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Observation of anomalous diffusion in excised tissue by characterizing the diffusion-time dependence of the MR signal.
This report introduces a novel method to characterize the diffusion-time dependence of the diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) signal in biological tissues. The approach utilizes the theory of diffusion in disordered media where two parameters, the random walk dimension and the spectral dimension, describe the evolution of the average propagators obtained from q-space MR experiments. These parameters were estimated, using several schemes, on diffusion MR spectroscopy data obtained from human red blood cell ghosts and nervous tissue autopsy samples. The experiments demonstrated that water diffusion in human tissue is anomalous, where the mean-square displacements vary slower than linearly with diffusion time. These observations are consistent with a fractal microstructure for human tissues. Differences observed between healthy human nervous tissue and glioblastoma samples suggest that the proposed methodology may provide a novel, clinically useful form of diffusion MR contrast.
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Right out of the box, precise, accurate, beautiful piece. I would consider this the best piece I own out of several. You get what you pay for. I will definitely be shopping at this site again.
( 5 out of 5) Great Gun Right Out of the Box
by Ricky from Lithia, Florida on February 24, 2017
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A generalized item response tree model for psychological assessments.
A new item response theory (IRT) model with a tree structure has been introduced for modeling item response processes with a tree structure. In this paper, we present a generalized item response tree model with a flexible parametric form, dimensionality, and choice of covariates. The utilities of the model are demonstrated with two applications in psychological assessments for investigating Likert scale item responses and for modeling omitted item responses. The proposed model is estimated with the freely available R package flirt (Jeon et al., 2014b).
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Chicago to Council Bluffs-Omaha Regional Passenger Rail System Planning Study
Maps
The study area for the Chicago to Council Bluffs-Omaha Regional Passenger Rail System Planning Study extends approximately 500 miles from downtown Chicago to a terminal in the Council Bluffs-Omaha area. Route alternatives were evaluated based on cost, ridership potential, potential environmental impacts, and input provided by resource agencies and the public. Each route alternative evaluated is an existing or former passenger rail route.
As identified in the Tier 1 Final EIS, Route Alternative 4-A is the preferred route alternative as recommended to the FRA for the Chicago to Council Bluffs-Omaha Regional Passenger Rail System Study and was carried forward for further analysis in the Tier 1 Final EIS, along with the no-build alternative. Route Alternative 4-A was identified as the most reasonable route alternative for the project to carry forward for further analysis in the Tier 1 EIS.
For further information on the alternative screening process, see the Final Alternatives Analysis Report in Appendix A of the Tier 1 Final EIS.
Route alternative 4-A was carried forward for detailed evaluation because, when compared to the other route alternatives considered, it:
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news, latest-news
ACT laws requiring drivers to maintain a safe distance when passing cyclists are barely being enforced, with police issuing just 12 infringements or cautions to drivers since the start of 2016. During the same period, 179 complaints have been made about ACTION bus drivers over incidents involving cyclists. The new statistics have prompted calls for stronger enforcement and more awareness of the requirement for vehicles to remain at least one metre away from cyclists when overtaking at speeds below 60km/h, and at least 1.5 metres away when going faster. ACT Greens transport spokeswoman Caroline Le Couteur, who asked questions in the Legislative Assembly that led to the statistics being released, said the deaths of two Canberra cyclists this year showed how important it was to increase enforcement and awareness of the laws. A memorial service will be held at Nara Park at 9am on Saturday in memory of Teresa Foce, who died in April following a crash with a vehicle in Conder, and Kathy Ho, a Canberran who was killed in June after a crash with a van just outside the ACT. A 37-year-old man has been charged with dangerous driving occasioning death and negligent driving causing death after the crash that killed Ms Ho on Tarago Road, in NSW. "We have legislation which says one metre matters, and you should leave a metre between your vehicle and the cyclist if you’re passing, but we know that’s not enforced," Ms Le Couteur said. "... It is worthwhile diverting resources to protect the lives of Canberra cyclists. They are important." Weston Creek cyclist Leonie Doyle, who rides about 30 kilometres to and from work, said her experiences in the eight years she had commuted by bike had been overwhelmingly positive. Ms Doyle said while dangerous incidents were rare, there were aggressive and inattentive drivers who created close calls for cyclists. "I think less experienced cyclists would probably ride more, and they might take up the opportunity to ride to work like I do [if the laws were more strongly enforced]," she said. "I think that, in particular, younger people, older people and females are more intimidated about riding on the roads." The Canberra Times asked ACT Policing if it was concerned about the apparent lack of enforcement. In response, the officer in charge of traffic operations, Station Sergeant David Wills, provided an emailed statement that did not address that question, but did answer one about whether police intended to focus more on the safety of cyclists. The statement said ACT Policing planned to campaign around the safety of vulnerable road users - cyclists, children, pedestrians and motorcyclists - next month. Ms Le Couteur also called on Transport Canberra to better educate ACTION bus drivers after revelations of the 179 complaints relating to incidents involving cyclists since the start of 2016. In response to questions, Transport Canberra emailed The Canberra Times a statement that said safety on ACT roads was its highest priority. Transport Canberra said it was committed to educating all road users, including bus drivers and cyclists, about how to stay safe.
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993 F.2d 881
NOTICE: Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3 provides that dispositions other than opinions or orders designated for publication are not precedential and should not be cited except when relevant under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, or collateral estoppel.Russo BAILEY, Plaintiff-Appellant,v.Warren ZIMMER; Robin Oeltjenbruns; James Lendsay;Kristeen Mccollough; University of CaliforniaRegents, Defendants-Appellees.
No. 92-55888.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
Submitted April 27, 1993.*Decided May 6, 1993.
Before BROWNING, KOZINSKI and RYMER, Circuit Judges.
1
MEMORANDUM**
2
Russo Bailey appeals pro se the district court's dismissal of his civil rights action on the ground that it was barred by the doctrine of res judicata. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm.
3
We review de novo the district court's determination that an action is barred by the doctrine of res judicata. Robi v. Five Platters, Inc., 838 F.2d 318, 321 (9th Cir.1988).
4
The doctrine of res judicata encompasses the doctrines of issue preclusion and claim preclusion. Id. "Claim preclusion treats a judgment, once rendered, as the full measure of relief to be accorded between the same parties on the same claim or cause of action." Id. (quotation omitted). Claim preclusion bars relitigation of all claims that were previously available to the parties, whether or not the claims were actually asserted and adjudicated in the prior action. Id. at 322.
5
Here, Bailey filed this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971), alleging that the Regents of the University of California and four University of California police officers violated his constitutional rights. Specifically, Bailey alleged that on four separate occasions, defendants wrongfully cited him for parking and motor vehicle violations. Bailey alleged defendants falsely arrested him, used excessive force, and deprived him of liberty, property, and equal protection of the laws in violation of the first, fifth, seventh, and fourteenth amendments. Bailey had previously filed an action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against the same parties, based on the same four incidents, raising identical claims. See Bailey v. Zimmer, No. CV-90-1121-G(IEG) (S.D.Cal. June 20, 1991). The district court dismissed that action with prejudice for lack of jurisdiction and for failure to state a claim. See id.
6
Although a dismissal for lack of jurisdiction generally is not a decision on the merits for res judicata purposes, see Fed.R.Civ.P. 41(b), a dismissal for failure to state a claim is an adjudication on the merits, see id. Accordingly, the district court's decision in No. 90-1121-G(IEG) operates as a final decision on the merits. See id. Therefore, because Bailey's present action involves the same parties and is based on the same claims as his prior action, he is barred from relitigating those claims. See Robi, 838 F.2d at 322. Thus, the district court did not err by dismissing the present action under the doctrine of res judicata.1
7
AFFIRMED.
*
The panel unanimously finds this case suitable for decision without oral argument. Fed.R.App.P. 34(a); 9th Cir.R. 34-4
**
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and may not be cited to or by the courts of this circuit except as provided by 9th Cir.R. 36-3
1
To the extent that Bailey requests sanctions on appeal in his reply brief we deny his request
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On Oct. 10, Korean boy group Bangtan Sonyeondan (BTS) released their second full-length album Wings, which debuted at No. 1 on iTunes’ Top Albums chart for all categories in the United States and 14 other countries, and currently sits above Beyonce’s Lemonade (No. 30) and Frank Ocean’s Blonde (No. 33), at No. 26 on the Billboard Top 200 chart.
America prides itself on having an ear for the next big thing in music but tunes out most non-English music. Daft Punk is French, Shakira is Colombian and Avicii is Swedish, but they all sing in English. Our monolinguistic tendencies make it nearly impossible for foreign acts to become popular with songs in their native tongue.
Here we have BTS, a Korean pop (K-pop) group that doesn’t sing in English, did not promote their album in the U.S. and didn’t have a viral music video like Psy’s 2012 hit, “Gangnam Style.” It is fitting that BTS, which is breaking norms in South Korea, is also breaking the U.S.’s conventional monolingualism in music.
K-pop groups are formed by entertainment companies that select individuals through auditions and scouting processes based on their singing and/or dancing abilities or sometimes just based on their looks. Selected individuals train to become idols until their company is ready for them to debut, which can take months or years from when they enter the company.
K-pop music is designed to have universal appeal. Idols are overworked, underpaid, have little to no say in what they do and are held to a standard of perfection. Their music is created by entertainment companies to be catchy but most idols have minimal creative license.
BTS has dance routines with some of the hardest choreography in K-pop. The choreography for their songs “Fire” and “Save Me” from The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Forever exemplify this, and they have worn outfits ranging from schoolboy to bad boy. Still, the group is breaking K-pop stereotypes and receiving global recognition for it.
BTS debuted in 2013 as a seven-member group formed by Big Hit Entertainment consisting of three rappers (J-Hope, Suga and Rap Monster) and four vocalists (Jimin, Jin, Jungkook and V) ranging in age from 15 to 20. Suga and Rap Monster were active in Korea’s underground hip-hop scene before becoming idols, which heavily influenced BTS’ style and image. BTS debuted with the song “No More Dream” off of their mini album, 2 Cool 4 Skool, a song with a music video that included them dressed in chains and bandanas while aggressively rapping about wanting “a big house, a big car and big rings” and how nothing, including school, should get in the way of your dreams.
What sets BTS apart from other groups are their lyrics and the fact that BTS writes them independently, which is atypical of the carefully curated and managed K-pop groups.
Over time, BTS’ sound gradually morphed from aggressive, underground hip-hop to a more mainstream sound with balance and depth, while still maintaining their musical roots. Wings preserves BTS’ bombastic style, as seen in “21st Century Girls” and “Am I Wrong,” but also displays their versatility and individual personalities as each member has a solo song on the 15-track album.
Wings contains songs ranging from Sam Smith-esque ballads (“Lie”) to aggressive raps (“Intro: Boy Meets Evil” and “Cypher Part 4”) to moombahton trap songs (“Blood, Sweat and Tears”) that give Major Lazer and Justin Bieber a run for their money.
In their 2015 song “Dope” from The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Part 1, they sing “our youth rots in the studio / because of it we’re closer to success.” They are well aware of their deviation from the standard K-pop formula; they are willing to work as hard as they need to make it and they do it their own way.
BTS contrasts South Korea’s conservative society — Psy’s “Gentleman” music video was banned because he kicked a traffic cone, an abuse of public property. Most K-pop focuses on safe topics like love, heartbreak and partying. BTS does not play it so safely.
In their song “Silver Spoon” from The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Part 2, they directly criticize South Korean society. The song title references the metaphor that equates wealth and social class to spoons. In “Silver Spoon,” the septet labels themselves as “try-hards” and describe how hard they must work because they were born without silver spoons in their mouths.
While BTS has some songs that fit the cliché K-pop stereotype like “Just One Day” from Skool Luv Affair, they also discuss important topics, even though they may land the band in trouble: bullying, depression, struggles of youth, pursuit of happiness, forsaking society’s ideals and temptation. A refreshing shift from generic upbeat pop songs, BTS’ songs are aurally seductive and resonate with common experiences.
Just as K-pop has a tendency to revolve around the same few topics, American music also falls prey to having too many songs about love, sex and partying.
BTS’ music provides a different and innovative story told over hypnotising melodies, hardcore raps and club-worthy dance tracks. Behind the heavy bass, coordinated outfits, perfectly disheveled hair and practiced smirks is music with meaning. Their lyrics and the emotions they try to convey feel more genuine than songs about getting wasted or living the dream. BTS isn’t selling songs about how the rich live and party; they are telling relatable stories with authenticity and passion — something that has been desperately missing from mainstream American music.
In “Cypher Part 3: Killer” from their first full-length album, Dark and Wild, J-Hope raps, “Yeah, I’m from Korea so all you bastards who try to rap in English look and see who’s on top of you right now.” BTS doesn’t need to sing in English to be successful, and they knew it years ago.
With the success of Wings, an album with a diverse mix of tracks that showcases unique sounds and struggles, BTS has been vindicated for breaking the K-pop mold with their innovative sound and sincere lyrics. BTS has something to say, and they won’t allow a language barrier to prevent them from saying it to the world.
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+44 discography
The discography of +44, an American alternative rock supergroup, consists of one studio album, four singles, three demos and three music videos.
Albums
Studio albums
Singles
A^ Released exclusively in the UK.
Compilation appearances
Promotional CDs/7"s
Music videos
Digital download
iTunes Foreign Exchange – cover of Wir sind Helden's song "Guten Tag"
AOL Sessions EP – iTunes only EP featuring live performances
"Lycanthrope" – offered as downloadable content for Guitar Hero World Tour
Remixes
"When Your Heart Stops Beating" (Electronic remix)
"Little Death" (Chris Holmes mix)
Demos
"145" ("155" acoustic)
"No It Isn't" (with Carol Heller)
"Cliffdiving" (instrumental)
References
Category:Discographies of American artists
Category:Pop punk group discographies
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Q:
Why is the order of white/grey matter different in the brain and spinal cord?
In the brain proper, grey matter forms the outer layer of the brain, and white matter forms the inner layer. In the spine, this is reversed: white matter forms the outer layer of the spine, and grey matter the inner layer. Is there a developmental or functional reason for this?
A:
I'll tackle this question from a functional point of view.
Gray matter are cell bodies, white matter are myelinated fiber tracts.
In the brain, the gray matter is basically the cortex, the white matter lies mainly underneath it. The Cortex is the place where all the higher mental processing takes place (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Cortical functions. Source: Penn Medicine
The white matter in the brain connects the various parts of the cortex so that information can be transported for further processing and integrated.
Fig. 2. Central white matter. Source: NIH Medline
Since the cortex is the 'processor', it makes sense to connect the parts subcortically (more efficient as it leads to shorter connections). However, the cortex has been expanding very late in evolution, so this 'endpoint reasoning' can be contested, because from an evolutionary perspective, more cortex was needed and hence it was expanded right where it happened to be, namely in the outer part of the brain.
In the spinal chord things are pretty much reversed; grey matter within, white matter around it (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Section through spinal chord with central grey matter and surrounding white matter. Source: University of Michigan
The white matter, again, is formed by various tracts (Fig. 4) and the grey matter with parts that are processing information (fig. 5).
Fig. 4. Section through spinal chord showing the spinal tracts forming the white matter. Source: Biology.SE
Fig. 5. Section through spinal chord showing the spinal reflex arches forming the gray matter. Source: APSU Biology
The white matter in the spinal chord constitutes the various sensory and motor pathways to and from the brain, respectively. The gray matter constitutes basic processing nuclei that form the reflex arches in the spinal chord. These reflex arches process incoming sensory information (e.g. pain) and govern motor output (e.g., pulling the hand away from the fire).
Again, the structure makes sense in terms of efficiency, as the reflex arches combine the sensory and motor tracts to govern reflexes, and therefore processing them from within saves space.
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Sensory representations in cerebellar granule cells.
Cerebellar granule cells are an attractive model system for examining synaptic transmission and temporal integration, because of their small number of excitatory synaptic inputs and electrotonic compactness. Recent in vivo whole-cell recordings have revealed how sensory stimuli are represented by synaptic activity across multiple modalities and cerebellar regions. By monitoring the activity of individual synapses, the reliability of these unitary signals has been quantified, and the complexity of a granule cell's receptive field has been explored at the highest resolution. Here we describe the emerging principles of synaptic sensory representation and their consequences for information processing in the granule cell layer.
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{
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Influence of blood volume on cerebrospinal fluid levels of arachidonic acid metabolites after subarachnoid hemorrhage: experimental study on the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm.
Based on accumulating data indicating the important role of arachidonic acid metabolites in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm, we examined the influence of alterations in blood volume on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) level of the subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Three separate injections of autologous blood into the cisterna magna of dogs within subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Three separate injections of autologous blood into the cisterna magna of dogs within 72 hours were performed. Three experimental groups were formed, with an overall injected blood volume of 6, 9, and 12 ml. Arterial spasm was verified by comparison of the angiographic diameter of the basilar artery on Day 8 vs. Day 1. Additionally, light microscopic, scanning and transmission electron microscopic, and freeze cracking technique examinations of the basilar artery demonstrated the typical morphological features of proliferative vasculopathy. Increasing the volume of experimental SAH led to a linear decrease of the mean vessel diameter from 45% to 53% and finally to 75% of normal. Parallel to the reduction of angiographic vessel lumen, a volume-dependent significant increase of all three eicosanoids was demonstrated. A deficiency of prostacyclin concentration during the course of the experiment was not observed. Despite highly elevated CSF levels of vasodilating prostacyclin, however, severe angiographic constriction of the basilar artery occurred in the presence of high concentrations of TXA2 and PGE2. It is concluded that increasing volumes of SAH led to a concomitant release of arachidonic acid metabolites during posthemorrhagic clot lysis. From our data, it seems questionable whether a prostacyclin deficiency is an important underlying factor for the development of cerebral spasm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Verona Grove
Verona Grove was an American pop punk band from Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. The band is signed to Pat's Record Company, a subsidiary of Universal Records. Members include singer/guitarist Tony Anders, bass guitar/background singer Charlie Wilhelm, and drummer Josh Helm. The Wisconsin Area Music Industry Awards nominated Verona Grove for their 2009 artist of the year, and it won the 2009 Rock Artist of the Year.
History
The band formed as high school students in Fond du Lac in early 2000. In 2003, the band beat around 100 bands to win the "Big Gig Competition" hosted on Summerfest.com, which led to a set opening for Sum 41 at Summerfest 2003. The band released their first album "Half Tanked" in 2003, after they were students at the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh. They recorded a track at Smart Studios in Madison, Wisconsin. The track was sent by the studio's engineer to record labels which led to the group getting signed in early 2006 to Pat's Record Company in Hollywood. The trio moved to Hollywood and recorded the album The Story Thought Over with production from Jamie Arentzen of American Hi-Fi. The album was released in August 2007.
Discography
Albums
"Half Tanked" (June 2003)
"From the Tablet to the Towers" (2005 EP)
"The Story Thought Over" (August 2007)
"Away From Expected EP (October 2009)"
Singles
"Goodbye Surrender"
"Revolution" (2008)
"Las Vegas Nights (2009)"
The song "Revolution" was picked up by area radio station WIXX. It was the radio station's first song by a local band to hit on their nightly "Top 9 at 9" request show. The band performed the song live on the night that it hit #1 video.
Concerts / Tours
The group has opened for Plain White Tees and the Goo Goo Dolls, which led to two brief appearances on E! Entertainment. They toured the West Coast of the United States to support "The Story Thought Over" with a 39-date "Joy Ride" tour. The group has played at Summerfest for several years.
Further reading
Interview with Isthmus
Concert Review: Verona Grove at Crane’s Hollywood Tavern
References
External links
Official website
Category:Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin
Category:American pop music groups
Category:Musical groups from Wisconsin
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Q:
Manually set the properties of new objects created from datagridview
premise: I have a class "User" which has a property of type list to represent a list of "Office" associated with the user.
I have a BindingSource associated to the list of "Office" in which the grid is hooked to insert new elements.
Everything seems to work correctly, when I click on the new line and write a value in the list is added to the new object "Office"
The problem is that in addition to the data entered by the user I want to insert some default value automatically (example: a guid), I know I could do this with a hidden column in my grid, but I do not like too much as a solution and I would like to work directly on the object .
I tried with the event
DataBindingComplete(object sender, DataGridViewBindingCompleteEventArgs e)
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.windows.forms.datagridview.databindingcomplete%28v=vs.110%29.aspx
This is called after the new object "office" was added to the list but I can not recover it, because I do not know which row is inserted but only a generic word "ItemAdded"
I also tried using the method
DefaultValuesNeeded(object sender, System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewRowEventArgs e)
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.windows.forms.datagridview.defaultvaluesneeded%28v=vs.110%29.aspx?cs-save-lang=1&cs-lang=csharp#code-snippet-1
but this to me is called before my object "office" I is added to the list and I have no way to have it in order to set the default.
Long story short: how do I manually set the values on the properties of an object added to a list automatically from gridview without using hidden columns?
A:
If the Property "guid" is generated from the Entity Framework, then you can add a partial class such as:
public partial class Office
{
public Office()
{
guid=Guid.newGuid();
}
}
and add a constructor there which populates the guid property whenever a new office is created.
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Please Hit
Folks, This is a Free Site and will ALWAYS stay that way. But the only way I offset my expenses is through the donations of my readers. PLEASE Consider Making a Donation to Keep This Site Going. SO HIT THE TIP JAR (it's on the left-hand column).
Friday, May 9, 2014
Sequester or Ghostbusters?
The liberal warnings about the sequester budget cuts were reminiscent
of the famous scene from the movie Ghostbusters where the Mayor of New
York is warned of the coming end of the world. One of the sequester
predictions asserted that there would be massive personnel cuts in the
federal government, causing an increase in unemployment and possibly
throwing the economy into a recession. But the results have been
tabulated by the Government Accountability Office (GAO), and the fact is
this: the sequester caused the loss of exactly one job.
A
new report by the Government Accountability Office describes how 23
agencies and departments complied with the cuts. Only one, the
Department of Justice, decided to lay off a single employee (from the
the U.S. Parole Commission) in fiscal year 2013. The report seems to
conflict with the apocalyptic predictions from the Obama administration
and Democratic leadership, which attacked the Republicans for the cuts.
In its report about the solitary layoff. Fox News gave a few examples of the hyperbolic predictions:
In a memo released before the sequester cuts went into effect, the White House claimed they “threaten hundreds of thousands of middle class jobs.” In a speech at the White House that February, President Obama repeated those claims.
"These cuts are not smart, they are not fair, they will hurt our economy, they will add hundreds of thousands of Americans to the unemployment rolls," he said. "This is not an abstraction. People will lose their jobs."
Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid upped the doomsday rhetoric in July, according to the Washington Post, saying on the Senate floor over a million jobs were already lost.
“We have learned that the sequestration already has cut 1.6 million jobs. So we need job creation. We need to help the middle class by creating jobs,” he said.
Upon reading the report, Senator Tom Coburn (R-OK) said the finding from the GAO is more proof that President Obama and his allies over-hyped the effects of the budget cuts. He fired off a letter to Obama budget director Sylvia Burwell, demanding an official report on the government’s sequestration response and saying in part:
While that’s good news for federal employees and other workers, it is devastating to the credibility of Washington politicians and administration officials who spent months – and millions of dollars – engaging in a coordinated multi-agency cabinet-level public relations campaign to scare the American people.
The Obama Administration disagrees with Coburn's assessment, as The Hill reports:
The White House budget office said Wednesday it stands by its statements that the sequester was damaging and cited a CBO report that estimated fully canceling the sequester in October 2013 would have resulted in 800,000 more jobs being created by October 2014.
“There is no question that sequestration had a significant negative impact on the American people and our economy,” OMB spokesman Steve Posner said, pointing out that the GAO found agencies were forced to implement pay cuts and curtail hiring and training.
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Kobe Yamaguchi-gumi
The is a yakuza organization based in Hyogo, Japan.
Overview
The Kobe Yamaguchi-gumi yakuza organization includes Kobe-based Yamaken-gumi, Osaka-based Takumi-gumi, and Kyoyu-kai. They broke away from The Sixth Yamaguchi-gumi in 2015 and formed a new group called Kobe Yamaguchi-gumi. The Kohei-Ikka faction of the Sumiyoshi-kai is one example that has expressed alliance with the Kobe breakaway.
Kumicho(Boss)
1st: Kunio Inoue (4th Kumicho of Yamaken-gumi)
See also
List of Yakuza syndicates
References
Category:Yakuza groups
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Q:
Font Boosting Issue in Android Lollipop
We recently noticed font boosting issue in Android Lollipop OS. If user modifies font size in settings Menu, application is reloading if it is already running and all fonts are modified based on selected font size in device settings.
If we are setting below metatag viewport, issue is not exist in iOS and android OS < 5.0
> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1,
> maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no">
Is there any option to resolve this issue?????
Note :
1. This kind of issue is not available in iOS and Android < 5.0.
2. There is no issue for thin application for Android >= 5.0 as well. (Only webpage is reloading whenever there is a change in device font settings)
A:
The issue is getting resolved by setting below value in webview.
webView.getSettings().setTextZoom(100);
Root cause:
For Android OS < 5.0 TextZoom is having default value as 100. But in Lollipop OS, value is taken from font settings in device if it is not overwritten in application. If we are setting textZoom as 100, font settings changes is not affecting application.
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1. Introduction {#sec1-geriatrics-04-00007}
===============
NHS is facing an ageing population and older people have a higher prevalence of mental health problems in the general hospital settings as compared to the community. More than a third of patients older than 70 years requiring acute admission have dementia, but only half of these patients have been diagnosed \[[@B1-geriatrics-04-00007],[@B2-geriatrics-04-00007]\].
Patients with dementia often have other associated medical co-morbidities which directly or indirectly could result in poorer outcomes including inpatient falls, longer hospital stays, emergency readmission and institutionalisation \[[@B2-geriatrics-04-00007],[@B3-geriatrics-04-00007],[@B4-geriatrics-04-00007],[@B5-geriatrics-04-00007],[@B6-geriatrics-04-00007]\]. Admission to an acute hospital can be distressing and disorientating for a person with dementia and is associated with a decline in cognitive and functional ability.
The National Audit of Dementia (NAD) in the UK showed a wide variation in the quality and approach of care for acutely unwell patients with dementia admitted to the hospital \[[@B7-geriatrics-04-00007]\]. Dementia care relating to multidisciplinary assessment, staffing levels, staff education and training; rehabilitation and discharge planning; and access to certain specialist services including Psychiatry Liaison service can be variable and sub-optimal \[[@B8-geriatrics-04-00007]\]. This could potentially increase the risk of adverse clinical outcomes.
The objective of this study is to record the demographics, and patient characteristics including medical co-morbidities and polypharmacy, to understand and benchmark the clinical outcomes of those patients with dementia admitted acutely across three acute sites within Aneurin Bevan University Health Board (ABUHB). This would help us to explore quality initiatives to improve our patient care and plan our future services accordingly. The secondary objective is to study the predictors of poor outcome including 30-day readmission rate, inpatient mortality and discharge to a new care home.
2. Methods {#sec2-geriatrics-04-00007}
==========
2.1. Study Design {#sec2dot1-geriatrics-04-00007}
-----------------
This was a retrospective observational cohort study based on analysis of the existing data for all the patients with dementia admitted acutely to ABUHB.
2.2. Setting {#sec2dot2-geriatrics-04-00007}
------------
All patients with dementia admitted acutely to one of the three acute hospital sites (Royal Gwent Hospital, Nevill Hall Hospital and Ysbyty Ystrad Fawr) within ABUHB were included.
2.3. Data and Statistical Analysis {#sec2dot3-geriatrics-04-00007}
----------------------------------
Information on demographics, medical co-morbidities, and clinical outcomes including inpatient fractures, discharge to a new care home, readmission and mortality was extracted electronically from the clinical workstation, clinic letters and coding from 1st January 2016 to 30th June 2016. Readmission and Mortality data was reviewed for 2 years until 30th June 2018. Data on inpatient falls was extracted from DATIX, which is a web-based patient safety software for healthcare risk management which includes incidents of inpatient falls. The description of the study cohort was completed and baseline characteristics of all patients have presented as means ± standard deviation. The *t*-tests were used to compare the mean baseline characteristics of patients, and chi-square tests were used to compare categorical variables. Mortality rates were compared using the difference between proportions test.
Sub-analysis for predictors of poor outcome (inpatient mortality, discharge to a new care home and readmission within 30 days) were explored using multivariate analysis for age, gender, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), number of drugs, number of ward transfers, length of stay any fragility fracture (including hip, wrist, spine, humerus and pelvis) were studied using a Binomial Linear Model with logit link function.
We have considered 7 separate factors that we believe may be predictors of adverse outcomes. These can act independently or may interact with other factors in determining the outcomes, so the multivariate analysis is somewhat complex. The multivariate analysis results in likelihood scores for each factor or combination of factors.
All statistics were conducted using STATISTICA StatSoft data analysis software system, version 9.1 (StatSoft, Inc., 2010, Tulsa, OK, USA). The generalised linear and non-linear models building module of the Statistica statistics package used binomial modelling with logit linking. *p*-values ≤ 0.05 were taken to be statistically significant.
Ethical approval was not required for this service evaluation as this work does not constitute a research study according to the Health Research Authority decision tool. In addition, this service evaluation was completed based on the recommendations of the NAD, which is a clinical audit programme, looking at the quality of care received by people with dementia in general hospitals. However, all questions and forms required to carry out the study were sent to the ABUHB Research and Development (R&D) Department, to assess risks to patient identification and the Health Board. The study was approved by the R&D as a service evaluation as patients were not directly interviewed and no identifiable patient data was recorded. The study was compliant with the personal data protection regulation in the U.K.
3. Results {#sec3-geriatrics-04-00007}
==========
3.1. Patient Characteristics {#sec3dot1-geriatrics-04-00007}
----------------------------
The total number of emergency admissions above 18 years and above 65 years across three acute sites in the whole year 2016 were 37378 and 21437 respectively. A total of 2474 acute admission were recorded in the year 2016 from the 1770 acute dementia patients. We studied 953 consecutive dementia patients from 01st January 2016 to 30th June 2016 who had a total of 1167 episodes of acute admissions.
The mean age on admission was 84.5 ± 7.8 years. The proportion of females was 63.5% and the mean age of females (85.2 ± 7.6 years) was significantly higher in comparison to the mean age of males (82.0 ± 7.7 years) (*p* \< 0.001).
About 70% (n = 670/953) were previously living in their own homes and 26.34% (n = 251/953) were admitted from care homes. Mean CCI and the number of drugs was 6.05 ± 1.5 and 5.1 ± 2.1 respectively. 15.4% (147/953) patients were on antipsychotics. 6% of patients had 3 more or transfer during an index admission.
3.2. Clinical Outcomes {#sec3dot2-geriatrics-04-00007}
----------------------
Overall mean hospital stay was 19.4 ± 27.2 days (median 9 days; range 0--326 days). 3.4% (32/953) patients were excluded from analysis for discharge destination due to coding errors noted in the Clinical Work Station. 59.5% patients admitted from their own homes (n = 399/670) were discharged back to the original residence, 21.6% (145/670) were discharged to a new care home and 18.1% (121/670) died. Among those admitted from care homes, 79.7% (200/251) patients were discharged back to original care home and 20.3% patients (51/251) died. The rate of discharge to a new care home was an approximately 1.68 times higher rate than the patients being originally admitted from a care home (251 referred from a care home but 51 died, 145 discharged to a new care home, therefore total CH discharges = 345).
Overall 1.6% patients (15/953) died within one day, 2.2% (21/953) died within 2 days, 2.4% patients died (23/953) within 3 days and 51 (5.3%) died within 7 days. However, 4.4% patients (11/251) admitted from care home died within 3 days as compared to 1.7% (12/690) admitted from the community, which is significantly higher (*p* = 0.017, a difference in proportion test). Overall inpatient mortality was 16.0% (153/953). The 30-days, 90-days and one-year mortality were 22.3% (213/953), 29.6% (283/953) and 49.2% (469/953) respectively ([Figure 1](#geriatrics-04-00007-f001){ref-type="fig"}). The mortality rate of those admitted form care homes as inpatient and at one year was 20.3% (51/251) and 66.1% (166/251) respectively. In comparison, the mortality rate of those admitted from own home as inpatient and at one year was 18.1% (12/670) and 43.6% (292/670) respectively. The observed mortality rates between patients admitted from home or from a care home were not significant for inpatient mortality (*p* = 0.45) but were highly significant for one-year mortality (*p* \< 0.001), both using a difference in proportions test. Kaplan--Meier survival curve is shown in [Figure 2](#geriatrics-04-00007-f002){ref-type="fig"} to show the proportion of patients with acute dementia living over two years or more.
Overall 30-day readmission rate was 17.2% (138/800) with a mean hospital stay of 14.6 ± 17.9 days. Nearly half of dementia patients (49.4%, 395/800) were readmitted once over one year. Patients admitted two and three times over two years follow up were 32% (259/800) and 17% (138/800) respectively.
The total number of inpatient falls in ABUHB across three acute sites including rehabilitation community hospital beds between 1st January 2016 and 30th June 2016 were 1799. The total occupied bed days (OBD) were 225812, giving the rate of inpatient falls of 7.96/1000 OBD. The rate of falls in general medical beds under unscheduled care during this period were 9.0/1000 OBD and in the mental health division were 9.9/1000 OBD.
The total number of falls for acute dementia patients during the same period of 6 months was 267, affecting 109 patients. The range of falls were 1 to 17 and mean inpatient falls among those with dementia was 2.44. The inpatient falls rate for dementia patients, based on the 18,515 bed days was 14.4/1000 OBD which is significantly higher (1.8 times) as compared to overall general medical beds inpatient falls rate (*p* \< 0.0001, the difference in proportions test).
5% dementia patients (48/953) sustained a fracture following an inpatient fall during an index admission. Half (24/48) of inpatient fractures were the hip fracture. The incidence of inpatient hip fracture was 2.5% (n = 24/953). Other fractures were pelvis = 5; wrist = 2; humerus = 2; vertebrae = 1; ankle = 2; others = 12.
3.3. Predictors of Poor Outcomes {#sec3dot3-geriatrics-04-00007}
--------------------------------
Sub-analysis were completed to appraise predictors of adverse outcomes. For the risk of inpatient mortality, the best prediction required all factors plus the interaction between age and CCI, with a likelihood score of 23.6. The most predictive single factor was age, with a likelihood score of 9.6. The best two predicting factors were age and the length of stay with a likelihood score of 15.26, and the best three factors were age, length of stay and presence of fragility fracture with a likelihood score of 19.0. These three factors accounted for 80% of the maximum likelihood of the risk.
For the risk of discharge to a new care home, the best prediction required all factors plus the interaction between age and CCI, with a likelihood score of 68.98. The most predictive single factor was the length of stay, with a likelihood score of 55.9. The best two predicting factors were age and the length of stay with a likelihood score of 67.8, and the best three factors were age, length of stay and number of ward transfers with a likelihood score of 68.5. These three factors accounted for 99% of the maximum likelihood of the risk.
For the risk of readmission within 30 days, the best prediction required all factors plus the interaction between age and CCI, with a likelihood score of 15.8. The most predictive single factor was the number of drugs, with a likelihood score of 11.5. The best two predicting factors were the number of drugs and the length of stay with a likelihood score of 13.5, and the best three factors were the number of drugs, length of stay and CCI with a likelihood score of 14.8. These three factors accounted for almost 94% of the maximum likelihood of the risk.
4. Discussion {#sec4-geriatrics-04-00007}
=============
Worldwide, the numbers of people living with dementia will increase from 50 million in 2018 to 152 million in 2050, a 204% increase \[[@B9-geriatrics-04-00007]\]. More than 850,000 people are affected in the UK and the number of patients with dementia will increase rapidly with the ageing population \[[@B10-geriatrics-04-00007]\]. This rising prevalence of dementia will have a significant impact on health and social care costs.
Over 70% of inpatients are over the age of 65 years and caring for acutely unwell older patients is challenging for healthcare systems \[[@B1-geriatrics-04-00007]\]. 30% of all inpatients in general hospitals could have dementia, who are particularly more challenging due to multiple co-morbidities, inability to communicate their care needs and atypical presentation \[[@B1-geriatrics-04-00007]\]. People with dementia have the right to fair and equitable treatment but care needs may not be easily recognised and are often misinterpreted to be manifestations of dementia itself \[[@B11-geriatrics-04-00007]\]. Therefore, caring for people with dementia inevitably places pressure on hospitals to provide safe high-quality care.
The risk of inpatient death in patients with dementia is higher (11.8%) as compared to those without dementia (6.6%) \[[@B5-geriatrics-04-00007]\]. Delayed or under-recognition of dementia among patients by the medical staff is one the key reason for poorer clinical outcomes. In this study, inpatient mortality was 16%. A similar prospective observational study carried out in an urban tertiary Irish referral centre has also reported inpatient mortality of 15% \[[@B2-geriatrics-04-00007]\].
We have observed that one-year mortality was higher for care home patients (66.1%) as compared to those form their own homes (43.6%). One-year mortality in older care home residents in England and Wales has been reported as 26.2% but we are not aware of any study which has reported mortality for hospitalised acute dementia patients from care home \[[@B12-geriatrics-04-00007]\]. In this study, overall 2% patients died within the first two days of the hospital admission. The proportion of patients dying within the first 3 days was significantly higher for those admitted from a care home. This does not only warrants further studies but suggest an enhanced integrated partnership working among old age psychiatry, care of the elderly and community teams to consider advanced care planning and supporting last days of life in the preferred place of residence.
Dementia is associated with impaired mobility and people with dementia are at two times higher risk of inpatient fall and adverse outcomes including discharge to a new care home and prolonged length of stay when compared to those with no cognitive impairment \[[@B3-geriatrics-04-00007],[@B13-geriatrics-04-00007]\]. In this study, inpatient falls rate for acute dementia patients was 1.8 times as compared to all patients admitted during 6 months.
Patients with dementia are at a 3-fold increase risk of preventable readmissions and require more healthcare services than those without dementia \[[@B14-geriatrics-04-00007]\]. The 30-day readmission rate in this study was 17.2% but half of the patients were readmitted over one-year.
The point prevalence of acute delirium among inpatients has been reported between 17.6% and 20.7% using different diagnostic criteria in the same population, with a prevalence of 34.8% above 80 years \[[@B15-geriatrics-04-00007]\]. A meta-analysis based on pooled findings from multiple small studies has reported a prevalence of delirium on admission in 10--31% of medical inpatients and 3--29% during hospital stay could develop acute delirium \[[@B16-geriatrics-04-00007]\]. There is a dearth of definite and accurate data from the hospitals or Health Board over a longer period. In this study, documented delirium was mentioned in the 9.6% of e-discharges. Based on NAD report 2016--2017, it is likely that delirium in this study has been under recognised and under-reported. Nevertheless, the prescription of antipsychotic drugs in 15.6% of dementia patients might suggest that these patients were receiving treatment for delirium. Therefore, a definitive and accurate determination of in-hospital delirium prevalence, using standardized delirium instruments, is needed. Previous research found that smartphone application can enhance doctors' awareness of delirium and enhance diagnostic accuracy \[[@B17-geriatrics-04-00007]\]. This will augment treating delirium based on the current evidence and recommendations \[[@B18-geriatrics-04-00007]\].
The best predicting factors for poor outcomes including inpatient mortality, discharge to a new care home or readmission within 30 days were age, length of stay, co-morbidity burden and number of drugs. The most predictive single factor for inpatient mortality was age as shown previously \[[@B19-geriatrics-04-00007]\].
This study has several strengths. It is in line with the recommendations of NAD and would support health care organisations to establish a pragmatic approach to record such clinical outcomes as part of clinical governance. We have explored wider clinical outcomes for acutely unwell dementia patients including readmission and long-term mortality. Impact of hospitalisation was explored with respect to inpatient falls. This study has also analysed predictors of poor outcomes which could help clinical staff to streamline care plan towards the end of life priorities and supporting families and carers to formulate advance care plans, maintaining dignity during last days of life. We learnt that the Health Board does not keep separate complaint data for dementia patients and it was not pragmatic to analyse complaints data. An effort has been taken to benchmark the existing clinical outcome to streamline the processes for reporting dynamic data to Dementia Board and Executive team on regular basis. This could lead to an introduction of quality initiatives to not only measure but minimise the impact of hospitalisation, particularly inpatient falls, dehydration and pressure ulcers.
We acknowledge the low power of this study as a weakness of the study. We also acknowledge that the data is only from one Health Board, therefore it cannot be generalised and we have not examined the comprehensive impact of hospitalisation including delirium, dehydration and pressure sores. This study has not completed an in-depth analysis for reasons for readmission or cause of death. We also acknowledge that this is a retrospective study, therefore data on type of dementia, severity of dementia, caregiver burden, carers' views, health-related quality of life, work-related staff stress and the number of patients requiring one-to-one care is not being reported. Furthermore, this study did not report the prevalence of stroke \[[@B20-geriatrics-04-00007]\] and depression \[[@B21-geriatrics-04-00007]\] which are commonly associated with dementia and lead to adverse outcomes. Further studies to overcome these limitations is warranted.
With the growing number of people with dementia and associated adverse clinical outcomes, training of our future healthcare professionals in the care of older people is needed. Lack of appropriate training to complete dementia assessment and discharge planning could be a factor for sub-optimal care and poor clinical outcomes \[[@B8-geriatrics-04-00007]\]. Nursing staff training on geriatric giants have shown to reduce work-related stress and similarly, dementia teaching to medical students and foundation doctors have shown to improve competencies but the impact of such interventions on clinical outcomes has not been studied yet \[[@B22-geriatrics-04-00007],[@B23-geriatrics-04-00007],[@B24-geriatrics-04-00007]\]. Psychiatry Liaison services like Rapid Assessment Interface and Discharge (RAID) have shown improved clinical outcomes for acutely unwell patients with mental health problems \[[@B25-geriatrics-04-00007],[@B26-geriatrics-04-00007],[@B27-geriatrics-04-00007]\]. Further investment and developing more links with the community services could possibly avoid admitting very frail patients to the hospital, particularly those with advanced dementia.
The standard recommendations are to commission dynamic research using a fixed methodology to estimate changes in dementia incidence, prevalence and particularly mortality over time \[[@B28-geriatrics-04-00007]\]. However, there is a dearth of research that tracks all three parameters. Regular evaluation of clinical outcome data to benchmark services for acute older people has been proposed by the NAD \[[@B7-geriatrics-04-00007]\]. Such data could be used to introduce quality improvement initiatives to improve patient-related clinical outcomes in this vulnerable group \[[@B29-geriatrics-04-00007]\].
5. Conclusions {#sec5-geriatrics-04-00007}
==============
Acute patients with dementia have a higher risk of adverse outcomes and the impact of hospitalisation. Improving safety and quality of care for patients with dementia in acute hospitals will benefit all patients and is a high priority for the NHS. Further similar studies will improve organizational understanding of clinical outcomes for acute dementia patients. This would also facilitate quality improvement initiatives to improve patient care and modernisation of community service.
The authors are grateful to all members of the Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ysbyty Ystrad Fawr for their continued support for research activities. The authors would especially like to thank all staff and therapists working in ABUHB. The authors would like to thank Jane Power for her administrative support and Salma Zabaneh/Migle Turauskaite for her contributions with references and proofreading. Authors are very grateful to Research and Development, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board for their support and guidance. Authors would like to thank Kate Hooton and Beverly Lewis for providing inpatient falls data. No external funding was applied.
I.S. was responsible for the study concept, designed the service evaluation and wrote the first draft. All authors contributed towards data collection, data analysis, drafting and revising the paper and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
No external funding was applied.
The authors report no other conflict in this work.
{#geriatrics-04-00007-f001}
{#geriatrics-04-00007-f002}
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“I’ve been famous for more than half my life,” Chopra shrugs, as her makeup artist glams her up mid-sentence, and two assistants hover nearby. “I don’t know anything else anymore. This is my normal.”
She recalls her origins as if they were a lifetime ago. Even before she was an inter-continental star, cultural division was a defining factor of Chopra’s life. At 13, she left her family in India to study in the United States, living with her aunt and uncle in Newton, Mass. But being a gawky teenager and the only Indian girl at school wasn’t without its challenges, namely, xenophobic encounters that proved too suffocating and dispiriting to endure. “I was bullied by a freshman named Jeanine,” she tells me, emphasizing the added shame of being picked on by a younger girl. “She was black, and supremely racist. Jeanine used to say, ‘Brownie, go back to your country, you smell of curry,’ or ‘Do you smell curry coming?’ You know when you’re a kid, and you’re made to feel bad about where your roots are, or what you look like? You don’t understand it, you just feel bad about who you are.”
The bullying tested her resolve and broke it. “I told my mom, ‘I don’t want to do this anymore.’” She returned to India defeated, her mind set on becoming an engineer despite her burgeoning movie-star looks. Then, when she applied for a scholarship, her mother sent professionally shot photos to the Miss India pageant without telling her. To her surprise, she won. “The thing is,” she tells me while recalling the start of her career, “I don’t like losing, in anything I do, whatever it might be. I felt I could always go back to college. But this was something I wanted to try so that I didn’t have a ‘what-if’ for the rest of my life.”
Now she’s got close to six-dozen films under her belt and counting. She’s based her career on an in-born, screen-queen magnetism, the wildly unattainable beauty wedded to the girl next door. I can feel it as I sit next to her in her trailer, and later on set between takes. As she speaks to her assistants, her husky voice seamlessly oscillating between alluring and respectfully commanding, she pushes her thick, wavy brown hair to the side while her lips part into a beaming wide smile.
“It is that superstar quality,” Safran told me later. “That Julia Roberts quality, that Meg Ryan quality, that thing of Sandra Bullock. You feel like you could actually know them, but you also know that you could never know them. She’s living on two different levels at once. That’s what I like so much about her. She’s not untouchable in any way even though she looks like a goddess. I think that’s really rare. It’s like lightning in a bottle.”
Even rarer is how she manages to distill that A-list aura into a tangible relatability, something she’s been doubling down on with each public appearance. Like, for example, pitching a hot wing face-off to Jimmy Fallon for her appearance on The Tonight Show—and bodying him. That sense of approachability readily translates in real life. But to what end? Is she riding the wave, or playing a larger game?
For the past several months, she’s been filming Quantico during the week, and flying back to Mumbai on weekends to continue dominating Hindi cinema, or more recently, down south to film Baywatch. Once an outcast, she’s now on her way to becoming America’s next sweetheart, and she didn’t even trade in her cinematic citizenship. This isn’t her “crossing over” to America, an assumption she’s somewhat offended by. After all, ABC came to her, offering their full slate of scripts in development to choose from. Not the other way around.
Instead what she’s doing is more like multi-lane road hogging, and that’s without even factoring in her music career. She has 45 songs on her laptop, all of varying genre and sound, recorded with people like Pitbull and will.i.am. She’s even got a rain check for a studio session with Pharrell—she just hasn’t found the time in between an Indian movie, American television, and an American movie to call in the favor. “Nineties music has influenced me tremendously. Movies became my profession, but music was always my heart, in a way, my passion.” Which explains why she specifically requested a 2Pac playlist during the photo shoot for this story. (She walked out to “Ambitionz Az a Ridah”—another incidentally perfect moment.) “I was supposed to be Mrs. Shakur. Then he died. Yeah, I wore black to school for 30 days.”
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ORLANDO, Fla. (August 30, 2017) - In its first home game in two weeks, Orlando City B (8-6-11, 35 points) hosts Bethlehem Steel FC (10-11-3, 33 points) on Thursday, Aug. 31. Kickoff is set for 7:30 p.m. ET at Orlando City Stadium.
The match will be streamed at www.OrlandoCitySC.com/LIVE.
“It’s going to be a tough game. [Bethlehem] is a very athletic team, they’ve got power and pace. The tricky thing with Bethlehem is probably what a lot of teams play us encounter is that trying to predict their lineup is going to be difficult," OCB head coach Anthony Pulis said. “The full focus as always will be on us and making sure our level of performance is good.”
OCB is coming off a 3-0 victory at first-place Louisville City FC to extend its Club record unbeaten streak to 11 games. Michael Cox started the scoring in the 15th minute and doubled the lead in the 27th minute when he finished a through ball from Jordan Schweitzer. Timbó added to his game-winning assist with the third goal of the game and his second of the season in the 53rd minute. Goalkeeper Jake Fenlason earned his second start of the season and made eight saves to earn his first professional shutout and USL Team of the Week honors, along with Cox.
Hadji Barry leads the team with eight goals and has four in his last three appearances. Pierre Da Silva leads the Lions with seven assists. OCB has allowed three goals in its last seven matches.
Bethlehem enters the match on a three-game losing streak, most recently dropping a 3-2 match to Pittsburgh. Steel FC previously lost to Louisville City and Charlotte. Seku Conneh leads Bethlehem with seven goals in 19 appearances.
OCB enters the match in sixth place in the Eastern Conference, three points behind fifth-place Rochester and two points ahead of eighth-place Bethlehem.
This is the second meeting and final of the season between these teams. Richie Laryea scored his first two goals of the season to earn a 2-0 win at Goodman Stadium on April 23.
The Lions next host the Richmond Kickers at the Orlando City Stadium on Thursday, Sept. 7, at 7:30 p.m. ET.
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There are more than a million Canadians who work minimum wage jobs — they make up 8 per cent of the country's salaried employees.
The hourly rate they earn varies across the country, from a low of $10.85 in Nova Scotia, to Alberta where the minimum wage is set to increase to $15 in October 2018. The rate in Ontario rose to $14 on Jan. 1.
Numbers and statistics aside, one of the best ways to understand the issues around minimum wage is to talk to the people who earn it.
The National's Nick Purdon and Leonardo Palleja went to St. Francis Table in Toronto, a restaurant for the poor where meals cost $1. The restaurant is run by the Capuchin Franciscan Friars of Central Canada and has served more than a million meals since it opened in 1987. The homeless, people on social assistance and seniors have traditionally been the main customers, but the Friars are increasingly seeing people on minimum wage frequenting St. Francis Table.
Here are three of them, talking about the realities of working hard and trying to live on minimum wage.
Kevin Johnson, 37, temp agency worker
Nick Purdon: You don't live nearby. Tell me why you come to St. Francis Table to eat.
Kevin: I come here just to save a little money, so I can keep a roof over my head first of all and to keep my gym membership. Because without my gym membership I would get very depressed, so I wanna keep that going.
Purdon: What's the temp job you are doing?
Johnson: I work in a plant and it's overnight.
It's like a factory that makes boxes. You put the cardboard in this big machine and it makes boxes and they get shipped to whoever the client is. It's a very boring, very repetitive job.
I am thinking, 'I took a travel and tourism course, why am I having to do this? Is this all that life has in store for me? Am I always gonna be working these crappy jobs?' I want something better.
Purdon: What do you think people across the country don't understand about people who work a minimum wage job?
Johnson: What they don't understand is how tough it is, and how it is so difficult to budget your money.
And not knowing if you are gonna eat. I have hardly been eating, too. I can't even afford food right now, I am so broke.
A couple of days last week I didn't eat at all. I just went to work, drank lots of water and didn't eat, because I am waiting for my next paycheque to come in.
Purdon: What are some of the choices you have to make?
Johnson: I need a warmer jacket. This jacket is OK for milder winter days. But when it gets really cold — like when we had that cold snap, I was freezing in this thing and I was thinking, well, I can't afford to buy another jacket.
And the problem is that with this job that I have, I'm taking the night bus as far west as I can and then I'm having to walk for an hour in the freezing cold, because I cannot afford to take a cab to come home.
Purdon: What's it like to say that? You have a full time job, you work hard ...
Johnson: And I have nothing to show for it. I feel terrible. It makes me feel awful, like I have no purpose in life.
I hate that, because I see other people and I get jealous.
Sometimes I go for little walks on Friday or Saturday nights downtown and I see other people, and they are going out to restaurants or bars, having a nice dinner. I'm looking at that — why can't I have that? What am I doing wrong?
There's got to be something I am doing wrong that these people are doing right.
Watch excerpts from the interview:
Kevin Johnson 1:18
Yusdel Amaro, 35, cook and part-time City of Toronto worker
Nick Purdon: How do you get by?
Yusdel Amaro: Well, for years and years and years I worked seven days a week. It was like that up until recently, then I just decided that for [the sake of] $100 or $200 on a paycheque I needed a day off.
So I decided to take Sundays off. And I just can't wait for Sundays, after working almost 15 years in a row seven days a week.
It's tough. It's tough ... just paying bills.
Purdon: What are the hard choices you make based on how much money you make?
Amaro: Hard choices? There are plenty.
But the tough one for me would be not being able to just support my family in Cuba.
Purdon: What do you think about Ontario raising the minimum wage to $14 an hour?
Amaro: I just wish I was getting paid more. Now that they are going to make it $14, I think that is an improvement, but I don't think it's going to solve any major problems in anybody's life, especially with prices going up.
Purdon: It's been very hard to get people to talk to us about living on minimum wage. Why do you think that is?
Amaro: Society thinks if you make minimum wage, you are less. So people might have that sentiment of guarding their pride.
Purdon: How about you?
Amaro: Me, it's just reality. It is what it is. Nobody else is paying my bills.
Watch excerpts from the interview:
Yusdel Amaro 1:01
Peter Jecchinis, 51, temp agency worker
Nick Purdon: What can you tell me about making minimum wage?
Peter Jecchinis: Well, you can exist, but you can't necessarily "live," I would say. That's the best way to describe it. You need a little more to get by.
It's tough. You have to really skimp on everything. Clothes. Food.
Purdon: You said you "exist" but you don't "live." What do you mean?
Jecchinis: You can exist. You can get by. You can find ways to get by. But you don't have extra things, and a man does not live by bread alone.
You need recreation. You need entertainment. You need a little extra, other than just paying your bills. Why not go to a movie once in a while, why not go to a ballgame once in a while? Is that too much to ask for someone who is putting in [full time] hours, no matter what they are doing for a living?
Purdon: What's something you'd love to buy that you can't afford?
Jecchinis: I'm more a kind of guy who would get some nice clothes. I'm not that materialistic.
Maybe a better phone. Yeah, maybe a better phone.
Simple things like that. I'd maybe go see a ball game once in a while. Once a year — something like that.
Watch excerpts from the interview:
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Characterisation of ATP binding inhibition to the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase by thapsigargin.
The inhibition of Ca(2+)-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum by thapsigargin has been reported to be associated with a suppression of calcium binding to the high affinity transport sites. We report here that thapsigargin also acts as an inhibitor of ATP binding by reducing its apparent affinity by about two orders of magnitude. This inhibition is non-competitive indicating that thapsigargin does not bind to the ATP binding site. This is confirmed by the fact that thapsigargin binding to the Ca(2+)-ATPase does not affect the binding of 2',3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrocyclohexadienylidene)-ATP (TNP-ATP).
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
7637 a composite number?
True
Is 266123465 prime?
False
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True
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True
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False
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False
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True
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True
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True
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True
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False
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True
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True
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False
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True
Is 1152355429 prime?
False
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False
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False
Is 4479292969 a composite number?
True
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True
Is 640325899 a prime number?
True
Is 139623587 composite?
False
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True
Is 304609037 prime?
False
Is 8290221337 a composite number?
True
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True
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False
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False
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False
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False
Is 88217650211 prime?
True
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True
Is 49048511627 a composite number?
True
Is 217594043 a prime number?
False
Is 26941525181 a composite number?
False
Is 12058958221 a prime number?
True
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True
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True
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True
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False
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False
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False
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False
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True
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False
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True
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True
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True
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True
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True
Is 244134827737 a composite number?
False
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False
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False
Is 11072962211 a composite number?
False
Is 53230334951 a prime number?
True
Is 48938818277 a prime number?
False
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True
Is 33420827387 a prime number?
True
Is 5060504753 composite?
True
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False
Is 1384374919 a prime number?
True
Is 143537437 composite?
False
Is 9250524571 a composite number?
False
Is 865024967 prime?
True
Is 5418506035 prime?
False
Is 543713791 prime?
False
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False
Is 5665204607 prime?
False
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False
Is 3442431061 composite?
False
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True
Is 71948442539 a composite number?
False
Is 1094136977 a composite number?
False
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False
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False
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False
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False
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True
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False
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True
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False
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False
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False
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False
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True
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False
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True
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False
Is 2880706791 a prime number?
False
Is 2016779747 a composite number?
False
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False
Is 4943092643 a composite number?
False
Is 1123161437 a composite number?
False
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True
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True
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True
Is 66894563 composite?
False
Is 1510638791 prime?
True
Is 3486262399 a composite number?
True
Is 3299019221 a composite number?
True
Is 1661747627 a prime number?
False
Is 3399429827 a prime number?
False
Is 3168385135 prime?
False
Is 7740057389 prime?
False
Is 402418399 a composite number?
True
Is 11714646787 prime?
False
Is 359708653 prime?
True
Is 294426464759 composite?
True
Is 3318089899 a prime number?
False
Is 245994367 a prime number?
False
Is 355539949 a composite number?
False
Is 451219333 composite?
True
Is 5074500367 a prime number?
True
Is 225483227 a prime number?
True
Is 1284378161 a composite number?
True
Is 75675248063 a prime number?
False
Is 51832616593 a prime number?
True
Is 1074610513 a prime number?
True
Is 55229422849 a prime number?
False
Is 1916751727 prime?
False
Is 668442881 composite?
True
Is 491432999 composite?
False
Is 169434683 a prime number?
False
Is 395314643 prime?
True
Is 74510352394 a prime number?
False
Is 140679235 prime?
False
Is 6184833817 a prime number?
True
Is 3413103367 composite?
True
Is 4213587827 prime?
False
Is 62735837 a composite number?
False
Is 9174720467 prime?
False
Is 399179147 a prime number?
False
Is 59629131179 a composite number?
False
Is 681290057 composite?
True
Is 23137046689 composite?
False
Is 4880648963 prime?
False
Is 8270414853 a composite number?
True
Is 1071200051 a composite number?
False
Is 13348610147 prime?
False
Is 191843808071 a prime number?
True
Is 408809599 prime?
False
Is 846531671 a composite number?
False
Is 3515681567 composite?
False
Is 1737896231 a prime number?
True
Is 4720129171 composite?
False
Is 114185147 prime?
True
Is 27544643891 a prime number?
False
Is 13545907 a prime number?
True
Is 193424381 prime?
False
Is 407458273 composite?
True
Is 856729409 composite?
False
Is 3367319491 prime?
True
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True
Is 11775396601 a prime number?
True
Is 51424899577 a prime number?
False
Is 44300088923 a composite number?
False
Is 22959955 prime?
False
Is 21153963169 a prime number?
False
Is 26659655479 a composite number?
False
Is 692476441 prime?
True
Is 25223218469 a composite number?
True
Is 4265726951 a prime number?
False
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False
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False
Is 86143555277 composite?
True
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True
Is 16868320991 a composite number?
False
Is 77848706797 prime?
False
Is 8327580941 a prime number?
False
Is 5495057 composite?
True
Is 11343183127 prime?
True
Is 9053592133 a composite number?
True
Is 1591299487 composite?
False
Is 218517097 a prime number?
True
Is 10392937703 composite?
False
Is 47349072427 a composite number?
False
Is 125018518033 composite?
True
Is 4873002397 a prime number?
False
Is 8676312739 a prime number?
True
Is 140345137 a composite number?
False
Is 20890800079 prime?
True
Is 23437078259 composite?
True
Is 5957262841 composite?
False
Is 6755350183 prime?
False
Is 22037779 prime?
False
Is 12901772263 composite?
True
Is 1513943867 composite?
True
Is 832070453 a composite number?
True
Is 434100529 a composite number?
True
Is 1100779763 prime?
False
Is 2563439623 a prime number?
False
Is 690502063 a composite number?
True
Is 23254550251 a composite number?
True
Is 11166338371 prime?
False
Is 47485134187 prime?
True
Is 849605401 a composite number?
True
Is 32589600739 composite?
False
Is 17184308273 a composite number?
True
Is 595898341 a composite number?
False
Is 401506345441 prime?
True
Is 12417907211 prime?
False
Is 7713777371 prime?
True
Is 1899535331 prime?
True
Is 901040923 prime?
True
Is 8704313507 a prime number?
True
Is 1321992143 a prime number?
True
Is 281946373 composite?
True
Is 833815429 a prime number?
False
Is 12081235295 prime?
False
Is 64563171263 a prime number?
False
Is 16904557 composite?
False
Is 24117970007 a prime number?
True
Is 3297402793 a composite number?
True
Is 369009637 prime?
False
Is 22738253 a prime number?
False
Is 566559143 composite?
True
Is 1295877797 prime?
True
Is 48001639931 a prime number?
False
Is 22333543 composite?
False
Is 131048686 a prime number?
False
Is 5490864583 a prime number?
False
Is 759828961 prime?
True
Is 14225923031 prime?
True
Is 82006099649 composite?
True
Is 45213197039 a prime number?
False
Is 3253788943 a prime number?
True
Is 31354998271 a prime number?
False
Is 1329521551 a prime number?
True
Is 1585235857 prime?
False
Is 1409908853 prime?
False
Is 38030423633 prime?
True
Is 10545310381 prime?
True
Is 1883848231 composite?
True
Is 972531841 composite?
False
Is 3653374463 a prime number?
True
Is 20628858181 prime?
True
Is 35290952059 a prime number?
False
Is 308921069 a composite number?
True
Is 23450462633 composite?
True
Is 9023953361 composite?
False
Is 10130972039 a prime number?
False
Is 777355711 prime?
False
Is 1895563211 prime?
False
Is 2104070957 prime?
False
Is 105782818637 prime?
False
Is 467098585 a composite number?
True
Is 773226743 a composite number?
False
Is 4424676101 a prime number?
False
Is 3214260307 prime?
True
Is 18746731019 composite?
False
Is 679522799 composite?
False
Is 58126801847 a p
|
{
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
}
|
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<section xmlns="https://code.dccouncil.us/schemas/dc-library" xmlns:codified="https://code.dccouncil.us/schemas/codified" xmlns:codify="https://code.dccouncil.us/schemas/codify" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" containing-doc="D.C. Code">
<num>50-1703</num>
<heading>Requirements.</heading>
<para>
<num>(a)</num>
<text>The operator of a motor vehicle may not transport any child of less than 3 years of age unless the child is properly restrained in a child restraint seat.</text>
</para>
<para>
<num>(b)</num>
<text>The operator of a motor vehicle shall not transport any child under 16 years of age unless the child is properly restrained in an approved child safety restraint system or restrained in a seat belt. Children under 8 years of age shall be properly seated in an installed infant, convertible (toddler) or booster child safety seat, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A booster seat shall only be used with both a lap and shoulder belt.</text>
</para>
<para>
<num>(c)</num>
<text>A parent or legal guardian may transport his or her own child without restraint herein if that person is transporting a number of his or her own children of less than 16 years of age which exceeds the number of passenger positions equipped with safety belts in the motor vehicle. However, an unrestrained child may not be transported in the front seat of a motor vehicle.</text>
</para>
<para>
<num>(d)</num>
<text>Automobile rental companies shall be required to inform each customer of the provisions of this chapter and provide educational materials to the customer. The educational materials shall be provided by the Department of Transportation.</text>
</para>
<annotations>
<annotation doc="D.C. Law 4-194" type="History" path="§4">Mar. 10, 1983, D.C. Law 4-194, § 4, 30 DCR 49</annotation>
<annotation doc="D.C. Law 9-57" type="History">Mar. 7, 1992, D.C. Law 9-57, § 2(b), 38 DCR 7283</annotation>
<annotation doc="D.C. Law 14-212" type="History">Oct. 19, 2002, D.C. Law 14-212, § 2(a), 49 DCR 8137</annotation>
<annotation type="Effect of Amendments"><cite doc="D.C. Law 14-212">D.C. Law 14-212</cite> rewrote subsec. (b) and added subsec. (d). Prior to amendment, subsec. (b) read as follows: “(b) The operator of a motor vehicle may not transport any child between 3 years of age and 16 years of age unless the child is properly restrained in an approved child restraint seat or safety belt.”</annotation>
<annotation type="Prior Codifications">1981 Ed., § 40-1203.</annotation>
<annotation type="Section References">This section is referenced in <cite path="§50-1706">§ 50-1706</cite>.</annotation>
</annotations>
</section>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a quantum gate method and apparatus for executing a quantum gate operation using a resonator mode.
2. Description of the Related Art
The state of the nuclear spin of each rare-earth ion in crystal has a coherence time specifically long as a solid (it is approx. 500 μs at 4 K, 80 ms when a magnetic field is applied, and 30 s when an rf pulse sequence is applied), can be controlled and read by applying light thereto, and is therefore extremely suitable for realizing a solid quantum information processing device. A frequency-domain quantum computer has been proposed, in which a resonator mode is used to couple quantum bits formed of states of nuclear spins in crystal, thereby increasing the number of usable quantum bits (see, for example, Opt. Commun. 196, 119 (2001)). In the conventional technique, however, it is difficult to set a coupling constant g to a value sufficient for a 2-qubit gate (or multi-qubit gate) between quantum bits, since use of an f-f transition having a very small oscillator strength is presupposed for coupling with the resonator mode.
The reason why the use of the f-f transition is considered is that it satisfies the following two conditions, presupposing that a quantum bit is represented by the state of the nuclear spin of an ion in the electron ground state, which state has a long coherence time: (1) To discriminate the states of a single ion (such as |0> and |1> representing the basis states of the quantum bit) using optical transition energy, the employed homogenous broadening for an optical transition must be not more than the split width (10 to 100 MHz) due to the nuclear spin of the ion; and (2) since quantum bits are discriminated using optical transition energy, the employed homogenous broadening for the optical transition must be not more than the difference between energy levels used for discriminating the quantum bits (when quantum bits are discriminated using an inhomogenous distribution of a hyperfine structure, the homogenous broadening must be not more than approx. several kHz, and when the discrimination is executed using an inhomogenous broadening for an optical transition, the homogenous broadening must be not more than approx. several GHz).
If an f-d transition inherently allowable can be used instead of an f-f transition only a little allowable in the field of crystal, this is much more advantageous in view of the coupling constant (approx. 1000 times advantageous). However, the f-d transition has a great homogenous broadening (approx. 30 THz or less), and any method for satisfying the above-mentioned conditions (1) and (2) while using the f-d transition is not yet known.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Latest News
Welsh Lib Dems call for hospital chaplains to be paid by charitable trust
Posted: Fri, 19 Oct 2012 12:13
At their conference in Brecon on 13th October, Welsh Liberal Democrat delegates voted in favour of a motion calling for an end to public funding of the hospital chaplaincy service.
The motion, which was tabled by members of the Lib Dem Humanist & Secularist group, called for hospital chaplaincies to instead be funded through a charitable trust, with the £1.3million saved each year instead diverted to front-line health services. It was pointed out that the Welsh Air Ambulance service already relies on substantial charitable trust funding, and that such an arrangement for chaplaincies would allow the NHS to focus its limited resources on proven clinical interventions rather than on religious provision.
The debate was largely good-natured, measured and reasoned, with good points made on all sides. Encouragingly, at least one Lib Dem Assembly Member voted in favour of the proposal, suggesting a degree of support for secular views within the Senedd. Whilst the Welsh Labour Government has made it clear that it is not considering reforming the existing arrangements, the mathematics of the Siambr (Welsh Assembly) mean that Labour require opposition support to push through any measures. The charitable chaplaincy campaign can therefore now focus on calling for Welsh Lib Dem AMs to put forward the policy agreed by their members as part of any future negotiations over healthcare reform.
Anyone wanting to find out more about the Lib Dem Humanist & Secularist group can do so online.
Campaigner Alan Rogers said: "The Charitable Chaplaincy Campaign operates in Wales since the Assembly Government of Wales is responsible for the NHS in Wales. The campaign is an informal network of supporters."
If you wish to help and be informed of progress with this campaign, please send your email address to us and we'll keep you up to date.
NSS executive director Keith Porteous Wood detects a long-overdue and decisive turn towards secularism in publicly funded healthcare in Ireland, an area in which the Catholic Church has until now been...
Ensuring that NHS abortion services are made available, free of charge, to UK citizens travelling from Northern Ireland would be a way of mitigating the harm caused by a disparity in women's reproductive...
The determination to give a hospital to a disgraced religious order, in spite of public outrage, is the very antithesis of secularism. But the episode has prompted calls for fundamental changes in the...
With the regulator considering curtailing 'conscience' objections to contraception prescriptions, Keith Porteous Wood urges supporters to respond to the consultation in the interests of vulnerable patients....
It has been another week in which we've seen Christians in the Middle East losing their lives to violence and persecution, but much media attention in the UK has instead focussed around the plight of a...
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Stack smashing detected and no source for getenv
I'm having the weirdest problem ever when programming in C. My function sometimes runs and other times it doesn't, and even though I tried searching for these errors (stack smashing detected and no source for getenv) I can't seem to find the answer to why it fails sometimes. I tried debugging it and it only has a problem in the last character (a "}"), so it runs all those other functions (and they have been tested a lot separately) but sometimes it just falls apart and doesn't run the last function (it works, that I can guarantee, because some other times it even runs inside this function). Also the few last times I ran the function it gave Segmentation Fault even though sometimes it ran all the way to the end. Is there any way I can debug this problem? Here goes my code:
void main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
FILE * fin=fopen(argv[1],"r");
char v[1024];
int col;
matrix m=emptyS();
while(fscanf(fin, "%s",v)!=EOF) {
int i=0;
int * w = (int*) malloc(sizeof (int));
int str=strlen(v);
int size=0;
while(i<str) {
char a[4];
int y;
for(y=0;y<4;y++)
a[y]='\0';
int x=0;
while(v[i]!=',') {
a[x]=v[i];
i++;
x++;
}
i++;
size++;
w=realloc(w,size*sizeof(int));
w[size-1]=atoi(a);
}
m=add(m,w,size);
col=size;
}
fclose(fin);
graphW wg=discWD(col-1);
int k=0;
while(k<(col-2)) {
int j=k+1;
while(j<(col-1)) {
wg=add_Wedge(wg,k,j,mi(m,k,j,col));
j++;
}
k++;
}
int* ms=MST(wg);
graph gbayes=tree(wg,ms);
bayes b=newBN(gbayes,m);
FILE * fout=fopen(argv[2],"w");
serialize(b,fout);
fclose(fout);
}
Thank you in advance!
A:
You don't check x for going out of bounds. Valgrind would have told you.
while(i<str) {
char a[4] = { 0 };
int x=0;
while(v[i]!=',') {
a[x]=v[i]; /* here you access a[x] without check for x */
i++;
x++; /* Here it may go >= 4*/
}
i++;
size++;
w=realloc(w,size*sizeof(int));
w[size-1]=atoi(a);
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Effect of L-dopa methylester and glutathione depletion on murine B16BL6 melanoma growth in vitro.
The cytotoxic and growth-inhibitory effect of levodopa methylester (LDME) in murine B16BL6 (BL6) melanoma cells after glutathione (GSH) depletion was studied in vitro. Pretreatment of BL6 cells with 50 microM buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) depleted GSH content by nearly 90% and enhanced the growth-inhibitory effect of even a minimally cytotoxic concentration of LDME. Radiothymidine incorporation into BL6 cells significantly increased compared to untreated controls during the first 4 h of exposure to 0.2 mM LDME. However, pretreatment with BSO prevented this LDME-induced increase in radiothymidine incorporation. Because the percentage of cells in S-phase of the cell cycle was not altered, these results suggest that BSO exposure may be inhibiting unscheduled DNA synthesis, which could contribute to the cytotoxic effects of LDME. In addition, spectrophotometric studies indicated that in a cell-free system, GSH scavenged dopaquinone produced by the tyrosinase-mediated oxidation of LDME, presumably by formation of glutathionyldopa. Thus, enhancement of LDME cytotoxicity by BSO may also involve depleting the amount of GSH available for the nucleophilic addition to the quinone.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
There’s something quite moment-defining in feeling our spirits lift, soar for however long it takes us to soar on its wings and deliver us up from out of the everydayness of our lives. Don’t get me wrong, I appreciate ‘everydayness’ it’s kept my feet blessedly muddy and
Like most people, I love a feel good story and I love it because there are some stories that should be told because they help us back to the place where we can believe in the capacity for human kindness again. It surprises me then that
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
In a digital communication network that includes multiple communication nodes, data from a source node to a destination node can typically be routed along many, or even multiple, different possible paths. Path assignment is typically performed to meet a performance criterion such as end-to-end latency experienced by data packets. Simplistic path assignments, however, tend to overlook underlying failure scenarios that may cause disruption in multiple flows due to failure of a single component or path in the communication network. Path failures may occur, e.g., due to failure in a common shared resource such as a common optical fiber over which communication is carrier, or a common equipment, such as a power source or a modulator, that is used to transmit data for multiple flows.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
The long-term goal of our laboratory is to identify the neural circuitry and neurochemical and neurophysiological mechanisms that underlie the expression and control of rage and aggressive behavior. The primary focus of the present grant application, which represents a major new direction in our research program, is to identify and characterize the roles of serotonin and cytokines in the medial hypothalamus in regulating these forms of aggression. This rationale for this application is based upon our most recent preliminary studies. They provide evidence that, in the medial hypothalamus, 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors and cytokines, IL-lbeta and IL-2, powerfully modulate defensive rage behavior in the cat. The overarching hypothesis is that differential cytokine effects upon defensive rage and predatory attack are mediated principally through distinct neurotransmitter receptors of which serotonin and possibly GABA are primary candidates. Five experiments are proposed to test this hypothesis. The first will utilize immunocytochemical and neuroanatomical methods to characterize the pathway from the PAG to the medial hypothalamus mediating defensive rage and its relationship to serotonin axons and pre-terminals in this region. The second experiment will determine the effects of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors in the medial hypothalamus upon defensive rage. The third experiment will determine: the role of IL-1beta in the medial hypothalamus upon defensive rage, its relationship to 5-HT2 receptors, the distribution of IL-1R in this region and its relationship to serotonin axons and pre-terminals as well as to c-Fos labeled neurons following the expression of defensive rage. The fourth experiment will seek to determine the role of IL-2 in the medial hypothalamus upon defensive rage and their underlying neurotransmitter-receptor mechanism. The fifth experiment will identify the effects of activation of 5-HT and the above cytokines upon predatory attack behavior. The discovery that cytokines in the brain play a significant role in defensive rage represents a most significant observation. It has provided an entirely new direction of research - a direction in which the focus will address how cytokines and related substances in the brain may play critical roles in the expression and control of aggression and rage. By identifying the mechanisms underlying these effects, the proposed studies are of further significance because the strategies utilized here can now be applied for the study of how cytokines in the brain may regulate other behavioral processes.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
}
|
Cell motility during wound healing in giant algal cells: contraction in detergent-permeabilized cell models of Ernodesmis.
Triton-treated cells of the coenocytic green alga, Ernodesmis verticillata, manifest longitudinal contraction and centripetal closure of the cytoplasm in the presence of exogenous free calcium ions. Complete closure of the cytoplasm around the vacuolar remnants is obtained with 1 mM ATP present in the activation medium. The cytoplasmic contractions in these cell models closely resemble normal wound healing motility phenomena previously reported for this organism, thereby providing a system for studying the contractions associated with cellular wound healing. Dye-exclusion experiments with eosin B reveal that the tritonized models are freely permeable, whereas untreated cells do not take up the stain. Ultrastructurally, activated (contracting) models possess a network of microfilaments beneath the plasma membrane remnants in regions of active contraction. Microtubules are associated with the microfilaments, but they also occur throughout the periphery of the entire cells, even in unactivated models. This suggests that microfilaments may be involved in localized contractions leading to wound healing, whereas microtubules are probably providing a cytoskeletal framework upon which the microfilaments act. Colchicine (5 mM) has no effect on contraction in the models; extensive experiments with cytochalasins B and D (up to 100 micrograms/ml) have failed to show regular, reproducible inhibition of contraction also. Trifluoperazine (10 microM) or La3+ (1 mM) decreases the rate and magnitude of contraction to some extent, perhaps by preventing Ca2+ interaction with the contractile apparatus. The threshold concentration of free Ca2+ necessary to activate contraction in the models appears to be 10(-6) M, an order of magnitude higher than the preliminary value reported for non-permeabilized, wounded cells. Free Mg2+ also must be present for activation of models, with a minimum concentration of ca. 5 mM. The requirement of ATP for contraction can be demonstrated by the fact that either excessive washing of cell models prior to activation or inclusion of uncoupling agents in the solutions largely prevents activation of the models unless ATP is added to the Ca2+ -containing activation medium. These results provide further evidence that cellular wound healing in Ernodesmis is similar to the majority of other non-muscle cell motility phenomena in requiring ATP and micromolar amounts of free Ca2+ and that microfilaments are implicated in the contractile process. Moreover, the Ernodesmis cell models should be excellent systems for the further probing of cytoplasmic contractions associated with wound healing at the cellular level of organization.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Yuan Weakens Below 6.80 for First Time as Strong Dollar Delays US Rate Hike
Yicai Global
DATE : Nov 11 2016/SOURCE : Yicai
Yuan Weakens Below 6.80 for First Time as Strong Dollar Delays US Rate Hike
(Yicai Global) Nov. 11 -- The yuan's central parity rate against the dollar fell below 6.80 for the first time, as some insiders said the US Federal Reserve will hold off on raising interest rates because of dollar strength.
The yuan fell to 6.8115
"It's related to the apparent weakening of the Japanese yen and President-elect Trump's stress on investments in infrastructure when he assumes power which may drive up the American economy," said Xie Yaxuan, macro-economic analyst at China Merchants Securities Co.
"Strong dollar momentum will support future growth and US economic fundamentals. The actual dollar index has gained 10 percent in a broad sense, while after three years the downward rate of the gross domestic product may be 1 to 1.5 percentage points. Undoubtedly, it will slow down the raising of interest rate by the FED to restrain the degree of the further upward momentum of the dollar index," Xie added.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
/*
* Copyright (C) 1999-2000 Harri Porten (porten@kde.org)
* Copyright (C) 2008-2018 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.
*
* This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
* License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
* version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
* Lesser General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
* License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
*
*/
#pragma once
#include "JSObject.h"
namespace JSC {
class DateInstance final : public JSNonFinalObject {
public:
using Base = JSNonFinalObject;
static constexpr bool needsDestruction = true;
static void destroy(JSCell* cell)
{
static_cast<DateInstance*>(cell)->DateInstance::~DateInstance();
}
template<typename CellType, SubspaceAccess mode>
static IsoSubspace* subspaceFor(VM& vm)
{
return &vm.dateInstanceSpace;
}
static DateInstance* create(VM& vm, Structure* structure, double date)
{
DateInstance* instance = new (NotNull, allocateCell<DateInstance>(vm.heap)) DateInstance(vm, structure);
instance->finishCreation(vm, date);
return instance;
}
static DateInstance* create(VM& vm, Structure* structure)
{
DateInstance* instance = new (NotNull, allocateCell<DateInstance>(vm.heap)) DateInstance(vm, structure);
instance->finishCreation(vm);
return instance;
}
double internalNumber() const { return m_internalNumber; }
void setInternalNumber(double value) { m_internalNumber = value; }
DECLARE_EXPORT_INFO;
const GregorianDateTime* gregorianDateTime(VM& vm) const
{
if (m_data && m_data->m_gregorianDateTimeCachedForMS == internalNumber())
return &m_data->m_cachedGregorianDateTime;
return calculateGregorianDateTime(vm);
}
const GregorianDateTime* gregorianDateTimeUTC(VM& vm) const
{
if (m_data && m_data->m_gregorianDateTimeUTCCachedForMS == internalNumber())
return &m_data->m_cachedGregorianDateTimeUTC;
return calculateGregorianDateTimeUTC(vm);
}
static Structure* createStructure(VM& vm, JSGlobalObject* globalObject, JSValue prototype)
{
return Structure::create(vm, globalObject, prototype, TypeInfo(JSDateType, StructureFlags), info());
}
static ptrdiff_t offsetOfInternalNumber() { return OBJECT_OFFSETOF(DateInstance, m_internalNumber); }
static ptrdiff_t offsetOfData() { return OBJECT_OFFSETOF(DateInstance, m_data); }
private:
JS_EXPORT_PRIVATE DateInstance(VM&, Structure*);
void finishCreation(VM&);
JS_EXPORT_PRIVATE void finishCreation(VM&, double);
JS_EXPORT_PRIVATE const GregorianDateTime* calculateGregorianDateTime(VM&) const;
JS_EXPORT_PRIVATE const GregorianDateTime* calculateGregorianDateTimeUTC(VM&) const;
double m_internalNumber { PNaN };
mutable RefPtr<DateInstanceData> m_data;
};
} // namespace JSC
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
The baculovirus transcriptional transactivator ie0 produces multiple products by internal initiation of translation.
Ie0 is the only gene of the baculovirus Orgyia pseudotsugata multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (OpMNPV) that is known to be spliced. In this study, cDNAs of ie0 were isolated, cloned, and sequenced. It was observed that IE0 contains 35 amino acids (aa) added to the N-terminus of IE1. In addition, it was found that the leader sequence of ie0 contains a 4-aa minicistron. To functionally characterize IE0, ie0 cDNAs were expressed under control of either the ie1 or the ie0 promoter. Unexpectedly, examination of ie0 translation products revealed that the predominant product from ie0 mRNAs was not IE0, but IE1. Mutation analysis showed that IE1 translation was preferentially initiated from either of two AUGs found in the first 15 nucleotides (nt) of the ie1 ORF that are internal to the ie0 ORF. It is unknown whether the internal translation initiation occurs via a leaky scanning mechanism or by an internal ribosomal entry site. Transactivation analysis with constructs that had point mutations in the ie1 AUGs and were translated only as IE0 revealed that OpMNPV IE0 is a 14- to 15-fold stronger transactivator than IE1. IE0 was also shown to be autoregulatory and to transactivate early genes in an enhancer-independent or -dependent manner. These results suggest that differential expression of baculovirus early genes can be obtained by coexpression of IE0 and IE1 in infected cells, which may permit subtle regulation of specific sets of viral genes.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Garden Inspired Health and Well-Being
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has established an organic certification program that requires all organic foods to meet strict government standards. These standards regulate how such foods are grown, handled and processed.
Any farmer or food manufacturer who labels and sells a product as organic must be USDA certified as meeting these standards. Only producers who sell less than $5,000 a year in organic foods are exempt from this certification; however, they must follow the same government standards to label their foods as organic.
If a food bears a USDA Organic label, it means it’s produced and processed according to the USDA standards and that at least 95 percent of the food’s ingredients are organically produced. The seal is voluntary, but many organic producers use it.
Products that are completely organic — such as fruits, vegetables, eggs or other single-ingredient foods — are labeled 100 percent organic and can carry a small USDA seal. Foods that have more than one ingredient, such as breakfast cereal, can use the USDA organic seal or the following wording on their package labels, depending on the number of organic ingredients:
100 percent organic.
Products that are completely organic or made of all organic ingredients.
Organic.
Products that are at least 95 percent organic.
Made with organic ingredients.
These are products that contain at least 70 percent organic ingredients. The organic seal can’t be used on these packages.
Foods containing less than 70 percent organic ingredients can’t use the organic seal or the word “organic” on their product label. They can include the organic items in their ingredient list, however.
You may see other terms on food labels, such as “all-natural,” “free-range” or “hormone-free.” These descriptions may be important to you, but don’t confuse them with the term “organic.” Only those foods that are grown and processed according to USDA organic standards can be labeled organic.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Several solar flares have occurred over the past few days. M-Class flares have erupted from Sunspots 1045 and 1046, and more are expected over the next few days. Sunspot 1046 is growing in size as it approaches the meridian and is in prime location to project solar material toward Earth.
The solar energy has potential to interfere with radio transmissions, to produce aurora, and to produce other affects. Spaceweather.com has a nice video that shows the growing spot and more information on the flares.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Genetic counseling in limb reduction defects.
During several years experience in a multidisciplinary out-patient clinic for children with congenital hand malformations a systematic approach was devised to arrive at an accurate diagnosis and recurrence risk in patients with congenital limb reduction defects. Classification and diagnostic work-up was done according to a protocol, derived from data in the literature and from our own experience. This protocol is described for the different types of congenital upper limb reduction defects.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
import { Injectable } from "@angular/core";
import { HttpClient, HttpErrorResponse } from "@angular/common/http";
import { Observable, throwError } from "rxjs";
import { catchError, tap, map } from "rxjs/operators";
import { IFile } from "./file";
import { environment } from "src/environments/environment";
import { IAuditLogEntry } from "../auditlogs/audit-log";
@Injectable({
providedIn: "root",
})
export class FileService {
private fileUrl = environment.ResourceServer.Endpoint + "files";
constructor(private http: HttpClient) {}
getFiles(): Observable<IFile[]> {
return this.http
.get<IFile[]>(this.fileUrl)
.pipe(catchError(this.handleError));
}
getFile(id: string): Observable<IFile | undefined> {
return this.http
.get<IFile>(this.fileUrl + "/" + id)
.pipe(catchError(this.handleError));
}
uploadFile(file: IFile): Observable<IFile | undefined> {
const formData: FormData = new FormData();
formData.append("formFile", file.formFile);
formData.append("name", file.name);
formData.append("description", file.description);
return this.http
.post<IFile>(this.fileUrl, formData)
.pipe(catchError(this.handleError));
}
updateFile(file: IFile): Observable<IFile | undefined> {
return this.http
.put<IFile>(this.fileUrl + "/" + file.id, file)
.pipe(catchError(this.handleError));
}
downloadFile(file: IFile): Observable<Blob> {
return this.http
.get(this.fileUrl + "/" + file.id + "/download", { responseType: "blob" })
.pipe(catchError(this.handleError));
}
deleteFile(file: IFile): Observable<IFile | undefined> {
return this.http
.delete<IFile>(this.fileUrl + "/" + file.id)
.pipe(catchError(this.handleError));
}
getAuditLogs(id: string): Observable<IAuditLogEntry[] | undefined> {
return this.http
.get<IAuditLogEntry[]>(this.fileUrl + "/" + id + "/auditLogs")
.pipe(catchError(this.handleError));
}
private handleError(err: HttpErrorResponse) {
// in a real world app, we may send the server to some remote logging infrastructure
// instead of just logging it to the console
let errorMessage = "";
if (err.error instanceof ErrorEvent) {
// A client-side or network error occurred. Handle it accordingly.
errorMessage = `An error occurred: ${err.error.message}`;
} else {
// The backend returned an unsuccessful response code.
// The response body may contain clues as to what went wrong,
errorMessage = `Server returned code: ${err.status}, error message is: ${err.message}`;
}
console.error(errorMessage);
return throwError(errorMessage);
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Fight+
Fight+ was a European combat sports TV channel founded by David McConachie and Steffen Tangstad.
Fight+ showed movies, documentaries, classic and exclusive matches, training and educational programming and news. The plan was for Fight+ to become available all over Europe as fast as possible.
Fight+ closed down on December 11, 2006 according to CanalDigital website. According to the same website the channel is closing because there hasn't been enough interest from customers of CanalDigital, and they've also had problems finding new investors.
Countries where Fight+ was available
Denmark (March 1, 2006)
Finland (March 1, 2006)
Norway (March 1, 2006)
Sweden (March 1, 2006)
Programming
The channel broadcast programming on amateur and professional wrestling; boxing, kickboxing, Muay Thai, Mixed martial arts, Kung-Fu, judo and karate; cagefighting, bodybuilding, and strength athletics.
References
External links
Category:Television channels and stations established in 2006
Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2006
Category:Pan-Nordic television channels
Category:Sports television networks
Category:Defunct television channels in Denmark
Category:Defunct television channels in Norway
Category:Defunct television channels in Sweden
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
HORMONE HELP: NEW THERAPIES CAN INCREASE TESTOSTERONE LEVELS
NEW YORK DAILY NEWS|
Jun 30, 1996 | 12:00 AM
Men: Are you feeling run-down, fatigued, soft and paunchy? Are you cranky, irritable and losing your interest in sex? If so, you could be experiencing a decrease in your testosterone, the hormone that makes a man, well, manlike. "Testosterone plays a role in the development of masculine physical characteristics such as a deep voice, a beard and body hair, muscles and bone mass," says urologist Dr. Steven Kaplan of Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center. It's also the hormone that enables men to perform sexually (as well as become aroused in situations that no thinking woman would ever find stimulating). And it all starts, believe it or not, the moment your little guy is born. Baby boys have almost as much testosterone as young men but levels drop drastically soon after birth. They remain low until puberty ages 9-14 when testosterone levels soar until about the mid-20s. That's when the gradual decline associated with aging begins. Experts say by the late 40s, testosterone can be down some 40% and symptoms we now call "male menopause" can begin. However, testosterone supplements can help. "[They] supply the body with just enough hormone to restore normal functioning," says Kaplan. Testosterone therapy is not new, but for a long while it wasn't easy or convenient to use. The only two choices were a monthly injection or a patch attached to the genitals that was not only uncomfortable but also difficult to keep in place. Now, however, SmithKline Beecham has introduced Androderm a new daily testosterone patch that can be applied anywhere on the body. "It's not only easy to use, it offers a balanced dosing that closely mimics what the body produces naturally," says Kaplan. While the therapy appears safe, many doctors still say they won't prescribe it for men who have had prostate cancer, or for those at very high risk for this disease or cancer of the testicles.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
United States voucher given to Mrs. E. McGavock and her daughters for corn supplied on October 27, December 14, December 15, December 16, December 21, and December 23, equaling 2,160 bushels of corn and $1,080.00. The voucher was collected by...
UCV uniform of Sgt. John Cloar, Co. A, 33rd Tenn. Inf. Regt., CSA, of Union City, Tenn. On the vest is a Southern Cross of Honor bestowed by the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) and battle flag pin. A Confederate flag handkerchief is in...
Two-story brick home of Abraham and Magdalene Sherfy. The home, located in the Barnes Community, Washington County, Tenn., still stands today. Magdalene Sherfy and her two daughters operated the home as a hospital during the Civil War.
Two letters of correspondence between Mrs. John Trotwood Moore and her cousin, Susie Gentry. The first item of correspondence is from Susie Gentry to Mary Daniel Moore, written from Franklin, Tennessee, on May 28, 1934. In her correspondence,...
This name plate held once held the Southern Cross of Honor pin of Pvt. Lewis Cole, who served in Co. B, 55th Tenn. (Brown's) Inf., CSA. The United Daughters of the Confederacy gave the pins to Confederate veterans. Cole was born in 1836 in Benton...
This framed drawing of Rev. Matthew Martin Marshall (1804-1874) identifies him as the founder of the First Presbyterian Church in Union City, Tenn. During the Civil War, he was the minister of the First Presbyterian Church in Fayetteville, Tenn.;...
The United Confederate Veterans was the largest organization of former Confederate soldiers. Many members purchased uniforms to wear to reunions and parades. The uniforms roughly mimicked those worn during the war. One uniform has Spanish-American...
The United Confederate Veterans often purchased kepis similar to those worn during the Civil War. These three UCV reunion kepis are made of gray wool with black lining. All three caps have the letter "B" signifying Co. B of the UCV. One cap also...
The front plate of William Strickland's European architectural sketchbook. The sketch shows a watercolor drawing of a vine-covered monument with a Latin inscription. The translation reads: "Selected profane and sacred images of Britain and Roman...
Street scene on the main square in Ripley, Tennessee, during a celebration involving Confederate veterans and members of the Daughters of the Confederacy. Ten individuals pose in front of a large siege cannon.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Price of toprol xl
Toprol-xl should be used with caution in patients who have bronchospastic disease, diabetes, thyrotoxicosis, peripheral vascular disease, who are undergoing major surgery, or who take calcium channel blockers of the verapamil and diltiazem type.Buy Toprol online
What is the cost of toprol xl, is metoprolol succinate the same as lopressor
Pippins are standing. Seduction has extremly wobbily sprinkled. Thereto squat wretchedness is being permissively turning over from a pattypan. Pounder will be thereunto coercing. Eurhythmic habitants were the palling harassments. Manhattan is sleeplessly ad ai??i?? libbing to the vaticinate hemorrhoids. Manfulnesses were cheap zyban the tractions. Sensatory urn is the insanely brief syenite.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Commissioning, troubleshooting, repairing, and starting up HVAC systems in commercial environments ... Coordinates with team leader and customer to precisely understand requirements for all on-site .....
Our client is looking for a Turnover Coordinator to work in their Houston installations. Specific ... Coordinate with construction on the planning of pre-commissioning activities as defined in the .....
Commissioning, troubleshooting, repairing, and starting up HVAC systems in commercial environments ... Coordinates with team leader and customer to precisely understand requirements for all on-site .....
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Extension of a shortened ureter using the in situ appendix during Indiana pouch urinary diversion.
A short ureteral length can preclude the use of a continent urinary diversion during urinary tract reconstruction after bladder removal. We present a surgical technique using the in situ appendix to provide length to a shortened left ureter, thus allowing formation of a continent ileocecal urinary diversion.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
Show that $|h(x)-h(y)|≤|x-y|$
Let $$h(x)=x/(1+|x|)$$
Show that $$|h(x)-h(y)|≤|x-y|$$
I have no idea to start. But I can see that $h(x)≤x$. Logically, the required inequality will follow from this. But I cannot apply it to $y$.
A:
Suppose that $0 < x < y$. You have $$\vert h(x)-h(y) \vert = \left \vert\frac{x}{1+x}-\frac{y}{1+y}\right\vert=\frac{\vert x-y \vert}{(1+x)(1+y)} \le \vert x -y \vert.$$
Then study the case $x < y <0$. And finally the last one $x < 0 < y$
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Drawbridge, California
Drawbridge (formerly Saline City) is a ghost town with an abandoned railroad station located at the southern end of the San Francisco Bay on Station Island, now a part of the city of Fremont, California, United States. It is located on the Union Pacific Railroad south of downtown Fremont, at an elevation of 7 feet (2 m). Formerly used as a hunting village, it has been a ghost town since 1979 and is slowly sinking into the marshlands. It is now part of the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay Wildlife Refuge and is illegal to visit.
History
Drawbridge was created by the narrow-gauge South Pacific Coast Railroad on Station Island in 1876 and consisted of one small cabin for the operator of the railroad's two drawbridges crossing Mud Slough and Coyote Creek to connect Newark with Alviso and San Jose. At one time 10 passenger trains stopped there per day, five going north and five going south. The drawbridges were removed long ago. The only path leading into Drawbridge is the Union Pacific Railroad track.
In the 1880s, on weekends nearly 1,000 visitors flocked to the town. By the 1920s, although the town had no roads, it did have 90 buildings, and was divided into two neighborhoods: the predominantly Roman Catholic South Drawbridge, and the predominantly Protestant North Drawbridge.
After the drawbridges were removed and most of the residents had left, the San Jose Mercury News for years incorrectly reported that the town was a ghost town and that the residents left valuables behind. As a result, the people still living there had their homes vandalized. The town's last resident is said to have left in 1979, and Drawbridge is considered to be the San Francisco Bay Area's only ghost town. Drawbridge is now part of the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge and is no longer open to the public due to restoration efforts, though it can still briefly be viewed from Altamont Corridor Express, Capitol Corridor, and Coast Starlight trains.
See also
Lexington, California
Patchen, California
References
Further reading
Video and Images of Drawbridge 2014 and 2016
External links
San Francisco Bay Wildlife Society
Drawbridge, California - A Hand-Me-Down History
Category:Neighborhoods in Fremont, California
Category:Railway stations in Alameda County, California
Category:Populated places established in 1876
Category:Ghost towns in the San Francisco Bay Area
Category:Railroad bridges in California
Category:Former settlements in Alameda County, California
Category:Former Southern Pacific Railroad stations in California
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT) is joining striking auto workers and teachers on the campaign trail next week, his campaign announced Friday.
The Sanders campaign announced the Vermont socialist’s intention of joining striking teachers in Chicago next week, followed by a visit with striking auto workers in Detroit– moves his campaign likely hopes will advance his reputation as a candidate who backs workers:
New: The @BernieSanders campaign announces he will join striking @UAW workers at GM's Detroit-Hamtramck Assembly Plant next Wednesday. — Adam Kelsey (@adamkelsey) September 20, 2019
“Throughout the campaign, Sanders has stood on multiple picket lines with workers and has used his email and text lists to urge his supporters to stand with striking workers across the country,” his campaign stated.
“In August, he released his Workplace Democracy Plan, which would double union membership during his term and give workers unprecedented protections in the workplace,” it continued.
However, one of Sanders’ visits will occur Wednesday, days after presidential rival Sen. Elizabeth Warren’s (D-MA) visit with the striking auto workers. She is expected to join the United Auto Workers “on the picket line outside GM’s Detroit-Hamtramck plant on Sunday,” according to Reuters.
Sanders, for his part, has told GM to “end the greed, sit down with the UAW and work out an agreement that treats your workers with the respect and the dignity they deserve,” Reuters reports.
Warren and Sanders have been attempting to assert themselves as the most pro-worker candidates. Both contenders have made time for protesting workers on the campaign trail, joining food workers in a minimum wage protest at Reagan National Airport over the summer:
Warren delivered a strong pro-union message on Labor Day, declaring that unions will “rebuild the middle class.”
“Unions built the middle class—and unions will rebuild the middle class,” Warren wrote. “If we want more good American jobs, then we need stronger unions and more power in the hands of the people”:
Unions built the middle class—and unions will rebuild the middle class. If we want more good American jobs, then we need stronger unions and more power in the hands of the people. I’m proud to be fighting alongside our unions. #LaborDay pic.twitter.com/uoAqIq9tH2 — Elizabeth Warren (@ewarren) September 2, 2019
I’m in this fight for America’s workers every step of the way. #LaborDay pic.twitter.com/NDK8iohEOp — Elizabeth Warren (@SenWarren) August 30, 2019
Happy #LaborDay! Today we say loud & clear: unions built America’s middle class, & unions will rebuild America’s middle class. pic.twitter.com/GbzfDsa914 — Elizabeth Warren (@SenWarren) September 2, 2019
Sanders’ campaign has also pushed the socialist senator’s pro-union position, particularly in recent days:
Bernie Sanders has understood union power for decades. https://t.co/GDojT92WPI — People for Bernie (@People4Bernie) September 18, 2019
BERNIE SANDERS TALKS ABOUT UNION POWER 😭😭😭😭😭😭 #workers2020 pic.twitter.com/8WnRgxeGXn — People for Bernie (@People4Bernie) September 17, 2019
I stand with the members of @CWAUnion rallying today in California to to ensure that @FrontierCorp values their workers. Frontier must keep their promises and uphold union contracts. https://t.co/5sujNqJxxw — Bernie Sanders (@BernieSanders) September 20, 2019
Sanders faced a stumbling block last month after proclaiming that his Medicare for All plan would “absolutely” erase union-negotiated health benefits:
The Washington Post followed up with a piece indicating that the Sanders campaign modified positions by noting that unions would continue to hold some capacity of negotiating powers via the National Labor Relations Board. However, the Sanders campaign was livid, with members of his campaign calling the report “100 percent wrong” and “bullshit”:
This headline from the Wash Post is 100% wrong – know how I know? Medicare for All is a Senate bill with exact text and co-sponsors. The text hasn’t changed. Today Bernie introduces a labor proposal that provides additional value to worker contracts. https://t.co/xAh0su43Pn — Josh Orton (@joshorton) August 22, 2019
Medicare for All Senate bill stays same Bernie releases an aggressively pro-union platform that includes sectoral bargaining (!!) a right for federal workers to strike, and a provision to direct employer health savings to benefit worker contracts. WaPo: M4A changed. https://t.co/gWQS1VgTq8 — Josh Orton (@joshorton) August 22, 2019
.@washingtonpost: You asked for an on-the-record comment on this bogus headline. Well, here it goes: Bullshit. Bernie wrote the damn bill & didn't amend it. We're proud of the union support for #MedicareForAll. When it passes they will receive higher wages and benefits – period. pic.twitter.com/ueeAxXFDFB — Warren Gunnels (@GunnelsWarren) August 22, 2019
Nonetheless, the debate over union health benefits remains a point of contention and a political talking point frontrunner Joe Biden (D) has tried to use to his advantage:
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Comments on PhotoStory9: Dizzy GillespieTypePad2009-09-20T21:49:48ZMarc Myershttp://www.JazzWax.com/tag:typepad.com,2003:http://www.jazzwax.com/2009/09/photostory10-dizzy-gillespie/comments/atom.xml/Jason Parker commented on 'PhotoStory9: Dizzy Gillespie'tag:typepad.com,2003:6a00e008dca1f088340120a5ddcfdc970c2009-09-21T14:01:13Z2009-09-21T14:01:13ZJason Parkerhttp://oneworkingmusician.comDizzy and his band played at my elementary school, Addison Elementary in Palo Alto, CA, in 1972/73 and I have...<p>Dizzy and his band played at my elementary school, Addison Elementary in Palo Alto, CA, in 1972/73 and I have been searching for photos from that day ever since, with no luck. Nice to see these!</p>
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Sullivan spoke to executive editor Dean Baquet, who said the move was “not a cosmic decision about how we cover race” and that he hadn’t decided what to do with the beat. Susan Chira, an assistant managing editor, said it would be a mistake to keep the race beat confined to one person. “We all have to raise the issues and discuss it through a wide array of topics – housing, culture, school desegregation,” explained Chira.
While that’s true, there is no harm in keeping Vega on the beat while stressing that reporters need to keep race and ethnicity as a focus point in their coverage. The Times can do both, but it’s not. That’s a poor decision.
For her part, Sullivan offered a more neutral take on the situation:
While it seems counterintuitive to increase and improve race coverage by discontinuing the race-and-ethnicity beat, the proof will be in the stories and the coverage ahead… But I hope the editors are right. The historical moment looms large. It demands great coverage from The Times on race.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Ara Institute of Canterbury
Ara Institute of Canterbury is an institute of technology in Canterbury, New Zealand. It was formed in 2016 from the merger of Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology (CPIT) and Aoraki Polytechnic.
Ara specialises in applied tertiary training. Subject choices include business, engineering, architecture, nursing, creative arts, hospitality, computing, science, languages, outdoor education, and broadcasting. Programmes range from Level 1 to Level 9. The institute works closely with industry to ensure students have relevant skills for employment, and have a wide range of work placement opportunities.
Each year around 14,000 students enrol at Ara, including many international students. Ara is internationally-recognised and is one of the best English language training centres in New Zealand. Over 50 countries are represented among staff and students at Ara.
Campus
Ara has six campuses in Canterbury and North Otago (three in Christchurch and one each in Ashburton, Timaru and Oamaru), making it the largest tertiary institute in the South Island. In 2016, Ara began offering online learning options to learners throughout New Zealand through TANZ eCampus.
References
External links
Category:Educational institutions established in 2016
Category:Education in Canterbury, New Zealand
Category:Organisations based in Christchurch
Category:Vocational education in New Zealand
Category:2016 establishments in New Zealand
Category:Universities and colleges in New Zealand
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
ALBIA, IOWA – Focus on Rural America’s latest poll went into the field following the very first Democratic debate of the year. The findings provide exciting shakeups for the horserace and steady support for rural America.
“I’m excited to see Iowans closely followed the first debate and will continue to work with the candidates to ensure they are engaging rural Americans in a meaningful way,” said Focus on Rural America Chair Lt. Governor Patty Judge. “Our poll shows that Iowans are paying attention and that they are prioritizing someone who can win rural America, because that’s what it will take to beat President Trump.”
The Focus on Rural America poll shows the current top candidates are in a virtual three-way tie. Senators Elizabeth Warren and Kamala Harris are on top with 20% and 18% respectively while Vice President Biden holds 17%. Next in line is Senator Bernie Sanders at 12%, Mayor Pete Buttigieg at 10% and Senator Amy Klobuchar at 4%.
The two nights of debate made for a crowded stage and had a huge impact on voters. 63% saw some or more of the debate while 83% followed the debate’s media coverage. 26% of voters said the debates had a big impact their opinions, in addition to the 37% who were persuaded by the debates at least somewhat.
The head-to-head polling above reflects the takeaway voters had on the debate winners. Most voters said, based on debate performance, they were won over by Harris (34%), Warren (16%), Buttigieg (11%), Biden (7%) Castro (6%) and Sanders (6%).
Having more than 20 candidates to choose from shook up the debates and left a few of them off the stage, but this year voter participation will see some changes as well. In Iowa the caucuses will expand by including a virtual option for voters to participate online. 20% of Iowan’s we polled reported they planned to caucus virtually but we weighted their choice to only 10% to accurately reflect the rules established for a virtual caucus.
The good news for rural America? Exciting debates and virtual caucuses don’t change everything. 83% of Iowans support expanding production of renewable biofuels and 64% think President Trump’s waivers for oil and gas companies hurt rural economies. In addition, our latest poll maintains the steady report from Iowans on how to beat President Trump. 62% said Democrats should stick to the center, as opposed to the left, and 51% believe they need to prioritize engaging rural voters.
Focus on Rural America is polling Iowans quarterly and will have our next poll in the field this September.
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As the deluxe reissue of Metallica's Master of Puppets album draws closer to its long-awaited release, the band is further whetting fans' appetites with a previously unreleased demo of the title track.
If you were hoping The Punisher arrived guns-blazing, head-banging and Bernthal-brooding, today’s your day. Marvel’s Netflix spinoff released an action-packed first full trailer, raiding the music library once more to the sweet sounds of Metallica.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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An obscure, faint comet is finally entering the limelight. Known as C/2011 L4 (Pan-STARRS), the cosmic body is poised to light up northern skies starting tonight.
Brightening a millionfold since its discovery in June 2011, the icy interloper has already become easily visible by the naked eye from the Southern Hemisphere as a distinct tail of gas and dust. (Related: "New Comet Found; May Be Visible From Earth in 2013.")
Astronomers originally stumbled upon the comet nearly two years ago while searching for potentially hazardous asteroids. Using one of the world's largest digital cameras, on Hawaii's Pan-STARRS telescope—the comet's namesake—the team snagged a faint image of the comet while it was still more than 700 million miles (1.1 billion kilometers) away, between the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn.
What gave it away was its fuzzy appearance, which is caused by the melting ice and released gases forming a hazy shell around the comet's nucleus.
In the past few weeks the comet has made its way into the inner solar system, and it will reach perihelion—its closest approach to the sun—at a distance of 30 million miles (48 million kilometers) from the sun on March 10. (Video: Sun 101.)
There's no chance of collision with Earth however, as the body has already gotten as close it will get to our planet, at about 100 million miles (160 million kilometers) away.
When are the best viewing times?
Soon after reaching perihelion, the comet may become visible to the naked eye for Northern Hemisphere sky-watchers low in the western horizon just after sunset on March 7, weather permitting, said Raminder Singh Samra, a resident astronomer at the H.R. MacMillan Space Centre in Vancouver, Canada.
"When viewers look for Pan-STARRS, they should have a clear unobstructed view of the western horizon, as the comet is visible for only a few minutes each night in mid-March," Samra said.
"For best results a clear view of the horizon and dark skies are recommended, and having binoculars will greatly enhance the view for observers in large, bright cities." (Also see "New Comet Discovered—May Become 'One of Brightest in History.'")
About a half-hour to an hour after sunset on the 12th and 13th will be the easiest time to spot the comet, thanks to a young crescent moon.
The moon will act as a convenient guidepost in helping to track down Pan-STARRS. On the 12th, look for the comet to the moon's upper left. On the 13th, the comet will appear to be hanging lower right of the moon.
How is it best seen?
It's essential to have a very clear, unobstructed view toward the western horizon at twilight.
Being close to the horizon and the glare of the sun might make spotting Pan-STARRS with the unaided eye a bit challenging, so scanning the lower sky with binoculars will help the hunt tremendously.
If predictions hold true, the comet may become at least as bright as the stars that form the Big Dipper pattern in the constellation Ursa Major, or the Great Bear. Binoculars and small telescopes will help tease out the details in the head and tail of the comet. (Explore an interactive solar system.)
What should we look for?
Comet Pan-STARRS should appear as a hazy smudge of light in the twilight sky with possibly a growing tail.
Starting from the 12th, look for the comet to glide across the background of stars appearing to move night to night from the low west to the higher north until it parks itself in the constellation Cassiopeia by the end of March.
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[Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate - technique and clinical applications].
Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) includes 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion-weighted imaging, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. These new MRI techniques are increasingly being used to supplement conventional T 2 and T 1-weighted MR sequences in prostate imaging. The first part of this review outlines each of these techniques, the most important diagnostic parameters, and the pathophysiological background. The characteristic features of prostate cancer and noncancerous prostate tissue as depicted with each of the three techniques are presented. The second, clinical part outlines the diagnostic applications of the three MRI techniques for the early detection and localization of prostate cancer, staging, and the identification of recurrent cancer and discusses the most recent publications in this field. The review concludes with a look at emerging clinical applications such as the evaluation of biological aggressiveness and tumor volume.
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"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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# SPDX-License-Identifier: CC-BY-SA-2.0
# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2020 Normation SAS
post:
summary: Trigger update of policies
description: Update configuration policies if needed
operationId: updatePolicies
responses:
"200":
description: Success
content:
application/json:
schema:
type: object
required:
- result
- action
- data
properties:
result:
type: string
description: Result of the request
enum:
- success
- error
action:
type: string
description: The id of the action
enum:
- updatePolicies
data:
type: object
required:
- policies
properties:
policies:
type: string
enum:
- Started
tags:
- System
x-code-samples:
- lang: curl
source:
$ref: ../../code_samples/curl/system/update-policies.sh
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{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
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Q:
What is the purpose of the colon after the flag in some shell command options?
See this example, taken from the O'Reilly book Classic Shell Scripting:
sort -t: -k1,1 /etc/passwd
Why is there a : after the t? It doesn't seem to be needed, nor documented in man, but I keep seeing it in examples.
A:
It's just the argument to the -t option, specifying that fields are separated by colons in the input file.
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Tag Archives: Martial Law
People often ask me if I have a favorite country that I’ve visited. While I don’t really have an answer to that very difficult question, if I had to choose a few, Thailand would definitely be on the short list. Experiences from that trip really hooked me on a region filled with friendly people, cheap (but great) sites & activities and overall changed my views on travel.
After visiting Thailand, I was hungry for more. We’d return to SE Asia for a trip which included a short visit to Vietnam and a longer one to Cambodia. Both (so to speak) definitely hit the spot. (We also had a brief one night stay in Bankgkok and also visited Hong Kong & Macao during that trip.) Since then we’ve also visited more places in Asia like Singapore, Bali, Malaysia and Japan. Continue reading Thailand Invites You To Experience Martial Law→
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---
abstract: |
A system of three particles undergoing inelastic collisions in arbitrary spatial dimensions is studied with the aim of establishing the domain of “inelastic collapse”—an infinite number of collisions which take place in a finite time. Analytic and simulation results show that for a sufficiently small restitution coefficient, $0\leq r<7-4\sqrt{3}\approx 0.072$, collapse can occur. In one dimension, such a collapse is stable against small perturbations within this entire range. In higher dimensions, the collapse can be stable against small variations of initial conditions, within a smaller $r$ range, $0\leq r<9-4\sqrt{5}\approx 0.056$.
PACS: 47.50.+d, 05.20.Dd
author:
- |
Tong Zhou[^1] and Leo P. Kadanoff[^2]\
The James Franck Institute\
The University of Chicago\
Chicago, IL 60637
title: Inelastic Collapse of Three Particles
---
[2]{}
Introduction
============
A system of particles interacting only through inelastic collisions is a useful idealization of granular materials, and has been much investigated recently[@1; @2; @3; @4; @5; @6; @7; @8; @9; @10]. Inelasticity can make such a system evolve into a collapse state, in which several of the particles collide an infinite number of times in a finite time interval.
Inelastic collapse in one dimension is well understood[@1; @2; @3; @4]. In two dimensions, McNamara and Young carried out numerical investigations and found some evidence for inelastic collapses of three particles[@5]. To understand the collapse mechanism in higher dimensions, we study the behavior of three particles in a particular model. Our model involves collisions which preserve the total momentum and the components of the momentum perpendicular to the line of centers. The component of the relative velocity along the line of centers is reversed (as in an elastic collision) and reduced by the restitution coefficient, $0\le r \le 1$. We look at a situation in which one particle (labeled zero) takes part in all collisions. The other two particles (labeled one and two) are alternatively a collider and a spectator. We assume that all particles have the same mass, and that particles one and two have identical radii.
There are two possible reasons that previous numerical studies might have shown collapse. One scenario is that the collapsed state is represented by one or many attractive fixed points, so that the collapsing orbit can be stable against small variations in initial data. The other scenario is that each orbit is unstable but that the infinity of collapsing orbits produces an observable collapse probability. For the specific example of three particles, we find an attractive fixed point for all dimensions and sufficiently small coefficient of restitution, $r$. Thus, we establish the possibility of the first scenario. The second scenario is still possible, but we have seen no evidence for it. For a larger $r$, there is an interval in which the fixed point is unstable against changes in the initial conditions.
For dimensions greater than one, after the collapse has occurred, the particles can separate from one another. Thus beyond $d=1$, inelastic collapse is an event, not an end-point, in the “lives” of the particles.
To study the collapse, we use the methods of dynamical systems theory. Specifically, we examine the situation in which particles one and two are very close to particle zero and aimed so that the system is very close to the collapsing fixed point. Figure 1 shows a typical configuration. Particle $0$ keeps colliding with particle $1$ and particle $2$ repeatedly, and an inelastic collapse may occur. After many collisions, the distances between the particles become small, and the remaining collisions take place so rapidly that the relative motion of the particles is small. Therefore, in the inelastic collapse, the angle $\theta$ approaches a limiting value as the number of collision goes to infinity. We identify the constant-$\theta$ fixed point and then investigate its stability. We find that a fixed point of an inelastic collapse exists only when the final $\theta$ obeys: $$\cos\theta \geq \frac{4\sqrt{r}}{1+r}.
\label{eq:A}$$ A collapse state will occur whenever this criterion holds and also steric effect do not block off the required collisions. (For example such a blockage will always occur at $\theta = \pi$.) The stability analysis implies that for the collapse to be stable against small perturbations in the initial velocities, a stronger condition is required, namely $$\cos\theta >\frac{2\root 3 \of r (1+\root 3 \of r)}{1+r}.
\label{eq:B}$$
The collision model
===================
We use the standard model of inelastic collision: due to a collision the component of the relative velocity of the colliders along the line of centers, changes by a factor of $-r$. We denote by $\vec{u}_j$ and $\vec{x}_j$ the velocity and the position of the $j$th particle at the instant before a collision occurs. Let us consider a collision between particles $1$ and $0$. In the course of the collision, the velocities of the particles change to: $$\begin{aligned}
\vec{u}_1' & = & \vec{u}_1 - \vec{\Delta}, \nonumber \\
\vec{u}_0' & = & \vec{u}_0 + \vec{\Delta}, \nonumber \\
\vec{u}_2' & = & \vec{u}_2.
\label{eq:1}\end{aligned}$$ Here, the momentum transfer is $\vec{\Delta}$. It must point in the direction of the line of centers. In terms of the coefficient of restitution, $r$, this transfer is given by the expression $$\vec{\Delta} = \frac{1+r}{2} (\vec{x}_1-\vec{x}_0) [(\vec{x}_1-\vec{x}_0)
\cdot
(\vec{u}_1-\vec{u}_0)].$$ Here we have assumed that the radii of the colliding particles sum to unity so that, at the point of collision: $$(\vec{x}_1-\vec{x}_0)^2 = 1.
\label{eq:3}$$
To do dynamical systems theory, we wish to look at the very same process repeatedly. Therefore, we introduce the superscripts, $c$, denoting the collider and $s$ denoting the spectator particle, as well as a subscript, $n$, to denote the instant before the $n$th collision occurs (Figure 1). For simplicity, we take the velocity and the position of particle $0$ to be zero. In order to make sure that the velocity of particle $0$ continues to vanish after the collision, we view the post-collision system from a frame moving with velocity $\vec{u}_0'=
\vec{\Delta}$. Then equations (\[eq:1\]) - (\[eq:3\]) read $$\begin{aligned}
\vec{u}_{n+1}^s & = & \vec{u}_{n}^c - 2 \vec{\Delta}, \nonumber \\
\vec{u}_{n+1}^c & = & \vec{u}_{n}^s-\vec{\Delta}.
\label{eq:3a}\end{aligned}$$ These equations are supplemented by the conditions: $$\vec{\Delta} = \frac{1+r}{2} (\vec{x}_{n}^c) (\vec{x}_{n}^c \cdot
\vec{u}_{n}^c),$$ $$(\vec{x}_{n}^c)^2 = 1.$$ Additionally, both the velocity and the position of particle $0$ vanish. Notice that a collider becomes a spectator immediately following a collision. The above equations are complemented by the equations corresponding to the positions of the particles at the next collision, $$\begin{aligned}
\vec{x}_{n+1}^s & = & \vec{x}_{n}^c + t_n \vec{u}_{n+1}^s, \nonumber \\
\vec{x}_{n+1}^c & = & \vec{x}_{n}^s + t_n \vec{u}_{n+1}^c.
\label{eq:5}\end{aligned}$$ The time interval between the $n$th and the $(n+1)$th collisions, $t_n$, is such that the magnitude of $\vec{x}_{n+1}^c$ is unity.
Flat Surface Approximation
==========================
We now seek fixed points in these equations. We assume that the time between collisions is sufficiently small so that the $t_n$ terms in equations (\[eq:5\]) are negligible and consequently $$\begin{aligned}
\vec{x}_{n+1}^s & = & \vec{x}_{n}^c, \nonumber\\
\vec{x}_{n+1}^c & = & \vec{x}_{n}^s,
\label{eq:apr}\end{aligned}$$ during the approach to the fixed point.
We wish to find a fixed point in the components of the velocity in the direction of the lines of centers. Specifically, we would like to investigate how this component decreases in each iteration. We can define: $$\vec{x}_{n+1}^c \cdot \vec{u}_{n+1}^c \equiv k_n \vec{x}_{n}^c
\cdot \vec{u}_{n}^c.
\label{eq:8}$$
Taking the dot product of equations (\[eq:3a\]) respectively into $\vec{x}_{n}^s$ and $\vec{x}_{n}^c$, and using equations (\[eq:apr\]) gives $$\vec{x}_{n+1}^s \cdot \vec{u}_{n+1}^s = -r \vec{x}_{n}^c \cdot \vec{u}_{n}^c,
\label{eq:9a}$$ $$\vec{x}_{n+2}^c \cdot \vec{u}_{n+2}^c = \vec{x}_{n+1}^s \cdot \vec{u}_{n+1}^s+\frac{1+r}{2}
\vec{x}_{n+1}^c \cdot \vec{u}_{n+1}^c\cos\theta.
\label{eq:9}$$ Equations (\[eq:8\])-(\[eq:9\]) thus imply the recursion satisfied by the scaling factor $k_n$ $$k_{n+1}=-\frac{r}{k_n}+\frac{1+r}{2}\cos\theta.
\label{eq:rok}$$ Fixed points can be found by setting $k_{n+1}=k_n$ in (\[eq:rok\]), $$k^2 - k \frac{1+r}{2}\cos\theta +r=0.$$ As a result, the fixed point of the scaling factor has two possible values $$k_\pm =\frac{1+r}{4}\cos\theta \pm
\sqrt{\left(\frac{1+r}{4}\cos\theta\right)^2-r}.
\label{eq:11}$$ Equation (\[eq:11\]) is one of the major results of our study.
In every collision, the colliding particle must approach particle $0$. Hence, $\vec{x}_c \cdot \vec{u}_c$ must be negative in every iteration. This is possible only if $k$ is a positive real number. One kind of failure arises when $k$ is complex. Then the real part of the dot product will change sign infinitely often and no fixed point can be reached. Thus, for inelastic collapse to occur, the quantity under the square root in equation (\[eq:11\]) must be positive. This positivity still permits both signs of $\cos\theta$. However, if the roots are real and the cosine is negative, both roots will be negative. Hence neither is a possible solution for inelastic collapse. The only remaining possibility is that inelastic collapse may occur under the condition on the cosine given by equation (\[eq:A\]). According to that statement, when $r\rightarrow 0$, $\theta$ can have a value between $0$ and $\frac{\pi}{2}$. On the other hand, when $\theta =0$, the well-known one-dimensional result is recovered [@2], [*i.e.*]{}, inelastic collapse is possible for $0\le r< 7-4\sqrt{3}$. Regions (a) and (b) in figure 2 are the region of $r$ and $\theta$ for which we may have inelastic collapse.
We now consider the stability of the above fixed points. Stability will imply that a small change in the initial conditions will leave the system in a collapse state, or in other words, changes will still permit an infinite number of collisions. There are two collapse fixed points distinguished by the values of the two multipliers $k=k_+$ and $k=k_-$. Subtracting $k_\pm$ from both sides of (\[eq:rok\]) yields $$\frac{k_{n+1}-k_\pm }{k_n-k_\pm }=\frac{k_\mp}{k_n}.$$ It is seen that $k_-$ corresponds to an unstable fixed point, while $k_+$ corresponds to a stable one. Henceforth, we use $k$ to denote the stable fixed point $k\equiv k_+$.
Next, we investigate the time interval between successive collisions. Assume that relative motion of the two colliding particles between each pair of collisions covers a distance which is very small in comparison to their radii. Then, we can think of the surface of the particles as flat. After the $n$th collision, the colliding particle moves away from the surface and covers a distance $t_n \vec{x}_{n+1}^s
\cdot \vec{u}_{n+1}^s$. In the next step, this particle moves back over the same distance, which is given by -$t_{n+1} \vec{x}_{n+2}^c
\cdot \vec{u}_{n+2}^c $ and reaches the surface. Thus, the ratio of times is $$\frac{t_{n+1}}{t_n}= \frac{-\vec{x}_{n+1}^s \cdot \vec{u}_{n+1}^s}
{\vec{x}_{n+2}^c \cdot \vec{u}_{n+2}^c}.$$ This result may be simplified with the aid of equations (\[eq:8\])-(\[eq:9a\]) to give $$\frac{t_{n+1}}{t_n}=\frac{r}{k^2}.
\label{eq:14}$$ Let $d$ denote the shortest distance between two particles. The distance ratio equals the product of the time ratio and the velocity ratio, $k$, $$\frac{d_{n+1}}{d_n}=\frac{r}{k}.
\label{eq:15}$$
We performed numerical simulations of the collision process by considering three inelastic particles moving in two-dimension with random initial conditions. When collapse happens, we compared the ratios calculated from simulations with the predictions of equations (\[eq:8\]), (\[eq:14\]), (\[eq:15\]). We found excellent agreement (Figure 3), indicating that the fixed points are attractive and indeed correspond to collapse
Validation of the Flat Surface Approximation
============================================
As observed in the last section, making the approximation (\[eq:apr\]) simplifies dramatically the original system and it can be described by a single ratio $k_n$. It is as if the particles have flat surfaces, so that the effect of the tangential components of the velocities of particles $1$ and $2$ can be ignored. This is true only if the time intervals are negligible, so that (\[eq:apr\]) can be obtained from (\[eq:5\]). We will see when such a simplification is valid, and we will set a criterion for the range of validity of the approximation.
In our way to equations (\[eq:9a\])-(\[eq:9\]), we neglected the terms like $t_n (u_{n}^c)^2$ in comparison to $\vec{x}_{n}^c \cdot
\vec{u}_{n}^c$, by using the approximation (\[eq:apr\]). As noted above, the former terms decrease as $(\frac{r}{k^2})^n$, while the latter terms decrease as $k^n$. Thus, the flat surface approximation is reliable only when $r<k^3$ so that terms proportional to $t_n$ can be safely ignored. This condition can be explicitly written as, $$r<\left(\frac{1+r}{4}\cos\theta
+\sqrt{\left(\frac{1+r}{4}\cos\theta\right)^2-r}\right)^3,$$ which can then be simplified into the form of condition (\[eq:B\]). The region of stability determined by this condition is region (a) in Figure 2. The maximum possible value of $r$ for stable behavior is $r_c=9-4\sqrt{5}$.
To this point, our calculation did not rely on the circular geometry of the particles. The name “flat surface” suggests that when criterion (\[eq:B\]) is satisfied, particles do not experience the curvature of their surfaces, and collide as if they are flat. This calculation is valid for arbitrary particle shapes when (\[eq:B\]) is satisfied.
We also observe that when criterion (\[eq:B\]) is satisfied, the time interval $t_n$ decreases faster than the radial component of the velocities. In such a situation, collapse happens so quickly that all other effects, external or internal, have no essential influences to the process. One can further consider arbitrary interactions between the particles as well as arbitrary external fields, as long as all the interactions depends only on the relative positions. Since the particles’ relative positions only change very little during the process of collapse, all the effects of the interactions on, say, particle $1$ can be replaced by a constant total force acting on it which induces an constant acceleration. This acceleration has very little effect in the tangential direction since time interval is too small for it to change the tangential component of the velocity. When the flat surface approximation is valid, the time interval is even too small to change the radial velocity component. We conclude that the the previously obtained fixed points are unchanged.
Circular Geometry
=================
In the previous sections, the calculation were performed by neglecting the $t_n$ terms completely out of equations (\[eq:5\]) and the fixed points for inelastic collapse were found when the final state satisfied condition (\[eq:B\]). After understanding the characteristic behavior of the collapse, we can do a more rigorous calculation to investigate how the system behaves outside the region satisfying (\[eq:B\]).
We now see that during the collapse process, the radial velocity components of particles $1$ and $2$ monotonically decrease till they vanish at the moment of singularity, while their tangential components approach limiting values as the number of collision diverges. Hence, we take those tangential components as constants, and concentrate on the radial components in the calculation of fixed points.
For simplicity we study in detail one collision in the situation where particle $1$ has a zero radius while particle $0$ has a unit radius. Since the theory depends only upon the sum of the two radii, this case subsumes all others. Here we denote the initial instant with a subscript $i$, and the instant before the collision with $f$. We drop the superscripts since only particle $1$ is considered. We also assume the particles are very close, $d\ll 1$, and $-\vec{u}\cdot \vec{x}_i
\ll u_t$, where $u_t$ is the magnitude of the tangential velocity component of particle $1$. The collision time is $$t=\frac{1}{u_t}\left(\frac{-\vec{u}\cdot \vec{x}_i
}{u_t}-\sqrt{\left(\frac{\vec{u}\cdot
\vec{x}_i}{u_t}\right)^2-2d}\right).
\label{eq:19}$$ Immediately before the collision, the radial velocity component of particle $1$ equals $$-\vec{u}\cdot \vec{x}_f =\sqrt{(\vec{u}\cdot \vec{x}_i )^2-2du_t^2}.
\label{eq:20}$$
Equation (\[eq:19\]) gives the quantity needed to complete the equation set (\[eq:3a\])-(\[eq:5\]). In order to abbreviate this calculation, we introduce an effective centrifugal acceleration. In the above calculation, if we view the situation in a frame rotating with an angular velocity of $u_t$, around an axis perpendicular to both $\vec{u}$ and the line of centers, passing through the center of particle $0$, then particle $1$ has zero tangential velocity, and the effect of the tangential velocity can be represented by a centrifugal acceleration $a_1=u_t^2$. This substitution is justified by noticing that we can get exactly the same expressions as (\[eq:19\]) and (\[eq:20\]) by using this acceleration. We do not need really use such a rotating frame. We use $a_1$ as an effective centrifugal acceleration to replace the tangential component of the velocity with the same effects.
After these preparations, we are in a much clearer position. Particle $1$ and particle $2$ respectively have centrifugal accelerations $a_1$ and $a_2$, which are all in the radial directions. Equation (\[eq:apr\]) is again a good approximation. Particle $1$ is moving on a line, and so is particle $2$. We can further drop the vector notation. In the following, we use $u$ to denote the radial component of the velocity of particles $1$ and $2$ immediately before a collision, with its positive direction pointing towards the center of particle $0$. Consequently, $a_1=-u_{1t}^2$ and $a_2=-u_{2t}^2$.
The equation set (\[eq:3a\])-(\[eq:5\]) reduces to $$\begin{aligned}
u_{n+1}^s & = & -ru_n^c+a_{n+1}^st_n \nonumber \\
u_{n+1}^c & = & u_n^s+\frac{1+r}{2}\cos\theta\cdot u_n^c +a_{n+1}^ct_n \nonumber \\
d_n & = & u_{n+1}^c\cdot t_n-\frac{1}{2}a_{n+1}^ct_n^2 \nonumber \\
-d_{n+1} & = & -ru_n^c \cdot t_n+\frac{1}{2}a_{n+1}^st_n^2 \nonumber\\
a_{n+1}^c & = & a_n^s \nonumber \\
a_{n+1}^s & = & a_n^c
\label{eq:set}\end{aligned}$$ where $d_n$ is the distance between the spectator and particle $0$ at the instant of the $n$th collision. Recall that $t_n$ is the time interval between the $n$th and $(n+1)$th collisions.
One simple case can be fully carried through, the case $a_1=a_2\equiv
a$. In this case, particle $1$ and particle $2$ are in a symmetrical situation so that the recursion relation of the system can be obtained after a single collision.
As we did before, we use two nondimensional numbers $k_n$ and $\alpha_n$ to describe the evolution of the system: $$k_n\equiv\frac{u_{n+1}^c}{u_n^c}\quad\mbox{and}\quad\alpha_n\equiv\frac{-a\cdot t_n}{u_n^c}.$$
Starting from (\[eq:set\]), after some straightforward calculation, we get following recursion relation: $$k_{n+1}=\sqrt{\left(\frac{1+r}{2}\cos\theta
-\frac{r}{k_n}\right)^2-(1+r)\cos\theta \frac{\alpha_n}{k_n}},
\label{eq:27}$$ and $$\begin{aligned}
\alpha_{n+1} & = & \frac{1+r}{2}\cos\theta -\frac{r}{k_n}
-\frac{\alpha_n}{k_n}\nonumber\\ & - &
\sqrt{\left(\frac{1+r}{2}\cos\theta
-\frac{r}{k_n}\right)^2-(1+r)\cos\theta \frac{\alpha_n}{k_n}}.
\label{eq:28}\end{aligned}$$
Suppose the fixed point is $(\alpha,k)$, then from (\[eq:28\]), we have $$\alpha =\frac{-k^2+\frac{1+r}{2}\cos\theta\cdot k-r}{k+1}.
\label{eq:29}$$ Since $\alpha\ge 0$ from its definition, the right hand side of the above equality must be nonegative. Thus, there must exist two real solutions of $k$ satisfying r.h.s.$=0$. And we readily recover the condition (\[eq:A\]).
Substituting (\[eq:29\]) into (\[eq:27\]), we have $$\begin{aligned}
k^4 & = & \left(\frac{1+r}{2}\cos\theta\cdot k-r\right)^2\nonumber\\ &
& -(1+r)\cos\theta\cdot k\frac{-k^2+\frac{1+r}{2}\cos\theta\cdot
k-r}{k+1}.
\label{eq:31}\end{aligned}$$ Of course, $k_\pm$, which appeared before, are solutions of (\[eq:31\]). From (\[eq:29\]) we learn that $(0,k_\pm )$ are fixed points. Let us look at other solutions of equation (\[eq:31\]) which satisfy $$\begin{aligned}
k^3+\left(1+\frac{1+r}{2}\cos\theta\right)k^2-\left(r+\frac{1+r}{2}\cos\theta\right)k\nonumber \\
-r=0.\end{aligned}$$ This equation has one and only one solution of $k$ in the interval $[0:1]$. We denote the corresponding fixed point as $(\alpha_0,k_0)$. Of the three relevant fixed points, $(0,k_-)$ is unstable, and we concentrate on the stability condition for the other two fixed points.
Suppose that $(\alpha_n,k_n)$ has a small deviation from the fixed point $(\alpha, k)$. then $$\left( \begin{array}{c} \delta k_{n+1}\\ \delta\alpha_{n+1}\end{array} \right) =\left( \begin{array}{cc} A_{11} & A_{12}\\A_{21} & A_{22} \end{array} \right) \left( \begin{array}{c} \delta k_n\\ \delta\alpha_n\end{array} \right)$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
A_{11} & = & \frac{1}{2k^3}\left[ 2\left(\frac{1+r}{2}\cos\theta -\frac{r}{k}\right)r+(1+r)\cos\theta\cdot\alpha\right] \nonumber \\
A_{12} & = & -\frac{(1+r)\cos\theta}{2k^2} \nonumber \\
A_{21} & = & \frac{\alpha +r}{k^2}-A_{11} \nonumber \\
A_{22} & = & \frac{(1+r)\cos\theta-2k}{2k^2} \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ Let us denote by $\lambda$ the eigenvalue of matrix $A$, hence we have $$\lambda^2-b\lambda+c=0
\label{eq:39}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
b & = & \frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{k}+\left[(1+r)\cos\theta-\left(\frac{1+r}{2}\cos\theta\right)^2\right]\frac{1}{2k^2}\nonumber\\
& & +r(1+r)\cos\theta\cdot\frac{1}{k^3}-\frac{3r^2}{2k^4},\nonumber\\
c & = & \frac{r^2}{k^5}.\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ For the fixed point $(0,k_+)$, $$b=\frac{r}{k_+^3}(1+k_+)\quad\mbox{and}\quad c=\frac{r^2}{k_+^5}.$$ So $$\lambda_1=\frac{r}{k_+^2}\quad\mbox{and}\quad \lambda_2=\frac{r}{k_+^3}.
\label{eq:eig}$$ The point $(0,k_+)$ is an attractive fixed point if and only if $r<k_+^3$. Hence we recover the condition of (\[eq:B\]). If we only require $\lambda_1<1$, we can recover condition (\[eq:A\]).
For the fixed point $(\alpha_0,k_0)$, we find that $\alpha_0>0$ if and only if the condition of (\[eq:B\]) is satisfied, but that condition also decides the range of $(r,\theta)$ inside which we will have $$1-b+c<0$$ From equation (\[eq:39\]) we know that one eigenvalue of matrix $A$ is larger than $1$, implying that the corresponding fixed point is unstable. We conclude that there are no additional stable fixed points beyond those which satisfy condition (\[eq:B\]), and there are no stable collapses outside that range in the case $a_1=a_2$.
We believe this is true for the general situation of $a_1\ne a_2$. When condition (\[eq:B\]) is violated, our simulations show that even though the particles can be very close, they will get apart before having collided an infinite number of times.
From the above calculation, and specifically equation (\[eq:eig\]), we can see the parameter space $(r,\theta)$ can be divided into three regions (Figure 2):
a\) When condition (\[eq:B\]) is satisfied, both the eigenvalues of matrix $A$ are smaller than unity. The fixed point is stable in all directions in space $(\alpha, k)$. It is the collapse region.
b\) When condition (\[eq:B\]) is violated but the condition (\[eq:A\]) is satisfied, the eigenvalue $\lambda_2>1$, while $\lambda_1<1$. In this region, particles can have any number of collisions before they might eventually separate.
c\) When the condition (\[eq:A\]) is violated, both eigenvalues of matrix $A$ are larger than unity. Collapse does not occur.
The above calculation is independent of the sources of the accelerations, which could be the interactions between particles. The calculation confirms our previous argument that interactions are irrelevant in the process of collapse[^3].
We also observe that in the above calculation, the circular geometry of the particles is not essential. The calculation is also valid for arbitrary shape of the particles, with the corresponding radius of curvature replacing the radii used. Even though the radius of curvature is not relevant in deciding the behavior of collapse process—the radii do not show up in the expression of the stable fixed point or condition (\[eq:B\]), it does have some effects. The centrifugal acceleration, which obviously is important in deciding the probability of collapse, is inversely proportional to the radius. So chances are larger for collapse to happen when the colliding point is at a position on the surface with a larger radius of curvature.
Conclusion
==========
We demonstrated analytically the existence of inelastic collapse for three particles in all dimensions. At the last moment of collapse, the three particles have a cyclic behavior, which is characterized by a fixed point. We have established the range of the parameters for which the fixed point exists and the range for which it is stable.
Acknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}
---------------
We would like to express our thanks to Y.Du, S.Esipov, H.M.Jaeger, M.Mungan, S.R.Nagel, N.Schörghofer and W.R.Young for very helpful discussions and especially to Eli Ben-Naim for continued advice and discussions. This work was supported in part by NSF-DMR and in part by DOE.
[99]{} B. Bernu and R. Mazighi, [*J. Phys. A*]{} [**23**]{}, 5745 (1990).
S. McNamara and W. R. Young, [*Phy. Fluids A*]{} [**4**]{}, 496 (1992).
E. Clement, S. Luding, A. Blumen, J. Rajchenbach and J. Duran, [*Int. J. Mod. Phys. B*]{} [**7**]{}, 1807 (1993).
P. Constantin, E. Grossman and M. Mungan, [*Physica D*]{} [**83**]{}, 409 (1995).
S. McNamara and W. R. Young, [*Phy. Rew. E*]{} [**50**]{}, R28 (1994).
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M. A. Hopkins and M. Y. Louge, [*Phy. Fluids A*]{} [**3**]{}, 4 (1990).
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H. M. Jaeger, S. R. Nagel and R. P. Behringer, “The Physics of Granular Materials”, preprint.
[^1]: Email: tongzhou@control.uchicago.edu
[^2]: Email: LeoP@uchicago.edu
[^3]: But when there is a sufficiently strong attraction, e.g. gravity, between particles so that the directions of the accelerations are reversed, we want fixed points with $\alpha\le 0$. Then the fixed point $(\alpha_0,k_0)$ becomes stable when condition (\[eq:B\]) is violated. Inelastic collapse can happen in a much larger region of $(r,\theta)$.
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United States Marine Raider stiletto
The U.S. Marine Raider stiletto was a stiletto and combat knife issued to the Marine Raiders and 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion during World War II.
Background
At the start of World War II, the Mark I Trench Knife was the only knife issued to Marines. It was introduced during World War I for trench warfare, but its "knuckle duster" hilt was cumbersome and contained nearly of brass, making the knife expensive to produce. In addition, the Mark I could not be held in the "fencing-grip" position, the preferred position for the thrust. The Marine Corps began issuing the KA-BAR, a combination fighting/utility knife, in 1942 due to the inadequacies of the Mark I. The Marine Raiders, however, desired a dagger designed solely for knife fighting, but none were available that met the requirements.
History
The history of the U.S. Marine Raider Stiletto began at the Commando Training Centre in Achnacarry, Scotland. The stiletto was patterned after the Fairbairn-Sykes Fighting Knife, which was in use at the centre before the arrival of the Marine Raiders.
The U.S. Marine Raider Stiletto was the first knife in United States Marine Corps history to be designed by a U.S. Marine Corps officer, the then Lieutenant Colonel Clifford H. Shuey, who retired as a brigadier general and was formerly in charge of the Engineer Division at Headquarters Marine Corps. Shuey largely copied the Fairbairn-Sykes‘pattern, but changed the material specifications of some components (notably the handle) to reduce the need for high-priority strategic materials. These changes would eventually result in durability problems for the Raider stiletto. The knife was designed in 1942 and officially issued on a selective basis to the Marines, with priority to elite units such as the Raiders.
The new knife was manufactured by the Camillus Cutlery Company, with 14,370 knives produced; a relatively small number compared to the 2.5 million M-3 Trench Knives issued. In addition to Raider units, it is known that Scout and Sniper companies of the 1st Marine Division were issued the stiletto, and some members of the 1st Marine Parachute Battalion also acquired them, either by barter and trade, or by unofficial requisition from Quartermaster stores.
The Raider stiletto was also issued to the 1st Marine Raider Battalion commanded by Colonel Merritt A. Edson, the 1st Marine Parachute Battalion, and to Marines in the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion commanded by Lt. Col. Evans F. Carlson. The Marines of the 1st Raider battalion found the Raider stiletto to be well designed for silent killing, but was of little use for any other purpose, and too frail for general utility tasks. After their first combat, many of the Marines in the 2nd Raider Battalion exchanged their Raider stilettos for general-purpose short machetes (machetes pequeños) and hunting knives. In late 1943 the Raider Stiletto was replaced by the new Marine Corps fighting and utility knife designated 1219C2 (later to become famous as the KA-BAR), a change welcomed by Edson's Marines.
Specifications
The U.S. Marine Raider stiletto was similar to the Fairbairn-Sykes Fighting Knife. Both were designed hilt heavy, to lie in the hand, to prevent dropping the stiletto. Both had a tapered, double-edge blade with stiletto sharp tip and diamond-shaped cross section, sharpened on both cutting edges all the way to the oval crossguard. They both had a slender symmetrical grip of "Coca-Cola bottle" shape and both weighed the same . The primary difference was that the U.S. Marine Raider stiletto hilt was a one-piece construction, die-cast directly onto the blade tang, which is the extension of the blade shoulder, concealed by the knife grip.
The stiletto hilt was die cast using zinc aluminum alloy, which exhibited the desirable characteristics of sharp casting, low shrinkage, low cost and above all, minimal use of strategic war-priority metals. However, over time it was discovered that the zinc ions in this alloy have a tendency to leach out, leaving the casting extremely brittle. As a result, more than half of the few Raider stilettos still in existence today have very fine hilt cracks or entire portions of the hilt missing, with pieces having simply flaked off; many more have replacement handles. This decay can be delayed to some extent by coating the hilt with petroleum jelly.
The stiletto blade was approximately longer than the Fairbairn-Sykes Fighting Knife and considerably thinner. It is believed that thinner design was a manufacturing compromise, rather than an attempt to increase the effectiveness of the blade.
Manufacturing
The Marine Raider stiletto blade was "blanked" or stamped out of steel sheet stock. Had a thicker sheet metal gauge been used, it would have been more costly. In addition, it would have required more steel, a commodity which had to be conserved during the war. The flat knife blank was then machined to the diamond cross section. By comparison the Fairbairn-Sykes Fighting Knife was more expensive to make, but stronger. It was drop-forged to shape, a process which strengthens the steel, then hand-ground to final finish.
Sheath
Within the same basic model, four different variants of the Marine Raider sheath have been noted and identified. These variants include the four combinations of with and without steel staples at the throat portion of the sheath and with and without steel tip plates (1.75 in by 2 in), front and back of the sheath to prevent the sharp tip from piercing the scabbard and injuring the wearer.
The purpose of the row of staples at the throat was to prevent the sharp knife from slashing through the sheath. Unfortunately, these staples could severely scar the stiletto blade. It is believed that these sheath variants evolved by trial and error, as the late issues had both staples and plates.
Use
The U.S. Marine Raider stiletto was designed for one purpose: killing the enemy, and its design was not compromised. The stiletto was a finely designed, almost delicate, single-purpose weapon, which did not include a variety of other tasks normally associated with a machete or utility knife. Due to the thin tip, even thinner than the tip of the Fairbairn-Sykes Fighting Knife, the stiletto was not designed to be used for opening ration cans or as a pry bar to open cases.
USMC Major General Oscar F. Peatross, a veteran of the famous Makin Island raid and author of the book, Bless 'em All: The Raider Marines of World War II , recalled about the stiletto:
The Marine Raiders found they could fit the sheath behind the standard issue M1911 pistol holster by inserting the sheath body between the holster body and belt attachment flap and tying the tip of the sheath and holster together with the tie-down thong. This gave more room on their web belt and made both the pistol and stiletto available to the right hand.
1st Canadian Parachute Battalion
The 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion was issued the U.S. Marine Raider stiletto. Their U.S.-made stiletto was identical to the Raiders except it had a parkerized blade and the hilt without the U.S.M.C. scroll and without the maker's name etched on the blade. It is believed that, as part of the original production run, perhaps about 500 parkerized units were manufactured.
Roy C. Rushton, who served as a sniper with the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, reported about the stiletto:
Collectibility
The U.S. Marine Raider stiletto is a collectible knife for a number of reasons. It was one of the first Marine-designed and Marine-issued knives. It was issued to a special unit. Because of the decomposing zinc-alloy handle, the stiletto is one of the rarest knives in the world of militaria collecting and knife collecting, and existing specimens can be expensive.
See also
Corvo
List of daggers
V-42 stiletto
Marine Raider Museum
References
Further reading
Buerlein, Robert. (2002). Allied Military Fighting Knives: And The Men Who Made Them Famous. Paladin Press.
Flook, Ron. (1999). British and Commonwealth Military Knives. Howell Press Inc.
External links
U.S. Marine Raider Association
Category:Daggers
Category:Marine Raiders
Category:Military knives
Category:United States Marine Corps equipment
Category:World War II infantry weapons of the United States
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(2008)
Angelo GREGORY-RIVAS, Plaintiff,
v.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, et al., Defendants.
Civil Action No. 06-00563(HHK).
United States District Court, District of Columbia.
September 8, 2008.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
HENRY H. KENNEDY, JR., District Judge.
Angelo Gregory-Rivas ("Rivas"), a high school graduate of a District of Columbia Public School, brings this action against the District of Columbia and the superintendent of the District of Columbia Public School system (collectively "DCPS"), under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ("IDEA"), 20 U.S.C. §§ 1400 et seq. Rivas challenges a hearing officer's determination that he was not entitled to compensatory education and asserts that the hearing officer neglected to address whether DCPS committed a procedural violation of IDEA. Presently before the court are the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment [## 8, 11]. Upon consideration of the motions, the oppositions thereto, and the record of this case, the court concludes that Rivas' motion for summary judgment must be denied and that DCPS' cross-motion for summary judgment must be granted.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Statutory Framework
Congress enacted IDEA to "ensure that all children with disabilities have available to them a free appropriate public education that emphasizes special education and related services designed to meet their unique needs and prepare them for further education." 20 U.S.C. § 1400(d)(1)(A). IDEA requires states to "ensure that the rights of children with disabilities and parents of such children are protected." Id. § 1400(d)(1)(B). To receive funding under IDEA, states and the District of Columbia must ensure that "[a]ll children with disabilities residing in the State ... regardless of the severity of their disability, and who are in need of special education and related services, are identified, located, and evaluated." 34 C.F.R. § 300.111(a)(1)(i). IDEA's free appropriate public education ("FAPE") provision entitles each disabled student to an individualized education program ("IEP") and educational services tailored to the unique needs of each disabled child. See 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d)(2)(A) ("At the beginning of each school year, each [state] shall have in effect, for each child with a disability in [its] jurisdiction, an individualized education program."); 34 C.F.R. § 300.323(a).
Parents who disagree with the school's provision of a FAPE to their child may request an administrative hearing before an impartial hearing officer. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(f)(1)(a). The hearing officer's determination may be challenged in federal district court by an "aggrieved party." 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2).
B. Factual Background
Angelo Gregory-Rivas graduated from Wilson Senior High School in June 2005. For at least three years before his graduation, he was identified as a special education student. Rivas contends that during his last two years at Wilson, he was denied access to a FAPE and not afforded the protections to which he was entitled as a student with a disability.
Rivas submitted a total of three requests for administrative due process hearings on DCPS' failure to comply with IDEA. Each time, Rivas sought to have his IEP updated and sought compensatory education to redress DCPS' alleged failure to provide him with a FAPE. DCPS twice entered into settlement agreements with Rivas. Therefore, the administrative due process hearings originally sought by Rivas were not held. According to Rivas, however, DCPS did not honor the terms of either settlement agreement. Thus, because DCPS allegedly continued to deny him access to a FAPE, Rivas filed a third request for an administrative due process hearing. This time, the parties did not settle and proceeded to an administrative due process hearing in August 2005 before Hearing Officer Coles B. Ruff, Jr. ("HO Ruff").
HO Ruff concluded that DCPS had violated the terms of the second settlement agreement, entered into with Rivas in February 2005, by failing to discuss compensatory education at the multidisciplinary team ("MDT") meeting. HO Ruff ruled that Rivas' right to compensatory education services was not terminated by his graduation from high school, A.R. at 44[1], and ordered DCPS to convene a MDT meeting within thirty days "to discuss and determine the amount of compensatory education the student is due and develop a compensatory education plan." Id. at 45.
DCPS failed to hold the MDT meeting within 30 days as had been ordered by HO Ruff and Rivas promptly responded by filing a fourth request for an administrative due process hearing. In this request, Rivas alleged that DCPS: (1) failed to comply with HO Ruff's order to convene a MDT meeting within thirty days; and (2) failed to provide Rivas with the compensatory education to which he was entitled. A due process hearing was scheduled for December 1, 2005. One day before the hearing, on November 30, 2005, a MDT meeting was convened and the MDT concluded that Rivas was not entitled to compensatory education. A.R. at 139.
The next day, on December 1, Hearing Officer Terry Banks ("HO Banks") dismissed Rivas' complaint. HO Banks determined that HO Ruff's determination did not mandate that Rivas receive compensatory education services but instead only mandated that the MDT meet to "`discuss and determine the amount of compensatory education the student is due,' leaving open the possibility that none was due." A.R. at 4. HO Banks also found that Rivas had not made the showing necessary to justify an award of compensatory education. Id. at 5-6. HO Banks did not address the issue of whether DCPS had violated IDEA by failing to hold a MDT meeting within 30 days of HO Ruff's decision as ordered.
Dissatisfied with this result, Rivas filed suit in this court.
II. ANALYSIS
Rivas moves for summary judgment arguing that HO Banks: (1) erred when he reexamined the determination that HO Ruff assertedly made that Rivas was entitled to compensatory education; (2) erred in deciding that Rivas was not entitled to compensatory education; and (3) neglected to determine whether DCPS' failure to hold a timely MDT meeting violated HO Ruff's determination.[2] DCPS opposes Rivas' motion and cross-moves for summary judgment, maintaining that HO Banks properly decided not to award compensatory education to Rivas and that any noncompliance with HO Ruff's determination was moot. For the reasons that follow, the court concludes that DCPS is correct.
A. Legal Standard
When reviewing a hearing officer's determination in an IDEA case, a district court shall review the administrative record, hear additional evidence presented at the request of the parties, and, based "on the preponderance of the evidence, shall grant such relief as the court determines is appropriate." 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(C). In reviewing the determination, the district court must give the hearing officer's ruling "due weight." Bd. of Educ. of Hendrick Hudson Cent. Sch. Dist. v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 206, 102 S.Ct. 3034, 73 L.Ed.2d 690 (1982) (holding that this provision "carries with it the implied requirement that due weight shall be given to [the administrative] proceedings."). The "due weight" standard of review does not rise to the level of de novo review, however, and "is by no means an invitation to the courts to substitute their own notions of sound educational policy for those of the school authorities which they review." Id. at 206, 102 S.Ct. 3034. Instead, the court initially presumes that the hearing officer was correct and the party challenging the hearing officer's determination bears "the burden of persuading the court that the hearing officer was wrong." Kerkam v. McKenzie, 862 F.2d 884, 887 (D.C.Cir.1988). Thus, while the standard employed by the district court to review the hearing officer's determination is "less deferential than that applied under the traditional substantial evidence test used in ordinary administrative review cases," Scorah v. District of Columbia, 322 F.Supp.2d 12, 18 (D.D.C.2004), provided that the basis for the officer's conclusion is clear and supported by "sufficiently reasoned, specific findings," the hearing officer's determination should not be upset. Kerkam v. Superintendent, D.C. Pub. Sch., 931 F.2d 84, 87-88 (D.C.Cir.1991).
B. Rivas' Entitlement to Compensatory Education Was Properly Before HO Banks
Rivas first argues that HO Banks erred when he addressed whether Rivas was entitled to compensatory education services. According to Rivas, he already had been awarded compensatory education services by HO Ruff four months earlier. Under the "law of the case" doctrine, Rivas argues, a hearing officer is precluded from adjudicating an issue that has already been decided by another hearing officer.[3] DCPS rejoins that HO Ruff, as HO Banks found, only required DCPS to meet and discuss whether Rivas was entitled to compensatory education.
The relevant language in HO Ruff's order reads: "[w]ithin thirty (30) calendar days of the issuance of this Order DCPS shall convene a MDT meeting to discuss and determine the amount of compensatory education the student is due and develop a compensatory education plan." A.R. at 45. HO Banks concluded that this language required DCPS to "`discuss and determine the amount of compensatory education that the student is due,' leaving open the possibility that none was due." A.R. at 5. HO Banks noted that HO Ruff's order "did not specify that [Rivas] receive compensatory education services" and rejected Rivas' argument that the language in this order required DCPS to award Rivas such services.
Another factor in HO Bank's determination that HO Ruff did not find that Rivas was entitled to compensatory education services was the significance HO Banks found in the D.C. Circuit's decision in Reid v. District of Columbia, 401 F.3d 516, 526 (D.C.Cir.2005). HO Banks determined, correctly, that Reid prevents a hearing officer from determining that a student is entitled to compensatory education services but then delegating the authority for deciding the type and amount of those services to a MDT. A.R. at 5. Thus, HO Banks rejected Rivas' proposed interpretation of HO Ruff's decision because it would have involved an illegal delegation of power.
Rivas argues that HO Banks was wrong because HO Ruff's order represents "the obvious recognition by the Hearing Officer of serial failure(s) of the defendants in the appropriate and timely implementation of Angelo's IEP." Pl.'s Opp'n to the Defs.' Cross Mot. for Summ. J. And Pl.'s Reply to Defs.' Opp'n to Pl.'s Mot. for Summ. J. ("Pl.'s Mot.") 7. This argument is unavailing for several reasons. First, Rivas neither identifies which part of HO Ruff's order evidences this "obvious recognition" nor points to any other part of the administrative record that justifies a conclusion different from the one reached by HO Banks. Furthermore, nowhere in HO Ruff's decision is the issue of DCPS' alleged "serial failure" to implement Rivas' IEP discussed. In contrast, one of the two conclusions of law reached by HO Ruff specifically addresses DCPS' failure to discuss compensatory education at a MDT meeting. Finally, Rivas fails to show how HO Banks' reliance on Reid and conclusion that Rivas' proposed interpretation would require an illegal delegation of a hearing officer's power and responsibility was wrong. Accordingly, Rivas' argument that HO Banks reached an unsupported or incorrect decision regarding whether compensatory education services were awarded by HO Ruff is not persuasive.
C. HO Banks Did Not Err in Denying Rivas Compensatory Education
Rivas next argues that if compensatory education services were not awarded by HO Ruff then HO Banks erred in not awarding them to Rivas at the December due process hearing. DCPS contends that HO Banks properly concluded that Rivas was not denied a FAPE and was not entitled to compensatory education services. Again, DCPS' position has merit.
HO Banks first reviewed the MDT's decision not to award compensatory education services to Rivas and concluded that the team's decision was not in error. The MDT determined that Rivas was not entitled to compensatory education services because he "elected not to attend counseling services" and because he chose to "take regular education electives to assure his timely graduation" instead of taking available specialized education courses. A.R. at 5-6. HO Banks provided three reasons for upholding the MDT's decision. First, Rivas' transcript demonstrated his "ability to perform adequately in general education courses." Id. at 6. Second, as a nineteen year-old, Rivas had the legal authority under D.C. law to choose to take general education electives to fulfill his graduation requirements instead of special education courses. Id. Third, Rivas graduated with passing grades in both general education and special education courses. Id.
HO Banks next explained that Rivas had failed to demonstrate that he was entitled to compensatory education services under the standard set forth in Reid. Id. HO Banks stated that Rivas failed to show a denial of FAPE or "that he suffered any educational harm" from the denial of compensatory education services. Id. Rivas did not show the educational level he would have progressed to but for DCPS' alleged violation or that the desired compensatory education services would bring Rivas to that educational level. Id. Furthermore, the administrative record reflects that HO Banks clearly identified Reid's requirements during the administrative due process hearing and offered Rivas the chance to remedy the shortcomings in his presentation. See, e.g. A.R. at 223 ("You've never shown us there was a harm."); id. at 227 ("under "Reed" [sic] there's a showing that Petitioner has to make. You didn't make it... [t]here's no witness, no documentation that this violation caused him to need 2,000 hours of comp-ed."). Rivas did not provide any additional information to show his entitlement to an award of compensatory education services. Thus, HO Banks determined that Rivas failed to "meet his burden of proving that compensatory education services were warranted." Id. at 7.
Rivas now argues that HO Banks applied the wrong legal standard and erred in denying Rivas compensatory education on the grounds that Rivas was ineligible as a high school graduate. Neither of Rivas' arguments are persuasive.
With respect to his contention that HO Banks applied the wrong legal standard, Rivas argues that the standard employed by HO Banks "does not find traction within the four corners of Reid." Pl.'s Mot. 10. While it is not entirely clear what Rivas means by this assertion, HO Banks clearly was aware of pertinent standards and employed them. Reid, in pertinent part states, "[i]n every case, however, the inquiry must be fact-specific and, to accomplish IDEA's purposes, the ultimate award must be reasonably calculated to provide the educational benefits that likely would have accrued from special education services the school district should have supplied in the first place." Reid, 401 F.3d at 524. Thus, according to Reid, once a violation of IDEA has occurred, in order to craft an appropriate remedy, there must be a showing of the educational benefits denied to the student as a result of the school's failure to comply with IDEA. Pursuant to this language in Reid, which HO Banks quoted in his decision, HO Banks required that Rivas establish the type and amount of compensatory services owed to him by DCPS in order to compensate for the services he was denied by DCPS. See A.R. at 5-6, 222-228. Because Rivas failed to make this showing, HO Banks concluded that any award of compensatory education services would be arbitrary. HO Banks' conclusion and reliance on Reid was justified and documented in the record.
Rivas also argues that HO Banks erroneously determined that Rivas' graduation from high school rendered him ineligible for compensatory education services. Rivas contends that a student's graduation does "not relieve DCPS of its statutory responsibility" under IDEA. Pl.'s Mot. 10-11. Rivas' argument is without merit. First, Rivas' eligibility for compensatory education services had already been conclusively resolved at the August hearing and was not contested by DCPS at the December hearing. A.R. at 43-44 ("The Hearing Officer is convinced after review of the case law presented by student's counsel that the student's right to compensatory education are [sic] not terminated by his graduation from high school."). In fact, HO Banks never questioned Rivas' eligibility to receive compensatory education services. Instead, HO Banks examined whether Rivas was entitled to receive them. HO Banks decided not to award Rivas compensatory education services because Rivas failed to meet his burden of establishing a need for these services and because Rivas had not been denied a FAPE. See A.R. at 6-7. Although HO Banks considered the fact that Rivas had graduated with passing grades in determining whether Rivas was entitled to receive services, HO Banks never reexamined Rivas' eligibility to received these services. See A.R. at 6-7.
D. DCPS' Failure to Hold a Timely MDT Meeting is Non-Actionable Under IDEA
Rivas next argues that HO Banks erred when he failed to find that DCPS violated HO Ruff's order by not holding a MDT meeting within 30 days of the August hearing. DCPS concedes that the required MDT meeting was not held until November 30, 2005 but argues that HO Banks was correct in not finding DCPS in violation because the delay was non-actionable under IDEA. DCPS is correct.
"[A]n IDEA claim is viable only if those procedural violations affected the student's substantive rights." Lesesne ex rel. B.F. v. District of Columbia, 447 F.3d 828, 834 (D.C.Cir.2006). The procedural violation must "result in loss of educational opportunity or seriously deprive parents of their participation rights" in order to qualify as an actionable claim under IDEA. Id. (quoting C.M. v. Bd. of Educ., 128 Fed.Appx. 876, 881 (3d Cir. 2005)). Provided that the "disabled child received (or was offered) a FAPE in spite of a technical violation of the IDEA, the school district has fulfilled its statutory obligations." MM ex rel. DM v. Sch. Dist. of Greenville County, 303 F.3d 523, 534 (4th Cir.2002).
HO Banks was aware of HO Ruff's order and also aware that DCPS did not convene a MDT meeting until November 30. A.R. at 5. HO Banks was also aware that Rivas failed to make a required showing of harm as a result of DCPS' alleged violations of IDEA. A.R. at 223, 224 ("I haven't heard anything as to why, as to what level of harm he suffered, as a direct result of this particular violation."). Thus, as Rivas failed to make the requisite showing of harm, DCPS' delay in convening the MDT meeting was non-actionable and HO Banks correctly did not find DCPS in violation of IDEA.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that Rivas' motion for summary judgment [#8] must be DENIED and DCPS' cross-motion for summary judgment [# 11] must be GRANTED. An appropriate order accompanies this memorandum.
NOTES
[1] "A.R." refers to "Administrative Record."
[2] The parties have cross-moved for summary judgment under Fed.R.Civ.P. 56, which provides for entry of summary judgment "if ... there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and ... the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). In an IDEA case, when neither party requests that the district court hear additional evidence prior to ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the motion will be construed as a "procedural vehicle for asking [a] judge to decide the case on the basis of the administrative record." Herbin v. District of Columbia, 362 F.Supp.2d 254, 258 (D.D.C. 2005) (internal quotations and citations omitted); accord Heather S. v. State of Wis., 125 F.3d 1045, 1052 (7th Cir.1997).
[3] The "`[l]aw-of-the-case doctrine' refers to a family of rules embodying the general concept that a court involved in later phases of a lawsuit should not re-open questions decided (i.e., established as the law of the case) by that court or a higher one in earlier phases." Crocker v. Piedmont Aviation, Inc. 49 F.3d 735, 739 (D.C.Cir.1995).
Rivas' argument that this doctrine applies in the context of IDEA administrative hearings suffers from several problems. First, Rivas does not offer any authority, and this court is not aware of any, establishing that this doctrine applies in the context of IDEA administrative hearings. In fact, what little authority exists on the topic suggests the opposite. See Lillbask v. State of Conn. Dep't of Educ., 397 F.3d 77, 94 (2d Cir.2005). Second, even if the doctrine were applicable in the IDEA administrative hearing context, it is well-settled that the doctrine is prudential and not mandatory. Women's Equity Action League v. Cavazos, 906 F.2d 742, 751 (D.C.Cir.1990).
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Q:
When should I answer/close "Why doesn't my code work?" questions?
I am a little confused about how to deal with "Why doesn't my code work?" questions. On one hand, they appear to be acceptable under the MVCe rules. On the other hand, I fail to see how they could possibly be useful to anyone, even the OP, after the OP learns the answer. They can't ever be closed as a duplicate, because each person's code is a 'snowflake'. And half the time, the bug(s) are really trivial (slight logic error or tool misuse).
So if these are actually bad questions, what should I be doing about them?
If they aren't bad questions, how do they contribute to the value of SO?
A:
If the question is just a code dump and a "why doesn't this work", then there's a close reason specifically for that:
Questions seeking debugging help ("why isn't this code working?") must include the desired behavior, a specific problem or error and the shortest code necessary to reproduce it in the question itself. Questions without a clear problem statement are not useful to other readers. See: How to create a Minimal, Complete, and Verifiable example.
If the question contains a code snippet, an explanation of what it should do, an explanation of why it's not doing what it should be doing, and the code snippet is capable of reproducing that erroneous behavior, then it's a good question. It could be closed as a duplicate of any other question with the same problem, and others could be closed as a duplicate of it. Such a question could also have other problems (the description of the problem or desired behavior may not be clear, the scope of the problem could be Too Broad, it could be just off topic, etc.) and if the post has any other problems, feel free to address them as appropriate.
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Many enzymes make use of covalent catalysis to achieve substantial rate enhancements, often by recruiting cofactors such as PLP^[@R1]^, TPP^[@R2]^ and flavins^[@R3]^. To ensure high turnover, these enzymes are inherently required to ensure both rapid and reversible cofactor-ligand adduct formation. In the case of the UbiD enzyme family, reversible decarboxylation has been suggested to occur via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition process between the substrate and the UbiD-cofactor, prenylated FMN (prFMN)^[@R4]^, enabled by the azomethine ylide character of the latter. While 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is commonly used in organic synthesis^[@R5]^, here we describe this particular process in enzymatic catalysis. Diels-Alder reactions have also recently been found to be catalysed by dedicated enzymes^[@R6]^, but these are not reported to be reversible. Similarly, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions such as biocompatible 'click'-chemistry are not considered reversible^[@R7]^, although the possibility of force-induced cycloreversion is a recent and controversial topic^[@R8]--[@R11]^. In the case of the fungal ferulic acid decarboxylase **(**Fdc) UbiD-enzyme^[@R12]^, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between prFMN^iminium^ and the cinnamic acid substrate ([Fig 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}) is proposed to lead to an initial pyrrolidine cycloadduct (**Int1**) that supports decarboxylation concomitant with ring opening, resulting in formation of a distinct prFMN-alkene adduct (**Int2**). A conserved Glu residue is proposed to donate a proton to the alkene moiety, leading to a second pyrrolidine cycloadduct (**Int3**). Finally, the reaction cycle concludes with cycloelimination of **Int3**, leading to alkene product formation and release. The reaction is readily reversible at elevated \[CO~2~\] ^[@R12]^. There is no direct experimental evidence that any of the proposed intermediates exist, although indirect evidence supporting this mechanism has been reported^[@R13]^. Alternative mechanisms proposed to occur with distinct forms of the cofactor have been discounted^[@R14]^. However, it remains unclear how the enzyme is able to ensure reversibility of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition steps. We aimed to determine whether detailed structural insights could be gained into catalysis by *A. niger* Fdc1, an enzyme used as a model prFMN decarboxylase by virtue of the fact it yields atomic resolution crystal structures^[@R12]^.
Results {#S1}
=======
Structure of the *An*Fdc1 substrate complex {#S2}
-------------------------------------------
Catalytically competent *An*Fdc1 crystals were made by avoiding illumination of the protein during sample preparation and crystallisation, preventing photo-induced cofactor isomerisation and inactivation^[@R14]^. Incubation of crystals with cinnamic acid for brief periods of time (typically 10-15 seconds) led to rapid sample deterioration, likely due to styrene accumulation. Electron density obtained with diffraction data from cinnamic acid soaked crystals (prior to crystal dissolution) unambiguously revealed the location of the substrate benzyl moiety above the prFMN^iminium^ isoalloxazine ring system, but revealed density corresponding to multiple conformations of the substrate acrylic acid moiety (*vide infra*). In contrast, rapid soaking and flash-cooling of crystals with alpha-fluorocinnamic acid revealed clear density for the substrate positioned directly above the prFMN^iminium^ azomethine ylide functionality (*i.e.* **Sub** complex, to 1.1 Å resolution; [Fig 2a](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). We could confirm that cinnamic acid binds to the protein in the same conformation, by using inactive *An*Fdc1 crystals that contained FMN rather than prFMN^iminium^ (to 1.26 Å resolution; [Supplementary Fig 1a](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In the case of the alpha-fluorocinnamic acid prFMN complex, the substrate Cα and Cβ carbons are located directly above the prFMN^iminium^ C1' and C4a ([Fig 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}), at distances of 3.0 Å and 3.4 Å respectively, in a reactive conformation compatible with the proposed cycloaddition.
The E282Q *An*Fdc1 variant allows structure determination of the **Int2** covalent adduct {#S3}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In order to determine whether covalent adducts (either **Int1** or **Int2**) might accumulate in the absence of the Glu282 mediated protonation step, we sought to determine the crystal structure of the inactive *An*Fdc1 E282Q variant^[@R14]^ in complex with cinnamic acid and cinnamic acid derivatives. Indeed, UV-Vis spectroscopy of *An*Fdc1 E282Q incubated with cinnamic acid leads to formation of a distinct spectral species, indicative of adduct formation ([Supplementary Fig 2a](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The E282Q crystal structure obtained by co-crystallisation with cinnamic acid reveals a covalent prFMN-substrate complex, corresponding to the proposed **Int2** species following decarboxylation (to 1.18 Å resolution; [Fig 2b](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). The substrate alkene bond retains the *trans* configuration but substantially deviates from ideal planar geometry, with a torsional angle of τ = \~112° (as opposed to 180° for a planar *trans* configuration) and an elongated Cα=Cβ bond length of 1.37 Å. Exchange of the bound cinnamic acid for alpha-fluorocinnamic acid or pentafluorocinnamic acid readily occurs *in crystallo*, demonstrating a **Sub** ⇌ **Int2 + CO~2~** equilibrium exists in E282Q ([Supplementary Fig 1b,c](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The alpha-fluorocinnamic acid **Int2** structure (to 1.13 Å resolution) directly demonstrates *syn*-pyramidalisation^[@R15]^ of the substrate alkene Cα (pyramidalisation angle of ϕ \~20°), which is likely to be a result of the torsional strain imposed. The observed alkene distortion is a likely consequence of the firm hold the enzyme active site exerts on the substrate phenyl moiety, held in place by I187, I327 and F437 at a position directly above and stacked with the prFMN plane. For all E282Q **Int2** structures, the prFMN C1' is located further out of the prFMN plane by \~0.4 Å when compared to other prFMN single bond adduct species (*i.e*. PDB 4ZA9; [Fig 2c](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). In the case of cinnamic acid E282Q **Int2**, this places the Cβ directly above the prFMN C4a at a distance of 3.04 Å, while the Cα atom is in close proximity (\~3.2 Å) of the location occupied by the Glu282 carboxylate moiety in the wild-type enzyme structure.
Structure of cycloadducts **Int1'** and **Int3'** formed with alkyne compounds {#S4}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The substrate and product alkyne analogues phenylpropiolic acid and phenylacetylene were used to determine whether cycloadducts **Int1** and/or **Int3**, respectively can be observed in the wild-type enzyme. These compounds can also act as dipolarophiles, but cycloaddition will lead to the double bond-containing 3-pyrroline **Int 1'** rather than the pyrrolidine cycloadducts ([Fig 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Upon addition of either alkyne compound, a clear shift is observed in the enzyme UV-Vis spectrum indicating modification of the prFMN^iminium^ cofactor, with the formation of a species distinct from the E282Q **Int2** adduct ([Supplementary Fig 2b](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Stopped-flow experiments reveal the formation of this alkyne intermediate occurs with *k~obs~* = 101.5 ± 0.4 s^-1^ ([Supplementary Fig 3](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), but following prolonged incubation no product formation could be observed ([Supplementary Fig 2c](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). To investigate the phenylpropiolic acid complex prior to reaction (i.e. **Inhib** complex), inactive crystals of *An*Fdc1 (with prFMN in a semiquinone radical form) were used, revealing the inhibitor (to 1.29 Å resolution) binds in a similar manner to the alpha-fluorocinnamic acid:prFMN or cinnamic acid substrate:FMN complexes obtained. This positions the alkyne Cα and Cβ directly above the prFMN^radical^ C1' and C4a at distances of 3.3 Å and 3.7 Å ([Supplementary Fig 1d](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In contrast, crystals of active *An*Fdc1 co-crystallised with phenylpropiolic acid (to 1.01 Å resolution) or soaked with phenylacetylene (to 1.10 Å resolution) revealed clear density for a 3-pyrroline cycloadduct (**Int3'**, analogous to the proposed **Int3**) formed between the alkyne moiety and the prFMN^iminium^ ([Fig 3a](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Hence, surprisingly, the phenylpropiolic acid derived adduct lacked density for the carboxylate moiety, and was highly similar to that obtained with phenylacetylene ([Supplementary Fig 1e](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). This suggests decarboxylation has occurred over the prolonged time frame required for co-crystallisation (typically exceeding 24 hours). Indeed, when using a rapid soaking procedure as an alternative approach, a distinct cycloadduct (**Int1'**; to 1.21 Å resolution) is observed that retains the carboxyl moiety attached to the prFMN C1' group (and thus resembles the proposed **Int1**; [Fig 3b](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). We used a mass spectrometry-based detection method to demonstrate slow decarboxylation occurs within a 24 hour time period in solution, confirming the conversion of **Int1'** to **Int3'** mimicking the natural activity of the enzyme with cinnamic acid occurs ([Supplementary Fig 4a](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). We then took advantage of the distinct spectral change associated with cycloadduct formation to determine if cycloaddition with natural substrates can also be monitored in solution. Indeed, rapid mixing of the enzyme with cinnamic or sorbic acid substrates revealed spectral changes in the UV-Vis spectrum of prFMN similar to those observed with the alkyne inhibitors ([Supplementary Fig 3b,c](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). This suggest that, for these substrates, cycloadduct(s) accumulate under multiple turnover conditions.
The *An*Fdc1 active site constrains cycloadduct conformation {#S5}
------------------------------------------------------------
While both **Int1'** and **Int3'** structures confirm 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition can occur with the prFMN^iminium^ cofactor, several features indicate a significant degree of strain in these cycloadduct(s). The phenylpropiolic acid **Int1'** structure deviates from ideal bond parameters both in the position of the inhibitor phenyl group (Cβ out-of-phenyl plane angle is \~24° as opposed to ideal 0°), the deviation of the 3-pyrroline ring (C1'-Cα-Cβ bond angle of \~99°, as compared to ideal 108°), prFMN tetrahedral C4a bond angles (C2-C4a-Cβ bond angle of \~103° *versus* ideal 109.5°of *sp^3^* C4α) as well as the elongated C4a-Cβ bond length of 1.7 Å ([Fig 4a](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Following decarboxylation, the position of the **Int3'** 3-pyrroline ring shifts ([Fig 3c](#F3){ref-type="fig"}) to alleviate some of the phenyl group strain (Cβ out-of-plane angle reduced to \~16°) as well as the deviation of the 3-pyrroline ring (C1'-Cα-Cβ bond angle of \~111°; Cβ-C4a bond length of 1.65 Å). The protein does not alter in conformation when comparing the **Inhib/Int1'** and **Int3'** structures, with the notable exception of Glu282, which reorients to occupy the substrate/inhibitor carboxylate binding pocket in **Int3'** (a motion similar to the CO~2~ for Glu282 exchange proposed to occur during catalysis, [Fig 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). In the latter, Glu282 forms an interaction with the 3-pyrroline substrate-derived Cα (distance \~3.2 Å to either E282 oxygen; [Fig 3a](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Glu282 mediated proton donation or abstraction would interconvert **Int3'** with the putative prFMN C1' -- alkyne adduct **Int2'** (the complex analogous to **Int2**; [Fig 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). However, an 'unstrained' linear C1'-alkyne adduct --with a C1'-Cα≡Cβ angle of 180°-- is sterically incompatible with the *An*Fdc1 active site, suggesting a highly strained **Int2'** (similar to strained cyloalkyne species^[@R15]^) connects the **Int1'** and **Int3'** species, providing a likely explanation for the extremely slow rate of **Int1'** decarboxylation.
Mutagenesis alleviates cycloadduct strain and impacts catalysis {#S6}
---------------------------------------------------------------
As observed for the **Int2** E282Q structures, the strain observed in the **Int1'** and **Int3'** structures appears to be a direct consequence of the inherent restrictions imposed by the rigid *An*Fdc1 active site. The position of the substrate aromatic group appears constrained to remain π-stacked with the prFMN isoalloxazine ring, by virtue of steric interactions with the Phe437 sidechain located adjacent to the conserved Leu439. This in turn imposes restrictions on the extent by which the prFMN isoalloxazine ring system can deform upon formation of a C4a-Cβ bond with substrate, as the flavin uracil ring is sandwiched between Ala172 on the *si* face and the substrate aromatic group at the *re* face. We constructed the F437L and L439G variants and determined the crystal structures in complex with phenylpropiolic acid, as well as the activity with cinnamic acid. We found both mutations severely compromised enzyme activity as judged from steady state turnover. In the case of L439G, a substantial increase of *K*~M~ was observed, while the F437L variant was only affected in *k~cat~* confirming a key role for Phe437 in catalysis ([Supplementary Fig 5b,d](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In the corresponding phenylpropiolic acid adduct crystal structures for both variants, **Int1'** decarboxylation *in crystallo* was not observed, even following co-crystallisation and prolonged incubation (up to several weeks) prior to X-ray exposure. This lack of decarboxylation activity with **Int1'** was confirmed in solution ([Supplementary Fig 4b](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In the case of the L439G **Int1'** crystal structure (to 1.12 Å resolution), a modest reorientation of the substrate carboxyl group along with a minor reduction of the Cβ out-of-plane angle is observed, associated with a corresponding reorientation of the F437 phenyl ring ([Fig 3d](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). The void created by the L439G mutation is filled with a water molecule located within hydrogen bonding distance of the **Int1'** carboxylate, reducing the hydrophobicity of the carboxylate binding pocket. In addition, the L439G void was partially filled by the phenyl group of a second phenylpropiolic acid molecule, bound at the entrance of the active site. This observation offers a possible explanation for the drastic increase of the observed *K*~M~ for cinnamic acid in the L439G (as opposed to F437L) mutant, as similar binding of a second cinnamic acid molecule could be required for decarboxylation by L439G. The hydrophobic nature of the carboxylic acid binding pocket has been implicated in the mechanism of other decarboxylases^[@R16],[@R17]^. In marked contrast, the F437L mutation does not affect the carboxylate binding or conformation, but subtly alters the position of the substrate phenyl moiety (structure obtained to 1.08 Å resolution; [Fig 3e,f](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). This reorientation, while retaining a strained conformation of the Cβ out-of-plane angle of \~25°, is associated with elongation of the Cβ-C4a bond to 1.8 Å. It thus appears the Phe437 side chain counteracts the forces exerted on the prFMN 3-pyrroline ring through enzyme interactions with the **Int1'** carboxylate.
Smaller dipolarophile compounds form dead-end cycloadducts {#S7}
----------------------------------------------------------
Unfortunately, other mutations at the Phe437 position that could lead to further reduction of strain imposed by the 437 side-chain led to variants that did not bind the prFMN cofactor. We therefore co-crystallised the WT enzyme with 2-butynoic acid, avoiding the enzyme imposed adduct strain by interactions with the missing substrate phenyl moiety. In this case, an **Int1'^butynoic^** structure was obtained to 1.02 Å resolution, revealing no decarboxylation had occurred ([Fig 3g](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Furthermore, the **Int1'^butynoic^** is markedly different from the strained phenylpropiolic acid derived **Int1'** structure ([Fig 3h](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Little to no features associated with a strained **Int1'** configuration can be observed in the case of **Int1'^butynoic^**, a consequence of repositioning of the prFMN^iminium^ C4a and associated uracil plane. This repositioning leads to a near ideal conformation of the **Int1'^butynoic^** 3-pyrroline ring, with a reduced Cβ-C4a bond length of 1.56 Å and a C1'-Cα-Cβ bond angle of \~107°, but is incompatible with the presence of a substrate phenyl group held within the context of either the WT or F437L variant structures. As a consequence of the uracil plane repositioning, the prFMN O1 has moved out of the oxyanion binding-pocket formed by Q191 and two water molecules.
Decarboxylation of **Int1'**, and by similarity **Int1**, is likely assisted by the relatively hydrophobic nature of the carboxylate binding pocket, and ring opening of the strained cycloadduct to **Int2'/Int2**. It is however unclear what drives the cycloelimination step from **Int3** to product release, a process not observed for **Int3'**. Careful analysis of electron density associated with rapidly flash-cooled WT crystals incubated with cinnamic acid reveals this can be modeled as a mixture of 30% **Int3** and a 40% product complex (the remainder corresponding to the inactive hydroxylated prFMN species), suggesting cycloelimination is the rate limiting step under these conditions, as has previously been suggested^[@R13]^ (to 1.24 Å resolution; [Fig 2d](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). As observed with the **Int3'** structure, the **Int3** Cβ has an out-of-plane angle of \~13°, with additional strain observed for the Cα-Cβ-Cγ angle of \~122°, both associated with the tight hold the enzyme exerts on the substrate phenyl moiety and resulting in an C1' *endo* envelope conformation of the pyrrolidine ring (as opposed to the N *endo* conformation of the **Int3'** enforced by the Cα-Cβ double bond ([Fig 4a](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Hence, to determine how **Int3** strain might assist cycloelimination, we determined the structure of an **Int3^crotonic^** species (to 1.39 Å resolution), obtained by co-crystallisation with crotonic acid (2-butenoic acid; [Fig 2e](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). A comparison of **Int3^crotonic^** with the cinnamic acid **Int3** ([Fig 2f](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) reveals the **Int3^crotonic^** pyrrolidine ring adopts a distinct envelope conformation with the N in *endo* position, that allows the prFMN^iminium^ C1' to adopt a more in-plane position, resembling the **Int3'** geometry. The **Int3^crotonic^** conformation cannot be adopted by the cinnamic acid **Int3**, as severe clashes between the substrate phenyl ring and the active site occur. We suggest the lack of strain in the **Int3^crotonic^** species is coupled to the fact no cycloelimination can be observed for this species, while a strained conformation such as that observed for cinnamic acid **Int3** is required for progression along the catalytic cycle.
Combining the various crystal structures of **Sub/Inhib**, **Int1'/Int2** and **Int3'** complexes with our solution data leads to a comprehensive overview of the *An*Fdc1 catalytic cycle ([Fig 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). The rigid *An*Fdc1 active site brings the substrate into close proximity of the prFMN^iminium^ cofactor, aligning the Cα-Cβ double bond (or triple bond in case of alkyne inhibitors) with the C1'-N5-C4a azomethine ylide to poise the complex for cycloaddition. Formation of a pyrrolidine adduct between a similar putative encounter complex of cinnamic acid and free prFMN^iminium^ in solution would be accompanied by repositioning of both the Cα-Cβ substituents (*i.e.* carboxylate/benzyl group), as well as the prFMN uracil moiety. This is a direct consequence of the ring formation and the accompanying *sp^2^* to *sp^3^* change for substrate Cα/Cβ and prFMN C1'/C4a carbon atoms. However, within the confines of the enzyme active site, the extent to which reorientation can occur is limited. In fact, the enzyme active site appears evolved to have maximum complementarity with the substrate and product complexes, and hence constrains both the substrate carboxylate and phenyl moieties to adopt a position resembling the substrate complex throughout catalysis. In the case of the **Int1'^butynoic^** and **Int3^crotonic^** adducts, the lack of a phenyl moiety allows for a more relaxed conformation of the substrate/prFMN^iminium^ adduct within the confines of the active site. Crucially, neither **Int1'^butynoic^** decarboxylation nor **Int3^crotonic^** cycloelimination are observed suggesting that strain contributes to catalysis for both these steps.
Computational studies provide further insight into the *An*Fdc1 catalytic cycle {#S8}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
An active 'cluster' site model comprising \~ 230 atoms was built from the E282Q **Int2** X-ray crystal structure. The positions of peripheral atoms were fixed to maintain a crystal structure-like geometry, in addition to constraining the position of the F437 and L439 side chains in most calculations to allow their contribution to strain in the adducts to be investigated. Stable models of each species as identified in [Fig 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"} were found for cinnamic acid, phenylpropiolic acid and crotonic acid. In the case of cinnamic acid, cycloaddition (**Sub** → **Int1**) was found to occur as a 2-step reaction, via a ring-open covalent adduct (**Int1^open^**), which possesses an unusual Cβ--C4a interaction (2.60 Å) in addition to a Cα--C1' bond (1.58 Å). The barrier to formation of the ring-closed **Int1** intermediate is small ([Fig 5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}), so the reaction may effectively occur as one asynchronous step. In contrast, no stable **Int1^open^**-type intermediates were observed for phenylpropiolic or crotonic acid cycloaddition, which also leads to significantly more stable **Int1** cycloadducts.
Cinnamic acid decarboxylation occurs from the ring-open **Int1^open^** species and the **Int1^open^** → **Int2^CO2^** potential barrier is relatively low at \~ 16 kJ mol^-1^ ([Fig 5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). The barriers for phenylpropiolic and crotonic acid decarboxylation were not determined, but may be much higher than for cinnamic acid and/or occur via a different mechanism, as these reactions cannot proceed via an **Int1^open^** intermediate and the decarboxylation of these is then significantly endothermic. In all cases, the **Int2^CO2^**, which contain noncovalently bound CO~2~, remain ring-open with broken (\~3 Å) Cβ-C4a bonds. The crotonic acid derived **Int2^CO2^** is most stable as it can adopt an unstrained ring-open conformation with near-ideal Cα--Cβ geometry. In contrast, both cinnamic acid and phenylpropiolic **Int2^CO2^** intermediates adopt strained conformations with non-linear Cα--Cβ--Phenyl angles. Relaxation of the side chain constraints of Phe437 and Leu439, as a proxy of the F437L and L439G variants, relieves \~14 kJ mol^-1^ of strain from the cinnamic acid derived **Int2^CO2^** adduct consistent with the role of these residues in constraining the geometry of the phenyl moiety of the adducts.
Once the CO~2~ has vacated the active site, Glu282 mediated protonation of Cβ leads to the formation of a ring-closed **Int3** species for all compounds. The release of CO~2~ and Cβ protonation were not studied in detail, as these reactions require substantial rearrangement of Glu282, which would require much larger models. Cycloelimination (**Int3** → **Prod**) to form non-covalently bound product complexes is exothermic and likely to be rate limiting in all three cases ([Fig 5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). Formation of styrene is the least exothermic (38 kJ mol^-1^), while cycloelimination of phenylacetylene is highly unfavorable, being 81 kJ mol^-1^ uphill and likely proceeding via a barrier \> 100 kJ mol^-1^ (not determined). Similarly, the barrier to propylene cycloelimination is estimated at \~100 kJ mol^-1^. This is in agreement with our observation that turnover does not occur with either crotonic or phenylpropiolic acid, with the reaction stalling at the **Int3** stage. Crucially, in the case of cinnamic acid, the cycloelimination barrier was determined to be feasible, at 64 kJ mol^-1^ and 78.5 kJ mol^-1^ in the constrained and F437/L439-relaxed models respectively. The 14.4 kJ mol^-1^ difference is at least qualitatively consistent with the \~30 fold decrease in *k~cat~* observed in the F439L variant (which retains some element of strain).
Discussion {#S9}
==========
In the case of the Fdc branch of the UbiD family, our data unambiguously establishes that the enzyme relies on covalent catalysis by the unusual prFMN cofactor through a reversible 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition process. The fact the active site is highly complementary in shape to the substrate/prFMN^iminium^ complex prior to cycloaddition has the serendipitous consequence it does not yield to allow pyrrolidine ring substituents to adopt the ideal conformation. This results in the formation of strained intermediates, ensuring rapid progression through the catalytic cycle. While substrate distortion/ground state destabilization has long been suggested to contribute to enzyme catalysis^[@R18],[@R19]^, it has only been conclusively demonstrated in a limited number of cases^[@R20],[@R21]^, and rarely includes atomic resolution insights^[@R22]--[@R25]^. Our study reveals in *An*Fdc1 distortion occurs specifically for covalent substrate-cofactor adducts only, and the strain is directly linked to progression along the reaction coordinate. Hence, by targeted destabilization of intermediate species only, *An*Fdc1 harnesses 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition as a readily reversible reaction. This aligns with the proposals from Albery and Knowles^[@R26]^ for evolution of an efficient enzyme by control of the internal thermodynamics of the bound states. Interestingly, many members of the UbiD family act directly on aromatic substrates, and can act in the carboxylative direction as suggested for the anaerobic degradation of benzene^[@R27],[@R28]^. (De)carboxylation of aromatic substrates presents a large inherent barrier to cycloaddition due to transient substrate dearomatisation, as well as scope for formation of a highly stable **Int2** adduct by re-aromatisation^[@R29]^. How these problems are overcome, particularly in view of whether the prFMN-dependent catalysis in these enzymes is similar to the Fdc branch, awaits a more detailed analysis of additional members of the UbiD family. Finally, our data suggests mechanochemical reversion of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions is feasible, providing further support to the possibility of developing mechanoresponsive materials through reversible click-chemistry^[@R8]--[@R11]^. Our data show Nature is able to harness and control 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition chemistry by combination of a unique cofactor with strict mechanochemical control.
Methods {#S10}
=======
See [Supplementary Information](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} for methods.
Supplementary Material {#SM}
======================
This work was supported by the grants BBSRC BB/K017802 and ERC pre-FAB 695013. The authors acknowledge the assistance given by the use of the Manchester Protein Structure Facility. We thank Diamond Light Source for access (proposal numbers MX12788 and MX17773) that contributed to the results presented here. D.L. is a Royal Society Wolfson Merit Award holder.
**Data availability**
The data generated and analysed in this study, including the computational modeling data associated with all figures, are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. The diffraction data and corresponding atomic models have been deposited in the PDB under accession codes 6R3G, 6R3F, 6R3I, 6R2Z, 6R30, 6R3O, 6R2T, 6R2R, 6R3N, 6R3L, 6R3J, 6R2P, 6R34, 6R33 and 6R32.
**Author contributions**
SSB cloned, expressed and purified *An*Fdc1 and various variants. SSB determined all crystal structures with guidance from DL. KAPP generated various *An*Fdc1 variants, and collected solution data with cinnamic acid. AS assisted with crystallisation of the **Int3^crotonic^** state. SAM assisted with *An*Fdc1 reconstitution. IG assisted with crystallisation of FMN substitued AnFdc1 and the **Int3^butynoic^** state (with help from IK). KF assisted with protein purification and solution data collection and analysis. SH performed all computational studies. All authors discussed the results and participated in writing of the manuscript. DL initiated and directed this research.
**Competing interests**
The authors declare no competing interests.
{#F1}
{ref-type="supplementary-material"} shows the product complex for comparison). **e.** Omit electron density contoured at 4 sigma corresponding to **Int3^crotonic^**. **f.** Overlay between the **Int3** and **Int3^crotonic^** acid covalent adducts formed.](EMS83924-f002){#F2}
{#F3}
{ref-type="fig"} and [2f](#F2){ref-type="fig"}).](EMS83924-f004){#F4}
{ref-type="supplementary-material"}), with potential energy normalised to the **Sub/Inhib** and **Int3** energies. The relaxed cinnamic acid energies were determined for models where restraints on the side chains of Phe437 and Leu439 were removed, which alleviates some of the strain on the Cβ--Ph bond ([Supplementary Fig. 8](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The two phenylpropiolic acid **Int1** species interconvert via rotation of the Cα--CO~2~ bond and the conformation with the carboxyl group in the phenyl plane is the higher energy species and is not stable in the DFT model used here. The crotonic acid **Int3 → Prod** transition state actually represents a minimum energy crossing point ([Supplementary Figs. 9, 10](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).](EMS83924-f005){#F5}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
Retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase-mediated catabolism of all-trans retinoic acid and the cell proliferation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
All-trans retinoic acid (RA) can be catabolized to polar metabolites by microsomal P450s (P450). The aim of this study was to confirm if retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase (CYP26) is a P450 induced by RA and to investigate the role of cellular RA binding proteins (CRABPs), using a slow catabolizer, AMC-HN-4, and a rapid catabolizer, AMC-HN-6. Also, we analyzed the effect of RA catabolism on cell proliferation of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in vitro and in vivo. Both cell lines weakly expressed CYP26 and CRABPs, but RA induced CYP26 only in AMC-HN-6. The sensitivity to RA was variable by the amount of CYP26, and the rapid catabolism by CYP26 made AMC-HN-6 resistant to RA in vitro. In addition, The RA had a stronger effect on the inhibition of tumor growth of AMC-HN-4 than that of AMC-HN-6 in vivo. Conclusively, the CYP26 activity might be one essential factor for the RA sensitivity, but in cells showing induction of CYP26, the RA sensitivity is inversely related to the rate of RA catabolism.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Case: 17-50149 Document: 00514501516 Page: 1 Date Filed: 06/05/2018
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
No. 17-50149 June 5, 2018
Lyle W. Cayce
TAMMY R. FABIAN, Clerk
Plaintiff - Appellant
v.
NANCY A. BERRYHILL, ACTING COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL
SECURITY,
Defendant - Appellee
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Texas
USDC No. 5:15-01139
Before SMITH, WIENER, and WILLETT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Plaintiff–Appellant Tammy Fabian brought this action under § 205(g) of
the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) (“the Act”), to obtain judicial review
of the Commissioner of Social Security’s administrative decision that Fabian
was not entitled to disabled adult child (DAC) insurance benefits under Title
II of the Act. The district court affirmed the Commissioner’s decision. On
appeal, Fabian contends that (1) the Commissioner’s decision is not supported
* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
Case: 17-50149 Document: 00514501516 Page: 2 Date Filed: 06/05/2018
No. 17-50149
by substantial evidence, and (2) the Commissioner violated her Due Process
rights by applying the incorrect federal regulation to her case. We conclude
that the Commissioner’s decision is supported by substantial evidence, so we
affirm.
I. Background
Before considering the merits of Fabian’s claims, we review the factual
and procedural history of this case. Fabian is a fifty-three year old woman who
suffers from panic attacks, PTSD, depression, and agoraphobia. She claims
that these issues stem from an accident when she was two years old which
caused a “severe, disfiguring, painful and disabling injury” to her left arm.
Fabian filed an application for disability benefits based on her mental health
issues when she was twenty-eight years old and has received disability benefits
since that date. 1
In March 2006, Fabian applied for DAC benefits under Title II of the
Social Security Act, seeking disability benefits for the time between when she
was two until she was twenty-two years old. 2 To qualify for DAC benefits,
Fabian must demonstrate that she was disabled before 1986, viz., that prior to
1986, she was unable “to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason
of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be
expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a
continuous period of not less than 12 months.” 3
Fabian asserted that her disabilities began when she was injured at age
two and were exacerbated by a childhood of emotional abuse and neglect.
Her current application, however, seeks retroactive DAC benefits for 1966–1986,
1
from the alleged onset of her disability until she turned twenty-two.
An adult disabled before age 22 may be eligible for disabled adult child benefits if
2
her parent is deceased or receives retirement or disability benefits. Such benefits are paid
based on the parent’s Social Security earnings record. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.350(a).
3 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A).
2
Case: 17-50149 Document: 00514501516 Page: 3 Date Filed: 06/05/2018
No. 17-50149
Fabian explained that immediately after her childhood injury she began
showing symptoms of PTSD, depression, and anxiety, and was “messed up for
the rest of her life.” Fabian stated that she was “barely” able to attend school
as a child and teenager and that she was unable to maintain employment, all
as the result of her “severe chronic PTSD.” Fabian admitted that “there are no
medical records prior to age 22,” but explained that she “may have been/was
most probably told by a doctor of the diagnosis.”
Despite the absence of medical records during the relevant time period,
Fabian claimed that supplemental evidence, such as her testimony and that of
her aunt, school records, and medical records after the relevant time period,
lead to the “logical conclusion[]” that she was disabled before she reached
twenty-two years of age. Fabian submitted medical records that demonstrate
she underwent cosmetic reconstructive surgery to her arm at age twenty-eight
and has undergone psychological treatment since that time.
In 2008, the Commissioner denied Fabian’s application, noting there was
no evidence that she was disabled before the age of twenty-two. The SSA
reopened the case in 2009 and then again denied Fabian’s application that
same year. Fabian appealed to the SSA Appeals Council and eventually filed
three separate suits against the SSA Commissioner. In January 2015, ALJ
Gazda held an administrative hearing and affirmed the Commissioner’s
decision. The ALJ determined that substantial evidence supported the
Commissioner’s finding that Fabian was not disabled before the age of twenty-
two. Fabian appealed that decision in district court. After the parties consented
to proceed before a magistrate judge, that judge affirmed the Commissioner’s
decision. Fabian now appeals.
II. Standard of Review
We review the district court’s decision de novo, but our review of the
Commissioner’s decision is limited to “(1) whether the decision is supported by
3
Case: 17-50149 Document: 00514501516 Page: 4 Date Filed: 06/05/2018
No. 17-50149
substantial evidence on the record as a whole, and (2) whether the
Commissioner applied the proper legal standard.” 4 Substantial evidence is
“more than a mere scintilla and less than a preponderance,” 5 and “such
relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a
conclusion.” 6 In applying this standard, we may not “re-weigh the evidence,
try the questions de novo, or substitute our judgment for the Commissioner’s,
even if we believe the evidence weighs against the Commissioner’s decision.” 7
III. Analysis
A claimant may be eligible for DAC benefits if she is 18 years old or older
and has “a disability that began before [she] became 22 years old.” 8 The
claimant has the burden of proving that she suffered from a disability during
the relevant time period. 9 A claimant is “disabled” under the Social Security
Act if she is unable “to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of
any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be
expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a
continuous period of not less than 12 months.” 10 The Commissioner uses a five-
step process to determine if a claimant was disabled during the relevant time
period: (1) whether the claimant performed substantial gainful activity; (2)
whether the claimant had a severe impairment; (3) whether the impairment
meets or equals an impairment listed in the relevant regulations; (4) whether
the impairment prevented the claimant from doing past relevant work; and (5)
4 Perez v. Barnhart, 415 F.3d 457, 461 (5th Cir. 2005).
5 Id. (quoting Masterson v. Barnhart, 309 F.3d 267, 272 (5th Cir. 2002)).
6Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971) (quoting Consolidated Edison Co. v.
NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938)).
7 Masterson, 309 F.3d at 272.
8 20 C.F.R. § 404.350(a)(5); Stringer v. Astrue, 465 F. App’x 361, 362–63 (5th Cir. 2012).
9 Perez, 415 F.3d at 461.
10 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A).
4
Case: 17-50149 Document: 00514501516 Page: 5 Date Filed: 06/05/2018
No. 17-50149
whether the impairment prevented the claimant from performing any other
substantial gainful activity. 11 If at any step the Commissioner determines that
the claimant was not disabled, the inquiry ends. 12
At step one of the disability inquiry, the Commissioner determined that
Fabian did not engage in any substantial gainful activity during the relevant
time period. At step two, he determined that there were no medical signs or
laboratory findings to substantiate a disability during the relevant time period.
Because he determined at that step that Fabian was not disabled, the inquiry
ended and her application for DAC benefits was denied. 13
Fabian asserts that the Commissioner’s finding that she was not
disabled before age twenty-two is not supported by the substantial evidence.
In particular, Fabian contends that the Commissioner erred in disregarding
lay testimony from Fabian and her aunt regarding her childhood disabilities,
failing to consider her school attendance record, and failing to adequately
consider the testimony of her treating physician.
At the time of the administrative hearing, the relevant federal regulation
provided that a disability “must result from anatomical, physiological, or
psychological abnormalities which can be shown by medically acceptable
clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques. A physical or mental impairment
must be established by medical evidence consisting of signs, symptoms, and
laboratory findings, not only by [a claimant’s] statement of symptoms.” 14 This
court has recognized, however, that when medical records for the relevant time
11 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4), 416.920(a)(4).
12 Morgan v. Colvin, 803 F.3d 773, 776 (5th Cir. 2015).
13 See id.
14 20 C.F.R. § 404.1508 (2015). This regulation was revised effective March 27, 2017.
In this case, however, we apply the 2015 regulation as it was in effect at the time of the ALJ’s
determination. See, e.g., Young v. Berryhill, 689 F. App’x 819, 821 n.3 (5th Cir. 2017).
5
Case: 17-50149 Document: 00514501516 Page: 6 Date Filed: 06/05/2018
No. 17-50149
period are not available, “properly corroborated retrospective medical
diagnoses can be used to establish disability onset dates.” 15 Such opinions,
however, “must refer clearly to the relevant period of disability and not simply
express an opinion to the claimant’s current status. Records describing a
claimant’s current condition cannot be used to support a retrospective
diagnosis of disability absent evidence of an actual disability during the time
of insured status.” 16
Here, the Commissioner evaluated the reports from each of Fabian’s
treating physicians. None of those physicians, however, had treated or
evaluated Fabian during the relevant time period. The Commissioner
specifically noted that those doctors only opined about Fabian’s current
condition and were not willing to speculate regarding her condition before the
age of twenty-two. The treating physicians’ testimony regarding Fabian’s
current condition does not establish a retrospective diagnosis. 17 The
Commissioner also noted that those physicians who did have an opportunity
to review “the entire longitudinal history” of Fabian’s medical file did not
conclude that she was disabled during the relevant time period. Based on this
evidence, and contrary to Fabian’s assertion, the Commissioner did not fail to
consider the opinions of her treating physicians. Instead, he reviewed that
evidence in light of the record as a whole and concluded that the treating
physicians’ testimony failed to establish that Fabian was disabled before age
twenty-two.
Next, Fabian insists that the Commissioner failed to consider
nonmedical evidence, including school records and lay testimony from herself
15 Likes v. Callahan, 112 F.3d 189, 191 (5th Cir. 1997).
16 McLendon v. Barnhart, 184 F. App’x 430, 432 (5th Cir. 2006) (per curiam).
17 See id.
6
Case: 17-50149 Document: 00514501516 Page: 7 Date Filed: 06/05/2018
No. 17-50149
and her aunt, when determining if she was disabled. First, the regulation in
place at the time of Fabian’s claim states that when determining whether a
claimant has a severe impairment—step two in the disability determination—
the Commissioner “will not consider your age, education, and work
experience.” 18 Thus, evidence of Fabian’s school attendance, or lack thereof,
cannot establish that she was severely impaired. Second, Fabian is correct that
“information may be obtained from family members, friends, and former
employers regarding the course of the claimant’s condition” 19; however, such
testimony is not necessarily sufficient to establish a medically determinable
impairment. 20 Here, the Commissioner evaluated Fabian’s and her aunt’s
testimony, yet ultimately determined that the evidence as a whole failed to
establish Fabian’s pre-age twenty-two disability. As the Commissioner noted,
Fabian testified that she did not receive any mental health treatment as a
child. She admitted that her arm injury healed and that she attended school
until she got married. She did not seek medical treatment for her arm until
18 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(c). Fabian also argues that the Commissioner erroneously
applied the incorrect federal regulation, because 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(c)—preventing
consideration of education and work experience at step two of the disability analysis—was
not effective until March 2017. She contends that these regulations are not retroactive, so
the Commissioner’s decision violated her constitutional right to Due Process. But this
regulation became effective August 24, 2012; so Fabian’s argument is unavailing. See 20
C.F.R. § 404.1520(c).
19 Ivy v. Sullivan, 898 F.2d 1045, 1049 (5th Cir. 1990) (emphasis added).
20 See, e.g., Vella v. Astrue, 634 F. Supp. 2d 410, 418 (S.D.N.Y. 2009), aff’d sub nom.
Vella v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 394 F. App’x 755 (2d Cir. 2010) (holding that substantial
evidence supported Commissioner’s finding that claimant was not disabled before age 22
when claimant failed to provide “objective medical evidence” of a disability in the relevant
time period, and instead “relied entirely on his own testimony and his friend’s and family’s
statements in proving his disability.”); Turner v. Apfel, 11 F. App’x 439, 440–41 (6th Cir.
2001) (holding that evidence such as school records, mental health evaluations, arrest
records, and records of hospitalizations after the relevant time period were insufficient to
establish a childhood disability); Duraku v. Barnhart, No. 01 CV 310 (JG), 2002 WL
31956008, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 10, 2002) (explaining that a claimant’s own testimony that
she was disabled before age 22, without “objective support” was insufficient to establish her
claim for DAC benefits).
7
Case: 17-50149 Document: 00514501516 Page: 8 Date Filed: 06/05/2018
No. 17-50149
age twenty-eight, and even then underwent surgery only for cosmetic purposes.
Based on this evidence, the Commissioner determined that Fabian failed to
establish she was severely impaired before age twenty-two. Because the
Commissioner’s decision was based on “such relevant evidence as a reasonable
mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion,” his decision was
supported by substantial evidence. 21
Fabian is essentially asking us to re-evaluate all of the evidence in her
case and to reach a result different from the conclusion that the Commissioner
reached when evaluating her claim. Our review, however, is limited. We may
not “re-weigh the evidence, try the questions de novo, or substitute our
judgment for the Commissioner’s, even if we believe the evidence weighs
against the Commissioner’s decision.” 22 Because the Commissioner’s
conclusions are based on credible evidence, we must affirm his decision. 23
IV. Conclusion
The Commissioner applied the correct legal standard in evaluating
Fabian’s claim for DAC benefits, and his decision that she failed to establish a
disability during the relevant time is supported by substantial evidence. We
therefore AFFIRM.
21 See Richardson, 402 U.S. at 401 (quoting Consolidated Edison Co., 305 U.S. at 229).
22 Masterson, 309 F.3d at 272 (5th Cir. 2002).
23 See id. (“We affirm the Commissioner’s findings whenever supported by substantial
evidence.”).
8
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|
Friday, October 11, 2019
Trump’s racist claims about Somalis In Minnesota tonight was insane. His hateful lies toward the end of his WWF style, demented raving were stunning in ugliness & tone. This was a mob intoxicated by the paranoia of hate & violence.
Trump’s racist claims about Somalis In Minnesota tonight was insane. His hateful lies toward the end of his WWF style, demented raving were stunning in ugliness & tone. This was a mob intoxicated by the paranoia of hate & violence. #TrumpSick#TrumpLies#Presidementia
|
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}
|
As Republicans prepare to wreak havoc on all three branches of federal government, human rights activists and lawyers are bracing themselves for what they expect to be an all out assault on LGBTQ rights.
In 2016, more than 200 discriminatory “religious freedom” bills were introduced by conservative lawmakers across the country, and lawyers at the ACLU say that was likely just a warm up act for 2017.
“We expect the volume to continue to rise in 2017,”ACLU Advocacy and Policy Counsel Eunice Rho recently told CNN, “both because we have more conservative state governments than in the past, and also since our side defeated an overwhelming majority of bills in 2016.”
Rho expects trans rights to be the hardest hit.
“In addition to these bills, we also anticipate an increase in volume of bills targeting transgender people,” she said.
Russell Moore, president of the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission, which operates as the public policy arm for the Southern Baptist Convention, said that, yeah, Rho is absolutely right, he and his henchman are planning to do everything in their power to promote as many religious freedom bills as possible.
“2017 probably will result in many religious liberty bills,” he confirmed to CNN. “That’s because of the erosion of religious freedom protections in recent years. Without adequate protection, freedom of conscience is left up courts they are often hostile to the most basic protections of the First Amendment.”
Moore insisted, however, that the bills aren’t intended to discriminate against LGBTQ people, but rather to save religious freedom from the “tremendous stress” it’s currently under (caused, of course, by LGBTQ people).
But before you start freaking out too much, James Esseks, director of the ACLU LGBT Project, says to take a take deep breath.
“It’s clear that Mike Pence as VP will be able to push for greater religious exemption measures at the federal level, following up on his pro-exemption and anti-LGBT, anti-woman record in Indiana,” he said, “but there’s no reason to think that the public, business leaders, performers, or sports leagues will be any more receptive to anti-LGBT measures in 2017 than they have been in the past.”
He cautioned: “Vice President-elect Pence should think long and hard before he tries to nationalize this discriminatory, divisive strategy.”
|
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And, you know, I
went to Mongolia
and we brought together this
team, we started packing up.
There's Fred Hiebert,
my partner in this.
We got to this point
where we pass this gate.
There was a gate
that was guarded
by these
Mongolian soldiers, right.
That essentially have been
stationed there for 800 years.
I'm serious. The descendants of
the Darkhads, you know...
this tribe that had been put in
place by Genghis Khan himself
to defend this region,
the Ikh Khorig.
This zone that you know
he closed off to anybody outside
of the Imperial family.
Marco Polo wrote about
this place, right.
The history of the
Mongols was written by
historians like Rashid Al-Din,
from the 17th century.
He wrote about this place.
They wanted to go here
but they couldn't.
And for the first time,
I am entering into this zone.
I am on that journey.
We take that data, we
had the GPS points now
where the crowd had converged.
We could
mathematically calculate
where everybody had
converged and clustered.
And we started
looking and you can
see where people
had converged.
These little clusters
of tags would result in
you know, us finding things
like this huge Khirigsur, which
had been here for 3,000 years!
We started scanning this region.
This is a magnetometer
and you walk
back and forth in these lines.
And you add up all this data.
And of course the
sheep come after you
every once in a while.
And the result is you
create these maps of
what's under the
sub-surface, right.
There is some metal underneath
this rectangular mound.
We don't really know what
it was but it wasn't--
we don't believe
it was, you know
what we were really
looking for.
So we push north,
we push deeper
into this region of
this Ikh Khorig
towards this mountain, right.
This place that legend has
it Genghis Khan went to
every time he went
to war, right.
He'd go there and
pray to Tengri and say
well, you know,
"Am I okay here".
Then he would go
out and wage war.
We would head out
every single day
up into the upper reaches
of this mountain range
to hit all of the
different peaks
to try to see what
people were tagging.
We'd fly these drones
across this whole region
with cameras on them
to look and see
if we could see things that...
you know, were little
higher resolution
than what we were
seeing from space.
We're moving down off the
side of this mountain and
literally this storm just starts
descending all around us.
You can see this big
rain cloud coming at us.
Among it was lightning,
and thunder, and wind
and it started blowing all
around us at this rate
which was, I mean,
really terrifying.
Cause there's no trees
around you to duck into.
We had to move almost a
mile down off this ridge
down to those trees, just to try
to get down below the tree line
get down into the undercut
but we're so exposed, and
we had these big magnetometers
hanging off of our back.
We ran, we ran and the
wind started blowing.
You know, I mean, it started
gushing around us and
I mean, we couldn't
even hear each other.
And as we were running down
off the side of this mountain
down the south-east
flank of that mountain
what would be the sunny
side of that mountain
what the secret history the
Mongols had described as being
where Genghis Khan
should be buried
all these trees started
falling down around us.
( crashing sounds )
And, you know, it was really...
it was almost like...
the mountain was showing us
its underbelly, it was
showing us a window
into the sub-surface,
you know.
And it would be in the roots
of one of those trees
that my life would
really change.
My geologist turns to me
and shows me this thing
and I'm looking at it, just
in the roots of this tree.
And it's this lion face.
We made a plan, as we
were walking around
we're like literally
walking around across
across this grass and the earth
is crunching underneath me.
I could feel, I could feel like
I was stepping on something.
I could hear it
crunching underneath me
like
( crunching sounds )
And we agreed that it was okay
to just look under the grass
like it was a rug, you know
we'd just stare barely
underneath this.
You know, this thing, we'd
look underneath the grass.
And, we were standing on a roof.
And as you look at these pieces
that are in this sub-surface
it's this part of this temple.
We started finding horse
bones, tons of horse bones.
We sent this data out to
get Radiocarbon dated
and it comes back...
at exactly our
sweet spot, right.
Somewhere between 500
and 800 years old.
Genghis Khan died in 1227,
about 800 years ago.
So, Fred and I, we
started making a plan.
And we started mapping
out this region
with whatever tools
we could find.
We used cameras on our drones
and we created this
3-D photogrammetry mapper
of the surface.
And we started using things
like ground penetrating radar.
This is an 18--
actually an eight-antenna
array radar system.
We're doing a virtual dig.
We're trying to recreate the
unknown, in virtual reality
because we can't
actually go there
and pull up the earth, right.
But, I feel like...
I didn't really even have
to look for this artifact.
I just had to look at what
was happening around me
and realize that the
people around me were
they were telling me that
the history was still alive
the artifact was
in the experience.
Did we find the tomb or
did each individual in us
each individual in this group
find something in themselves?
|
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Q:
xpath - if else expression in Python
I have the following table structure:
In the gender column when a value exists, the gender is displayed between the tag, but when the tag does not exist it is not displayed and the value is a special character
<TABLE class="first">
<TR>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="top">
<TD></TD>
<TD><DIV>NAME</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV>AGE</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV>GENDER</DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="top">
<TD></TD>
<TD><DIV>MARIA</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV>25</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV>F</DIV></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="top">
<TD></TD>
<TD><DIV>JOHN</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV>22</DIV></TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="top">
<TD></TD>
<TD><DIV>PAUL</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV>36</DIV></TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN="top">
<TD></TD>
<TD><DIV>DEREK</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV>16</DIV></TD>
<TD><DIV>M</DIV></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
I'm doing the following:
for table in result.xpath('//table[@class="first"]'):
for i, tr in enumerate(table.xpath('//tr')):
for j, td in enumerate(tr.xpath('td/div/|td')):
if td.text == ' ':
print '---'
else:
print td.text
How to print '---' if the character   exists in td.text?
A:
is an entity reference to the no-break space character (Unicode code point: U+00A0). To test if the text content of an element is equal to that character, you can use this:
if td.text == u'\u00A0':
Complete demonstration:
from lxml import html
table = html.parse("table.html")
for tr in table.xpath('//tr'):
for td in tr.xpath('td/div|td'):
if td.text == u'\u00A0':
print 'BLANK VALUE'
else:
print td.text
Output:
None
None
None
None
None
None
NAME
None
AGE
None
GENDER
None
None
MARIA
None
25
None
F
None
None
JOHN
None
22
BLANK VALUE
None
None
PAUL
None
36
BLANK VALUE
None
None
DEREK
None
16
None
M
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Why some fruits are green when they are ripe: carbon balance in fleshy fruits.
Fruits that are green upon ripening ("green-ripe") tend to be dispersed by a limited range of frugivores, whereas those that are brightly colored ("bright-ripe") are dispersed by a wide range of birds and mammals. Because green fruits are probably less conspicuous than other colors of fruits, their pigmentation cannot be attributed to the attraction of seed dispersers. Instead, we hypothesize that a major benefit of green pigmentation is the ability to photosynthesize when ripe. Photosynthesis by fruits may lower their costs of production, and could result in fruits with greater nutrient reward. We present data on physical, chemical, and photosynthetic characteristics of ripe fleshy fruit of variable colors for 28 plant species at the La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. In addition to color and morphological characteristics of pulp and seeds, we report soluble solids content (refractive index), and photosynthetic/respiratory carbon-dioxide balance of ripe fruits. Carbon balance was much more dependent upon ambient light levels in green-ripe fruits than in bright-ripe fruit. In particular, data from light response curves indicated that green-ripe fruits may go into positive carbon balance at high light levels (above 300 μmol/m2/s). Rather than finding a positive relationship between soluble solids content and green fruit, as we predicted based on photosynthetic capacity, our data indicate that greater respiration rates of green-ripe fruits may result in carbon losses at low light levels. Our results were consistent with previously described morphological differences between the two color classes, with green-ripe fruits displaying significantly greater wet pulp mass, wet seed mass, and total fruit mass. Our data suggest that photosynthesis due to the retention of chlorophyll in ripe fleshy fruit may offset respiratory costs for plants with large or otherwise costly fruit, but this advantage should be evident only under high-light conditions.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
The study of the full spectrum of variants leading to hyperphenylalaninemia have revealed 10 new variants in the PAH gene.
This study presents further research into the spectrum of variants in genes responsible for the development of phenylketonuria (PKU) and hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) in patients in Russia. After a study of 25 frequent variants, 293 patients (327 chromosomes without detected variants) from among 1265 probands still had no confirmed diagnosis. A study involving methods of next generation sequencing (NGS) of PAH, PTS, GCH1, PCBD1, QDPR, SPR and DNAJC12 genes to search for point mutations and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) methods to search for gross deletions were conducted for these patients. Among 327 chromosomes without identified variants, variants in the PAH gene were found on 260 chromosomes, and variants in the PTS gene were found on 10 chromosomes. On 10 chromosomes gross deletions by the MLPA method were detected. 104 rare variants of the РАН gene, including 10 variants not previously described, and 6 variants of the PTS gene were revealed. The NGS method revealed additional РАН gene variants on 10.3% of chromosomes and PTS gene variants on 0.4%. Gross deletions of the РАН gene were revealed in 0.5% of chromosomes. Thus, the most complete understanding of the spectrum of variants leading to the development of the PKU and HPA in Russia with the use of all methods available today has been obtained. Such a detailed study of the spectrum of rare variants on the genetic material from Russia was undertaken for the first time.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
A DRIVER sped through a checkpoint at an RAF air base as security opened fire before coming to a halt just inches from a plane.
Shots were fired at the 44-year-old suspect as the US Air Force (USAF) base in Suffolk was placed on lockdown with the Ministry of Defence declaring a "significant security incident".
8 Base security vehicles were seen surrounding the plane at RAF Mildenhall after an intruder tried to ram a checkpoint
Dramatic footage has emerged showing USAF security troops surrounding a swivel-rotor Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey aircraft as Brit cops and the MoD rushed to the scene.
Vehicles with flashing lights rushed to the state-of-the-art military "heli-plane" - also used by the SAS.
A British man has been arrested on suspicion of criminal trespass as Suffolk Police launch an investigation assisted by "other law enforcement agencies". Cops have said the incident is not being treated as terrorism.
The suspect was apprehended with "cuts and bruises" after locals reported hearing gunshots at about 1.40pm today. It has not been revealed how far into the base the intruder had reached.
8 Emergency crews joined security on the airbase's runway Credit: Universal News & Sport (Europe)
8 Armed military personnel fired shots as the suspect tried to ram his way on to the military base Credit: GEOFF ROBINSON.
8 RAF Mildenhall in Suffolk was put on lockdown after a man tried ramming the gates Credit: SWNS:South West News Service
Police respond to reports of a 'significant incident' at RAF Mildenhall in Suffolk
8 A man tried ramming the gates to the US air base in Suffolk at around 1pm Credit: PA:Press Association
8 Cops aren't looking for anyone else in connection with the incident Credit: SWNS:South West News Service
A Suffolk Police spokesman said: "Suffolk Police were contacted at approximately 1.40pm today ( Monday 18 December) to reports of a disturbance at RAF Mildenhall in Suffolk.
"The base was put into lockdown and units responded immediately.
"Shots were fired by American service personnel and a man has been detained with cuts and bruises and taken into custody.
"No other people have been injured as a result of the incident."
8 The man arrested was left with 'cuts and bruises' Credit: PA:Press Association
8
RAF Mildenhall RAF Mildenhall, together with its sister base RAF Lakenheath, has the largest US Air Force (USAF) presence in the UK. The site was first built for the Royal Air Force in 1933 and taken over by the US military in 1950. It is the home of the 100th Air Refuelling Wing. In January last year, the Ministry of Defence announced the site will be sold. The US Department of Defense announced operations would be relocated to Germany and elsewhere in the UK. It has been reported that the USAF will stay at RAF Mildenhall until 2024. Both Mildenhall and Lakenheath have been targeted by protesters in the past. Around 150 peace campaigners from the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament demanded the removal of around 100 nuclear bombs at Lakenheath in 2006. In the same year, activists camped outside Mildenhall in protest at US flights refuelling there on the way to Isreal, reported the BBC. Five years ago RAF Mildenhall welcomed the then US First Lady Michelle Obama who met American military families based there.
They have warned members of the public to avoid the area.
A British defence source said a car tried forcing its way past a checkpoint into the military base, home to a USAF refuelling wing.
The MOD said: "We are aware of incident at the entry point of RAF Mildenhall, Suffolk police have primacy; all questions should be referred to them."
RAF Mildenhall, along with its sister base RAF Lakenheath, have the largest United States Air Force presence in the UK.
Mildenhall is home to 3,100 US military personnel and 3,000 of their family members.
MOST READ IN NEWS Breaking furlough 2.0 Rishi announces furlough replacement scheme to top up wages through winter STORE TOT SNATCH Family's horror as 'kidnap gang try to rip girl, 1, from pram' in TK Maxx TECH A CHANCE How to download the new NHS Covid-19 track and trace app HAPPY MEAL McDonald’s worker pays customer’s bill after he calls mum to ask for her order CLUB FURY Footballer who beat girlfriend & forced her to eat paint signs to new club EAT IN OR TAKE OUT? Chaos & confusion over whether cafes will HAVE to offer table service
Last year, an ISIS supporter was caged for life after planning a terror attack on five US Air Force bases in the UK - including RAF Mildenhall.
Delivery driver Junead Khan, 25, from Luton, used his job with a pharmaceutical company as cover to scout the bases.
In November last year the then Defence Secretary Sir Michael Fallon said RAF Mildenhall was one of 56 Ministry of Defence sites earmarked for closure.
We pay for your stories! Do you have a story for The Sun Online news team? Email us at tips@the-sun.co.uk or call 0207 782 4368 . We pay for videos too. Click here to upload yours.'
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Astro Blog
Here is a prediction that is sure to come true: During the afternoon of August 21st, 2017, the population of the United States will be looking at a solar eclipse which will darken the country from Portland in the West to Atlanta in the East. This is the first total eclipse in the USA since February 1979, which was incidentally the month Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Iran, with all the consequences this had for President Carter and his nightmare 444-day Iranian embassy hostage crisis.…Read More
They say the pen is mightier than the sword. The powers that be have feared satirists for centuries, and there have been many attempts to bully them into silence. In the 18th century, Voltaire, who for a period had to live in exile in London, was one of the most famous, renowned for ridiculing the French king and Catholic Church. Charlie Hebdo, the Paris-based satirical magazine continues the same tradition, skewering religious fundamentalism and political power abuse.…Read More
In the late 1960’s and 1970’s early computer projections came to the alarming conclusion that the exponential growth of the population would make our planet unlivable. Since that time, the curve has continued. The population of New Delhi in 1970 was 3 million, and today it is 27 million. Even with China’s one-child policy, introduced in 1979, the population has in fact doubled over the last 50 years and is at about 1.4 billion today. And looking historically from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution to today, the world population has increased from about 1 billion to over 7 billion. Seems like a problem, right?…Read More
One exact 84-year Uranus cycle after the discovery of Neptune in 1846, the planet Pluto was discovered in 1930 through the technology which Neptune is associated with – it was seen as a faint moving pinprick of light on a series of photographic plates. With the discovery of Pluto, vast new areas of the solar system were seen to be under the gravitational influence of the sun, and subsequently even more planets and interplanetary bodies have been discovered beyond Pluto, where at this moment (2017) the spacecraft New Horizons is venturing forth.…Read More
With the recent Turkish referendum, which potentially gives Recep Tayyip Erdogan much greater powers as president, the dream of integrating Turkey into an all-encompassing EU now seems to have been a mirage invented by European visionaries who have long since lost influence. Rising nationalism and its accompanying anti-Islam stance in Europe, Brexit, and a general drift towards nationalism rather than globalism has firmly drawn a line between Europe and Asia, and Turkey is on the other side of that line.…Read More
If you can understand the meaning of planetary cycles, then you can understand the unfolding of history. From the monthly revolution of the Moon around the Earth, and the Earth’s yearly orbit of the Sun, to the combined cycles of the outer planets in relation to each other, each cycle reflects a precise idea or gestalt, which it brings into being. Each cycle has a unique meaning. Some cycles have a repetitive quality. For example, Pluto and Neptune conjoin every 492 years, always (in recent millennia) in Gemini. Neptune and Uranus, which conjoin every 172 years, conjoin about twice in the same sign, then twice in the next sign, so the last conjunction in 1993 was in late Capricorn, and the conjunction before that in 1821 was in early Capricorn. Saturn and Jupiter conjoin every twenty years, but these conjunctions repeat as a series in the same element every 800 years. A conjunction cycle in the Air element begins in December 2020 and will last 200 years.…Read More
If you are gravitating towards the right in politics, or even to the far right, then it’s important to do something with your hair. What appears to work here in the 21st century – if you are a man – is a fine and perhaps unruly mop of hair, if possible blonde. Do this whilst Uranus is still in Aries .…Read More
When it comes to secrets, there is nothing like Water signs, who are famously silent. Scorpio keeps secrets best, and not even torture can get them to spill the beans. Cancers are loyal, and will never betray a loved one. Pisces may blab a bit, but they are masters of the smokescreen, and only another Water sign can decode their smoke signals.
Which makes Julian Assange, editor-in-chief of WikiLeaks, pretty good at his job. Born with Sun in Cancer in the 8th house, he is a person who likes to delve deep, a fact only strengthened by the Sun’s close trine to the Moon in Scorpio in the 12th house. Assange is a denizen of a secret world, and cyberspace and the dark web are the territories he inhabits, thrives in, and breathes life into.…Read More
“As soon as clients say something, they start revealing the meaning of their horoscope. When they tell a story, then they may be revealing a theme that has affected them for their whole life. Stories form themes, like pearls on a string, traceable to a key experience, which formed their character. Adrian will show how to identify aspect patterns that correspond with stories, leading to a new understanding of a transformative core experience.”
Really, anything we do or say, at any moment in time contains detailed information about who we are. Quite apart from the micro-expressions and body language, which reflect what we are really thinking, even the casual remarks we make, and the stories we tell, reflect deep experiences from the past that have formed us. As we go about our daily lives, walking down the street, meeting people, in the office, shopping or whatever, the universe is performing an exquisite interactive dance with us, and although we see ourselves as separate, we are as one. Everything and everyone that we attract into our sphere has a connection with our past, as we build up a life story, which we constantly reinforce in the telling. These are the stories the client tells the astrologer, and that the astrologer sees reflected in the horoscope – a spiral of related events which have their roots in our past.…Read More
Looking back at 2015 we can see that some of the extremism we witnessed from 2011 – 2014 connected with the rare set of tense interactions between Uranus and Pluto (something that last took place in the 1930’s) abated, even though there were and still are extreme manifestations of the ideologically extreme views, which this combination evokes. …Read More
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(CNN) Was the decision to strike against terrorists in Afghanistan "wrong" in 2001 or should the US now just declare victory and leave?
These are two ideas floated by members of Congress about the war, now nearly 18 years long and counting, after it cost more than 2,400 American lives and wounded more than 20,000 US service members while causing exponentially more pain to Afghans without eliminating the Taliban
Both Democratic Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez of New York and Republican Sen. Rand Paul of Kentucky dislike the open-ended Authorization for Use of Military Force, known as the AUMF, that was approved after the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks. But while Ocasio-Cortez argued Tuesday that the fight in Afghanistan itself was a "wrong war," Paul and Sen. Tom Udall of New Mexico, a Democrat, want to declare victory and pay new bonuses to people who fought in it.
The divide is the latest sign that no one in American politics seems to know exactly how to move on from Afghanistan.
Which makes this an issue that could become part of the 2020 discussion, especially as the US grapples with how to deal with its continued presence in Syria, where President Donald Trump said he would remove troops, and in Afghanistan, where Barack Obama once said he was drawing down combat troops, where Trump has said he will draw down troops.
The freshman New York congresswoman tweeted Tuesday in defense of fellow Democratic Rep. Ilhan Omar of Minnesota, who is under fire over critical comments about congressional support for Israel, by noting that it was considered "unacceptable" to question US military engagements after 9/11.
"I remember a time when it was 'unacceptable' to question the Iraq War. All of Congress was wrong, including both GOP & Dem Party, and led my generation into a disastrous + wrong war that virtually all would come to regret, except for the one member who stood up: Barbara Lee."
Lee was the one vote in Congress against striking Afghanistan in the days after the terror attacks. Ocasio-Cortez later clarified in a tweet that she meant Afghanistan was the "disastrous + wrong war." But she said she feels that way about the Iraq War too.
These are two very different conflicts. A lot of Americans do think it was wrong to go into Iraq, which occurred after an attempt to build an international coalition based on flawed evidence delivered at the United Nations, and after a vote by a divided Congress.
Questioning the American war in Afghanistan is a much more controversial idea, however, especially for a lawmaker representing boroughs of New York City, where thousands of Americans died when planes struck the World Trade Center.
It was seven days after that event -- when the wreckage in lower Manhattan, at the Pentagon and in Pennsylvania was still smoldering -- that lawmakers voted to respond to the terror attacks by striking at al Qaeda and the Taliban in Afghanistan. They could not have known that almost 18 years later, the US government would still be using the same vote to fight the same war.
The unintended consequences of that vote are pretty clear. And the inability of Congress to debate and vote on subsequent military actions is something voters have had ample opportunities to consider.
What should Congress have done instead? Ocasio-Cortez responded to CNN's Jake Tapper on Twitter:
"I think that our decision to enter unlimited engagement in Afghanistan, particularly through the AUMF + Congress' abdication of power + decision-making w/ passage of the AUMF, was a mistake."
I think that our decision to enter unlimited engagement in Afghanistan, particularly through the AUMF + Congress' abdication of power + decision-making w/ passage of the AUMF, was a mistake.
Other options: targeting the network itself, limited engagement, non-intervention. — Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (@AOC) March 5, 2019
Other options she offered: targeting the network itself, limited engagement, nonintervention.
The idea that after the 9/11 attacks, the US would have embarked upon a diplomatic or nonintervention strategy that didn't involve military force certainly ignores the spirit of that moment. It was, after all, the one time NATO forces have ever rallied to protect an attacked member.
Even Lee wasn't exactly saying the war was wrong when she bravely went to the House floor before her lone vote.
"Our country is in a state of mourning. Some of us must say let's step back for a moment," she said. "Let's just pause, just for a minute and think through the implications of our actions today so that this does not spiral out of control."
Lee argued at the time -- prophetically, it turned out -- that the war vote was open-ended and could lead to unlimited military engagements.
She later quoted a clergyman at the 9/11 memorial when she said, "As we act, let us not become the evil we deplore."
Presidents from both parties have relied on the AUMF to justify military actions not only in Afghanistan, but in other countries, including Syria. While Trump campaigned on withdrawing troops from both theaters, he's found delivering on the promise to be difficult. His first defense secretary, James Mattis, resigned rather than pull troops from Syria . His administration has outright opposed debating a new version of the AUMF. So the AUMF remains in place and the years tick on. It's been used to justify at least 37 actions in at least 15 countries
That creep is certainly up for debate and as the war has dragged on, approval has sagged.
In 2006, as the war in Iraq was going very badly, 69% said the use of military force in Afghanistan was the "right decision," according to a Pew poll. Just 45% said using military force in Afghanistan was the "right decision" in September of 2018.
Lee has consistently tried to repeal the AUMF, a task that started as very lonely but for which she now has growing company, in Congress and the public at large. With help from some Republicans, Lee was nearly able to force a debate on replacing the AUMF in 2017, but Republican House leaders quashed it. It's likely House Speaker Nancy Pelosi will face a similar bipartisan effort now. Pelosi supports an update to the AUMF, but not simply ending it.
Pelosi, who voted against an earlier Lee effort to repeal the AUMF when Obama was still President, has said she wants to have a debate on the issue, particularly as it relates to Syria.
But even among many of those who want to repeal the AUMF, there is hesitance in Congress to say the initial action was wrong. One of the most fervent anti-war senators is Paul, with his libertarian bent and his opposition to nation-building. Paul has announced a bipartisan bill to end the Afghanistan War and force a debate over the AUMF.
Paul and Udall would pay a onetime bonus of $2,500 to every US service member who served in the global war on terror -- more than 3 million of them -- declare victory in Afghanistan since al Qaeda, they say, is no longer capable of attacking the US, and repeal the AUMF.
But even after all these years, Paul says he does not think fighting in Afghanistan, specifically, was the wrong thing to do.
This week, I am introducing legislation to end a war that should have ended long ago, the war in Afghanistan. The United States has been fighting the War on Terror since October of 2001 and it has cost 6 trillion dollars. pic.twitter.com/UBxeq0NsQe — Senator Rand Paul (@RandPaul) March 5, 2019
"I supported going to war in Afghanistan in 2001, attacking those who harbored the 9/11 terrorists or helped to organize the attack on 9/11 and going after al Qaeda," Paul said in a video announcing his new legislation Tuesday. "But we are many, many years past that mission. We have turned to nation-building at a cost of over $50 billion a year spent in Afghanistan. It's important to know when to declare victory and leave a war. I think that time is long past."
Support for the initial decision to strike in Afghanistan has not been at the top of the American political conversation even among Democrats, although support for the war has waned and the AUMF has been stretched far beyond its initial intent.
When Obama was elected, it was by juxtaposing the "bad war" in Iraq with what he implied was the "good war" in Afghanistan . He was going to end the bad war and fix the good war. US troops, all these years later, are still in both places. Trump has tried to argue he opposed the Iraq War, but he never said that about Afghanistan.
Obama, under pressure, suggested a new AUMF to fight ISIS, but Congress did not take action. More recently, a bipartisan group of senators led by Democrat Tim Kaine of Virginia and Republican Bob Corker of Tennessee (since retired) wanted to debate a new AUMF in 2018 and give the President more clearly delineated authority, but the debate never took place . An earlier effort by Paul to end the AUMF in the Senate failed.
Those issues will be up for debate again in 2020. Democratic Rep. Tulsi Gabbard of Hawaii, an Iraq War veteran, has built her campaign around opposition to international entanglements.
Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand, a New York Democrat who is running for President, said recently on MSNBC that there should be a new AUMF.
"I think we should be drawing down our troops, not only in Afghanistan but the remainder in Iraq and Syria, and then give Congress the opportunity that if they believe we should be in combat missions in any of these countries that we actually file a new authorization for the use of military force," she said.
The underlying issue there, though, is whether presidents should come to Congress to authorize new strikes rather than relying on a vote made, nearly unanimously, almost a generation ago, to strike back after an attack. Not whether that vote itself was right or wrong.
If that Pew poll and Ocasio-Cortez's tweet suggest the public or the left regret that initial action, it would require a full and very painful re-examination of 18 years of American foreign policy.
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Heterogeneity of methotrexate binding in human colon tumor cells.
[3H]-methotrexate binding at pH 5.0 and pH 7.2 by the cytosol of tumor tissues and the surrounding normal areas of the gastrointestinal tract of patients suffering from colon or gastric cancer has been used to identify in these cells the presence of a binder of methotrexate having low-affinity for this drug in addition to the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. Scatchard analysis of the [3H]-methotrexate binding data by a colon tumor sample also reveals that there are two binders of this drug present in the cytosol of these cells. The association constant (Kass) for one binder of methotrexate is = 5.6 x 10(7) M-1 while the Kass for the second binder is = 1.0 x 10(6) M-1. The two binders do not differ very much in their apparent molecular weight. Upon isoelectric focusing, the tumor cell cytosol resolves into 4 major isoproteins each having the ability not only to bind [3H]-methotrexate but also reduce [3H]-pteroylglutamic acid to [3H]-tetrahydropteroylglutamic acid. This suggests that the two binders of methotrexate may be the two forms of dihydrofolate reductase having different affinities for this anticancer drug.
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{
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Nigral degeneration in a case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: evidence of Lewy body-like and skein-like inclusions in the pigmented neurons.
This report describes a 58-year-old man who exhibited the clinical features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) at autopsy, 1 year after clinical onset of the disease. Neuropathologically, in addition to degeneration of the upper and lower motor neurons, marked degeneration of the substantia nigra with the appearance of Lewy body-like inclusions (LBI) and skein-like inclusions (SLI) were observed in the remaining pigmented neurons. An immunohistochemical study revealed that both LBI and SLI were immunopositive for ubiquitin. Ultrastructurally, LBI in the substantia nigra were composed of randomly arranged 15 nm thick tubular structures associated with ribosome-like granules, similar to those of LBI in the lower motor neurons. SLI in the substantia nigra were composed of curved bundles of 5 nm thick filaments (thinner than those comprising the SLI in the lower motor neurons). We believe that degeneration of the substantia nigra could be one of the degenerative processes involved in ALS.
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Bahadorabad
Bahadorabad or Bahador Abad () may refer to:
Bahadorabad, Fars
Bahadorabad, Kerman
Bahadorabad, Sistan and Baluchestan
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{
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Mayflower Corporation
Mayflower Corporation PLC or Mayflower as it was more commonly known was a company that designed, engineered and manufactured bodies for cars, light trucks, sports utility vehicles, commercial vehicle cabs, bus, coach bodies, chassis and fire engines. Its chief executive was John Simpson. Former British prime minister John Major was a non-executive director at the group until 2003.
The Mayflower Corporation went into administration on 31 March 2004.
Merger
Mayflower Bus & Coach and Henlys' UK bus and coach activities merged to form TransBus which is now called Alexander Dennis. The merger was completed on 1 January 2001.
References
Category:Defunct companies of the United Kingdom
Category:Coachbuilders of the United Kingdom
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Since in a filling device the return gas pipe with its relative height position in the filling valve serves not only to precisely adjust the filling level in the container, but also plays an important role in flushing operations and/or in cleaning processes, and since bottlers often want to set different height positions of the return gas pipe, if possible without any external intervention, when changing between different container types, the well-known solution, i.e. to exchange return gas pipe end sections of different lengths, is too complicated and time-consuming, and a process has therefore been adopted in which the return gas pipe is adjusted by means of a positioning drive in a selective way and as required.
In the filling device known from DE 10 2005 031 319 A, the return gas pipe that is supported against rotation comprises an external thread meshing with an internal thread of a ring rotatably supported in the valve housing. A permanent magnet ring which electromagnetically cooperates through the wall of the valve housing with a stator that is stationarily arranged on the outside is positioned on the ring. Magnetic alternating fields that are rotating the ring and screw the return gas pipe in place are generated via the stator. Although this solution avoids any passages with seals (great constructional efforts, difficult cleaning operations, risk of leakage), noticeable electromagnetic losses and relatively great mechanical losses caused by the thread connection and the anti-rotation of the return gas pipe must certainly be accepted. The components for a precise mechanical conversion of rotational movements into linear movements lead not only to great mechanical losses, but, since they are exposed to the media in the filling device, they are objectionable in terms of hygiene and complicate the cleaning cycles.
In the filling device known from DE 198 55 975 C a permanent magnet ring is fixed to the return gas pipe, the ring electromagnetically cooperating through a chamber wall with a permanent magnet positioned outside the chamber. The outer permanent magnet is linearly adjusted in a mechanical way, dragging along the return gas pipe via the inner permanent magnet ring. However, this necessitates a mechanical passage that poses the known sealing and assembling problems. As an alternative, the return gas pipe can be directly coupled by mechanical actuation, but this requires a passage between zones of different pressures and different media. A further solution suggests an extended chamber leading to the outside for the return gas pipe, and a linearly adjustable permanent magnet that is positioned outside the extension and cooperates with the permanent magnet ring on the return gas pipe through the chamber wall. The precision that is achievable in adjusting operations is not always satisfactory because due to the transmission of the magnetic forces through a wall and because of the large gap the inner permanent magnet ring cannot follow the outer one in a very reliable way.
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Is multicore hype or reality? - iamelgringo
http://embedded.com/columns/technicalinsights/205918952?pgno=1
======
spitfire
The more interesting point made in that article wasn't about multicore. But
was actually about the distance from the CPU that memory is from the modern
CPU. Remember when programmers were hand counting instruction timings and code
size on their 386? Well that's become even more important today.
If you can get your code size into L2 (or even better L1), you can win a
factor of 1000x speedup. One reason why I still use a compiled language.
~~~
Hexstream
"One reason why I still use a compiled language."
Nitpick: There's no such thing as a "compiled" or "interpreted" _language_. A
specific language _implementation_ (a runtime) might be more interpreted than
compiled or vice-versa, but even if some language traditionally only provides
interpreting or compiling implementations, there's nothing preventing someone
from writing one in the other style, though the nature of the language might
make some approaches less appropriate.
Isn't there this IronRuby that runs Ruby, a traditionally interpreted
language, on the JVM in compiled fashion? Also, I'm sure Lisp was considered
for a long time an interpreted _language_ but today there are fast compiling
implementations available such as SBCL. I'm sure there are many more examples.
A compiler is really just a partial evaluator (correct me if I'm wrong?).
~~~
oconnor0
IronRuby is for .NET. JRuby is for the JVM.
------
mishmash
Here's the print link, let me know if this isn't cool here on HN.
[http://embedded.com/columns/technicalinsights/205918952?prin...](http://embedded.com/columns/technicalinsights/205918952?printable=true)
~~~
ambition
It's generally preferred to submit the print link in the first place when
available. So, yes, it's cool here on HN.
------
nazgulnarsil
beyond the aforementioned embarrassingly parallel problems I don't think we'll
see much performance increase once we reach the point where each app/process
is running on its own core.
~~~
JulianMorrison
On my Linux machine, not even a server but just a desktop, there are 111
running processes. There's room for growth in multi-core yet.
~~~
wmf
Don't you mean there are 111 sleeping processes? It's unlikely that a desktop
would have so many runnable processes.
~~~
JulianMorrison
Ah, my use of "running" was misleading. That's just a crude line count of the
"ps ax" listing. (And I probably counted the header line - d'oh!) Yes, most
are sleeping.
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>| Modified Bayes' Theorem
Title text: Don't forget to add another term for "probability that the Modified Bayes' Theorem is correct."
Explanation [ edit ]
Bayes' Theorem is an equation in statistics that gives the probability of a given hypothesis accounting not only for a single experiment or observation but also for your existing knowledge about the hypothesis, i.e. its prior probability. Randall's modified form of the equation also purports to account for the probability that you are indeed applying Bayes' Theorem itself correctly by including that as a term in the equation.
Bayes' theorem is:
P(H | X) is the probability that H , the hypothesis, is true given observation X . This is called the posterior probability .
is the probability that , the hypothesis, is true given observation . This is called the . P(X | H) is the probability that observation X will appear given the truth of hypothesis H . This term is often called the likelihood .
is the probability that observation will appear given the truth of hypothesis . This term is often called the . P(H) is the probability that hypothesis H is true before any observations. This is called the prior , or belief .
is the probability that hypothesis is true before any observations. This is called the , or . P(X) is the probability of the observation X regardless of any hypothesis might have produced it. This term is called the marginal likelihood.
The purpose of Bayesian inference is to discover something we want to know (how likely is it that our explanation is correct given the evidence we've seen) by mathematically expressing it in terms of things we can find out: how likely are our observations, how likely is our hypothesis a priori, and how likely are we to see the observations we've seen assuming our hypothesis is true. A Bayesian learning system will iterate over available observations, each time using the likelihood of new observations to update its priors (beliefs) with the hope that, after seeing enough data points, the prior and posterior will converge to a single model.
The probability always has a value between zero and one, the latter value represents a 100% probability. Both extremes would be:
If P(C)=1 the modified theorem reverts to the original Bayes' theorem (which makes sense, as a probability one would mean certainty that you are using Bayes' theorem correctly).
the modified theorem reverts to the original Bayes' theorem (which makes sense, as a probability one would mean certainty that you are using Bayes' theorem correctly). If P(C)=0 the modified theorem becomes P(H | X) = P(H), which says that the belief in your hypothesis is not affected by the result of the observation.
It is a linear-interpolated weighted average of the belief from before the calculation and the belief after applying the theorem correctly. This goes smoothly from not believing the calculation at all up to be fully convinced to it.
Bayesian statistics is often contrasted with "frequentist" statistics. For a frequentist, probability is defined as the limit of the relative frequency after a large number of trials. So to a frequentist the notion of "Probability that you are using Bayesian Statistics correctly" is meaningless: One cannot do repeated trials, even in principle. A Bayesian considers probability to be a quantification of personal belief, and so concepts such as "Probability that you are using Bayesian Statistics correctly" is meaningful. However since the value of such subjective prior probablities cannot be independently determined, the value of P(H|X) cannot be objectively found.
The title text suggests that an additional term should be added for the probability that the Modified Bayes Theorem is correct. But that's this equation, so it would make the formula self-referential, unless we call the result the Modified Modified Bayes Theorem. It could also result in an infinite regress -- needing another term for the probability that the version with the probability added is correct, and another term for that version, and so on. If the modifications have a limit, then a Modifiedω Bayes Theorem would be the result, but then another term for whether it's correct is needed, leading to the Modifiedω+1 Bayes Theorem, and so on through every ordinal number.
Modified theories are often suggested in science when the measurements doesn't fit the original theory. An example is the Modified Newtonian dynamics theory, among many others, in which some physicists try to explain dark matter with not much success.
Transcript [ edit ]
[The comic shows a formula with a header in gray on top:] Modified Bayes' theorem:
[The formula:] P(H|X) = P(H) × (1 + P(C) × ( P(X|H)/P(X) - 1 ))
[Variables and functions are described also in gray:] H: Hypothesis X: Observation P(H): Prior probability that H is true P(X): Prior probability of observing X P(C): Probability that you're using Bayesian statistics correctly
Discussion
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Museum
Park
Adswood Park Adswood Park opened to the public in June 1913 as Adswood Recreation Ground.
In the past year, Stockport Council has worked with local people to develop and re-invent the park, in particular through investment from the Central Government Safer Stronger Commu...
Alexandra ParkThe close proximity of a popular shopping centre, local school, library and play development centre means that local people are naturally drawn to the park as a central leisure facility.
Over the years partnerships have been built between these agencies and t...
Bramhall ParkThis magnificent park of woodland and trails is the ideal location for an afternoon stroll.
Visit the beautiful landscaped grounds of Bramall Hall, Bramhall Park with its 14th century timber-framed hall set in 70 acres of landscaped parkland (in the style of...
Lyme ParkNestling on the edge of the Peak District, Lyme Park was once home to the Legh family and, in its heyday a great sporting estate.
Step back in time to the Edwardian era - Lyme's 'Golden Era'. Enjoy lavish interiors, try out the piano, read a bo...
Torkington ParkTorkington Park is the main park in the Hazel Grove area and the home of the Secret Garden. The formal flower garden is a great place to walk round or just sit down and enjoy the wildlife.
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Studies on the formulation and in vitro release of ophthalmic liposomes containing dexamethasone sodium phosphate.
Several liposome formulations containing Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate (DSP) were characterised in this study. For this purpose, phospholipids (gel and liquid types) and charge inducers, with or without cholesterol, were employed as bilayer components. Liquid state (PL 100:SA and PL 100:SA:CHOL) and gel state (PL 90H:SA and PL 90H:SA:CHOL) liposomes were prepared in molar ratios of (7:1:2), (10:1:4), (7:1) and (10:1). The film technique followed by sonication and membrane extrusion were used for the preparation of DSP liposomes. Particle size and particle-size distribution of MLVs, entrapment efficiency, free DSP (in supernatant) and, phospholipid content were determined for the characterization of the liposomes. The characterized liposomes were investigated for in-vitro release and different profiles were observed. The in-vitro release rates were evaluated kinetically and the best fitting equation was found to be the Higuchi equation.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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TRPWL, Why Aren’t You Shitting On Derek Hay? Because Of The Kayla Paris’s Of The World
Yesterday, someone released a “documentary” about La Directs legal issues. The 70 minute video was basically a rehash of the 4 Jane Does suing Hay and LA Direct. Most of us have known about this video, it was started and finished 4 months ago… It just took forever to get thru legal…It took so long in fact, it makes one wonder what was originally in it that had to be removed. So far over the top legal was like “nope”…Gotta get those clicks..
In the 8 years I’ve been doing this, I’ve learned many things, like Marcus London isn’t really 5’5, he’s shorter, I’ve also learned that, and some of you may not believe me, that porn chicks don’t always tell the truth..
Girls in porn, not all, but a majority, will blame everyone else for their failures in porn… It’s never their fault, while that may just the society we now live in, It seems like I see it more with porn girls.. You’re not getting work? Lets blame the agent. No one wants to buy your clips? Lets blame Porn Hub.
When it comes to the Derek Hay stuff, I see it for what it really is. A contract dispute. All the rest, IMO is bullshit.
First, I dont even know what most of those words mean, and second, I think some of Seals music is good, so I would never dream of killing him
Every single time some sort of allegation gets tossed around chicks come out of the woodwork, in this case, the Derek haters.
Derek ruined my career because he made me eat enchiladas before an anal scene, or he locked me in the closet and only let me out to be sex trafficked.. Its all bullshit, Hay never forced anyone into hooking, he certainly isn’t a fucking rapist..
So the story hits, I start seeing all these Hay horror stories, Myself, along my with the critically acclaimed news-team, start piecing stuff together, like the Davinci Code, it all started to make sense, Derek should be hung from a tree in times square like that kid in the Johnny Cash song
Don’t believe me, check this tweet out:
These bastards, these poor girls just want to make beautiful porn and win awards, and this Derek guy forced this drug free chick into prostitution.
Side note, I’m to cheap to buy the iPhone 10, but after winning my fantasy basketball league next week, I may use the totally legit winnings to buy one, which will put right up there with Brian El Castro Gross as far as coolness.. But thats a story for another time.
So I reached out to this company and said “Hey you meany, stop forcing girls to hook, they’re just sweet girls working their way thru college hoping to make enough extra cash to feed their service lizard.”
The person on the other end of the offered me text communications from this sex trafficked victim. Knowing I was about to win my 9th Pulitzer, I accepted his offer. Below are text messages from Kayla:
Surely there’s been a mistake here, these girls are all over twitter talking about stolen pics and being forced into prostitution, but here’s Kayla asking for work and sending in a pic?
Must be Photoshop
It would seem as though I’ve been misled, poor Kayla was not the victim she claimed to be..But an active participant instead
What the fuck is wrong with people? Like when the James Deen stuff was made public, all the sudden he raped everyone. Of course, tweets and texts disproved most of what was said, it didn’t keep mainstream from using the liars to bolster their news cycle.
I get it, sex trafficking is new thing, its all about sex trafficking.. To me, sex trafficker is someone who takes a girl against her will and forces into prostitution… If Hay was guilty of this, I’d be all over it. The same with rape, Hay is many things, be he’s not a rapist…
While I’m all for exposing the Scotty O’Hanian’s of the world, I’m not into slamming guys who are being a wrongly accused because people dont like their business practices and news outlets want clicks
What A lying piece of shit. I went to school with her in New Jersey. She flunked out of that and on back page when she as like 16 yrs old and says its he age of consent. when she left he orphanage she left to be a low rent hooker. Dont believe it here yah go
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Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 Office Developer Tools x64
What is Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 Office Developer Tools x64?
You can extend Office 2010 by using Office developer tools in Visual Studio. You can build two types of solutions: solutions that focus on web integration and solutions that target the .NET Framework and are more deeply integrated with the Office object model. By creating apps for Office, you can create visually rich solutions that integrate data and web content. For example, you can create a more effective sales report by combining sales data from a database for managing customer relationships with the web service for Bing maps. An app for Office is essentially a webpage that appears in an Office app. You can use a JavaScript object model to access the information in documents that are open in Excel, Word, and Project. You can also access information in Outlook items such as information in the body of an email message or an appointment item. You can develop an app for Office by using familiar web-based languages such as HTML 5, CSS, and JavaScript, and you can connect to REST and web services through HTTP and AJAX.
Program details
Uninstaller: MsiExec.exe /X{D57519D3-2E37-3E34-94AF-4D59BFAB87E6}
(The Windows Installer is used for the installation, maintenance, and removal.)
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Q:
"I have X in my blood" arguments
Lately, I have been hearing the argument "Oh, well I have Indian(Native American) in my blood, and 'redskin' does not offend me so why change the name?" coming from people who claim their great-great-great grandmother was from one of the hundreds of tribes from the area.
I know it's been an argument made before, and I've always found it to be silly. There are some obvious arguments to be made from that statement: They haven't experienced life the same way as someone who is 100% native american, or that one person from a large group is not a representative of said group.
But now that I am hearing this claim being made more and more, I was wondering what fallacy this would fall under? It seems to be similar to this argument, "I have X friends so I can't be racist against X people." But I feel it is a bit more than that?
A:
This can be a case of the Cherry Picking fallacy:
Cherry picking, suppressing evidence, or the fallacy of incomplete evidence is the act of pointing to individual cases or data that seem to confirm a particular position, while ignoring a significant portion of related cases or data that may contradict that position.
The person making the argument picks a case which supports his point, ignoring the cases that don't support his point.
A:
In my experience, this is not a logical error, so much as an unarticulated moral premise.
The speaker holds an underlying assumption here that if it is possible not to be bothered by this kind of thing, one is morally obligated not be bothered by it, or at least to do one's best to not act upon being bothered.
Using himself as evidence this is possible, he is ashamed of the offended members of his group, who are not trying hard enough to get along with the rest of the world.
He is presuming the ultimate value of some version of democratic social harmony: non-interference in the majority's autonomy, 'Give the benefit of the doubt' or 'Go along, get along'. And this is in the foreground to a degree that he denies consideration to more important moral concerns.
You can tell the difference between this and suppression of evidence or 'cherry picking' because, if you render the argument statistical, it does not matter unless the numbers are hugely predominant, and often even then.
He is not unaware he is an exception, he embraces the exceptionality and considers it morally superior.
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Lesion mimic mutants: keys for deciphering cell death and defense pathways in plants?
The identification of several lesion mimic mutants (LMM) that misregulate cell death constitutes a powerful tool to unravel programmed cell death (PCD) pathways in plants, particularly the hypersensitive response (HR), a form of PCD associated with resistance to pathogens. Recently, the characterization of novel LMM has enabled genes that might regulate cell death programmes to be identified as well as the dissection of defense signaling pathways and of crosstalk between multiple pathways in ways that might not be possible by studying the responses of wild-type plants to pathogens.
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Legal Services
MADE is a wizard-like online interview that helps tenants who are being evicted. It can be completed on a smartphone or desktop computer completely without the help of a lawyer. It covers 300 questions and it educates tenants about their rights, helps tenants file paperwork, and sends tenants automated text-message Read more…
If you work in legal aid, something that you have no control over and you may not even be aware of is impacting both the quality of advice your client base receives and the reputation of your organization. It has the innocuous name “Questions” and for most local businesses, it’s Read more…
Updated August 2, 2019 Are you a legal aid user who was inspired by the great Docassemble projects on display at the Legal Services Corporation’s Innovations in Technology Conference? Florida Justice Technology Center, Community.Lawyer, HelpSelf Legal, myself, and Upsolve all participated in the conference and showed off some great projects, Read more…
After working on the Massachusetts Eviction Defense Tool with Rina Padua for the last 10 months, I learned a lot. Some of it was from helpful mentors like Marc Lauritsen and Caroline Robinson, who have been building interviews like this for years; some from presentations at other conferences I’ve attended Read more…
I had the pleasure of spending Friday at Docacon presenting to and learning from 30 Docassemble users from around the country—and I learned so much from all of them. It was exciting to see so many people building amazing projects. In October 2017 I made a comparison of the options Read more…
I spent the week at Suffolk Law School’s Clinnnovation conference, followed by a great summit where we discussed how to train the next generation of lawyers to code. Imagining a group of excited new coders made me think about the risks and benefits of coding that we might not have Read more…
Quick post before the Vermont Law School legal technology conference: Rina Padua and I put together a comprehensive tutorial for Docassemble to help someone new get started with document assembly. It’s a great example that shows how a lawyer can use document assembly to mirror legal rules but it will Read more…
Here’s a task that I thought would be completely straightforward, but took me down a long rabbit hole of failed attempts: adding the 47 towns and cities Greater Boston Legal Services serves onto a custom Google Map that displays the border outlines of each city. The final method was simple, Read more…
I am working on a project to develop a guided interview for tenants who are facing eviction. Briefly, a guided interview is a TurboTax-like interface that asks a user questions and drafts a letter, form, or pleading that might be printed out or electronically filed with a court. This is Read more…
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1. Technical Field
The present specification relates to a mobile device and a control method thereof.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
FIG. 1 is a view showing various use examples of a mobile device.
As shown in FIG. 1, utilization of a mobile device has increased as the mobile device has larger number of functions. For example, as shown in the left side of FIG. 1, the mobile device may be used for telephone conversation. Reception/transmission of a call and reception/transmission of a message performed by the mobile device are general functions of the mobile device.
In addition, for example, as shown in the right side of FIG. 1, the mobile device may be used to control various external devices. In particular, various external devices may be accessible to the Internet based on technology of the Internet of Things (IoT). Consequently, the mobile device may access the Internet to control various external devices. In addition, the mobile device may control external devices using near field communication (NFC), WiFi, WiDi, or infrared communication based on technology of Ubiquitous Computing in addition to the Internet.
As previously described, utilization of the mobile device has further increased. In addition, many people own at least one mobile device as the result of miniaturization of the mobile device. The mobile device may store an address book and received messages. For this reason, it is necessary to protect privacy. That is, the mobile device corresponds to a personal possession of one individual.
As shown in the right side of FIG. 1, on the other hand, the external devices, which may be controlled using the mobile device, may not be personal possessions of one individual. For example, in a case in which a television is installed in a home, all members of a family may have right to access the television. Consequently, the other members of the family as well as the owner of the mobile device may wish to control the television using the mobile device. However, the use of the mobile device by the other members of the family may intrude on a privacy of the owner of the mobile device. Since demand for protection of privacy and demand for sharing the mobile device conflict with each other, it is difficult to promote control of external devices using the mobile device.
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Aufstellung
Kirsten - J. Müller , Erdmann , Hefele , Vrzogic - Moll , Mar. Hartmann , Eilers , Dürholtz , Tekerci - Fetsch
Einwechslungen:
35. Wiegers für Kirsten
57. Fiel für Moll
90. +3Baumann für Dürholtz
Reservebank:
Sabah, Fluß, Comvalius, Zeldenrust
Trainer:
Böger
Ke. Müller - Kaufmann , Mimbala , Möhrle , Szarka - Zeitz , Perdedaj , Holz , Mattuschka , Michel - Pospech
Einwechslungen:
76. Hebler für Pospech
86. Pawela für Holz
Reservebank:
Renno (Tor), R. Berger, Chato, Elsner, Makarenko
Trainer:
Krämer
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They say you can't fix stupid
Wed Sep 05, 2012 8:18 pm
DNR opens squirrel season here this weekend, Sept 8. It was in the mid 90's today and seems like it has been forever, I haven't hunted them for a good 30 years but I remember most of them having warbles until about the first frost in mid Oct. when season usually starts.The next weekend comes a week of Bear hunting then Bow season deer opens about the last week of Sept.
I like bow hunting but not in the summer, I can still wait until about the first of Nov.I guess maybe someone there owns interest in Bug suits and sprays...
Re: They say you can't fix stupid
Thu Sep 06, 2012 5:21 am
Same here Yogie I like it good and cold before I start to hunt. Leaves and ticks are all gone.Got 11 squirrel last year.Regina will boil them for ever ,let them cool ,pick the meat off , and mack squirrel gravy and biscuits.I am the only one that eats them. I have 4 pecan trees and they don't leave me many pecans. MR J
Re: They say you can't fix stupid
Re: They say you can't fix stupid
Thu Sep 06, 2012 5:11 pm
we call em wolves down here , nasty little buggers. We never hunt rabbits, squirrels, deer or anything else to eat before COLD weather. The weather now is going through a warm spell for the last few years here. But we will have a cold spell in a few years I speck. Man I use to love to squirrel hunt when I was a kid, Granddaddy had a squirrel dog gone to bed. His name was rusty , he was a short haired terrier. He would get on the other side of the tree and raise cane barking till the squirrel would move around to my side so I could get a shot. Granny would get on you good ifin you didnt shoot em in the head. Took a sharp one to jump trees and get away from Rusty, he would have to find a holler to go in . And best not be close to the ground or I would cut a forked stick and twist him out . Good times back then. Was also fun to still hunt when they were cutting hickernuts . Right good ole days back then. Boss
Re: They say you can't fix stupid
Thu Sep 06, 2012 7:15 pm
Don McCombs wrote:I haven't heard anyone mention warbles in years.
They're still out there Don, I guess it's me and you who ain't as much anymore. Your write up says they're okay to eat anyway but be danged if i'd eat one of them that way. Yuck !Always kind of felt I'd put the squirrel out of his misery when I saw he had one....I remember mom getting the cats down and cutting them out with a knife, nastiest thing you've ever seen.
I've been lining Grayson up for his first Buck this year and he told me he'd rather spend this season hunting squirrels with his 22. I guess we'll get after deer maybe next year.
Re: They say you can't fix stupid
Sat Sep 08, 2012 6:31 pm
Warbles....Thats exactly why I refuse to eat squirrel or rabbit. Had to growing up but no more.
Re: They say you can't fix stupid
Sat Sep 08, 2012 10:28 pm
As a little boy, I used a jc Higgins single shot 22 to squirrel hunt with. As an older man, I still pull that old Higgins out and take her squirrel hunting from time to time. sure brings back the memories
Re: They say you can't fix stupid
Tue Oct 09, 2012 7:27 am
I have never heard of warbles in squirrels, very interesting. Although, I did work with a gentlemen at B & W a few years back that enjoyed squirrel hunting and making squirrel spaghetti, delicious ! Pabst
Re: They say you can't fix stupid
Tue Oct 09, 2012 9:06 am
My Grandpa called them "wolves" too. Always said the month had to have an "r" in it before you could eat game. Not many hunt them anymore, and we're over run with squirrels. I could limit out on my little three acres most of the time.
Re: They say you can't fix stupid
Tue Oct 09, 2012 9:37 am
I don't like to eat squirrels, but do hunt them on a regular basis close by. They tend to work on my garden, have even had problems with them chewing vacuum hose off my new truck, so I work seriously on keeping the numbers down.
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Archive for the ‘Audio’ Category
Former U.S. Sen. Bob Graham (D-Fl.) recently granted an interview with 9/11 blogger Jon Gold about the joint congressional inquiry about 9/11 that Graham co-chaired. Readers will recall that 28 pages of the inquiry’s report dealing with Saudi sponsorship of some of the 9/11 hijackers remain classified.
During the interview, Gold asked Graham about the persistent rumor that the former chief of the Pakistani spy agency ISI ordered a third party to wire money to lead hijacker Mohamed Atta. Graham answered that the inquiry did not find that this had occurred, but could neither rule out that it did occur.
Listen to an excerpt from their conversation here (hat tip to 28pages.org), or read it below.
Jon Gold: From what I’ve heard, um, there are more than one country, or there is more than one country listed, within the 28 redacted pages. Can you at least confirm that much, or…?
Bob Graham: No.
Jon Gold: Ok, um, my next question, and I have heard you say that the claims regarding then head of the Pakistani ISI Lt. Gen. Mahmood Ahmed ordering Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh to wire transfer $100,000 to Mohammed Atta are unsubstantiated. Many people—
Bob Graham: We didn’t—I can say that our inquiry did not, uh, reach that conclusion.
Jon Gold: Ok, so you’re saying that your inquiry looked into those allegations or no?
Bob Graham: They were part of our general inquiry. I’m not saying that we conclusively said that it didn’t happen, but we did say we could not, based on the information that we were able to develop, state that Ahmed had been involved in some relationship with the Taliban and Al Qaeda.
To our knowledge, the report published by the joint congressional inquiry did not refer to Lt. Gen. Ahmed at all. In the Gold interview, Graham may have been referring to findings during the inquiry that were not included in the final report.
Based on the uncertainty about whether nominal “partners” of the U.S. (Saudi Arabia and Pakistan) helped support the 9/11 hijackers, wouldn’t it make sense for a major news organization to renew their investigations into the subject?
Money Jihad’s understanding of the flow of dollars to the 9/11 hijackers based on official, public sources is documented in this post and diagram here.
Mamdouh Elomar, who is the father of a most-wanted terrorist who posed with the decapitated heads of his victims in Syria and the brother of a man convicted for one of Australia’s biggest terror plots, has been charged with foreign bribery offenses.
Elomar is one of the directors of Lifese, a Sydney-based construction company. The bribes were alleged to have been offered to Iraqi officials to win multi-million dollar contracts.
The Australian Broadcasting Corporation offers this 3-minute report. Take a listen:
Why 20 percent? The Koran 8:42 says that “when ye have taken any booty, a fifth part belongeth to God and to the Apostle…” This one-fifth tax, or khums, on booty or the spoils of war has been a common revenue-raising measure employed by caliphs, sultans, and Muslim military commanders since the eighth century.
BBC’s “File on 4” aired a report on Feb. 17 examining the extent to which ISIS controls the market in smuggling antiquities out of eastern Syria, especially around the ISIS stronghold in Raqqa, for follow-on sales through middlemen in Turkey and elsewhere to wealthy European and Gulf buyers. The BBC’s Simon Cox spoke from Lebanon with “Ahmed,” one Syrian dealer working in Turkey who described ISIS’s 20 percent cut on the archaeological black market. Listen to this three minute clip of their conversation (please allow several seconds after clicking the arrow for the audio to play):
The Islamic Society of North America (ISNA) was a co-conspirator in the Holy Land Foundation’s financing of Hamas. Yet INSA is being used as an endorsing agency for the selection of Muslim chaplains to serve in the military.
The reliance on ISNA as an endorsing agency is reminiscent of bid scandals in Afghanistan in which U.N. and U.S. officials have awarded contracts without adequately reviewing the bona fides of the contractor or subcontractor.
ISNA vetted two recently selected chaplains, but who vetted ISNA? Is there no system in place to screen the endorsing agencies for ties to terrorism before they are selected?
Ryan Mauro from the Clarion Project explains this disturbing story in a Mar. 5 interview with Steve Doocy on the Fox News Channel. Take a listen:
In a reversal of his initial plea, Sinh Vinh Ngo Nguyen (a.k.a. Hasan Abu Omar Ghannoum) has pleaded guilty to attempting to provide material support for terrorism. Nguyen intended to travel to Pakistan to train Al Qaeda operatives.
The two-minute clip below is the audio from a Dec. 27 televised report by Dave Lopez at KCAL, the CBS affiliate in Los Angeles. The voice you’ll hear from the man saying “we don’t see a lot of these cases” is Thom Mrozek’s—a spokesman for the U.S. attorney’s office in L.A.
Reuters has published a three-part report (hat tip to Sal) on how the Iranian agency Setad, purportedly an office administering unclaimed property, is actually a vessel for confiscating the assets of regime opponents, religious minorities, and emigrants. Setad then auctions off those assets to make more money for the Ayatollah Khamenei.
Kai Ryssdal of the radio program Marketplace interviewed one of the Reuters reporters about the investigation. Take a listen:
The BBC has interviewed yet another Eritrean with a tragic story to tell about Islamist (or as the BBC calls them, “tribal”) kidnap-for-ransom schemes being conducted against hapless refugees trying to make across Sinai to a better world in Israel.
His cousin was burned, raped, and was only released after extended relatives were able to meet a ransom demand of $30,000—a big amount anywhere, but especially exorbitant for that part of the world.
The interview doesn’t get into it, but the ransom money from these kidnappings is often used to purchase weapons for Hamas.
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Daminance finds radio hit
Featured
Kimarlo Williams aka Daminance was born on the 29th May 1989, Jamaican musician, genre of music dancehall artist and song writer.
Growing up in West Kingston, Kimarlo found interest in music ever since he was in primary school he would normally sing over Buju Banton, Sizzla Tupac & Biggie songs word for word, people said he was very good at it so soon Kimarlo began singing his own words until composing lyrics became very easy, creating slangs and rhymes reflecting the vibes or the times. His lyrics are a reflection of society and everything that he sees happening around him. People enjoyed them even more. He never stopped whether it was just to entertain his friends and school mates or his community at the small parties and stage shows he felt empowered by the music and everything inside him wanted to continue doing music on a bigger scale.
Kimarlo attended Camperdown High School, where he formed a four member group by the name of “Frass Squad”. In the summer of 2006; he decided to pursue his solo career where he recorded his first solo song by the name of “Robbery” at RPR Studios owned by Richard “Chicken” Dawkins from Portmore. RPR Studios was where he got the name “Daminance” by his fellow entertainer associate Nazidad after listening to the song titled “Robbery”.
In the late September of 2006 he formed a record label “Yung Outlawz Productions”.
Daminance released his single by the name of “Tipsy” in January of 2013 video was released also for the song, where promoter Kevin Kerr of K.Kerr Promotions aid in boosting the song and video by getting it played on popular stations in Jamaica both tv & radio stations. His fan base grew stronger and he became more popular after which came a lot more videos.
Daminance is now working on his duo mixtape with his friend and producer Prince Villa which will be released in March of 2013.
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Ligusticum
Ligusticum (lovage, licorice root) is a genus of about 60 species of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae, native to cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Its name is believed to derive from the Italian region of Liguria.
Species
Ligusticum ajanense
Ligusticum apiifolium
Ligusticum brachylobum
Ligusticum calderi
Ligusticum californicum
Ligusticum canadense
Ligusticum canbyi
Ligusticum filicinum
Ligusticum gingidium
Ligusticum grayi
Ligusticum holopetalum
Ligusticum hultenii
Ligusticum huteri
Ligusticum ibukicola
Ligusticum jeholense
Ligusticum monnieri
Ligusticum mutellina – alpine lovage
Ligusticum mutellinoides – small alpine lovage
Ligusticum porteri – osha
Ligusticum scoticum – Scots lovage
Ligusticum sinense – gaoben 藁本
Ligusticum striatum - Szechuan lovage, Szechwan lovage, chuanxiong, chuan xiong 川芎
Ligusticum tenuifolium – Idaho lovage
Ligusticum vaginatum
Ligusticum verticillatum – northern lovage
Uses
The roots of several species are used as medicinal herbs. L. striatum (in older literature L. wallichi or L. chuanxiong) is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in Chinese herbology, where it is called chuānxiōng (川芎); in English, Szechwan lovage. L. porteri (osha) is used in Western herbal medicine. Chinese Ligusticum root contains alkaloids that have been shown in studies to inhibit TNF-alpha production and TNF-alpha-mediated NF-kappaB activation. One study conducted in Japan showed the active compounds found in Ligusticum sinense have both anti-inflammatory and pain-reducing effects, exerting its anti-inflammatory benefits in the early and the late stages of processes in the inflammatory pathology.
Both Ligusticum sinense and L. jeholens essential oils contain natural antimicrobial and
antioxidant agents.
References
Category:Flora of North America
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IAF pilot Abhinandan Varthaman is coming back to India tomorrow, and Twitter got together to say Welcome Back Abhinandan
Emotions run high in India as Pakistan Prime Minister Imran Khan today said that Indian Air Force Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman will be sent back home tomorrow. Abhinandan was captured by the Pakistani Army after the MiG-21 Bison jet that he was flying was shot down by the Pakistani Air Force. Abhinandan was kept in Pakistan custody as pressure from all over the world mounted on the neighbouring country to release the pilot.
Soon after the news of Abhinandan's release broke, Twitter users took to the micro-blogging platform to say Welcome Back Abhinandan.
Bollywood actor Taapsee Pannu was one of the first celebrities to react to the news. The Naam Shabana actress wrote, "Now this really brought smile to my face !!! Waiting for tomorrow ..... with bated breath... This is heartening. THIS is worth celebrating."
Musician Vishal Dadlani wrote, "Bahut khoob, @ImranKhanPTI Saab! Dil se shukriya. #SayNoToWar #WelcomeBackAbhinandan"
Twitter user Zeeshan Khan wrote, "#PeaceAmbassadorImranKhan thank you @ImranKhanPTI "Actions speak louder than words" you proved it before and done it again now by giving peace another chance. War won't bring anything but a great loss on both side of the border. Bless you! #WelcomeBackAbhinandan"
"We can't wait to welcome the braveheart.. #WelcomeBackAbhinandan" wrote Barun Mahapatro.
Rajeshwari Prasad wrote, "Thanks for giving our people strength & showing us what a Real Hero is made of. We celebrate your existence,your bravery & You. #WelcomeBackAbhinandan #AbhinandanVartaman #AbhinandanMyHero"
India and Pakistan had been on edge after the Indian Air Force conducted airstrikes on February 26 on Jaish-e-Mohammed training camos in Pakistan's Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. After the IAF's airstrikes, which were in retaliation to terrorist organisation Jaish-e-Mohammed's February 14 suicide bombing on a CRPF (Central Reserve Police Force) convoy in Jammu and Kashmir's Pulwama, tensions between India and Pakistan were at an all-time high. On February 27, the Pakistani Air Force shot down an IAF MiG-21 Bison jet and took Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman in custody.
Netizens from India and Pakistan took to Twitter and social media platforms to trend #SayNoToWar, #BringBackAbhinandan and #BringHimHome all through Wednesday.
ALSO READ: IAF pilot Abhinandan's father was consultant for Kaatru Veliyidai where Pakistan captures hero Karthi
ALSO READ: Kaatru Veliyidai Movie Review
ALSO READ: India and Pakistan trend Say No To War after IAF MiG pilot missing in action
ALSO READ | Surgical Strike 2: 40 best memes, jokes and reactions from India
ALSO READ | Pak Twitter says sleep tight, PAF is awake. Jaag ke kya ukhaad lia, asks India
ALSO READ | Ghar mein ghuske maarenge: Surgical Strike 2 brings Uri dialogues back on WhatsApp
ALSO READ | India strikes back after Pulwama LIVE: IAF destroys terror camps across LoC, Rahul Gandhi salutes pilots
ALSO READ | 1000 kg bombs, Mirage 2000 jets: India attacks Pakistan, what we know so far
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
/* Generated from:
* ap-northeast-1 (https://d33vqc0rt9ld30.cloudfront.net/latest/gzip/CloudFormationResourceSpecification.json), version 16.2.0,
* eu-west-1 (https://d3teyb21fexa9r.cloudfront.net/latest/gzip/CloudFormationResourceSpecification.json), version 16.2.0,
* us-east-1 (https://d1uauaxba7bl26.cloudfront.net/latest/gzip/CloudFormationResourceSpecification.json), version 16.2.0,
* us-west-1 (https://d68hl49wbnanq.cloudfront.net/latest/gzip/CloudFormationResourceSpecification.json), version 16.2.0,
* us-west-2 (https://d201a2mn26r7lk.cloudfront.net/latest/gzip/CloudFormationResourceSpecification.json), version 16.2.0
*/
import {ResourceBase} from '../resource'
import {Value, List} from '../dataTypes'
export interface SubnetGroupProperties {
Description?: Value<string>
SubnetGroupName?: Value<string>
SubnetIds: List<Value<string>>
}
export default class SubnetGroup extends ResourceBase<SubnetGroupProperties> {
constructor(properties: SubnetGroupProperties) {
super('AWS::DAX::SubnetGroup', properties)
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
#!/usr/bin/env sh
##############################################################################
##
## Gradle start up script for UN*X
##
##############################################################################
# Attempt to set APP_HOME
# Resolve links: $0 may be a link
PRG="$0"
# Need this for relative symlinks.
while [ -h "$PRG" ] ; do
ls=`ls -ld "$PRG"`
link=`expr "$ls" : '.*-> \(.*\)$'`
if expr "$link" : '/.*' > /dev/null; then
PRG="$link"
else
PRG=`dirname "$PRG"`"/$link"
fi
done
SAVED="`pwd`"
cd "`dirname \"$PRG\"`/" >/dev/null
APP_HOME="`pwd -P`"
cd "$SAVED" >/dev/null
APP_NAME="Gradle"
APP_BASE_NAME=`basename "$0"`
# Add default JVM options here. You can also use JAVA_OPTS and GRADLE_OPTS to pass JVM options to this script.
DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS=""
# Use the maximum available, or set MAX_FD != -1 to use that value.
MAX_FD="maximum"
warn () {
echo "$*"
}
die () {
echo
echo "$*"
echo
exit 1
}
# OS specific support (must be 'true' or 'false').
cygwin=false
msys=false
darwin=false
nonstop=false
case "`uname`" in
CYGWIN* )
cygwin=true
;;
Darwin* )
darwin=true
;;
MINGW* )
msys=true
;;
NONSTOP* )
nonstop=true
;;
esac
CLASSPATH=$APP_HOME/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar
# Determine the Java command to use to start the JVM.
if [ -n "$JAVA_HOME" ] ; then
if [ -x "$JAVA_HOME/jre/sh/java" ] ; then
# IBM's JDK on AIX uses strange locations for the executables
JAVACMD="$JAVA_HOME/jre/sh/java"
else
JAVACMD="$JAVA_HOME/bin/java"
fi
if [ ! -x "$JAVACMD" ] ; then
die "ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: $JAVA_HOME
Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
location of your Java installation."
fi
else
JAVACMD="java"
which java >/dev/null 2>&1 || die "ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH.
Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
location of your Java installation."
fi
# Increase the maximum file descriptors if we can.
if [ "$cygwin" = "false" -a "$darwin" = "false" -a "$nonstop" = "false" ] ; then
MAX_FD_LIMIT=`ulimit -H -n`
if [ $? -eq 0 ] ; then
if [ "$MAX_FD" = "maximum" -o "$MAX_FD" = "max" ] ; then
MAX_FD="$MAX_FD_LIMIT"
fi
ulimit -n $MAX_FD
if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
warn "Could not set maximum file descriptor limit: $MAX_FD"
fi
else
warn "Could not query maximum file descriptor limit: $MAX_FD_LIMIT"
fi
fi
# For Darwin, add options to specify how the application appears in the dock
if $darwin; then
GRADLE_OPTS="$GRADLE_OPTS \"-Xdock:name=$APP_NAME\" \"-Xdock:icon=$APP_HOME/media/gradle.icns\""
fi
# For Cygwin, switch paths to Windows format before running java
if $cygwin ; then
APP_HOME=`cygpath --path --mixed "$APP_HOME"`
CLASSPATH=`cygpath --path --mixed "$CLASSPATH"`
JAVACMD=`cygpath --unix "$JAVACMD"`
# We build the pattern for arguments to be converted via cygpath
ROOTDIRSRAW=`find -L / -maxdepth 1 -mindepth 1 -type d 2>/dev/null`
SEP=""
for dir in $ROOTDIRSRAW ; do
ROOTDIRS="$ROOTDIRS$SEP$dir"
SEP="|"
done
OURCYGPATTERN="(^($ROOTDIRS))"
# Add a user-defined pattern to the cygpath arguments
if [ "$GRADLE_CYGPATTERN" != "" ] ; then
OURCYGPATTERN="$OURCYGPATTERN|($GRADLE_CYGPATTERN)"
fi
# Now convert the arguments - kludge to limit ourselves to /bin/sh
i=0
for arg in "$@" ; do
CHECK=`echo "$arg"|egrep -c "$OURCYGPATTERN" -`
CHECK2=`echo "$arg"|egrep -c "^-"` ### Determine if an option
if [ $CHECK -ne 0 ] && [ $CHECK2 -eq 0 ] ; then ### Added a condition
eval `echo args$i`=`cygpath --path --ignore --mixed "$arg"`
else
eval `echo args$i`="\"$arg\""
fi
i=$((i+1))
done
case $i in
(0) set -- ;;
(1) set -- "$args0" ;;
(2) set -- "$args0" "$args1" ;;
(3) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" ;;
(4) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" "$args3" ;;
(5) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" "$args3" "$args4" ;;
(6) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" "$args3" "$args4" "$args5" ;;
(7) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" "$args3" "$args4" "$args5" "$args6" ;;
(8) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" "$args3" "$args4" "$args5" "$args6" "$args7" ;;
(9) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" "$args3" "$args4" "$args5" "$args6" "$args7" "$args8" ;;
esac
fi
# Escape application args
save () {
for i do printf %s\\n "$i" | sed "s/'/'\\\\''/g;1s/^/'/;\$s/\$/' \\\\/" ; done
echo " "
}
APP_ARGS=$(save "$@")
# Collect all arguments for the java command, following the shell quoting and substitution rules
eval set -- $DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS $JAVA_OPTS $GRADLE_OPTS "\"-Dorg.gradle.appname=$APP_BASE_NAME\"" -classpath "\"$CLASSPATH\"" org.gradle.wrapper.GradleWrapperMain "$APP_ARGS"
# by default we should be in the correct project dir, but when run from Finder on Mac, the cwd is wrong
if [ "$(uname)" = "Darwin" ] && [ "$HOME" = "$PWD" ]; then
cd "$(dirname "$0")"
fi
exec "$JAVACMD" "$@"
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Next on the review list are the Etude House lip tints, which I received in both pink (shade PK001) and red (shade RD301).
So first thing I noticed is that the colours are very bright; the colour was almost impossible to capture in a way that does it justice. The colours are very vibrant. The second thing was the scent. These tints are very strongly scented with a sugary sweet fake cherry scent. If you are sensitive to scents then I would be very cautious with these as the scent made me feel slightly nauseous.
Swatches:
The swatches are done in natural light. You can see better here how bright the colours are.
The tints also stain very fast. I had applied the tints, snapped the picture and wiped them off all in less than a minute and these are the resulting stains:
The stains in this image are harder to see but this picture was taken 6 hours later, after I worked a shift. Not impressed? I work at a pool and taught swimming lessons for 2 hours then showered. Yeah, the stains survived all that!
Wear Tests:
These are my bare lips:
First tint up is the red! This is just after applying. Since this stains so fast I found it easier to use a q-tip to apply as it allows for more precision as well as means that I don’t look like my fingers have been attacked by a paint pot.
After about an hour:
3 hours after application: 5 hours after application:
Pink tint time! So the first image is immediately after application and you can see that it is pretty bright although the camera was unable to capture the depth of the colour. This is very bright colour!
After about an hour:
This colour wore out a lot faster than the red tint did. This is 3 hours after application:
And finally after 5 hours of application:
The Nitty Gritty:
As you can see, since it is a stain and not a lipstick or gloss there is no redistribution of colour when you smush your lips (you know, that thing you do after you put on lipstick?) and so it wears unevenly. This made it look like I was wearing lipliner but had forgotten to fill in the rest of the lip. I also found the tints to be very drying and had to use lip balm throughout the day (more than I normally do) in order to hydrate the desert that had moved onto my lips.
As I mentioned earlier, these tints are very strongly scented and anyone sensitive to strong scents should tread lightly with these products. They were not flavoured and in this case that is a good thing as that would encourage licking of the lips, which would cause more wear. As they already wear unevenly this would make that worse.
All in all, these weren’t my favourite. The colours were a bit too bright for my taste but they would be good for someone who likes strong, vibrant colours. The way they wore throughout the day makes reapplication a requirement and I found them to be very drying. The scent and the messy application sealed the deal for me on these and this is not a product that I would buy in the full size.
(All reviews and statements are my honest opinions, and all products are purchased by me unless otherwise explicitly stated.)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Landets embedsmænd skal i fremtiden tåle at blive indkaldt og konfronteret ansigt til ansigt af politikerne på Christiansborg.
Det mener Folketingets formand, Pia Kjærsgaard (DF).
Hun sætter nu alle sejl til for at udskifte langvarige og milliondyre kommissioner med såkaldte parlamentariske høringer, hvor politikerne som noget nyt får lov at afhøre både ministre og embedsmænd.
Det skriver Politiken lørdag.
- I mange tilfælde tager en undersøgelseskommission så lang tid, at når den er færdig, kan ingen huske, hvorfor den blev nedsat, siger Kjærsgaard til Politiken.
- Samtidig er de meget bekostelige. I dag mangler vi et organ imellem et åbent samråd og en undersøgelseskommission.
Venter bred opbakning
Hun understreger, at undersøgelseskommissioner fortsat bør nedsættes i meget alvorlige sager.
Men generelt har kommissioner og advokatundersøgelser taget overhånd.
Pia Kjærsgaard siger, at hun venter en bred opbakning til en ny kontrolinstans i Folketingets Præsidium, og at hun vil måles og vejes på, om det er lykkedes at indføre et nyt system, den dag hun ikke længere er formand for tinget.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
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