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Blink 182 have announced a deluxe edition of their latest album ‘California’, featuring new track ‘Parking Lot’. Check it out below.
Due for release on 19 May, the new version of their acclaimed 2016 album ‘California‘ will come with 11 new tracks along with an acoustic version of the single ‘Bored To Death’, as well as the original album.
“We just felt like making more music so we jumped back in the studio,” said drummer Travis Barker. “It started out as three or four songs but we ended up with 12 that we were all excited about.”
The first of the new songs to be unveiled is ‘Parking Lot’ – an old-school Blink blast of pogo-friendly pop punk in which they nostalgically look back on time spent hanging out, ‘listening to The Smiths and The Violent Femmes’.
https://play.spotify.com/track/503xVIOMfUp542pdZgHACb
The album was their first recorded with Alkaline Trio frontman Matt Skiba in place of former singer and guitarist Tom DeLonge – who recently spoke out about the potential of re-joining the band.
“It’s not like I (permanently) walked away,” he said. “They have someone doing my job for me [new guitarist Matt Skiba]. It’s just that I’m so busy. If I wanted to, I could be back (in the band) in a period of days.”
Meanwhile, Blink 182’s upcoming UK tour dates are below – with support from Frank Turner and the Front Bottoms. Tickets are on sale here.
Monday 3 July CARDIFF Motorpoint Arena
Tuesday 4 July NOTTINGHAM Motorpoint Arena
Wednesday 5 July LEEDS First Direct Arena
Friday 7 July BIRMINGHAM Barclaycard Arena
Sunday 9 July NEWCASTLE Metro Radio Arena
Tuesday 11 July GLASGOW The SSE Hydro
Wednesday 12 July ABERDEEN GE Oil & Gas Arena
Friday 14 July MANCHESTER Arena
Saturday 15 July LIVERPOOL Echo Arena
Monday 17 July BOURNEMOUTH Int Center
Wednesday 19 July LONDON The O2
Thursday 20 July LONDON The O2
Advertisement
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Description: Be sure to see the other blowjob, masturbation, tattoo, bigtits, shaved, white, straight, 1on1, cum on tits, tittyfuck, lingerie, cameltoe pics in this hardcore album if you like this one.
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[Alcohol dependence syndrome and BDIM (before-discharge intervention method)--Report 3. The patients' self-reports about BDIM].
The purpose of this study is to identify how the effects of BDIM are evaluated by patients who were practiced BDIM. 153 patients were treated by the structured BDIM (Before-Discharge Intervention Method) program. Among them, 82 patients (53.6%) have attended self-help group meetings or maintained the therapeutic relationship (as outpatients or inpatients) in the 4 months' study period. To identify the maintenance of the effects of BDIM, we made our questionaire that consist of the patients' choice of answer and the patients' self-reporting. 76 of 82 patients answered our questionaire. After 76 patients discharged from hospital, 4 1/3 years have passed on the average. Their positive answers are as follows. (1) I became aware that my drinking had bad effect on my beloved family. (2) I became aware that my family have kept compassion, expectation and appreciation for me. Their message treated me and strengthened my self-esteem. In addition, I accepted the reality of my drinking problems. (3) I recognized all my family members want my abstinence and functional communication. (4) I was extremely impressed by my family members' tears. Their tears made me decide strong abstinence. (5) I was empowered by my family members. Through BDIM, I felt a sense of security, self-esteem and freedom. (6) I thought that BDIM was a good treatment program. And I thought that the application of letters is useful to recover the patients from alcohol dependence syndrome. Their negative answers are as follows. (1) I thought it was impossible for me to be abstinent. (2) I couldn't keep the motivation of abstinence. (3) I thought BDIM was a negative treatment method. Some findings of this study are as follows: First, the letters which was handed from family members to the patient were read again and again, also preserved with much care. Therefore we get know that BDIM is useful for the patient to get and remember some good memories of the family members for a long time. Second, BDIM is helpful for the patients to become aware of their own drinking problems and realize the necessity of recovery.
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Sunderland want to make a double Irish swoop to try and save themselves from relegation, by signing Norwich City's Robbie Brady and taking James McCarthy on loan from Everton.
While Norwich are willing to sell Brady to whoever meets their £12m (€13.75m) valuation, Goodison Park sources say manager Ronald Koeman is now much more reluctant to let McCarthy go.
The 26-year-old midfielder's future has been in doubt since the start of the season, with Irish manager Martin O'Neill saying in October he has to "fight like mad" for his first-team place, amid a public dispute with Koeman. It had been anticipated that McCarthy would move on this January, especially with Everton's £22m (€25m) signing of Morgan Schneiderlin from Manchester United, but it is understood the club now want to keep him. With Idrissa Gueye at the Africa Cup of Nations with Senegal, and Tom Cleverley having gone on loan to Watford, the Dutch coach requires back-up in midfield and sees McCarthy as a more mobile option than 35-year-old Gareth Barry.
On the other side, Celtic are so far one of the few clubs to express serious interest in the Glasgow-born midfielder beyond Sunderland, but they would not be able to come close to matching his wages.
Sunderland are just the latest club to express interest in Brady, along with Burnley, Crystal Palace, West Ham United and Aston Villa. Norwich manager Alex Neil made clear on Friday that he would be willing to sanction a sale so long as the club's valuation is met, meaning Brady could have his pick.
David Moyes is understood to be keen to take Brady on, and feels he could be the difference-maker in Sunderland's battle for survival, but the fact they are still so far off safety makes the move that bit more unattractive. Brady must pick his club carefully, as there is a danger he could find himself in the same situation he was with Norwich City last summer, having just joined them in the Premier League only to then get relegated.
Burnley, Palace and West Ham are in superior positions, and there is also more tentative interest from champions Leicester City, who monitored Brady in the summer. Aston Villa are with Norwich in the Championship, but the fact manager Steve Bruce has worked with Brady at Hull City could yet prove persuasive, not to mention the fact that the Birmingham club are willing to heavily invest to re-establish themselves as a Premier League club as quickly as possible.
Sunday Indo Sport
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Q:
count number of (pid) variables in an array?
I'm trying to count the number of ruby scripts I am running in a batch script.
I can get the script to list the numbers, but how do I count them. Ideally, I would receive an alert when the number of PIDs has decreased.
Thank you!
@Echo off & SetLocal EnableDelayedExpansion
set "RUBY="
for /f "tokens=2" %%A in ('tasklist ^| findstr /i "ruby.exe" 2^>NUL') do
@Set "PID=!PID!,%%A"
if defined PID Echo cmd.exe has PID(s) %PID:~1%
echo ${#PID[@]}
pause
A:
If you just want to know how many instances of a program is running then use the count functionality of the FIND command.
FOR /F "delims=" %%G IN ('tasklist ^|find /I /C "ruby.exe"') do set count=%%G
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Perhaps the only thing that changes more rapidly than technology in today's amped-up digital environment is the terminology used to describe that technology and its impact on consumers--and marketers. One recent example is the advent of the term "omnichannel" marketing, which many struggle to differentiate from another relatively recent term--"multichannel" marketing. Still, those who are most enmeshed in the field say there is a key distinction between the two, and it's one that will have an impact on marketers as they continue to seek ways of having a meaningful impact on the consumers they hope to engage. And, importantly, it's less about technology than it may seem.
Adconion Media Group Acquires Joost Assets
Adconion Media Group acquired assets from privately privately-held online video service Joost. Terms of the deal were not disclosed. In June, Joost announced a change in its business strategy to focus on providing white-label video platforms, and Adconion plans to pursue this strategy. The addition of Joost assets will boost the video library at Adconion, which, prior to the deal, sold 80 million video streams per day to targeted audiences across 2,000 global websites.
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Q:
Difference in adding of elements to linked list
This is how i add elements to the head of a linked list
//typedef void* VoidPtr
//typedef node* NodePtr
struct Node
{
NodePtr next
VoidPtr data
};
void LinkedList::Addelement(VoidPtr horoscope)
{
if(head == NULL)
{
head = new Node;
head->data = horoscope;
head->next = NULL;
}
NodePtr temp = new Node;
temp -> data = horoscope;
temp -> next = head;
head = temp;
}
This is how i add elements to the tail of a linked list
void LinkedList::addelementfromback(VoidPtr horoscope)
{
NodePtr temp=head;
if(head == NULL)
{
head = new Node;
head->data = horoscope;
head->next = NULL;
}
while( temp->next != NULL)
{
temp=temp->next
}
NodePtr element=New Node;
element->data=horoscope;
element->next=NULL;
temp->next=element;
}
i dont understand why we use temp=element for adding to the head of a linked list
but for adding to the tail of a linked list we use temp->next=element. I dont understand why we cant use while temp=next for adding element to tail of linked list
A:
In your Addelement method, you need an else clause because if the list is empty (head == NULL), you only need to point the head to the new node. Nothing else, there are no other nodes in the list.
Also, rather than using a void pointer, consider using templates. Templates are great for data structures and algorithms where the data type changes, not the structure or algorithm, such as stacks and linked lists.
I suggest you consider separating the node pointers from the data item as two separate structures. This will help you use common code between single linked lists and doubly linked lists. Also a great help when you don't want to use templates.
struct Node_Link
{
Node_Link * next;
};
struct Node_Integer
: public Node_Link
{
int data;
};
struct Node_Double
: public Node_Link
{
double data;
};
struct Node_String
: public Node_Link
{
std::string data;
};
|
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Amherst West Cemetery
Amherst West Cemetery is a historic cemetery on Triangle Street in Amherst, Massachusetts. The cemetery was first laid out in 1730, when the voters of Hadley elected to establish a new burying ground in its eastern precinct. When the area was separated as Amherst in 1786, the property was taken over by the newly established town. In addition to being the burial site of many of Amherst's early settlers, it is also the burial site of members of the Dickinson family, most notably the poet Emily Dickinson. Their family plot is set off from the rest of the cemetery by a wrought iron fence.
The oldest portion of the cemetery is in the southwest, where there are hundreds of older slate gravemarkers. The oldest marked site is dated 1737, although there may well be earlier unmarked burials. Over two dozen carvers have been identified as creators of the colonial-era markers. Markers placed during the Victorian era were made predominantly of limestone and brownstone, which gradually gave way to granite, especially for marking the sites of well-to-do families. A portion in the southeast of the cemetery contains mainly African American burials, with much simpler burial stones and markings than elsewhere in the cemetery.
When first laid out, the cemetery was about , and was laid out very simply. As it grew during the 19th century, lanes were laid out and the property was fenced off. The present figure-eight pattern of lanes was adopted in 1854. The first main gate, the Gaylord Gates on Pleasant Street, was built in 1907, but was replaced in 1954 with the construction of the Burnham Gates on Triangle Street. The older gate is made of simple granite piers, and is normally chained. The Burnham Gates are made of ashlar stone piers, topped with molded cornices and pyramidal capstones.
The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hampshire County, Massachusetts
References
Category:Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Category:Cemeteries in Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Category:Amherst, Massachusetts
|
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Enquiry (film)
Enquiry is a 1990 Indian Malayalam film, directed by U. V. Ravindranath, starring Innocent and Ashokan in the lead roles. Songs are written by Gireesh Puthenchery and Poovachal Khader, and scored by Rajamani. this is the debut movie of Lyricist Gireesh Puthenchery
Cast
Innocent
Ashokan
Captain Raju
Abhilasha
Mala Aravindan
Mamukkoya
Sreenath
Valsala Menon
Jayalalitha
References
External links
Category:1990 films
Category:Indian films
Category:1990s Malayalam-language films
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What's Your Adventure?
Directions
Pier 43 ½, Fisherman’s Wharf
Pier 43 ½ is located at the intersections of Taylor Street and Embarcadero in the heart of historic Fisherman’s Wharf, right behind the famous Fisherman’s Wharf Crab Wheel and next to such well-known restaurants as Alioto’s, the Franciscan, and Boudin.
Weather Forecast
Pier 43 ½ is the departure point for all of Red and White Fleet’s® public cruises, including the Golden GateBay Cruise®, Bridge 2 Bridge Cruise®, California Sunset Cruise® and also the California Twilight Cruise®. Seasonal tours, such as the Fourth of July Fireworks Cruise and Fleet Week Airshow Cruises depart from Pier 43 ½ as well.
BY CAR
The Red and White Fleet® is located on Pier 43½ on the intersection of Taylor Street and Embarcadero in the heart of Historic Fisherman’s Wharf. For driving directions, we recommend that you use Google Maps.
Traffic in San Francisco can be stop and go, particularly during rush hour, baseball games, and the busy summer months. So please be sure to allow for extra time to make it to Fisherman’s Wharf, as we are unable to hold our cruise departures.
PARKING VALIDATION
Red and White Fleet® can offer one hour of parking validation for cars entering the Triangle Parking lot (located across the street from Pier 43 1/2 cornered by Jefferson, Taylor Street and Little Embarcadero). Validation can be offered to cars that enter the lot between 10am and before the final public cruise of the day departs. Sorry, we can’t validate if you entered the lot before 10am. No parking validation offered during Fleet Week weekend and July 4th due to traffic and street closures along Fisherman’s Wharf. To receive your parking validation, you will need to have your parking ticket stamped by our ticketing team prior to boarding our cruise vessel.
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
The Bay & Taylor Street Cable Car Terminus is located within 4 blocks of Pier 43½ and the MUNI F-Line streetcar is only one block away. For specific route information, please contact the San Francisco Municipal Railway.
For all transit questions, including traffic information, public transportation schedules, directions, and routes, call the Bay Area Travel Guide at 511 or visit www.511.org.
Take BART to the Embarcadero Station. Go upstairs and cross the street to the Ferry Building. In front of the Ferry Building, take the MUNI F Line Street Car to Fisherman’s Wharf Pier 43 ½.This stop is right by the famous Fisherman’s Wharf Crab Wheel sign, and only one block from Pier 43 ½.
Pier 43 ½ Fisherman’s Wharf is easily accessible from all points in San Francisco via public transportation. The closest MUNI stop to Pier 43 ½ is serviced by the historic F-Line street cars. This stop is right by the famous Fisherman’s Wharf Crab Wheel sign, and only one block from Pier 43 ½.
Alternatively, the Bay & Taylor Street Cable Car Terminus is located within four blocks of Pier 43 ½. This is a great route for those staying at Union Square and wanting to visit Fisherman’s Wharf.
Passengers destined for San Francisco connect to a Thruway Motorcoach at Emeryville. Amtrak Thruway service connects all trains to various stops in San Francisco. Amtrak Thruway Service stops at Pier 39, for those bound for Fisherman’s Wharf and the Pier 39 area. Red and White Fleet’s® Pier 43 ½ is located 5 walking minutes west of Pier 39.”
|
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Quantum-optical coherence tomography with collinear entangled photons.
Quantum-optical coherence tomography (QOCT) combines the principles of classical OCT with the correlation properties of entangled photon pairs [Phys. Rev. A 65, 053817 (2002)]. The standard QOCT configuration is based on the Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer, which uses entangled photons propagating in separate interferometer arms. This noncollinear configuration imposes practical limitations, e.g., misalignment due to drift and low signal-to-noise. Here, we introduce and implement QOCT based on collinear entangled photons. It makes use of a two-photon Michelson interferometer and offers several advantages, such as simplicity, robustness, and adaptability.
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Recommendations concerning the costing and management for patients requiring domiciliary ventilation.
Reinstallation back in their own homes of severely disabled people who are ventilator dependent is increasingly becoming a viable trend. Such a development calls for detailed and imaginative planning and negotiations with several agencies. More than a decade of experience in Southport has highlighted the need for early and comprehensive negotiations to ensure that these profoundly disabled people are not denied a quality of life to which they are entitled and which advances in technology has made possible.
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Umsetzung der europäischen Sicherheitsstrategie im Kontext der ESVP (Aussprache)
Der Präsident
Als nächster Punkt folgt der Bericht von Karl von Wogau im Namen des Ausschusses für auswärtige Angelegenheiten zur Umsetzung der europäischen Sicherheitsstrategie im Kontext der ESVP.
Karl von Wogau
Berichterstatter. - Herr Präsident, verehrte Kollegen! Herr Präsident, zunächst möchte ich Sie darauf aufmerksam machen, dass mir der Kollege Dimitrakopoulos seine zwei Minuten Redezeit überlassen hat, sodass ich in der glücklichen Lage bin, über sieben Minuten Redezeit zu verfügen.
Wir sprechen über die Sicherheitsstrategie der Europäischen Union, die am 12. September 2003 von den Staats- und Regierungschefs auf Vorschlag des hohen Beauftragten Solana beschlossen wurde. Die Grundzüge dieser Sicherheitsstrategie sind nach wie vor aktuell, aber wir müssen auch feststellen, dass sich die geopolitische Lage in dieser Zeit verändert hat, dass hier andere Schwerpunkte zu setzen sind, und deswegen fordern wir in diesem Bericht, dass der Rat dem Europäischen Parlament einmal in jeder Wahlperiode einen Bericht über die Sicherheitsstrategie der Europäischen Union vorlegt, der dann in den nationalen Parlamenten und im Europäischen Parlament diskutiert werden kann. So ist es auch in den Vereinigten Staaten. Auch dort findet in jeder Legislaturperiode einmal eine derartige zentrale Berichterstattung statt, und deswegen könnte eine derartige Einrichtung bei uns auch dazu beitragen, dass der transatlantische Dialog in diesen Fragen intensiviert wird.
Wir setzen ja in der Strategie in Bezug auf die europäische Sicherheit andere Akzente, als die Vereinigten Staaten das derzeit tun. Wir setzen auf eine multipolare Weltordnung. Solana nennt das effektiven Multilateralismus. Wir setzen nicht auf Koalitionen von Willigen, sondern wir setzen auf die Charta der Vereinten Nationen und auf die internationalen Organisationen. Wenn wir mit dieser Strategie Erfolg haben wollen, müssen wir uns auch darüber im Klaren sein, dass es uns nur gelingen wird, wenn es uns auch gelingt, die Effizienz der internationalen Organisationen zu verbessern.
Der Bericht enthält des Weiteren einen Vorschlag für eine neue Definition des nächsten Zieles, das wir anstreben sollen, und zwar die Sicherheits- und Verteidigungsunion. Die Sicherheits- und Verteidigungsunion, das ist auch etwas, was die Bürger der Europäischen Union wollen, denn 70 % der Bürger der Europäischen Union wollen nach Meinungsumfragen, dass die Europäische Union Zuständigkeiten für die Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik und für ihre Sicherheit erhält. Das erwarten die Bürger von der Europäischen Union.
Was aber ist eine Sicherheits- und Verteidigungsunion? Dazu gehören einige Elemente wie beispielsweise der Europäische Außenminister, so wie er in dem Verfassungsentwurf vorgeschlagen ist. Wir schlagen zusätzlich einen stellvertretenden Außenminister vor, der auch für Fragen der Verteidigung zuständig sein soll. Warum? Ich bin - derzeit noch - Vorsitzender des Unterausschusses des Europäischen Parlaments für Sicherheit und Verteidigung. Aber mir fehlt ein Ansprechpartner auf der Seite der Exekutive. Das kommt auch darin zum Ausdruck, dass hier auf der Ratsbank niemand Platz genommen hat.
Wir brauchen bei der Exekutive einen Ansprechpartner in diesen Fragen, die sich entwickeln. Deswegen unsere Forderung nach einem stellvertretenden Außenminister. Dazu gehört auch - das steht nicht in diesem Bericht, aber ich weiß, dass Elmar Brok darauf achtet - ein gemeinsamer diplomatischer Dienst und eine gegenseitige Beistandsverpflichtung, wie sie in dem Verfassungsentwurf vorgeschlagen ist, wie sie aber auch bereits in dem Brüsseler Vertrag enthalten ist - der Grundlage der Westeuropäischen Union.
Mein persönlicher Vorschlag wäre, dass wir dieses Projekt einer Sicherheits- und Verteidigungsunion in den Mittelpunkt stellen sollten, wenn wir versuchen werden, den Verfassungsprozess wieder anzustoßen. Ich bin davon überzeugt, dass es leichter ist, die Menschen davon zu überzeugen, dass sie eine gemeinsame Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik wollen, als ihnen noch einmal zu erklären, was eine Verfassung ist.
In der Vergangenheit waren wir immer dann erfolgreich, wenn wir zuerst gesagt haben, was wir tun wollen, und dann daraus abgeleitet haben, welche Institutionen und welche institutionellen Änderungen notwendig sind. Darum glaube ich, dass es sinnvoll wäre, dieses Projekt in den Mittelpunkt des Verfassungsprozesses zu stellen.
Wir haben heute Truppen unter dem Kommando der Europäischen Union. Sie stehen in Bosnien-Herzegowina und im Kongo. Ab Anfang des Jahres 2007 werden wir in jedem Halbjahr zwei Gefechtsverbände zur Verfügung haben, auf Englisch haben sie den schönen Namen battle groups, das sind diese Gefechtsverbände, die kurzfristig zur Verfügung stehen sollen. Hier gibt es eine besondere Verantwortung der Europäischen Union und des Europäischen Parlaments, nämlich für die Soldaten, die wir dorthin schicken - in den Kongo, nach Bosnien-Herzegowina und an andere Orte -, damit sie nicht unnötigen Risiken ausgesetzt werden. Unnötige Risiken entstehen für Soldaten immer dann, wenn die Ausrüstung oder die Führungsstruktur nicht adäquat ist. Deswegen machen wir in dieser Beziehung in diesem Bericht Vorschläge zur Beseitigung der Defizite, die wir in Bezug auf Aufklärung haben - wie ich sie gerade wieder im Kongo feststellen konnte.
In Bezug auf Telekommunikation und in Bezug auf Land- und Seetransporte hat die Europäische Union immer noch wesentliche Defizite. Vor allem brauchen wir aber eine wirksame demokratische Kontrolle. Zur demokratischen Kontrolle gehört aber Information und Konsultation. Hieran fehlt es oft noch. Wir werden nicht ausreichend informiert über das, was auf Ratsseite geplant wird. In der Interinstitutionellen Vereinbarung steht, dass wir konsultiert werden sollen und das findet nur außerordentlich zögerlich statt.
Fragen der Sicherheit, Fragen von Krieg und Frieden sind Fragen, die man nicht den Generälen überlassen darf. Man darf sie aber auch nicht der Exekutive allein überlassen, sondern hier brauchen wir die demokratische Kontrolle durch Parlamente, die vom Volk gewählt sind, also die nationalen Parlamente und das Europäische Parlament.
Margot Wallström
Vizepräsidentin der Kommission. (EN) Die Kommission begrüßt diesen umfassenden Bericht, in dem hervorgehoben wird, welche Bedeutung das Europäische Parlament der Europäischen Sicherheitsstrategie sowie generell dem Bereich der Sicherheit beimisst.
Wie Sie wissen, hat die Kommission in diesem Bereich nicht die Federführung inne, wir leisten allerdings einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Sicherheit in Krisenfällen. Ich stimme mit dem Berichterstatter überein, dass wir angesichts der heutigen Sicherheitslage ein umfassendes Sicherheitskonzept benötigen und dass der äußeren wie auch der inneren Sicherheit auf angemessene Weise Rechnung getragen werden muss. Wir müssen uns aller verfügbaren zivilen wie militärischen Instrumente der Mitgliedstaaten oder der Union bedienen, um unsere Zielsetzungen im Sicherheitssektor verwirklichen zu können. Und, wie aus der Kommissionsmitteilung vom vergangenen Juni mit dem Titel "Europa in der Welt" hervorgeht, müssen wir mit Hilfe eines pragmatischen und kooperativen Ansatzes für mehr Kohärenz, Effizienz und Sichtbarkeit sorgen. Ich möchte Ihnen versichern, dass die Kommission auch weiterhin mit dem Rat unter voller Achtung unserer jeweiligen institutionellen Zuständigkeiten zusammenarbeiten wird.
Die jüngsten Bemühungen der Mitgliedstaaten, der Kommission und des Sekretariats des Rates, innerhalb der EU eng bei der Verwirklichung der Zielsetzungen der Europäischen Sicherheitsstrategie zusammenzuarbeiten, stimmen mich optimistisch. Ich möchte einige Beispiele nennen: die Entwicklung der Konzepte für die Reform des Sicherheitssektors, Entwaffnung, Demobilisierung und Wiedereingliederung sowie konkrete Maßnahmen in Afghanistan und in der Demokratischen Republik Kongo; die Mission zur Unterstützung des Grenzschutzes in Rafah und in der Republik Moldau und die geplante Kosovo-Mission.
Die mit der Finanziellen Vorausschau 2007-2013 eingeführten neuen Instrumente werden zu einer besseren Koordinierung beitragen. Insbesondere das Stabilitätsinstrument mit seiner kurz- und langfristigen Ausrichtung wird uns dabei helfen, flexibel auf neue Aufgaben zu reagieren, und gleichzeitig Ihren Forderungen nach einer besseren parlamentarischen Überwachung im Sicherheitssektor entgegenkommen.
Die Kommission hat sich für die Entwicklung politischer Strategien eingesetzt, um den wichtigsten Sicherheitsgefahren entgegenzuwirken und einen effektiven Multilateralismus voranzubringen. Neben anderen Bereichen hat sich die Kommission bei ihrer Arbeit auf die Nachbarschaftspolitik, die Wirksamkeit der Entwicklungs-, der humanitären Hilfe und des Katastrophenschutzes konzentriert. Wir haben aus unseren bisherigen Erfahrungen gelernt und werden in Kürze Vorschläge für eine gestärkte ENP vorlegen. Zudem werden im Bericht die verschiedenen Initiativen der Kommission bei der Reaktion auf Katastrophen und Krisen, u. a. auf gesundheitliche Krisensituationen, angesprochen.
Im Bericht werden die Bemühungen der Kommission um die Schaffung eines europäischen Marktes für Verteidigungsgüter sowie insbesondere die geplanten Initiativen zur Rüstungsbeschaffung und zur innergemeinschaftlichen Versendung begrüßt. Wir sind dem Parlament für seine anhaltende Unterstützung in diesem sensiblen Bereich ausgesprochen dankbar. Wenn wir hier Fortschritte machen, wird dies zu einer Steigerung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der europäischen Industrie und zur Entwicklung der militärischen und zivilen Fähigkeiten im Rahmen der politischen Strategien der Gemeinschaft beitragen.
Unser besonderer Dank gilt dem Parlament für seine Unterstützung bei der Sicherheitsforschung und Raumfahrtpolitik, zwei Bereichen, die bereits spezifische thematische Schwerpunkte im Siebten Rahmenprogramm bilden. Wir stimmen voll darin überein, dass Forschung ein wichtiger Faktor für die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit ist.
In diesen Sektoren arbeitet die Kommission eng mit der Europäischen Verteidigungsagentur zusammen, um sicherzustellen, dass sich die Maßnahmen zum Kapazitätsaufbau und zur Stärkung der industriellen Basis in Europa ergänzen und Synergien aufweisen. Gemeinsam übernehmen die Kommission und die Europäische Verteidigungsagentur eine Schlüsselrolle, wenn es darum geht, von einem nationalen zu einem europäischen Ansatz überzugehen und eine Annäherung zwischen der Sicherheits- und der Verteidigungsindustrie zu ermöglichen. Wir werden uns dabei innerhalb der Grenzen des geltenden institutionellen Rahmens und der eindeutigen politischen Standpunkte zur zivilen und militärischen Forschung bewegen und dem zivilen Charakter des Europäischen Programms für Sicherheitsforschung umfassend Rechnung tragen.
Abschließend möchte ich hervorheben, dass die Berichte des Parlaments wie auch die Zusammenkünfte des Ausschusses für auswärtige Angelegenheiten mit den entsprechenden Ausschüssen der nationalen Parlamente und die öffentlichen Anhörungen ausgesprochen willkommen sind. Bei unseren Bemühungen, die Strategien an sich verändernde Gegebenheiten anzupassen, können regelmäßige Bestandsaufnahmen hilfreich sein. Die Kommission trägt zu diesen Debatten gerne mit ausführlichen Informationen über ihre Aktivitäten im Rahmen der unionsweiten Anstrengungen bei.
Elmar Brok
im Namen der PPE-DE-Fraktion. - Herr Präsident, Frau Vizepräsidentin! Ich möchte mich bei Ihnen, Frau Vizepräsidentin, bedanken, dass Sie hier sind und damit dokumentieren, dass aus der Sicht der Kommission die Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik eine wichtige Frage ist. Die Abwesenheit des Rates in dieser Frage zeigt - wenn ich es positiv auslege -, dass die finnische Ratspräsidentschaft mit der Aufhebung der Säulenstruktur, auf dem Wege ist zu akzeptieren, dass auch die Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik in den Gemeinschaftsbereich übereignet worden ist. Wenn ich diese positive Auslegung nicht hätte, wäre ich jetzt sehr ärgerlich, dass sie nicht da ist.
Diese Außen-, Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik wird zunehmend von großer Bedeutung, und ich möchte Karl von Wogau für diesen Bericht danken und auch für die Arbeit, die aus dem Unterausschuss Sicherheit und Verteidigung kommt und die aufzeigt, dass wir hier aufgrund der Entwicklung ein wirklich entscheidendes Feld vor uns haben. Wenn ich sehe, wie sehr uns die Energiesicherheit zu schaffen macht, wenn ich die Situation im Zusammenhang mit Iran betrachte, die Veränderungen, die nach den amerikanischen Wahlen in der Irak- und Afghanistan-Politik auf uns zukommen mögen, die Diskussion, die wir heute Nachmittag über Gaza geführt haben, wenn ich sehe, was in Darfur und in anderen Regionen los ist, wo die einen sich die Rohstoffe kaufen und die anderen für die Menschenrechte eintreten und dann große Gipfel in Peking und Schanghai abhalten, dann ist leicht zu erkennen, dass diese Frage von zunehmender Bedeutung für das Überleben Europas wird. Aus diesem Grunde müssen die notwendigen Anstrengungen erfolgen. Nur auf dem Weg, dass wir Europäer auch in unseren militärischen Fähigkeiten glaubwürdiger sind, können wir im Rahmen des transatlantischen Bündnisses durchsetzen, dass man eben nicht nur auf Militär setzt, sondern den Dreiklang Prävention - wobei dieser Vorrang zukommt -, ziviles Krisenmanagement und militärische Fähigkeiten anstrebt. Das können wir nur durch unsere starke Position innerhalb des so genannten Westens durchsetzen. Aus diesem Grunde müssen wir auch dafür Sorge tragen, dass die Verbindung zur NATO entsprechend verstärkt wird.
Ich würde mich freuen, wenn es nicht diese vielen Einzelaktivitäten mit den nationalen Hauptquartieren gäbe, sondern wenn man sich politisch einigen würde, dass diese Aktionen mehr unter "Berlin-plus" laufen, weil dies mehr Gemeinsamkeit bedeutet, aber gleichzeitig auch mehr Gemeinsamkeit und Kooperation mit der NATO.
Helmut Kuhne
im Namen der PSE-Fraktion. - Herr Präsident! Lassen Sie mich ganz kurz aus unserer sozialdemokratischen Sicht auf das Ergebnis des Ausschusses eingehen.
Für uns sind drei Punkte wichtig. Erstens: Stärkung der diplomatischen und zivilen Elemente der Sicherheitsstrategie. Zweitens: Vermeidung von Fallstricken im Sinne einer möglichen Militärdoktrin ohne Grundlage. Es gibt keine Begrifflichkeiten wie präemptiv oder Ähnliches im Text. Drittens: klare Trennung von Instrumenten und institutionellen Erfordernissen. Dies sind aus unserer Sicht wichtige Fortschritte. Diese Punkte konnten in guter Zusammenarbeit mit dem Berichterstatter vorangebracht werden. Dafür bedanke ich mich auch. Es bleiben aber aus sozialdemokratischer Sicht noch ein paar kontroverse Punkte übrig.
Wir sehen die Gefahr, dass mit dem Herannahen der Weihnachtszeit die Beschaffungswunschlisten immer länger werden. Wir sollten uns auf die beschlossenen Prioritäten konzentrieren: Lufttransport, Aufklärung und Kommunikation. Wir brauchen eigentlich keine Wünsche wie Amphibienfahrzeuge, eine Mittelmeerflotte und Flugzeugträger. Das schwächt die Verfolgung der Prioritäten, die im Sinne der Strategie wirklich wichtig sind. Man muss sich auch fragen, ob die letztgenannten Beispiele nicht in einen ganz anderen Kontext gehören als die Sicherheitsstrategie.
Auf der anderen Seite - obwohl wir die meisten Änderungsanträge unterstützen werden, die die diplomatischen, zivilen und abrüstungspolitischen Teile des Textes weiter präzisieren - glauben wir nicht, dass Krisenprävention unter allen denkbaren Umständen ausschließlich nicht-militärische Instrumente benutzen muss.
Die Realität, die wir vor uns haben - und der Berichterstatter hat das erwähnt -, ist ja bereits heute anders. Wir haben Soldaten nach Mazedonien geschickt, um zu verhindern, dass dort ein Bürgerkrieg ausbricht, wie er in anderen Staaten Ex-Jugoslawiens ausgebrochen ist. Wir haben nicht nur zivile Instrumente, sondern auch ein Militärkontingent in den Kongo geschickt, um sicherzustellen, dass dort die Wahlen friedlich ablaufen können. Ich bin zuversichtlich, dass dieses Truppenkontingent Ende des Monats auch wieder zurückkommen kann.
Zum Schluss möchte ich auf den Punkt noch einmal eingehen, den der Berichterstatter ganz am Anfang erwähnt und richtigerweise in den Vordergrund gestellt hat, nämlich die Notwendigkeit einer regelmäßigen Evaluation der Bedrohungsanalyse und der ergriffenen Maßnahmen im Rahmen der Sicherheitsstrategie. Der nächste Schritt nach der Verabschiedung des Berichts sollte sein, dass wir uns darüber unterhalten, in welcher Weise wir seitens des Parlaments diesen Prozess organisieren.
Annemie Neyts-Uyttebroeck
Herr Präsident! Eingangs möchte ich Herrn von Wogau herzlich zu seinem hervorragenden Bericht gratulieren, der einen genauen und umfassenden Überblick über die gegenwärtige Grundstimmung im Ausschuss für auswärtige Angelegenheiten und im Unterausschuss Sicherheit und Verteidigung gibt. Zudem möchte ich ihm für seine Bemühungen danken, eine möglichst weit reichende Einigung mit den anderen politischen Fraktionen zu erzielen. Dies heißt natürlich, dass meine Fraktion diesem Bericht zustimmen wird, doch möchte ich zwei konkrete Punkte hervorheben.
Erstens müssen wir sowohl auf nationaler wie auf Unionsebene eine wirksame parlamentarische Kontrolle sicherstellen. Wie bereits gesagt wurde, ist die EU gegenwärtig in eine wachsende Zahl militärischer und ziviler Operationen in vielen Teilen der Welt eingebunden. Ich halte es für unumgänglich, das Parlament regelmäßig auf den neuesten Stand zu bringen, zu informieren und zu konsultieren, sobald eine neue Operation in Betracht gezogen wird. Bisher ist es bei keiner dieser Operationen zu Schwierigkeiten gekommen, doch ist keinesfalls auszuschließen, dass es eines Tages zu einem größeren Vorfall kommen wird, und dann wird die parlamentarische Überwachung sicher von vielen Seiten gefordert.
Zweitens bedarf es einer weitaus eindeutigeren Festlegung der jeweiligen Rollen und Zuständigkeiten der Kommission, des Hohen Vertreters, des Rates und der Mitgliedstaaten. Es wird viel zu häufig von Fall zu Fall entschieden, wer für welche Kosten aufkommt, sodass es schwierig ist, den Überblick zu wahren. Dies trägt zu Überschneidungen, zu Unwirtschaftlichkeit und, was besonders schlimm ist, zu einem Wettbewerb beispielsweise zwischen den Sondergesandten des Rates und den Kommissionsdelegationen bei. Sowohl der Rat als auch die Kommission werden dies natürlich von sich weisen, doch einige von uns wissen es besser, auch wenn ein solcher Wettbewerb glücklicherweise nicht die Regel darstellt.
Was wir schließlich vor allem benötigen, ist der politische Wille auf Seiten der Regierungen der Mitgliedstaaten, und das ist leider eine völlig andere Geschichte.
Angelika Beer
im Namen der Verts/ALE-Fraktion. - Herr Präsident, liebe Kolleginnen und Kollegen! Es gehört zu den guten Gepflogenheiten dieses Hauses, zu Anfang dem Berichterstatter herzlich zu gratulieren. Ich will das gerne tun, bin aber zutiefst betrübt darüber, dass es das erste Mal in zweieinhalb Jahren ist, dass ich meiner Fraktion eine Zustimmung nicht empfehlen kann, es sei denn, wesentliche unserer Änderungsanträge werden angenommen.
Ich will das begründen, erstens inhaltlich und zweitens formal. Grundsätzlich: Der Bericht liest sich - ein Kollege hat darauf hingewiesen - in weiten Teilen wie eine Einkaufsliste für die Rüstungsindustrie. Das ist jedoch unter dem Titel "Europäische Sicherheitsstrategie und ESVP" nicht haltbar, denn dies sind weit komplexere Konzepte.
Insofern ist der Bericht kein comprehensive concept, sondern eher das Gegenteil davon. Ich nehme an, der Berichterstatter hat deswegen aus seiner eigenen Fraktion 45 Änderungsanträge bekommen, was eine beträchtliche Zahl ist.
Im Detail: Der Bericht versucht, die vertraglich festgelegten Grenzen zwischen äußerer und innerer Sicherheit zu verwischen. Europol fällt unter ESVP. Die ESVP soll zur Terrorismusbekämpfung, zum Schutz der Infrastruktur, zum Schutz der Energieversorgung sowie zum Schutz der Außengrenzen eingesetzt werden. Die Vermischung polizeilicher, militärischer und justizieller Aufgaben ist ein eklatanter Verstoß gegen geltende Verträge. Darüber hinaus entstehen dadurch zusätzliche sicherheitspolitische Probleme; es ist genau der Ansatz von Bush, von Cheney und dem gerade zurückgetretenen Rumsfeld. Homeland security als Kopie der amerikanischen Sicherheitspolitik hat bereits versagt, wir brauchen das nicht zu kopieren.
Zweitens: Der Bericht tut so, als gäbe es den zivilen Arm der Europäischen Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik überhaupt nicht. Dabei ist die große Mehrzahl der 17 ESVP-Missionen ziviler Natur. Auch die zivile Konfliktprävention kommt zu kurz, gerade sie wäre aber jetzt wichtig.
Drittens: Anstatt ins Detail über den Verteidigungsmarkt zu gehen, wäre es an der Zeit, Klartext im Rahmen der europäischen Sicherheit zu sprechen, Klartext im Hinblick auf die konventionelle und auf die nukleare Abrüstung. Dieser Bereich taucht in dem Bericht nicht auf.
Als Viertes möchte ich auf die Frage der zu kaufenden Militärgüter hinweisen. Flugzeugträger, Satellitenkommunikation, das alles wird gefordert mit der Begründung: Wir entwickeln uns zu einer Verteidigungsunion. Wo lässt sich denn hier bitte eine reale Einschätzung dessen erkennen, was wir jetzt tun müssen? Wir müssen eine Harmonisierung anstreben, wir müssen die Nationalstaaten zwingen, im allgemeinen Interesse Strategien, Strukturen und Ausstattung zu harmonisieren. Aber eine Verteidigungsunion, das steht doch irgendwo in den Sternen. Bisher waren die Grünen immer Fundamentalisten, aber dass Sie das jetzt sind, ist schon sehr verwunderlich.
Ich denke, dass die Beschlüsse von Köln, Helsinki und Feira auf den Kopf gestellt werden. Als Lehrerin würde ich Ihnen sagen: Thema verfehlt: 6. Es ist - es tut mir Leid, das sagen zu müssen - ein Versuch der Remilitarisierung der europäischen Außenpolitik. Wir hatten im Ausschuss einen Konsens ausgehandelt, der durch den Berichterstatter selbst in letzter Minute wieder gebrochen wurde. Das ist ein unfaires Vorgehen, das wir nicht akzeptieren können.
Tobias Pflüger
im Namen der GUE/NGL-Fraktion. - Herr Präsident! Die Grünen scheinen zu lernen. Der Vorsitzende des Unterausschusses Sicherheit und Verteidigung hat einen Bericht zur EU-Militärpolitik vorgelegt. Der Bericht ist inzwischen in sozialdemokratische Watte gepackt. Die ursprünglich klare Sprache wurde entschärft. Die Formulierung, dass die EU unter bestimmten Bedingungen für ein Präventivkriegskonzept offen sein soll, die im Entwurf noch vorhanden war, ist offensichtlich nicht mehr vermittelbar gewesen. Das war wohl zu viel Klartext.
Im Bericht finden sich die üblichen politischen Fehler einer militarisierten EU-Außenpolitik. Die Gefahrenanalyse der ESS, die im Bericht übernommen wird, nennt als die größten Bedrohungen, denen die Europäische Union und ihre Bürger gegenüberstehen, den internationalen Terrorismus, die Verbreitung von Massenvernichtungswaffen, regionale Konflikte, Scheitern von Staaten und organisierte Kriminalität.
Was ist mit Armut, Hunger und sozialer Ungleichheit? Im Bericht wird einer militärischen Grenzüberwachung - gegen wen eigentlich? - ebenso wie einem militärisch abgesicherten Ressourcenzugang das Wort geredet. Die EU will eine strategische Partnerschaft mit der NATO aufbauen. Im Bericht wird die "zunehmende Fähigkeit der NATO, eine Rolle in Einsätzen außerhalb ihres Bündnisgebietes zu übernehmen", begrüßt. Dies in einem Bericht des Europäischen Parlaments! Es wurde eine erhebliche Stärkung der Einsatzkapazitäten Europas einschließlich des Luft- und Seetransports gefordert, und die zivil-militärische Vermischung wird noch weiter vorangetrieben.
Der Bericht ist ein Forderungskatalog für noch mehr Militarisierung der Europäischen Union. So wird mehr Geld für Kriseneinsätze gefordert, und diese sollen aus dem Gemeinschaftshaltshalt finanziert werden, also neue Finanzierungen. Nach den Tricksereien mit ATHENA wird nun vorgeschlagen, einen virtuellen Militärhaushalt einzuführen.
Wir wissen alle, dass der Vertrag von Nizza richtigerweise einen eigenständigen EU-Militärhaushalt verbietet. Deshalb wird der tote EU-Verfassungsvertrag wieder bemüht; es heißt: "unterstreicht die Bedeutung des Vertrages über eine Verfassung für Europa, der wesentliche Fortschritte zu einer Union für Sicherheit und Verteidigung erbringen soll". Genau deshalb sind wir auch gegen diesen EU-Verfassungsvertrag. Was hier gefordert wird, ist eine EU-Militärunion.
Die Punkte 51 und 52 des Berichts lesen sich wie ein Wunschkatalog derjenigen, die aus der EU genau diese Militärunion machen wollen: neue Waffen, mehr Geld dafür, dass die EU auch weltweit als Global player militärisch agieren kann. Das ist der falsche Weg! Die EU ist derzeit an mindestens elf Militär- und Polizeieinsätzen weltweit beteiligt. Weitere sind geplant. Nun steht Afghanistan auf dem Programm. In Afghanistan werden durch NATO-Truppen immer mehr Zivilisten getötet. Die EU will wohl möglichst schnell mit in dieses Schlamassel. Das Gebot der Stunde ist der Abzug der Truppen, zum Beispiel aus Afghanistan. Wir brauchen keine weitere Aufrüstung der Europäischen Union. Wir brauchen eine zivile Europäische Union. Abrüstung ist das Gebot der Stunde!
Gerard Batten
im Namen der IND/DEM-Fraktion. - (EN) Herr Präsident! Anfang der 50er-Jahre schlug Jean Monnet eine Europäische Verteidigungsgemeinschaft mit einer europäischen Armee vor, der ein europäischer Verteidigungsminister vorstehen und die über einen gemeinsamen Haushalt und ein gemeinsames Beschaffungswesen verfügen sollte. Dieses Projekt wurde dankenswerterweise von den Franzosen abgelehnt, nachdem sich Präsident de Gaulle dagegen ausgesprochen hatte.
Jean Monnet und seine Gefolgsleute zeigten sich unbeirrt und verfolgten nunmehr die Idee einer politischen Union, die sich auf die Wirtschaft und nicht auf die Verteidigung und das Militär stützt. Mehr als 50 Jahre später hat die Europäische Union ihre politische Agenda nahezu verwirklicht: Sie hat ihren eigenen Präsidenten, ihr eigenes Kabinett in Form der Kommission, ihr eigenes Parlament, eine einheitliche Währung, Flagge, Hymne und einen eigenen Gerichtshof, um nur einige ihrer Merkmale zu nennen.
Wenn sie jedoch ein wirklicher Staat sein soll, dann benötigt sie auch eigene Streitkräfte, und darum geht es in diesem Bericht. Im Bericht werden eine gemeinsame Rüstungs- und Beschaffungspolitik, eine integrierte Befehlsstruktur sowie Kontroll- und Kommunikationssysteme gefordert. Wie sonst könnte man die Integration der nationalen europäischen Streitkräfte besser gewährleisten, als vom ersten Tag an ihre vollständige gegenseitige Abhängigkeit vorzusehen, um sie an eigenständigen Operationen zu hindern. Diese bittere militaristische Pille wird jedoch durch den Hinweis auf humanitäre Einsätze und das Krisenmanagement versüßt. Aber welche Bezeichnung man auch wählen mag, es handelt sich um eine Armee, und wenn Krieg die Fortsetzung der Politik mit anderen Mitteln bedeutet, dann benötigt die Europäische Union eine Armee, um ihre außenpolitischen Zielsetzungen zu verfolgen.
Es überrascht mich nicht, dass Herr von Wogau die politische Integration mit diesen Mitteln verfolgt. Er ist ein überzeugter Anhänger der politischen Integration und macht daraus auch keinen Hehl. Deshalb respektiere ich ihn. Ich finde es allerdings empörend, dass der britische Premierminister, der Lügner Tony Blair, und seine abgewirtschaftete und korrupte Labour-Regierung heimlich den Prozess der Integration der britischen Streitkräfte in die geplante europäische Armee unterstützen, während sie gleichzeitig vorgeben, nationale britische Interessen zu verteidigen.
Der Präsident
Glücklicherweise sind Sie zu alt für eine Einberufung, Herr Batten, Sie werden also nicht mehr davon betroffen sein.
(Die Sitzung wird um 19.20 Uhr unterbrochen und um 21.00 Uhr wieder aufgenommen.)
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Greatest Hits, Reissues And Compilations; In a Wide Holiday Groove, From Sinatra to a Remixed 'Messiah'
By JON PARELES
Published: November 26, 2004
PAVEMENT: ''CROOKED RAIN CROOKED RAIN'' -- (Matador). Current indie-rock owes a lot to Pavement, a band from Stockton, Calif., whose songs sound perpetually unfinished. Stephen Malkmus's vocals are bleary, tempos fluctuate, instrumental lines dangle like loose threads. Yet the songs on ''Crooked Rain Crooked Rain,'' originally released in 1994, are just right, pondering music and celebrity, friendship and sex, hipness and heart. Its ramshackle structures are fully thought out, spiking melodic California rock with punk's messiness. ''Crooked Rain Crooked Rain'' was acutely self-conscious, looking over its shoulder at a more polished album by a far more popular California band, the Eagles' ''Hotel California,'' but it also sounds unguarded in all its mixed emotions. The reissue is a double album that adds B-sides from singles, stray album tracks and a second CD of unreleased material that's surprisingly strong: rough demo versions and stray songs from 1993 and a live 1994 BBC performance that proclaimed, ''Gettin' cooler but I'm out of of the loop.'' JON PARELES
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Because of the increasing number of malicious worms hidden inside electronic mail (email) attachments, computer networks typically operate in a restricted mode. For example, a gateway server within a computer network may control access to the computer network from a public network or other private networks. The gateway server may be used to block emails that include attachments with particular file types. The emails that are blocked generally include those types of attachments that are identified as potentially transporting and hiding malicious code (Mal-Ware) or internet based worms or viruses. For example, a computer network may operate to automatically block all emails that include .exe, .scr. .pif, zip files, or other executable attachments and files. The blocking of the emails prevents the malicious files from being executed or opened, which in turn prevents the activation of the worm or virus.
In the restricted mode, the gateway server may operate to block, or quarantine, emails with such types of attachments when entering or leaving the computer network. In some cases, neither the email nor the attachment is ever received by the desired recipient. In other cases, the gateway server may strip the email of the attachment before sending the email to the desired recipient. While some of the attachments may contain viruses, others may contain legitimate business-related software or data. Thus, conventional modes of restricting email attachments simply by stripping all files of a certain type, may impede the communication of genuine business or other legitimate email.
For these and other reasons, a need exists for the present invention.
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[Rheumatoid purpura and Berger's disease in the same patient. 2 cases].
The two patients reported experienced initially typical Henoch Schönlein purpura, and Berger disease some years later. Same cases are described in the literature pleading for the relationship between the two entities; Berger disease may be considered as a symptomatic form of anaphylactoïd purpura.
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THE PROPHET'S MANNER OF PERFORMING PRAYERS (MAY PEACE AND BLESSINGS OF ALLAH BE UPON HIM)
All praise be to Allah alone, and His peace and blessings be upon His messenger and bondman our Prophet Muhammad, his family and his companions.
The objective of this concise pamphlet is to explain how Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah upon Him) used to perform his prayers). I would like to present this explanation to every male and female Muslim so that they may strive to take up the Prophet's manner in performing their prayers as a model for them. It was narrated by Al Bukhari that Prophet Muhammad (Peace and blessings of Allah be ob him) had said: (( صلوا كما رأيتموني أصلي))."Perform your prayers in the same manner you had seen me doing." Therefore, here id the explanation for the Prophet's manner of prayer:
1. To perform completely the ablution adopting the method commanded by Allah in the Quran: { يأيها الذين امنوا إذا قمتم إلى الصلاة فاغسلوا وجوهكم و أيديكم إلى المرافق وامسحوا برؤوسكم و أرجلكم إلى الكعبين } ."O ye who believe, when ye prepare for prayer, wash your faces and your hands (and arms) to the elbows, rub your heads (with water) and (wash) your feet to the ankles."(5:6) The Prophet (peace and blessing of Allah be on him) said: (لا تقبل صلاة بغير طهور ) ."Prayer without ablution is invalid." 2. To turn one's face and whole body towards the Ka'aba, The Holy House at Makkah, intending by heart to perform the prayer which he wants to fulfill, whether it is an obligatory prayer pr a supererogatory prayer, the worshipper in all cases, should not pronounce his intention openly, because neither the Prophet nor his companions used to utter the intention for prayer, Thus , pronouncing the intention for prayer in audible voice is a heresy and an illicit action, Whether the individual be an Imam or performs his prayer curtain for his prayer. Directing the face towards the Qibla (the Ka'aba at Makkah) is an imperative condition for every prayer. However, there are few exceptions for this rule explained in authoritative books for whom wish to refer.3. To pronounce " Takbirat Al Ihram" that is to say الله أكبر "Allahu Akbar " celebrating by that the greatness of Allah and looking meanwhile, downwards to the place where he will prostrate, 4. To raise one's hands up to the level of the shoulders or near to the lobes of his ears, while pronouncing "Takbirat Al-Ihram". 5. To put one's tight hand over his left hand and left wrist, and put them both over his chest, as the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) used to do.6. It is advisable that the worshipper recite this opening supplication saying: "اللهم باعد بيني و بين خطاياي كما باعدت بين المشرق و المغرب اللهم نقني من خطاياي كما ينقى الثوب الأبيض من الدنس اللهم اغسلني من خطاياي بالماء و الثلج و البرد " "Allaumma baid bayni wa bayna khatayaya kama baadta bayena al-mashriki walmaghribi, Allahumma naqqiniy min khatayaya kama yonaqa al thawbo alabydo min aldans,…..Allahumma igysilniy min khatayaya bilmai wathalgi walbarad."
This supplication means: " Praise and glory be to Allah. Blessed be Your Name, exalted be Your Majesty and Glory. There is no god but You."
Or he may say any other supplications which the Prophet, (peace and blessings of Allah be on him) used to say in his prayers. It is better to recite these supplications alternately, the first one in the morning prayer "Fajr ", the second in the noon prayer "Zuhr", each one by turn, in conformity with what the Prophet used to do. After reciting the opening supplication, the worshipper says: (( أعوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم )) ((Aouzo billahi min al-shatani-r-ragim.)) Which means : "I seek protection of Allah against the accursed Satan." Then he says: ((بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم)) "Bism illahi-Rahmani Raheem" Which means: "In the name of Allah, the All Merciful, the All Compassionate." And recites the Fatiha (The opening Sura of the glorious Quran.) Prophet Muhammad, may peace and blessings be upon him, said: (( لا صلاة لمن لم يقرأ بفاتحة الكتاب)) "Prayer without reciting the fatiha is invalid." The worshipper should say "A'meen" after reciting the Fatiha loudly if the prayer is said loudly and whisper it in inaudible prayers. To be in conformity with the traditions of the Prophet, the worshipper is advised to recite verses from medium size Suras of the Quran in the Zuhr (noon), Asr (late afternoon), and Isha (night ) prayers. As for the Fajr (morning ) prayer, the worshipper is advised to recite a passage from the long Suras of the Quran. He has the choice in Maghrib prayer ( Evening prayer ) either to recite passages from the long Suras or from the short Suras of the Quran. 7. Then, the worshipper bows in "Ruku" raising his hands up to the level of his shoulders or ears while saying " Allahu Akbar" " Allah is Great" then bends down, making his head and back on one level and putting his hands with the fingers spread on his knees. The worshipper should feel serenity and tranquility while bowing, he should say thrice at least: (( سبحان ربي العظيم )) ""Subhana Rabbiayl A'zim" which means: "Glory be to my Lord, the Almighty." It is advisable to say while bowing in addition to that: (( سبحانك اللهم ربنا و بحمدك ربنا اغفر لي )) "Subhanak-Allahumma Rabbana wa bihamdika, Allahumma Ighfir liy"
But if the worshipper is a follower, and led in his prayer by the Imam he should say when rising up "Rabbana wa laka alhamd……etc. (( ربنا و لك الحمد ...........الخ ما تقدم )) It is advisable for the Imam, the follower, or who prays alone to add also: (( أهل الثناء و المجد أحق ما قال العبد و كلنا لك عبد, اللهم لا مانع لما أعطيت و لا معطي لما منعت و لا ينفع ذا الجد منك الجد )) (( You Allah who deserve all praises and all glory, your praising is the best and most true of whatever Your servant can say, we all are Your servants, Our Lord, no one can ever deprive aught of what You have bestowed and no one can ever give aught of what You have deprived." The worshipper is advised to put his hands on his chest, as he had done before he bowed. Both Wa'il Ibn Haggar and Sahli Ibn Sai'yd reported that this was the manner of the Prophet when he used to raise his head up after bowing. 9. To prostrate saying الله أكبر "Allahu Akbar" "Allah is Great ". He should touch the ground with his knees before touching it, if that is possible to him, If not, he is permitted to touch the ground by his hand before his knees. His fingers and toes should be directed towards the Qibla Makkah, and his hands should be stretched, and the fingers close together and not separated, In prostration, the worshipper should use these seven organs: The forehead, the nose, both hands, both knees and the internal parts of the toes. These seven organs should touch the ground. Then the worshipper should say thrice or more: ((سبحان ربي الأعلى )) "Subana Rabbiyal A'ala" Which means: "Glorified is my Lord, the Exalted." It is advisable to say: "Subhanaka Allahuma Rabbana wa bi hamdika, Allahuma Ighfir-liy." " سبحانك اللهم ربنا ,و بحمدك- اللهم اغفر لي " This means: " Glory be to Thee, Our Lord, and I praise Thee. Our Lord, forgive me my sins," It is recommendable for the worshipper to exceed more and more in supplications and ask for more from his Lord, because the Prophet, may peace and blessings of Allah be on him, said:
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
As a prior art relating to the present invention, for example, in German (DE) Patent No. 11 62 359, Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Eng.), 2688 (1963), Chim. Ind. (Milan), 46, 875 (1964), German (DE) Patent No. 12 05 089, Bulletin de la Societe Chimique de France (Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr.), 10, 2833 (1965), Italian (IT) Patent No. 720514, Journal für Practische Chemie (J. Pract. Chem.), 33, 282 (1966), Japanese Patent Publications No. Sho. 43-16124 and Sho. 44-3815, there are description about hydrogen reduction of 2-halogenocycloalkenone oxime compounds including 2-chlorocyclododecadienone oxime using a palladium catalyst. However, main products in these reactions are cycloalkanone oxime in which not only carbon-carbon double bond(s) but also a chloro group are also reduced.
Also, in Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 10, 2833 (1965), an example of obtaining 2-chlorocyclododecanone oxime from 2-chlorocyclododecadienone oxime using platinum oxide has been described but the yield is extremely low as 10%, so that it is not satisfied. Also, since a platinum oxide catalyst is dissolved during the reaction, so that there is a problem that it's recovery and reuse are not so easy.
Thus, the halogen group of the 2-halogenocycloalkenone oxime compound is extremely easily reduced, so that it has not been known a method of selectively reducing carbon-carbon double bond(s) of the 2-halogenocycloalkenone oxime compound in good yield.
An object of the present invention is to solve the above-mentioned problems and to provide a process for preparing a 2-halogenocycloalkanone oxime in high yield by selectively reducing carbon-carbon double bond(s) of a 2-halogenocycloalkenone oxime compound with good efficiency.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
– Jeg skulle heller spilt ball, men jeg begynner jo å bli gammel, humrer den tidligere Premier League-proffen Frank Strandli.
Etter 36 mål på 90 kamper for Start fra 1989 til 1993, ble Frank Strandli solgt til den daværende Premier Leauge-klubben Leeds United i 1993.
Han scoret i debuten mot Middlesbrough, men etter varierende innsats vendte han tilbake til norsk fotball året etter.
Den tidligere angriperen opplevde stor suksess i Brann og Lillestrøm, før han igjen prøvde lykken i utlandet – denne gang hos greske Panathinaikos.
Strandli spilte to sesonger i den greske toppdivisjonen og scoret totalt 18 mål. I 1999 skrev han under for danske Aalborg. Der ble det 24 mål på 53 kamper før en skade førte til at han måtte legge opp i 2001.
Pizza og import av islandske varer
Strandli fikk med seg 24 A-landslagskamper for Norge, og han scoret tre mål. Han spilte også 26 U21-landslagskamper og scoret 12 mål.
De siste årene har 46-åringen først og fremst drevet med pizzabaking.
– Jeg jobber og driver en franchise av pizzbakeren til daglig i Kristiansand. I tillegg driver jeg litt med eiendom og import av islandske varer og produkter. Jeg skulle heller spilt ball, men nå begynner jeg jo å bli en gammel mann, sier Frank Strandli til TV 2 Sporten.
TIDLIGERE LANDSLAGSSTJERNE: Frank Strandli. Foto: Richardsen, Tor
Strandli innrømmer at årene etter idrettskarrieren var over ikke var noe hyggelig.
Det tok sin tid før den tidligere spisskjempen fant ut hva han ville gjøre etter karrieren på fotballbanen.
– Jeg havnet i et vakuum
Strandli sier at han havnet i et slags vakuum.
– Utfordringen når du avslutter karrieren er egentlig at du går inn i et vakuum. Det gjorde i hvert fall jeg i noen år før jeg skjønte at jeg måtte gjøre noe annet. Som idrettsutøver er du vant til å være i rampelyset og få alt ordnet i kulissene. For meg var det derfor en merkelig følelse å legge opp, og som jeg sier, det ble rett og slett et vakuum. Jeg tok valget om å holde meg borte fra fotballen noen år etter jeg la opp, og til slutt fant ut at måtte gjøre noe annet, sier Strandli.
– Hva trivdes du best med – livet som idrettsutøver eller det du gjør nå?
– Helt klart livet som idrettsutøver. Det var fantastisk å bare stå opp og trene to timer, spille kamper og oppleve adrenalinet som fulgte med det å spille kamper og slåss om poeng. Dessuten var livet i garderoben noe helt eget og noe jeg savner. Som idrettsutøver er man utrolig privilegert, men livet som idrettsutøver er som kjent kort, poengterer han.
Sluttet i 2. klasse på videregående skole
– Hvilke råd har du til idrettsutøvere som driver i toppen nå for livet etter karrieren?
– Jeg gamblet og hoppet av skolen i 2. klasse på videregående skole. Jeg var skolelei og satset alt på å bli fotballproff. Men hvor mange lykkes med det? Egentlig veldig få. Så det å få en utdannelse ved siden av idrettskarrieren er noe alle bør prøve å få til. Det er fullt mulig å drive toppidrett og samtidig ta en utdannelse. Det er noe jeg angrer på idag, at jeg ikke tok skole. Når man er 18 år så føler man seg vel udødelig og tenker ikke på fremtiden, men mitt tips til unge idrettsutøvere er å få seg en utdannelse, slår han fast.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
耬
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
package expression
import (
"fmt"
"strings"
"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/service/dynamodb"
"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/service/dynamodb/dynamodbattribute"
)
// ValueBuilder represents an item attribute value operand and implements the
// OperandBuilder interface. Methods and functions in the package take
// ValueBuilder as an argument and establishes relationships between operands.
// ValueBuilder should only be initialized using the function Value().
//
// Example:
//
// // Create a ValueBuilder representing the string "aValue"
// valueBuilder := expression.Value("aValue")
type ValueBuilder struct {
value interface{}
}
// NameBuilder represents a name of a top level item attribute or a nested
// attribute. Since NameBuilder represents a DynamoDB Operand, it implements the
// OperandBuilder interface. Methods and functions in the package take
// NameBuilder as an argument and establishes relationships between operands.
// NameBuilder should only be initialized using the function Name().
//
// Example:
//
// // Create a NameBuilder representing the item attribute "aName"
// nameBuilder := expression.Name("aName")
type NameBuilder struct {
name string
}
// SizeBuilder represents the output of the function size ("someName"), which
// evaluates to the size of the item attribute defined by "someName". Since
// SizeBuilder represents an operand, SizeBuilder implements the OperandBuilder
// interface. Methods and functions in the package take SizeBuilder as an
// argument and establishes relationships between operands. SizeBuilder should
// only be initialized using the function Size().
//
// Example:
//
// // Create a SizeBuilder representing the size of the item attribute
// // "aName"
// sizeBuilder := expression.Name("aName").Size()
type SizeBuilder struct {
nameBuilder NameBuilder
}
// KeyBuilder represents either the partition key or the sort key, both of which
// are top level attributes to some item in DynamoDB. Since KeyBuilder
// represents an operand, KeyBuilder implements the OperandBuilder interface.
// Methods and functions in the package take KeyBuilder as an argument and
// establishes relationships between operands. However, KeyBuilder should only
// be used to describe Key Condition Expressions. KeyBuilder should only be
// initialized using the function Key().
//
// Example:
//
// // Create a KeyBuilder representing the item key "aKey"
// keyBuilder := expression.Key("aKey")
type KeyBuilder struct {
key string
}
// setValueMode specifies the type of SetValueBuilder. The default value is
// unsetValue so that an UnsetParameterError when BuildOperand() is called on an
// empty SetValueBuilder.
type setValueMode int
const (
unsetValue setValueMode = iota
plusValueMode
minusValueMode
listAppendValueMode
ifNotExistsValueMode
)
// SetValueBuilder represents the outcome of operator functions supported by the
// DynamoDB Set operation. The operator functions are the following:
// Plus() // Represents the "+" operator
// Minus() // Represents the "-" operator
// ListAppend()
// IfNotExists()
// For documentation on the above functions,
// see: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/Expressions.UpdateExpressions.html#Expressions.UpdateExpressions.SET
// Since SetValueBuilder represents an operand, it implements the OperandBuilder
// interface. SetValueBuilder structs are used as arguments to the Set()
// function. SetValueBuilders should only initialize a SetValueBuilder using the
// functions listed above.
type SetValueBuilder struct {
leftOperand OperandBuilder
rightOperand OperandBuilder
mode setValueMode
}
// Operand represents an item attribute name or value in DynamoDB. The
// relationship between Operands specified by various builders such as
// ConditionBuilders and UpdateBuilders for example is processed internally to
// write Condition Expressions and Update Expressions respectively.
type Operand struct {
exprNode exprNode
}
// OperandBuilder represents the idea of Operand which are building blocks to
// DynamoDB Expressions. Package methods and functions can establish
// relationships between operands, representing DynamoDB Expressions. The method
// BuildOperand() is called recursively when the Build() method on the type
// Builder is called. BuildOperand() should never be called externally.
// OperandBuilder and BuildOperand() are exported to allow package functions to
// take an interface as an argument.
type OperandBuilder interface {
BuildOperand() (Operand, error)
}
// Name creates a NameBuilder. The argument should represent the desired item
// attribute. It is possible to reference nested item attributes by using
// square brackets for lists and dots for maps. For documentation on specifying
// item attributes,
// see: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/Expressions.Attributes.html
//
// Example:
//
// // Specify a top-level attribute
// name := expression.Name("TopLevel")
// // Specify a nested attribute
// nested := expression.Name("Record[6].SongList")
// // Use Name() to create a condition expression
// condition := expression.Name("foo").Equal(expression.Name("bar"))
func Name(name string) NameBuilder {
return NameBuilder{
name: name,
}
}
// Value creates a ValueBuilder. The argument should represent the desired item
// attribute. The value is marshalled using the dynamodbattribute package by the
// Build() method for type Builder.
//
// Example:
//
// // Use Value() to create a condition expression
// condition := expression.Name("foo").Equal(expression.Value(10))
func Value(value interface{}) ValueBuilder {
return ValueBuilder{
value: value,
}
}
// Size creates a SizeBuilder representing the size of the item attribute
// specified by the argument NameBuilder. Size() is only valid for certain types
// of item attributes. For documentation,
// see: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/Expressions.OperatorsAndFunctions.html
// SizeBuilder is only a valid operand in Condition Expressions and Filter
// Expressions.
//
// Example:
//
// // Use Size() to create a condition expression
// condition := expression.Name("foo").Size().Equal(expression.Value(10))
//
// Expression Equivalent:
//
// expression.Name("aName").Size()
// "size (aName)"
func (nb NameBuilder) Size() SizeBuilder {
return SizeBuilder{
nameBuilder: nb,
}
}
// Size creates a SizeBuilder representing the size of the item attribute
// specified by the argument NameBuilder. Size() is only valid for certain types
// of item attributes. For documentation,
// see: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/Expressions.OperatorsAndFunctions.html
// SizeBuilder is only a valid operand in Condition Expressions and Filter
// Expressions.
//
// Example:
//
// // Use Size() to create a condition expression
// condition := expression.Size(expression.Name("foo")).Equal(expression.Value(10))
//
// Expression Equivalent:
//
// expression.Size(expression.Name("aName"))
// "size (aName)"
func Size(nameBuilder NameBuilder) SizeBuilder {
return nameBuilder.Size()
}
// Key creates a KeyBuilder. The argument should represent the desired partition
// key or sort key value. KeyBuilders should only be used to specify
// relationships for Key Condition Expressions. When referring to the partition
// key or sort key in any other Expression, use Name().
//
// Example:
//
// // Use Key() to create a key condition expression
// keyCondition := expression.Key("foo").Equal(expression.Value("bar"))
func Key(key string) KeyBuilder {
return KeyBuilder{
key: key,
}
}
// Plus creates a SetValueBuilder to be used in as an argument to Set(). The
// arguments can either be NameBuilders or ValueBuilders. Plus() only supports
// DynamoDB Number types, so the ValueBuilder must be a Number and the
// NameBuilder must specify an item attribute of type Number.
// More information: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/Expressions.UpdateExpressions.html#Expressions.UpdateExpressions.SET.IncrementAndDecrement
//
// Example:
//
// // Use Plus() to set the value of the item attribute "someName" to 5 + 10
// update, err := expression.Set(expression.Name("someName"), expression.Plus(expression.Value(5), expression.Value(10)))
//
// Expression Equivalent:
//
// expression.Plus(expression.Value(5), expression.Value(10))
// // let :five and :ten be ExpressionAttributeValues for the values 5 and
// // 10 respectively.
// ":five + :ten"
func Plus(leftOperand, rightOperand OperandBuilder) SetValueBuilder {
return SetValueBuilder{
leftOperand: leftOperand,
rightOperand: rightOperand,
mode: plusValueMode,
}
}
// Plus creates a SetValueBuilder to be used in as an argument to Set(). The
// arguments can either be NameBuilders or ValueBuilders. Plus() only supports
// DynamoDB Number types, so the ValueBuilder must be a Number and the
// NameBuilder must specify an item attribute of type Number.
// More information: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/Expressions.UpdateExpressions.html#Expressions.UpdateExpressions.SET.IncrementAndDecrement
//
// Example:
//
// // Use Plus() to set the value of the item attribute "someName" to the
// // numeric value of item attribute "aName" incremented by 10
// update, err := expression.Set(expression.Name("someName"), expression.Name("aName").Plus(expression.Value(10)))
//
// Expression Equivalent:
//
// expression.Name("aName").Plus(expression.Value(10))
// // let :ten be ExpressionAttributeValues representing the value 10
// "aName + :ten"
func (nb NameBuilder) Plus(rightOperand OperandBuilder) SetValueBuilder {
return Plus(nb, rightOperand)
}
// Plus creates a SetValueBuilder to be used in as an argument to Set(). The
// arguments can either be NameBuilders or ValueBuilders. Plus() only supports
// DynamoDB Number types, so the ValueBuilder must be a Number and the
// NameBuilder must specify an item attribute of type Number.
// More information: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/Expressions.UpdateExpressions.html#Expressions.UpdateExpressions.SET.IncrementAndDecrement
//
// Example:
//
// // Use Plus() to set the value of the item attribute "someName" to 5 + 10
// update, err := expression.Set(expression.Name("someName"), expression.Value(5).Plus(expression.Value(10)))
//
// Expression Equivalent:
//
// expression.Value(5).Plus(expression.Value(10))
// // let :five and :ten be ExpressionAttributeValues representing the value
// // 5 and 10 respectively
// ":five + :ten"
func (vb ValueBuilder) Plus(rightOperand OperandBuilder) SetValueBuilder {
return Plus(vb, rightOperand)
}
// Minus creates a SetValueBuilder to be used in as an argument to Set(). The
// arguments can either be NameBuilders or ValueBuilders. Minus() only supports
// DynamoDB Number types, so the ValueBuilder must be a Number and the
// NameBuilder must specify an item attribute of type Number.
// More information: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/Expressions.UpdateExpressions.html#Expressions.UpdateExpressions.SET.IncrementAndDecrement
//
// Example:
//
// // Use Minus() to set the value of item attribute "someName" to 5 - 10
// update, err := expression.Set(expression.Name("someName"), expression.Minus(expression.Value(5), expression.Value(10)))
//
// Expression Equivalent:
//
// expression.Minus(expression.Value(5), expression.Value(10))
// // let :five and :ten be ExpressionAttributeValues for the values 5 and
// // 10 respectively.
// ":five - :ten"
func Minus(leftOperand, rightOperand OperandBuilder) SetValueBuilder {
return SetValueBuilder{
leftOperand: leftOperand,
rightOperand: rightOperand,
mode: minusValueMode,
}
}
// Minus creates a SetValueBuilder to be used in as an argument to Set(). The
// arguments can either be NameBuilders or ValueBuilders. Minus() only supports
// DynamoDB Number types, so the ValueBuilder must be a Number and the
// NameBuilder must specify an item attribute of type Number.
// More information: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/Expressions.UpdateExpressions.html#Expressions.UpdateExpressions.SET.IncrementAndDecrement
//
// Example:
//
// // Use Minus() to set the value of item attribute "someName" to the
// // numeric value of "aName" decremented by 10
// update, err := expression.Set(expression.Name("someName"), expression.Name("aName").Minus(expression.Value(10)))
//
// Expression Equivalent:
//
// expression.Name("aName").Minus(expression.Value(10)))
// // let :ten be ExpressionAttributeValues represent the value 10
// "aName - :ten"
func (nb NameBuilder) Minus(rightOperand OperandBuilder) SetValueBuilder {
return Minus(nb, rightOperand)
}
// Minus creates a SetValueBuilder to be used in as an argument to Set(). The
// arguments can either be NameBuilders or ValueBuilders. Minus() only supports
// DynamoDB Number types, so the ValueBuilder must be a Number and the
// NameBuilder must specify an item attribute of type Number.
// More information: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/Expressions.UpdateExpressions.html#Expressions.UpdateExpressions.SET.IncrementAndDecrement
//
// Example:
//
// // Use Minus() to set the value of item attribute "someName" to 5 - 10
// update, err := expression.Set(expression.Name("someName"), expression.Value(5).Minus(expression.Value(10)))
//
// Expression Equivalent:
//
// expression.Value(5).Minus(expression.Value(10))
// // let :five and :ten be ExpressionAttributeValues for the values 5 and
// // 10 respectively.
// ":five - :ten"
func (vb ValueBuilder) Minus(rightOperand OperandBuilder) SetValueBuilder {
return Minus(vb, rightOperand)
}
// ListAppend creates a SetValueBuilder to be used in as an argument to Set().
// The arguments can either be NameBuilders or ValueBuilders. ListAppend() only
// supports DynamoDB List types, so the ValueBuilder must be a List and the
// NameBuilder must specify an item attribute of type List.
// More information: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/Expressions.UpdateExpressions.html#Expressions.UpdateExpressions.SET.UpdatingListElements
//
// Example:
//
// // Use ListAppend() to set item attribute "someName" to the item
// // attribute "nameOfList" with "some" and "list" appended to it
// update, err := expression.Set(expression.Name("someName"), expression.ListAppend(expression.Name("nameOfList"), expression.Value([]string{"some", "list"})))
//
// Expression Equivalent:
//
// expression.ListAppend(expression.Name("nameOfList"), expression.Value([]string{"some", "list"})
// // let :list be a ExpressionAttributeValue representing the list
// // containing "some" and "list".
// "list_append (nameOfList, :list)"
func ListAppend(leftOperand, rightOperand OperandBuilder) SetValueBuilder {
return SetValueBuilder{
leftOperand: leftOperand,
rightOperand: rightOperand,
mode: listAppendValueMode,
}
}
// ListAppend creates a SetValueBuilder to be used in as an argument to Set().
// The arguments can either be NameBuilders or ValueBuilders. ListAppend() only
// supports DynamoDB List types, so the ValueBuilder must be a List and the
// NameBuilder must specify an item attribute of type List.
// More information: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/Expressions.UpdateExpressions.html#Expressions.UpdateExpressions.SET.UpdatingListElements
//
// Example:
//
// // Use ListAppend() to set item attribute "someName" to the item
// // attribute "nameOfList" with "some" and "list" appended to it
// update, err := expression.Set(expression.Name("someName"), expression.Name("nameOfList").ListAppend(expression.Value([]string{"some", "list"})))
//
// Expression Equivalent:
//
// expression.Name("nameOfList").ListAppend(expression.Value([]string{"some", "list"})
// // let :list be a ExpressionAttributeValue representing the list
// // containing "some" and "list".
// "list_append (nameOfList, :list)"
func (nb NameBuilder) ListAppend(rightOperand OperandBuilder) SetValueBuilder {
return ListAppend(nb, rightOperand)
}
// ListAppend creates a SetValueBuilder to be used in as an argument to Set().
// The arguments can either be NameBuilders or ValueBuilders. ListAppend() only
// supports DynamoDB List types, so the ValueBuilder must be a List and the
// NameBuilder must specify an item attribute of type List.
// More information: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/Expressions.UpdateExpressions.html#Expressions.UpdateExpressions.SET.UpdatingListElements
//
// Example:
//
// // Use ListAppend() to set item attribute "someName" to a string list
// // equal to {"a", "list", "some", "list"}
// update, err := expression.Set(expression.Name("someName"), expression.Value([]string{"a", "list"}).ListAppend(expression.Value([]string{"some", "list"})))
//
// Expression Equivalent:
//
// expression.Name([]string{"a", "list"}).ListAppend(expression.Value([]string{"some", "list"})
// // let :list1 and :list2 be a ExpressionAttributeValue representing the
// // list {"a", "list"} and {"some", "list"} respectively
// "list_append (:list1, :list2)"
func (vb ValueBuilder) ListAppend(rightOperand OperandBuilder) SetValueBuilder {
return ListAppend(vb, rightOperand)
}
// IfNotExists creates a SetValueBuilder to be used in as an argument to Set().
// The first argument must be a NameBuilder representing the name where the new
// item attribute is created. The second argument can either be a NameBuilder or
// a ValueBuilder. In the case that it is a NameBuilder, the value of the item
// attribute at the name specified becomes the value of the new item attribute.
// More information: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/Expressions.UpdateExpressions.html#Expressions.UpdateExpressions.SET.PreventingAttributeOverwrites
//
// Example:
//
// // Use IfNotExists() to set item attribute "someName" to value 5 if
// // "someName" does not exist yet. (Prevents overwrite)
// update, err := expression.Set(expression.Name("someName"), expression.IfNotExists(expression.Name("someName"), expression.Value(5)))
//
// Expression Equivalent:
//
// expression.IfNotExists(expression.Name("someName"), expression.Value(5))
// // let :five be a ExpressionAttributeValue representing the value 5
// "if_not_exists (someName, :five)"
func IfNotExists(name NameBuilder, setValue OperandBuilder) SetValueBuilder {
return SetValueBuilder{
leftOperand: name,
rightOperand: setValue,
mode: ifNotExistsValueMode,
}
}
// IfNotExists creates a SetValueBuilder to be used in as an argument to Set().
// The first argument must be a NameBuilder representing the name where the new
// item attribute is created. The second argument can either be a NameBuilder or
// a ValueBuilder. In the case that it is a NameBuilder, the value of the item
// attribute at the name specified becomes the value of the new item attribute.
// More information: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/Expressions.UpdateExpressions.html#Expressions.UpdateExpressions.SET.PreventingAttributeOverwrites
//
// Example:
//
// // Use IfNotExists() to set item attribute "someName" to value 5 if
// // "someName" does not exist yet. (Prevents overwrite)
// update, err := expression.Set(expression.Name("someName"), expression.Name("someName").IfNotExists(expression.Value(5)))
//
// Expression Equivalent:
//
// expression.Name("someName").IfNotExists(expression.Value(5))
// // let :five be a ExpressionAttributeValue representing the value 5
// "if_not_exists (someName, :five)"
func (nb NameBuilder) IfNotExists(rightOperand OperandBuilder) SetValueBuilder {
return IfNotExists(nb, rightOperand)
}
// BuildOperand creates an Operand struct which are building blocks to DynamoDB
// Expressions. Package methods and functions can establish relationships
// between operands, representing DynamoDB Expressions. The method
// BuildOperand() is called recursively when the Build() method on the type
// Builder is called. BuildOperand() should never be called externally.
// BuildOperand() aliases all strings to avoid stepping over DynamoDB's reserved
// words.
// More information on reserved words at http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/ReservedWords.html
func (nb NameBuilder) BuildOperand() (Operand, error) {
if nb.name == "" {
return Operand{}, newUnsetParameterError("BuildOperand", "NameBuilder")
}
node := exprNode{
names: []string{},
}
nameSplit := strings.Split(nb.name, ".")
fmtNames := make([]string, 0, len(nameSplit))
for _, word := range nameSplit {
var substr string
if word == "" {
return Operand{}, newInvalidParameterError("BuildOperand", "NameBuilder")
}
if word[len(word)-1] == ']' {
for j, char := range word {
if char == '[' {
substr = word[j:]
word = word[:j]
break
}
}
}
if word == "" {
return Operand{}, newInvalidParameterError("BuildOperand", "NameBuilder")
}
// Create a string with special characters that can be substituted later: $p
node.names = append(node.names, word)
fmtNames = append(fmtNames, "$n"+substr)
}
node.fmtExpr = strings.Join(fmtNames, ".")
return Operand{
exprNode: node,
}, nil
}
// BuildOperand creates an Operand struct which are building blocks to DynamoDB
// Expressions. Package methods and functions can establish relationships
// between operands, representing DynamoDB Expressions. The method
// BuildOperand() is called recursively when the Build() method on the type
// Builder is called. BuildOperand() should never be called externally.
// BuildOperand() aliases all strings to avoid stepping over DynamoDB's reserved
// words.
// More information on reserved words at http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/ReservedWords.html
func (vb ValueBuilder) BuildOperand() (Operand, error) {
expr, err := dynamodbattribute.Marshal(vb.value)
if err != nil {
return Operand{}, newInvalidParameterError("BuildOperand", "ValueBuilder")
}
// Create a string with special characters that can be substituted later: $v
operand := Operand{
exprNode: exprNode{
values: []dynamodb.AttributeValue{*expr},
fmtExpr: "$v",
},
}
return operand, nil
}
// BuildOperand creates an Operand struct which are building blocks to DynamoDB
// Expressions. Package methods and functions can establish relationships
// between operands, representing DynamoDB Expressions. The method
// BuildOperand() is called recursively when the Build() method on the type
// Builder is called. BuildOperand() should never be called externally.
// BuildOperand() aliases all strings to avoid stepping over DynamoDB's reserved
// words.
// More information on reserved words at http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/ReservedWords.html
func (sb SizeBuilder) BuildOperand() (Operand, error) {
operand, err := sb.nameBuilder.BuildOperand()
operand.exprNode.fmtExpr = "size (" + operand.exprNode.fmtExpr + ")"
return operand, err
}
// BuildOperand creates an Operand struct which are building blocks to DynamoDB
// Expressions. Package methods and functions can establish relationships
// between operands, representing DynamoDB Expressions. The method
// BuildOperand() is called recursively when the Build() method on the type
// Builder is called. BuildOperand() should never be called externally.
// BuildOperand() aliases all strings to avoid stepping over DynamoDB's reserved
// words.
// More information on reserved words at http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/ReservedWords.html
func (kb KeyBuilder) BuildOperand() (Operand, error) {
if kb.key == "" {
return Operand{}, newUnsetParameterError("BuildOperand", "KeyBuilder")
}
ret := Operand{
exprNode: exprNode{
names: []string{kb.key},
fmtExpr: "$n",
},
}
return ret, nil
}
// BuildOperand creates an Operand struct which are building blocks to DynamoDB
// Expressions. Package methods and functions can establish relationships
// between operands, representing DynamoDB Expressions. The method
// BuildOperand() is called recursively when the Build() method on the type
// Builder is called. BuildOperand() should never be called externally.
// BuildOperand() aliases all strings to avoid stepping over DynamoDB's reserved
// words.
// More information on reserved words at http://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/ReservedWords.html
func (svb SetValueBuilder) BuildOperand() (Operand, error) {
if svb.mode == unsetValue {
return Operand{}, newUnsetParameterError("BuildOperand", "SetValueBuilder")
}
left, err := svb.leftOperand.BuildOperand()
if err != nil {
return Operand{}, err
}
leftNode := left.exprNode
right, err := svb.rightOperand.BuildOperand()
if err != nil {
return Operand{}, err
}
rightNode := right.exprNode
node := exprNode{
children: []exprNode{leftNode, rightNode},
}
switch svb.mode {
case plusValueMode:
node.fmtExpr = "$c + $c"
case minusValueMode:
node.fmtExpr = "$c - $c"
case listAppendValueMode:
node.fmtExpr = "list_append($c, $c)"
case ifNotExistsValueMode:
node.fmtExpr = "if_not_exists($c, $c)"
default:
return Operand{}, fmt.Errorf("build operand error: unsupported mode: %v", svb.mode)
}
return Operand{
exprNode: node,
}, nil
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
1. Field of the Invention (Technical Field)
This invention relates to apparatuses for ultrasonic imaging of angioplasty or atherectomy catheters; and methods for their use.
2. Background Art
Standard percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, atherectomy, dilatation, and stenting techniques of the peripheral vascular system have traditionally required the use of iodinated contrast media and radiographic guidance for the proper positioning of the dilatation balloon across an arterial stenosis. There is a known incidence of allergy to iodinated contrast dye as well as unpredictable reactions to contrast dye, including various degrees of anaphylaxis and renal failure. The ionizing radiation utilized during the procedure is also a hazard to the patient and the medical staff.
Ultrasonographic imaging, on the other hand, presents no known irradiation hazard and requires no use of radiopaque contrast medium, yet provides excellent visualization of the arterial lumen and walls.
The correct placement of the angioplasty balloon during an angioplasty or atherectomy procedure is not only facilitated by the use of radiographic contrast medium to determine the location of the arterial stenosis, but also by radiographic markers, usually small bands of radiopaque material (metal), which mark the proximal and distal limits of the balloon.
The present invention allows for the correct placement of an angioplasty balloon catheter across an arterial stenosis utilizing ultrasonographic imaging alone, for example, B-mode imaging, thereby obviating contrast reactions and ionizing radiation exposure.
The concept of marking catheters with metallic elements is not new. Devices such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,279,252, to Martin, entitled X-Ray Scaling Catheter, utilize metallic foil rings embedded in the walls of an angiography catheter at a set distance apart in order to calculate distances within the heart and correct for errors due to x-ray magnification. These markers are radiopaque and designed for use with radiographically guided cardiac angiography procedures.
The concept of acoustically modifying catheters for enhanced visualization with ultrasound imaging is not per se novel. U.S. Pat. No. 4,401,124, to Guess, et al., entitled Reflection Enhancement of a Biopsy Needle, disclose a diffraction grating comprising parallel grooves etched into the tip of a biopsy needle for enhancing the reflection coefficient when used in conjunction with pulse-echo ultrasound imaging. Similarly, Elkins in U.S. Pat. No. 4,869,259 entitled Echogenically Enhanced Surgical Instrument and Method for Production Thereof discloses an acoustically enhanced surgical needle having a roughened surface with pits and erosions of the order of 50 microns in depth. The resultant roughness increases the density of reflected ultrasound beams to the piezoelectric sensor, resulting in enhanced echogenicity of the treated portion of the needle.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,431,006, to Trimmer, et al., entitled Passive Ultrasound Needle Probe Locator, teaches a sonically conductive needle which conveys ultrasonic energy to an external transducer. Divisional U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,637,401 and 4,674,336, to Johnston, entitled Volumetric Flow Rate Determination in Conduits Not Directly Accessible, both teach ultrasonic energy reflection in combination with a Doppler circuit for measuring blood velocity.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,582,061, to Fry, entitled Needle with Ultrasonically Reflective Displacement Scale, teaches a body puncturing device comprising a plurality of cavities or grooves for trapping gas, thereby improving acoustic reflection. U.S. Pat. No. 4,697,595, to Breyer, et al., entitled Ultrasonically Marked Cardiac Catheters, discloses a plurality of piezoelectric transducers embedded in a catheter to establish catheter location. U.S. Pat. No. 4,571,240, to Samson, et al., entitled Catheter Having Encapsulated Tip Marker, discloses a catheter comprising a broad metallic band at one end thereof for fluoroscopic use. U.S. Pat. No. 4,407,294, to Vilkomersas, entitled Ultrasound Tissue Probe Localization System, teaches an ultrasound imaging system comprising at least three transducers. U.S. Pat. No. 4,577,637, to Mueller, Jr., entitled Flexible Metal Radiopaque Indicator and Plugs for Catheters, discloses a radiopaque coiled metal spring which provides a catheter plug and indicator. U.S. Pat. No. 4,512,762, to Spears, entitled Method of Treatment of Atherosclerosis and a Balloon Catheter for Same, discloses a light-emitting balloon catheter for treatment of atheromatous plaque.
The current invention utilizes the placement of a fine wire monolayer, for example, 5 mm long, proximal and distal, at the limits, or within the angioplasty balloon itself, in order to be detected acoustically by ultrasonographic imaging. The proper detection of the proximal and distal limits of the angioplasty balloon by ultrasonographic imaging results in the ability to correctly position the balloon across an arterial stenosis without the use of radiographic contrast medium or ionizing radiation. Hence, angioplasty can be accomplished by non-radiographic ultrasonic guidance obviating the risks inherent to the traditional use of contrast agents and ionizing radiation.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Q:
edittext crashing application
i have 1 edittext with number input only.the problem is,suppose user types 1234 no in it and afterwrds if he wants to change it and for that when he wil press del key tat time wen he cmes at 2 and press one more time del key,application crashes.and i tried handling if edittext text length 0 case also but stil not wrkng
here is my code
input.addTextChangedListener(new TextWatcher() {
public void onTextChanged(CharSequence s, int start,
int before, int count)
{
final String in= input.getText().toString();//input is edittext
final int j=in.length();
Cursor ansof1=(Cursor) mSpinner.getSelectedItem();//1st spinner tks 1 value
String temp=ansof1.getString(1);
Cursor ansof2=(Cursor)mSpinner2.getSelectedItem();//for 2 spinner
String temp2=ansof2.getString(1);
Cursor cn = myDbHelper.selectcur(temp);
double ans1=cn.getDouble(3);
Cursor cm=myDbHelper.selectcur(temp2);
double ans2=cm.getDouble(3);
no = Integer.parseInt(in);
final double finalans=((ans1/ans2)*no);
NumberFormat formatter = new DecimalFormat("##,##,###");
if(temp.equalsIgnoreCase(temp2))
{
//dlgAlert.setMessage("OOpss..!! Both Currencies Are Same...!!");
text1.setText(no+" "+temp+" "+"="+" "+no+" "+temp2);
//dlgAlert.create().show();
}
else
text1.setText(no+" "+temp+" "+"="+" "+formatter.format(finalans)+" "+temp2);
}
@Override
public void afterTextChanged(Editable arg0)
{
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
}
@Override
public void beforeTextChanged(CharSequence s, int start, int count,
int after)
{
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
}
});
A:
It's because you try to convert empty string to number. So check for length of string like this,
input.addTextChangedListener(new TextWatcher() {
public void onTextChanged(CharSequence s, int start,
int before, int count)
{
if(s.length()==0)
{
return;
}
else
{
// your code here
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
***Cite this article as:*** Hosseini SS, Taheri K, Hosseini SM, Gholami M, Kouhsari E, Edalati E, Madani R, Mohammadzadeh R, Zahedi Bialvaei A, Sholeh M, Golchin Far F. Extraction and purification of the H9N2 virus nucleoprotein: A simple and practical method. *Med J Islam Repub Iran*. 2018 (21 Dec);32:128. https://doi.org/10.14196/mjiri.32.128
↑ What is "already known" in this topic: {#box1}
========================================
The nucleoprotein H9N2 influenza virus functions as a significant adaptor molecule between the virus and host cell processes. The purified nucleoprotein is used to detect new virus species caused by interbreeding and their resultant disease and to provide a vaccine for avian influenza for prevention and control programs of influenza in the industry.
→ What this article adds: {#box2}
=========================
The aim of this study was to purify virus NP in order to further project with a simple, low-cost, fast and practical method. In the current study, firstly the H9N2 virus identified and the locations of the viral proteins were determined. Subsequently the nucleoprotein was purified with adequate and accurate information about the viral proteins.
Introduction {#s1}
============
Avian Influenza is a highly contagious disease that causes symptoms in respiratory, digestive and nervous systems in a wide range of birds and can be transmitted to mammals, including humans ([@R1]). Dramatic changes reassortment between human and avian viruses are due to annual epidemics and pandemics ([@R2]). To date, the most appropriate method for fighting avian influenza is control and eradication. An effective human influenza vaccine development is a critical component to control and prevent an influenza pandemic ([@R3]). Influenza virus is an enveloped, single-stranded negative-sense RNA segmented virus ([@R3]). Based on the two proteins on the surface of the virus; hemagglutinin (H), and neuraminidase (N), influenza A viruses are divided into 15H and 9N subtypes ([@R4]). The proteins play key roles in infecting a host cell. In addition, inside the envelope are segmented single-stranded RNA and nucleoprotein (NP) ([@R5]). Avian influenza (AI) H9N2 subtype is generally reported as the primary isolate from turkey flocks in Wisconsin in America in 1966, then the virus has been reported and circulated among various countries ([@R6]). Although H9N2 is a low-pathogenic virus, the disease has been observed in all types of poultry in the field ([@R7]). Because of the wide range of the virus and the great losses it caused, initially a local vaccination program was implemented, but mass vaccination was quickly authorized ([@R8]). The virus has spread to other avian species such as chickens (breeders, broilers, and layers) and ostriches ([@R8]), it has been panzootic in Eurasia and is now the most dominant subtype of influenza virus in poultry industry ([@R9]). The viruses were classified as low pathogenic on the basis of experimental inoculation of chickens by different routes, but under field conditions, they have proved to cause a severe respiratory syndrome in birds, with heavy reductions in egg production and high mortality ([@R5], [@R7]). The H9N2 outbreak has been reported in the world from 1944 to 1996 in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Subsequently, in 1997, severe H9N2 cases were reported in many Asian countries ([@R10]). All viruses with negative-sense RNA genomes encode an ssRNA binding nucleoprotein (NP) ([@R11]). The NP is one of the key determinants of species specificity, RNA encapsulation, transcription, replication, and packaging ([@R11]). The NPs have interaction with different molecules such as; PB1, PB2, M1, Importin α, F-actin, CRM1/exportin-1 and BAT~1~/UAP~56~ ([@R11]). The NP Functions as a key adaptor molecule between the virus and host cell processes ([@R9], [@R12]). The purified nucleoprotein is used to detect new virus species caused by interbreeding and their resultant disease and to provide a vaccine for avian influenza for prevention and control programs of influenza in the industry ([@R13]). The aim of this study was to purify virus NP in order to further project with a simple, low-cost, fast and practical method.
Methods {#s2}
=======
Viral propagation {#s2-0-1}
-----------------
In this experimental study, viral propagation was performed by the method described ([@R14]). Briefly, the isolates of avian influenza A/Chicken/Iran/259/2014/H9N2 were propagated in specific-pathogen-free chicken embryonated eggs by allantoically inoculating 10^3^ to 10^5^ egg-infective doses (EID~50~) for 9 to 11 days. Eggs were incubated at 37°C with relative humidity of 55% and were candled daily for 7 days to embryo viability. Allantoic fluid from embryos that died after 24 h was collected aseptically and tested for hemagglutinating virus by the hemagglutination (HA) test. If no deaths occurred in the eggs after 6 days, all of the eggs were opened aseptically. The allantoic fluids were pooled and inoculated into 5 more embryonated eggs. If no deaths occurred after 7 days in the eggs of the second passage, all the eggs were opened, and the allantoic fluid of each egg was tested for hemagglutinating activity. If deaths occurred in the eggs and the material had a positive HA test, samples were considered positive, and this result was confirmed with the hemagglutinating inhibition (HI) test. Allantoic fluids from embryos showing early mortality after inoculation were tested for bacterial contamination according to routine procedures, and subsequently the infected fluids which contained between 32×10^5^ EID 50 of virus per ml were harvested and pooled. Reference stocks were lyophilized and working stocks were stored in ampoules at -20°C ([@R15]). However, HA and HI tests were performed by standard methods ([@R15]).
Extraction and Purification of nucleoprotein {#s2-0-2}
--------------------------------------------
The mixture was incubated for 1 hour at 4°C and clarified by centrifugation at a speed of 3500 rpm and 4°C for 15 minutes. The supernatant was collected, and PEG 5% (w/v) was added to it. Then, clarified by centrifugation at a speed of 9000 rpm and 4°C for 60 minutes, precipitate in TNB buffer was created as a homogenous suspension. Finally, a homogenous suspension was prepared for dialysis to remove PEG from the suspension. The HA test was performed on the sample after dialysis. Then, the dialyzed fluid was ultra-centrifuged at a speed of 20000 rpm and 4°C for 2 h. The resulting precipitate was converted into homogeneous suspension in 100 ml of TNE buffer. The HA test was also carried out at this stage. The purification of virus was performed by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation method ([@R16]). Finally, the resulting virus samples were lyophilized.
Protein Assay {#s2-0-3}
-------------
For this purpose, Bradford method was performed to determine the protein concentration of the sample according to the previously described method with some modifications ([@R17]). In this method, duplicate volumes of bovine serum albumin (BSA) (10-100 mg/ml) was used to prepare the calibration graph. The basic Laemmli SDS-PAGE procedure was used to separate the protein of interest ([@R18]). Afterward, one of the gels was stained with Coomassie blue G-250 (Merck, Germany) and the other gel with silver nitrate. Also, native and functional biological molecules were purified by preparative electrophoresis (model 491 Prep Cell, Bio-Rad, CA), using reduced and non-reduced methods ([@R19]). Finally, to determine protein fractions the optical density was read at 280 nm using a spectrophotometer. The reduced 12% SDS-PAGE was used to analyze the integrity of the purified influenza virus proteins and the detection of fractions containing nucleoprotein. In brief, 200 μl of each protein fraction \[with a high absorption\] was mixed with 30 μl of 2-mercaptoethanol and incubated for 4 h at 37 °C. The protein fractions \[with high absorption\] were dissolved in non-reducing SDS-PAGE loading buffer (without 2-mercaptoethanol) and stained with silver nitrate ([@R20]). The protein concentration was assessed with the Bradford method. Finally, in order to confirm H9N2 presence, the purified sample was loaded and resolved by SDS-PAGE and proteins were transported to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. Membrane blocking was done using 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA), overnight. Primary specific antibody versus H9N2 was used at a 1:1000 dilution, and secondary antibody was used at a 1:10000 dilution (HRP-conjugated). Immunoreactive bands visualized with chemiluminescence HRP substrate (Abcam).
Results {#s3}
=======
Protein assay before SDS-PAGE {#s3-0-1}
-----------------------------
A protein assay was performed for influenza virus, and at this stage, BSA was used as a standard in volumes of 100, 300, 500 and 1000 mg/ml, and the results indicated that the volume of the viral solution was appropriate. According to [Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}, the highest and lowest amounts of protein were the sample F act 3 and the sample F act 5 with 387.07 mg/ml and 212.5 mg/ml, respectively.
###### Results of Protein assay
------------- ---------- ---------------
Sample name OD 595nm Protein mg/ml
St 100 0.08 100
St 300 0.31 300
St 500 0.53 500
St 1000 0.97 1000
F act 1 0.22 212.9
F act 2 0.32 309.67
F act 3 0.40 387.07
F act 4 0.27 261.29
F act 5 0.17 212.5
------------- ---------- ---------------
SDS-PAGE after protein assay {#s3-0-2}
----------------------------
Gels were prepared with concentrations of 2.5, 5 and 10 μg of each sample. According to our results ([Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}), the molecular weight of the nucleoprotein was estimated between 45 and 66.2 kDa.
{#F1}
Preparative electrophoresis results {#s3-0-3}
-----------------------------------
The absorption of the fractions was obtained from the purified nucleoprotein at 280 nm (UV). [Graphs 1](#F5){ref-type="fig"} and [2](#F6){ref-type="fig"} were plotted from the 121 fractions of the reduced and, 123 fractions of the non-reduced methods. Our results showed that 26 fractions from the reduced and 42 fractions from the non-reduced methods had a positive absorption, and these fractions contained viral NP.
{#F5}
{#F6}
SDS-PAGE and Western blotting after protein purification {#s3-0-4}
--------------------------------------------------------
SDS-PAGE was performed for the presence of NP after purification with preparative electrophoresis method ([Figs. 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"} and [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). According to the molecular weight of NP, fractions 2 and 3 (reduced purification) contained viral NP, but in fractions with non-reduced purification, no band was detected, and no viral protein was isolated. The NP band (H9N2) was verified again by immunoblotting assay ([Fig. 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}).
{#F2}
{#F3}
{#F4}
Discussion {#s4}
==========
The purpose of this work was to prepare and purify the influenza virus nucleoprotein in a simple, low-cost, applied and rapid method. In the current study, firstly the H9N2 virus identified and the locations of the viral proteins were determined. Subsequently the nucleoprotein was purified with adequate and accurate information about the viral proteins. The use of a live virus for propagation is necessary, but epidemiological hygiene needs to be considered, and this issue is more important in influenza viruses due to their genetic rearrangement and transmission potential to humans. However, the advantages of using the inactive virus are due to the lack of infectious potential and long-term maintenance and the absence of contamination with other microorganisms. The virus from dialysis was lyophilized to facilitate further protein purifications. By SDS-PAGE analyses, the virus protein bands were examined, and it was determined that a nucleoprotein with a molecular weight \~ 54 kDa is clearly identifiable \[between bands of 45 to 65 kDa of ladder\], and two bands (top and down), which are related to the HA protein, can be identified and separated. However, to ensure that the NP protein can be observed in low amounts of protein and the diluted sample, gels are stained with silver nitrate, which is about 10 to 100 times more accurate than the Coomassie blue. For purity and the presence of the desired protein, we examined the molecular weight and position of the nucleoprotein in terms of movement and detachment in the polyacrylamide gel; samples were run on a preparative electrophoresis machine. The Prep Cell 491 has a special constructional complexity and requires the precision and observance of the basic principles of assembling its parts. The components should be tightly assembled and the gel preparation, spraying, fractionation and droplet adjustment steps should be done correctly, and since the application and operation of the device is long, it is necessary to schedule proper testing. The accuracy of the purification of the influenza virus proteins is very important due to the small size and the number of proteins and types of proteins. By adjusting the fractionation device, the volume of 8 ml and duration of 20 minutes for each fraction, this step lasted 48 h. Initially, the fractions contain a protein-free stain which should be discarded. After preparing the fractions and determining their absorbance at 280 nm, the precise and pure presence of the nucleoprotein in fractions 2 and 3 was observed after complete removal of color, and this result was confirmed by SDS-PAGE, but in the non-reducing procedure, no purification was performed, and no band was found in SDS-PAGE. To increase the volume of pure nucleoprotein fractions, fractions containing the nucleoprotein were lyophilized. After lyophilization of the fractions containing the nucleoprotein, protein assay, SDS-PAGE and staining with silver nitrate were performed again. The significant points about the electrophoresis of the influenza virus are the importance of the preparation stages and purification of the virus and the electrophoretic conditions affecting the pattern of electrophoresis of viral proteins. So that with the slightest change, it is possible to observe a change in the electrophoretic pattern of the virus. The lack of similarity of the electrophoretic pattern of various influenza viruses can be attributed to this cause. To ensure the absence of the influenza virus genome in purified nucleoprotein, (because the nucleoprotein and genome of the virus are in the structure of the virus and the nucleoprotein is the viral genome coverage, and together with the RNA, the RNP forms), the resulting samples were electrophoresed. To check the accuracy of the results, the influenza virus before and after lyophilization, and a purified nucleoprotein after lyophilization were tested. The results of electrophoresis indicated no genomic band in the nucleoprotein sample. Thus, during testing, it has been proven that with the help of the Prep Cell 491, we will be able to completely purify the H9N2 avian influenza virus and save time and cost. Purified nucleoprotein can be used to provide nucleoprotein anti-sera against influenza viruses in future researches. Significant points in this study are the high speed and precision of the test results, which can be expressed as a superior advantage over the success of the research. Studies have been conducted on nucleoprotein and different method used for purification of nucleoprotein. Harmon et al., investigated an immunoassay for serological diagnosis of influenza type using a recombinant DNA producing nucleoprotein antigen and monoclonal human antibody IgG ([@R21]). They used immunoaffinity chromatography method for NP purification. This method is time-consuming and costly, and although the appropriate amount of nucleoprotein was purified, supplementary experiments and a large number of viral samples are required. In the present study, with the least number of the viral samples, nucleoprotein can be obtained. Li et al., (2014), isolated and purified the NP by SDS-PAGE for NP purification and then mass spectrometry was performed ([@R22]). In the SDS-PAGE electrophoresis method, viral proteins are isolated but not completely purified, and when cutting from the gel, there is a possibility of error. On the other hand, in this method, the accuracy and skill of the researcher are of great importance, and the cost of mass spectrometry is significant for confirmation of the protein.
Conclusion {#s5}
==========
Considering the results of our study, the purified nucleoprotein was obtained very dynamically, with high speed, precision, and purity. Purified nucleoprotein can be used to produce nucleoprotein vaccines, as well as to study structural, molecular and diagnostic and therapeutic materials.
Acknowledgments {#s6}
===============
We thank our colleagues from Department of Botany, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Payame Noor University who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research.
Conflict of Interests {#s7}
=====================
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
River Glaven
The River Glaven in the eastern English county of Norfolk is 10½ miles long and flows through picturesque North Norfolk countryside to the North Sea. Rising from a tiny headwater in Bodham the river starts 2½ miles before Selbrigg Pond where three streams combine at the outfall. The scenic value of the Glaven valley is important to the tourist industry in North Norfolk. The river is also 15km long and is one of over 200 chalk rivers in the world and one of 160 in the UK.
Geography
The river has a catchment area of approximately 115 km2 and from its source falls 50 metres to the present tidal limit at Cley sluice. The sub-surface geology is predominantly chalk and in parts of the lower valley the river runs over chalk beds. The land adjoining the river consists of a mixture of arable farm land and, in the upper reaches near Edgefield, coniferous plantations. In the middle reaches there are grazing meadows and low-lying washlands especially below Glandford Mill. The Glaven has two major tributaries: Stody Beck joins just above Hunworth Mill (Map Ref TG 066 356), and the Thornage Beck joins close to the unbridged ford on the Thornage to Hunworth road (Map Ref TG 062 363).
Lakes and pools
There are three "on-stream" lakes associated with the main channel, these being Hawksmere (Hempstead mill pond), Edgefield Hall Lake and Bayfield Hall Lake. The long, thin lake at Bayfield Hall in many ways epitomises the beauty of the lower Glaven valley. It was dug in the late eighteenth century for ornamental purposes. In the late 19th century an "extravaganza" tunnel was built into the valley side so that the Glaven could be partly diverted around the lake.
This tunnel stopped operating in 2010 when the Bayfield hall project set out to create a new 1.2 mile long river channel to save the wildlife including many species of fish, especially Trout. The project was completed in 2014. It was very successful and this is the longest manmade river stretch in the UK.
Watermills
At the time of the Domesday Book the River Glaven had 19 watermills. Today the Glaven has six: in order of river descent they are Hempstead, Hunworth, Thornage, Letheringsett, Letheringsett Brewery mill and Glandford. Letheringsett mill is still in use and is the only working watermill in Norfolk, grinding corn to make flour which is on sale at the mill shop.
Wildlife
Water voles are present in the Glaven, in good numbers. Otters are difficult to see, but they make good use of the river. This could be one reason why mink are absent as otters are thought not to tolerate them. Both red deer and roe deer are seen.
The bird population reflects the range of habitats available, and the total number of species present is around 126, of which 68 have bred (these figures do not include birds of the coastal wetlands north of the coast road (A 149) at Cley). Birds seen locally include kingfisher, barn owl, common buzzard and osprey. The last uses the Glaven Valley as a flyway on its spring and autumn migration and it also sometimes stays to fish. Common buzzard breed in small but increasing numbers and can be seen wheeling overhead. Barn owls frequently hunt during daylight hours. As winter approaches flocks of pink-footed geese and brent geese fly from the coast to feeding grounds on the farms inland.
Fish
Fish in the river include three-spined stickleback, bullhead, stone loach, brown trout, sea trout, brook lamprey, roach, rudd, perch, eel, pike, gudgeon, carp and tench.
Insects and dragonflies
Some insects and dragonfly to be seen on the river include banded demoiselle, emerald damselfly, scarce emerald damselfly, large red damselfly, red-eyed damselfly, small red-eyed damselfly, azure damselfly, common blue damselfly, blue-tailed damselfly, migrant hawker, southern hawker, brown hawker, emperor dragonfly, four-spotted chaser, broad-bodied chaser, black-tailed skimmer, keeled skimmer, common darter, ruddy darter, common hawker, Norfolk hawker, hairy dragonfly, red-veined darter, yellow-winged darter, black darter and the variable damselfly.
Small mammals
Small mammals seen in or near the river include hedgehog, mole, common shrew, pygmy shrew, water shrew, noctule bat, pipistrelle bat, Natterer’s bat, Daubenton’s bat, rabbits, brown hares, grey squirrel, bank vole, short-tailed field vole, water vole, wood mouse, house mouse and the brown rat.
Larger mammals
Red deer, roe deer, muntjac, red fox, badger, otter, stoat, weasel and feral cats.
Gallery
External links
River Glaven Conservation Group
Letheringsett watermill 1
Letheringsett watermill 2
River restoration project at Glandford Mill
Glaven, River
|
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SSLs use semiconductor light-emitting diodes (“LEDs”), polymer light-emitting diodes (“PLEDs”), organic light-emitting diodes (“OLEDs”), or other types of solid state emitters (SSEs) as sources of illumination. Generally, SSLs generate less heat, provide greater resistance to shock and vibration, and have longer life spans than conventional lighting devices that use filaments, plasma, or gas as sources of illumination (e.g., florescent or incandescent lights). SSL devices are increasingly in demand for many purposes because such devices efficiently produce high-intensity, high-quality light. Mobile phones, personal digital assistants, digital cameras, MP3 players, and other portable devices use SSLs, such as white light SSLs, for background illumination. The possible applications for SSL devices extend beyond portable devices and include ceiling panel lights, desk lamps, refrigerator lights, table lamps, street lights, automobile headlights, and many other lighting applications.
White light is desirable for many applications, but current SSLs cannot directly produce white light. One conventional technique for emulating white light from an SSL includes depositing a converter material (e.g., a phosphor) on a light emitting material. For example, as shown in FIG. 1A, a conventional SSL device 10 includes a support 2 carrying an LED die 4 and a converter material 6 deposited on the LED die 4. The LED die 4 can include one or more light emitting components. For example, as shown in FIG. 1B, the LED die 4 can include a silicon substrate 12, an N-type gallium nitride (GaN) material 14, an indium gallium nitride (InGaN) material 16 (and/or GaN multiple quantum wells), and a P-type GaN material 18 on one another in series. The LED die 4 can also include a first contact 20 on the P-type GaN material 18 and a second contact 22 on the N-type GaN material 14. Referring to both FIGS. 1A and 1B, in operation, the InGaN material 16 of the LED die 4 emits a blue light that stimulates the converter material 6 to emit a light (e.g., a yellow light) at a desired frequency. The combination of the blue and yellow emissions appears white to human eyes if matched appropriately.
Another conventional construction of an SSL device 20 is shown in FIG. 2. The device 20 has a support 23 upon which an LED 24 is mounted. The device 20 also includes a phosphor well 26 containing a converter material and a lens 28 formed over the LED 24. This configuration produces light primarily focused in a direction 29 perpendicular to the LED 24. The lighting distribution from this arrangement is suitable for some lighting applications. However, many other applications can benefit from a more dispersed angular distribution of light. Accordingly, there remains a need for SSL devices that produce multi-directional light patterns.
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Q:
Which one is more efficient: boolean or binary integer?
I have to store a binary value in a variable or an array element, to indicate that an option is enabled or disabled.
I believe using "Yes" or "No" is less efficient than 1 or 0 (or empty), but I wonder whether there's any difference between 1/0 and TRUE/FALSE, in terms of performance or memory usage or anything else.
Between
$option = 1; # if the option is enabled
$option = 0; # if the option is disabled OR
$option = ""; # if the option is disabled
and
$option = TRUE; # if the option is enabled
$option = FALSE; # if the option is disabled
which way is recommended? Why?
Thanks.
A:
This answer1 suggests that zero, null and empty are equivalent, and this answer2 suggests that 1 and true are equivalent.
|
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Filed 2/22/19; Certified for Publication 3/4/19 (order attached)
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
ERIC PREVEN, B287559
Petitioner and Appellant, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BS166039)
v.
CITY OF LOS ANGELES et al.,
Respondents.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles, John
P. Doyle, Judge. Affirmed in part, reversed in part.
Paul Nicholas Boylan, for Petitioner and Appellant.
Michael N. Feuer, City Attorney, Blithe S. Bock, Assistant City
Attorney, and Paul L. Winnemore, Deputy City Attorney, for Respondents.
__________________
This appeal concerns the statutory interpretation of one of the public
comment requirements of California’s open meeting law, the Ralph M. Brown
Act, Government Code section 54950 et seq. Appellant Eric Preven exercised
1
his opportunity to address a meeting of the Los Angeles City Council’s
Planning and Land Use Management Committee (PLUM). He was then
denied the opportunity to address the full city council when it held a special
meeting the next day to discuss, among other things, the recommendation
arrived at by the PLUM committee.
Asserting the City of Los Angeles’s (City) refusal to let him address the
special city council meeting was part of a larger pattern of Brown Act
violations, Preven sent a cease and desist demand letter to the City. When
the City failed to respond to that letter, he filed a petition for a writ of
mandate and complaint for declaratory relief to enforce the Brown Act. He
further brought a second claim based on the California Public Records Act.
((CPRA); § 6250 et seq.)
In response to the petition, the City argued the Brown Act requires
only the opportunity to address a special meeting of a legislative body before
it takes action. Since Preven spoke before the special city council meeting at
the PLUM committee meeting, the City asserted it could bar Preven from
addressing the full council on the same topic. The trial court agreed,
sustained the City’s demurrer without leave to amend, and entered a
judgment of dismissal.
For the reasons set forth below, we find Preven has stated a claim for a
writ of mandate and declaratory relief with regard to the Brown Act. We
accordingly reverse the judgment of dismissal as to that count. Given
Preven’s concession that he is not suing to enforce the CPRA, and did not
1
All statutory references are to the Government Code.
2
make any request for records pursuant to it, we affirm the trial court’s
dismissal of the CPRA count as duplicative of his Brown Act claim.
BACKGROUND
When “ ‘reviewing a judgment of dismissal after a demurrer is
sustained without leave to amend, we . . . assume the truth of all facts
properly pleaded’ ” in the operative petition, “ ‘as well as those [facts] that are
judicially noticeable.’ ” (Heckart v. A-1 Self Storage, Inc. (2018) 4 Cal.5th 749,
753.)
On December 15, 2015, the PLUM committee held an open meeting.
That committee consists of five members of the fifteen-member city council.
Agenda item 5 for the meeting concerned a recommendation to the full city
council on a proposed real estate development near Preven’s residence. The
committee listened to comment from members of the public, including
Preven, and voted unanimously to make a report and recommendation of
approval to the full city council.
The following day, December 16, 2015, a special meeting of the city
council was held to decide (among other things) whether to approve the
recommendation of the PLUM committee on the real estate development.
Preven knew this special meeting was scheduled to take place when he
attended the December 15th PLUM committee meeting. Preven attended the
December 16th special meeting, and requested an opportunity to address the
city council, including the ten council members who were not part of the five-
member PLUM committee. His request was denied on the grounds that he
and others had the opportunity to comment on the real estate development
agenda item at the PLUM committee meeting the previous day.
3
On September 14, 2016, Preven delivered a cease and desist demand
letter to the City Clerk. In it, he asserted the City had violated the Brown
2
Act by preventing him from speaking at the December 16, 2015 meeting, and
that the City had engaged in similar improper conduct at subsequent special
city council meetings in May and June 2016. The City did not respond to that
letter within 60 days, or at any time afterwards.
DISCUSSION
“[W]e review the [operative petition] de novo to determine whether it
alleges facts stating a cause of action under any legal theory.” (Tom Jones
Enterprises, Ltd. v. County of Los Angeles (2013) 212 Cal.App.4th 1283, 1290;
see also Jacobs v. Regents of University of California (2017) 13 Cal.App.5th
17, 24 [de novo review of petition for writ of mandate involving statutory
guaranty], Shoyoye v. County of Los Angeles (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 947,
954−955 [issues of statutory interpretation reviewed de novo].)
A. The Brown Act
“The purpose of the Brown Act is to facilitate public participation in
local government decisions and to curb misuse of the democratic process by
secret legislation.” (Boyle v. City of Redondo Beach (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th
1109, 1116.) As a remedial statute, we construe the Brown Act liberally to
accomplish its purpose, and “suppress the mischief at which it is directed.”
(International Longshoremen’s & Warehousemen’s Union v. Los Angeles
Export Terminal, Inc. (1999) 69 Cal.App.4th 287, 294.)
1. Regular Versus Special Meetings
2
The sending of such a demand letter is required prior to pursuing litigation under
the Brown Act to permit the legislative body the opportunity to commit not to repeat the
actions alleged to be in violation of the Act. (§ 54960.2.)
4
The Brown Act distinguishes between regular and special meetings of a
legislative body. Legislative bodies must determine a regular time and place
for holding their meetings. (§ 54954, subd. (a).) Regular meetings must be
preceded by 72 hours’ notice, including an agenda with “a brief general
description of each item of business to be transacted or discussed at the
meeting.” (§ 54954.2.) While legislative discussion and action is generally
restricted to items listed on the agenda, section 54954.2, subdivision (b)
permits certain exceptions to this general rule. The scope of permissible
public comment at a regular meeting includes “any item of interest to the
public . . . that is within the subject matter jurisdiction of the legislative
body.” (§ 54954.3, subd. (a) (54954.3(a)).) The public’s opportunity to address
the legislative body must take place “before or during the legislative body’s
consideration” of the item at issue. (Ibid.)
However, the legislative body does need not provide an opportunity for
public comment at a regular meeting: “on any item that has already been
considered by a committee, composed exclusively of members of the
legislative body, at a public meeting wherein all interested members of the
public were afforded the opportunity to address the committee on the item,
before or during the committee’s consideration of the item, unless the item
has been substantially changed since the committee heard the item, as
determined by the legislative body.” (§ 54953.3(a).)
The parties refer to this as the “committee exception,” and we likewise
use that terminology for ease of reference.
Special meetings, on the other hand, may be called at any time by the
presiding officer or a majority of the members of a legislative body no less
than 24 hours in advance of the meeting, and upon certain specified notice
requirements including notice of “the business to be transacted or discussed.”
5
(§ 54956, subd. (a).) The agenda posting exceptions listed in section 54954.2,
subdivision (b) do not apply to special meetings, and no business beyond that
set forth in the notice “shall be considered” at a special meeting. (§ 54956,
subd. (a).) The scope of public comment is similarly delimited to items
noticed for the special meeting. Instead of being able to address any item of
interest within the legislative body’s subject matter jurisdiction, the public
has a right to address a special meeting on “any item that has been described
in the notice for the meeting.” (§ 54954.3(a).) As with general meetings, the
public must be given the opportunity to address the legislative body “before
or during consideration” of the agenda item. (Ibid.)
2. The Trial Court’s Ruling
In sustaining the City’s demurrer, the trial court held that the Brown
Act does not establish different public participation rules for special meetings
and regular meetings, especially where an individual already had an
opportunity to address a committee on the item in question. After granting
leave to amend and considering additional legislative history submitted by
the parties, the court found the committee exception in section 54954.3(a)
applies to both regular and special meetings. The court further reasoned that
Preven had the opportunity to address the PLUM committee before the
special city council meeting, and therefore he did not have a right to be heard
again on the same item at the special meeting.
3. The Committee Exception Does Not Apply to Special
Meetings
The trial court’s holding that the committee exception in section
54954.3(a) applies to special meetings was error. Indeed, before us, the City
concedes the committee exception applies only to regular meetings. “Under
general settled canons of statutory construction, we ascertain the
6
Legislature’s intent in order to effectuate the law’s purpose.” (White v.
Ultramar, Inc. (1999) 21 Cal.4th 563, 572.) We “ ‘look first to the words of the
statute, “because they generally provide the most reliable indicator of
legislative intent.” ’ ” (Kirby v. Immoos Fire Protection, Inc. (2012) 53 Cal.4th
1244, 1250.)
It is a general rule of statutory construction that modifying phrases are
to be applied to the words immediately preceding them. (People v. Corey
(1978) 21 Cal.3d 738, 742.) The full language of section 54954.3(a) has three
sentences, which are separated below for ease of reference:
“Every agenda for regular meetings shall provide an opportunity for
members of the public to directly address the legislative body on any item of
interest to the public, before or during the legislative body’s consideration of
the item, that is within the subject matter jurisdiction of the legislative body,
provided that no action shall be taken on any item not appearing on the
agenda unless the action is otherwise authorized by subdivision (b) of Section
54954.2.
“However, the agenda need not provide an opportunity for members of
the public to address the legislative body on any item that has already been
considered by a committee, composed exclusively of members of the
legislative body, at a public meeting wherein all interested members of the
public were afforded the opportunity to address the committee on the item,
before or during the committee’s consideration of the item, unless the item
has been substantially changed since the committee heard the item, as
determined by the legislative body.
“Every notice for a special meeting shall provide an opportunity for
members of the public to directly address the legislative body concerning any
item that has been described in the notice for the meeting before or during
consideration of that item.”
The plain language of section 54954.3(a) specifies that the committee
exception applies to only to regular meetings. “ ‘If the statutory language is
7
clear and unambiguous, our inquiry ends.’ ” (Kirby, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p.
1250.) The sentence setting forth the committee exception comes after the
first sentence discussing regular meetings, and begins with “However . . . .”
This indicates the second sentence is modifying the first sentence. (Corey,
supra, 21 Cal.3d at p. 742.) The sentence setting forth the committee
exception also comes before the third sentence discussing special meetings,
and the third sentence does not refer to the second sentence or any committee
exception.
4. “Before” Cannot Be Read to Create a Committee
Exception for Special Meetings
Instead of arguing section 54954.3(a)’s committee exception applies to
special meetings, the City claims it complied with the Brown Act because
section 54954.3(a) requires the opportunity for public comment “before . . .
consideration” of the special meeting agenda item, and Preven was given the
opportunity to comment before the special city council meeting at the PLUM
committee meeting the preceding day. We do not agree that section
54954.3(a)’s language requiring the opportunity for public comment “before
. . . consideration” by a legislative body at a special meeting can be construed
so broadly.
A fundamental rule of statutory construction requires that every part
of a statute be presumed to have some effect and not be treated as
meaningless unless absolutely necessary. “ ‘[A] construction that renders a
word surplusage should be avoided.’ ” (People v. Arias (2008) 45 Cal.4th 169,
180.) Construing the phrase requiring the public be allowed to address a
special meeting “before . . . consideration of that item” to create what would
in effect be a committee exception for special meetings renders the committee
exception language already in section 54954.3(a) superfluous. Section
8
54954.3(a) requires that any public comments—whether at a regular or
special meeting—occur “before or during” the legislative body’s consideration
of that item. If public comment “before” a regular or special meeting includes
a prior committee meeting, the committee exception language for regular
meetings would be superfluous and unnecessary.
As a fallback, the City tries to analogize the facts here to one
continuous meeting over several days, citing Chaffee v. San Francisco Library
Commission (2004) 115 Cal.App.4th 461, 468. In Chaffee, the court found
that when a legislative body’s meeting spans more than one day, the
legislative body needs to provide only a single general public comment period
rather than comment periods on multiple days. (Id. at p. 468.) That analogy
is inapt. Chafee involved a hearing of the same legislative body with the
same members involved in one meeting that took more than one day. Here,
in contrast, there was a meeting of the PLUM committee involving five
members of the city council. That meeting started and ended on December
15, 2015. It was followed the next day by a separate and distinct meeting of
the full city council—including 10 members not present at the committee
meeting.
5. The Legislative History Indicates that the Word “Before”
in Section 54954.3(a) Does Not Refer to Prior, Separate
Committee Meetings
Given the potential ambiguity in section 54954.3(a) over whether the
required opportunity for public comment “before” a legislative body takes
action at a special meeting includes comment at a prior separate meeting, or
is limited to the timing of public comment within the special meeting itself,
we also consider the legislative history of section 54954.3(a). (Nolan v. City of
Anaheim (2004) 33 Cal.4th 335, 340.) When examining legislative history, it
9
is appropriate to consider the timing and historical context of the
Legislature’s actions. (MCI Communications Services, Inc. v. California Dept.
of Tax & Fee Administration (2018) 28 Cal.App.5th 635, 652.)
a. Regular Meeting Provisions: 1953−1991
As originally enacted in 1953, the Brown Act did not require the
opportunity for public comment at either regular or special meetings. (Stats.
1953, ch. 1588, § 1.) In 1986, the Act was amended to include a public
comment requirement for regular meetings. The Legislature also created an
exception to such public comment at regular meetings of a city council or
board of supervisors where the public had previously addressed a committee
of the council or board on the agenda item. (Stats. 1986, ch. 641, § 6.)
In 1991—after the enactment of the committee exception for regular
meetings—the Act was amended to require public comment at regular
meetings of all legislative bodies (including city council and board of
supervisor meetings) occur “before or during” consideration by the legislative
body or committee of the item. (Stats. 1991, ch. 66, § 1.)
As shown by this chronology, the “before” language for regular
meetings was enacted five years after the committee exception. As with the
structure of section 54954.3(a) itself, the statute’s provenance indicates that
the “before” language was not designed to limit comment based on speech at
a separate prior meeting. After all, at the time the “before” language was
included in section 54954.3(a), that provision already had a committee
exception, which addressed when comments could be limited based on prior
meetings. The 1991 amendment was not designed to further limit public
comment, but rather to make sure that public comments were in fact heard
and considered. By requiring public comments “before or during” any
legislative consideration at a regular or committee meeting, the 1991 “before”
10
language made sure public comments within a particular meeting (either a
committee or regular meeting) were heard by the legislative body in that
meeting before it considered an item and took action.
b. Special Meeting Provisions: 1993−1994
It was not until 1993 that the Legislature required an opportunity for
public comment at special meetings of legislative bodies. (Stats. 1993, ch.
1136 (Assem. Bill No. 1426) § 9; ch. 1137 (Sen. Bill No. 36) § 9.) In that year,
the Legislature added a sentence at the end of section 54954.3(a) stating
“Every notice for a special meeting at which action is proposed to be taken on
an item shall provide an opportunity for members of the public to directly
address the legislative body concerning that item prior to action on the item.”
(Ibid.)
Preven submitted evidence below indicating one suggested amendment
to the 1993 Senate Bill included a committee exception for special meetings,
which the Legislature ultimately did not include. The available legislative
history provides no indication as to why this proposed committee exception
for special meetings was not included in the final bill. This draft amendment,
however, does highlight the obvious point that if the Legislature wanted to
create a committee-like exception for special meetings, it knew how to say so
clearly. That fact that the Legislature chose not to do so is evidence of its
intent not to create the type of exception urged by the City. (People v. Tilbury
(1991) 54 Cal.3d 56, 61−63.)
Finally, in 1994, the special meeting language in section 54954.3(a) was
amended into its current form to parallel more closely the first sentence of
11
that section requiring public comment at regular meetings occur “before or
during” consideration by the legislative body. (Stats. 1994, ch. 32, § 9.)
3
c. Conclusion
This legislative history shows that section 54954.3(a)’s current
requirement that the public be allowed to address a special meeting “before
or during” consideration of an agenda item has the same meaning as similar
“before or during” language did when it was enacted in 1991 for general
meetings. The “before or during” language concerns the timing of comments
within a particular meeting, and does operate to restrict comment based on a
prior distinct meeting.
The City argues this construction would lead to absurd results by
leading to different public participation rules for special and regular
meetings. We see no such absurdity. Both the statute as well as its
legislative history show that the Legislature has purposefully made a number
of distinctions between regular and special meetings. The notice
requirements are different—72 hours for regular meetings, 24 hours for
special meetings. The scope of permissible comment at the meetings is
different—“any item of interest to the public . . . within the subject matter
jurisdiction of the legislative body” for regular meetings, compared to only
those items “described in the notice” for special meetings. There is a
committee exception for regular meetings, and no committee exception for
special meeting. To the extent the Brown Act’s public comment rules are
3
The changes from the 1993 language were as follows: Every notice for a special
meeting at which action is proposed to be taken on an item shall provide an opportunity
for members of the public to directly address the legislative body concerning any_that
item prior to action on the itemthat has been described in the notice for the meeting
before or during consideration of that item.
12
incongruous as between regular and special meetings preceded by a
committee meeting, it is the province of the Legislature, and not this court, to
bring them more in harmony.
Given the plain language of the statute, and its legislative history, we
find the Brown Act does not permit limiting comment at special city council
meetings based on comments at prior, distinct committee meetings. Preven
adequately alleged a claim that he was improperly denied the opportunity to
comment on the agenda item at a special meeting. Preven also adequately
alleged a pattern of conduct by the City at special city council meetings in
violation of the Brown Act. He therefore stated a claim in his amended
petition for a writ of mandate and complaint for declaratory relief under the
Brown Act.
B. Preven Failed to State a Claim Under the CPRA
In addition to his Brown Act claim, Preven brought a second cause of
action for declaratory relief and a writ of mandate under the CPRA to enforce
his right to address the city council. Preven concedes that he is not suing to
enforce the CPRA, and did not make a request for records pursuant to the
statute. The City’s demurrer was sustained without leave to amend based on
the CPRA claim being duplicative of the Brown Act claim.
When a demurrer is sustained without leave to amend, we look to see
“whether there is a reasonable possibility that the defect can be cured by
amendment.” (City of Dinuba v. County of Tulare (2007) 41 Cal.4th 859,
865.) Given Preven’s acknowledgment that he is not seeking to enforce the
CPRA, there is no reasonable possibility the defects in his second cause of
action under the CPRA can be cured. The trial court did not abuse its
discretion in sustaining the demurrer to the CPRA cause of action without
leave to amend.
13
DISPOSITION
The judgment of dismissal is reversed. The matter is remanded for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion. The parties are to bear
their own costs on appeal.
WEINGART, J.
*
We concur:
CHANEY, J., Acting P. J.
BENDIX, J.
*
Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant
to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
14
Filed 3/4/19
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
ERIC PREVEN, B287559
Petitioner and Appellant, (Super. Ct. L.A. County
No. BS166039)
v.
CITY OF LOS ANGELES et al., ORDER CERTIFYING
OPINION FOR PUBLICATION
Defendants and Respondents.
THE COURT*:
Good cause appearing, it is ordered that the opinion in the above
entitled matter, filed February 22, 2019, be published in the official
reports.
_____________________________________________________________________
________________________ _____________________ _____________________
*CHANEY, Acting P. J. BENDIX, J. WEINGART, J.**
** Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant
to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
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Ottawa (AFP) - Canadian special forces participating in military training in southeast Niger, near the border with Nigeria, were ordered to withdraw recently to avoid battling with Boko Haram Islamists, the military said Thursday.
The troops had been posted to the town of Diffa, where the government of Niger declared a state of emergency on February 11 following attacks in the region that borders Boko Haram's stronghold in northeast Nigeria.
The Canadians are participating in US-sponsored counterterrorism training that started on February 16 and is due to wrap up on March 9.
The annual program has 1,300 troops from 19 countries training militaries in five African countries in shooting, movement, communications, and mission planning.
Dominique Tessier from Canada's defense department did not say how many Canadians were at risk of confrontation with Boko Haram, but noted in an email to AFP that "several members" were relocated from Diffa to other areas such as Agadez and Niamey in Niger and N'Djamena in Chad "due to security issues."
"This was seen as a prudent measure given the current security situation in the region," Tessier said, adding the exercise continues.
"Recent events in Niger involving Boko Haram do highlight training such as this to help collective efforts against violent extremist organizations."
The Canadian special forces also stand ready to provide humanitarian or other assistance, should Ottawa decide to offer help, Tessier said.
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|
Epicardial adipose tissue as new cardio-metabolic risk marker and potential therapeutic target in the metabolic syndrome.
Increased visceral adiposity, is an emerging cardiovascular risk factor. There is now a compelling need to quantify visceral adipose tissue not only for diagnostic purposes, but also for therapeutic interventions with weight reduction drugs or pharmaceuticals targeted to adipose tissue, as well as anti-obesity medications, thiazolidinediones, fibrates, angiotensin receptor blockers, highly active antiretroviral therapy and hormone replacement therapy. Among visceral adipose tissues, growing evidences suggest that cardiac adiposity may play an important role in the development of an unfavorable cardiovascular risk profile. Recent papers suggest that epicardial fat, index of cardiac and visceral adiposity, could locally modulate the morphology and function of the heart. The close anatomical relationship between epicardial adipose tissue and the adjacent myocardium should readily allow local paracrine interactions between these tissues. Echocardiography has been recently proposed for the direct assessment of epicardial adipose tissue. Echocardiographic assessment of epicardial fat may be a helpful tool not only for diagnostic purposes, as marker of visceral adiposity and inflammation, but also for therapeutic interventions with drugs that can modulate the adipose tissue. In this article, epicardial adipose tissue's structure, function, method of assessment and reliability as a diagnostic tool and potential therapeutic target is reviewed.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
She loves to swallow my cum each and every morning
onlybestones FOLLOW 1 14985 VIEWS SHARE SAVE FLAG CONTENT
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
is he smiling what is this
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Get laser-quality black text and superior photos from the patented dye-based ink in the HP 02 Black Ink Cartridge.
Brand
HP (Hewlett-Packard)
Manufacturer Contact Info
http://www.hp.com
13 10 47
Our customer service staff are standing by to assist you.
Should you have questions about this product, please complete the form below and we'll be in touch soonest possible.
We aim to answer your enquiries within 24 hours.
For IMMEDIATE customer service assistance or help with an order please call our Customer Service Team on: 02 9011 2078
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
IPhone: How to Switch Between Subviews That Were Created in Interface Builder
So I basically have two subviews within my main view. I created each subview by going to the library in IB and dragging a view onto my main nib file and then positioning controls on them.
Now, I'd like to flip between these views via a "flip" button. What I don't understand is how I can programmatically do this.
My question is: do I "Hide" one of the subviews and then unhide it someway programmatically when I do the flip? Do I give each a name via the Interface Builder and do it that way? I don't really need the code to actually do the flip or anything, I just need a conceptual understanding of how I'd refer to views built in IB programmatically and if hiding makes sense in my scenerio...
Any suggestions? thanks
A:
You connect to things in IB by using
IBOutlet UIView *myView;
or
@property (nonatomic, retain) IBOutlet UIView *myView;
in your header file. The IBOutlet keyword tells IB to make that outlet available to connect.
You make the actual connection in the Connection inspector by dragging from the outlet to the view:
making a connection http://cl.ly/eb3b5cd826b20fc9e307/content
(Do this for both your views.)
Note: your views don't have to be inside the window in IB. You can create them outside, and they won't be displayed until you want them to. You might want to put one of them in so it shows up when your app launches.
Then, when you actually want to flip to the other view, assuming you're using iOS 4.0, it's simple (there are methods for 3.x and lower, but this is the easiest):
[UIView transitionFromView:myView1
toView:myView2
duration:0.2
options:UIViewAnimationOptionTransitionFlipFromRight
completion:^{
// something to do when the flip completes
}];
Or, if you want to dynamically determine which view is already visible:
UIView *oldView, *newView;
UIViewAnimationOptions transition;
if (myView1.superview) { // view 1 is already visible
oldView = myView1;
newView = myView2;
transition = UIViewAnimationOptionTransitionFlipFromRight;
} else { // view 2 is visible
oldView = myView2;
newView = myView1;
transition = UIViewAnimationOptionTransitionFlipFromLeft;
}
[UIView transitionFromView:oldView
toView:newView
duration:0.2
options:transition
completion:^{
// something to do when the flip completes
}];
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Mahatma missing from Rs 2,000 notes withdrawn from MP bank
Out shopping with some money he managed to withdraw from his bank in this Madhya Pradesh district, a farmer was shocked when shopkeepers returned the Rs 2,000 note saying it was a fake since it had no picture of Mahatma Gandhi on it.
Pic. Courtesy: ABP News
However, the State Bank of India branch, from where Lakshman Meena had withdrawn the money, on Thursday said they had changed the notes and attributed the faulty notes to a “printing mistake”.
Meena and some other farmers from Bicchugavandi village had withdrawn money from a State Bank of India branch in Baroda town on Tuesday. He had chosen to take out Rs 6,000 and received three notes of Rs 2,000 each.
On Wednesday, when Meena went out to buy groceries, he was told that the notes do not have the picture of Gandhi and can be fake.
A worried Meena went back to the bank with all haste.
“The notes with missing Gandhi were taken back and exchanged for new ones. They were not fake but printing mistake,” SBI bank official Aakash Srivastav told IANS on Thursday.
According to sources, the amount was received from SBI’s Sheopur branch chest in bundles of Rs 2,000 in which there were other notes as well with printing issues, because of which the bundle is being sent back to the branch. It is not yet known how many others have received such notes.
Since the demonetisation in November 8 last year, many such cases involving Rs 2,000 notes have come forward, such as notes with two pictures of Gandhi or having no water mark. But this was the first case where the Mahatma was entirely absent. (IANS)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
# Arb
Arb is a C library for arbitrary-precision interval arithmetic.
It has full support for both real and complex numbers.
The library is thread-safe, portable, and extensively tested.
Arb is free software distributed under the
GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), version 2.1 or later.
Documentation: http://arblib.org
Development updates: http://fredrikj.net/blog/
Author: Fredrik Johansson <fredrik.johansson@gmail.com>
Bug reports, feature requests and other comments are welcome
in private communication, on the GitHub issue tracker, or on the FLINT mailing list <flint-devel@googlegroups.com>.
[](https://travis-ci.org/fredrik-johansson/arb)
## Code example
The following program evaluates `sin(pi + exp(-10000))`. Since the
input to the sine function matches a root to within 4343 digits,
at least 4343-digit (14427-bit) precision is needed to get an accurate
result. The program repeats the evaluation
at 64-bit, 128-bit, ... precision, stopping only when the
result is accurate to at least 53 bits.
#include "arb.h"
int main()
{
slong prec;
arb_t x, y;
arb_init(x); arb_init(y);
for (prec = 64; ; prec *= 2)
{
arb_const_pi(x, prec);
arb_set_si(y, -10000);
arb_exp(y, y, prec);
arb_add(x, x, y, prec);
arb_sin(y, x, prec);
arb_printn(y, 15, 0); printf("\n");
if (arb_rel_accuracy_bits(y) >= 53)
break;
}
arb_clear(x); arb_clear(y);
flint_cleanup();
}
The output is:
[+/- 6.01e-19]
[+/- 2.55e-38]
[+/- 8.01e-77]
[+/- 8.64e-154]
[+/- 5.37e-308]
[+/- 3.63e-616]
[+/- 1.07e-1232]
[+/- 9.27e-2466]
[-1.13548386531474e-4343 +/- 3.91e-4358]
Each line shows a rigorous enclosure of the exact value
of the expression. The program demonstrates how the user
can rely on Arb's automatic error bound tracking to get an output
that is guaranteed to be accurate -- no error analysis
needs to be done by the user.
For more example programs, see: http://arblib.org/examples.html
## Features
Besides basic arithmetic, Arb allows working with univariate
polynomials, truncated power series, and matrices
over both real and complex numbers.
Basic linear algebra is supported, including matrix multiplication,
determinant, inverse, nonsingular solving, matrix exponential,
and computation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
Support for polynomials and power series is quite extensive,
including methods for composition, reversion, product trees,
multipoint evaluation and interpolation, complex root isolation,
and transcendental functions of power series.
Other features include root isolation for real functions, rigorous numerical
integration of complex functions, and discrete Fourier transforms (DFTs).
## Special functions
Arb can compute a wide range of transcendental and special functions,
including the gamma function, polygamma functions,
Riemann zeta and Hurwitz zeta function, Dirichlet L-functions, polylogarithm,
error function, Gauss hypergeometric function 2F1, confluent
hypergeometric functions, Bessel functions, Airy functions,
Legendre functions and other orthogonal polynomials,
exponential and trigonometric integrals, incomplete gamma and beta functions,
Jacobi theta functions, modular functions, Weierstrass elliptic functions,
complete and incomplete elliptic integrals, arithmetic-geometric mean,
Bernoulli numbers, partition function, Barnes G-function, Lambert W function.
## Speed
Arb uses a midpoint-radius (ball) representation of real numbers.
At high precision, this allows doing interval arithmetic without
significant overhead compared to plain floating-point arithmetic.
Various low-level optimizations have also been implemented
to reduce overhead at precisions of just a few machine
words. Most operations on polynomials and power series
use asymptotically fast FFT multiplication based on FLINT.
Similarly, most operations on large matrices take advantage
of the fast integer matrix multiplication in FLINT.
For basic arithmetic, Arb should generally be around as fast
as MPFR (http://mpfr.org), though it can be a bit slower
at low precision, and around twice as fast as MPFI
(https://perso.ens-lyon.fr/nathalie.revol/software.html).
Transcendental functions in Arb are quite well optimized and
should generally be faster than any other arbitrary-precision
software currently available. The following table
compares the time in seconds to evaluate the Gauss
hypergeometric function `2F1(1/2, 1/4, 1, z)` at
the complex number `z = 5^(1/2) + 7^(1/2)i`, to a given
number of decimal digits (Arb 2.8-git and mpmath 0.19 on
an 1.90 GHz Intel i5-4300U, Mathematica 9.0 on a 3.07 GHz Intel Xeon X5675).
| Digits | Mathematica | mpmath | Arb |
| -------:|:------------|:-----------|:-----------|
| 10 | 0.00066 | 0.00065 | 0.000071 |
| 100 | 0.0039 | 0.0012 | 0.00048 |
| 1000 | 0.23 | 1.2 | 0.0093 |
| 10000 | 42.6 | 84 | 0.56 |
## Dependencies, installation, and interfaces
Arb depends on FLINT (http://flintlib.org/), either
GMP (http://gmplib.org) or MPIR (http://mpir.org),
and MPFR (http://mpfr.org).
See http://arblib.org/setup.html for instructions
on building and installing Arb directly from the source code.
Arb might also be available (or coming soon) as a package for
your Linux distribution.
SageMath (<http://sagemath.org/>) includes Arb as a standard package
and contains a high-level Python interface. See the SageMath documentation
for RealBallField (http://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/reference/rings_numerical/sage/rings/real_arb.html)
and ComplexBallField (http://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/reference/rings_numerical/sage/rings/complex_arb.html).
Nemo (<http://nemocas.org/>) is a computer algebra package for
the Julia programming language which includes a high-level
Julia interface to Arb. The Nemo installation script will
create a local installation of Arb along with other dependencies.
A standalone Python interface to FLINT and Arb is also available
(<https://github.com/fredrik-johansson/python-flint>).
A separate wrapper of transcendental functions for use with the
C99 `complex double` type is available
(<https://github.com/fredrik-johansson/arbcmath>).
Other third-party wrappers include:
* A Julia interface: https://github.com/JeffreySarnoff/ArbNumerics.jl
* Another Julia interface: https://github.com/JuliaArbTypes/ArbFloats.jl
* Java wrapper using JNA: https://github.com/crowlogic/arb/
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
<PropertyGroup>
<TargetFramework>netstandard2.0</TargetFramework>
</PropertyGroup>
</Project>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Warren’s Antitrust Proposal: Break Up Big Tech or Just Regulate It Better? - howard941
https://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2019/04/warrens-antitrust-proposal-should-we-break-up-big-tech-or-just-regulate-it-better.html
======
blackflame7000
I’ll take Big Tech over Big Govt any day because one doesn't have a fleet of
attack drones
~~~
used2code
"Big Tech" knows where we live, owns "our" data. "They" don't need attack
drones, maybe?
The real point to be made, imo, is that busting up the Big Bell into the Baby
Bells, and so on, did not really address the issue: regionality does not
provide for "competitive markets", multiplicity of players in the field is
what makes for "choice" and "competition", and keeps folks honest, we have to
hope.
Therefore, anti-trust could be about enhancing entrances and exits (startups,
refinancings/redirections, retirements), or changes in management, i.e.,
effective "regulation" could be more like "market development" or influence,
rather than "being a lid on the jar", "turd in the punch bowl", mostly a
tariffing and acquisitions/merger blocker or allower.
If Big Tech and Big Govt want to smooth the path into the future together,
without taking individual political freedoms away from folks, that is
definitely possible, given the motivation and will to make that happen.
Without the motivation and will, it's not going to happen, no matter how
possible it is.
There's a lot of societal level contributions that "Big Tech" has not figured
out how to build and maintain, such as the appropriate freedom of speech while
also providing privacy and safety online. There's simply a lot to be
"regulated" or defined as a requirement of "Big Tech" by society. The Amish
and their careful approach to technology bears review and some amount of
emulation, as I see it. ymmv. Thanks for reading.
------
raven105x
The best part of an emergent global economy is that any single government can
only over-reach so much before the country's GDP plummets in the global
ranking, leading to revolution or collapse.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
}
|
BNB is back to the top 10, and with increasing volumes and DEX and explorer test net, coin holders are likely to reap big profits. So far, Binance coin is up 17.1 percent and back to the top 10.
Binance Coin (BNB) Price Analysis
Fundamentals
Like Ethereum’s ETH, Binance Coin is a utility token in the Binance chain network. It is a tool for incentivizing use and so far, the coin is rallying. Perhaps induced by the overly successful BitTorrent’s BTT ICO, the currency is retesting key resistance levels of 2018.
Adding to the bullish impetus is news that both the Binance Coin and the Bitcoin DEX testnet is now open to the public. The new release will allow testing of the Binance Coin chain explorer as well as the Web Wallet. Binance said this about the new testnet:
“Binance Chain is a new blockchain developed and released by Binance. Binance DEX is a high performance and user-friendly platform built on top of Binance Chain, where users can create, issue and trade digital assets.”
To get started in what Binance describes as a standard for DEXs, all a user needs to do is set up a new wallet, unlock the wallet, transfer assets and place orders right away.
The eventual launch of the mainnet will be very bullish for Binance coin as users of the Binance DEX will have to pay for gas to power transactions. Gas and fees are quoted in BNB only and assuming there is an immediate shift from centralized exchanges to unhackable Binance DEX–with better liquidity and UIs, then BNB holders stand to benefit.
Candlestick Arrangements
Thus far, the coin is up 17.1 percent in the last week. Aside from favorable candlestick arrangement, the sole reason behind this week’s expansion may be because of DEX testnet. As we said, Binance is yet to announce the mainnet launch, but from the chart, the path of least resistance is upwards.
A simple Fibonacci retracement tool between the BNB’s high low show that prices are finding support off the 78.6 percent level and with increasing volumes, bulls are back. Technically and when we draw guidance from Fibonacci retracement rules, the reaction at 78.6 percent level often leads to a retest of recent highs and in that case ideal targets may be 2017 highs of $26. All the same, before BNB explode, modest targets will be at Q2 2018 highs of $18.
Technical Indicators
Week ending Feb 10 bull bar reversed losses of the week ending Nov 25. Accompanying these upswings are increasing average volumes–7 million to 15 million and wide trade ranges which is bullish. Although we expect prices to cool off, ideal reversal zones will be at around last week’s lows of $8.5. However, such deep corrections are unlikely. Sellers may drive prices back to the $10 level before bull trend resume.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
# Tenko parser test case
- Path: tests/testcases/operator_precedent/sanity_canaries/div_and_lhs_xor_gte_min_lor_land_seq_or_pow.one.rev.md
> :: operator precedent : sanity canaries
>
> ::> div and lhs xor gte min lor land seq or pow.one.rev
>
> Random ops to test for precedence
## Input
`````js
x0 / x1 & x2 << x3 ^ x4 >= x5 - x6 || x7 && x8 === x9 | x10 ** x
`````
## Output
_Note: the whole output block is auto-generated. Manual changes will be overwritten!_
Below follow outputs in five parsing modes: sloppy, sloppy+annexb, strict script, module, module+annexb.
Note that the output parts are auto-generated by the test runner to reflect actual result.
### Sloppy mode
Parsed with script goal and as if the code did not start with strict mode header.
`````
ast: {
type: 'Program',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:0},end:{line:1,column:64},source:''},
body: [
{
type: 'ExpressionStatement',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:0},end:{line:1,column:64},source:''},
expression: {
type: 'LogicalExpression',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:0},end:{line:1,column:64},source:''},
left: {
type: 'BinaryExpression',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:0},end:{line:1,column:34},source:''},
left: {
type: 'BinaryExpression',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:0},end:{line:1,column:18},source:''},
left: {
type: 'BinaryExpression',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:0},end:{line:1,column:7},source:''},
left: {
type: 'Identifier',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:0},end:{line:1,column:2},source:''},
name: 'x0'
},
operator: '/',
right: {
type: 'Identifier',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:5},end:{line:1,column:7},source:''},
name: 'x1'
}
},
operator: '&',
right: {
type: 'BinaryExpression',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:10},end:{line:1,column:18},source:''},
left: {
type: 'Identifier',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:10},end:{line:1,column:12},source:''},
name: 'x2'
},
operator: '<<',
right: {
type: 'Identifier',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:16},end:{line:1,column:18},source:''},
name: 'x3'
}
}
},
operator: '^',
right: {
type: 'BinaryExpression',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:21},end:{line:1,column:34},source:''},
left: {
type: 'Identifier',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:21},end:{line:1,column:23},source:''},
name: 'x4'
},
operator: '>=',
right: {
type: 'BinaryExpression',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:27},end:{line:1,column:34},source:''},
left: {
type: 'Identifier',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:27},end:{line:1,column:29},source:''},
name: 'x5'
},
operator: '-',
right: {
type: 'Identifier',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:32},end:{line:1,column:34},source:''},
name: 'x6'
}
}
}
},
operator: '||',
right: {
type: 'LogicalExpression',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:38},end:{line:1,column:64},source:''},
left: {
type: 'Identifier',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:38},end:{line:1,column:40},source:''},
name: 'x7'
},
operator: '&&',
right: {
type: 'BinaryExpression',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:44},end:{line:1,column:64},source:''},
left: {
type: 'BinaryExpression',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:44},end:{line:1,column:53},source:''},
left: {
type: 'Identifier',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:44},end:{line:1,column:46},source:''},
name: 'x8'
},
operator: '===',
right: {
type: 'Identifier',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:51},end:{line:1,column:53},source:''},
name: 'x9'
}
},
operator: '|',
right: {
type: 'BinaryExpression',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:56},end:{line:1,column:64},source:''},
left: {
type: 'Identifier',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:56},end:{line:1,column:59},source:''},
name: 'x10'
},
operator: '**',
right: {
type: 'Identifier',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:63},end:{line:1,column:64},source:''},
name: 'x'
}
}
}
}
}
}
]
}
tokens (25x):
IDENT PUNC_DIV IDENT PUNC_AND IDENT PUNC_LT_LT IDENT PUNC_CARET
IDENT PUNC_GT_EQ IDENT PUNC_MIN IDENT PUNC_OR_OR IDENT
PUNC_AND_AND IDENT PUNC_EQ_EQ_EQ IDENT PUNC_OR IDENT
PUNC_STAR_STAR IDENT ASI
`````
### Strict mode
Parsed with script goal but as if it was starting with `"use strict"` at the top.
_Output same as sloppy mode._
### Module goal
Parsed with the module goal.
_Output same as sloppy mode._
### Sloppy mode with AnnexB
Parsed with script goal with AnnexB rules enabled and as if the code did not start with strict mode header.
_Output same as sloppy mode._
### Module goal with AnnexB
Parsed with the module goal with AnnexB rules enabled.
_Output same as sloppy mode._
## AST Printer
Printer output different from input [sloppy][annexb:no]:
````js
((((x0 / x1) & (x2 << x3)) ^ (x4 >= (x5 - x6))) || ((x7 && ((x8 === x9) | (x10 ** x)))));
````
Produces same AST
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Dempo said that the talks with Khan, who co-owns IPL-winning side Kolkata Knight Riders, were "progressing very well".
"We are discussing with Mr Shah Rukh Khan on his possible investment in the club and the only thing I can say is that talks are progressing very well," Dempo said.
"His response has been very positive. Mr Khan is very passionate about football and, apart from just involving himself in Dempo, he wants to do something for Indian football. He said that football was his first love even before cricket," Dempo added.
Dempo would not elaborate much on the details but sources said that Khan has been in talks with the Goa-based I-League champion club for a while. They said Khan has met Dempo quite a few times and he was interested in acquiring 50 per cent stake in the club.
"Talks are on and he has also met the Dempo management, including the owner, a couple of times, but it is yet to be confirmed. Some things need to be worked out before finalising the deal," a source said.
It has been learnt that the club was keen on using Khan's name and popularity in promoting the I-League champion side who have been dominating Indian football for quite a while now.
The club recently bought a 34 per cent stake in leading Danish soccer club and academy FC Midtjylland, for 12 million euros.
Dempo have won the I-league three times since its inception in 2007-08, including the inaugural edition, besides winning the erstwhile National Football League (NFL) twice.
They are also the only Indian club to make it to the semifinals of the AFC Cup, Asia's second tier club competition, in 2008.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
The invention relates to an apparatus for counting numbers of microscopic fine particles such as blood corpuscles, and more particularly to an apparatus which ensures a more accurate counting of such fine particles with ease in operation.
Apparatus which have been used conventionally to this end are generally based on an impedance method or a photoelectrical scanning method. The apparatus based on the impedance method usually suffer from unfavorable disturbance caused by noises, and an opening in its detector is apt to be soon clogged with impurities or fine particles to be counted. The other known apparatus for the photoelectric scanning are highly complex in view of its mechanism for driving a sample holder and its photoelectrical or electrical mechanism, so it is difficult to operate the apparatus which unavoidably costs too much.
A more frequent blood counting is recently being required by physicians. However, blood cells in blood samples will coagulate or be broken as time passes so that correct measurements of them become difficult.
Such circumstances have given rise to a demand for a better apparatus which will enable the physicians to perform an easy rapid blood count soon after a sampling of blood. Such improved apparatus is also needed in many other fields of science and industry in which a rapid counting of fine microscopic particles must be correctly conducted.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
1. The Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the continuous monitoring of the effluent of a filter. The meter measures the quality of the filter discharge and controls the filter cycle. This, in turn, maximizes the quality of the filter effluent.
2. Background of the Invention
Filters are used to remove solids of varying composition, concentration and size distribution from flowing fluids. Therefore, various types of filters are used to remove these solids. Differential pressure across a filter increases as the filter collects contaminants from the fluid runs. Most filters have cycles where they filter, backwash to remove the collected contaminants and filter again. It is an indication of length of the filtration stage because harmful by-pass of solids occurs at high differential pressure. Solids by-pass results in poorer water quality, which is one of the problems of inefficient filter operation.
One approach has been to measure the solids concentration of the filter effluent regardless of the size distribution or the composition of the solids. Solids concentration alone is not solely indicative of water quality related to injectivity into a producing formation in a waterflood. Common contaminants, such as oil and scale, can cause poor water quality, yet they remain undetected by solids meters. This often indicates that filtration alone is adequate for achieving water quality which will protect water injection wells from damage. Inadvertent damage by oil droplets and scale would have been overlooked.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
A commentary on the case of Abdelbaset al-Megrahi, convicted of the murder of 270 people in the Pan Am 103 disaster.
Saturday, 11 February 2017
Lockerbie witnesses were paid
[This is the headline over anarticleby Dr Ludwig de Braeckeleer published in OhmyNews International on this date in 2009. It reads in part:]
In recent times, allegations have resurfaced regarding payments offered to key witnesses of the Lockerbie trial.
Specifically, there have been rumors that Majid Giaka, Paul and Tony Gauci were each paid about US$4 million for their help in the conviction of Megrahi for the bombing of Pan Am 103 over Scotland on Dec. 21, 1988. (...)
Richard Marquise, the FBI agent who led the Lockerbie investigation, forcefully denied that witnesses were ever offered any money.
'"I can assure you that no witnesses were ever offered any money by anyone--including the CIA," Marquise told OhmyNews. "This issue came up at trial and I spoke with the defense lawyers about it in Edinburgh in 1999 -- before trial. No one was promised or even told that they could get money for saying anything. Every FBI agent was under specific orders not to mention money to any potential witness." (...)
'A source speaking on condition of anonymity told Jeff Stein, the national security editor of the Congressional Quarterly, that a key witness, Tony Gauci, and his brother were each paid somewhere between $3 million to $4 million for providing information leading to the conviction of Megrahi.
'Moreover, former State Department lawyer Michael Scharf confirmed to OhmyNews that rewards were paid in the context of the Lockerbie trial.
'"I knew that rewards payments were made, but not the amount. The Awards for Terrorism Information program has been around since the 1980s, and has been expanded to rewards for information leading to the arrest or conviction of international indicted war criminals like Karadzic and Mladic. When I worked at the Office of the Legal Adviser of the State Department I was involved in the program," Scharf wrote in an email to OhmyNews. (...)
'Prof Black, often referred to as the architect of the Lockerbie trial, agrees. "The issue of payments made or promised to witnesses forms an important part of the Grounds of Appeal," Black told the author.
'"At one time in Scotland, if payment had been made, or promised, to a witness that was an absolute bar to his giving evidence. Today, it is simply a factor that must be taken into account in assessing his credibility. However, in order for this to be done, it is necessary that the court should know that the payment was made or promised. Failure by the Crown to disclose the promise or the payment is a serious breach of their duty to the court and to the administration of justice," Black said.'
1 comment:
I could not have put it better myself Robert so why did Marquis deny that money was paid. The trial was to be held under "Scottish"law not US law. Bribing the witnesses is only part of the problem. The whole Lockerbie scenario from start to finish was hijacked. Is this because of the "Special"relationship which a US state dept official described as "You do exactly what we tell you" And that is exactly what we did at every level.
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Blog Archive
Contributors
VISITS
The hit counter that I have been using has given up the ghost. From now on, I shall periodically disclose here the total number of pageviews from July 2010, as provided by blogspot/blogger. As at 09.00 GMT on 08 Febuary 2018, the pageviews numbered 1,700,288.
unique visitors since 2200 on 13 Nov 09
Comments
Readers are invited to comment on blog posts. All comments require to be pre-moderated by me, and I shall reject all (a) that are not related to the Lockerbie disaster or (b) that fail to meet my -- perhaps idiosyncratic -- standards of courtesy towards other contributors. Comments will not be rejected simply because I disagree with them or because I, or other contributors, find them irritating. But comments will be rejected if they distort or misrepresent the evidence; are defamatory; or if they risk embroiling me, as publisher, in defamation proceedings. I am perfectly relaxed about being sued in respect of material which I personally have posted -- but not in respect of material that others wish to post as comments and which, in any case, I often strongly disagree with.
Particularly during my sojourns in South Africa, it may not be possible for me to perform the moderation function speedily. I regret the necessity of moderation but it has been rendered inevitable by the behaviour of a particular commentator whose contributions will always and without exception be rejected.
No correspondence will be entered into regarding moderation decisions.
Contact me
If you have news or views about the Lockerbie case, you can contact me at rblackqc@outlook.com
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International Action
International Action is a small, non-violent, political group in Hong Kong campaigning for a range of issues such as non-violence, social justice, human rights and democracy. The group was founded in 2004 and is made up of expatriate permanent residents and locals. Their website claims that they represent the new breed of foreigners who reside in Hong Kong without the expatriate perks. International Action is not a closed group and welcomes anyone who may want to join. The group uses mixed campaign strategies of forging support and attention both in public and private spaces.
Beliefs and approach
The group's website states that it believes the democratic movement in Hong Kong needs to change its strategy to be more effective in the fight for real power for the people. It says the democratic camp should consider using tactics that are right for the cultural, social and political situation of Hong Kong in 2008.
Past action
On April 30, 2006, the group deflated a large McDonald's advertisement located on top of North Point Ferry Pier. The group was calling for better worker's rights and a minimum wage for Labour Day, the following day. A member also described the inflatable bill-board as an "eyesore" on the harbour.
On January 23, 2006, the group supported teachers' unions demanding less pressure in Hong Kong schools. The group wore nooses around their necks to symbolise the increasing number of teacher stress-related suicides in the territory.
On December 21, 2005, Matt Pearce, dressed as Santa Claus, climbed onto a structure across Connaught Road, Central, while the Legislative Council voted on constitutional development. He was subsequently charged with causing a public nuisance and given 100 hours of community service.
On December 4, 2005, group members, in costume, joined the democracy march to oppose the government's 5th report on Constitutional Development.
On July 6, 2005, members dressed in tribal African clothing and unfurled a banner demanding more to be done at the G8 meeting to tackle poverty in Africa.
On July 1, 2005, the group dressed as cartoon characters 'The Incredibles' and joined the territory-wide pro-democracy demonstration.
On June 3, 2005, Matt Pearce climbed to the top of large outdoor TV screen in Central and unfurled a banner that said "Tiananmen Square 4.6.1989 : Justice Must Prevail". For this protest, he was convicted of causing a public nuisance and given a 21-day prison sentence.
On May 17, 2005, on the first International Day Against Homophobia, the group dressed up to support the gay and lesbian community and demand that gay marriage is made legal.
On May 1, 2005, Labour Day in Hong Kong, the group staged a protest dressed as Supermen in a branch of local supermarket 'Park n Shop'. The group handed out $50 notes to staff, suggesting that the amount would be an appropriate minimum wage for Hong Kong workers.
On April 1, 2005, April Fool's Day, the group dressed as clowns, suggesting that the upcoming election for Chief Executive was a joke and Hong Kong people wanted full democracy.
On March 14, 2005 on the eve of the 2005 Budget, a member dressed as Robin Hood and handcuffed himself to the front door of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. The group wanted more to be done to help the poor in Hong Kong.
See also
Direct Action
Non-violence
References
External links
International Action Website
Category:Politics of Hong Kong
Category:Protests
Category:Activism
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Pyrroloquinoline quinone attenuates iNOS gene expression in the injured spinal cord.
Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a naturally occurring redox cofactor that acts as an essential nutrient, antioxidant, and redox modulator. PQQ has been demonstrated to oxidize the redox modulatory site of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. Such agents are known to be neuroprotective in experimental stroke models. Therefore, we examined the possible ameliorating effect of PQQ on spinal cord injury (SCI) in adult rats. Intraperitoneal administration of PQQ effectively promoted the functional recovery of SCI rats after hemi-transection, which was preceded by the attenuation of the expression of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) mRNA in the injury site. NO is involved in the secondary detrimental mechanisms and has been implicated in NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity. In fact, administration of PQQ induced significantly decreased lesion size and increased axon density adjoining the lesion area. These observations suggest that PQQ protects against the secondary damage by reducing iNOS expression following primary physical injury to the spinal cord.
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Safety and immunogenicity of a chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored Ebola vaccine in healthy adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding, phase 1/2a study.
The ongoing Ebola outbreak led to accelerated efforts to test vaccine candidates. On the basis of a request by WHO, we aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of the monovalent, recombinant, chimpanzee adenovirus type-3 vector-based Ebola Zaire vaccine (ChAd3-EBO-Z). We did this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding, phase 1/2a trial at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland. Participants (aged 18-65 years) were randomly assigned (2:2:1), via two computer-generated randomisation lists for individuals potentially deployed in endemic areas and those not deployed, to receive a single intramuscular dose of high-dose vaccine (5 × 10(10) viral particles), low-dose vaccine (2·5 × 10(10) viral particles), or placebo. Deployed participants were allocated to only the vaccine groups. Group allocation was concealed from non-deployed participants, investigators, and outcome assessors. The safety evaluation was not masked for potentially deployed participants, who were therefore not included in the safety analysis for comparison between the vaccine doses and placebo, but were pooled with the non-deployed group to compare immunogenicity. The main objectives were safety and immunogenicity of ChAd3-EBO-Z. We did analysis by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02289027. Between Oct 24, 2014, and June 22, 2015, we randomly assigned 120 participants, of whom 18 (15%) were potentially deployed and 102 (85%) were non-deployed, to receive high-dose vaccine (n=49), low-dose vaccine (n=51), or placebo (n=20). Participants were followed up for 6 months. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were reported. We recorded local adverse events in 30 (75%) of 40 participants in the high-dose group, 33 (79%) of 42 participants in the low-dose group, and five (25%) of 20 participants in the placebo group. Fatigue or malaise was the most common systemic adverse event, reported in 25 (62%) participants in the high-dose group, 25 (60%) participants in the low-dose group, and five (25%) participants in the placebo group, followed by headache, reported in 23 (57%), 25 (60%), and three (15%) participants, respectively. Fever occurred 24 h after injection in 12 (30%) participants in the high-dose group and 11 (26%) participants in the low-dose group versus one (5%) participant in the placebo group. Geometric mean concentrations of IgG antibodies against Ebola glycoprotein peaked on day 28 at 51 μg/mL (95% CI 41·1-63·3) in the high-dose group, 44·9 μg/mL (25·8-56·3) in the low-dose group, and 5·2 μg/mL (3·5-7·6) in the placebo group, with respective response rates of 96% (95% CI 85·7-99·5), 96% (86·5-99·5), and 5% (0·1-24·9). Geometric mean concentrations decreased by day 180 to 25·5 μg/mL (95% CI 20·6-31·5) in the high-dose group, 22·1 μg/mL (19·3-28·6) in the low-dose group, and 3·2 μg/mL (2·4-4·9) in the placebo group. 28 (57%) participants given high-dose vaccine and 31 (61%) participants given low-dose vaccine developed glycoprotein-specific CD4 cell responses, and 33 (67%) and 35 (69%), respectively, developed CD8 responses. ChAd3-EBO-Z was safe and well tolerated, although mild to moderate systemic adverse events were common. A single dose was immunogenic in almost all vaccine recipients. Antibody responses were still significantly present at 6 months. There was no significant difference between doses for safety and immunogenicity outcomes. This acceptable safety profile provides a reliable basis to proceed with phase 2 and phase 3 efficacy trials in Africa. Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI), through the EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme.
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Q:
Find JSON value for a specific key in Nested JSON with unstructured keys using underscore
I have a Nested JSON object and I want to find the value of the specific key in it. let's say JSON is like this:
var data={
name:"dsd",
work: "abcd",
address:{
street:"wewe 32",
apt: 12,
city: "ca",
geo:{
lat: 23.4332,
lng: 132.232
},
hobbies:["play","sing"]
}
}
Now if I want to find the value of "city", then it should give me "ca", If I want to find the value of "lng" then it should return 132.232. if I want to find the value of "hobbies" it should give me [play, sing]. How can I get this? Solution using underscore or lodash will be appreciated.
A:
You can achieve this by recursively iterating over lodash#some. Check the comments below for guidance.
function getValueByKey(object, key) {
// The resulting value of a matched key
var result;
// Use _.some as an iterator, to stop the iteration
// and recursion once a match is found. Also, name
// the predicate function for recursion.
_.some(object, function matchKey(value, $key) {
if ($key === key) { // is key a match?
result = value; // set the result
return true; // this stops the iteration and recursion
} else if (_.isObject(value)) { // is value an object?
// recursively match the keys all over again
return _.some(value, matchKey);
}
});
// return matched result
return result;
}
var data = {
name: "dsd",
work: "abcd",
address: {
street: "wewe 32",
apt: 12,
city: "ca",
geo: {
lat: 23.4332,
lng: 132.232
},
hobbies: ["play", "sing"]
}
};
function getValueByKey(object, key) {
// The resulting value of a matched key
var result;
// Use _.some as an iterator, to stop the iteration
// and recursion once a match is found. Also, name
// the predicate function for recursion.
_.some(object, function matchKey(value, $key) {
if ($key === key) { // is key a match?
result = value; // set the result
return true; // this stops the iteration and recursion
} else if (_.isObject(value)) { // is value an object?
// recursively match the keys all over again
return _.some(value, matchKey);
}
});
// return matched result
return result;
}
console.log('hobbies:', getValueByKey(data, 'hobbies'));
console.log('geo:', getValueByKey(data, 'geo'));
console.log('lng:', getValueByKey(data, 'lng'));
.as-console-wrapper {
min-height: 100%;
top: 0;
}
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lodash.js/4.17.4/lodash.min.js"></script>
Alternative: Here's a non-recursive vanilla javascript solution:
function getValueByKey(object, key) {
// simulate recursion by stacking
var stack = [object];
var current, index, value;
// keep iterating until the stack is empty
while (stack.length) {
// take the head of the stack
current = stack.pop();
// iterate over the current object
for (index in current) {
// get value of the iterated object
value = current[index];
// is it a match?
if (key === index) {
return value; // return the matched value
}
// value must be an object and not a null value
// to be subject for the next stack iteration
else if (value !== null && typeof value === 'object') {
// add this value in the stack
stack.unshift(value);
}
}
}
}
var data = {
name: "dsd",
work: "abcd",
address: {
street: "wewe 32",
apt: 12,
city: "ca",
geo: {
lat: 23.4332,
lng: 132.232
},
hobbies: ["play", "sing"]
}
}
function getValueByKey(object, key) {
// simulate recursion by stacking
var stack = [object];
var current, index, value;
// keep iterating until the stack is empty
while (stack.length) {
// take the head of the stack
current = stack.pop();
// iterate over the current object
for (index in current) {
// get value of the iterated object
value = current[index];
// is it a match?
if (key === index) {
return value; // return the matched value
}
// value must be an object and not a null value
// to be subject for the next stack iteration
else if (value !== null && typeof value === 'object') {
// add this value in the stack
stack.unshift(value);
}
}
}
}
console.log('hobbies:', getValueByKey(data, 'hobbies'));
console.log('geo:', getValueByKey(data, 'geo'));
console.log('lng:', getValueByKey(data, 'lng'));
.as-console-wrapper { min-height: 100%; top: 0; }
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* Calls to this number will be recorded for quality, compliance and training purposes.
Property features
A two double bedroom period cottage
Two reception rooms, Modern Kitchen
Ground floor Bathroom off kitchen
Double glazed sash windows
Gas heating throughout
Brick shed with electricity supply
0.5 miles to High Barnet Tube
Property description
There is a wide choice of restaurants in High Barnet and the recently regenerated Spires Shopping Centre is host to a Carluccio restaurant along with a selection of privately owned restaurants and a brand new H&M. You can also Visit the local farmers market on a Wednesday or Saturday and sample a beer from the local micro brewery. Local schools are Fould's and Christchurch.
A well presented two double bedroom period semi-detached cottage . The property comprises of two reception rooms with wood flooring, modern kitchen with all the required appliances including a dishwasher and a ground floor bathroom with shower over the bath. One of the bedrooms include a large storage area and the other has a small cupboard used as a wardrobe. The property has gas central heating and double glazed sash windows. The private rear garden includes an independent brick shed with an electricity supply and an area to the side where you can place a table and chairs.
Disclaimer
Property descriptions and related information displayed on this page, with the exclusion of Running Costs data, are marketing materials provided by Andrews - Barnet, and do not constitute property particulars. Please contact Andrews - Barnet for full details and further information. The Running Costs data displayed on this page are provided by Zoopla to give an indication of potential running costs based on various data sources. Zoopla does not warrant or accept any responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the property descriptions, related information or Running Costs data provided here.
What's it like to live here?
Broadband speed at this location
Superfast
Up to 80 Mbps
+ Learn more- Close
Aimed at larger families and heavy internet users. Superfast broadband is great if you download a lot of HD or 4K movies and TV boxsets and ensures a smooth, buffering-free experience when you're using streaming services, such as Netflix, Now TV and Spotify, to watch HD TV on multiple devices around the home. Online gaming is much more responsive too.
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Category: Catering
Catering to some couples, the finest wines and the choicest delicacies are worth splashing out on, for others, food is secondary to entertainment, bridal and decorations. As with many areas of wedding planning, your budget will help dictate where to hold your reception. For many people, holding their reception in a Hotel or restaurant which already accommodates for food and beverage is a great way to keep costs down. For others who have their hearts set on luxurious villas, a well established and reliable Bali catering company is a must have. Bali Wedding Solutions works with a number of Bali’s reputable companies and by choosing us as your planner you are not only securing a great vendor but you will also be paying less if you were to organise it yourself.
Ely’s Catering
Ely’s makes catering for your friends, family and work colleagues easy, providing set menu’s, buffets and cocktail menus as well as non-alcoholic and alcoholic open bar beverage packages. With their extensive range of menus for every taste and budget, they aim to please. They pride themselves on making the catering of your event as enjoyable as possible. Their experienced team of caterers can not only help you plan your event catering but also give you the best advice, from ordering the right menu to ensuring you have enough delicious food for your hungry guests. If you’re looking for something a little bit different for your special event, their team can make a tailor made menu to suit your needs.www.elysbalicatering.com
Taste Testing
Regardless of the menu you order (set or buffet) all dishes are available for taste testing before the big day.
Inquire
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Your Message
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Welcome
Hi I’m Diana, owner of Bali Wedding Solutions, if you’re looking to get married in Bali then you’ve come to the right place. Bali Wedding Solutions offers an extensive range of wedding ceremony packages as well as legal wedding organising, wedding planning services and wedding reception coordination. Feel free to look around, if you have any questions you can email me through our enquiry form page above.
Facebook
B3, Newland JimbaranJl Raya Uluwatu, 88XBali, Indonesia
+62 81805528603
dianaatmanegara
Hi Diana, Thank you so much for organising the perfect Bali wedding!! It was everything we wished for and more!! We couldn't have done it without you. Everyone absolutely loved the day. The set up was perfect, the food was amazing and the way you guys took care of everything on sight made us be able to relax and enjoy the big day!
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Follow us
Account
HOTLINE
Volvo will unveil the follow-up to its acclaimed ’twister’
commercial on Monday, kicking off a heavyweight pounds 2-pounds 3
million run on national television over the next six weeks. The spot was
created by Abbott Mead Vickers BBDO and directed by Patricia Murphy at
Patricia Murphy Films.
Volvo will unveil the follow-up to its acclaimed ’twister’
commercial on Monday, kicking off a heavyweight pounds 2-pounds 3
million run on national television over the next six weeks. The spot was
created by Abbott Mead Vickers BBDO and directed by Patricia Murphy at
Patricia Murphy Films.
CIA Medianetwork has begun seeking a senior management figure to take a
new role with the company. The general manager will cover the commercial
side of the business as well as client handling.
The Natural History Museum has shortlisted WCRS, Mellors Reay and
Partners and Court Burkitt and Company for its advertising account. The
previous incumbent, Leagas Delaney, parted company with the museum
earlier this year.
TSMS, the ITV sales house, has signed a new four-and-a-half-year airtime
sales contract with the Wales and West of England broadcaster, HTV. The
deal scotches speculation that Carlton UK Sales was about to poach the
account from its rival. TSMS is also looking for a high-profile
executive to represent commercial opportunities beyond spot airtime.
Levi Strauss is launching a music programme next week in association
with its media agency, Motive, and MTV Europe. MTV Base will incorporate
Levi’s branding in its title sequences. Levi’s will also promote the
show through its Original Levi’s Stores.
Ogilvy and Mather has appointed the account director, David Muir, as
new-business manager. Muir replaces Tom Vick, who is returning to
account management to run the Eagle Star account. Muir, a 1997 Campaign
Face to Watch, will work closely with Katrina Michel, O&M’s new-business
director for the UK and Europe.
Paul Twivy is still talking to the BBC about a top-level strategic
marketing job, having pulled out of the race for the newly created post
of director of marketing and communications, BBC Broadcast, some weeks
before the job went to Sue Farr (Campaign, last week).
The World Conservation Union, the 50-year-old international charity
dedicated to scientific research and nature conservation, has appointed
Ammirati Puris Lintas to handle its through-the-line global
communications. APL’s assignment will include an awareness campaign,
worth pounds 1 million, and the development of a new corporate identity.
The business will be led out of London and then rolled out across key
markets worldwide.
CIA Medianetwork has scooped the pan-European media planning and buying
account for the classic bike company, Harley-Davidson. CIA pitched for
the account - expected to be worth more than pounds 1 million in the UK
- alongside the creative agency network, Elan, whose UK partner,
Butterfield Day Devito Hockney, will handle the creative business in the
UK.
John Thater, the managing director of Emap Media, which publishes
magazines such as Broadcast and Media Week, has resigned following a
reorganisation of reporting lines by Tony Tillen, the chief executive of
the company’s umbrella, Emap Business Communications. Thater leaves the
company at the end of this week. Tony Harris, the managing director of
Emap Computing, will assume Thater’s responsibilities in a move that is
likely to lead to closer ties between the Media and Computing arms.
Wagadon has hired Tina Gaudoin, the deputy editor at Conde Nast’s
Tatler, to edit its new fashion and lifestyle women’s monthly, inspired
by the men’s magazine, Arena. The new magazine has yet to be given a
name.
Freemans, the home shopping company, has shortlisted three agencies for
|
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Expression of mRNAs encoding oestrogen receptor (ER) alpha and ERbeta, androgen receptor and progesterone receptor during gonadal and follicular development in the marsupial brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula).
The objective of the present study was to determine which ovarian cells express mRNAs for oestrogen (ERalpha and ERbeta), androgen (AR) and progesterone (PR) receptors during ovarian and follicular development in the brushtail possum. Expression of ERalpha and/or ERbeta mRNA was observed from birth, initially in cells of the blastema, then in the medullary cords from Day 20. ERalpha was expressed in the oocytes and granulosa cells of secondary and antral follicles. Preovulatory follicles did not express ERalpha mRNA, although their oocytes were not examined for any gene. ERbeta mRNA was observed in oocytes at all follicular stages examined, but was not consistently observed in granulosa or theca cells. Expression of AR mRNA before Day 40 was very faint; thereafter, expression was observed in the medullary cords, peaking between Days 60 and 120. Oocytes, granulosa cells and theca of secondary and antral, but not preovulatory, follicles expressed AR mRNA. PR mRNA was expressed throughout the gonad by Day 20. Granulosa cells of some secondary and antral follicles and theca of antral follicles expressed PR mRNA. Thus, the expression of mRNAs encoding steroidogenic receptors in a time- and cell-specific manner supports a role for steroids in the process of ovarian follicular formation and growth.
|
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|
The deaths of two female students from Thailand, whose bodies were found in an apartment on Tuesday, has been ruled a murder-suicide, The Seattle Times reported Thursday.
Kornkamol Leenavarat, 25, and her friend Thiti-orn Chotchuangsap, 32, were found dead in an apartment in Seattle’s University District on Tuesday after police responded to a call from a building manager around 9:30 a.m.
The building managers had conducted a welfare check and “found a seriously injured woman inside,” a police statement said.
When police arrived, both of the women were dead.
The younger woman died from multiple stab wounds and her death was ruled a homicide, the King County Medical Examiner’s Office in Seattle said Thursday. Bangkok media reported that she had flown to the U.S. recently to attend the University of Washington.
The medical examiner said the older woman died of a stab wound to the chest and that her death was ruled a suicide. Both women died on Saturday.
Seattle Police said there are no outstanding suspects in the investigation.
The younger woman is reportedly a member of a political family in Thanyaburi, a district located about 35 miles northeast of Bangkok.
Both women were studying for a master’s degree in law, according to a statement from University of Washington President Ana Mari Cauce.
"This is a heartbreaking loss for their families, friends and our entire community. I offer condolences on behalf of our University to everyone who is grieving as a result of this tragedy," she said.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.
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Gib Guilbeau
Floyd August "Gib" Guilbeau (September 26, 1937 – April 12, 2016) was an American Cajun country rock musician and songwriter. As a member of Nashville West, Swampwater, The Flying Burrito Brothers, and later The Burrito Brothers, Guilbeau helped pioneer the fusion of rock and country music in the 1960s.
Biography
Guilbeau was born in Sunset, Louisiana and raised among fiddle players. His father and brothers played fiddle, and Gib started playing fiddle at the age of fourteen.
In 1960, Guilbeau formed The Four Young Men with guitarist Wayne Moore, which Bobby Edwards then joined to become Bobby Edwards & the Four Young Men. Together, they released the single "You're the Reason", which became a nationwide hit, peaking at #4 Country and #11 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1961.
In 1967 Guilbeau formed The Reasons (aka "Nashville West," actually the name of a club they played at in El Monte, CA), a short-lived country rock group with multi-instrumentalist Gene Parsons, who had played with Guilbeau in a band called the Castaways years earlier, guitarist Clarence White, formerly of the Kentucky Colonels, and Wayne Moore on bass. Along with bands such as the Byrds, Dillard & Clark and the International Submarine Band, Nashville West was one of the first country rock bands. Country rock notables such as Gram Parsons and future Flying Burrito Brother Sneaky Pete Kleinow would sit in with the group. It also provided backing for other groups, such as the Gosdin Brothers and others on Gary Paxton's Bakersfield International record label. The Reasons came to an end in 1968 when Gram Parsons abruptly left the Byrds and the group asked Clarence White (and, shortly thereafter, Reasons drummer Gene Parsons—no relation) to replace him.
In 1969, Guilbeau played in the group Swampwater, originally formed to back Linda Ronstadt following the breakup of the Stone Poneys. Swampwater played a unique brand of Cajun rock that had no precedents in rock music. Swampwater recorded two albums before they broke up.
In 1972, Guilbeau contributed to the soundtrack for the Martin Scorsese film Boxcar Bertha. In 1974, along with Gene Parsons and original members Chris Ethridge and Sneaky Pete Kleinow, he formed a latter-day version of the Flying Burrito Brothers. The band underwent many personnel changes, performing and recording sporadically into the 1990s.
Guilbeau died in 2016, aged 78.
As a songwriter, Guilbeau's songs have been covered by many artists, including The Byrds, Ricky Nelson, Bobby Womack, Ronnie Wood, and Rod Stewart.
References
External links
Category:1937 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:People from Sunset, Louisiana
Category:American singer-songwriters
Category:Singers from Louisiana
Category:The Flying Burrito Brothers members
Category:Cajun musicians
Category:Songwriters from Louisiana
Category:Nashville West members
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Objectives: Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is strongly associated with many aspects of military service including blast injury. The objectives of this proposal are to improve the prevention and treatment of SNHL in veterans. Research Design: To improve our understanding of cellular processes underlying hair cell (HC) damage and loss, the contributions of molecular isoforms within known HC damage and survival pathways will be evaluated by determining their expression, and by evaluating HC loss in gene knockout mice. To improve SNHL prevention, pharmaceutical agents that can protect cochlear HCs from damage will also be identified. To improve treatment for SNHL, transcription factors that enhance the ability of Atoh1 to induce the conversion of mammalian cochlear non-sensory cells into HCs will be identified. In addition, modifications to mechanisms of gene silencing will be studied to identify epigenetic limitations on the ability of nonsensory inner ear cells to adopt features of the HC phenotype. Methodology: Studies will be performed using in vitro cultures of inner ear sensory epithelia, and in vivo studies of noise damage to the cochlea. For identification of HC protectants and transcription factors, innovative high-throughput methods have been developed to permit rapid, but targeted, screening of pharmaceuticals and induced gene expression in mammalian cochlear epithelia. Progress over the past period of funding: Mechanisms of ototoxin entry into HCs have been identified; cellular patterns of reactive oxygen species accumulation into HCs have been determined and antioxidant treatments evaluated; two novel intracellular pathways of HC protection have been defined; three gene mutations that lead to deafness have been identified; a critical period of HC development in which transplantation is possible has been determined; two novel transcription factors that enhance the conversion of nonsensory cochlear cells into HCs have been identified, and epigenetic manipulation of the cochlear sensory epithelium to enhance gene expression induced by a viral vector has been performed. Clinical Relationship: The prevention and treatment of SNHL is of great importance to veterans and to the VA. The effects of SNHL on veterans' quality of life are substantial. SNHL and tinnitus also account for more disability compensation in the VA than any other disorder, and rehabilitation costs are high. The proposed research is targeted at developing new and improved therapies for prevention and treatment of this important health problem.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
}
|
Social
Join our Beauty Dollar $$$ Points Reward Program & Save Money!
Create a store account and you will automatically receive free Prestige Membership upon your first purchase. Receive points (Beauty Dollars) on every purchase you make. Collect Beauty Reward Dollars and use to them buy any items you want. The more purchases you make, the more points you receive. It's that simple!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Air conditioning systems sometimes play an unintended role as a source of pathogenic microorganisms. Under certain conditions frequently common in the evaporator section of an air conditioning system, mold can grow on the evaporator coil and drain pan surfaces, thereby affecting overall air quality. As a viable method to control the microbial growth, UltraViolet Germicidal Radiation (UVGR) sterilization has gained public acceptance. More specifically, ultraviolet C-band (UVC) radiation within the evaporator assembly provided by a UVC lamp improves air quality and maintains system efficiency by keeping the evaporator mold-free.
However, UVC can cause eye injury and therefore must be carefully integrated with the evaporator assembly. To prevent such injury, a safety interlock mechanism is often integrated with UVC lamp units preventing illumination of the lamp unless it is completely installed in its intended position. One system relies upon a spring biasing a switch depressing lever away from the switch when the mounting assembly is not installed in a proper aperture of a duct. This can be defeated readily by installing a UV lamp into the mounting assembly, and then depressing an exposed portion of the switch depressing lever. Another approach is similar with a mounting base that must be in contact with the duct to energize the electrical circuit. It appears that this interlock could be defeated in much the same way as the previous art because it only requires contact with a “depressing surface.”
Accordingly, what is needed in the art is a more positive interlock that prevents electrical circuit activation when the lamp holder is not installed in the base.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Microsoft Visual Studio Solution File, Format Version 10.00
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{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
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|
UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 09-6800
MARVIN J. COVINGTON,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v.
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA, Rick Jackson Warden,
Defendant - Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western
District of North Carolina, at Charlotte. Graham C. Mullen,
Senior District Judge. (3:09-cv-00020-GCM)
Submitted: September 10, 2009 Decided: September 15, 2009
Before KING, DUNCAN, and AGEE, Circuit Judges.
Dismissed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Marvin J. Covington, Appellant Pro Se. Clarence Joe DelForge,
III, Assistant Attorney General, Raleigh, North Carolina, for
Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
PER CURIAM:
Marvin J. Covington seeks to appeal the district
court’s order denying relief on his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (2006)
petition. The order is not appealable unless a circuit justice
or judge issues a certificate of appealability. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 2253(c)(1) (2006). A certificate of appealability will not
issue absent “a substantial showing of the denial of a
constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2) (2006). A
prisoner satisfies this standard by demonstrating that
reasonable jurists would find that any assessment of the
constitutional claims by the district court is debatable or
wrong and that any dispositive procedural ruling by the district
court is likewise debatable. See Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537
U.S. 322, 336-38 (2003); Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484
(2000); Rose v. Lee, 252 F.3d 676, 683-84 (4th Cir. 2001). We
have independently reviewed the record and conclude that
Covington has not made the requisite showing. Accordingly, we
deny Covington’s motion for a certificate of appealability and
dismiss the appeal. We dispense with oral argument because the
facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the
materials before the court and argument would not aid the
decisional process.
DISMISSED
2
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
/*
* Copyright © 2017 Google, Inc.
*
* This is part of HarfBuzz, a text shaping library.
*
* Permission is hereby granted, without written agreement and without
* license or royalty fees, to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
* software and its documentation for any purpose, provided that the
* above copyright notice and the following two paragraphs appear in
* all copies of this software.
*
* IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR
* DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
* ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN
* IF THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
* DAMAGE.
*
* THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING,
* BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS
* ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER HAS NO OBLIGATION TO
* PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.
*
* Google Author(s): Behdad Esfahbod
*/
#ifndef HB_AAT_LAYOUT_MORX_TABLE_HH
#define HB_AAT_LAYOUT_MORX_TABLE_HH
#include "hb-open-type.hh"
#include "hb-aat-layout-common.hh"
#include "hb-ot-layout-common.hh"
#include "hb-aat-map.hh"
/*
* morx -- Extended Glyph Metamorphosis
* https://developer.apple.com/fonts/TrueType-Reference-Manual/RM06/Chap6morx.html
* https://developer.apple.com/fonts/TrueType-Reference-Manual/RM06/Chap6mort.html
*/
#define HB_AAT_TAG_morx HB_TAG('m','o','r','x')
#define HB_AAT_TAG_mort HB_TAG('m','o','r','t')
namespace AAT {
using namespace OT;
template <typename Types>
struct RearrangementSubtable
{
typedef typename Types::HBUINT HBUINT;
typedef void EntryData;
struct driver_context_t
{
static constexpr bool in_place = true;
enum Flags
{
MarkFirst = 0x8000, /* If set, make the current glyph the first
* glyph to be rearranged. */
DontAdvance = 0x4000, /* If set, don't advance to the next glyph
* before going to the new state. This means
* that the glyph index doesn't change, even
* if the glyph at that index has changed. */
MarkLast = 0x2000, /* If set, make the current glyph the last
* glyph to be rearranged. */
Reserved = 0x1FF0, /* These bits are reserved and should be set to 0. */
Verb = 0x000F, /* The type of rearrangement specified. */
};
driver_context_t (const RearrangementSubtable *table HB_UNUSED) :
ret (false),
start (0), end (0) {}
bool is_actionable (StateTableDriver<Types, EntryData> *driver HB_UNUSED,
const Entry<EntryData> &entry)
{
return (entry.flags & Verb) && start < end;
}
void transition (StateTableDriver<Types, EntryData> *driver,
const Entry<EntryData> &entry)
{
hb_buffer_t *buffer = driver->buffer;
unsigned int flags = entry.flags;
if (flags & MarkFirst)
start = buffer->idx;
if (flags & MarkLast)
end = hb_min (buffer->idx + 1, buffer->len);
if ((flags & Verb) && start < end)
{
/* The following map has two nibbles, for start-side
* and end-side. Values of 0,1,2 mean move that many
* to the other side. Value of 3 means move 2 and
* flip them. */
const unsigned char map[16] =
{
0x00, /* 0 no change */
0x10, /* 1 Ax => xA */
0x01, /* 2 xD => Dx */
0x11, /* 3 AxD => DxA */
0x20, /* 4 ABx => xAB */
0x30, /* 5 ABx => xBA */
0x02, /* 6 xCD => CDx */
0x03, /* 7 xCD => DCx */
0x12, /* 8 AxCD => CDxA */
0x13, /* 9 AxCD => DCxA */
0x21, /* 10 ABxD => DxAB */
0x31, /* 11 ABxD => DxBA */
0x22, /* 12 ABxCD => CDxAB */
0x32, /* 13 ABxCD => CDxBA */
0x23, /* 14 ABxCD => DCxAB */
0x33, /* 15 ABxCD => DCxBA */
};
unsigned int m = map[flags & Verb];
unsigned int l = hb_min (2u, m >> 4);
unsigned int r = hb_min (2u, m & 0x0F);
bool reverse_l = 3 == (m >> 4);
bool reverse_r = 3 == (m & 0x0F);
if (end - start >= l + r)
{
buffer->merge_clusters (start, hb_min (buffer->idx + 1, buffer->len));
buffer->merge_clusters (start, end);
hb_glyph_info_t *info = buffer->info;
hb_glyph_info_t buf[4];
memcpy (buf, info + start, l * sizeof (buf[0]));
memcpy (buf + 2, info + end - r, r * sizeof (buf[0]));
if (l != r)
memmove (info + start + r, info + start + l, (end - start - l - r) * sizeof (buf[0]));
memcpy (info + start, buf + 2, r * sizeof (buf[0]));
memcpy (info + end - l, buf, l * sizeof (buf[0]));
if (reverse_l)
{
buf[0] = info[end - 1];
info[end - 1] = info[end - 2];
info[end - 2] = buf[0];
}
if (reverse_r)
{
buf[0] = info[start];
info[start] = info[start + 1];
info[start + 1] = buf[0];
}
}
}
}
public:
bool ret;
private:
unsigned int start;
unsigned int end;
};
bool apply (hb_aat_apply_context_t *c) const
{
TRACE_APPLY (this);
driver_context_t dc (this);
StateTableDriver<Types, EntryData> driver (machine, c->buffer, c->face);
driver.drive (&dc);
return_trace (dc.ret);
}
bool sanitize (hb_sanitize_context_t *c) const
{
TRACE_SANITIZE (this);
return_trace (machine.sanitize (c));
}
protected:
StateTable<Types, EntryData> machine;
public:
DEFINE_SIZE_STATIC (16);
};
template <typename Types>
struct ContextualSubtable
{
typedef typename Types::HBUINT HBUINT;
struct EntryData
{
HBUINT16 markIndex; /* Index of the substitution table for the
* marked glyph (use 0xFFFF for none). */
HBUINT16 currentIndex; /* Index of the substitution table for the
* current glyph (use 0xFFFF for none). */
public:
DEFINE_SIZE_STATIC (4);
};
struct driver_context_t
{
static constexpr bool in_place = true;
enum Flags
{
SetMark = 0x8000, /* If set, make the current glyph the marked glyph. */
DontAdvance = 0x4000, /* If set, don't advance to the next glyph before
* going to the new state. */
Reserved = 0x3FFF, /* These bits are reserved and should be set to 0. */
};
driver_context_t (const ContextualSubtable *table_,
hb_aat_apply_context_t *c_) :
ret (false),
c (c_),
mark_set (false),
mark (0),
table (table_),
subs (table+table->substitutionTables) {}
bool is_actionable (StateTableDriver<Types, EntryData> *driver,
const Entry<EntryData> &entry)
{
hb_buffer_t *buffer = driver->buffer;
if (buffer->idx == buffer->len && !mark_set)
return false;
return entry.data.markIndex != 0xFFFF || entry.data.currentIndex != 0xFFFF;
}
void transition (StateTableDriver<Types, EntryData> *driver,
const Entry<EntryData> &entry)
{
hb_buffer_t *buffer = driver->buffer;
/* Looks like CoreText applies neither mark nor current substitution for
* end-of-text if mark was not explicitly set. */
if (buffer->idx == buffer->len && !mark_set)
return;
const HBGlyphID *replacement;
replacement = nullptr;
if (Types::extended)
{
if (entry.data.markIndex != 0xFFFF)
{
const Lookup<HBGlyphID> &lookup = subs[entry.data.markIndex];
replacement = lookup.get_value (buffer->info[mark].codepoint, driver->num_glyphs);
}
}
else
{
unsigned int offset = entry.data.markIndex + buffer->info[mark].codepoint;
const UnsizedArrayOf<HBGlyphID> &subs_old = (const UnsizedArrayOf<HBGlyphID> &) subs;
replacement = &subs_old[Types::wordOffsetToIndex (offset, table, subs_old.arrayZ)];
if (!replacement->sanitize (&c->sanitizer) || !*replacement)
replacement = nullptr;
}
if (replacement)
{
buffer->unsafe_to_break (mark, hb_min (buffer->idx + 1, buffer->len));
buffer->info[mark].codepoint = *replacement;
ret = true;
}
replacement = nullptr;
unsigned int idx = hb_min (buffer->idx, buffer->len - 1);
if (Types::extended)
{
if (entry.data.currentIndex != 0xFFFF)
{
const Lookup<HBGlyphID> &lookup = subs[entry.data.currentIndex];
replacement = lookup.get_value (buffer->info[idx].codepoint, driver->num_glyphs);
}
}
else
{
unsigned int offset = entry.data.currentIndex + buffer->info[idx].codepoint;
const UnsizedArrayOf<HBGlyphID> &subs_old = (const UnsizedArrayOf<HBGlyphID> &) subs;
replacement = &subs_old[Types::wordOffsetToIndex (offset, table, subs_old.arrayZ)];
if (!replacement->sanitize (&c->sanitizer) || !*replacement)
replacement = nullptr;
}
if (replacement)
{
buffer->info[idx].codepoint = *replacement;
ret = true;
}
if (entry.flags & SetMark)
{
mark_set = true;
mark = buffer->idx;
}
}
public:
bool ret;
private:
hb_aat_apply_context_t *c;
bool mark_set;
unsigned int mark;
const ContextualSubtable *table;
const UnsizedOffsetListOf<Lookup<HBGlyphID>, HBUINT, false> &subs;
};
bool apply (hb_aat_apply_context_t *c) const
{
TRACE_APPLY (this);
driver_context_t dc (this, c);
StateTableDriver<Types, EntryData> driver (machine, c->buffer, c->face);
driver.drive (&dc);
return_trace (dc.ret);
}
bool sanitize (hb_sanitize_context_t *c) const
{
TRACE_SANITIZE (this);
unsigned int num_entries = 0;
if (unlikely (!machine.sanitize (c, &num_entries))) return_trace (false);
if (!Types::extended)
return_trace (substitutionTables.sanitize (c, this, 0));
unsigned int num_lookups = 0;
const Entry<EntryData> *entries = machine.get_entries ();
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < num_entries; i++)
{
const EntryData &data = entries[i].data;
if (data.markIndex != 0xFFFF)
num_lookups = hb_max (num_lookups, 1 + data.markIndex);
if (data.currentIndex != 0xFFFF)
num_lookups = hb_max (num_lookups, 1 + data.currentIndex);
}
return_trace (substitutionTables.sanitize (c, this, num_lookups));
}
protected:
StateTable<Types, EntryData>
machine;
NNOffsetTo<UnsizedOffsetListOf<Lookup<HBGlyphID>, HBUINT, false>, HBUINT>
substitutionTables;
public:
DEFINE_SIZE_STATIC (20);
};
template <bool extended>
struct LigatureEntry;
template <>
struct LigatureEntry<true>
{
enum Flags
{
SetComponent = 0x8000, /* Push this glyph onto the component stack for
* eventual processing. */
DontAdvance = 0x4000, /* Leave the glyph pointer at this glyph for the
next iteration. */
PerformAction = 0x2000, /* Use the ligActionIndex to process a ligature
* group. */
Reserved = 0x1FFF, /* These bits are reserved and should be set to 0. */
};
struct EntryData
{
HBUINT16 ligActionIndex; /* Index to the first ligActionTable entry
* for processing this group, if indicated
* by the flags. */
public:
DEFINE_SIZE_STATIC (2);
};
static bool performAction (const Entry<EntryData> &entry)
{ return entry.flags & PerformAction; }
static unsigned int ligActionIndex (const Entry<EntryData> &entry)
{ return entry.data.ligActionIndex; }
};
template <>
struct LigatureEntry<false>
{
enum Flags
{
SetComponent = 0x8000, /* Push this glyph onto the component stack for
* eventual processing. */
DontAdvance = 0x4000, /* Leave the glyph pointer at this glyph for the
next iteration. */
Offset = 0x3FFF, /* Byte offset from beginning of subtable to the
* ligature action list. This value must be a
* multiple of 4. */
};
typedef void EntryData;
static bool performAction (const Entry<EntryData> &entry)
{ return entry.flags & Offset; }
static unsigned int ligActionIndex (const Entry<EntryData> &entry)
{ return entry.flags & Offset; }
};
template <typename Types>
struct LigatureSubtable
{
typedef typename Types::HBUINT HBUINT;
typedef LigatureEntry<Types::extended> LigatureEntryT;
typedef typename LigatureEntryT::EntryData EntryData;
struct driver_context_t
{
static constexpr bool in_place = false;
enum
{
DontAdvance = LigatureEntryT::DontAdvance,
};
enum LigActionFlags
{
LigActionLast = 0x80000000, /* This is the last action in the list. This also
* implies storage. */
LigActionStore = 0x40000000, /* Store the ligature at the current cumulated index
* in the ligature table in place of the marked
* (i.e. currently-popped) glyph. */
LigActionOffset = 0x3FFFFFFF, /* A 30-bit value which is sign-extended to 32-bits
* and added to the glyph ID, resulting in an index
* into the component table. */
};
driver_context_t (const LigatureSubtable *table_,
hb_aat_apply_context_t *c_) :
ret (false),
c (c_),
table (table_),
ligAction (table+table->ligAction),
component (table+table->component),
ligature (table+table->ligature),
match_length (0) {}
bool is_actionable (StateTableDriver<Types, EntryData> *driver HB_UNUSED,
const Entry<EntryData> &entry)
{
return LigatureEntryT::performAction (entry);
}
void transition (StateTableDriver<Types, EntryData> *driver,
const Entry<EntryData> &entry)
{
hb_buffer_t *buffer = driver->buffer;
DEBUG_MSG (APPLY, nullptr, "Ligature transition at %u", buffer->idx);
if (entry.flags & LigatureEntryT::SetComponent)
{
/* Never mark same index twice, in case DontAdvance was used... */
if (match_length && match_positions[(match_length - 1u) % ARRAY_LENGTH (match_positions)] == buffer->out_len)
match_length--;
match_positions[match_length++ % ARRAY_LENGTH (match_positions)] = buffer->out_len;
DEBUG_MSG (APPLY, nullptr, "Set component at %u", buffer->out_len);
}
if (LigatureEntryT::performAction (entry))
{
DEBUG_MSG (APPLY, nullptr, "Perform action with %u", match_length);
unsigned int end = buffer->out_len;
if (unlikely (!match_length))
return;
if (buffer->idx >= buffer->len)
return; /* TODO Work on previous instead? */
unsigned int cursor = match_length;
unsigned int action_idx = LigatureEntryT::ligActionIndex (entry);
action_idx = Types::offsetToIndex (action_idx, table, ligAction.arrayZ);
const HBUINT32 *actionData = &ligAction[action_idx];
unsigned int ligature_idx = 0;
unsigned int action;
do
{
if (unlikely (!cursor))
{
/* Stack underflow. Clear the stack. */
DEBUG_MSG (APPLY, nullptr, "Stack underflow");
match_length = 0;
break;
}
DEBUG_MSG (APPLY, nullptr, "Moving to stack position %u", cursor - 1);
buffer->move_to (match_positions[--cursor % ARRAY_LENGTH (match_positions)]);
if (unlikely (!actionData->sanitize (&c->sanitizer))) break;
action = *actionData;
uint32_t uoffset = action & LigActionOffset;
if (uoffset & 0x20000000)
uoffset |= 0xC0000000; /* Sign-extend. */
int32_t offset = (int32_t) uoffset;
unsigned int component_idx = buffer->cur().codepoint + offset;
component_idx = Types::wordOffsetToIndex (component_idx, table, component.arrayZ);
const HBUINT16 &componentData = component[component_idx];
if (unlikely (!componentData.sanitize (&c->sanitizer))) break;
ligature_idx += componentData;
DEBUG_MSG (APPLY, nullptr, "Action store %u last %u",
bool (action & LigActionStore),
bool (action & LigActionLast));
if (action & (LigActionStore | LigActionLast))
{
ligature_idx = Types::offsetToIndex (ligature_idx, table, ligature.arrayZ);
const HBGlyphID &ligatureData = ligature[ligature_idx];
if (unlikely (!ligatureData.sanitize (&c->sanitizer))) break;
hb_codepoint_t lig = ligatureData;
DEBUG_MSG (APPLY, nullptr, "Produced ligature %u", lig);
buffer->replace_glyph (lig);
unsigned int lig_end = match_positions[(match_length - 1u) % ARRAY_LENGTH (match_positions)] + 1u;
/* Now go and delete all subsequent components. */
while (match_length - 1u > cursor)
{
DEBUG_MSG (APPLY, nullptr, "Skipping ligature component");
buffer->move_to (match_positions[--match_length % ARRAY_LENGTH (match_positions)]);
buffer->replace_glyph (DELETED_GLYPH);
}
buffer->move_to (lig_end);
buffer->merge_out_clusters (match_positions[cursor % ARRAY_LENGTH (match_positions)], buffer->out_len);
}
actionData++;
}
while (!(action & LigActionLast));
buffer->move_to (end);
}
}
public:
bool ret;
private:
hb_aat_apply_context_t *c;
const LigatureSubtable *table;
const UnsizedArrayOf<HBUINT32> &ligAction;
const UnsizedArrayOf<HBUINT16> &component;
const UnsizedArrayOf<HBGlyphID> &ligature;
unsigned int match_length;
unsigned int match_positions[HB_MAX_CONTEXT_LENGTH];
};
bool apply (hb_aat_apply_context_t *c) const
{
TRACE_APPLY (this);
driver_context_t dc (this, c);
StateTableDriver<Types, EntryData> driver (machine, c->buffer, c->face);
driver.drive (&dc);
return_trace (dc.ret);
}
bool sanitize (hb_sanitize_context_t *c) const
{
TRACE_SANITIZE (this);
/* The rest of array sanitizations are done at run-time. */
return_trace (c->check_struct (this) && machine.sanitize (c) &&
ligAction && component && ligature);
}
protected:
StateTable<Types, EntryData>
machine;
NNOffsetTo<UnsizedArrayOf<HBUINT32>, HBUINT>
ligAction; /* Offset to the ligature action table. */
NNOffsetTo<UnsizedArrayOf<HBUINT16>, HBUINT>
component; /* Offset to the component table. */
NNOffsetTo<UnsizedArrayOf<HBGlyphID>, HBUINT>
ligature; /* Offset to the actual ligature lists. */
public:
DEFINE_SIZE_STATIC (28);
};
template <typename Types>
struct NoncontextualSubtable
{
bool apply (hb_aat_apply_context_t *c) const
{
TRACE_APPLY (this);
bool ret = false;
unsigned int num_glyphs = c->face->get_num_glyphs ();
hb_glyph_info_t *info = c->buffer->info;
unsigned int count = c->buffer->len;
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
const HBGlyphID *replacement = substitute.get_value (info[i].codepoint, num_glyphs);
if (replacement)
{
info[i].codepoint = *replacement;
ret = true;
}
}
return_trace (ret);
}
bool sanitize (hb_sanitize_context_t *c) const
{
TRACE_SANITIZE (this);
return_trace (substitute.sanitize (c));
}
protected:
Lookup<HBGlyphID> substitute;
public:
DEFINE_SIZE_MIN (2);
};
template <typename Types>
struct InsertionSubtable
{
typedef typename Types::HBUINT HBUINT;
struct EntryData
{
HBUINT16 currentInsertIndex; /* Zero-based index into the insertion glyph table.
* The number of glyphs to be inserted is contained
* in the currentInsertCount field in the flags.
* A value of 0xFFFF indicates no insertion is to
* be done. */
HBUINT16 markedInsertIndex; /* Zero-based index into the insertion glyph table.
* The number of glyphs to be inserted is contained
* in the markedInsertCount field in the flags.
* A value of 0xFFFF indicates no insertion is to
* be done. */
public:
DEFINE_SIZE_STATIC (4);
};
struct driver_context_t
{
static constexpr bool in_place = false;
enum Flags
{
SetMark = 0x8000, /* If set, mark the current glyph. */
DontAdvance = 0x4000, /* If set, don't advance to the next glyph before
* going to the new state. This does not mean
* that the glyph pointed to is the same one as
* before. If you've made insertions immediately
* downstream of the current glyph, the next glyph
* processed would in fact be the first one
* inserted. */
CurrentIsKashidaLike= 0x2000, /* If set, and the currentInsertList is nonzero,
* then the specified glyph list will be inserted
* as a kashida-like insertion, either before or
* after the current glyph (depending on the state
* of the currentInsertBefore flag). If clear, and
* the currentInsertList is nonzero, then the
* specified glyph list will be inserted as a
* split-vowel-like insertion, either before or
* after the current glyph (depending on the state
* of the currentInsertBefore flag). */
MarkedIsKashidaLike= 0x1000, /* If set, and the markedInsertList is nonzero,
* then the specified glyph list will be inserted
* as a kashida-like insertion, either before or
* after the marked glyph (depending on the state
* of the markedInsertBefore flag). If clear, and
* the markedInsertList is nonzero, then the
* specified glyph list will be inserted as a
* split-vowel-like insertion, either before or
* after the marked glyph (depending on the state
* of the markedInsertBefore flag). */
CurrentInsertBefore= 0x0800, /* If set, specifies that insertions are to be made
* to the left of the current glyph. If clear,
* they're made to the right of the current glyph. */
MarkedInsertBefore= 0x0400, /* If set, specifies that insertions are to be
* made to the left of the marked glyph. If clear,
* they're made to the right of the marked glyph. */
CurrentInsertCount= 0x3E0, /* This 5-bit field is treated as a count of the
* number of glyphs to insert at the current
* position. Since zero means no insertions, the
* largest number of insertions at any given
* current location is 31 glyphs. */
MarkedInsertCount= 0x001F, /* This 5-bit field is treated as a count of the
* number of glyphs to insert at the marked
* position. Since zero means no insertions, the
* largest number of insertions at any given
* marked location is 31 glyphs. */
};
driver_context_t (const InsertionSubtable *table,
hb_aat_apply_context_t *c_) :
ret (false),
c (c_),
mark (0),
insertionAction (table+table->insertionAction) {}
bool is_actionable (StateTableDriver<Types, EntryData> *driver HB_UNUSED,
const Entry<EntryData> &entry)
{
return (entry.flags & (CurrentInsertCount | MarkedInsertCount)) &&
(entry.data.currentInsertIndex != 0xFFFF ||entry.data.markedInsertIndex != 0xFFFF);
}
void transition (StateTableDriver<Types, EntryData> *driver,
const Entry<EntryData> &entry)
{
hb_buffer_t *buffer = driver->buffer;
unsigned int flags = entry.flags;
unsigned mark_loc = buffer->out_len;
if (entry.data.markedInsertIndex != 0xFFFF)
{
unsigned int count = (flags & MarkedInsertCount);
unsigned int start = entry.data.markedInsertIndex;
const HBGlyphID *glyphs = &insertionAction[start];
if (unlikely (!c->sanitizer.check_array (glyphs, count))) count = 0;
bool before = flags & MarkedInsertBefore;
unsigned int end = buffer->out_len;
buffer->move_to (mark);
if (buffer->idx < buffer->len && !before)
buffer->copy_glyph ();
/* TODO We ignore KashidaLike setting. */
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; i++)
buffer->output_glyph (glyphs[i]);
if (buffer->idx < buffer->len && !before)
buffer->skip_glyph ();
buffer->move_to (end + count);
buffer->unsafe_to_break_from_outbuffer (mark, hb_min (buffer->idx + 1, buffer->len));
}
if (flags & SetMark)
mark = mark_loc;
if (entry.data.currentInsertIndex != 0xFFFF)
{
unsigned int count = (flags & CurrentInsertCount) >> 5;
unsigned int start = entry.data.currentInsertIndex;
const HBGlyphID *glyphs = &insertionAction[start];
if (unlikely (!c->sanitizer.check_array (glyphs, count))) count = 0;
bool before = flags & CurrentInsertBefore;
unsigned int end = buffer->out_len;
if (buffer->idx < buffer->len && !before)
buffer->copy_glyph ();
/* TODO We ignore KashidaLike setting. */
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; i++)
buffer->output_glyph (glyphs[i]);
if (buffer->idx < buffer->len && !before)
buffer->skip_glyph ();
/* Humm. Not sure where to move to. There's this wording under
* DontAdvance flag:
*
* "If set, don't update the glyph index before going to the new state.
* This does not mean that the glyph pointed to is the same one as
* before. If you've made insertions immediately downstream of the
* current glyph, the next glyph processed would in fact be the first
* one inserted."
*
* This suggests that if DontAdvance is NOT set, we should move to
* end+count. If it *was*, then move to end, such that newly inserted
* glyphs are now visible.
*
* https://github.com/harfbuzz/harfbuzz/issues/1224#issuecomment-427691417
*/
buffer->move_to ((flags & DontAdvance) ? end : end + count);
}
}
public:
bool ret;
private:
hb_aat_apply_context_t *c;
unsigned int mark;
const UnsizedArrayOf<HBGlyphID> &insertionAction;
};
bool apply (hb_aat_apply_context_t *c) const
{
TRACE_APPLY (this);
driver_context_t dc (this, c);
StateTableDriver<Types, EntryData> driver (machine, c->buffer, c->face);
driver.drive (&dc);
return_trace (dc.ret);
}
bool sanitize (hb_sanitize_context_t *c) const
{
TRACE_SANITIZE (this);
/* The rest of array sanitizations are done at run-time. */
return_trace (c->check_struct (this) && machine.sanitize (c) &&
insertionAction);
}
protected:
StateTable<Types, EntryData>
machine;
NNOffsetTo<UnsizedArrayOf<HBGlyphID>, HBUINT>
insertionAction; /* Byte offset from stateHeader to the start of
* the insertion glyph table. */
public:
DEFINE_SIZE_STATIC (20);
};
struct Feature
{
bool sanitize (hb_sanitize_context_t *c) const
{
TRACE_SANITIZE (this);
return_trace (c->check_struct (this));
}
public:
HBUINT16 featureType; /* The type of feature. */
HBUINT16 featureSetting; /* The feature's setting (aka selector). */
HBUINT32 enableFlags; /* Flags for the settings that this feature
* and setting enables. */
HBUINT32 disableFlags; /* Complement of flags for the settings that this
* feature and setting disable. */
public:
DEFINE_SIZE_STATIC (12);
};
template <typename Types>
struct ChainSubtable
{
typedef typename Types::HBUINT HBUINT;
template <typename T>
friend struct Chain;
unsigned int get_size () const { return length; }
unsigned int get_type () const { return coverage & 0xFF; }
unsigned int get_coverage () const { return coverage >> (sizeof (HBUINT) * 8 - 8); }
enum Coverage
{
Vertical = 0x80, /* If set, this subtable will only be applied
* to vertical text. If clear, this subtable
* will only be applied to horizontal text. */
Backwards = 0x40, /* If set, this subtable will process glyphs
* in descending order. If clear, it will
* process the glyphs in ascending order. */
AllDirections = 0x20, /* If set, this subtable will be applied to
* both horizontal and vertical text (i.e.
* the state of bit 0x80000000 is ignored). */
Logical = 0x10, /* If set, this subtable will process glyphs
* in logical order (or reverse logical order,
* depending on the value of bit 0x80000000). */
};
enum Type
{
Rearrangement = 0,
Contextual = 1,
Ligature = 2,
Noncontextual = 4,
Insertion = 5
};
template <typename context_t, typename ...Ts>
typename context_t::return_t dispatch (context_t *c, Ts&&... ds) const
{
unsigned int subtable_type = get_type ();
TRACE_DISPATCH (this, subtable_type);
switch (subtable_type) {
case Rearrangement: return_trace (c->dispatch (u.rearrangement, hb_forward<Ts> (ds)...));
case Contextual: return_trace (c->dispatch (u.contextual, hb_forward<Ts> (ds)...));
case Ligature: return_trace (c->dispatch (u.ligature, hb_forward<Ts> (ds)...));
case Noncontextual: return_trace (c->dispatch (u.noncontextual, hb_forward<Ts> (ds)...));
case Insertion: return_trace (c->dispatch (u.insertion, hb_forward<Ts> (ds)...));
default: return_trace (c->default_return_value ());
}
}
bool apply (hb_aat_apply_context_t *c) const
{
TRACE_APPLY (this);
hb_sanitize_with_object_t with (&c->sanitizer, this);
return_trace (dispatch (c));
}
bool sanitize (hb_sanitize_context_t *c) const
{
TRACE_SANITIZE (this);
if (!length.sanitize (c) ||
length <= min_size ||
!c->check_range (this, length))
return_trace (false);
hb_sanitize_with_object_t with (c, this);
return_trace (dispatch (c));
}
protected:
HBUINT length; /* Total subtable length, including this header. */
HBUINT coverage; /* Coverage flags and subtable type. */
HBUINT32 subFeatureFlags;/* The 32-bit mask identifying which subtable this is. */
union {
RearrangementSubtable<Types> rearrangement;
ContextualSubtable<Types> contextual;
LigatureSubtable<Types> ligature;
NoncontextualSubtable<Types> noncontextual;
InsertionSubtable<Types> insertion;
} u;
public:
DEFINE_SIZE_MIN (2 * sizeof (HBUINT) + 4);
};
template <typename Types>
struct Chain
{
typedef typename Types::HBUINT HBUINT;
hb_mask_t compile_flags (const hb_aat_map_builder_t *map) const
{
hb_mask_t flags = defaultFlags;
{
unsigned int count = featureCount;
for (unsigned i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
const Feature &feature = featureZ[i];
hb_aat_layout_feature_type_t type = (hb_aat_layout_feature_type_t) (unsigned int) feature.featureType;
hb_aat_layout_feature_selector_t setting = (hb_aat_layout_feature_selector_t) (unsigned int) feature.featureSetting;
retry:
const hb_aat_map_builder_t::feature_info_t *info = map->features.bsearch (type);
if (info && info->setting == setting)
{
flags &= feature.disableFlags;
flags |= feature.enableFlags;
}
else if (type == HB_AAT_LAYOUT_FEATURE_TYPE_LETTER_CASE && setting == HB_AAT_LAYOUT_FEATURE_SELECTOR_SMALL_CAPS)
{
/* Deprecated. https://github.com/harfbuzz/harfbuzz/issues/1342 */
type = HB_AAT_LAYOUT_FEATURE_TYPE_LOWER_CASE;
setting = HB_AAT_LAYOUT_FEATURE_SELECTOR_LOWER_CASE_SMALL_CAPS;
goto retry;
}
}
}
return flags;
}
void apply (hb_aat_apply_context_t *c,
hb_mask_t flags) const
{
const ChainSubtable<Types> *subtable = &StructAfter<ChainSubtable<Types>> (featureZ.as_array (featureCount));
unsigned int count = subtableCount;
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
bool reverse;
if (!(subtable->subFeatureFlags & flags))
goto skip;
if (!(subtable->get_coverage() & ChainSubtable<Types>::AllDirections) &&
HB_DIRECTION_IS_VERTICAL (c->buffer->props.direction) !=
bool (subtable->get_coverage() & ChainSubtable<Types>::Vertical))
goto skip;
/* Buffer contents is always in logical direction. Determine if
* we need to reverse before applying this subtable. We reverse
* back after if we did reverse indeed.
*
* Quoting the spac:
* """
* Bits 28 and 30 of the coverage field control the order in which
* glyphs are processed when the subtable is run by the layout engine.
* Bit 28 is used to indicate if the glyph processing direction is
* the same as logical order or layout order. Bit 30 is used to
* indicate whether glyphs are processed forwards or backwards within
* that order.
Bit 30 Bit 28 Interpretation for Horizontal Text
0 0 The subtable is processed in layout order
(the same order as the glyphs, which is
always left-to-right).
1 0 The subtable is processed in reverse layout order
(the order opposite that of the glyphs, which is
always right-to-left).
0 1 The subtable is processed in logical order
(the same order as the characters, which may be
left-to-right or right-to-left).
1 1 The subtable is processed in reverse logical order
(the order opposite that of the characters, which
may be right-to-left or left-to-right).
*/
reverse = subtable->get_coverage () & ChainSubtable<Types>::Logical ?
bool (subtable->get_coverage () & ChainSubtable<Types>::Backwards) :
bool (subtable->get_coverage () & ChainSubtable<Types>::Backwards) !=
HB_DIRECTION_IS_BACKWARD (c->buffer->props.direction);
if (!c->buffer->message (c->font, "start chain subtable %d", c->lookup_index))
goto skip;
if (reverse)
c->buffer->reverse ();
subtable->apply (c);
if (reverse)
c->buffer->reverse ();
(void) c->buffer->message (c->font, "end chain subtable %d", c->lookup_index);
if (unlikely (!c->buffer->successful)) return;
skip:
subtable = &StructAfter<ChainSubtable<Types>> (*subtable);
c->set_lookup_index (c->lookup_index + 1);
}
}
unsigned int get_size () const { return length; }
bool sanitize (hb_sanitize_context_t *c, unsigned int version HB_UNUSED) const
{
TRACE_SANITIZE (this);
if (!length.sanitize (c) ||
length < min_size ||
!c->check_range (this, length))
return_trace (false);
if (!c->check_array (featureZ.arrayZ, featureCount))
return_trace (false);
const ChainSubtable<Types> *subtable = &StructAfter<ChainSubtable<Types>> (featureZ.as_array (featureCount));
unsigned int count = subtableCount;
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
if (!subtable->sanitize (c))
return_trace (false);
subtable = &StructAfter<ChainSubtable<Types>> (*subtable);
}
return_trace (true);
}
protected:
HBUINT32 defaultFlags; /* The default specification for subtables. */
HBUINT32 length; /* Total byte count, including this header. */
HBUINT featureCount; /* Number of feature subtable entries. */
HBUINT subtableCount; /* The number of subtables in the chain. */
UnsizedArrayOf<Feature> featureZ; /* Features. */
/*ChainSubtable firstSubtable;*//* Subtables. */
/*subtableGlyphCoverageArray*/ /* Only if version >= 3. We don't use. */
public:
DEFINE_SIZE_MIN (8 + 2 * sizeof (HBUINT));
};
/*
* The 'mort'/'morx' Table
*/
template <typename Types, hb_tag_t TAG>
struct mortmorx
{
static constexpr hb_tag_t tableTag = TAG;
bool has_data () const { return version != 0; }
void compile_flags (const hb_aat_map_builder_t *mapper,
hb_aat_map_t *map) const
{
const Chain<Types> *chain = &firstChain;
unsigned int count = chainCount;
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
map->chain_flags.push (chain->compile_flags (mapper));
chain = &StructAfter<Chain<Types>> (*chain);
}
}
void apply (hb_aat_apply_context_t *c) const
{
if (unlikely (!c->buffer->successful)) return;
c->set_lookup_index (0);
const Chain<Types> *chain = &firstChain;
unsigned int count = chainCount;
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
chain->apply (c, c->plan->aat_map.chain_flags[i]);
if (unlikely (!c->buffer->successful)) return;
chain = &StructAfter<Chain<Types>> (*chain);
}
}
bool sanitize (hb_sanitize_context_t *c) const
{
TRACE_SANITIZE (this);
if (!version.sanitize (c) || !version || !chainCount.sanitize (c))
return_trace (false);
const Chain<Types> *chain = &firstChain;
unsigned int count = chainCount;
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
if (!chain->sanitize (c, version))
return_trace (false);
chain = &StructAfter<Chain<Types>> (*chain);
}
return_trace (true);
}
protected:
HBUINT16 version; /* Version number of the glyph metamorphosis table.
* 1, 2, or 3. */
HBUINT16 unused; /* Set to 0. */
HBUINT32 chainCount; /* Number of metamorphosis chains contained in this
* table. */
Chain<Types> firstChain; /* Chains. */
public:
DEFINE_SIZE_MIN (8);
};
struct morx : mortmorx<ExtendedTypes, HB_AAT_TAG_morx> {};
struct mort : mortmorx<ObsoleteTypes, HB_AAT_TAG_mort> {};
} /* namespace AAT */
#endif /* HB_AAT_LAYOUT_MORX_TABLE_HH */
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
The American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), a Washington nonprofit that brings together conservative lawmakers and corporate representatives to craft state-level legislation, announced on Tuesday it is disbanding its …
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Michael Klein (World Bank official)
Michael Klein is an author, and former World Bank official. Klein has published and co-authored several policy papers on the emerging markets and the effectiveness of foreign aid.
He has regularly argued for enabling the private sector to bring about economic development rather than direct aid to the poorest nations. In a paper he co-authored in 2005, Klein says:
"Private financial flows such as foreign direct investment seem to encourage economic growth and relieve poverty in part because they create excellent incentives for transferring know-how and in part because they are subject to a stern market test that ensures they are allocated and monitored carefully. For aid flows, not automatically subject to these disciplines, it is difficult to be as effective. This Note argues that aid agencies, by learning what makes private flows so effective, can bring better aid to the poorest."
Education and Personal Life
Klein is a German national and joined the World Bank as a youth through the Young Professionals program. He retired in 2009.
References
External links
World Bank
Category:Living people
Category:World Bank people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Q:
Как добавить на изображение строчку текста? Python
Есть картинка, требуется на нее добавить строчку текста, которую можно задать. Как это сделать с помощью Python? Требуется создать бота для ВК, на примере вот это бота. https://vk.com/memes_bot
A:
Например, используйте библиотеку PIL.
Самый простой пример рисования:
# pip install Pillow
from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont
image = Image.open("images.jpg")
font = ImageFont.truetype("arial.ttf", 25)
drawer = ImageDraw.Draw(image)
drawer.text((50, 100), "Hello World!\nПривет мир!", font=font, fill='black')
image.save('new_img.jpg')
image.show()
Скриншот:
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Wills & Trusts – Heirs – Adopted Child – Choice Of Law
A decedent’s biological daughter who was adopted in Pennsylvania at age two by her stepfather can inherit from her biological father, who died intestate, a share of his personal property and of real property he owned in Virginia at the time of his death, a Prince William Circuit Court says, over the objection of decedent’s ...
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1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to heart-assist devices and, more particularly, to such devices incorporating balloon pumps.
2. Prior Art
During the past thirty years there has been an ever-increasing frequency of heart surgery and greater study and knowledge of the functions of the heart. One of the product groups which has resulted from this increased activity in the knowledge of the function of the heart has been what are known as temporary circulatory-assist devices. The purpose of such devices is to stabilize, hemodynamically, a failing circulatory system resulting from a failure in the pumping action of the heart. Beneficial results have been realized by the use of heart-assist devices in patients with cardiogenic shock and in severe acute myocardial ischemia. Further, in the critical moments before or after a heart transplantation or after open heart surgical procedures, temporary support of the cardiocirculatory system is crucial.
These heart-assist devices are intended to give the heart muscle the necessary time to rest and optionally to recover.
The best known of the circulatory-assist devices is the intra-aortic balloon with its counterpulsation capability. With the development of percutaneous techniques for the balloon insertion (for example, through the femoral artery) it is possible to give immediate response to a critical heart condition. However, with the intra-aortic balloon, the cardiac output is increased approximately thirty to forty percent. It is clear that a more effective heart-assist device is necessary, particularly in the first moments of intervention, to prevent deterioration of the circulatory system of the patient.
Therefore, it is an object of this invention to provide a heart-assist device which is compact, is easily handled by a single specialist, is completely a traumatic both to the ventricular chamber and to the blood volume constituents, and is highly effective so as to achieve nearly normal physiological conditions during its use.
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Mel Ziegler (artist)
Mel Ziegler is an American artist (born 1956) whose artistic practice includes community art, integrated arts, public art.
Biography
Ziegler began his undergraduate studies at the Rhode Island School of Design, later transferring to the Kansas City Art Institute. He earned an MFA from the California Institute of the Arts in Valencia in 1982. Born in Campbelltown, Pennsylvania, Ziegler currently lives and works in Nashville, Tennessee, where he is the current chair of the Department of Art at Vanderbilt University, and where he was also the host of the 2014 National Arts Administrators' conference.
Throughout his career, Ziegler’s practice has examined the role of art in public space, the socially-constructed dimensions of our natural environment, the value of manual labor, and the importance of collaboration between the artist and the broader community.
Ziegler has exhibited nationally and internationally and has presented solo exhibitions at venues including: Canadian Center for Architecture, Montreal in 1998; Artpace, San Antonio, in 1999; Secession, Vienna in 2003; and Bemis Center for Contemporary Arts, Omaha, Nebraska in 2014
Reviewing his 2014 exhibition “An American Conversation” at the Bemis Center for Contemporary Arts, Daniel Tidwell writes in Nashville Arts magazine: “[Ziegler] is part historian, conceptual artist, sociologist, and aspiring farmer—creating work that occupies a unique place in the art world, bridging political, historical, and social concerns—mining the buried histories and narratives of the American landscape.”
He has been the recipient of numerous awards and fellowships, including being a Loeb Fellow at the Harvard School of Design in 1997; having been recognized by the Joan Mitchell Foundation with a 1997 painters and sculptors' grant, and the 2013 Joan Mitchell Center AIR program; being a 2000 Creative Capital (Visual Arts) Fellow; and being the recipient of National Endowment for the Arts, Art Works grants in 1989 and 1993.
His work is held in many public and private collections, including the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, New York; Albright-Knox Museum, Buffalo, New York; Tang Museum, Skidmore College; Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles; San Diego Museum of Art; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art; Rose Art Museum, Brandeis University; Des Moines Art Center, Iowa; Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas.
Mel Ziegler has recently established the Sandhills Institute,“a catalyst for the creation of civically-engaged integrated art in and around the agricultural community” on the historic Davis Pine Creek Ranch near Rushville in north-west rural Nebraska, where he hosted a short form field trip residency for artists in June 2015. “International Art World Comes to Rushville, Nebraska” Sheridan County Journal Star, Thursday, 28 May 2015
Early career
Kate Ericson and Mel Ziegler were influential collaborators in social interventionist art, beginning officially as a team in 1985 and continuing until Ericson died of brain cancer in 1995. In 1988 their work was exhibited at both the Museum of Modern Art in New York, and the Hirshorn in Washington D.C., and was the subject of a major retrospective accompanied by a significant publication, "America Starts Here" at the MIT List Center for the Visual Arts in 2006. The exhibition was organized by curators Bill Arning, then at MIT List Visual Arts Center, and Ian Berry, the Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery at Skidmore College, and toured to Austin Museum of Art, Texas, H&R Block Artspace at the Kansas City Art Institute, and Contemporary Art Center, Cincinnati.
Together, Ericson and Ziegler made site-specific installations and objects concerned with mapping trajectories, questioning history, and highlighting the specificity of places and communities. As a collaborative duo, Ericson / Ziegler's work was integral to the emergence of integrated practice and community engagement as vital forms of contemporary art. In the Wall Street Journal review of their 2014 exhibition at Perrotin Gallery in New York, Carol Kino writes: “Kate Ericson and Mel Ziegler were ardent pioneers of the art now known as "social practice."”
Publications
Stuffed. Secession, 2003. By Ziegler. Text in English and German.
America Starts Here. MIT, 2005. By Kate Ericson and Ziegler. Edited by Ian Berry and Bill Arning.
References
Additional references
Carol Kino, “New York's Galerie Perrotin Exhibits Artists Kate Ericson and Mel Ziegler's Work”, The Wall Street Journal, June 20, 2014
External links
Mel Ziegler: Growing Concern, 16 June to 8 November 1998, Canadian Center for Architecture, Montreal, Canada
Winter 1999 International Artists-in-Residence program, Artpace, San Antonio, Dec 09, 1999 - Jan 16, 2000
Mel Ziegler: An American Conversation, Bemis Center for Contemporary Arts, Omaha, NE, September 19, 2013 – March 1, 2014
Category:American artists
Category:San Francisco Art Institute alumni
Category:1956 births
Category:Living people
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Shorten your URLs using goo.gl
Date posted: 10/04/2016
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Fields marked as bold are compulsory.
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Shortened URLs have slowly turned into one of the latest trends. Even though it's been about 15 years they've been helping people having difficulty with limited character messaging applications and SMS, social networks sharing such limitations have caused some major increment in their use. We are going to see what shortened URLs are, and how we can create our own, using goo.gl API.
What is a shortened URL?
A shortened URL is a URL that redirects to the same address as the one requested. For example you can use goo.gl (Google's URL shortener service) to create a shortened URL by visiting https://goo.gl/ and placing the URL you want to shorten. If you place http://dotnethints.com/ you get http://goo.gl/5nIcLC.
Now, if you hit that new address on your browser you will head to that URL shortener's company site. The original URL will be found and you will be automatically redirected to your destination. Keep in mind that shortened URLs are supposed to last forever.
So, we may use shortened URLs when we want to minimize the number of characters contained within our URL. Shortened URLs can also be used if we want to hide the address our original URL is pointing to from the person to click it. This is the reason many spammers choose to use URL shortening.
There are many URL shortening services out there, including bitly and tiny URL. goo.gl, the service supported by Google, is the one we will be using in this article.
Using goo.gl
As mentioned earlier, to use goo.gl a single person can use the service in the https://goo.gl/ page.
A developer can also make use of the goo.gl API to create a JSON request containing the original URL and get a JSON response containing the shortened URL.
To use the goo.gl API a developer needs to have an API key. You can get a key in this page
Now that we have our key, we need to create our request to https://www.googleapis.com/urlshortener/v1/url?key=my_API_key and deal with the results so we get the shortened URL.
For example if I used the code above to ask for the http://dotnethints.com/ shorten URL, I would get the following JSON
{
"kind": "urlshortener#url",
"id": "http://goo.gl/RWZBj0",
"longUrl": "http://dotnethints.com/"
}
Since a serialized JSON is no more than a string we can also get its id by using string methods, but I personally find this way to be a better one.
Summary
Shortened URLs are URLs that can be used in place of the original longer ones to minimize their length. There are many services we can use to create a shortened URL, goo.gl being one of them. We can either visit goo.gl's home page to create shortened URLs on the fly or use the goo.gl API to create JSON requests and get responses containing the info we want.
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Q:
I'm Indonesian, can I leave Frankfurt airport without a visa when I'm waiting for a connecting flight to London?
So far I know that Indonesians need a visa to visit Germany (EU) however I will have a UK visa on my passport, and a ticket (connecting flight to London), and my question is pretty obvious:
Are all those documents good enough to pass through immigration? Or do I need to apply for a German visa in the German embassy for a really short visit? or is there some special counter that can do a visa on arrival in the airport? Can anyone give me an answer?
A:
As an Indonesian Citizen transiting Germany when travelling between two non-Schengen countries you do not need a visa, presuming you are passing through one of the following airports :
Cologne/Bonn (CGN), Frankfurt (FRA), Munich (MUC), Hamburg (HAM), or Dusseldorf (DUS).
When traveling through these airports you will be able to "Transit Without Visa" (TWOV), however as you will not have a Visa you will have to remain "airside" and will not be allowed to pass through 'Passport Control' and enter the country.
If you wish to enter Germany, even briefly, you will require a Visa. Visa's are NOT available at the airport, and would need to be arranged in advance.
If you are travelling through Berlin Tegel (TXL) then you MAY also be able TWOV, however it depends on the exact details of your arrival/departure, and you should contact your airline to confirm what is required.
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Eat this on the golf course, not that
I know it's hard times for the print media business, but still I was not prepared for what I read in this "list". Things like #3: "garlic edamame". Okay so boiled soybean pods might be nutritious and wholesome, but eating them tends to produce a lot of scraps, which tends to make them a not-so-great food for the course. Not sure I like where this list is going.
#4: "Apple pie spiced wonton chips"? I am no nutrition expert but goddammit--wonton skins are not a superfood. FUCK. Now I'm getting upset. Listen, store-bought wonton skins ain't nothing but white flour a.k.a. glutinous carbs a.k.a. THE ENEMY of all that's wholesome and nutritious. And I got news for you: nutritionally, these things are NOT better than a candy bar, as GD claims. They're worse! A regular Snickers bar is light years better for you than this empty-calorie crap. This article is now bordering on GD irresponsible if you ask me.
Next on the list, #5: "baked kale chips"? I like kale okay, I probably eat more of it than you do, and I have actually baked up some of it before, but again, this is a good on-course snack how? Kale, they say has many wonderful nutritional properties, but one thing it's not good at is calories. Foods like kale appeal to many people because they are low in calories. Next thing you are going to tell me I should be putting celery and cabbage in my golf bag.
FUCK. I'm pacing around the room now. What's making me so mad at this point is the feeling that this crap was not even written by someone who plays actual golf. Kale chips might be a lo-cal nice snack, as is popcorn, for grazing while watching a movie. Watching sports. Not an energy consumptive activity like playing golf. For all the chewing and digesting of leafy greens, you don't get much back in the way of fuel. I don't know about you Golf Digest, but when I put something in my mouth on the golf course, it's for the sake of providing energy, which tends to get expended in the participation of this activity.
#8: "Lemon hummus". Even if I was the world's biggest hummus fan, I would still shit on this idea. How and why would I attempt to enjoy my favorite dip in the middle of a golf round. Where do I even put it? What if it's really hot out? Or really cold? This so-called suggestion leaves me with way more questions than answers. Thanks once again for nothing Golf Digest. Yecch--I can't even look at you right now.
#10/11: "Granola/granola bars". Okay, maybe not the worst choice, but still a) granola was played out a hundred years ago and 2) who didn't already know about granola. Granola bars are essentially dried fruits and nuts (which I like) with some shitty oats thrown in there with some sort of sticky substance to bind it all, and then pressed and cut into rationed units. Why bother? Just throw some of your own fruits and nuts into a goddamn ziplock baggie and call it a life.
#12: "Frozen blueberries covered in yogurt". Nothing Golf Digest could write at this point can surprise me. I will believe nothing, I will expect nothing.
#14: "Baked carrot chips". Why it's good for golfers: Because you might want a chip and this one provides vitamin A for healthy eyes, so you can track your shot from tee to green.
Gahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh! I will just say that this kind of take on nutrition and the function of nutrients like vitamin A is not even fit for fucking Highlights magazine. I'm sorry, the language is getting out of control.
#16: "Beef jerky". Somewhere in the middle of this abortion, I keep thinking Okay, out of "17 Super Foods", Golf Digest is bound to get at least ONE right, and sure enough with the second-to-last item we finally get a snack that is dense with protein, minimal in size and easy to eat--a smart choice for an efficient mid-round snack. Still, they manage to botch the whole suggestion by accompanying it with a weird, time- and labor-intensive beef jerky "recipe" which in the interest of food safety I would recommend you don't try.
Now for #17, the final item in this wonderful list (good, because this isn't fun anymore. This turned out to be nothing short of an attack on common sense.) What else? Popcorn! A fitting end. Oh yeah! Let's take empty carbs, sprinkle with butter, oil, salt and cheese, then take it to the course and proceed to get this all over our gloves, grips and balls.
------------
Listen, it doesn't take a nutrition genius to break this down. Golf is like most other sports in that it doesn't afford you a lot of time or energy for fine dining. You need snacks that are nutrient-dense, fit easily in your bag, and don't cause any mess or hassle. It is why no actual golfer in the history of the world has ever said the words "Let's bring hummus to the golf course today!"
I won't insult your intelligence. I'll stay out of this fray except to point out what works for me. As far as I see it the options are limited, especially if you want to keep things whole and wholesome. I pick one from each of these groups:
I know, pretty boring. Not exactly a plethora of choices. But hey, first world problems. You can always hit the buffet line after the round.
Anyways, let's get back to the real issue here. I am writing this not so much as a kind of nutritional public service--which it is--but more to point out... Who the heck would print such a wacked out, know-nothing article under the auspice of "golf instruction" and expect to get away with it?
Two things are clear to us now: 1) whatever respect Golf Digest might have previously had for its readers, is now completely gone, and B) this once-respected publication has now devolved into pure airport magazine-stand drivel, is useless to actual golfers, and is most likely circling the drain operations-wise. The demise of a long-running business is almost always a shame, but if it's gonna mean more lies articles like these, the sooner the better.
I don't know, take the kale chips and some hummus with some blueberries in yogurt. Pair that up with a tart white wine.........I could see you getting an ass kicking on just about any public golf course in the country!
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Sarosa sesiiformis
Sarosa sesiiformis is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1854. It is found in Venezuela.
References
Category:Moths described in 1854
Category:Arctiinae
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---
author:
- Richard S Ellis
title: Conference Summary
---
\#1[[*\#1*]{}]{} \#1[[*\#1*]{}]{} =
\#1 1.25in .125in .25in
Introduction
============
Clusters of galaxies are of wide interest in the astronomical community both as laboratories where baryons and dark matter can be conveniently studied and, through their statistical properties at various look-backtimes, as tracers of cosmic structure and evolution. The Local Organising Committee wisely narrowed the topics of this meeting to four broad themes and so I will organise my summary remarks under these headings.
First I think I should address the plea “Why bother to study clusters?”, raised provocatively by Colin Norman at one stage during the proceedings[^1]. We have learnt enough about clusters and the growth of structure to know that two of the traditional motivations require much more careful consideration.
For years on time allocation committees, I read observers repeat a [*mantra*]{} in the first sentence of their proposals: [*“Clusters of galaxies represent the largest bound structures in the Universe.."*]{} in justification of their role as tracers of large scale structure. A number of speakers at this meeting reminded us that clusters no longer uniquely occupy this role. We have other tracers of large scale structure and, moreover, it seems we need to be much clearer of what exactly we mean by a cluster before we can convincingly use them as cosmological probes.
A second, traditional, motive for studying clusters has been observational convenience, e.g. in studying constituent populations such as galaxies at various look-back times. At first sight, it’s an attractive proposition for an observer to study a few rich clusters at various redshifts each containing hundreds of accessibly-luminous galaxies and then to “join the results" in a timeline to make some evolutionary claim. But, at most redshifts of interest, we can expect to find a wide range of overdensities represented (groups, merging systems, virialised clusters). Put simply, rich cluster A at $z$=1.2 is unlikely to evolve into rich cluster B at $z$=0.5 and neither may necessarily become a present-day Coma.
Both these worries indicate a high degree of rigour is needed in using clusters. We need very large samples spanning ranges of mass at any redshift of interest and perhaps it would be foolish to adopt one single selection criterion for their study. A similar “panchromatic" theme has emerged over the past decade in understanding how to address the question of evolution using samples of galaxies.[^2]
The motivation for studying clusters that emerged at this meeting focused broadly along the following themes:
- Testing gravitational instability by measuring the number density of massive clusters at high redshift, viz. $\Phi(M_{cluster},z)$.
- Breaking degeneracies in estimates of the the cosmological parameters by examining the local population of clusters as a probe of the mean mass density and the normalisation of the mass power spectrum, $\Omega_M$ and $\sigma_8$.
- Verifying hierarchical structure and the nature of the dark matter and keeping those theorists in check who predict a universal mass profile with central cusps, $\rho_M(r) \propto r^{-1.5}$.
- Determining the origin of the heating of the intracluster medium, its enrichment history and examining whether non-gravitational processes are involved.
- Examining the history of spheroidal galaxies and role of the environment, for example in understanding the origin of the morphology-density relation and the destiny of the infalling component of gas-rich field galaxies.
Let me make a disclaimer in what follows. I am not an expert in any of the areas I was asked to summarise and so I submit these concluding remarks only as someone who tried to listen carefully to most talks, dutifully avoiding the lunchtime mountain hikes to make sense of what I heard[^3]. With $\simeq$70 talks and $\simeq$80 posters, inevitably I have had to be very selective in discussing results.
If one could summarise the meeting in two paragraphs, I would say the following:
- There is an explosion of terrific data, from large surveys (X-ray and ground-based) which offer qualitatively new ways in which we find and do statistical studies of clusters, and also in [*resolved*]{} data within clusters which opens up new opportunities for understanding the detailed astrophysics of dense environments.
- The subject is moving from exploratory surveying to detailed astrophysics. As part of this “growing up" there is a need to admit defeat on some of the old methods and to embrace new ones, particularly on the statistical questions. For many years cluster workers had something of a monopoly in the study of early galaxies and large scale structure, but it is time to take advantage of other datasets being delivered and view cluster astrophysics as only one part of a larger body of information.
Searching for Distant Clusters
==============================
During the first part of our meeting we listened to progress made in finding clusters, mostly (but not exclusively) at high redshift. We heard about a bewildering number of deep surveys (MACS, REFLEX, WARPS, LCDCS, EIS, RDCS to name but a few..Figure 1) each requiring significant follow-up with the world’s most powerful facilities. Excellent reviews of this active field have been given by Borgani (2001) and Borgani & Guzzo (2001).
The motivation is a sound one: testing gravitational instability in the context of a known cosmological model, or alternatively, by assuming a structure formation model such as CDM, constraining the cosmological parameters. The fraction of collapsed large massive structures ($M\simeq10^{14}M_{\odot}$) at, say, $z\simeq$1 for a given cosmology is one of the most robust predictions of the dark matter models (Figure 2). The necessary ingredients are a large well-defined sample and robust estimates of the cluster masses.
An additional motivation for locating high $z$ clusters, is to undertake evolutionary studies. For galaxies, this is less appealing now we can find statistically-complete field samples at similar redshifts by independent photometric means (Adelberger 2000, Daddy et al 2001, McCarthy et al 2001), many of which are extensive enough for locating clustered objects in a self-consistent way. Marc Postman stressed the dangers here by contrasting differences found between conclusions drawn from galaxies studied in the X-ray selected CNOC and optically-selected Morphs samples. If clusters are found by a manner which relates to the properties of their constituent galaxies (e.g. by only searching for ones with prominent red sequences as discussed by Mike Gladders, or finding ones associated with powerful radio galaxies as reviewed by Philip Best), one can get different views of what is going on in dense regions.
The quest for high $z$ clusters has a chequered history. Most of the early work was motivated by a quest for the deceleration parameter based on brightest cluster galaxies (Gunn & Oke 1975, Kristian et al 1976). Denis Zaritsky gave us a new twist to this story with his evidence for varying accretion onto brightest cluster galaxies in the Las Campanas Distant Cluster Survey (see also Aragón-Salamanca et al 1998). Claims for number evolution in cluster counts with redshift have also swung to and fro over the years. Until recently only a handful of optical or X-ray selected clusters were available[^4]. The most exciting aspect about this meeting is the enormous advance in the numbers of distant clusters.
So how best to find distant clusters? Marc Postman nicely summarised the various search techniques, their advantages and biases. The most useful techniques are those that minimise projection effects. Faint X-ray surveying in the 0.1-10 keV range is cerainly an expensive method in telescope time (but good things don’t come cheap): the background is low, we expect $L_x \propto
n_e^2$ and thus, so long as massive clusters have hot intracluster media, this is the method of choice. Kathy Romer emphasized how, even with the higher EPIC background, XMM promises to extend the depth of the ROSAT surveys to mean redshifts well beyond $z\simeq$1.
Whilst we have yet to reap the benefits of SZ effect as a survey tool, James Bartlett showed us that this method has the great advantage of being distance independent (modulo evolution) with a signal $\propto n_e$. Instruments such as Planck Surveyor, and the proposed Arcminute Microkelvin Imager which Rüdiger Kneissl described, should also readily probe beyond $z\simeq$1.
In a similar category to the SZ effect is weak lensing. As this technique wasn’t explicitly reviewed at the meeting, I reproduce the nice discovery of a $z$=0.28 cluster by Wittman et al (2001) in Figure 3. Although lensing offers the most direct route to the total mass, it still suffers from projection effects, the effect of the mass sheet degeneracy[^5] and, as a high density of background galaxies is needed, the technique will most likely be limited to the study of clusters with 0.1$<z<$0.8.
Concerning the optical searches, Marc showed us, from the analysis of Goto et al (in preparation) how, even locally within the SDSS, changing the search algorithms can deliver very different samples. This is worrying to me as I imagine this kind of uncertainty can only be worse in faint surveys. While smart ideas such as “matched filters" designed to minimise projection and maximise contrast, are of course to be welcomed there is a natural concern that, like Maximum Entropy restoration techniques, such methods work reliably only when we have a clear idea of what we are searching for. Do we?
The Red Cluster Sequence method described by Mike Gladders seems the most promising of the optical methods. Indeed the authors claim it to be “comparable or superior to X-ray methods" (Gladders & Yee 2000) - a bold assertion! Certainly panoramic detectors sensitive in $R$ and $z'$ make this a much more efficient way to locate red colour-magnitude sequences to $z\simeq$1 and, at CFHT, there is the prospect of coupling lower $z$ detections with weak lensing constraints to directly get masses. Simulations suggest this search technique should be complete to $z\simeq$1, even allowing for some dispersion and bluing in the color-magnitude relation. Unless there is a (perverse) population of massive clusters devoid of a uniform population of spheroidals, the technique seems a sound one.
But the next thorny issue is how to get a [*reliable mass*]{}, the second important requirement to test Figure 2 and one worth thinking about before embarking on any time-consuming survey! The mass of a distant cluster has traditionally been inferred from the X-ray luminosity (assuming a $L_x-T_x$ relation), an optical richness (very crude) or a velocity dispersion based on a few members. Clearly none of these is really adequate. This is, I think, where the X-ray surveys win hands down even if “smart” algorithms rescue the optical searches. We can fully expect, with adequate investment, X-ray temperatures for large numbers of distant clusters in the coming years. Brian Holden showed new Chandra data that indicates little evolution in the $L_x-T_x$ relation to $z\simeq$0.8. Whilst assumptions are necessary to link $T_x$ and virial mass (Voit 2000), the prospects look good, particularly with cross-checks from the SZ effect. Lauro Grego showed us the promise of deriving masses independently from her interferometric SZ techniques.
The major problem in my opinion is that the optical searchers have no real route to cluster mass (except by recourse to independent X-ray techniques or perhaps weak lensing over a limited $z$ range); projection also remains an issue. Multiple systems, often separated by only modest velocity differences, would be very hard to detect without a huge spectroscopic investment. A good example in showing the pitfalls is the cluster surrounding the $z$=1.206 galaxy 3C324 (Smail & Dickinson 1995, Figure 4) now known from spectroscopic evidence to consist of two components separated by only $\delta z\simeq$0.06. Although radio-selected, not only would its richness have been overestimated without careful spectroscopy, it seems unlikely the Red Sequence method [*applied to a similar system at any redshift*]{} would be able to photometrically-separate the two systems.
In the case of the local X-ray cluster data essential as a basis for all high $z$ comparisons, Luigi Guzzo and Hans Böhringer demonstrated the remarkably precise cluster luminosity function obtained from the REFLEX survey. Few would disagree that this is a major achievement in the subject not just in statistical terms but also because of the considerable care taken to ensure homogeneity in the survey.
Turning then to the cosmological results and necessarily being somewhat selective, Harald Ebeling (MACS) and Piero Rosati (RDCS) discussed a fairly modest decline in the abundance of massive clusters to $z\simeq$1 (Figure 5); this is a fairly convincing conclusion for $z<$0.5 but beyond I suspect there is still some room for manoever. Qualitatively, this is similar to the 4.7$\sigma$ decline claimed by Gioia (2001) in her NEP sample (not discussed at this meeting). Stefano Borgani has modelled the decline with redshift in the RDCS-3 sample with available $L_x-T_x$ data and claims the data is consistent with popular choices of $\Omega_M$ and $\sigma_8$ (see $\S$3).
Can we say there is “concordance" between the observers? Not yet but good progress is being made. Most of any agreement refers to evolution in luminous, presumed massive, clusters. A number of niggly issues remain including the effects of incompleteness, cosmic variance for the smaller field surveys, AGN/cooling flow contamination, and how to compare surveys with minimal $L_x,z$ overlap. For example, at the lower luminosities probed by the WARPS survey, the situation is quite unclear with some arguing for no evolution at all. Much of the dispersion in the inferred evolution arises from uncertainties in the number of [*local*]{} massive clusters against which comparisons are needed. WARPS and RDCS appear to disagree on the “local" abundance to an extent that seriously affects their respective analyses. However, the prospects for extending these tests to higher redshift and clarifying the temperatures with Chandra appear very promising, even before the new XMM surveys are underway.
As an outsider to the subject of distant X-ray cluster surveys, I was struck in both Harald and Marc Postman’s reviews of the large number of competing surveys underway. If the labour involved in constructing these surveys was not enough, remember that the time required to fully exploit them is even larger. For example, the construction of Ebeling’s ROSAT-based MACS sample of 840 clusters involved two colour CCD imaging and spectroscopic verification of a significant sample. To exploit all 109 clusters beyond $z>$0.3 with multi-slit spectrographs, a weak lensing deep imaging study, Sunyaev-Zel‘dovich (SZ) detections and other applications would require almost dedicated access to a huge range of facilities (a tall order even by Harald’s standards!). When one realizes this is just [*one*]{} of the many ambitious surveys we heard about with more in the pipeline, I worry has the planning of all these surveys seriously taken into account the necessary investment for a full exploitation?
Mapping Large Scale Structure with Clusters
===========================================
Bob Nichol gave us a very balanced review of the changing role of clusters as new probes of large scale structure became available. He also posed some controversial questions, e.g: “in the era of galaxy and lensing surveys, who needs clusters?" He also stressed many of the complications that arise from the frequent merging of clusters on our assumption of relaxed systems in virial equilibrium.
I think it fair to say the traditional role of using clusters selected in various way (optically from the Abell/ACO catalogues or from X-rays) as the most efficient way to get to the mass power spectrum $P(k)$ on large scales is being overtaken by the large redshift surveys. In the era of 2dF and SDSS, huge volumes populated by over 100,000 galaxies are publically available[^6] and delineate the power spectrum more reliably than the earlier Abell/ACO cluster samples whose integrity is still being debated. In the case of the X-ray cluster samples, Luigi Guzzo’s analysis of the REFLEX survey is comparable in importance to 2dF and SDSS at the time of writing. A particularly impressive achievement in that sample is the detection of infall in the $\xi_v(\sigma,\pi)$ plane convincingly demonstrating the quality of the sample. However, the redshift surveys are continuing apace and from them one can create far more reliable spectroscopically-based cluster samples. Of particular interest is the volume to $z\simeq$0.55 probed by SDSS Luminous Red Galaxies survey. The message is clear: wholesale galaxy mapping has arrived..use the data!
Bob drew attention to possible “baryon wiggles" in both the power spectrum of Abell/ACO clusters seen by Miller et al (2001) and referred to one tentatively in the 2dF data (Percival et al 2001). It must be remembered that, in such plots, the redshift-space power spectrum is significantly affected by aliasing introduced by the window function of the survey volume. Without careful simulation of this effect it is very hard to be sure whether bumps are artefacts or genuine baryon oscillations. Neither the REFLEX not the 2dF surveys claim to have detected these features. Indeed, the 2dF team estimates unless the baryon density is much higher than expected, they will remain undetected in the completed SDSS survey.
Elena Pierpaoli described a second aspect of local cluster statistics, namely constraining the [*amplitude*]{} of the mass power spectrum. The abundance of clusters of known mass provides a joint constraint on the variance, $\sigma_8$ on 8$h^{-1}$ Mpc scales and the mean mass density, $\Omega_M$ in a form dependent on $\sigma_8\,\Omega_M^{0.5}$. By adding X-ray temperature measurements and improving the mass-$T_x$ connection, an improved constraints has been determined. In the past year, the same constraint has also been probed in a completely independent way via weak lensing studies of randomly-chosen fields (so called “cosmic shear” surveys) (eg. van Waerbeke et al 2001, Bacon et al 2000, 2001 in prep.). Reassuringly both methods get fairly similar answers with $\sigma_8\,\Omega_M^{0.6}$=0.40-0.50 although it is important to remember that cosmic variance and the redshift distribution of the background faint galaxies may affect uncertainties in the lensing estimates[^7]
The weak lensing results are independent of any assumed cluster population and do not rely on Gaussian fluctuations in the mass spectrum. Accordingly, comparisons of lensing and cluster-based methods are an important way to verify the assumptions we may take for granted, not only in the cosmological framework but also in cluster physics.
Physical Processes Within Clusters
==================================
We had an interesting session on the internal mass distributions within cluster where Andrea Biviano gave a very comprehensive review of years of effort invested in estimating orbital anisotropies and mass distributions in clusters. The number of clusters which have been comprehensively surveyed spectroscopically is increasing rapidly and the new field surveys (SDSS, 2dF) will generate lots more. Cluster galaxy dynamics will remain a critical tool in determining the orbital anistropy of cluster galaxies of different types. As Andrea showed, there is convincing evidence that spheroidal galaxies retain an isotropic velocity field, consistent with their long-standing membership, whereas late type systems show a detectable radial anisotropy reflecting their continuous infall.
The peripheries of clusters at moderate redshifts are largely unstudied regions important in linking cluster-based environmental evolution to that in field galaxies. Tommaso Treu and Taddy Kodama described complementary dynamical/HST and photometric imaging programs to address this question. Kodama finds a potentially important result whereby the colours of field galaxies undergo a sharp transition from blue-to-red at some galaxian surface density, presumably reflecting some process associated with their arrival at the cluster. Treu is embarking on a longer term project to understand the mechanistic details of infall in a single well-studied cluster. Both routes are important ones to pursue.
Andrea was cautious about deriving mass profiles from galaxy velocities. This has been a long standing problem in individual clusters, even Coma, because of the inevitable degeneracies arising from unknown orbital anisotropies as a function of radius. If a functional form is adopted for the mass profile (e.g. NFW), solutions can be found but the present motivation is surely to determine these forms directly, as is possible in a more competitive way with X-ray data in the inner regions and weak lensing to the periphery. Steve Allen showed how much progress has been made in reconciling strong lensing and X-ray based mass estimates following improved Chandra data on 7 clusters and found no significant deviations from the universal mass profile seen in numerical simulations.
In an effort to overcome some limitations, it has become common practice to co-add data from many clusters in the hope of improving signal to noise and erase asymmetries. Peter Katgert and Roland van der Marel showed us results from coadded samples based on the ENACS and CNOC surveys respectively, and concluded mass traces light to a reasonable approximation. However, is a composite cluster really a physical entity? A number of critics were unconvinced because of the dangerous effect one or two “complex" systems might have on the final conclusion. Even with a substantial number of redshifts, it seems one has to be cautious in interpreting dynamical data in terms of a simple gravitational potential.
A salutory lesson can be learnt from the comprehensive survey of the regular cluster Cl0024+16 (see Treu et al, Metevier et al, these proceedings) by Czoske et al (2001). For many years this was regarded as a classic regular virialised system at $z$=0.4 and its mass profile even formed the basis for promoting self-interacting dark matter as discussed by Oleg Gnedin. However, when 650 redshifts were gathered (of which 295 are members), Czoske et al resolved a foreground system (whose mass was initially thought to be quite modest but now is claimed to be significant) undergoing an end-on merger with the main body of the cluster (Figure 6). This discovery may explain its low X-ray luminosity c.f. the original high velocity dispersion. With less than 100 member velocities, Cl0024+16 would surely have been considered a representative cluster for coaddition but now we know it is a more complex beast. Bootstrap-style experiments might be helpful to clarify the robustness of the coaddition procedure.
Soon after the first X-ray detections of hot gas from the intracluster medium (ICM) were detected, it was realised that most of the baryons in clusters are in gaseous form. Assuming an isothermal distribution, the surface brightness profiles offer a valuable probe of cluster mass disribution, and the X-ray morphology indicates the evolutionary state. Clusters are expected to continuously assemble in popular hierarchical models and we can expect to directly witness this growth via shock heating events.
XMM and Chandra are transforming this field and this conference has provided one of the first opportunities for us to discuss the assumptions made in analysing earlier data. Monique Arnaud illustrated some of this progress in her excellent review. Although merging substructures produce shock-heating Chandra reveals unforeseen complexities, for example in the “cold fronts" seen in some clusters which suggest the associated timescales may have been underestimated. Monique demonstrated several lines of evidence for the continuing assembly of clusters (X-ray substructure, anisotropic accretion etc). However, even in the well-studied case of the outskirts of the Coma cluster, Uli Briel demonstrated significant uncertainties in understanding the merger timescales involved. Such data are thus [*illustrative*]{} of hierarchical assembly but may not give us the needed [*quantitative*]{} verification of mass assembly.
The most striking aspect of the new high quality data is the growing evidence for non-gravitational processes in understanding the physics of the ICM. Whilst temperature profiles obtained with ASCA and BeppoSAX were often discrepant (as discussed by De Grandi), the XMM data gives reasonable support to the assumption of isothermal cores. However, the expected self-similar “scaling laws" between the gas mass, virial radius and X-ray temperature, e.g. in $L_x \propto T^2$ are not obeyed. The steep $L_x-T$ relation implies non-gravitational processes, almost certainly associated with additional heating mechanisms.
Theoretical explanations for the steep $L_x-T$ relation were the subject of almost an entire afternoon session. There was a bewildering number of ideas. Fabio Governato reviewed for us how feedback heating can be incorporated in numerical simulations and showed that a steep relation cannot be easily explained via conventional heating sources such as supernovae. Paolo Tozzi demonstrated that, with an energy of 1-2 kev/baryon, AGN are a promising possibility but it seems there is no obvious evidence for heating from these sources. Peter Thomas from the VIRGO consortium can predict the slope but only at the expense of a strong evolution in the relationship. Uros Seljak gave us an analytical model based on a universal gas profile where departure from self-similarity arises from a temperature-dependent hot gas fraction.
Perhaps that glass of wine at lunchtime was not a good idea but this was a confusing session for me. Unlike observers who compare ASCA/BeppoSAX/XMM temperature profiles, worrying about sensitivity, psf and background differences, when it comes to numerical simulations, I am puzzled that there appears to be no necessity to inter-compare results. Surely this is a first step in convincing anyone of the believability of a particular simulation?
Additional physical complexities in the inner cool cores of clusters were reviewed by Andy Fabian. In the physical environment of a dense cluster core, hot gas is able to cool radiatively in a timescale of less than $10^{9-10}$ years and a stable flow of cooling gas to the cluster centre is expected. Almost 50% of all X-ray clusters show some signs of the associated temperature gradient implying mass inflow and deposition rates of 10-100 $M_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$. However, XMM spectra show no sign of the expected Fe XX lines of radiative cooling in the 13-18 Å range. Hans Böhringer also discussed additional temperature diagnostics unaffected by absorption effects. Either the gas is not cooling radiatively or there is perhaps is a balancing effects from a hitherto-unidentified heating mechanism. And there are serious duty cycle issues concerned with preventing cooling beyond 2-3 kev.
As usual, Andy had no shortage of ideas for resolving the puzzle, the most intriguing from my perspective being the hypothesis of a starkly bimodal metallicity distribution which has the desired effect of suppressing the amount of cooling witnessed through the diagnostic iron lines. Like most conference participants I suspect, I have little idea where this additional complexity in the ICM physics is taking us. The Chandra images of the Perseus cluster discussed by Schmidt (with such enthusiasm!) show holes in the X-ray emission where the gas appears hotter and more metal rich. Dynamical complexities were introduced by Ettori in the wealth of data he presented for Abell 1795. A number of speakers introduced magnetic fields associated with radio polarisation (in the case of Abell 2255 discussed by Govoni), radio sources (although as Fabian remarked the gas is not obviously hotter in these regions) or in explaining the survival of cold clouds with associated fronts (Arnaud).
I think we can be optimistic that there is a lot to learn which will assist in the entire interplay between gas cooling, star formation and enrichment. Many years ago at a conference I attended in Cambridge, Andy claimed confidently that cooling flows provided a key mechanism for the formation of giant elliptical galaxies. Although cooling flows remain controversial, Andy can still assert (as Richard Bower emphasised independently) that the physics of gas cooling in cluster cores will tell us much about feedback and star formation: still key ingredients in galaxy formation.
Evolution of Galaxy Populations within Dense Environments
=========================================================
On the last day, Pieter van Dokkum surveyed the literature on the role that clusters continue to play in our understanding of galaxy formation and evolution. There is a subtle shift of emphasis however. Rather than being “laboratories of convenience" [^8], galaxies in clusters are now being studied alongside equivalent field populations and as likely successors to well-studied Lyman break galaxies at $z>$2.
Most of the discussion, by van Dokkum, Rosati & Kelson, concentrated on the role of very distant ($z>$0.5) clusters, largely in terms of differentiating stellar ages and the ages of mass assembly of giant ellipticals. Our large telescopes are being flexed to their limits to secure impressive fundamental plane data (to $z=$1.2 in 12 hour Keck exposures!) which continues to support the notion that old stellar populations in at least some fraction of the data. That the stars in ellipticals may be older than the assemblies in which they now reside is illustrated in the red mergers seen in the well-studied X-ray luminous cluster MS1054 ($z$=0.83). Pieter posed the question of how common such a system might be and gave some new examples of red mergers in other clusters. It is good to see some progress in separating the ages of stars from those of the accumulated mass that makes up giant ellipticals.
The biases introduced not only in selecting galaxies within clusters (by HST morphology, by colour or infrared magnitude) but also by how the clusters themselves were selected (X-ray, optical..) continue to worry me. D. Fadda also reminded us how gas rich and dusty systems may be common even in dense clusters. As remarked earlier, it is hard to know what errors are made by connecting data at different redshifts to delineate an evolutionary picture. One suspects we are reliant either on theoretical modelling (heaven forbid!) or comparative field samples. Beyond $z>$0.5 this will be some time coming although a number of speakers alluded to the upcoming Keck and VLT spectroscopic surveys.
It is now 20 years since Alan Dressler published his quantitative study of the morphology-density relation in a nearby sample of 55 rich clusters (Dressler 1980). Pieter and Bianca Poggianti urged us to go back and improve the local samples now we have panoramic CCD cameras and multi-object spectrographs so we can be sure of the local fractions (Figure 7). A key issue here is the origin of S0s; the Morphs team (Dressler et al 1997) proposed their recent demise from gas stripping and tidal effects and presented a strong claim for an evolving E/S0 fraction with lookback time. Pieter urged us to be much more cautious in differentiating Es and S0s; with resolved spectroscopy of $z>$0.5 galaxies feasible on many telescopes, this appears to be a profitable route in conjunction with HST data.
Parting Thoughts
================
This has been a fascinating meeting and we have a lot to be thankful for. Foremost we have amazing observational facilities capable of finding clusters and studying them to great depths in complementary ways. We now can resolve clusters at the arcsec level in X-rays and locate their concentrated masses with S-Z and weak lensing techniques. We can also locate local clusters as byproducts in the comprehensive redshift surveys being undertaken. Instead of viewing these as competing techniques we should exploit them all as complementary probes to check our physical assumptions.
We also have the opportunity to learn new physics in the cluster cores from the paradoxes emerging from the steeper $L_x-T$ relations and the absence of lines of radiative cooling in those with temperature gradients. It should perhaps be no surprise that simple gravitational physics is not enough to explain what we see. The fall-out in our understanding of galaxy and cluster formation from resolving this paradox could be a big one.
As the concluding speaker I want to thank Drs Mardirossian and Mezzetti for all the necessary arrangements here at beautiful Sesto Pusteria and to the Organising Committee for their hard work. We should in particular thank Stefano Borgani for his obvious insight in constructing a thoughtful scientific program and amazing energy he and his colleagues invested in making this a great meeting!
Adelberger, K. 2000 in [*Clustering at High Redshift*]{}, eds. Mazure, A. et al, ASP Conference Series, 200, p13. Aragón-Salamanca, A. et al 1998 MNRAS, 297, 427. Bacon, D.J. et al 2000 MNRAS 318, 625. Beijersbergen, M. et al 2001 MNRAS in press (astro-ph/0106354). Borgani, S. 2001 in [*Galaxy Clusters and the High Redshift Universe Observed in X-rays*]{}, eds. Neumann, E. et al in press (astro-ph/0106471). Borgani, S. & Guzzo, L. 2001 Nature 409, 39. Czoske O., et al. 2001, A&A, in press(astro-ph/0111118) Daddy, E. et al 2001 A&A 376, 825. Dressler A. 1980, , 236, 351. Dressler A. et al. 1997, , 490, 577. Fukugita, M. 2000, in Proc. 30th ICHEP, eds. Lim, C.S. & Yamanata, T., World Sci. p299. Gioia, I. 2001 in [*Chemical Enrichment of the Intracluster Medium*]{} in press (astro-ph/0107452). Gladders, M. & Yee, H.C. 2001 in [*Cosmic Evolution & Galaxy Formation*]{}, ed. Franco, J. et al, ASP Conf. Series 215, p233 Gunn, J.E. & Oke, B. 1975 , 195, 255. Kodama T., et al. 2001, , 562, L9 Kristian, J. et al 1976 , 205, 688 McCarthy, P. et al 2001 , 560, L31. Miller et al 2001 , 555, 68. Percival, W. et al 2001 MNRAS 327, 1279. Smail, I. & Dickinson, M.E. 1995 , 455, L99. van Waerbeke, L. et al 2001 A&A 374, 757. Voit, G.M. 2000 , 543, 112. Wittman, D. 2001 , 557, L89.
[^1]: Fortunately, I have forgotten to which speaker he made this remark!
[^2]: Witness the controversy surrounding the use of UV/optical and far-infrared probes of the cosmic star formation history. No single technique wins: several are required.
[^3]: I apologise if I missed some talks but I tried to secure powerpoint files or transparencies for most of those.
[^4]: On more than one occasion, challenges to a standard paradigm have been made on the basis of the existence of a single high $z$, assumed massive, cluster.
[^5]: Mass estimates based on weak shear of a background population are insensitive to an additional unclustered component of dark matter.
[^6]: See http://www.mso.anu.edu.au/2dFGRS/ & http://archive.stsci.edu/sdss/edr\_main.html.
[^7]: Since the conference, estimates about 20% lower for the combination of $\sigma_8$ and $\Omega_M$ have been published, both from cluster studies and large scale structure results. Lahav et al (astro-ph/0112162 gives a good summary)
[^8]: Perhaps there is a better terminology here!
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Through a competition and short-list interview process, the team demonstrated the ability to harness the potential of programmable LEDs, remote sensing, parametric design and digital fabrication to create an open ended narrative of the story of the University through animated silhouette imagery of past and real-time present student life on the campus.
Memory Cloud explores the embodiment of tradition, as patterns of movements handed down within a community of learning and practice. An ethereal constellation of light points in a sculptural cloud form expresses the dynamic pulse of Texas A&M campus life, and connects the past with the absolute present. Within each elegant strand, LED nodes flicker on and off to create three-dimensional silhouettes that float across a matrix of light. These silhouettes are drawn from archived footage of time-honored traditions: the Corp of Cadets, the Texas Aggie Marching Band, Kyle Field traditions, and past graduations. Memory Cloud juxtaposes and interlaces this footage with a real-time feed of everyday student life, portraying the moving silhouettes of students in the MSC. In this manner, students become both viewer and subject within the context of the work of art.
Memory Cloud connects the past with the absolute present. This living sculpture uses multimedia technology to collapse time and space, to celebrate the daily renewal of tradition in the lives of Texas A&M students. Memory Cloud expresses this dynamic pulse of community through the real-time silhouettes that constantly change throughout the day. Past and present are united for the viewer, who cannot tell if these silhouettes were created minutes, hours, days, months, or decades before. Traditions unite past and present through shared patterns of movement, passed down through a community.
Tradition is embodied in daily campus life, yet it has an ethereal, transcendent quality that lifts students above the everyday. This transcendent quality is best expressed in the medium of pure light, a medium made possible by LED technology. Memory Cloud features 4,000 networked LED nodes integrated within transparent tubes of various lengths suspended from a diagrid framework, creating a vibrant, illuminated pointillist sculpture.
Memory Cloud invites viewers into a rewarding experience of discovery as they move around the sculpture. The sculpture’s dynamic, undulating form creates dramatic vistas for viewers as they travel up and down the stairways surrounding the work. Memory Cloud becomes part of the daily social life of the MSC. As viewers move through 12th Man Hall, the silhouettes seem to appear, then disappear. From certain angles, viewers see abstract patterns of pulsating lights; from other angles, they discover moving, three-dimensional silhouettes, blurring the boundaries between figuration and abstraction.
Click above image to view slideshowDiagram (Image: RE:site + Metalab)
Points of Light
Four thousand points of individually controlled light are housed in 256 acrylic tubes and suspended from an ethereal floating canopy in 12 rows. Each layer can be programmed with a unique video from the real time feed or from archival video of past iconic events in any combination. While the sculpture is static, the animations create a work that is never the same twice and always refreshed by the participation of the student body. The lights are visible from all vantage points in the space and from outside in the newly renovated Rudder Plaza through the monumental glass wall of the new 12th Man Hall.
Click above image to view slideshowDiagram (Image: RE:site + Metalab)
Suspended Luminaires
Custom fabricated acrylic disks are made directly from the artist’s digital model and are dimensionally tuned to find the form of the surface of the Memory Cloud. They will be illuminated via “fiber optic” effect by the lowest LED nodes in the tubes and convey the sense that the animated bodies in the video are passing though a glowing veil enveloping the space of the Memorial Student Center and 12th Man Hall in a fluid field of light.
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Getty Images
A bad start to the season for Buccaneers quarterback Josh McCown is getting worse.
The thumb injury McCown suffered in Thursday night’s loss in Atlanta is likely to force McCown to miss “several weeks,” a source told Alex Marvez of FOX Sports.
That would mean Mike Glennon, the 2013 third-round pick who became the starter during his rookie year, will start. Glennon showed some promise during his rookie season, but the new regime in Tampa obviously didn’t think he was ready to start, because the Bucs gave McCown a two-year, $10 million contract this offseason to become the starter.
Unfortunately, McCown hasn’t done much with the starting job: After throwing just one interception in 224 passes last season, McCown has thrown four interceptions in just 68 passes this season. Although Bucs coach Lovie Smith has insisted that McCown is the starter when healthy, Glennon will get an opportunity to show he deserves to keep the starting job.
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Washington Wizards point guard John Wall doesn’t think he’ll be selected to compete at the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro with Team USA.
Despite being named to the All-Star team in each of the past two seasons, Washington Wizards point guard John Wall doesn’t think he’ll make the final Team USA roster for the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.
“I’ll be out of the picture,” Wall told CSN Washington with a laugh.
Veteran point guard Chris Paul is a two-time Olympic gold medalist and will likely be joined on the roster by 2012 gold medalist Russell Westbrook. Kyrie Irving, who plays with Team USA star LeBron James for the Cavaliers and played for national team coach Mike Krzyzewski at Duke, likely stands to make the team as well. Reigning NBA MVP Stephen Curry also sits above Wall in the point guard pecking order.
• MORE NBA: SI's USA Basketball 2016 Dream Team | Minicamp takeaways
“I’m just being honest,” Wall continued. “Chris Paul has already won one (Olympic gold medal) [sic]. Steph Curry had an amazing last year and just won the World Cup. Kyrie just won the World Cup. Russell will probably be on the team. They’ll use him as a two-guard.”
Wall was one of 34 players (and six point guards) who attended last week’s Team USA minicamp in Las Vegas. Attendance at the camp was mandatory to be considered for a spot on the 12-man roster at the Olympics next summer.
- Dan Gartland
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New insights into the role of centrosomes in mammalian fertilization and implications for ART.
In non-rodent mammalian species, including humans, the oocyte and sperm both contribute centrosomal components that are most important for successful fertilization. Centrosome pathologies in sperm and the oocyte can be causes for infertility which may be overcome by assisted reproductive technologies based on proper diagnosis of specific centrosomal pathologies. However, we do not yet fully understand the cell and molecular mechanisms underlying centrosome functions in germ cells and in the developing embryo, which calls for directed specific investigations to identify centrosome-related pathologies that include components in sperm, egg, or centrosome regulation within the fertilized oocyte. The present review highlights cellular and molecular aspects of centrosomes and centrosome-nuclear interactions focused on nuclear mitotic apparatus protein during fertilization and proposes future directions in expanding therapeutic approaches related to centrosome pathologies that may play a role in still unexplained causes of infertility.
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Oasis (Do As Infinity song)
"Oasis" is Do As Infinity's third single, released in 2000.
This song was included in the band's compilation albums Do the Best and Do the A-side.
Track listing
"Oasis"
"Sell..."
"Oasis" (Instrumental)
"Sell..." (Instrumental)
"Wings" (Free Live 100 at Shibuya Public Hall)
"Heart" (3SV Remix)
"Heart" (Chromatic Mix)
Chart positions
External links
"Oasis" at Avex Network
"Oasis" at Oricon
Category:2000 singles
Category:Do As Infinity songs
Category:Songs written by Dai Nagao
Category:2000 songs
Category:Song recordings produced by Seiji Kameda
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Are you paying too much for your ERP?
1st August 2016
In the enterprise world, cost is endemic. Specifically, ERP cost management tends to consume more and more time over time. This is simply because the larger the resources-mass, the more frangible a system becomes requiring more and more maintenance over time.
Consequently, if you add that pressure on top of constant customizing, process-dinking, annual subscription hikes, maintenance, support, the potential cost of ad hoc consulting fees, and various other requirements associated with daily operations, a departmental budget can get pretty bare if you’re not paying attention to your pennies. Nevertheless, growth is cost, and vice versa, and things can get out of hand unless you’re constantly looking out for ERP cost mitigation.
Unbridled customization
Today’s ERP systems are built to accept customization, but that’s not necessarily a good thing in certain situations. If you have created a large list of customization scripts that are now obsolete, it’s likely they are soaking up cycles, thereby slowing down processing times (time is money – right?); along with direct or in-direct maintenance costs that could be better applied to other system usage. Trim the pig and get rid of the clutter.
Annual subscription hikes
If you are operating on a cloud platform, and paying on the basis of an annualized fees schedule, chances are that somewhere in the bowels of the fine print, you’re potentially accepting fractional cost increases each year whether you know it or not. Most of the time, these cost ups are minimal, and somewhere on the order of 0.25% to 0.75% per seat; so in early days of the system agreement, the cost value of these hikes becomes virtually unnoticeable.
However, over time if you are operating a large enterprise, consuming many seats, these year-over-year percentile increases can eat a budget up quickly if you’re not paying attention. The resolution here is to audit your fees schedules accordingly, whilst ensuring that you only pay for necessary seats.
Clawback charges
This cost gotcha sometimes applies when resolving the previous area of concern. Some annual subscription contracts call for a ‘clawback’ tariff in the event that an enterprise asks for a seat to be installed, but instead decides to abort the client downstream, while asking that the installation be removed to the master fees schedule.
Sometimes these costs are passed on by use of fractional values, and other times they are passed as flat-fee charges. Nevertheless, the resolution is to ensure that you a) read your master contract carefully before executing a subscription agreement, b) audit your fees schedules annually; and c) if you choose to abort a seat, take a minute to contact your provider to ensure that you understand what will happen in the event.
Granted these are only three ways to avoid the experience of a sudden ERP cost scare, but they’re important enough that you should remember them whenever you’re in the midst of any internal budget evolution.
That said, if there’s only one central piece of advice you should bear in mind when keeping ERP costs in check, it’s to ensure that you go through your contract terms on a regular basis. More times than not, unless you look critically at your business agreements, there’s going to be something you’ll miss from the outset that you might have saved later.
Rick Carlton
About the author…
Rick Carlton dba PRRACEwire, has worked as a tech journalist, writer, researcher, editor and publisher for many years. In addition to his editorial work, Rick has also served as a C-Level executive/consultant for a wide-range of private and public sector U.S. and International companies.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
What Net Neutrality Changes Could Mean For Your Small Business
Jenny Odegard
, Women@ForbesI discuss the intersection of the law and your business.Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own.
Today the U.S. Senate asked the FCC to take more time before announcing a possible change in the way that the agency categorizes the internet for regulatory purposes. Right now the internet is considered a utility, like electricity, water or gas. This category creates certain restrictions on what companies providing the utility can and cannot do, and provides users certain rights along with it. The FCC is considering changing the way it views the internet, and to re-categorize it as an information service, which would lift many of the restrictions placed on companies that provide internet service. If you don’t already know more about net neutrality, take a break from this article and wander over to one of thesehelpful summaries of the issue. It’s worth knowing about.
The key issue is that lifting the regulations associated with providing a utility would clear the path for internet providers (like Time Warner, Verizon, Comcast, etc) to slow down or speed up your service based on what website you are browsing (or using to stream content, for example). These service differences would likely have to do with who is paying for the privilege of a fast connection, and this could have big implications for small businesses.
Here are a few reasons why you should care:
No new vines.
Pay-to-play means innovative new content services won’t have a fair chance to thrive. Imagine a world where YouTube videos were always prioritized in loading speed above Vines. The six-second video loops would have been slow and choppy, and would have faced an uphill battle to becoming the viral darling that was acquired by Twitter. Without network neutrality, your new idea for innovative content or a new way to share information could be served up to users at a much slower rate than content provided by big media companies, making it harder to achieve unicorn startup status in an era where content is king.
Shutterstock
Worse service for your clients or customers.
Direct to consumer products are the current wave in startup culture, with young companies prioritizing transparent labor practices, ethical materials sourcing and low pricing in a way that traditional retailers have not. However, if the page is loading slowly and images are not showing up clearly, customers will have a bad experience and likely be driven back to tried-and-true brands. As a small business owner, a user having a bad experience on your site can be a literal nightmare. It gives customers a bad impression of the brand in general and discourages continued browsing, which can hurt sales and customer retention.
Your favorite software could stop working.
Are you using software owned by a company that competes with your internet service provider? They could block it or slow it down so much that it becomes useless. This has actually happened before: When FaceTime first became available, AT&T considered charging customers more for use of the software over their cellular networks. Most of us don’t have much of a choice when it comes to our home internet service provider. If ISPs can block, slow down or charge more for use of software that you like, it is much more likely that you’ll change to the software your ISP prefers.
Bottom line: less competition.
The biggest issue with net neutrality is that it makes it harder for small businesses to compete with bigger ones. Whether it’s slower content, a worse user experience, or preferential treatment for company-owned software, these ramifications of losing net neutrality are bad news for small businesses and startups. Without equal access to internet services and users, small companies trying to disrupt the status quo will have less of a chance to survive and thrive.
Follow my law practice on Twitter @odegardlaw for more tips and updates on laws that impact your business.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Normal and neoplastic stem cells.
Stem cells are cells that at the single cell level both self-renew and give rise to differentiated progeny. Self renewal is the property that distinguishes stem cells and progenitors, and in the blood-forming system explains why haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), not progenitors, are the only cells capable of providing rapid and sustained regeneration of the blood-forming system after ablation by cancer chemo- and radiotherapies. Cancer-free prospectively purified HSCs regenerate the haematopoietic system of patients as rapidly as a marrow or mobilized blood transplant, but without the risk of re-seeding the body with cancer cells. Further, purified allogeneic HSCs can establish donor-specific tolerance to subsequent tissue grafts. However, in contrast to widely-publicized reports of HSC plasticity, we have not been able to show transdifferentiation of HSC to muscle, heart, brain or gut, and conclude that rare cell fusions and incomplete purifications are likely explanations for the other published results. The ability to self-renew is also potentially dangerous, as poorly regulated self renewal is, we believe, a central lesion in all cancers. We have recently shown that myeloid leukaemias in mouse and human are often driven by rare leukaemia (cancer) stem cells which are at the progenitor stage of differentiation, but have activated the self-renewing cell division pathway normally used only by HSCs. Similar cancer stem cells have been isolated in other tumours.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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[Free amino acids in plasma and milk of mexican rural lactating women].
To determine the free amino acid pool in plasma and milk in Mexican rural lactating women. Twenty-eight women with an age 24 +/- 5.0 (+/- SD) years, weight 50 +/- 4.9 kg and height 148 +/- 4.8 cm were studied under metabolic balance conditions. Subjects were divided into five groups (three groups of lactation at 1st, 3rd and 6th month, one post-weaning group and a control group of non pregnant, non lactating women). Amino acid analyses of the diet and of plasma and milk samples were performed using an automated amino acid analyzer. Differences were observed between the lactation groups and the other groups: aspartate increased at the 6th month (p < 0.05) while leucine, valine and isoleucine declined in the 3rd month (p < 0.05). In milk, valine, proline and taurine decreased at 6 months (p < 0.05), while serine and threonine raised at 3 months. Plasma levels were > 4 fold greater than milk levels for branched chain amino acids and for the basic, aromatic and neutral amino acids. In contrast, glutamate was 40 fold higher in milk than plasma and it was the predominant amino acid in the free pool of milk. Our results suggest that the metabolic use of amino acids and the presence of specific amino acid transport systems during lactation, contribute to specific concentrations of free amino acids in milk that were not associated with the pool of free amino acids in plasma.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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We were there Saturday with eight of our neighbors. Everyone made the same comment "We will be back the food and service was great" Even a DAWG fan sit next to a LSU fan. No problems! GO DAWGS! Several others on our street were unable to join us and really missed a great meal.
Awwwwwe all of you are so wonderful! Thank you so much for the kind words and support. You can't imagine how much it means to us this time of the year.
I was not there Saturday night, as I was out of town. I did get to PM back and forth with "hutch" and as for "DAWGS" and "TIGERS" sitting next to each other I can't think of a better reason then to dine and chow down!!!!
Thanks for your support too Cheering and sowalgayboi.
And, ljeffries, I will pass that on about the service. It means so much to Chris and Kelly!!!! I agree they are quite special!!!
I write this on my laptop sitting on a very bloated and happy belly. I will say as a blanket statement WOW. We arrived and discovered a beautifully decorated dining room. We chose a lovely Reisling and probably drove our waiter nuts as we tried to decide which dish we would have. I thought I had settled on the crawfish pasta when my other half mentioned Tuna. This brought the menu back up and the waiter back into the kitchen. I finally decided on the Tuna (great choice BTW). My other half had the grouper and crawfish. I had the Tuna and shrimp. My meal was wonderful, the prices are excellent and very appropriate for the amount (large amount) of food you receive. After working thru an entree that even a hungry man would struggle with we chose to share a dessert. OMFG what a dessert. There is cheesecake and then there is banana's foster. Combine the two and prepare to loosen a belt, buckle, or button (felt like I needed to loosen all three). This was truly a wonderful dinner and will definitely be back repeatedly. The ultimate top off is the Adult only fine dining atmosphere. D&K you ROCK!!!
I write this on my laptop sitting on a very bloated and happy belly. I will say as a blanket statement WOW. We arrived and discovered a beautifully decorated dining room. We chose a lovely Reisling and probably drove our waiter nuts as we tried to decide which dish we would have. I thought I had settled on the crawfish pasta when my other half mentioned Tuna. This brought the menu back up and the waiter back into the kitchen. I finally decided on the Tuna (great choice BTW). My other half had the grouper and crawfish. I had the Tuna and shrimp. My meal was wonderful, the prices are excellent and very appropriate for the amount (large amount) of food you receive. After working thru an entree that even a hungry man would struggle with we chose to share a dessert. OMFG what a dessert. There is cheesecake and then there is banana's foster. Combine the two and prepare to loosen a belt, buckle, or button (felt like I needed to loosen all three). This was truly a wonderful dinner and will definitely be back repeatedly. The ultimate top off is the Adult only fine dining atmosphere. D&K you ROCK!!!
P.S. They take credit cards. ;-)
Click to expand...
Thanks so much sgb....wish I had known you were there last night, but I'm sure Kelly and Chris took good care of you!
Yes, the Banana's Foster Cheesecake is one of my favorites too. I just love the two flavors and textures together. In the cafe we (the staff) sometimes add a large scoop of vanilla ice cream to make it even more decadent. We can get bad bad bad making things over the top in the kitchen. I really love to take something great and make it better.
We do have a children's menu both for lunch and dinner. As for the decor, I love to decorate a restaurant more then anything.....and I had a fantastic partner, Jamie Landreneau. Doug let us loose and we had a ball!
Also I'm pretty sure the ice cream would have been over kill. :shock: Kelly was a wonderful server! Jamie came over and introduced himself as we were staring at the only surviving piece of his after Katrina. :angry:
Ohhhhh Sj I love this picture of the cafe. Thanks for posting it!!! The lights focus on the entrance and keep the upstairs a bit mysterious. And, where do you get these Tars of yours????? They are so funny!!!!:funn:
Also I'm pretty sure the ice cream would have been over kill. :shock: Kelly was a wonderful server! Jamie came over and introduced himself as we were staring at the only surviving piece of his after Katrina. :angry:
All-in-all a wonderful experience, and great photo SJ.
Click to expand...
Nope that wasn't me wandering around with a baby in my arms. My baby often comes and sits in my lap, but she's 14! ;-) Although I have carried a baby around the cafe a number of times so the parents could eat.
We appreciate YOU for noticing all the beautiful artwork on the walls and on the plate!!!!
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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The 24 kw is the mid-range system boiler that has been designed and built by Vaillant for performance, gas-efficiency and usability.
Call Now On 03456 474747 or use the form and we will get straight back to you.
For houses with mid-sized heat loads and loft storage space this could be the perfect boiler for you.
The 624 incorporates innovative new design, such as the high-efficiency 2 speed pump and flame lit detection system to help minimise wasteful losses as well as reduce noise – It has consequently been awarded the Quiet Mark seal of approval.
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
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Solid-state anomalies in IR spectra of compounds of pharmaceutical interest.
Solid-state anomalies in the IR spectra of lysine monohydrochloride, etoxadrol hydrochloride, thiamine hydrochloride, and L-histidine in a potassium bromide matrix were noted. With the first three compounds, the anomalies were due to metathetical exchange of the halide anion between the compound and the matrix. The anomaly seen with L-histidine was related to the crystal structure.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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/*
* Copyright (c) MuleSoft, Inc. All rights reserved. http://www.mulesoft.com
* The software in this package is published under the terms of the CPAL v1.0
* license, a copy of which has been included with this distribution in the
* LICENSE.txt file.
*/
package org.mule.runtime.deployment.model.api.domain;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.Properties;
import java.util.Set;
import org.mule.runtime.deployment.model.api.DeployableArtifactDescriptor;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
/**
* Represents the description of a domain.
*/
public class DomainDescriptor extends DeployableArtifactDescriptor {
public static final String DEFAULT_DOMAIN_NAME = "default";
public static final String DEFAULT_CONFIGURATION_RESOURCE = "mule-domain-config.xml";
public static final String MULE_DOMAIN_CLASSIFIER = "mule-domain";
/**
* Creates a new domain descriptor
*
* @param name domain name. Non empty.
*/
public DomainDescriptor(String name) {
super(name);
}
/**
* Creates a new domain descriptor
*
* @param name domain name. Non empty.
* @param deploymentProperties deploymentProperties
*/
public DomainDescriptor(String name, Optional<Properties> deploymentProperties) {
super(name, deploymentProperties);
}
@Override
protected Set<String> getDefaultConfigResources() {
return ImmutableSet.<String>builder().add(DEFAULT_CONFIGURATION_RESOURCE).build();
}
}
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{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
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USCA1 Opinion
Can't open 92-2417
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{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
---
author:
-
bibliography:
- 'biblio.bib'
title: |
[**Pulsatile lipid vesicles under osmotic stress**]{}\
\
---
[ABSTRACT ]{} The response of lipid bilayers to osmotic stress is an important part of cellular function. Recent experimental studies showed that when cell-sized giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are exposed to hypotonic media, they respond to the osmotic assault by undergoing a cyclical sequence of swelling and bursting events, coupled to the membrane’s compositional degrees of freedom. Here, we establish a fundamental and quantitative understanding of the essential pulsatile behavior of GUVs under hypotonic conditions by advancing a comprehensive theoretical model of vesicle dynamics. The model quantitatively captures the experimentally measured swell-burst parameters for single-component GUVs, and reveals that thermal fluctuations enable rate-dependent pore nucleation, driving the dynamics of the swell-burst cycles. We further extract constitutional scaling relationships between the pulsatile dynamics and GUV properties over multiple time scales. Our findings provide a fundamental framework that has the potential to guide future investigations on the non-equilibrium dynamics of vesicles under osmotic stress.
INTRODUCTION {#introduction .unnumbered}
============
In their constant struggle with the environment, living cells of contemporary organisms employ a variety of highly sophisticated molecular mechanisms to deal with sudden changes in their surroundings. One often encountered environmental assault on cells is osmotic stress, where the amount of dissolved molecules in the extracellular environment drops suddenly [@christensen1987; @hoffmann2009]. If left unchecked, this perturbation will result in a rapid flow of water into the cell through osmosis, causing it to swell, rupture, and die. To avoid this catastrophic outcome, even bacteria have evolved complex molecular machineries, such as mechanosensitive channel proteins, which allow them to release excess water from their interior [@berrier1996; @blount1997; @levina1999; @wood1999]. This then raises an intriguing question of how might primitive cells, or cell-like artificial constructs, that lack the sophisticated protein machinery for osmosensing and osmoregulation, respond to such environmental insults and preserve their structural integrity.
Using rudimentary cell-sized giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) devoid of proteins and consisting of amphiphilic lipids and cholesterol as models for simple protocells, we showed previously that vesicular compartments respond to osmotic assault created by the exposure to hypotonic media by undergoing a cyclical sequence of swelling and poration [@oglecka2014]. In each cycle, osmotic influx of water through the semi-permeable boundary swells the vesicles and renders the bounding membrane tense, which in turn, opens a microscopic transient pore, releasing some of the internal solutes before resealing. This swell-burst process, [depicted in Fig. \[fig1\](A), ]{}repeats multiple times producing a pulsating pattern in the size of the vesicle undergoing osmotic relaxation. From a dynamical point of view, this autonomous osmotic response results from an initial, far-from-equilibrium, thermodynamically unstable state generated by the sudden application of osmotic stress. The subsequent evolution of the system, characterized by the swell-burst sequences described above, occurs in the presence of a global constraint, namely constant membrane area, during a dissipation-dominated process [@peterlin2008; @ho2016].
The study of osmotic response of lipid vesicles has a rich history in theoretical biophysics, beginning with the pioneering work by Koslov & Markin [@koslov1984], who provided some of the early theoretical foundations of osmotic swelling of lipid vesicles. In this work, they predicted that the response of a sub-micrometer sized vesicles to osmotic stress is likely pulsatile and due to the formation of successive transient pores (see Fig. 9, in [@koslov1984], for a schematic for the volume change of the vesicle over time). They further approximated the characteristic quantities of swell-burst cycles (e.g. swelling time, critical volumes), based on the probability of the membrane overcoming the nucleation energy barrier to form a pore. Independently, the dynamics of a single transient pore in a tense membrane were first theorized by Litster [@litster1975], and later investigated theoretically and experimentally by Brochard-Wyart and coworkers [@sandre1999; @brochard-wyart2000]. Idiart & Levin [@idiart2004] combined the osmotic swelling theory and pore dynamics, and calculated the dynamics of a pulsatile behavior assuming a constant lytic tension. These modeling efforts made great strides in our understanding of some of the essential physics underlying vesicle responses to osmotic stress.
Previously, we used these ideas to provide a qualitative interpretation of pulsatile behavior of GUVs (see schematics in [@oglecka2014] Fig. 7h,i). However a general framework that quantitatively describes the response of pulsatile vesicles to osmotic stress at all relevant time scales is still missing. The success of such a model must rely on (a) the integration of vesicle dynamics, pore dynamics with nucleation, and long-time solute concentration dynamics within a unified framework, and (b) the assessment of the model predictions with respect to experimental measurements, in order to establish the physical relevance of the essential parameters that govern the system dynamics. Here, we build on the findings and theories reported previously [@litster1975; @koslov1984; @brochard-wyart2000; @idiart2004; @evans2003; @ryham2011] to develop such a quantitative model for the dynamics of swell-burst cycles in giant lipid vesicles subject to osmotic stress.
In analyzing the pulsatile dynamics of GUVs, a number of general questions naturally arise: (i) Is the observed condition for membrane poration deterministic or stochastic? (ii) Is poration controlled by a unique value of membrane tension (*i.e.* lytic tension) introduced by the area-volume changes, which occur during osmotic influx, or does it involve coupling of the membrane response to thermal fluctuations? (iii) Does the critical lytic tension depend on the strain rate, and thus the strength of the osmotic gradient? Such questions arise beyond the present context of vesicle osmoregulation in other important scenarios where the coupling between the dissipation of osmotic energy and cellular compartmentalization has important biological ramifications [@rand2004; @diz-munoz2013; @stroka2014; @porta2015].
Motivated by these considerations, we carried out a combined theoretical-experimental study integrating membrane elasticity, continuum transport, and statistical thermodynamics. We gathered quantitative experimental data to address the questions above, and developed a general model that recapitulates the essential qualitative features of the experimental observations, emphasizes the importance of dynamics, and places the heretofore neglected contribution of thermal fluctuations in driving osmotic response of stressed vesicular compartments.
MATERIALS AND METHODS {#materials-and-methods .unnumbered}
=====================
The detailed materials and methods used in this work are available in Supporting Materials and Methods in the Supporting Material. The experimental configuration is similar to that already described [@angelova1992; @oglecka2014]. Briefly, we prepared GUVs consisting essentially of a single amphiphile, namely 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-1-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), doped with a small concentration (1 mol$\%$) of a fluorescently labeled phospholipid (1,2-dipalmitoyl -sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl)) or Rho-DPPE using standard electroformation technique [@angelova1992]. The GUVs thus obtained were typically between 7 and 20 $\mu$m in radius, encapsulated 200 mM sucrose, and were suspended in the isotonic glucose solution of identical osmolarity. Diluting the extra-vesicular dispersion medium with deionized water produces a hypotonic bath depleted in osmolytes, subjecting the GUVs to osmotic stress. Shortly ($\sim$1 min delay) after subjecting the GUVs to the osmotic differential, GUVs were monitored using time-lapse epifluorescence microscopy at a rate of 1 image per 150 ms, and images were analyzed using a customized MATLAB code to extract the evolution of the GUV radii with time, with a precision of about 0.1 $\mu$m.
We developed a mathematical model predicting the pulsatile behavior of GUVs in hypotonic environment. Essentially, the model couples pore nucleation by thermal fluctuations, osmotic swelling, and solute transport. These aspects are represented by Eqs. \[eq:sde\_r\], \[eq:ode\_R\] and \[eq:ode\_c\] respectively, and discussed below. Details regarding the theory and its numerical implementation are reported in Model Development and Simulations in the Supporting Materials.
RESULTS {#results .unnumbered}
=======
Homogeneous GUVs display swell-burst cycles in hypotonic conditions {#homogeneous-guvs-display-swell-burst-cycles-in-hypotonic-conditions .unnumbered}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
A selection of snapshots, revealing different morphological states, and a detailed trace showing [the time-dependence of the vesicle radius $R$ and corresponding area strain ($\epsilon_\text{exp}=(R^2-R_0^2)/R_0^2$, where and $R_0$ is the resting initial vesicle radius) are shown]{} in Fig. \[fig1\](B, C, and D), for a representative GUV. Swelling phases are characterized by a quasi-linear increase of the GUV radius, while pore openings cause a sudden decrease of the vesicle radius.
We outline here three key observations about the dynamics of swell-burst cycles from these experiments.
1. The period between two consecutive bursting events increases with each cycle, starting from a few tenths of a second for the early cycles, to several hundreds of seconds after the tenth cycle.
2. The maximum radius and therefore the maximum strain at which a pore opens decreases with cycle number, suggesting that lytic tension is a dynamic property of the membrane.
3. The observed transient pores are short lived, stay open for about a hundred milliseconds, and reach a maximum radius of up to 60 $\%$ of the GUV radius.
We seek to explain these observations through a quantitative understanding of the pulsatile GUVs in hypotonic conditions. To do so, we first investigate the mechanics of pore nucleation and its relationship to the GUV swell-burst dynamics.
Thermal fluctuations drive the dynamics of pore nucleation {#thermal-fluctuations-drive-the-dynamics-of-pore-nucleation .unnumbered}
----------------------------------------------------------
[ In the framework of classical nucleation theory [@litster1975], the energy potential $V(r,\epsilon)$ of a pore of radius $r$ in a lipid membrane under surface tension $\sigma$, is the balance of two competitive terms: $V_s(\epsilon)$, the strain energy, and $V_p(r)$, the pore energy. The strain energy tends to favor the opening and enlargement of the pore while the pore closure is driven by the pore line tension $\gamma$. Accordingly, the energy potential reads]{}
$$\begin{aligned}
V(r,\epsilon)=&V_s(\epsilon) + V_p(r) \nonumber\\
=&\dfrac{1}{2}\kappa_\text{eff} A_0 \epsilon^2 + 2\pi r \gamma \;.
\end{aligned}$$
[The area strain is defined as $\epsilon=(A-A_0)/A_0$, where $A=4\pi R^2-\pi r^2$ is the surface of the membrane, and $A_0=4\pi R_0^2$ is the resting vesicle area. Here $V_s(\epsilon)$ is assumed to have a Hookean form, where $\kappa_\text{eff}$ is the effective stretching modulus, which relates the surface tension to the strain as $\sigma=\kappa_\text{eff}\epsilon$ (see next section for a discussion on $\kappa_\text{eff}$). These two energetic terms oppose each other, resulting in an energy barrier that the system has to overcome in order for a pore to nucleate. The competition between the strain and pore energy is expressed by the ratio $r_b=\gamma/\sigma$, which is the critical radius associated with the crossing of the energy barrier. That is, if a pore in a tensed membrane has a radius $r<r_b$, the pore energy $V_p(r)$ dominates and the pore closes. On the contrary, for $r>r_b$, the strain energy $V_s(\epsilon)$ prevails and the pore grows. The energy required to open a pore of radius $r$ in a tensed GUV is given by $\Delta V(r,\epsilon) = V(r,\epsilon)-V(0,\epsilon)$ and is represented in Fig. \[fig2\](A). The corresponding critical radius of the the energy barrier $r_b$ is shown as a function of the strain $\epsilon$ in Fig. \[fig2\](B). The height of the energy barrier and its critical radius are dependent on the membrane strain; the more the membrane is stretched, the lower the energy barrier is, and the smaller the amount of energy required to nucleate a pore. ]{}
The amplitude of this energy barrier is strictly positive for finite strain values, making pore nucleation impossible without the addition of external energy. This issue has been often resolved by assuming a predetermined and *constant* lytic [strain ($\epsilon^*$)]{} corresponding to a critical energy barrier under which the pore opens (Fig. \[fig2\](C and E)). However, this approach is in contradiction with our experimental observations that the lytic strain in the membrane varies with each swell-burst cycle (Fig. \[fig1\](D)), due to a dependence on the strain rate [@evans2003]. In order to account for this variation, we included thermal fluctuations associated with the pore nucleation barrier in our analysis [@ting2011; @bicout2012]. In this scenario, increasing the membrane tension of the vesicle reduces the minimum pore radius $r_b$ at which a pore opens (Fig. \[fig2\](A and B)), lowering the energy barrier down to the range of thermal fluctuations, eventually letting the free energy of the system to overcome the nucleation barrier (Fig. \[fig2\](D and F)). The stochastic nature of the fluctuations can then explain a distribution of pore opening tensions, eliminating the need to assume constant lytic tension.
A direct consequence of the fluctuation-mediated pore nucleation is that the membrane rupture properties become dynamic. Indeed, fluctuations naturally cause the strain at which the membrane ruptures to be dependent on the *strain rate*, as illustrated in Fig. \[fig2\](D). In order to understand this dynamic nucleation process, consider stretching the membrane at different strain rates $\dot{\epsilon}$. Doing so decreases the radius of the nucleation barrier at corresponding speeds, as shown in Fig. \[fig2\](F). For slow strain rates, as $r_b$ tends to zero, it spends more time in the accessible range of the thermal pore fluctuations, increasing the probability that a fluctuation will overcome the energy barrier. On the other hand, at faster strain rates, $r_b$ decreases quickly, reaching small values in less time, lowering the probability for above average fluctuations to occur during this shorter time.
We use a Langevin equation to capture the stochastic nature of pore nucleation and the subsequent pore dynamics. This equation includes membrane viscous dissipation, a conservative force arising from the membrane potential, friction with water, and thermal fluctuations for pore nucleation (see Model Development and Simulations in the Supporting Material for detailed derivation). This yields the stochastic differential equation for the pore radius $r$ $$\label{eq:sde_r}
\overbrace{\left(h \eta_m + C \eta_s r\right)}^{\mathclap{\text{viscous drag}}}
\underbrace{\frac{d}{dt}(2\pi r)}_{\mathclap{\text{change of pore radius}}} =
\overbrace{2\pi \left(\sigma r-\gamma\right)}^{\mathclap{\substack{\text{surface and}\\\text{line tension}}}} +
\underbrace{\xi(t)}_{\mathclap{\substack{\text{thermal}\\\text{pore fluctuations}}}} \;,$$ where the noise source $\xi(t)$ has zero mean and satisfies, $\langle \xi(t)\xi(t^\prime) \rangle = 2\left(h \eta_m + C \eta_s r\right) k_B T \delta(t-t^\prime)$ according to the fluctuation dissipation theorem [@kubo1966]. Here, $\eta_m$ and $\eta_s$ are the membrane and solute viscosities respectively, $h$ is the membrane thickness, $C$ is a geometric coefficient [@ryham2011; @aubin2016], $k_B$ is the Boltzmann constant and $T$ is the temperature. [We assume here that the pore nucleation probability is independent on the total membrane surface area.]{} The values of the different parameters used in the model are given in Table S\[tab\_parameters\] in the Supporting Material.
Model captures experimentally observed pulsatile GUV behavior {#model-captures-experimentally-observed-pulsatile-guv-behavior .unnumbered}
-------------------------------------------------------------
![Dynamics of swell-burst cycles from the model for a GUV of radius 14 $\mu$m in 200 mM hypotonic stress. (A and C) GUV radius and (B and D) pore radius as a function of time. The model captures the dynamics of multiple swell-burst cycles, in particular the decrease of maximum GUV radius and increase of cycle period with cycle number (A). Looking closely at a single pore opening event corresponding to the grey region, the model predicts three stage pore dynamics (C and D), namely opening, closing, and resealing, with a characteristic time of a few hundred milliseconds. Numerical reconstruction of the GUV is shown in Movies S3 and S4 in the Supporting Material. Results for $R_0=8$ and 20 $\mu$m are shown in Fig. S\[figS\_R\] in the Supporting Material.[]{data-label="fig3"}](fig_cycles_num)
In addition to pore dynamics (Eq. \[eq:sde\_r\]), we need to consider mass conservation of the solute and the solvent. We assume that the GUV remains spherical at all times and neglect spatial effects. The GUV volume changes because of osmotic influx through the semi-permeable membrane and the leak-out of the solvent through the pore. The osmotic influx is the result of two competitive pressures, the osmotic pressure driven by the solute differential ($\Delta p_{osm} = k_B T N_A \Delta c$), and the Laplace pressure, arising from the membrane tension ($\Delta p_L = 2\sigma / R$), resulting in the following equation for the GUV radius $R$: $$\label{eq:ode_R}
\underbrace{\frac{d}{dt}\left( \frac{4}{3}\pi R^3 \right)}_{\mathclap{\text{change of GUV volume}}}
= \overbrace{\frac{P \nu_s }{k_B T N_A} \left( \Delta p_{osm} - \Delta p_L \right) A}^{\substack{\text{influx of solvent}\\\text{ through the membrane} }}
- \underbrace{ v_L \pi r^2}_{\mathclap{\substack{\text{leak-out}\\\text{through the pore}}}} \;.$$ Here $A=4\pi R^2$ is the membrane area, $P$ is the membrane permeability to the solvent, $\nu_s$ is the solvent molar volume, and $N_A$ is the Avogadro number. Assuming low Reynolds number regime, the leak-out velocity is given by $ v_L = \Delta p_L r / (3\pi\eta_s)$ [@happel1983; @aubin2016].
Mass conservation of solute in the GUV is governed by the diffusion of sucrose and convection of the solution through the pore, which gives the governing equation for the solute concentration differential $\Delta c$: $$\label{eq:ode_c}
\underbrace{\frac{d}{dt}\left(\frac{4}{3}\pi R^3 \Delta c \right)}_{\mathclap{\substack{\text{molar differential}\\\text{of solute}}}}
= -\pi r^2 \bigg( \overbrace{D \frac{\Delta c}{R}}^{\mathclap{\substack{\text{diffusion through}\\\text{the pore}}}}
+ \underbrace{v_L\Delta c}_{\mathclap{\substack{\text{convection}\\\text{through the pore}}}} \bigg) \;,$$ where $D$ is the solute diffusion coefficient. These three coupled equations (Eqs. \[eq:sde\_r\] to \[eq:ode\_c\]) constitute the mathematical model.
In order to completely define the system, we need to specify the relationship between the membrane surface tension $\sigma$ and the area strain of the GUV. We note that the GUV has irregular contours during the pore opening event and for a short time afterwards, when “nodules" are observed at the opposite end from the pore, indicating accumulation of excess membrane generated by pore formation (Fig. \[fig1\](B) middle and right panels). In the low tension regime, GUVs swell by unfolding these membrane nodules, and the stretching is controlled by the membrane bending modulus $\kappa_b$ and thermal energy, yielding an effective “unfolding modulus" $\kappa_u = 48\pi\kappa_b^2 / (R_0^2k_BT)$ of the order of 10$^{-5}$ N/m [@brochard1976]. In contrast, in the high tension regime, elastic stretching is dominant, and the elastic area expansion modulus $\kappa_e$ is roughly equal to 0.2 N/m [@evans1990]. Since the maximum area strain plotted in Fig. \[fig1\](D), is about 15 $\%$, significantly larger than the expected 4 $\%$ for a purely elastic membrane deformation, the experimental data suggests the occurrence of two stretching regimes: an unfolding driven stretching, and an elasticity driven stretching [@ertel1993; @hallett1993; @karatekin2003a]. [Therefore, for simplicity, we assume an effective stretching modulus $\kappa_\text{eff}$, which takes into account both unfoldoing and elastic regimes [@evans1990; @bloom1991] through a linear dependence between the membrane tension and the strain ($\sigma = \kappa_\text{eff} \epsilon$). Note that $\kappa_\text{eff}$ is the only adjustable parameter of the model.]{}
We solved the three coupled equations (Eqs. \[eq:sde\_r\] to \[eq:ode\_c\]) for an initial inner solute concentration of $c_0=200$ mM, and different GUV radii of $R_0=8$, 14 and 20 $\mu$m. All the results presented here are obtained for $\kappa_\text{eff}=2 \times10^{-3}$N/m, the value that best fits the experimental observations (see Supplemental Fig. \[figS\_kappa\] for the effect of this parameter on the GUV dynamics). Dynamics of the GUV radius and the pore radius are shown in Fig. \[fig3\] for a typical simulation with $R_0=14$ $\mu$m (see Supplemental Fig. \[figS\_R\] for simulations with different values of $R_0$). Our model qualitatively reproduces the dynamics of the GUV radius during the swell burst cycle (compare Figs. \[fig1\](C) and \[fig3\](A)). Importantly, we recover the key features of the swell-burst cycle – namely an increase of the cycle period with each bursting event (point 1), and a decrease of the maximum radius with time (point 2). The stochastic nature of the thermodynamic fluctuations leads to variations and irregularities in the pore opening events, and therefore, the cycle period and maximum strain. The dynamics of a single cycle is shown in Fig. \[fig3\](C and D). Our numerical results show an abrupt drop in the GUV radius, followed by a slower decrease, suggesting a sequence of two leak-out regimes: a fast-burst releasing most of the membrane tension, and a low tension leak-out. This two-step tension release is confirmed by the pore radius dynamics, which after suddenly opening (release of membrane tension), reseals quasi-linearly due to dominance of line tension compared to membrane tension in Eq. \[eq:sde\_r\]. Furthermore, the computed pore amplitude and lifetime are in agreement with experimental observations (point 3). Overall, our model is able to reproduce the quantitative features of GUV response to hypotonic stress over multiple time scales.
If thermal fluctuations are ignored, the strain to rupture needs to be adjusted to roughly 15$\%$ in order to match the range of maximum GUV radius observed experimentally (Fig. S\[figS\_det\] in the Supporting Material). However such a deterministic model does not capture the pulsatile dynamics as well as the stochastic model in terms of cycle period and strain rate (Fig. S\[figS\_comparison\] in the Supporting Material), and fails to reproduce a strain rate dependent maximum stress (Fig. S\[figS\_det\]).
Solute diffusion is dominant during the low tension regime of pore resealing {#solute-diffusion-is-dominant-during-the-low-tension-regime-of-pore-resealing .unnumbered}
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![[Diffusion of sucrose through the transient pore produces a step-wise decrease of the inner solute concentration. (A) In hypotonic conditions, the model predicts a step-wise decrease of solute concentration differential with time (blue line), which is solely due to diffusion of solute through the transient pore. In comparison, when diffusion is neglected in the model (grey line), the solute concentration differential decreases smoothly (also see Fig. S\[figS\_D\] in the Supporting Material for further analysis on the effect of diffusion). In isotonic conditions (dashed line), the solute concentration differential is constant with time. (Here $t_0=$ 40 s).]{} (B) Time evolution of the normalized fluorescence intensity of a GUV in hypotonic condition, encapsulating fluorescent glucose analog. $\Delta I$ is the difference in mean intensity between the inside of the GUV and the background. In hypotonic conditions (solid lines) the normalized intensity decreases with time due to the constant influx of water through the membrane, and shows sudden drops in intensity at each pore opening (indicated by arrows), due to diffusion of sucrose through the pore (see Movie S5 in the Supporting Material). In comparison, GUVs in an isotonic environment (dashed lines) exhibit a rather constant fluorescence intensity (see Movie S6 in the Supporting Material). (C) Micrographs of a GUV in hypotonic condition, encapsulating fluorescent glucose analog, just prior to bursting (left panel), with an open pore (middle panel), and just after pore resealing (right panel). The leak-out of fluorescent dye is observed in the middle frame, coinciding with a drop of the GUV radius. Frames extracted from Movie S7 in the Supporting Material. (D) Same as panel (C), with the images processed to increase contrast and attenuate noise. The blue, red, and white lines are the isocontours of the 90, 75, and 60 grey scale values respectively, highlighting the leak-out of fluorescent dye.[]{data-label="fig4"}](fig_efflux)
The concentration differential of sucrose decreases exponentially and drops from 200 mM to about 10 mM in about 1000 seconds (Fig. S\[figS\_R\] in the Supporting Material). Even after 2000 s when the concentration differential is as low as 10 mM, the osmotic influx is still large enough to maintain the dynamics of swell-burst cycles (Fig. \[fig1\](C), Fig. S\[figS\_R\]). We further observe that every pore opening event produces a sudden drop in inner solute concentration (Fig. \[fig4\](A), blue line). This suggests that diffusion of sucrose plays an important role in governing the dynamics of solute. In the absence of diffusive effects, the model does not show the abrupt drops in concentration but a rather smooth exponential decay (Fig. \[fig4\](A), grey line).
To experimentally verify the model predictions of sucrose dynamics, we quantified the evolution of fluorescence intensity in GUVs encapsulating 200 mM sucrose plus 58.4 $\mu$M 2-NBDG, a fluorescent glucose analog (see Supporting Material and Methods). Fig. \[fig4\](B) presents the evolution of fluorescent intensity of sucrose in time. GUVs in isotonic conditions (dashed lines) do not show a significant change in fluorescence intensity. GUVs in hypotonic conditions (solid lines) exhibit an overall decrease of intensity due to permeation of water through the membrane. Strikingly, consecutive drops of fluorescence intensity are observed coinciding with the pore opening events (Fig. \[fig4\](C and D) middle panels), and point out the importance of sucrose diffusion through the pore. While the quantitative dynamics of sucrose depends on the value of the diffusion constant (Fig. S\[figS\_D\]), the qualitative effect of diffusion on the dynamics remains unchanged. On the other hand, leak-out induced convection does not influence the inner concentration of sucrose, as both solvent and solute are convected, conserving their relative amounts. These observations are in agreement with the existence of the low tension pore closure regime discussed above, where Laplace pressure produces negligible convective transport compared to solute diffusion though the pore.
Cycle period and strain rate are explicit functions of the cycle number and GUV properties {#cycle-period-and-strain-rate-are-explicit-functions-of-the-cycle-number-and-guv-properties .unnumbered}
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Given that lytic tension is a dynamic quantity, we asked how cycle period and strain rate evolve along with the cycles. We analyzed the simulated dynamics of GUVs with resting radii of 8, 14 and 20$\mu m$, each data point representing the mean and the standard deviation of 10 simulations with identical parameters (the variations being due to the stochastic nature of the model). [The details of this burst cycle analysis is reported in the Supporting Material]{}. Cycle periods and strain rates show a dependence on the GUV radius, as depicted in Fig. \[fig5\_1\] where larger GUVs have slower dynamics, resulting in smaller strain rates and longer cycle periods (Fig. S\[figS\_R\]). To verify this experimentally, a total of eight GUVs were similarly analyzed with resting radii ranging from 7.02 to 18.76 $\mu$m (Fig. S\[figS\_exp\] in the Supporting Material). The measured cycle period and strain rate as a function of the cycle number (corrected for the lag between the application of the hypotonic stress and the beginning of the observations) are shown in Fig. \[fig5\_1\](A) and (B), respectively. Experimental and model results quantitatively agree, and show a exponential dependence of the cycle period and strain rate on cycle number (Insets Fig. \[fig5\_1\](A and B)).
Two further questions arise: How can we relate the cycle number to the driving force of the process, namely the osmotic differential? And, is there a scaling law that governs the GUV swell-burst dynamics? To answer these questions we computed the cycle solute concentration (defined as the solute concentration at the beginning of each cycle) as a function of the cycle number (Fig. S\[figS\_cn\] in the Supporting Material). We found that the solute concentration follows an exponential decay function of the cycle number, and is independent of the GUV radius. Additionally, plotting the cycle period and strain rate against the cycle solute concentration (Fig. \[fig5\_1\](C and D)), we observe that the cycle period increases as $\Delta c$ decreases, while the strain rate is a linear function of $\Delta c$. The data presented in Fig. \[fig5\_1\] suggest that the dynamics of GUVs swell-burst cycle can be scaled to their size. From the non-dimensional form of Eq. \[eq:ode\_R\], we extracted a characteristic time associated with swelling, defined by $\tau = R_0 / (P \nu_s c_0)$, and scaled the cycle period and strain rates with this quantity. As shown in Fig. \[fig5\_2\], all the scaled experimental and model data collapse onto the same curve, within the range of the standard deviations. The scaled relationships can be justified analytically, by estimating the cycle period and strain rates as [ $$\label{eq:cycle_period}
\frac{ T_n}{\tau} \simeq \frac{\epsilon^*}{\left( 2\sqrt{\epsilon^*+1} \Delta c/c_0 \right)}
\qquad \text{and} \qquad
\tau \dot{\epsilon} \simeq \frac{2\sqrt{\epsilon^*+1} \Delta c}{c_0}$$ ]{} respectively (see Supporting Material for full derivation). These analytical expressions are plotted in Figs. \[fig5\_1\](C, D) and \[fig5\_2\](C, D) for a characteristic lytic strain of $\varepsilon^*=0.15$, showing good agreement with the numerical data. Taken together, these results suggest that the GUV pulsatile dynamics is governed by the radius, the membrane permeability, the solute concentration, and importantly the stochastic pore nucleation mechanism which determines the strain to rupture.
DISCUSSION {#discussion .unnumbered}
==========
Explaining how membrane-enclosed compartments regulate osmotic stress is a first step towards understanding how cells control volume homeostasis in response to environmental stressors. In this work, we have used a combination of theory, computation, and experiments in a simple model system to study how swell-burst cycles control the dynamics of GUV response to osmotic stress. Using this system, we show that the pulsatile dynamics of GUVs under osmotic stress is controlled through thermal fluctuations that govern pore nucleation and lytic tension.
The central feature of a GUV’s osmotic response is the nucleation of a pore. Even though Evans and coworkers [@evans2003; @evans2011] identified that rupture tension was not governed by an intrinsic critical stress, but rather by the load rate, the idea of a constant lytic tension has persisted in the literature [@idiart2004; @popescu2008; @peterlin2008]. By coupling fluctuations to pore energy, we have now reconciled the dynamics of the GUV over several swell-burst cycles with pore nucleation and dependence on strain rate. Our model is not only able to capture the experimentally observed pulsatile dynamics of GUV radius and solute concentration (Figs. \[fig3\] and \[fig4\]), but also predicts pore formation events and pore dynamics (Fig. \[fig3\](B and D)). We also found that during the pore opening event, a low-tension regime enables a diffusion dominated transport of solute through the pore (Fig. \[fig4\]), a feature that has been until now neglected in the literature.
Specifically, we have identified a scaling relationship between (a) the cycle period and cycle number and (b) the strain rate and the cycle number, highlighting that swell-burst cycles of the GUVs in response to hypotonic stress is a dynamic response (Fig. \[fig5\_2\]). One of the key features of the model is that we relate the cycle number, an experimentally observable quantity, to the concentration difference of the solute, a quantity that is hard to measure in experiments (Fig. S\[figS\_cn\]). This allows to interpret the scaling relationships described above in terms of solute concentration differential. The cycle period increases as the solute concentration difference decreases, while the strain rate is a linear function of the concentration difference. Both relationships are derived theoretically in the Supplemental material. These features indicate long time scale relationships of pulsatile vesicles in osmotic stress.
Thermal fluctuations and stochasticity are known to play diverse roles in cell biology. Well-recognized examples include Brownian motors and pumps [@julicher1997; @oster2002], noisy gene expression [@elowitz2002], and red blood cell flickering [@turlier2016]. The pulsatile vesicles presented here provide yet another example of how fluctuations can be utilized by simple systems to produce dynamical adaptive behavior. Given the universality of fluctuations in biological processes, it appears entirely reasonable that simple mechanisms similar to these pulsatile vesicles may have been exploited by early cells, conferring them with a thermodynamic advantage against environmental osmotic assaults. On the other hand, if such swell-burst mechanisms were at play, the chronic leak-out of inner content could have led protocells to evolve active transport mechanisms to compensate for volume loss, and endure osmotic stress without a high energetic cost.
In this study, we experimentally measure the dynamics of swell-burst cycles in GUVs, and provide for the first time a model that captures quantitatively the pulsatile behavior of GUVs under hypotonic conditions for long time scales. In order to do so, we developed a general framework which integrated parts of existing models [@koslov1984; @brochard-wyart2000; @ryham2011], with novel key elements: (a) the explicit inclusion of thermal pore fluctuations, which enables dynamic pore nucleation; (b) the definition of an effective stretching modulus, which combines membrane unfolding and elastic stretching; (c) the incorporation of solute diffusion through the pore, which results in a non-trivial contribution to the evolution of the osmotic differential. The coupling of these key features results in a unified model that is valid in all regimes of the vesicle, pore, and solute dynamics.
While we have been able to explain many fundamental features of the pulsatile GUVs in response to osmotic stress, our approach has some limitations and there is a need for further experiments. We have assumed a linear relationship between stress and strain. Although this assumption is reasonable and appears to work well for the present experimental conditions, a more general expression should be considered to include both membrane (un)folding and elastic deformation [@helfrich1984]. Another important aspect of biological relevance is membrane composition, where the abundance of proteins and heterogeneous composition leading to in-plane order and asymmetry across leaflets influence the membrane mechanics [@alberts2014; @rangamani2014]. We have previously found experimentally that the dynamics of swell-burst cycles is related to the compositional degrees of freedom of the membrane [@oglecka2014]. Future efforts will be oriented toward the development of theoretical framework and quantitative experimental measures that provide insight into how the membrane’s compositional degrees of freedom influence the pulsatile dynamics of cell-size vesicles. [In addition to osmotic response and membrane composition, we will focus on how membrane components such as aquaporins and ion channels may couple thermal fluctuations with membrane tension to regulate their functions. Additionally, we are also investigating how the properties of the encapsulated bulk fluid phase may affect the response of the GUV in response to osmotic shock. The current work is a first and critical step in these directions. ]{}
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS {#author-contributions .unnumbered}
====================
J.C.S.H. and A.N.P. designed the experiments; J.C.S.H. performed the experiments; M.C. and P.R. derived the model; M.C. performed the simulations; M.C. and J.C.S.H. analyzed the data; all authors discussed and interpreted results; all authors wrote and agreed on the manuscript.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}
===============
We are grateful to Prof. Wouter-Jan Rappel and Prof. Alex Mogilner for insightful comments on the manuscript. We also thank Prof. Daniel Tartakovsky for enriching discussions. This work was supported in part by the FISP 3030 for the year 2015-2016 to M.C., NTU provost office to J.C.S.H., AFOSR FA9550-15-1-0124 award to P.R., and NSF PHY-1505017 award to P.R. and A.N.P.
SUPPORTING CITATIONS {#supporting-citations .unnumbered}
====================
References (42-51) appear in the Supporting Material.
Table of Content {#table-of-content .unnumbered}
================
****
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Supporting Materials and Methods 1
Model Development and Simulations 2
Derivation of the analytical relations between cycle period, strain rate, and concentration differential 4
Supporting References 5
Supporting Figures and Movies 6
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Supporting Materials and Methods {#supporting-materials-and-methods .unnumbered}
================================
**Swell-burst cycle experiments.** The experimental methods for the GUVs preparation has been described in [@oglecka2014; @angelova1992]. Briefly, GUVs (100$\%$ POPC + 1mol$\%$ Rho-DPPE) containing 200 mM of sucrose were prepared by electroformation, yielding vesicles with radii ranging from 7 to 20 $\mu$m. GUVs were then placed in a bath of deionized water at room temperature, inducing hypotonic stress proportional to the inner sucrose concentration. The kinetics of eight GUVs were recorded by time-lapse microscopy at 1/150 images/ms. In order to allow for the sedimentation of GUVs to the bottom of the well, observations were started about one minute after the GUVs were subject to hypotonic conditions.
For each frame, the GUV radius was measured using a customized MATLAB (Mathworks, Natick, MA) code to streamline the image analysis. This code uses a Circular Hough Transform method based on a phase-coding algorithm to detect circles , and measure their radii and centers. For our data, this custom code gives the evolution of the GUV radius in time with a precision of about 0.1 $\mu$m. Due to slow movement of the GUVs, in some cases the observation fields had to be adjusted to follow the GUVs, and the recording was paused. These are indicated by black dashed lines in Fig. S\[figS\_exp\]. In order to define a systematic experimental initial GUV radius, $R_0$ was determined for each GUV as 0.995 times the first measured local minimum GUV radius, in accordance with our numerical results. Furthermore, burst events were identified by drops of GUV radius larger than 0.2 $\mu$m within a 1.5 s interval, and are plotted as solid red triangle. Bursting events that were likely to happen during the video gaps were indicated by plain red triangle (these “likely" bursting events were not taken into account in the data processing for Figs. \[fig5\_1\] and \[fig5\_2\]).
**Leak-out quantification.** To quantify the leak-out amount when a membrane pore is formed, giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) were electroformed in 200 mM sucrose, supplemented with 58.4 $\mu$M 2-NBDG (2-(N- (7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) Amino) -2-Deoxyglucose), a fluorescent glucose analog that has an almost identical molecular weight as sucrose. Fluorescence imaging was performed on a deconvolution microscope, equipped with a FITC filter. Time-lapse imaging of the vesicles was performed approximately one minute after exposing the vesicles to either deionized water (hypotonic conditions $n=3$) or glucose (isotonic conditions $n=3$) environment to ensure sedimentation of GUVs to the bottom of the well. All acquisitions were performed using identical settings to facilitate comparison of vesicles submerged in water or equi-osmotic glucose environment.
For Fig. \[fig4\](C), the GUVs were detected with a MATLAB (Mathworks, Natick, MA) code adapted from the one described above, where the mean gray intensity inside and outside of the GUV are measured. For every time frame, the difference between the inner and outer mean intensity $\Delta I(t)$ was computed, and normalized by the intensity difference of the first frame $\Delta I(t_0)$. Bursting events were identified by visual inspection of the videos, and reported by arrows on Fig. \[fig4\](B).
In order to highlight the efflux of fluorescent dyes during a GUV bursting event, three frames (before, during and after the event) were extracted form the video of a GUV containing 200 mM sucrose + 58.4 $\mu$M 2-NBDG in hypotonic conditions (Fig. \[fig4\](C)). These images were further processed with ImageJ software to plot Fig. \[fig4\](D). Briefly, the noise was attenuated by successively applying ImageJ built-in routines (background suppression, contrast enhancing, median filter), and ploting the isovalues of gray at 90, 75 and 60 with the pluggin Contour Plotter (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/plugins/contour-plotter.html).
**Burst cycle analysis.** [ The following analysis has been applied for both experimental and numerical data in order to produce Figs. \[fig5\_1\], \[fig5\_2\] and S\[figS\_comparison\]. For a given GUV radius dynamics, a swell-burst cycle was defined between two successive minimum GUV radii that immediately followed a bursting event. Cycle periods were computed as the time between two consecutive minima in vesicular radii. For experimental data, if there was a video gap between two consecutive radius minima, the cycle was not taken into account for the analysis, that is to say, only cycles between two successive solid triangles in Figs. \[fig1\](C) and S\[figS\_exp\] were taken into account. The strain rate was computed as the difference between the maximum and minimum radii within these cycles, divided by the time between these two events. For experimental data, because of the lag between the beginning of the experiments and the beginning of the video recordings, the initial observed cycle number was adjusted between $n=1$ and $n=4$, depending on $R_0$.]{}
Model Development and Simulations {#model-development-and-simulations .unnumbered}
=================================
Here we derive a theoretical model to describe the swell-burst cycle of a GUV under hypotonic conditions. In line with previous work [@koslov1984; @idiart2004; @popescu2008], the model has three conservation equations, governing the dynamics of the solvent, solute, and membrane pore.
**Mass conservation of solvent.** Mass conservation of the solvent (water) within the vesicle is governed by the flux through the membrane ($j_w$), and the leak-out through the pore. For a spherical GUV, the general form of the mass conservation equation for the solvent is $$\label{eq:sol_mass_cons1}
\frac{d}{dt}\left( \frac{4}{3}\pi R^3 \rho_s \right) = j_w - \pi r^2 \rho_s v_L \;,$$ where $R$ and $r$ are the radius of the vesicle and the pore respectively, $\rho_s$ is the mass density of the solvent, and $v_L$ is the leak-out velocity of the solvent. The osmotic flux is influenced by the permeability of the membrane to the solvent ($P$), the osmotic pressure ($\Delta p_{osm}$), and the Laplace pressure ($\Delta p_L$). A phenomenological expression for the osmotic flux is [@koslov1984; @popescu2008] $$\label{eq:jw}
j_w = \frac{P \nu_s \rho_s}{k_B T N_A} A \left( \Delta p_{osm} - \Delta p_L \right) \;,$$ where $\nu_s$ is the solvent molar volume, and the membrane area is defined as $A = 4\pi R^2 - \pi r^2$. The two pressures involved in Eq. \[eq:jw\] are defined as $$\left\{
\begin{array}{l}
\Delta p_{osm} = k_B T N_A \Delta c \\
\Delta p_L = \dfrac{2\sigma}{R}
\end{array}\right. \;.$$ The Laplace pressure originates from the surface tension in the membrane $\sigma$, which we assume to be proportional to the membrane strain $$\label{eq:sigma_linear}
\sigma = \kappa_\text{eff} \frac{A-A_0}{A_0} = \kappa_\text{eff} \epsilon \;.$$ Here $\kappa_\text{eff}$ is the effective area extension modulus (combining the effects of membrane unfolding and elastic deformation), and $A_0 = 4\pi R_0^2$ is the surface of the vesicle in its unstretched state. The leak-out velocity $v_L$ can be analytically approximated at low Reynolds number in order to relate it to the Laplace pressure [@happel1983] $$\label{eq:vl}
v_L = \frac{\Delta p_L r}{3\pi\eta_s} \;.$$
Substituting these definitions into Eq. \[eq:sol\_mass\_cons1\], the mass conservation equation for the solvent takes the form of an ordinary differential equation (ODE) for the GUV radius $$\label{eq:sol_mass_cons2}
4\pi R^2\frac{dR}{dt}= \frac{P \nu_s }{k_B T N_A} A \left( k_B T N_A \Delta c - \frac{2\sigma}{R} \right) - \frac{2\sigma }{3\eta_s R} r^3 \;.$$
**Mass conservation of solute.** The permeability of lipid membranes to water is several orders of magnitude larger than for most solutes . Consequently the lipid bilayer is supposed to be semi-permeable, neglecting sucrose transport through the membrane. Thus, variation of solute in the vesicle is exclusively limited to diffusive and convective transport through the pore, such that $$\label{eq:solute_mass_cons1}
\frac{d}{dt}\left(\frac{4}{3}\pi R^3 \Delta c \right) = \pi r^2 \left( - D \frac{\Delta c}{R} - v_L\Delta c \right) \;.$$ While the diffusive flux through the pore is usually neglected over the convective efflux of solute, theoretical analysis of long lived pores indicates that the Laplace pressure decreases rapidly after the pore opening, and stays low for most of the pore life time [@brochard-wyart2000]. This suggests that the convective efflux directed by the leak-out velocity may not always be the dominant solute transport mechanism, as confirmed by our numerical and experimental results (see main text Fig. \[fig4\]). Expanding Eq. \[eq:solute\_mass\_cons1\] we obtain an ODE for the concentration difference in solute $$\label{eq:solute_mass_cons2}
\frac{4}{3}\pi R^3 \frac{d \Delta c }{dt} = - D\pi r^2 \frac{\Delta c}{R} - \frac{2\sigma }{3\eta_s R} r^3\Delta c - 4\pi R^2\Delta c \frac{d R}{dt} \;.$$
**Pore force balance.** The pore in the lipid bilayer is modeled as an overdamped system, where the pore radius is governed by the following Langevin equation $$\label{eq:pore_energy1}
\zeta \frac{d}{dt}\left( 2\pi r \right) = F(r,t) + \xi(t) \;,$$ where $\zeta$ is the membrane drag coefficient (inverse of the mobility), $F(r,t)$ is a conservative force, and $\xi$ is a noise term accounting for independent thermally-induced pore fluctuations. The drag coefficient includes two in-plane contributions $\zeta = \zeta_m + \zeta_s$: one from membrane dissipation, proportional to the membrane viscosity and thickness $\zeta_m=\eta_m h$ [@brochard-wyart2000], and a second from the friction of the solvent with the moving pore – proportional to the solvent viscosity $\zeta_s = C \eta_s r $, where $C=2\pi$ is a geometric coefficient [@ryham2011; @aubin2016]. The conservative force $F(r,t)=-\partial V(r,t)/\partial r$ arises from the membrane potential $V(r,t)$, which is equal to the sum of the strain energy $V_s$, and the pore energy $V_p$. We assume the membrane strain energy to take a Hookean form $V_s = \kappa_\text{eff} \left(A-A_0\right)^2 /(2 A_0)$, where $\kappa_\text{eff}$ is an effective stretching modulus approximating the combined contributions of membrane unfolding and elastic stretching. The pore energy depends on the edge energy and length as $V_p = 2\pi r \gamma$, where $\gamma$ is the pore line tension, here assumed independent of the pore radius. Using the definition $\sigma = \partial V_s/\partial A$, we can therefore express the force as $$F(r,t) =2\pi\sigma r - 2\pi\gamma \;.$$ The fluctuation term has a zero mean, and a correlation function given by $$\langle \xi(t)\xi(t^\prime) \rangle = 2\zeta k_B T \delta(t-t^\prime) \;,$$ following the dissipation-fluctuation theorem, where $\delta$ is the Dirac delta function.
Rearranging Eq. \[eq:pore\_energy1\] with these definitions, we obtain a stochastic differential equation for the pore radius $$\label{eq:pore_energy2}
\left(\eta_m h + C \eta_s r\right)\frac{d}{dt}(2\pi r) = 2\pi(\sigma r - \gamma) + \xi(t) \;,$$ with $r\ge0$. The last term in Eq. \[eq:pore\_energy2\] is responsible for thermally driven pore nucleation.
**Deterministic model.** In the absence of thermal fluctuations, a critical value for the membrane tension (or strain) has to be defined, and an initial pore has to be set artificially in order for a large pore to open. In that case, Eq. \[eq:pore\_energy2\] is simply $$\label{eq:pore_energy_det}
\left(\eta_m h + C \eta_s r\right)\frac{dr}{dt} = \sigma r - \gamma \;.$$ When the pore is closed ($r=0$) and the strain overcomes the predetermined critical value ($\epsilon\ge\epsilon^*$), an initial pore large enough to overcome the nucleation barrier ($r=\gamma/\sigma$) is artificially created.
**Numerical implementation.** All numerical computations have been carried out using a custom code in MATLAB (Mathworks, Natick, MA). The stochastic model, composed of Eqs. \[eq:sde\_r\], \[eq:ode\_R\] and \[eq:ode\_c\] was solved using an order-1 Runge-Kutta scheme. Because a pore nucleation event occurs due to a single fluctuation overcoming the energy barrier, the numerical implementation of the noise requires the definition of a fluctuation frequency $f_T$ [(number of fluctuation “kicks” per seconds)]{} that is independent of the time step. For comparison a deterministic model (Eqs. \[eq:sol\_mass\_cons2\], \[eq:solute\_mass\_cons2\], and \[eq:pore\_energy\_det\]) was solved using Euler method. All parameters are shown in Table S\[tab\_parameters\]. All time steps were taken as 0.1 ms, (smaller time steps did not improve the accuracy of the results significantly). For the cycle analysis of the stochastic model, Figs. \[fig5\_1\] and \[fig5\_2\], shows the average and standard deviations of 10 runs with same parameters.
Parameter Typical value References
--------------------- ----------------------------------------- --------------
$R_0$ 8-20 $\mu$m this work
$c_0$ 200 mM this work
$d$ 3.5 nm
$\rho_s$ 1000 kg m$^{-3}$
$\nu_s$ 18.04$\times$10$^{-6}$ m$^3$ mol$^{-1}$
$P$ 20 $\mu$m/s
$T$ 294 K
$\gamma$ 5 pN
$\kappa_\text{eff}$ 2$\times$10$^{-3}$ N/m this work
$\eta_m$ 5 Pa s
$\eta_s$ 0.001 Pa s
$D$ 5$\times$10$^{-10}$ m$^2$/s
$C$ $2\pi$ [@aubin2016]
$f_T$ 150 Hz this work
Derivation of the analytical relations between cycle period, strain rate, and concentration differential {#derivation-of-the-analytical-relations-between-cycle-period-strain-rate-and-concentration-differential .unnumbered}
========================================================================================================
First, we derive the linear dependence of the strain rate on the concentration difference shown in Fig. \[fig5\_2\](D). For a closed vesicle ($r=0$), the membrane area is $A=4\pi R^2$, and the strain rate is $$\dot{\epsilon} = \frac{d}{dt} \left( \frac{A - A_0}{A_0} \right) = \frac{2R}{R_0}\frac{dR}{dt} \;.$$ This allows us to write Eq. \[eq:sol\_mass\_cons2\] in terms of the strain rate as $$\dot{\epsilon} = \frac{P \nu_s }{k_B T N_A} \frac{A}{2\pi R R_0^2} \left( k_B T N_A \Delta c - \frac{2\sigma}{R} \right)\;.$$ When the osmotic pressure is the dominant process influencing GUV swelling, we can neglect the Laplace pressure and obtain $$\label{eq:eps_dot}
\tau \dot{\epsilon} \simeq \frac{2R}{R_0}\frac{\Delta c}{c_0} \;,$$ where $\tau=R_0/(P \nu_s c_0)$. At maximum GUV radius amplitude, $R/R_0$ can be expressed in term of the lytic strain as $R_\text{max}/R_0 = \sqrt{\epsilon^*+1}$, allowing to write Eq. \[eq:eps\_dot\] as $$\label{eq:eps_dot_s}
\tau \dot{\epsilon} \simeq 2\sqrt{\epsilon^*+1}\frac{\Delta c}{c_0} \;.$$ Plotting this relationship in Figs. \[fig5\_1\](D) and \[fig5\_2\](D) for a typical lytic strain $\epsilon^*=0.15$, we get a good agreement with the numerical results from the stochastic model.
We now derive an approximate relation between the cycle period and the strain rate. During a cycle of period $T_n$, the lytic strain can be written $$\epsilon^* \simeq T_n \dot{\epsilon} \;.$$ Introducing Eq. \[eq:eps\_dot\_s\], we get $$\frac{T_n}{\tau} \simeq \frac{\epsilon^*}{2\sqrt{\epsilon^*+1}} \left( \frac{\Delta c}{c_0}\right)^{-1} \;.$$ Taking $\epsilon^*=0.15$, this relationship fits well the simulation results, as shown in Figs. \[fig5\_1\](C) and \[fig5\_2\](C).
It should be noted that, because the Laplace pressure is neglected in the derivation of Eq. \[eq:eps\_dot\_s\], the analytical expression slightly overestimates the strain rate as shown in Figs. \[fig5\_1\](D) and \[fig5\_2\](D). Moreover the cycle period is also overestimated for low solute concentrations due to the constant lytic strain assumed in the analytical expression (Figs. \[fig5\_1\](C) and \[fig5\_2\](C)).
Supporting Figures and Movies {#supporting-figures-and-movies .unnumbered}
=============================
#### Supporting Movie 1
Membrane nodules appearance after membrane pore reseals. Movie assembled from time-lapse fluorescence microscopy images (frame rate, 2 fps; total duration, 17 s; image size, 82.43 $\mu$m $\times$ 82.43 $\mu$m; scale bar, 10 $\mu$m) obtained for a population of electroformed GUVs consisting of POPC doped with 1$\%$ Rhodamine-B labeled DPPE membrane in a hypotonic solution (Osmotic differential of 200 mM).
#### Supporting Movie 2
Multiple swell-burst cycles of GUVs subject to hypotonic stress. Movie assembled from time-lapse fluorescence microscopy images (frame rate, 24 fps; total duration, 77 s; image size, 82.43 $\mu$m $\times$ 82.43 $\mu$m; scale bar, 10 $\mu$m) obtained for a population of electroformed GUVs consisting of POPC doped with 1$\%$ Rhodamine-B labeled DPPE membrane in a hypotonic solution (Osmotic differential of 200 mM).
#### Supporting Movie 3
Model results showing multiple swell-burst cycles of a GUV subject to hypotonic stress. GUV radius (top-left panel), pore radius (middle-left panel), and solute differential (bottom-left panel) as a function of time. Right panel is a representation of the numerical GUV in time, where the grey intensity is proportional to the inner sucrose concentration. GUV initial radius is $R_0=14\;\mu$m, initial solute concentration is $c_0=200$ mM. All parameters are shown in Supporting Table S\[tab\_parameters\].
#### Supporting Movie 4
Model results showing a single pore opening dynamics of a GUV subject to hypotonic stress. GUV radius (top-left panel), pore radius (middle-left panel), and solute differential (bottom-left panel) as a function of time. Right panel is a representation of the numerical GUV in time, where the grey intensity is proportional to the inner sucrose concentration. GUV initial radius is $R_0=14\;\mu$m, initial solute concentration is $c_0=200$ mM. All parameters are shown in Supporting Table \[tab\_parameters\].
#### Supporting Movie 5
Solute leakage of a GUV in multiple swell-burst cycles under hypotonic condition. Movie assembled from time-lapse fluorescence microscopy images (frame rate, 24 fps; total duration, 11 s; image size, 119.14 $\mu$m $\times$ 125.58 $\mu$m; scale bar, 20 $\mu$m) obtained for a population of electroformed GUVs consisting of POPC doped with 1$\%$ Rhodamine-B labeled DPPE membrane in a hypotonic solution (Osmotic differential of 200 mM).
#### Supporting Movie 6
GUV under isotonic condition. Movie assembled from time-lapse fluorescence microscopy images (frame rate, 24 fps; total duration, 8 s; image size, 101.11 $\mu$m $\times$ 101.11 $\mu$m; scale bar, 10 $\mu$m) obtained for a population of electroformed GUVs consisting of POPC doped with 1$\%$ Rhodamine-B labeled DPPE membrane in a isotonic solution (no osmotic differential).
#### Supporting Movie 7
Solute efflux from GUV during one swell-burst cycle. Movie assembled from time-lapse fluorescence microscopy images (frame rate, 12 fps; total duration, 8 s; image size, 164.86 $\mu$m $\times$ 164.86 $\mu$m; scale bar, 20 $\mu$m) obtained for a population of electroformed GUVs consisting of POPC doped with 1$\%$ Rhodamine-B labeled DPPE membrane in a hypotonic solution (Osmotic differential of 200 mM).
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|
{
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
}
|
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a method and structure for conductively coupling electrical structures to a semiconductor device located under a buried oxide layer.
2. Related Art
An electrostatic discharge device (ESD) located within a substrate and above a buried oxide layer is surrounded by thermally insulative material in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structures. For example, the ESD device may be surrounded by the buried oxide layer on the bottom, small trench isolations on the sides, and interlevel dielectric on the top. An electrostatic discharge device must be able to handle large electrical currents that result from static discharge, from a human body or the environment onto an integrated circuit coupled to, or integral with, the substrate. Such large electrical currents generate substantial heat which cannot be effectively dissipated away from the ESD device, because of the surrounding electrically and thermally insulative material.
A method and structure is needed for effectively dissipating heat during an electrostatic discharge event on SOI.
The present invention provides an electronic structure, comprising:
a bulk semiconductor substrate having a semiconductor device, wherein the semiconductor device includes M diffusions, wherein M is at least 2, wherein a first diffusion of the M diffusions is a P+ diffusion, and wherein a second diffusion of the M diffusions is a N+ diffusion;
a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structure on the bulk semiconductor substrate, wherein the SOI structure includes an insulator layer on the bulk semiconductor substrate and a semiconductor layer on the insulator layer; and
M conductive plugs self-aligned with the M diffusions and extending through a portion of the SOI layer such that an end of each conductive plug is in conductive contact with a corresponding diffusion of the M diffusions.
The present invention provides a method for forming an electronic structure, comprising the steps of:
providing a bulk semiconductor substrate;
forming a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structure on the bulk semiconductor substrate, wherein the SOI structure includes an insulator layer on the bulk semiconductor substrate and a semiconductor layer on the insulator layer;
forming a trench structure through the SOI layer, wherein an end of the trench structure is interfaced with the bulk semiconductor substrate;
forming a semiconductor device in the bulk semiconductor substrate by use of the trench structure, wherein the semiconductor device includes M diffusions, wherein M is at least 2, wherein a first diffusion of the M diffusions is a P+ diffusion, and wherein a second diffusion of the M diffusions is a N+ diffusion; and
forming M conductive plugs self-aligned with the M diffusions and extending through a portion of the SOI layer such that an end of each conductive plug is in conductive contact with a corresponding diffusion of the M diffusions.
The present invention provides a method and structure for effectively dissipating heat during an electrostatic discharge event.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
#accident #Tourbus on E 62 st & 5 ave a New York tour bus crash into a tree at Central Park. pic.twitter.com/8LVk6jOsi7 — Kevin Diaz (@Canis_Lupus86) July 21, 2016
[UPDATE BELOW] A tour bus crashed into a tree in Central Park on East 63rd Street and 5th Avenue this afternoon, leaving nine people injured according to the FDNY.
Five people with minor injuries were taken to Lenox Hill Hospital, as well as four additional people with more serious but not life threatening injuries.
One witness told DNAinfo that the bus "was cut off by a yellow cab and swerved to avoid hitting the vehicle before jumping the curb."
The cause of the crash has not been officially determined or disclosed but we will update as we learn more.
UPDATE: The NYPD affirmed the witnesses' account of the crash, telling us that tour bus driver was "traveling south along 5th Avenue between 62nd and 63rd Streets and then swerved to avoid a taxi." The location of the taxi is currently unknown.
UPDATE 3:55 p.m.: An FDNY spokesman said that the injury count has risen to 13, with three of the injured people refusing medical attention.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
// Copyright 2005-2012 Daniel James.
// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
// file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
#if !defined(BOOST_FUNCTIONAL_HASH_DETAIL_HASH_FLOAT_HEADER)
#define BOOST_FUNCTIONAL_HASH_DETAIL_HASH_FLOAT_HEADER
#include <boost/config.hpp>
#if defined(BOOST_HAS_PRAGMA_ONCE)
#pragma once
#endif
#include <boost/functional/hash/detail/float_functions.hpp>
#include <boost/functional/hash/detail/limits.hpp>
#include <boost/utility/enable_if.hpp>
#include <boost/integer/static_log2.hpp>
#include <boost/cstdint.hpp>
#include <boost/assert.hpp>
#include <boost/limits.hpp>
#include <cstring>
#if defined(BOOST_MSVC)
#pragma warning(push)
#if BOOST_MSVC >= 1400
#pragma warning(disable:6294) // Ill-defined for-loop: initial condition does
// not satisfy test. Loop body not executed
#endif
#endif
// Can we use fpclassify?
// STLport
#if defined(__SGI_STL_PORT) || defined(_STLPORT_VERSION)
#define BOOST_HASH_USE_FPCLASSIFY 0
// GNU libstdc++ 3
#elif defined(__GLIBCPP__) || defined(__GLIBCXX__)
# if (defined(__USE_ISOC99) || defined(_GLIBCXX_USE_C99_MATH)) && \
!(defined(macintosh) || defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__APPLE_CC__))
# define BOOST_HASH_USE_FPCLASSIFY 1
# else
# define BOOST_HASH_USE_FPCLASSIFY 0
# endif
// Everything else
#else
# define BOOST_HASH_USE_FPCLASSIFY 0
#endif
namespace boost
{
namespace hash_detail
{
inline void hash_float_combine(std::size_t& seed, std::size_t value)
{
seed ^= value + (seed<<6) + (seed>>2);
}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Binary hash function
//
// Only used for floats with known iec559 floats, and certain values in
// numeric_limits
inline std::size_t hash_binary(char* ptr, std::size_t length)
{
std::size_t seed = 0;
if (length >= sizeof(std::size_t)) {
std::memcpy(&seed, ptr, sizeof(std::size_t));
length -= sizeof(std::size_t);
ptr += sizeof(std::size_t);
while(length >= sizeof(std::size_t)) {
std::size_t buffer = 0;
std::memcpy(&buffer, ptr, sizeof(std::size_t));
hash_float_combine(seed, buffer);
length -= sizeof(std::size_t);
ptr += sizeof(std::size_t);
}
}
if (length > 0) {
std::size_t buffer = 0;
std::memcpy(&buffer, ptr, length);
hash_float_combine(seed, buffer);
}
return seed;
}
template <typename Float, unsigned digits, unsigned max_exponent>
struct enable_binary_hash
{
BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(bool, value =
std::numeric_limits<Float>::is_iec559 &&
std::numeric_limits<Float>::digits == digits &&
std::numeric_limits<Float>::radix == 2 &&
std::numeric_limits<Float>::max_exponent == max_exponent);
};
template <typename Float>
inline std::size_t float_hash_impl(Float v,
BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME boost::enable_if_c<
enable_binary_hash<Float, 24, 128>::value,
std::size_t>::type)
{
return hash_binary((char*) &v, 4);
}
template <typename Float>
inline std::size_t float_hash_impl(Float v,
BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME boost::enable_if_c<
enable_binary_hash<Float, 53, 1024>::value,
std::size_t>::type)
{
return hash_binary((char*) &v, 8);
}
template <typename Float>
inline std::size_t float_hash_impl(Float v,
BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME boost::enable_if_c<
enable_binary_hash<Float, 64, 16384>::value,
std::size_t>::type)
{
return hash_binary((char*) &v, 10);
}
template <typename Float>
inline std::size_t float_hash_impl(Float v,
BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME boost::enable_if_c<
enable_binary_hash<Float, 113, 16384>::value,
std::size_t>::type)
{
return hash_binary((char*) &v, 16);
}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Portable hash function
//
// Used as a fallback when the binary hash function isn't supported.
template <class T>
inline std::size_t float_hash_impl2(T v)
{
boost::hash_detail::call_frexp<T> frexp;
boost::hash_detail::call_ldexp<T> ldexp;
int exp = 0;
v = frexp(v, &exp);
// A postive value is easier to hash, so combine the
// sign with the exponent and use the absolute value.
if(v < 0) {
v = -v;
exp += limits<T>::max_exponent -
limits<T>::min_exponent;
}
v = ldexp(v, limits<std::size_t>::digits);
std::size_t seed = static_cast<std::size_t>(v);
v -= static_cast<T>(seed);
// ceiling(digits(T) * log2(radix(T))/ digits(size_t)) - 1;
std::size_t const length
= (limits<T>::digits *
boost::static_log2<limits<T>::radix>::value
+ limits<std::size_t>::digits - 1)
/ limits<std::size_t>::digits;
for(std::size_t i = 0; i != length; ++i)
{
v = ldexp(v, limits<std::size_t>::digits);
std::size_t part = static_cast<std::size_t>(v);
v -= static_cast<T>(part);
hash_float_combine(seed, part);
}
hash_float_combine(seed, exp);
return seed;
}
#if !defined(BOOST_HASH_DETAIL_TEST_WITHOUT_GENERIC)
template <class T>
inline std::size_t float_hash_impl(T v, ...)
{
typedef BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME select_hash_type<T>::type type;
return float_hash_impl2(static_cast<type>(v));
}
#endif
}
}
#if BOOST_HASH_USE_FPCLASSIFY
#include <boost/config/no_tr1/cmath.hpp>
namespace boost
{
namespace hash_detail
{
template <class T>
inline std::size_t float_hash_value(T v)
{
#if defined(fpclassify)
switch (fpclassify(v))
#elif BOOST_HASH_CONFORMANT_FLOATS
switch (std::fpclassify(v))
#else
using namespace std;
switch (fpclassify(v))
#endif
{
case FP_ZERO:
return 0;
case FP_INFINITE:
return (std::size_t)(v > 0 ? -1 : -2);
case FP_NAN:
return (std::size_t)(-3);
case FP_NORMAL:
case FP_SUBNORMAL:
return float_hash_impl(v, 0);
default:
BOOST_ASSERT(0);
return 0;
}
}
}
}
#else // !BOOST_HASH_USE_FPCLASSIFY
namespace boost
{
namespace hash_detail
{
template <class T>
inline bool is_zero(T v)
{
#if !defined(__GNUC__)
return v == 0;
#else
// GCC's '-Wfloat-equal' will complain about comparing
// v to 0, but because it disables warnings for system
// headers it won't complain if you use std::equal_to to
// compare with 0. Resulting in this silliness:
return std::equal_to<T>()(v, 0);
#endif
}
template <class T>
inline std::size_t float_hash_value(T v)
{
return boost::hash_detail::is_zero(v) ? 0 : float_hash_impl(v, 0);
}
}
}
#endif // BOOST_HASH_USE_FPCLASSIFY
#undef BOOST_HASH_USE_FPCLASSIFY
#if defined(BOOST_MSVC)
#pragma warning(pop)
#endif
#endif
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Search form
You are here
Emily Porter
B-Chain Magainin Derivative
Biotechnologist Emilie Porter was fortunate enough to get involved in research very early on in her education. This was the factor, she says, that helped her accomplish an important discovery in her field while still a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin.
Born in 1976, Porter attended Millikin University in Decatur, Illinois, completing her undergraduate degree in chemistry with honors in 1998. As an undergraduate she was first exposed to research processes and became interested in a career in the area of pharmaceutical discovery. In the fall of 1998, she entered the University of Wisconsin at Madison in pursuit of a doctoral degree in organic chemistry.
Working with a research team there, lead by Professor Samuel Gellman, Porter discovered a synthetic peptide that has the potential to fight bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. The fundamental discovery could lead to the creation of a new class of antimicrobial agents.
Porter and her colleagues published their findings on the peptides, called “magainins” in the journal “Nature” in 2000. These molecules, first discovered on the skin of toads, are a naturally occurring class of medium-sized peptides that organisms employ as a defense against microbial infection. The molecules are said to degrade quickly in living tissue, and though they effectively fight bacteria in toads, they can be toxic to human cells.
In pursuit of a similar substance that would work more effectively in humans, Porter and her team developed a synthetic “b-chain magainin derivative” that imitates the natural molecule and also has its same antimicrobial effects. The synthetic version proved to be less toxic to human cells as well. And what’s more, it also appeared to be effective against some bacteria that had developed a resistance to antibiotics.
In 2000, Porter was honored with the $20,000 National Inventors Hall of Fame Collegiate Inventors Prize for her discovery, titled “Synthetic Antibiotic Peptide That Is a Beta-Amino Acid Oligomer.” She received a patent for the molecule, which could serve as the basis for groundbreaking, disease-fighting drugs in the future, especially chemotherapy.
Porter became a National Institute of Health Predoctoral Fellow in the University of Wisconsin’s Biotechnology Training Program in 2000. She has co-authored a number of publications and has received a number of academic awards and scholarships in support of her research.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
“The Whistleblower:” Amplifying the Reality of Human Trafficking
Sexual trafficking. It’s hard for people to wrap their minds around the scope of the problem. A new film, The Whistleblower, presents an on the ground retelling of the story of Kathryn Bolkovac (Rachel Weisz), a Nebraskan police officer who became part of the United Nations police team in post-war Bosnia. Hired by a government contractor (named “Democra” in the movie) that recruited candidates, she uncovered a trafficking operation that reached to the highest echelons of power.
The movie is structured in a style reminiscent of the 1980s Costa-Gavras narratives. The dramatization is based on actual events. Some characters have been merged, with names and timelines changed for the sake of a streamlined plot. One of the anchoring characters is Madeleine Rees (Vanessa Redgrave), who was the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in Bosnia.
Shot in palettes of blues and browns, the facts are laid out as Bolkovac—who is of Croatian descent—takes her belief in “doing her job” into the field. After ten years of experience on the domestic violence beat back home, Bolkovac finds herself up against a web of corrupt players ranging from local police and United Nations peacekeepers, to State Department brass and “Democra” bigwigs.
Bolkovac discovers that the area’s bars and clubs are serving as a front to sites where girls from the Ukraine, Russia, and Eastern Europe have been enslaved. Many of the girls being sold to an international clientele are between 12 and 15 years old.
The story’s trajectory follows Bolkovac (who served as a story consultant) from her discovery of trafficking corruption, complicity, and cover-ups through her efforts to report her findings—despite files of evidence disappearing and witness tampering. Death threats are the precursor to her being fired, when she gets too close to the truth. The multilayered cover-up finally sees the light of day when she files a wrongful dismissal case against “Democra,” and feeds the information from her findings to the British press.
Director Larysa Kondracki spent time with her co-writer in Eastern Europe doing background research. There are two key scenes that speak volumes. One is revelatory, the other is searing. In the former, Bolkovac—and the audience—begin to understand the magnitude of what she is up against as she scrutinizes the first photos and bits of information she had pinned to her office wall. The camera pulls back to show how the original findings have grown exponentially. The latter is an indelible image of one of the girls being raped, tortured and killed in front of the others, as an example of why compliance is the only way to survive.
I interviewed Kondracki by e-mail to get additional insights about her vision and aspirations for the movie. She explained that as a Ukrainian Canadian, the issue of sex trafficking was widely discussed within her community. When she read Bolkovac’s book, The Whistleblower: Sex Trafficking, Military Contractors, and One Woman’s Fight for Justice, she was overwhelmed by the breadth of the crime of trafficking. She was surprised that a film had not already been made.
What made you decide to do the movie as an indie film? Did you think it would give you more latitude to portray the story as you best saw fit?
To be honest, I didn’t see another way. We set out to do it. We spent some time in studios, which was a valuable experience and I think the script was improved when we were there. But ultimately, this was the way that made sense. That’s where I have to hand it to the producers. Once we got the project out, we were shooting within nine months.
Do you see the film reaching people about the issue of human trafficking in a way that a news story or article cannot? Are you hoping that the “political thriller” tag will pull people in, which might otherwise be afraid of the subject matter?
Absolutely. Kathy’s story is practically a Robert Ludlum novel. Sex, scandal, corruption, governments, international cover-ups. It’s something you would usually make up. Our primary goal was to make a good thriller with a great character at the center. Is she going to get the girl? Are they going to get our heroine?
Was it Bolkovac’s experience with domestic violence in the United States, combined with how she got a conviction on her first time at bat in Bosnia, that made Madeleine Rees reach out to her?
Yes. That conviction made Kathy really stand out.
How did you decide how far to go with graphically showing the abuse and torture of the trafficked girls?
I wasn’t going to make this movie and not be realistic. But I also had no intention of deterring audiences. We tested it several times, and found the right balance. You don’t see anything. It’s not unlike Silence of the Lambs in a way. It’s what’s inferred.
How is the United Nations dealing with the film? I understand there was an internal memo that was circulated that advocated a “no comment” policy. Does that suggest that they haven’t learned anything from their experience about transparency?
The internal memo left it at the UN being split. But we have learned from sources that they are sticking with a “damage control” policy. I really have no idea what they’ve learned, and why they aren’t seizing the opportunity not only to right these wrongs, but in doing so, to gain some faith from so many cynics that are watching. Show us you want to be the organization you’re meant to be. I’ve written a letter to Secretary General Ban-Ki Moon, and we have offered to screen the film wherever and whenever they want. So far…No Comment.
cultureID specifically deals with connecting those doing cultural work with political and social intent/content with audiences. How do you see The Whistleblower within this context?
I genuinely believe that films have one of the loudest voices. And I believe that if we can get this story into public discourse, the State Department and the United Nations will be embarrassed. Hopefully, enough to do something. Look at Guantanamo, extraordinary renditions…I’m not saying that’s done with, but at least they aren’t snatching people in plain sight out of airports anymore. Same thing here. U.S. tax dollars should not be going to the buying and selling of girls. Period. There’s no grey area to that.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
This research is directed toward synthesis and derivatization of novel DNA-binding peptides and detailed characterization of their DNA-binding and -condensing properties. A series of low molecular weight branched oligolysines and oligoarginines with a defined coupling site will be synthesized. We will determine the effect of number and positioning of positive charges on DNA condensation. Selected compounds will be derivatized with effectors such as receptor ligands, membrane-destabilizing peptides, carbohydrates and PEG. DNA binding properties of the various derivatives and the physical characteristics of resulting DNA complexes will be examined. Considering parameters like hydrophobicity and propensity of amino acids for particular secondary structures, we will introduce a limited number of rational mutations into a known membrane-destabilizing hexapeptide sequence and select peptides with highest membrane-destabilizing activities. The dependence of transfection efficiency in cell culture on DNA complex composition will be examined. Using the GCG package, membrane destabilizing peptides have been selected and compared for their primary, secondary and tertiary structure. This information and things like hydrophobicity indices etc. are essential in finding and designing new peptide sequences for the above-described project. The facilities provided by the Computer Graphics Laboratory are absolutely necessary for the continuation of this work. GL
|
{
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
}
|
Wednesday, April 30, 2014
I have a special privilege of leading a Bible bunch program for Brooker Elementary School every Wednesday at 7:10am. During this time, I get to share from God's Word that Jesus loves them and has a special plan for their lives. Currently we have about 30 (3rd-5th grade) students who attend. This is a great number considering, there is a total of 50 students in those grades in the school.
As part of this program we put together a trip, as part of an incentive for attending each week of the Bible Bunch. Brooker Elementary School Principal, Mrs. Deborah Parmenter, contacted "In His Wakes" for us to attend one of their "Day to Remember" events. We had 25 students sign-up and this past Monday we took them to Lake Swan in Melrose, FL.
We got our instructions from Nate and how they all needed to "GET OFF THE DOCK!" They were taught how to "get off the dock" and try and learn something they had never done before. More importantly they were taught they needed to "get off the dock" with Jesus Christ. To have a personal relationship with Him and that with His help they could do anything in life!
It was such a joy to see all of the students swimming, tubing, skiing, trying the Zup board, and many more fun events! I am truly grateful for the opportunity that I have to invest in the lives of students in my community. My prayer is that I will see many of these children come to Christ and then grow in their relationship with Him, but to then see their entire families reached with the Gospel. Reminded of Matthew 19:14 where Jesus says "Let the little children come to Me, and do not forbid them; for such is the kingdom of heaven." May we all invest our lives into children in our communities!
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Derechos de autor de la imagen Rhonda Hunter Photography Image caption Si bien las vacas saben nadar, su travesía de varios kilómetros está fuera de las habilidades conocidas de estos animales.
Los dueños las daban por muertas tras el paso del huracán Dorian a principios de septiembre por la costa de Carolina del Norte, en Estados Unidos.
Sin embargo, las tres vacas aparecieron vivas semanas después a varios kilómetros de distancia de donde convivían con su rebaño, en una zona rural de la isla de Cedar.
La única explicación posible es que las vacas pastaban apaciblemente aquel 6 de septiembre cuando la marejada ocasionada por el fenómeno atmosférico las arrastró hacia el mar.
Los animales habrían logrado nadar 8 kilómetros hasta el parque Cape Lookout Seashore, en los Outer Banks de Carolina del Norte, una cadena de islas separada del continente.
Vacas marinas
El vocero del parque BG Horvat explicó a un medio local que trabajadores del parque vieron a la primera vaca un mes después de la tormenta, mientras que las otras dos fueron descubiertas hace dos semanas.
Horvat explicó que los animales tuvieron la suerte de no ser arrastradas al Atlántico, lo cual sucedió con varios caballos.
Derechos de autor de la imagen Getty Images Image caption Isla Gran Ábaco en las Bahamas. El huracán Dorian afectó severamente el archipiélago, donde causó devastación en este paraíso turístico, ahora en reconstrucción.
Estas vacas "sin duda, tienen una fascinante historia que contar", añadió.
Las autoridades están planificando cómo devolverlas a su hogar.
El huracán Dorian golpeó la costa este de Carolina del Norte a principios de septiembre como una tormenta categoría 1, lo cual provocó copiosa lluvias, vientos fuertes e inundaciones.
Dorian llegó a Estados Unidos proveniente de Bahamas, donde dejó importantes pérdidas humanas y materiales.
Ahora puedes recibir notificaciones de BBC News Mundo. Descarga nuestra app y actívalas para no perderte nuestro mejor contenido.
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Q:
The TCP/IP connection to the host localhost, port 1433 has failed error, need assistance
Full error I'm getting:
The TCP/IP connection to the host localhost, port 1433 has failed. Error: "connect timed out. Verify the connection properties. Make sure that an instance of SQL Server is running on the host and accepting TCP/IP connections at the port. Make sure that TCP connections to the port are not blocked by a firewall.".
I have already checked that TCP/IP is enabled, using port 1433, and TCP dynamic ports is empty. I have disabled windows firewall.
Here is my code:
import java.sql.*;
public class DBConnect {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
String dbURL = "jdbc:sqlserver://localhost:1433;DatabaseName=TestDB1;instance=SQLSERVER;encrypt=true;TrustServerCertificate=true;";
String user = "sa";
String pass = "";
try {
Class.forName("com.microsoft.sqlserver.jdbc.SQLServerDriver");
Connection myConn = DriverManager.getConnection(dbURL, user, pass);
try {
Statement myStmt = myConn.createStatement();
try {
ResultSet myRs = myStmt.executeQuery("Select * from Login");
while (myRs.next())
{
System.out.println(myRs.getString("Username"));
System.out.println(myRs.getString("Password"));
}
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.println("Error with query");
}
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.println("Error connecting to database");
}
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
A:
Have you enabled 'Named Pipes' and 'TCP/IP'?
Open the 'Sql Server Configuration' application.
In the left pane, go to 'SQL Server Network Configuration' -> 'Protocols for [instance-name]'
Right-click on both 'Named Pipes' and 'TCP/IP' and select 'enable'.
Have you used the correct port?
Double-click on 'TCP/IP'
Select 'IP Addresses' tab
Scroll to IPAII. Your port number is here.
Restart the 'SQL Server ([instance-name])' windows service.
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Can connectionist models of phonology assembly account for phonology?
Connectionist models have gained considerable success as accounts of how printed words are named. Their success challenges the view of grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences (GPCs) as rules. By extension, however, this challenge is sometimes interpreted also as evidence against linguistic rules and variables. This inference tacitly assumes that the generalizations inherent in reading (specifically, GPCs) are similar in their scope to linguistic generalizations and that they are each reducible to token associations. I examine this assumption by comparing the scope of generalizations required for mapping graphemes to phonemes and several linguistic phonological generalizations. Marcus (1998b) distinguishes between two types of generalizations: those that fall within a model's training space and those that exceed it. The scope of generalizations is determined by the model's representational choices--specifically, the implementation of operations over mental variables. An analysis of GPCs suggests that such generalizations do not appeal to variables; hence, they may not exceed the training space. Likewise, certain phonological regularities, such as syllable phonotactic constraints and place assimilation, may be captured by an associative process. In contrast, other phonological processes appeal to variables; hence, such generalizations potentially exceed the training space. I discuss one such case, the obligatory contour principle. I demonstrate that speakers conform to this constraint and that their behavior is inexplicable by the statistical structure of the language. This analysis suggests that, unlike GPCs, phonological generalizations may exceed the training space. Thus, despite their success in modeling GPCs, eliminative connectionist models of phonology assembly may be unable to provide a complete account for phonology. To the extent that reading is subject to phonological constraints, its modeling may require implementing operations over variables.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
**BACKGROUND:** Skin flap vascularity is a critical determinant of aesthetic results in autologous ear reconstruction. In this work, we investigate the utility of intraoperative laser-assisted indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) as an adjunctive measure of skin flap vascularity in pediatric autologous ear reconstruction.
**METHODS:** 21 consecutive pediatric patients undergoing first stage autologous total ear reconstruction were retrospectively evaluated. The first 10 patients were treated traditionally (non-ICGA) and the latter 11 patients were evaluated with ICGA intraoperatively after implantation of the cartilage construct and administration of suction. Relative and absolute perfusion units in the form of contour maps were generated. Statistical analyses were performed using independent sample Student's t test.
**RESULTS:** Statistically significant differences in exposure and infection were not found between the two groups. However, decreased numbers of surgical revisions were required in cases with ICGA versus without ICGA (p=0.03), suggesting that greater certainty in skin flap perfusion correlated to a reduction in revision surgeries. In cases of exposure, we found an average lowest absolute perfusion unit of 14.3 whereas cases without exposure had an average of 26.1 (p=0.02), thereby defining objective parameters for utilizing ICGA data in tailoring surgical decision making for this special population of patients.
**CONCLUSIONS:** Defined quantitative parameters for utilizing ICGA in evaluating skin flap vascularity may be a useful adjunctive technique in pediatric autologous ear reconstruction.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
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