeal. As the prevailing party on appeal, ADS is entitled to an award of costs. A.R.S. § 12-341. However, because ADS has provided no argument, or any citation to authority for its request for attorneys' fees and none is apparent, we deny the request. See Kelly v. NationsBanc Mortgage Corp., 199 Ariz. 284, 289, ¶ 26, 17 P.3d 790, 795 (App. 2001).
CONCLUSION
¶ 24 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment. The stay issued by this court on April 14, 2005, is hereby lifted. ADS's request for attorneys' fees is denied, but ADS is directed to file a statement of its costs in accordance with Rule 21 of the Arizona Rules of Civil Appellate Procedure.
CONCURRING: ANN A. SCOTT TIMMER and SUSAN A. EHRLICH, Judges.
NOTES
[1] Moreover, the ALJ rejected as "not credible" Hankes' testimony that he had been advised and believed that the receipt for taking the written examination served as a "temporary" license. We defer to the ALJ's credibility determinations. Adams v. Indus. Comm'n, 147 Ariz. 418, 421, 710 P.2d 1073, 1076 (App.1985) (administrative law judge's assessment of the credibility of witnesses is generally binding upon the reviewing court.)
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About the Author
Stuart Cole
Professor Stuart Cole has been Professor of Transport and Director of the Wales Transport Research Centre at the University of Glamorgan since March 2001. He has been the Specialist Adviser on Transport to the House of Commons Select Committee on Welsh Affairs since 1984.
Professor Cole was also Chairman of the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport Cymru/Wales (2003-2005), a past Chairman of the Institute of Highways and Transportation South Wales Branch, Chairman of the Wales Transport Strategy Group and a member of the Wales Transport Forum. He is a member of the First Great Western Stakeholders Advisory Group representing travellers, business and academia. Professor Cole is a regular broadcaster on BBC radio and television and on S4C in both Welsh and English.
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Q:
Why does SWT Table has spaces between columns in Windows 7
I asked a similar question before (it has all the screenshot and everything):
SWT Table.setLinesVisible(false) does not seem to work on Windows 7
After digging deeper, I observed two (surprising) things:
It actually has nothing to do with setLinesVisible() as I
initially assumed. Those dark column dividing lines are not "lines",
in fact, if I setLinesVisible(true) using a light color, I'll see
that the dark "lines" are to the left of the lines. In other words,
it appears the reason that those dark dividers exist is because the
background the column cell is not fully filled, it looks like there's
1 or 2 pixels at the right end of the cell that's not properly
painted to the desired cell background but is instead showing the
table background color.
If I switch to an (much) older swt jar (talking about 3-5 years
old), then that "crack" doesn't show up.
So this undesirable behavior only happens with newer swt jars on windows7.
Can someone please advise?
A:
Isn't that one of those bugs? Table or tree grid lines cover part of selection in win 7 or Tables: empty lines should not have a grid.
If not, you can write some post on swt forum.
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Ministry of External Relations (Dominican Republic)
Ministry of External Relations ( or MIREX) is the foreign affairs ministry of the Dominican Republic. headquartered in Santo Domingo.
See also
List of diplomatic missions of the Dominican Republic
References
External links
Ministry of External Relations
Category:Foreign affairs ministries
Category:Government of the Dominican Republic
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Assessment of in vivo CYP2D6 activity: differential sensitivity of commonly used probes to urine pH.
Drug/metabolite ratios (MRs) are used as in vivo markers of enzyme activity. The ratios are potentially confounded by the renal clearance of the drug (urine-based MRs) or metabolite (plasma-based MRs). The authors have investigated the relative sensitivity of urinary MR of 3 in vivo probe substrates of CYP2D6 debrisoquine (DB), dextromethorphan (DM), and metoprolol (MP) to changes in urine pH. Three groups of healthy volunteers each comprising 12 individuals were given DB (10 mg), DM (25 mg), or MP (100 mg) on 3 occasions. In 1 study arm, urine was acidified by the oral intake of ammonium chloride; in another, it was alkalinized by intake of sodium bicarbonate; and in the third, urine pH was uncontrolled. Urinary MP/alpha-hydroxy-MP, DM/dextrorphan, and DB/4-hydroxy-DB ratios were calculated. The mean(geo) MR for DB was not significantly different in any of the study arms, whereas those for MP and DM were significantly different under acidified and alkalinized urine conditions compared to uncontrolled urine pH (P < .01) and were correlated with urine pH (P < .001). Without control of urine pH, in vivo estimates of CYP2D6 metabolic activity are likely to be less precise using DM or MP as probe substrates compared to DB. Although this is unlikely to cause any problem in distinguishing the large functional differences in CYP2D6 in poor metabolizer (PM) and extensive metabolizer (EM) phenotypes, this may contribute to difficulties in differentiating in vivo metabolic activity among allelic variants within the overall CYP2D6 EM phenotype using MP or DM. However, because DB is not available in many countries (eg, United States), alternative in vivo markers of CYP2D6 with low sensitivity to urine pH should be sought.
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Molecular cloning of two novel protein kinase genes from Arabidopsis thaliana.
We have isolated two novel protein kinase genes, MHK and NAK, from the plant Arabidopsis thaliana by using low stringency hybridization with the catalytic domain of a putative plant receptor protein kinase. Sequence analysis of the cDNAs reveals that MHK is a member of the cdc2+ family of protein kinases and is particularly similar to the mak gene of rats; mak encodes a protein kinase that may play a role in spermatogenesis. NAK encodes a candidate protein kinase that is similar to the oncogenes met and abl. The homology that these two Arabidopsis genes share with other protein kinases suggests that they may play a role in the regulation of plant growth and development.
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Total Pageviews
Tuesday, January 29, 2013
Director Quentin
Tarantino’s tribute to the spaghetti Western stars two intriguing characters:
Jamie Foxx as Django, a slave whose brutal history with his former owners lands
him face-to-face with bounty hunter Dr. King Schultz (Christoph Waltz).
The actors,who
also include Leonardo DiCaprio and Samuel L. Jackson, are in fine form and
having fun in this ironically exploitative film. Tarantino has created some
great scenes, but as a whole, this hit-or-miss movie just isn’t that clever. And
it most definitely isn’t 2 hours and 45
minutes clever.
A liberal-hearted revenge Western is a fun concept, but you get
the feeling that Tarantino just wants to shock you at every moment while he has you trapped in the theater. That’s
only fun for the first hour — then I just felt ripped off.
Simply
put: More unhinged than
unchained. I'll give it a silent D.
Award
potential: Nominated for Best Picture, Best Supporting and Best
Original Screenplay.
The ten
buck review: Not worth ten bucks. Go enjoy the scenes in the film trailer instead.
Zero Dark Thirty reunites the Oscar winning team of
director-producer Kathryn Bigelow and writer-producer Mark Boal (The Hurt Locker) for the step by step
story of the manhunt for the world's most dangerous man— Osama bin Laden.
Screenwriter Boal has
acknowledged that “all
of the characters in the film are based on real people.” Some of these
real people, like the agent who inspired main character Maya (Jessica
Chastain), still work under secret identities.
Most of the meticulously crafted story
is rolled out in a matter-of-fact way, which may disappoint someone looking for
a character-driven film. But these very details will delight anyone fascinated
by the process that led to finding OBL.
Following
all this procedural drama, Bigelow recreates the Navy Seal’s raid on the
compound, which gives the movie a satisfying thriller climax.
Simply
put: The current torture
controversy in the press shouldn’t distract from this meticulously crafted thriller
that is about so much more.
Award
potential: Nominated for Best Picture, Best Actress and Best Original
Screenplay. With Zero chances at Best
Director (Bigelow was not nominated).Chastain has a procedural-type role, which is usually good enough for a nomination only. This film could get
rewarded in one area — for the research and talent to write the screenplay. But
the torture controversy may rob it of that too.
Saturday, January 26, 2013
In the past 18 years, over 75% of the (non-ensemble) SAG Actor award winners have gone on to win the Oscar that same year — yeh, the SAGs are a much better bet for predicting the Big Night than any other award show. Good luck with both races.
Here's what's gonna happen:
Best ActorDaniel Day-Lewis, Lincoln
Best ActressJennifer Lawrence, Silver Linings Playbook
Best Supporting ActorTommy Lee Jones, Lincoln
Best Supporting ActressAnne Hathaway, Les Miserables
Film EnsembleCould be any of the three films above and probably should go to Lincoln which also includes strong spots for Sally Field, James Spader and Hal Holbrook.But only 9 of 17 ensemble winners have won the Best Picture Oscar...so I'll take the edge from a Spielbergmovie and give it to Harvey Weinstein's heavy promotion of Silver Linings Playbook.
Another strong category where anyone could be awarded, but DjangoUnchained lovers have two ways to split their vote. Tommy Lee Jones rightfully takes it.
Best
Supporting Actress
Sally Field is a strong choice for her redefinition of Mary Todd
Lincoln, but don't we all know that Anne Hathaway was destined to win one of
these…and an Oscar. Edge to Anne Hathaway.
Best Screenplay
Lincoln is possible, but Mark Boal, who
researched his film from the ground up, may have the award locked up with Zero Dark Thirty.
Best Original Song
Les Miserables' new
song gets shaken and stirred by Adele's winning
Skyfall.
Best ScoreCloud Atlas wowed the industry, but
the Foreign Press will go with the only one that people remember later, John William’s Lincoln.
Best Director
If in
Vegas, go with Speilberg or Bigelow.I’m picking a well-timed shocker. With a
list of nominees that also includes Tarantino and their very favorite Ang Lee…picking
the nice actor with a great film solves the dilemma and spreads some love to Argo.
Ben Affleck, in a headline making upset.
Best Animated Feature
Film
Brave is set in Scotland, but Tim Burton did tonight’s
winnerFrankenweenie
Friday, January 11, 2013
When I heard the
cast for the movie musical of Les
Miserables , it looked like I had dreamed-a-dream come true. Hugh Jackman!
Anne Hathaway! Russell Crowe! Helena Bonham Carter! Amanda Seyfried!
Their individual
performances, all sung live on camera, are solid, impressive and moving. And
the soundtrack is selling well. So that worked.
But dang, Director Tom
Hooper (The King’s Speech) has
assembled a relentless, 2 hour 38 minute movie that feels as long as it is. Yeh,
at about the second hour, I screamed a scream as much time went by.
Simply
put:Loved the book. Loved the musical play. Liked the movie. The world’s longest
running musical has become the longest-seeming film.
Award
potential: Hugh Jackman holds
this thing together and could win Best
Actor. Anne Hathaway is the front-runner for Best Supporting Actress. She indeed stole big moments from the
movie — that type of performance tends to win that award.
At the end of the
day, this film is a great way to reward these two versatile, well loved actors
— but it won’t take Best Picture and Skyfall will probably take the Best Song
title away too.
Thursday, January 10, 2013
The Academy Award nominees were announced today (by Seth Macfalane). Lincoln got the most with 12. And we have our oldest AND youngest Oscar Best Actress nominees. But no director for Argo (surprising) or Les Miserables (not)
Monday, January 7, 2013
Seth
MacFarlane and Emma Stone will announce the Academy Award nominations Thursday a.m. I have a 88.5% degree of accuracy for nomination predictions over the past five years — here’s what’s gonna happen:
As a lover of all things movie making,
Alfred Hitchcock and Hollywood, I was easily engaged in Hitchcock
from start to finish. But in the first 30 minutes I knew that you could
kill of any chance of this being one of the better movies of 2012.
This over-simplistic tale would have
made a better TV biopic and it mightily surpasses HBO’s recent Hitchcock
biopic, The Girl.
What does work here is the relationship
between Alfred (Anthony Hopkins) and his wife Alma (Helen Mirren). This is a
nice film, not a great one. And to use a quote from the film (not the
stillbirth one), “Charming. Doris Day should do it as a musical.”
Simply
put: Fun for fans of movie
making, but this film is hardly worthy of the Master of Suspense.
Award
potential: Anthony Hopkins was
inconsistent, but Helen Mirren was consistently wonderful enough to have a
chance at an Oscar nomination — but probably won’t make the cut. If there were 7 nominees,
not 5, she’d be up for another award. In another year, I'd also mention Best Makeup.
In his follow up to the terrific film, The Fighter, writer-director David
O. Russell finds the perfect tone to craft a lighthearted romantic comedy about
someone suffering from a heavyweight issue: bipolar disorder and depression.
Silver Linings is based on a clever novel by Matthew
Quick. And for once, the movie is actually better than the book. Thank the
smart dialogue and superb performances by Bradley Cooper, Jennifer Lawrence and
Robert DeNiro, who finally has a role he seems to engage in.
Actually, just thank
David Russell. This could have been another crazy-family comedy, but the silver
lining is that he has created a modern classic.
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Conventionally there is a permanent mold casting machine that manufactures casting products by pouring the molten metal from a holding furnace via a stoke into a cavity that is formed within the horizontally split molds that consist of the upper and lower molds.
For example, the permanent mold casting machine disclosed in the publication of the Japanese Patent Application, Publication No. S63-273561, belongs to this type of machine. In this permanent mold casting machine, the upper mold is attached to the lower surface of the upper mold base. It is movable up and down and is supported by four supporting frames that are installed around a holding furnace placed on a base table, wherein both (1) contacting the upper mold with the lower mold so as to form a product cavity between the upper mold and the lower mold that is disposed on the lower mold base that is fixed to the supporting frames, and (2) lifting the upper mold so as to form the space for setting of a core and for taking out products between the upper and lower molds, are carried out by the operation of lifting and lowering the upper mold base alone.
The permanent mold casting machine of the conventional structure as described above has a long distance for an upper mold base to travel when it is lifted or lowered. So, the four supporting frames must be very high. Accordingly the supporting frames are apt to bend if they are to support a large weight. Further, when the upper mold and the lower mold are separated, a large load presses the supporting frames. As a result, the supporting frames are apt to bend when the upper mold is opened (mold opening), causing the upper mold to slide in a horizontal direction so that the casting product that is lifted with the upper mold may interfere with the lower mold and be damaged or the washing that is disposed on the lower mold may come off. These problems are particularly conspicuous when the upper and the lower molds have a number of product cavities or complex product cavities. Further, the distance of travel of the upper mold base is long such that the hydraulic cylinder and hydraulic unit that lift and lower the upper mold base should have higher capacities. They become expensive.
In view of these problems, the present invention provides a method to move an upper mold in a permanent mold casting machine and the permanent mold casting machine used for the method, wherein the contact of the upper mold with the lower mold and its separation from the lower mold are carried out by means of a mold clamping mechanism, to which the upper mold is attached, so that the upper mold can carry out the scheduled work even if the distance of travel of the lifting and lowering frame becomes longer, and wherein, further, forming the space for setting of a core and for taking out a product between the upper and lower molds is achieved by the lifting of the mold clamping mechanism, and the upper mold (see the publication of Japanese Patent Application, Publication No. 2004-255406).
However, for the method and the permanent mold casting machine of Publication No. 2004-255406 a hydraulic cylinder and hydraulic unit having higher capacities are not required because of the use of the mold clamping mechanism. But the actuator of the mold clamping mechanism is required to generate a greater power than that required to lift the mold clamping mechanism and the upper mold so that the lifting and lowering frame should not be moved by the force generated at the time of the mold opening. There still remains a problem. Namely, the method and the permanent mold casting machine used for the method must have a very high capacity, especially if the actuator is operated by an electric cylinder, thus making it difficult to increase the speed of the machine.
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Your government at work with your tax dollars. Loan billions to brain dead teenagers so they can pretend to get smart in college. When they fail miserably due to the fact after twelve years of public school government indoctrination they can’t read, write or add, the government pays slimy collection agencies to get these unemployed dolts to pay up. Not only has $600 billion of your tax dollars been pissed down the drain on loans to dumbasses, you now get to spend billions trying to collect the billions that will never be collected. Clusterfuck is too kind of a word to use for this program Obama initiated to pump money into the economy and fake the true unemployment rate. I bet you can’t wait until the government has full control of your healthcare.
The federal government has, in recent years, paid debt collectors close to $1 billion annually to help distressed borrowers climb out of default and scrounge up regular monthly payments. New government figures suggest much of that money may have been wasted.
Nearly half of defaulted student-loan borrowers who worked with debt collectors to return to good standing on their loans defaulted again within three years, according to an analysis by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. For their work, debt collectors receive up to $1,710 in payment from the U.S. Department of Education each time a borrower makes good on soured debt through a process known as rehabilitation. They keep those funds even if borrowers subsequently default again, contracts show. The department has earmarked more than $4.2 billion for payments to its debt collectors since the start of the 2013 fiscal year, federal spending data show.
The corrupt establishment will do anything to suppress sites like the Burning Platform from revealing the truth. The corporate media does this by demonetizing sites like mine by blackballing the site from advertising revenue. If you get value from this site, please keep it running with a donation. [Jim Quinn - PO Box 1520 Kulpsville, PA 19443] or Paypal -----------------------------------------------------The corrupt establishment will do anything to suppress sites like the Burning Platform from revealing the truth. The corporate media does this by demonetizing sites like mine by blackballing the site from advertising revenue. If you get value from this site, please keep it running with a donation. [Jim Quinn - PO Box 1520 Kulpsville, PA 19443] or Paypal
The findings, gleaned from the bureau’s analysis of about 600,000 borrower accounts, come as the Trump administration weighs a shakeup of the government’s student loan program. For years, defaults have mounted despite the improving U.S. economy and the money invested in collecting education debt. Education Secretary Betsy DeVos pledged earlier this year to “do a better job” than the Obama administration at managing the department’s loan contractors. Last week, DeVos suggested that the feds should “start afresh.”
Officials at the CFPB say the government should reexamine whether the loan program, and the lucrative contracts it bestows on private firms, is working for the millions of Americans struggling to repay their taxpayer-backed student debt.
“When student loan companies know that nearly half of their highest-risk customers will quickly fail, it’s time to fix the broken system that makes this possible,” said Seth Frotman, the consumer bureau’s top student-loan official.
Debt collectors aggressively angle for new business from the Education Department because the contracts are among the most lucrative in the industry. The government values the latest round at $2.8 billion.
The government often pays debt collectors nearly 40 times what they bring in, federal records show. Take the government’s rehabilitation program, which targets people who have defaulted on their debt—meaning they missed nine months of payments. If a borrower subsequently makes nine on-time monthly payments of as little as $5 during a 10-month period, their loans are returned to good standing and the default is supposed to be wiped from their credit reports . But the CFPB found that more than 40 percent of these borrowers defaulted again within three years.
Even when borrowers don’t default, debt collection efforts often yield little. Close to 80 percent of borrowers who rehabilitate their debt make the minimum $5 monthly payment, according to a 2015 estimate by the National Council of Higher Education Resources, a lobbying group that represents student debt collectors and servicers. That means the Education Department is paying its debt collectors up to $1,710 per borrower to collect around $45, regardless of whether the borrower continues to make her payments.
The arrangement means that debt collectors “have no ‘skin in the game,’” Frotman wrote in an October report.
The consumer bureau estimates that the vast majority of borrowers who rehabilitate their defaulted debt with $5 monthly payments are eligible for $0 payments after they exit default, under an income-based repayment plan. But about 90 percent of debtors who rehabilitated their debt failed to enroll in these programs, according to the CFPB’s analysis. All that’s needed to enroll is some paperwork that enables contracted loan servicers to confirm borrowers’ annual earnings, but experts inside and outside the government say they don’t know why this step isn’t completed, and distressed borrowers are left stuck in debt collectors’ sights. The Education Department, which rewards its loan servicers with more business if the loans they service remain in good standing, excludes rehabilitated loans when grading its servicers’ performance.
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Philippines Mayon volcano ready to blow, but some residents slow to go
The Mayon volcano in the Philippines is expected to erupt imminently. But some residents are slow to leave their farms and homes, despite evacuation pleas.
By
Taylor Barnes, Correspondent /
December 21, 2009
View video
Mike Alquinto/AP
(Read caption)
Residents living within the danger zone of Mayon volcano, seen in the background, are evacuated to safer grounds in Guinobatan, Philippines, on Monday.
View photo
With “audible booming and rumbling sounds” coming from the Philippines’s Mayon volcano, in the words of the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, a major eruption is expected within days. But even with the crater glowing with lava at night, Filipino security forces are having a hard time keeping tens of thousands of evacuated residents from returning to the danger zone to check on their farms and homes.
Filipino forces went house to house on Monday with trucks to pressure the 3,000 remaining residents in the danger zone to evacuate. But some men refused to board. "There are always a few who don't want to go. They say they are used to eruptions and they never get hurt anyway," a village counselor told the Agence France-Presse.
Albay authorities already have ordered 70,000 people to evacuate from the five-mile dangerous radius around the volcano, according to the Philippine Star. The refugees may need to spend up to four months in temporary shelters, Filipino officials said. Social workers in the shelters were organizing Christmas parties and games to keep children entertained, the Star added.
Filiipino authorities raised the volcano eruption threat level from three to four on Sunday. Level five is the highest and means an eruption is taking place.
The Philippines is no stranger to volcano eruptions, and Mayon is a tourist attraction for its fine cone shape. It is one of the Philippines' particularly active volcanoes, according to Reuters. It has erupted more than 50 times in the past four centuries, the last time in 2006.
No one was killed immediately by the volcano blast in that year. But when debris that had caught on Mayon’s slopes from the eruption was dislodged in a typhoon three months later, the resulting avalanche of mud and boulders crushed villages, according to the Philippine Star. More than 1,000 were killed.
To see where relocated residents are being taken, you can watch this ITN world video that shows the emergency shelters.
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and give z.
-2178
Rearrange 2*b**2 + 6*b**4 - b + 2 + 1 - 7*b**4 to the form l*b**4 + w + x*b**3 + i*b**2 + c*b and give i.
2
Rearrange 4*a**3 + 0*a**2 - 43*a**4 + 3*a**2 - a**2 - 2*a**3 to q*a**3 + l*a**2 + j*a + p*a**4 + c and give j.
0
Rearrange (16 + 9*w - 16)*(162*w - 331*w + 77*w)*(-5*w**2 + 3*w**2 - w**2) to the form s*w**3 + v*w**2 + i*w**4 + h + p*w and give i.
2484
Express (5606 + 4973 - 1061 + 5285 + 2992)*(l + 3 - 3) as a*l + s and give a.
17795
Rearrange 4*q + 2*q + 6*q + (0*q + 5*q + 0*q)*(-1 + 0 + 0) - 4 + 4 + 3*q to the form v*q + i and give v.
10
Express ((-k - 2*k + 2*k)*(k**2 - 3*k**2 + 3*k**2) - k**3 - 2*k**3 + k**3)*(23 - 34 - 75) in the form j*k**3 + d*k**2 + u + x*k and give j.
258
Rearrange 17*d**2 + 3*d**4 + 37*d + 12*d**2 - 1 + 11*d**2 - 19*d - 19*d to g + w*d**3 + b*d**2 + n*d**4 + z*d and give n.
3
Express 3*p**4 + 1075*p**3 + p**2 - p**2 + p - 2 - 1086*p**3 - 2*p**2 as c*p + x*p**2 + k*p**3 + y + n*p**4 and give x.
-2
Rearrange -16 - 19*h - 11 - 20 + 52 to the form o*h + m and give m.
5
Express 0*h**3 + 21 - 33*h - 2*h**3 + 28 - 50 as d*h + w*h**3 + z*h**2 + b and give z.
0
Rearrange 73 - 3*l**2 + 89 - 48 + 54 to j + a*l + h*l**2 and give h.
-3
Rearrange -4*b + 394*b**4 + b - 395*b**4 - 30 + 11 - b**3 to the form u*b**2 + q*b**4 + s*b**3 + t + r*b and give t.
-19
Rearrange 11 - 12 + 20*n**2 + 12 - 10 to the form q + f*n + x*n**2 and give q.
1
Rearrange (p - 6*p - 6*p)*(2*p - 6*p + 3*p) + 48*p - 48*p - 17*p**2 to a + t*p + d*p**2 and give d.
-6
Express 1401*h - 246 + 143*h + 41*h + 246 as t*h + z and give t.
1585
Express (-312 - 282 + 214 - 273)*(w**3 + 6 - 6) as a*w + v*w**3 + z*w**2 + y and give v.
-653
Express -24*c - 11*c + 29 - 2*c**2 + 45*c in the form x*c + v*c**2 + n and give v.
-2
Express ((3 - 5 + 0)*(-4*i + 4*i - 2*i) + 0*i - 4*i + 5*i)*(-4 + 0*i**2 + 5*i**2 + 6) as l*i + p + t*i**2 + z*i**3 and give z.
25
Express 1788*d + 1963*d - 597*d + (d - 4*d + 5*d)*(-2 + 0 + 0) as y + n*d and give n.
3150
Express -243*o**2 + 1 + o**3 + 245*o**2 - o + 7*o**3 + o**4 - 15*o**3 as i + g*o + x*o**4 + l*o**3 + m*o**2 and give x.
1
Express -111*m**2 + 36*m**2 - m**4 + 29*m**2 + 45*m**2 - 527 + 1667 in the form a*m**4 + k + j*m**2 + z*m + t*m**3 and give k.
1140
Express -19*x - 2*x**3 + 41*x + 4*x**3 + 2*x**2 - x**4 + 1 as b*x**3 + f*x**2 + y + j*x + k*x**4 and give y.
1
Rearrange 5 - 4*v - 5 - 2 - 8*v + 2 + (2 - 2 + 2)*(2*v + 0*v + 0*v) + 153 + 11*v - 153 to m*v + t and give m.
3
Express (-z + 0*z + 0*z)*(-26*z**2 + 233 - 233) + (z**2 - 2*z**2 + 0*z**2)*(-z - 2*z + 0*z) in the form v*z + a*z**3 + k*z**2 + q and give a.
29
Express -51*y - 2 - 54*y + 104*y + 1 as t + z*y and give z.
-1
Rearrange -8*b + 21 - 21 + 0*b - 4*b - b + (3 - 4 + 3)*(-4*b - 2*b + 5*b) to u + s*b and give s.
-15
Express -7854*y**3 + 7856*y**3 + 2*y**2 - 2 + 8*y - 3*y**2 as z + j*y**3 + c*y**2 + u*y and give j.
2
Rearrange (0 - 2 + 1)*(-4*x + 3*x + 2*x) + 474*x - 1229*x - 3553*x to the form n + l*x and give l.
-4309
Express 951*n**2 + 37*n - 37*n + 1941*n**2 in the form h*n + w*n**2 + z and give w.
2892
Rearrange (32*n**2 - 87*n - 3*n - 18*n**2)*(1 - 1 + n) to the form t*n**3 + c*n**2 + z*n + l and give c.
-90
Express 3*s**2 - 2*s**2 + 2 + 218*s - 2 + 150*s as f + m*s**2 + n*s and give n.
368
Rearrange (1 - 1 - 25*j**4)*(19 - 21 - 24) to m*j**3 + o + t*j**4 + l*j**2 + g*j and give t.
650
Express -35*k + 151*k**2 + 2 + 24*k + 11*k + 1 in the form b*k**2 + m + c*k and give b.
151
Rearrange (b**2 - 2*b**2 - 2*b**2)*(-1 + 2367*b - 4723*b + 2359*b - 43*b**2) to m + f*b**4 + x*b**3 + h*b + k*b**2 and give h.
0
Rearrange -157*o**2 + 2*o**3 + 157*o**2 + 32*o to the form w*o**3 + z*o**2 + s*o + d and give s.
32
Rearrange -94 - 9*q + 94 - 2*q - 1 + 1 + (0 - 2 + 1)*(-q - 4 + 4) + 3*q - 5*q + 4*q + 2 - 2*q - 2 to d + y*q and give y.
-10
Rearrange 108*z**2 - 8*z**3 - 29 - 24*z**2 + 2*z - 23*z**2 - 61*z**2 to the form f + w*z**3 + t*z**2 + d*z and give w.
-8
Express 37264*v**2 + v + 3*v**3 - 37227*v**2 - 4*v**3 as p + y*v**2 + g*v**3 + n*v and give g.
-1
Rearrange -6 - 10*p**2 + 28*p**3 + 5*p**2 + 2*p + 3 + p**2 to z*p**3 + x + f*p + t*p**2 and give f.
2
Express -112*o**2 + 3*o**3 - 115*o**2 + 228*o**2 - 102 in the form t + x*o**2 + h*o**3 + p*o and give t.
-102
Rearrange (6*g + 2*g - 7*g)*(14 - 18 - 23) to m + l*g and give l.
-27
Express -5*y**2 + 4*y**2 + 3*y**2 - 2 + 5 as p*y**2 + q*y + l and give p.
2
Rearrange 0*f**3 + 1408 - f**3 - 1483 + 4*f**2 to m*f**2 + b*f**3 + p*f + d and give d.
-75
Rearrange (35*p + 7*p + 16*p)*(25 + 8 - 11) to the form l*p + c and give l.
1276
Express (-2*j + 5*j + j)*(-j + j + j) + (8 - 5 + 8)*(-3*j**2 - 3*j**2 + 3*j**2) in the form i*j**2 + x + p*j and give i.
-29
Rearrange -1940*o**2 - 142*o**2 - 506*o**2 to s*o**2 + g + d*o and give d.
0
Express -2*c**2 - 2 - 12*c**3 + 2*c**2 + 9*c - 34*c**3 + 11*c**3 in the form d*c**3 + x + g*c**2 + v*c and give v.
9
Rearrange (-2 + 1 - 1)*(-16 + 2 + 55*c + 12) to the form d*c + g and give d.
-110
Rearrange (4 - 86 - 49)*(0*v + v - 2*v)*(3 + 0 - 1)*(-1 + 6 - 2) to the form t*v + d and give t.
786
Express (-3*v - 2*v + 6*v)*(-1 - 1 + 5)*(3 + 8 - 2) in the form o*v + n and give o.
27
Rearrange 68*q**2 + 117*q**2 - 52*q**2 to z + l*q + w*q**2 and give w.
133
Rearrange (-1 + 5 - 2 + (0 + 1 + 1)*(4 - 2 - 3) + 5 - 1 - 2 + 0 + 0 + 2)*(-33*a + 1 + 55*a**2 + 33*a) to v*a**2 + r*a + u and give v.
220
Express -s**2 - s**4 - 9*s**4 - 14 + 2*s**4 + 2*s + 12*s**4 in the form y*s**4 + x*s**3 + h*s**2 + w*s + k and give w.
2
Express (-2*s**2 + 4 - 4)*(7*s**2 + 37*s - 24*s**2 + 2 - 23*s) as h*s**4 + v*s**3 + d*s + i + y*s**2 and give h.
34
Express (-1 - 1 + 4)*(-v - 2*v + v) + 329*v - 45*v - 73*v + v + 2 - 2 + (-4 - 1 + 3)*(v + 0 + 0) in the form s*v + x and give s.
206
Rearrange (b**3 + 2*b**3 - 4*b**3)*(11*b - 156*b - b) to h + w*b**4 + p*b**3 + g*b + l*b**2 and give w.
146
Rearrange (-2*h + 5*h + 2*h)*(3*h + 3*h - 4*h) + 468*h**2 + 4*h - 3*h - 2 - 422*h**2 to s*h**2 + r*h + g and give r.
1
Rearrange 44*l - 2*l**3 - l**4 - 56*l + 13*l + 242*l**2 to d*l**3 + i*l + a*l**2 + w*l**4 + u and give i.
1
Rearrange 2*o - 2*o**3 + o**2 - 3*o**2 + o**2 - 17*o**2 + o**3 to the form m*o + k + p*o**2 + h*o**3 and give p.
-18
Rearrange 1 - 6*n - n - 20*n - 32*n**2 - 2*n**3 + 29*n**2 to a*n**3 + y*n + q + s*n**2 and give q.
1
Rearrange (2*i**4 + 1 - 1)*(0 + 3 + 3)*(32 - 15 - 23) to the form v*i**3 + b + a*i + k*i**4 + q*i**2 and give v.
0
Express 3*j**2 - 2 + 3*j - 621*j**3 + 627*j**3 - 4*j**2 - 6*j - j**4 in the form g + p*j**2 + r*j**3 + v*j + z*j**4 and give g.
-2
Rearrange -11*w**4 - w + 2*w + 22*w**3 + 2*w**2 + 1 + 9*w**4 to c*w**4 + f*w**3 + d*w**2 + y*w + a and give c.
-2
Express -2*z + 10 - 31 + 48 - z**2 in the form k + j*z**2 + m*z and give k.
27
Express (3 + 0 + 4)*(-6*d**3 + 17*d**3 - 50*d**3) in the form u + i*d + f*d**2 + m*d**3 and give m.
-273
Rearrange (g**2 - 1 + 1)*(-1 + 1 - 1) + (-g - g + 5*g)*(-94*g - 48*g - 164*g) to the form v*g + u*g**2 + y and give u.
-919
Express 39*s**3 - 5*s**2 + 0*s - 3*s + 5*s**2 - 99*s**3 in the form u*s + f*s**2 + j*s**3 + i and give j.
-60
Rearrange (-6*a**2 + 28 - 28)*(0*a + 2*a + 3*a) + (0 - 3*a + 0)*(2*a**2 - 3*a**2 + 2*a**2) to z + j*a**2 + m*a + u*a**3 and give u.
-33
Rearrange 5 - y**2 - 4 + 1 + (15*y - 39*y - 5*y)*(-3*y + y + 0*y) to q*y**2 + n*y + v and give v.
2
Express -5 + 6 + 83*g - 4 - 2 + 2 in the form k*g + x and give x.
-3
Rearrange -3*u - u - u + (4*u + 2*u - 3*u)*(33 - 11 + 18) to the form z*u + f and give z.
115
Express 13*k + 2*k - 5*k + 2*k + 11 - 4*k as i + j*k and give j.
8
Rearrange (14 - 7 + 26 - 2 + 0 + 0 + (-1 + 2 - 2)*(0 - 4 + 3))*(-z + 2*z + z) to x*z + t and give x.
64
Express -58*w**2 - 275*w + 134*w - 54*w**2 + 143*w as b + j*w**2 + a*w and give j.
-112
Rearrange 7*w**2 - 62*w**3 + 65*w**3 - 10*w**2 + 49*w**2 to i + d*w + b*w**2 + a*w**3 and give d.
0
Rearrange (l + 0*l + l)*(1 - 3 + 1) - 3 + 30 - 8 + 5*l to g + i*l and give i.
3
Express -4*y**2 - 2680*y**4 + 2681*y**4 + 2 - 14*y - 5*y in the form c*y + k*y**2 + n*y**3 + a + w*y**4 and give a.
2
Rearrange (4*n - 6*n + 6*n)*(-2*n + 0 + 0) + n**2 + 0*n**2 + 0*n**2 + 6*n**2 + 0*n**2 + 8*n**2 to s*n**2 + g + u*n and give s.
7
Express 40*p - 19*p - 9*p - 63 - 10*p as x*p + v and give v.
-63
Exp
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Gerald Stokell
Gerald Stokell (20 June 1890 – 10 July 1972) was a New Zealand amateur ichthyologist.
Early life
Stokell was born at Prebbleton, near Christchurch, New Zealand, on 20 June 1890 to Edmund Stokell and Jane (Née Pasche). He lived there for his whole life. He attended Broadfields Primary School, and was a keen trout angler.
Interest in freshwater fish
A keen angler, Stokell wrote a series of studies on trout in Lake Ellismere. Through this interest in angling, he also came across native fish species, but was unable to identify them due to a lack of published information. From 1938 onwards he began publishing papers on them, describing species and detangling the many names that had accrued. He described 10 species that are still accepted, although others turned out to be junior synonyms.
Species described
Galaxias paucispondylus (1938) alpine galaxias
Gobiomorphus breviceps (1939) upland bully
Galaxias prognathus (1940) longjaw galaxias
Neochanna diversus (1949) Black mudfish
Galaxias vulgaris (1949) Canterbury galaxias
Galaxias anomalus (1959) Central Otago roundhead galaxias
Gobiomorphus hubbsi (1959) bluegill bully
Galaxias divergens (1959) dwarf galaxias
Gobiomorphus alpinus (1962) Tarndale bully
In 1941 Stokell's smelt, Stokellia anisodon, was named after him.
Memberships
Council of the North Canterbury Acclimatisation Society
Staff of the Canterbury Museum
Secretary of the Canterbury branch of the Royal Society of New Zealand
A direct man with forceful opinions, he left the Acclimatisation Society, stating:Their sole qualification for safe-guarding the welfare of wild creatures [is] the possession of a desire to kill them.
Death
Stokell died 10 July 1972 in Christchurch.
Works
Freshwater fishes of New Zealand, 1955
Freshwater and diadromous fishes of New Zealand, 1972
References
Notes
Bibliography
Category:New Zealand naturalists
Category:1890 births
Category:1972 deaths
Category:New Zealand ichthyologists
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Metasys® 8.0 From Johnson Controls
Metasys® 8.0 From Johnson Controls
Johnson Controls introduces Metasys® 8.0, the latest in building automation system (BAS) enhancements for ease of use, faster troubleshooting, less time on task, reduced risk, and easier integrations.
Metasys leads the way with advanced BAS technology, providing essential instrumentation and control to save energy, lower operational costs, and enable efficient and secure operations.
Among the system’s key enhancements are graphics available across multiple mobile devices, alarm management that enables alarm prioritization for improved productivity, and improved scheduling and custom trending that save time and ease troubleshooting. Additionally, new reporting features make it easier to access trends, alarms, audits, and scheduling data. Tenant-based users will also appreciate spaces authorization, which allows them to access the system and see only the data they need.
Metasys 8.0 builds upon features introduced in December 2014 with Metasys 7.0, which included a new mobile-optimized, easy-to-use interface that displayed information by building spaces.
“As a result of these improvements, building operators are not only able to do more from anywhere or any device, they can drill down to critical information much more quickly, enabling them to resolve issues faster and reduce time on task. We had one customer tell us, ‘I haven’t seen anyone have something so intuitive and easy to use,’” said Nazanin Hoglund, vice president of Systems Product Management. “Meanwhile, system improvements help preserve customers’ investments by ensuring their long-term viability.”
The system follows industry and government best practices, including added Information Technology (IT) security with secure password management as well as dormant user account reporting. The reporting helps prevent unauthorized access with the ability to identify unused accounts that need to be shut down. Metasys also provides support for BACnet Protocol Revision 12 on engines for interoperability between Metasys and BACnet Testing Laboratories™ (BTL)-listed third-party BACnet devices, making Metasys more open and easy to integrate than ever.
Featured Video
Powered by highly advanced encryption and a software-based infrastructure, Seos secures trusted identities on any form factor and can be extended for applications beyond physical access control. Learn more at hidglobal.com/seos.
The health insurance company will invest approximately $2.5 million to upgrade its facilities and equipment in High Point, NC. - Read: Aetna’s North Carolina Expansion Will Create 300 New Jobs at BusinessFacilities.com.
The expansion of Conley Composites to Kentwood, MI will result in the creation of 64 new jobs and a capital investment of $3.3 million. - Read: Andronaco Industries Relocating New Subsidiary To Michigan at BusinessFacilities.com.
The expanded aircraft maintenance, repair and overhaul facility at John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport (YHM) will create more than 275 new jobs. - Read: KF Aerospace Investing $23M In Ontario Expansion at BusinessFacilities.com.
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Facility Executive is your one-stop source for information on quality operation, design and maintenance of facilities. Facility Executive offers a shared community of facility management experts who explore and analyze issues that affect your facility and its environment.
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Matsuo Electric agrees to plead guilty to fixing prices
Matsuo Electric and one of its executives, Satoshi Okubo, have agreed to plead guilty over a price-fixing scheme involving electrolytic capacitors, the Justice Department said on Feb. 8. Matsuo and Okubo were accused of conspiring to suppress and eliminate competition for electrolytic capacitors by fixing prices and rigging bids. The
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[Prevention of thrombo-embolic venous disease].
Large epidemiological studies have shown that nearly all risk factors for deep vein thromboses have a different impact on the manifestation of the disease, which aids in their differentiation into high, moderate and low risk. North American authors have introduced a fourth class of very high risk. The prophylactic measures available are numerous. They can be used in isolation or association depending on the significance of the risk. In France, prophylaxis by LMWH (low molecular weight heparin) is by far the most frequently used method. Recently, apart from compression stockings and intermittent mechanical compression, the use of footpumps, and a technique of electrical calf stimulation have been proposed. Each thrombosis center or service should put in place a well defined strategy for prescribing thromboprophylaxis, adapted to the level of the thromboembolic risk for each group of patients. A dose of LMWH higher than that used for a moderate risk is indicated for most LMWH, in the case of a high or very high risk. A few problems still exist: the pre or postoperative timing of the first injection, the duration of the prophylaxis particularly during the post-discharge period, and the evaluation of the risk in certain situations such as laparoscopic surgery or limb immobilization, for which the studies are too few to formulate recommendations from the level of evidence available. The socioeconomic realities of using LMWH should not be ignored.
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Police say Romanian singer Madalina Manole was found dead at her home on her 43rd birthday.
Police spokeswoman Claudia Burada says Manole left a farewell message to her husband, Mircea Petru, early Wednesday. Prosecutors are examining the possibility of suicide.
Manole was 15 when she made her debut as a singer, and became one of Romania's best loved artists of folk and popular music, often with romantic themes.
Her auburn tresses helped make her known in Romania as the "girl with the flame-colored hair."
She is survived by her husband and a 1-year-old son, Petru.
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Today, The VELUX Group, leaders in roof windows announced an impressive and innovative partnership with Netatmo releasing a Smart Window System.
The system allows automatic control of roof windows, blinds and shutters – all controlled via Netatmo Sensors and integrated into Apple HopmeKit. Allowing owners to control their windows and blinds via the app and any supported Apple device, including iPhone, iPad and even Apple Watch. Even Siri will be able to control them “Hey Siri, open the bedroom’s roof windows”.
The system is plug and plug, allowing anyone to buy it and easily integrate it into their smart home. The system, called the VELUX ACTIVE, makes owners smart homes smarter by thinking for them. Monitoring CO concentration, humidity and temperature, to improve the air quality by opening windows or closing blinds – creating a healthier indoor space. A smart algorithm calculates if opening the window will make a difference and if so for how long it needs to be open.
Kent Holm, SVP, global product management, The VELUX Group commented:
“The trend for smart homes to help us live more comfortable and healthier lives is increasing and this innovation positions VELUX for more growth in this rapidly developing product segment.”
The tech connects via 868 MHz in Europe, meaning the remotes will continue to work if you have an internet outage. However the app and HomeKit integration is reliant on an internet connection, received via a 2.4GHz WiFi connection. The app requires a minimums of IOS 9.0 or Android 5.0.
The VELUX ACTIVE starter pack includes the required gateway, one indoor climate sensor and a departure switch. It retails for an impressively low £219.99 with additional indoor climate sensors for €99 / £87.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
[Respiratory muscle weakness after prolonged use of hydrocortisone and pancuronium bromide].
A 30-year-old man was admitted because of status asthmaticus. He required 7 days of artificial ventilation and was treated with hydrocortisone 1.2 g.day-1 and bronchodilaters. Pancuronium bromide 0.08 mg.kg-1.hr-1 was given for 64 hours for the ease of artificial ventilation. On day 3, severely elevated airway pressure resulted in left pneumothorax and isoflurane 1% was given for the following 2 days. Respiratory muscle weakness was evident 24 hours after discontinuation of pancuronium infusion on day 5 while full 4 twitches of TOF on the adductor pollicis muscle were seen at the time. The respiratory muscle weakness continued for another 3 days and he was extubated on day 8. Serum creatine kinase concentration rose to 2178 U.l-1 on day 6 and returned to normal on day 11. Hematurea, hyperpyrexia and metabolic acidosis were never seen during the course. Acute corticosteroid myopathy was suspected to be the cause of the prolonged respiratory muscle weakness.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
/*
* This file is part of the OregonCore Project. See AUTHORS file for Copyright information
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
* Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
* option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for
* more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
* with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
/* ScriptData
SDName: boss_maleki_the_pallid
SD%Complete: 100
SDComment:
SDCategory: Stratholme
EndScriptData */
#include "ScriptMgr.h"
#include "ScriptedCreature.h"
#include "stratholme.h"
#define SPELL_FROSTBOLT 17503
#define SPELL_DRAINLIFE 20743
#define SPELL_DRAIN_MANA 17243
#define SPELL_ICETOMB 16869
struct boss_maleki_the_pallidAI : public ScriptedAI
{
boss_maleki_the_pallidAI(Creature* c) : ScriptedAI(c)
{
pInstance = (ScriptedInstance*)me->GetInstanceData();
}
ScriptedInstance* pInstance;
uint32 Frostbolt_Timer;
uint32 IceTomb_Timer;
uint32 DrainLife_Timer;
void Reset()
{
Frostbolt_Timer = 1000;
IceTomb_Timer = 16000;
DrainLife_Timer = 31000;
}
void EnterCombat(Unit* /*who*/)
{
}
void JustDied(Unit* /*Killer*/)
{
if (pInstance)
pInstance->SetData(TYPE_PALLID, IN_PROGRESS);
}
void UpdateAI(const uint32 diff)
{
//Return since we have no target
if (!UpdateVictim())
return;
//Frostbolt
if (Frostbolt_Timer <= diff)
{
if (rand() % 100 < 90)
DoCastVictim( SPELL_FROSTBOLT);
Frostbolt_Timer = 3500;
}
else Frostbolt_Timer -= diff;
//IceTomb
if (IceTomb_Timer <= diff)
{
if (rand() % 100 < 65)
DoCastVictim( SPELL_ICETOMB);
IceTomb_Timer = 28000;
}
else IceTomb_Timer -= diff;
//DrainLife
if (DrainLife_Timer <= diff)
{
if (rand() % 100 < 55)
DoCastVictim( SPELL_DRAINLIFE);
DrainLife_Timer = 31000;
}
else DrainLife_Timer -= diff;
DoMeleeAttackIfReady();
}
};
CreatureAI* GetAI_boss_maleki_the_pallid(Creature* pCreature)
{
return new boss_maleki_the_pallidAI (pCreature);
}
void AddSC_boss_maleki_the_pallid()
{
Script* newscript;
newscript = new Script;
newscript->Name = "boss_maleki_the_pallid";
newscript->GetAI = &GetAI_boss_maleki_the_pallid;
newscript->RegisterSelf();
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Multi-level barriers to obtaining mammograms for women with mobility limitations: post workshop evaluation.
To assess the barriers and facilitators to mammogram use in middle aged women with mobility limitations who had completed an educational workshop, Promoting Access to Health Service (PATHS), on clinical preventive services. Women aged 40 to 64 with mobility impairments who reported not receiving a mammogram in the last 2 years were randomly assigned to a PATHS workshop and received follow-up monthly phone call interviews over 6 months. Individual (eg, comorbidities, family responsibilities), interpersonal (eg, unclear provider communication, negative history), and environmental (eg, healthcare availability, insurance coverage, finances) factors were identified as unsolved barriers and potential facilitators (eg, reminders, physical proximity), to obtaining a mammogram. A multi-level intervention approach is required to promote mammogram use by women with disabilities.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Catecholamines in murine bone marrow derived mast cells.
Cultured murine bone marrow derived mast cells (BMMC) were found to store high levels of dopamine (3753+/-844 pg/10(7) cells) and occasionally produce norepinephrine and epinephrine. The catecholamine synthesis inhibitor, alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine, decreased intracellular catecholamine concentrations, and activation with ionomycin stimulated dopamine release. Neither dopaminergic receptor antagonists nor exogenous dopamine < or =10 microM affected IL-3-induced cell proliferation. High exogenous dopamine (20-100 microM) decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis, and the anti-oxidant ascorbic acid prevented these effects. Increased expression of the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 or loss of pro-apoptotic Bax expression attenuated dopamine-induced apoptosis, suggesting the apoptosis proceeds through a mitochondrial pathway.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Temperature-induced fusion of small unilamellar vesicles formed from saturated long-chain lecithins and diheptanoylphosphatidylcholine.
Small unilamellar vesicles which form when gel-state long-chain phosphatidylcholines are mixed with micellar short-chain lecithins undergo an increase in size as the long-chain species melts to its liquid-crystalline form. Analysis of the vesicle population with quasi-elastic light scattering shows that the particle size increases from 90-A radius to greater than 5000-A radius. Resonance energy transfer experiments show total mixing of lipid probes with unlabeled vesicles only when the Tm of the long-chain phosphatidylcholine is exceeded. This implies that the large size change represents a fusion process. Aqueous compartments are also mixed during this transition. 31P NMR analysis of the vesicle mixtures above the phase transition shows a great degree of heterogeneity with large unilamellar particles coexisting with oligo- and multilamellar structures. Upon cooling the vesicles below the Tm, the original size distribution (e.g., small unilamellar vesicles) is obtained, as monitored by both quasi-elastic light scattering and 31P NMR spectroscopy. This temperature-induced fusion of unilamellar vesicles is concentration dependent and can be abolished at lower total phospholipid concentrations. It occurs over a wide range of long-chain to short-chain ratios and occurs with 1-palmitoyl-2-stearoylphosphatidylcholine and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine as well. Characterization of this fusion event is used to understand the anomalous kinetics of water-soluble phospholipases toward these unusual vesicles.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
How to disable Javascript when using Selenium by JAVA?
I'm using selenium for web test by JAVA.
I want to stop JavaScript on Firefox Browser,Google Chrome Browser,IE Browser.
I tried this code on Firefox Browser.
FirefoxProfile profile = new FirefoxProfile();
profile.setPreference("javascript.enabled", false);
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(profile);
But it's return this error on second line.
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Preference javascript.enabled may not be overridden: frozen value=true, requested value=false
How to disable Javascript when using Selenium each Browser?
If you know about this problem,Please help me!
A:
Use noscript addon for firefox. Right click on the Add to Firefox button and Save link as that will give you the option to save the .xpi. Then, configure the the Firefox profiler as follows.
FirefoxProfile profile = new FirefoxProfile();
profile.AddExtension(@"PATH\TO\noScript.xpi");
IWebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(profile);
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://localhost:8080/");
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
Coercing the value of a shapeless record
I have a wrapper around a shapeless record.
I want to extract a value from that record, and prove that it is an instance of a polymorphic type, e.g. List[_]
import shapeless._
import shapeless.record._
import shapeless.ops.record._
import shapeless.syntax.singleton._
case class All[L <: HList](containers: L) {
def getValue[Value, A](containerKey: Witness)
(implicit sel: Selector.Aux[L, containerKey.T, Value],
equiv: Value =:= List[A]
): List[A] =
equiv.apply(containers.get(containerKey))
}
Right now, I can call getValue if I explicitly specify the type params Value and A, but since i'm working with much more complex types than List, I really need these type params to be inferred.
val all = All(
'x ->> List[Int](1, 2, 3) ::
'y ->> List[String]("a", "b") ::
'z ->> 90
HNil
)
// doesn't compile: Cannot prove that Value =:= List[A].
all.getValue('x)
// compiles
all.getValue[List[Int], Int]('x)
Is there a way to extract a value, coerce it to e.g. List[_], while not having to specify any type params?
Note that this strategy works completely fine if I want to prove that value is a simple monomorphic type , e.g. Value =:= Int, just not for Value =:= List[A]
A:
There are at least two ways to do it, and both involve changing the signature of getValue.
First, you can just use a constrained generic parameter:
def getValue[R <: List[_]](containerKey: Witness)
(implicit sel: Selector.Aux[L, containerKey.T, R]): R =
containers.get(containerKey)
Note that because we're using R as return type, the compile-time information about result won't be lost. You just won't be able to call this function if the value at a containerKey is not a list.
Second, you can use subtype bounds. I have no idea why it works, really. I suspect that using too strict constraints causes the compiler to dismiss some solutions that use refinement types. This works both if you replace the type parameter in Selector with a bounded wildcard:
def getValue[A](containerKey: Witness)
(implicit sel: Selector.Aux[L, containerKey.T, _ <: List[A]]): List[A] =
containers.get(containerKey)
Or if you use subtyping evidence <:< instead of equality =:=:
def getValue[Value, A](containerKey: Witness)
(implicit sel: Selector.Aux[L, containerKey.T, Value],
equiv: Value <:< List[A]
): List[A] =
equiv.apply(containers.get(containerKey))
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Interaction between leukotriene D4 and adenosine or iloprost in the isolated working guinea-pig heart: prevention of the leukotriene D4 effect.
The interaction between leukotriene D4 and adenosine or the prostacyclin analogue iloprost was studied in isolated guinea-pig hearts. Adenosine (1 X 10(-6) M) or iloprost (5 X 10(-8) M) abolished or greatly attenuated the vasoconstrictive effect of leukotriene D4 over a wide dose range of leukotriene D4 (0.01-1000 ng), and myocardial ischemia as a consequence of coronary insufficiency completely disappeared. Comparison of myocardial levels of reduced pyridine nucleotide fluorescence in hearts treated with leukotriene D4 and in hearts subjected to varying degrees of high-flow hypoxia, or the calcium agonist BAY-K 8644, revealed low levels of reduced pyridine nucleotides in the leukotriene D4-treated hearts, suggesting that leukotriene D4 directly suppressed myocardial contractility. These findings were supported by full restoration of cardiac work by the receptor antagonist FPL 55712 following leukotriene D4 treatment. It is concluded that adenosine and iloprost are potent inhibitors of leukotriene D4-induced reduction in coronary flow in guinea-pig hearts, and that myocardial ischaemia and suppressed cardiac work are prevented during leukotriene D4 study in adenosine or iloprost perfused hearts. Low levels of myocardial-reduced pyridine nucleotides during leukotriene D4 treatment and restoration of cardiac work by FPL 55712 indicate that leukotriene D4 may also have a direct suppressive effect on myocardial contractility.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Sunday, June 19, 2011
Crossroads
There is a lovely cafe in Somers that is owned by a member of the bike club. As much as we like the bagel shop in Somers, we always make Tazza Cafe our rest stop when our rides take us through that part of the cycling universe. Ed, the owner purchased a bike rack for the parking lot and he usually has a big box of Clif bars which he offers gratis. We are happy to give him our business. Yesterday 3 rides stopped at Tazza. Thats about 50 riders-- lots of iced coffee and muffins! Luckily our arrivals were somewhat staggered.
Tazza was at the crossroads, with meetups as the 3 rides rolled in and out. There are many couples in the club who, like DH and I ride at different levels. Joel and David were on the D ride, and met up with wives Amy and Cathy when the C ride showed up. I had slowed down to lead a D ride, and I was happy to see my faster friends. It was also a chance for anyone who pushed the pace to fall back with a slower group and take it easier on the way back.
It was a great weekend for riding and celebrating. One of my cycling club friends celebrated her 60th birthday on Saturday. On a beautiful evening, we feasted, drank champagne, and enjoyed a great big carrot cake! It doesn't get much better-- a big party sandwiched between 2 beautiful days of riding.
Happy Fathers Day to my DH and all the other dads out there. Nothing fancy here. Our kids are not home, so we did what we usually do on Sundays. I spent a little extra time preparing a nice dinner-- Cuban spiced pork tenderloin, Moroccan carrot salad with fresh mint, and artichokes with spicy peanut sauce. Of course I thought about my dad and all the things he did with me and for me. But I also realized that I think those thoughts often, I don't need Fathers Day to turn my thoughts in that direction. But thinking about my dad has definitely increased my happy quotient for this weekend.
No comments:
About Me
Mother, wife, health professional. A former vegetarian, I am now beginning my Paleo lifestyle journey. In 2008, I competed in a sprint triathlon, after a 21 year hiatus. Now an avid cyclist with cranky knees, trying to find a way to balance work, family, friends, fitness and food. Blending cooking, photography, time outdoors, reading and writing. That's pretty ordinary, don't ya think?
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
MONDAY, June 26, 2017 (HealthDay News) -- Men who take erectile dysfunction drugs need to alert the anesthetist before having surgery or other medical procedures, hospital experts say.
Erectile dysfunction drugs such as Viagra and Cialis contain nitric oxide, which opens blood vessels and relaxes muscles. If they are combined with anesthesia and other medication used during surgery, a patient's blood pressure may become dangerously low, the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists said.
The association said men must be forthright about their use of erectile dysfunction drugs and any other medications, including over-the-counter and herbal remedies.
Men should stop taking erectile dysfunction drugs a few days before surgery, because they take at least 24 hours to clear the body, the group said.
The association recommends that you make sure your spouse, a family member or friend knows you use an erectile dysfunction drug. If you need emergency treatment, he or she should share that information with health care providers.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Hydrophobic membrane proteins perform a variety of functions in the cell, but their structures are notoriously difficult to solve. Thus, new strategies to obtain crystals of membrane proteins for structure determination are critical. The objectives of this proposal are to develop a toolbox of chaperones and use them to crystallize and solve the de novo, high resolution structure of two signal peptide peptidases (SPPs), which use catalytic aspartates to conduct hydrolysis within the lipid membrane. In contrast to work employing affinity reagents specific to the membrane protein of interest, our potentially transformative approach uses hypercrystallizable single chain antibody fragments (scFvs). Our chaperones are engineered for tight binding to a short epitope that can be inserted into any membrane protein. We expect that our tightly bound scFv chaperone will immobilize an SPP loop and provide a stable crystal lattice, leading to better diffracting crystals. SPPs trim signal peptides (SPs) to liberate them from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. SPP substrates include SPs remnants derived from new histocompatibility complex 1b (MHC-1b) molecules. As a part of innate immunity, these processed peptides are presented on cell surfaces for recognition by Natural Killer cells to indicate that the cell is healthy. In addition, SPP substrates include SPs from proteins involved in immune response and muscle contraction. SPP is also hijacked by the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) for replication, and is related to presenilin, which uses similar chemistry to generate amyloidogenic peptides in Alzheimer Disease. SPP and presenilin comprise one of just three superfamilies of intramembrane proteases. The details of regulated intramembrane proteolysis, from cell biological signaling to active site chemistry, are of both fundamental biochemical importance and potential therapeutic application. How substrates are presented and hydrolyzed within the confines of the hydrophobic space of the lipid membrane, however, remain largely a mystery. At least 5 SPP variants have been sequenced, located in different regions of ER, and SPPs are conserved throughput biology, but there is no crystal structure yet. We will start by solving the structure an archeal homolog in complex with our chaperones as proof-of principle, and then expand to a eukaryotic SPP, whose biomedical relevant activity is known. To date, we have engineered our first chaperone and isolated an affinity complex with SPP by gel filtration. Independently, we have grown crystals of the chaperone and SPP. However, the crystals of SPP do not diffract well enough for structure determination, and thus the cocrystalllization technology is critical. The expected outcomes are a toolbox of crystallization chaperones as well as the first molecular picture of SPP, including the location of the active site and substrate-docking patches. Taken together, this project will contribute not only to the biology of immunoregulation and intramembrane proteolysis, but also broaden our knowledge of membrane proteins and enable other membrane protein structures to be solved.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
}
|
UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 13-1977
SANDRA WILLIAMS,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v.
BOARD OF EDUCATION OF PRINCE GEORGE’S COUNTY,
Defendant - Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of
Maryland, at Greenbelt. Peter J. Messitte, Senior District
Judge. (8:11-cv-01231-PJM)
Submitted: January 23, 2014 Decided: February 19, 2014
Before SHEDD, DAVIS, and DIAZ, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Sandra Williams, Appellant Pro Se. Robert Judah Baror, Linda
Hitt Thatcher, THATCHER LAW FIRM, Greenbelt, Maryland, for
Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
PER CURIAM:
Sandra Williams appeals the district court’s order
granting summary judgment to the Defendant in Williams’
employment discrimination action. We have reviewed the record
and find no reversible error. ∗ Accordingly, we affirm the final
judgment for the reasons stated by the district court at the
hearing held on July 2, 2013. Williams v. Bd. of Educ. of
Prince George’s Cnty., No. 8:11-cv-01231-PJM (D. Md. July 3,
2013). We dispense with oral argument because the facts and
legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials
before this court and argument would not aid the decisional
process.
AFFIRMED
∗
In addition to challenging the district court’s rejection
of her claims on the merits, Williams also asserts that the
district court’s order should be vacated because her counsel was
ineffective. However, a litigant in a civil action has no
constitutional or statutory right to effective assistance of
counsel. Sanchez v. U.S. Postal Serv., 785 F.2d 1236, 1237 (5th
Cir. 1986); see Pitts v. Shinseki, 700 F.3d 1279, 1284-86 (Fed.
Cir. 2012) (collecting cases recognizing rule), cert. denied,
133 S. Ct. 2856 (2013).
2
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
Obama stimulus turns 3: 'Failure from beginning'
Three years ago, a newly minted President Obama signed the economic stimulus bill into law. He and his allies declared the plan would stave off another massive depression and that unemployment would get no higher than eight percent if it was enacted.
Ever since, Republicans have cited the stimulus as a symbol of Obama’s big-government vision and a huge giveaway to special interests.
Rep. Daniel Webster (R-Fla.) joins us to explain why he believes this is not an anniversary worth celebrating.
“It’s a failure, it was a failure from the beginning. It’s a picture of what this president has tried to do with his policies. He tried to make the economy better and all he’s done is make it worse.”
Webster tells us why he believes the stimulus was a failure. He also predicts the economy will be the dominant issue in every major race this year and spells out how Republicans plan to contrast their economic vision with what we’ve seen from the president.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
A group of researchers has devised a blockchain-based mechanism to perform legal functions in a so-called “digital court,” according to an April 6 announcement.
Professors Hitoshi Matsushima from the University of Tokyo, and Shunya Noda from the University of British Columbia, have been leading the project, which aims to settle legal disputes without the need for a “costly legal process.”
In the announcement, the University of Tokyo clarified that this would be an extension of existing ideas for smart contracts without a centralized administration.
A digital court’s advantages and challenges
The University says that the benefit of the system is that most stages occur away from the blockchain, which is only invoked to maintain records of the parties involved in the dispute.
Professor Matsushima provided additional details regarding the design of the blockchain-based mechanism:
“On suspected violation of some agreement, those involved post their opinions to this digital court. The court algorithmically aggregates the parties’ opinions and judges who violated their agreement. If the digital court judges that a party violated the agreement, the party is fined by withholding a deposit made during the initial agreement.”
However, they clarify that there is a key factor that they must face with this mechanism. The technology, according to the researchers, has received “bad press” due to its decentralized nature. In fact, they expressed concern that the digital court would be open to the same issue.
Responding to such concerns, Matsushima said the following:
“Blockchains in some ways are a double-edged sword. But this kind of system signals the dawn of a new economic paradigm that must be embraced and explored rather than feared and ignored.”
Prior example cases
This “digital court” mechanism is not new in the world. Cointelegraph reported on February 12 that Aragon Court had launched a decentralized online court.
At that time, the team behind the design of the system aimed to eliminate “traditional artificial barriers such as national jurisdictions or the borders of a single country” when it comes to mediating disputes.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Deficit versus negative syndrome in schizophrenia: prediction of attentional impairment.
Findings on neuropsychological associates of the negative syndrome of schizophrenia have been inconsistent. The "deficit syndrome," a reconceptualization of the negative syndrome, was developed in part to address this inconsistency. The purpose of this study was (1) to replicate previous findings relating the deficit syndrome to impairment of certain kinds of attentional abilities, and (2) to compare the negative and deficit syndromes in their associations with performance on tests of attention. Data from 40 individuals with schizophrenia were analyzed. Results provide evidence to suggest that impairment of certain attentional processes is associated with severity of deficit symptomatology, while impairment of other attentional processes is not. Moreover, the negative and deficit syndromes differed in their respective associations with attentional task performance at a trend level or above for five of seven tasks, suggesting that the negative and deficit syndromes do indeed have different underlying neuropsychological correlates.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Semiconductor components, such as, for example, micromechanical heat transfer sensors, may be manufactured by bulk or surface micromechanical methods. Manufacturing bulk micromechanical components may be relatively complex and therefore may be expensive. With surface micromechanical components, it may be complicated to manufacture a cavern. A process sequence for manufacturing a cavern by surface micromechanics may involve, for example, depositing a sacrificial layer, depositing of a membrane layer (such as, for example, polysilicon), creating openings in the membrane layer and/or opening a lateral etching channel, etching out the sacrificial layer and sealing the openings, with the inside pressure of the cavern being defined during sealing.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Truncatella subcylindrica
Truncatella subcylindrica is a species of small land snail that lives at the edge of the sea. It has gills and an operculum and is gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Truncatellidae.
Description
This species of snail has a shell which is light in color, and which can reach 5 mm in length.
Like all other species in this genus, the shell loses its apical whorls as it grows, giving it a truncated and cylindrical appearance.
Distribution
This snail is native to areas of the northeastern Atlantic coastline, from Morocco and the Mediterranean coast to the Black Sea. This native distribution includes Great Britain.
There are also some early records from the late 1800s for the eastern United States, on the coast of Newport, Rhode Island, where it was presumably introduced.
Habitat
This species is found in marine coastal environments, near or just above the high tide line on stones and pebbles, fine sediments and decomposing vegetation. It prefers the edge of sheltered waters where the salinity is at 18–40 psu.
Life cycle
The sexes are separate. Fertilized eggs are laid as egg capsules, which are attached to detritus.
References
This article incorporates public domain text from the reference
External links
Category:Truncatellidae
Category:Molluscs of the Atlantic Ocean
Category:Gastropods of Africa
Category:Marine molluscs of Europe
Category:Molluscs of the Black Sea
Category:Molluscs of the Mediterranean Sea
Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Category:Molluscs described in 1767
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Obiaruku
Obiaruku is an Igbo town in Delta State. Obiaruku is the headquarter of Ukwuani Local Government Area (LGA), Delta State, Nigeria. It is one of the major homeland of the Ukwuani speaking(akashiada) people. The Okpala-Ukwu of Obiaruku is the oldest male in the town.
References
Category:Populated places in Delta State
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
The use of multiple antennas at a transmitter and/or a receiver of a node in a wireless communication system may significantly boost the capacity and coverage of the wireless communication system. Such Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems exploit the spatial dimension of the communication channel to improve performance by for example transmitting several parallel information carrying signals, so-called spatial multiplexing. By adapting the transmission to the current channel conditions, significant additional gains may be achieved. One form of adaptation is to dynamically, from one Transmission Time Interval (TTI) to another, adjust the number of simultaneously transmitted information carrying signals to what the channel may support. This is commonly referred to as transmission rank adaptation. Precoding is another related form of adaptation where the phases and amplitudes of the aforementioned signals are adjusted to better fit the current channel properties. Classical beam-forming is a special case of precoding in which the phase of an information-carrying signal is adjusted on each transmit antenna so that all the transmitted signals add constructively at the receiver.
The signals form a vector-valued signal and the adjustment may be thought of as multiplication by a precoder matrix. The precoder matrix is chosen based on information about the channel properties. A common approach is to select the precoder matrix from a finite and countable set, a so-called codebook. Such codebook based precoding is an integral part of the Long Term Evolution LTE standard and will be supported in MIMO for High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) in Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) as well. The receiver (e.g. User Equipment, UE) would then typically evaluate all the different precoder matrices in the codebook and signal to the transmitter (e.g. Node B) which element is preferred. The transmitter would then use the signalled information, when deciding which precoder matrix to apply. Since codebook indices need to be signalled and the receiver needs to select a suitable codebook element, it is important to keep the codebook size as small as possible. On the other hand, larger codebooks ensure that it is possible to find an entry that matches the current channel conditions more closely.
Codebook based precoding may be seen as a form of channel quantization. Alternatively, methods may be used that compute the precoder matrix without resorting to quantization.
The fundamental goal of precoder codebook design is to keep the codebook size small while still achieving as high performance as possible. Design of the elements in the codebook thus becomes crucial in order to achieve the intended performance.
Different antenna array configurations influence how the codebook elements should be designed. Many existing solutions are designed with spatially uncorrelated channel fading in mind and where each channel coefficient fades with the same average power. However, such a channel model is not sufficiently accurate when cross-polarized antenna arrays are used. Consequently, the existing designs are ill-suited for such a configuration—an antenna configuration which is deemed important in practice.
To understand why existing designs tailored for equal powered channel coefficients are not efficient for a cross-polarized antenna array setup, consider for simplicity a 2x2 MIMO system in which both the transmitter and the receiver use cross-polarized arrays and the two orthogonal polarizations are aligned on the transmit and receive side, e.g. a pair of vertically and horizontally polarized antennas on both sides of the link. The MIMO channel matrix will then be diagonally heavy, meaning that the on-diagonal elements on average have substantially more power than the off-diagonal ones, since the vertical and horizontal polarizations are on average fairly well-separated even after experiencing the radio channel and reaching the receiver. For such a channel, an appropriate codebook of minimal size contains the unit vectors and the identity matrix. This ensures that when one-stream transmission (rank-one transmission) is performed, all the transmit power may be allocated to the antenna with the strong channel and no power is wasted on the other antenna, which on average will not be able to convey significant power to the receiver. The reason for the latter is because of the cross-polarized setup in conjunction with the selection of rank-one transmission, which means the channel matrix will typically have only one element with a power substantially larger than zero and that element will lie on the diagonal.
All power should hence be allocated to the antenna which corresponds to the aforementioned non-zero diagonal element. For a design which targets a scenario with equal powered channel coefficients, this is however typically not the case. Existing codebook designs do however not address this issue for the case of more than two antennas and also do not consider the structure of the codebook for various transmission ranks.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Between the time I got laid off and the time school starts I’ve been watching a lot of television. I haven’t really watched TV for a very long time. Months.
What annoys me a lot about television are all the commercials. Some are clever, and funny. Most are just boring. Not to mention the sheer number of times they’re played over and over. It is annoying.
Beer commercials seem to be of the best of the lot. This person will one moment be rock climbing, and once he gets to the top the scene will cut to a shot of a beer bottle. Funny, I could have sworn it was a harness commercial. Does the word ‘drink’ have a bad connotation? Perhaps that’s why it’s “Enjoy responsibly” now. Geico of course wins in that department. The commercial has absolutely nothing to do with car insurance, but it’s funny.
The Kia advert, the one where the guy nervously drives to and enters his house, only to have 5 or 6 arrows hit the door as soon as he closes it. I can’t get enough of that one. Kia cars might be crap, but they have one hell of a commercial.
The juicy fruit commercials are awful. Mountain Dew commercials are in the same club. Sometimes these adverts work against you I suppose. If the product is bad and the commercial sucks, then I won’t eat it, drink it, or put it in my dryer. Unless of course it’s free, or stolen.
Repitition is annoying. I think I’ve already stated that. What companies need to do is make variations of the commercial and play each variation in each commercial break. That way they increase their chances of me taking note of the commercial. Cheers to Geico on this one as well.
I often just change the channel, but risk losing part of the TV show that I was watching. How annoying.
Another pet peeve are the shaving blade commercials. Dude’s alone in the washroom, applying this shaving cream, and then proceeds to scrape his cheeks with the multi-layered and cushioned blades. He washes this face and when he’s done he turns around and there’s always a stunningly good looking female there to feel his cheeks with the back of her hand. Lucky him. I recall a commercial where the guy was in some sort of zero gravity machine, or in outer space, and still there was a woman there to feel up his cheeks. Lucky him. I don’t shave with a blade now, but when I did there was no one there. It’s a lie. All a plot to make us buy shaving cream and blades. I’m just bitter, very bitter.
The point of this entry is that good commercials are good, and bad ones are bad. We need more good ones.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Is there a realloc equivalent in C++?
In C, we have malloc(), free(), and realloc(). In C++ we have new(), delete() and their array versions. Is there a C++ realloc function? I'm implementing some low level stuff in embedded land and just realized there was no realloc function to pair up with the C++ functions and wanted to make sure I wasn't missing anything. I'm guessing "placement new" into a new, separate buffer is the closest match, but wanted to be sure.
Restating the question a bit as I'm getting some answer a bit far afield.
I have implemented device level malloc/new/realloc/etc. functions on my embedded device and wanted to double check to be sure there was no C++ realloc type function that I was unaware of.
A:
No, there is no direct equivalent. You would have to do the implementation yourself. Since a class really shouldn't change its size, this isn't really an issue. Move semantics can handle most of these cases.
However, there are some classes that use header info + tail end allocated data. To code these 'properly' you would have to override the operator new() and operator delete() function for the class to handle this additional 'flexible' data. How you 'reallocate' the data is specific to your needs.
If this doesn't answer your question, post an example of what you are attempting.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
So,They are about to give me a unit of bloodthen off to the GI suite for an upper GI series (They think it may be a bleeding stomach ulcer?)I think they are grabbing at straws, The did a mini prep with a fleet enema just in case they need to peek down below
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an image forming apparatus which forms an image on a transfer material by use of an electrophotographic process, and a charger installed in this image forming apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
A corona discharge type fixing device installed in an image forming apparatus using an electrophotographic process is classified broadly into a wire electric discharge type (Corotron, Scorotron, etc.) or pin discharge type (pin electrode, sawtooth electrode, etc.).
In a method generally known, a cleaning member such as felt provided to wrap around a wire electrode is moved in a longitudinal direction (axial direction of a photoconductor drum) of a charger, as a means to clean the wire electric discharge type wire electrode.
Another method is known in which a cylindrical cleaning member provided movably along the sawtooth electrode is moved while being pressed against the edge of the sawtooth electrode, as a means to clean the pin discharge type sawtooth electrode (Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 9-211940).
Still another method is known in which the sawtooth electrode is rotatably provided, and electric discharge products deposited on the edge of the sawtooth electrode are scraped against the cleaning member (Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 11-327265).
Furthermore, apparatuses or methods are known in which a driving force generator such as a motor is used to automatically clean the electrode of the charger (Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 6-194934, Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 7-49606, U.S. Pat. No. 3,842,273).
However, the abovementioned method using the cylindrical cleaning member in which cleaning is achieved by the rolling and contacting of a roller has the disadvantage that the electric discharge products, toner, dust and the like deposited on the edge of the sawtooth electrode are not adequately removed because of insufficient cleaning power.
Moreover, the problem of the above-described method of cleaning the rotatably provided sawtooth electrode is that the edge of the sawtooth electrode warps and deforms when it contacts the cleaning member, and the cleaning power decreases as the cleaning is performed time and time again. Further, the warping and deforming of the sawtooth edge cause improper corona discharge and insufficient electric discharge to an image carrier.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
In my copending application, I describe an electrolysis cell having particular utility as a means for generating hypochlorites and chlorine in swimming pool waters circulated through the cell. The waters contain a low concentration of a chloride salt such as sodium chloride. My application Ser. No. 525,882 is hereby incorporated by reference into this disclosure. In the accompanying drawings, FIGS. 1, 2, 3, and 4 depict the apparatus of my copending application.
As described in my copending application, a combination of steel negative electrode faces and rapid velocities was discovered to be adequate to avoid the accumulation of hardness deposits on the steel negative electrode faces. Moreover, as described in my copending application, baffles, or shields, 40 (FIG. 4a) were found necessary. It was determined that these baffles should extend parallel to the flow path of said liquid and for a distance on either side of each bipolar electrode face 38 or 39 (FIG. 3a) equal to at least 10 times the distance between opposing faces of adjacent electrodes. To accomplish this important but difficult arrangement, I disclose the filling of slots 37a and 37b with inner and outer conducting clips 42 and 43 respectively and that the resulting joints could be sealed by caps 44 with sealing cement 45. Examples I and II of my original application show how this structure worked 34 and 64 days, respectively, with no visible indications of problems at these joints. However, the required perfection of these joints was found difficult to retain with the further production of large numbers of cell assemblies. Joints which appeared to be perfect initially, subsequently would reveal a weak point or imperfection. At these points of imperfection, which were perhaps only a microscopic opening at the start, anodic corrosion of the conduction clip 42 and/or 44 would begin. As attack at these points continued, small areas of high resistance formed and tended to reduce the current going through all bipolar electrodes in series. The voltage drops existing at these imperfections increased and accelerated the deterioration of the imperfect joint. Towards the end of this process, nearly all of the rectified 120 ac line voltage might appear across just one or two joints. An electrical arcing, or scintillations, could be observed as current dropped toward zero and the cell assembly failed. Subsequent examination would show only one or a few electrodes to be bad. All other electrodes and joints would appear still to be in perfect condition.
Continued experience with the apparatus of my copending application revealed new and unexpected problems. One problem appeared where the tab from extreme positive electrode 30 and extreme negative electrode 31 come through cover 22. In my original specification, I disclose the use of "soft sealants," "bathtub sealants," and "silicone sealants." These common sealing materials were subsequently found not to be completely satisfactory because they tended to leak after an extended time of use. The metal electrodes and surrounding plastic expand and contract at different rates, thereby causing a leak over a period of time during which ambient or water temperatures varied. The physical insertion and removal of connectors to the tabs on electrodes 30 and 31 sometimes also helped to create small leaks by the physical flexing of these critical joints. Solvent cements are too brittle. Thick pastes and putties are too bulky for the precision of assembly needed and would not always adhere to the metal. Consultation with sales representatives from companies making sealants quickly showed there was no obvious answer to this problem with terminal electrodes. Numbers of sealants were suggested for trial and were subsequently tested for this invention.
Another problem appeared where the unshielded bottoms of terminal electrodes 30 and 31 sometimes became exposed to electrolyte. Because those bottome edges of these electrodes were cut and uncoated, corrosive attack began to eat away at the bottom of the terminal electrodes. The mere painting of bottom joints between terminal electrodes and bipolar electrodes was not satisfactory.
Another problem appeared which is known to the prior art of electrolysis of sea water and other dilute or concentrated brines. It is well known that hardness deposits will build up on most negative electrode surfaces. Those working in the art have reported these hardness deposits can easily be removed by periodically reversing the direction of current flow. This current reversal technique seems to work satisfactorily with carbon electrodes but when hydrogen is cathodically evolved on titanium, or evolved on porous coatings on titanium, some of the hydrogen tends to enter the titanium metal lattice forming titanium hydride. Titanium hydride is brittle and its lattice is about 13 percent expanded beyond that of the titanium lattice. When the current is reversed back to its original anodic direction, this titanium hydride surface is oxidized, which further deteriorates the titanium structure and tends to remove the conductive coatings which were so carefully placed there to permit the use of coated titanium as positive electrodes in the first place. These hydriding and oxidizing effects with coated titanium electrodes were so well established and well known that, when I approached the major producers of coated titanium electrodes for their recommendation on materials to be used in my electrode assembly, I was told no known electrodes would withstand current reversals under the conditions planned and desired for the utilization of my invention. One supplier said he had seen coated titanium electrodes become brittle and start to lose their coating in as short a time as one-half hour. Another said I could expect to see hydrides and surface deterioration within 24 hours. Another supplier of coated titanium electrodes said there was no way to tell whether his electrodes would withstand current reversals under the conditions I proposed. Thus, some experts in the art of electrolyzing hard brines reported that I should get rid of hardness deposits on coated titanium electrodes by some other way than by current reversals. Other experts were not sure as to how to eliminate hardness deposits.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Judy Hopwood
Judith Hopwood (born 19 June 1954), a former Australian politician, was a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Hornsby for Liberal Party between 2002 and 2011.
She is married with two daughters. Before politics, she was a nurse at a Sydney Hospital.
Hopwood was elected as Member for Hornsby following a by-election in 2002. During her time in politics, she was considered a moderate Liberal Party member. It was reported that the Liberal Right faction attempted to disendorse her in May 2006 during a purge of more moderate members. She survived this push due to local support and the support of then NSW Liberal leader Peter Debnam.
Notes
Category:Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
Category:Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of New South Wales
Category:1954 births
Category:Living people
Category:21st-century Australian politicians
Category:21st-century Australian women politicians
Category:Women members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
In which city do you want a bicycle?
Deluxe 7
Luxury bike with 7 gears, hand and coaster brake.
per month
Student discount
Early Bird Price
Deal is valid until January 18, 2019.
For your first year with Swapfiets you will receive a special Early Bird price as you are one of our first customers in your city. After 12 months the standard pricing of €19,50 (€17,50 for students) will be active.
Deluxe 7
Luxury bike with 7 gears, hand and coaster brake.
per month
Student discountYou have a valid student card or certificate of apprenticeship.
Early Bird Price
Deal is valid until January 18, 2019.
For your first year with Swapfiets you will receive a special Early Bird price as you are one of our first customers in your city. After 12 months the standard pricing of €19,50 (€17,50 for students) will be active.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Select random document with filter with pymongo?
I found, that to select random document, I need to use $sample command:
// Get one random document from the mycoll collection.
db.mycoll.aggregate(
{ $sample: { size: 1 } }
)
but what if I need to filter documents and THEN take random one?
I am processing documents, which are not processed yet with
query = {'start_time': {'$exists': False}}
hp_entries = mongo.hyperparameters_collection.find(query)
How would I do with random?
A:
As any other aggregation stage it takes input from the previous stage.
Prepend the $sample with $match to filter the documents. E.g.:
db.hyperparameters_collection.aggregate([
{ "$match": { "start_time": { "$exists": False } } },
{ "$sample": { "size": 1 } }
])
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Secluded and peaceful with winding mountainside streets, Eureka Springs, Arkansas has flair like no other town. Streets are lined with Victorian homes hugging cliff sides, and the entire downtown area is on the National Register of Historic Places. Eureka Springs, Arkansas has block after block of one-of-a-kind shops, boutiques, fine art galleries, craft emporiums, spas, museums, and restaurants. Festivals and events span everything from blues, jazz, and opera to car shows to UFOs, antiques and the arts. Historic hotels and unique bed and breakfast inns, motels, cottages, and cabins accommodate visitors.
Nestled in the heart of the Ozarks, outdoor opportunities abound. Trout fishing is popular on the White River, and canoeing and fishing are popular on the Kings River. Beaver Lake offers the excitement of water sports, camping, fishing, and the entire area is popular for mountain biking and hiking.
UPCOMING EVENTS
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Q:
div with dynamic min-height based on browser window height
I have three div elements: one as a header, one as a footer, and a center content div. the div in the center needs to expand automatically with content, but I would like a min-height such that the bottom div always at least reaches the bottom of the window, but is not fixed there on longer pages.
For example:
<div id="a" style="height: 200px;">
<p>This div should always remain at the top of the page content and should scroll with it.</p>
</div>
<div id="b">
<p>This is the div in question. On longer pages, this div needs to behave normally (i.e. expand to fit the content and scroll with the entire page). On shorter pages, this div needs to expand beyond its content to a height such that div c will reach the bottom of the viewport, regardless of monitor resolution or window size.
</div>
<div id="c" style="height: 100px;">
<p>This div needs to remain at the bottom of the page's content, and scroll with it on longer pages, but on shorter pages, needs to reach the bottom of the browser window, regardless of monitor resolution or window size.</p>
</div>
A:
Just look for my solution on jsfiddle, it is based on csslayout
html,
body {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
height: 100%; /* needed for container min-height */
}
div#container {
position: relative; /* needed for footer positioning*/
height: auto !important; /* real browsers */
min-height: 100%; /* real browsers */
}
div#header {
padding: 1em;
background: #efe;
}
div#content {
/* padding:1em 1em 5em; *//* bottom padding for footer */
}
div#footer {
position: absolute;
width: 100%;
bottom: 0; /* stick to bottom */
background: #ddd;
}
<div id="container">
<div id="header">header</div>
<div id="content">
content<br/>content<br/>content<br/>content<br/>content<br/>content<br/>content<br/>content<br/>content<br/>content<br/>content<br/>content<br/>content<br/>content<br/>content<br/>content<br/>content<br/>content<br/>
</div>
<div id="footer">
footer
</div>
</div>
A:
I found this courtesy of ryanfait.com. It's actually remarkably simple.
In order to float a footer to the bottom of the page when content is shorter than window-height, or at the bottom of the content when it is longer than window-height, utilize the following code:
Basic HTML structure:
<div id="content">
Place your content here.
<div id="push"></div>
</div>
<div id="footer">
Place your footer information here.
</footer>
Note: Nothing should be placed outside the '#content' and '#footer' divs unless it is absolutely positioned.
Note: Nothing should be placed inside the '#push' div as it will be hidden.
And the CSS:
* {
margin: 0;
}
html, body {
height: 100%;
}
#content {
min-height: 100%;
height: auto !important; /*min-height hack*/
height: 100%; /*min-height hack*/
margin-bottom: -4em; /*Negates #push on longer pages*/
}
#footer, #push {
height: 4em;
}
To make headers or footers span the width of a page, you must absolutely position the header.
Note: If you add a page-width header, I found it necessary to add an extra wrapper div to #content. The outer div controls horizontal spacing while the inner div controls vertical spacing. I was required to do this because I found that 'min-height:' works only on the body of an element and adds padding to the height.
*Edit: missing semicolon
A:
If #top and #bottom have fixed heights, you can use:
#top {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
height: 200px;
}
#bottom {
position: absolute;
bottom: 0;
height: 100px;
}
#central {
margin-top: 200px;
margin-bot: 100px;
}
update
If you want #central to stretch down, you could:
Fake it with a background on parent;
Use CSS3's (not widely supported, most likely) calc();
Or maybe use javascript to dynamically add min-height.
With calc():
#central {
min-height: calc(100% - 300px);
}
With jQuery it could be something like:
$(document).ready(function() {
var desiredHeight = $("body").height() - $("top").height() - $("bot").height();
$("#central").css("min-height", desiredHeight );
});
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Role of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and apolipoprotein A-I in cholesterol esterification in lipoprotein-X in vitro.
Lipoprotein-X (Lp-X) is an abnormal particle present in the plasma of patients with familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency syndromes or cholestatic liver disease. Compared to other lipoproteins, Lp-X contains a high content of unesterified cholesterol (30%, w/w) to phosphatidylcholine (60%, w/w). The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of LCAT and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) in Lp-X metabolism in vitro and to elucidate the regulation of cholesterol esterification in this unique lipoprotein. Lp-X isolated from sera of patients with obstructive jaundice had a high content of unesterified cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine and contained apolipoprotein E, apoCs, and albumin. Although human recombinant LCAT used as an enzyme source did bind to isolated Lp-X, no cholesterol esterification was detected. However, addition of human apoA-I in the presence of albumin resulted in significant cholesterol esterification in Lp-X (Vmax 0.25 +/- 0.04 nmol/h per microgram LCAT protein). Exogenous apoA-I did not change the size of Lp-X particle as determined by quasi-elastic light scattering analysis. A reduction in Lp-X size was observed when both apoA-I and LCAT were included in the reaction mixture (from 47 nm to 42 nm). Furthermore, addition of apoA-I (but not HDL) dramatically changed the electrophoretic mobility of Lp-X from cathodic to anodic migration. Such changes are not due to displacement of apoC or apoE proteins from Lp-X by apoA-I. While increasing apoA-I concentration (up to 35 micrograms/ml) in the reaction mixture stimulated cholesterol esterification in Lp-X, addition of apoA-I at the concentration of 8 micrograms/ml inhibited cholesterol esterification in VLDL, LDL, and HDL by more than 50%. Albumin was required for the LCAT reaction to Lp-X. Our results suggest that while LCAT binds to isolated Lp-X, apoA-I is needed for the LCAT reaction to proceed. The presence of apoA-I does not result in the displacement of apoCs and apoE from Lp-X and addition of apoA-I changes the electrophoretic mobility but not the size of Lp-X.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
Getting DOCTYPE is disallowed when the feature "http://apache.org/xml/features/disallow-doctype-decl" set to true
I'm getting
DOCTYPE is disallowed when the feature "http://apache.org/xml/features/disallow-doctype-decl" set to true
line 1 of https://core4.gatewayedi.com/v1/caqhcoreiv/caqhcorev4.svc?wsdl
error when using wsimport to generate java classes off of a wsdl file.
Is there any workaround or solution to this issue, specifically when using wsimport?
Following is the command I used as well as the complete response I got from wsimport:
wsimport" -Xnocompile -extension -clientjar my.jar -d . -generateJWS https://core4.gatewayedi.com/v1/caqhcoreiv/caqhcorev4.svc?wsdl
parsing WSDL...
[ERROR] DOCTYPE is disallowed when the feature "http://apache.org/xml/features/disallow-doctype-decl" set to true.
line 1 of https://core4.gatewayedi.com/v1/caqhcoreiv/caqhcorev4.svc?wsdl
[ERROR] DOCTYPE is disallowed when the feature "http://apache.org/xml/features/disallow-doctype-decl" set to true.
Failed to read the WSDL document: https://core4.gatewayedi.com/v1/caqhcoreiv/caqhcorev4.svc?wsdl, because 1) could not find the document; /2) the document could not be read; 3) the root element of the document is not wsdl:definitions.
[ERROR] Could not find wsdl:service in the provided WSDL(s):
At least one WSDL with at least one service definition needs to be provided.
Failed to parse the WSDL.
Downloading the WSDL and associated metadata
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalStateException: DOMStreamReader: Calling next() at END_DOCUMENT
at com.sun.xml.internal.ws.streaming.DOMStreamReader._next(DOMStreamReader.java:764)
at com.sun.xml.internal.ws.streaming.DOMStreamReader.next(DOMStreamReader.java:737)
at com.sun.xml.internal.ws.util.xml.XMLStreamReaderToXMLStreamWriter.bridge(XMLStreamReaderToXMLStreamWriter.java:92)
at com.sun.tools.internal.ws.util.WSDLFetcher.fetchFile(WSDLFetcher.java:121)
at com.sun.tools.internal.ws.util.WSDLFetcher.fetchWsdls(WSDLFetcher.java:86)
at com.sun.tools.internal.ws.wscompile.WsimportTool.buildWsdlModel(WsimportTool.java:437)
at com.sun.tools.internal.ws.wscompile.WsimportTool.run(WsimportTool.java:190)
at com.sun.tools.internal.ws.wscompile.WsimportTool.run(WsimportTool.java:168)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)
at com.sun.tools.internal.ws.Invoker.invoke(Invoker.java:159)
at com.sun.tools.internal.ws.WsImport.main(WsImport.java:42)
A:
Looks like the behavior of the wsimport command is sensitive case. This answer mentions something similar.
The client was generate with (wsimport bundle with Oracle JDK version 1.8.0_202-b08):
wsimport -Xnocompile -extension -clientjar my.jar -d . -generateJWS https://core4.gatewayedi.com/V1/CAQHCoreIV/caqhcoreV4.svc?wsdl
The principal difference is the use of sensitive case in the URL. The URL https://core4.gatewayedi.com/V1/CAQHCoreIV/caqhcoreV4.svc?wsdl matches
with the location entry in the WSDL file.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Krugman: In Praise of Incivility
The only thing wrong with Paul Krugman’s column today is that he doesn’t mention David Brooks by name. But you can see Brooks in every inch of this critique of whiny Republicans who, when challenged on their nonsense, retreat to the higher moral ground of calling their opponents “uncivil.” Krugman hits on this strategy, which essentially is one of working the refs. It allows Republicans to say basically whatever they want in public, and when called on it, they turn from aggressors to martyrs against the big, bad, mean left. As he said in a blog post earlier this week, this is what people do when they know they’ve been beat.
When the proposal was released, it was praised as a “wonk-approved” plan that had been run by the experts. But the “experts” in question, it turned out, were at the Heritage Foundation, and few people outside the hard right found their conclusions credible. In the words of the consulting firm Macroeconomic Advisers — which makes its living telling businesses what they need to know, not telling politicians what they want to hear — the Heritage analysis was “both flawed and contrived.” Basically, Heritage went all in on the much-refuted claim that cutting taxes on the wealthy produces miraculous economic results, including a surge in revenue that actually reduces the deficit.
By the way, Heritage is always like this. Whenever there’s something the G.O.P. doesn’t like — say, environmental protection — Heritage can be counted on to produce a report, based on no economic model anyone else recognizes, claiming that this policy would cause huge job losses. Correspondingly, whenever there’s something Republicans want, like tax cuts for the wealthy or for corporations, Heritage can be counted on to claim that this policy would yield immense economic benefits.
Krugman also takes on this notion of bipartisan solutions, which has a particular meaning these days. “Sorry to be cynical, but right now “bipartisan” is usually code for assembling some conservative Democrats and ultraconservative Republicans — all of them with close ties to the wealthy, and many who are wealthy themselves — and having them proclaim that low taxes on high incomes and drastic cuts in social insurance are the only possible solution,” he writes.
Basically, Krugman endorses a full debate on fiscal policy, with legitimate numbers, unencumbered by the conventions of civility and without this fake notion of bipartisanship where the midpoint between two solutions is automatically the wisest course.
Krugman: In Praise of Incivility
The only thing wrong with Paul Krugman’s column today is that he doesn’t mention David Brooks by name. But you can see Brooks in every inch of this critique of whiny Republicans who, when challenged on their nonsense, retreat to the higher moral ground of calling their opponents “uncivil.” Krugman hits on this strategy, which essentially is one of working the refs. It allows Republicans to say basically whatever they want in public, and when called on it, they turn from aggressors to martyrs against the big, bad, mean left. As he said in a blog post earlier this week, this is what people do when they know they’ve been beat.
When the proposal was released, it was praised as a “wonk-approved” plan that had been run by the experts. But the “experts” in question, it turned out, were at the Heritage Foundation, and few people outside the hard right found their conclusions credible. In the words of the consulting firm Macroeconomic Advisers — which makes its living telling businesses what they need to know, not telling politicians what they want to hear — the Heritage analysis was “both flawed and contrived.” Basically, Heritage went all in on the much-refuted claim that cutting taxes on the wealthy produces miraculous economic results, including a surge in revenue that actually reduces the deficit.
By the way, Heritage is always like this. Whenever there’s something the G.O.P. doesn’t like — say, environmental protection — Heritage can be counted on to produce a report, based on no economic model anyone else recognizes, claiming that this policy would cause huge job losses. Correspondingly, whenever there’s something Republicans want, like tax cuts for the wealthy or for corporations, Heritage can be counted on to claim that this policy would yield immense economic benefits.
Krugman also takes on this notion of bipartisan solutions, which has a particular meaning these days. “Sorry to be cynical, but right now “bipartisan” is usually code for assembling some conservative Democrats and ultraconservative Republicans — all of them with close ties to the wealthy, and many who are wealthy themselves — and having them proclaim that low taxes on high incomes and drastic cuts in social insurance are the only possible solution,” he writes.
Basically, Krugman endorses a full debate on fiscal policy, with legitimate numbers, unencumbered by the conventions of civility and without this fake notion of bipartisanship where the midpoint between two solutions is automatically the wisest course.
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Q:
between query for dates not working as i want
i am working on SQL query which take records between two dates "from" To "to" as show in below picture.my query working well but when i change "to" date from 24 to 23 then it does not display the record of 23 date,means last row not display.
my SQL query is given below:
select * from prescription_master where (pr.date between @from_date and @to_date) or (pr.date=@to_date)
i want that the record of 23 date also display when i select 23 date from "to" date picker.for this purpose i use "or (pr.date=@to_date)" in above query but it not working.how i can solve this.
A:
You have to handle time part:
select *
from prescription_master
where (CAST(pr.date AS DATE) between @from_date and @to_date)
or (CAST(pr.date AS DATE) = @to_date)
-- this also will made a query non-SARGable
When you provide parameter the date is set to 23-06-2019 00:00:00 and you are comparing it with 23-06-2019 13:08:00
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TICKETS ON SALE NOW – “Pink in the City” – AKA’s celebrating 5 years – HOT Pink Summer Night Mystique Masquerade – Call 433-3324 or 435-2959. Donation: $40.00 per person with $10.00 of each ticket going to MSABC (Making Strides Against Breast Cancer), Covenant Care for Alzheimer’s, NAMI (National Alliance for Mental Illness), and AKA Mentoring Programs for Girls. Please note this event will not occur until September 9th and additional details will follow as the date approaches.
Friday, May 5, 2017 – 6:00 pm to 8 pm – WSRE’s 50th Celebration Paint Party will host the Cinco de Mayo Fiesta Paint Party in collaboration with the event sponsor, Painting with a Twist.Cost to participate is $50 and includes all art supplies. Food provided by Moe’s Southwest Grill. Seating is limited and attendees must be age 21 or older. Register in advance at wsre.org/50. For more information, contact Mary Riker at (850) 484-1211.
Sunday, May 7, 2017 – 3:00 pm – Benefit Program for Bishop Jeffery Bolden, III – Location: City of Refuge Bible Center, 614 Muskogee Rd. Cantonment, FL32533. To show love to Bishop Jeffery Bolden, lll during his medical financial hardship. We are asking for your prayers and love offerings to support his family. For more information please contact Jasmine Bolden: at 850-483-9044 – 850-418-0926 or 850-454-6125.
Tuesday, May 23, 2017 – 6:00 pm to 7:30 pm – Pensacola Public Library located at 239 N. Spring Street, presents Life-Long Learner Series. This series is for all who know that knowledge is power. Each Tuesday, through September 26th, join us to listen to dynamic speakers.
Saturday, June 3, 2017 – 12:00 pm– St John Divine Missionary Baptist Church. The Pensacola Chapter of The Florida A&M University National Alumni Association will be hosting their annual scholarship banquet. Tickets are on sale for $50. The scholarships will benefit high school seniors from Escambia and Santa Rosa counties. Please contact Reggie Parker at (850)723-2141 or any alumni member for tickets. Donations also accepted.
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