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Check out our new site Makeup Addiction
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kodak moment everywhere he goes
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Celsr3 is required in motor neurons to steer their axons in the hindlimb.
The cadherin Celsr3 regulates the directional growth and targeting of axons in the CNS, but whether it acts in collaboration with or in parallel to other guidance cues is unknown. Furthermore, the function of Celsr3 in the peripheral nervous system is still largely unexplored. Here we show that Celsr3 mediates pathfinding of motor axons innervating the hindlimb. In mice, Celsr3-deficient axons of the peroneal nerve segregate from those of the tibial nerve but fail to extend dorsally, and they stall near the branch point. Mutant axons respond to repulsive ephrinA-EphA forward signaling and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). However, they are insensitive to attractive EphA-ephrinA reverse signaling. In transfected cells, Celsr3 immunoprecipitates with ephrinA2, ephrinA5, Ret, GDNF family receptor α1 (GFRα1) and Frizzled3 (Fzd3). The function of Celsr3 is Fzd3 dependent but Vangl2 independent. Our results provide evidence that the Celsr3-Fzd3 pathway interacts with EphA-ephrinA reverse signaling to guide motor axons in the hindlimb.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
<title>$.Object.forEach</title>
<script>
window.$$path = location.protocol + "//" + location.host;
document.write('<script src="' + $$path + '/mass_merge.js"><\/script>')
document.write('<script src="' + $$path + '/doc/scripts/common.js"><\/script>')
</script>
</head>
<body>
<article>
<h3>object.forEach(fn, scope? )</h3>
<p>
<span class="stress">描述：</span>
</p>
<p>对对象的键值使用fn进行迭代。</p>
<dl>
<dt>fn</dt>
<dd>必需。回调函数。</dd>
<dt>score</dt>
<dd>可选。要绑定的作用域。参数依次为value, key。</dd>
</dl>
<fieldset>
<legend>例子</legend>
<pre class="brush:javascript;gutter:false;toolbar:false">
$.require("lang", function() {
var obj = {
first: 'Sunday',
second: 'Monday',
third: 'Tuesday'
};
$.Object.forEach(obj, function(v) {
$.log(v, true);
});
});
</pre>
<button class="doc_btn" type="button">点我，执行代码</button>
</fieldset>
</article>
</body>
</html>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
PRECISION SET Solitaire Engagement Ring
14K yellow gold diamond solitaire engagement ring. The ring is designed to hold a 1 ct round center diamond. Center diamond sold separately. Size 6 in stock now. Special order sizes also available. Designed by Precision Set.
SKU: LRENM13725
$1,020
Currently available at our Fashion Mall Commons store
Currently in stock
If you would like to pick this item up at a store location, simply add this item to your bag and then select a store during the checkout process.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
---
title: Namespaces for WIA Drivers
description: Namespaces for WIA Drivers
ms.assetid: 67260a25-6233-4738-a08f-26223cc8e563
ms.date: 04/20/2017
ms.localizationpriority: medium
---
# Namespaces for WIA Drivers
All services run in session zero. However, applications might be running in a different session. Each session has its own *namespace*. Therefore, a named object created in one session will not generally be visible to a component in another session.
The solution to this problem is to ensure that both components use the same namespace. The simplest way to do this is to use the *global namespace*. For example, if a bundled component were to access a device outside of WIA, it might use a mutex object named **MyDeviceLock** to synchronize access with its WIA driver. In order to put the mutex name in the global namespace, it should be called **Global\\MyDeviceLock**. The mutex named **Global\\MyDeviceLock** is visible to both the driver and the application, no matter which sessions they are running in, because they both specify that the name belongs to the global namespace.
See "Kernel Object Name Spaces" in the Microsoft Windows SDK documentation for more information.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
/*
* This file is part of the LibreOffice project.
*
* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
* License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
* file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
*
* This file incorporates work covered by the following license notice:
*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed
* with this work for additional information regarding copyright
* ownership. The ASF licenses this file to you under the Apache
* License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file
* except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
* the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 .
*/
#ifndef com_sun_star_chart2_data_XNumericalDataSequence_idl
#define com_sun_star_chart2_data_XNumericalDataSequence_idl
#include <com/sun/star/chart2/data/XDataSequence.idl>
module com
{
module sun
{
module star
{
module chart2
{
module data
{
/** allows access to a one-dimensional sequence of double precision
floating-point numbers.
*/
interface XNumericalDataSequence : ::com::sun::star::uno::XInterface
{
/** retrieves data as `double` values.
*/
sequence< double > getNumericalData();
};
} ; // data
} ; // chart2
} ; // com
} ; // sun
} ; // star
#endif
/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Medication history reconciliation by pharmacists in an inpatient behavioral health unit.
The effectiveness of a pharmacy-obtained medication history on the medication reconciliation process in the behavioral health unit (BHU) of a community hospital was studied. Patients admitted to the BHU of a 411-bed, not-for-profit hospital from 6 a.m. on Monday through 12 p.m. on Friday from September 1, 2005, through October 6, 2005, were candidates for the study. Within 18 hours of admission to the BHU and after the medication history had been obtained by a nurse, a pharmacy technician gathered patient demographic and medication information from the chart and the patient's medication bottles. Once the technician completed the documentation, the pharmacist was notified of a new admission. The pharmacist reviewed the collected documentation and patient chart before interviewing the patient. Of the 54 patients who met the study's inclusion criteria, 91% were seen by a pharmacist within 18 hours of admission. The mean +/- S.D. time delay to interview the patient was 11.6 +/- 5.1 hours. Pharmacists spent a mean of 13.9 minutes completing patients' medication histories. The mean +/- S.D. number of medications identified by nursing on admission was 4.0 +/- 3.2, compared with 5.3 +/- 3.7 identified by pharmacists (p < 0.05). The mean number of medication discrepancies identified per patient was 2.9. Of the discrepancies, 48% were related to an omitted or incorrect medication, 31% to an omitted or incorrect dose, and 13% to an omitted or incorrect frequency; 8% were categorized as miscellaneous. Pharmacists' participation in obtaining patients' medication histories through chart review and patient interview increased the effectiveness of the medication reconciliation process in an inpatient BHU.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Blue dragon playing pearl incense burner testing standards of the republic of China with porcelain clay fire fine porcelain is the han nationality expertise, developed from the original porcelain pottery, can be found in the earliest erligang ruins of shang dynasty,
good quality electric single stage rotary vane vacuum pump
the eastern han dynasty out of the blue glaze porcelain, porcelain early in celadon is given priority to, sui and tang dynasties era, developed into the celadon and white porcelain is given priority to with single glaze two big porcelain, and generate hand-cut, scratching, printing, decals, carved flowers, through chase porcelain decorative techniques, such as the five dynasties porcelain craft superb, north porcelain system maintain, henan has the reputation of "wa value daughter", maintain is erros sejong wood kiln,
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legend chai rong maintain production porcelain "as thin as paper, bright as a mirror, sound like qing, to pass the rain qingyun virginity, so the color for the future"
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Friday, June 17, 2005
Alaska weather creates ideal conditions for mosquitoes
If you're visiting Alaska for the first time, you may think that we have a lot of bugs. And you would be right. If you've lived here for only a few years, you may be thinking that there are a lot more mosquitoes, gnats, wasps, and other bugs this year compared to previous years. Again, you would be correct.
But the fact is, there really is not an unusual number of flying, biting bugs this year. It's just that we got used to having it good.
The past few years were unusually dry and hot, and the snow cover, which mosquitoes use to survive the winter, was not sufficient to protect them. Because the summers were dry, there were fewer places for them to breed.
This past winter, we had a more normal snow cover, and that was followed by a wetter, cooler spring.
Among the upsides, the salmon, trout, and other fish, as well as some birds, will be fatter and larger than in those previous years. So get some bug dope, a head net, some fishing gear, and a license (of course), and make the best of it.
The other good news is that, so far, Alaska has not had any cases of West Nile Virus, Malaria, or Yellow Fever, all increasingly common mosquito-borne diseases. Also, we haven't had any scorpions, ticks, or snakes for a very long time.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
How to Ditch Your Splitboarding BF on a Powder Day
Allow us to make an introduction: Meet Sweet Jane, our ski town advice columnist. Not her real name, also not that sweet. This sound advice was first published in the November 2017 (46.4) issue of POWDER.
How do I ditch my splitboarding boyfriend this winter? I love him, but he's slow and I've got to figure out how to leave him behind.—Natalie, Girdwood, AK
Patience is a virtue many of us lack. I am all for slow-boarders finding a way to skin into the backcountry, but I get it: You can't stand waiting for him to play Legos with his set-up while you are clipped in and ready to drop. Most would argue that if it's true love, you'd wait for him no matter the speed or stakes. But I ask you this: Does your boyfriend wait for you to finish first when you're in bed? Probably not. Therefore, you can ditch his ass whenever you please and say something along the lines of, 'Sorry babe, I just can't help it.'
I'm the only one of my friends that is smart in the backcountry. I constantly fear that I'm going to have to dig them out if something happens because they are all idiots.—Delilah, Alpine, WY
Your concern is valid and you're well within your rights to tell them "no, thanks" on skiing in the backcountry together until they wise up. Who's going to dig you out if you get buried? Last winter, I met a man skiing alone in the backcountry in southern Montana. I asked him to check my transceiver signal, to which he said, "Oh, I don't have a satellite phone."
Some people are clueless.
It's fun to laugh at the guy with his goggles on upside down, but with safety in the backcountry, you have to speak up. Be Team Mom. Give them tips, lessons, demonstrations, and scold them if you must, but don't coddle them. Kids with daddy issues get a bad rap, but the ones who were over-mothered are intolerable. We've all had a roommate who didn't have to do chores growing up and somehow made it into adulthood without the slightest clue how to wash a dish or wipe their ass.
Sure, you could avoid hurting their feelings and clean up after them, or you could kick their soft, supple trustafarian ass into gear and stop enabling them. And while dirty dishes are enough to make you want to throw an egg-encrusted breakfast plate at an entitled roommate, lack of knowledge in the backcountry is serious and the consequences deadly.
My granola environmentalist friends freak out when I don't recycle my beer cans, but they have no problem driving their huge trucks to the mountains. What gives?—Parker, Ogden, UT
Dude, you don't recycle your beer cans? What is wrong with you? Your friends are totally allowed to give you shit for that. However, the hypocrisy is clear. Your friends sound like the Portland hipsters who pride themselves on living in a secluded A-frame cabin in the woods with their hand-chopped firewood but are desperate for Wi-Fi to give them access to all the succulents they need on Amazon Prime, not to mention Instagram. How else will they show the internet and society their rejection of the internet and society?
Same as those who won't eat meat because cows create too much methane in the atmosphere but have no problem brappin' around on a snowmobile. You're not going to change their minds, just as I won't change yours. But that won't stop me from telling you to recycle your damn beer cans, dude.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
{#sp1 .147}
{#sp2 .148}
{#sp3 .149}
{#sp4 .150}
{#sp5 .151}
{#sp6 .152}
{#sp7 .153}
{#sp8 .154}
{#sp9 .155}
{#sp10 .156}
{#sp11 .157}
{#sp12 .158}
{#sp13 .159}
{#sp14 .160}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
Q:
fontweight property has no effect on AnchoredText object?
I'm trying to draw some text through an AnchoredText (see the code below) but the fontweight property does not seem to have any effect:
I'm using Python 3.7.3 and matplotlib 3.1.0.
What am I missing here?
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.offsetbox import AnchoredText
ax = plt.subplot(131)
plt.plot([])
anchored_text = AnchoredText(
"aaa bb ccc", loc=8,
prop={'family': 'Ubuntu Condensed', 'size': 35, 'fontweight': 'normal'},
frameon=False)
ax.add_artist(anchored_text)
ax = plt.subplot(132)
plt.plot([])
anchored_text = AnchoredText(
"aaa bb ccc", loc=8,
prop={'family': 'Ubuntu Condensed', 'size': 35, 'fontweight': 'bold'},
frameon=False)
ax.add_artist(anchored_text)
ax = plt.subplot(133)
plt.plot([])
anchored_text = AnchoredText(
"aaa bb ccc", loc=8,
prop={'family': 'Ubuntu Condensed', 'size': 35, 'fontweight': 'light'},
frameon=False)
ax.add_artist(anchored_text)
plt.show()
A:
As per https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Ubuntu+Condensed there's only 'Regular' style for your choice of font, so using different fontweight parameters will not have any impact
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
COLUMBIA, S.C. -- The boyfriend of a murdered University of South Carolina student said at a vigil on Tuesday he was on the phone tracking her location when she got into the wrong car, according to WGHP.
“I was on the phone tracking her to make sure she got home safely and immediately knew there was something that was wrong,” Greg Corbishley said, holding back tears. “Unfortunately, I was two and a half hours away. I would do anything to go back.”
Samantha Josephson, 21, was killed early Friday morning after getting into a black Chevy Impala she thought was her Uber. Josephson’s roommates began to worry when they hadn’t heard from her later Friday morning. They called the police around 1:30 p.m. Friday.
Her body was discovered a day after she disappeared. The coroner said she died from multiple sharp injuries.
Josephson’s father also spoke at the vigil.
“He was a monster, right?” Seymour Josephson said about Nathaniel David Rowland, 24, who has been arrested on charges of murder and kidnapping. “What he did, I don’t want anyone else to go through what I did as a parent.”
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Protein phosphorylation on Ser, Thr and Tyr residues in cyanobacteria.
Cyanobacteria belong to an extremely diverse group of gram-negative prokaryotes. They are all able to perform oxygen-evolving photosynthesis, but differ in morphology, ecological habitats, and physiology. This diversity is also reflected in the complexity of regulatory proteins involved in protein phosphorylation on Ser, Thr and Tyr residues. For those strains whose genomes are completely sequenced, for example, the number of genes identified so far that encode Ser/Thr and Tyr kinases range from none to 52. Genetic, molecular as well as functional genomic analyses demonstrate that Ser/Thr and Tyr kinases and phosphatases are involved in the regulation of a variety of activities according to changes in growth conditions or cell metabolism, such as cell motility, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, photosynthesis and stress response. The major challenge in the near future is to integrate these components into signaling pathways and identify their targets. Some of the Ser/Thr and Tyr kinases and phosphatases are expected to interact with classical two-component signaling pathways.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Discovery of Right Whales in the Gulf of Mexico.
Two whales were observed closely for an hour off Sarasota, Florida, by residents who provided observations of structural details which identify only the right whale, Eubalaena glacialis, a temperate and subpolar species previously known to range to the Florida east coast, but not to enter the Gulf of Mexico.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
How do I correctly subscribe to a bluetooth low energy device's GattCharacteristic.ValueChanged notification (indication) in a Windows UWP App?
On my Linux machine I have successfully subscribed to a Timeular/ZEI Bluetooth LE Device using Java, the TinyB Library and BlueZ.
However I do need the same functionality for Windows 10 (1709). I am using the most recent Windows SDK with Visual Studio 2017.
My goal is to subscribe to a GattCharacteristic.ValueChanged event, so whenever someone is "rolling the dice", the BTLE device will send a notification to the Windows App and call my DiceOrientationChangeHandler.
What I got so far is:
const string DEVICE_MAC_ADDRESS = "ee:ab:17:be:37:20"; //Timeular's MAC address
const string BLUETOOTH_LE_SERVICE_UUID = "c7e70010-c847-11e6-8175-8c89a55d403c"; //the service which contains Timeular's orientation change characteristic
const string BLUETOOTH_LE_CHARACTERISTIC_UUID = "c7e70012-c847-11e6-8175-8c89a55d403c"; //the characteristic that allows subscription to notification (indication) for orientation change
public async void SubscribeToOrientationChangeNotification()
{
BluetoothLEDevice bluetoothLEDevice = null;
//loop through bluetooth devices until we found our desired device by mac address
DeviceInformationCollection deviceInformationCollection = await DeviceInformation.FindAllAsync(BluetoothLEDevice.GetDeviceSelector());
foreach (var deviceInformation in deviceInformationCollection)
{
String deviceInformationId = deviceInformation.Id;
String mac = deviceInformationId.Substring(deviceInformationId.Length - 17);
if (mac.Equals(DEVICE_MAC_ADDRESS))
{
bluetoothLEDevice = await BluetoothLEDevice.FromIdAsync(deviceInformation.Id);
Debug.WriteLine($"Found Bluetooth LE Device [{mac}]: {bluetoothLEDevice.ConnectionStatus}");
break;
}
}
//Subscribe to the connection status change event
bluetoothLEDevice.ConnectionStatusChanged += ConnectionStatusChangeHandler;
//get the desired service
Guid serviceGuid = Guid.Parse(BLUETOOTH_LE_SERVICE_UUID);
GattDeviceServicesResult serviceResult = await bluetoothLEDevice.GetGattServicesForUuidAsync(serviceGuid);
if (serviceResult.Status == GattCommunicationStatus.Success)
{
GattDeviceService service = serviceResult.Services[0];
Debug.WriteLine($"Service @ {service.Uuid}, found and accessed!");
//get the desired characteristic
Guid characteristicGuid = Guid.Parse(BLUETOOTH_LE_CHARACTERISTIC_UUID);
GattCharacteristicsResult characteristicResult = await service.GetCharacteristicsForUuidAsync(characteristicGuid);
if (characteristicResult.Status == GattCommunicationStatus.Success)
{
GattCharacteristic characteristic = characteristicResult.Characteristics[0];
Debug.WriteLine($"Characteristic @ {characteristic.Uuid} found and accessed!");
//check access to the characteristic
Debug.Write("We have the following access to the characteristic: ");
GattCharacteristicProperties properties = characteristic.CharacteristicProperties;
foreach (GattCharacteristicProperties property in Enum.GetValues(typeof(GattCharacteristicProperties)))
{
if (properties.HasFlag(property))
{
Debug.Write($"{property} ");
}
}
Debug.WriteLine("");
//subscribe to the GATT characteristic's notification
GattCommunicationStatus status = await characteristic.WriteClientCharacteristicConfigurationDescriptorAsync(
GattClientCharacteristicConfigurationDescriptorValue.Notify);
if (status == GattCommunicationStatus.Success)
{
Debug.WriteLine("Subscribing to the Indication/Notification");
characteristic.ValueChanged += DiceOrientationChangeHandler;
}
else
{
Debug.WriteLine($"ERR1: {status}");
}
} else
{
Debug.WriteLine($"ERR2: {characteristicResult.Status}");
}
} else
{
Debug.WriteLine($"ERR3: {serviceResult.Status}");
}
}
public void DiceOrientationChangeHandler(GattCharacteristic sender, GattValueChangedEventArgs eventArgs)
{
Debug.WriteLine($"Dice rolled...");
}
public void ConnectionStatusChangeHandler(BluetoothLEDevice bluetoothLEDevice, Object o)
{
Debug.WriteLine($"The device is now: {bluetoothLEDevice.ConnectionStatus}");
}
The output looks like:
Found Bluetooth LE Device [ee:ab:17:be:37:20]: Connected
Service @ c7e70010-c847-11e6-8175-8c89a55d403c, found and accessed!
Characteristic @ c7e70012-c847-11e6-8175-8c89a55d403c found and
accessed!
We have the following access to the characteristic: None Read Indicate
Subscribing to the Indication/Notification
The device is now: Disconnected
But whenever I change the device's orientation, nothing happens. The service uuid and characteristic uuid are the same that I am using in the Linux program, where the orientation change handler is working.
After a short while, one last message will be printed to the console:
The Thread 0x2b40 has exited with code 0 (0x0).
What am I doing wrong subscribing to the Bluetooth LE device's notification?
A:
I finally found the issue:
Using the linux library, it somehow automatically determined what type of notification the GATT Service is using.
Using the Windows SDK I had to explicitly specify that the type of notification is an indication by using GattClientCharacteristicConfigurationDescriptorValue.Indicate.
Now the event is fired once I "roll the dice".
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
Go concurrency with for loop and anonymous function behaves unexpectedly
I have already found out a way for the code to behave as I want, but I would like to understand why it behaves like this so that my understanding of Go concurrency improves.
I was testing out sync.WaitGroup to wait for some goroutines to finish because I plan on doing multiple uploads to Amazon S3 in this way.
This was the code I had originally:
func main() {
var wg sync.WaitGroup
for i := 1; i <= 5; i++ {
wg.Add(1)
go func() {
fmt.Println(i)
time.Sleep(time.Second * 1)
wg.Done()
}()
}
wg.Wait()
}
I was surprised to see that the output was: 6, 6, 6, 6, 6.
Instead of something like: 2, 4, 1, 5, 3.
Since the loop does not even go to 6, this made no sense to me.
I later passed the i variable to the anonymous function as argument
and then it behaved as I expected.
Why does this happen? I don't understand it.
A:
This is covered in the faq: What happens with closures running as goroutines?
In this case, none of the goroutines get scheduled until the for loop completes. In order for the for loop to break i must not be less than or equal to 5, therefore it is 6 at that point. When the goroutines run, they each print the value of the single variable i which is captured in the closures.
When you pass i as an argument to the function, you copy the current value to a new variable, capturing the value at that moment.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
This event has finished
Twelve Australian writers present original work inspired by Where the Wild Things Are
The Wheeler Centre is kicking off 2013 in creative style with an ode to Maurice Sendak’s iconic work, Where the Wild Things Are. Celebrating 50 years of the imaginative story, the Centre is hosting a gala in which a range of Australia’s leading writers will share new work that is inspired by the tale. These writers include poets, journalists, dramatists, lyricists, fiction writers and more, each sharing their own take on the story as they re-imagine the wild thing within us all.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
After decades of cruel injustice and crushing, sidelining silence, British mathematician Alan Turing – one of the greatest intellects in humanity’s history – has at last become the household name and revered pioneer of science he has always deserved to be.
As well as books and films describing the amazing achievements and appalling way this brilliant, misunderstood man – arguably the creator of the modern world we inhabit – was treated by society, there’s now a second graphic novel (so if you’re interested you should also seek out Jim Ottaviani & Leland Purvis’ The Imitation Game: Alan Turing Decoded) delineating the factual stuff whilst trying to get beneath the skin of a most perplexing and unique individual.
This gloriously oversized (231 x 13 x 287 cm) full-colour hardback biography – also available as an e-book – was first released in Europe as Le Cas Alan Turing in 2015 and employs an emphatic literary approach, more drama than documentary.
The moving script by author Arnaud Delalande (La Piege de Dante) – via award-winning translator David Homel – only touches on Turing’s early, troubled home life and post-war scandals as the genius descended into self-loathing and court-mandated chemical castration to “cure” his “social deviancy”.
Allegations or accusations of homosexuality destroyed many men until officially decriminalised in Britain’s 1967 Sexual Offences Act, and although Turing was posthumously pardoned in 2013 his loss to suicide probably deprived the entire world of a generation of marvels…
The major proportion of this tale concentrates on World War II and Turing’s work as a cryptographer and inventor at British code-breaking centre Bletchley Park, where the insular young man struggled to convince his officious, unimaginative superiors to let him construct a mechanical brain to defeat the Wehrmacht’s presumed-infallible Enigma machines. Turing’s victories cemented his reputation and ensured that the battle against fascism was won…
The key figures are all there: sometime fiancée Joan Clark, Professor Max Newman, and the weak, shady rent-boy who brought about Turing’s eventual downfall and demise, as are less well known figures: the MI5 operative who was his constant shadow before and after the war, boyhood lost love Christopher Morcom and many other unsung heroes of the intelligence war…
Played out against a backdrop of global conflict, Turing’s obsession with Walt Disney’s Snow White and a recurring motif of poisoned apples – the method by which the tormented soul ended his life – figure largely in a tale which reads like a movie in the making. Moreover, this powerful tale of an outsider’s temporary triumphs and lasting impact is beautifully and compellingly rendered by master of historical comics Eric Liberge (Monsieur Mardi-Gras Descendres, Le Dernier Marduk, Tonnerre Rampant, Les Corsaires d’Alcibiade), affording it an aura of unavoidable, impending destiny…
Balancing out the tragedy of chances missed is an informative photo-illustrated essay on ‘The Cryptography War’ by historian, educator and government consultant Bruno Fuligni detailing the development and use of different kinds of cipher and codes, how Enigma changed the rules of the spying game and how Turing changed it all again…
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
The Political Economy of Inequality
POLSCI 644S
Study of the concept and measurement of inequality; evolution of inequality across concepts, space, time (developed and developing world); what explains this evolution; and political consequences of inequality. One course.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
While recent headlines might lead you to believe that accidental deaths from firearms are at an all-time high, the fact is they are at their lowest in decades — but unfortunately, the so-called “mainstream” media won’t report the truth.
As noted by the National Shooting Sports Foundation in a blog post on the group’s website, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is claiming that gun-related deaths in 2017 reached their highest level in the U.S. in 40 years.
In 2017, nearly 40,000 people were killed from gun-related incidents in the U.S., according to the data. By contrast, gun-related incidents accounted for less than 29,000 deaths in 1999.
The report went on to list some of the higher-profile shootings last year, such as the terrorist attack (because that’s what it really was) on 22,000 concert-goers in October 2017 in Las Vegas, which killed 58 people, and the following month when a former Air Force member killed 25 people at a Texas church.
Of the 40,000-odd recorded gun deaths, the CDC said half were due to suicides and just over one-third were homicides — and while any gun deaths are tragic, those figures are still very low proportionately in a country of some 320 million people and 90 million gun owners.
Also, according to the NSSF, “thankfully, the CDC breaks down the data by unintentional fatalities, homicides, and suicides,” thereby making “a careful review of the data possible.”
Since 1999, the year referenced by the CDC, the agency’s own data show that the overall number of gun-related accidents are actually down more than 41 percent, though tens of millions more firearms have been purchased.
The CDC can and does manipulate gun data
The NSSF noted further:
Likewise, it’s understandably confusing when recent news articles proclaim that “guns killed more people than car crashes in 2017.” While this kind of clickbait is sure to get views, it is a deliberately misleading comparison of different data. In this article for example, the authors take the full sum of all firearms-related deaths, suicides, homicides and accidents, and compares it to car accidents. Why not compare firearms accidents to car accidents? Well that would show that car accidents occur at far higher rates (11.9 for cars compared to 0.1 for firearms).
There are more anomalies in the CDC data. For instance, the agency’s numbers show that the homicide rate is flat, but other research data show that the homicide rate in the U.S. has been on a downward trend — also a good thing.
The CDC data does reflect the fact that most gun-related deaths are suicides, and that’s been the case now for years. And in fact, gun-caused suicides are actually up in nearly every state, the NSSF notes.
“While even anti-gun extremists would have a hard time arguing that gun control laws would prevent these unfortunate but intentional acts, some will point to discredited studies that attempt to draw a link between gun control laws and suicide rates,” the NSSF noted. “The fact is that there is no evidence showing a causal relationship between gun control laws and decreased suicide rates.”
There’s more as it relates to gun-related homicide rates. According to the Crime Prevention Research Center, gun homicides are concentrated in a very few U.S. counties.
The center reported in April 2017 that 54 percent of counties in 2014 had zero murders, while just 2 percent of counties had more than half — 51 percent — of all gun-related murders that year.
Meanwhile, 69 percent of counties had no more than a single gun-related murder. The worst one percent of counties held 19 percent of the country’s population and featured 37 percent of all gun-related homicides, the center found.
|
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Introduction
============
Parkinson\'s disease (PD), which is both chronic and progressive, is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, and its prevalence is increasing rapidly.[@B1],[@B2] Health-related quality of life (HrQoL) is considered critical in chronically ill patients, especially in the elderly, and PD research is increasingly focused on factors affecting the HrQoL.[@B3] Although motor features have until recently dominated clinical impact assessments in patients with PD, non-motor symptoms are currently attracting more attention as determinants of HrQoL in PD,[@B4],[@B5] with a growing emphasis on the importance of HrQoL issues when initiating and maintaining treatment.[@B5],[@B6]
The 39-item Parkinson\'s disease questionnaire (PDQ-39), which contains 39 items involving 8 discrete dimensions that mainly evaluate HrQoL, is the representative disease-specific tool for assessing HrQoL in PD. The PDQ-39 evaluates mobility, activities of daily living, emotional well-being, stigma, social support, cognition, communication, bodily discomfort and summary index.[@B7],[@B8] The PDQ-39 was originally developed in Britain and has been translated into and validated in many different languages worldwide.[@B9]-[@B13] Because perceptions of HrQoL are subjective and may vary according to cultural and individual backgrounds, translated and validated versions tailored for different cultural contexts are required for research.
The aim of the present study was to translate the PDQ-39 into Korean and to validate the reliability and consistency of the new Korean version as well as its feasibility for use in future assessments of HrQoL in the Korean-speaking PD population.
Methods
=======
Subjects
--------
One hundred and two PD patients from 10 movement-disorder centers at university-affiliated hospitals in South Korea who met the clinical diagnostic criteria of the United Kingdom Parkinson\'s Disease Society Brain Bank[@B14] were enrolled in the present study. The obligatory inclusion criterion for all participants was no change in anti-parkinsonian drugs for at least the previous 4 weeks. The exclusion criteria included patients who were younger than 40 years at the onset of PD, had possible secondary causes of PD such as drugs or structural brain lesions that can induce parkinsonism, who were taking medications including antidepressants that could affect cognitive function, or had impaired cognitive function represented by a total Mini-Mental State Examination score of less than 24. All subjects provided written informed consent for unprompted study participation. Ethical approval was obtained from the joint ethics committee of each participating university hospital.
Translation
-----------
The original PDQ-39 was translated into Korean using forward and backward translation, expert committee review and pretests of the translated Korean version of the PDQ-39 (K-PDQ-39). Two independent bilingual translators translated the original British version of the PDQ-39 into Korean. The translated Korean version was then translated back into British English by another bilingual translator who had no knowledge of the original version of the questionnaire. The back-translated version was then compared to the original version by the same translators. An expert committee (comprising D.Y. Kwon, J.S. Baik and S.B. Koh) reviewed the translated version and modified the draft version until a consensus was reached among them. After pretesting the translated version in four patients, the K-PDQ-39 was finalized and used in subsequent analyses.
K-PDQ-39
--------
The K-PDQ-39 comprises 39 items involving 8 discrete dimensions: mobility, activities of daily living, emotional well-being, stigma, social support, cognition, communication and bodily discomfort. The assessment period is the \"previous 1 month.\" Each item is scored on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (\"never\") to 4 (\"always\"). The total K-PDQ-39 score is expressed as a percentage ranging from 0 to 100.
Data collection
---------------
All of the authors, who were experts in movement disorders and experienced interviewers from each movement center, conducted the following assessments of subjects in order to assess and qualify non-motor symptoms in PD patients and K-PDQ-39: basic demographics, levodopa equivalent dose (LDED),[@B15] modified Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) stage,[@B16] Unified Parkinson\'s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) parts I, II, and III,[@B17] the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE)[@B18] for measuring cognitive function, the Korean version of the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale (K-MADS), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS),[@B19] and the non-motor symptoms scale (NMSS).[@B20] Participants returned to outpatient clinics for retests using the K-PDQ-39 in order to assess test-retest reliability over time intervals of from 10 to 14 days, which was a sufficient delay to minimize memory or practice effects.
Statistical analysis
--------------------
Reliability was assessed in order to measure the internal consistency and stability. Floor and ceiling effects involving less than 20% of the total population per domain were considered acceptable.[@B35] Cronbach\'s α coefficient was calculated to analyze the internal consistency. The criterion value for α was ≥0.70. Test-retest reliability was assessed using the Guttman Split-Half Coefficient analyses with values higher than 0.70 considered indicative of acceptable reliability. The relationships between subscales of the K-PDQ-39 and other variables were analyzed using Spearman\'s rank correlation coefficients, since scores were not evenly distributed. These coefficients were also used to quantify the convergent validity with other clinical scales. SPSS (version 15.0 for Windows, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for all statistical analyses.
Results
=======
Demographic data
----------------
A total of 102 patients (52 men and 50 women) were recruited for the study. The demographic data are listed in [Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}. Among the 102 PD patients, 75 (73.5%) patients had H&Y stages up to 2.0 (32 at stage 1, 12 at stage 1.5, and 31 at stage 2) and 27 (26.5%) had H&Y stages of at least 2.5 (17 at stage 2.5, 9 at stage 3, 1 at stage 4). Finally, 101 PD patients completed the K-PDQ-39 retest.
Reliability and validity of the K-PDQ-39
----------------------------------------
[Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"} lists the scores in each domain and the total score. The mean total summary index of the K-PDQ-39 was 23.20±18.63% (mean±SD), and ranged from 0% to 74.9%. A higher score in each K-PDQ-39 domain indicates greater discomfort felt by the patient: emotional well-being (27.51±24.11%) and bodily discomfort (26.43±23.38%) were the major complaints, while social support (14.70±21.47%) and communication (13.05±18.49%) were the least problematic. All of the K-PDQ-39 domains showed acceptable ceiling effects. Emotional well-being and cognition domains were within the acceptable range of floor effects (\<20%), but the other six domains ranged from 21.6% to 52.9%. Both the floor and ceiling effects of the SI were 0% ([Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}).
Each K-PDQ-39 domain showed significant correlations with summary index scores (rS=0.559-0.793, *p*\<0.001). Six of the eight domains met the standards of reliability (Cronbach\'s α coefficient ≥0.70); the exceptions were stigma and social support ([Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"}). For assessments of test-retest reliability, the Guttman Split-Half Coefficient value of the K-PDQ-39 summary index was 0.919 (*p*\<0.001). and ranged between 0.715 and 0.943 for the eight domains, which satisfied the standards for test-retest reliability (*p*\<0.001) ([Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"}).
The relationships of the K-PDQ-39 and clinical data with rating scales were analyzed. All clinical variables except age, disease duration, LDED, H&Y stage, UPDRS parts I, II, and III, mood status (K-MADS), cognition (K-MMSE) and daytime sleepiness (ESS) showed strong correlations with the K-PDQ-39 summary index (*p*\<0.01). Age was the only factor that was not significantly correlated with the K-PDQ-39 domains; the other factors-including disease duration, LDED, H&Y stage, UPDRS parts I, II, and III, K-MADS, K-MMSE and ESS- were significantly correlated with each K-PDQ-39 domain (*p*\<0.01-0.05) ([Table 4](#T4){ref-type="table"}).
The K-PDQ-39 summary index score demonstrated significant relationships with total NMSS scores (rS=0.814, *p*\<0.01; [Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"} and [Table 5](#T5){ref-type="table"}). [Table 5](#T5){ref-type="table"} indicates that most of the K-PDQ-39 domains were strongly correlated with NMSS items.
Discussion
==========
There is an increasing need to evaluate HrQoL when managing patients with chronic, degenerative diseases.[@B3],[@B21] We translated the most commonly used and validated instrument for evaluating HrQoL in PD patients, the PDQ-39, into Korean, and found the K-PDQ-39 to be a reliable, valid and useful instrument that was easily applicable to the Korean-speaking PD population. The data of the present study were collected from 10 different movement-disorder clinics and interviews were performed by different investigators, which strengthens the positive results of the K-PDQ-39 reliability and validity in terms of suitability for application in clinical practice.
The mean scores in the domains were lower (indicating a lower degree of discomfort) than the results for the original British and other translated, and validated versions, including those in Chinese, Greek, Spanish, American English and Portuguese.[@B7]-[@B13],[@B22] A possible explanation for this result is that the disease severity according to H&Y stage being milder and the stages of PD being earlier in the present study than in the patients included in previous studies, since several studies have demonstrated that mean PDQ-39 scores are positively correlated with disease duration as well as disease severity.[@B8],[@B11],[@B12] Additionally, disease duration and severity primarily contribute to HrQoL through associated motor complications arising from treatment in late-stage PD.[@B23]-[@B25] However, the scores were lowest for social support and communication, as also found in the present study.[@B10]-[@B12] These findings are also reflected in the presence of floor effects in over half of the domains, with no ceiling effects in any of the domains. Social support, communication and stigma domains showed the largest floor effects in this study, which is similar to previous validation studies involving various languages.[@B8],[@B13],[@B34] A cut-off above 0.70 for Cronbach\'s α coefficient is reportedly considered indicative of acceptable internal consistency and reliability.[@B26] The internal consistency of the K-PDQ-39 was satisfactory, since Cronbach\'s α coefficient ranged from 0.58 to 0.80. Two of the eight domains failed to reach the standards, and the average correlations of the items comprising the test were very strong (Cronbach\'s α coefficient=0.913). Test-retest reliability as calculated by the Guttman Split-Half coefficient value was also adequate, with values ranging from 0.715 to 0.943. These results suggest that the K-PDQ-39 is a stable and reliable tool.
The relationship between clinical data and K-PDQ-39 was also analyzed. While disease duration, disease severity (H&Y stage and UPDRS), LDED, depressive mood (K-MADS), cognition (K-MMSE), and daytime sleepiness (ESS) were strongly correlated with K-PDQ-39 domains, age was only strongly correlated with the K-PDQ-39 mobility domain. These results, which are consistent with those of previous studies[@B27],[@B28] may be accounted for by several factors. First, patient age has no direct relationship with disease duration or severity, both of which have strong correlations with PD HrQoL.[@B8],[@B11],[@B12] Second, the age range of the participants in the present study was limited to43-84 years (with a mean of 65.3 years), which Soh et al.[@B21] pointed out restricts the ability of HrQoL to discriminate between diverse age groups. Our data also suggest that a longer and more severe case of PD will lower the quality of life. UPDRS (parts I and II) scores were strongly correlated with all items of the K-PDQ-39. The scores for depressive mood and cognition were closely related to nearly all items of the K-PDQ-39, indicating that HrQoL factors are associated with both motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. In particular, the mood status of the patients (as assessed by K-MADS) showed the strongest correlations with all domains of K-PDQ-39 (rS=0.425-0.704, *p*\<0.01). Similar patterns have been found previously, in that the the presence of depressive symptoms was the main factor associated with a poor quality of life.[@B3],[@B29] Concurrently, NMSS items that quantify non-motor symptoms of PD demonstrated strong correlations with K-PDQ-39 scores, which implies that non-motor features of PD are the most important determinants of quality of life in PD.[@B4],[@B5] Although non-motor symptoms are prevalent from the early stages or prestages of motor symptoms of PD, the clinical impact of non-motor aspects on HrQoL has only recently been highlighted.[@B21],[@B30]-[@B33]
The first limitation of the present study was the uneven distribution of disease severity, with most participants having mild disease (73.5% of the participants had an H&Y stage of up to 2.0). The late-stage HrQoL of the PD patients therefore might not have been properly evaluated. However, the present study did not aim to assess HrQoL severities in patients, and also showed that the HrQoL had clinical impacts from the relatively early, mild stages of PD. The second limitation of the present study was that other assessments of HrQoL were not compared with the K-PDQ-39, and hence convergent validity might not have been verified.
In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the K-PDQ-39 is a useful, valid, and reliable instrument for assessing HrQoL in PD patients. Further detailed investigations of HrQoL in Korean-speaking PD patients should be undertaken using the K-PDQ-39.
This work was supported by grants from Sandoz Korea.
The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.
{#F1}
######
Demographic data of PD patients
H&Y stage: Hoehn and Yahr stage, K-MADS: Korean version Montgomery Asberg Depression Scale, K-MMSE: Korean version Mini-Mental Status Examination, LDED: levodopa equivalent dosage, PD: Parkinson\'s disease, SD: standard deviation, UPDRS: Unified Parkinson\'s Disease Rating Scale.
######
Scores in each item of K-PDQ-39 and correlations of items with total score of K-PDQ-39
K-PDQ: Korean version-Parkinson\'s disease questionnaire.
######
Internal consistency (Cronbach\'s α coefficient) between subitem scores and the summary index score and test-retest reliability (Guttman Split-Half coefficient) of the K-PDQ-39 (*n*=102)
K-PDQ: Korean version-Parkinson\'s disease questionnaire.
######
Spearman\'s correlation of the K-PDQ-39 and clinical features and rating scales
^\*^Spearman\'s rank correlation, *p*\<0.01, ^†^Spearman\'s rank correlation, *p*\<0.05.
ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale, H&Y stage: Hoehn and Yahr stage, K-PDQ: Korean version-Parkinson\'s disease questionnaire, LDED: levodopa equivalent dose, MADS: Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale, MMSE: Mini-Mental Status Examination, NMSS: the non-motor symptoms scale for Parkinson\'s disease, PD: Parkinson\'s disease, UPDRS: the Unified Parkinson\'s Disease Rating Scale.
######
Spearman\'s correlation of the K-NMSS and the subscale items of the K-PDQ-39
^\*^Spearman\'s rank correlation, *p*\<0.001, ^†^Spearman\'s rank correlation, *p*\<0.05.
K-NMSS: Korean version-non-motor symptoms scale for Parkinson\'s disease, K-PDQ-39: Korean version-Parkinson\'s disease questionnaire.
|
{
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|
Scott Michael Foster (Greek) and newcomer Elizabeth Lail have joined the fourth season of ABC's fairy-tale drama as Kristoff and Anna, respectively, The Hollywood Reporter has confirmed. Both are recurring roles.
"We are dealing with the world of Frozen," executive producer Adam Horowitz told THR in May. "We are honored to be allowed to do it. We loved the movie. We fell in love with it when it came out last year like everyone did, and we want to do our best to do it justice."
Executive producer Edward Kitsis told THR at the time of Once's iteration of Elsa: "[What] we loved so much about the character of Elsa was that she was considered a villain but she never really was. She was misunderstood. That, on our show, speaks to us so strongly, that it was a toy we had to play with."
Foster is repped by ICM Partners and Consortium Entertainment. His other credits include Chasing Life, Zero Hour, Halt and Catch Fire, Californication and The River. Lail, who has appeared in two short films, is repped by ICM Partners.
|
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|
Q:
In Django, how to use a list from html checkboxes to loop through elements, and go to element specific page
I want to obtain a list from a HTML form with specific IDs in it:
search.html:
<form method='POST' action='/report/'>
{% for o in obj %}
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>{{o.sample}}</td>
<td><input type="checkbox" name="Samples" value="{{o.sample}}</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
{% endfor %}
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
This gives me a list of samples to my report view which takes me to /report/
in my URLs i have defined a regex so that it would be able to take me to a sample specific report URL:
url(r'^report/Sam\d{1,5}_\d{2}/$', views.report),
What I want is to be able to loop through this list sample IDs, so when I click the initial submit, it takes me to the first sample ID at:
localhost:8000/report/H1_1/
then I process and make a report for this sample, I submit and it takes me to the next sample ID in my list:
localhost:8000/report/H2_1/
etc.
I have been racking my brain on how to do this and the only thing I came up with was:
search.html:
{% for o in obj %}
<form method='POST' action='/report/{{o.sample}}'>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>{{o.sample}}</td>
<td><input type="checkbox" name="Samples" value="{{o.sample}}</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
{% endfor %}
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
but I cant work how to get to the next sample in the sample specific html page form.
A:
You probably want to close every form inside the loop, or you want a single form with all the entry, but what you have now is not so clean and could lead to errors.
Something like this:
{% for o in obj %}
<form method="POST" action="/report/{{o.sample}}">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>{{o.sample}}</td>
<td><input type="checkbox" name="Samples" value="{{o.sample}}"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<input type="submit" value="Submit" label="Submit {{o.sample}}">
</form>
{% endfor %}
Or like this for a single form:
<form method="POST" action="/report/samples">
{% for o in obj %}
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>{{o.sample}}</td>
<td><input type="checkbox" name="Samples" value="{{o.sample}}"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
{% endfor %}
<input type="submit" value="Submit" label="Submit">
</form>
But I think, based on what you wrote, that the 1st example better fits your needs.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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|
Mac OS X is full of ways to record your screen, with a tool built-in to Quicktime Player and a vast number of third-party apps. Among the many tools, Screenflow is easily our top choice. It's fast, feature-rich, handles everything about the screencasting process from start to finish, and doubles as possibly the best…
In some cases, the best way to illustrate something happening on your screen is to show someone. Whether you want to train people on a particularly difficult program or show everyone how to fix a problem you've run into before, recording a screencast is an easy way to do it. Thankfully, there are plenty of…
|
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"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
QUAKERTOWN, PA, Wednesday, June 12, 2013: Quanex Building Products (
www.
quanex.com), designer and manufacturer of door and window components for the largest OEMs in the country, has implemented Adept engineering document management from Synergis Software to manage, track and control the company’s documentation for its ultra-high performance integrated door thresholds, window and door screens.
“We were using Windows Explorer to manage all of our CAD files, ECOs, ECRs, ISO documentation—and anything else we could think of,” explains Jay Lovelady, Senior Drafter in Product Development. “We had over 6500 different Windows folders where we stored our work. Our CAD files were being moved in and out of a ‘controlled’ folder”
It was nearly impossible to know which revision we were working on.
It was impossible to know who else was working on the same file.
Documents were getting lost on people’s desks or not being completed on time. We had no way to know if people were accessing the most current version
But the biggest headache...
“We pride ourselves on being ISO- 9000 certified,” states James Hulleman Engineering Systems Administrator. “If you don’t pass the audit then you’re not certified. During several of our internal quality management system audits and external ISO audits, we found wrong documents in places they weren’t supposed to be. Or they were the wrong revision. That was really our biggest headache.”
Quanex selects Adept to handle multiple sites
“We evaluated several systems” explains Lovelady. “We were looking for a solution that had the capability to take what we were doing and make it better. Being ISO certified, we have many defined process that we follow, but we needed a better way to do them.”
“We selected Adept because it was cost effective, easy to use, maintain and administer,” says Lovelady. “We also liked its ability to handle multiple sites—since whatever system they chose in Rice Lakes would eventually be rolled out to their seven other facilities across the country.”
Using Adept also eliminated all the “hand carry” processes that had been in place. “Now, documents flow through the system electronically, and everyone knows where they are at all times,” says Lovelady.
“We know who has done what to them and if someone needs a document, they can find it easily. There’s no more endless searching through Windows files, hoping to find the correct version.”
Meeting the Quality Challenge ISO certification is a huge competitive advantage for Quanex, Adept has become a strong ally. “Being ISO certified we have many defined processes that we need to follow. We knew Adept could take our existing processes and improve upon them,” comments Lovelady. “We have structured our projects in Adept according to our ISO documentation. Adept allows us to quickly locate specific engineering drawings for a product and then find all related documentation using the project number.”
“Since using Adept, we’ve eliminated incorrect documents and wrong revisions in our internal audits.” reflects Hulleman. “In the past, we might have had one document in 20 different places in the plant. If there was a change, we’d have to make 20 different copies and distribute them on foot to the shop floor or somebody’s office. It was quite cumbersome. Adept has helped cut down on all our work.”
Productivity Gains throughout the Company Because Quanex now uses Adept in Quality Assurance, Customer Service, Human Resources, Purchasing, Scheduling and other departments, there’s more opportunity for improving processes in other facilities. “We are beginning to roll out Adept to other facilities. We’re also starting to look at how we can leverage Adept and give our sales force access to drawings from the field.”
Concludes Jeff Sawyers, Director of Product Development, “We’re going to continue to look at our systems and roll them into the framework of Adept like we’ve done with our ECR and ECO processes.
Adept is an output of our problem-solving and our Lean and Six Sigma methodologies. It’s definitely a tool to help us get better as a company.”
|
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|
etermine f(p).
-19
Let m(i) = 145*i + 1010. Suppose 4*g + 31 = -s, -4*g - 45 = -21. What is m(s)?
-5
Let m(q) be the first derivative of q**3/3 - 3*q**2/2 - 31*q + 1907. What is m(-4)?
-3
Let p(s) be the first derivative of -s**2/2 - 14*s - 1303. Let o be 4/6 - (-69)/(-9). Calculate p(o).
-7
Let p be (-1 - -4 - 6)*-3. Let g(b) = b**3 - b**2 - b + 1. Let n(k) = 5*k**3 + 2*k**2 + 2*k + 7. Let d(u) = -6*g(u) + n(u). Give d(p).
-8
Let c(v) = v**3 - 6*v**2 + v + 9. Suppose -20*y + 19*y = 38*y - 156. Calculate c(y).
-19
Let k(d) be the second derivative of d**4/6 - d**3/6 - d**2 + 847*d. Calculate k(2).
4
Let k(s) = s - 5. Let p be k(0). Let i(h) = 14*h**2 + 19*h + 1. Let b(r) = -34*r**2 - 47*r - 2. Let y(z) = 5*b(z) + 12*i(z). Determine y(p).
-13
Suppose 2678 = -36*z + 23*z. Let g = z - -193. Let p(o) = -o**2 - 14*o - 16. Calculate p(g).
-3
Let c(k) be the third derivative of -k**6/360 + k**4/6 + 2*k**3/3 + 3*k**2. Let g(y) be the first derivative of c(y). Let d be 4 + 8/16*-8. What is g(d)?
4
Let p(u) be the second derivative of 1/2*u**2 + 0 + u**3 - 2*u + 1/12*u**4. Let n = 45 - 51. Determine p(n).
1
Let w(s) be the third derivative of s**6/720 + s**5/8 + 7*s**4/4 + 36*s**2. Let u(t) be the second derivative of w(t). Give u(0).
15
Let v(m) = m - 1. Let u(n) = 10*n - 3. Let f(h) = -u(h) + 4*v(h). Let d(t) = 2*t**3 - 31*t**2 - 35*t + 33. Let a be d(16). Let i = 269 + a. Determine f(i).
11
Let b(j) = j**3 + 6*j**2 - 3*j + 43. Let p be b(-7). Suppose 18 = 3*g - 3*t, 30*g + 5*t = 26*g + p. Let k(l) = l**3 - 4*l**2 - 3*l - 11. Determine k(g).
-1
Let w(a) = 0*a**3 - a**2 - 12 + 9*a**3 - 8*a**3 - 15 + 28. Let j(t) = -3*t**3 + 5*t**2 - 3. Let p = 0 + 1. Let b(k) = p*j(k) + 4*w(k). Determine b(-2).
-3
Suppose g - 6*g + 55 = 5*q, 5*g - 55 = 4*q. Let j(f) = 6*f**2 - 7*f + 18. Let h(z) = 7*z**2 - 6*z + 19. Let x(n) = 5*h(n) - 6*j(n). Determine x(g).
-2
Let m(y) = 4*y**2 - 7*y - 25. Let x be m(-5). Let z = x + -108. Let h(j) = j. Let p(q) = 2*q - 2. Let t(d) = -3*h(d) - p(d). Give t(z).
-8
Let v(y) = y**3 + 3*y**2 - 3*y + 3. Let c(n) = 19*n + 3. Let g be c(-3). Let i = g + 50. What is v(i)?
-1
Suppose -45*s + 30 - 581 = 394. Let u(y) = 8*y + 171. What is u(s)?
3
Let t(x) = 3 + 8*x**2 - 8*x + 2 - 10*x**3 + 11*x**3. Suppose 23*q = 77*q + 486. Determine t(q).
-4
Suppose -3*r + 22 = 4*m, 9*m - 25 = 4*m - 5*r. Let p(z) = -m + 21 + z - 6*z**2 - 15. Determine p(1).
-6
Let b(j) = j**3 - 7*j**2 + 8*j - 5. Let k(f) = 4*f**2 + 5*f. Let u(z) = -2*z - 2. Let t(y) = k(y) - 4*u(y). Let o be t(-3). Give b(o).
-15
Let b be 2 + 1 - 0/(-1). Let g(f) = 9*f - 3. Let l(i) = 164*i - 56. Let q(t) = -18*g(t) + l(t). Give q(b).
4
Let c(r) = -2*r**2 - 13*r + 21. Let a = -48 + 55. Let d(w) = 15 - 16 + a*w - 10 + w**2. Let y(x) = -6*c(x) - 11*d(x). Calculate y(4).
15
Let h be (1 - 0) + -4 + 2. Let c(a) = 37*a - 40*a + 2 + a**2 - 3 + a. Give c(h).
2
Let l(i) = 3*i**3 + 3*i**2. Suppose 9*b - 14*b = 45. Let x be -5 + (-5 - b - 1). Determine l(x).
-12
Let c(n) = -9*n + 260 + 209 + 62 - 305 + 46*n. Calculate c(-6).
4
Let c = 45 + -44. Let r(b) = b**2 - 6*b + 1. Let f(w) = 2*w**2 - 7*w + 1. Let i(g) = -4*f(g) + 5*r(g). Determine i(c).
-4
Let o(w) be the first derivative of w - 1/2*w**2 - 4. Let u be 5 + (0 + 1)*-5. Calculate o(u).
1
Suppose 0 = 5*o - 32 + 22. Let i(r) = -o*r + 8 + 12*r - 9. Let c be i(1). Let z(t) = t**3 - 8*t**2 - 10*t + 11. Give z(c).
2
Let k(i) = 92*i + 9 + 210 + 57*i + 57*i - 211*i. Determine k(41).
14
Let s(y) = -27*y - 293. Let d(b) = -6*b**2 - 309*b + 145. Let q be d(-52). What is s(q)?
4
Let c(h) = h - 6*h + 1 - h. Let t(b) = -1422*b + 24177. Let l be t(17). Determine c(l).
-17
Let a be (-12)/42 - 46/(-14). Let p(u) = 6 - 4*u + 3*u + 4*u**2 - 9 + u**a. Let n = -638 + 634. Calculate p(n).
1
Let n(k) = 5*k**3 - k. Let h be n(1). Suppose -2*o + 6 = -4*u, 0*u = h*o - 2*u - 18. Let p(b) = -b**2 + 6*b + 2. What is p(o)?
7
Suppose -1 + 2 = -s. Let p(o) be the first derivative of o**5/20 + o**4/24 - 16*o**3/3 + 2*o - 103. Let t(m) be the third derivative of p(m). Determine t(s).
-5
Let d = -5172 - -5187. Let c(v) = -v**2 + 15*v - 24. Determine c(d).
-24
Let h be 3 - -2*(-50)/40 - 75/6. Let i(s) = -9 + s**2 + 3 + 12*s - 8. Determine i(h).
-14
Let j(x) be the second derivative of -x**3/6 + 12*x**2 - 78*x + 4. Calculate j(15).
9
Let w(d) = 13 - 5*d - 36 + 6 + 3. Calculate w(-7).
21
Let n = -143 + 149. Let r be 1*(-1 - (-12)/n). Let f(d) = 24*d**3 + d**2. Give f(r).
25
Let y(b) = b**2 + 0*b**2 - 14747 + 14739 + 12*b. Give y(-13).
5
Let k(p) = -6*p + 59 + 50 - 6 - 2 - 1. Determine k(18).
-8
Suppose -827 = -20*m - 409 - 398. Let y(w) be the second derivative of -29*w**3/6 + 2*w. What is y(m)?
-29
Let x(h) = 8*h - 1555 + 1555. Let c = 67 - 47. Let z = -21 + c. Give x(z).
-8
Let w be ((-2)/(-6))/(1/15). Let h(o) be the third derivative of o**4/12 - 2*o**3/3 + 21714*o**2. Calculate h(w).
6
Let f(r) be the third derivative of r**6/120 + r**5/4 - 7*r**4/12 - 5*r**3/3 - 197*r**2. Determine f(-16).
-42
Let c = -7391 + 7394. Let v(y) = y**3 - 4*y**2 + 2*y + 7. What is v(c)?
4
Let u(b) be the third derivative of b**6/360 - b**5/15 - b**4/2 + 29*b**3/3 + 22*b**2. Let n(s) be the first derivative of u(s). Give n(9).
-3
Let n(j) = 8*j**3 - j**2 + 3*j + 4. Let k be n(-1). Let o(t) = 0 - 7 - 155*t + 0 - 131*t + 284*t. What is o(k)?
9
Suppose -3*j + 26 = t, 14 = 4*t + 4*j - 58. Let k(o) be the first derivative of -o**4/4 + 5*o**3 - 7*o**2 - 3*o - 26234. What is k(t)?
-3
Let l be 8 + 0 + (29 - 31). Let d(k) = k**2 + 5*k - 29. Calculate d(l).
37
Let g(d) = -30494*d - 1 + 30505*d - 7. Calculate g(5).
47
Let s(c) = c - 70. Let k be s(-13). Let f = -85 - k. Let d(j) = 7*j + 2. Determine d(f).
-12
Suppose 19 = -s - 4*p, 243*s + p = 238*s. Let d(y) = -69*y**2 - 1. Give d(s).
-70
Let h = 3861 - 3861. Let w(o) = 6*o. Determine w(h).
0
Let v(n) = n**2 + n - 3. Let a(m) = -4*m**2 - m + 33. Let u(q) = a(q) + 3*v(q). Determine u(7).
-11
Let q(t) be the second derivative of -t**6/180 + 23*t**5/120 - 11*t**4/24 + 97*t**3/3 - 2*t - 15. Let o(z) be the second derivative of q(z). Give o(11).
0
Let n(s) = 25*s - 65. Let l(a) = 156*a - 388. Let c(g) = 3*l(g) - 19*n(g). What is c(10)?
1
Suppose 1790 = 13*x - 30. Let l(z) = x*z - 69*z - 1 - 69*z. Let o(r) = -r**2 + 7*r + 12. Let j be o(8). Determine l(j).
7
Let n(i) = i**2 - 7*i + 2. Let p be (-13 - -19)*(-5)/2. Let x = 22 + p. Calculate n(x).
2
Let q(r) be the second derivative of r**4/12 - r**2 + r. Let k be q(0). Let b(p) = 211*p - 2*p**3 - 3*p**2 + 204*p + 200*p - 616*p. What is b(k)?
6
Suppose 5*m + 0*m - 4*j + 187 = 0, 189 = -5*m + 3*j. Let r = 40 + m. Let y be r*10*(6 + -5). Let q(d) = d**2 - 10*d - 3. What is q(y)?
-3
Let v be (1 + -2)*32/((-384)/108). Let m(w) = -2*w + 25. What is m(v)?
7
Let y(g) = 35 + 70*g - 8 - 8*g - 65*g. Let l be y(14). Let c(t) = t**2 + 17*t + 14. Give c(l).
-16
Let a(w) be the second derivative of 3*w**5/20 + 3*w**4/4 + 4*w**2 + 4*w + 20. Give a(-4).
-40
Let t(u) = 26 - 15*u**2 - 2*u - u**3 + 24*u - 105 - 27*u. Determine t(-15).
-4
Let t be (-119)/34*2*-1. Let z(w) be the third derivative of w**6/120 - 7*w**5/60 - w**4/12 + 7*w**3/6 - 1044*w**2. What is z(t)?
-7
Let w(g) = -12*g + 1. Let i(y) be the third derivative of 5*y**4/24 + 49*y**3/6 + 15*y**2 + 4*y. Let k be i(-10). Give w(k).
13
Let x = -430 - -858. Suppose 140 = -32*b + x. Let c(g) = 2*g - 5. Determine c(b).
13
Let p(c) = -2*c. Let q = 80 - 79. Let b be 14/(-8)*(q + 2 + 1). Calculate p(b).
14
Let w(v) be the second derivative of -v**4/12 - 5*v**3/2 + 39*v**2 - 101*v. Let j be w(-19). Let l(a) = a**2 - 4*a - 2. Give l(j).
-6
Let i(n) be the third derivative of -1/6*n**4 + 1/3*n**3 + 0*n + 2*n**2 + 0. Let q = -21786 + 21784. Calculate i(q).
10
Let p(l) = 2*l**3 - 5*l**2 - l - 3. Let m be 4/42 - 3034/(-777). Calculate p(m).
41
Let o(v) = 4*v - 4. Suppose 3*w - 5*w - 170 = 4*k, 2*w + 2*k = -164. Let s = w + -2. Let p = s + 87. What is o(p)?
20
Let v(u) = 3*u - 257*u**2 + 43 - 207*u**2 + 463*u**2. Give v(-7).
-27
Suppose 4*t - 2113 = 567. Let p = -675 + t. Let v(h) = h**2 + 2*h - 4. Give v(p).
11
Let i(m) be the third derivative of m**6/120 + 29*m**5/60 + 79*m**4/24 + 10*m**3/3 - 13*m**2 - 27. Give i(-26).
-6
Suppose -s + 1 = o - 1, -s - 3 = -4*o. Let a = s + -4. Let b(y) = -y
|
{
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
}
|
Associative priming and conflict differentially affect two processes underlying cognitive control: Evidence from reaching behavior.
Previous research has indicated that two components of reaching behavior, initiation time and reach curvature, exhibit distinct patterns of trial sequence effects in congruency tasks. The observed patterns have been proposed to reflect two dissociable processes underlying decision behavior, with initiation times capturing the functioning of a threshold adjustment process involving the temporary inhibition of motor output, and reach curvatures reflecting a controlled selection process that supports goal-driven stimulus-response translation. The tasks used in previous studies, however, did not control for a range of associative-priming confounds commonly featured in congruency tasks. Consequently, the extent to which the observed patterns reflected the proposed processes or associative-priming confounds remained unclear. We therefore presented 45 adult participants with a reach-tracking version of the Stroop task that featured both confound-minimized and confound-laden trials. Initiation times revealed main effects of previous and current congruency on both confound-minimized and confound-laden trials, consistent with the claim that initiation times can be used to target the functioning of the threshold adjustment process. Conversely, reach curvatures exhibited a clear sensitivity to associative-priming effects, revealing a congruency sequence effect on confound-laden but not on confound-minimized trials. This finding is consistent with the claim that reach curvatures can be used to target the functioning of the controlled selection process. Thus, by directly evaluating the influence of associative-priming confounds, the present study revealed the strongest evidence to date that decision behavior in tasks involving conflict is fundamentally structured by the functioning of two dissociable processes.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Monday, November 29, 2010
Kumro Seddho/Kumro Bhaate -- Mashed Butternut Squash
So here we are, back to hectic Monday, from a long luxurious weekend. My high point of last week was getting the Cuisinart Hand blender from CSN Stores.Yep, that is what I finally ordered, thanks for all your wonderful comments. I still have some left over points and have to finish them up by this month end. I am not going to get extra tall bar stools, but they are selling those if you like.
Now back to the weekend we were discussing. Hope you all had fun, cooking, cleaning and clearing up.
Me ? I really had fun. Not to make you jealous or anything but all I did this holiday was eat food cooked by friends and sit at the corner couch with my feet tucked beneath reading Judy Blume. Typical "lyad khaoa" as we call such relaxation in Bong lingo.
Of course it wasn't totally peaceful, because there is LS to account for. But she spent a lot of time with BS and our friend's daughter and didn't cause much harm except scribbling with a pencil on the walls of their new home. Now these friends are practically like family, so they didn't mind the graffiti and continued to feed us good food throughout.
I wouldn't have done that. Before LS came into our life, I was very particular about walls and such stuff. I would internally hyperventilate if a child so much as brought a crayon to my Western Flaxed wall. And then LS came and changed everything. In the scheme of things, Western Flax suddenly was not that important.
I didn't tell my friends that though. I mean here was this guy effortlessly making rosogolla from scratch, just to give us the fresh wonderful taste of warm soft rosogollas bobbing in light syrup and here was I doing nothing but sitting on the corner sofa and there was my little girl practicing "Sircol" on their fresh white walls. How could I tell them fresh white walls was not important ?
Apparently they knew.
Back home yesterday, I was not up to cooking much. It was D's dinner making day so I had to do something for lunch. While I cooked the chicken, I thought how exactly I should serve the Butternut Squash in the refrigerator.
I am not particularly fond of cutting and peeling B. Squash. I never said this, because I thought it was my personal problem. But it seems it is a global phenomenon(does 2 people make global ?) and peeling butternut's tough outer skin is not everybody's idea of fun.
I usually do Mandira's roasted butternut squash . That way, there is no peeling and it tastes good too. But the soul craved some sunny kumro bhaateor kumro sheddho with steaming rice.Yes, I could have hacked the squash in chunks, boiled them and then peeled the skin to make kumro sheddho. That would be normal but also b..o..r..ing.
So I hacked them, tossed them in olive oil, red chili pepper, roasted cumin powder, salt, little honey and roasted them as Mandira said. I kept the honey and spices low, 'coz ultimately I was going to mash it up and spike it up with mustard oil.
After it was done, I peeled the skin off. You could also scoop out the orange fleshy innards, that would be easier. It came off effortlessly like hair off my scalp. I then mashed the soft flesh. Added a tsp of mustard oil, 3 finely chopped green chili, sugar and salt to taste and lightly worked everything in.
It tasted delicious. Not exactly my kind of comfort food, but the kind of food I am at the right age to go back to seeking comfort.
Preheat oven to 350F. Roast the squash in a single layer till you see squash is done and the skin is just starting to shrivel. Do not over roast it, because we are now going to mash it.Note: With regular Indian pumpkin skip the roasting part and just boil, mash and season
When done, peel the skin off and scoop out the orange soft flesh in a wide mouthed bowl. Mash it, yeah, mash, mash.Add 2 tsp of Mustard Oil, 3 green chili finely chopped, a little sugar and salt to taste. If you like it hot, crumble two dry red chili pepper and add the flakes. Work everything in lightly with your fingers. Garnish with freshly chopped corriander leaves.
Serve with steaming white rice.
Note: If you want to skip the oven, you can boil the butternut squash on stove top till tender. You can also cook in the microwave for 10-12 minutes or until tender and fully cooked. Remember to cover and add a little water while cooking in the Microwave.
If you have a Pressure cooker, cook in the pressure cooker. It should be done in 5-6 minutes, I am thinking, check this.
In the MW or boiling method, the squash may become watery. So after mashing remove extra water and then add the seasonings.
Lovely presentation, the kangans, the kanshar bati and the white malmal beneath!! Already in your recent blogs I have noticed that your pictures are taking center stage but this one is the best. Great Bong Mom! Have you ever thought of publishing a book?
Ooh I got mentioned!! Yes.. that's the whole world enough for me. :D But really.. when I was frust with my pumpkin peeling, I knew you would pakka have an effective shortcut for this! :) And it worked perfectly!
A little girl colored my white walls with some black forest cake this very weekend. I pacified myself saying that now atleast I have a permanent reminder of my beautiful cake! :D
After discovering "Magic eraser" I don't mind of graffiti in my wall :)That sounds a relaxing weekend for u. We had plenty of cleaning, shredding junk mails, etc... and mostly stayed at home! Love the bowl and click!
i was picky abt my furniture and hot wheels cars carving out lines on them..""Not exactly my kind of comfort food, but the kind of food I am at the right age to go back to seeking comfort."lol!!i hate peeling those squash skins.. have cut my hands a number of times with my haste.
I envy you very much very very much, for I had the most hectic and exhausting 2 weeks ever.
Interesting Kumro bhaate. roasting it does make the peeling easier, but I really do not mind the peeling. Dicing them first into smaller pieces makes the job much easier. If a little one wants a second helping of kumro bhaate it has to be good.
Made this... But for some reason, I mixed Kumro Chakka roasting bit, and this recipe! Added a boiled potato and left over bell peppers and minced the chillies (I roasted them as well!). Hubby was amused but liked the end result... Mission successful :)
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The Book
About Me
Predominantly a Bong, who loves being a Mom and loves to cook among other things for the li'l one and the big ones.She loves to write too and you will find her food spiced up with stories. Mainly a collection of Bengali Recipes with other kinds thrown in, in good measure. A Snapshot of Bengali Cuisine
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
[Myasthenia onset in elderly patients].
Possibility of myasthenia debut at old age is shown. 5 cases of 73-87 year-olds with the diagnosis-generalized form of myasthenia are reported. Peculiarities of clinical manifestations in this age group are described. Polymorbidity in the individuals of old age is noted. It is recommended to include vasoactive preparations in the scheme of therapy.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Introduction
============
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of wild and domestic small ruminants and camels characterized by oculonasal discharge, stomatitis, diarrhea and pneumonia ([@b9]; [@b16]). It is a disease of economic significance because of its transboundary nature, high morbidity and mortality which result in loss of production, abortion, death, limits on export and threat to human food chain ([@b21]). The disease is caused by a virus belonging to the genus *Morbillivirus* of the family *Paramyxoviridae*. The PPR virus (PPRV) is highly contagious and easily transmitted by direct contact through the secretions and/or excretions of infected animals to nearby healthy animals ([@b2]; [@b16]). Contact and movement of animals from affected to unaffected areas play an important role in transmitting PPRV especially where communal grazing system is practiced.
The disease was first reported in West Africa in the early 1940s and later recognized as endemic in both West and Central Africa ([@b1]). Currently, PPR is prevalent in Central, Eastern and Western Africa, Asia, and the Near and Middle East ([@b6]; [@b2]; [@b14], [@b15], [@b16]). PPRV has been classified into four lineages that are distinct to different geographical locations based on variable nucleotide sequences of the nucleoprotein (N) gene. Western and Central African PPRV cluster into Lineages I and II, Eastern African and PPRV found in the southern part of Middle East cluster into Lineage III while Asian PPRV mainly cluster into Lineage IV ([@b16]).
[@b20] confirmed the absence of PPR antibodies in the first comprehensive serological study done in 1998 to determine the status of PPR among Tanzanian sheep and goats. However, subsequent studies confirmed the presence of PPR antibodies in goats and sheep of Northern Tanzania in 2004 ([@b7]), in 2009 ([@b18]) and between 2008 and 2010 ([@b8]). Antibodies against PPRV have been detected in cattle sampled in 2011 in Northern Tanzania within the Loliondo Controlled Game Area ([@b10]). In 2011, an outbreak of PPR in goats and sheep was reported and confirmed in Southern Tanzania ([@b17]), however, limited data is available about the disease in the rest of Tanzania. The objective of this study was to determine presence of active PPRV infections in Eastern and Northern Tanzania and establish the phylogenetic relationship between Tanzanian and previously characterized PPRV isolates.
Materials and Methods
=====================
Study area
----------
The present study was conducted in Ngorongoro district in Arusha region located in Northern Tanzania and Mvomero district in Morogoro region located in Eastern Tanzania. The Ngorongoro district was selected owing to occurrence of several PPR outbreaks since 2008 even in the areas where vaccination was practiced. The District is considered to be a risk area because it borders Kenya, from which it is believed that the disease was introduced into Northern Tanzania ([@b8]) and it forms part of the Northern transboundary animal movement route. The Mvomero district was also included in the present study because farmers reported outbreaks of a disease resembling PPR. In Mvomero district, samples were collected from goats in November 2012 and January 2013 in Kauzeni and Dakawa villages, respectively (Fig. [1](#fig01){ref-type="fig"}). In Ngorongoro district, samples were obtained in February and March 2013 from villages bordering the Serengeti National Park including Meshili village within Ngorongoro Conservation Area and Piyaya and Malambo villages within Loliondo Game Controlled Area (Fig. [1](#fig01){ref-type="fig"}). In both Mvomero and Ngorongoro districts, samples were obtained from goats belonging to maasai pastoralists.
{#fig01}
Sample collection and processing
--------------------------------
Nasal and ocular swabs, and whole blood samples were obtained from randomly selected live goats with clinical presentation suggestive of PPR. Whole blood was collected from the jugular vein using EDTA-containing vacutainer tubes (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). In addition, lungs, intestines, lymph nodes, whole blood and, ocular and nasal swabs were obtained from five goats in Mvomero district and four goats in Ngorongoro district that died naturally. Buffy coat from whole blood was obtained by centrifuging 500 μl of histopaque (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) layered with 1 ml of whole blood at 400 ***g*** for 30 min at 4°C. The upper layer was discarded while the opaque interface containing the buffy coat was carefully collected. Nasal and ocular swabs were collected and placed in universal viral transport medium (BD Biosciences) followed by vortexing to dislodge cells from the swabs and centrifugation at 8000 ***g*** for 5 min at room temperature. Portions of lungs, intestines and lymph nodes from the same animal were pooled before they were homogenized in F-12 basal cell culture medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) to obtain a 10% tissue suspension. The tissue supernatant was obtained by centrifugation of tissue suspensions at 8000 ***g*** for 5 min at room temperature. All samples and the buffy coat were stored at −80°C until RNA extraction was performed.
PPRV RNA extraction and amplification of PPRV nucleoprotein gene
----------------------------------------------------------------
Viral RNA was recovered from buffy coat, swabs and homogenized tissue samples using a commercial QIAamp viral RNA kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer\'s instructions. PPRV nucleoprotein (N) gene was amplified in a 25 μl reaction using AgPath-ID One-Step RT-PCR kit (Applied Biosystems, Courtaboeuf, France) using PPRV-specific primers NP3 (5′-TCTCGGAAATCGCCTCACAGACTG-3′) and NP4 (5′-CCTCCTCCTGGTCCTCCAGAATCT-3′) as previously described by [@b3]. Briefly, a reverse transcription was carried out at 45°C for 30 min before initial denaturation of DNA at 95°C followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 30 s, annealing at 55°C for 30 s and elongation at 72°C for 30 s, and a final extension at 72°C for 10 min. Amplification was carried out in a GeneAmp PCR System 9700 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) followed by electrophoresis on a 1.5% agarose gel. Agarose was pre-mixed with GelRed nucleic acid stain (Phenix Research Products, Candler, NC, USA) and visualization of PCR products was done using a BioDoc-It imaging system (UVP, Upland, CA, USA). PCR products were treated with exonuclease I and alkaline phosphatase before they were sequenced directly using Big Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit Version 3.1 (Applied Biosystems). Alternatively, PCR fragments were purified from agarose gels using a NucleoSpin gel and PCR clean-up kit (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany). The gel purified PCR fragments were cloned in a TOPO-T/A plasmid vector (pCR4-TOPO) (Invitrogen). Afterwards, dideoxynucleotide cycle sequencing reaction was performed using standard M13 forward (5′-GTAAAACGACGGCCAG-3′) and M13 reverse (5′-CAGGAAACAGCTATGAC-3′) primers for sequencing of PPRV partial N gene inserts in the TOPO-T/A plasmid vectors using Big Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit Version 3.1 (Applied Biosystems). Sequencing PCR products were purified by ethanol precipitation and separated on a 3500 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems).
Phylogenetic relationship of PPRV N gene sequences
--------------------------------------------------
The forward and the reverse complement nucleotide sequences delimited by forward and reverse primers of several N gene PCR products of PPRV from the same location were aligned to obtain a consensus nucleotide sequence. A set of sequences representing all lineages of PPRV, including newly reported PPRV sequences from African countries, was used for phylogenetic analysis. Sequences were aligned using ClustalW algorithm in BioEdit (Ibis Biosciences, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and clustering pattern was determined by neighbor-joining method using the Kimura-2-parameter option implemented within [mega]{.smallcaps} 5 ([@b19]).
Results
=======
Clinical signs and post mortem findings observed in goats suspected with PPR
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
The main clinical signs observed in goats suspected with PPR included fever, dullness, diarrhea, lacrimation, matting of eye lids, purulent oculonasal discharges, cutaneous nodules, erosions on the soft palate and gums and laboured breathing. In some animals, raised cutaneous nodules of up to 3 cm in size were observed especially on the neck region (Fig. [2](#fig02){ref-type="fig"}). The rectal temperature of the examined goats ranged between 39.1 to 41°C, with most animals examined having temperatures above 40°C. Post mortem findings included pneumonia, dark red and firm to touch areas in the lungs, haemorrhages and congestion of the intestines, watery intestinal contents and hemorrhages of lymph nodes associated with the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems (Fig. [2](#fig02){ref-type="fig"}).
{#fig02}
Detection of PPRV by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Clinical samples obtained from goats suspected of PPR were tested for the presence of PPRV by RT-PCR targeting the N gene using primers NP3 and NP4. Tested samples were scored positive if a PCR product of approximately 300 bp was visualized after agarose gel electrophoresis. Of the tested goats, 31.1% (*n* = 45) and 26.9% (*n* = 26) were positive for PPRV N gene in Mvomero and Ngorongoro districts, respectively. The rate of detection of PPRV was higher in tissues than in buffy coat, and ocular and nasal swabs (Table [1](#tbl1){ref-type="table"}).
######
Distribution of PPRV based on detected of the N gene using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay in goat samples collected from Mvomero district located in eastern Tanzania and Ngorongoro district located in northern Tanzania. Depending on availability, more than one sample types from a single animal were tested
Location Sample type Positive Negative Total Positive (%)
------------ ------------- ---------- ---------- ------- --------------
Mvomero Swabs 8 23 31 26.0
Whole blood 2 8 10 20.0
Tissues 5 0 5 100.0
Animals 14 31 45 31.1
Ngorongoro Swabs 2 10 12 16.7
Whole blood 3 7 10 30.0
Tissues 2 4 6 33.3
Animals 7 19 26 26.9
Phylogenetic relationship of PPRV
---------------------------------
The N gene nucleotide sequences of Tanzanian PPRV obtained from this study were submitted at GenBank and provided with accession numbers KF939643 and KF939644 for Tanzania/Dakawa/2013 and Tanzania/Ngorongoro/2013 strains, respectively. Alignment of the N gene nucleotide sequences of PPRV obtained from Mvomero showed that the sequences were 100% identical. Similarly, the N gene nucleotide sequences of PPRV obtained from positive animals in Ngorongoro were found to be 100% identical. Therefore, single sequence from each area was selected for phylogenetic analysis. However, the 320 nucleotides long N gene sequences of PPRV from Mvomero and Ngorongoro had two nucleotide substitutions. Translation of the sequences showed that one nucleotide substitution was nonsense while the other substitution led to a change of an amino acid at position 60 (G→A). BLASTN analysis of both Dakawa and Ngorongoro N gene nucleotide sequences of PPRV showed 96% identity to PPRV from Sudan and Ethiopia. A phylogenetic tree based on N gene nucleotide sequences was constructed using the PPRV N gene sequences obtained in this study and other viruses representing the four PPRV lineages. The N gene sequences of PPRV from Mvomero and Ngorongoro districts clustered into Lineage III together with other PPRV previously reported from Ethiopia, Sudan, Oman and United Arab Emirates (Fig. [3](#fig03){ref-type="fig"}).
{#fig03}
Discussion
==========
The circulation of PPRV in selected parts of Eastern and Northern Tanzania was investigated in the present study. The results obtained show that PPRV is circulating in goats in Mvomero and Ngorongoro districts as confirmed by molecular detection of PPRV genome, clinical signs and post-mortem findings in goats. Furthermore, molecular characterization of PPRV based on partial amplification of the N gene show that PPRV, belonging to Lineage III, is circulating both in Eastern and Northern Tanzania. Previous studies have confirmed the presence of PPR in Northern Tanzania based on serological detection of antibodies against PPRV in goats, sheep and cattle ([@b18]; [@b7]; [@b8]; [@b10]). However, PPR has not been detected in wild small ruminants in Tanzania neither on molecular nor serological diagnostic bases ([@b10]).
The presence of PPRV in Southern Tanzania based on PPRV genome detection using RT-PCR assay has been confirmed ([@b17]). [@b8] sampled goats and sheep between 2008 and 2010 in Northern Tanzania and reported the circulation of PPRV belonging to lineage III. The present study reports the continued circulation of lineage III PPRV in Northern and its incursion in Eastern Tanzania. PPR is believed to have crossed into Tanzania through Northern Tanzania in 2008 ([@b18]; [@b7]). As PPRV obtained from the present study cluster with PPRV from Sudan and Ethiopia, it is reasonable to assume that probably, PPRV crossed into Northern Tanzania from these countries probably through Kenya ([@b8]). It is less likely that PPRV crossed into Tanzania through Uganda, as PPRV lineage I, II and IV but not lineage III have been reported in Uganda ([@b12]).
Afterwards, it is believed that PPRV spread to other parts of the country from Northern Tanzania ([@b17]; [@b8]). The results obtained from the present study may indicate that PPRV has spread from Northern to the Eastern Tanzania because of the high genetic identity of the variable N gene. Further in-depth studies are required to elucidate the origin and transmission characteristics of PPRV in Tanzania and neighboring countries. Previous reports showed high seroprevalence of PPR (45.4%) in Northern Tanzania ([@b18]) and PPRV infection of 31.0% in Southern Tanzania ([@b17]). In the present study, PPRV genome was detected in 29.6% and 31.1% of the goats tested in Northern and Eastern Tanzania, respectively. However, this may not be a true reflection of the PPRV prevalence because only goats showing PPR clinical signs were sampled in the present study. PPRV could not be detected in all of the goats tested despite the fact that samples were collected from animals showing PPR clinical presentation. Previous studies have shown that the type of sample used during diagnosis of PPR, stage of infection and the type of gene targeted for RT-PCR may influence the level of positivity ([@b11]). In the present study, a high proportion of positive animals were detected when tissue samples were used in the diagnosis of PPR. However, PPRV was detected from various samples including oculonasal swabs, buffy coat and tissues (lymph nodes, intestines and lungs). The ability to detect PPRV in oculonasal swabs is an important finding because swabs taken from infected animals in the field not only provide a suitable source of viral RNA but also are not subject to the same storage and transport problems associated with tissue samples ([@b5]).
Little success on preventing active PPRV infections has been achieved in Ngorongoro district despite multiple vaccination campaigns in the district. Probably PPRV active infections cross from wildlife because domestic animals interact with wildlife in Ngorongoro Conservation Area and the Loliondo Game Controlled Area. However such link has not clearly been established yet ([@b13]), which requires future extensive studies to understand the possible spread between domestic and wild small ruminants. In addition, there is high and frequent movement of goats between Tanzania and Kenya along the Northern border for trade. Trade of live animals at markets has been shown to be an important vehicle for transmission of infectious diseases ([@b4]). The role of animal markets in the transmission of PPR was also reported by [@b17], who found that inadequate infrastructure especially in local animal markets may be facilitating transmission of PPR.
Taken together, we conclude that an active PPRV infection is present in Northern and Eastern Tanzania. The characterized strains of PPRV belong to Lineage III and are different from the Nig75/1 (Lineage II) currently being used as vaccine in the region.
This study was supported by a grant from the Wellcome Trust (Grant WT087546MA) to the Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance (SACIDS), Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania and IPOS project at VIVES University College, Roeselare, Belgium. Research on PPRV in GM, JJW and MM laboratories is supported by a grant from Swedish Research Council (Grant 348-2013-6402). We thank Lawrence Mdimi, Emiliana Z. Biseko, Neema B. Kulaya and Francisca B. Gwandu for their assistance in sampling goats in Dakawa and Yassin Rajabu, Benjamin Kiboge and Idrissa S. Chuma for assisting the sampling of goats in Ngorongoro. TK and ESM were supported by a scholarship from the Wellcome Trust (Grant WT087546MA) to SACIDS, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
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. Let q = 0 + 1. Let u(l) = -1 + q + 14*l - 13*l. What is u(s(j))?
j
Let r(h) be the first derivative of -h**5/60 + 5*h**3/3 - 4. Let j(l) be the third derivative of r(l). Let g(c) = 15*c**2. Give g(j(u)).
60*u**2
Let r(a) = 4*a - 4. Let h(s) = -19*s**2 + 1. Determine r(h(k)).
-76*k**2
Let o(v) be the third derivative of -11*v**7/5040 + v**5/30 + 3*v**2. Let a(r) be the third derivative of o(r). Let i(n) = -2*n. Give a(i(m)).
22*m
Let g(v) = 17*v. Let m(c) = -194*c. Determine g(m(q)).
-3298*q
Let w(d) = -d**2. Let u be 51 - 2/(-4)*-2. Let m(b) = -50 - 5*b**2 + u. What is w(m(p))?
-25*p**4
Let c(s) = -2*s**2. Let x(z) = -1125*z. Calculate c(x(y)).
-2531250*y**2
Let u(m) be the third derivative of -m**5/15 + m**4/12 + 14*m**2. Let c(s) = 2*s. Give u(c(x)).
-16*x**2 + 4*x
Let l(f) = -f. Let a(i) = -10*i + 35. Give l(a(r)).
10*r - 35
Let k(x) = x**2 + 5*x - 5. Let w(a) = a - 1. Let c(n) = k(n) - 5*w(n). Let m(y) = -2*y. Calculate c(m(r)).
4*r**2
Let k(z) = 7*z + 3. Let u(i) = 50*i + 20. Let l(c) = -20*k(c) + 3*u(c). Let d(y) = -y - 5*y + 4*y. Give l(d(o)).
-20*o
Let i(w) = -5*w. Let k(l) = 2*l - 12*l + l + 0*l. What is i(k(h))?
45*h
Let g(h) = -h**2. Let r(t) = 3*t - 4. Let x(y) = y**2 + 3*y - 5. Let p be x(-5). Let j(a) = -4*a + 5. Let z(n) = p*r(n) + 4*j(n). Give g(z(o)).
-o**2
Let f(u) = -86*u. Let m(z) = 4*z**2. Calculate m(f(w)).
29584*w**2
Let f(y) = -y**2. Let k(b) = 52*b**2 - 9*b. Calculate k(f(j)).
52*j**4 + 9*j**2
Let c(m) = 2*m - 6. Let r(j) = -223*j. Give r(c(v)).
-446*v + 1338
Let o(b) be the third derivative of -b**4/24 + 6*b**2 + 2*b. Let m(w) = -23*w. What is m(o(a))?
23*a
Let c(l) = 3*l. Let j(v) = 13*v + 15. What is j(c(p))?
39*p + 15
Let j(t) = -6*t - 68. Let z(k) = 8*k**2. Determine j(z(f)).
-48*f**2 - 68
Let c(z) = -2*z + 29. Let k(v) = v. Determine c(k(m)).
-2*m + 29
Let m(c) = -3*c. Let v(y) = 82*y. What is m(v(x))?
-246*x
Let d = 5 + -5. Let t(a) = 5*a - 5*a + a**2 + d*a. Let q(w) = -2. Let o(k) = -k + 7. Let f(p) = 2*o(p) + 7*q(p). Give f(t(u)).
-2*u**2
Let g(l) = -858*l**2 - 2. Let y(f) = -2*f. Give g(y(k)).
-3432*k**2 - 2
Let s(u) = -5407*u. Let r(b) = -2*b. Give s(r(y)).
10814*y
Let s(c) be the first derivative of 2*c**3/3 + 2. Let p = -12 - -24. Let v(a) = 3*a - p*a + 10*a. Calculate v(s(j)).
2*j**2
Let h(w) = -w. Let m(u) = u**3 - 7*u**2 + 6*u + 2. Let n be m(6). Let a(g) = -g**2 - 3*g**n + 0*g**2. Calculate a(h(p)).
-4*p**2
Let w(k) = -10*k**2. Let i(g) be the second derivative of 4*g + 0 + 0*g**3 + 0*g**2 - 1/6*g**4. Calculate w(i(t)).
-40*t**4
Let q(p) = -17*p**2. Let k(v) = v**2 + 5*v - 5. Let l(z) = -z + 1. Let f(x) = k(x) + 5*l(x). What is q(f(u))?
-17*u**4
Let h(f) = 41*f. Let j(q) be the second derivative of -q**4/12 - 9*q. Give j(h(b)).
-1681*b**2
Let i(a) = 113*a**2 - 108*a**2 + 4 - 4. Let h(o) = 3*o**2. Calculate h(i(q)).
75*q**4
Let k(q) = 2*q. Let d(r) = -r. Let p(o) = d(o) - 4*k(o). Let x(h) = 6*h**2. What is p(x(t))?
-54*t**2
Suppose 4*z - 12 = -t, -2*t - 12 = -4*z + t. Let h(d) = -z + 1 + 2 - 2*d. Let i(k) = -9*k. Give i(h(o)).
18*o
Let r(g) = -14*g**2. Let w(v) = v. Give w(r(b)).
-14*b**2
Suppose 3 = -y + 4*y. Let k be (y + 3 - 3) + 1. Let z(q) = 0*q**2 - q**2 - q**2 + 0*q**k. Let v(t) = 4*t**2. Calculate z(v(i)).
-32*i**4
Let k(o) = -308*o**2. Let r(f) = -2*f. What is r(k(l))?
616*l**2
Let s(c) = 8*c + 3*c - 8*c. Let u(r) = -7*r**2. Give u(s(t)).
-63*t**2
Let o(c) = -c. Let l(a) = a. Calculate o(l(i)).
-i
Let o(g) be the third derivative of -g**7/1008 - g**5/20 - 4*g**2. Let m(f) be the third derivative of o(f). Let l(y) = -y. Calculate m(l(h)).
5*h
Let p(z) = 7*z**2 - 3*z. Let s(x) be the first derivative of -x**3/3 + 16. Give s(p(r)).
-49*r**4 + 42*r**3 - 9*r**2
Let o(n) = 3*n**2. Let v(u) = 19*u**2 - 2. Determine v(o(r)).
171*r**4 - 2
Let b(g) = g. Let x(k) be the second derivative of k**3/3 + 5*k**2 + 23*k. Calculate x(b(z)).
2*z + 10
Let x(t) = -2*t**2. Let m(a) = -141*a. Give m(x(j)).
282*j**2
Let c(t) = 97*t. Let w(a) = -41*a. Calculate c(w(s)).
-3977*s
Let l(w) = -w + 1. Let r(d) = -3*d + 2. Let v(x) = -2*l(x) + r(x). Suppose 4 = z + z - 3*b, -2*z = -5*b - 4. Let f(j) = z - j**2 - 2. What is f(v(o))?
-o**2
Let c(q) = -2*q + 2 - 1 - 1. Let x(v) = 5*v. Give x(c(w)).
-10*w
Let x(n) = -54*n. Let b(v) = -v**2 + v + 1. Let d(i) = -i - 1. Let w(g) = -b(g) - d(g). What is w(x(z))?
2916*z**2
Let v(m) be the first derivative of m**2 - 7. Let l(d) be the first derivative of d**2 - 1. Calculate l(v(w)).
4*w
Let n(a) = -7*a**2 - 17*a**2 - 4*a**2 - 5*a**2. Let q(f) = 2*f. What is n(q(y))?
-132*y**2
Let t(g) = 2*g**2. Let k(d) = 7*d + 3. Let p(i) = 20*i + 8. Let c(j) = 8*k(j) - 3*p(j). What is c(t(f))?
-8*f**2
Let m(k) = 7*k. Let s(o) = 5*o - 7. Let t(z) = 4 - 4*z - 4*z + 4*z + z. Let p(i) = -4*s(i) - 7*t(i). Calculate m(p(a)).
7*a
Let q(i) = 3*i - 5*i + 3*i. Let k(x) = -x**2 + x - 1. Let h(c) = -30*c**2 + 20*c - 20. Let j(l) = -h(l) + 20*k(l). Determine q(j(v)).
10*v**2
Let f(c) = c**2. Let d(g) be the second derivative of -10*g**3/3 - 11*g. Determine f(d(s)).
400*s**2
Let y(z) = 10*z - 7*z - 5*z. Let h(o) = -2*o. Determine h(y(l)).
4*l
Let w(l) = -l. Let m(f) be the second derivative of 0*f**3 - 4*f + 1/4*f**4 + 0 + 0*f**2. What is w(m(r))?
-3*r**2
Let b(m) = 4*m. Let o(u) = -u**2 + 47*u. Determine b(o(d)).
-4*d**2 + 188*d
Let h(b) = -4*b**2. Let m(g) = -9*g**2. Let t(s) = 80*s**2. Let p(c) = -52*m(c) - 6*t(c). Give p(h(a)).
-192*a**4
Let j(f) be the third derivative of -3*f**4/8 + f**3/2 + 21*f**2. Let d(s) = -s. Give d(j(r)).
9*r - 3
Let z(x) = -2*x**2. Let w(a) = -2*a**2 + 6*a + 15. Calculate w(z(c)).
-8*c**4 - 12*c**2 + 15
Let c(j) = -28893*j**2. Let m(s) = -2*s**2. Calculate m(c(l)).
-1669610898*l**4
Let x(g) be the third derivative of g**5/60 + 3*g**2. Let f(w) = 1. Let p(i) = 2*i + 2. Let z(r) = 4*f(r) - 2*p(r). Give z(x(v)).
-4*v**2
Let d(a) = -a. Let m(q) = -4*q. Let x(w) = 6*d(w) - m(w). Let c(y) = -22*y + 5. Let g(l) = 341*l - 77. Let z(i) = 77*c(i) + 5*g(i). Determine z(x(v)).
-22*v
Let q(a) = 2*a + 2. Let y(j) = 2*j**2. Give y(q(f)).
8*f**2 + 16*f + 8
Let m(f) = -14*f + 16. Let z(k) = -9*k + 10. Let c(t) = -5*m(t) + 8*z(t). Let g(s) = -3 + 3 + s. Give c(g(n)).
-2*n
Let z(j) = 3*j. Let f(l) = 12*l - 17*l + 13*l. What is f(z(y))?
24*y
Let l(p) = 52*p. Let z(t) = 6*t. Give l(z(h)).
312*h
Let g(s) = -13*s + 1. Let p(x) = -29*x. Determine g(p(f)).
377*f + 1
Let x(d) = -131*d. Let i(a) = 5*a. Calculate x(i(f)).
-655*f
Suppose 3*b = 7*b + 2*d - 92, 0 = b - 5*d - 1. Let u(o) = -o - 21 + b. Let f(z) = z**2. What is u(f(k))?
-k**2
Let h(a) = a**2 - a. Let t(p) = 6*p**2 - 6*p. Let k(f) = 11*h(f) - 2*t(f). Let n(c) = 5*c**2 - 6*c. Let y(u) = 6*k(u) + n(u). Let v(b) = 3*b. Give v(y(w)).
-3*w**2
Let v(f) = -4*f**2 + 5*f - 5. Let o(t) = 3*t**2 - 4*t + 4. Let c(a) = -5*o(a) - 4*v(a). Let q(g) = 3*g**2 + 3*g. What is c(q(p))?
9*p**4 + 18*p**3 + 9*p**2
Let c(h) = 5*h**2. Let g(i) = -4*i**2. Let q(s) = 3*c(s) + 4*g(s). Let j(n) = 1. Let l(z) = z - 3. Let d(a) = 12*j(a) + 4*l(a). Determine q(d(x)).
-16*x**2
Let b(q) = 4*q**2. Let x(a) = -a**2 + 8*a - 2. Let m be x(6). Suppose 0 = 5*p + 2*i - m, 5*i + 2 = p. Let s(f) = -1 - 3 + 2*f**p + 4. Give b(s(l)).
16*l**4
Let u(j) = 37*j. Let y(i) be the first derivative of i**2/2 + 18. Calculate u(y(d)).
37*d
Let u(d) be the first derivative of 7*d**3/3 - 1. Let m(o) = -2*o**2. Give m(u(z)).
-98*z**4
Let i(o) = 22964*o. Let l(h) = 2*h. Calculate i(l(m)).
45928*m
Let r(b) = 19*b. Let g = 27 - -1. Let a(s) = g - 17 + s - 11. What is a(r(t))?
19*t
Let h(c) be the first derivative of c**2/2 - 5. Let f(d) = -4*d. Determine f(h(u)).
-4*u
Let v(s) = s. Let r(w) = w**3 + w**2 - 3*w - 1. Let t be r(-2). Let u(y) = y + 1. Let a(f) = 2*f + 4. Let d(l) = t*a(l) - 4*u(l). What is v(d(o))?
-2*o
Let z(d) = -3*d + d - 5*d + d. Let a(v) = 4 + 2*v - 4. Determine z(a(o)).
-12*o
Let r(w) = -2*w - w + 6*w. Suppose 3*k - 5*c = 16, 8*c = 5*k + 5*c - 16. Let s(o) = k - 2 - 2*o**2. Calculate s(r(n)).
-18*n**2
Let u(f) = -2 - f**2 + 2. Let g(d) be the second derivative of 4*d - 2/3*d**3 + 0*d**2 + 0. Give g(u(o)).
4*o**2
Let l(w) = 7*w**2. Let z(u) be the third derivative of u**8/10080 - u**5/30 - u**2. Let c(a) be the third derivative of z(a). Give c(l(n)).
98*n**4
Let c(b) = 21*b. Let f(x) b
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Effects of respiratory muscle training (RMT) in patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
Different forms of training focusing on the muscles of the upper airways showed limited effects on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and/or snoring. We investigated the effect of generalized respiratory muscle training (RMT) in lean patients with mild to moderate OSA. Nine male subjects (52.0 ± 10.8 years, BMI 29.1 ± 2.1 kg/m2) with obstructive sleep apnea (apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) 9-29) participated in an open, single-arm pilot study. After a 1-week build-up phase, patients underwent 4 weeks of normocapnic hyperpnea RMT five times a week for 30 min each. The initial and final measurements comprised polysomnography, pulmonary function tests, Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), and SF-36 questionnaire (quality of life (QoL) self-assessment). The investigational site was a university-affiliated hospital for pulmonary diseases and sleep medicine, Solingen/Germany. Patients trained effectively, seen by a significant (p < 0.01) increase of breathing frequency (23.3 ± 1.5 /min vs. 30.6 ± 2.9 /min) and minute volume (81.2 ± 13.7 L vs. 109.1 ± 21.9 L). AHI, snoring and ESS remained unchanged after training. QoL as measured by SF-36 significantly (p < 0.05) improved after the training in the subscales "bodily pain" (79 ± 21 vs. 90 ± 12) and "change of health" (3.1 ± 0.3 vs. 2.4 ± 0.5). There is no evidence that AHI, pulmonary function or daytime sleepiness are affected by 5 weeks of RMT. Nevertheless, there is an improvement of parameters of quality of life. ClinicalTrials.gov , register no. NCT 00936286.
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1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a fluid-filled vibration damping device used for automobile engine mounts and the like.
2. Description of the Related Art
From the past, vibration damping devices have been known which are interposed between members constituting a vibration transmission system, and for which those members have a mutual vibration damping connection and vibration damping support, and as one type of vibration damping device, fluid-filled vibration damping devices are also known that exhibit a vibration damping effect based on the fluid flow action of the fluid sealed inside. This fluid-filled vibration damping device has a first mounting member and a second mounting member elastically connected by a main rubber elastic body, and on both sides of a partition member supported by the second mounting member are formed a pressure-receiving chamber and an equilibrium chamber, sealed in which is a non-compressible fluid. Furthermore, the pressure-receiving chamber and the equilibrium chamber are in communication with each other through an orifice passage, and the target vibration damping effect is exhibited based on the fluid flow action of the fluid that flows through the orifice passage. For example, that is what is shown in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. JP-A-2009-243510.
However, with the fluid-filled vibration damping device, while the orifice passage effectively exhibits a vibration damping effect based on the fluid flow action of fluid on vibrations of a frequency at which the orifice passage is tuned, it is difficult to obtain an effective vibration damping effect on vibrations of a frequency outside the tuning frequency. In particular, when a vibration of a higher frequency than the tuning frequency is input, the orifice passage is substantially blocked by the anti-resonance, so there is the problem that the vibration damping performance by high action spring reaction decreases.
In light of that, with the structure noted in JP-A-2009-243510, a liquid pressure transmission mechanism is provided that is equipped with a fluid flow path that allows transmission of liquid pressure between the pressure-receiving chamber and the equilibrium chamber when vibration of a higher frequency than the tuning frequency of the orifice passage is input. In specific terms, this liquid pressure transmission mechanism has a structure by which a movable member (movable plate) is arranged held in a housing space formed on a partition member, and each of the liquid pressure of the pressure-receiving chamber and the liquid pressure of the equilibrium chamber is applied to both surfaces of the movable member through a communicating hole (fluid flow path) formed by piercing through a wall part of a housing space. Then, when inputting a high frequency, low amplitude vibration, the movable member has minute displacement or minute deformation, allowing transmission of liquid pressure between the pressure-receiving chamber and the equilibrium chamber, and when vibration of the orifice passage tuning frequency range is input, the movable member closes the communicating hole, preventing transmission of liquid pressure between the chambers. By so doing, it is possible to selectively and effectively obtain either the vibration damping effect exhibited by the flow action of the fluid that passed through the orifice passage, or the vibration damping effect exhibited by the liquid pressure absorption effect of the liquid pressure transmission mechanism.
However, with the fluid-filled vibration damping device equipped with this kind of liquid pressure transmission mechanism, when the movable member contacts the inner surface of the housing space, it is easy to have the problem of having a striking noise occur based on the impact force. Specifically, the impact energy when the movable member contacts the inner surface of the housing space is applied to a vehicle body via the partition member and the second mounting member that supports it, so there was the risk of noise occurring inside the passenger area.
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Oliwer Kaski, 23, expected to sign with the Detroit Red Wings according to a Finnish news outlet. If this proves to be true, this will be Yzerman’s first signing as newly appointed GM.
On May 6th, 2019, it was reported by Ilta-Sanomat, (Finnish Newspaper) the Detroit Red Wings will be signing Finnish defenseman standout, Oliwer Kaski. After leaving Western Michigan University (NCAA) in the 15-16 season, Kaski scored 4 goals, 8 assists, for a total of 12 points in 31 games played, Kaski decided to leave to head back home to Finland to turn pro.
Playing for HIFK (SM-Liiga) of the Finish Elite League, Finland’s top league, Kaski struggled to gain any sort of momentum, finishing with only 2 goals, 4 assists, for a total of 6 points, in 36 games played during the 16-17 season. Nothing too impressive there,
after having minimal success Kaski showed steady progress the next season, posting better numbers. Kaski, in turn, finished with 9 goals, 7 assists, good for 16 points, in 49 games. With statistics like that, one would expect a steady increase for the 18-19 season, right? Well, that would be a massive understatement.
Playing for a different team in the 18-19 season, Kaski made a name for himself, which opened the eyes of NHL teams. Kaski blew open the door finishing with 19 goals, 32 assists, for a total of 51 points, in only 59 games played, a 35-point increase from just the year before. Although not officially confirmed as of yet, the rumor appears to be that Yzerman was able to sign Kaski. Scoring 19 goals during the regular season for Lahti Pelicans in Finland’s top league, Kaski was awarded the Juha Rantasila Trophy for most goals by a defenseman.
He also finished with the most points as well. Playing for the University of Western Michigan for one season could have been a leading factor for Kaski to be familiar with the area in which he reportedly has signed with the Detroit Red Wings. Due to being 23, Kaski can only sign a 1 year, 2-way contract. This gives Yzerman the flexibility of sending Kaski down if he isn’t ready to handle playing against some of the best players in the world. Nonetheless, let’s delve into the pros and cons of Oliwer Kaski, the first signing of the Steve Yzerman era.
Pros:
The first trait you will notice about Kaski, is his effortless skating ability. If you watch the way Jack Eichel skates around the ice at top speed, while it seems as if he is only gliding, Kaski skates the same way. Kaski has excellent vision throughout the ice, which enables him to find open ice for a one-timer, which showcases his accurate shooting ability. As a right-handed defenseman, he was the QB for the Pelican’s power-play, something the Wings’ are in dire need of. As an offensive-defenseman, Kaski regularly enjoys joining the rush when necessary. In high-intensity situations, Kaski remains calm, especially when the puck is on his stick. He makes accurate passes as he skates through the opposition’s defense, then makes backdoor passes which his teammates capitalize on.
Cons:
As mentioned above, Kaski is an offensive-defenseman. With these type of players’ often-times means, they prioritize offense over being defensively sound. While I don’t believe Kaski has the worst defensive game, it definitely will need work if he wants to make the jump to the NHL. Kaski enjoys going the rush to create more offensive chances for his team; this has led to him not always being able to get back in the play, exposing his defensive flaws. Another key to Kaski’s game is playing without the puck.
Kaski is going to have to play better defensively in his own zone when the opposition is cycling the puck down low. I do think over time he will be able to fix this part of his game, as his speed is a tremendous asset that he surely knows how to use. Standing at 6’3, 187lbs, Kaski is going to have to use his body more to slow down the opposition and clear out the front of the net. If he can fine-tune his defensive game, I like what the future holds for Oliwer Kaski.
Conclusion:
Overall, I like this signing by Steve Yzerman. This is one of those low-risk, high-reward situations that can aid in bolstering the prospect pool for the Wings’. I like that this will add much-needed competition come training camp, as Cholowski, as well as newly acquired Bowey, aren’t guaranteed a spot, as well as veteran’s Daley, and Ericsson. Kaski has a legitimate chance to make the Detroit Red Wings out of training camp.
Want your voice heard? Join the Detroit Jock City team! Write for us!
With his skating and shooting ability, he creates offense in a flash. If Kaski wants to make the transition directly to the Detroit Red Wings, Kaski will have to prove he can be counted on be responsible in his own zone. There is no doubt about this offensive talent, but defense comes first. Since his offense is what is attracting multiple NHL teams, such as the Columbus Blue Jackets, the main question concerning Kaski is, can his offensive prowess translate to the NHL? Time will tell.
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Bisexual erotomania with polycystic ovary disease.
The case of a women with polycystic ovary disease and delusional disorder is reported. During the course of her paranoid illness she developed firstly "homosexual' erotomania and later "heterosexual' erotomania. We suggest that this is a rare presentation of delusional disorder.
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More than 210,000 workers in Britain are to receive a pay rise after the charity behind the living wage increased the national minimum hourly rate by 30p to £9.30.
The Living Wage Foundation, which sets the voluntary measure, said London workers’ basic hourly rate will also rise, by 20p to £10.75, compared with the government’s “national living wage” of £8.21 for workers aged 25 years or older.
The charity said the difference between its own living wage and the government minimum will be more than £2,000 a year nationally and almost £5,000 a year in London.
This year, the Living Wage Foundation has accredited about 1,500 employers, taking the overall total to just under 6,000. Employers that have joined the initiative include the FTSE 100 insurer Hiscox, Crystal Palace football club, Leeds Building Society, City airport in London and Newcastle University.
In September, Capita, the outsourcing company that operates the London congestion charge and collects the BBC licence fee, became the latest to gain accreditation. It said it would adopt the rate across its UK business, resulting in a pay rise for 6,000 staff.
The rise comes as both main political parties compete to offer higher minimum wages. At the Tory party conference in October, Sajid Javid said he would increase the minimum rate for workers over the age of 25 to £10.50 by 2024 and reduce the age level at which workers qualify to 21 by the same date.
The shadow chancellor, John McDonnell, has pledged to introduce £10 an hour as a minimum rate immediately, which he said would rise with living costs. McDonnell said it would mean “everybody over 16 years of age will be earning comfortably more than £10.50 an hour by 2024”.
Katherine Chapman, the director of the Living Wage Foundation, said good businesses knew the living wage “means happier, healthier and more motivated workers”.
She welcomed announcements by Cardiff and Salford councils to build “living wage cities”, with Cardiff planning to double the number of workers receiving the real living wage to nearly 50,000.
Chapman said analysis by the consultancy IHS Markit consultancy for KPMG found 5.2 million workers were paid less than the charity’s living wage, which is the lowest figure for seven years.
Writing in the Guardian, the archbishop of York, John Sentamu, said levels of in-work poverty had become widespread and employers should take the lead by increasing wage levels.
He said: “When we read that schools in the east of England are installing community fridges to provide food for families who otherwise would not be able to pay for it, we know there’s something seriously wrong.”
The West Ham United vice-chairman, Karren Brady, said: “West Ham has paid the London living wage to all staff since 2015 and has been an accredited employer for two years now and it is something we’re hugely proud of.
“The London living wage helps to ensure that we can support our staff at a time when we know the cost of living is rising across the country, not just in the capital. As such, we made a decision in 2015 to extend the initiative to staff based outside of London, in our retail stores across Essex.”
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Unmanned Aerial Systems Strategy
Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) is an emerging industry that is expected to exceed $94 billion (internationally) by 2020, and create more than 105,000 jobs in the U.S. by 2027. Based on the assets, capabilities, and resources focused on UAS technologies, the Dayton region and the state of Ohio are in a unique position to become the destination of choice for UAS researchers, developers, manufacturers, suppliers, trainers, and educators.
Our Vision: Sinclair will be the nation’s recognized leader in providing world class education, training and certification to create a highly skilled workforce for all aspects of Unmanned Aerial Systems and related industries.
Leading the Way
Sinclair has been at the forefront of the UAS training market and has had notable successes, including:
Securing federal authorization to fly UAS
Launching the UAS Training and Certification Center with custom curricula and simulation tools
Hosting and supporting a national UAS conference on Sinclair’s campus
To capitalize on the emerging market opportunity and build on the momentum Sinclair and the Dayton region have achieved to date, a solid and comprehensive business plan has been developed that supports:
Sinclair becoming a nationally recognized leader in UAS training
A phased implementation strategy for capitalizing on progress already made in this market, leveraging partnerships, and developing new industry-specific programming
An alternative funding model that anticipates needed up-front investment, but leverages external financial resources, and becomes sustainable over time
Further positioning Sinclair for external funding support and expanded partnership opportunities
Partners
Sinclair has been a leader and innovator in UAS and we are pleased that our community will continue to be home to the National UAS Training and Certification Center. We are certain that the best is yet to come. Ryan Smith, Ohio Director of Unmanned Aerial Systems
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You are here
Blog: Through Testimony
Teaching respect #BeginsWithMe
Mon, 11/28/2016 - 7:28am -- deanna.pitre
Contributor: Jennifer Goss
Mon, 11/28/2016 - 7:28am
In the aftermath of the brutal 2016 election season, educators are dealing with some familiar and some unprecedented challenges in our classrooms. Stereotyping, bullying and discrimination are sadly not new occurrences; however, the level of despair and fear accompanying these instances have increased in many of our situations following November 8.
As educators, we are asked to help our students effectively process the outcome of our elections and the implications it may have in their communities. In doing so, we need to find ways to provide them a safe and supportive place to understand their changing roles.
Although as I write this, the results of the election have not been finalized by the Electoral College, I have already told my students that our democratic system is dependent on the acceptance of the results of our elections. I then clarify that acceptance and unquestioning support are two different things. The former is part of our role as citizens but the latter is dangerous to the sustainability of our democracy, regardless of who wins. It is from this entry point that we then begin our conversations.
The range of emotions runs nearly the full gamut in my classroom. Our diverse school includes students of the “First Families” of Virginia through individuals who have only been in our nation a few weeks or months. Students hail from many different ethnic groups and classify themselves according to a varying range of sexual preferences. While many students express anger at the outcome of the election, others have voiced support and other individuals have voiced fear. I told my students in our very first conversation on the topic that my goal for each of them is to think about how they can approach this situation, considering their backgrounds and ideological viewpoints, in the most positive fashion for our nation.
Empowering students, especially those feeling abject despair, can be challenging. The use of visual history testimony can play a powerful role in inspiring students to “rise to the occasion” in difficult times and to show each of them that they have the ability to make positive change in our society. USC Shoah Foundation’s Visual History Archive and IWitness provides a wide range of testimonies that can be used to inspire our students. A few of my favorites include:
Teaching with Testimony
Genocide: Holocaust survivor Itka Zygmuntowicz
Language: English
Holocaust survivor Itka Zygmuntowicz on the last time she saw her mother.
Genocide: Holocaust survivor Itka Zygmuntowicz
Language: English
Holocaust survivor Itka Zygmuntowicz on the last time she saw her mother.
Jan Karski on the Warsaw Ghetto
Language: English
Jan Karski speaks on being smuggled into the Warsaw Ghetto to report on the horrible conditions and the destruction of Polish Jewry. He also recalls how he recently met, just months prior to his interview, a very successful business man, who as a child followed Karski around in the ghetto.
Alicia Appleman-Jurman on courage
Language: English
100 Days to Inspire Respect
Alicia describes when her house was attacked. She recognizes one of the attackers, and she makes a speech to him that causes him to leave.
Roméo Dallaire on the 1994 Rwandan Tutsi Genocide
Language: English
Roméo Dallaire describes how quickly violence escalated in Rwanda in 1994 and his disappointment in the lack of support from the international community.
Carl Wilkens on neighbors speaking up
Language: English
Carl Wilkens, an aid provider during the Rwandan Tutsi Genocide, describes the courageous acts of his neighbors.
Providing students with positive examples of individuals who make a difference in challenging times can inspire conversation and ideas for action. Although the outcome of this election may not be what an individual had hoped for, I tell each of my students that it is within their power to make an impact on the future.
By taking small actions such as becoming politically informed, writing their legislators, donating to groups which support their beliefs and advocate for them and working to end bullying and discrimination in their local communities, these young people can help to build a better future - not just for themselves but for everyone around them.
Posts are contributed by individual authors. The opinions are solely the authors’ and are not necessarily a reflection of the views of USC Shoah Foundation.
About Jennifer Goss
Jennifer Goss teaches AP U.S. Government and Politics, Virginia/U.S. History and a Holocaust and Genocide Studies elective at Robert E. Lee High School in Staunton, Va. Goss has a Master's in Holocaust & Genocide Studies and is an United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Teacher Fellow. She uses Echoes and Reflections, the multimedia Holocaust education program co-produced by USC Shoah Foundation, ADL and Yad Vashem, and leads Echoes and Reflections teacher training sessions. Goss has also authored multiple IWitness activities includingNew Beginnings: Journey to America andInformation Quest: Kristallnacht.
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490 S.E.2d 274 (1997)
25 Va. App. 565
Lemar Jamie ANDERSON, s/k/a Lamar Jamie Anderson
v.
COMMONWEALTH of Virginia.
No. 2145-96-1.
Court of Appeals of Virginia, Norfolk.
September 16, 1997.
Order Granting En Banc October 14, 1997.
James Amery Thurman (Thurman & Thurman, on brief), Virginia Beach, for appellant.
Margaret Ann B. Walker, Assistant Attorney General (James S. Gilmore, III, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
*275 Present: COLEMAN and WILLIS, JJ., and HODGES, Senior Judge.
WILLIS, Judge.
On appeal, Lemar Jamie Anderson contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence seized from his person. He argues that his prior waiver of his Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable searches and seizures could not validate an otherwise invalid search. We disagree and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
I. FACTS
On January 9, 1995, pursuant to a written plea agreement, Anderson pled guilty to feloniously possessing a firearm on school property. Under the terms of the plea agreement, Anderson agreed to waive "his Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable searches and seizures" for one year. Following a colloquy in which Anderson acknowledged that he understood the agreement, the sentencing judge found that Anderson's plea was entered freely and voluntarily. Prior to the trial court's acceptance of the plea agreement, the prosecutor stated:
[W]e've given him every incentive in the world to remain of good behavior. He will know as he's out and about that he can be stopped at any time and be checked to make sure he is not carrying drugs or weapons or anything else.
At the sentencing hearing, the Commonwealth introduced certified copies of Anderson's two prior misdemeanor convictions for possession of marijuana with intent to distribute. The stated purpose for offering Anderson's prior record was to demonstrate his history of recidivism and drug use and to explain the inclusion of the waiver provision.
In accordance with the plea agreement, the January, 1995 sentencing order provided, in pertinent part:
[4] That the defendant shall waive his Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable searches and seizures for a term of one year from the date of sentencing, to-wit: he shall submit his person, place of residence and property to searches and seizures at any time of the day or night by any law enforcement officer with or without a warrant.
On June 21, 1995, two City of Virginia Beach police officers working as private security guards saw Anderson and two other individuals alight from a van, "being very loud in public." The officers approached the men and seized from Anderson: 0.07 grams of cocaine, which he dropped on the ground; a .357 magnum firearm in his backpack; and 0.18 ounces of marijuana in a baggie in his backpack. The circumstances did not support a warrantless search of Anderson's person.
Anderson was indicted for possession of cocaine, possession of a firearm after having been convicted of a felony, possession of a controlled substance while in possession of a firearm, and possession of marijuana. He moved pre-trial to suppress the evidence seized from his person, arguing that his prior waiver of his Fourth Amendment rights was invalid. The trial court ruled that the waiver was valid and denied the motion to suppress.
II. OTHER JURISDICTIONS
Anderson contends that his waiver of his Fourth Amendment rights as a condition of the January, 1995 plea agreement did not validate the search of his person. This issue is one of first impression in Virginia. However, other jurisdictions have addressed similar questions regarding waiver of Fourth Amendment rights as a condition of probation or of sentence suspension. See generally Phillip E. Hassman, Annotation, Validity of Requirement That as Condition of Probation, Defendant Submit to Warrantless Searches, 79 A.L.R.3d 1083 (1977).
A.
In Tamez v. State, 534 S.W.2d 686 (Tex.Ct. Crim.App.1976), the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals struck down a probationary condition requiring the defendant to submit his person, residence or vehicle to search by any peace officer at any time. Acknowledging that probationary conditions may be upheld if reasonably related to rehabilitation of the *276 accused or protection of the public, id. at 691, the Texas court invalidated the Fourth Amendment waiver because it found: (1) the choice of accepting the condition or of going to prison rendered the defendant's decision coerced and involuntary; and (2) the waiver was too broad and did not serve the ends of probation. Id. at 692. Similarly other jurisdictions have struck down so-called "blanket" provisions because of their overbreadth. See United States v. Consuelo-Gonzalez, 521 F.2d 259 (9th Cir.1975) (en banc) (search provision too broad under federal statute); Grubbs v. State, 373 So.2d 905 (Fla.1979) (probation condition imposed by trial judge allowing warrantless search at any time by law enforcement official too broad); Kirkpatrick v. State, 412 So.2d 903, 905 (Fla.Dist.Ct. App.1982) (drug offender's probation search condition "improper and should be stricken"); State v. Fields, 67 Haw. 268, 686 P.2d 1379 (1984) (probation condition permitting warrantless search for drugs at any time too broad absent reasonable suspicion). Some courts have held that the waiver of Fourth Amendment rights in return for probation or parole is legally coercive, thereby negating voluntary consent. See United States ex rel. Coleman v. Smith, 395 F.Supp. 1155, 1157 (W.D.N.Y.1975); People v. Peterson, 62 Mich.App. 258, 233 N.W.2d 250, 255 (1975). But see People v. Richards, 76 Mich.App. 695, 256 N.W.2d 793, 795 (1977).
B.
Other jurisdictions have taken a different view. In People v. Mason, 5 Cal.3d 759, 97 Cal.Rptr. 302, 488 P.2d 630 (1971), the California Supreme Court upheld a probation condition that required a narcotics offender to "`submit his person, place of residence, vehicle, to search and seizure at any time of the day or night, with or without a search warrant, whenever requested to do so by the Probation Officer or any law enforcement officer.'" Id. 97 Cal.Rptr. at 303, 488 P.2d at 631. The California court ruled that this condition had been validly imposed, was "reasonably related to the probationer's prior criminal conduct[,] and [was] aimed at deterring or discovering subsequent criminal offenses." Id. at 304, 488 P.2d at 632. Moreover, "when [a] defendant in order to obtain probation specifically agreed to permit at any time a warrantless search of his person, car and house, he voluntarily waived whatever claim of privacy he might otherwise have had." Id. at 306, 488 P.2d at 634. See Owens v. Kelley, 681 F.2d 1362 (11th Cir. 1982) (upholding condition providing for warrantless searches by law enforcement or probation officers to extent conducted for probationary purposes); State v. Montgomery, 115 Ariz. 583, 566 P.2d 1329 (1977) (upholding condition that a convicted burglar submit to warrantless searches at any time by law enforcement or probation officers); In re Marcellus L., 229 Cal.App.3d 134, 279 Cal.Rptr. 901 (1991) (upholding warrantless search by police officer who lacked prior knowledge of probation search condition); State v. Josephson, 125 Idaho 119, 867 P.2d 993 (App.1993) (holding that defendant voluntarily consented to search condition); Allen v. State, 258 Ga. 424, 369 S.E.2d 909 (1988) (plea bargain agreement to waive Fourth Amendment protection valid); Himmage v. State, 88 Nev. 296, 496 P.2d 763 (1972); State v. Perbix, 331 N.W.2d 14 (N.D.1983).
Some jurisdictions that permit a condition of probation or parole to circumscribe a convicted criminal's Fourth Amendment protection from governmental intrusion have limited the scope of the warrantless search condition. Some courts have restricted who may authorize the search[1] and the grounds upon which warrantless searches may be made.[2] Some courts require a reasonable nexus between the warrantless search provision *277 and the offense for which the offender was convicted.[3]
In In re: Tyrell J., 8 Cal.4th 68, 32 Cal. Rptr.2d 33, 876 P.2d 519 (1994), a juvenile was searched by a police officer who was unaware that the juvenile had waived his Fourth Amendment rights as a condition of probation. Despite the lack of probable cause, the California Supreme Court held that "a juvenile probationer subject to a valid search condition does not have a reasonable expectation of privacy over his person or property." The court noted that:
In this case, [the defendant] was subject to a valid search condition, directly imposed on him by the juvenile court in a prior matter. We presume that he was aware of that limitation on his freedom, and that any police officer, probation officer, or school official could at any time stop him on the street, at school, or even enter his home, and ask that he submit to a warrantless search. There is no indication the minor was led to believe that only police officers who were aware of the condition would validly execute it. The minor certainly could not reasonably have believed [the police officer] would not search him, for he did not know whether [the officer] was aware of the search condition. Thus, any expectation the minor may have had concerning the privacy of his bag of marijuana was manifestly unreasonable.
Id. 32 Cal.Rptr.2d at 43-44, 876 P.2d at 529-30 (footnote omitted).
Anderson argues that the California cases are inapposite because they concern conditions of probation, whereas his waiver was a condition of a suspended sentence. The law of Virginia distinguishes the suspension of a sentence from the imposition of probation. See Grant v. Commonwealth, 223 Va. 680, 292 S.E.2d 348 (1982). Code §§ 19.2-303, 19.2-304. However, the conditions imposed in probation and those imposed in the suspension of sentences need not be analyzed in different contexts. The common objective of such conditions is to protect society and to promote rehabilitation of the convict. Both probation and the suspension of a sentence involve the trial court's discretionary, and conditional, release of a convict from the service of a sentence within the penal system.
In State v. Mitchell, 22 N.C.App. 663, 207 S.E.2d 263 (1974), the Court of Appeals of North Carolina, approving a Fourth Amendment waiver as a condition of a suspended sentence, stated:
Rights guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment may be waived, Zap v. United States, 328 U.S. 624, 66 S.Ct. 1277, 90 L.Ed. 1477[ ] (1946), and the voluntary consent to warrantless search of one's premises will render competent evidence obtained by the search. [ ] We see no sound reason why such waiver and consent may not effectively be given by agreeing thereto as one of the conditions of a suspended sentence. This should especially be true, where, as here, such condition is clearly designed to facilitate the State's supervision of the probationer's rehabilitation.
Id. at 665, 207 S.E.2d at 264-65 (citation omitted).[4]
III. VALIDITY OF THE WAIVER
Our view of the Fourth Amendment and of applicable public policy leads us to *278 conclude that Anderson's waiver was valid. In reaching that conclusion, we have considered the contrary arguments invoked by other jurisdictions and argued by Anderson.
A. COERCIVENESS
Anderson argues that a waiver given under threat of criminal punishment results from coercion. We find this argument unpersuasive. The prospect of punishment confronted Anderson not for the purpose of inducing him to give the waiver, but rather as the consequence of the crime for which he was convicted. Furthermore, the waiver was not imposed upon Anderson by the sentencing court. It was an element of his voluntary plea agreement, and as such, was proposed by him to the sentencing court. Anderson was a moving party. He sought the imposition of the waiver. To conclude that Anderson's decision to petition for a suspended sentence conditioned upon the search provision was coerced would necessarily invalidate all conditions of plea agreements. See State v. Josephson, 125 Idaho 119, 867 P.2d 993, 996 (App.1993); State v. Morgan, 206 Neb. 818, 295 N.W.2d 285, 288-89 (1980). An offender's selection between two sanctions resulting from his own wrongdoing constitutes choice, not coercion.
B. OVERBREADTH
Anderson argues that the waiver was overbroad, both in scope and in duration. We disagree. The scope of the waiver was necessary to its effectiveness. Its purpose was to ensure Anderson's good conduct. His vulnerability to search was an inducement to his abstention from possession of contraband and from illegal possession of weapons.
Most waivers are prospective. Usually, a waiver is given seconds or minutes prior to the authorized search. However, on occasion, a waiver may precede the search thereby authorized by hours or days. See Zap v. United States, 328 U.S. 624, 628, 66 S.Ct. 1277, 1279, 90 L.Ed. 1477 (1946) (upholding prospective contractual waiver permitting government inspection of business records). We perceive no conceptual objection to yet further prolongation of a waiver. In this case, Anderson, the moving party, set the duration of his waiver. We see no reason to repudiate in retrospect the agreement that he proposed and voluntarily undertook. See Mitchell, 207 S.E.2d at 264-65.
C. REASONABLENESS
Upon a defendant's criminal conviction, a trial judge "may suspend imposition of sentence or suspend the sentence in whole or part and in addition may place the accused on probation under such conditions as the court shall determine...." Code § 19.2-303. "The only limitation placed upon the discretion of the trial court in its determination of what conditions are to be imposed is that a condition be `reasonable' ... `having due regard to the nature of the offense, the background of the offender and the surrounding circumstances.'" Nuckoles v. Commonwealth, 12 Va.App. 1083, 1086, 407 S.E.2d 355, 356 (1991) (quoting Loving v. Commonwealth, 206 Va. 924, 930, 147 S.E.2d 78, 83 (1966), rev'd on other grounds, 388 U.S. 1, 87 S.Ct. 1817, 18 L.Ed.2d 1010 (1967)).
The Fourth Amendment forbids unreasonable searches and seizures. Waiver is a long accepted circumstance that may render a search reasonable. Anderson had a history of illegal firearm and drug possession. The purpose of the waiver was to ensure that he would cease such unlawful conduct. That purpose sought to promote public order and safety, to effect Anderson's rehabilitation, and to justify sparing him punishment and permitting him to remain at liberty. We find all these objectives to be reasonable.
D. PUBLIC POLICY
The public policy of the Commonwealth seeks to avoid the unnecessary imposition of punishment, to promote public order and safety, and to effect the rehabilitation of malefactors. See Singleton v. Commonwealth, 11 Va.App. 575, 578, 400 S.E.2d 205, *279 207 (1991); Deal v. Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 157, 160, 421 S.E.2d 897, 899 (1992). The waiver proposed by Anderson and incorporated into his January, 1995 sentence served those purposes.
IV. THE NATURE OF THE WAIVER
Anderson argues that at his sentencing in January, 1995, he did not waive his Fourth Amendment rights, but simply agreed to give such a waiver in the future should a search of his person, place of residence or property be sought. He argues that the language in his sentencing order "[t]hat the defendant shall waive his Fourth Amendment right" denotes a requirement of future action on his part, rather than a recital of a present waiver. This is not the interpretation that the trial court adopted, and we think it unreasonable and unlikely that the parties intended such a meaning at the January, 1995 sentencing. We construe the words "shall waive" to state an imperative, not to refer to a future act. The construction adopted by the trial court is supported by the record of the January, 1995 sentencing proceedings.
Anderson argues that because he did not, in January, 1995, give an ongoing waiver, but rather merely agreed to give a future waiver, his refusal to submit to a search on June 21, 1995, could amount to no more than a violation of the conditions of his suspended sentence, and could not validate an otherwise unreasonable warrantless search of his person. Because of the view that we take of the nature of the waiver, we reject this argument.
V. POLICE OFFICERS' KNOWLEDGE
Finally, Anderson contends that the police officers' lack of knowledge of his waiver prevents the officers' reliance upon the waiver to justify an otherwise unconstitutional search. This argument misses the point. The conduct of the officers is not at issue.[5] Absent a legitimate expectation of privacy, there can be no violation of the Fourth Amendment.
In determining whether a criminal defendant enjoys a reasonable expectation of privacy in the object to be searched, we consider whether he has exhibited an expectation of privacy in the object and whether that expectation is one that "society is prepared to recognize as reasonable." Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 361, 88 S.Ct. 507, 516, 19 L.Ed.2d 576 (1967) (Harlan, J., concurring). See Wells v. Commonwealth, 6 Va.App. 541, 549, 371 S.E.2d 19, 23 (1988). Admittedly, Anderson exhibited a subjective expectation of privacy over the controlled substances and the handgun in his backpack. However, he had divested himself of the right to such an expectation when he knowingly and voluntarily waived his Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. Because Anderson was subject to a valid search condition, he could claim no legitimate expectation of privacy.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Affirmed.
COLEMAN, Judge, concurring in part, and dissenting in part.
I concur and join in Part IV of the majority opinion rejecting the defendant's claim that, under the terms of the plea agreement, he did not grant a present waiver but "simply agreed to give such a waiver in the future." As to the validity of that wavier provision as construed by the majority, I find it unnecessary to address that question because, in my view, the scope of the defendant's waiver in this case was limited to allowing police officers, including the defendant's probation officer, to conduct reasonable searches without obtaining a warrant to search the defendant's person, residence, vehicle, and other places where he might have a protected privacy interest in order to supervise his probation. The search undertaken in this case was clearly unrelated to the supervision of defendant's probation, as evidenced by the fact that the officer was *280 unaware of the defendant's status and the waiver he had executed.
The purpose of the waiver of the reasonableness requirement was to enable law enforcement officers or those persons supervising the defendant's probation to search him or his protected areas of privacy in order to assure compliance with the terms and conditions of his probation, which required that he not use or possess drugs and that he not violate the law. The waiver did not constitute, in my opinion, a carte blanche forfeiture by the defendant of his Fourth Amendment rights so as to legitimize every search of his person or possessions. Thus, I would hold that the police officers' warrantless search of the defendant conducted without probable cause or without his consent and without knowledge of or pursuant to the waiver provision was unreasonable and violated the defendant's protection of the Fourth Amendment. Accordingly, the cocaine, marijuana, and firearm were illegally seized and should have been suppressed based upon the exclusionary rule set down in Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081 (1961).[6]
The majority, relying upon the California case of In re: Tyrell J., 8 Cal.4th 68, 32 Cal.Rptr.2d 33, 876 P.2d 519 (1994), and the North Carolina case of State v. Mitchell, 22 N.C.App. 663, 207 S.E.2d 263 (1974), the latter having been overruled by statute, necessarily holds that the officers' otherwise illegal search of the defendant was reasonable because, in the waiver, the defendant had forfeited his reasonable expectation of privacy, regardless of whether the officer knew of or was conducting the search pursuant to the defendant's waiver. I disagree with that interpretation of the waiver and disagree with the majority's assertion that "[t]he conduct of the officers is not at issue." In order for police officers to lawfully seize and search a suspect without a warrant, the officers must have either probable cause to arrest, consent, or be acting in reliance upon or pursuant to a valid waiver. The officers possessed none of these prerequisites.
The majority's holding, which is based upon the waiver, would validate every otherwise illegal search or seizure of the defendant, presumably in any jurisdiction, even though no probable cause existed to suspect the accused of criminal activity, except, perhaps, where the officers use excessive force. The defendant's waiver in this case was not, in my opinion, that broad or far-reaching. The purpose of the waiver was to allow law enforcement officers, including the defendant's probation officer, who knew of the defendant's probationary status, to be able to monitor the defendant's conduct and behavior by searching him, his home, his vehicle, or personal belongings without notice and without probable cause. The defendant did not forfeit "whatever claim of privacy he otherwise might have," as the majority holds.[7] A waiver for the limited purpose we have here is, in my judgment, a legitimate and effective enforcement tool, similar to the requirement that probationers submit to urine screens, which enable the authorities to assure that a probationer or convict with a suspended sentence is adhering to the conditions of probation or suspension. The defendant's waiver was not, in my opinion, a forfeiture of all Fourth Amendment protections. As with consent, unless officers conduct a search within the scope of the consent or waiver, a warrantless search without probable cause is unreasonable. Accordingly, because the trial court erred in not suppressing the evidence, I respectfully dissent.
Upon a Petition for Rehearing En Banc Before the Full Court
On September 24, 1997 came the appellant, by court-appointed counsel, and filed a petition *281 praying that the Court set aside the judgment rendered herein on September 16, 1997, and grant a rehearing en banc thereof.
On consideration whereof, the petition for rehearing en banc is granted, the mandate entered herein on September 16, 1997 is stayed pending the decision of the Court en banc, and the appeal is reinstated on the docket of this Court.
The parties shall file briefs in compliance with Rule 5A:35. It is further ordered that the appellant shall file with the clerk of this Court ten additional copies of the appendix previously filed in this case.
NOTES
[1] See, e.g., Roman v. State, 570 P.2d 1235, 1242 n. 20 (Alaska 1977) ("correctional authorities"); State v. Bollinger, 169 N.J.Super. 553, 405 A.2d 432 (Law Div.1979) (probation officers); State v. Age, 38 Or.App. 501, 590 P.2d 759, 763-64 (1979) (under direction and control of probation officer); State v. Cummings, 262 N.W.2d 56, 61 (S.D.1978) (noting that search condition required prior consent from probation officer).
[2] See, e.g., Consuelo-Gonzalez, 521 F.2d at 266 (reasonable cause); Roman, 570 P.2d at 1241, 1243 (reasonable cause); State v. Burke, 235 Mont. 165, 766 P.2d 254, 256 (1988) ("reasonable grounds"); Himmage, 496 P.2d at 764-65 (reasonable cause); State v. Velasquez, 672 P.2d 1254, 1260 (Utah 1983) ("reasonable grounds").
[3] See, e.g., United States v. Schoenrock, 868 F.2d 289 (8th Cir.1989) (probation search condition of drug offender for alcohol and controlled substances); United States v. Sharp, 931 F.2d 1310 (8th Cir.1991) (search condition of supervised release of drug offender for controlled substances and alcohol); Roman, 570 P.2d at 1242-43 (reasonably related to rehabilitation and crime for which offender was convicted); People v. Hellenthal, 186 Mich.App. 484, 465 N.W.2d 329, 330 (1990) (reasonably tailored to rehabilitation); State v. Fetterhoff, 739 S.W.2d 573 (Mo.Ct.App. 1987) (requiring drunk driver to submit to blood alcohol test upon request of any law enforcement officer); State v. Morgan, 206 Neb. 818, 295 N.W.2d 285 (1980) (requiring drug offender to submit to search at any time by any law enforcement officer, with or without cause, for controlled substances); State v. Bollinger, 169 N.J.Super. 553, 405 A.2d 432 (Law Div.1979) (search of drug offender for controlled substances at a reasonable time and in a reasonable manner); State v. Age, 38 Or.App. 501, 590 P.2d 759, 763-64 (1979) (probation condition must be reasonably related to offense for which convicted or needs of effective probation); State v. Moses, 159 Vt. 294, 618 A.2d 478, 484 (1992) (condition must meet probation needs).
[4] Subsequently, the North Carolina legislature enacted a statute that "forbids requiring as a part of a probationary sentence the condition that a defendant consent to a warrantless search by anyone other than a probation officer." State v. Moore, 37 N.C.App. 729, 247 S.E.2d 250, 251 (1978). See N.C. Gen.Stat. § 15A-1343(b1)(7).
[5] In addition, the record does not reveal any harassing or intimidating conduct by the officers. See United States v. Consuelo-Gonzalez, 521 F.2d 259, 265 (9th Cir.1975) (en banc). To the contrary, the officers came upon three "very loud" individuals alighting from a van, and investigated the situation.
[6] My view of the case would not necessarily preclude the illegally seized evidence from being used to revoke the defendant's probation or suspended sentences even if the search was not conducted for the purpose of supervising the defendant's probation. See Anderson v. Commonwealth, 251 Va. 437, 470 S.E.2d 862 (1996); Johnson v. Commonwealth, 21 Va.App. 172, 462 S.E.2d 907 (1995).
[7] As previously noted, because of the manner in which I construe the waiver, I do not reach the question of the constitutionality of a waiver of all Fourth Amendment rights.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
Q:
is it possible to have multiple image styles for one uploaded image in drupal 8
I have my main story pages. I have one image style set on the content type display page for 880 x 495. I also want to have a image style set for thumbnails sizes of these photos. But as I see it I can only have one or the other. Is there a way to apply multiple image styles to the same uploaded photo field in drupal 8?
A:
You can reuse images using different image sizes - as far as I am aware there isn't a way to do this using the Drupal Field UI - but you could (for example) override the node display using views for more customisation including the ability to use the same image field using multiple image styles.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
Creating a flexmark extension in Clojure
I'm trying to write a small extension to flexmark. I want to create a
custom AttributeProvider and am trying to work through the example
shown here.
My issue is translating two classes into Clojure.
I've separated the two relevant example classes into separate Java source files and translated the demonstration program into a clojure test.
The SampleAttributeProvider in Java:
package cwiki.util;
import com.vladsch.flexmark.ast.Link;
import com.vladsch.flexmark.ast.Node;
import com.vladsch.flexmark.html.AttributeProvider;
import com.vladsch.flexmark.html.AttributeProviderFactory;
import com.vladsch.flexmark.html.IndependentAttributeProviderFactory;
import com.vladsch.flexmark.html.renderer.AttributablePart;
import com.vladsch.flexmark.html.renderer.LinkResolverContext;
import com.vladsch.flexmark.util.html.Attributes;
class SampleAttributeProvider implements AttributeProvider {
@Override
public void setAttributes(final Node node, final AttributablePart part, final Attributes attributes) {
if (node instanceof Link && part == AttributablePart.LINK) {
Link link = (Link) node;
if (link.getText().equals("...")) {
attributes.replaceValue("target", "_top");
}
}
}
static AttributeProviderFactory Factory() {
return new IndependentAttributeProviderFactory() {
@Override
public AttributeProvider create(LinkResolverContext context) {
//noinspection ReturnOfInnerClass
return new SampleAttributeProvider();
}
};
}
}
The SampleExtension in Java.
package cwiki.util;
import com.vladsch.flexmark.html.HtmlRenderer;
import com.vladsch.flexmark.util.options.MutableDataHolder;
public class SampleExtension implements HtmlRenderer.HtmlRendererExtension {
@Override
public void rendererOptions(final MutableDataHolder options) {
// add any configuration settings to options you want to apply to everything, here
}
@Override
public void extend(final HtmlRenderer.Builder rendererBuilder, final String rendererType) {
rendererBuilder.attributeProviderFactory(cwiki.util.SampleAttributeProvider.Factory());
}
public static SampleExtension create() {
return new SampleExtension();
}
}
Translating the demonstraton program in the example is straightforward. The test file in Clojure:
(ns cwiki.test.util.CWikiAttributeProviderTest
(:require [clojure.test :refer :all])
(:import (com.vladsch.flexmark.util.options MutableDataSet)
(com.vladsch.flexmark.parser Parser Parser$Builder)
(com.vladsch.flexmark.html HtmlRenderer HtmlRenderer$Builder)
(cwiki.util SampleExtension)
(java.util ArrayList)))
(defn commonmark
[markdown]
(let [options (-> (MutableDataSet.)
(.set Parser/EXTENSIONS
(ArrayList. [(SampleExtension/create)]))
(.set HtmlRenderer/SOFT_BREAK "<br/>"))
parser (.build ^Parser$Builder (Parser/builder options))
document (.parse ^Parser parser ^String markdown)
renderer (.build ^HtmlRenderer$Builder (HtmlRenderer/builder options))]
(.render renderer document)))
(deftest cwiki-attribute-provider-test
(testing "The ability of the CWikiAttributeProvider to place the correct attributes in wikilinks."
(let [test-output (commonmark "[...](http://github.com/vsch/flexmark-java)")]
(is (= test-output
"<p><a href=\"http://github.com/vsch/flexmark-java\" target=\"_top\">...</a></p>\n")))))
The test runs and passes using the two Java classes above.
I've been able to translate the SampleAttributeProvider to Clojure. It compiles and produces class files. I haven't been able to actually run and test it because...
I'm having problems translating the extension class from the example. Here is what I've come up with so far. (Class names have been changed to avoid collisions.):
(ns cwiki.util.CWikiAttributeProviderExtension
(:gen-class
:implements [com.vladsch.flexmark.html.HtmlRenderer$HtmlRendererExtension]
:methods [^:static [create [] cwiki.util.CWikiAttributeProviderExtension]])
(:import (com.vladsch.flexmark.html HtmlRenderer$Builder)
(com.vladsch.flexmark.util.options MutableDataHolder)
(cwiki.util CWikiAttributeProvider CWikiAttributeProviderExtension)))
(defn -rendererOptions
[this ^MutableDataHolder options]
; Add any configuration option that you want to apply to everything here.
)
(defn -extend
[this ^HtmlRenderer$Builder rendererBuilder ^String rendererType]
(.attributeProviderFactory rendererBuilder (CWikiAttributeProvider.)))
(defn ^CWikiAttributeProviderExtension -create [this]
(CWikiAttributeProviderExtension.))
Attempting to compile this with
$ lein compile CWikiAttributeProviderExtension, it produces an error message starting with:
Compiling cwiki.util.CWikiAttributeProviderExtension
java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: cwiki.util.CWikiAttributeProviderExtension, compiling:(cwiki/util/CWikiAttributeProviderExtension.clj:1:1)
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: cwiki.util.CWikiAttributeProviderExtension, compiling:(cwiki/util/CWikiAttributeProviderExtension.clj:1:1)
at clojure.lang.Compiler.analyzeSeq(Compiler.java:7010)
at clojure.lang.Compiler.analyze(Compiler.java:6773)
at clojure.lang.Compiler.analyze(Compiler.java:6729)
at clojure.lang.Compiler$BodyExpr$Parser.parse(Compiler.java:6100)
at clojure.lang.Compiler$TryExpr$Parser.parse(Compiler.java:2307)
at clojure.lang.Compiler.analyzeSeq(Compiler.java:7003)
...
The IDE (Cursive on IntelliJ) shows a warning message about not being able to resolve the create method in the :gen-class section, but I can't see anything wrong with the declaration or implementation. This translation is similar to what I have used previously in other programs to build a Java class that adds a method to an object extending a Java interface. It is similar to what I used to create the other relevant class in the example. But clearly something is wrong.
Attempting to just use the translated CWikiAttributeProvider without translating the extension class causes the tool chain to get confused about first compiling an object in Clojure, then the Java parts, then the rest of the Clojure program. So it seems I must translate both classes at once or not at all.
Just for completeness, here's the translated attribute provider class in Clojure.
(ns cwiki.util.CWikiAttributeProvider
(:gen-class
:implements [com.vladsch.flexmark.html.AttributeProvider]
:methods [^:static [Factory [] com.vladsch.flexmark.html.AttributeProviderFactory]])
(:import (com.vladsch.flexmark.ast Node Link)
(com.vladsch.flexmark.html AttributeProviderFactory
IndependentAttributeProviderFactory)
(com.vladsch.flexmark.html.renderer AttributablePart
LinkResolverContext)
(com.vladsch.flexmark.util.html Attributes)
(cwiki.util CWikiAttributeProvider)))
(defn -setAttributes
[this ^Node node ^AttributablePart part ^Attributes attributes]
(when (and (= (type node) Link) (= part AttributablePart/LINK))
(let [title (.getText ^Link node)]
(println "node: " node)
(println "title: " title)
(when (= title "...")
(.replaceValue attributes "target" "_top")))))
(defn ^AttributeProviderFactory -Factory [this]
(proxy [IndependentAttributeProviderFactory] []
(create [^LinkResolverContext context]
;; noinspection ReturnOfInnerClass
(CWikiAttributeProvider.))))
A:
You need a forward declaration for the CWikiAttributeProvider as a return value in gen-class. Declare the class in two steps at the top of your file: 1) with constructors only, and 2) with a full declaration including (static) methods and state.
(gen-class
:name cwiki.util.CWikiAttributeProviderExtension
:implements [com.vladsch.flexmark.html.HtmlRenderer$HtmlRendererExtension])
(gen-class
:name cwiki.util.CWikiAttributeProviderExtension
:implements [com.vladsch.flexmark.html.HtmlRenderer$HtmlRendererExtension]
:methods (^:static [create [] cwiki.util.CWikiAttributeProviderExtension]))
I was able to compile your example, using these gen-class statements, and following modifications:
removing the class itself from import statements,
referring to the class by its fully-qualified name (cwiki.util.CWikiAttributeProvider) in method implementations and type hints, and
removing this reference from the static method (to match the gen-class declaration for the method).
Note also that you need to compile the class ahead-of-time (AOT) when using it in a project.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
package com.phoenixnap.oss.ramlplugin.raml2code.github;
import org.junit.Test;
import com.phoenixnap.oss.ramlplugin.raml2code.rules.GitHubAbstractRuleTestBase;
import com.phoenixnap.oss.ramlplugin.raml2code.rules.Spring4ControllerDecoratorRule;
/**
* @author aleksandars
* @since 0.10.13
*/
public class Issue215RulesTest extends GitHubAbstractRuleTestBase {
@Test
public void optional_param_as_resource_level() throws Exception {
loadRaml("issue-215-1.raml");
rule = new Spring4ControllerDecoratorRule();
rule.apply(getControllerMetadata(), jCodeModel);
verifyGeneratedCode("Issue215-1Spring4ControllerStub");
}
@Test
public void optional_param_as_resource_part() throws Exception {
loadRaml("issue-215-2.raml");
rule = new Spring4ControllerDecoratorRule();
rule.apply(getControllerMetadata(), jCodeModel);
verifyGeneratedCode("Issue215-2Spring4ControllerStub");
}
@Test
public void two_optional_parms() throws Exception {
loadRaml("issue-215-3.raml");
rule = new Spring4ControllerDecoratorRule();
rule.apply(getControllerMetadata(), jCodeModel);
verifyGeneratedCode("Issue215-3Spring4ControllerStub");
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q:
Karma.js installation in WebStorm - bash: karma: command not found
So I have installed node.js from nodejs.org and I have installed karma.js in my project using the Webstorm command tool: npm install karma. I have also added those 3 path variables (please tell me which one I don't need) in Webstorm->Settings->Path Variables.
Name: nodejs
Value: /usr/local/bin
Name: npm
Value: /usr/local/lib/node_modules/npm/bin
Name: karma
Value: /Users/maxime/Documents/WebStorm/icms/node_modules/karma/bin
When I type init karma to get the karma config file, I get:
bash: karma: command not found
I search on the site for some answers, but all I found was to add those path variables...
EDIT: I tried with sudo but it does not work
EDIT: It works with /Users/maxime/Documents/WebStorm/icms-dev-39534/node_modules/karma/bin/karma init, but it's still not working with karma init.
A:
The command line interface is in a separate package.
To install this use:
npm install -g karma-cli
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Ask HN: What accomplishment are you most proud of? - empressplay
This could be developing a piece of software, creating a website or webapp, writing a book, founding a company, obtaining a credential, or whatever else you're most proud of.<p>Tell us about it! Inquiring minds want to know... =)
======
steven2012
My parents came from a third world country extremely poor. They struggled to
ensure that my siblings and I received a good education along with good
values. My own family is now in the top 1% of earners in the US, so our family
tree went from poor to well-off in one generation.
When my parents come to visit us, I know how proud they are and I'm proud that
I didn't squander the opportunity that they worked so hard to give us.
I'm not sure what my kids will do but I intend to instill the same values of
education, working harder than anyone else, and having good values into them.
~~~
nicksellen
Congratulations for your hard work and achievements :)
I presume you know other people with your background that haven't managed to
achieve this, do you have any insight into what the differences are?
Innate abilities? specific values? good luck? - I can imagine the general
differences, but the specifics are really interesting to me.
~~~
steven2012
Emphasis on education, but a lot of very hard work. Intelligence will get you
some of the way, but hard work is everything.
------
attheodo
I managed to tell my dad how good of a father he was to me and how much I
appreciated everything he gave me and taught me... one day before he passed
away. An honest deposit like this isn't as easy as it sounds.
~~~
daw___
I'm really happy you did. I hadn't had this chance with mine, suddenly died
from a stroke on his way to work. I really, really hope that he had the time,
in that very fraction of a second, to realize how great he was. And speaking
of "things you're proud of", I really wish time stopped for one more fraction
of a second that day to give him the chance to look back and feel proud of
what he did, one last time.
------
SuperPaintMan
I dropped out of this scene after burying myself in
technology/networks/programming for over 10 years. I didn't realize it, but my
one-pointedness on programming harmed almost every other aspect of my life.
Sure I could tell you how to do amazing things with a computer, but could I
successfully get your number? Not a chance in hell.
Instead I picked up a paintbrush, got a night job at a hotel and now I oil
paint for 5-6 hours out of my day. I'm exercising, talking to friends, being
social. And just like my terrible paintings, my other skills are improving.
I did have a close second though, a little project called Samsara that brought
zero-click downloading to iTunes. Once set up, getting new music is as easy as
plugging in your iDevice. It is written in Go, binds Last.FM, TPB and
Transmission together and runs a daemon. The gist of the program is that it
grabs your recommended music, scrapes TPB for it, Downloads it, Shovels it
into your iTunes library, and auto-syncs it with your devices over wifi. It's
been running for the past few months with no errors, and my music is fresh.
Even has an option to constrain the downloads to releases in the past two
years. InstaHipster.
I never got around to packaging it up as it was the last real project I was
working on. Just trying to find drive to work on it was a pain. If anyone
wants the code, send an email to zeropointer@icloud.com , If someone wants to
take the project off my hands and polish it up properly and release it. It's
all yours.
~~~
brador
You could link that to shazam somehow to get some real magic. Imagine, you
hear a song, tap a button, it records, recognizes, finds, downloads and files
it away into a new music playlist ready for listening at your leisure.
------
lambdaelite
My Ph.D. dissertation.
Although the sheepskin, title, and bound book are neat, the real prize is the
dissertation. After years of struggling with the unknown, I teased out from
nature a small secret that no one else in the world knew. Telling that story
through the dissertation (and defending it!) was a life-changing experience.
------
nir
Getting my first start up job. I couldn't afford to stay in college. Had zero
professional experience in anything related to software. Bought an HTML book
and got a photocopy of a JavaScript one, created a demo site on a floppy disk
(1998) and showed it at my job interview. Was hired for the lowest rung
position, worked my up to Web team lead.
I will always be grateful for my boss for taking a chance on me, which is why
all the bullshit, risk-averse "hiring process" discussions always get to me. I
try to give people the same break I got, and it's surprising how often it
works.
~~~
leesalminen
I had a similar experience in 2009. I'll never forget that one guy who took a
chance on me.
------
daeken
Overall: Getting out of my hometown. Almost everyone is born there, lives
there, and dies there. I wanted to get out from an early age, and I managed to
do it at 17, after dropping out of school to take a job.
Personal: Managing to keep my bipolar in check (more or less) and be happy. I
have a girlfriend who means the world to me; few things can match up to that.
Career: Discovering and disclosing the Onity hotel lock vulnerability. The
remediation of that bug may have legitimately saved lives; it's certainly
saved property.
~~~
tuna-piano
Honest question. I just read a bit about the Onity lock vulnerability, and it
states that the hack was released to the public before Onity had a chance to
fix it. If true, wouldn't that put people and property at risk?
~~~
daeken
Yes, it did put people and property at risk -- and also forced their hand. It
cost them an enormous amount of money to fix the bug, and if I had not gone
public with it and put substantial pressure on them, it's very likely that we
would be in a courtroom right now, as they attempt to keep it secret.
The bug existed for nearly 20 years, affecting over 4 million hotel rooms. I
know beyond a shadow of a doubt that they knew about this vulnerability at
least 10 years prior to my disclosure, having seen proof of that (in the form
of a diagnostics device for dumping the memory of the locks, produced by TESA,
the precursor to Onity). I've never seen proof that it was known before then,
but given the nature of the bug, I'd be amazed if this wasn't known when the
protocol was designed.
In short, this was the only way that I knew to guarantee that people would be
made aware of this bug. Three years later, I couldn't be more confident that I
made the right decision.
------
visakanv
Most proud of? I think the fact that I'm married to a person who loves me and
is happy to be with me.
Accomplishments I've enjoyed on hindsight– getting my band on a pretty
established local stage, doing standup comedy and getting a great response,
giving a lecture to a group of University students about ecommerce marketing
(I've never been to University myself, so that felt awesome), having blogposts
I've written get to the frontpage of HN and widely shared on Medium, etc.
But mostly– earning the respect of people I respect. It's an ongoing process,
of course, but probably the most fulfilling.
------
jbrooksuk
This is tough for me.
Career wise, I'm currently working on Cachet
([https://cachethq.io](https://cachethq.io)) and am blown away by being able
to provide software that thousands of people actively use.
Although it may seem silly, I stopped a small, young lad from being picked on
by some bigger lads. They were hitting him and calling him names. It hit home
because I remember being in the exact same situation and nobody helped me. I
got out of my car, told them to leave him alone and took him home in the car,
which I didn't think anything of until afterwards.
------
bane
Leaving a negative, zero-opportunity home environment with about $200 in my
pocket and putting myself and my wife through college, university and grad
school while working full-time in career progressing employment that's gotten
me involved in deeply impactful work.
After years of skirting close to poverty and receiving no help from either of
our families, and coming out more educated and wealthy than anybody in my
family history, through nothing but determination, hard work and a few
sprinkles of luck. I now own a great home, in a fantastic neighborhood, am
_almost_ debt free (house and all). But being able to also enjoy life at the
same time, to follow some of my passions, travel, enjoy food and art and wine.
I've now found myself in a position where I've done the career, and I'm
backing off a bit to relax, learn and enjoy pure simple work for a change.
The life I live in now has exceeded any possible life I ever expected to live
as a child. I'm incredibly proud of it.
------
walshemj
Well back a few years ago I got 1500 people a better pension.
In terms of my day job IT Fixing a 2 mill shortfall for BT and Finding a bug
that was costing total jobs 1/2 a mill a week.
------
ChuckMcM
I am most proud of my kids. They will be positively impacting the world's
issues long after my passing. And as a result of being a parent I've come to
appreciate that creating a good practice for solving a problem is much more
durable than solving the problem, because problems are never "solved" they
mutate like viruses and re-appear in a slightly different form which is
resistant to the previous solution.
------
lisper
I got over my fear of talking to homeless people by making a movie about them:
[http://graceofgodmovie.com/](http://graceofgodmovie.com/)
~~~
hugocaracoll
Great work! You should add some sort of social sharing widget.
~~~
lisper
Thanks! Yes, I should do that :-)
------
phil3k
I am proud of being married to my better half. Over the course of the last 2
years I learned that no job, money or any other success in career can make you
happier than the person you love.
------
qw3rtman
I'm a 15-year-old who wrote a fairly successful (800+ stars on GitHub!)
wrapper for Git.
~~~
ParadoxOryx
That's fantastic!
------
nish1500
I was working as an accounting intern, making $80 a month in a third-world
country. I taught myself how to code, dropped out of college, and make a good
6-figure living.
Before the age of 22, I earned my freedom, and discovered what I truly love in
life.
------
andersthue
That I after (too) many years of trying a lot of different theories, finally
found a way to manage my employees without me having to sleep poorly and be
unhappy.
I have told several others about the way I run my business now and everyone
reponded very positive (7 companies are running using the method) so of course
I am turning it into a business at www.timeblock.com
~~~
jtfairbank
Looks really interesting on the surface, but there are few actual details.
Guess I have to wait for the mailing list content.
A note: your email address signup form doesn't appear with AdBlock on. I had
to open an incognito tab to sign up. ([http://timeblock.com/sign-
up/](http://timeblock.com/sign-up/))
Finally, I'm digging the innovation coming out of the Nordic countries. Had
the pleasure of studying abroad in Sweden last year and took quite a few trips
to Copenhagen.
~~~
andersthue
Thanks, I hope it will continue to be interesting when you dig deaper, let me
know if you want to know more.
It is strange about the adblock!
If you are ever in Copenhagen, ping me and I'll offer you a cup of coffee!
------
cclements
I've been fortunate enough to enjoy success in the tech field, but by far the
accomplishment that I'm most proud of is that I was able to bring friends with
me. This isn't something that I ever would have envisioned starting out that I
would be this proud of.
I grew up in a very small town in the US with not a lot of opportunity and
lucked into getting hired by an information security firm in a bigger city
back when many companies had never heard of firewalls. I had close tech savvy
friends from back home that were struggling and was able to convince my
employer to hire them.
Since then, they've become very successful in their own right. Yes, they are
very smart and have worked hard, but knowing what I do now about the power of
networking and getting the right opportunity at the right time, I like to
think that how I was able to help them made a huge difference in how their
lives turned out.
~~~
darkmighty
That is really cool, I know some really good people that I hope I can help
some day too
------
cek
Being married 24 years with two college age kids who appear to be turning out
just fine.
------
freefouran
I'm most proud of my compiler for my programming language, it's still in the
works, but the fact that it does somewhat work and I made it from scratch
makes me happy :)
------
rokhayakebe
1) Endurance and the understanding that "this too shall pass" in both good and
bad situations.
2) Teaching myself programming (LAMP). Not because it was a major
accomplishment, but simply because it taught me everything else can be learnt,
from Economics to Philosophy to Arts to Biology to Quantum Mechanics.
------
bjelkeman-again
Getting over a hundred thousand wells mapped in government and NGO programs in
Africa, Asia and South America. And this is only the beginning. Soon to be
released as open data sets. [http://akvo.org/blog/over-one-million-surveys-
collected-with...](http://akvo.org/blog/over-one-million-surveys-collected-
with-akvo-flow/)
------
emil0r
For all time: That I still stretch myself, even when it's painful.
Right now: How far we have gotten with Realty Africa, a property crowdfunding
platform dedicated to Sub-Saharan Africa. The response we have gotten on the
ground has taken us completely by surprise and the potential market is
massive. (Shameless plug: we are raising the final money for our startup costs
at [http://igg.me/at/PCA](http://igg.me/at/PCA))
Software: reverie/CMS. Currently at the end of a rewrite, but I'm fairly
pleased with how far it's gotten. Writing a cache manager is a serious puzzle
though!
([https://github.com/emil0r/reverie](https://github.com/emil0r/reverie))
Family: My wife. She's amazing :)
------
sonabinu
Making sure my family (better half and three kids) got to do everything they
normally did while I was doing my MS program. Big shift from Finance to
Engineering and the learning on all fronts constantly, both family power and
computing power has been amazing!
------
suttree
I taught myself to code by post/mail.
I didn't make the smartest choices when I was young(er), but I turned that
around, found a career, ended up co-founding a company and making a cool game
([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nethernet](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nethernet))
then started a new company to help people figure out wtf they can do with
their lives ([https://www.somewhere.com](https://www.somewhere.com)).
Saying that though, the stupid robots I built, the side-projects and the
articles in Hack Circus mean just as much.
Of course, pride comes before a fall so, yeah, cheers.... ;)
------
krishna2
I got in to CMU for my Masters. Mustered up the guts to quit my job and do it
full time. Because I wasn't a citizen (or PR) back then, I didn't get any aid
and had no savings at all. I got myself five credit cards and paid my fees
with that and then managed to do balance transfers between them and maintained
a low interest rate (< 4%) and paid it all within 3 years.
I mentioned this as my "hack" in one of my YC applications and the few who
reviewed my app (prior to formal application) all said, "oh this is a known
trick. it has been used before". Anyways, I am still happy and proud that took
the plunge, did my masters and I am better for it.
------
manidoraisamy
When I was 13 years old, my dad had a heart attack and was admitted in
hospital for 2 months. My mom had to accompany him in the hospital and we did
not have an earning member in the family during that period. We also didn’t
have health insurance to cover the hospital expenses.
We owned a shop where me and my younger brother used to help my mom during
weekends. With that experience, we ran the shop and took care of the hospital
and living expenses. That's one accomplishment I am proud of till this day.
~~~
hugocaracoll
I think those are the real accomplishments.
------
wsc981
I see myself as a a producer and at the same time there's not anything I've
produced that I'm very proud of. But at the same time I feel in my future is
still my time to shine, so I keep working on improving myself.
With the above in mind, I guess I'm currently most proud of my decision last
year to become freelancer. I feel as a freelancer it will be easier for me to
reach my goals in producing some great software in the future.
------
cpt1138
Lately the thing I would honestly say I'm "proud" of is my ability to keep a
consistent A+ on the Qualsys SSL server test. I know that sounds weird, but
the effort is far outside my normal skillset. For things that come relatively
easy for me or things that I am motivated to do and work really hard at, I
don't ascribe any "pride" to that.
------
galfarragem
Most proud of? Having been truly happy during some moments of my life.
Happiness is the ultimate goal. To achieve it, all areas of your life must be
positively aligned. Even if luck might have an important role in some of these
"positive alignments", is improbable that luck is taking care of all of them.
So, it means that, at least, you must be doing some things really well.
~~~
hugocaracoll
That's an accomplishment reserved only for the enlightened ones. Maybe you're
onto something :)
------
ashokgelal
Made LightPaper, Octohub, and SpyGlass apps [1]; all side projects. Some of
these even made to the front page of HN. Also, first one from my family from a
third world country to go to college and get a degree (in Computer Science).
[1]: [http://www.ashokgelal.com](http://www.ashokgelal.com)
------
allard
Swam upstream so a few kids had a connection from their Pacific island-nation.
Two would be in this 100 —
[http://www.articulab.justinecassell.com/projects/jrsummit/in...](http://www.articulab.justinecassell.com/projects/jrsummit/index.html).
------
porter
When my grandfather's caretaker embezzled multiple 6 figures from his estate
and his kids mismanaged it...I stepped in, took over, and fixed everything.
Knowing how thankful and proud my grandfather was made the feeling of success
and accomplishment so much more visceral than anything else I've done.
------
codecurve
Either being 21 years old with a degree and a company or becoming a proficient
musician as a self taught guitarist.
------
kenrick95
One of them is having created a game, submitted to HN, received positive
feedback and stars at the repo :)
[https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=8886897](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=8886897)
~~~
smtddr
wow, is the CPU perfect? I cannot beat it. I keep ending up in a situation
where the AI can beat me on its next turn in 2 different ways so I can't block
both.
~~~
bencoder
Try playing columns 4,2,3,4,6,2,3 - seems to play always the same up to here
but then sometimes plays different, but it's trivial to win after this state -
the AI seems to "give up"
~~~
kenrick95
It's not perfect. Yeah, I actually don't know why the AI seems to "give up"
randomly.
------
mahouse
[http://www.wowhead.com/achievement=7520](http://www.wowhead.com/achievement=7520)
:-)
------
nodelessness
Making a wordpress plugin that got 120k downloads. Someone deploying it as a
software service offering. Felt good.
------
giis
linux tool that i wrote without adequate knowledge of file-system and internet
connection. Later Receiving FOSS awards and featuring in Linux
magazine(Jun-2008 edition)
[http://www.giis.co.in/LFY.png](http://www.giis.co.in/LFY.png)
------
xasos
The fact that I have failed so many times, but thankfully live in the US,
where opportunities are abundant.
------
rikkus
Living with dignity.
|
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|
Q:
Adding items from the bottom up in listview
I've currently got two lists I'm working with. One filled with items and the other one is empty. When the user double-clicks an item in the filled list it's supposed to add that item to the empty/second list, but instead of adding it to the top of that list I want the newly added item at the bottom. So the items should be added from the bottom up.
I'm working with a datagridview, but am willing to use listview/listbox as long as it gets the job done.
A:
I added two list boxes to a windows form. listBox1 and listBox2
I added Seven Items to the first list box {One,Two,Three...}
I added the double click event handler where I
listBox2.Items.Add(listBox1.SelectedItem);
The new Item added to the bottom of the list, which is what it sounds like you want. I know the same thing works with a DataGridView.
Do you want them to be added physically to the bottom of the box leaving whitespace at the top until it is filled? Is that what you are trying to do?
Sorry this isn't really an answer, I guess I don't have enough rep to reply as a comment.
EDIT:
ok I think I have your answer now
Add a list box with your items, it doesn't have to be a list box your Datagridview would work fine.
Try using a FlowControlPanel and change alignment to bottom up, sounds easy, well it is.
Add labels to it, like this
//add a label to the flow control panel when you double click on an item
private void listBox1_DoubleClick(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Label label = new Label();
label.Text = listBox1.SelectedItem.ToString();
label.Click += new EventHandler(label_Click);
label.AutoSize = true;
flowLayoutPanel1.Controls.Add(label);
label.BringToFront();
}
//Will remove the label if you click on it.
void label_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
((Label)sender).Click -= new EventHandler(label_Click);
((Label)sender).Dispose();
}
brining the label to the front puts the new one at the bottom.
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Copyright (C) 2005-2008 Michal Molhanec, Jirka Kosek, Michiel Hendriks
This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
arising from the use of this software.
Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
freely, subject to the following restrictions:
1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
appreciated but is not required.
2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
misrepresented as being the original software.
3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
Michal Molhanec <mol1111 at users.sourceforge.net>
Jirka Kosek <kosek at users.sourceforge.net>
Michiel Hendriks <elmuerte at users.sourceforge.net>
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Pages
Thursday, October 21, 2010
I was recently reading a scene from my work-in-progress for my critique partner—a love scene, as it happens. I looked up to see a familiar frown on her face.
My CP hates my love scenes. She thinks they’re too graphic. This is a point we grapple with every time I produce a manuscript, but we agree to disagree. I prepared to do battle on the point once again.
“No, that’s not it,” she said. And, really, that could hardly be the problem, since my characters had barely touched yet. “I’m not buying this scene because of the way you’ve set it up. This is not who these people are.”
The minute she said it, I knew exactly what she meant. And she was absolutely correct. The problem wasn’t the timing of the scene within the context of the story or the level of heat I planned to bring to the scene once it got started. The problem was that the two characters I had created could come together in only one authentic way, and I hadn’t found it with the scene. They had suddenly become two actors on a stage. It rang false.
Trust my long-time CP to pick up on this in a heartbeat. Linda doesn’t read science fiction at all. When she reads romance (which is rarely), she reads historicals. She’s down-to-earth and practical where I’ve usually got my head in the clouds. But we share a wicked sense of humor, a liberal view of politics and a fierce loyalty, and we’ve been unlikely friends for twenty-plus years. She’s been listening to me read since I was writing Star Trek fan fiction. One thing she knows is when the characters aren’t right.
In the old days it was easy. That’s why fanfic is such a great training ground for fledgling writers. I knew Jim Kirk, Leonard McCoy and Spock better than I knew my own family—every gesture, every nuance, every inflection was there on the screen for me to read and remember. I could see and hear them as I wrote, so it was easy for the dialogue to seem natural, for their actions to fit their personalities.
But it’s one thing to maintain a consistent personality for your character when you can refer to a huge backlog of movies and television shows. It’s quite another when that character is a newborn creation of your own fertile imagination. Every move your character makes, every line of dialogue she speaks, is at your direction. The only way to make that work is to,first,be certain that you know your character thoroughly, inside and out, and second, insist that she be herself at all times.
When it comes to plot, the prevailing theory is that writers separate into one of two camps: pantsers (who just write it as it comes) and plotters (who write according to a plan). In reality, of course, the bizarre means by which writers arrive at a manuscript can fall anywhere along a continuum between extreme pantsers (whose fingers fly across the keyboard in abandon, plot points be damned) and extreme plotters (who cover their office walls in color-coded charts tracking the movements of each character over time). It’s the same with the requirements of character building. Pantsers, I assume, would prefer to get to know their characters as they go along. Plotters have printed out a birth certificate and college diploma for their characters on their computers before they start writing.
I fall somewhere in between. Because I write character-driven SFR, the kernel of a new story nearly always begins with the characters. I sketch out profiles for the hero and the heroine—what they look like, where they come from, their childhoods, their connections, their quirks, their vulnerabilities. What do they drink? What kind of music do they listen to? What do they drive? What do they wear? Where do they live? Have they had a lot of lovers? Been betrayed? Been abused, tortured, injured, poor? Do they like animals, have pets? Do they sleep poorly or like a rock? Why?
Stupid questions, maybe, but the answer to each one gives you a different dimension to the character and lets you add something to your portrait of that person. Not that you should share all of the answers with your readers, mind you. As the character’s creator, you need to draw from a deep well of details when your hero slips a CD into his car’s player, but, trust me, your reader does not want three pages of reminiscing about how he was in a grunge band in high school because the first time he heard “Teen Spirit” he was blown away. (In fact, I doubt many readers are going to stick with you after the hero puts a CD in and starts listening to “Teen Spirit”. But that’s just me.)
Once you’ve started writing, your character will take on a life of her own and begin informing you of all manner of details, some of which will be of critical importance to the story. Connections will form with other characters which the most dedicated plotter could not have foreseen. That intuitive networking is one of the miracles of the writing art; I don’t think I could operate without it. Just don’t ask me to explain it.
Ensuring that your character acts according to the personality you’ve created demands paying close attention. It’s a little like watching a friend who’s had a bit too much to drink at a party. Too loud. Too shrill. Too happy. Too sad. Too sexy, not sexy enough. Talking to the wrong people. Talking to no one. Somehow she’s just off her game. Time to go home. It helps to have a critique partner who has an eye for character. And occasionally read over your manuscript just for this point.
Meanwhile, back at my WIP, I have a half-alien tracker hero who has been through brutal training to hone his psy skills as a child. My heroine is an FBI agent whose mother was murdered when the agent was nine. Yet the scene I’d concocted had her feeling defeated and vulnerable over a snag in their kidnapping case and him offering comfort as a “prelude to a kiss”. Uh, no. (Seems so obvious when I put it like that, doesn’t it?) If I allow the characters to act like themselves, I can see these two will show vulnerability as anger (that’s the lead-up) and coming together will happen as part challenge, part need. And the depth of their attraction is going to surprise them.
Friday, October 8, 2010
Gliese 581g is its official designation. But “Goldilocks” would be a better name for the planet that co-discoverers R. Paul Butler of the Carnegie Institution of Washington and Steven Vogt of the University of Santa Cruz have found a mere 120 trillion miles from here. (Or as Vogt puts it, “like right in our face, right next door to us.”)
Goldi is the kind of planet that we have defined as “just right” for life—not too hot, not too cold, not too big or too small. Like Earth, the planet is just near enough to its star to allow for the proper elements to combine—sufficient gravity, retained atmosphere, and most importantly, liquid water. And because wherever we have found water on our own planet we have found life in some form, Vogt believes “that chances for life on this planet are 100 percent.”
Not that the scientists have proved it—yet. No one has been to Gliese 581g, or sent a probe to circle its sun or beamed a message in Goldi’s direction, though it might not be a bad idea to turn a big radio telescope to that sector of space for a while. But it’s worth noting—again—that only a few years ago most of the scientific establishment believed that the circumstances leading to the creation of life on Earth were so unusual as to be considered unique in the galaxy. To find another “ideal” location for life so close to us blows that theory all to hell. Maybe possible Earth-like planets aren’t a dime a dozen, but they aren’t rare either. So if you ask me, the chances are pretty good we aren’t alone here on Sol III. (I prefer that to Sol d, which seems too, well, judgmental, somehow.) (Quotes from an article by Seth Borenstein, AP Science Writer)
* * * * *
Over on THE GALAXY EXPRESS Heather Massey and her readers were wondering recently if some unwritten rule forbade romance heroines from killing the villains that wronged them. The lively discussion (which you can catch by clicking here: “Are Romance Heroines Forbidden to Kill the Villain?”) came to no particular conclusion, except that we all heartily approve of heroines who refuse to wait around for the hero to save them. In general, too, commenters agreed that romance and SFR heroines have come a long way in recent years, progressing from merely spunky to unapologeticly kick-ass.
The heroines of most paranormal and science fiction romances and romantic suspense novels have very little trouble defending themselves, even to the extreme of killing the bad guy/ghoul/cyborg if necessary. Modern readers of all ages expect a woman to be able to take care of herself. Paranormal fans expect her to bear a talent of some sort. SFR fans expect her to wield a laser pistol and/or to have had military or specialized training of some description. Romantic suspense fans expect her to handle a gun or know martial arts or something. Victims or clinging vines just aren’t attractive. Even in historical novels, where the heroine’s role is restricted by the time in which she lived, a wimpy heroine is not appreciated. Many’s the time a hatpin was used to dispatch the nasty cad in the Gothic novels of yore.
That said, there has to be some use for the hero besides for a hatrack (or for amusement in the bedroom). If the heroine doesn’t need him at all, he’s a throwaway as a character. And if she’s tougher than he is, the reader is going to wonder why she chose him, unless the book in question is erotica and she’s a dominatrix. The best romances require the h/h to form a partnership of equals with regard to most things, including their relationship to the villain. Some books have two villains in order to do this (a variant of Throw Momma from the Train); some books construct individual (mutually beneficial) reasons for the heroine and the hero to each want to do in the same villain. In the end, it hardly matters who kills the beast.
The best resolution to this problem may have been Susan Grant’s in her most recent SFR novel Sureblood. SPOILER ALERT!! Her pirate lovers fire their weapons simultaneously to end the life of their nemesis, who shall remain nameless here. (Hey, I’m not that much of a spoiler!) The bad guy gets it in the chest and the head! Now Susan’s hero and heroine had what I call an equal partnership!
(BTW, that scene was only one of many, many reasons I loved Sureblood, a novel I consider to be Susan’s best work to date. She jumped into the space pirate culture with both boots in this one and got it as right as the sudden, disorienting loss of AG in the dark. Her pirates are constantly scurrying for the scraps off the tables of those with a legitimate toehold in the galactic economy. They’re desperate and they only dimly realize it. Susan captures that very well. Most authors don’t bother to make the point.)
* * * * *
One of the many pleasures of the RWA National Conference is the amazing pile of books people insist on giving you for absolutely NOTHING!! Of course, there’s a method to this madness. They know we’re weak, unable to resist anything placed in our hands that consists of words written on paper—menus, matchbooks, cereal boxes, bookmarks, pamphlets, or, well, yes, books!
So, a lot of books will be read that might have gone unread at the bookstore or Walmart, and, who knows, a star might be born. Or at least a writer might gain a new fan or two, an author might catch the interest of a bookseller or an editor or a book might snag the eye of an influential reviewer or blogger. It could happen, right?
I use the freebies to check out subgenres that I don’t usually go for or famous authors that I haven’t caught up to yet. Last year I became enamored of both Eloisa James and her historical romances as a result of her speech at RWA and her free books. This year I tried out a contemporary cowboy romance (don’t think I’ll be running out to buy more of those) and agreed I could see how Nora Roberts gained her huge following (though her stuff is not exactly my cup of tea).
So far the winner from my box of freebies has been a paranormal romantic suspense novel, Eternal Hunter, by Cynthia Eden. Shapeshifters in Baton Rouge are a long way from spaceships in Beta Origae, I know, but the way Cynthia constructs a story is stellar. Her suspense is classic in structure, the dialogue and characters could have been lifted from any Southern-style police thriller (that’s a good thing here) and the paranormal angle only adds to the chill. Like any good paranormal, the romance is hot. So I’m enjoying this one.
But perhaps the best acquisition from RWA wasn’t a freebie at all, but a purchase at the Literacy Signing event. For those of you who have never been to this all-star charity extravaganza, try to imagine a room the size of a football field (or the shuttle deck of the U.S.S. Enterprise, if you prefer), filled with row after row of tables at which are seated, cheek by jowl, all your favorite romance writers. Some are proudly signing their first books, some are sturdy mid-listers, signing for the fifth or tenth time. Some are names everyone knows—Linda Howard, Angela Knight, J. R. Ward. Some, like at this year’s event, are superstars like Nora Roberts and Sherrilyn Kenyon.All these authors are there to meet and greet their fans, sign their books and sell them for charities dedicated to literacy.
I picked up several books by favorite authors and chatted with a few others. (Another hint: volunteer to work this event. You get in ahead of time and can get a few precious minutes of fangirl time with your idols.) One of the books I bought was Starjacked, by fellow SFR Brigader Karin Shah. Published as a trade paperback by Samhain Publishing, Karin’s novel represents one of the new avenues for SFR opening up with smaller houses, digital publishers and digital-to-print houses, many of whom are actively acquiring science fiction, fantasy and SFR.
Karin’s was a great story, a rousing, romantic space pirate tale with just the right balance of all the elements in place. I won’ t spoil it by telling you if heroine Tia Sen kills her own villain or lets her hero do it for her, but I will tell you she was fully capable of doing it herself. As any space pirate worth her dutanium--and the love of her hero--would be.
Monday, October 4, 2010
This last week has brought me some major inspiration on two fronts (and boy, did I need it!)
First of all, there was an absolutely fascinating, mesmerizing interview with JK Rowling, the author of the Harry Potter phenom, on Oprah Winfrey. This famous author's road to success was not a rocket launch, it was a two-track as rocky and doubt-strewn as any other writer's and one that left her totally unprepared for being thrust into the white hot spotlight of success. If you missed the episode you can see it again on YouTube in several parts. Well worth the time investment to hear the heartfelt words of the most successful author in history. Here's the opening:
That was Monday. On Saturday, I was lucky to snag a couple of tickets to the sneak peek of Secretariat. As a lifelong fan of the horse and the former owner of several of his direct descendents, I admit it would have been hard for me not to like it. Like was an understatement, I was blown away. I wasn't alone. At the end of movie, the theatre erupted in enthusiastic applause. It's been a long time since I've seen that happen.
This film isn't really about the horse, or horseracing, or the history of an exceptional athlete, it's about a woman who went after an impossible dream regardless of ridicule, doubt, roadblocks, and cost to her personal esteem. I read the novel this movie is based on and thought I knew everything about Penny Chenery-Tweedy and her quest. I was so wrong. I think any writer will completely connect to this tale and the emotional toll that often comes before success. Here's the trailer:
So hats off to two very inspiring stories at a time when a little encouragement meant everything to me. I hope you have time to view one or both! :)
About Spacefreighters Lounge
Hosted by 5 Science Fiction Romance authors with 8 RWA Golden Heart finals and a RITA final between them. We aim to entertain with spirited commentary on the past, present, and future of SFR, hot topics, and our take on Science Fiction and SFR books, television, movies and culture.
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Welcome to Spacefreighters' Lounge
Pull up a hoverchair and have a Billins. :)
This blog is named in honor of the seedy tavern on the planet Dartis in Inherit the Stars where Laurie's MC Sair originally began his journey--before her critiquers compelled her to trash the Star Wars cantina opening. [See post entitled: From Whence Came the Nameclick to see the excerpt.]
Not being one to give up on a theme, a new Spacefreighters Lounge manifested itself on the planet Banna in a later draft--reincarnated as a slightly more respectable locale.
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Cosplay Girl Costume Presentation
This makes the conflict among some cosplayers, and threatens the harmonious and rational environment of Chinese-citizen-mainly side cosplay sphere in Hong Kong. Such the conditions have been criticized by other cosplayers, netizens and some citizens. Some of the Hong-Kong-resided cosplayers even change to participate the cosplay events in other cities, such as in Macau and Guangzhou.
- Events in Hong Kong
+ Commercial Events
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Import of services made on or after the appointed day shall be liable to tax under the provisions of this Act regardless of whether the transactions for such import of services had been initiated before the appointed day. Provided that if the tax on such import of services had been paid in full under the existing law, no tax shall be payable on such import under this Act. Provided further that if the tax on such import of services had been paid in part under the existing law, the balance amount of tax shall be payable on such import under this Act. Explanation.––For the purposes of this section, a transaction shall be deemed to have been initiated before the appointed day if either the invoice relating to such supply or payment, either in full or in part, has been received or made before the appointed day.
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Ask HN: How can I give my idea for free and sell myself as its developer? - pawnhearts
I had an idea for a tool but I'm not interested in investing money on it, not because I think it's not worth it, but because I have no knowledge about how I would run my own business, find investors, advertise the product, sell the product to customers and so on.<p>Do you think is it worth yielding an idea to someone who can succeed in making money out of it, provided that you will be working on the code and to be sure to have 6-8 months of guaranteed work?<p>Thanks<p>Edit: poor grammar
======
arisAlexis
You have two options. Find someone to hire you as a programmer and pay you.
Second is to find a partner that will do all of these things called non-
technical co-founder and share potential profits. That means that you will
need to work in parallel with some kind of other job that gives you money to
survive and build this as a side project. If you think it is a good idea and
can work and generate money I would go for the second option.
------
JSeymourATL
You might find the James Dyson story instructive. Beyond simply inventing and
building his products, he also had to teach himself the vital business
functions (sales, marketing, business development, legal, raising capital,
etc...) necessary to grow his company.
Before you 'give away' your idea, it may be worth reading>
[http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/955045.Against_the_Odds](http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/955045.Against_the_Odds)
------
blaurenceclark
I'd be happy to talk bclark8923@gmail.com I'm a developer who likes the
business side of things haha
------
kiraken
I'm a developer, leave an email and we'll talk aladin.bensassi@gmail.com
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[July 21, 2014]TAMPA Fla. (Reuters) - Two men hired
to clean out a Florida rental house thought they found a mannequin
hanging in the garage so they cut down what they believed to be a
Halloween-style prank and took it to a landfill.
But workers at the dump in west-central Florida grew suspicious of
its foul odor on Thursday and called authorities, who determined the
workers had actually brought in a dead man in a "mummified state,"
said Denise Moloney, a spokeswoman for the Hernando County Sheriff's
Office.
After interviewing the workers, detectives decided they were telling
the truth and not trying to cover up foul play.
"He was laying right on top of all the garbage," in the bed of a
pickup truck, Moloney said. "Anyone trying to hide a body, or trying
to dispose of a dead body, would probably not do that.
"It is very unbelievable," she said.
Authorities believe the dead man, Jeremy Witfoth, 33, had hanged
himself within the past several weeks. An autopsy is being conducted
to determine the cause of death.
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Louie Ehrensbeck
John Robert "Louie" Ehrensbeck (born September 19, 1944) is an American former biathlon skier who competed in the 1968 Winter Olympics. Ehrensbeck was born in Utica, New York and went to high school in Old Forge, New York, where he competed for his high school ski team. He joined the US Ski team in Alpine in 1961 and the Nordic team in 1963. In 1968 he was on the United States Olympic team in Grenoble, France competing in biathlon. He was part of the Men's 4 × 7.5 kilometers Relay (a new event in 1968) in which the United States finished eighth.
He returned to upstate New York where he worked tuning ski equipment and coaching soccer and golf.
References
Category:1944 births
Category:Living people
Category:American male biathletes
Category:Olympic biathletes of the United States
Category:Biathletes at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Category:Sportspeople from New York (state)
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*Sr. Editor:*
La epidemia por COVID-19 ha supuesto un reto para los sistemas sanitarios de todo el mundo, y ha generado un justificado interés en la comunidad médica por describir y explicar sus manifestaciones mediante un número creciente de artículos científicos, lo que ha supuesto un desafío para revistas, editores y revisores[@bib0050]. En el caso de la patología neurológica y el ictus, la COVID-19 también ha estimulado el espíritu publicador de la comunidad médica, con el objetivo fundamental de dar a conocer la experiencia acumulada y facilitar el trabajo del resto de centros, siempre con la máxima rapidez posible. Así, en una revisión reciente se ha demostrado que aunque la COVID-19 no aumenta el riesgo de ictus, sí incrementa la mortalidad de manera notable[@bib0055].
No obstante, debe ser un deber fundamental de todos los implicados en el proceso de publicación científica la búsqueda del máximo rigor y exactitud, con el fin último de asegurar la mejor asistencia a nuestros pacientes, y a este respecto nos gustaría realizar algunos comentarios sobre dos publicaciones recientes en su revista sobre ictus y COVID.
En el reciente y útil artículo de Barrios-López et al.[@bib0060] se describe una serie de 4 casos con ictus agudo tratados en su centro, describiendo de manera exhaustiva los datos clínicos, analíticos y de imagen. No obstante, consideramos necesaria alguna puntualización sobre los estudios de neuroimagen presentados. Así, en la figura 1 se aporta un conjunto de imágenes posprocesadas denominadas «estudio de perfusión cerebral». Sin embargo, no se trata de imágenes fuente de TC, ni de mapas paramétricos al uso, sino de un código de colores fruto de un posproceso automatizado, sin que se aclare el software ni el algoritmo utilizados, datos fundamentales para que el revisor o el lector puedan interpretarlas adecuadamente. Es más, en el pie de foto se hace referencia a un «aumento del tiempo de tránsito medio», cuando en las propias imágenes se hace referencia en la captura de pantalla a Tmax y CBF. Efectivamente, el Tmax ha sido utilizado para cuantificar el volumen de tejido cerebral en riesgo de infarto o penumbra isquémica[@bib0065], [@bib0070], pero no debe ser confundido con el tiempo de tránsito medio o MTT, por sus siglas en inglés, que usan otros software y algoritmos diferentes al ---presumiblemente--- utilizado. El uso inadecuado de la semiología de los valores de perfusión cerebral puede conllevar un error en la interpretación y aplicación de los datos presentados. Así mismo, consideramos cuando menos poco ortodoxa desde el punto de vista de la semiología radiológica la descripción de la figura 2, pues denominar a la figura A como «corte bajo a nivel infratentorial» cuando aparecen gran parte de ambos lóbulos temporales y occipitales sin duda puede llevar a equívocos a los lectores menos experimentados.
Paralelamente, Aguirre et al.[@bib0075] exponen de manera excelente un interesante caso de encefalopatía por contraste tras una trombectomía por oclusión de la arteria cerebral media izquierda. En este caso, en la figura 1 se aportan mapas paramétricos de perfusión de tiempo al pico y volumen sanguíneo cerebral, que permiten una correcta comprensión de la fisiopatología al lector. No obstante, la inclusión del código de colores y su correlación con los valores cuantitativos de tiempo y volumen hubiera permitido un acercamiento más preciso al estudio de neuroimagen, pues la gama de colores puede ser modificada durante el posproceso, de manera que sin una escala fija es difícil su valoración y cuantificación. En cuanto a la «imagen H» del TC a las 24 h, los autores hacen referencia a «datos de edematización», que para nosotros no son evidentes. No existe hipodensidad de la sustancia blanca, ni modificación en la diferenciación sustancia blanca-sustancia gris, ni efecto de masa[@bib0080], principales hallazgos semiológicos de edema cerebral en tomografía computarizada. Una mayor precisión en la localización del contraste extravasado (probablemente ganglios basales y córtex hemisférico) también hubiera aportado más exactitud a la publicación, y probablemente más información sobre la fisiopatología del cuadro del paciente.
El objetivo de estos comentarios es poner en valor la neuroimagen en las publicaciones científicas, y defender que los neurorradiólogos pueden aportar precisión, experiencia y excelencia en las mismas, dentro del trabajo en equipo y multidisciplinar que debería suponer la publicación científica[@bib0085], [@bib0090].
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[Movie camera Flicker]
♪ Sci-fi Music ♪
From the darkness depths of deep space...
Mystery is on a collision course with danger!
The world will never be the same!
Brace for impact.
[Explosion]
♪ Alluring music ♪
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1 of 1 2 of 1
The 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow were boycotted in protest of the Soviet Union’s invasion and occupation of Afghanistan. Then–U.S. president Jimmy Carter announced the boycott in February 1980, and Canada and dozens of other countries soon followed suit. In his state of the union address that year, Carter made the case against the Soviet war:
“The vast majority of nations on Earth have condemned this latest Soviet attempt to extend its colonial domination of others and have demanded the immediate withdrawal of Soviet troops. The Muslim world is especially and justifiably outraged by this aggression against an Islamic people. No action of a world power has ever been so quickly and so overwhelmingly condemned. But verbal condemnation is not enough. The Soviet Union must pay a concrete price for their aggression.”
Part of the price the U.S. and its allies imposed was the Olympic boycott, which was explained as a protest in support of Afghanistan’s right to self-determination and independence, which the Soviets had egregiously violated when their tanks rolled across the border in December 1979. A decade of Soviet occupation resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Afghans and the displacement of millions.
Of course, the U.S. was not a neutral observer in that conflict. According to a 1998 interview with French newsmagazine the Nouvel Observateur, Zbigniew Brzezinski, who was then Carter’s national security adviser, boasted that they helped lure the Soviets into invading. For years, they armed and helped finance the anti-Soviet armed resistance, tending to favour the most ruthless and extremist elements of the insurgency—the fundamentalists who still plague Afghan political life.
Many of Canada’s athletes were bitterly disappointed in 1980, but our country’s authorities assured them that the rights of the people of Afghanistan were worth the sacrifice of their athletic ambitions.
Thirty years later, it is the United States, Canada, and the other NATO countries that are occupying Afghanistan. Instead of a boycott, the Vancouver 2010 Olympics are being used to promote militarism in general and Canada’s role in the occupation of Afghanistan in particular. Who will make these invading countries “pay a concrete price for their aggression”?
For instance, a disproportionate number of Canadian Forces members, 200, and their families were to participate in the torch relay, whose route involved 14 military bases. It is widely expected that the opening ceremonies will tout Canada’s role with NATO in Afghanistan.
Long before the disastrous Soviet occupation in the 1980s, the old British Empire tried and failed three times to subdue the Afghans before finally withdrawing its armies. As Afghan dissident member of parliament Malalai Joya has pointed out on her visits to Canada, “The Afghan people want peace, and history teaches that we always reject occupation and foreign domination.”
Alas, today’s war is evidence that the lessons of this history go unlearned or unheeded. Once again countless Afghan lives, as well as the lives of NATO soldiers, have been sacrificed in vain.
The Canadian government claims to support the call for an “Olympic truce”, yet in Afghanistan aerial bombings, night raids, and other forms of collective punishment will continue each day of the Games. The Olympics Charter states that the Games seek to “promote peace”, with the goal of “encouraging the establishment of a peaceful society concerned with the preservation of human dignity”. And yet the Canadian government is using the Games to promote its warmaking.
Stephen Harper claims to promote democracy abroad, yet he has prorogued Parliament—suspending the basic functioning of Canada’s democratic institutions—in order to avoid scrutiny over Canada’s complicity in the torture of Afghan detainees.
Indeed, just like in Moscow in 1980, the host governments of the 2010 Olympics have curtailed free speech and restricted civil liberties, and the Canadian government is participating in an illegal and destructive invasion of Afghanistan—and it will do its best not to draw attention to this bit of Olympic history.
Let’s hope that the media gives some airtime to this historical parallel, lest the Games become just another prime-time venue to uncritically tout Canada’s military engagements abroad.
Derrick O’Keefe is the cochair of the Canadian Peace Alliance.
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"Some fairy tales are true." "Most other stories we make up to help us deal with real life." "It all depends on your point of view, but here are the facts." "There was once a princess who lived in a castle high above the streets of an enchanted kingdom." "The king and queen were long gone, but they left her with their treasure so that she could stay a princess forever." "On the eve of her 22nd birthday, a great celebration was planned." "Molly's machine." "Speak your piece." "Oh, birthday girl, pick up, pick up, pick up." "Huey and I are just sitting here waiting." "You better be on your way." " Money down she's still asleep." "Molly, wake up!" "Molly's machine." "Speak your piece." "Hey, Molly, it's Justin here." "Callin' from the studio to wish you a happy birthday..." "Give me five more minutes, baby, and I'll rock your world." "Love ya!" "You can't turn the hallway into a greenhouse, Miss Gunn." "Good evening, Mr. McConkey," "Please say hello to your wife for me." "Bye." "Have a nice night!" "I've alerted the management company about this." "Oh, my." "I put the flowers upstairs for you, but this is out of hand." "Got a girl, Tony?" "Not one that could fit into this dental floss." "Be a darling and send all this stuff to the Salvation Army!" "You're the greatest, Tony!" "Molly?" " Hey, Ingrid, it's me." " Where the hell are you?" " I'm sorry, I passed out." "I was watching TV." " That was a premeditated nap." "You did this to me on purpose." "You're my best friend in the whole universe." "How could you possibly think a thing like this?" "It's like stabbing me in the heart." "Thank you!" "Forget it, okay?" "I didn't want to tell you, but our little night out has grown." "Huey and I are here with a few of your closest friends waiting to wish you a..." "Happy birthday?" "Happy birthday." "I tried calling you from home." "The girly to end all girlies is in the house." "Happy birthday, Molly." "We got you, Molly!" " We got you, didn't we?" "You did, I thought it was gonna be just us guys going out." "Hell, no!" "What kind of friends you think we are?" "Look at this." "This here is a party, right?" "You're 22?" "I just turned 19 and I thought I'd kill myself." "You look good, though." "Buy you a drink?" "No, thanks." "I wanna connect the dots, baby." "Look at the babes, Molly," "They're, like, beautiful and natural and sexy, right?" "Beauty like that is universal." "They really do look young, huh?" "The thing I love about women is that you are willing to accept each other for who you are." "There you are, sweetie." "You remember Julie and Holly from the MOMA Junior Committee?" "Happy birthday." "I love your solid hair scrunchy." "Thanks." " Issey Miyake?" "Home Depot." "You can get Botox injections for that forehead wrinkle." "Face Factory." "No appointment necessary." "Why would I have a worry wrinkle?" "Why would you think anyone would care?" "Excuse me?" "I had shoes like yours once, when I was five." "That was what, like three days ago?" "Try three years." "Excuse me, Thumbelina, but you're still a little underage to be clubbing, aren't you?" "You're a little overage to be wearing a lampshade in your hair." "Bright idea?" "You brought your own personal soap?" "You want to pick up bacterial meningitis or polio, you go ahead and be my guest." "Whatever diseases you're already carrying probably make those sound like a joke, anyway." "There you are." "I finally found your little monster butt." "Come here!" "I know you have trouble reading something as simple as a sign on the door, Gooey Huey." "so let me help you," "This is the ladies' room." "Really?" "What's your excuse?" " Give me my purse." "My boss' kid." "They can't keep a nanny." "They fired their third one this month today." "She had dirty fingernails." "It was her or me." "That hurts." " Where's my purse?" "In my hand." "Ing, am I hideous?" " What?" "As my best friend, it is your duty not to lie to me." "Please tell me, am I turning into a hideous hag?" "You can have any guy here with the snap of a finger." "What's gotten into you?" "Oh, my God." "Molly, let me show you something." "Come here," "Sit down." " Great, You again." "I want to thank you all for having me here." "I've heard there's a birthday tonight." "Where's that birthday girl?" "All right." "This one's for you." "The lights beam down from the stars" "And it takes my breath away" "And the tears of glee in my heart" "End up voicing words to say" "All I feel is invested in this..." "Oh, my God." "Who is that?" "That's my boy Neal Fox," "I found him playing at a dive in the Village." "He's smokin'." "Can I have him for my birthday?" "No, Molly, I brought him here so Roma could check him out." "Besides, he's 100% girly free." "He's celibate, like Morrissey." "He's all about the music." "You wouldn't know real music if Mozart hit you on the head." "Quiet, the both of you." "Quiet?" "This place is so loud, it is giving me a migraine." "My call of love" "Then she'll rise with love..." "Mom!" "No, your mom's over there talkin' to my man Nas." "We been tryin' to sign him for months." "Could you please keep it down?" " Mom, I wanna go home now!" "Night, Molls." " Bye." "Good night, Molly!" " Bye!" "I finished my new record and..." " That's great, Duncan." "Nice to see you." "Where is he?" " ... give me your two cents." "Huey said this guy is practically a monk." "What the hell are you trying to prove?" "The only reason you're looking at this guy is because you can't have him." "He's a rock 'n' roll poet sex god." "You'll toss him in a week." "No, Ing, this one's different." "I can feel it." "That was good." "Kid, I haven't heard blue-eyed soul like that since Jeff Buckley's record." "See what I'm sayin'?" "What did I tell you, Roma?" "He's smokin', right?" "You did good, Huey." " I need eight hours, Mom." "If I don't get eight hours, my immune system crashes," "Record something more up-tempo I can get on the radio." "Let's go." " Work it out with Huey." "Go..." "That's what I'm talkin' about." "She gets it." "I get it." "You don't get it." "Wait..." " Neal, you need to get it." "I think we got ourselves a Grammy!" "I hate that..." "Kids!" "Always hogging your attention." "Hi." " Hi, Birthday girl." "Yeah, happy birthday." " Thank you." "Is this demo thing for real?" "She's about to sign you!" "I can feel it in my bones." "Rocket to the moon, baby." "Rocket to the moon." "Oh, my." "Are you really Tommy Gunn's daughter?" "Seriously?" "Can you hold my purse, please?" "Yeah." " Thanks." "Jesus!" "I guess there is a certain family resemblance." "His guitars are in there?" " You wanna come see?" "Yeah." "Can you just wait here just one second, please?" "Thank you." " Yeah." "Right." "Welcome to Le Château Chez Molly." "Nice." "What on God's earth is that?" "Mu." " Don't you mean oink?" "No, "Mu" means "pork" in Thai." "He was going to be my curry diner one night in Bangkok, but we fell in love." "If you wait here," "I will fix us some bonbonnières confiseries." "Oh, my God." "Looks like you found it on your own." "I can't believe it!" "This is it." "This is the acoustic Muddy Waters gave Tommy Gunn." "He played it at Budokan." " Summer of '88." "Daddy's little girl" "That's you." "Paints the world with her magic wand" "Please don't sing that song." ""Molly Smiles." He opened the show with it." "For me" "And then he and my mom died." "Listen, I didn't mean to..." "Okay." "Yeah." "So what's next?" "How about dessert?" "Am I gonna be able to pronounce it?" "I don't know." "Can you say..."Pez"?" "I'm just not supposed to act impulsively, you know?" "Part of my whole sobriety thing." "Made a vow, haven't broken it yet." "Pez." "I haven't had a drink in 224 days." "I'm also not supposed to have romantic relationships my first year." "Pez." "It's called the Law of Contrary Behavior." "If I want a drink, I don't have one." "If I want to skip a gig, I force myself to go." "If I meet a girl and I want her to come over..." "I send her home." "Pez." "Those are vows I haven't broken." "Ships crossing like ghosts in the night" "Night names, unremembered faces in sight" "Took what we can in need to survive" "Oh, my God, I love it!" "It's the most lyrically advanced thing I've done." "No, purple means rock 'n' roll royalty, and it picks up the highlights in your eyes." "You're too hot for those earth tones you've been wearing." "What about the song?" "Is it too fast, too slow, what?" "It's kind of like the same thing over and over again." "Is there, like, a hook or a good chorus or something?" "A hook?" " Yeah." "I don't do hooks." " Okay." "I'm not a sell-out." "I don't wear purple and I don't do hooks." "I said okay, okay?" "Names... names unremembered, faces in sight" "Molly, I thought you were dead." "Neal's in the other room." " That guy is still there?" "You always do this." "When are you gonna grow up?" "He's never going to leave." "All he does is mope and play these loser songs." "Help me, please." "I don't know how to get rid of this guy without breaking his heart." "Hold." "Just a minute!" "Oh, my God, I'm being totally suffocated." "Yeah?" "Can you take those off?" "Ing, I'll call you." "Baby..." "I'm not a love machine." "No, my boxers..." "can I have them back, please?" "Thanks." "What's going on?" "Listen, I've got to go." " Go?" "Go where, go?" "Home, Molly." "The place where I live, where I have a life, where I do my laundry, get sleep, try to make music." "Why can't you make music here?" "This is a world gone mad, like I've stepped through the looking-glass." "There's a week's worth of leftovers, a month of laundry." "Look at this place." " We'll call maid service." "You call maid service." "I've got to rejoin the human race." "No!" "I don't understand." "Listen, I just feel like I'm suffocating." "I need some air." " We can open the windows." "It's not about the windows." "I need my shirt back." "Damn!" "I forgot to get new strings." "I have, like, five gigs this week and I have not done a single thing." "I have got to get to work." "I'll call you later, I swear." "Oh, my God." "This place is beyond its normal grotesque." "It's post-nuclear." "Ninety-eight messages?" "Molly, your machine has 98 messages on it." "Write them down for me, will you?" "He's gone." "I have no life." "What?" ""Of course you have a life."" ""I don't need to tell you that."" "That's what you're supposed to say to me." "Sorry." "As your best friend, it's my duty not to lie to you." "Besides, you wanted him gone, remember?" "I did?" "What are all these final notices?" "I'm gonna call him." "I think now is a good time to call him." "Would you hand me the phone?" "I'm gonna call him right now." "Focus for one second." "Your electric has been canceled and so has your gas." "Who pays your bills?" "Bob." "Bob who?" "I don't know." "My parents' guy Bob." "Your phone's dead." "These rooms... sound so empty without the sound of his music." "Bob's number has been disconnected." "Oh, God." "I'm sure it's little consolation, but you're not the only one who got taken, Miss Gunn." "Bob Kopalski had ten clients, assets equaling over $100 million, when he disappeared." "You're telling us that none of it's insured?" "What a disaster." "Thank God for the residuals." "Actually, Kopalski took such heavy advances on the royalty income that by the time the account recoups." "Miss Gunn will be on Social Security." "Where does someone disappear with $100 million?" "The best we can guess is South America." "Can't you just sue?" "My God, how could he do this to her?" "He'll be back." "They always come back." "If he does, he'll be looking out the back of an FBI van on his way to a long prison term." "It'll be years before you see a dime, if ever." "Mr, Feldman, as a lawyer, may I please ask your advice as per what to do in the meantime as far as, you know, money?" "Get a job?" ""Dear prospective employer," ""although I've had no previous employment, ever," ""the following is a partial but significant list of personal recommendations, including contact information."" "The Dalai Lama, Tibet?" "900-thread count Egyptian cotton." "No man can resist Egyptian cotton." "Tibet is a country, Molly, not contact information." "Why not add "earth"" "in case someone needs to know where Tibet is?" "This is not a résumé." "It shows I'm a people person." "Focus on the interview." "Hello." "Pleasure to meet you." "I will work overtime, weekends, holidays, Yom Kippur, Christmas." "You name it, I will be here." " I'm sure that won't be necessary." "Ingrid says you guys met at Darlington?" "I was valedictorian there two years in a row." "That's so neat." "Tell me, what is the price on a set of these?" "$1,369 plus tax." "You're in denial." "You're broke, remember?" "Trish, hon, tell me, do employees get a discount around here?" "Ten percent, and some employees are among our best customers." "I'll take them." "Ing, this is the greatest job ever." "Who is it?" " It's Molly!" "I was just out shopping in the neighborhood." "At midnight?" " It's the city that never sleeps." "You can't do this." "I have to be at the studio at 9:00." "I can't act like a kid anymore." " Really?" "Neal, I haven't seen sheets like this since the third grade." "Rocket ships?" "You wouldn't have my jacket in there?" "It's like my lucky jacket." "I never get onstage without it." "I left it behind the other day." "No." "I guess you're gonna have to come over and look for it." "I can't disappear from the world again." "I can't lose myself in this obsessive- compulsive irrational behavior." "Feel." "Excuse me?" " Feel." "Egyptian cotton... 900-thread count." "All right, I'll tell you what." "Maybe we can, like, date, okay?" "Okay." "But it's gonna have to be a mature adult relationship with... alarm clocks in the morning..." " I love alarm clocks." "and work during the day." "We eat with silverware, knives and forks... drink out of glasses... do the dishes." "Is it bedtime yet?" "Molly, wake up." "I'm sorry." "It's not going to work out." "You spent all night at that guy's house doing God knows what, then you come here and crash at work." "I can't believe you did this to me after all the strings I pulled." "I know that I'm an undeserving creep, but can we please talk about it over lunch?" "No!" "Our lunch date is canceled." "You can't afford lunch." "Fine, see if I care." "I'll live off of water and sunshine." "You won't have to." "Once again your main man is gonna come through for ya." "You're gonna get me a record deal." "Not exactly." "Hi!" " Oh, my God." "You're my new nanny?" "Hi, Laraine." " It's Ray." "Nobody calls me Laraine." "Okay, Ray, I'm Molly." "We met at my birthday party, remember?" "You're late." "By, like, a second." "By three and a half minutes." "I have to take my Aciphex by 4:26, and it's...4:18 right now," "We'll take it when we get home." " That's when I take my Colitin." "The agency must really be getting desperate." "I actually am uniquely qualified for this position, having spent so many years developing my skills as a people person." "Mission accomplished?" "Fruit punch?" "Why don't you just drink cyanide?" "At least it's quick." "Damn." "Hang your coat up in there." "What is this, The Shining?" "Who is that?" " Nobody." "What's wrong with him?" " None of your b-i business." "Shoes!" "This is your room?" "There's no fooling you, is there?" "It's so... orderly." "These are so neat!" "I remember when there were only four models." "I can't believe this." "She's beautiful." "Look at these legs." " That's Pliéing Polly." "Put her back!" "How cool is this?" "Look at this little tea set!" "You don't touch that unless I happen to invite you to tea." "Look at these cute little scones." "Get away from there." "Well, I say, Lady Sassafras, would you like some crème fraîche to go with your darling pastries?" "You just got your germy drool over my plastic scone, you freako." "Kid, have you ever been to a shrink?" "Since I was three." "What?" "Good afternoon, Miss Ray." "Dinner is ready." "There's just nothing like good help." "You missed a spot." "Isn't doing the dishes what the maid is supposed to be for?" "She doesn't know how to dry without leaving spots." "You don't know how to dry without destroying the environment." "For every roll of paper towels you waste, a tree in the rain forest dies." "I'm gonna die of botulism from the germs on that gunky towel, you tree-loving hippie." "At least I don't prefer tofu to normal hamburgers." "I'm not the one who's gonna get mad cow disease and go nuts, though you don't seem to have a brain to fry in the first place." "Maybe not, but at least I'm not holding the germ-infested towel." "Give me that plate." "No, sorry." "You might infect it." "Why don't you get your plastic baggie and dig up some penicillin?" "No!" " Come on." "Give me the plate!" " You want it?" "How bad do you want it?" "Get a broom." "You get a frickin' broom." "When you work for me, you leave when I say you can leave." "For your information, I do not work for you." "I am employed by your mother." "Yeah?" "Take a look around." "Do you see her anywhere?" "News flash... you're not gonna unless you make an appointment with her assistant or hang around her bedroom door at 3:00 in the morning." "In the meantime, you're workin' for me." "Is that so?" "News flash, Mussolini..." "I quit!" "Are you all right, Miss Gunn?" " Just great." "Baby!" "Baby, what are you doing outside all by yourself?" "How did you get locked out?" "Mama's had a day." "I've lived here for 20 years." "How can you do this?" "Aside from that..." "This is a family building, Miss Gunn." "I suggest you find somewhere you'd be more welcome." "Like Los Angeles." "You will be allowed back into your apartment only so long as you are accompanied by a management representative and only long enough to gather your belongings." "That is, those personal belongings we don't insist on holding as collateral for the rent and utilities you owe." "You are otherwise barred from the premises." "I know this is a big change for you, but it'll feel like home in no time at all." "This is the bedroom..." "my bedroom, of course... but there's plenty of drawer space if you need it." "I can't believe those creeps would throw a destitute woman into the street." "Chivalry is so dead." "This is the bathroom." "I hung up your towels for you." "I've been here a thousand times." "You know the kitchen." "Julie and Holly come over Thursdays for our weekly bake fest." "Mondays, Penny and Ethel come so we can do yoga with Rajiiv right here in the living room." "But this is going to be a problem." "Ing, don't you think it's weird that Neal hasn't called me?" "No, but I think it's weird that you're wearing his jacket." "I told you just bring the essentials, Molly." "You can't keep all this stuff." "And he definitely has to go." "Mu, what are we gonna do?" "Downsize, Molly." "Purify." "Streamline, find your center," "You're right, Ing." "We're gonna get you the best housewarming present ever." "Don't be silly." "It's gonna be hard enough on you coming up with half the rent." "Wonderful, girls." "Tomorrow we start rehearsing for next month's recital, but I think we still have five minutes." "How about a little freestyle?" "You sure looked great out there." "I just, you know..." "Yelling at you the other day and all..." "I'm sorry." "What are you doing here?" "I called Roma, your mom... and she said that if you said that it was okay." "I could have my job back?" "You're on probation." "Act your age, not your shoe size." "How come you left dance class so early?" "That freestyle at the end looked like so much fun." "Freestyle is for moronic little kids and hippie freaks." "It's fun." "Fundamentals are the building blocks of fun." "Says who?" "Mikhail Baryshnikov, who I'm sure you've never heard of." "Ballet is about precision, discipline, and poise." "They made us take ballet at Darlington." "I couldn't wait to get out there and make up all my own moves." "Figures." "Such a sloppy doofus." "Figures." "You're such a pill-popping little tyrant." "Don't ever do that to me again." "You're hurting me." " You hurt me." "Take it back." "Take it back." "Fine." "I take it back." "It's a good thing you did." "Otherwise you wouldn't have gotten your surprise." "Surprise." "I really hate surprises, and I sincerely doubt there's anything you could give me that I don't already have." "There's no harm in trying, is there?" "Ray, are you all right?" "My glands are swollen." "I'm having an allergic reaction." "My immune system is crashing." "Mu stayed with you one measly little night." "Come on." "And that's all he's gonna be staying." "Wasn't it fun, though, sneaking him in and out for his walk?" "It was like a real, live adventure." "You know you had fun." "I'm not a swineherd, kook." "Excuse me." "How much is this putter?" "This putter is not for sale." "Sorry." "This is a mistake." "You don't golf." " Tiger gave this to me." "Essentials, remember?" "You've got to get rid of this junk." "It's essential." "Twenty dollars." " Ten." "Sold." "Can I talk to you for a second?" "Come through here." "Do me a favor, all right?" "Watch your step." "This is Kelli." "Kelli, this is Molly." "Pleasure to meet you." "Looks almost as good on her as it does on you, doesn't it?" "Gooey!" "Looks like Mu isn't the only pig you hang out with." "Go away!" "It must be really hard getting rid of all this neat stuff." "No, I'm actually loving it." "Really?" " It's very refreshing." "Everybody, once in their life, should do this and slough off all the bad..." "Wait!" "Sorry, This is... mine." "No, I just bought it." " How much did you pay?" "Thirty dollars." " My friend Rosella gave it to me." "I'll give you 50, 75!" "Enough!" "We're downsizing, remember?" "Sloughing off the excess to find our center." "You want this, Molly." "Close your eyes and repeat after me." "I want this." "Miss Gunn?" "We're ready to pack this room up for storage, ma'am." "Can I have just five more minutes, please?" "Okay, sure." " Thank you." "Is that you?" "Dad's a rock star?" "Was." "He's dead." "Bet this stuff is worth a bundle." "I can't just sell it, Ray." "It's my parents' stuff." "No, you're gonna box it up so it can lay in storage gathering dust." "God, you're pathetic." "That man in the library in your house... nurse said he's in a coma from a massive stroke." "That's your father, huh?" "Was." "He's a vegetable now." "Soon he'll be nothing." "That's kind of harsh." "It's a harsh world." "Watch where you're going!" "Neal, I really hate talking to your machine." "Where are you?" "I'm still holding on to your jacket for you." "I know you've been going crazy trying to reach me, but I've been in a transition right now." "I'm, like, Miss Proletariat now." "Mop the floors, spank the brat, pick up the paycheck on Friday." "I am a woman." "How about you?" "Shit!" "Get under the tail." "I'm not putting my hand under his heinie." "Do you want him to stay here or not?" "Oh, God!" "Oh, my God!" "I'll get him!" "Very good." "Now come out of plough." "Very nice." "Breathing." "Good." "Pull up under." "Very nice." "Molly, out of plough." "Come on, Molly." "Let's go." "Could you please help me?" "This is starting to hurt." "Oh, my God." "73... beautiful, 74," "75... very good." "76, 77..." "Let me put a few more on." "Ing, here we go." "Waist." "Molly, you get to be in charge of the chocolate chip cookies." "They're already mixed, so all you have to do is put them in the oven and time them." "Salmonella." "You're letting her do this?" "Relax, girls." "It's just cookie mix." "How badly can she screw it up?" "Put it out now!" "Put it out!" "I'm trying!" "Oh, gosh!" "This is Neal's jacket!" "Put it out!" " Get it out!" "Take it back!" "Oh, my God!" " Take it back now!" "What are you doing, Ray?" "Have you gone mad?" "There is never, ever an excuse for hitting another person." "What's going on?" "She was laughing at me because her "au pair"" "said that my new nanny was a slutbag whore." "Go!" "I'm sorry." "Sorry." "You've reached Ingrid." "Please leave your number and the time of your call." "Be specific." "Hi, it's Neal calling for Molly." "I hope this is the right number." "I love Ingrid with all my heart and all her cute Martha Stewart-wannabe friends, but it's a real estrogen-fest over there." "A girl needs a testosterone injection every once in a while." "Not that I think of you that way." "You're super-sensitive." "Don't be a silly goose." "Please let me patronize the arts." "Well, actually..." "I just signed a deal with Schleine Records." "Oh, my God." "What?" "Oh, my God!" "Neal, that's incredible!" "That's amazing!" "Why didn't you say anything?" "I would have, but this is the first time tonight" "I've managed to get a word in edgewise." "I..." "So how did you seal the deal?" "I know this one, This is the deep one," "I guess I looked deep down inside and... found that inner hook," "You certainly did and that calls for an outer hook to go with it," "What's that?" " Your lucky jacket." "My lucky..." "What have you done to it?" " A few minor improvements." "Improvements?" " Yeah." "You mutilated it!" " No, I fixed it." "Look how great this is." "I told you purple was your magic color." "We have to talk." "Those are the four most hateful words in English." "I can't see you anymore." "I'm sorry about the jacket." " It's not about the jacket." "I just can't see you." "That's all." "Right." "You just do the rock star's daughter so you can tell your pop star-wannabe mates, then ride off into the sunset with your crummy guitar..." "It's not like that." "I'm just not in a place..." "Ray, can you turn that down, please?" "Thank you." "You're supposed to put the cream in before the sugar." "I'm not having cream." "I can't gain weight." "My ballet recital is Friday night, remember?" "Right." "I remember." "I invited you to afternoon tea." "The least you can do is be polite." "Why are you buttering my plastic scone?" "Why are plastic scones on the table when we have real food?" "You thought they were cute." "Are you still moping over that disgusting guy?" "Other people always let you down." "Why don't you forget them and do something for yourself?" "Like what?" "I don't know." "Something you're good at." "And I don't mean shopping." "Maybe some of us aren't good at anything." "Every grownup is good at something." "My bad." "I don't see any grownups around here." "What's so great about being a grownup anyway?" "So I can turn out like you?" "You're scared." "Sometimes when Mu hears people walking by outside the door, he gets this funny expression and runs into the bathroom, like he thinks they're coming to get him." "That's how you look." "Where are you going?" "If you refuse to have a nice time with me," "I'm going to have fun by myself." "Two hundred pliés isn't fun, Ray." "It's slave labor." "Fundamentals are the building blocks of fun." "Right." "I forgot." "What is with this music, anyway?" "It's like a soundtrack to slit your wrists to." "It happens to be Mozart." " It happens to be depressing." "If we're gonna have fun, we need to listen to music that's fun." "I hate to break it to you, but this junk is not music!" "But it sure is fun to dance to!" "Cut it out!" "You look like a spastic hyena!" "What are you doing?" "What is your problem?" "Let me go!" "What are you doing?" "Grow up." "Where are you going now?" "I have about a million last-minute errands to run and a date with this normal adult guy I met." "He's in computers." "Ing, I am so sick of all of these rock 'n' rollers, overpaid jocks, and supermodel bitch boys." "You know, I thought maybe, just maybe, you'd remember we had plans tonight." "Green tea tasting at the Asia Society, remember?" "If I never have a drop of tea again, it would be too soon." "Please, go without me." "You'll have fun, Ing." "I'm already a half-hour late." "We were supposed to go together." "I RSVP'd over a month ago." "It's too late to invite anyone else." "We're roomies, Ing." "That's why I pay half the rent." "It doesn't mean I owe you every minute of my free time." "Owe me?" "You mean, for free yoga or nearly burning down my apartment?" "Owe me?" "Is that what you think of our friendship?" "Only because you think friendship is having total control over my life." "Unfortunately, you don't know how to run your life, Molly." "Fortunately, that's not your problem." "Not anymore." "Look at you." "You got rollers in your hair." "Is that your new style?" "I forgot." "I was in a hurry." "Just playing." "Come here." "Huey, my suitcases." "My bad." "Your room is that way." "Put your bags in there." "I got your bed made up." "Sorry." "I'm sorry." " It's okay." "Okay." "Thank you for taking me in like this." "Don't even trip." "We all know Ingrid can be a little anal." "It's all good." "Besides... life with Huey is one big party." "Party time!" "That's what I'm talkin' about." "Your turn." "Bravo!" "Beautiful," "Lovely." "Yeah!" "Molly, no!" "Hi, Roma." "It's me..." "Molly." "Ray's nanny?" "Yes, of course." "I was at your birthday party." " Yeah." "I'm a fan of your father's." "He had that one song..." "What was it?" "With your name in it." " Yes." "I was just wondering, 'cause it's my night off... who's watching Ray?" "She's at some ballet thing or other," "Oh, God." "It's her recital?" "I have to get over there." "I'm sure it's over by now." "I've arranged to have a car pick her up, okay?" "Excuse me for a moment." "I'm sorry." "Go ahead." "Rise and shine, Ophelia." "Hello, my little sugar pie." "How you doin'?" "Isn't it your day off?" "Indeed it is." "And it's yours, too." "No school, no homework, and especially no fatal illnesses." "Let me see this." "Look at this." "Perfect 98.6, only 20 degrees above the temperature of the beautiful day awaiting us." "I'm not going anywhere, especially with you." "Oh, yes, you are." "We are going to sit in giant teacups and spin round and round in circles until we puke." "Are you on crack?" "We're gonna have fun." "I can't believe I let you talk me into this." "You are gonna so love Coney Island, Ray." "Giant teacups you sit in." "It's a ride, Ray, like the ones at Disneyland." "Haven't you ever been to Disneyland?" "You've never been to Disneyland?" " Why don't you alert the media?" "Haven't you ever been to an amusement park... ever?" "Oh, my God!" "Ray, you are so psyched!" " Whatever!" "Say it, Ray." "Say, "I am so psyched."" "I'm psyched, okay?" "Then you're gonna have to pay the toll." "It's like passing through the gates before you can get into the Emerald City." "Let me go." "Are you trying to murder me?" "You have to eat one, or they're not gonna let you in." "They're toxic, you maniac." "They have dead rats and nitrates." "Do you want to ride the Spinning Teacups or not?" "Now swallow." "Swallow." "Wait." "She's alive." "She's alive!" "The operation was a success, ladies and gentlemen!" "She's alive!" "Excuse me." "Why is it so dead around here?" "The rides don't run till the season starts." "The season?" "You're a week early." "Thanks." "Let's go home." "The last time I saw my mom and dad, I was eight going on nine... eight years, six months, and three days, almost as old as you are." "They were going on tour, leaving me behind for the first time." "They didn't want me missing any more school." "When they came to my room to say good-bye." "I wouldn't open the door, so they left." "I fell asleep." "The next thing I knew... my nanny was waking me up in the middle of the night telling me their plane had crashed." "You're lucky." " Lucky?" "That you were mad." "When you're mad, you don't miss people, and if you stay mad, it's like you never knew them at all." "That way you don't have to feel sucky about it." "You were lucky." "Night." "I wasn't mad, Ray." "I was confused." "Everyone was talking to me, and I couldn't understand a word they were saying." "Then their voices became a blur... and soon I couldn't even recognize their faces." "They were like these blobs." "Then they started to grow fangs... and their eyes became green." "I knew I had to run away." "I packed my knapsack, got on the train, looked up at the map, and decided that I wanted to live in Coney Island." "I thought it was gonna be a real island... and I could hide away there like Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn." "Imagine my surprise." "The Teacups was the only ride they'd let me on by myself." "I got on it and started spinning myself round and round." "I feel like I'm still there, spinning round and round and round, and the ride won't stop, and I won't dare get off." "You were right, Ray." "I am scared." "But you're scared, too." "You're as scared as I am." "and I thought maybe..." "I thought maybe if we... could go together..." "Morning, cutie." "You hungry?" "You're up a little early." "What are you doing here?" "I happen to work here." "What are you doing?" "Don't forget the sugar, sugar!" "Just breathe." "Lady!" "Lady, that water is contaminated, you know." "You better get out of there." "That's pure sewage you're in, there." "Did you hear me?" "Did you hear me?" "Yeah, I heard you!" " That water's filthy!" "If you don't get out." "I'll call the police." "I'm getting out." "A hundred and one degrees." "Sick as a dog." "You better hope you don't get radiation poisoning from that toxic pond scum." "Take two Echinacea and a Benadryl for your sinuses." "Okay." " Call me if you need anything else." "Stay here, Mu." "Where are you going?" "I don't know." "Maybe the library." "Is that where you went last night?" "I'm not gonna bother him." "I'm just gonna sit quietly and read or something." "You can read out loud." "I think he might like that." "He's a vegetable, Molly." "Chatting it up with my dad isn't gonna do anyone any good at all." "You're the doctor." "It's not gonna do any good." "I saw this show once on TV about all these sick people." "The ones where their friends and families talked to them held on ten times longer than the ones left all alone, and that is a fact." "Do you swear?" "I swear." "Pinky promise?" "Don't touch." "Germs." "Sorry." " Germs." "Right." "Wanna come?" "Can I help you with something?" "She's going to go talk to him for a little while." "You know... privately?" "I can't think of what to say." "There's an all-time first." "Hey, Dad." "I know I haven't..." "Well, what I really wanted to tell you was about my new pet." "It's really Molly's, my nanny, but the thing is, it's a pig..." "literally." "His name is Mu." "He's from Thailand." "He's really clean, I have to admit, even if he is a pig." "Anyway, what I'm really into these days is ballet." "You and Mom used to say that it was old-fashioned, but I swear it's really cool." "I'm already doing changements and chaînèes... you know, when you spin and spin and spin," "It used to make me dizzy." "Now I'm only dizzy when I stop." "What a one-hit wonder that slut turned out to be." "It's his first single." "It just dropped." "It's been playing in my head for weeks, and it sucks." "What is this?" "This is so '80s it makes my hair pouf." "Hold up." "Listen." "I produced this video, and the '80s are back." "I don't know where you've been." "Listening to Tchaikovsky, Mozart, and Chopin." "You wouldn't know real music if I hit you on the head with it, Gooey." "You're gonna stop calling me Gooey." "So?" "What do you think?" " What is it?" "It's a tutu, silly." "For what, a midget?" "No, for a little girl named Ray." "Her year-end dance recital is coming up." "The costumes are so boring, I figured I'd surprise her with something pretty spectacular." "He's wearing the jacket!" "That's my jacket!" "I made that jacket!" "That was my idea!" "He is the Lizard King Reincarnated." "No, listen to me." "Look at me." "I'm the lizard king." "This guy, he's nothing but an illusion." "He ain't real." "Everything he is, I made." "You want real, you want substance, look no further than what you got in front of you." "I'm the lizard king," "You're right, Huey." "True friends, true hearts." "That is what counts in life." "That's right." "Hit me one." "Give me some love." "That's funny." "I wasn't expecting anyone." "Go see who it is." "Hey, man." "What's going on?" "Hi, 81st and 5th, please." "When did it happen?" " He passed away this afternoon." "I'm so sorry." "You promised." "Miss Gunn, Mrs. Schleine is waiting for you in the study." "I'm so sorry, Mrs. Schleine." " Thanks for coming, Miss Gunn." "Are you kidding?" "Nothing could keep me away at a time like this." "Last week's pay and a month's severance." "Severance?" "We're letting you go." ""We"?" "That's right." "Me and Ray." "We." "Good night, Miss Gunn." "I'm sorry, but I'm not leaving without an explanation." "I don't know what's been going on between you and my daughter, but she has made it clear she never wants to see you again." "She must be going out of her mind with grief." "Actually, she's taking it rather well." "I was at my staff meeting when I got the news about my husband." "I came home to find Ray finishing her homework." "She's been very calm and level-headed about this whole affair." "You call that taking it well?" "Do you know what ètage your daughter's at in ballet?" "Or that she was banned from her science class for stealing a formaldehyde pig so she could give it a proper burial?" "The tea set you got her... it's exquisite and beautiful, but do you know how she likes to have her tea, how many lumps..." "one, two... cream, sugar?" "And the point of your little tirade is..." "You're right." "You don't know what goes on between me and Ray because you don't know very much about your own daughter." "I know my daughter well enough to respect her wishes." "You don't give her respect." "You give her whatever she asks for so you don't have to deal with her." "She's eight years old." "She is not 28." "Please remember that the next time you show her some "respect."" "It's my muse." " Getting in your way again." "Molly, I came here to see you." "For what?" "I haven't been able to write a single decent song since we last saw each other." "Molly, I'm sorry." "I was trying to take a step forward, but I took two steps backward instead." "Why don't you take one step sideways?" "Then we can stop doing this silly little dance." "So that's the Molly M.O." "When I'm not ready, you hunt me down." "When I try and make it work, you're not interested." "Ever since we met, it's about what I'm doing wrong... but I'm not the one with the problem." "You are, you and your selfishness." "All you do is take." "I've got nothing for you right now, so... maybe it's time to start thinking about someone other than yourself." "Till then..." "Good morning, ladies and gentlemen." "Now we'll start the bidding on this important collection representing a vital chapter in American musical history." "Tommy Gunn was an essential member of several landmark bands." "He scored a solo hit with "Molly Smiles"..." "Maybe we should wait a few minutes till everyone shows up." "I'm afraid this is about as good as it's going to get." "We have here Tommy Gunn's signature acoustic, which he played with his first band in Haight-Ashbury." "Bidding starts at $2,500." "Do I hear $2,500?" "2,500." " I have $2,500." "Do I hear $2,600?" " 2,500?" "2,600." " Thank you." "2,500?" "I'm sorry." "We put out feelers, but unfortunately the excitement generated by Mr. Gunn's memorabilia fell somewhat short of expectations." "I have 3,000." "3,000 going once, 3,000 going twice... 75,000!" "I have an offer of 75,000... from a buyer who wishes to remain anonymous... for the entire collection." "Well?" "What do you say?" "It's up to you." "Frankly, I can't envision a much better result from selling it off piecemeal." "This is everything that he's left behind in the whole world." "This is my dad." "I'm sorry." "Just get rid of it." "Molly, where are you taking me?" "The fellas are waiting for us at the club." "The fellas can wait, Huey." "This is important." "Hold up." "Molly, please." "They better have a defibrillator up there." "Gooey, suck it up." "It's good for your heinie." "Welcome to Le Château Chez Molly." "This is..." " It's my new apartment." "This way is the kitchen area, and over here in this direction, you'll find the very private, secluded bathroom section." "Fabulous, huh?" "You're standing in the living room, which, coincidentally, happens to be... the bedroom." "It's got potential, huh?" "As a detention cell for convicted felons, maybe." "Molly, this isn't you." "I can't afford me anymore, Huey." "Nobody's kicking you out." "You can still stay with me." "I really have to stand on my own two feet right now, okay?" "Okay." "Hello?" "Roma, how would I know where Ray is?" "What's going on with Ray?" "Hold on one second." "Thanks." "Roma?" "Hi." "It's Molly." "Miss Gunn, I know that you've been let go, but is there any chance that you've seen my daughter today?" "Are you sure?" "Ray didn't come home from school." "She's been missing ever since." "I thought that she might have..." "If you hear from her, please let me know." "Huey, talk to her." "You all right?" " I'm fine, thanks." "It's nice to see you again." " You, too." "I really miss you." " I miss you." "These are crummy circumstances." "Molly Gunn?" " Yeah." "How you doin'?" " Good." "Good to meet you." " Same here." "I saw that kid Neal Fox's video." "Didn't you create his look?" "No, I just fixed his jacket." "I don't know why everybody's talking about it." "Do you do pants, too?" "Cool leather ones that aren't over the top?" "I'm hoping you can hook me up with a jacket." "Not the same one, obviously, but with a similar vibe." "Guys, thank you." "You're very sweet." "It was sort of a big accident, yeah." "It's a hell of an accident." "What do you think?" "I would love to." " Cool." "Done." " Pants, too." "Guys, Garth Brooks wants to meet you." "You're kidding." " He's over there." "Excuse us." "Mr. Brooks?" " Okay." "Yeah." "Let's go." " Awesome." "Thanks." "No, that's yours." "Molly, I just spoke with her." "She's almost ready to meet with people, but she wants to talk to you first." "You can have your job back, you know." "I don't think so." "You and I... we're gonna be friends." "Okay?" "Grownups never stay friends with kids." "I don't see any grownups around here." "I do." "You know the Dalai Lama?" "I've always thought of myself as a people person." "Most Fashion Institute applicants would kill for references like yours." "Seems to me you could skip school and find work with one of your designer friends." "It would be more fun than toiling away here for four years." "Fundamentals are the building blocks of fun..." "I always say." "Oh, God." "Man, she's gonna kill me." "I'm really sorry." "Okay." "Sorry." "Please call me and I will call you, and thank you." "Have a great day." "Bye." "She always does this to me." "She's not coming." "If you'd quit wiggling your ass, it wouldn't have fallen off in the first place." "Coming through." "Excuse me." "To conclude our program, we present a special performance..." "Are you okay?" " By Laraine Schleine." "And to accompany Miss Schleine, we are pleased to present a very special guest." "How's it going?" "There's someone here today who lent us a bit of her magic, and now we'd like to give some of it back." "This was Tommy Gunn's favorite guitar, and I'm going to sing you the song he wrote for his favorite person in the world." "This one goes out to Molly Gunn."
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---
abstract: 'We prove the Gromov non-hyperbolicity with respect to the Kobayashi distance for $\mathcal{C}^{1,1}$-smooth convex domains in $\mathbb{C}^{2}$ which contain an analytic disc in the boundary or have a point of infinite type with rotation symmetry. The same is shown for “generic” product spaces, as well as for the symmetrized polydisc and the tetrablock. On the other hand, examples of smooth, non-pseudoconvex, Gromov hyperbolic domains in $\Bbb C^n$ are given.'
address:
- |
Institute of Mathematics and Informatics\
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences\
Acad. G. Bonchev 8, 1113 Sofia, BulgariaFaculty of Information Sciences\
State University of Library Studies and Information Technologies\
Shipchenski prohod 69A, 1574 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Université de Toulouse\
UPS, INSA, UT1, UTM\
Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse\
F-31062 Toulouse, France
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Institute of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science\
Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 6, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
author:
- Nikolai Nikolov
- 'Pascal J. Thomas'
- Maria Trybuła
title: 'Gromov (non-)hyperbolicity of certain domains in $\mathbb{C}^{n}$'
---
Introduction and statements
===========================
In [@Gromov], Gromov introduced the notion of almost hyperbolic space. He discovered that “negatively curved” space equipped with some distance share many properties with the prototype, even though the distance does not come from a Riemannian metric. This gave the impulse to intensive research to find new interesting classes of spaces which are hyperbolic in that sense. In this paper we are mainly interested in investigating this concept with respect to the Kobayashi distance of convex domains. One may suspect that it is a restriction to consider only the Kobayashi metric. Actually, because the Kobayashi distance of a ($\Bbb C$-)convex domain containing no complex lines, as well as of a bounded strictly pseudoconvex domain, is bilipschitz equivalent to the (inner) Carathéodory and Bergman distances (see [@NPZ Theorem 12] and [@Nikolov Proposition 4]), it does not matter which one we choose (see below). Recall that a set $E$ in $\Bbb C^n$ is called *$\Bbb C$-convex* if any intersection of $E$ with a complex line $l$ and its complement in $l$ are both connected in $l$ (cf. [@APS]).
The notion of a bilipschitz equivalence has the following generalization.
Let $(X_1,d_1)$ and $(X_2,d_2)$ be two metric spaces. Then a map $\varphi:X_1\to X_2$ is said to be a *quasi-isometry* if there are constants $c_1,c_2 >0$ such that for any $x,y\in X_1$, $$c_1^{-1} d_1(x,y) - c_2 \le d_2\left( \varphi(x), \varphi(y) \right) \le c_1 d_1(x,y) + c_2.$$ Two distances $d_1,d_2$ on a set $X$ are said to be quasi-isometrically equivalent if the identity map is a quasi-isometry from $(X,d_1)$ to $(X,d_2)$.
Gromov hyperbolicity is well-known to be invariant under bijective quasi-isometries of path metric spaces (cf. [@Jesus Theorems 3.18, 3.20]).
\[defghyp\] Let $(D,d)$ be a metric space. Given points $x,y,z\in D,$ the *Gromov product* is $$(x,y)_{z}=d(x,z)+d(z,y)-d(x,y).$$ Let $$S_d(p,q,x,w)= \min\{(p,x)_{w},(x,q)_{w}\}-(p,q)_{w}.$$ $(D,d)$ is *Gromov hyperbolic* if $$\sup_{p,q,x,w\in D} S_d(p,q,x,w) <\infty.$$ If $S_d(p,q,x,w)\le 2\delta$, then $(D,d)$ is called *$\delta$-hyperbolic*.
We refer to [@Jesus] for other characterizations of Gromov hyperbolicity, especially for path metric spaces. We chose this one because it does not use geodesics explicitly.
$(D,d)$ is a *path metric space* if, for any two points $x,y\in D$ and any number $\varepsilon >0,$ there exists a rectifiable path joining $x$ and $y$ with length at most $d(x,y)+\varepsilon.$ Then the distance $d$ is called *intrinsic*.
From now on, let $D$ be a domain in $\mathbb{C}^{n}$.
Denote by $c_D$ and $l_{D}$ the Carathéodory distance and the Lempert function of $D$: $$c_{D}(z,w)=\sup\{\tanh^{-1}|f(w)|:f\in\mathcal{O}(D,\Bbb D), f(z)=0\},$$ $$l_{D}(z,w)=\inf\{\tanh^{-1}|\alpha|:\exists\varphi\in\mathcal{O}(\mathbb{D},D)
\hbox{ with }\varphi(0)=z,\varphi(\alpha)=w\},$$ where $\mathbb{D}$ is the unit disc. The Kobayashi distance $k_{D}$ is the largest pseudodistance not exceeding $l_{D}.$ The inner Carathéodory distance $c_D^i$ is the inner pseudodistance associated to $c_D.$ So, $c_D\le c_D^i\le k_D\le l_D.$ By Lempert’s seminal paper [@Lempert], we have equalities above if $D$ is convex (or bounded, $\mathcal{C}^2$-smooth and $\Bbb C$-convex).
An important property of $k_{D}$ is that it is the integrated form of the Kobayashi metric $\kappa_{D}$ of $D,$ i.e. $$\begin{gathered}
k_{D}(z,w)=\inf\{\int_0^1\kappa_{D}(\gamma (t);\gamma^{\prime}(t))dt:\\
\gamma:[0,1]\to D\textup{ is a smooth curve with }\gamma(0)=z\textup{ and }\gamma(1)=w\},\end{gathered}$$ where $$\kappa_{D}(z;X)=\inf\{|\alpha|:\exists\varphi\in\mathcal{O}(\mathbb{D},D)
\hbox{ with }\varphi(0)=z,\ \alpha\varphi'(0)=X\},$$ $z,w\in D,\ X\in\mathbb{C}^{n}.$
We refer to [@Jarnicki] for basic properties of the invariants defined here and of the Bergman distance $b_D.$
We shall say that $D$ is Gromov *$s$-hyperbolic* if $(D,s_D)$ is Gromov hyperbolic with respect to the distance $s$ (this should not be confused with $\delta$-hyperbolicity for some constant $\delta>0$).
The first result concerning Gromov $k$-hyperbolicity for domains in ${\Bbb C}^n$ was given by Balogh and Bonk [@Bonk] who gave both positive and negative examples. They proved that any bounded strictly pseudoconvex domain is Gromov $k$-hyperbolic [@Bonk Theorem 1.4]. They also showed that the Cartesian product of bounded strictly pseudoconvex domains is not Gromov $k$-hyperbolic [@Bonk Proposition 5.6] which is a special case of a general situation mentioned in many places, but without proof (cf. [@Gaussier]).
\[I\] Assume that $(X_1,d_1)$ is a path metric space with $d_1$ unbounded and $(X_2,d_2)$ a metric space with unbounded $d_2$. Let $d=\max\{d_1,d_2\}$. Then $(X_1\times X_2,d)$ is not Gromov hyperbolic.
\[I\]
The next proposition is more general than the previous one. However its proof uses Proposition \[I\].
\[II\] Let $(X_1,d_1)$ and $(X_2,d_2)$ be metric spaces, such that one of them is a path metric space. Let $d=\max\{d_1,d_2\}$. Then $(X_1\times X_2,d)$ is Gromov hyperbolic if and only if one of the factors is Gromov hyperbolic and the metric of the second one is bounded (in particular, it is also Gromov hyperbolic).
Moreover, the proof of Proposition \[I\] and Remark 1 (following this proof) show that the path property in Proposition \[II\] can be replaced the following.
A metric space $(Y,d)$ admits the *weak midpoints property* if either $d$ is bounded or there exist sequences $(x_k),(y_k),(z_k)\subset Y$ such that $d(x_k,y_k)\to\infty$ and $$\label{wmp}
\frac{d(x_k,z_k)}{d(x_k,y_k)}\to\frac{1}{2},\ \frac{d(y_k,z_k)}{d(x_k,y_k)}\to\frac{1}{2}.$$
\[III\] Let $D_1$ and $D_2$ be Kobayashi hyperbolic domains (i.e. $k_{D_1}$ and $k_{D_2}$ are distances) admitting non-constant bounded holomorphic functions (for example, bounded domains). Then $D_1\times D_2$ is not Gromov $k$-hyperbolic.
To see this, it is enough to observe that if a domain $G$ in $\Bbb C^n$ admits a non-constant bounded holomorphic function $f$ and $|f(z_j)|\to\sup_G|f|,$ then $k_G(z,z_j)\ge c_G(z,z_j)\to\infty.$
Note also that Proposition \[I\] implies that if $D_1$ and $D_2$ are planar domains with complements containing more than one point (i.e. they are Kobayashi hyperbolic), then $D_1\times D_2$ is not Gromov $k$-hyperbolic (use that $k_{D_k}(z,z_j)\to\infty$ as $z_j\to\partial
D_k,$ $k=1,2$).
As an immediate consequence we obtain that the polydisc is not Gromov $k$-hyperbolic. Moreover, even its “symmetrized” counterpart is not.
\[G\_n\] $\mathbb{G}_{n}$ is not Gromov $c$- nor $k$-hyperbolic for $n\geq 2$.
For the convenience of the reader, recall that the [*symmetrized polydisc*]{} $\mathbb{G}_{n},$ which is of great relevance due to its properties and role (cf. [@AY], [@Costara]), is the image of the holomorphic map $$\pi :\mathbb{D}^{n}\rightarrow\mathbb{C}^{n},\ \pi=(\pi_1,\ldots,\pi_n),$$ $$\pi_k(z_1,\ldots,z_n)=\sum_{1\leq j_1<\ldots<j_k\leq n}z_{j_1}\ldots z_{j_k},\ z_1,\ldots,z_n\in\mathbb{D},\ 1\leq k\leq n,$$ which is proper from $\mathbb{D}^{n}$ to $\mathbb{G}_{n}$.
Another interesting domain, the [*tetrablock*]{} (cf. [@AWY]), fails to be Gromov $k$-hyperbolic, too. Let $$\varphi:\mathcal{R}_{II}\rightarrow \mathbb{C}^{3},\ \varphi(z_{11},z_{22},z)=(z_{11},z_{22},z_{11}z_{22}-z^{2}),$$ where $\mathcal{R}_{II}$ denotes the classical Cartan domain of the second type (in $\mathbb{C}^{3}$), i.e. $$\mathcal{R}_{II} =\{\widetilde{z}\in\mathcal{M}_{2\times 2}(\mathbb{C}): \widetilde{z}=\widetilde{z}^{t},\ \lVert \widetilde{z}\rVert<1\},$$ where $\lVert \cdot \rVert$ is the operator norm and $\mathcal{M}_{2\times 2}(\mathbb{C})$ denotes the space of $2 \times 2$ complex matrices (we identify a point $(z_{11},z_{22},z)\in\mathbb{C}^{3}$ with a $2\times 2$ symmetric matrix $ \left( \begin{array}{ll}
z_{11} & z \\
z & z_{22}
\end{array} \right) ). $ Then $\varphi$ is a proper holomorphic map and $\varphi(\mathcal{R}_{II})=\mathbb{E}$ is a domain, called the tetrablock.
\[tetrablock\] $\mathbb{E}$ is not Gromov $k$-hyperbolic.
Since $\Bbb G_2$ and $\mathbb{E}$ are bounded $\mathbb{C}$-convex domains (see [@G2 Theorem 1 (i)] and [@Zwonek Corollary 4.2]), it follows that they are not Gromov $c^i$- nor $b$-hyperbolic either.
Buckley in [@Buckley], claimed that it is because of the flatness of the boundary rather than the lack of smoothness that Gromov hyperbolicity fails. Recently, Gaussier and Seshadri have provided a proof of that conjecture. More precisely, their main result in [@Gaussier Theorem 1.1] states that any bounded convex domain in $\mathbb{C}^{n}$ whose boundary is $\mathcal{C}^{\infty}$-smooth and contains an analytic disc, is not Gromov $k$-hyperbolic. Lemma 5.4 in their proof used the $\mathcal{C}^{\infty}$ assumption in an essential way. Our aim is to prove this result in a shorter way in $\mathbb{C}^{2}$, assuming only $\mathcal{C}^{1,1}$-smoothness. Moreover, the proofs of the facts we use are more elementary.
\[Gaussier\] Let $D$ be a convex domain in $\mathbb{C}^{2}$ containing no complex lines.[^1] Assume that $\partial D$ is $\mathcal{C}^{1,1}$-smooth and contains an analytic disc. Then $D$ is not Gromov $k$-hyperbolic.
Besides, we give a partial answer to the question raised in [@Bonk].
\[Pascal\] Let $D$ be a $\mathcal{C}^{1,1}$-smooth convex bounded domain in $\mathbb{C}^{2}$ admitting a defining function of the form $\varrho (z)=-\Re z_{1}+\psi (|z_{2}|)$ near the origin, where $\psi$ is a $\mathcal{C}^{1,1}$-smooth nonnegative convex function near $0$ satisfying $\psi (0)=0,$ and $$\label{infinite type}
\limsup _{x\rightarrow 0}\frac{\log \psi (|x|)}{\log |x|}=\infty.\footnote{If $\psi$ is $\mathcal{C}^{\infty},$ then $0$ is of infinite type if and only if condition (\ref{infinite type}) holds.}$$ Then $D$ is not Gromov $k$-hyperbolic.
Finally, note that there is no connection between Gromov hyperbolicity and pseudoconvexity. Indeed, take any strictly pseudoconvex domain $G.$ As we have already mentioned, $G$ is Gromov $k$-hyperbolic, and $k_G$ and $c_G$ are bilipschitz equivalent. Hence $G$ is Gromov $c$-hyperbolic, too. Assume that, respectively, $A\Subset G$ and $B$ is a relatively closed subset of $G$ such that $G\setminus A$ is a domain and that $B$ is negligible with respect to the $(2n - 2)$-dimensional Hausdorff measure. Then $G\setminus A$ is Gromov $c$-hyperbolic and $G\setminus B$ is Gromov $k$-hyperbolic, since $$c_{G\setminus A} = c_{G}|_{(G\setminus A)\times (G\setminus A)}$$ (by the Hartogs extension theorem) and $$k_{G\setminus B} = k_{G}|_{(G\setminus B)\times (G\setminus B)}$$ (cf. [@Jarnicki Theorem 3.4.2]).
However, the example with $G\setminus B$ does not have a smooth boundary. The next proposition yields, in particular, a family of non-pseudoconvex domains with smooth boundaries which are Gromov $k$-hyperbolic.
\[ball\] Let $G$ be a bounded domain in $\Bbb C^n\ (n\geq 2).$ Assume that $D\Subset G$ is a $\mathcal{C}^{2}$-smooth domain in $\Bbb C^n$ and its Levi form has at least one positive eigenvalue at each boundary point. Then $G\setminus D$ is a domain such that $k_{G\setminus D}$ is quasi-isometrically equivalent to $k_{G}|_{(G\setminus D)\times (G\setminus D)}.$[^2]
In particular, if $G$ is Gromov $k$-hyperbolic, then so is $G\setminus\overline{D}.$
\[str\_psc\] If $D\Subset G$ are strictly pseudoconvex domains in $\Bbb C^n,$ then $G\setminus\overline{D}$ is a Gromov $k$-hyperbolic domain.
The estimates that we use in the proof of Proposition 5 do not hold for the planar annulus $\mathbb{A}_r=\{z\in\mathbb{C}: r^{-1}<|z|<r\}$ ($r>1$). However, any finitely connected proper planar domain is Gromov $k$-hyperbolic (cf. [@RT Proposition 3.2]).
\[compact\] Let $G$ be a bounded domain in $\Bbb C^n\ (n\geq 2).$ Assume that $K$ is compact subset of $G$ such that through any point $z\in\Bbb C^n\setminus K$ passes a complex line disjoint from $K.$ Then $G\setminus D$ is a domain such that $k_{G\setminus D}$ is quasi-isometrically equivalent to $k_{G}|_{(G\setminus D)\times (G\setminus D)}$.[^3]
In particular, if $G$ is Gromov $k$-hyperbolic, then so is $G\setminus K.$
Note that we may take $K$ to be any compact (${\Bbb C}$-)convex set, since any compact or open ${\Bbb C}$-convex set $E$ in $\Bbb C^n$ is *linearly convex*, i.e. through any point in $\Bbb C^n\setminus E$ passes a complex line disjoint from $E$ (cf. [@APS Theorem 2.3.9]).
Throughout the paper $d_{D}$ denotes the (Euclidean) distance to $\partial D.$ A point $z\in\mathbb{C}^{n}$ we write as $(z_{1},\ldots,z_{n}),\ z_{j}\in\mathbb{C}.$
An appendix at the end of the paper includes some of the estimates for the Kobayashi distance and metric used in the proofs.
Proofs
======
[*Proof of Proposition \[I\].*]{} Assume that $(X,d)$ is $\frac{\delta}{2}$-hyperbolic. Put $k=3+\delta$. Then there are points $y_1,y_2\in X_2$ such that $d_2(y_1,y_2)=2s\geq 2k$. Choose points $x_1,x_2^\ast\in X_1$ with $d_1(x_1,x_2^\ast)\geq 2s$. By the path property of $X_1$, there is a $d_1$-continuous curve $\gamma:[0,1]\to X_1$ joining the points $x_1$ and $x_2^\ast$ such that $L_{d_1}(\gamma)<d_1(x_1,x_2^\ast)+1$. Note that $t\to
d_1(x_1,\gamma(t))$ is continuous. Hence there is a smallest number $t_0$ such that $d_1(x_1,\gamma(t_0))=2s$. Set $x_2=\gamma(t_0)$.
Now $L(\gamma|_{[0,t_0]}) \ge d_1(x_1,x_2)=2s$, and $$L(\gamma|_{[0,t_0]}) = L(\gamma) - L(\gamma|_{[t_0,1]})
\le d_1(x_1,x_2^\ast)+1 - d_1(x_2,x_2^\ast) \le d_1(x_1,x_2) +1.$$ Let $t_1$ be the smallest number in $[0,t_0]$ such that $d_1(x_1,\gamma(t_1))=s$. Set $x_3=\gamma(t_1)$. Then $$d_1(x_2,x_3) \ge d_1(x_1,x_2) - d_1(x_1,x_3) = s, \mbox{ and }$$ $$d_1(x_2,x_3) = L(\gamma|_{[0,t_1]}) = L(\gamma|_{[0,t_0]}) - L(\gamma|_{[t_1,t_0]})
\le 2s+1 - d_1(x_1,x_2) = s+1.$$ Hence, $s= d_1(x_1,x_3)\leq
d_1(x_3,x_2)<s+1$.
Now define the following points in $X_1 \times X_2$: $x=(x_1,y_1)$, $y=(x_2,y_1)$, $w=(x_3,y_1)$, and $z=(x_3,y_2)$. Then $d(z,w)=d(z,x)=d(z,y)=2s$ and $(x,y)_w\leq 1$, $(x,z)_w= d(x,w)=s$, $(y,z)_w=d(y,w)\ge s-1$. By the assumption of $\frac{\delta}{2}$-hyperbolicity we reach the inequalities $$1\geq (x,y)_w\geq \min\{(y,z)_w,(x,z)_w\}-\delta\geq
s-1-\delta\ge 2$$ which is a contradiction.
An essential ingredient in the proof of Proposition \[I\] is the existence of points $x_{1},x_{2},x_{3}$ such the triangle inequality is a near-equality, namely $(x_1, x_2)_{x_3} \le 1$. The condition is equivalent to $(x_1, x_2)_{x_3} = o(d(x_1,x_2))$, and $\left| d(x_1,x_3) - d(x_2,x_3)\right| = o(d(x_1,x_2))$.
Using this weaker hypothesis and following the steps of the above proof, setting $2s =d(x_1,x_2)$ as before, we find $$o(s)\geq (x,y)_w\geq s - o(s) -\delta,$$ leading to a contradiction when $s\to\infty$. Similar changes can be made in the proof below.
[*Proof of Proposition \[II\].*]{} Let first $(X_1,d_1)$ be $2\delta$-hyperbolic and $d_2\le 2c.$ Since $d\le d_1+2c,$ it follows that $$(x_1,y_1)_{w_1}-2c\le (x,y)_w\le(x_1,y_1)_{w_1}+4c$$ and then $(X,d)$ is $(\delta+3c)$-hyperbolic.
Assume now that $(X,d)$ is $\delta$-hyperbolic. Following the proof of Proposition \[I\], we deduce that one of the distances is bounded, say $d_2\le 2c.$ Then we get as above that $(X_1,d_1)$ is $(\delta+3c)$-hyperbolic.
[*Proof of Proposition \[G\_n\].*]{} Let $a\in\Bbb D,$ $p_a=\pi (a,\ldots,a),$ $q_a=\pi (a,\ldots,a,-a)$ and $m_a=\pi (a,\ldots,a,0).$ We shall show that $$S_{c_{\Bbb G_n}}(p_a,q_a,m_a,0)\to\infty\mbox{ as }|a|\to 1.$$ It follows exactly in the same way that $S_{k_{\Bbb G_n}}(p_a,q_a,m_a,0)\to\infty\mbox{ as }|a|\to 1.$ So, $\Bbb G_n$ is not Gromov $c$- nor $k$-hyperbolic for $n\geq 2.$
The holomorphic contractibility implies that $$c_{\Bbb G_n}(p_a,q_a) \ge c_{\Bbb D}(a^n,-a^n)=2c_{\Bbb D}(a^n,0),$$ $$\max\{c_{\Bbb G_n}(p_a,0), c_{\Bbb G_n}(q_a,0),c_{\Bbb G_n}(p_a,m_a),c_{\Bbb G_n}(q_a,m_a)\}\le c_{\Bbb D}(a^n,0).$$ Thus $$S_{c_{\Bbb G_n}}(p_a,q_a,m_a,0)\ge c_{\Bbb G_n}(m_a,0)+2c_{\Bbb D}(a^n,0)-2c_{\Bbb D}(a,0).$$ Since $$2c_{\Bbb D}(a,0)-2c_{\Bbb D}(a,0)\to\log n\mbox{ as }|a|\to 1,$$ it remains to see that $c_{\Bbb G_n}(m_a,0)\to\infty$ as $|a|\to 1.$ This follows by the fact that any point $b\in\Bbb G_n$ is a weak peak point, i.e. there exists $f_b\in\mathcal O(\Bbb G_n,\Bbb D)$ such that $|f_b(z)|\to 1$ as $z\to b$ (a consequence of [@Costara Corollary 3.2]).
[*Proof of Proposition \[tetrablock\].*]{} Let $a\in (0,1),$ and put $P_a=\varphi(\textup{diag}(a,a)),\ Q_a=\varphi(\textup{diag}(a,-a)).$ Recall that $\Phi_a(Z)=(Z-a\textup{I})(\textup{I}-aZ)^{-1}$ is an automorphism of $\mathcal{R}_{II}.$ Direct computations show that $$\varphi\circ\Phi_a (\left( \begin{array}{ll}
z_{11} & z \\
z & z_{22}
\end{array} \right))=\varphi\circ\Phi_a (\left( \begin{array}{ll}
z_{11} & -z \\
-z & z_{22}
\end{array} \right)),$$ whenever $\left( \begin{array}{ll}
z_{11} & z \\
z & z_{22}
\end{array} \right)\in\mathcal{R}_{II}.$ Thus, $\Phi_a$ induces an automorphism $\widetilde{\Phi}_{a}$ of $\mathbb{E}.$ It follows from this and [@AWY Corollary 3.7] that $$\begin{gathered}
k_{\mathbb{E}}(0,(a,b,p))=\tanh^{-1}\max\Big{\{}\frac{|a-\overline{b}p|+|ab-p|}{1-|b|^{2}},\frac{|b-\overline{a}p|+|ab-p|}{1-|a|^{2}}\Big{\},}\\
(a,b,p)\in\mathbb{E},\end{gathered}$$ $$2k_{\mathbb{E}}(P_a,0),\ 2k_{\mathbb{E}}(Q_a,0),\ k_{\mathbb{E}}(P_a,Q_a)
=-\log d_{\mathbb{D}}(a) +\textup{O}(1).$$ Observe that if $f(\lambda)=(0,\lambda,0),$, then $g_a=\widetilde{\Phi}_{-a}\circ f$ is a complex geodesic for $k_{\Bbb E}$ with $P_a=g_a(0)$, $Q_a=g\left(-\frac{2a}{1+a^2}\right)$. Note that the Kobayashi middle point $R_{a}$ of $g_{a}|_{[-\frac{2a}{1+a^2},0]}$ tends to the boundary; more precisely, $$R_{a}=g_{a}(-a)\rightarrow \textup{diag}(1,0) \textup{ as }a\rightarrow 1.$$ Consequently, $S_{k_{\Bbb E}}(P_a,Q_a,R_a,0)$ is comparable with $k_{\mathbb{E}}(R_a,0).$ By Proposition A1(b) (see Appendix), $k_{\mathbb{E}}(R_a,0)\to\infty$ as $a\to 1,$ which finishes the proof.
[*Proof of Theorem \[Gaussier\].*]{} Since $\partial D$ contains an analytic disc, it is well known that it contains an affine disc (cf. [@NPZ Proposition 7]). We assume that this disc has center $0$ and lies in $\{z_{1}=0\},$ and that $D\subset\{\Re z_{1}>0\}.$
We can find an $r>0$ such that for any $\delta >0$ small enough there exist two discs $\Delta (\tilde{p}_{\delta},r)$ and $\Delta (\tilde{q}_{\delta},r)$ in $D_{\delta}=D\cap\{z_{1}=\delta\}$ which touch $\partial{D}$ at two points $\hat{p}_{\delta}$ and $\hat{q}_{\delta}$ with $\lVert \hat{p}_{\delta}-\hat{q}_{\delta}\rVert >5r.$
We identify $\partial D\cap \{ z_{1}=0\}$ with a closed, bounded, convex subset of $\mathbb C$, which is the closure of its interior. Call this interior $D_0.$
There exists $\zeta_0 \in D_0$ such that $d_{D_0}(\zeta_0)=\max_{\zeta\in D_0}d_{D_0}(\zeta).$ Then $$M= \left\{ p \in \partial D_0 : |p- \zeta_0 | = \min_{\xi \in \partial D_0} |\xi- \zeta_0 |
\right\}$$ is a not empty set which cannot be contained in any half plane $$H_\theta = \{ \zeta :\\ \Re [(\zeta-\zeta_0)e^{-i\theta}] <0\}:$$ if it were, one could find $\varepsilon>0$ such that $d_{D_0}( \zeta_0 + \varepsilon e^{i\theta})
> d_{D_0}(\zeta_0)$. So there are $\hat p \neq \hat q
\in M$ such that $\arg( (\hat p -\zeta_0) (\hat q-\zeta_0)^{-1} ) \ge 2\pi/3$. Take $r\in (0, \frac{\sqrt 3}{5+\sqrt 3}|\hat p -\zeta_0|)$, $\tilde{p} = \zeta_0 + ( 1 - r|\hat p -\zeta_0|^{-1} ) (\hat p -\zeta_0)$, and $\tilde{q}$ chosen likewise. Then the discs $\Delta (\tilde{p},r)\subset D_{0}$ and $\Delta (\tilde{q},r)\subset D_{0}$ are tangent to $\partial D_{0}$ at $\hat{p}$ and $\hat{q}$.
Now we want to move these discs inside $D.$ By $\mathcal{C}^{1,1}$-smoothness of $D,$ we can move them (in $\mathbb{C}^{2}$) along the vector $(1,0)$ inside $D,$ i.e. $\Delta (\tilde{p},r),\,\Delta (\tilde{q},r)\subset D\cap\{z_{1}=\delta\}=D_{\delta},$ for $0<\delta <\delta_{0}.$ If they do not touch $\partial D_{\delta},$ then shift them (separately at every sublevel set) to the boundary but leaving their centers on the real line passing through $\tilde{p}+(\delta,0)$ and $\tilde{q}+(\delta,0).$ Denote new discs by $\Delta (\tilde{p}_{\delta},r),\,\Delta (\tilde{q}_{\delta},r),$ and by $\hat{p}_{\delta},\,\hat{q}_{\delta}$ points of contact of those discs with $\partial D_{\delta}.$
Choose now a point $a=(\delta_{0},0)\in D\textup{ (}\delta_{0}>0\textup{)}$ and consider the cone with vertex at $a$ and base $\partial D\cap\{z_{1}=0\}.$ Denote by $G_{\delta}$ the intersection of this cone and $\{z_{1}=\delta\}.$ For any $\delta>0$ small enough the line segment with ends at $\tilde{p}_{\delta}$ and $\hat{p}_{\delta}$ intersects $\partial G_{\delta},$ say at $p_{\delta}.$ Define $q_{\delta}$ in a similar way.
Set $\tilde{s}_{\delta}=\frac{ \tilde{p}_{\delta}+\tilde{q}_{\delta}}{2}.$ We shall show that $S_{k_D}(p_{\delta},q_{\delta}, \tilde{s}_{\delta}, a) \rightarrow \infty$ as $\delta\rightarrow 0.$ For this we will see that $(p_{\delta},\tilde{s}_{\delta})_{a}-(p_{\delta},q_{\delta})_{a}\rightarrow \infty$ as $\delta\rightarrow 0.$ It will follow in the same way that $(q_{\delta},\tilde{s}_{\delta})_{a}-(p_{\delta},q_{\delta})_{a}\rightarrow \infty.$
It is enough to prove that $$\label{1}
k_{D}(q_{\delta},a)-k_{D}(\tilde{s}_{\delta},a)<c_{1}$$ and $$\label{2}
k_{D}(p_{\delta},q_{\delta})-k_{D}(p_{\delta},\tilde{s}_{\delta})\rightarrow \infty.$$ Here and below $c_{1},c_{2},\ldots$ denote some positive constants which are independent of $\delta.$
For (\[1\]), observe that, by Propositions A1(a) and A2 (see Appendix), $$\label{Kobayashi estimates}
k_{D}(\tilde{s}_{\delta},a)\geq\frac{1}{2}\log\frac{d_{D}(a)}{d_{D}(\tilde{s}_{\delta})}\textup{ and }2k_{D}(q_{\delta},a)\leq -\log d_{D}(q_{\delta})+c_{2}.$$ It remains to use that $d_{D}(\tilde{s}_{\delta})=d_{D}(q_{\delta})$ for any $\delta >0$ small enough.
To prove (\[2\]), denote by $F_{\delta}$ the convex hull of $\Delta (\tilde{p}_{\delta},r)$ and $\Delta (\tilde{s}_{\delta},r).$ Then by inclusion $k_{D}(p_{\delta},\tilde{s}_{\delta})\leq k_{F_{\delta}}(p_{\delta},\tilde{s}_{\delta})$.
$k_{F_{\delta}}(p_{\delta},\tilde{s}_{\delta}) < -\frac{1}{2}\log d^{\prime}_{D}(p_{\delta})+c_{3},$ where $d^{\prime}_{D}$ is the distance to $\partial D$ in the $z_{2}$-direction.
[*Proof.*]{} For $\delta>0$ small enough we have that $$d^{\prime}_{D}(p_{\delta}) = d_{D_\delta}(p_{\delta}) =
d_{F_\delta}(p_{\delta}) = d_{\Delta (\tilde{p}_{\delta},r)}(p_{\delta})$$ because the closest point on $\partial D_\delta$ belongs to $\partial \Delta (\tilde{p}_{\delta},r)$. Now $k_{F_{\delta}}(p_{\delta},\tilde{s}_{\delta}) \le
k_{F_{\delta}}(p_{\delta},\tilde{p}_{\delta}) + k_{F_{\delta}}(\tilde p_{\delta},\tilde{s}_{\delta}) $.
Since $\Delta (\tilde{p}_{\delta},r)\subset F_{\delta}$, $$\begin{gathered}
k_{F_{\delta}}(p_{\delta},\tilde{p}_{\delta})
\le k_{\Delta (\tilde{p}_{\delta},r)}(p_{\delta},\tilde{p}_{\delta})
= \frac{1}{2}\log \frac{1+\frac{|p_{\delta}-\tilde{p}_{\delta}|}{r} }{1-\frac{|p_{\delta}-\tilde{p}_{\delta}|}{r}}
\\
\le - \frac{1}{2} \log d_{\Delta (\tilde{p}_{\delta},r)}(p_{\delta}) +\frac12 \log (2r)
= -\frac{1}{2}\log d^{\prime}_{D}(p_{\delta})+ \frac12 \log (2r) .\end{gathered}$$ On the other hand, by using a finite chain of discs of radius $r$ with centers on the line segment from $\tilde{p}_{\delta}$ to $\tilde{s}_{\delta}$, we obtain that $$k_{F_{\delta}}(\tilde p_{\delta},\tilde{s}_{\delta}) \le
4 \frac{|\tilde p_{\delta}-\tilde{s}_{\delta}|}{r} \le C(r).\qed$$
Now, we shall show that $$\label{3}
2k_{D}(p_{\delta},q_{\delta})>-\log d^{\prime}_{D}(p_{\delta})-\log d^{\prime}_{D}(q_{\delta})-c_{4},$$ which implies (\[2\]), because $d^{\prime}_{D}(q_{\delta})\rightarrow 0$ as $\delta\rightarrow 0.$
Since the Kobayashi distance is intrinsic, we may find a point $m_{\delta}\in D$ such that $$\lVert p_{\delta} - m_{\delta}\rVert=\lVert q_{\delta}-m_{\delta}\rVert\geq\frac{\lVert p_{\delta}-q_{\delta}\rVert}{2},$$ $$k_{D}(p_{\delta},q_{\delta})>
k_{D}(p_{\delta},m_{\delta})+k_{D}(m_{\delta},q_{\delta})-1.$$
Let $\check{p}_{\delta}\in\partial D$ be the closest point to $p_{\delta}$ in the direction of the complex line through $p_{\delta}$ and $m_{\delta}.$
Recall that $d_D'$ is the distance to $\partial D$ in the $z_{2}$-direction and $d_D(p_\delta)$ is attained in $z_{1}$-direction for any $\delta>0$ small enough. This means that the standard basis is adapted to the local geometry of $\partial D$ near $p_\delta$, and more precisely, if $X=(X_1,X_2)\in\Bbb C^2$ is a unit vector, [@NPZ (4)] states in this case that there exists a constant $C$ such that $$\frac{1}{d_D(p_\delta,X)}\le \frac{|X_1|}{d_{D}(p_\delta)} +
\frac{|X_2|}{d'_{D}(p_\delta)}\le\frac{C}{d_D(p_\delta,X)},$$ where $d_D(\cdot;X)$ is the distance to $\partial D$ in direction $X.$ Since $d'_{D}\ge d_D$, we obtain $$d_D(p_\delta;X)\le c_5d_D'(p_\delta).$$
Let $X= \frac{m_\delta-p_{\delta}}{\|m_\delta-p_{\delta}\|}.$ Then $\| p_{\delta}-\check{p}_{\delta}\| = d_X (p_{\delta})$ and thus $$\label{4}
\lVert p_{\delta}-\check{p}_{\delta}\rVert< c_{5}d^{\prime}_{D}(p_{\delta}).$$
By convexity, $D$ is on the one of the sides, say $H_{\delta},$ of the real tangent plane to $\partial D$ at $\check{p} _{\delta}.$ Since $\frac{\lVert m_{\delta}-\check{p}_{\delta}\rVert}{d_{H_\delta}(m_{\delta})}
=\frac{\lVert p_{\delta}-\check{p}_{\delta}\rVert}{d_{H_\delta}(p_{\delta})}$, it follows by that $$2k_{D}(p_{\delta},m_{\delta})
\geq 2k_{H_{\delta}}(p_{\delta},m_{\delta})
\geq \log \frac{d_{H_\delta}(m_{\delta})}{d_{H_\delta}(p_{\delta})}
=
\log\frac{\lVert m_{\delta}-\check{p}_{\delta}\rVert}{\lVert p_{\delta}-\check{p}_{\delta}\rVert}.$$ Applying the triangle inequality and , we get that $$\begin{gathered}
\log\frac{\lVert m_{\delta}-\check{p}_{\delta}\rVert}{\lVert p_{\delta}-\check{p}_{\delta}\rVert}\ge
\log\frac{\lVert m_\delta -p_\delta\rVert -\lVert p_\delta -\check{p}_\delta\rVert}{\lVert p_{\delta}-\check{p}_{\delta}\rVert}\ge\\
\log\left(\frac{r}{2\lVert p_{\delta}-\check{p}_{\delta}\rVert}-1\right)\ge\log\frac{r}{2c_5 d^{\prime}(p_\delta)}\,-\,1,\end{gathered}$$ for any $\delta >0$ small enough. So $2k_{D}(p_{\delta},m_{\delta})>-\log d^{\prime}_{D}(p_{\delta})-c_{6}.$ Similarly, $2k_{D}(q_{\delta},m_{\delta})>-\log d^{\prime}_{D}(q_{\delta})-c_{6},$ which implies (\[3\]), and completes the proof.
All the above arguments hold in $\mathbb{C}^{n}$, $n\ge 3$, except (\[4\]).
[*Proof of Theorem \[Pascal\].*]{} Since the case when $\psi(z_{0}) =0$ for some $z_{0}\not= 0,$ is covered by Proposition \[Gaussier\], we may assume that $\psi^{-1}\{0\}=\{0\}$. Also assume $p=(1,0)\in D.$
Let $\alpha (x),$ small enough, an increasing function such that for any $x>0,\ \psi^{\prime}(x)\geq\psi^{\prime}((1-\alpha (x))x)\geq\frac{1}{2}\psi' (x)$. We choose, for $x>0,\ q(x)=(\psi(x),0),\ r(x)=(\psi (x),-(1-\alpha (x))x),\ s(x)=(\psi (x),(1-\alpha (x))x).$
We claim that for $x$ small enough:
1. $d_{D}(q)=\psi (x),$\[A\]
2. $\frac{\alpha (x)}{4}x\psi^{\prime}(x)\leq d_{D}(s),d_{D}(r)\leq \alpha (x)x\psi^{\prime}(x),$\[B\]
3. the functions $k_{D}(s,q)+\frac{1}{2}\log\alpha (x)$ and $k_{D}(r,q)+\frac{1}{2}\log\alpha (x)$ are bounded,\[C\]
4. the function $k_{D}(r,s)+\log\alpha (x)$ is bounded.\[D\]
Before we proceed to prove the claims we make some general observation about infinite order of vanishing.
\[psipsi\] For any $\varepsilon>0$ and $A>0$, there exists $x \in (0,\varepsilon)$ such that $\frac{x \psi'(x) }{\psi(x)} >A$.
Suppose instead that there exist $\varepsilon>0$ and $A>0$ such that $ \frac{x \psi'(x) }{\psi(x)} \le A$ for $0<x\le \varepsilon$. Then $$\frac{d}{dx} \left( \log \psi(x)\right) \le \frac{A}x, \quad 0<x\le \varepsilon,$$ so $\log(\psi(\varepsilon)) - \log (\psi(x)) \le A \left( \log \varepsilon - \log x \right)$, i.e. $$\psi(x) \ge \frac{\psi(\varepsilon)}{\varepsilon^{A}} x^{ A}, \quad 0<x\le \varepsilon,$$ which means that at the point $0$ there is finite order of contact with the tangent hyperplane, a contradiction.
Assume the claims for a while, and observe that for any $x$ verifying the conclusion of Lemma \[psipsi\] we have $$(r,p)_{q}-(r,s)_{q}, \quad (p,s)_{q}-(r,s)_{q}\geq -\frac{1}{2}\log\frac{\psi (x)}{x\psi^{\prime}(x)}+C_{1}.$$ Since the above quantity can be made arbitrarily large, it finishes the proof.
It remains to prove (\[A\])-(\[D\]).
(\[A\]) is clear. Next, since $(\psi((1-\alpha (x))x),(1-\alpha (x))x)\in D,\ d_{D}(s)\leq \psi (x)-\psi ((1-\alpha (x))x))\leq \alpha (x)x\psi^{\prime}(x)$ by convexity. Let $L$ be the real line through $(\psi((1-\alpha (x))x),(1-\alpha (x))x)$ and $(\psi (x),x).$ Its slope is less than $\psi^{\prime}(x),$ so $d_{D}(s)\geq \textup{dist}\,(s,L^{\prime}),$ where $L^{\prime}$ is the line through $(\psi((1-\alpha (x))x),(1-\alpha (x))x)$ with slope $\psi^{\prime}(x),$ so $$\begin{gathered}
d_{D}(s) \geq \frac{\psi (x) - \psi ((1-\alpha(x))x)}{\sqrt{1+\psi^{\prime}(x)^{2}}} \\
\geq \frac{1}{2} {\alpha (x) \times \psi^{\prime}((1-\alpha (x))x)} \geq \frac{1}{4} \alpha (x) \times \psi^{\prime}(x).\end{gathered}$$ Thus, $\frac{\alpha (x)}{4}x\psi^{\prime}(x)\leq d_{D}(s)\leq \alpha (x)x\psi^{\prime}(x).$ Analogous estimates hold for $r,$ which gives (\[B\]).
The analytic disc $\zeta \mapsto (\psi (x),x\zeta)$ provides immediate upper estimates in (\[C\]) and (\[D\]).
To get lower estimate for $k_{D}(s,q),$ we map $D$ to a domain in $\mathbb{C}$ by the complex affine projection $\pi_{s}$ to $\{z_{1}=\psi (x)\},$ parallel to the complex tangent space to $\partial D$ at the point $(\psi(x),x).$ Then $\pi_{s}(D)=\{\psi (x)\}\times D_{s},$ where $D_{s}$ is a convex domain in $\mathbb{C},$ containing the disc $\{|z_{2}|<x\},$ and its tangent line at the point $x$ is the real line $\{\Re z_{2}=x\}.$ The projection is given by the explicit formula $$\pi_{s}(z_{1},z_{2})=\Big{(}\psi (x),z_{2}+\frac{\psi (x)-z_{1}}{\psi^{\prime}(x)}\Big{)}.$$ We renormalize by setting $f_{+}(z)=1-\frac{1}{x}[\pi_{s}(z)]_{2}.$ Therefore $f_{+}(D) \subset H=\{z\in\mathbb{C}:\Re z>0\},$ so $$\label{E}
k_{D}(s,q)\geq
k_{H}(f_{+}(s),f_{+}(q)) = k_H (\alpha(x),0)
\geq -\frac{1}{2}\log \alpha (x) +C_{2},$$ where $C_{2}>0$ does not depend on $x.$
The estimate for $k_{D}(r,q)$ proceeds along the same lines, but we use the projection $\pi_{r}$ to $\{z_{1}=\psi (x)\}$ along the complex tangent space to $\partial D$ at $(\psi (x),x),$ given by $$\pi_{r}=\Big{(}\psi (x),z_{2}-\frac{\psi (x)-z_{1}}{\psi^{\prime}(x)}\Big{)}.$$ Note that choosing $f_{-}(z)=1+\frac{1}{x}[\pi_{r}(z)]_{2},$ we have $f_{-}(D)\subset\{\Re z>0\}.$
Now we tackle the lower estimates for $k_{D}(r,s).$ Let $\gamma$ be any piecewise $\mathcal{C}^{1}$ curve such that $\gamma (0)=s,\,\gamma (1)=r.$ Let $c_{0}<\frac{1}{2}.$ We claim that there exists $t_{0}\in (0,1)$ such that if we set $u=\gamma (t_{0}),$ then $|f_{+}(u)|,|f_{-}(u)|\geq c_{0}.$
For this write $\gamma=(\gamma_{1},\gamma_{2}).$ Set $\zeta_{1}=1-\frac{\psi (x)\,-\,\gamma_1(t_0)}{x\psi^{\prime}(x)}.$ By the explicit form of $\pi_{s},$ the condition $|f_{+}(u)|\geq c_{0}$ reads $|\zeta_{1}-\frac{\gamma_{2}(t_0)}{x}|\geq c_{0},$ and the condition $|f_{-}(u)|\geq c_{0}$ reads $|\zeta_{1}+\frac{\gamma_{2}(t_0)}{x}|\geq c_{0}.$ We claim that the discs $\overline{\mathbb{D}}(\zeta_{1},c_{0})$ and $\overline{\mathbb{D}}(-\zeta_{1},c_{0})$ are disjoint for any $t.$ Indeed, they would intersect if and only if $0\in\overline{\mathbb{D}}(\zeta_{1},c_{0}),$ which implies $$\Re\Big{(}\frac{\gamma_{1}(t_0)}{x \psi^{\prime}(x)}\Big{)}
\leq -1+c_{0}+\frac{\psi (x)}{x\psi^{\prime}(x)}\leq -\frac{1}{3}$$ for any $x$ such that $\frac{\psi (x)}{x\psi^{\prime}(x)}\leq \frac{1}{6}$, which we may assume by Lemma \[psipsi\]. In particular $\Re\gamma_{1}(t_0)<0,$ which is excluded for any $\gamma (t)\in D.$ Now let $t_{1}=\max\{t:\frac{\gamma_{2}(t)}{x}\in\overline{\mathbb{D}}(\zeta_{1},c_{0})\}.$ Then $\frac{\gamma_{2}(t_{1})}{x}\notin\overline{\mathbb{D}}(-\zeta_{1},c_{0}),$ and by continuity there is $\eta >0$ such that $\frac{\gamma_{2}(t_{1}+\eta)}{x}\notin\overline{\mathbb{D}}(-\zeta_{1},c_{0}),$ and of course $\frac{\gamma_{2}(t_{1}+\eta)}{x}\notin\overline{\mathbb{D}}(\zeta_{1},c_{0})$ by maximality of $t_{1},$ so $t_{0}=t_{1}+\eta$ will provide a point satisfying the claim.
Consequently, taking a curve $\gamma$ such that $$k_D(r,s)+1 > \int_{0}^{1}\kappa_{D}(\gamma (t);\gamma^{\prime}(t))dt,$$ $$\begin{gathered}
\int_{0}^{1}\kappa_{D}(\gamma (t);\gamma^{\prime}(t))dt
\geq\int_{0}^{t_{0}}\kappa_{D}(\gamma (t);\gamma^{\prime}(t))dt
+\int_{t_{0}}^{1}\kappa_{D}(\gamma (t);\gamma^{\prime}(t))dt \\
\geq k_{D}(r,u)+k_{D}(u,s).\end{gathered}$$ We end the proof by estimating $k_{D}(r,u)$ in the same way as we did $k_D(r,q)$ above, and $k_{D}(u,s)$ as as we did $k_D(s,q)$ above, using the maps $f_+,f_-$ and estimates about the Kobayashi distance in a half plane.
[*Proof of Proposition \[ball\].*]{} Set $G'=G\setminus\overline{D}.$
Assume first that $G'$ is not a domain. Let $G''$ be a bounded connected component of $G'.$ Consider a farthest point $a\in\partial G''$ from the origin. Then $a$ is a concave boundary point of $D$ which a contradiction.
Choose now a smooth domain $E$ such that $D\Subset E\Subset G.$ By smoothness and compactness, there is a constant $C>0$ such that any two points in $G'\cap\overline{E}$ may be jointed by a path in $G'\cap\overline{E}$ of length (at most) $C.$ By Propositions A3 (after integration) and A4, we may find a constant $c>0$ such that $$k_{G'}(z,w)\le c||z-w||^{1/4} \le c^2,\ z,w\in G'\cap\overline{E},$$ $$k_{G'}\le c k_G,\ z,w\in G\setminus E.$$ So there are constants $c_1, c_2$ such that $$k_G\le k_{G'}\le c_1 k_G + c_2,\ z,w\in G\setminus E\mbox{ or }z,w\in G'\cap\overline{E}.$$
Finally, let $z\in G\setminus E$ and $w\in G'\cap\overline{E}.$ Since the Kobayashi distance is intrinsic and $\partial E$ is compact, we may find a point $u\in\partial E$ such that $$k_G(z,w)=k_G(z,u)+k_G(u,w).$$ It follows that $$k_G(z,w)\ge ck_{G'}(z,u)+ck_{G'}(u,w)\ge ck_{G'}(z,w).$$
[*Proof of Proposition \[compact\].*]{} It clear that $G'=G\setminus K$ is a domain. Following the previous proof, let $E$ be a domain such that $K\subset E\Subset G.$ All the arguments in the previous proof work except the estimate on $G'\cap\overline{E}.$ We need to find a constant $c>0$ such that $$k_{G'}(z,w)\le c,\ z,w\in G'\cap\overline{E}.$$
Take a complex line $L$ through $z$ which is disjoint from $K.$ Then the disc in $L$ with center of $z$ and radius $d_{G\cap L}(z)$ lies in $G'.$ Choose a common point $z'$ of this disc and $\partial E$ such that $||z-z'||=d_{E\cap L}(z).$ Then $$\tanh l_{G'}(z,z')\le\frac{||z-z'||}{d_{G\cap L}(z)}\le
1-\frac{r}{d_{G\cap L}(z)}\le 1-\frac{2r}{s},$$ where $r=\mbox{dist}(E,\partial G)$ and $s=\mbox{diam }G.$
Choosing $w'$ for $w$ in the same way, it follows that $$k_{G'}(z,w)\le k_{G'}(z,z')+k_{G'}(z',w')+k_{G'}(w',w)\le 2c'+c''$$ where $c'=\tanh^{-1}(1-2r/s)$ and $c''=\max k_{G'}|_{\partial E\times\partial E}.$
Appendix
========
\(a) Let $D$ be proper convex domain in $\Bbb C^n.$ Then $$c_{D}(z,w)\geq\frac{1}{2}\left|\log\frac{d_{D}(z)}{d_{D}(w)}\right|,\quad z,w\in D.$$
\(b) Let $D$ be proper $\Bbb C$-convex domain in $\Bbb C^n.$ Then $$c_{D}(z,w)\geq\frac{1}{4}\left|\log\frac{d_{D}(z)}{d_{D}(w)}\right|,\quad z,w\in D.$$
Let $b$ be a $\mathcal{C}^{1,1}$-smooth boundary point of a domain $D$ is $\Bbb C^n$ and let $K\Subset D.$ Then there exist a neighborhood $U$ of $b$ and a constant $C>0$ such that $$2k_D(z,w)\le-\log d_D(z)+C,\quad z\in D\cap U,\ w\in K.$$
Let $b$ is a $\mathcal{C}^2$-smooth non-pseudoconvex boundary point of a domain $D$ in $\Bbb C^2.$ Then there exist a neighborhood $U$ of $b$ and a constant $c>0$ such that $$c\kappa_D(z;X)\le\frac{|\langle\nabla d_D(z),X\rangle|}{(d_D(z))^{3/4}}+|X|,\quad z\in D\cap U,\ X\in\Bbb C^n.$$
Let $D$ be a bounded domain in $\Bbb C^n.$ Let $U$ and $V$ be neighborhoods of $\partial D$ with $V\Subset U.$ Then there exists a constant $c>0$ such that for any connected component $D'$ of $D\cap U$ one has that $$ck_{D'}(z,w)\le k_D(z,w),\quad z,w\in D'\cap V.$$
[*Proof.*]{} Let $\varepsilon>0.$ Take a smooth curve $\gamma:[0,1]\to D$ such that $\gamma(0)=z,$ $\gamma(1)=w$ and $$k_D(z,w,\varepsilon):=k_D(z,w)+\varepsilon>\int_0^1\kappa_{D}(\gamma (t);\gamma^{\prime}(t))dt.$$ Let $s=\sup\{t\in(0,1):\gamma(0,t)\subset D'\cap V\}$ and $r=\inf\{t\ge s:\gamma([t,1])\subset D'\cap V\}.$ Set $z'=\gamma(s)$ and $w'=\gamma(r).$ The localization property of the Kobayashi metric (cf. ) provides a constant $c'>0$ such that $$c'\kappa_{D'}(u;X)\le\kappa_D(u;X),\quad z\in {D'}\cap V,\ X\in\Bbb C^n.$$ It follows that $$\begin{gathered}
k_D(z,w,\varepsilon)>c'k_{D'}(z,z')+k_D(z',w')+c'k_{D'}(w',w)\\
\ge c'k_{D'}(z,w)+k_D(z',w')-c'k_{D'}(z',w').\end{gathered}$$
If $z'\neq w',$ then $z',w'\in {D'}\cap\partial V\Subset {D'}.$ Then there exists a constant $c_1>0$ such that $$k_{D'}(u,v)\le c_1||u-v||,\quad u,v\in {D'}\cap\partial V.$$ On the other hand, since $D$ is bounded, we may find a constant $c_2>0$ such that $$k_D(u,v)\ge c_2||u-v||,\quad u,v\in {D'}\cap\partial V.$$
Then $$k_D(z,w,\varepsilon)>c'k_{D'}(z,w)+(c_2-c'c_1)||z'-w'||.$$ Since $$k_D(z,w,\varepsilon)>k_D(z',w')\ge c_2||z'-w'||,$$ we get that $$k_D(z,w,\varepsilon)>c'k_{D'}(z,w)-(c'c_1/c_2-1)^+k_D(z,w,\varepsilon).$$
The last inequality also holds if $z'=w'.$ Letting $\varepsilon\to 0,$ we obtain that $$k_D(z,w)\ge\min\{c',c_2/c_1\}k_{D'}(z,w).$$
[M]{} Abouhajar, A., White, M., Young, N.: A Schwarz lemma for a domain related to $\mu$-synthesis, J. Geom. Anal. **17** (2007), 717–750. Andersson, M., Passare, M., Sigurdsson, R., Complex convexity and analytic functionals, Birkhäuser, Basel-Boston-Berlin, 2004. Agler, J., Young, N.J.: A commutant lifting theorem for a domain in $\Bbb C^2$ and spectral interpolation, J. Funct. Anal. **161** (1999), 452–477. Balogh, Z.M., Bonk, M.: Gromov hyperbolicity and the Kobayashi metric on strictly pseudoconvex domains, Comment. Math. Helv. **75** (2000), 504–533. Buckley, S.: Gromov hyperbolicity of invariant metrics, preprint (2008); www.uma.es/investigadores/grupos/cfunspot/research/0806pBuckley.pdf. Costara, C.: On the spectral Nevanlinna-Pick problem, Studia Math. **170** (2005), 23–55. Dieu, N.Q., Nikolov N., Thomas P.J.: Estimates for invariant metrics near non-semipositive boundary points , J. Geom. Anal. **23** (2013), 598–610. Forstneric, F., Rosay, J-P.: Localization of the Kobayashi metric and the boundary continuity of proper holomorphic mappings, Math. Ann. **279** (1987), 239–252. Gaussier, H., Seshadri, H.: On the Gromov hyperbolicity of convex domains in $\mathbb{C}^{n}$, arXiv:1312.0368. Gromov, M.: Hyperbolic groups. Essays in group theory, 75–263, Math. Sci. Res. Ins. Publ., 8, Springer, New York, 1987. Jarnicki, M., Pflug, P.: Invariant distances and metrics in complex analysis, de Gruyter Exp. Math. 9, de Gruyter, Berlin-New York, 1993. Lempert, L.: La métrique de Kobayashi et la représentation des domaines sur la boule, Bull. Soc. Math. France **109** (1981), 427–474. Nikolov, N.: Comparison of invariant functions on strongly pseudoconvex domains, J. Math. Anal. Appl. **421** (2015), 180–185. Nikolov, N., Pflug, P., Zwonek, W.: An example of a bounded $\Bbb C$-convex domain which is not biholomorphic to a convex domain, Math. Scan. **102** (2008), 149–155. Nikolov, N., Pflug, P., Zwonek, W.: Estimates for invariant metrics on $\mathbb{C}$-convex domains, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. **363** (2011), 6245–6256. Nikolov, N., Trybuła, M.: The Kobayashi balls of ($\Bbb C$-)convex domains, Monatsh. Math. DOI 10.1007/s00605-015-0746-3. Rodriguez J.M., Touris, E.: Gromov hyperbolicity through decomposition of metrics spaces, Acta Math. Hung. **103** (2004), 107–138. Väisälä, J.: Gromov hyperbolic spaces, Expo. Math. **23** (2005), 187–231. Zwonek, W.: Geometric properties of the tetrablock, Arch. Math. **100** (2013), 159–165.
[^1]: Then D is biholomorphic to a bounded domain (cf. [@Jarnicki Theorem 7.1.8]).
[^2]: One can show that these distances are not bilipschitz equivalent.
[^3]: One can show that these distances are not bilipschitz equivalent if, for example, $K$ is a closed polydisc.
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The official truck of getting things done.
You can say Toyota knows a thing or two about trucks. After all, we’ve been building them for over 80 years. So when you get inside the 2017 Toyota Tundra, you can count on it to deliver the toughness you expect. Its available 5.7-liter V8 has got the brawn to haul your heavy loads.1 A spacious cabin carries you and your crew in comfort. And with premium grades like Tundra Platinum – featuring perforated, leather-trimmed, heated and ventilated front bucket seats, 20-in. alloy wheels, power tilt/slide moonroof and soft-touch interior materials – you can go from the work site to a night on the town. If you can imagine it, Tundra is ready to help you get it done. Let’s go places.
Tundra’s standard backup camera helps make hitching up that boat a bit easier. When you shift into Reverse, the 6.1-in. or available 7-in.5 touch-screen displays an image of what the camera sees behind you.
Intuitive Control Layout
Buttons and controls right where you want them. This helps keep your eyes on the task at hand, like making sure your boat launches safely.
Auto LSD uses the rear brakes to simulate the action of a mechanical limited-slip differential and is much easier to maintain. With Auto LSD, Tundra automatically applies brake pressure to the powered wheel with limited-to-no traction without restricting engine power. This helps increase resistance at the slipping wheel, which in turn helps feed power to the wheel with grip. With Auto LSD, even a 4x2 Tundra can pull itself out of many low-traction situations.
All 2017 Tundras equipped with the i-FORCE 5.7L V8 come standard with an Integrated Trailer Brake Controller. When connected to a compatible trailer, this system will help your trailer apply its brakes when you apply the brakes in your Tundra. You can also easily monitor system controls while driving via the Multi-Information Display. In other words, it’s one more way Tundra gives you more control over what’s going on behind you.
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Background {#Sec1}
==========
This study examines whether level of education prior to imprisonment and participation in prison education programs are associated with better health for male and female inmates. We contribute to a large body of work linking educational attainment and adult health \[[@CR1]--[@CR3]\] in which individuals with higher levels of education report fewer chronic diseases, have better mental health, and enjoy longer lives than do adults with lower levels of education \[[@CR4], [@CR5]\]. The resource substitution theory hypothesizes that education will be more strongly associated with health among more disadvantaged populations, such as women relative to men, because education can serve as a "substitute" for the limited resources among these groups \[[@CR6], [@CR7]\]. However, because of the explicit focus on non-institutionalized populations \[[@CR8]\], little is known about the health benefits of education among male and female prisoners.
The absence of this research is particularly important because the size of the prison population in the United States has increased more than sevenfold in the past 30 years and the U.S. now has the highest rate of imprisonment compared to all other countries \[[@CR9]\]. Importantly, the female prison population has been increasing at substantially higher rates than the male prison population \[[@CR10]\], incarcerated women have worse health \[[@CR11]\] and complex comorbid conditions \[[@CR12]\] across multiple domains compared to men. In addition, women's prisons have lower programming availability \[[@CR13]\], often struggle to meet the healthcare needs of the prisoners \[[@CR13], [@CR14]\], have higher exposure to sexual violence \[[@CR15]\], and women have specific healthcare needs that are not always provided for in prisons \[[@CR16], [@CR17]\]. As such, examining sex differences in the relationship between education and health among prisoners is important because it provides additional insights into the nature of the association.
Methods {#Sec2}
=======
Data come from the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities (SISCF), which provides a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults incarcerated in state prisons \[[@CR18]\]. The sample design employed a stratified, two-stage selection process. The prison sample was selected from a universe of 1,585 state prisons. Overall, 301 prisons were randomly selected for inclusion in the study. A total of 287 prisons participated (95.3 % prison-level response rate). In the second stage, inmates were randomly selected for participation (*n* = 14,499; 89.1 % respsonse rate). The interviews were conducted using computer assisted personal interviewing and participation was voluntary. Due to missingness on key variables, the final sample size is 13,290 (10,493 men and 2,797 women).
Respondents were first asked about *lifetime* diagnoses and then a follow up question ascertained whether or not the respondents still have problems related to the condition (i.e., *current* morbidity). The 11 health conditions include hypertension or high blood pressure, diabetes, heart problems, asthma, kidney problems, stroke, all-cause cancer, arthritis, cirrhosis, sexually transmitted infections (STI), and hepatitis. Lifetime (α = 0.52) and current (α = 0.48) morbidity standardized scale scores are calculated to represent the presence of multiple health conditions. Education prior to entering the current prison term is measured with years of education (0 to 18 years). We further refine this measure by including a series of dummy variables assessing degree attainment by categorizing less than high school, GED, high school diploma, and at least some college. Current education examines whether an inmate participated in a high school education class or obtained a GED during their current prison sentence if they are eligible (i.e. enter prison with less than a GED level of education). All multivariate models control for age, race/ethnicity, employment prior to incarceration, and marital status. We also control for the number of years served to date during the current incarceration episode and whether this is their first incarceration episode.
Our analyses are conducted in two parts. First, linear regression models estimate the association between education *prior to entering prison* and *lifetime* morbidity stratifying by gender and controlling for demographic background. Importantly, our models use prison fixed effects to control for contextual and compositional differences across prisons that may confound associations. The second analysis examines educational attainment within prison and includes only those inmates who entered prison with less than a GED level of education. Similar linear models with prison fixed effects estimate the association between attaining a GED *in prison* and *current* morbidity. We then follow with additional descriptive analyses to examine who participates in prison high school classes in more detail. Finally, a supplementary analysis examines the association between education and one of the morbidities: hypertension. All descriptive and multivariate analyses use sampling weights to adjust for the complex sampling design of the study.
Results {#Sec3}
=======
Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"} presents the descriptive and bivariate (by gender) analysis. Incarcerated women have a significantly higher mean morbidity count than do men. Half of women (52.8 %) report at least one health condition while only one-third of men do (36.9 %). The top 10 % of the unhealthiest women have three current health conditions compared to two for men. The raw frequencies and weighted odds ratios indicate that women have worse health compared to men. Incarcerated women report significantly higher rates for most conditions at the *p* \< 0.001 level excluding hypertension - which is still significant at the *p* \< .01 level - and stroke and cirrhosis - which are not statistically significant.Table 1Health, Education, and Demographic Characteristics of Prisoners Stratified by Gender (Men: *n* = 10,493; Women: *n* = 2,797)MenWomen*p*WeightedConfidence*n* (%)^a^*n* (%)^a^ORInterval (OR)Mean Health Count (se).59 (.01).97 (.02)\< .001Hypertension2197 (21.2)649 (23.6)\< .0091.161.04, 1.29Heart Problems964 (9.3)317 (11.5)\< .0011.321.14, 1.51Diabetes448 (4.3)190 (6.9)\< .0011.751.45, 2.11Asthma1495 (14.4)620 (22.5)\< .0011.781.60, 1.99Kidney Problems592 (5.7)323 (11.7)\< .0012.291.97, 2.65Arthritis1603 (15.5)682 (24.8)\< .0012.061.83, 2.32Stroke475 (4.6)151 (5.5)\< .0531.341.02, 1.76Cancer181 (1.8)278 (10.1)\< .0015.693.71, 8.73Cirrhosis175 (1.7)49 (1.8)\< .7461.480.97, 2.27Hepatitis972 (9.4)432 (15.7)\< .0012.201.85, 2.61STI1226 (11.8)484 (17.6)\< .0013.002.08, 4.31Education Prior Mean Years (se)10.4 (.02)10.7 (.05)\< .001 Less than GED4334 (41.7)1150 (41.4)\< .7660.970.89, 1.06 GED2615 (26.1)555 (20.0)\< .0010.740.66,0 .82 High School Diploma2274 (21.9)606 (21.8)\< .9361.000.90, 1.12 Some College816 (7.8)328 (11.8)\< .0011.601.39, 1.85 College363 (3.5)142 (5.1)\< .0011.531.24, 1.90Mean Age (se)35.3 (.10)35.6 (.17)\< .203Race/Ethnicity White3901 (37.2)1261 (45.1)\< .0011.471.35, 1.61 Black4652 (44.3)998 (35.7)\< .0010.670.61, 0.74 Latino1369 (13.1)352 (12.6)\<.5180.870.77, 0.99 Other571 (5.4)186 (6.7)\< .0141.311.09, 1.57Employed Prior7402 (71.0)1586 (57.2)\< .0010.550.50, 0.60Marital Status Never Married6134 (58.9)1261 (45.2)\< .0010.580.53, 0.63 Married1576 (15.1)505 (18.1)\< .0011.241.11, 1.40 Widowed/Divorced/Separated2762 (26.4)1026 (36.8)\< .0011.641.49, 1.80Mean Time Served (se)4.6 (.06)2.5 (.07)\< .001First Time Incarcerated4796 (46.4)1629 (59.0)\< .0011.671.53, 1.83*OR* Odds Ratio, *CI* 95 % Confidence Interval, *se* Standard Error^a^Raw sample size and frequency unless otherwise stated
Although the difference is small in magnitude, incarcerated women have a significantly higher mean years of education compared to men with men averaging 10.4 years of education and women averaging 10.7 years of education (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}). Patterns of degree attainment prior to entering prison also differ by gender. While similar proportions of men and women enter prison with less than a GED (41 %), men are significantly more likely to have earned a GED (26.1 %) than women (20.0 %). About 22 % of men and women obtained their high school diploma prior to their current prison stay. Women, though, have significantly higher rates of some college (11.8 %) and at least a four-year college degree (5.1 %) compared to men (7.8 % and 3.5 %, respectively).
Results from fixed effects (by prison) regression models examining education *prior to incarceration* and *lifetime* morbidity are presented in Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}. The findings indicate that increases in years of education are negatively associated with the standardized lifetime morbidity scale for both incarcerated women and men, but that the effect is greater for incarcerated women.[1](#Fn1){ref-type="fn"} Considering that the comorbidity scale is standardized within each sex, it suggests that the effect of one year of additional education among women (*b* = −.017, *p* \< .001) is more than four times the size of the comparable effect among men (*b* = −.004, *p* \< .05). To further evaluate the magnitude of these effects, we standardized the education scores and the same four-fold comparison is evident (*β*~*women*~ = −.04, *se* = .010) and men (*β*~*men*~ = −.01, *se* = .004) but the effect sizes are clearly small. Degree attainment prior to incarceration is only significant for women. Interestingly, women with a GED (*b* = −.088, *p* \< .001) have lower scores on the standardized lifetime morbidity scale compared to women entering prison with a high school diploma.Table 2Results from Regressing Level of Education Prior to Incarceration on Standardized Lifetime Morbidity Scale with Prison-Level Fixed Effect for Men and WomenLifetime Morbidity ScaleMenWomen*bpbpbpbp*Education Prior to Incarceration Years of Education−.004\*−.017\*\*\* Education (High School Diploma Ref.) Less than High School−.006.036 GED−.010−.088\*\*\* At Least Some College.002−.036Age.012\*\*\*.012\*\*\*.015\*\*\*.015\*\*\*Race/Ethnicity (White Ref.) Black−.029\*\*\*−.031\*\*\*−.077\*\*\*−.078\*\*\* Latino−.027\*−.027\*−.012−.002 Other.067\*\*\*.066\*\*\*.047.048Employed Prior to Incarceration−.046\*\*\*−.048\*\*\*−.031+−.039\*Marital Status (Never Married Ref.) Married.022\*.022+.038.034 Widowed/Divorced/Separated.020\*.020\*.042+.040+Time Served to Date−.001−.001.004.004First time Incarcerated−.015+−.017\*−.069\*\*\*−.069\*\*\*Model Statistics Number of Inmates9941991426572656 Number of Prisons2252256262 Overall R Squared.14.13.11.11 Rho.042.042.039.039+*p* \< .10; \**p* \< .05; \*\*\**p* \< .001
Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"} presents the results for male and female prisoners who enter prison with less than a high school degree. As with the other analyses, we include prison-level fixed effects and sampling weights. Completing the requirements for a GED is associated with a lower score on the current morbidity scale for men (*b* = −.033, *p* \< .05) but not women. Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"} examines who participates in high school education classes while in prison in more detail. Less than half (43.5 %) of men who entered prison with less than a GED (*n* = 4,334) participated in a high school education class while in prison. There are 60 men in five prisons where no one with less than a GED reported participating in high school classes. It is possible that these prisons do not offer these types of courses so they are dropped from this descriptive analysis. Men who participate in high school education classes have a younger overall age and are overrepresented in the age 18 to 29 category. There are 1,837 men between the ages of 18 and 39 who entered prison with less than GED education and almost half of them (49.4 %) participated in high school education classes compared to only 41.1 % of the 2,083 men between the ages of 30 and 49 and 34.5 % of the 354 men aged 50 years or older.Table 3Results from Regressing Attaining a GED in Prison on Standardized Current Morbidity Scale for Men and Women Entering Prison with Less Than a GED with Prison-Level Fixed EffectsCurrent Morbidity ScaleMenWomen*Bpbp*Attain a GED in Prison−.033\*−.065Age.010\*\*\*.016\*\*\*Race/Ethnicity (White Ref.) Black−.062\*\*\*−.078\* Latino−.071\*\*\*−.045 Other.011−.053Employed Prior to Incarceration−.023+−.027Marital Status (Never Married Ref.) Married.036\*.081+ Widowed/Divorced/Separated.019.015Time Served to Date.001.002First time Incarcerated−.001−.058\*Model Statistics Number of Inmates41281102 Number of Prisons22562 Overall R Squared.13.11 Rho.078.087+*p* \< .10; \**p* \< .05; \*\*\**p* \< .001Table 4Descriptive Analysis Examining Participation in High School Education Classes for Inmates who Enter Prison with Less Than a GED-Level of Education Stratified by GenderMen (*n* = 4,274)Women (*n* = 2,781)No ParticipationParticipate*t/x* ^*2*^*p*No ParticipationParticipate*t/x* ^*2*^*p*Age (se)34.8 (.23)32.4 (.23)7.5\< .00035.0 (.34)33.6 (.42)2.6\< .009Age 18 to 29930 (38.9)907 (48.1)36.0\< .000201 (29.4)181 (38.8)11.2\< .001Age 30 to 491226 (51.3)857 (45.4)14.7\< .000449 (65.6)265 (56.9)9.1\< .003Age 50 or older232 (9.7)122 (6.5)14.6\< .00034 (5.0)20 (4.3).3\< .593Race/Ethnicity White606 (25.4)548 (29.1)7.2\<.007220 (32.2)161 (34.6).7\< .399 Black1244 (52.1)956 (50.7).8\<.362304 (44.4)189 (40.6)1.7\< .191 Latino421 (17.6)274 (14.5)7.5\<.006116 (17.0)80 (17.2).01\< .927 Other117 (4.9)108 (5.7)1.5\<.22944 (6.4)36 (7.7).7\< .398Marital Status Never Married1510 (63.3)1299 (68.9)14.7\< .000366 (53.6)239 (51.2).5\< .489 Married343 (14.4)220 (11.7)6.8\< .009103 (15.1)79 (17.0).8\< .376 Widowed/Divorced/Separated535 (22.3)366 (19.4)5.3\< .021214 (31.3)146 (31.5).00\< .962Employed Prior to Incarceration1614 (67.7)1239 (65.8)1.8\< .176336 (49.1)240 (51.5).6\< .428Years of Education Prior to Incarceration (se)8.9 (.04)9.2 (.04)−4.6\< .0009.1 (.07)9.1 (.07).1\< .907Time Served to Date (se)4.0 (.11)5.3 (.13)−7.6\< .0001.9 (.13)3.0 (.20)−5.0\< .000First time Incarcerated1068 (45.4)899 (48.2)3.4\< .067389 (57.5)277 (60.0).7\< .401Prison Experience Violent Offender1128 (47.2)1072 (56.8)38.9\< .000161 (23.5)169 (36.3)22.0\< .000 Drug Offender501 (21.0)329 (17.4)8.4\< .004196 (28.7)122 (26.2).9\< .357 Job Training Program Participation429 (18.2)38.4 (723)214.2\< .000104 (15.4)150 (32.2)44.9\< .000 Visits from Family/Friends Past Month545 (23.2)566 (30.0)25.6\< .000143 (21.2)151 (32.4)18.0\< .000 Phone Calls from Family/Friends Past Week1910 (81.1)1628 (86.4)21.1\< .000510 (75.7)377 (80.9)4.4\< .037 Written Up for Any Violation1253 (53.4)601 (32.0)195.6\< .000405 (60.2)180 (38.6)51.2\< .000
Compared to men who do not participate in high school education classes, men who participate are overrepresented by whites (29.1 % vs. 25.4 %, *p* \< .01) and those who have never been married (68.9 % vs. 63.3 %, *p* \< .001). Participants have a higher average number of years of school completed prior to entering prison (9.2 vs. 8.9, *p* \< .001) and have been in prison longer (5.3 vs. 4.0, *p* \< .001). Results from a multivariate analysis (not shown) confirm these findings. Men who participate in high school education classes are also more likely to be violent offenders (56.8 % vs. 47.2 %, *p* \< .001) and less likely to be drug offenders (17.4 % vs. 21.0 %, *p* \< .01). They are more likely to also participate in a job training program (38.4 % vs. 18.2 %, *p* \< .001). These men seem to have higher levels of social support in the form of phone calls (86.4 % vs. 81.1 %, *p* \< .001) and visits (30.0 % vs. 23.2 %, *p* \< .001). Finally, they are less likely to be written up for a violation (32.0 % vs. 53.4 %, *p* \< .001).
Forty-one percent of all women (*n* = 2,781) entered prison with less than a GED level of education. Among those women, 40.5 % participated in a high school education program with 16.9 % of participants obtaining a GED by the time of the interview. Similar to men, women who participate in high school education classes while in prison tend to be younger (33.6 vs. 35.0, *p* \< .01). Of the 382 women who entered prison with less than a GED education between the ages of 18 and 29, 47.4 % participated in a high school education class. Thirty-seven percent of the 714 women aged 30 to 49 participated and 37.0 % of the women aged 50 or older participated. None of the demographic variables other than age are associated with participating in a high school education class; however, time spent incarcerated is positively associated (3.0 vs. 1.9, *p* \< .001) which was also found in the multivariate analysis (not shown). The findings concerning the additional measures of the prison experience are similar to men. Violent offenders are more likely to participate in high school education classes (36.3 % vs. 23.5 %, *p* \< .001); although being a drug offender is not significant. Female inmates who participate in high school education classes are also more likely to participate in job training programs (32.2 % vs. 15.4 %, *p* \< .001) and to receive visits (32.4 % vs. 21.2 %, *p* \< .001) and phone calls (75.7 % vs. 80.9 %, *p* \< .05) from family and friends. Finally, participants are less likely to be written up for a violation (38.6 % vs. 60.2 %, *p* \< .001).
Finally, the analyses thus far have assumed that each health condition is equal in its association with education, but this is likely not the case given different disease progressions and etiologies. Therefore, a supplementary analysis examines the relationship between education and hypertension more closely. Of all of the medical conditions included in this study, hypertension is most likely to be proximately influenced by education. Indeed it appears that education both prior to and during incarceration is negatively associated with hypertension for men. Controlling for age, race, marital status, years incarcerated and first incarceration episode with prison-level fixed effects, each year of education is associated with three percent lower odds (*p* \< .05) of having lifetime hypertension for men. For those men entering prison with at least a GED, their odds of lifetime hypertension are decreased by eight percent (*p* \< .10) controlling for all other factors.
We extend our analyses of current hypertension and prison education among only those men who enter prison without a GED or higher degree in order to reduce bias associated with time order. Using a fixed effects logistic regression model, we find that men entering prison with less than a GED level of education who participate in a high school education program while in prison have 19 % lower odds of reporting current problems with hypertension (*p* \< .05)[2](#Fn2){ref-type="fn"} compared to those who did not participate in high school education classes conditioned on availability. For those who earned their GED while in prison, their odds of reporting current problems with hypertension are even lower (*OR* = .71; *p* \< .05). If we reduce this sample to men who are less than 30 years of age (the age group most likely to earn a GED in prison), attaining a GED is associated with 56 % lower odds of reporting problems with current hypertension (*p* \< .05).[3](#Fn3){ref-type="fn"} For women, years of education (*OR* .96, *p* = .247) and having a GED or higher (*OR* = .79, *p* = .163) prior to being incarcerated is not associated with lifetime hypertension. Neither participating in high school education classes (*OR* = 1.07, *p* = .840) nor obtaining a GED while in prison (*OR* = .87, *p* = .813) is associated with hypertension for women.
Discussion {#Sec4}
==========
Our study demonstrates the importance of education for health among incarcerated adults. Previous research has documented the many benefits of education for inmates which extends to local communities \[[@CR19]\]. While this study focuses on high school education, post-secondary education for inmates is also a growing concern. In 2015 the Obama administration and the U.S. Department of Education announced the Second Change Pell Pilot Program to test new models to allow inmates to receive Pell Grants and pursue the postsecondary education in order to "to create a fairer, more effective criminal justice system, reduce recidivism, and combat the impact of mass incarceration on communities" citing that "for every dollar invested in correctional education programs, four to five dollars are saved on three year re-incarceration costs" \[[@CR20]\]. Our study suggests that improved health may be an additional benefit through potential increases in learned effectiveness, health literacy and ability to engage in health promotion, all of which has the potential to improve community health \[[@CR21]\]. Although not the focus of our study, the findings also point to benefits in the prison experiences for inmates who participate in prison education classes including greater external social support and lower likelihood of receiving a violation. Given these multiple far-reaching benefits of education, prisons should consider expanding basic education for inmates. In this national sample, only about 40 % of inmates who entered prison with less than a GED-level of education participated in high school education classes by the time of the survey.
Our study is the first to demonstrate the generalizability of the education-health association beyond the non-institutionalized population. These findings are important because they support the idea that education is a "fundamental cause" of health \[[@CR1]\] even among one of the most select groups in the United States in terms of both health and education. Our results are also consistent with previous research documenting the poorer health status of incarcerated women compared to men \[[@CR11]\] and the gendered nature of the education-health association \[[@CR22]\] where education serves as a protective resource more for women than for men. Further, although not the focus of this paper, it is important to highlight the relationship of education and health compared to the other demographic controls in the study. Specifically, while education operates in a comparable manner to other research of noninstitutionalized adults, the relationship between race and health and marital status and health both operate in directions that are opposite to general findings \[[@CR23], [@CR24]\]. Both black male and female prisoners have a lower cumulative morbidity count compared to white male and female prisoners and prisoners who are currently married have worse health compared to those who are not married. This is important because, again, it speaks to the highly select nature of the incarcerated population but it also indicates further evidence of the robustness of the education-health association.
There are two additional points to consider. First, a comprehensive meta-analysis conducted by the RAND Corporation \[[@CR19]\] found that GED programs are the most common education programs in prison, yet all types of education programs available (i.e., GED, adult basic education, postsecondary, and vocational) notably reduce post-release recidivism. The report concluded, however, that data do not exist to evaluate dose--response effects or the specific program characteristics that benefit inmates. The findings from the current study suggest that when moving forward with stronger research designs, additional proximate and distal indicators of program efficacy, such as health-related outcomes, should be considered. These studies could also address causal ordering. In our study we conceptualized health as the outcome. But a more comprehensive study examining the life course of inmates can parse out the dynamic processes of education and health throughout the life span. It should also be noted that the data used in our study are from 2004 when educational programming was more widely available. The 2008 recession affected correctional programming leading to dramatic changes in the number of programs offered, the sizes of the classes, the modes of delivery, and the number of inmate participants \[[@CR19]\]. It is possible that our findings are influenced by period effects, although, research has consistently documented an education-health association in the general population across time and cohorts.
Second, this paper discussed selection into prison as a function of gender and the gendered nature of the education-health association. We encourage future research to consider how race-based selection processes \[[@CR25]\] influence education and health in prisons. Regardless of race, high school drop outs are five times more likely to go to prison than high school graduates \[[@CR26]\] and national statistics show that blacks have among the lowest graduation rates for high school students \[[@CR27]\]. The double disadvantage of race and class inequality is striking for incarceration rates. Over 16 % of black men without a high school degree entered prison annually from 1995 to 2001 compared to just 3.4 % of white men without a high school degree, and this disparity grew from previous time periods \[[@CR26]\]. Other research has documented that the cumulative risk of imprisonment by age 34 for black men without a high school education is 68 % \[[@CR28]\]. This translates into 27 % of white prison inmates having not completed high school or their GED compared to 44 % of black prison inmates \[[@CR29]\]. Collectively, this research highlights the differential selection among racial and ethnic minorities into the prison system which may influence the education-health association.
Limitations {#Sec5}
-----------
This study has several limitations that need to be considered. First, the data are limited to inmates in state correctional facilities. While state prison inmates comprised 1.3 million of the 1.5 million prison inmates at midyear 2011 \[[@CR30]\], it is important to consider that our findings may not be generalizable to all incarcerated persons, especially those in local county jails. Second, this study relies on self-reported health conditions. However, self-report data are an essential and commonly used source of health indicators in research \[[@CR31]\], and the SISCF is the best data set available to answer the research question because it is the only large, nationally representative survey of inmates available in the United States. Third, the data are cross-sectional and do not provide information on onset of health conditions. That is, this study is unable to account for the timing of diagnosis or the severity of symptoms. This study is also limited by our inability to examine the neighborhood contexts that individuals are exposed to prior to prison. Such information may be particularly important since incarcerated persons are drawn from distinct geographic areas \[[@CR32]\] referred to as prison "feeder communities" \[[@CR33]\]. In other words, distinct sociodemographic communities bear the burden of mass incarceration including young poor people of color from disadvantaged neighborhoods \[[@CR32], [@CR34], [@CR35]\]. Therefore, it is not clear whether the study findings reflect education as mitigating the deleterious effects of imprisonment, or a prior association between poor health, low levels of education, and high propensity for incarceration.
Conclusion {#Sec6}
==========
Results from our study provide additional support for the notion that the association between education and health may be, in part, causally oriented. We do so by focusing on a highly select population and the gendered nature of the education-health association. We encourage future researchers to examine the proximate pathways through which this observed association may operate \[[@CR36]\]. This is especially important considering that incarcerated persons comprise a vulnerable, disadvantaged, and largely unhealthy subset of the U.S. population who may be reflective of the larger marginalized segments of society. Our findings are timely as prisons are having to address correctional healthcare practices. The identified health promotion needs of prisoners include education in health and empowerment, support in adopting health behavior, development of life skills, and education related to specific illnesses, among others \[[@CR37]\]. Our results support the notion that the provision of primary and secondary education to prisoners may be an important element for health promotion and increasing the life chances and longevity of prisoners after they are released back to their communities.
The models were estimated using different functional forms of age including age^2^ and age^3^. For women, the coefficient remain unchanged (−.016). For men, the coefficient reduced slightly from−.038 to−.029. Given this, the most parsimonious model is presented.
The sample size for this model is 3,498; 531 observations were dropped from the fixed effects model because the prison did not have variation in the outcome variable (current hypertension).
The sample size for this model is 390; 786 observations were dropped from the fixed effects model because the prison did not have variation in the outcome variable (current hypertension).
The authors are grateful to researchers at the CUPC who made insightful comments on earlier versions of the paper.
Publication of this article was funded by the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries Open Access Fund.
Funding {#FPar1}
=======
Support for this study was provided to the lead author by the NIH Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award Individual Fellowship (F31 DA037645) funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the National Science Foundation (NSF) SBE Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grant (\#1401061), and the NIDA-funded Interdisciplinary Research Training Institute on Drug Abuse at the University of Southern California (R25 DA026401). Additional support was provided to the authors by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) funded University of Colorado Population Center (R24 HD066613). The NIDA, NSF, and NICHD had no role in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the paper for publication.
Availability of data and materials {#FPar2}
==================================
Data from the Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities is publically available from the Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) at the University of Michigan.
Authors' contributions {#FPar3}
======================
KM organized and analyzed the data and tabulated the results. KM, RM, and JB all contributed to the conceptualization and writing of the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests {#FPar4}
===================
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication {#FPar5}
=======================
Not applicable
Ethics approval and consent to participate {#FPar6}
==========================================
Not applicable
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
Heparan sulphate interacts with tropoelastin, with some tropoelastin peptides and is present in human dermis elastic fibers.
A number of reports point to the presence of proteoglycans and/or glycosaminoglycans within elastic fibers in normal and in pathological conditions. We present data that heparan sulphate (HS)-containing proteoglycans are associated with normal elastic fibers in human dermis and that isolated HS chains interact in vitro with recombinant tropoelastin and with peptides encoded by distinct exons of the human tropoelastin gene (EDPs). By immunocytochemistry, HS chains were identified as associated with the amorphous elastin component in the human dermis and remained associated with the residual elastin in the partially degenerated fibers of old subjects. HS appeared particularly concentrated in the mineralization front of elastic fibers in the dermis of patients affected by pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE). In in vitro experiments, HS induced substantial changes in the coacervation temperature and in the aggregation properties of recombinant tropoelastin and of synthetic peptides (EDPs) corresponding to sequences encoded by exons 18, 20, 24 and 30 of the human tropoelastin gene. In particular, HS modified the coacervation temperature and favoured the aggregation into ordered structures of tropoelastin molecules and of EDPs 18, 20 and 24, but not of EDP30. These data strongly indicate that HS-elastin interactions may play a role in tissue elastin fibrogenesis as well as modulating elastin stability with time and in diseases.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Blake Oshiro
Blake Oshiro (born January 16, 1970) is an American politician and lawyer. From 2011 to 2014, he served as deputy chief of staff to the Governor of Hawaii Neil Abercrombie. Oshiro previously served as Majority Leader of the Hawaii House of Representatives, where he represented District 33, comprising the Honolulu neighborhoods of Aiea and Halawa. He spent ten years in the legislature.
Oshiro was first elected to the House in 2000 and took office the following January. He subsequently won re-election at two-year intervals. Oshiro came out as gay in 2010 during the debate over Hawaii House Bill 444, which granted civil union rights to same-sex couples in Hawaii. He subsequently faced a socially conservative primary challenger in his 2010 race for reelection, Honolulu City Councilman Gary Okino. Oshiro defeated Okino by 56 percent to 44%. In the general election held on November 2, 2010, Oshiro was reelected over Republican opponent Sam Kong by a margin of 54.5% to 45.5%.
In November 2011, Oshiro announced that he would resign from the legislature in order to become Neil Abercrombie's deputy chief of staff. His resignation became effective December 7, 2011. Per Hawaii law, Governor Abercrombie had to select Oshiro's successor as state representative from the 33rd district. He chose former state representative and majority leader Tom Okamura, who Oshiro had succeeded in January 2001. Due to poor health, Okamura had to resign just weeks after accepting the appointment. Abercrombie appointed Heather Giugni, a Native Hawaiian filmmaker, to the seat in February 2012.
After Abercrombie left office at the end of 2014, Oshiro returned to the private sector as a lawyer with Honolulu law firm Alston Hunt Floyd.
References
Category:1970 births
Category:Hawaii Democrats
Category:Members of the Hawaii House of Representatives
Category:LGBT state legislators in Hawaii
Category:American people of Japanese descent
Category:Living people
Category:Gay politicians
Category:Hawaii politicians of Japanese descent
Category:American people of Okinawan descent
Category:LGBT American people of Asian descent
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Q:
ListBoxItem style query
I am trying to set the background for my ListboxItem with the help of the ValueConverter. But the background is not applied. On debugging I found that the value converter returns correct values.
Am I missing something in my code?
Note: I don't want to use alternate index style
XAML:
<Style x:Key="listBoxItemAlternateStyle" TargetType="{x:Type ListBoxItem}">
<Setter Property="MinHeight" Value="20"/>
<Setter Property="Focusable" Value="False"/>
<Setter Property="Background">
<Setter.Value>
<MultiBinding Converter="{StaticResource AlternateIndexConverter}">
<MultiBinding.Bindings>
<Binding Path="IsVisible" />
<Binding Path="Index" />
</MultiBinding.Bindings>
</MultiBinding>
</Setter.Value>
</Setter>
<Style.Triggers>
<DataTrigger Binding="{Binding Path=IsVisible}" Value="False">
<Setter Property="Visibility" Value="Collapsed" />
</DataTrigger>
<DataTrigger Binding="{Binding Path=IsVisible}" Value="True">
<Setter Property="Visibility" Value="Visible" />
</DataTrigger>
</Style.Triggers>
</Style>
Codebehind:
public class AlternateIndexConverter : System.Windows.Data.IMultiValueConverter
{
public static uint count = 0;
public object Convert(object[] values, Type targetType, object parameter, System.Globalization.CultureInfo culture)
{
bool isVisible = bool.Parse(values[0].ToString());
uint index = uint.Parse(values[1].ToString());
if (index == 0)
count = 0;
if (isVisible && count % 2 == 0)
{
count++;
return "#C8C8C8"; //dark color
}
else if (isVisible && count % 2 == 1)
{
count++;
return "#E1E1E1"; //light color
}
else
return null;
}
public object[] ConvertBack(object value, Type[] targetTypes, object parameter, System.Globalization.CultureInfo culture)
{
throw new NotImplementedException();
}
}
A:
Return Brush from your Converter instead of String
if (isVisible && count % 2 == 0)
{
count++;
return new SolidColorBrush(Color.FromArgb(255,200,200,200)); //dark color
}
else if (isVisible && count % 2 == 1)
{
count++;
return new SolidColorBrush(Color.FromArgb(255,225,225,225)); //light color
}
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Telstra has shifted gears in its fight to stop Naked DSL being mandated as a wholesale service, turning to projected system costs and interference investigation data to dissuade the competition watchdog.
The carrier has provided a supplementary submission to the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission's wholesale ADSL inquiry. (pdf)
Although much of the document attempts to correct alleged errors in rival telcos' submissions, Telstra also attempts to lay out fresh evidence to have the bid for a mandated wholesale Naked DSL service quashed.
The carrier has turned over raw data on "interference investigation requests" that it believes support its contention that Naked DSL would introduce too many network faults.
Interference investigation requests cover a spectrum of DSL faults and require a technician to attend and rectify.
The figures table the number of interference investigation requests on the unconditioned local loop service (ULLS, which is used to underpin Naked services offered by other ISPs) versus those for the line sharing service (LSS, which Telstra contends is less problematic).
"Over the six month period from March to August 2012, the rate of interference investigation requests for ULLS services is around 177 percent of the rate of interference investigation requests for LSS services," the carrier noted.
"This is a significant difference."
Telstra said it charged a fee of "$85 + $35/15 minutes" in business hours, or "$270 + $50/15 minutes" after hours, to investigate interference reports about either ULLS or LSS.
"Telstra expects that these charges will be passed on to end users by their service provider," the carrier noted.
"Furthermore, prior to requesting an interference investigation, Telstra requires its Wholesale customers to carry out extensive testing of their own equipment to ensure that the fault does not lie there, which only adds to the time that the end user is experiencing an issue with their Naked DSL service.
"While it is difficult to forecast the demand for a Naked WDSL service – if such a service was to be mandated – it is clear that the likely result would be a higher rate of interference investigation requests, with the attendant costs and poorer service quality for end users than is the case for WDSL services today.
"Clearly, such a requirement would also impose costs upon Telstra – its technicians would be required to spend a greater proportion of their time identifying and rectifying the faults that result from the lack of an underlying PSTN service, on top of the existing levels of field work that they are already required to carry out."
Telstra has previously argued that its ADSL provisioning systems require the presence of an underlying active PSTN service — and that changing that could cost the telco significantly.
The incumbent lays out those costs in its supplementary submission, though they are completely redacted in the public version, and provide no further clues on how expensive Telstra believes a mandated Naked DSL service could be.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
No civilisation in history has modernised itself as rapidly as contemporary China. The statistics on urbanisation and construction are staggering: China now accounts for half of all new-build area in the world, half the global demand for concrete, and roughly a third of worldwide steel consumption. Shanghai alone built the equivalent of all the residential and commercial tower space in New York within a single year, 2005.
For the world’s architects, today’s China is an astonishing opportunity, but far from an unmixed blessing; the scope of development allows architects rich opportunities to experiment, but financial incentives for speed to override design quality, construction standards, and professional norms can be formidable. Some architects from overseas have taken Rem Koolhaas’s advice to ‘go east’ and thrived. Others have put into practice Stiff Records’ old mock-Caesarean slogan: ‘We came, we saw, we left’.
“For the world’s architects, today’s China is an astonishing opportunity, but far from an unmixed blessing.”
Among those who have seen China and stayed, Meinhard von Gerkan has as much reason to celebrate the building boom as anyone on Earth. Von Gerkan, Marg and Partners (GMP), the Hamburg-based firm that he founded with Volkwin Marg in 1965, has given China so many cultural, commercial, scientific, sporting and residential buildings that, were he not so reticent about publicity, he could fairly claim to have placed his visual signature throughout the world’s most populous nation. Yet he views China with a mixture of pride and caution, hopeful that the nation’s vast energies can sustain farsighted innovation, yet aghast at some consequences of the unprecedented speed and scale of construction.
The firm’s new book Projects in China documents GMP’s remarkable achievements to date. Among over 75 projects, GMP is responsible for the Century Lotus Sports Park stadium and pool in Foshan, the nation’s largest Christian church in Beijing, and the renovation and creation of a new National Museum on Tiananmen Square (merging the People’s Revolutionary Museum and Chinese National History Museum), along with up-to-date opera houses, exhibition halls, administrative centres, housing, and other typologies.
The most ambitious endeavour is an entirely new deepwater harbour city being built 32km offshore near Shanghai. When complete in 2020, Lingang New City will house 800,000 people, offer Shanghai an outlet for part of its burgeoning population, and serve as a test bed for von Gerkan’s highly rational concepts of urban design and transportation.
EASTERN PROMISE
To some degree, von Gerkan attributes his firm’s success in China to the catalytic effect of an important early project and a well-publicised exhibition shortly afterward. In December 1998 he visited China for the first time when invited to compete for the German School in Beijing. GMP’s design won the competition, and the school was built quickly.
Returning in the summer of 1999 to address the International Union of Architects, von Gerkan met influential members of Beijing’s art community who arranged for GMP to mount the city’s first architectural exhibition in a major museum, the Yan-Huang Art Museum.
“No civilisation in history has modernised itself as rapidly as contemporary China.”
The ensuing media attention circulated GMP’s reputation throughout China in a matter of weeks. “In the first year,” von Gerkan recalls, “we won about ten or 12 competitions,” and most of these designs were realised. Extending its initial victories into a long-term presence, GMP now maintains offices in Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen – the former 30,000-person fishing village near Hong Kong that is now China’s busiest port and, von Gerkan says, the world’s fastest-growing city.
GMP’s Chinese clients, von Gerkan says, allow much more freedom for new ideas than most in Europe. “There is much more dynamic in the decision making, and we have no restrictions in our work.” This was not always the case.
A bracingly candid essay included in Projects in China offers caveats about cultural distinctions complicating negotiations and describes many early Chinese skyscrapers as overscaled and caricaturish: “images of American mid-West architecture were dominant and were connected with decorative elements from the Chinese tradition.” Capping bland, poorly detailed towers with rooftop pagodas or other ‘stylistic elements à la chinoise’, such buildings remind von Gerkan of the wolf disguised as Little Red Riding Hood’s grandmother.
In his experience, however, Chinese architects and clients are learning quickly, and a competition system usually limiting the number of entrants to 12-20 firms (contrasting with hundreds in German competitions) is supporting rapid gains in design quality.
SUSTAINABLE STYLE
China’s history creates conditions that make GMP’s emphasis on simplicity and order particularly appropriate. Unlike settings where architecture involves constantly balancing rationalism and vernacular tradition, China has little of the latter. “When China opened its society to the West 15 years ago,” von Gerkan says, “they had nearly no tradition in the culture of architecture. The Cultural Revolution destroyed everything, and in former times they had only two types of buildings, the courtyard houses on one hand, and the temples and the palaces. But they [didn’t have] multi-storey buildings as we have in Europe.”
“Shanghai alone built the equivalent of all the residential and commercial tower space in New York within a single year, 2005.”
Amid all the new mirror glass, high-rises wearing ‘hats’ and chaotic overgrowth rushing into the void, GMP’s emphasis on dominant geometrical forms, appropriate to scale and climate, has stood out distinctly. “We created only sustainable buildings, very strong, very rigid, without any hats on top,” he reports.
He is particularly proud of GMP’s role in bringing energy-conscious design to Chinese officials’ attention. Though he speaks pessimistically about China’s eager embrace of cars and sprawl – “they are going to make all the same mistakes that [Americans] did before” – he now finds that green considerations arise early in the discussion of every new building.
LINGANG NEW CITY
Lingang will be the largest laboratory for von Gerkan’s ideas. Observing that central business districts are often clusters of unimaginative buildings because only the most conservative institutions (e.g. banking and insurance corporations) can afford high-priced central real estate, he has arranged Lingang around a large, immovable space, an artificial lake.
The radial geometry includes a bathing beach and 12 public squares in the innermost ring, a circular light-rail system about 500m from the border, and narrow interior roads admitting only pedestrians and cyclists. The layout ensures that open space, fresh air, and human-powered activities dominate the centre, not commerce and vehicle congestion.
Like Washington, Brasilia, Chandigarh, and Canberra, Lingang starts as a tabula rasa and applies elementary geometries to organise urban life. Unlike planned cities that subordinate the quotidian to the theoretical, however, Lingang’s abstractions aim to balance what von Gerkan calls the three elements of an ideal city: working, living and leisure. Whether it succeeds over time will depend substantially on how tightly its officials seek to control the disorder that is inseparable from urbanity.
“My thinking,” von Gerkan says, “is that ‘the more rational the concept is, the more you can hold your main idea. The more freedom you give, the more chaos you will produce. And if you look around all over China, there is no city anywhere that has a logical system, which is oriented to create a human environment.” In offering Lingang as the first such city, he freely acknowledges its atypicality (though he attaches the key term utopian only to its early planning phase).
GMP typically develops a master metaphor in the background of each project: ‘a drop falling from heaven’ in the case of Lingang, organising the city in concentric ripples; sails for that city’s Maritime Museum; a ship for the Grand Theatre in Chongqing. Von Gerkan has found that designs literalising these metaphors elicit strong approval. “We never would do that in Europe,” he allows, “but in China the whole language is based on images. They are very open-minded to those metaphors,” and to communication in visual or narrative forms.
His fusion of rigorous logic and poetic images, it seems, creates an important conceptual bridge for China’s accelerating journey, past its hectic pre-Olympic expansion phase, into whatever surprises its heady future holds.
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{
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Child sex offenders are being put on notice by the Turnbull Government, as it commits nearly $70 million to the fight against paedophiles.
A national centre dedicated to fighting child exploitation will be created in Brisbane, and dozens more federal police will focus on the scourge.
The Commonwealth estimates the new hub will save about 200 abuse victims each year.
"Anyone's child can be targeted by paedophiles and child traffickers," Home Affairs Minister Peter Dutton said.
"It's our responsibility to stamp them out wherever we can."
The Australian Centre to Counter Child Exploitation (ACCCE) will be led by the Australian Federal Police (AFP).
The new centre will coordinate with state police forces, and work with international counterparts, such as the United States Centre for Missing and Exploited Children.
The ACCCE will also include members of the financial intelligence agency AusTrac and the Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission.
The AFP's child protection operations will also grow from about 100 to 170 staff by mid-2020.
"This will have a big impact," Mr Dutton said.
"As any parent knows, we want to make sure we take care of our children, we want to make sure that we eliminate this threat from our society."
The $68.6 million boost will be included in May's budget.
Shadow Justice Minister Clare O'Neil said Labor welcomed any extra funding to protect children.
"Labor is absolutely committed to keeping children safe," Ms O'Neil said
"We were very concerned by cuts to the AFP in recent years, which the commissioner himself said were affecting the AFP's discretionary work, including their child exploitation work."
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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Brandi, who says she dated Wade for 10 years, said in the new documentary that her ex "has always been a bit of an opportunist," adding, "and he kind of gets it, I'm going to say, I feel comfortable saying this, he gets this from his mother, and he knows how to position himself into different situations that will benefit him in a financial way."
"He's saying that he was in a relationship with my uncle, that they were in love, and that they were having a relationship, if you will," she said. "He's saying that my uncle kept him from women, which is not true. We were just talking about how my uncle put us together. It would discredit the things that he's trying to claim, and I find it fascinating that he thinks he's able to just erase 10 years of his life."
She said that if she were to talk to Wade, she would "confront him about his lies," adding, "I would tell him to stop lying. I'm not curious as to why he's doing it. He needs to stop. I don't care what his reasoning is, as far as trying to be relevant, desperate for money, whatever it is, these lies needs to stop and it's not OK. This man, my uncle took care of him and did very well by him and his family, and he knows that."
Wade and Safechuck have not responded to the comments made in the Neverland Firsthand documentary.
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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Aquarium staff, which had hoped for Qinu's pregnancy for years, is "devastated" and focusing on her recovery, a spokeswoman said Wednesday.
Qinu came to Atlanta via airplane from SeaWorld San Antonio in November 2010, when she was two years old. The aquarium announced the pregnancy — her first — in June.
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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Bronchial sleeve resection distal to the main bronchi with complete pulmonary preservation. Report on three successful cases.
Three successful cases of low grade malignant bronchial tumors resected by means of a bronchial sleeve resection distal to the main bronchi with complete pulmonary preservation are presented. Reconstruction of the bronchial tree was accomplished by suturing together the distal lobar bronchi and then anastomosing the double-barrel suture to the proximal residual bronchus. All patients presented excellent results, although in one patient postoperative course was complicated by persistent mucopurulent secretions. Bronchial sleeve resection distal to the main bronchi can be successfully performed for benign or low-grade malignant bronchial tumors. Technically, the operation is more complex than standard sleeve resection of the main bronchus and requires an experienced team. Postoperatively, an increased morbidity rate, mostly represented by secretions retention, may usually be anticipated, necessitating an aggressive medical and bronchoscopic management.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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791 F.2d 939
*Armstrongv.Allstate Ins.
85-8995
United States Court of Appeals,Eleventh Circuit.
5/19/86
1
M.D.Ga.
AFFIRMED
2
---------------
* Fed.R.App.P. 34(a); 11th Cir.R. 23.
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{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
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Measuring nanoscale diffusion dynamics in cellular membranes with super-resolution STED-FCS.
Super-resolution microscopy techniques enable optical imaging in live cells with unprecedented spatial resolution. They unfortunately lack the temporal resolution required to directly investigate cellular dynamics at scales sufficient to measure molecular diffusion. These fast time scales are, on the other hand, routinely accessible by spectroscopic techniques such as fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). To enable the direct investigation of fast dynamics at the relevant spatial scales, FCS has been combined with super-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy. STED-FCS has been applied in point or scanning mode to reveal nanoscale diffusion behavior of molecules in live cells. In this protocol, we describe the technical details of performing point STED-FCS (pSTED-FCS) and scanning STED-FCS (sSTED-FCS) measurements, from calibration and sample preparation to data acquisition and analysis. We give particular emphasis to 2D diffusion dynamics in cellular membranes, using molecules tagged with organic fluorophores. These measurements can be accomplished within 4-6 h by those proficient in fluorescence imaging.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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What's Happening in Alabama
Discover the 28 fundamental beliefs of the Founding Fathers which they said must be understood and perpetuated by every people who desired peace, prosperity, and freedom.
These beliefs have made possible more progress in 200 years than was made previously in over 5,000 years. Thus the title “The 5,000 Year Leap“.
The following is a brief overview of the principles found in The 5,000 Year Leap, and one chapter is devoted to each of these 28 principles.
Principle 1 – The only reliable basis for sound government and just human relations is Natural Law.
Natural law is God’s law. There are certain laws which govern the entire universe, and just as Thomas Jefferson said in the Declaration of Independence, there are laws which govern in the affairs of men which are “the laws of nature and of nature’s God.”
Principle 2 – A free people cannot survive under a republican constitution unless they remain virtuous and morally strong.
“Only a virtuous people are capable of freedom. As nations become corrupt and vicious, they have more need of masters.” – Benjamin Franklin
Principle 3 – The most promising method of securing a virtuous people is to elect virtuous leaders.
“Neither the wisest constitution nor the wisest laws will secure the liberty and happiness of a people whose manners are universally corrupt. He therefore is the truest friend to the liberty of his country who tries most to promote its virtue, and who … will not suffer a man to be chosen into any office of power and trust who is not a wise and virtuous man.” – Samuel Adams
Principle 4 – Without religion the government of a free people cannot be maintained.
“Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports…. And let us with caution indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained without religion.” – George Washington
Principle 5 – All things were created by God, therefore upon him all mankind are equally dependent, and to him they are equally responsible .
The American Founding Fathers considered the existence of the Creator as the most fundamental premise underlying all self-evident truth. They felt a person who boasted he or she was an atheist had just simply failed to apply his or her divine capacity for reason and observation.
Principle 6 – All mankind were created equal.
The Founders knew that in these three ways, all mankind are theoretically treated as:
1. Equal before God.
2. Equal before the law.
3. Equal in their rights.
Principle 7 – The proper role of government is to protect equal rights, not provide equal things.
The Founders recognized that the people cannot delegate to their government any power except that which they have the lawful right to exercise themselves.
“Those rights, then, which God and nature have established, and are therefore called natural rights, such as are life and liberty, need not the aid of human laws to be more effectually invested in every man than they are; neither do they receive any additional strength when declared by the municipal [or state] laws to be inviolable. On the contrary, no human legislation has power to abridge or destroy them, unless the owner [of the right] shall himself commit some act that amounts to a forfeiture.” – William Blackstone
“The doctrines thus delivered we call the revealed or divine law, and they are to be found only in the Holy Scriptures. These precepts, when revealed, are found by comparison to be really a part of the original law of nature, as they tend in all their consequences to man’s felicity.” – William Blackstone
Principle 10 – The God-given right to govern is vested in the sovereign authority of the whole people.
“The fabric of American empire ought to rest on the solid basis of the consent of the people. The streams of national power ought to flow immediately from that pure, original fountain of all legislative authority.” – Alexander Hamilton
Principle 11 – The majority of the people may alter or abolish a government which has become tyrannical.
“Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes … but when a long train of abuses and usurpations … evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security.” – Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence
Principle 12 – The United States of America shall be a republic.
“I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America
And to the republic for which it stands….”
Principle 13 – A Constitution should protect the people from the frailties of their rulers.
“If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary…. [But lacking these] you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself.” – James Madison
Principle 14 – Life and liberty are secure only so long as the rights of property are secure .
John Locke reasoned that God gave the earth and everything in it to the whole human family as a gift. Therefore the land, the sea, the acorns in the forest, the deer feeding in the meadow belong to everyone “in common.” However, the moment someone takes the trouble to change something from its original state of nature, that person has added his ingenuity or labor to make that change. Herein lies the secret to the origin of “property rights.”
Principle 15 – The highest level of prosperity occurs when there is a free-market economy and a minimum of government regulations.
Prosperity depends upon a climate of wholesome stimulation with four basic freedoms in operation:
1. The Freedom to try.
2. The Freedom to buy.
3. The Freedom to sell.
4. The Freedom to fail.
Principle 16 – The government should be separated into three branches .
“I call you to witness that I was the first member of the Congress who ventured to come out in public, as I did in January 1776, in my Thoughts on Government … in favor of a government with three branches and an independent judiciary. This pamphlet, you know, was very unpopular. No man appeared in public to support it but yourself.” – John Adams
Principle 17 – A system of checks and balances should be adopted to prevent the abuse of power by the different branches of government.
“It will not be denied that power is of an encroaching nature and that it ought to be effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it.” – James Madison
Principle 18 – The unalienable rights of the people are most likely to be preserved if the principles of government are set forth in a written Constitution.
The structure of the American system is set forth in the Constitution of the United States and the only weaknesses which have appeared are those which were allowed to creep in despite the Constitution.
Principle 19 – Only limited and carefully defined powers should be delegated to government, all others being retained by the people.
The Tenth Amendment is the most widely violated provision of the bill of rights. If it had been respected and enforced America would be an amazingly different country than it is today. This amendment provides:
“The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.”
Principle 20 – Efficiency and dispatch require that the government operate according to the will of the majority, but constitutional provisions must be made to protect the rights of the minority.
“Every man, by consenting with others to make one body politic under one government, puts himself under an obligation to every one of that society to submit to the determination of the majority, and to be concluded [bound] by it.” – John Locke
Principle 21 – Strong local self-government is the keystone to preserving human freedom.
“The way to have good and safe government is not to trust it all to one, but to divide it among the many, distributing to every one exactly the functions he is competent [to perform best]. – Thomas Jefferson
Principle 22 – A free people should be governed by law and not by the whims of men.
“The end of law is not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom. For in all the states of created beings, capable of laws, where there is no law there is no freedom. For liberty is to be free from restraint and violence of others, which cannot be where there is no law.” – John Locke
Principle 23 – A free society cannot survive as a republic without a broad program of general education.
“They made an early provision by law that every town consisting of so many families should be always furnished with a grammar school. They made it a crime for such a town to be destitute of a grammar schoolmaster for a few months, and subjected it to a heavy penalty. So that the education of all ranks of people was made the care and expense of the public, in a manner that I believe has been unknown to any other people, ancient or modern. The consequences of these establishments we see and feel every day [written in 1765]. A native of America who cannot read and write is as rare … as a comet or an earthquake.” John Adams
Principle 24 – A free people will not survive unless they stay strong.
“To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace.” – George Washington
Principle 25 – “Peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations — entangling alliances with none.”- Thomas Jefferson, given in his first inaugural address.
Principle 26 – The core unit which determines the strength of any society is the family; therefore the government should foster and protect its integrity.
“There is certainly no country in the world where the tie of marriage is more respected than in America, or where conjugal happiness is more highly or worthily appreciated.” Alexis de Tocqueville
Principle 27 – The burden of debt is as destructive to human freedom as subjugation by conquest.
“We are bound to defray expenses [of the war] within our own time, and are unauthorized to burden posterity with them…. We shall all consider ourselves morally bound to pay them ourselves and consequently within the life [expectancy] of the majority.” – Thomas Jefferson
Principle 28 – The United States has a manifest destiny to eventually become a glorious example of God’s law under a restored Constitution that will inspire the entire human race.
The Founders sensed from the very beginning that they were on a divine mission. Their great disappointment was that it didn’t all come to pass in their day, but they knew that someday it would. John Adams wrote:
“I always consider the settlement of America with reverence and wonder, as the opening of a grand scene and design in Providence for the illumination of the ignorant, and the emancipation of the slavish part of mankind all over the earth.”
|
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|
Q:
jQuery mobile radio button changed event always fires even if already checked
I'm using a radio button group containing two radio buttons to dynamically change the content of my page depending on which radio button is checked. The content should be updated, when the selected radio button changes. Therefor i added an event handler to the radio buttons.
html:
<fieldset data-role="controlgroup" data-type="horizontal" style="text-align: center" >
<input name="radio" id="radio-a" type="radio" >
<label for="radio-a">a → b</label>
<input name="radio" id="radio-b" type="radio">
<label for="radio-b">b → a</label>
</fieldset>
jQuery:
$(document).ready(function() {
$(":input[name= 'radio']").on('change', function(){
alert("DO SOMETHING");
});
});
If i use some radio buttons without jQuery mobile everything works as expected. The change event is only fired if i select the unchecked radio button. If i click on an already checked radio button, nothing happens.
See this jsfiddle for demonstration:
https://jsfiddle.net/6cnLgonk/21/
If i now include the js and css of jQuery mobile, the change event always fires, no matter if the radio button is already checked:
https://jsfiddle.net/6cnLgonk/19/
Note that the code is exactly the same, i only linked the jQuery mobile files to let the radio buttons get styles automatically.
The desired behavior is to only fire the change event if the radio button is not already checked. How do i accomplish this using jQuery mobile styled radio buttons?
Is the jQuery mobile js somehow overriding the change event? Do i have to set the radio buttons checked somehow manually? Thanks for your answers.
A:
jQuery Mobile actually replaces the radio inputs with label dom elements, and it adds click handlers to these labels that then trigger the change event on the underlying radio buttons.
You can add a value attribute to each radio button:
<fieldset data-role="controlgroup" data-type="horizontal" style="text-align: center" >
<input name="radio" id="radio-a" type="radio" value="a" />
<label for="radio-a">a → b</label>
<input name="radio" id="radio-b" type="radio" value="b" />
<label for="radio-b">b → a</label>
</fieldset>
Then you can save the current selection and then check it:
var CurrentSelection;
$(document).ready(function() {
$(":input[name= 'radio']").on('change', function(){
var clicked = $(this).val();
if (clicked != CurrentSelection){
CurrentSelection = clicked;
alert("DO SOMETHING");
}
});
});
Updated FIDDLE
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
5300 APPLEBY Line, Burlington Ontario L7M 0P5
Detached Home for Sale
MLS# H4008257Price: $1,098,000
North Burlington Country Estate on a 1.37 acre mature private lot. Offering 4 Bedrooms, 2.5 Bathrooms, hardwood floors, great family kitchen, separate dining room and a fabulous walk out from the family room /breakfast area to the rear patio. Main level offers guest bedroom with 3 piece ensuite. Large open park like yard that is fully surrounded by an invisible dog fence! Home is awaiting your personal touches or build your dream home upon approval of the Conservation Authority. Potential Seller lease back.
North Burlington Country Estate on a 1.37 acre mature private lot. Offering 4 Bedrooms, 2.5 Bathrooms, hardwood floors, great family kitchen, separate dining room and a fabulous walk out from the family room /breakfast area to the rear patio. Main level offers guest bedroom with 3 piece ensuite. Large open park like yard that is fully surrounded by an invisible dog fence! Home is awaiting your personal touches or build your dream home upon approval of the Conservation Authority. Potential Seller lease back.
Notice! Information contained herein has been obtained from sources deemed reliable. While we have no reason to doubt its accuracy we regret that we cannot guarantee it. All information subject to change and/or withdrawal without notice.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Typically, internal combustion engines have a trapped mass of air beneath the piston. During each revolution of the crankshaft, this trapped mass of air either compresses or expands, depending upon the stroke of the piston, thereby reducing the efficiency of the engine. To alleviate this problem, prior art arrangements vent the crankcase so as to allow the air to migrate in the crankcase between areas divided by, or demarcated by, the main bearing bulkheads. However, because the vent passages between the bulkheads are somewhat restricted, moving the air mass requires energy. This results in pumping losses which also have a negative effect on engine efficiency. In the present invention, by providing communication ports between cylinders having pistons that are 180.degree. out of phase, a less restricted passage is created, thereby reducing pumping losses.
Accordingly, an advantage of the present invention is to reduce pumping losses by providing communication ports between cylinders having pistons that are 180.degree. out of phase.
Another advantage of the invention is to provide better crankcase breathing which, in turn, allows more efficient oil return from the cylinder head to the oil pan and subsequently increased engine efficiency and fuel economy.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Effect of sensory substitution on suture-manipulation forces for robotic surgical systems.
Direct haptic (force or tactile) feedback is not yet available in commercial robotic surgical systems. Previous work by our group and others suggests that haptic feedback might significantly enhance the execution of surgical tasks requiring fine suture manipulation, specifically those encountered in cardiothoracic surgery. We studied the effects of substituting direct haptic feedback with visual and auditory cues to provide the operating surgeon with a representation of the forces he or she is applying with robotic telemanipulators. Using the robotic da Vinci surgical system (Intuitive Surgical, Inc, Sunnyvale, Calif), we compared applied forces during a standardized surgical knot-tying task under 4 different sensory-substitution scenarios: no feedback, auditory feedback, visual feedback, and combined auditory-visual feedback. The forces applied with these sensory-substitution modes more closely approximate suture tensions achieved under ideal haptic conditions (ie, hand ties) than forces applied without such sensory feedback. The consistency of applied forces during robot-assisted suture tying aided by visual feedback or combined auditory-visual feedback sensory substitution is superior to that achieved with hand ties. Robot-assisted ties aided with auditory feedback revealed levels of consistency that were generally equivalent or superior to those attained with hand ties. Visual feedback and auditory feedback improve the consistency of robotically applied forces. Sensory substitution, in the form of visual feedback, auditory feedback, or both, confers quantifiable advantages in applied force accuracy and consistency during the performance of a simple surgical task.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
When scientists talk about the cryosphere, they mean the places on Earth where water is in its solid form, frozen into ice or snow. Read more ...
Service Interruption
On Monday, 11 July from 3:00 p.m. through Wednesday, 13 July until 5:00 p.m. (USA Mountain Time), NSIDC data distribution, services, and Web site will be unavailable to accommodate a major upgrade to our data center. We apologize for any inconvenience this may cause you.
Need to talk to us? You can always contact our friendly User Services Office at nsidc@nsidc.org or + 1 303.492.6199.
User Acknowledgement
By accessing NASA ICESat data, the data user acknowledges their understanding that the data have certain limitations in accuracy and definition, which have primarily resulted from problems with the GLAS instrument. Continuing improvements in the calibrations and product definitions are in progress and will be reflected in future data releases. The user should review the statements on product calibrations and accuracies in ICESat/GLAS Data Releases, and consider the calibration issues in any scientific interpretation or other use of the data. Users are requested to report their findings about data quality to NSIDC User Services, to be forwarded to ICESat/GLAS Science Team, for information and comment before publication or reporting elsewhere.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Françoise Aubut
Françoise Aubut (Aubut-Pratte) (5 September 1922 – 8 October 1984) was a Canadian organist, concertist, and music teacher.
Life
Born in Saint-Jérôme (Quebec), great-granddaughter of Calixa Lavallée, she began her piano studies at the age of 6. At the Conservatoire national de musique of Montreal, she studied organ with Eugène Lapierre, harmony and piano with Antonio Létourneau.
She continued her studies at the New England Conservatory of Boston under the direction of Carl McKinley (oran), Jesús María Sanroma (piano) and Marian Mason (harmony), and won a "Soloist Diploma" in 1938.
In the fall of 1938, she moved to Paris where she worked at the Conservatoire de Paris with Olivier Messiaen (musical analysis), Marcel Dupré (organ and improvisation), Simone Plé-Caussade (counterpoint and fugue), Norbert Dufourcq (music history), and Henri Büsser (musical composition). At the École normale de musique de Paris, she worked on musical writing with Nadia Boulanger and piano with Alfred Cortot.
Despite the deprivations of the war, the German occupation and an eight-month internment in Besançon, she won an exceptional Grand Premier Prix at the age of 21, crowning all the courses followed at the Paris Conservatory in 1944. This was the first time a North American citizen had received this honour.
She taught organ and fugue at the Faculty of Music of the Université de Montréal from 1951 and gave organ lessons at the École de musique Vincent-d'Indy from 1967. Among his students were Françoys Bernier, Victor Bouchard, Marthe Lesage, Denis Regnaud and Christopher Jackson.
She was a member of the jury for the 1956 Prix d'Europe competition and the 1962 and 1978 Conservatoire de Paris exams.
Françoise Aubut died in Montreal at age 62.
Recordings
3rd Choral by Franck, Pange lingua, Ave Maris Stella and Symphonie-Passion by Dupré, (RCI 122), 1956.
Psaume CL by Jean Papineau-Couture avec la Chorale Bach de Montréal. (RCI 128 et 6-ACM 4) 1956.
References
External links
Musica et Memoria Detailed Biography by Michelle Quintal, photos and documents.
Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste Prix Calixa-Lavallée.
L'orgue au Québec Orgue Casavant (1960) de la chapelle conventuelle Saint-Albert-le-Grand, Montréal.
Fonds Françoise Aubut-Pratte fonds d'archives conservé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.
Category:1922 births
Category:1984 deaths
Category:People from Saint-Jérôme, Quebec
Category:Canadian classical organists
Category:Women organists
Category:Canadian music educators
Category:Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Category:École Normale de Musique de Paris alumni
Category:20th-century Canadian musicians
Category:20th-century women musicians
Category:Musicians from Quebec
Category:Women music educators
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Metabolic development in erythropoietin-dependent maturation of erythroid cells.
1. Metabolic development was investigated in splenic erythroblasts isolated from Friend virus infected mice and maintained in culture with erythropoietin. 2. We found that immature erythroid cells not only possess a highly oxidative metabolism, but also glycolytic activity, both of which decrease drastically in the course of maturation. 3. Most purine and pyrimidine compounds which are found in immature erythroid cells are still present in mature erythrocytes. 4. While total adenine nucleotide levels fall, the 2,3-DPG pool increases during erythroid development.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
As a physician, Zeldis had cared for hundreds of patients infected with hepatitis C and seen how, untreated, the virus ravaged people's livers. That a high price could bar patients from easy access to a cure seemed unethical to him in the face of a rare public health opportunity to vanquish a disease that afflicts 150 million people globally.
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"If we make it affordable ... this epidemic can be cured," Zeldis said. "I want to be bold -- I want to treat 100 million people by 2030 -- end of story. And there is really no reason why we can’t."
Zeldis had been mulling hepatitis C therapies, and he believed it was possible to develop a medicine, sell it for a fraction of the price of Sovaldi and still make money.
So in 2014, Zeldis put $1 million of his own money on the table to co-found Trek Therapeutics, a startup with the mission of creating a novel, affordable hepatitis C treatment for the world.
To attempt to produce an effective and safe treatment at a modest price, Zeldis and his co-founder, Ann Kwong, had to blow up the typical drug company model. The reality of the pharmaceutical industry is that executives answer to investors, not just patients. Creating new medicines is a high-risk, high-reward business in which companies invest huge amounts of money on uncertain payoffs. Shareholders demand extremely high profits in return.
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Trek is taking a unique approach. The company is organized as a public benefit corporation – a relatively new type of corporate structure that places public welfare on equal footing with profit. Trek's legal charter requires the board to weigh stockholder interests against the need to "provide therapies for the treatment of infectious diseases that are accessible and affordable."
The company cuts costs by piggybacking on the work other companies have already done to develop and test drugs.
"What they proposed and introduced at the board meeting was quite a revelation, I think, for many of us who had been used to working with major pharmaceutical companies -- the idea of a company with a different ethos," said Geoffrey Dusheiko, an emeritus professor of medicine at University College London Medical School who joined the company's clinical advisory board. "Their profit system will be different; they are trying to put access first -- and are risking a great deal."
A barebones startup
Trek's leaders are industry veterans with enviable track records in the failure-prone business of inventing new cures. The executive team has collectively launched seven antiviral drugs for previous employers and have deep expertise in hepatitis C. Their newest experiment is in business, not in a test tube: After years of working in established drug companies, they're running a startup on a shoestring.
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Instead of hiring a small army of scientists and building an expensive laboratory, Trek is a virtual, 10-person company that operates out of a small incubator space in Cambridge, Mass. The company acquires experimental drugs that typically have been vetted through some degree of human testing.
Trek capitalized on the fact that, for years, drug companies had raced to develop new hepatitis C treatments, which meant there were promising drugs stuck halfway through the pipeline.The availability of these drugs de-risks Trek's job considerably, cutting down on the cost and time of developing molecules from scratch.
Trek has acquired or licensed five drugs so far, of which all but one have been through some human clinical trials. The company contracts with outside labs and clinics for additional testing.
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Treatment of hepatitis C typically requires a combination of drugs, which meant that Trek could pluck drugs from different companies and bring them together in powerful new pairings. In fall of last year, Trek began a small clinical trial, using a drug called faldaprevir in combination with an experimental drug called TD-6450 and ribavirin.
Trek hopes to get a medicine on the market in 2020. The company is still in the earliest stages and investors will have a long and risky wait for a return.
So far, the startup has raised $9 million in its initial funding round and is seeking an additional $50 million to fund the large trials needed to push drugs toward approval. That might seem like a lot of money, but in drug development it's pocket change.
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One study pegs the cost of developing and launching a drug at $2.6 billion. That work has been critiqued because of questions about the data and the analysis, which was done by a university group that receives funding from the industry. At the other extreme, the non-profit Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative has estimated the cost of developing a drug for diseases that are overlooked because they affect poor people at less than $170 million -- a number that can't be interpreted too broadly because critics argue the model won't work for all diseases and it underestimates some costs.
To avoid the cost and uncertainty of challenging behemoth drug companies in the American market, Trek plans to focus on middle-income countries where new hepatitis C drugs have been slow to roll out, such as nations in eastern and central Europe. If they are successful at finding a new balancing point of profit and access -- a true "if" -- they hope their example could inspire companies working on other diseases to experiment with similar pricing models.
“That’s exactly why, when Trek organized, we became a benefit corporation," said Robert Hindes, Trek's chief medical officer, who helped develop Sovaldi. "So we would have the option of not charging as much money as we could charge, or make as much money as we could make, but to take other factors into consideration -- so we could set the price that was consistent with our mission of affordability."
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Ann Kwong, chief executive of Trek, said the team is working on health economic models to find the right price, based on need and ability to pay, for each country it could distribute to -- although they haven't named where they'll start yet.
"We can go into different countries, such as Romania and say, 'This is how much this disease is going to cost you over the next X years; for a fraction of that, you could cure these people and avoid that future cost,'" Kwong said.
A unique opportunity in hepatitis C
Trek's leaders are also in a race -- existing drugs are already making their way into these countries, and Trek doesn't expect to have a drug on the market for at least three years.
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Large drugmakers also are taking steps toward providing treatments in developing countries at lower costs -- and the net price of existing hepatitis C treatments has fallen because insurers have been able to strike deals for deeper rebates from drugmakers. Because Sovaldi's price has received so much attention and scrutiny, drugmakers have also priced their hepatitis C drugs aggressively to compete on price -- for example, when Merck introduced a new drug early this year, it priced it well below competition in an unusual move.
Gilead has agreed to make its hepatitis C drugs available as a generic in 101 countries. A spokesman said the company is working with payers -- including governments and health insurers -- and cited a recent scale up of treatment in Poland to enable 3,500 patients to be treated per year. (A recent study estimated there are 231,000 people infected with the virus in Poland, with most unaware of the disease.)
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Bristol-Myers Squibb licensed its hepatitis C drug, Daklinza, to the Medicines Patent Pool, a United Nations-backed organization that makes the drug available as a generic drug to 112 low- and middle-income countries. A spokesman said the company employs tiered pricing in low- and middle-income countries that takes into account how many people have the disease and the country's ability to pay.
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AbbVie said that its hepatitis C drug regimens are approved and accessible in more than 70 countries, including most in central and eastern Europe.
A Merck spokeswoman, asked about access to its drug, Zepatier, in low and middle income countries said the company was "working on securing market approvals."
The nonprofit Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative has also partnered with an Egyptian company, Pharco Pharmaceuticals, to test a new drug combination that could sell for less than $300 in low- and middle-income countries.
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Trek's business model is based on the idea that these approaches are incomplete. They will provide piecemeal access, Kwong argues, but will leave millions untreated.
Danny Edwards, a research program manager at the Access to Medicine Foundation, which ranks and evaluates how well pharmaceutical companies provide their drugs in low and middle income countries, said it was a reasonable strategy.
"I think middle-income country markets present a real business opportunity. You can design access-to-medicine strategies which are commercially sustainable at the same time," Edwards said.
Trek will face other challenges, too, including regulations, uncertainty about how fast other companies' drug prices will drop as competition increases, and the need to show physicians and governments that their drug works as well as pricier options.
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Among the most common reservations outside experts expressed about their model was the worry that the medicine Trek is developing might be inferior to other hepatitis C treatments.
"I would hope we could develop a regimen that I would be perfectly comfortable using with my patients, to cure their hepatitis C," said Camilla Graham, Trek's vice president of medical and government affairs and a physician at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston. " I don’t like the idea we’d create an inferior regimen for poorer people."
In September, the company announced that all 16 people in a small trial had reached undetectable levels of virus after 12 weeks on their drug combination. That's far from the kind of large randomized trial that precedes a drug’s approval, but it is an encouraging sign.
David Rein, a director of the public health analytics program at the University of Chicago's National Opinion Research Center, said that the effort seemed like an intriguing way to work within the current system for developing drugs.
“I’ve heard of a lot of other approaches that I think are completely unrealistic in the context of our current health care system,” Rein said. “This actually seems like it would have a chance."
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Shifting the focus toward rare variants in schizophrenia to close the gap from genotype to phenotype.
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a disorder with a high heritability and a complex architecture. Several dozen genetic variants have been identified as risk factors through genome-wide association studies including large population-based samples. However, the bulk of the risk cannot be accounted for by the genes associated to date. Rare mutations have been historically seen as relevant only for some infrequent, Mendelian forms of psychosis. Recent findings, however, show that the subset of patients that present a mutation with major effect is larger than expected. We discuss some of the molecular findings of these studies. SZ is clinically and genetically heterogeneous. To identify the genetic variation underlying the disorder, research should be focused on features that are more likely a product of genetic heterogeneity. Based on the phenotypical correlations with rare variants, cognition emerges as a relevant domain to study. Cognitive disturbances could be useful in selecting cases that have a higher probability of carrying deleterious mutations, as well as on the correct ascertainment of sporadic cases for the identification of de novo variants.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Supreme Court of Florida
____________
No. SC13-2168
____________
MARIANNE EDWARDS,
Petitioner,
vs.
THE SUNRISE OPHTHALMOLOGY ASC, etc., et al.,
Respondents.
[March 26, 2015]
PER CURIAM.
We initially accepted jurisdiction to review the Fourth District Court of
Appeal’s decision in Edwards v. Sunrise Opthalmology ASC, LLC, 134 So. 3d
1056 (Fla. 4th DCA 2013). See art. V, § 3(b)(3), Fla. Const. However, upon
further consideration, we conclude that jurisdiction was improvidently granted.
Accordingly, we dismiss the petition.
It is so ordered.
LABARGA, C.J., and PARIENTE, CANADY, POLSTON, and PERRY, JJ.,
concur.
LEWIS and QUINCE, JJ., dissent.
NO MOTION FOR REHEARING WILL BE ALLOWED.
Application for Review of the Decision of the District Court of Appeal - Direct
Conflict of Decisions
Fourth District - Case No. 4D12-143
(Broward County)
Rodrigo Louis Saavedra of Rodrigo L. Saavedra, Jr., P.A., Fort Lauderdale,
Florida, and Lincoln J. Connolly of Lincoln J. Connolly Trials & Appeals, P.A.,
Miami, Florida,
for Petitioner
Burt Edward Redlus of the Law Offices of Burt E. Redlus, P.A., Miami, Florida,
and John David Kelner, Hollywood, Florida,
for Respondents Gil A. Epstein, M.D. and Fort Lauderdale Eye Institute, Inc.
Iain Leslie Cooper Kennedy of Shook Hardy & Bacon, LLP, Miami, Florida,
for Amici Curiae Florida Medical Association and American Medical
Association
-2-
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{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
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Grace Methodist Episcopal Church (Winfield, Kansas)
The Grace Methodist Episcopal Church in Winfield, Kansas is a historic church which was built in 1917. It has also been known as Grace United Methodist Church and is located at 320 College Street in Winfield. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.
It is a large three-story church designed by Ernest Olaf Brostrom in Collegiate Gothic style. Its main portion is in plan. A two-story education wing was added in 1959.
References
Category:Methodist churches in Kansas
Category:Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Kansas
Category:Collegiate Gothic architecture in Kansas
Category:Churches completed in 1917
Category:Buildings and structures in Cowley County, Kansas
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Cowley County, Kansas
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{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
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Q:
How could we prove that $(p \vee q) \wedge( \neg p \vee r )\rightarrow (q \vee r)$ is a tautology?
How could we prove that $(p \vee q) \wedge( \neg p \vee r )\rightarrow (q \vee r)$ is a tautology?
I am more interested in the algebraic method. We can use all the rules of inferences except the Resolution.
A:
We have
\begin{align*}
(p \vee q) \wedge( \neg p \vee r )\rightarrow (q \vee r)
&\equiv (p \wedge \neg p) \vee (q \wedge \neg p) \vee (q \wedge r) \vee (p \wedge r) \to q \vee r\\
&\equiv \neg \bigl((q \wedge \neg p) \vee (q \wedge r) \vee (p \wedge r)\bigr) \vee q \vee r\\
&\equiv \bigl((\neg q \vee p) \wedge (\neg q \vee \neg r) \wedge (\neg p \vee \neg r)\bigr) \vee q \vee r\\
&\equiv (\neg q \vee p \vee q \vee r) \wedge (\neg q \vee \neg r \vee q \vee r) \wedge (\neg p \vee \neg r \vee q \vee r)\\
&\equiv \top \wedge \top \wedge \top \equiv \top.
\end{align*}
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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The Supreme Court on Monday rejected a suit filed by people who were in the vicinity of Nagasaki at the time of the 1945 U.S. atomic bombing and seeking official recognition as A-bomb survivors.
While turning down recognition of the 387 people as victims, the top court found one plaintiff who died after the suit was lodged could have been exposed to radiation after entering areas affected by the attack. His case was sent back to the Nagasaki District Court.
The plaintiffs, who claimed they were within 12 km of ground zero at the time of the attack on Aug. 9, 1945, are not classified as survivors, or hibakusha, because they were outside the oval-shaped, state-designated zone stretching around 7 km from east to west and around 12 km from north to south.
Instead, they are defined as individuals “who experienced the bombing,” and are not therefore entitled to full compensation including medical assistance as hibakusha are. As of late November, 6,278 individuals who experienced the bombing lived in Nagasaki Prefecture, according to the prefectural government.
The top court’s First Petty Bench, presided over by Justice Katsuyuki Kizawa, upheld a 2016 Fukuoka High Court ruling that said an earlier scientific finding that radiation-linked health problems basically occurred within 5 km of ground zero was appropriate.
“I’m so disappointed and dumbfounded by the top court’s decision,” said Chiyoko Iwanaga, 81, who led the plaintiffs. “Although we are getting old and exhausted, I will keep challenging. The truth can’t be bent.”
In the suit filed in 2007, the plaintiffs asked the central, prefectural and municipal governments to issue health cards entitling them to full compensation under the law supporting atomic bomb victims.
They also insisted that they developed acute symptoms, such as hair loss, after exposure to the blast and still suffer from radiation-related diseases. But the top court upheld a 2012 Nagasaki District Court ruling that concluded the symptoms did not match those stemming from radiation exposure.
Under the support law, people are legally recognized as hibakusha if they were in the state-designated zone at the time of the bombing, entered the city within two weeks of it, or were otherwise exposed to radiation from the explosion.
All of the plaintiffs argued that they fell into the third category, while the man who died during the lawsuit demanded he be put into the second category.
KEYWORDS courts, Nagasaki, abomb
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Si entra una mosca en casa y alguien aprovecha, saca una pistola, y mata a la suegra, no cabe decir que haya matado moscas a cañonazos. Ha cometido un crimen que nada tiene que ver con la mosca.
Puede decirse que esto es lo que está pasando en Podemos. El actual equipo de Pablo Iglesias (que no conserva ya ni a una sola de las personas que le hemos acompañado desde el principio) entró en Podemos con un objetivo que sólo podía conducir a la destrucción del proyecto. Entraron tarde y entraron mal, con la intención de excluir a todos los que no formaran parte de su pandilla. No son más de 4 ó 5 personas, pero suficientes para dar al traste con todo.
La estrategia que han seguido es tan simple como eficaz: en primer lugar, acusar de "errejonista" a cualquiera que no fuera de su estrecho círculo de confianza (que venía ya prefabricado desde fuera); en segundo lugar, defender que todos los errejonistas deben estar fuera de Podemos. La conclusión inevitable de esto es que todo el mundo, menos ellos, debe quedar fuera de Podemos.
No voy a negar que, desde mucho antes de que entraran en Podemos Rafa Mayoral, Irene Montero o Juanma del Olmo, ha habido comportamientos desleales contra Pablo. Siempre me he enfrentado a esas deslealtades (y nunca las perdonaré), sin importarme si venían con sello "anticapitalista" o "errejonista". El comportamiento de muchos "anticapitalistas" en Vistalegre I ponía de manifiesto que no lograban entender el tipo de operación que teníamos por delante. Y disparaban de un modo insensato contra el líder que necesitábamos.
Un tiempo después, yo mismo he sido víctima de ataques de "errejonistas" que tampoco sentían ningún respeto ni por el secretario general de Podemos (en términos orgánicos) ni por Pablo Iglesias (en clave personal). Pero, desde que fundamos Podemos, no me he encontrado con nada tan dañino para Pablo y para el proyecto como la camarilla que, a día de hoy, está dispuesta a destruirlo todo con tal de no perder su condición de cortesanos.
Aún no consigo entender cómo Pablo lo ha permitido. Soy su amigo desde hace más de 20 años y sé que Pablo no es así. Lo único que se me ocurre pensar es que sigue sin tener ni idea del tipo de cosas que se hacen en su nombre. Pablo es un hombre de honor por encima de todo. Y cuida hasta la muerte a la gente que considera sus amigos. Pero creo que ahora se confunde: llama amigos a quienes no tienen más interés que el de mantener su posición excluyente, incluso si eso implica la destrucción de Pablo (y, por lo tanto, de Podemos).
De todas formas, voy a votar a Pablo a la secretaría general y lo voy a hacer con entusiasmo, porque necesitamos que siga liderando Podemos. También voy a votar a Pablo al Consejo Ciudadano porque, como cuestión simbólica, me parece importante (y de justicia) que saque más votos que Errejón.
Pero no me puede pedir que vote a una lista llena de gente que, honestamente, creo que va a acabar con él y con Podemos sin miramientos. Tampoco puede exigir que le acompañemos en el último giro truculento, tras el que parece más sencillo entenderse en lo político con Anticapitalistas que con Errejón, con el que trazó la estrategia con la que nació Podemos y en gran parte contra esos mismos anticapitalistas. Entre otras cosas porque la alianza de esas dos familias es imposible y no va a tardar en saltar por los aires. Lo único que los une es su pertenencia común al siglo XX y su rechazo compartido a la hipótesis que hizo posible Podemos (hipótesis que, insisto, siempre ha sido tan de Pablo como de Íñigo).
Necesitamos un Podemos dirigido por Pablo, pero también por Íñigo, Carolina y Nacho. Un Podemos en el que todxs asuman y respeten de verdad el liderazgo de Pablo (cosa que no siempre ha ocurrido) y en el que Pablo sea de verdad el secretario general de todxs (cosa que tampoco).
No me he animado a escribir un artículo como este hasta que dos personas tan imprescindibles para el proyecto como Carolina Bescansa (Secretaria de Análisis Político) y Nacho Álvarez (Secretario de Economía), el día 1 de febrero, han anunciado su intención de no participar en el proceso de Vistalegre2.
Pero, sobre todo, me ha movido ver cómo, con una lógica de persecución del enemigo interno que recuerda a las peores tradiciones de la izquierda, se acusaba de traidores a personas como Miguel Vila o Eduardo Fernández Rubiño. Ambos comenzaron con esto, al igual que yo, mucho antes de Vistalegre I; antes también de la maravillosa campaña de las elecciones europeas; incluso mucho antes de que saliéramos a la luz aquel enero de 2014. Siempre han estado, al igual que yo, tratando de combatir toda deslealtad, viniera de donde viniera. No sólo Eduardo y Miguel, por supuesto, sino una lista interminable: Pedro de Palacio, Clara Serrano, Carlos Fernández Liria, Dani Corral, Paz Vaello y un largo etc., y que van en equipos que no son el de Pablo o no van en ninguno. En esta situación, no podría dejar de decir, sin sentir vergüenza, a qué creo que se debe.
En cualquier caso, digo todo esto ya desde fuera, sin más pretensiones que las de alguien que ya ha abandonado todas las responsabilidades orgánicas. Mi sitio está en la Universidad, con mis libros, con mis clases, con mis alumnos y alumnas. Estos 3 años han sido años excepcionales; años en los que se abría una clara posibilidad de cambio y todxs estábamos obligados a darlo todo para entrar por esa rendija; años excepcionales en los que, pasado el tiempo, uno se habría mirado a sí mismo con vergüenza si se hubiera estado dedicando a otra cosa mientras tanto. Nunca he cobrado un solo euro de Podemos ni he querido ocupar ningún cargo público, y estoy orgulloso de que haya sido así.
Ahora, ya hay un partido (en guerra, pero un partido), con sus inercias internas y sus dinámicas institucionales. La excepcionalidad del momento en el que había que crearlo todo de la nada ha pasado. Y, por lo tanto, los que no nos hemos dedicado nunca a la política de modo profesional, podemos volver a nuestras tareas, las que nos dan de comer y las que nos hacen felices (en los casos afortunados, como es el mío, en el que las dos cosas coinciden) sin mayor cargo de conciencia. Ese es, pues, todo el interés que tengo: poder volver tranquilo a mi oficio.
Pero no querría reprocharme nunca haber estado callado mientras veía cómo un grupo de conspiradores estaba a punto de tomar el control de Podemos. Creo que esto es algo que va a ocurrir casi con seguridad, porque van a lograr parasitar a Pablo hasta destruir al organismo. Estoy seguro de que Pablo se dará cuenta un año o dos después de que le hayan matado los suyos, pero ya será tarde. No creo que este artículo cambie nada. Pero si las tareas imposibles nos paralizaran, no habría llegado nunca el día de montar Podemos. Y eso no va en el carácter de quienes comenzamos esta historia.
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{
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Reduction of lesion-induced deficits in visual reversal learning following cross-modal training.
Two experiments examined the effects of postoperative auditory intensity training on serial brightness reversal learning of visual decorticate rats. In Experiment 1 rats learned an avoidance response cued by a high intensity light prior to visual decortication. Six days later the rats were given either avoidance training with an auditory intensity cue, additional training with the preoperative visual cue, or no training. The next day all rats began a series of 8 brightness discrimination reversals. The no-training lesion group failed the early reversals but reached criterion in later reversals. Lesion rats retrained with visual cues failed early reversals with the low intensity light cue but not reversals with the high intensity cue. In contrast, lesion rats given auditory training easily reached criterion in all reversals. Experiment 2 followed a similar training sequence except auditory training was given after the second reversal. All rats showed rapid acquisition of all visual reversals subsequent to auditory training. These data suggest that generalization of a learning set by cross-modal transfer training with an intact modality can reduce reversal learning deficits following brain damage more efficiently than comparable training with the damaged system.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Effects of PAF and BN 52021 on cardiac function and regional blood flow in conscious rats.
The effect of intravenous injections (0.1-3 nmol/kg) of platelet-activating factor (PAF) on blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and blood flow (hindquarter, renal, mesenteric) were studied in conscious rats. PAF decreased blood pressure and total peripheral resistance (TPR) but increased heart rate; cardiac output was reduced by the highest dose. Low doses of PAF increased blood flow and decreased vascular resistance in all vascular beds, whereas high doses reduced mesenteric blood flow in part by increasing mesenteric vascular resistance. The hypotensive and cardiac effects of PAF were blocked by intravenous infusions of the selective PAF-receptor antagonists, 15 mg/kg BN 52021 and 1 mg/kg SDZ 63-441. BN 52021 also attenuated the hindquarter and renal responses to PAF, but the mesenteric responses remained relatively unchanged. The results indicate that PAF is a potent vasodilator of mesenteric greater than hindquarter = renal vessels at low doses and a cardiac depressant at high doses. A therapeutic role for the PAF antagonists BN 52021 and SDZ 63-441 is suggested in endotoxemia, anaphylaxis, and other disease states in which increased release of PAF contributes to key hemodynamic derangements.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Q:
How can I define f(x) = x/x in MATLAB (Symbolic Computation)
I try with these commands
x = sym('x');
f(x) = sym('f(x)');
f(x) = x/x;
and
f(x) = sym('x/x');
, but both of them produce
f(x) = 1
(yes.. for every real x including 0)
The question is how I can avoid the pre-evaluation in the command "sym",
or there exists another way to handle this problem.
Thank you very much!
update 21.05.2014:
Let me describe the problem a little bit.
Consider
f(x) = x/x
and
g(x) = 1
It is obvious that domains of f and g are R-{0} and R respectively.
The automatic simplification in sym/syms may lead to lose some info.
A:
The answer from @pabaldonedo is good. It seems that the designers of MuPad and the Symbolic Toolbox made a choice as x/x is indeterminate.
If you actually want 0, Inf, -Inf, or NaN, to result in NaN rather than 1 then you can use symbolic variables in conjunction with an anonymous function:
f = @(x)sym(x)./sym(x);
f([-Inf -1 0 1 Inf NaN])
which returns
ans =
[ NaN, 1, NaN, 1, NaN, NaN]
Or, if the input is already symbolic you can just use this:
f = @(x)x./x;
f(sym([-Inf -1 0 1 Inf NaN]))
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Circulating KL-6/MUC1 as an independent predictor for disseminated intravascular coagulation in acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients show high levels of circulating mucin including KL-6/MUC1 (soluble MUC1 mucin). Because cancer mucin can bind vascular endothelial cells and platelets via selectins, mucin-selectin interactions are reported to trigger platelet aggregation and intravascular coagulation. Therefore, we hypothesized that KL-6/MUC1 is involved in the pathogenesis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in ARDS. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the association between circulating KL-6/MUC1 and DIC in ARDS patients. Observational study with structured follow-up. Intensive care unit in Hiroshima University Hospital. Fifty-six newly diagnosed patients with ARDS. Circulating levels of KL-6/MUC1 were measured during diagnosis and serially measured during the clinical course along with indices of respiratory failure, inflammation, coagulation and fibrinolysis and multiple organ dysfunction. Acute respiratory distress syndrome patients complicated with DIC showed significantly higher levels of serum KL-6/MUC1 than patients without DIC during the clinical course. Amongst the parameters analysed at diagnosis of ARDS, KL-6/MUC1 was an independent predictor for DIC complication. The baseline level of circulating KL-6/MUC1 at diagnosis of ARDS was significantly correlated with an increased DIC score following ARDS diagnosis. Using an optimum cutoff level of KL-6/MUC1 obtained by a receiver operating characteristic curve, the sensitivity and specificity for predicting future DIC development in ARDS patients were 88.9% and 55.3%, respectively. These results suggest that KL-6/MUC1 is associated with DIC development in ARDS patients. Elevated levels of KL-6/MUC1 at diagnosis could be a predictor of DIC complication in ARDS.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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"Chew your food 20 times before swallowing!" "Understand?" "[The second Sunday in May is Mother's Day." "So we present the second half of "Mother."]" "Mom!" "We will be happy." "Illustration by:" "Hideaki Sorachi]" "["Don't Make Munching Noises When You Eat"]" "We're delighted to welcome you to host club Takamagahara." "Shin." "I am Gin." "Just do it." "Gura." "Fuu!" "What?" "You've got guts." "Come here." "I'd rather be served by some pretty ladies." "Excuse me." "Huh?" "Gin-sa-- fuu?" "the old lady hasn't drunk anything yet." "take the old... over there and let her rest." "Just do it." "Okay." "Even if it costs me my life." "How troublesome." "But never mind." "let's get back... to what we were talking about." "Something to drink?" "getting back to..." "Is that shochu 3 or water 3?" "[Shochu and water 7:3] [Note: the entire gag is about the homonym "san" which can mean the number 3 or a name title.]" "[Shochu 3]" "Shochu." "Now getting back to..." "[Water 3]" "Shochu 3?" "That's shochu 3." "Now getting back to... what will you have?" "[Shochu-san]" "My name is not Shochu-san!" "I want shochu san but that san isn't "-san seven parts water." "Okay?" "Okay." "Even if it costs me my life." "That'll never become popular." "so stop it!" "so I'll be frank." "accept our demands." "don't you think?" "It's very simple." "You charm stupid women with your sweet talk and our tough guys drive away the stupid men." "We'll split the profits exactly 70-30." "Everybody's happy." "I told you before." "nor Hachiro have any intention of using the services of people like you." "and we've come this far." "We have no intention of changing that." "Oh..." "Then you don't care what happens to your... come on." "That hurts!" "And that's annoying me!" "use this." "that's nice." "Is it a present?" "It's heavy." "It's like we're a couple." "I can't accept it." "I didn't give it to you." "Use it to give me a light!" "Don't use it with a flint stone!" "you know." "Kyoshiro-san!" "Don't worry about me!" "Don't do what they want!" "We've lived through Hell and even changed our faces!" "Hachiro..." "Quiet." "to live in this town... our own way!" "You've got some nerve." "then I'll show you just how scary it is to live in this town." "Stop it!" "It's too late now." "I have to draw the line." "I'll show you just how more serious..." "I am than you!" "Stop it!" "did you know?" "he slits his belly." "though." "Wh-Who are you?" "What the hell are you doing?" "!" "I have an order for three Dom Perignino!" "Okay." "Even if it costs me my life." "just do it!" "Things don't go that easily in this world." "eh?" "It's Meru-chan." "Meru-chan became a mom while I was away!" "She gave birth?" "Congratulations." "moron!" "I can't stay here." "We're leaving right now!" "R-Right!" "people!" "We won't be this easy on you the next time we meet!" "Thank you very much." "You put us through a lot of trouble." "But I can't let a son get killed right in front of his mother's eyes." "Son?" "Don't play dumb." "we have a problem!" "The old lady..." "The old lady is nowhere to be found!" "What?" "How about in the bathroom?" "No." "Maybe those guys grabbed her." "Mom!" "Mom?" "I see." "So that guy was the Odd Jobs above Otose's shop." "That means Kyoshiro hired them to oppose me." "It'll be trouble if we go up against Otose." "I heard our Big boss is in love with that old lady." "Isn't that in the past?" "I heard she didn't talk to him for more than ten years because he was late passing around the neighborhood notebook." "Ah!" "Aniki!" "Did you see the way the puppies move?" "They're like plush toys!" "I told you not to speak so loud!" "Meru-chan is in her most fragile state right now." "What?" "Another one came out." "Calm down!" "But this pup isn't breathing!" "What?" "Hey what is this?" "What's going on?" "What should we do?" "!" "Aniki!" "Do something." "I can't take this." "I can't take it either." "Men shouldn't panic!" "who's going to look after this pup?" "!" "A man has to be strong at times like this!" "I-I'm sorry." "now!" "Right!" "Brought it!" "old lady?" "Will he live?" "Will Meru-chan's baby live?" "It cried." "It's alive!" "It's a miracle." "old lady." "Thank you so much." "Forget it." "Take good care of it now." "I will." "what're you doing here?" "I heard you said something about someone giving birth." "nothing gets done if a mother isn't around." "That's so true." "That's true." "That's not true!" "old lady?" "Mother." "Hachiro's mother." "Hachiro..." "That Hachiro?" "Hachiro Kuroita." "Hachiro Kuroita?" "Hachiro Kuroita..." "I've heard that name before." "Big boss!" "Sakata-san." "Sakata-san!" "Hachiro-san!" "How'd it go?" "Did you find Mom?" "I had no luck." "Neither did I." "but I lost contact with Kyoshiro." "He left the club to chase after her." "Crap!" "we were completely fooled." "None of us imagined that Kyoshiro-san was the old lady's son." "He's changed so much." "Not even his mother or the Buddha would recognize him." "dressed like that and calling yourself Hachiro." "It'd be strange if we didn't think you were her son." "confusion!" "I'm calling JARO." "[Note:" "JARO stands for the Japan Advertising Review Organization]" "That was your own mistake." "I'm not a son." "but I'm a former daughter." "I'm a trannie." "Hachiro is my professional name." "My real name is Hanako." "Hanako..." "What?" "Hanako...?" "Yes." "Hanako is..." "Hachiro and..." "Hachiro is..." "Hanako?" "!" "Yes." "But why didn't Kyoshiro-san say anything to his mother?" "Is it because now they are like strangers to each other?" "Kyoshiro-san has been supposedly sending his money home to his mother for five years." "He wanted to see her more than anyone." "you need more than just appearances." "but we're all people who can't face our parents." "Yes?" "Hello." "Kyoshiro-san?" "It's Katsuo." "That old lady who was at your place... she just followed us on her own." "We don't know what to do with her." "I'm Hachiro's mother." "What should we do with her?" "Can we just get rid of her?" "come get her right away." "there's no telling what we might do to her." "Hachiro Kuroita-han?" "Hachiro-han." "I was surprised when the Big boss told me." "I understand your real name is Hachiro Kuroita." "Where is she?" "!" "Don't worry." "She's a valuable hostage." "We haven't done anything to her." "I'll keep the fact that you're her son under wraps." "We yakuza act according to our principles." "But I don't understand why you're so desperate to hide that." "there's no saving me." "I could never face my mother." "But you're different." "You're the top host in this town." "The most successful." "You should proudly stand before your mother." "What am I going to face her with?" "I've gotten rid of the face my mother knows." "I've thrown away being Hachiro." "but that's just a title." "I live here in the same town as you." "I do the same sort of dirty things." "you're a fine fellow." "You're the first guy who's refused our demands and stuck to his guns." "Even if that does end as of today." "Huh?" "What's that money for?" "This is everything I own." "so there's not much left." "What?" "You're still putting up a fight?" "We don't want such trifles." "We want you to let us run your club!" "I have pride in my work as a host. and why I have no intention of submitting to you in front of my mother." "You...!" "A host's job is to make women happy. unhappy." "What?" "!" "You mean you don't care what happens to your mom?" "Kyoshiro-han." "You're quite dauntless." "Just as I would have expected of the top host." "I don't like being too pushy." "But I don't have a choice since the Big boss is desperate to develop more sources of money." "the yakuza have changed." "I might be able to convince the Big boss." "I'll let you go today in deference to your 7:3-parted hair and your dauntlessness." "I'll release Mom after that." "What the?" "!" "Guys like him don't deserve your money." "Use it to treat your mother to something delicious." "You're...!" "I'm not very good with machines." "This isn't looking good!" "Let's get out of here." "Just - do it!" "Do it!" "Do it!" "Do it!" "Do it!" "What crazy people." "I can't distinguish them from the yakuza." "that's enough." "Or this old lady gets..." "This old lady gets... fuu." "No you don't!" "You fool!" "Don't underestimate me!" "fuu-fuu." "Ouch." "What kind of one-sided interpretation is that?" "Were you sent by that old lady Otose or something?" "Ouch." "You think you can go up against our Gutter Rat Gang in this town and stay alive?" "You fool!" "If you make an enemy of... you'll..." "A clean hit!" "Uh-oh..." "I feel dizzy..." "What did this old lady eat?" "I mustn't let go." "Tough it out." "What're you blushing for?" "!" "I don't give a damn if you're gutter rats or lab rats." "desperately trying... to make a living." "Meru-chan!" "Aniki!" "Boss?" "Let them go." "Let them go." "We don't have enough lives to take these guys on." "If we..." "I'm sure Big boss would understand." "But...!" "we live by our rules." "I never fail when returning a debt of gratitude." "I'll return 3." "I'll give back 7." "Remember that." "Kyoshiro's doing as well as ever." "Did you hear?" "Kyoshiro-san never did identify himself to his mother after all." "Remember!" "You boil that pumpkin in soy sauce and broth!" "Come on!" "How many times are you going to tell me the same thing?" "!" "Don't raise your voice!" "You're always trying to trip me up!" "He says he still hasn't become a man who can meet her with his head held high." "Even though he hasn't done a single thing to be ashamed of." "That's so true." "I know him." "I know how pure a heart he has." "all this time." "Hachiro-san." "This odd box was left at the door." "Remember!" "You mustn't over-boil it!" "It'll turn mushy!" "Just enough!" "Come on!" "How many times are you going to tell me the same thing?" "!" "Don't raise your voice!" "You're always trying to trip me up!" "Kyoshiro-san!" "What's this?" "Just a minute!" "We didn't order this!" "Why're you smiling?" "It's our special service." "Remember!" "Chew your food well!" "Come on!" "How many times are you going to tell me the same thing?" "!" "It's the first time I've said that!" "You're not going to trick me!" "What is this?" "Who wants something so lame?" "Kyoshiro-san wouldn't eat something like this." "make sure you lock up!" "these days." "Come on!" "Hurry up and leave!" "old lady." "Sweet dreams." "brat!" "then." "Uh!" "Mom... after all." "What're you talking about?" "From Mother]" "You did let me see him. you're still not very good with chopsticks." "I've told you to fix that." "Mother is quite concerned." "don't make munching noises when you eat." "It really irritates Mother." "but..." "Mother is just happy to know you're doing well. your mother will always be proud of you." "Mom..." "That annoying woman is finally gone." "Now I know that a Mom is nothing if not annoying." "True." "I agree." "10..." "["Keep an Eye on the Chief for the Day"]" "Damn!" "It's a raid!" "Run!" "Too!" "I-It's the Shinsengumi! murder of Shogunate officials and destruction of a coffee shop." "You're the ones who busted up the coffee shop!" "What's going on?" "It's the Shinsengumi!" "The Shinsengumi's at it again!" "[The Shinsengumi's At It Again]" "Oh..." "Tsu Terakado won the New Singer Award at the Edo CD Grand Prix." "Amazing." "Not that." "The article above it." "eh?" "How frightening." "But Otae-san is safe for sure." "Not that." "The article to the right." "okay?" "no." "It's your fault." "All crimes result from vulnerabilities in your heart!" "It's something you could say about both those wouldn't you say?" "What I want to say is that depending on your mental attitude you can prevent a crime before it happens." "What I want to say is:" "don't get into too festive a mood just because it's spring!" "That's what I want to say!" "it's darn near impossible for us to protect the peace in Edo without everyone's cooperation!" "everyone! we need to lock down and beware of terrorists!" "That's right!" "shout out!" "we need to lock down and beware of terrorists!" "Sell your kidneys!" "dammit!" "Good afternoon." "Tsu Terakado!" "Everybody!" "Don't get carried away by the festive mood just because it's spring." "Elephant turds are huge!" "They're huge!" "I will do all I can to protect the peace in Edo today." "okay?" "Cat poop smells awful!" "Awful!" "listen to this song!" "Chome-ko Nanza Kuso Kurae!" "You Bleeping Pigs!" And chome = bleep]" "after all." "Neapolitan." "Hell no!" "Rocky III "The Flames of Friendship"!" "[Note:" "It was actually the Japan release version of Rocky IV that had the additional title "Flames of Friendship"]" "Chome Chome Chome Chome Ko!" "Poli Poli Poli Poli Eat it!" "Chome Chome Chome Chome Ko!" "Poli Poli Poli Poli Poli Poli!" "Chome-ko Nanza Kuso Kurae!" "[Note: "Bleeping Pigs Eat Shit!"]" "Otsu-chan becomes Chief for a day.]" "Chome-ko Nanza Kuso Kurae!" was produced by "Tsunpo"!" "]" "Continued Use of Excessive Force" "Mission" No Longer Reason Enough"
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Q:
How do I use AJAX/JavaScript in Drupal 6
Normally, I love drupal and generally I do, but I want to know why it makes coding in JavaScript so hard?
You see, I'm porting an existing page with an AJAX user interface into drupal. I would like to keep it AJAX but at the minute I can't see how - I can't even get a simple alert to work!
A quick google search made me find out 2 things. 1) I need help from someone 2) because drupal has a wired way of handling javascript due to it being a CMS.
All my script does is add to inputs to a mysql database in the following format, returning an error if the entry is alreading in the database: input1=input2. So if somebody could start me off with JavaScript in drupal; maybe give me a mysql example script (using AJAX),
i'd be very grateful!
Thanks in advance,
Andy
PS Googling did reveal some example scripts but I had 2 problems with them. 1) I didn't quite get them 2) due to the fact they were for modules. I need to create a page with an AJAX interface on, not a module!
A:
Maybe the solution to your problem IS a module.
Other than that, the only thing I can think of is: JavaScript is parsed out of your "page node" (I suppose that's what you mean by creating a "page") due to the content-type settings...
One thing you can do is to create a content-type where you can insert plain-text and hence execute javascript, php, whatever... Creating this kind of content-type, of course has security risks, depending on how you use it and who has permissions to use it...
Update
Take a look at this link and see if it helps http://groups.drupal.org/node/41866#comment-114744
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The Young Protectors: Engaging The Enemy Chapter One—Page 49
I’m going to be attending Emerald City Comicon in Seattle, WA from March 1 – March 3. I’ll have advance copies of Artifice and some brand new, very special The Young Protectors merch for sale. You’ll be able to find me at the Prism Comics booth. If you’re going to be there, please stop by and say “hi”—I’d love to meet you!
Oh and
***THIS IS A BONUS PAGE!***
The third bonus page in a row! WOOT! 😀
Special thanks go out to long-time supporters Angharad L. & Biz F. (both making their second generous donations to The Young Protectors!), Kinzie K. & Trish O. (both making their third generous donations to The Young Protectors!), Mike M. (who makes their fourth generous donation to The Young Protectors!), Renee N. (who makes their sixth generous donation to The Young Protectors!), Loraine L. (who makes their eighth generous donation to The Young Protectors!) & Sola B. (who makes their eleventh generous donation to this comic and who put us over the top for this bonus page!) and a warm welcome and grateful bow go out to new supporters Angie G., Anna I., connie c. & David L. for their generous donations over the last few days!
Big hugs go out to long-time friends of The Young Protectors Adriane L. and Daniel N. for their super-generous $25 donations. (And this makes Adriane’s eleventh super-generous donation and Daniel’s twenty-third!! You are awesome, Adriane and Daniel!)
Superhero-strength hugs go out to new super-friends Ramona Q. and Jodi H. for their amazingly generous $50 donations! Thank you so much, Ramona and Jodi!
And finally, ZOMG, deeply humbled and very deeply grateful hugs go out to mega-friend Viola H. whose $100 donation makes their second stunningly generous donation to this comic. You are a total rock star, Viola—thank you so, so much!
Thank you all so very much for your amazing support. Three bonus pages in a row—it’s looks like we’re back on a streak! (And it’s an awesome time for it—the art on these next pages is some of my favorite!) We really do have the best readers in the world! 😀
So! A reader in the comments on the last page asked for the classic running-away-from-an-explosion shot and you know we can’t deny you anything! (Well, almost anything. 😉 ) We even get a fireman-carry rescue!
So, do you think they’ll make it? Or will it be curtains for heroes and villains alike?
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In the quiet of his empty home, it can sometimes feel like Hadi Ahmadi's wife and son are still away on their trip.
It's a short-lived reprieve from the crushing weight of his loss. His wife, Behnaz Ebrahimi, and nine-year-old son, Rahmtin Ahmadi, were ripped away from him when 176 people were killed on Ukraine International Airlines Flight PS752, which was downed by Iranian forces earlier this month.
Then reality sets in.
"I don't have them anymore," he says, taking a breath. Each time he can grasp it, the pain begins all over again.
Rahmtin Ahmadi's room sits empty in his family's home. (Chris Mulligan/CBC)
Ahmadi arrived back to his Toronto home Saturday night after a flight to Iran he never dreamed he would have to make: to identify the remains of his loved ones and lay them to rest. On Sunday, hundreds gathered to honour his wife and son at a memorial in Richmond Hill, Ont.
It was one of two memorials held Sunday for two mothers and their children killed in the disaster.
Siamak Jadidi also bid his wife and daughter goodbye on Sunday. Saharnaz Haghjoo, 37, and Elsa Jadidi were also on the plane, their remains identified last weekend and returned to their family in Toronto on Saturday. Some 300 people turned out to the Imam Mahdi Islamic Centre north of Toronto to honour their memory.
"They were full of love, both mother and daughter, and they always wanted to do good," said Zainab Rasool, who grew up with Haghjoo. "Sahar was just a gem, she was a flower, she walked into the room and she would light up the room."
'I wish I would have gone with them'
Ahmadi flew to Tehran as soon as he heard the news. He had to see his wife and son again. But when he arrived, he learned there was almost nothing left of their remains.
"She was a wonderful wife. The best mother, the best friend, kind to everyone ... she always had a smile," he said through tears. The pair met in Tehran and got married there, before moving to Toronto 16 years ago.
Behnaz Ebrahimi (pictured) met Hadi Ahmadi and got married in Tehran, before moving to Toronto 16 years ago. (Submitted by Hadi Ahmadi)
Rahmtin, he said, loved dinosaurs and especially hugs from friends, teachers and just about anyone around him. He had Down Syndome and was in a special class at school, his father said.
"Rahmtin had a short life, but I think he had the best life. He was always happy. He had whatever he wanted," Ahmadi said. "I wish I would have gone with them to Iran instead of staying behind to work."
On the morning after the news of the disaster, Ahmadi recalled Rahmtin's school bus driver arriving ready to pick him up.
"I went to see the driver. I told him Rahmtin is not coming home anymore," Ahmadi said, explaining what had happened.
Nine-year-old Rahmtin Ahmadi was among 176 passengers killed during the Iran plane disaster. (Submitted by Hadi Ahmadi)
When he looked out 15 minutes later, the bus was still there, the driver's head resting on the wheel in grief. That afternoon, he got a phone call from the school saying all of Rahmtin's teachers had been crying recalling those special hugs.
At the ceremony for Saharnaz Haghjoo and Elsa Jadidi, Haghjoo's father thanked Canadians for all the support shown to his family and the victims since the disaster.
"My family is now from this city to the ocean, from East to West," he said. "The amount of compassion, sympathy, they're all with me," he said. "Everyone, I really thank you."
'Unbearable'
But amid the gratitude, his pain was palpable.
"I hope nothing like this happens to not even my worst enemy. This is unbearable," he said, his voice breaking.
Haghjoo had been an employee of YWCA Toronto since 2015 and helped newcomer women and girls get the services they needed to settle in Canada.
Elsa was a student at the Brampton-based Wali ul Asr Islamic school. Since Elsa's death, a photo of a drawing she did a few months prior has been a small comfort to students, the school said.
The drawing showed a beaming Elsa holding a large, white poster with the words, in letters the colours of the rainbow, "Life in Heavin."
Saharnaz Haghjoo, 37, and Elsa Jadidi were also on the plane, their remains identified last weekend and returned to their family in Toronto Saturday. Some 300 people turned out to the Imam Mahdi Islamic Centre north of Toronto to honour their memory. (Myriam Eddahia/CBC)
She drew three mosques: one of the mosque of the prophet's family, another with the words "Pray Salah" and the third that recognizes the Qur'an. Butterflies flutter near a palm tree with a bounty of coconuts. A creek flows along one edge. And a sun shines brightly on the entire scene.
"It does give people a little bit of comfort that she visualized something so wonderful that will be her reward to be in a good place," said the school's principal, Mina Mozaffarian.
Through the grief, the ways in which Canadians have banded together has been a light, said Daryoush Kari, president of the Imam Mahdi Islamic Centre, which shares a parking lot with the neighbouring synagogue. After the tragedy, he said, the rabbi, a good friend, visited the mosque to deliver prayers.
Saharnaz Haghjoo and her daughter Elsa Jadidi are seen in this handout photo. (Habib Haghjoo/The Canadian Press)
"One of the first slogans I saw when I came to Canada was 'The world needs more Canada.' I didn't get it at that time, but when it comes to this kind of times, I realize it," he said.
For Ahmadi, the silence in his home is almost too much to bear. He's overcome with grief when he opens the door to his son's room for the first time since the tragedy.
"Everywhere I look, I have a memory of them," he said. "It's impossible to forget them, it's impossible to live without them."
"I really don't know how to start my life again, if there's anything left."
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【10月12日 AFPBB News】アジア最大規模の眼鏡見本市「第30回国際メガネ展（iOFT2017、International Optical Fair Tokyo）」が東京都江東区の東京ビッグサイト（Tokyo Big Sight）で11日から開催され、メーカーや小売店など大勢の来場者で連日にぎわっている。
今年は、国内外21か国、370社から約7万4000点の製品が出展された。宝石をあしらった3000万円を超える高級眼鏡をはじめ、入浴中でも使える曇りにくい眼鏡や折りたたむと薄さ2ミリになる老眼鏡、映画「エイリアン（Alien）」から着想を得たサングラスなど、実用的なものから人目を引くデザインまでがそろっている。13日まで。(c)AFPBB News
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|
Davao Oriental is primarily a livestock production area. Land areas and the climatic conditions are very ideal for livestock production. Major livestock commodities are goats, cattle, swine, poultry (native and layer) and sheep. Estimated economic value of major livestock and poultry commodity in the province reached P 1.8 billion based on 2007 inventory of the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics. More than 90% of the industries are from the backyard sector, commercial farms constitute only a portion of the overall population.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
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