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Categories
Rhodes university theses and dissertations
CaltechTHESIS is really a growing repository of Ph.D. Engineer, Master’s and Bachelor’s/Senior theses created by Caltech students. It’s updated continuously as students add new theses, so that as library staff scan and add older theses.
DART-Europe is really a partnership of research libraries and library consortia who’re cooperating to enhance global use of European research theses.
Master’s Thesis and Ph.D. Dissertation Database.
DiVA portal is really a finding oral appliance an institutional repository for research publications and student theses written at 34 colleges and universities of greater education.
DSpace@Durch is really a growing assortment of MIT’s research which includes peer-reviewed articles, technical reports, working papers, theses and much more.
EThOS may be the UK’s national thesis service which aims to increase the visibility and accessibility to the UK’s doctorate research theses.
The Repository collects, preserves, and disseminates the scholarly output produced through the HKUST community. All documents deposited listed here are freely accessible on the web. Additionally, it indexes our researchers’ scholarly publications and offers a Scholar Profile interface for the current faculty people to showcase their publications, bibliometrics, research interests and projects.
NARCIS provides use of scientific information, including (open access) publications in the repositories of all of the Nederlander universities, KNAW, NWO and numerous research institutes, datasets from some data archives in addition to descriptions of studies, researchers and research institutes.
Based at Virginia Tech, among the first universities to want students to build up and submit electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs), the NDLTD works worldwide to create student research more open to scholars, reduce the price of submitting and looking after manuscripts, and advance digital library technology more generally.
OATD.org aims is the most effective source of finding open access graduate theses and dissertations printed all over the world. Metadata (details about the theses) originates from over 1000 colleges, universities, and research institutions. OATD presently indexes 2,890,398 theses and dissertations.
Canadian universities have fun playing the program under your own accord by submitting approved theses and dissertation to Theses Canada.
Virginia Tech is a worldwide leader in ETD initiatives in excess of two decades. On The month of january 1, 1997 VT was the very first college to want ETDs. Our mission would be to preserve and supply accessibility research and scholarship of Virginia Tech’s graduated pupils.
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The ship Komagata Maru – which carried 376 Punjabi migrants from Hong Kong to Vancouver – was the first vessel to be deported from North American waters in 1914. Thus, its journey has come to signal a high mark in immigration prohibitions and racial exclusion in Canada. While this historical narrative is significant in illuminating Canada’s long history of legalized racism and its ongoing politics of settler colonialism, the ship’s journey must also be viewed as a global transoceanic voyage, one that made visible the political, juridical, and racial unevenness of the British Empire. As the ship crisscrossed the Pacific and Indian Oceans it facilitated connections between India, the Dominions, and other British colonies and outposts (including Hong Kong, Malaya, and Singapore). Importantly, its voyage also galvanized support from British Indians across the empire, most notably in India and South Africa.
Drawing from her book, Across Oceans of Law, Professor Mawani's lecture will foreground one effect of the Komagata Maru’s journey: the emergence of a transoceanic anticolonialism that engendered a global and itinerant indigenous politics.
TO BE FOLLOWED BY A SEMINAR OPEN TO ALL GRADUATE STUDENTS AND FACULTY:
This seminar will explore the relationship of postcolonial and critical race theories to recent scholarship on affect, species, and new materialisms. In preparation for the seminar, please read the two articles available at https://planetarities.web.unc.edu/events-2/
Renisa Mawani is Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of British Columbia, where her research focuses on colonial legal history, critical race studies, oceanic studies, and colonial India and its diaspora. She is the author of Colonial Proximities: Crossracial Encounters and Juridical Truths in British Columbia, 1871-1921.
For more information on these events, please contact Neel Ahuja at nahuja@email.unc.edu. Professor Mawani's visit to UNC is sponsored by the South Asia Faculty Working Group, with the support of the Center for Global Initiatives and the Carolina Asia Center. Co-sponsored by the Institute for Arts and Humanities and the Department of English and Comparative Literature.
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2.2. Common Optics
2.2.1. Entrance Optics
The entrance optics
fulfill the following tasks: they create an image of the
telescope secondary mirror (the entrance pupil of the telescope) on the focal plane chopper;
this allows spatial chopping with as little as possible modulation in the background received
by the instrument.
It also provides for an intermediate pupil position where the Lyot stop and the first blocking filter,
common to all instrument channels, can be positioned. It allows the chopper, through two
field mirrors adjacent to the used field of view in the telescope focal surface, to switch between
a (chopped) field-of-view on the sky and two calibration sources
(see also Figure 2.3).
The chopped image is then re-imaged onto an intermediate focus where a fixed field mirror
splits off the light into the spectroscopy channel.
The remaining part of the field of view passes into the photometry channels.
A "footprint" of the focal-plane splitter is shown in Figure 2.3.
2.2.2. Calibration sources
The calibration sources are placed at the entrance of the instrument to have the same light
path for the sky observation and internal calibration.
This is essential for removing detector baseline drifts as well as possible, a serious task with a warm
telescope and the associated high thermal background.
To eliminate non-linearity or memory problems with the detector/readout system, the calibration
sources are low emissivity gray-body sources providing FIR radiation loads
at two slightly different signals around the level of the telescope background.
This is achieved by diluting the radiation from a (small) black source with a temperature
near the telescope temperature inside a cold diffusor sphere with a (larger) exit aperture.
The temperature of the radiator (~80K) is stable to within a few mK.
2.2.3. Chopper
Differential measurements are required to extract faint signals from
celestial sources from the dominant thermal background radiation of
the warm (~80K) Herschel mirror.
For this purpose a small tilting mirror, the chopper, flips alternately on the
astronomical source and on a nearby sky position, with a variable throw up
to 6 arcmin on the sky for the spectrometer and 3.5 arcmin for the photometer.
This allows full separation of an object field and a reference field.
The chopper is also used to alternatively look at the two
internal calibration sources (ICS) which are located at
the left and right side of the instrument FOV
(see Figure 2.3)
for frequent calibration measurements.
The chopper is capable of following staircase waveforms with a resolution of 1",
and delivers a duty-cycle of ~90% at chop frequency of 5 Hz.
The chopper axis is stabilized in its central position by flexular pivots
and rotated by a linear motor. The chopper design allows a low heat load in the PACS FPU.
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Ocinebrina gracillima
Ocinebrina gracillima is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.
Description
Distribution
References
Category:Muricidae
Category:Gastropods described in 1871
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{
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}
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Q:
RequiredValidator is not working in asp.net
I want to validate some text box and dropdownlist control not to empty, like below highlight part:
and my GridView control code looks like below:
<asp:GridView ID="GridView1" runat="server" AutoGenerateColumns="False" DataKeyNames="EMPLOYEEID"
DataSourceID="SqlDataSource1" ShowFooter="True">
<Columns>
<asp:CommandField ShowDeleteButton="True" ShowEditButton="True" />
<asp:TemplateField>
<FooterTemplate>
<asp:LinkButton ID="LinkButton1" runat="server">Insert</asp:LinkButton>
</FooterTemplate>
</asp:TemplateField>
<asp:TemplateField HeaderText="EMPLOYEEID" SortExpression="EMPLOYEEID">
<EditItemTemplate>
<asp:Label ID="Label1" runat="server" Text='<%# Eval("EMPLOYEEID") %>'></asp:Label>
</EditItemTemplate>
<ItemTemplate>
<asp:Label ID="Label1" runat="server" Text='<%# Bind("EMPLOYEEID") %>'></asp:Label>
</ItemTemplate>
<FooterTemplate>
<asp:TextBox ID="txtInsertEmpID" runat="server"></asp:TextBox>
<asp:RequiredFieldValidator ID="rfvInsertEmpID" ControlToValidate="txtInsertEmpID"
Text="*" ForeColor="Red" ValidationGroup="Insert" runat="server" ErrorMessage="EmployeeID is required" />
</FooterTemplate>
</asp:TemplateField>
<asp:TemplateField HeaderText="NAME" SortExpression="NAME">
<EditItemTemplate>
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox1" runat="server" Text='<%# Bind("NAME") %>'></asp:TextBox>
<asp:RequiredFieldValidator ID="rfvEditName" ControlToValidate="TextBox1" Text="*"
ForeColor="Red" runat="server" ErrorMessage="EmployeeName is required" />
</EditItemTemplate>
<ItemTemplate>
<asp:Label ID="Label2" runat="server" Text='<%# Bind("NAME") %>'></asp:Label>
</ItemTemplate>
<FooterTemplate>
<asp:TextBox ID="txtInsertName" runat="server"></asp:TextBox>
<asp:RequiredFieldValidator ID="rfvInsertName" ControlToValidate="txtInsertName"
Text="*" ForeColor="Red" ValidationGroup="Insert" runat="server" ErrorMessage="EmployeeName is required" />
</FooterTemplate>
</asp:TemplateField>
<asp:TemplateField HeaderText="DEPTID" SortExpression="DEPTID">
<EditItemTemplate>
<asp:DropDownList ID="DropDownList1" SelectedValue='<%# Bind("DEPTID") %>' runat="server">
<asp:ListItem>Select Department</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem Value="1">SM</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem Value="2">CDS</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem Value="3">AM</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem Value="4">FS</asp:ListItem>
</asp:DropDownList>
<asp:RequiredFieldValidator ID="rfvEditDept" ControlToValidate="DropDownList1" Text="*"
ForeColor="Red" runat="server" ErrorMessage="Department is required" InitialValue="Select Department" />
</EditItemTemplate>
<ItemTemplate>
<asp:Label ID="Label3" runat="server" Text='<%# Bind("DEPTID") %>'></asp:Label>
</ItemTemplate>
<FooterTemplate>
<asp:DropDownList ID="ddlInsertDeptID" runat="server">
<asp:ListItem>Select Department</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem Value="1">SM</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem Value="2">CDS</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem Value="3">AM</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem Value="4">FS</asp:ListItem>
</asp:DropDownList>
<asp:RequiredFieldValidator ID="rfvInsertDept" ControlToValidate="ddlInsertDeptID"
Text="*" ForeColor="Red" ValidationGroup="Insert" runat="server" ErrorMessage="Department is required"
InitialValue="Select Department" />
</FooterTemplate>
</asp:TemplateField>
</Columns>
</asp:GridView>
<br />
<asp:ValidationSummary ID="ValidationSummary1" runat="server" ValidationGroup="Insert"
ForeColor="Blue" />
<asp:ValidationSummary ID="ValidationSummary2" runat="server" ForeColor="Red" />
I'm not sure what's the problem so that when I click Insert link button the page was submitted without any error message even though I don't type anything in the bottom of text boxes.
can anybody help me?
A:
You are just Missing Validation Group in Insert LinkButton.
<asp:LinkButton ID="LinkButton1" runat="server" ValidationGroup="Insert">Insert</asp:LinkButton>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Povidone-Iodine, 0.05% Chlorhexidine Gluconate, or Water for Periurethral Cleaning Before Indwelling Urinary Catheterization in a Pediatric Intensive Care: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of periurethral cleaning with 10% povidone-iodine, 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate, or sterile water in preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) prior to indwelling urinary catheter insertion in a pediatric intensive care unit. A secondary aim was to identify pathogens resulting in CAUTIs in this group. Randomized controlled trial. One hundred twenty-two patients cared for in a pediatric intensive care unit of a university hospital between September 2012 and December 2013 participated in the study. Subjects were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 groups: periurethral cleansing with 0.05% chlorhexidine; 10% povidone-iodine; or sterile water. The patients in each group were cleansed 3 times using different sterile pads and assigned cleansing solutions for as long as the patients were observed or until the urinary catheter was removed. Daily monitoring forms, which included physiologic and physical parameters and catheter-related infections, were completed for all patients. We used Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Health and Safety Network criteria to determine the presence of a CAUTI. CAUTIs occurred in 6 patients (15%) allocated to periurethral cleansing with povidone-iodine, 2 (4.8%) in the chlorhexidine gluconate group, and 3 (7.5%) in the sterile water group. Although more patients in the povidone-iodine group had CAUTI than in the other 2 groups, differences were not statistically significant (P > .05). We found no statistically significant differences in CAUTI rates in the 3 groups. Further investigation with a larger study group is needed to more definitively identify any difference in CAUTI occurrences based on periurethral cleansing solution.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
Java 6: how to pass multiple parameters to APT
I have a Java Annotation Processor that extends from AbstractProcessor.
I have two supported options, addResDir and verbose, and I am trying to set them like this:
-AaddResDir=src/main/webapp -Averbose=true
I have also tried this:
-AaddResDir=src/main/webapp,verbose=true
While a single parameter works, e.g.
-AaddResDir=src/main/webapp
I can't get the multiple parameters to work and I can't find any relevant docs. Do I need to parse the parameters manually in APT?
The only thing I have is the output of javac -help:
-Akey[=value] Options to pass to annotation processors
EDIT
It turns out to be a maven problem, after all. Here is my maven config:
<plugin>
<inherited>true</inherited>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.3.1</version>
<configuration>
<source>1.6</source>
<target>1.6</target>
<optimize>true</optimize>
<debug>true</debug>
<compilerArgument>-AaddResDir=src/main/webapp -Averbose=true</compilerArgument>
</configuration>
</plugin>
Unfortunately, maven sends the argument to Javac as a single string in the args array, while it should of course be two Strings. The Map Version <compilerAguments> is no help either, because
<Averbose>true</Averbose>
<AaddResDir>src/main/webapp</AResDir>
generates the output:
[... , -Averbose, true, -AaddResDir, src/main/webapp]
While javac requires the syntax
[... , -Averbose=true, -AaddResDir=src/main/webapp ]
and
<Averbose=true />
<AaddResDir=src/main/webapp />
is invalid XML.
(See Mapping Maps from the Guide to Configuring Maven Plugins)
And I am afraid there is no way to change this, argh.
EDIT:
I have now filed a bug report.
A:
There is no real answer as of yet.
The bug is filed: MCOMPILER-135
and I have submitted three different patches, the last of which introduces a variable of type Properties:
<additionalCompilerArguments>
<property> <name>-Akey=value</name> </property>
<property> <name>-verbose</name> </property>
<property> <name>-Xmaxerrs</name> <value>1000</value> </property>
</additionalCompilerArguments>
This solution is the most flexible one because it supports many different parameter syntax formats.
(If the existing parameter <compilerArguments> were also of type Properties my problem would be solved)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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|
“…Design and the Elastic mind is the most uplifting show MoMA’s architecture and design department has presented since the museum reopened in 2004…” (N.Y. Times)
Paola Antonelli, who organized this landmark exhibition describes it as “… Design and the Elastic Mind is about the way we will live the day after tomorrow…“. It’s a must for all designers and everybody else who want’s to see how changes in technology, science and our interactions have influenced design in the last years.
Click on the image below for the link
Design and Elastic MindMoMA The Museum of Modern ArtFebruary 24th – May 12th 2008
Related Posts:
From today you can explore the history and culture of computer games at the London Science Museum huge interactive computer game exhibition Game On. More then 120 classic and modern games – from the world’s first computer game of 1962 up to the latest of todays advanced computer games – will be shown and can [...]
The Barcelona, Spain based artist and designer group ROJO is currently showing their first ever International Outdoor Urban Art Exhibition. Ten artists are showing their work on specially created back-lit billboard sized displays throughout Barcelona.
Outstanding art work and design. Have a look at the full size images (link below)… continue reading…
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|
Como lo he escrito múltiples ocasiones en otros posts, los repositorios estables son a la vez la mejor y la peor parte de Debian. Por un lado, el software en los repositorios estables está, en teoría, garantizado que funcione sin problemas pero por otro lado eso significa no es raro encontrarse con que el software en los repositorios estables es software con varios años de antigüedad 😦 . GIMP es un ejemplo de esto, la versión en el repositorio estable de Debian es la 2.8.18 a pesar de que la versión 2.10 ya fue lanzada de forma oficial hace tiempo, así que si quieres probar la nueva versión de GIMP, los repositorios estables no son una opción.
Es posible que la versión más reciente de GIMP esté disponible en repositorios como el de backports o el de debian-multimedia pero ahora la página oficial de GIMP ofrece un link a la versión para Flatpak que es lo más cercano a tener un ejectuable oficial. Para instalar y ejecutar GIMP para Flatpak basta ejecutar los comandos que aparecen en la página oficial de GIMP:
flatpak install https://flathub.org/repo/appstream/org.gimp.GIMP.flatpakref flatpak run org.gimp.GIMP//stable
Ya en el pasado hice un post sobre Flatpak también relacionado con GIMP, sobra mencionar que debes tener Flatpak instalado en tu sistema y que lo puedes instalar desde el gestor de paquetes de Debian Stretch. Si es la primera vez que instalas o ejecutas un programa de Flatpak se instalará una máquina virtual de Flatpak ya que, si recuerdas los posts anteriores, Flatpak es un sistema que ofrece una forma de virtualización que permite ejecutar programas aislados del resto del sistema y, sobre todo, gracias al uso de máquinas virtuales o runtimes, permite usar librerías diferentes a las instaladas en el sistema sin que estas causen conflictos.
La versión de Flatpak es lo más cercano que tendremos a un ejecutable oficial de GIMP para Linux y sin duda es mejor y más sencillo que tener que compilarlo manualmente como lo hicimos alguna vez con la versión de desarrollo 2.9. Sin embargo, sabemos que me gusta tomar el camino más difícil así que decidí intentar compilar GIMP manualmente y crear un ejecutable nativo para Debian Stretch.
El proceso fue largo y difícil ya que GIMP 2.10 tiene como dependencias muchas librerías que no están en el repositorio estable de Debian; además, muchas, si no es que la mayoría, de esas librerías también tienen versiones mínimas requeridas que son superiores a las que usamos antes para compilar GIMP 2.9 por lo que las versiones que usamos para compilar GIMP 2.9 ya no sirven. Después de cazar versiones recientes de muchas librerías, sistemas de compilación como meson y todas sus dependencias, después de luchar para compilar librerías que requieren opciones que no son nada obvias y de instalarlas en rutas personalizadas ajustando las respectivas variables de entorno, finalmente fui capaz de compilar exitosamente el GIMP 2.10 en Debian Stretch y, aunque escribí una larga lista de instrucciones detalladas para compilarlo, no creo que valga la pena obligar a nadie a pasar por todo eso ahora que existe la versión oficial para Flatpak. Todo ese trabajo para compilar GIMP 2.10 manualmente aún puede ser de utilidad si quieres probar la versión de desarrollo más reciente… tengo planeado un post sobre eso.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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|
Q:
Generating R ggplot line graph with color/type conditional on different variables
I'm struggling to get the exact output needed for a ggplot line graph. As an example, see the code below. Overall, I have two conditions (A/B), and two treatments (C/D). So four total series, but in a factorial way. The lines can be viewed as a time series but with ordinal markings (rather than numeric).
I'd like to generate a connected line graph for the four types, where the color depends on the condition, and the line type depends on the treatment. Thus two different colors and two line types. To make things a bit more complicated, one condition (B) does not have data for the third time period.
I cannot seem to generate the graph needed for these constraints. The closest I got is shown below. What am I doing wrong? I try to remove the group=condition code, but that doesn't help either.
library(ggplot2)
set.seed<-1
example_df <- data.frame(time = c('time1','time2','time3','time1','time2','time3','time1','time2','time1','time2'),
time_order = c(1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,1,2),
condition = c('A','A','A','A','A','A','B','B','B','B'),
treatment = c('C','C','C','D','D','D','C','C','D','D'),
value = runif(10))
ggplot(example_df, aes(x=reorder(time,time_order), y=value, color=condition , line_type=treatment, group=condition)) +
geom_line()
A:
You've got 3 problems, from what I can tell.
linetype doesn't have an underscore in it.
With a categorical axis, you need to use the group aesthetic to set which lines get connected. You've made a start with group = conidition, but this would imply one line for each condition type (2 lines), but you want one line for each condition:treamtment interaction (2 * 2 = 4 lines), so you need group = interaction(condition, treatment).
Your sample data doesn't quite make sense. Your condition B values have two treatment Cs at time 1 and two Ds at time 2, so there is no connection between times 1 and 2. This doesn't much matter, and your real data is probably fine.
This should work:
ggplot(
example_df,
aes(
x = reorder(time, time_order),
y = value,
color = condition ,
linetype = treatment,
group = interaction(condition, treatment)
)
) +
geom_line()
|
{
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|
To perform CT scan examination, a doctor generally sets a scan protocol based on basic information of a patient, such as the gender, a body part to be scanned and a scanning mode. A scan protocol includes a scanning voltage, a scanning current, a scanning duration and a scanning irradiation dose, and the like.
It is especially important to set the irradiation dose parameter in the scan protocol. If a low irradiation dose is applied to both a fat patient and a thin patient, a scan image noise of the fat patient is lager than that of the thin patient; and if a high irradiation dose is applied to both the fat patient and the thin patient, the irradiation dose is wasted for the thin patient and the thin patient is subjected to excessive and unnecessary radiation. Hence, a high irradiation dose should be applied to the fat patient, and a low irradiation dose should be applied to the thin patient.
However, different doctors may have significant subjective difference in determining a scan protocol for a patient due to their different working experiences. The differences between scan protocols set by different doctors for the patient, especially between the irradiation doses in the scan protocols, are significant. In this case, the set irradiation dose may be deficient such that definition of a CT image is negatively affected, or the set irradiation dose may be excessive such that the patient is subjected to redundant radiation.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
This invention relates to a radiation image storage panel by use of a stimulable phosphor, more particularly to a radiation image storage panel which can stand uses for a long term.
Radiation image such as X-ray image has been frequently used for diagnosis of diseases, etc. For obtaining this X-ray image, the so-called radiation photography has been utilized, in which X-ray which has passed through a subject is irradiated on a phosphor layer (fluorescent screen), thereby forming visible light, and the visible light is irradiated on the film by use of a silver salt and developed similarly as in conventional photographing. However, in recent years, there has been contrived the method in which images are directly taken out from the phosphor layer without use of a film coated with a silver salt.
As this method, there is the method in which the radiation passed through a subject is absorbed in a phosphor, then the radiation energy stored by the above absorption in the phosphor is permitted to be radiated as fluorescence by excitation of the phosphor with, for example, light or heat energy, and the fluorescence is detected to form an image. Specifically, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,859,527 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 12144/1980 disclose radiation image converting method with visible ray or IR-ray as the stimulating light by use of a stimulable phosphor. This method employs a radiation image storage panel having a stimulable phosphor layer formed on a support, and a latent image is formed by irradiating the radiation passed through a subject on the stimulable phosphor layer of the radiation image storage panel and accumulating the radiation energy corresponding to the transmission degree of the radiation at the respective portions of the subject, and thereafter the radiation energies stored at the respective portions are permitted to be radiated to be converted into light by scanning the stimulable phosphor layer with stimulating light, whereby images are obtained by the light signals according to intensity of the light. The final image may be reproduced as hard copy or reproduced on CRT.
The radiation image storage panel to be used in the radiation image converting method accumulates radiation image information and thereafter releases the stored energy by scanning of stimulating light, and therefore accumulation of radiation image can be again effected after scanning, thus enabling repeated uses.
Accordingly, the above radiation image storage panel should desirably have performances which can stand repeated uses for a long term or for a large number of times without deteriorating the image quality of the radiation image obtained. For this purpose, the stimulable phosphor layer in the above radiation image storage panel is required to be sufficiently protected from physical and chemical stimulations from outside.
Particularly, stimulable phosphors are strong in moisture absorption and when the above stimulable phosphor layer absorbs water, barium fluoride bromide type phosphor (e.g. BaFBr:Eu), etc. is decomposed to be lowered in sensitivity to radiation. Also, alkali halide type phosphors (e.g. RbBr:Tl), etc. are fluctuated in sensitivity to radiation by moisture absorption and dehumidication, and also increased or decreased in the fading speed of the radiation energy stored, whereby photographing conditions become unstable and also image quality of the radiation image obtained is deteriorated. For this reason, it has been desired to protect the above stimulable phosphor layer so that no water may be contained therein.
In the radiation image storage panel of the prior art, for solving the above problems, there has been employed a protective layer covering the stimulable phosphor layer, on the support of the radiation image storage panel.
This protective layer, as described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 42500/1984, is formed by direct coating of a coating solution for protective layer on the stimulable phosphor layer, or alternatively by adhering a previously separately formed protective layer onto the stimulable phosphor layer.
Further, the present inventors have proposed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 176900/1986 and Japanese Patent Application No. 156346/1985 a method for forming a protective layer by applying a coating solution for protective layer, containing a resin material which is cured by polycondensation or crosslinking reaction by irradiation of radiation and/or heating, on the stimulable phosphor layer and then curing the above resin material.
For increasing the life of the radiation image storage panel, further improvement, particularly in humidity resistance has been desired, but under the present situation, substantially no investigation has been made concerning moisture prevention except for the method for lowering moisture permeability of the above protective layer.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Order entered November 21, 2012
In The
ourt o[
igtritt ol !l exa at
No. 05-12-01313-CV
INSURANCE ALLIANCE, Appellant
VO
LAI~ TEXOMA HIGHPORT, LLC, Appellee
On Appeal from the 397th Judicial District Court
Grayson County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 08-0604-397
ORDER
The Court has before it court reporter Paula Thomas’s November 19, 2012 request for an
extension of time to file the reporter’s record. The Court GRANTS the request and ORDERS
Ms. Thomas to file the reporter’s record by December 3, 2012.
MOLLY
JUSTICE
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
<?php
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* software distributed under the License is distributed on an
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*
* @package thrift.protocol
*/
namespace Thrift\Protocol;
use Thrift\Protocol\TProtocol;
use Thrift\Type\TType;
use Thrift\Exception\TProtocolException;
use Thrift\Factory\TStringFuncFactory;
/**
* Binary implementation of the Thrift protocol.
*
*/
class TBinaryProtocol extends TProtocol {
const VERSION_MASK = 0xffff0000;
const VERSION_1 = 0x80010000;
protected $strictRead_ = false;
protected $strictWrite_ = true;
public function __construct($trans, $strictRead=false, $strictWrite=true) {
parent::__construct($trans);
$this->strictRead_ = $strictRead;
$this->strictWrite_ = $strictWrite;
}
public function writeMessageBegin($name, $type, $seqid) {
if ($this->strictWrite_) {
$version = self::VERSION_1 | $type;
return
$this->writeI32($version) +
$this->writeString($name) +
$this->writeI32($seqid);
} else {
return
$this->writeString($name) +
$this->writeByte($type) +
$this->writeI32($seqid);
}
}
public function writeMessageEnd() {
return 0;
}
public function writeStructBegin($name) {
return 0;
}
public function writeStructEnd() {
return 0;
}
public function writeFieldBegin($fieldName, $fieldType, $fieldId) {
return
$this->writeByte($fieldType) +
$this->writeI16($fieldId);
}
public function writeFieldEnd() {
return 0;
}
public function writeFieldStop() {
return
$this->writeByte(TType::STOP);
}
public function writeMapBegin($keyType, $valType, $size) {
return
$this->writeByte($keyType) +
$this->writeByte($valType) +
$this->writeI32($size);
}
public function writeMapEnd() {
return 0;
}
public function writeListBegin($elemType, $size) {
return
$this->writeByte($elemType) +
$this->writeI32($size);
}
public function writeListEnd() {
return 0;
}
public function writeSetBegin($elemType, $size) {
return
$this->writeByte($elemType) +
$this->writeI32($size);
}
public function writeSetEnd() {
return 0;
}
public function writeBool($value) {
$data = pack('c', $value ? 1 : 0);
$this->trans_->write($data, 1);
return 1;
}
public function writeByte($value) {
$data = pack('c', $value);
$this->trans_->write($data, 1);
return 1;
}
public function writeI16($value) {
$data = pack('n', $value);
$this->trans_->write($data, 2);
return 2;
}
public function writeI32($value) {
$data = pack('N', $value);
$this->trans_->write($data, 4);
return 4;
}
public function writeI64($value) {
// If we are on a 32bit architecture we have to explicitly deal with
// 64-bit twos-complement arithmetic since PHP wants to treat all ints
// as signed and any int over 2^31 - 1 as a float
if (PHP_INT_SIZE == 4) {
$neg = $value < 0;
if ($neg) {
$value *= -1;
}
$hi = (int)($value / 4294967296);
$lo = (int)$value;
if ($neg) {
$hi = ~$hi;
$lo = ~$lo;
if (($lo & (int)0xffffffff) == (int)0xffffffff) {
$lo = 0;
$hi++;
} else {
$lo++;
}
}
$data = pack('N2', $hi, $lo);
} else {
$hi = $value >> 32;
$lo = $value & 0xFFFFFFFF;
$data = pack('N2', $hi, $lo);
}
$this->trans_->write($data, 8);
return 8;
}
public function writeDouble($value) {
$data = pack('d', $value);
$this->trans_->write(strrev($data), 8);
return 8;
}
public function writeString($value) {
$len = TStringFuncFactory::create()->strlen($value);
$result = $this->writeI32($len);
if ($len) {
$this->trans_->write($value, $len);
}
return $result + $len;
}
public function readMessageBegin(&$name, &$type, &$seqid) {
$result = $this->readI32($sz);
if ($sz < 0) {
$version = (int) ($sz & self::VERSION_MASK);
if ($version != (int) self::VERSION_1) {
throw new TProtocolException('Bad version identifier: '.$sz, TProtocolException::BAD_VERSION);
}
$type = $sz & 0x000000ff;
$result +=
$this->readString($name) +
$this->readI32($seqid);
} else {
if ($this->strictRead_) {
throw new TProtocolException('No version identifier, old protocol client?', TProtocolException::BAD_VERSION);
} else {
// Handle pre-versioned input
$name = $this->trans_->readAll($sz);
$result +=
$sz +
$this->readByte($type) +
$this->readI32($seqid);
}
}
return $result;
}
public function readMessageEnd() {
return 0;
}
public function readStructBegin(&$name) {
$name = '';
return 0;
}
public function readStructEnd() {
return 0;
}
public function readFieldBegin(&$name, &$fieldType, &$fieldId) {
$result = $this->readByte($fieldType);
if ($fieldType == TType::STOP) {
$fieldId = 0;
return $result;
}
$result += $this->readI16($fieldId);
return $result;
}
public function readFieldEnd() {
return 0;
}
public function readMapBegin(&$keyType, &$valType, &$size) {
return
$this->readByte($keyType) +
$this->readByte($valType) +
$this->readI32($size);
}
public function readMapEnd() {
return 0;
}
public function readListBegin(&$elemType, &$size) {
return
$this->readByte($elemType) +
$this->readI32($size);
}
public function readListEnd() {
return 0;
}
public function readSetBegin(&$elemType, &$size) {
return
$this->readByte($elemType) +
$this->readI32($size);
}
public function readSetEnd() {
return 0;
}
public function readBool(&$value) {
$data = $this->trans_->readAll(1);
$arr = unpack('c', $data);
$value = $arr[1] == 1;
return 1;
}
public function readByte(&$value) {
$data = $this->trans_->readAll(1);
$arr = unpack('c', $data);
$value = $arr[1];
return 1;
}
public function readI16(&$value) {
$data = $this->trans_->readAll(2);
$arr = unpack('n', $data);
$value = $arr[1];
if ($value > 0x7fff) {
$value = 0 - (($value - 1) ^ 0xffff);
}
return 2;
}
public function readI32(&$value) {
$data = $this->trans_->readAll(4);
$arr = unpack('N', $data);
$value = $arr[1];
if ($value > 0x7fffffff) {
$value = 0 - (($value - 1) ^ 0xffffffff);
}
return 4;
}
public function readI64(&$value) {
$data = $this->trans_->readAll(8);
$arr = unpack('N2', $data);
// If we are on a 32bit architecture we have to explicitly deal with
// 64-bit twos-complement arithmetic since PHP wants to treat all ints
// as signed and any int over 2^31 - 1 as a float
if (PHP_INT_SIZE == 4) {
$hi = $arr[1];
$lo = $arr[2];
$isNeg = $hi < 0;
// Check for a negative
if ($isNeg) {
$hi = ~$hi & (int)0xffffffff;
$lo = ~$lo & (int)0xffffffff;
if ($lo == (int)0xffffffff) {
$hi++;
$lo = 0;
} else {
$lo++;
}
}
// Force 32bit words in excess of 2G to pe positive - we deal wigh sign
// explicitly below
if ($hi & (int)0x80000000) {
$hi &= (int)0x7fffffff;
$hi += 0x80000000;
}
if ($lo & (int)0x80000000) {
$lo &= (int)0x7fffffff;
$lo += 0x80000000;
}
$value = $hi * 4294967296 + $lo;
if ($isNeg) {
$value = 0 - $value;
}
} else {
// Upcast negatives in LSB bit
if ($arr[2] & 0x80000000) {
$arr[2] = $arr[2] & 0xffffffff;
}
// Check for a negative
if ($arr[1] & 0x80000000) {
$arr[1] = $arr[1] & 0xffffffff;
$arr[1] = $arr[1] ^ 0xffffffff;
$arr[2] = $arr[2] ^ 0xffffffff;
$value = 0 - $arr[1]*4294967296 - $arr[2] - 1;
} else {
$value = $arr[1]*4294967296 + $arr[2];
}
}
return 8;
}
public function readDouble(&$value) {
$data = strrev($this->trans_->readAll(8));
$arr = unpack('d', $data);
$value = $arr[1];
return 8;
}
public function readString(&$value) {
$result = $this->readI32($len);
if ($len) {
$value = $this->trans_->readAll($len);
} else {
$value = '';
}
return $result + $len;
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
"And I beheld, and heard the voice of one eagle flying through the midst of heaven, saying with a loud voice: Woe, woe, woe to the inhabitants of the earth....[Apocalypse (Revelation) 8:13]
Wednesday, September 27, 2017
THE END-DAYS REMEDIES REVEALED BY MARIE-JULIE JAHENNY OF FRANCE (1850-1941)
THE END-DAYS REMEDIES REVEALED BY MARIE-JULIE JAHENNY OF FRANCE (1850-1941)
for
THE THREE DAYS OF DARKNESS AND OTHER CALAMITIES
FIRST ...... be in the STATE OF GRACE!Prepare supplies and items necessary to survive the Three Days and Afterwards
The Three Days of Darkness have been announced by many
mystics such as Blessed Anna-Maria Taigi, Elizabeth Canori-Mora, Rosa-Colomba
Asdente, Palma d'Oria, in Italy; Father Nectou, in Belgium; St. Hildegard, in
Germany; Pere Lamy, Marie Baourdi, Marie Martel, Marie-Julie Jahenny, in
France. This list is not
exhaustive; many more mystics have announced the Three Days of Darkness.
Following are some natural and supernatural remedies to use
against the calamities, that are menacing the world as revealed to Marie-Julie
by our Lord and the Blessed Virgin.
1. THREE DAYS OF DARKNESS: Only BLESSED WAX CANDLES will give light. One such candle will
suffice for each household during the three days of darkness. They will not give
light in the homes of the impious and blasphemers.
2. FATAL PLAGUES: The
one and only remedy to protect oneself is to swallow a piece of very
thin paper (cigarette-paper) on which will be written: "O,
Jesu Christe, Victor Mortis, Salva Nos, O, Crux, Ave, Spes Unica." "O,
Jesus, Conqueror of Death, Save us, O, Cross, our only Hope, We greet
You."
3. FOR ANIMALS: One must put around
their necks a St. Benedict medal. Our Lady warned all
people to wear a St. Benedict medal.
4. DURING THE PERIOD OF THE GREAT CALAMITIES:(Earthquakes, wars,
floods. etc.) : Recite the
following prayer to the Holy Cross: "I hail thee, I adore
thee, I embrace thee, O, Adorable Cross of my Saviour, protect us, keep
us, save us, Jesus loved thee so much, by His example I love thee. By
thy holy image calm my fears, I only feel peace and confidence."
6. WARS AND REVOLUTIONS: (Our
Lord revealed
during an ecstacy): To dispel all fear
and terror, you will touch your forehead with a holy picture or a medal
of Mary Immaculate [the Miraculous Medal]. Your spirit will
remain calm. Your heart will not
fear the approach of the terror of men. Your spirit will not
experience the effects of My Great Justice.
7. UNKNOWN DISEASES (Given during an ecstacy) : A medal of My
Divine Heart, and a medal upon which is traced the Adorable Cross. You will steep into a
glass of water the two images, be it made of cardboard or metal. You will drink this
water that is twice blessed and twice purified. One drop only in your
food, one little drop, will suffice to drive away not the scourge, but the
scourges of My justice. (The Miraculous Medal
alone, fulfills the conditions required). You will give a drop
of this water to the poor souls touched by the scourge of unknown diseases,
those which attack the heart, the spirit, the word.
8. DIVERSE ILLNESSES: “You
will take an infusion of St. John's Wort especially during crisis,
sufferings of the chest and violent headaches. Hawthorn for cholera.
For unknown fevers, the humble violet, the perfume of virtue of humility
will have effect."
9. EPIDEMICS or EPIZOÖTICS: [epizootiology is the science dealing with the character, ecology, and causes of animal diseases. ed.cj]The Lord gives to
the great ST. BENEDICT [PATRON SAINT OF EUROPE! ed.cj] the power to alleviate this great calamity. A respectful
procession of the statue, made without any fear or dread, may arrest this
calamity.
10. EARTHLY AND CELESTIAL FIRE: The Sacred Heart of
Jesus: The heat will be
terrible ... a sign of the Cross made with holy water will diminish the heat
and drive away the sparks. You will kiss five
times small indulgenced crosses ... small crosses applied to the five wounds of
Jesus Crucified on a holy image. From such protection
may benefit souls, poor sinners, invoking My Immaculate Mother, Mother of
Salvation, Refuge and Reconciliation of sinners.
11. OBJECTS OF PROTECTION: The Holy Virgin: "Always have
ready and at hand your objects of protection: your blessed wax candles, your
medals, your pictures and holy objects from which flow all blessings." The Holy Virgin
says: "My little
children, it is faith, it is confidence, the most beautiful of all prayer which
obtains the most."
12. PLACES OF REFUGE: Revelation of the
Divine Heart of Jesus to Marie-Julie: "My loved
ones, there are three places of refuge (for the time of tribulations): My
Divine Heart, My Divine Cross, and My Beloved Immaculate Mother." St. Anne said the
same things to Marie-Julie: "You have
several places of refuge at the moment of chastisement: that of the Cross, the
Adorable Divine Heart, and the Virginal Heart of my Immaculate Daughter."13. THE MODE OF USING THE HAWTHORN AS GIVEN BY OUR BLESSED MOTHER:"There
will be a grave illness which human science will not be able to
alleviate. This illness will attack firstly the heart, then the spirit,
and at the same time, the tongue. It will be horrible. The heat
accompanying it will be a devouring fire insupportable and so intense
that the members of the body affected will be red -- an unendurable
fiery red. At the end of seven days this disease, sown like a seed in
the field (incubation period) will spread everywhere rapidly and make
great progress." "My children, here is the ONLY remedy which could save
you. You are familiar with the Hawthorn which grows practically in all
hedges. The leaves of the Hawthorn, not the wood, can arrest the
progress of this disease." "You will gather the leaves, not the wood.
Even dry, they will keep their efficacy. You will put them into boiling
water and leave them there for 14 minutes, covering the receptacle so
that the steam remains therein. At the onset of this disease, one must
use this remedy three times a day." "This disease will produce a
continual vomiting and nausea. If the remedy is taken too late, the
part of the body affected will become black and in the black there will
be seen a sort of pale, yellow streak."
INFORMATION FROM WIKIPEDIA ABOUT SOME REMEDIES MARIE-JULIE JAHENNY RECOMMENDED:
ST JOHN'S WORT, HYPERICUM PERFORATUM, IS NOT THE SAME PLANT AS GROUND-IVY, GLECHOMA HEDERACEA
However,they are both medicinal plants. So that no one will make the mistake of equating the two, I'm giving the Wikipedia description of both.
GROUND-IVY
Ground-Ivy "Glechoma hederacea (syn. Nepeta glechoma Benth., Nepeta hederacea (L.) Trevir.) is an aromatic, perennial, evergreencreeper of the mint family Lamiaceae.
It is commonly known as Ground-ivy, gill-over-the-ground or Creeping
Charlie. It has numerous medicinal uses, and is commonly used as a salad
green in many countries. European settlers carried it around the world,
and it has become a well established naturalized/introduced plant in a
wide variety of localities.
GROUND-IVY
Glechoma hederacea
"Glechoma hederacea is native to
Europe and southwestern Asia but has been introduced to North America
and is now common in most regions other than the Rocky Mountains ...
"Glechoma is sometimes confused with common mallow or Malva neglecta,
which also has round, lobed leaves; but mallow leaves are attached to
the stem at the back of a rounded leaf, where ground ivy has square
stems and leaves which are attached in the center of the leaf, more
prominent rounded lobes on their edges, attach to the stems in an
opposite arrangement, and have a hairy upper surface. In addition,
mallow and other creeping plants sometimes confused with ground ivy do
not spread from nodes on stems. In addition, ground ivy emits a
distinctive odor when damaged, being a member of the mint family.
GROUND-IVY
Glechoma hederacea
"The flowers of Glechoma are
bilaterally symmetrical, funnel shaped, blue or bluish-violet to
lavender, and grow in opposed clusters of 2 or 3 flowers in the leaf axils on the upper part of the stem or near the tip. It usually flowers in the spring ...
"Glechoma is quite attractive. It is grown as a potted plant and occasionally as a ground cover. Easily cultivated, it grows well in shaded places. A variegated
variety is commercially available; in many areas this is the dominant
form which has escaped cultivation and become established as an
aggressive, adventitious ground cover.
"While often thought of as a weed because of its propensity for spreading, Glechoma
has culinary and medicinal uses which were the cause of its being
imported to America by early European settlers. The fresh herb can be
rinsed and steeped in hot water to create an herbal tea which is rich in vitamin C.
It has a distinctive, mildly peppery flavor; it can be cooked as a pot
herb, although it is most commonly eaten as a fresh salad green.Glechoma was also widely used by the Saxons in brewingbeer as flavoring, clarification, and preservative, before the introduction of hops for these purposes; thus the brewing-related names, Alehoof, Tunhoof, and Gill-over-the-ground ...
"Glechoma has been used in the cheese-making process as a substitute for animal rennet ...
"SAFETY Although it has been used as a salad green and in herbal medicines for thousands of years, the safety of Glechoma hederacea has not been established scientifically, and THERE IS SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO WARRANT CAUTION WITH ITS USE.Glechoma hederacea is toxic to cattle and horses. It is known to contain terpenoids; terpene-rich volatile oils are known to irritate the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys. The volatile oil also contains pulegone, a chemical also occurring in pennyroyal that is a known irritant, toxic to the liver, and ALSO AN ABORTIFACIENT. The total yield of volatile oil in Glechoma is less than 1/30th the concentration that of pennyroyal ..."
ST JOHN'S WORT
"St John's wort is the plantspeciesHypericum perforatum, and is also known as Tipton's weed, rosin rose, goatweed, chase-devil, or Klamath weed. With qualifiers, St John's wort is used to refer to any species of the genus Hypericum. Therefore, H. perforatum is sometimes called common St John's wort or perforate St John's wort to differentiate it. The species of Hypericum are classified in the Hypericaceae family, having previously been classified as Guttiferae or Clusiaceae. Approximately 370 species of the genus Hypericum exist worldwide with a native geographical distribution including temperate and subtropical regions of North America, Europe, Turkey, Ukraine, Russia, India, China and Brazil. St John's wort is widely known as an herbal medicine for treating depression...
"Hypericum perforatum is a yellow-flowering, stoloniferous or sarmentose,perennialherb indigenous to Europe,
which has been introduced to many temperate areas of the world and
grows wild in many meadows. The common name comes from its traditional
flowering and harvesting on St John's day, 24 June. The genus name Hypericum is derived from the Greek words hyper (above) and eikon
(picture), in reference to the traditional use of the plant to ward off
evil, by hanging plants over a religious icon in the house during St
John's day. The species name perforatum
refers to the presence of small oil glands in the leaves that look like
windows, which can be seen when they are held against the light...
"St John's wort is a perennial plant with extensive, creeping rhizomes.
Its stems are erect, branched in the upper section, and can grow to 1 m
high. It has opposing, stalkless, narrow, oblong leaves that are 12 mm
long or slightly larger. The leaves are yellow-green in color, with
transparent dots throughout the tissue and occasionally with a few black
dots on the lower surface. Leaves exhibit obvious translucent dots when
held up to the light, giving them a ‘perforated’ appearance, hence the
plant's Latin name...
ST JOHN'S WORT
Hypericum perforatum
ST JOHN'S WORT
Hypericum perforatum
"Its
flowers measure up to 2.5 cm across, have five petals, and are colored
bright yellow with conspicuous black dots. The flowers appear in broad cymes at the ends of the upper branches, between late spring and early to mid summer. The sepals are pointed, with glandular dots in the tissue. There are many stamens, which are united at the base into three bundles. The pollen grains are ellipsoidal.When flower buds (not the flowers themselves) or seed pods are crushed, a reddish/purple liquid is produced...
MEDICINAL USES "St John's Wort is widely known as an herbal treatment for depression. In some countries, such as Germany,
it is commonly prescribed for mild depression, especially in children
and adolescents. It is proposed that the mechanism of action of St.
John's wort is due to the inhibition of reuptake of certain
neurotransmitters..."
TRADCATKNIGHT VIDEOS!
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Archbishop Lefebvre
“This Second Vatican Council Reform, since it has issued from Liberalism and from Modernism, is entirely corrupt; it comes from heresy and results in heresy, even if all its acts are not formally heretical. It is thus impossible for any faithful Catholic who is aware of these things to adopt this Reform, or to submit to it in any way at all. To ensure our salvation, the only attitude of fidelity to the Church and to Catholic doctrine, is a categorical refusal to accept the Reform.”
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Archbishop Lefebvre
“And we have the precise conviction that this new rite of Mass expresses a new faith, a faith which is not ours, a faith which is not the Catholic Faith. This New Mass is a symbol, is an expression, is an image of a new faith, of a Modernist faith. ….Now it is evident that the new rite, if I may say so, supposes another conception of the Catholic religion-another religion.”
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Archbishop Lefebvre
That Conciliar Church is a schismatic Church, because it breaks with the Catholic Church that has always been. It has its new dogmas, its new priesthood, its new institutions, its new worship, all already condemned by the Church in many a document, official and definitive.... The Church that affirms such errors is at once schismatic and heretical. This Conciliar Church is, therefore, not Catholic. To whatever extent Pope, Bishops, priests, or faithful adhere to this new Church, they separate themselves from the Catholic Church...
Fr. Hesse Summary on Vatican II
Vatican II = Heretical & Schismatic
Exposing Vatican II & New Mass, Fr. Villa
Archbishop Lefebvre
“Well, we are not of this religion. We do not accept this new religion. We are of the religion of all time; we are of the Catholic religion. We are not of this 'universal religion' as they call it today-this is not the Catholic religion any more. We are not of this Liberal, Modernist religion which has its own worship, its own priests, its own faith, its own catechisms, its own Bible, the 'ecumenical Bible'-these things we do not accept."
Traditional Quotes & Prayers
The Real 3rd Secret of Fatima
Inlcudes Vatican II and the soon Apostate Church..."...because Fatima is a very apocalyptic message. It says that no matter what happens there are going to be terrible wars, there are going to be diseases, whole nations are going to be wiped out, there are going to be 3 days darkness, there are going to be epidemics that will wipe out whole nations overnight, parts of the earth will be washed away at sea and violent tornadoes and storms. It's not a nice message at all." Fr Malachi Martin
SSPX Marian Corps Donations
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Fr. Chazal
Fr. Girouard
Or send a cheque made out to Fr. Patrick Girouard at : P.O.Box 1543, Aldergrove, BC, V4W 2V1, Canada.
St. Marcel Initiative
Or, if you prefer, in the U.S., make your contribution by telephone, toll free: 855-4-S. Marcel (855.476.2723), or internationally, by sending your donation directly to donations@stmarcelinitiative.com via PayPal.
TCK TESTIMONIALS
Eric Gajewski, Founder of DefeatModernism(formerly known as Defeat the Heresies)
Resistance Forum
True Traditionalist Forum
Pope XII: “Suicide Of Altering the Faith In Her Liturgy…..”
"I am worried by the Blessed Virgin's messages to Lucy of Fatima. This persistence of Mary about the dangers which menace the Church is a divine warning against the suicide of altering the Faith, in Her liturgy, Her theology and Her soul. … I hear all around me innovators who wish to dismantle the Sacred Chapel, destroy the universal flame of the Church, reject Her ornaments and make Her feel remorse for Her historical past."A day will come when the civilized world will deny its God, when the Church will doubt as Peter doubted. She will be tempted to believe that man has become God. In our churches, Christians will search in vain for the red lamp where God awaits them. Like Mary Magdalene, weeping before the empty tomb, they will ask, 'Where have they taken Him?'"
ALEXA RANK
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St. Bernard:
Go forth confidently then, you knights, and repel the foes of the cross of Christ with a stalwart heart. Know that neither death nor life can separate you from the love of God which is in Jesus Christ, and in every peril repeat, "Whether we live or whether we die, we are the Lord's." What a glory to return in victory from such a battle! How blessed to die there as a martyr! Rejoice, brave athlete, if you live and conquer in the Lord; but glory and exult even more if you die and join your Lord. Life indeed is a fruitful thing and victory is glorious, but a holy death is more important than either. If they are blessed who die in the Lord, how much more are they who die for the Lord!
How secure, I say, is life when death is anticipated without fear; or rather when it is desired with feeling and embraced with reverence! How holy and secure this knighthood and how entirely free of the double risk run by those men who fight not for Christ! Whenever you go forth, O worldly warrior, you must fear lest the bodily death of your foe should mean your own spiritual death, or lest perhaps your body and soul together should be slain by him.
Indeed, danger or victory for a Christian depends on the dispositions of his heart and not on the fortunes of war. If he fights for a good reason, the issue of his fight can never be evil; and likewise the results can never be considered good if the reason were evil and the intentions perverse. If you happen to be killed while you are seeking only to kill another, you die a murderer. If you succeed, and by your will to overcome and to conquer you perchance kill a man, you live a murderer. Now it will not do to be a murderer, living or dead, victorious or vanquished. What an unhappy victory--to have conquered a man while yielding to vice, and to indulge in an empty glory at his fall when wrath and pride have gotten the better of you!
But what of those who kill neither in the heat of revenge nor in the swelling of pride, but simply in order to save themselves? Even this sort of victory I would not call good, since bodily death is really a lesser evil than spiritual death. The soul need not die when the body does. No, it is the soul which sins that shall die.
The knight of Christ, I say, may strike with confidence and die yet more confidently, for he serves Christ when he strikes, and serves himself when he falls. Neither does he bear the sword in vain, for he is God's minister, for the punishment of evildoers and for the praise of the good. If he kills an evildoer, he is not a mankiller, but, if I may so put it, a killer of evil. He is evidently the avenger of Christ towards evildoers and he is rightly considered a defender of Christians. Should he be killed himself, we know that he has not perished, but has come safely into port.
Once he finds himself in the thick of battle, this knight sets aside his previous gentleness, as if to say, "Do I not hate those who hate you, O Lord; am I not disgusted with your enemies?" These men at once fall violently upon the foe, regarding them as so many sheep. No matter how outnumbered they are, they never regard these as fierce barbarians or as awe-inspiring hordes. Nor do they presume on their own strength, but trust in the Lord of armies to grant them the victory.
.
.
Saint Athanasius
"May God console you! ... What saddens you ... is the fact that others have occupied the churches by violence, while during this time you are on the outside. It is a fact that they have the premises – but you have the Apostolic Faith. They can occupy our churches, but they are outside the true Faith. You remain outside the places of worship, but the Faith dwells within you. Let us consider: what is more important, the place or the Faith?The true Faith, obviously. Who has lost and who has won in the struggle – the one who keeps the premises or the one who keeps the Faith? True, the premises are good when the Apostolic Faith is preached there; they are holy if everything takes place there in a holy way ..."You are the ones who are happy; you who remain within the Church by your Faith, who hold firmly to the foundations of the Faith which has come down to you from Apostolic Tradition. And if an execrable jealousy has tried to shake it on a number of occasions, it has not succeeded. They are the ones who have broken away from it in the present crisis. No one, ever, will prevail against your Faith, beloved Brothers. And we believe that God will give us our churches back some day. "Thus, the more violently they try to occupy the places of worship, the more they separate themselves from the Church. They claim that they represent the Church; but in reality, they are the ones who are expelling themselves from it and going astray. Even if Catholics faithful to Tradition are reduced to a handful, they are the ones who are the true Church of Jesus Christ."
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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|
A Queens park that got high grades in a new report is no bed of roses, local activists say.
Little Bay Park earned an A-plus in a New Yorkers for Parks report released yesterday, including a grade of 93 for its bathrooms.
But “there’s no bathrooms,” said local park advocate Alfredo Centola.
Instead, the 55-acre park in Bayside has dingy port-a-potties — including one that was set on fire, leaving it melted into the weeded ground.
“If they consider bushes bathrooms, they can get a 93,” Centola said.
He said the park also needs more drinking fountains — despite scoring a 100 in that category — and better lawns and athletic equipment. The park has only two fountains, and none worked yesterday.
The playing fields are currently uneven, and filled with holes, a Post reporter found. Crossbars on soccer goals were bent, and the goals’ netting were ripped to shreds.
“There are flooding conditions the minute it rains,” said Centola. “Even in light rains, the kids playing on the soccer field slip in mud.”
Holly Leicht, executive director of New Yorkers for Parks — which is listed on the city Parks Department Web site as a “partner” of the agency — said surveyors examined the parks in the summer.
She acknowledged conditions might have changed.
“These scores are a snapshot in time,” she said.
New Yorkers for Parks surveyed 43 parks in the city last year ranging from 20 acres to 500 acres. Together, they scored an average of a B-plus rating for maintenance, up from a B in 2011.
Judi Francis, co-chair of the NYC Sierra Club’s parks committee and a Brooklyn activist, said she’s not taking the grades serious.
“They looked at many of top 40 or so larger parks in the city,” Francis said. “But what about the lower 40 — the ones that are not shiny examples that Mayor Bloomberg wants to show off?”
But New Yorkers for Parks said it uses “an objective methodology to determine the parks surveyed,” adding it’s an independent group and that any suggestion that it “would only survey certain parks to make the administration look good is absurd.”
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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Quail, Virginia
Quail is an unincorporated community in Louisa County, Virginia, United States.
References
Category:Unincorporated communities in Louisa County, Virginia
Category:Unincorporated communities in Virginia
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
M3 with temperature sensor. Credit: Martin Vloet, University of Michigan
Michigan Micro Mote (M3) is the world's smallest computer. How small? It's about the size of a grain of rice. A University of Michigan's March report can tell you that the team behind the computer have come up with a fully autonomous system that can act as a smart sensing system. "To be 'complete,' a computer system must have an input of data, the ability to process that data - meaning process and store it, make decisions about what to do next – and ultimately, the ability to output the data," said David Blaauw, one of the faculty members who achieved the Michigan Micro Mote.
Kaustubh Katdare in Crazy Engineers said on Wednesday, "It requires no special imagination to understand that as more things get connected with each other, the size of computers operating behind the scenes must be smaller." He said "the Michigan Mote opens up new avenues towards the world of Internet of Things (IoT)."
Sensors are the input; radios are the output. Solar cells power the battery with ambient light, said the university report detailing the work and features of this computer. Therein lies a key word in this story, "battery," or what the engineering world refers to as the size/power matchup. "As you shrink down in size," said Blaauw, the percentage of the system tends to be dominated by the battery. It's actually not hard to make chips small, but it is hard to make them low power. We could have very small chips, but we'd still end up with really large batteries."
They use a 1mm2 solar cell producing 20nW. The device can harvest enough energy under ambient light to run perpetually. Standby power consumption is 2nA, "a million times less power than the average mobile phone consumes while on standby."
Operating at low power during the "sleep" time is one of the many keys to the success of this technology, said the report.
The computer is built in stacked layers. They communicate through a universal interface protocol, MBus. Just by exchanging one layer with another, a new sensing system is achieved. The computers can collect and transmit data as far as 2 meters; they can monitor a room for motion or anomalies in pressure and temperature, and communicate that data to a base station. Blaauw said the work ahead is getting the sensors to talk to one another and extend range to about 20m. David Wentzloff, another faculty member behind the computer, is leading the effort to increase its ability to communicate over longer distances, said the report.
Cross-Section of the Michigan Micro Mote Imager.
Of what practical use is this computer? A helpful way to get answers is to ask, who would need mini-computer sensing devices? The Michigan group is sending the computer to interested researchers. Home automation and industrial, medical and environmental monitoring are some of the potential application areas that would come to mind and, in the bigger picture, advance the Internet of Things.
Those behind the achievement, said the report, are Michigan faculty members David Blaauw, Dennis Sylvester, David Wentzloff, Prabal Dutta and several key graduate students over the years. Some have already founded companies to exploit aspects of the technology.
Explore further How can we really get to a trillion sensors to power the Internet of Things?
© 2015 Tech Xplore
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"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
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Infection levels of plerocercoids of the tapeworm Triaenophorus crassus and feeding strategy in two fish species from the ultra-oligotrophic Lake Achensee, Austria.
Thus far, high burdens of Triaenophorus crassus plerocercoids have been reported only in old age groups of coregonid and salmonid fishes. Here we show heavy infection with T. crassus in young whitefish Coregonus lavaretus in the ultra-oligotrophic and regulated Achensee in Tyrol, Austria. Prevalence of T. crassus on C. lavaretus was 100% in all age groups and abundance significantly increased with fish age. The mean annual accumulation of T. crassus was 5.2 parasites in 0- to 7-year-old C. lavaretus, and 2-year-old specimens already harboured a mean of 19.4 plerocercoids. In Arctic charr Salvelinus umbla, however, the prevalence of T. crassus was less than 16% and the majority of infected fish contained only one or two plerocercoids. Triaenophorus nodulosus was present neither in C. lavaretus nor in S. umbla. We assume that the heavy T. crassus infection in C. lavaretus is largely related to their zooplankton-dominated diet and to the characteristics of Achensee, while habitat choice and feeding strategy of the S. umbla population are seen to be the main reasons for their low burdens of T. crassus.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA
(Phys.org) -- In this image, the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has captured the brilliance of the compact center of Messier 70, a globular cluster. Quarters are always tight in globular clusters, where the mutual hold of gravity binds together hundreds of thousands of stars in a small region of space. Having this many shining stars piled on top of one another from our perspective makes globular clusters a popular target for amateur skywatchers and scientists alike.
Messier 70 offers a special case because it has undergone what is known as a core collapse. In these clusters, even more stars squeeze into the object's core than on average, such that the brightness of the cluster increases steadily towards its center.
The legions of stars in a globular cluster orbit about a shared center of gravity. Some stars maintain relatively circular orbits, while others loop out into the cluster's fringes. As the stars interact with each other over time, lighter stars tend to pick up speed and migrate out toward the cluster's edges, while the heavier stars slow and congregate in orbits toward the center. This huddling effect produces the denser, brighter centers characteristic of core-collapsed clusters. About a fifth of the more than 150 globular clusters in the Milky Way have undergone a core collapse.
Although many globular clusters call the galaxy's edges home, Messier 70 orbits close to the Milky Way's center, around 30 000 light-years away from the Solar System. It is remarkable that Messier 70 has held together so well, given the strong gravitational pull of the Milky Way's hub.
Messier 70 is only about 68 light-years in diameter and can be seen, albeit very faintly, with binoculars in dark skies in the constellation of Sagittarius (The Archer). French astronomer Charles Messier documented the object in 1780 as the seventieth entry in his famous astronomical catalogue.
This picture was obtained with the Wide Field Camera of Hubbles Advanced Camera for Surveys. The field of view is around 3.3 by 3.3 arcminutes.
Explore further Glittering jewels of Messier 9
|
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//
// Generated by class-dump 3.5 (64 bit) (Debug version compiled Oct 15 2018 10:31:50).
//
// class-dump is Copyright (C) 1997-1998, 2000-2001, 2004-2015 by Steve Nygard.
//
#import <objc/NSObject.h>
@class SCRUIElement;
__attribute__((visibility("hidden")))
@interface SCRChildrenHashNode : NSObject
{
SCRUIElement *_uiElement;
unsigned long long *_childrenCount;
unsigned long long _childrenHash;
}
- (void).cxx_destruct;
@property(nonatomic) unsigned long long childrenHash; // @synthesize childrenHash=_childrenHash;
@property(nonatomic) unsigned long long *childrenCount; // @synthesize childrenCount=_childrenCount;
@property(retain, nonatomic) SCRUIElement *uiElement; // @synthesize uiElement=_uiElement;
- (BOOL)didChildrenHashChange;
- (id)initWithUIElement:(id)arg1 childrenHash:(unsigned long long)arg2;
- (id)init;
@end
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Natural Beauty In My Life | Aletha And Her 17 Years Of Au Naturale My sister, Aletha, and I were chillin' at the Parentals on Sunday afternoon and I was really interested on how she viewed her own natural hair. So I thought I would ask her a bunch of questions just to see how she felt about her hair. So I blurted, "I want to talk about your natural hair. Is that okay?" Aletha scream, "Yay!" This is awesome! She gets excited talking about her hair like I do mine. So here we go:
Aletha And Her 17 Years Of Au Naturale
All About My Natural
How long have you been natural?
All my life. That would be 17 years.
How would you describe your hair?
My hair is really thick and really curly.
How long is your hair?
My hair is a little past my arm pits.
What made you stay natural as opposed to getting a relaxer?
Well, getting a relaxer - I feel it would make my hair fall out. I really don't know too much about relaxers. And I like my curly hair. It really brings out my personality. I mean, it enhances my beauty. I really don't see myself with straight hair.
What do you love most about your hair?
I love how thick my hair is. Everyone tells me, "Oo girl you thick!" And I'm like, "Yasss hunty! Both ways baby!" But that's clearly off topic [chuckles]. I just love my thick, curly hair and no one can take that away from me. I feel awesome!
How do you feel being a naturalista?
I never really knew what 'being natural' meant at first. And before I knew that, I always wanted my hair straight. That was years ago. But now that I do know what 'being natural' means, I feel awesome about being a naturalista. My hair is very precious to me and I feel really good about myself.
All About My Regimen And Products
What are your fav hair products?
I love aloe vera juice, Shea Moisture Smoothie, and Olive oil . That's all I need for my hair.
Where do you get these products?
I don't purchase my products. I get them from my sister, Christina.
What is your hair routine like?
Well, when I get up in the morning, I spray my hair with water and aloe vera juice. Then I massage olive oil on my scalp and edges. Then I add the Smoothie on my Afro to give it a bit fluffy-ness. I always wear an Afro puff, so that's about it for me. Oh! And I wear my satin bonnet every night. Very simple.
Natural Beauty In My Life | Aletha And Her 17 Years Of Au Naturale What is your Wash Day like?
I use Suave shampoo and conditioner. I wash my hair twice a month. Not too hard.
Are you improving your hair routine or do you have it down?
Well, let me say this: at first, I was terrible - like I never did anything with my hair. I was a full-on tomboy with no hair ambition. I used to not pay attention to my hair at all. But now, I feel good about my hair. So my hair routine is improving.
Do you make any DIY products for your hair?
Other than the water, aloe vera juice, and olive oil in my spray bottle, not really.
How do you handle your edges?
I make sure I massage my edges when I can remember. Even when olive oil is in my spray bottle, I make sure I still massage my edges to give them that TLC. I care for my edges the most.
Do you trim your hair?
I do not trim my hair. I have never had a trim in my life.
All About My Styling
What are your favorite natural hair styles?
My favs are the Afro and Afro puff. I do love faux hawks too. But anything Afro-tastic, I absolutely love.
What styles would you like to try?
Well, I actually like what I do. Afro-ness all the way!
Natural Beauty In My Life | Aletha And Her 17 Years Of Au Naturale
Do you have any faux/extension styles you like?
I have gotten extensions here and there, and they were cute. So every now and again, I would do braids to take a break from my hair. But nothing sewn, glued, hammed, or taped - I don't want anything like that. I feel like all that extra weave rips your hair out. I don't trust them.
What are some things you see other naturalistas doing that you just cannot seem to do?
I don't really pay attention to what other naturals do with their hair. I love their styles, but I don't compare my styles with theirs or wish I could do their styles on my hair.
Do you use heat on your hair?
I used to use heat, but I stopped doing it. For me, using any kind of heat is dumb. I don't like it. It takes too much time. And my hair stays straight for like...5 minutes! No point at all.
Natural Beauty In My Life | Aletha And Her 17 Years Of Au Naturale Do you color your hair?
I have not colored my hair, but when I had extensions I would have red highlights. I would like to try a light brown and maybe a blonde. I would love blue hair one day. Like that royal blue. Yes all blue hair!
All About Others and My Natural
What are other's reactions to your hair? Like family, friends, and strangers.
Family members say, 'You got some good hair,' and 'Your hair is so long.' But others would say, 'It's dry and you need to moisturize it...' and 'I don't like it...you should straighten it.' But I don't care either way. I love my hair!
Friends would say, 'OMG! Girl you have so much hair.' 'I want your hair!' 'Can we switch hair?' 'Oh man! Your hair!!!'
Strangers say, 'Oo! I love your curls' 'How do you get your hair like that?'
Do you mind when strangers touch your hair?
Not at all. I mean, just as long as they don't pull my hair. So yes, they can. Just don't pull and mess it up.
Natural Beauty In My Life | Aletha And Her 17 Years Of Au Naturale So let's say you are at a basketball game and you are sitting in your chair enjoying it. Then you feel someone touching your Afro puff...what would you say?
It really depends. If the person is just resting their hand in my hair like an arm rest, I'll be like, "Get out of my hair please..." But if they compliment my hair while touching it, I wouldn't mind.
All About My Memories And Experiences
What has been the most memorable part of your hair journey?
Well, I had to be 7 or 8 and I cut the top of my hair clean off. I mean, cut to the scalp of my head! Interesting story: My sisters played with Barbies and loved doing their hair. My sister, Christina, was always the hair dresser and would do hair cuts for the ones who would go in her shop. I think she really wanted to be a stylist. So I went to the bathroom to use my art scissors and cut the top of my hair right off!!
How did other's react to that 'cutting catastrophe?'
My mother was P.O.'d at my sisters about it. She really tried to cover the top of my hair by bringing the sides of my hair up to form a two strand twist on top...but you could clearly tell my hair was cut. I looked crazy!
Natural Beauty In My Life | Aletha And Her 17 Years Of Au Naturale [Christina insert: "I remember mom went to your (Aletha) school and spoke with the teacher [laughs uncontrollably] and said that you (Aletha) cut your hair. Mom said to make sure the children don't make fun of you [laughs crazy and without end]. I mean, you (Aletha) thought it was a game. You didn't know. [To Aletha] we had two Barbies that were exactly same. One with long hair and one with cut hair...Aletha thought she had a button to make her hair come back! [laughter and more laughter].
Was that the biggest mistake of your hair journey or are there other hair regrets?
Nope, that was pretty much it [chuckles].
Do you ever feel overwhelmed or frustrated about your hair?
Not at all.
Natural Beauty In My Life | Aletha And Her 17 Years Of Au Naturale Do you have any fav natural hair websites, blogs, YouTube videos, or books?
Well, the only thing I look at is Christina's... Desire My Natural . But I'm still learning.
All About My Goals and Inspirations
What are your goals for your natural hair?
My main goal is to just keep my hair healthy. That's about it. Just keeping my hair healthy and thick.
Natural Beauty In My Life | Aletha And Her 17 Years Of Au Naturale Anything else to add about your natural hair journey?
My natural hair journey has actually been really important to me. Most of the help came from my sister. I know how to do my hair effectively, moisturize, and seal my hair. I know when my hair is dry and when I need to wash it. Basically, I just want to better my hair throughout my hair journey.
Anything inspiration to others you are wanting to be natural?
Well, check out my sister's website! That's where I learn all my stuff. Also, enjoy your hair and love yourself always. Natural Beauty In My Life | Aletha
And Her 17 Years Of Au Naturale
Thank you love bug for doing this natural hair interview for my site! I'm sure you will inspire others with your hair journey. You surely have inspired me!
Check out All About Aletha articles:
Crochet Senegalese MoHawk With Freetress Braid
Halloween Costumes | The Characters Of The Wiz
Natural hair says: natural hair interviews are a way to get others to tell their hair story in hopes of inspiring others to continue on their own. Find hair interviews and hair stories to read and indulge in. Take notes as well. You may find something inspiring you to continue on your own hair journey.
Always Desire Your Natural,
Christina J
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First experimental evidence of potassium ordering in layered k4co7o14.
The layered P2-K4Co7O14 oxide has been prepared and characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, electrical conductivity, thermopower, and magnetic measurements. The crystal structure of K4Co7O14 (P6(3)/m space group, Z=2, a=7.5171(1) A, and c=12.371(1) A) consists of a stacking of slabs of edge-shared CoO6 octahedra with K+ ions occupying ordered positions in the interslab space, leading to a a0 radical7xa0 radical7 supercell. Potential energy calculations at 0 K are in good agreement with the ordered distribution of potassium ions in the (ab) plane. This oxide is metallic, and the magnetic susceptibility is of Pauli-type, which contrasts with the Curie-Weiss behavior of the homologous NaxCoO2 (x approximately 0.6) oxide with close alkali content. The thermopower at room temperature is about one-third that of polycrystalline Na0.6CoO2.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
Ajax request returns empty response using ServiceStack
total n00b when it comes to restful stuff, ajax, and so forth so please be gentle.
I have an issue whereby I have taken the example ServiceStack "Todo" service, and am trying to develop a mobile client using this service as a data source. I'm trying to learn how it all works so I can build a specific service which I feel SS is more suited to as opposed to WCF/WebAPI.
Anyway let's say that the Service is running on http://localhost:1234/api/todos
I have enabled CORS support based on cobbling together information found in various other posts.
So my Configure function looks like this:
Plugins.Add(new CorsFeature());
this.RequestFilters.Add((httpReq, httpRes, requestDto) =>
{
httpRes.AddHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*");
//Handles Request and closes Responses after emitting global HTTP Headers
if (httpReq.HttpMethod == "OPTIONS")
{
httpRes.AddHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Methods", "POST, GET, OPTIONS");
httpRes.AddHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", "X-Requested-With, Content-Type");
httpRes.StatusCode = 204;
httpRes.End();
}
});
and I have a service method like this on the TodoService:
[EnableCors]
public object Post(Todo todo)
{
var t = Repository.Store(todo);
return t;
}
Using a browser (FF/IE) If I call this ajax function:
var todo = { content: "this is a test" };
$.ajax(
{
type: "POST",
contentType: "application/json",
data: JSON.stringify(todo),
timeout:20000,
url: "http://localhost:1234/api/todos",
success: function (e) {
alert("added");
app.navigate("Todo");
},
error: function (x, a, t) {
alert("Error");
console.log(x);
console.log(a);
console.log(t);
}
}
);
from http://localhost:1234, then it all works fine. The todo gets added and in the success function, "e" contains the returned todo object the service created.
However, if I call this from anywhere else (http://localhost:9999 i.e the asp.net dev server that the mobile client app is running under) then, although the Service method executes, and the todo does get added on the server side, the response back to jquery is empty, and it hits the error function right away.
I'm convinced I am doing something dumb but I can't for the life of me see it.
Anyone have any clue? Thanks in advance...
Update: Well it seems to work OK now, the problem appeared to be
httpRes.AddHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*");
outside of the "OPTIONS" block.
So the code that works in apphost is
Plugins.Add(new CorsFeature());
this.RequestFilters.Add((httpReq, httpRes, requestDto) =>
{
//Handles Request and closes Responses after emitting global HTTP Headers
if (httpReq.HttpMethod == "OPTIONS")
{
httpRes.AddHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Methods", "POST, GET, OPTIONS");
httpRes.AddHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*");
httpRes.AddHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", "X-Requested-With, Content-Type");
httpRes.StatusCode = 204;
httpRes.End();
}
});
A:
so it turns out there was a problem in my original code; the amdended code is:
Plugins.Add(new CorsFeature());
this.RequestFilters.Add((httpReq, httpRes, requestDto) =>
{
//Handles Request and closes Responses after emitting global HTTP Headers
if (httpReq.HttpMethod == "OPTIONS")
{
httpRes.AddHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Methods", "POST, GET, OPTIONS");
//this line used to be outside the if block so was added to every header twice.
httpRes.AddHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*");
httpRes.AddHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", "X-Requested-With, Content-Type");
httpRes.StatusCode = 204;
httpRes.End();
}
});
So the CorsFeature() plugin would appear to be correctly handling all CORs stuff for POST, GET and the pre-flight OPTIONS request is being handled by the RequestFilter (confusion - why doesn't the plugin just handle the OPTIONS request?) ; in the old code, the allow-origin header was being added twice for every request (by the plugin and by the filter) and this seems to have been confusing either jquery or the browser.
Not that I fully understand any of this , I have some reading to do :) and it's all been rendered moot anyway since the mobile framework I am using (DXTreme) can't seem to handle anything other than JSONP (no good for me since I need POST/PUT) for a cross-domain Rest Data source, so I am already going to have to go the proxy route, or dump the framework, or find some other way around my issues.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
/*
Copyright The Kubernetes Authors.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/
// Code generated by lister-gen. DO NOT EDIT.
package v1beta1
import (
v1beta1 "k8s.io/api/storage/v1beta1"
"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/errors"
"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/labels"
"k8s.io/client-go/tools/cache"
)
// CSIDriverLister helps list CSIDrivers.
type CSIDriverLister interface {
// List lists all CSIDrivers in the indexer.
List(selector labels.Selector) (ret []*v1beta1.CSIDriver, err error)
// Get retrieves the CSIDriver from the index for a given name.
Get(name string) (*v1beta1.CSIDriver, error)
CSIDriverListerExpansion
}
// cSIDriverLister implements the CSIDriverLister interface.
type cSIDriverLister struct {
indexer cache.Indexer
}
// NewCSIDriverLister returns a new CSIDriverLister.
func NewCSIDriverLister(indexer cache.Indexer) CSIDriverLister {
return &cSIDriverLister{indexer: indexer}
}
// List lists all CSIDrivers in the indexer.
func (s *cSIDriverLister) List(selector labels.Selector) (ret []*v1beta1.CSIDriver, err error) {
err = cache.ListAll(s.indexer, selector, func(m interface{}) {
ret = append(ret, m.(*v1beta1.CSIDriver))
})
return ret, err
}
// Get retrieves the CSIDriver from the index for a given name.
func (s *cSIDriverLister) Get(name string) (*v1beta1.CSIDriver, error) {
obj, exists, err := s.indexer.GetByKey(name)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if !exists {
return nil, errors.NewNotFound(v1beta1.Resource("csidriver"), name)
}
return obj.(*v1beta1.CSIDriver), nil
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q:
Can you die when your plugged-in mobile phone falls in the bathtub?
I have questions related to the safety of using mobile devices in the bathtub. I always thought the danger in dropping it or getting water on it is mostly to the device, not to the person, but a recent accident made me doubt that.
Is it possible to die from the charging end of a high-power USB charger (which can deliver up to 20V) in the bathtub? (The charger itself would not be in the water, nor would be the wall cable.)
Is a mobile device dropped in the bathtub dangerous (to the person, not the device ;-) )?
Are there known instances when a submerged mobile device started to burn? (After all, the battery contains Lithium which can burn under water, and Lithium battery fires cannot be extinguished with water.)
A:
The phone itself can’t develop enough potential to cause a shock with burns - the battery is only 3.8V. Further, any stray currents would have been local to the phone, and would not have found a body path.
What might have happened is that she reached for the cord to plug in the phone, and she got shocked by the cord, and dropped the phone... and was not able to get the cord away. Very sad - what an unfortunate way to lose someone.
Then the underlying problem leading to this would be two things: a faulty charger, and a non-functioning or not-present GFCI that should have tripped.
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Upcycling unsold food from the market to reduce food waste
Since 2016, the Petite-Patrie food security organization known as CRAC has been recovering unsold food from Jean-Talon Market in an effort to fight food waste.
Recover. Redistribute. Support.
On paper, the process for fighting food waste is simple. Three times a week, CRAC volunteers pick up fruits and vegetables that merchants haven’t sold. Once sorted, the produce is added to food aid baskets that are distributed to families in the area. “Part of our mission is to give those in need the chance to eat fruits and vegetables all year round,” says Nathalie Bouchard, CRAC’s Executive Director.
But when it comes to fresh produce, there are various challenges. “To maximize the amount of produce redistributed, we had to set up a cold storage room at the market and buy a refrigerated truck,” says Nathalie. “Fortunately, we received funding from Rosemont—La Petite-Patrie borough.”
In 2018, an average of 1.5 tonnes of fruits and vegetables were recovered each week: mostly top-quality products that were saved from the trash thanks to the CRAC initiative.
(Available in French only)
Canning: A way to further reduce food waste
Nathalie and her team soon realized they could take the initiative a step further. “When large quantities of a particular fruit or vegetable like peppers came in, we struggled to redistribute them all before they spoiled. Plus, people were fed up with always getting the same thing in their baskets.” So the team decided to launch a new project, Les saisonniers font peau neuve, with the goal of giving new life to these fruits and vegetables.
With a grant from 100º and the Louis Bonduelle Foundation, CRAC hired a cook to can some of the fruits and vegetables it received. “We wanted to keep providing people with fresh fruits and vegetables, too,” explains Nathalie.
Throughout 2018, they explored ideas. “To create our recipe bank, we first had to determine which fruits and vegetables came in large quantities, when and how often,” says Nathalie. The cook then tried out ways to prepare them. The goal was to come up with recipes that involved minimal processing and limit costs as much as possible. Families got to test ketchup, chutney, gazpacho and spreads in the process.
CRAC aims to double the number of recipes by the end of 2019. It also plans to market its products. And in 2020, unsold produce from Jean-Talon Market will be on the shelves in CRAC’s solidarity grocery store—a brilliant way to reduce food waste even more!
Les saisonniers font peau neuve is a winner of the 100°call for proposals, “S’approvisionner autrement: fruits et légumes à l’année pour tous!” [Sourcing differently: Fruits and vegetables all year round for all!], conducted in partnership with the Louis Bonduelle Foundation.
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Activation of the complement system and leukocyte recruitment by Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom.
The scorpion Tityus serrulatus is considered one of the most dangerous species in Brazil. Its venom evokes an inflammatory response, although the exact mechanism of this effect is still unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Tityus serrulatus venom (TsV) on the complement system (CS) and on leukocyte recruitment. Complement consumption by TsV was evaluated using in vitro hemolytic assays, immunoelectrophoresis and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis of complement components (factor B and C3). In order to evaluate neutrophil migration induced in normal human serum (NHS) in the presence of TsV, in vitro chemotaxis assays were performed using the Boyden chamber model. In vitro TsV induced a concentration- and time-dependent reduction in hemolytic activity of the classical/lectin and alternative complement pathways, with samples of 43.0 microg and 43.4 microg, respectively, inhibiting 50% of the lytic activity. Alterations in C3 and factor B electrophoretic mobility after incubation of NHS with TsV, were identical to those obtained with zymosan (positive control). Incubation of NHS with TsV induced neutrophil chemotaxis similar to that observed with zymosan-activated serum. Our results show that TsV activates the CS, leading to factor B and C3 cleavage, to reduction of serum lytic activity and generation of complement chemotactic factors. Therefore, CS may play an important role in the inflammatory response observed upon scorpion envenomation.
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INDIANAPOLIS – A thousand union members and their allies are sitting in and blocking the entrances to the state Senate chamber here. The demonstrators, singing, playing music and chanting slogans, say they are fighting two anti-union measures that Republicans are seeking to pass in the state legislature.
Democrats, taking their lead from their counterparts in Wisconsin, are boycotting the senate proceedings, denying Republicans a quorum required to vote on the “right to work for less” proposals.
The bill Republicans had hoped to ram through today would prevent Indiana companies from entering union contracts that require workers to either join a union or pay dues to a union.
Another bill, HB 1585, would ban collective bargaining for state employees and would ban future governors from restoring it.
Chris Sanders, a member of the United Food and Commercial Workers for southern Indiana and Kentucky, is among those sitting in, playing his guitar. He said the Republican proposals would “take down the living standard of Indiana workers by over $5,000.”
In Wisconsin, meanwhile, thousands of union members and their allies continue their occupation of the state Capitol into its seventh day. The Steelworkers, led into the building last night by Leo Gerard, the union’s president, woke up this morning among hundreds who spent the night on the marble floors.
While they slept in there were reports that the Southern Central Federation of Labor, the AFL-CIO chapter that covers Madison, has voted to “make preparations” for a general strike and wants its Education Committee to discuss the issue of such a strike with the membership. The measure is seen as a way to increase pressure on the Wisconsin business community to get the governor to back off his attacks on unions. Many businesses are already indicating that they would support a compromise.
Photo: Melissa O’Rourke
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Lake Range
The Lake Range is a mountain range located in western Nevada in the United States. It is entirely in Washoe County, and the southern two-thirds are in the Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation. The range runs north-south for approximately and a width of generally less than .
The range is situated between Pyramid Lake to the west and the dry Winnemucca Lake to the east. To the southeast is the Mud Lake Slough, which previously connected Pyramid Lake to Winnemucca Lake. To the northwest is the San Emido Desert with the Fox Range beyond. To the east, Winnemucca Lake separates the Lake Range from the Nightingale Mountains and the Selenite Range. To the west, beyond Pyramid Lake are the Virginia and the Pah Rah ranges.
The named peaks of the Lake Range are (in order from north to south) Sweetwater Peak , Wildcat Peak , Tohakum Peak and Pyramid Peak ).
The Lake Range is the site of the final skirmish of the second battle of the Pyramid Lake War.
References
Category:Mountain ranges of Washoe County, Nevada
Category:Mountain ranges of Nevada
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Cory Redding
Cory Bartholomew Redding (born November 15, 1980) is a former American football defensive tackle. He was drafted by the Detroit Lions in the third round of the 2003 NFL Draft and played college football at Texas. Redding also played for the Seattle Seahawks, Baltimore Ravens, Indianapolis Colts and Arizona Cardinals.
Early years
He was born in Houston, Texas, the son of Carl Benjamin Redding and Mary Zerlene Brantley.
Redding played football at North Shore High School. In his senior year in 1999, he was named USA Today's Defensive Player of the Year and was a consensus All-American choice. He also excelled in track and field, winning the state Class 5A title in the discus as a junior and senior (career best toss of 193'9").
College career
Redding played college football for the Texas Longhorns at the University of Texas. During his four years there, he was a two-time All-Big 12 Conference selection and played in every game, including a string of 35 consecutive starts on the defensive line.
He finished his collegiate career with 201 tackles (123 solos), 21 sacks (174 yards), and 53 tackles for a loss totaling 249 yards (third on the school's career-record list).
Professional career
Detroit Lions
In the 2003 NFL Draft Redding was drafted by the Detroit Lions in the 3rd round (66th overall).
He became the starter at left defensive end prior to the 2004 season. In 2005, he played in all 16 games and set a career-high with 42 tackles (29 solo). He emerged in 2006 as one of the best inside pass-rushers in the NFL after moving from defensive end to tackle.
On February 22, 2007, the Lions placed the franchise tag on Redding and he was designated as the team's non-exclusive franchise player. On July 16, the Lions and Redding agreed to a seven-year, $49 million contract. The deal included over $16 million in guaranteed money. The move came amid a bit of controversy, as it made Redding the highest paid defensive end in the league.
Redding was placed on season-ending injured reserve with injuries to his knee and groin on December 12, 2008.
Seattle Seahawks
On March 14, 2009, Detroit traded him and a 2009 fifth-round draft pick to the Seattle Seahawks for linebacker Julian Peterson. He was expected to play defensive end on 1st and 2nd downs and play defensive tackle on 3rd downs for extra pass rush.
Baltimore Ravens
Redding signed a two-year contract with the Baltimore Ravens on March 22, 2010.
Redding intercepted a tipped pass by Drew Brees in a week 15 game against the New Orleans Saints on December 19, 2010 to help seal a big win for the Ravens. It was his first career interception. Redding recorded three sacks on the season. In a divisional playoff game against the Pittsburgh Steelers on January 15, 2011, Redding scored his first career touchdown after recovering a fumble by Ben Roethlisberger.
Redding had another solid season in 2011, recording 4 sacks and helping the Ravens defense allow the 2nd fewest yards in the league.
Indianapolis Colts
Redding signed with the Indianapolis Colts on March 14, 2012.
Arizona Cardinals
Redding signed with the Arizona Cardinals on March 11, 2015. On October 11, 2015, Redding had an interception against the Detroit Lions that he returned 30 yards. On December 27, 2015, Redding returned an Aaron Rodgers fumble 36 yards for a score against the Green Bay Packers.
In the last game of the regular season against the Seahawks, Redding injured his ankle and was put on Injured Reserve, missing the rest of that game and the playoffs. He was subsequently released on April 18, 2016. He retired on June 29, 2016.
References
External links
Arizona Cardinals bio
Indianapolis Colts bio
Seattle Seahawks bio
Category:1980 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Houston
Category:Players of American football from Texas
Category:American football defensive ends
Category:American football defensive tackles
Category:Texas Longhorns football players
Category:Detroit Lions players
Category:Seattle Seahawks players
Category:Baltimore Ravens players
Category:Indianapolis Colts players
Category:Arizona Cardinals players
Category:North Shore Senior High School (Texas) alumni
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INTRODUCTION {#s1}
============
Sexual reproduction is generally accepted as a process that occurs when opposite mating partners interact physically to produce genetically variable and, ideally over time, better adapted offspring. However, the ability to reproduce sexually in the absence of a partner is known to occur in some eukaryotes, where it has been described in species as diverse as the fan worm ([@R52]), land snail ([@R7]), and is commonplace in plants ([@R40]). Fungi are no exception, and indeed display a fascinating range of sexual strategies found in self-fertile basidiomycetes and ascomycetes, as reviewed by [@R26]. These fungi are known as homothallic, in contrast to heterothallic where outcrossing is obligatory ([@R6]).
Homothallism in fungi has historically been defined as the ability of a single spore to produce a sexually reproducing colony when propagated in complete isolation. This is the definition by which self-fertility was first described ([@R6]) and it is the strategy used to define the sexual status of a newly described fungal species. However, "homothallism" is an all-inclusive term that describes diverse sexual strategies. Describing a fungus as homothallic is therefore over-simplified, given that it can utilize one or more strategies to give rise to sexual progeny. The rapidly growing availability of fungal genome data ([@R49]) is allowing more intensive genetic inquiry into fungal mating and this will result in a more informed perspective on sexual reproduction, especially with respect to self-fertility. In this regard, it has become possible to define the various mechanisms underpinning homothallism from a genetic perspective and thus improve our understanding of the evolutionary outcomes of sexual reproduction as a whole.
In order to consider homothallism from a genetic standpoint, it is important to understand that sexual reproduction and mating specificity in fungi is controlled largely by genes present at the mating type (*MAT1*) locus ([@R22]). The allelic variants, or idiomorphs, of this locus encode one of two classes of proteins; those that give rise to the MAT-1 phenotype- the genes at the *MAT1-1* idiomorph- and those that give rise to the MAT-2 phenotype- the genes at the *MAT1-2* idiomorph ([@R53]). In its most commonly understood form, sexual reproduction requires the expression of genes from both these idiomorphs ([@R37]). Thus, fungal mating systems can be classified based on the genic content of the *MAT1* locus. Using this designation, homothallic individuals possess genes of both idiomorphs within a single cell, enabling combined *MAT1-1* and *MAT1-2* expression by a single individual. This is in contrast to individuals of heterothallic species that possess genes from only one of the two idiomorphs. In these species, the combined expression of genes from both these idiomorphs requires the presence of two opposite mating type partners.
While heterothallism represents a relatively simple and well-understood opposite mate interaction, homothallism constitutes a variety of distinct strategies that collectively allow for single individuals to sexually reproduce independently of an opposite mating partner. Although the genetic and biochemical mechanisms underlying a few of these homothallic sexual strategies have been elucidated in some (typically model) fungi, the majority remain unstudied. This review seeks to compare and contrast these mechanisms in terms of their causative molecular basis. It further aims to particularly emphasize the most recently described and unique form of homothallism known as unisexual reproduction.
CONVENTIONAL CATEGORIES OF HOMOTHALLISM {#s2}
=======================================
Primary homothallism {#s2a}
--------------------
Primary homothallism is the classic mechanism by which self-fertility is achieved. Here, species adhere to the strict genetic requirement of the combined expression of *MAT1-1* and *MAT1-2* genes in a single genome ([@R37]; [Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). This is exactly the opposite of heterothallism and, as such, primary homothallic species possess all the *MAT* genes typically found in both MAT-1 and MAT-2 isolates of a closely-related heterothallic species ([@R26]). Genes from the alternate idiomorphs can either exist at a single locus (linked or fused) or be present in separate regions (unlinked) within the genome ([@R44], [@R64], [@R13]).
The mechanism that governs primary homothallism has been relatively well studied in comparison to the other forms of this condition. This is most likely due to the model species *Aspergillus nidulans* exhibiting a primary homothallic sexual cycle ([@R45]). In this species, individuals derived from a single uninucleate and haploid cell are able to undergo sexual reproduction under environmentally conducive conditions ([@R55]). Genetically, primary homothallism was confirmed in *A. nidulans* when both the *MAT1-1-1* gene (possessing the conserved alpha domain) and the *MAT1-2-1* gene (possessing the conserved HMG box domain) were identified and shown to be expressed in a single genome ([@R41]). This is in contrast to heterothallic *Aspergillus* species, such as *A. parasiticus* and *A. fumigatus*, where individuals possess either the *MAT1-1-1* or the *MAT1-2-1* gene ([@R20], [@R39]).
Pseudohomothallism {#s2b}
------------------
Pseudohomothallism adheres to the physiological definition of homothallism and, as such, single spores of species exhibiting this type of self-fertility are fully able to undergo independent sexual reproduction ([@R58]). However, from a cellular and molecular standpoint, the underlying mechanism is more complex than that of primary homothallism and has consequently been referred to as an example of secondary homothallism ([@R58]) or functional heterothallism ([@R10], [@R26]).
In species exhibiting pseudohomothallic behaviour, self-fertility is the result of the packaging of two independent and opposite mating type nuclei within a single spore ([Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). This ensures that when the spore germinates, a heterokaryotic and thus self-fertile mycelium is produced ([@R9]). In this situation, a single spore actually contains the genetic complement of two opposite mating partners as two discrete nuclei. Functionally, it thus represents a heterothallic system that is able to occur within a single originating cell ([@R10]). This behaviour has been described in several species including *Neurospora tetrasperma* ([@R9]), *Podospora anserina* ([@R3]), and *Gelasinospora tetrasperma* ([@R11]).
Pseudohomothallism has been intensively studied in *N. tetrasperma*, where it was first described ([@R9]). In this species, a significant majority of the resulting ascospores are larger than those produced by closely-related heterothallic species. Furthermore, while heterothallic *Neurospora* species typically produce eight ascospores, *N. tetrasperma* produces only four ([@R9]). These large ascospores, representing about 90 % of those produced ([@R46]), possess two independent nuclei: one of which expresses the MAT-1 phenotype while the other expresses the MAT-2 phenotype ([@R9]). This comes about due to a programmed meiotic spindle alignment that allows two opposite mating type nuclei derived from a single diploid nucleus to be packaged in a single ascospore. This might be considered as a form of reproductive "assurance" allowing unhindered sexual reproduction even in the absence of a suitable mating partner ([@R31]). The remaining \~10 % of the ascospores produced in *N. tetrasperma* are much smaller, possess only a single nucleus, and thus express only one of the two mating types ([@R46]). These spores have been suggested to represent a mechanism whereby outcrossing can be maintained in the species, along with the benefits attributed to functional recombination ([@R46]). Asci comprised of both the large and small spores ensure that both homothallic and heterothallic reproduction can occur, thereby maintaining the benefits associated with both.
MATING TYPE SWITCHING {#s3}
=====================
A second mechanism that allows for homothallic behaviour is referred to as mating type switching and it represents yet another example of secondary homothallism ([@R26]). In this mating strategy, an individual of one mating type can undergo a switch to the opposite mating type, either bidirectionally (reversibly) or unidirectionally (irreversibly). This allows a single cell to produce a colony of mixed mating type that is subsequently able to reproduce sexually ([@R26]; [Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}).
Bidirectional Mating Type Switching {#s3a}
-----------------------------------
The first case of this unusual mating behaviour was described in *Saccharomyces cerevisiae,* after the species had been described as homothallic by one group of researchers ([@R62]) but heterothallic by another ([@R28], [@R29]). It was later shown that populations of this ascomycetous yeast are comprised of both self-fertile and self-sterile individuals. Once the genetic mechanism underlying this type of homothallism had been elucidated, it became apparent that every individual within the population, regardless of mating behaviour, possessed sequence of the *MAT1-1* idiomorph (termed *MAT**α***) as well as sequence of the *MAT1-2* idiomorph (termed *MAT**a***).
The presence of both mating type idiomorphs in a single cell appeared to be congruent with the standard homothallic requirement of the expression of genes from both mating types in a single cell. However, it did not explain the presence of self-sterile individuals in the population that also possessed all the genes typically required for sexual reproduction. Only then was it shown that, in addition to the typical *MAT1* locus that is present in this species, there are also two MTL (mating-type like) loci that flank the *MAT1* locus ([@R34]). While the active *MAT1* locus harbours sequence of only one of the *MAT* idiomorphs, the first MTL possesses *MAT1-1* sequence and is termed *HML**α*** and the second possesses *MAT1-2* sequence and is termed *HMR**a***. These MTL, however, are transcriptionally silent due to the presence of tightly wound heterochromatin. Consequently, the only *MAT* genes expressed in a single cell are those found at the active *MAT1* locus itself ([@R48]). This implies that any one cell can either be classified as MAT-1 or MAT-2, despite possessing sequence for both mating types. The consequence is that the species undergoes a traditional heterothallic cycle.
In *S. cerevisiae*, homothallic behaviour is due to a gene entirely independent of the *MAT1* locus and the associated MTL. This type of self-fertility is a result of the HO gene and its ability to initiate mating type switching events. The HO+ gene encodes an active endonuclease that recognizes the active *MAT1* locus, makes a double stranded DNA break and excises the locus ([@R33]). The flanking MTL of the opposite mating type is then used as a template from which a new *MAT1* locus can be constructed *via* gene conversion. This mechanism allows for a switch to take place from one mating type to the other due to the presence of MTL loci for both the *MAT**α*** and *MAT**a*** idiomorphs. It is, therefore, possible for a single originating cell to produce a colony of mixed mating types that is consequently able to sexually reproduce in a functionally heterothallic manner. If a cell possesses the inactive copy of the HO gene (HO-), it cannot switch and is thus considered self-sterile and not able to independently produce a sexually competent colony. The genetic mechanisms and cellular processes underlying this mechanism have been comprehensively reviewed ([@R17], [@R18]).
Unidirectional Mating Type Switching {#s3b}
------------------------------------
While the mechanisms underlying the bidirectional switching as observed in *S. cerevisiae* are well-defined, those relating to unidirectional switching remain poorly understood. This is possibly because this form of switching has only been observed in a small number of fungi residing in distantly-related genera including *Chromocrea, Ceratocystis*, *Glomerella,* and *Sclerotinia* ([@R57], [@R30], [@R54], [@R42], [@R19], [@R63], [@R60]). These fungi have not been included amongst the model organisms used in fungal genetics studies and thus their sexual strategies have not been clearly elucidated.
Unidirectional mating type switching has been partially investigated in *Chromocrea spinulosa*, where spore size is intricately linked to mating type and is most likely a pleiotropic expression of mating type ([@R30]). The asci of this species have eight two-celled ascospores, half of which are small and produce individuals of *l* mating type while the others are large and produce individuals of the *l+* mating type ([@R30]). When single ascospore isolates of *C. spinulosa* were originally produced in order to identify the species as heterothallic or homothallic, they segregated into both self-fertile and self-sterile individuals. The sexually competent individuals were shown to have arisen from the larger spores. Those remaining barren of sexual structures had been produced from smaller spores and could only undergo sexual reproduction when co-cultured with individuals derived from large spores ([@R30]).
Interestingly, the asci produced during the self-fertile, *l+* sexual cycle of *C. spinulosa* possessed four large and four small ascospores. This is despite the absence of an interaction with the *l* mating type partner which would have produced the small ascospores in a typical heterothallic reaction ([@R30]). The most likely explanation for this phenomenon is 'unidirectional mating type switching'. In this situation, hyphae of the *l+* mating type are able to switch *via* mating type mutation to the *l* mating type. This results in a mixed mating type culture that is then able to sexually reproduce in a functionally heterothallic process ([@R30]). The mechanism is treated as unidirectional because individuals derived from small ascospores are unable to switch their mating type and subsequently remain sexually inactive unless co-incubated with a suitable partner.
Unidirectional mating type switching is well-known in some species of *Ceratocystidaceae* ([@R8]), a group of important plant pathogens but one that has not received substantial attention from fungal geneticists. This sexual strategy was first recognized in the sweet potato black rot fungus *Ceratocystis fimbriata* ([@R56]). More recent studies of mating type switching in species of *Ceratocystidaceae* ([@R19], [@R63], [@R60]). [@R60] and [@R25] have shown that self-fertile isolates of *C. fimbriata* and *C. albifundus* have three genes at the *MAT1* locus, two of the *MAT1-1* idiomorph (*MAT1-1-1* and *MAT1-1-2*) and one of the *MAT1-2* idiomorph (*MAT1-2-1*). Ascospores produced during sexual reproduction segregate into those that produce self-fertile isolates and those that produce self-sterile isolates. Genetically, the switch from a self-fertile to a self-sterile mating strategy is the result of the complete deletion of that *MAT1-2-1* gene from the genome. This results in isolates with only *MAT1-1* genes ([@R63], [@R60]). How this change occurs has not been resolved, but it is thought to involve homologous recombination due to identical repeats that flank the *MAT1-2-1* gene ([@R60]). It remains necessary to determine the significance of the unidirectional mating type switching mechanism in *Ceratocystidaceae*. This is especially relevant considering that the self-sterile isolates with the *MAT1-2-1* deletion are significantly less fit than their self-fertile counterparts ([@R25]). It would thus be interesting to determine whether the unidirectional mating type switching observed in *C. fimbriata* could resemble the functionally heterothallic system seen in *Chromocrea spinulosa*, which would then preserve the self-sterile isolate despite its reduced fitness.
The existence of pseudohomothallism and mating type switching systems challenges our understanding of the concept of homothallism. In populations displaying these systems, fungi are considered functionally heterothallic, despite both mating partners being derived from a single originating cell. It has been speculated that these mating systems allow for the preservation of homothallic mating under circumstances where genetically distinct opposite mating partners are not easily accessible. Additionally, the ability to outcross under conditions where functional recombination is possible is also conserved ([@R26]). Nevertheless, systems such as pseudohomothallism and mating type switching preclude simplistic classification of fungi as either homothallic or heterothallic. While it is convenient to identify fungal species as either homothallic or heterothallic, such designations are often times naïve, especially when the species in question has both types of individuals. Not surprisingly, fungal classification by mating strategy is virtually impossible, not to mention very contentious ([@R62], [@R28]).
UNISEXUALITY-- AN UNUSUAL FORM OF HOMOTHALLISM {#s4}
==============================================
[@R16] discovered a novel form of homothallism in *Neurospora africana*. The same phenomenon was subsequently described in three other *Neurospora* species, *N. galapagosensis*, *N. dodgei*, and *N. lineolata* ([@R4]). While typically heterothallic *Neurospora* species occur and have either the *mat A* (homologous to *MAT1-1*) or the *mat a* (homologous to *MAT1-2*) idiomorphs ([@R14], [@R51]), some are self-fertile. These species have both the *mat A* and *mat a* idiomorphs in a single genome and in this regard, they exhibit primary homothallism ([@R4]). However, only the *mat A* idiomorph has been found in the homothallic *N. africana* and related species. They consequently provide an apt example of sexual reproduction in the absence of typically essential *MAT* genes ([@R16]). Interestingly, however, when closely-related heterothallic species are transformed with the *N. africana mat A* sequence, the self-fertility is not transferred ([@R16]). This suggests that other genetic mechanisms are responsible for the homothallic behaviour and that self-fertility is not the result of a unique function of the *mat A* sequence in the species.
The mating strategy in *N. africana* and species with the same behaviour has recently been termed unisexual reproduction. Its discovery and recognition represents a paradigm shift in the way we view homothallism. In all previously defined forms of homothallism (primary and secondary), the presence and expression of genes from both the *MAT1-1* and *MAT1-2* idiomorphs play an essential role in the initiation and full process of sexual reproduction. This is regardless of the origin or physical location of these genes. What is unique about unisexual reproduction is that it describes an atypical system where species are able to complete an entire sexual cycle when only genes from a single *MAT* idiomorph are expressed ([@R47]; [Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}).
A comprehensive description of the genetic and biochemical mechanisms underlying unisexual reproduction has been presented using the basidiomycetous yeast *Cryptococcus neoformans* as a model ([@R27], [@R12], [@R36]). This species, which has a well-characterized heterothallic sexual cycle, has also been shown to undergo **α**-**α** cell mating, or unisexual reproduction ([@R27]). Unisexual reproduction has been linked to the pathogenicity of the species and thus has important implications in terms of human health.
Naturally occurring populations of *C. neoformans* have been shown to be highly clonal, consisting of \>99 % **α** cells ([@R24]). Before unisexual reproduction was discovered in the species, this clonality was attributed to high levels of asexual reproduction and an almost non-existent heterothallic mating system, although **α** and **a** individuals have been known to mate ([@R23]). It was subsequently observed, however, that **α** cells were able to undergo a tissue differentiation process similar to that seen during opposite sex mating and that this was the cause of the bias of **α** cells in *C. neoformans* populations ([@R59]). This system was originally referred to as "monokaryotic fruiting" and was thought to be a strictly mitotic event. It was only more recently recognized as a sexual event that relies on essential meiotic genes, and unisexual reproduction was consequently described in the species ([@R27]).
The unisexual cycle in *C. neoformans* can be initiated *via* one of two pathways. One of these involves endoreplication of the entire genome of a single cell and represents the strictly homothallic version of unisexual reproduction. Alternatively, two cells of the same mating type can undergo cellular and nuclear fusion. The later pathway represents an almost heterothallic system, where outcrossing still takes place despite an identical *MAT1* locus. In both cases, the resulting diploid cell undergoes filamentation and subsequent basidium formation. Meiosis then takes place in the basidium and basidiospores are produced ([@R27]). The unisexual process relies on almost all the genes that are essential in typical bisexual mating. Thus the sexual spores are similar in both types of sexual reproduction, with the exception that unisexual reproduction produces spores of only the **α** mating type. Consequently, it has been suggested that unisexual reproduction is able to confer the benefits of sexual reproduction. This would, for example, be through allowing genetic recombination while minimizing the cost required to locate a partner, thereby efficiently producing infectious sexual spores in a seemingly clonal population ([@R43]).
A unisexual cycle has also been described in the ascomycetous yeast *Candida albicans*. This species has long been thought of as an asexual, obligate diploid unable to produce sexually recombinant progeny ([@R38]). In addition to unisexual reproduction, *C. albicans* can also engage in parasexuality under suitable circumstances. The identification of a mating type-like locus ([@R21]) and the discovery of sexually-competent mating partners made it possible to characterize a parasexual cycle in the species ([@R5]). This cycle involves two diploid cells, **a**/**a** and **α**/**α**, undergoing cell and nuclear fusion resulting in an unstable tetraploid, which subsequently undergoes concerted chromosome loss until a near-diploid state is reached ([@R5]).
Unisexual reproduction in *C. albicans* can be achieved *via* one of two independent pathways, both of which allow sexual reproduction between cells of the **a** mating type ([@R2]). The first involves the mutational inactivation of the *Bar1* gene. In this species, the *Bar1* gene product is a protease that is produced by **a** cells in order to degrade the production of endogenously-produced **α** pheromone ([@R50]). When this protease is defective, **a** cells are able to respond to this self-made pheromone by the activation of Ste2, the receptor for this pheromone. This leads the cell to initiate sexual reproduction as it would in the presence of a pheromone-producing **α** cell ([@R2]). The second pathway by which same-sex matings can be achieved involves ménage à trois matings. Here, **a**-**a** mating can occur due to the production of the **α** pheromone by a limited number of **α** cells in the population. In this case, **a** cells are able to recognize the exogenously-produced **α** pheromone despite the Bar1 protease activity and can initiate sexual reproduction with a second **a** cell. This form of same-sex mating is also found when a limited number of **a** cells are co-incubated with **α** cells which are then able to undergo **α**-**α** mating ([@R2]).
The most recently encountered example of unisexual mating is in the filamentous ascomycete *Huntiella moniliformis* ([@R61]), a saprobic species of *Ceratocystidaceae* and previously treated in *Ceratocystis* ([@R8]). Unisexual reproduction in this species appears to resemble that in *N. africana*, where only a single mating type, MAT-2, has been identified despite an extant sexual cycle existing. A closely-related heterothallic species, *H. omanensis*, possesses individuals of the MAT-1 mating type as well as the MAT-2 mating type and exhibits a typically heterothallic sexual cycle. Surprisingly, unisexual reproduction is not seen in the latter despite the *MAT1-2* idiomorph being highly conserved between these two species ([@R61]).
Unisexual reproduction is clearly an incompletely described form of homothallism. Although it is currently known in only a small number of species, this does not necessarily mean that it is an uncommon sexual strategy. When it was originally described in *N. africana*, the evolutionary persistence of the mechanism was questioned due to the negative effects associated with inbreeding. However, the discovery of unisexual reproduction in three related *Neurospora* species has emphasized the relevance of unisexual mating as an evolutionarily significant reproductive strategy in fungi ([@R15], [@R16], [@R47]). Furthermore, it has been shown in *Cryptococcus neoformans* that homothallic unisexual reproduction allows for the production of limited genotypic and subsequent phenotypic diversity *de novo*. From an evolutionary perspective, this would be beneficial because already well-adapted genotypes are maintained while allowing for a restricted level of genetic admixture to take place within a population ([@R36]).
CONCLUSIONS {#s5}
===========
Self-fertility allows for reproductive assurance in species across all major groups of eukaryotes. In fungi, this condition is known as homothallism and ensures that a single individual is able to undergo sexual reproduction, even when a suitable mating partner is not present in the environment. Sexual spores that are typically more environmentally resistant can thus be produced, allowing for growth and persistence in unfavourable environments ([@R1]). Sexual reproduction also allows for recombination, which in the case of homothallism could provide fungi that reproduce predominantly clonally with a means of escaping the accumulation of deleterious mutations ([@R35]).
Homothallism in fungi clearly encompasses a wide variety of genetically distinct mechanisms that all result in sexually reproducing cultures from single originating cells. This review highlights the need for a classification system that will make it possible to fully describe the sexual strategies employed by self-fertile fungi. It also provides a number of molecular and genetic determinants that can aid in the delineation of homothallism into its discrete subcategories. Clearly, homothallism is far more complex than was originally believed, and much work still needs to be done to fully understand the various mechanisms underlying its behaviour. The availability of genome sequences for non-model species is already aiding in this research, allowing for the characterization of the *MAT1* locus in addition to classic mycological techniques used to identify the sexual status of a fungus.
Unisexual reproduction has emerged as an intriguingly unique reproductive strategy in fungi. Its unexpected discovery in *H. moniliformis* leads us to question whether it might not be much more common in fungi than has previously been imagined. That fungi with already well-described homothallic or heterothallic sexual cycles have now also been described as unisexual suggests that many other species could also exhibit this dual mating behaviour. For example, the tree pathogen *Cryphonectria parasitica* is described as homothallic but it preferentially outcrosses in nature, a situation relatively common in species of *Cryphonectriaceae* and *Dothideomycetes* ([@R32]). Could it be that these fungi also have the capacity to undergo unisexual mating?
The numerous and varied mechanisms *via* which self-fertility has been maintained in fungi suggests that homothallism represents an evolutionarily significant mating strategy. Self-fertility provides these species with the numerous benefits associated with sexual reproduction while minimizing its costs, particularly the costs associated with locating a mating partner. The ability of many species to reproduce sexually both *via* a heterothallic and homothallic cycle illustrates a fascinating level of reproductive plasticity in fungal mating systems. It allows species to outcross or inbreed depending on the particular environment which they face ([@R47]).
That most fungal species do not sporulate actively in culture has posed a major challenge relating to the understanding of sexual reproduction in fungi. It is for this reason that most genetic studies have been undertaken in so-called model species, which are typically easy to maintain and mate in culture. However, the increasing availability of fungal genome sequences will allow a much more comprehensive understanding of the reproductive strategies in the fungi. This will be for both model and non-model species and makes for exciting prospects in the near future.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS {#s6}
================
This project was financed by the University of Pretoria, the Department of Science and Technology (DST)/National Research Foundation (NRF) Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology and the Genomics Research Institute (University of Pretoria Institutional Research Theme). This work is based on research supported in part by a number of grants from the National Research Foundation of South Africa (including Grant specific unique reference number (UID) 83924). The Grant holders acknowledge that opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in any publication generated by NRF supported research are that of the author(s), and that the NRF accepts no liability whatsoever in this regard. We would also like to acknowledge Glenda Brits of Education Innovation at the University of Pretoria for producing the illustrations used in this review.
{#F1}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
[Lithium induced dysfunction of the parathyroid hormone].
The prevalence of hyperparathyroidism (HPT) in patients treated with lithium is higher than that in controls. Lithium seems to affect calcium metabolism, by acting directly parathyroid hormone cells, and distal tubuli in the kidneys. Because hypercalcaemic HPT can cause psychiatric symptoms mistakenly attributed to the lithium treatment, ionised calcium should be a standard control.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Distal urethral plate adhesions: New anatomical perspective in hypospadias.
We found midline epithelial adhesions in the glandar urethral plate in patients with hypospadias. After dissolution, a blind epithelized channel becomes visualized inside of the plate pointing to immature embryonic luminization. In addition it reveals that the epithelized surface of the distal urethral plate is larger than previously considered. To determine the incidence and extent of these new anatomical details of urethral plate in hypospadias patients. We prospectively assessed the detailed anatomy of the urethral plate in 72 consecutive patients with hypospadias. We recorded the presence of adhesions in the middle of the glandar urethral groove that can be easily dissoluted (dissolution line - D-line). We recorded the plate width before and after D-line dissolution, the presence of the hidden blind channel at continuation of D-line (channel type-A) and of the visible blind channel between D-line and urethral hypospadiac meatus (type-B) (Figure). In 62 patients, where the urethral plate tubularization was considered (Duplay, TIP), septs between channels were opened in the midline and a final width of the plate was measured by rolling the plate around a tube. Midline adhesions (D-line) were found in all 72 patients. Mean length of D-line was 5.13 ± O.17 mm. Mean plate width before dissolution was 5.9 ± 0.15 mm, and after dissolution 7.8 ± 0.16 mm. A blind channel of type A was detected in 22 patients (31%), type B in 24 (33%), type A and B in 16 (22%), and none in 10 patients (14%). Mean final plate width after D-line dissolution and opening of septs between channels in 62 patients with urethral plate tubularization was 8.7 ± 0.15 mm. The main contribution of our study is a new perspective of distal urethral plate anatomy that enables enlargement of the epithelized surface of the distal urethral plate by dissolution of the preexisting epithelized groove and opening of epithelized channels within the plate. To the best of our knowledge, this anatomical anomaly has not been described previously. The distal urethral plate of all hypospadias patients is partially "folded" in the midline by epithelial adhesions of different depth and extent that may be easily dissoluted. In half of the patients (53%) the "folded" part of the plate continues proximally as a blind channel inside the urethral plate (type A channel). Opening of these structures together with the well-known urethral plate pits (type B channel) helps augment the width and the overall epithelized surface of the distal urethral plate.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Fun in the waves, and close to medieval Wietzendorf
Imagine being able to enjoy family fun in a fantastic sub-tropical indoor pool complex, complete with flumes, steam baths and saunas. Come along to Südsee-Camp and make it a reality!
This large resort-style parc is set in a spectacular woodland setting, with direct access to a lakeside beach. An active paradise for families, there are a wealth of sports facilities on offer, in and out of the water. Try horse riding or walking through the surrounding countryside to discover lakes, deep forests and medieval villages like Wietzendorf. Or stay by the sub-tropical pool for another splash around with the kids (as this pool is open to the public, you can expect a small entry fee). Or why not visit the bars and restaurants?
Esprit 2 Bedroom
Pitch Information
Pitches: > 100m2
Our holiday home accommodation is located in a quiet area of this flat campsite known as "Schwanensee". A 5 minute walk from the lake and parc facilities, the pitches here are small, sunny and have a grass surface.
Please note that parking is permitted on most of the pitches here. Where parking is off-pitch, it's instead just a few metres away.
Vehicles Information:
Cars can be parked on the pitch
There are charges for additional vehicles
Motorbikes are allowed on pitch
Dogs:
Dogs are allowed in our accommodation (details of units allowed can be found on the 'important information' tab)
Pools
The opening dates of pool complexes are correct at the time of collection at the beginning of the season, but are subject to change. It is possible that the campsite may close outdoor pools in poor weather and/or in low season.
This parc boasts a really impressive pool complex. Featuring flumes, slides, steam baths and saunas there is something for every water lover.
The pirate ship in the kids' pool will stimulate the young ones whilst the waves in the family pool and the waterchute provide the fun and action. For a bit of relaxation why not head to the sauna (payable), whirlpool or Jacuzzi, where you can really wind down.
Eurocamp customers get a discounted rate for the pool entry passes to the water park.
Südsee-Badeparadies
Open dates: 05 Apr - 26 Oct 2019
Pool charges: Adults €7.0 - €11.50, Children €5.0 - €7.00, Charge varies by duration, time of year and day of the week.
Swimming
Type
Location
Heated
Size / Depth
Features
Wave Pool
Indoor
Size: 262.5m² Depth: 0.1m-1.7m
heated to 28 degrees
Family Pool
Indoor
Size: 52m² Depth: 1.3m-1.3m
heated to 28 degrees
Children's Pool
Indoor
Size: 60m²
heated to 28 degrees
with a small slide for children
Children's Pool
Indoor
Size: 17.5m² Depth: 0.15m-0.45m
with a pirate ship feature
Waterslides
Suitable for
Length
Minimum Age/Height
Lanes
Notes
All the Family
75 metres
12 years
1
Outdoor Wild water flume. Only for good swimmers, not suitable for small children due to the strong vortexes!
All the Family
1
Complex information
Jacuzzi
Wave machine
Sauna
Swimming
Type
Location
Heated
Size / Depth
Features
Lake
Outdoor
Size: 35000m² Depth: 1m-4m
The lake offers a shallow childrens’ bay with a pirate ship feature, a nice beach and a big playground. The Strandbar and the Insel-Restaurant offer drinks, ice-cream and snacks besides the beach.
Spa and relaxation
Open dates: 05 Apr - 02 Nov 2019
Massage
Jacuzzi
Sauna
Solarium
Charges apply for this Spa Complex
Extra information
Sunloungers available
Sun Terrace available
There is a pool entrance fee.
Restrictions
Kids' Clubs
Südsee-Camp Campsite Site Run Kids' Clubs
This parc runs its own kids’ clubs, and you’re welcome to make use of these throughout your holiday. We don’t however, have any involvement in these clubs or how they are organised, including the quality of activities available. *Please check details of timetable of activities, and if sessions need to be pre-booked, directly with the campsite staff. Consent forms may be required.
Additional Information:
Parental supervision is only required for young children, older children do not need to be accompanied. There may be a small fee for some of the activities to cover the cost of materials used (for example t-shirt painting).
Facilities and Amenities
The opening dates of facilities are correct at the time of collection at the beginning of the season, but are subject to change. It is possible that some facilities may only be available in high season (which is generally July and August), please ask our reservation team at the time of booking, if there is a facility which is key to your holiday.
Reception
WiFi Free - may only be available in certain parts of the parc
Internet access available (charges may apply)
Credit cards accepted: Debit Cards, Maestro, Mastercard, Visa
A safe is available to use
No charges apply
Languages spoken: English, German
Shops
Minimarket:
Open: 05/04/2019 - 02/11/2019
Bars
Number of bars: 3
Opening dates: 05/04/2019
- 31/10/2019
(bars may only open for part of this period)
Specialist Activities
Excursions
Coach visits to Hamburg’s music halls.
Kayaking/canoeing trips.
The activities detailed are available all season, unless indicated otherwise. This information is subject to change, and it is possible that some activities may have a charge and/or may remain closed in low season. Please check at the time of booking if there is an activity or facility which is key to your holiday.
|
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"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Obligatory Dangerousness Criterion
An Obligatory Dangerousness Criterion is a clause present in the mental health law of many developed countries. It mandates evidence of dangerousness to oneself or to others before involuntary treatment for mental illness.
See also
Deinstitutionalisation
Duty to protect
O'Connor v. Donaldson (1975)
References
Category:Mental health law
Category:Deinstitutionalisation
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
All,
Please refer to this email for a list of information that has to be
populated in a blueprint before it can be assigned and scheduled:
http://lists.openstack.org/pipermail/openstack-dev/2014-August/042042.html
Please don't schedule a blueprint to 6.0 until it has these details
and its assignees are confirmed.
On Mon, Aug 11, 2014 at 8:30 AM, Dmitry Pyzhov dpyz...@mirantis.com wrote:
We've moved all blueprints from 6.0 to 'next' milestone. It has been done in
order to better view of stuff that we really want to implement in 6.0.
Feature freeze for 6.0 release is planned to 18th of September. If you are
going to merge your blueprint before that date, you can move it to 6.0
milestone and 6.0.x series. But blueprint must have fixed scope and must be
assigned to person who will lead this activity.
___
OpenStack-dev mailing list
OpenStack-dev@lists.openstack.org
http://lists.openstack.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/openstack-dev
--
Dmitry Borodaenko
___
OpenStack-dev mailing list
OpenStack-dev@lists.openstack.org
http://lists.openstack.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/openstack-dev
+2, yes please
On Mon, Aug 11, 2014 at 7:42 PM, Dmitry Borodaenko dborodae...@mirantis.com
wrote:
All,
Please refer to this email for a list of information that has to be
populated in a blueprint before it can be assigned and scheduled:
http://lists.openstack.org/pipermail/openstack-dev/2014-August/042042.html
Please don't schedule a blueprint to 6.0 until it has these details
and its assignees are confirmed.
On Mon, Aug 11, 2014 at 8:30 AM, Dmitry Pyzhov dpyz...@mirantis.com
wrote:
We've moved all blueprints from 6.0 to 'next' milestone. It has been
done in
order to better view of stuff that we really want to implement in 6.0.
Feature freeze for 6.0 release is planned to 18th of September. If you
are
going to merge your blueprint before that date, you can move it to 6.0
milestone and 6.0.x series. But blueprint must have fixed scope and must
be
assigned to person who will lead this activity.
___
OpenStack-dev mailing list
OpenStack-dev@lists.openstack.org
http://lists.openstack.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/openstack-dev
--
Dmitry Borodaenko
___
OpenStack-dev mailing list
OpenStack-dev@lists.openstack.org
http://lists.openstack.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/openstack-dev
--
Mike Scherbakov
#mihgen
___
OpenStack-dev mailing list
OpenStack-dev@lists.openstack.org
http://lists.openstack.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/openstack-dev
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
We are going to Woody's tonight if you are interested.
-e
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Enron Emails"
}
|
using Eto.Drawing;
using swm = System.Windows.Media;
namespace Eto.Wpf.Drawing
{
class FrozenBrushWrapper
{
public FrozenBrushWrapper(swm.Brush brush)
{
Brush = brush;
SetFrozen();
}
public swm.Brush Brush { get; }
public swm.Brush FrozenBrush { get; private set; }
public void SetFrozen() => FrozenBrush = (swm.Brush)Brush.GetAsFrozen();
}
/// <summary>
/// Handler for <see cref="ISolidBrush"/>
/// </summary>
/// <copyright>(c) 2012-2014 by Curtis Wensley</copyright>
/// <license type="BSD-3">See LICENSE for full terms</license>
public class SolidBrushHandler : SolidBrush.IHandler
{
static swm.SolidColorBrush Get(SolidBrush widget) => ((FrozenBrushWrapper)widget.ControlObject).Brush as swm.SolidColorBrush;
static void SetFrozen(SolidBrush widget) => ((FrozenBrushWrapper)widget.ControlObject).SetFrozen();
public Color GetColor(SolidBrush widget)
{
return Get(widget).Color.ToEto();
}
public void SetColor(SolidBrush widget, Color color)
{
Get(widget).Color = color.ToWpf();
SetFrozen(widget);
}
public object Create(Color color)
{
return new FrozenBrushWrapper(new swm.SolidColorBrush(color.ToWpf()));
}
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Hudson View Gardens
Hudson View Gardens is a cooperative apartment complex located on Pinehurst Avenue and Cabrini Boulevard in the near vicinity of West 183rd and 185th Streets, located in the Hudson Heights subsection of the Washington Heights neighborhood Manhattan, New York City. It overlooks the Hudson River to the west and Bennett Park – which includes Manhattan's highest natural point – to the east. The complex was constructed as a housing cooperative from 1923 to 1925. In 2016 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
At a time when some believed that only the wealthy or poor could afford to live in Manhattan, affordable urban housing was viewed a solution to the problem of the middle-class flight to the suburbs. Dr. Charles V. Paterno, a real estate developer, purchased land on Pinehurst Avenue and Cabrini Boulevard, between West 182nd and 186th Streets, across the street from his estate, atop a ridge above the Hudson River. His plan was to create a "garden community" of cooperative apartments to attract those who wanted the comforts of the new suburbs but wanted to reside in New York City.
The project was designed by architect George F. Pelham with landscaping by landscape architect Robert B. Cridland from Philadelphia. Pelham's fifteen buildings in the complex occupy 40% of the site. The nine six-story elevator buildings and six four-story walk-ups were situated to make use of the open space and the expansive views of the Hudson River and Bennett Park to the west. Its use of Tudor-style architectural elements in the facade came two years before the construction of Tudor City, the other major Tudor complex in Manhattan. The AIA Guide to New York City describes the complex as "Scarsdale Tudor."
Pelham also designed another apartment building in the neighborhood, The Pinehurst, which was built in 1907 at the corner of Fort Washington Avenue and West 180th Street. Pelham's son, George F. Pelham Jr., was the architect of Castle Village, a Hudson Heights neighbor of Hudson View Gardens across Cabrini Avenue, which was built in 1938.
At the time of its construction, Hudson View Gardens was the largest housing cooperative in New York and one of the earliest aimed at the middle class. Today it is known throughout Hudson Heights as the home of beautifully manicured gardens, its own children's playground, and U.S. mail delivered directly to each apartment. Community events are hosted in the Hudson View Lounge, many of which are free and open to the public.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan above 110th Street
References
Notes
External links
Hudson View Gardens
Dr. Charles V. Paterno
Hudson View Gardens from CityRealty
Category:Condominiums and housing cooperatives in Manhattan
Category:Residential buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1924
Category:1924 establishments in New York (state)
Category:Washington Heights, Manhattan
Category:Tudor Revival architecture in New York City
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Re: Don't let New York donors push you into doing an Al Gore
From:cheryl.mills@gmail.com To: john.podesta@gmail.com CC: jsullivan@hillaryclinton.com Date: 2015-05-10 09:51 Subject: Re: Don't let New York donors push you into doing an Al Gore
Welcome to the world with ams! cdm > On May 10, 2015, at 5:10 AM, John Podesta <john.podesta@gmail.com> wrote: > > Can we switch HRC's email and not tell Anne-Marie? Jeez, she emails her more than the three of us do. > > ---------- Forwarded message ---------- > From: "Anne-Marie Slaughter" <slaughtr@princeton.edu> > Date: May 9, 2015 5:12 PM > Subject: Don't let New York donors push you into doing an Al Gore > To: "Hillary Clinton" <hdr29@hrcoffice.com> > Cc: "Huma Abedin" <huma@hrcoffice.com>, "Jake Sullivan" <jake.sullivan@gmail.com>, "Cheryl Mills" <cheryl.mills@gmail.com>, "Robby Mook" <robbymook2015@gmail.com>, "John Podesta" <john.podesta@gmail.com> > > Hillary, > I’ve been thinking about this a lot since our last foreign policy meeting. I’m worried that the hostility toward Obama among donors who buy Bibi’s line about his commitment to Israel could cause you to run away from his (and your) overall foreign policy record, which would be a big mistake in the same way that it will squeeze you into a corner that you do not need to be in and prevents you from making a bold case for your success as Secretary of State. > > Let’s assume a deal with Iran gets done. Then, as I write here, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/obama-foreign-policy-record-by-anne-marie-slaughter-2015-04, Obama will have a foreign policy legacy to be proud of — doing exactly what he said he would do when he came in by opening up relations with Myanmar, Cuba, and Iran and thereby helping to to transform US relations with three distinct regions. These are diplomatic achievements rather than military, and economic as much as political. George W. Bush isolated us in the world; Barack Obama reconnected us in ways that allow us to advance peace and prosperity, etc. There’s still a gaping hole in terms of your kind of leadership, but he kept his eyes on the prize and did things that mattered. And you did one of those with him (Myanmar) and laid the indispensable groundwork for the other two. > > Finally, the entire “Obama doesn’t care about Israel” narrative shifts attention from the real issue with Israel, which is that this government is missing one of the greatest opportunities in Israel’s history to move from pariah state to political broker and economic anchor of the Middle East. I made that case in a few short paragraphs in the New York Times Up for Debate (reprinted below) yesterday; Fareed’s column this week makes almost exactly the same case. It’s not even about what is right for the Palestinians; it is about what Israel could be and do if it could just move to the next phase of its history rather than remaining mired in insecurity and hostility of its past. > > This didn’t seem like Mother’s Day reading, so wanted to get it off today! > Best, > AM > > Israel’s Rightward Shift Helps Make It Its Own Worst Enemy > > > It is a difficult and immensely frustrating time to be a friend of Israel. Never in Israel’s history would peace with the Palestinians yield such rich and enduring dividends, and never since the peace process began has the Israeli government been so resolutely opposed even to serious negotiations. > > Real peace could allow Israel to form political, military and economic alliances to make it a regional power broker and let Palestinians thrive. > > The center of the Middle East – Iraq and Syria – is disintegrating, mixing virulent and horrifically violent religious fanaticism with civil war and criminal and corrupt governments. But that conflagration has created a new set of actual and potential alignments. Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States are openly willing to work closely with Israel – against Assad, and in the Saudi case, against Iran. But Turkey and Iran would be willing to work with Israel – drawing on its superlative intelligence and military capabilities – against ISIS. And Egypt under President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi is once again willing to work with Israel against Hamas. > > With a Palestinian peace that included normalizing relations with all Arab countries, as the Arab Peace Initiative of 2002 and 2007 proposed, Israel could move from pariah state to power broker overnight. > > On the economic front, the opportunities are even greater. An Israeli-Palestinian peace would lay the groundwork for Ispajor (an economic union of Israel, Palestine and Jordan), the Middle East equivalent to Benelux (Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg). It’s hard for us to remember now, but Benelux was created as a customs union in 1944, when World War II was still raging and the entire European economy was in a shambles. It became the nucleus for the entire European Union. > > Israel and Palestine have the strongest tech economies in the region; a peace that would allow Israeli economic growth to extend to Palestine would then create opportunities for Jordan to join and turn its current divide between Palestinian Jordanians and native Jordanians into an advantage. Investors worldwide would flock to a stable and relatively well-governed bright spot in the region, with oil and gas resources, a port on the Mediterranean and highly educated Israelis and Arabs. It seems like a mirage today, but with an Israeli-Palestinian peace it would become a logical next step. > > Abba Eban, the great Israeli diplomat and author with a flair for epigrams, is supposed to have said, after the Geneva Peace Conference in 1973: “The Arabs never miss an opportunity to miss an opportunity.” Today it is the Israeli government that never misses an opportunity to miss an opportunity. > > But Eban also said: “History teaches us that men and nations behave wisely once they have exhausted all other alternatives.” Let us hope that the current Israeli government is the last alternative Israelis exhaust before they finally realize the tremendous opportunity of peace – if it is not too late. > >
|
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Karing Kitchen in Oneida provides healthy meals for local families
ONEIDA - The Karing Kitchen is all moved into its new home at the First United Methodist Church in Oneida and open to everyone.
Coordinator Melissa King said the Karing Kitchen has served as Oneida's soup kitchen for the past 20 years. Previously operated from the Salvation Army facility on Farrier Avenue and then from the city's Armory Rec Center, the First United Methodist Church agreed to become the lead agency for the program last June after the Salvation Army closed its Oneida offices.
Karing Kitchen provides free lunches during the last full week of the month when many people find their budgets the most stretched.
Advertisement
This month it's happening this week.
On Sunday, the Oneida Area Council of Churches assisted in an open house for the Karing Kitchen's new home.
Fittingly, it's Christian Unity Week; the event was held "to raise awareness of the services that the Karing Kitchen provides and answer questions that individuals may have," King said.
The program relies on the services of volunteers, including its coordinator, to run the soup kitchen. King said because of the volunteer network, nearly $18,000 is saved each year by not having to pay staff - money goes directly to providing food and services to area families.
Karing Kitchen is open to anyone regardless of income, age or residence.
January's outreach began on Monday and runs all week. A coffee hour starts at 10:30 a.m. and a nutritious hot meal is served from 11:30 a.m. to 1 p.m. Take-out meals are also available.
During a typical month, more than 800 meals are served.
As food prices continue to rise, participants in the SNAP program and the elderly who rely on Social Security often find their ability to purchase food decreasing as they near the end of the month. King said the Oneida Area Council of Churches realized this need within the community and responded by offering this program.
In addition to operating the soup kitchen, the Karing Kitchen also provides advocacy and referral assistance to clients with other agencies throughout the county and conducts workshops on food safety, King said.
During the open house, visitors received a hot meal of chicken noodle soup and egg salad sandwiches that volunteers had prepared.
Jodee Osborne, nutrition outreach and education program coordinator at Community Action Partnership for Madison County provided families with information on the SNAP program - the federal supplemental nutrition assistance program that helps struggling families put food on their tables.
"We partner with Karing Kitchen to help families and individuals increase their food buying power and help them understand the guidelines as well as recommend all available options and programs for families," Osborne said.
King said both monetary and food donations are always needed to keep this program going.
Donations of food can be dropped off any time the Karing Kitchen is operating the last full week of each month.
Monetary donations can be sent to the Karing Kitchen c/o The First United Methodist Church, 116 W. Grove St., Oneida 13421.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Technique for insertion of the superior loop of the Shearing-style posterior chamber lens.
An angulated lens guide and iris hook are described for inserting the superior loop of a Shearing-style lens implant.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
#!/bin/bash
: << '--COMMENT--'
Dependencies
sudo apt-get install tree
--COMMENT--
## set file date
## find ~/.local/share/0ad/mods/hannibal -exec touch -t 201501220000 {} \;
## paths
# pathRoot="/Daten/Dropbox/Projects/hannibal/"
pathCode="/home/noiv/.local/share/0ad/mods/hannibal/simulation/ai/hannibal"
pathDistri="/Daten/Dropbox/Projects/hannibal"
pathDiffer="/home/noiv/Sources/prettydiff-master"
## files
compiler="/home/noiv/Programs/closure-compiler/compiler.jar"
echo
echo "-- Start"
echo
## STATIC
cd $pathDistri
cp LICENCE.txt "${pathDistri}/mods/hannibal/LICENCE.txt"
cp README.md "${pathDistri}/mods/hannibal/README.md"
cp readme.txt "${pathDistri}/mods/hannibal.readme.txt"
cd $pathCode
cp data.json "${pathDistri}/mods/hannibal/simulation/ai/hannibal/data.json"
## DYNAMIC
cd $pathCode
rm -f \
hannibal.m.js \
_debug.js
ls _*.js | xargs cat > _.jss
ls [a-z]*.js | xargs cat > az.jss
cat _.jss az.jss > hannibal.m.js
rm -f \
_.jss \
az.jss
mv hannibal.m.js "${pathDistri}/mods/hannibal/simulation/ai/hannibal/hannibal.m.js"
echo
echo counting locs in hannibal.m.js ...
cd "${pathDistri}/mods/hannibal/simulation/ai/hannibal/"
cat hannibal.m.js | grep -v ^$ | wc -l
## java -jar compiler.jar --help
## real compress
# --compilation_level SIMPLE_OPTIMIZATIONS \
# --language_out ES5_strict \
# --tracer_mode ALL \
# --language_in ECMASCRIPT6_STRICT \
# --language_out ECMASCRIPT6_STRICT \
echo
echo compressing...
cd "${pathDistri}/mods/hannibal/simulation/ai/hannibal/"
# java -jar $compiler \
# --compilation_level WHITESPACE_ONLY \
# --js hannibal.m.js --js_output_file hannibal.js
fileMini="${pathDistri}/mods/hannibal/simulation/ai/hannibal/hannibal.m.js"
fileFina="${pathDistri}/mods/hannibal/simulation/ai/hannibal/hannibal.js"
echo "${pathDiffer}/api/node-local.js source:'${fileMini}' mode:'minify' readmethod:'file' output:'hannibal.js'"
js "${pathDiffer}/api/node-local.js source:'${fileMini}' mode:minify" ## source:'hannibal.m.js' mode:'minify' readmethod:'file' output:'hannibal.js'"
## fake compress
# cd "${pathDistri}/mods/hannibal/simulation/ai/hannibal/"
# cp hannibal.m.js hannibal.u.js
# cp hannibal.u.js hannibal.p.js
# cp hannibal.p.js hannibal.js
## clearup compress
cd "${pathDistri}/mods/hannibal/simulation/ai/hannibal/"
rm -f \
# hannibal.m.js \
hannibal.u.js \
hannibal.p.js
## ZIP
echo
echo zipping...
cd "${pathDistri}/mods/"
rm -f hannibal.zip
zip hannibal.zip \
hannibal/mod.json \
hannibal/README.md \
hannibal/LICENCE.txt \
hannibal/simulation/ai/hannibal/data.json \
hannibal/simulation/ai/hannibal/hannibal.js
## CHECK
cd "${pathDistri}/mods/"
tree
unzip -l hannibal.zip
echo
echo "-- Done --"
echo
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q:
необходимо создать прозрачное окно или область для вывода информации
Имеется игра, которая запущена в оконном режиме на весь экран, по верх нее можно выводить какую то информацию, как это делают некоторые программы.
Хотелось бы создать подобную область и прозрачную и чтобы нажатия мыши не на этом окне останавливались а проходили насквозь в игру, другими словами растянуть форму на всю ширину и сделать ей topmost не прокатит, ибо на игре невозможно будет кликать мышой.
Подскажите как реализовать подобное окно?
A:
In Windows Forms 2.0 there is a new property called ShowWithoutActivation – which you would need to override on the Form.
In native applications you can use SetWindowPos with the
SWP_NOACTIVATE flag or the ShowWindow with the SW_SHOWNA flag.
Взято отсюда(по линке больше информации):
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2423234/make-a-form-not-focusable-in-c-sharp
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
1. Field
One or more embodiments relate to a display apparatus and a method of controlling the display apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, examples of display devices include organic light-emitting displays, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), electrophoretic displays (EDs), surface-conduction electron-emitter displays (SEDs), vacuum fluorescent displays (VFDs), etc.
Display apparatuses may be used in mobile devices, such as smartphones, tablet personal computers, laptop computers, digital cameras, camcorders, and personal digital assistants (PDAs), or may be used in electronic products, such as slim-type televisions, displays, and advertisement panels.
Recently, research into manufacturing slimmer display apparatuses has been conducted. Among the display apparatuses, flexible display apparatuses, which are portable and applicable to devices of various shapes, have drawn attention as next-generation display apparatuses. In particular, flexible display apparatuses based on an organic light-emitting display technique are the most favorite display apparatuses.
Research into display apparatuses at least partially curved by using flexible display panels or bendable or foldable by a user are being conducted.
Information disclosed in this Background section may contain information that does not form the prior art.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
MUMBAI: Amid the privacy and protection concerns voiced by various groups, the top team of Unique Identification Authority of India UIDAI ) is exploring the possibility of introducing dummy numbers that would add an extra layer of security to every Aadhaar cardholder.Such a framework would require an individual to share dummy or pseudo numbers — and not the real Aadhaar number — to government agencies, private utilities, banks and while withdrawing money from ATMs or moving funds from one bank account to another under the Aadhaar-enabled payment system. Besides the cardholder, the original Aadhaar number would be known only to UIDAI. Two senior persons in the industry told ET that the concept has been discussed at senior levels in UIDAI but is yet to be finalised.The creation of dummy numbers and the frequency at which it can be generated and used would depend on the design architecture of the system.“It may not help if a permanent dummy number is given against every Aadhaar number. The primary job of Aadhaar is authentication — to ensure whether the right person is using the services. So, if there can be a dynamic system where an individual authenticates with the electricity company using one dummy number, with the telephone company using another dummy number, and generates new dummy numbers for monetary transactions like one time passwords (OTPs), then there is no one Aadhaar number that can be traced back to the person. And, in the absence of a single number, it is very difficult to misuse Aadhaar to track someone’s personal data,” said a person familiar with the concept.However, there are no details available on UIDAI’s final stand on such a proposal — whether and in what form it could be brought in. Ajay Bhushan Pandey , chief executive of UIDAI, did not respond to texts, WhatsApp messages, and phone calls."It may be useful from the point of data security. But one has to think how convenient is the use of dummy numbers for various kinds of users,” said another person.UIDAI, a statutory authority, is responsible for Aadhaar enrolment and authentication, issuance of Aadhaar numbers as well as ensuring the security of identity information and authentication records of individuals. Its measures on data protection and development of new standards on technologies like Aadhaar-Pay are ongoing.The organization, however, currently finds itself in a situation where the provisions of the very law (Aadhaar Act 2016) under which it was established has been challenged in the country’s highest court of law.Toeing the government directive, banks, utilities and credit card issuers are repeatedly asking customers to link their Aadhaar details to respective accounts by 31 December 2017, failing which services would be discontinued. Critics of Aadhaar are resisting such coercion to link Aadhaar with multiple service providers. They are hoping that some of these rules may change after the Supreme Court ruling. The apex court hearing on the Aadhaar case is scheduled to begin on November 28.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
State of the Art and Perspectives of *Vibrio* Research in Europe
================================================================
According to the European Environment Agency the rise of global sea surface temperature (SST) is one of the major physical impacts of climate change. However, SST in coastal European seas has increased 4--7 times faster over the past few decades than in the global oceans ([@B59]). This local increase in SST has been linked to outbreaks of *Vibrio*-associated human illness caused by *Vibrio cholerae* non O1-non-O139, *V. parahaemolyticus*, and *V. vulnificus* in several European countries (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). However, the lack of mandatory notification systems for *Vibrio*-associated illnesses prevents accurate estimates of the number of *Vibrio* infections occurring in Europe. Also mass mortalities of marine animals increase in frequency (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}), particularly in heavily polluted coastal areas, suggesting human activities as a factor favoring disease epidemics. Prominent examples include several *Vibrio* species associated with the recent great devastation of oyster beds in France. The salmonid farming industry is constantly threatened by *V. salmonicida* and *V. anguillarum*. Moreover, different subspecies of *Photobacterium damselae* are associated with diseases in cultured fish species like sole, sea bass, sea bream and turbot, while *V. vulnificus* causes hemorrhagic septicaemia in eel, derbio, tilapia, trout and shrimps but can also cause septicemia in humans. Finally, evidence has accumulated linking *Vibrio* infections (e.g., *V. coralliilyticus*) to increasing mass mortalities of benthic corals (e.g., *Paramuricea clavata*) in the NW Mediterranean Sea.
######
**Recent Vibrio-associated diseases caused by Vibrio in Europe**.
**Agent** **Pathogenic to** **Country** **References**
---------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------
*V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus and non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae* Human Germany [@B25]
*V. parahaemolyticus* Human France [@B56]
*V. parahaemolyticus* Human Spain [@B41]
*V. parahaemolyticus* Human Italy [@B49]
*V. cholerae* Human Sweden [@B3]
*V. cholerae non-O1-non-O139* Human Italy [@B48]
*V. cholerae non-O1-non-O139* Human Finland [@B39]
*V. cholerae non-O1-non-O139* Human Poland [@B76]
*V. cholerae non-O1-non-O139* Human Austria [@B26]
*V. cholerae non-O1-non-O139* Human Austria [@B28]
*V. vulnificus* Human Denmark [@B10]
*V. vulnificus* Human Israel [@B5]
*V. vulnificus* Human Spain [@B78]
*V. vulnificus* Human Turkey [@B52]
*V. vulnificus* Human, finfish, crustacean USA, Europe, Asia [@B2]; [@B47]
*V. alginolyticus* Human Guernsey [@B58]
*Vibrio* spp. Human North and Baltic Seas [@B68]
*V. coralliilyticus* Coral Italy [@B84]
*V. crassostreae* Oyster France [@B32]
*V. aestuarianus* Oyster France [@B24]
*Harveyi clade* Finfish, crustaceans, mollusks Mediterranean countries [@B55]
*V. anguillarum* Finfish Northern European countries [@B20]
*Photobacterium damselae* subsp. *Damselae* Fish, humans, crustaceans, mollusks, cetaceans Mediterranean countries [@B64]
To cover the large diversity of infectious vibrios, the development of operational tools to identify and detect emergent pathogens is essential to zoosanitary monitoring of cultivated species as well as on wild animal populations. Yet, compared to human pandemic strains, little is known about the virulence mechanisms of emergent environmental vibrios. This lack of knowledge may be attributed to the high genetic diversity of *Vibrio* isolates and the diversity/plurality of virulence mechanisms. To date pathogenic capacity cannot be inferred by taxonomic affiliation, because virulence factors (e.g., secretion systems, toxins) are rarely species-specific and are often shared between *Vibrio* species by lateral gene transfer. On top of that there are very few animal models to distinguish pathogenic strains and extend our understanding of the mechanisms involved in host-microbe interactions. Hence the elucidation of virulence for agent and target is a prerequisite to develop prophylactic methods to fight infectious diseases.
Due to the extent of the environmental, economical, and public health consequences resulting from *Vibrio* infections, a large scientific community is working on these bacteria in Europe. In order to join fundamental and applied research teams and to investigate the emergence of pathogens in natural *Vibrio* populations, we organized the first European workshop dedicated to the research on vibrios in Paris (11--12th March 2015), that provided a forum for experts in *Vibrio* ecology, evolution and pathogenesis to address societal issues involving ocean health and food security.
*Vibrio* Spread in Europe linked with climate change
----------------------------------------------------
Vibrios preferentially grow in warm (\>15°C) saline aquatic environments. Warming of marine and saline inland waters is likely to support larger numbers of *Vibrio* populations and consequently an increased risk of *Vibrio* infections. An increase in the prevalence of human infections caused by *V. parahaemolyticus*, *V. cholerae* non-O1-non-O139 and *V. vulnificus* has been recorded in Europe even at high latitudes ([@B4]). In northern Europe, the increase in reported infections corresponds both in time and space with spikes in domestically-acquired *Vibrio* cases in "heatwave" years. Similarly, samples collected in the last 60 years by the continuous plankton recorder (CPR) survey ([@B82]) showed that the genus *Vibrio*, including the human pathogen *V. cholerae*, has increased in prevalence in the last 44 years in the coastal North Sea, and that this increase is correlated with warming SST. Elevated water temperatures might also facilitate the successful invasion of pathogenic variants via food trade ([@B44]), ballast water ([@B16]), travelers ([@B19]) or natural animals. For example, migrating birds may act as vectors of intercontinental transport of *V. cholerae* ([@B83]). The direct comparison of the population structure of *V. cholerae* from a major bird sanctuary (Lake Neusiedl, Austria), with strains collected from six other European countries revealed that several strains in the lake shared the same alleles with other European strains, consistent with pan-European transport between distant ecosystems via birds (A. Kirschner, unpublished data). As a future challenge, macro-ecological studies on the impact of climate change on *Vibrio* persistence and spread in the aquatic environment combined with studies investigating climate change effects on epidemiologically relevant variables, such as host susceptibility and exposure are needed to significantly improve prediction and mitigation strategies against the future occurrence of *Vibrio* disease outbreaks.
Virulence as a Function of Biotic Interactions With Host and Microbiome
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Virulence is a widespread phenomenon across the *Vibrio* phylogeny ([@B85]). Its expression critically depends on biotic interactions with the host but also with other resident microbiota. On the host side, spatially-structured cross-infection experiments indicated that virulence of only distantly related *Vibrio* strains was lower when infecting oysters from the same geographic location. This suggests that oyster hosts are locally adapted and have evolved resistance to genetic factors shared within *Vibrio* populations ([@B86]). When considering interactions of *Vibrio* with the resident microbiome, the hemolymph microbiome modulates infections but is vulnerable to environmental disturbance ([@B38]). Accordingly, *Vibrio* disease cannot be seen as an isolated event but needs to be considered in the context of the microbiome, which includes other non-virulent *Vibrio.* Indeed, the successive replacement of non-virulent with virulent strains during oyster infections occurs in the natural environment ([@B32]) and the amplification of virulence in the presence of non-virulent strains suggests that also non-virulent strains contribute directly or indirectly to the development of disease. Future research on *Vibrio* disease should therefore focus on the higher order biotic interactions between the environment, the host and the pathogenic as well as the non-pathogenic fractions of microbial communities.
A key feature of the interaction between microbes within a community is the production of molecules that determine behavior like antagonism, competition or cooperation. Cell-to-cell communication in vibrios coordinates virulence gene expression based on the biotic and abiotic environment ([@B11]). For example, the three-channel quorum sensing (QS) system of *V. harveyi* controls the pathogenicity of the bacterium toward different aquatic hosts ([@B13]; [@B51]), and our most recent research revealed that another signaling molecule, indole, controls the virulence of *V. anguillarum* toward sea bass larvae ([@B35]). Another potential signaling mechanism has been described based on the production and release of high concentrations of D-amino acids into the extracellular milieu ([@B30]). First discovered in *V. cholerae*, these D-amino acids are different from those known to be part of the cell wall in bacteria (D-Ala and D-Glu) and were therefore called non-canonical D-amino acids (NCDAAs; [@B8]). NCDAAs released into the media by producer strains can affect non-producer organisms beneficially or detrimentally in a particular niche ([@B9]; [@B1]). The possible implications of NCDAAs in the biological processes of co-inhabitants still remains to be investigated but the enormous energy demand suggests that these molecules should have a great impact in poly-microbial communities. Finally several strains of *Vibrio* have been demonstrated to produce potent antibacterial agents (andrimid and holomycin) or agents that block QS regulated genes (solonamides, ngercheumicin) in human pathogens ([@B87]; [@B40]; [@B29]; [@B46]). Comparative and functional genomics using software like antiSMASH ([@B42]) could identify the genetic determinants of these secondary metabolites (polyketide synthases and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases). Hence further elucidation of virulence regulatory mechanisms will enable us to better understand *Vibrio*-host interactions and ecology, and to identify targets for the design of novel agents to control disease caused by vibrios.
Horizontal Gene Transfer, Genome Plasticity, and Chromosome Partitioning
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Evolution of *Vibrio* species is often driven by mobile genetic elements via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). However, very little is known about HGT in environmental *Vibrio* isolates infecting marine organisms. In 75 marine *Vibrio* spp. isolated from the broad-nosed pipefish, *Syngnathus typhle*, associated prophages were characterized and the virulence of strains carrying different prophages was then assessed by comparing the relative expression of 44 immune genes during controlled infection experiments on juvenile pipefish. Preliminary results suggest that virulence is significantly influenced by the associated prophages, further supporting a role for bacteriophages in manipulating the virulence of environmental *Vibrio* isolates (C. Wendling unpublished data).
Virulence of *V. vulnificus* and *P. damselae* subsp. *damselae* in fish is determined by transferable plasmids (pVvbt2 in *V. vulnificus* and pPHDD1 in *P. damselae*). pVvbt2 contains two highly conserved virulence genes involved in serum resistance (*vep07*) and the ability to grow from eel transferrin (*vep20*) ([@B50]). Interestingly, pPHDD1 also contains *vep07* and *vep20* homologs suggesting that both genes are involved in resistance to fish innate immunity. pVvbt2 also encodes RtxA1~3~, a toxin belonging to MARTX (multifunctional, autoprocessive, repeat in toxin) family. RtxA1~3~ is considered a host-non-specific virulence factor because it is involved in resistance to phagocytosis by murine and human phagocytes as well as in eel death ([@B31]). The other virulence plasmid, pPHDD1, encodes phospholipase-D damselysin (Dly) and the pore-forming toxin HlyA~*pl*~ ([@B62]). A second HlyA (HlyA~*ch*~) is encoded in chromosome I ([@B63], [@B65]) and the three toxins contribute to hemolysis and virulence, and are secreted by a type-two secretion system ([@B66]). While the two HlyA hemolysis produce an additive effect, Dly and any of the two HlyA interact in a synergistic manner, being responsible for maximal virulence for fish and for mice ([@B63]). Due to their host range and their duality as pathogens for both poikilotherm and homeotherm animals, *P. damselae* and *V. vulnificus* constitute valuable biological models to study the role of mobile genetic elements in the rise of novel pathogenic strategies.
Vibrios contain large chromosomal integrons ([@B7]) and belong to the group of naturally competent bacteria, which allows them to absorb free DNA from their surrounding environment and recombine it into their genome ([@B69]). For *V. cholerae*, entry into competence is tightly regulated and requires growth to high cell densities on chitinous surfaces ([@B43]; [@B36], [@B37]). Uptake of external DNA is accomplished by a sophisticated DNA-uptake machinery ([@B70], [@B71]; [@B72]). As the competence regulon also encompasses the type VI secretion system-encoding gene clusters, HGT is enhanced through deliberate killing of neighboring non-sibling cells followed by the transfer of their DNA ([@B6]).
The presence of two chromosomes is another characteristic feature of vibrios. While distinctive localization patterns have been described for the two chromosomes, the selective advantages brought by this bipartite architecture are still under debate ([@B79], [@B80]). Replication of both chromosomes is tightly coupled so that replication termination is synchronized ([@B57]). Moreover, the chromosomal position of genes determines the relative copy number during growth thereby impacting the bacteriums physiology ([@B75]). Notably, mechanistic aspects of chromosome organization, architecture, and cell cycle-dependent dynamics are only starting to be deciphered ([@B88]; [@B14]). The elucidation of the mechanisms that coordinate the interplay between chromosomes, accessory replicons, mobile DNA and HGT mechanisms is essential to better apprehend the evolution and niche adaptation of *Vibrio* species.
Adaptation of Pathogenic Vibrios to Intracellular Life
------------------------------------------------------
The pathogenic *V. tasmaniensis* strain LGP32, a member of the *V. splendidus* clade ([@B22]) was found to be a facultative intracellular pathogen of oyster immune cells called hemocytes ([@B18]). This is a rare example of *Vibrio* adapted to intracellular life. The virulence of LGP32 in oysters correlated with the ability to enter hemocytes ([@B17], [@B18]). Both cellular invasion and pathogenicity depend on the major outer membrane protein OmpU, which serves as an adhesin to invade host cells. Once inside the phagosome, LGP32 releases outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that protect the organism against antimicrobial peptides and act as vehicles for the delivery of virulence factors ([@B15]; [@B81]). Moreover, entry into hemocytes and intracellular survival of LGP32 are required for expression of LGP32 cytotoxicity toward hemocytes. This capacity to survive intracellularly relies on potent antioxidant and copper tolerance responses, both of which are highly induced in the hostile environment of the phagosome.
Small regulatory RNAs have been shown to play important roles in regulating virulence gene expression in response to conditions encountered in the host. sRNAs present in multicopies such as Qrrs and CsrBs were found in several *Vibrio* spp. to mediate QS regulation of virulence gene expression ([@B45]). One peculiarity of the *Splendidus* clade seems to be the presence of four highly expressed copies of the CsrB sRNAs in their genome, instead of 2--3 found in other vibrios ([@B33]; [@B77]). CsrB sRNAs are highly transcribed inside oyster hemocytes suggesting a role in adaptation to the intracellular environment (Vanhove et al., submitted). The landscape and phylogeny of putative sRNAs encoded by LGP32 demonstrate rapid vertical evolution, with a vast majority of sRNAs being species/strain specific, and only a small number (28/250) conserved in all *Vibrio* sequenced so far ([@B77]). Thus, sRNAs contribute to a high diversity between species and provide opportunities for adaptation/colonization of new hosts and virulence emergence, a question that will be tackled by comparative functional studies of conserved *Vibrio* sRNAs.
Model Systems to Study Pathogenicity Mechanisms and *Vibrio*-host Interactions
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Microbiologists are increasingly aware that how organisms behave *in situ* in the "real world" might be distinct from those that occur in laboratory monocultures grown under tightly controlled conditions ([@B74]). Thus, model systems, which replicate at least part of the natural processes of infection, are needed in order to examine the relevance and biological impact of *in vitro* findings. *In vivo* models that reproduce the main clinical and pathological signs of disease seen following the consumption of contaminated food or water, are available for toxigenic and non-toxigenic *V. cholerae*, and for *V. parahaemolyticus* ([@B60], [@B61]; [@B73]). In these studies, a combination of microbiological, histological and genetic analysis was used to identify key virulence factors and the pathologic mechanisms associated with the respective strains (e.g., see [@B89], [@B90]). However, a growing number of *Vibrio*-associated illnesses are associated with a diverse group of strains, some of which lack known virulence factors ([@B21]; [@B27]; [@B49]). A future challenge will be to examine the pathogenesis of these strains and identify additional virulence markers, which should be used to improve risk assessment tools targeted to the different pathogens. Furthermore, a growing number of human *Vibrio* infections in Europe were not food-borne, but instead associated with the ability of non-O1-non-O139 *V. cholerae*, *V. parahaemolyticus*, or *V. vulnificus* to cause septicemia via wound infections (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Models to examine this aspect of their pathogenicity are currently lacking and should become a high priority given the poor prognosis of individuals acquiring this type of infection.
Next to models for human pathogens there is also an increasing need for aquatic animal models. However, studies aimed at investigating the pathogenicity mechanisms in aquatic hosts are often confounded by the presence of the natural microbiota (which usually contains *Vibrio* spp.). Gnotobiotic animals provide researchers with a means to examine host-microbe interactions without interference or influence from unknown microbiota ([@B23]). A model based on the use of gnotobiotic 1-day old larvae of brine shrimp (*Artemia franciscana*) has been recently developed to study *V. campbellii*, *V. harveyi*, or *V. anguillarum* pathogenesis ([@B12]). An alternative model system for *V. anguillarum* involves the use of gnotobiotic European sea bass (*Dicentrarchus labrax*) larvae, where survival is monitored over 1 week ([@B34]). Finally, specific-pathogen-free (SPF) juveniles of *C. gigas* ([@B54], [@B53]) have been developed to investigate the diversity and dynamics of microbial populations in an oceanic environment during disease. When combined with methods to monitor gene expression and activity of vibrios during infection (e.g., [@B67]; [@B13]), a better understanding of the infection process(es) will emerge.
Conclusion
==========
This workshop clearly demonstrated the importance of vibrios to our understanding of emergent diseases in marine and inland aquatic ecosystems as well as their potential impact on society. The rising frequency of disease events not only affects humans directly but also indirectly by reducing food security and ecosystem health. The synergistic investigation of mechanistic and ecological processes contributing to disease is therefore paramount for our understanding of the larger scale consequences of changing *Vibrio* populations. A better understanding of *Vibrio* ecology is pivotal for the development of prevention and mitigation strategies. In addition, the mechanistic knowledge of virulence regulatory mechanisms could ultimately be used to inhibit disease. However, these tasks are complicated by the high diversity present within *Vibrio* populations, and the fact that biotic interactions within and between microbial communities, modify disease expression on different levels. Therefore, we have to consider *Vibrio* disease as an emergent, multi-faceted phenomenon that will require experimental model systems covering molecules to whole organisms. Expertise for most of these crucial challenges already exists and became united at the workshop under the European umbrella of *Vibrio* research thereby fostering a more productive combination of basic and applied research in the future (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}).
{#F1}
Conflict of Interest Statement
------------------------------
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
We warmly thank EUROMARINE, EMBRC-France, the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) for their financial support and EFOR organization to this first workshop.
[^1]: Edited by: *Maurizio Labbate, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia*
[^2]: Reviewed by: *Daniela Ceccarelli, University of Maryland, USA; Yan Boucher, University of Alberta, Canada; Fabiano Thompson, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil*
[^3]: This article was submitted to Aquatic Microbiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
. What is the remainder when 13 is divided by b(-5)?
6
Calculate the remainder when 36 is divided by (-147)/(-12) + 21/28.
10
What is the remainder when (19/1)/(7 + -6) is divided by 11?
8
Let q = -224 + 300. Calculate the remainder when q is divided by 20.
16
Let a = 8 - 5. Suppose 0 = 4*c + 2*t - 86, c - 5*c - a*t = -87. Calculate the remainder when 41 is divided by c.
20
Let c = 7 + -7. Suppose o + 13 = -2*k, -3*o = -2*k - 0*k - 1. Calculate the remainder when ((-3)/o + c)*18 is divided by 10.
8
Let x(d) = 0*d**3 - 3*d**2 + 2*d + 0*d**3 + d**3 - 1. Let v be x(2). What is the remainder when v/(((-9)/(-75))/(-3)) is divided by 9?
7
Let m(j) = -4*j**3 - 1. Let l be m(-1). Suppose -2*s - 7 = -o, -l*o - 14 = -0*s + s. Let p = o + 10. Calculate the remainder when 12 is divided by p.
5
Let w(b) = b**2 + 2*b - 3. Suppose -2*m + 6*m = -16. Calculate the remainder when w(m) is divided by 3.
2
Let x = -11 + 13. Let g = 13 + -8. Suppose -g*b + x*b = -57. What is the remainder when b is divided by 7?
5
Let w = 3 - -5. Let n(q) = 3*q + 9. Let t be n(-3). Let y = w + t. Calculate the remainder when 22 is divided by y.
6
Suppose -3*o + 7 = -2*f - 34, -2*o + 28 = -2*f. What is the remainder when 25 is divided by o?
12
Let s = -27 + 19. Let y(t) = 2*t + 11. Let q(i) = i + 12. Let k(x) = 2*q(x) - 3*y(x). Calculate the remainder when k(s) is divided by 12.
11
Suppose a - 3 = -0. Let w be (3 + -2)/1 - -1. Suppose -135 = -w*t - a*t. Calculate the remainder when t is divided by 14.
13
Let z(n) be the first derivative of n**3/3 + 5*n**2/2 + 3. Calculate the remainder when 17 is divided by z(-6).
5
Let i(w) = -3*w + 58. Calculate the remainder when i(8) is divided by 6.
4
Let a(g) = -14*g**3 + g**2 - 1. Let t be (0/(1 - 2))/2. Suppose -3*y - y - 4 = t. Calculate the remainder when 41 is divided by a(y).
13
Let n(h) = h**2 - 11*h + 14. Suppose l = 5*l - 20. Let d = l - 2. Calculate the remainder when n(10) is divided by d.
1
Suppose s = 2*p - 3, 4*p - 3*s = 2*p + 1. Suppose -2*i = -5*i - 5*g - 4, -p*i = -5*g - 39. What is the remainder when 19 is divided by i?
5
Let w = -9 - -21. Let s = 57 + w. Let u = s + -47. What is the remainder when u is divided by 12?
10
Suppose -3*u - 159 = -3*r, -4*u + 35 = -2*r + 141. Calculate the remainder when r is divided by 14.
11
Suppose 5*l + 22 = -4*n + 86, l - n - 11 = 0. Calculate the remainder when 35 is divided by l.
11
Suppose -2*a = 3*a - 15. What is the remainder when 3 is divided by a?
0
Let c(j) = -5*j + 7. Calculate the remainder when 105 is divided by c(-4).
24
Let k(t) = -78*t**2 - 2*t - 3. Let g(y) = 157*y**2 + 4*y + 5. Let z(i) = 4*g(i) + 7*k(i). Calculate the remainder when z(1) is divided by 28.
27
Let m = -21 - -39. Let b(f) = f**3 + 10*f**2 + 7*f - 8. What is the remainder when m is divided by b(-9)?
8
Suppose 4*z = 50 + 10. Suppose -3*m = 4*r - 5 + 16, 0 = 3*m + z. Suppose -15 = -2*p - r. Calculate the remainder when p is divided by 3.
1
Let k(i) = -i**3 - 8*i**2 - 2*i - 10. Calculate the remainder when k(-9) is divided by 15.
14
Suppose -14 = 2*q - 44. Suppose -1 - q = -4*p. Suppose 3*u + 81 = 2*a, -a - 118 = -p*a + u. What is the remainder when a is divided by 14?
11
Let f = -105 - -156. What is the remainder when f is divided by 18?
15
Let a be (9/3)/((-12)/(-20)). Let l = 15 + a. What is the remainder when l is divided by 11?
9
Let q(s) = s**3 + 2*s**2 - s. Let i be q(1). Suppose -10 = -i*r + 4. What is the remainder when r is divided by ((-4)/(-4) - 5) + 7?
1
Let n = -15 + 0. Let m = n + 20. Calculate the remainder when 12 is divided by m.
2
Suppose 4*u + 80 = -2*w - u, 2*w + 64 = -u. What is the remainder when 28 is divided by (-4)/(-3)*w/(-4)?
8
Suppose 83 = -2*b + 251. Let f = b + -38. Calculate the remainder when f is divided by 12.
10
Let m(t) = -3 - 3*t + 9*t + 0. What is the remainder when 42 is divided by m(3)?
12
Suppose 3*s - 43 = 26. What is the remainder when s is divided by 8?
7
Let h = -1 - -17. Let u(w) = -w**3 + 6*w**2 + w + 1. Let n be u(5). Suppose 0*q - q + n = 0. Calculate the remainder when q is divided by h.
15
Let g(t) = -t**3 + 2*t**2 - 2*t - 3. Let a be 14/35 - (-3)/5. Suppose -5*y + 165 = -k, -14 = 3*k + a. Calculate the remainder when y is divided by g(-2).
15
Suppose 6*s - 28 - 170 = 0. What is the remainder when 131 is divided by s?
32
Let z(q) = 2*q + 14. Calculate the remainder when z(20) is divided by 22.
10
Let y(z) = z + 10. Let g be y(-8). Let o(u) = u**3 - u**2 + 2*u - 3. Suppose 0 = -0*j + 5*j - 45. What is the remainder when j is divided by o(g)?
4
Suppose 2*o - 3*r = 58, 3*o - 5*r - 20 = 68. What is the remainder when o is divided by (-2)/(-8) + 27/4?
5
Suppose 0 = 2*t - 32 - 48. What is the remainder when t is divided by 21?
19
Calculate the remainder when (5 + -2)/((-183)/(-87) + -2) is divided by 10.
9
Suppose 4*l - 4*m - 104 = 0, 2*l - 4*m = -0*l + 62. Let x = 19 + -11. What is the remainder when l is divided by x?
5
Let c(l) = 7*l - 24. Calculate the remainder when c(5) is divided by 4.
3
Let z = 1 - 1. Let d = 5 + z. What is the remainder when 7 is divided by d?
2
Let q(u) = u. Let a be q(8). Suppose 15 = 3*y - a*y, 0 = 2*n - y - 45. Calculate the remainder when 60 is divided by n.
18
Suppose 12 = -3*m + 6*m. Suppose -3*o + 30 = -0*o. What is the remainder when o is divided by m?
2
Let p = 45 - -23. Suppose 5*q = 5*b - 0*b - 170, -2*b - 5*q = -p. Suppose -3*g + b + 14 = 0. Calculate the remainder when 46 is divided by g.
14
Suppose j = 5*j - 8. Suppose -3*d - 42 = 3*p - 15, d - 3*p = 11. Calculate the remainder when 12 is divided by -14*(j/d + 0).
5
Let j be ((3 + -4)*0)/(-3). Suppose -3*k - o + 88 = -j*k, 4*k - 5*o - 92 = 0. What is the remainder when 55 is divided by k?
27
Let p be (-1 + 8)*(5 - 4). Suppose p = -3*n + 352. Suppose -n = -7*r + 2*r. What is the remainder when r is divided by 13?
10
Suppose 11*s - 126 = 8*s. Calculate the remainder when 165 is divided by s.
39
Suppose 3 = -0*w + w. What is the remainder when (-2)/6 + 148/w is divided by 24/(-16)*(-52)/6?
10
Suppose 4*v - v = 21. Suppose -4*w + 2*x + 1 = -v, -3*x = -5*w + 11. Calculate the remainder when 35 is divided by (1 - 2)/(w/(-18)).
17
Let a(g) = 3*g**2 - 2*g + 3. Let j(i) = -22*i + 1. Calculate the remainder when a(5) is divided by j(-1).
22
Suppose -2*c + 11 = 3*u - 6, 28 = 3*c + 5*u. What is the remainder when c is divided by 1?
0
Let j = -6 - -12. Let z = -106 + 51. Let m = z - -78. What is the remainder when m is divided by j?
5
Suppose -9*f + 10*f - 10 = 0. What is the remainder when 39 is divided by f?
9
Let t = 132 + -70. Calculate the remainder when t is divided by 16.
14
Suppose -3*d = -d - 4. Suppose d*r - 8 = -x, 5*r = -5*x + 12 + 48. Let t = -1 + 47. Calculate the remainder when t is divided by x.
14
Let y be (-225)/(-10)*(3 - -1). Suppose 0 = -5*j + 11*j - y. Suppose 3*q = 4*g + 152, 2*q = -2*g + 29 + 49. What is the remainder when q is divided by j?
14
Let s be (-3)/(9/6) + 16. Let p = 2 + s. Calculate the remainder when 28 is divided by p.
12
Let f(y) = y**2 - y + 2. Suppose -92 = -2*l - 10. What is the remainder when l is divided by f(4)?
13
Let c = 67 - -49. Suppose 0*q + 4*q = c. Calculate the remainder when q is divided by 8.
5
Let v be (3/(-2))/(2/4). Calculate the remainder when 1/((-12)/14 - -1) is divided by (2/v)/((-2)/9).
1
Let y = -8 - -10. Let o(s) = -2*s + 3 + y*s + s**2 + 3*s. Calculate the remainder when 13 is divided by o(-4).
6
Suppose -18 = -d + 3*p, d = -2*p - 3*p + 58. Calculate the remainder when d is divided by 17.
16
Suppose n - 4*o + 1 = 2, -2*n + o + 2 = 0. Let p be 16/4 + (n - 1). Suppose v + 6*g - 23 = p*g, -4*v + 108 = 4*g. What is the remainder when v is divided by 11?
9
Suppose -3*d = -4*u + 341, 314 + 116 = 5*u - 5*d. What is the remainder when u is divided by 17?
15
Let v = -9 + 12. Suppose -5*y + 1481 = -4*r + 197, -4*y = 2*r - 1022. Calculate the remainder when v/9 - y/(-6) is divided by 15.
13
Let g(n) be the third derivative of n**6/30 - n**5/30 + n**4/12 - 2*n**2. Calculate the remainder when g(2) is divided by 15.
13
Let l = 20 - 16. Calculate the remainder when 13 is divided by l.
1
Let y(w) = w**2 + 19*w + 68. What is the remainder when y(-17) is divided by 9?
7
Let p = 9 + -7. Suppose -4 - 2 = -p*a, -27 = -3*k - 2*a. What is the re
|
{
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
}
|
Q:
“管你是[surname] + [name]还是[same surname] + [different name]”
There's a set phrase that goes something like:
(我)管你张三还是李四
I've seen variations on it like:
我管你张静还是李静呢
I'm trying to remember one where the surname stays the same though, something like:
管你是张飞还是张家辉
What common variants on this phrase exist where the surname stays the same?
A:
"我管你张三还是李四" literally means "I care you are John, Dick or Harry". And the actual meaning is "我(不)管你张三还是李四" meaning "I (don't) care you are John, Dick or Harry"
Using the opposite term "管" (care) instead of the actual term "不管" (don't care) is a sarcastic way of making a statement.
What common variants on this phrase exist where the surname stays the same?
It is not a set phrase, you can substitute any names/nouns to indicate "I don't care who you are". For example: "我(不)管你是皇帝还是王八", "我(不)管你成龍还是成蟲"
When someone said he is the emperor but you don't care, you can say "我管你皇帝还是王八"
When Jackie Chan demands you to do something because he is Jackie Chan, and you don't want to do it, and don't care it is Jackie who demanded it, you can say "我管你成龍还是成蟲"
One more: "我管你特朗普还是特朗通，你是个混蛋" roughly translated as "I don't care you are Donald Trump or Donald Dumb, you are an asshole"
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
[Time trend study of firearm mortality in Argentina, 1980-2012].
This work analyzes the impact of firearm mortality between 1980 and 2012 in Argentina. For this purpose a descriptive epidemiological time trend study was carried out including the following variables: sex, age group, intentionality and jurisdiction. Data was obtained from the Office of Health Statistics and Information of the Argentine Ministry of Health. A total of 87,671 deaths due to firearms were discovered, of which 85.7% occurred in men. The highest mortality rate due to firearms corresponded to the year 2002, reaching 21.2 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. The age group concentrating the largest number of deaths due to firearms was that of 20-29 years, accounting for 25.6% of all deaths. The highest adjusted rates corresponded to the years 2000-2002, with values of 10.0 to 11.6 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. This time period coincides with the institutional-economic crisis the country experienced. The province of Buenos Aires was the place of residence of 49.1% of the deceased. In the discussion, political-economic and ideological-cultural dimensions of the relations among firearms, violence, science and society are considered.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
footable , how to initialize the filter of a table just after the loading of the page
I use the excellent plugin "footable" to order and filter my tables.
But in some cases, my page must be initialized with a certain filter. For exemple, mu url is :
myurl/mypage/19
On the server side I get the '19' and send it to the view. Into the view I put this value into an input field.
How to filter this table with this input value just after the page is loaded ?
I tried :
$('table').footable();
$('table').trigger('footable_redraw');
and
$('table').footable();
$('table').trigger('footable_initialize');
Without success.
Dom
update :
I specify that the filter works. It's just that the filter does not itinialize when I put something in the field during the load of the page.
the js code :
$(document).ready( function() {
$('table').footable();
$('table').trigger('footable_initialize');
})
the html code :
<input class="form-control" id="filter" type="text" placeholder="Rechercher ..." value="{{ $libelle_classe }}">
<table class="table footable table-hover table-bordered" data-filter="#filter">
A:
A possible solution is trigger the filter event manually, using the input value:
$(document).ready( function() {
$('table').trigger('footable_filter', {
filter: $("#filter").val()
});
});
I hope this helps!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Flying with Car Seats (+the best travel car seats and boosters)
Car seats. They really are the bane of every traveling family’s existence.
They’re bulky, heavy, and just plain awkward to move around. They may not even get that much use, yet you really can’t go without them.
If you’re trying to figure out your own “flying with small kids and car seats” conundrum, just know that you’re definitely not the first, or last, parent to stress over it.
I’ve talked with lots of traveling parents over the years, and over and over again, car seats remain one of the top pain points when it comes to flying with kids. And if you’re a family that likes to travel light? Well, you can just forget it!
But wait: you do have options when flying with car seats.
So what can you do? Are you stuck lugging the bulky car seats everywhere you go?
Maybe. But not necessarily.
Read on for our top tips for flying with car seats, plus the best travel car seat and booster options for travel:
Disclaimer: This post contains affiliate links, which may reward us with a small commission if you click them. Thanks for supporting the blog in this way!
The Best Travel Car Seats for Babies
When it comes to babies and car seats, having something versatile makes all the difference. The best options are those that are part of a “travel system”, meaning they can adapt to a stroller, yet taken out for car rides.
At this stage, theCosco Scenera Next is the best option for little ones building their frequent flyer miles. This lightweight car seat weighs only X pounds, and is affordable enough that it’s a no-brainer travel investment. It’s so light, we’ve even strapped this car seat to our luggage at times using straps like these, eliminating the need to carry it through the airport separately.
For a longer-term option that can grow with your child, try the Cosco Finale 2-in-1. Equally as affordable, it works for children 30-65 lbs and 32-49 inches tall with the harness, and children 40-100 lbs and 43-52 inches tall with a seatbelt as a high-back booster.
Is it safe to check a car seat?
Well, it depends on who you ask.
For us personally, we almost always check our car seats. I hate carrying them through the airport when flying with them, and since you can check it for free on nearly every airline, it’s one less thing to worry about lugging through the airport.
But on the other hand, I know there are plenty of people who will never check their car seats because of the way they’re handled. For them, it’s not worth the damage the car seat might sustain.
So I say, to each their own. But no matter which way you decide to go, I recommend getting a quality storage baglike this one to protect your car seat clean and scratch-free.
Can I bring a car seat on the airplane?
Absolutely! So long as you’ve purchased a seat for your child and the car seat is FAA approved (it should have a sticker on the side stating this), then you can absolutely bring a car seat on the plane. The only caveat is that airlines will have restrictions on the size (it must fit in the seat, after all), so be sure to check ahead with your airline.
Honestly though, we haven’t found bringing the car seat onto the airplane to be worth the trouble, even for a long-haul overseas flight.
Maneuvering a big car seat onto a tiny airplane is no fun, and our daughter never sat much better in it than she would right on the seat.
But for those who have antsy kids that are impossible to keep still, or for special needs kids needing a little extra support, bring the car seat on the plane can be a good option for a sane flight.
But how do you get your car seat through the airport?
As I mentioned above, we almost always check our car seat so we don’t have to carry it through the airport. But there are some wonderful products out there to make your life easier if you must!
The Britax Car Seat Travel Cart is one such piece of travel gear that parents swear by. You can even strap your kid in the seat and roll them along too!
The Best Travel Booster Seats
Once your child is old enough for a backless booster (generally around 4 years old), this is where your options really open up. Both the Hiccapop Uberboost Inflatable Booster and Bubble Bum are good options if you plan to spend a lot of time in the car, but are wanting something ultra-portable, as they’re touting as the most comfortable of the travel booster seats for kids.
But if you’re only needing a booster for a quick, occasional taxi or Uber ride, the MiFold really wins for its compactness. It works by adjusting the car’s seat belt to fit the child, rather than the other way around. It’s downfall though is that it doesn’t have a lot of cushion, so it’s really not ideal for long car rides. And keep in mind, the MiFold is not approved for use in Europe.
What about renting car seats? Good or bad idea?
Personally, we just don’t do it. I’ve heard too many horror stories about rental car seats being dirty, damaged, or just plain not available upon arrival. Plus, I like having a seat I know my girls will be comfortable in. After all, at least checking a car seat is free!
But can’t I just go without this once? Are car seats really required?
Ah, I know, it sure is tempting. And it’s true that in many countries, riding without a car seat is quite common. In some parts of southeast Asia, for example, you might even have a hard time finding a taxi with proper seat belts!
I’ll admit, there have been times where in a pinch we’ve hopped in an Uber without them. It’s not something I’m exactly proud of, and it’s a risk that shouldn’t be taken lightly. Especially when there are so many alternative options out there.
So if car seats are needed only for a short while, look into booking a family-friendly transfer service. It’s quite easy noawadays to find a company that can offer car seats, some even for free, when booking in advance. There are even some companies, like Family Transfers in Europe, dedicated solely to helping families with this problem!
And in many major cities, you can get by just fine solely using public transportation. It’s how we were able to avoid bringing carseats on our latest trip to Europe.
One thing is certain: flying with car seats is no fun. But if nothing else, find hope in knowing the days of traveling with car seats won’t last forever!
What do you do about car seats when you travel? Take them with? Avoid them at all costs? Let me know in the comments below!
Comments
as still relatively new to traveling with my own kids, your blog was one of the first – and best! – I started following. Thanks for all your great advice.
As an airline pilot though, I have one hard rule I follow: My kids will NOT fly in a loop belt, acting as a living air bag in case of a take-off or landing mishap. I would probably crush them to death – one can simply not imagine the forces acting when an aircraft brakes.
Yes, I know, aborted take-offs don’t happen too often. But you still do buckle up yourself, just in case, right?
I know it costs valuable travel money buying a seat for an infant. But please consider if your kid is worth it.
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Hi, I'm Laura! Full-time mama. Part-time traveler. Our family knows exploring the world with little humans is no easy feat. That’s why we love to share our tips and tricks for traveling with kids, so you can get out and see the world too!How did we get here?
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Our Next Adventure is a travel blog for adventurous parents, sharing tips and inspiration for seeing the world with a tiny explorer. Read more about our journey here.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
C# GroupBy 30 minute interval returning incorrect result
I am using Highcharts to give visual displays of information. As of right now, I am grouping all of the database table records by the hour:
var lstGroupSummariesByHour =
lstAllSummaries.Where(x => x.DateTimeProperty.Year == year && !x.deleted)
.GroupBy(x => x.DateTimeProperty.Hour)
.Select(x => new object[] {x.Count()}).ToArray();
This is one line on my line chart.. but I am looking to create a new line where it shows all summaries for every half hour. Is there a simple LINQ lambda way to achieve this?
According to the this question if I wanted 30 minute intervals my code would look something like this since in the second answer he divides the minute by 12 to get 5 minute intervals?
var lstGroupSummariesByHalfHour =
lstAllSummaries.Where(x => x.DateTimeProperty.Year == year && !x.deleted)
.GroupBy(
x =>
new DateTime(x.DateTimeProperty.Year, x.DateTimeProperty.Month, x.DateTimeProperty.Day, x.DateTimeProperty.Hour,
x.DateTimeProperty.Minute / 2, 0))
.Select(x => new object[] {x.Count()}).ToArray();
This is returning right under 3500 records which is causing a Highcharts error of not enough ticks on the X-Axis.. which is 0 through 24 (based on hour).. so shouldn't it be returning 48 since there are 48 half-hours in a day? 24 * 2 (which would still return the highcharts error, but I will deal with that later)?
How do I fix the code above to get results for every half hour?
UPDATE
What I'm looking for (for example), is how many summaries are between 0100 & 0130, 0131 - 0200, 0201 - 0230.. and so on and so on.
Here is what my graph currently looks like:
I want to get the count of summaries for the tick that is in between each number (Hour).. 0030.. 0130.. 0230..
My graph currently is based on the entire year.. so throughout the year.. 'x' number of summaries during the 0 hour.. 'y' number of summaries during the 1 hour.. and so on and so on.. so I'm looking for a total count of number of summaries for the entire year that happened between 0000 - 0030, 0031-0100, 0101 - 0130.. and so on and so on.
A:
you need to quantize the minutes to either 0 or 30
new DateTime(
x.DateTimeProperty.Year,
x.DateTimeProperty.Month,
x.DateTimeProperty.Day,
x.DateTimeProperty.Hour,
x.DateTimeProperty.Minute > 30 ? 30 : 0,
0));
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
[Effect of a plant immunostimulant on phagocytosis of erythrocytes by the reticulohistiocytary system of isolated perfused rat liver].
By the help of the isolated, perfused rat liver, the influence of an immune stimulant of plant origin (Esberitox N; composition: herb. thujae occid. rec., rad. baptisiae tinct., rad. echinaceae ang. et purp.) on the activity of Kupffer cells was tested. It was shown that the phagocytosis of erythrocytes was improved significantly by the single extracts and the combination of this. The extract of thuja occidentalis had the most prominent effect on the first phase of phagocytosis, whereas the extract of echinacea purpurea dominantly influenced the phagocytosis dependent metabolism.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
Write file with specific permissions in Python
I'm trying to create a file that is only user-readable and -writable (0600).
Is the only way to do so by using os.open() as follows?
import os
fd = os.open('/path/to/file', os.O_WRONLY, 0o600)
myFileObject = os.fdopen(fd)
myFileObject.write(...)
myFileObject.close()
Ideally, I'd like to be able to use the with keyword so I can close the object automatically. Is there a better way to do what I'm doing above?
A:
What's the problem? file.close() will close the file even though it was open with os.open().
with os.fdopen(os.open('/path/to/file', os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT, 0o600), 'w') as handle:
handle.write(...)
A:
This answer addresses multiple concerns with the answer by vartec, especially the umask concern.
import os
import stat
# Define file params
fname = '/tmp/myfile'
flags = os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL # Refer to "man 2 open".
mode = stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWUSR # This is 0o600.
umask = 0o777 ^ mode # Prevents always downgrading umask to 0.
# For security, remove file with potentially elevated mode
try:
os.remove(fname)
except OSError:
pass
# Open file descriptor
umask_original = os.umask(umask)
try:
fdesc = os.open(fname, flags, mode)
finally:
os.umask(umask_original)
# Open file handle and write to file
with os.fdopen(fdesc, 'w') as fout:
fout.write('something\n')
If the desired mode is 0600, it can more clearly be specified as the octal number 0o600. Even better, just use the stat module.
Even though the old file is first deleted, a race condition is still possible. Including os.O_EXCL with os.O_CREAT in the flags will prevent the file from being created if it exists due to a race condition. This is a necessary secondary security measure to prevent opening a file that may already exist with a potentially elevated mode. In Python 3, FileExistsError with [Errno 17] is raised if the file exists.
Failing to first set the umask to 0 or to 0o777 ^ mode can lead to an incorrect mode (permission) being set by os.open. This is because the default umask is usually not 0, and it will be applied to the specified mode. For example, if my original umask is 2 i.e. 0o002, and my specified mode is 0o222, if I fail to first set the umask, the resulting file can instead have a mode of 0o220, which is not what I wanted. Per man 2 open, the mode of the created file is mode & ~umask.
The umask is restored to its original value as soon as possible. This getting and setting is not thread safe, and a threading.Lock must be used in a multithreaded application.
For more info about umask, refer to this thread.
A:
update
Folks, while I thank you for the upvotes here, I myself have to argue against my originally proposed solution below. The reason is doing things this way, there will be an amount of time, however small, where the file does exist, and does not have the proper permissions in place - this leave open wide ways of attack, and even buggy behavior.
Of course creating the file with the correct permissions in the first place is the way to go - against the correctness of that, using Python's with is just some candy.
So please, take this answer as an example of "what not to do";
original post
You can use os.chmod instead:
>>> import os
>>> name = "eek.txt"
>>> with open(name, "wt") as myfile:
... os.chmod(name, 0o600)
... myfile.write("eeek")
...
>>> os.system("ls -lh " + name)
-rw------- 1 gwidion gwidion 4 2011-04-11 13:47 eek.txt
0
>>>
(Note that the way to use octals in Python is by being explicit - by prefixing it with "0o" like in "0o600". In Python 2.x it would work writing just 0600 - but that is both misleading and deprecated.)
However, if your security is critical, you probably should resort to creating it with os.open, as you do and use os.fdopen to retrieve a Python File object from the file descriptor returned by os.open.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
A narrow MWD of linear low density polymers is desirable as the tear strength of films blown from these resins will be much improved. The exact MWD is influenced by catalyst composition whereas the actual molecular weight is more usually altered by altering process conditions in (co) polymerization reactions.
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{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Haemodynamic evaluation during small volume resuscitation in patients with acute respiratory failure.
In addition to the invasive haemodynamic monitoring procedures, an on-line assessment of cardiac performance by means of transoesophageal echocardiography might have a certain role in small volume resuscitation of patients with acute respiratory failure or Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). The goal of this investigation was therefore to determine the effects of a hypertonic hyperoncotic solution, hypertonic hydoxyethl-starch (HHES), (HHES = HES [200.000/0.6-0.66; 60 g l-1; Leopold, Graz; Austria] combined with NaCl [75 g l-1) on haemodynamics and cardiac performance using the transoesophageal echocardiography. After institutional approval we investigated 23 patients suffering from septic ARDS after trauma or major surgery during four periods of resuscitation. Phase I = control values after infusion of 20 ml kg-1 crystalloid solution, phase II = 50% hypertonic hydroxyethyl-starch solution (2 ml kg-1), phase III = at the end of HHES (4 ml kg-1), IV = 30 min after the end of HHES. Before HHES-infusion, all patients showed arterial hypotension with mean arterial pressures of 64 +/- 2 mmHg. The infusion of 2 ml kg-1 HHES resulted in a significant increase of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures over the study period. A significant improvement in cardiac output was associated with increasing stroke volumes, oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption (see Tables 1 and 2). Small volume resuscitation also resulted in significant increases of endsystolic and endiastolic left ventricular areas and the corresponding calculated wall stress (Figs 1-3). We conclude from our preliminary data that when using HHES, only modest fluid resuscitation was sufficient to restore adequate preload and oxygen delivery in patients with sepsis-related acute respiratory failure.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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The View on Pavey Square Development Approved at Five Stories
Columbus Underground – September 19, 2016 – Columbus, OH – After nine months of public discussion and architectural revision, The View on Pavey Square was finally met with approval by ...
By Abigail Bashor
Akron Civic Commons – October 10, 2017 – Akron, OH – A historic city block in downtown Akron is on its way to revitalization. While still largely in the design stages, the Bowery redevelopment project is ...
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Lauretta Lamptey
Lauretta Vivian Lamptey is a former Ghanaian Commissioner on Human Rights and Administrative Justice. She is a lawyer and an investment banker.
Education
Lauretta Lamptey studied law at the University of Ghana, Legon where she gained the LL. B.. She continued to the Ghana Law School where she qualified as a Barrister. She also studied International Business Law at the London School of Economics and Political Science of the University of London where she acquired the LL. M. degree.
Work
Lauretta Lamptey has worked in various capacities. She has been the head of the Capital Markets Group at Ecobank Ghana. She moved from there to become head of Corporate Finance at Cal Merchant Bank. She is also known to have provided legal, financial and investment advice to the Government of Ghana on transactions related to mining, energy and natural resources. She is on the Board of Directors of the Ghana Commercial Bank. She has also been on the Securities Discount Company (SDC) and Gliksten W. A. and is a founder member of the board of the Ghana Stock Exchange.
Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice
Lauretta was sworn in as the Commissioner on 26 July 2011 by President John Atta Mills. Her appointment proved popular with gender activists including Adjoa Bame of NETRIGHT. She was removed in November 2015 by President Mahama following investigations by the Chief Justice of Ghana following allegations made against her.
References
External links
Facebook page
Category:Ghanaian lawyers
Category:Ghanaian bankers
Category:University of Ghana alumni
Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
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{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
@ f2
res8: Future[String] = Future(Success($2a$17$O0fnZkDyZ1bsJknuXw.eG.9Mesh9W03ZnVPefgcTV...
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{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
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An Overview of Novel Unconventional Mechanisms of Hematopoietic Development and Regulators of Hematopoiesis - a Roadmap for Future Investigations.
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the best-characterized stem cells in adult tissues. Nevertheless, as of today, many open questions remain. First, what is the phenotype of the most primitive "pre-HSC" able to undergo asymmetric divisions during ex vivo expansion that gives rise to HSC for all hemato-lymphopoietic lineages. Next, most routine in vitro assays designed to study HSC specification into hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) for major hematopoietic lineages are based on a limited number of peptide-based growth factors and cytokines, neglecting the involvement of several other regulators that are endowed with hematopoietic activity. Examples include many hormones, such as pituitary gonadotropins, gonadal sex hormones, IGF-1, and thyroid hormones, as well as bioactive phosphosphingolipids and extracellular nucleotides (EXNs). Moreover, in addition to regulation by stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), trafficking of these cells during mobilization or homing after transplantation is also regulated by bioactive phosphosphingolipids, EXNs, and three ancient proteolytic cascades, the complement cascade (ComC), the coagulation cascade (CoA), and the fibrinolytic cascade (FibC). Finally, it has emerged that bone marrow responds by "sterile inflammation" to signals sent from damaged organs and tissues, systemic stress, strenuous exercise, gut microbiota, and the administration of certain drugs. This review will address the involvement of these unconventional regulators and present a broader picture of hematopoiesis.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Ministry of Justice (Somalia)
Introduction
The Ministry of Justice is the ministry that is responsible for the Judiciary of Somalia. It was created in 1956 during the joint Somali/Italian administration with the aim of achieving a sustainable democratic system of governance that operates within a clearly defined and predictable legal environment. The responsibility of the Ministry is to promote democracy, good governance and human rights through the development of policies and programs that enhance the enjoyment of social, economic and political rights.
List of ministers (Post-Independence in 1960)
Sheikh Mahamud Muhammed Farah (1959-1961)
Abdurahman Hagi Mumin (1961–1966)
Sheikh Abdulghani Sheikh Ahmed (1970–1973)
Abdisalam Sheikh Hussein (1973–1978)
Ahmed Shire Mahmud (1978–1984) [Minister of Justice and Religion]
Sheik Hussan Abdalle Farah (1984–1988)
Mohamoud Said Mohamed (1988–1990)
Abdillahi Ossoble Said (1990)
Hussein Sheikh Abdirahman "Matan" (1991)
Mumin Omar (1991)*
Mahmud Umar Farah (2000–2003)
Ali Mudey Mahi (2004-2005)
Sheikh Adan Mohamed 'Madobe' Nur (2005-2007)
Hasan Dimbil Warsame (2007–2008)
Abdirahman Mahmud Farah Janaqow (2009-2010)
Farah Sh. Abdulkadir Mohamed (2015) [Minister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs of Somalia]
Ahmed Hassan Gabobe (2015)
Abdullahi Ahmed Jama (2015–2017)
Hassan Hussein Hajji (2017–present)
*Somalia did not have a functioning government from late 1991-early 2000.
See also
Justice ministry
Politics of Somalia
References
Somalia
Category:Government ministries of Somalia
Category:2012 establishments in Somalia
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{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
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Ultrastructural localization of milk fat globule membrane antigens in human breast carcinomas.
The localization of milk fat globule membrane components has been assessed using post-fixation immunoelectron microscopy with three different antibodies for a group of breast carcinomas of different type and histological differentiation. For well differentiated carcinomas localization was in relation to the cell membrane, with polarization being evident in a proportion of cases. Moderately differentiated carcinomas showed a combined picture of cell membrane, vesicular, and intracytoplasmic luminal localization. The latter is a feature of infiltrating lobular carcinomas. Poorly differentiated carcinomas exhibited vesicular labelling throughout the cytoplasm, with no cell membrane localization. No labelling was seen over endoplasmic reticulum. It is proposed that carcinomas exhibit defects in intracellular transport of milk fat globule membrane components resulting in failure of expression at the cell surface and accumulation of vesicles within the cytoplasm, the extent of change relating to tumour differentiation.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
/*
* Copyright (c) 2003, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
*
* This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
* published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
* particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
* by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
*
* This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
* version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
* accompanied this code).
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
* 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*
* Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
* or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
* questions.
*/
package sun.security.timestamp;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.security.MessageDigest;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.security.cert.X509Extension;
import sun.security.util.DerValue;
import sun.security.util.DerOutputStream;
import sun.security.util.ObjectIdentifier;
import sun.security.x509.AlgorithmId;
/**
* This class provides a timestamp request, as defined in
* <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3161.txt">RFC 3161</a>.
*
* The TimeStampReq ASN.1 type has the following definition:
* <pre>
*
* TimeStampReq ::= SEQUENCE {
* version INTEGER { v1(1) },
* messageImprint MessageImprint
* -- a hash algorithm OID and the hash value of the data to be
* -- time-stamped.
* reqPolicy TSAPolicyId OPTIONAL,
* nonce INTEGER OPTIONAL,
* certReq BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE,
* extensions [0] IMPLICIT Extensions OPTIONAL }
*
* MessageImprint ::= SEQUENCE {
* hashAlgorithm AlgorithmIdentifier,
* hashedMessage OCTET STRING }
*
* TSAPolicyId ::= OBJECT IDENTIFIER
*
* </pre>
*
* @since 1.5
* @author Vincent Ryan
* @see Timestamper
*/
public class TSRequest {
private int version = 1;
private AlgorithmId hashAlgorithmId = null;
private byte[] hashValue;
private String policyId = null;
private BigInteger nonce = null;
private boolean returnCertificate = false;
private X509Extension[] extensions = null;
/**
* Constructs a timestamp request for the supplied data.
*
* @param toBeTimeStamped The data to be timestamped.
* @param messageDigest The MessageDigest of the hash algorithm to use.
* @throws NoSuchAlgorithmException if the hash algorithm is not supported
*/
public TSRequest(String tSAPolicyID, byte[] toBeTimeStamped, MessageDigest messageDigest)
throws NoSuchAlgorithmException {
this.policyId = tSAPolicyID;
this.hashAlgorithmId = AlgorithmId.get(messageDigest.getAlgorithm());
this.hashValue = messageDigest.digest(toBeTimeStamped);
}
public byte[] getHashedMessage() {
return hashValue.clone();
}
/**
* Sets the Time-Stamp Protocol version.
*
* @param version The TSP version.
*/
public void setVersion(int version) {
this.version = version;
}
/**
* Sets an object identifier for the Time-Stamp Protocol policy.
*
* @param policyId The policy object identifier.
*/
public void setPolicyId(String policyId) {
this.policyId = policyId;
}
/**
* Sets a nonce.
* A nonce is a single-use random number.
*
* @param nonce The nonce value.
*/
public void setNonce(BigInteger nonce) {
this.nonce = nonce;
}
/**
* Request that the TSA include its signing certificate in the response.
*
* @param returnCertificate True if the TSA should return its signing
* certificate. By default it is not returned.
*/
public void requestCertificate(boolean returnCertificate) {
this.returnCertificate = returnCertificate;
}
/**
* Sets the Time-Stamp Protocol extensions.
*
* @param extensions The protocol extensions.
*/
public void setExtensions(X509Extension[] extensions) {
this.extensions = extensions;
}
public byte[] encode() throws IOException {
DerOutputStream request = new DerOutputStream();
// encode version
request.putInteger(version);
// encode messageImprint
DerOutputStream messageImprint = new DerOutputStream();
hashAlgorithmId.encode(messageImprint);
messageImprint.putOctetString(hashValue);
request.write(DerValue.tag_Sequence, messageImprint);
// encode optional elements
if (policyId != null) {
request.putOID(ObjectIdentifier.of(policyId));
}
if (nonce != null) {
request.putInteger(nonce);
}
if (returnCertificate) {
request.putBoolean(true);
}
DerOutputStream out = new DerOutputStream();
out.write(DerValue.tag_Sequence, request);
return out.toByteArray();
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to ink jet printheads for solid ink jet imaging apparatus, and more particularly to ink jet printheads that consume less energy during ink jetting operation.
2. Description of the Related Art
Consumer ink jet printers typically use water-based inks with a low concentration of pigment or dye. When these water-based inks are jetted on a print medium, the water evaporates or gets absorbed by the print medium. However, with respect to a solid ink or phase change printer, solid blocks of colored material are melted and jetted in molten form. These molten inks have the consistency of crayons or candle wax and, when transferred on to the print medium, solidify to form a printed image. The solid ink printer produces vivid colors and crisp lines because the ink stands on the surface of the paper instead of penetrating as with water-based inks.
One such example of a solid ink printer 10 is shown in FIG. 1. During an imaging operation, blocks of solid ink 12 are disposed within an ink loader 14. The ink loader 14 has a retaining plate 16 that retains the blocks of solid ink 12. Further, ink loader 14 also has a heating plate 18 disposed therein to make contact with the blocks of solid ink 12 within the ink loader 14. The heating plate 18 melts and transforms the blocks of solid ink 12 into molten form 20. The molten ink 20 is then injected into the printhead assembly 22, which in turn gets jetted on to an imaging drum 24 present within the solid ink printer 10. Accordingly, the molten ink 20 gets transferred on to the print medium 26 to form an image. However, there are considerable drawbacks associated with such a prior art solid ink printer 10.
One such drawback is that a delay of 15 minutes or more may be required for the solid ink printer 10 to warm up sufficiently to melt the solid ink to be used in printing from a powered-off state. Another drawback is that the heating plate 26 requires a large amount of energy in melting blocks of solid ink 12, in heating the printhead assembly 18, and in maintaining the solid ink jet printer 10 in a ready mode.
As such, there is a need to provide solid ink jet printers that consume less energy and also reduce time required for start-up before printing.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Q:
Global variable undefined in nested loop
I am trying to do a odd/even number generator and printing the percentage of even numbers WITHOUT using if-then-else statement. However my global variable could not be read in my nested loop, any advise? Thanks!
I have tried this in other languages and it work, however it don't seem to work in python.
import random;
numberArr = [];
noRandomNum = 4;
isEven = 0;
for i in range (0, noRandomNum):
numberArr.append(random.randint(1,10));
for i in range(len(numberArr)):
x = numberArr[i]%2;
# print(isEven);
while x == 0:
print("test")
# isEven++; //UNDEFINED ERROR HERE
break;
print(isEven);
isEven is a global variable, thus it should work.
A:
There is no ++ operator in python. You have to use it like isEven += 1. Also the semi-colons are not mandatory.
This is not an issue of variable scope.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
package mage.cards.w;
import java.util.UUID;
import mage.MageInt;
import mage.abilities.Ability;
import mage.abilities.common.SimpleStaticAbility;
import mage.abilities.condition.common.OpponentControlsPermanentCondition;
import mage.abilities.decorator.ConditionalContinuousRuleModifyingEffect;
import mage.abilities.effects.ContinuousRuleModifyingEffect;
import mage.abilities.effects.common.DontUntapInControllersUntapStepSourceEffect;
import mage.abilities.keyword.CantBeBlockedSourceAbility;
import mage.constants.SubType;
import mage.cards.CardImpl;
import mage.cards.CardSetInfo;
import mage.constants.CardType;
import mage.constants.ComparisonType;
import mage.constants.Zone;
import mage.filter.common.FilterCreaturePermanent;
/**
*
* @author jeffwadsworth
*/
public final class WalkingDream extends CardImpl {
private static final String rule = "{this} doesn't untap during your untap step if an opponent controls two or more creatures.";
public WalkingDream(UUID ownerId, CardSetInfo setInfo) {
super(ownerId, setInfo, new CardType[]{CardType.CREATURE}, "{3}{U}");
this.subtype.add(SubType.ILLUSION);
this.power = new MageInt(3);
this.toughness = new MageInt(3);
// Walking Dream is unblockable.
this.addAbility(new CantBeBlockedSourceAbility());
// Walking Dream doesn't untap during your untap step if an opponent controls two or more creatures.
ContinuousRuleModifyingEffect dontUntap = new DontUntapInControllersUntapStepSourceEffect(false, true);
dontUntap.setText(rule);
Ability ability = new SimpleStaticAbility(Zone.BATTLEFIELD,
new ConditionalContinuousRuleModifyingEffect(
dontUntap,
new OpponentControlsPermanentCondition(
new FilterCreaturePermanent(),
ComparisonType.MORE_THAN, 1)));
this.addAbility(ability);
}
public WalkingDream(final WalkingDream card) {
super(card);
}
@Override
public WalkingDream copy() {
return new WalkingDream(this);
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Home \ JAV \ DOCP-183 A Magazine Project Titled “Memorial Nude Photo That A Loving Couple Wants To Leave” And A Wife Deceived, Verified By Being Taken Down By A Fake Photo Session With A Close-fitting Man And Bare Skin! ! Ji ○ Po Who Was Younger Than Her Husband And Turned Back To Tick Was Super Close To 3 Cm To Ma ○ Ko And His Wife Suddenly Lusted! ? … 6
DOCP-183 A Magazine Project Titled “Memorial Nude Photo That A Loving Couple Wants To Leave” And A Wife Deceived, Verified By Being Taken Down By A Fake Photo Session With A Close-fitting Man And Bare Skin! ! Ji ○ Po Who Was Younger Than Her Husband And Turned Back To Tick Was Super Close To 3 Cm To Ma ○ Ko And His Wife Suddenly Lusted! ? … 6
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
OCP: Which two are true about LGWR?
A. LGWR always writes to the redo logs each time a COMMIT occurs.
B. LGWR always writes to the redo logs each time a ROLLBACK occurs.
C. LGWR never writes a single COMMIT to the redo logs.
D. LGWR may write to the redo logs when DBWR writes a dirty buffer.
E. Multiple COMMITs can be written by LGWR in the same write request.
F. LGWR always writes to the redo logs when DBWR writes a dirty buffer.
The answer is DE.
But why?
Why A and F is wrong?
A:
Why A and F is wrong?
It's not obvious, but the Oracle Concepts guide does have explanations. You should check it out.
Anyway....
A. LGWR always writes to the redo logs each time a COMMIT occurs.
A user committing a transaction is one of the things which triggers LGWR to write to the redo log. So it might seem that A is correct. But the Concept Guide says: "When activity is high, LGWR can use group commits". If several users commit their transactions while LGWR is still writing to the redo log those commits are kept in the redo buffer and then all of them are written when LGWR frees up.
So, there isn't one write for every commit. That's why E is correct.
F. LGWR always writes to the redo logs when DBWR writes a dirty buffer.
The Concept Guide says: "Before DBW can write a dirty buffer, the database must write to disk the redo records associated with changes to the buffer (the write-ahead protocol). If DBW discovers that some redo records have not been written, it signals LGWR to write the records to disk, and waits for LGWR to complete before writing the data buffers to disk."
So F is not true because the LGWR does not always have to write when DBWR writes, just sometimes. That's why D is correct.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Posts Tagged ‘Imperial Palace’
After having my coffee and snack at the Ueno Starbucks yesterday, I took the subway to Tokyo Station, close to the Imperial Palace. Navigating the system wasn’t too difficult. The ticket machines have English, but not much route information. In order to figure out how much you need to pay you need to look at one of the maps that has English, compare that to the map that shows prices to stations from your current location and then press the appropriate button on and insert the appropriate cash into the ticket machine. Alternatively, you could just buy the cheapest ticket – as I did for Tokyo station – and either look for a fare adjustment machine or – as I did – hand your ticket in at a desk and pay the difference.
The weather yesterday, as well as being overcast, was quite hazy. Visibility wasn’t great, but it lent a certain mysterious, atmospheric quality to the cityscape. The Imperial Palace is, I suppose, Japan’s Buckingham palace, but its ground are much more fortified. It’s surrounded by extensive grounds and large moats with steep slopes or stone walls on the inner edges. Much of the grounds that I saw had close-cropped lawns with an orderly forest of manicured evergreen trees.
I walked around part of the Palace grounds and then headed to a pair of gardens – western and Japanese; of which, the latter was quite pleasant, the former quite dull – which were adjacent to the National Diet Building – ‘Diet’ as in legislative body. Not a terribly interesting sight. I walked around the nearby government buildings. It was very quiet – there were probably more police officers than pedestrians – and not that many of those. It’s not a patch on Whitehall, frankly – it’s all mid to late twentieth century buildings.
Then I headed to Shinjuku, a big train/subway station and shopping area. The narrow side streets reminded me a little of Myeongdong in Seoul (although they weren’t pedestrianised), while the main roads were reminiscent of Oxford Street in London. I had a pretty lame but cheap coffee and did some game work, then took the subway back up to Asakusa.
There, I had a nice noodle soup and some fried dumplings at a restaurant and went back to the hostel. I had a long conversation with my friend Alex via Skype – something we don’t do often enough. Habiba was probably out, and she hadn’t left me any replies to my message during the day. Now, the following day (Sunday), I’m waiting for her to get on Skype, but she’s either fallen fast asleep or she’s gone out.
I don’t really have any plans for the day – I’m just going to head to the airport early. I’ve already bought some snacks for Habiba and me (maybe this time she’ll let me have some) and some chocolate biscuit sticks for my homeroom children. The Japanese brand of these sticks is Pocky, but in Korea they’re called Pepero – and 11th November is Pepero Day. I now have enough money for the train to the airport with a bit left over.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Tale of Sand
Tale of Sand is a comic book based on an unmade film script by Jim Henson and Jerry Juhl.
Development
Jim Henson created the idea in the mid to late 1950s and worked with Jerry Juhl in writing the story throughout the late '60s and early '70s.
In January 2012, The Jim Henson Company, partnered with Archaia Entertainment and published a graphic novel version of Henson and Juhl's script with the artwork by Ramón Pérez. Lisa Henson was instrumental getting the story in comic book form in partnership with Archaia editor-in-chief Stephen Christy.
Plot
Its about a man called Mac who wakes up in an unknown town and pursued across the desert for the Southwest by strange people and beasts.
Reception
The comic had a mostly positive reception from critics.
References
Category:The Jim Henson Company
Category:Boom! Studios titles
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!-- @@BEGIN_SDKSPLIT
THRESHOLD RESTRICED CAPABILITIES MANIFEST SCHEMA
This is the Schema that defines elements and attributes for the Universal App
Platform features in Thresold. These types are imported into the Foundation
schema and included in products that support UAP.
!!!WARNING!!!
Don't make any changes to this schema. Changes will affect a wide range of
partners and can potentially break product and test code, as well as existing
.appx packages and manifests. Please contact 'manifest' alias if you need to
request any addition or modification.
@@END_SDKSPLIT -->
<xs:schema attributeFormDefault="unqualified" elementFormDefault="qualified"
xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
targetNamespace="http://schemas.microsoft.com/appx/manifest/foundation/windows10/restrictedcapabilities"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/appx/manifest/foundation/windows10/restrictedcapabilities"
xmlns:t="http://schemas.microsoft.com/appx/manifest/types"
xmlns:f="http://schemas.microsoft.com/appx/manifest/foundation/windows10"
xmlns:uap10="http://schemas.microsoft.com/appx/manifest/uap/windows10/10"
>
<xs:import namespace="http://schemas.microsoft.com/appx/manifest/types"/>
<xs:import namespace="http://schemas.microsoft.com/appx/manifest/foundation/windows10"/>
<xs:import namespace="http://schemas.microsoft.com/appx/manifest/uap/windows10/10"/>
<xs:element name="Capability" substitutionGroup="f:CapabilityChoice">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:attribute name="Name" type="t:ST_Capability_Windows_Restricted_Party" use="required"/>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
<xs:element name="Extension" substitutionGroup="f:ApplicationExtensionChoice">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:choice minOccurs="0">
<xs:element name="SettingsApp" type="CT_SettingsApp"/>
</xs:choice>
<xs:attribute name="Category" type="t:ST_ApplicationExtensionCategory_Restricted" use="required"/>
<xs:attributeGroup ref="t:ExtensionBaseAttributes"/>
<xs:attributeGroup ref="uap10:TrustLevelGroup"/>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
<xs:complexType name="CT_SettingsApp">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="AppLinks" type="CT_SettingsExtensionAppLinkCollection" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="1"/>
<xs:element name="SearchTerms" type="CT_SettingsExtensionAppSearchTermsCollection" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="1"/>
</xs:sequence>
<xs:attribute name="SettingsPageUri" type="t:ST_SettingsPageUri" use="optional"/>
<xs:attribute name="Category" type="t:ST_SettingsAppCategories" use="optional"/>
</xs:complexType>
<xs:complexType name="CT_SettingsExtensionAppLinkCollection">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="Link" type="CT_SettingsExtensionAppLink" minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="5" />
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
<xs:complexType name="CT_SettingsExtensionAppLink">
<xs:attribute name="AppActivationMode" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:attribute name="DisplayName" type="xs:string"/>
</xs:complexType>
<xs:complexType name="CT_SettingsExtensionAppSearchTermsCollection">
<xs:sequence>
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#! UFH and B3LYP cc-pVQZ properties for the CH2 molecule.
molecule ch2 {
0 3
c
h 1 b1
h 1 b1 2 a1
b1 = 1.0
a1 = 125.0
}
# Get a reasonable guess, to save some iterations
set globals = {
scf_type pk
basis 6-31G**
e_convergence 8
docc [2, 0, 0, 1]
socc [1, 0, 1, 0]
reference uhf
}
ch2.update_geometry()
compare_values(6.6484189450, ch2.nuclear_repulsion_energy(), 9, "Nuclear repulsion energy") #TEST
props = ['DIPOLE', 'QUADRUPOLE', 'MULLIKEN_CHARGES', 'LOWDIN_CHARGES',
'WIBERG_LOWDIN_INDICES', 'MAYER_INDICES', 'MAYER_INDICES',
'MO_EXTENTS', 'GRID_FIELD', 'GRID_ESP', 'ESP_AT_NUCLEI',
'MULTIPOLE(5)', 'NO_OCCUPATIONS']
properties('scf', properties=props)
compare_values(psi4.variable("CURRENT ENERGY"), -38.91591819679808, 6, "SCF energy") #TEST
compare_values(psi4.variable('SCF DIPOLE X'), 0.000000000000, 4, "SCF DIPOLE X") #TEST
compare_values(psi4.variable('SCF DIPOLE Y'), 0.000000000000, 4, "SCF DIPOLE Y") #TEST
compare_values(psi4.variable('SCF DIPOLE Z'), 0.572697798348, 4, "SCF DIPOLE Z") #TEST
compare_values(psi4.variable('SCF QUADRUPOLE XX'), -7.664066833060, 4, "SCF QUADRUPOLE XX") #TEST
compare_values(psi4.variable('SCF QUADRUPOLE YY'), -6.097755074075, 4, "SCF QUADRUPOLE YY") #TEST
compare_values(psi4.variable('SCF QUADRUPOLE ZZ'), -7.074596012050, 4, "SCF QUADRUPOLE ZZ") #TEST
compare_values(psi4.variable('SCF QUADRUPOLE XY'), 0.000000000000, 4, "SCF QUADRUPOLE XY") #TEST
compare_values(psi4.variable('SCF QUADRUPOLE XZ'), 0.000000000000, 4, "SCF QUADRUPOLE XZ") #TEST
compare_values(psi4.variable('SCF QUADRUPOLE YZ'), 0.000000000000, 4, "SCF QUADRUPOLE YZ") #TEST
properties('B3LYP', properties=props)
compare_values(psi4.variable('CURRENT ENERGY'), -39.14134740550916, 6, "B3LYP energy") #TEST
compare_values(psi4.variable('B3LYP DIPOLE X'), 0.000000000000, 4, "B3LYP DIPOLE X") #TEST
compare_values(psi4.variable('B3LYP DIPOLE Y'), -0.000000000000, 4, "B3LYP DIPOLE Y") #TEST
compare_values(psi4.variable('B3LYP DIPOLE Z'), 0.641741521158, 4, "B3LYP DIPOLE Z") #TEST
compare_values(psi4.variable('B3LYP QUADRUPOLE XX'), -7.616483183211, 4, "B3LYP QUADRUPOLE XX") #TEST
compare_values(psi4.variable('B3LYP QUADRUPOLE YY'), -6.005896804551, 4, "B3LYP QUADRUPOLE YY") #TEST
compare_values(psi4.variable('B3LYP QUADRUPOLE ZZ'), -7.021817489904, 4, "B3LYP QUADRUPOLE ZZ") #TEST
compare_values(psi4.variable('B3LYP QUADRUPOLE XY'), 0.000000000000, 4, "B3LYP QUADRUPOLE XY") #TEST
compare_values(psi4.variable('B3LYP QUADRUPOLE XZ'), 0.000000000000, 4, "B3LYP QUADRUPOLE XZ") #TEST
compare_values(psi4.variable('B3LYP QUADRUPOLE YZ'), -0.000000000000, 4, "B3LYP QUADRUPOLE YZ") #TEST
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I want to offer a job to a young man with special needs but his father says that if my potential employee receives more than $85 a month, he will no longer receive Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Can I hire this qualified person without hurti...
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The Postcolonial Arctic
The latest issue of Moving Worlds: A Transnational Journal is focused around the theme of the The Postcolonial Arctic. The issue brings together the work of a number of early-career scholars from a range of countries, including Nancy Campbell, Tone Huse and Marionne Cronin.
The cover image for the special issue comes from a photograph by Finnish artist Marja Helander. The photo is part of her 2001-2003 series of images entitled _Modern Nomads_. Modern Nomads arose out of an image Marja had been long carrying in her head: a person walking in a suit through a winter mountain landscape. Marja soon realised that she wanted that person to be her herself – to make those photos personal, to make them staged self-portraits. As she tells it, the photos in Modern Nomads relate a story about a modern person – someone who is totally lost in her traditional Sámi environment. “She doesn´t understand her position, and she walks on the mountains following the footsteps of her ancestors, reindeer-herdsmen,” Marja commented. The movement continues, but the frame of reference is different. Some of the images for this series Marja shot in the Varanger Fjord in Norway, where the Sámi people arrived some 10,000 years ago. Mount Palopää is an area in the Utsjoki municipality of Northern Finland where Marja’s ancestors have been engaged in reindeer herding for centuries. The photograph for the cover of Moving Worlds tell of the complexities of contemporary human identity, and of the frequent contridictions, ironies and absurdities of life in the North as it is understood both by insiders and outsiders.
The introductory editorial to the special issue, by Graham Huggan and Roger Norum, can be downloaded here. One-year subscriptions to the journal can be purchased online at: http://www.movingworlds.net/
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Message from the Dean
Hello and welcome! I am honored and privileged to serve as the dean of the College of Engineering at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. This is a special place for people with a passion for aeronautics, space, and aviation.
Message From the Dean
Message from the Dean
Hello and welcome! I am honored and privileged to serve as the Dean of the College of Engineering at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. This is a special place for people with a passion for aeronautics, space, and aviation. Our ranking as a top undergraduate engineering college comes from a tradition of teaching excellence, learning-by-doing philosophy, state-of-the-art facilities, and a highly talented faculty and student body. This tradition has been expanded, and now contributes to our rapidly growing master's and doctoral programs in a variety of engineering disciplines. Our mission is to graduate technically-competent and socially-aware men and women who will be the next generation of industry leaders, innovators, and entrepreneurs. I invite you to explore our site and learn more about our departments and the excellent undergraduate and graduate programs we offer, and to discover the kinds of exciting research and student projects that engineering students at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University can collaborate on with world-class faculty.
About Dean Mirmirani
Dean Maj Mirmirani first came to the United States in 1969 after graduating from Tehran Polytechnic University (now known as Amir Kabir University) with a BS in Mechanical Engineering. In the United States, he continued his studies at the University of California, Berkeley, where he obtained a Master's and a Doctorate in Mechanical Engineering in 1977.
After working for two years in Iran and spending another year at the Imperial College of Science and Technology in London, he and his family returned to the United States and he joined the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the California State University Los Angeles (CSULA) in 1981.
During his tenure at CSULA, where he served nine years as the department chair, he led several major research projects (interdisciplinary in nature) sponsored by NASA, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, NSF, and industry, exceeding $14 million in funding. Most notable among these projects is the modeling and control of airbreathing hypersonic flight vehicles, the design and development of a high-endurance hydrogen fuel cell-powered UAV, the design and fabrication of a precision segmented reflector testbed, three NASA STTR awards, and the establishment of the Multidisciplinary Flight Dynamics and Control Laboratory (MFDCLab), which he directed until October 2007. In 2007, Dr. Mirmirani joined Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University as the Dean of the College of Engineering.
Dean Mirmirani is the recipient of the CSULA 2002-2003 University Outstanding Professor Award and the CSULA University 1996 Meritorious and Professional Promise Award. Dean Mirmirani is an Associate Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), a Fellow of ASME, and a member of the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE), Tau Beta Pi (the Engineering Honor Society), and Pi Tau Sigma (the International Mechanical Engineering Honor Society). He is an instrument-rated private pilot, and a member of the Airplane Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA).
Featured Video
Learn more about the College of Engineering
Combined and Accelerated Degree Programs
These programs allow high-achieving students to earn both a bachelor's and master's degree in an accelerated manner.
Bachelor's Degrees
Bachelor of Science in Aerospace Engineering
Students in Embry-Riddle's Bachelor of Science in Aerospace Engineering program can opt to focus on aeronautics, astronautics, or aerospace propulsion in one of the highest-ranked BSAE programs in the United States.
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering
Students in the Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering get hands-on experience with embedded computer systems on platforms ranging from small mobile robots to systems critical to aviation and aerospace.
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
Students who enjoy using computers to analyze and solve complex problems that arise in the natural world, human behavior, national security, or business can prepare for a career in government or industry, or lay the foundation for graduate studies in computer science or software engineering.
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
With the modern world’s need for high-technology travel and clean energy, the Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering program provides one of the most in-demand degrees and access to some of the most exciting and innovation-driven career tracks.
Master's Degrees
Master of Aerospace Engineering/Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering
Embry-Riddle's aerospace engineering program is renowned in the aerospace industry, and this program — which offers both thesis and non-thesis options — prepares students for careers in the industry and in research and development.
Master of Science in Cybersecurity Engineering
This degree program prepares students — many of them current engineers and managers looking to enhance their skill set — to address challenges in the development of secure systems and well as maintaining secure operations, maintenance, as well as decommissioning of these systems.
Master of Science in Electrical & Computer Engineering
This sought-after degree has thesis and non-thesis options and two areas of focus: digital communications and avionics & radio navigation for the electrical engineering side, and project management and computer systems safety for the computer engineering side.
Master of Software Engineering
With a process-oriented approach that integrates communication and management skills with an emphasis on the engineering of real-time embedded software systems, the MSE degree program prepares students to work on the cutting edge of software development.
Doctoral Degrees
Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering
In this program, students with a strong science and engineering background conduct research and coursework in one of three areas of concentration: Aerodynamics & Propulsion, Structures & Materials, and Dynamics & Control.
Departments
The College Fund of Excellence is used to support a wide variety of hands-on projects to our undergraduate students, enabling them to travel to competitions and have other experiences above and beyond the traditional classroom experience. Click below to support student teams such as the EcoCAR, the Women's Baja, and the Student Robotics Association.
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Ryan Quigley
Ryan Andrew Quigley (born January 26, 1990) is an American football punter who is currently a free agent. He was signed by the Chicago Bears after going undrafted in the 2012 NFL Draft. He played college football at Boston College.
He has played for the New York Jets, Philadelphia Eagles, Jacksonville Jaguars, Arizona Cardinals and Minnesota Vikings.
Early life
Quigley attended North Myrtle Beach High School, where he played for the football team. In his senior year, Quigley led the state of South Carolina in yards per punt with 46. He also played kicker, and made six of eight field goals, and kicked 93 percent of his kickoffs for touchbacks. He was later named first-team All-State by the Associated Press along with being named the South Carolina Special Teams Player of the Year.
College career
Quigley attended Boston College. As a freshman in 2008, he finished with 59 punts for 2,334 net yards for a 39.6 average. In 2009, Quigley broke the school record for the most punts in a season with 77, and he would later break the record a year later with 79. Overall, in the 2009 season, he finished with 77 punts for 3,145 net yards for a 40.8 average. As a junior in 2010, he finished with 79 punts for 3,282 net yards for a 41.5 average. In his senior year, he was ranked fourth in the nation for punts inside the 20-yard line with 28. Overall, in the 2011 season, he finished with 69 punts for 2,657 net yards for a 38.5 average. He is the school's all-time leader in career punts with 283 punts for 11,418 yards.
Professional career
Chicago Bears
Quigley was signed by the Chicago Bears after the Draft. He replaced Adam Podlesh at punter for the preseason after Podlesh sustained a hip flexor against the Washington Redskins in the second preseason game. Against the New York Giants in the third preseason game, he had three of his seven punts land inside the 20-yard line, and the Giants were only able to muster six yards on four returns. However, Quigley also had a punt blocked to set up a Giants touchdown, though the Bears would go on to win 20–17. He later made the 53-man roster. However, Podlesh ended up punting in the season opener against the Indianapolis Colts. Quigley was waived on September 10.
New York Jets
On April 11, 2013, Quigley signed with the New York Jets. He was released on August 26, 2013. He was re-signed on September 16, 2013, after the Jets released Robert Malone.
On September 22, 2013, Quigley made his NFL debut against the Buffalo Bills. He finished the game with seven punts for 294 net yards for a 42.00 average. Overall, in the 2013 season, he finished with 72 punts for 3,278 net yards for a 45.5 average.
In the 2014 season, Quigley finished with 78 punts for 3,580 net yards for a 45.9 average.
In Week 9 of the 2015 season, Quigley was named the AFC Special Team's Player of the Week against the Jacksonville Jaguars. Filling in as placekicker after Nick Folk suffered a season-ending injury in pregame warmups, he made all four extra points in addition to placing five punts inside the 20. Overall, in the 2015 season, he finished with 75 punts for 3,287 net yards for a 43.8 average.
Philadelphia Eagles
Quigley signed with the Philadelphia Eagles on April 18, 2016. Quigley was released by the team on May 23, 2016.
Jacksonville Jaguars
On June 16, 2016, Quigley was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars. On August 29, 2016, he was waived by the Jaguars.
Arizona Cardinals
On September 28, 2016, Quigley was signed by the Arizona Cardinals. On November 15, 2016, he was released by the Cardinals. In his time with the Cardinals in the 2016 season, he had 34 punts for 1,416 net yards for a 41.6 average.
Minnesota Vikings
On April 3, 2017, Quigley signed with the Minnesota Vikings. Overall, in the 2017 season, he finished with 71 punts for 2,994 net yards for a 42.2 average.
On September 2, 2018, Quigley was released by the Minnesota Vikings prior to the start of the season after the team acquired Matt Wile.
References
External links
Boston College Eagles bio
Chicago Bears bio
New York Jets bio
Category:Living people
Category:1990 births
Category:Sportspeople from South Carolina
Category:American football punters
Category:Boston College Eagles football players
Category:Chicago Bears players
Category:New York Jets players
Category:Philadelphia Eagles players
Category:Jacksonville Jaguars players
Category:Arizona Cardinals players
Category:Minnesota Vikings players
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|
Background and Objective: [unreadable] Previously, all experiments examining protein protein interactions in living cells by FRET have been limited to the use of two fluorescent proteins.[unreadable] Here, we report the development of a novel FRET technology for studying complexes involving three proteins.[unreadable] The system utilizes CFP, YFP and mRFP (monomer red fluorescent protein). CFP->YFP FRET1, YFP->mRFP FRET2 and CFP->YFP->mRFP linked FRET signals are monitored separately by flow cytometry. The technology has been validated by constructing plasmids encoding several FRET-positive and -negative controls, including CFP-YFP-mRFP, CFP-T2TD-YFP-mRFP and CFP-YFP-T2TD-mRFP, whereas T2TD (TRAF2 TRAF domain) acts as FRET insulator because of its structure with a distance of 9 nm from the head to the end.[unreadable] Furthermore, this technology has been used to examine the trimer formation of TRAF2 in living cells.[unreadable] [unreadable] Results: [unreadable] 1. The validity of CFP->YFP->mRFP 3-way FRET: For the first time, we validated the practicality of using flow cytometry to determine CFP->YFP->mRFP linked FRET by directly visualizing 2-step-FRET signals and the quenching of CFP->YFP FRET1 signals.[unreadable] 2. The determination of three protein complexes: with the system, we examined the trimer formation of tumor-necrosis-factor-associated factor 2 in living Hela cells. TRAF2 was tagged separately by CFP, YFP and mRFP. Co-transfection of all three plasmids displayed the 2-step-chained FRET signals, but not in cells co-transfected with any two of them and blank fluorescent protein. [unreadable] [unreadable] [unreadable] Conclusions: we have developed a method to determine interactions among three proteins in living cells using flow cytometry and aCFP-YFP-mRFP FRET system.
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Buy and Sell in Woodland, WA
1898 Springfield, aka Krag. This one was sporterized obviously, I wasn't thinking about bubba when I bought it. This would be a good candidate for restoration, or maybe just using as an old-school deer gun as-is. It's chambered in .30-40 Krag, but I haven't shot it because ammo is expensive. If you'll pay I'll ship, otherwise I'll deliver anywhere within about an hour. Willing to consider trade...
Trijicon RX06. Reflex sight with an amber triangle. Comes with pic rail mount and protective cover (cover not pictured). Just had it's fiber optics replaced by Trijicon, works well, but not what I'm looking for at the moment. Willing to ship if you're willing to pay. Otherwise willing to travel about an hour from East Vancouver area. Also willing to consider trades for milsurp, but I have a col...
We offer potty and started obedience training for families who prefer a NICE head start! Contact for info to learn more! Check out our Facebook page, visit our web siteat xxxxxxxxxx.xxx and link from there! The pup photos here are from Hogan's 1st litter. three year Good health guarantee! Hips/Eyes/Elbows/EIC/PRA/CNM Sugar's Show Wins include Best of Breed Puppy @ six months old and Reserve Win...
Check out our public Facebook page (Pridezion Lab Retrievers) for excellent references that our families post EVERYDAY! It's awesome! Dedicated to the Lab Retriever for over 30 yrs. We h8ave an upcoming litter due. Inspected by the AMERICAN KENNEL CLUB :) and We just welcomed our third Vet to our Lab Family! HOME OF THE three year GOOD HEALTH GUARANTEE! (find THAT in another breeding system!) T...
Pepper Potts is a gorgeous longhaired calico kitten. She came to us very young from a farm born to a feral cat. She needed to be formula fed with around the clock care and almost didnt make it. She has over come the odds and became a stunning litt...
L&O Christmas special litter! We have Gorgeous Highest quality male pups available out of exceptional blood lines with linage to Beethoven out of the movie Beethoven s big break 2008 & linage to TOP champion AMERICAN KENNEL CLUB kennels!!! Pups will be ready December 23rd right before Christmas or can be picked up Christmas day or after Christmas or can be shipped!!! We are NOW accepting deposi...
Now reserving for puppy pick #6 of 12! Here he, here he! The pups have arrived! They are the most adorable little St.Berdoodles you have ever laid your eyes on! Chloe did absolutely lovable birthing her 12, Yes 12!,pups. Now the fun begins! These pups will make excellent therapy dogs. Pick out your puppy at Christmas and bring your little one home after the hustle bustle has settled down! Your ...
Selling my galaxy grand prime it works great and has a brand new battery I purchased off amazon so the charge lasts a lot longer. The back does have a chip but doesn't affect it. A I've always kept a screen protector on it so the screen is in great shape. Unlocked for any carrier with a SIM card. From cricket but I used it for my AT&T prepaid plan. Can include a purple flip case that holds I.D ...
WWW.HANDYCAVALIERKINGPUPPIES.COM . Hello, Lovely pure breed cavalier king Charles spaniel puppies .We do have male and female puppies still Available for pet loving homes. well trained, socialized with other pets and also good with kids. Our puppies are vet checked, current on shorts. WWW.HANDYCAVALIERKINGPUPPIES.COM Photos and contact info on Advertigo website.
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Reversible Gas-Solid Ammonia N-H Bond Activation Mediated by an Organopalladium Complex.
N-H bond activation of gaseous ammonia is achieved at room temperature in a reversible solvent-free reaction using a solid dicyclopalladated azobenzene complex. Monitoring of the gas-solid reaction in real-time by in situ solid-state Raman spectroscopy enabled a detailed insight into the stepwise activation pathway proceeding to the final amido complex via a stable diammine intermediate. Gas-solid synthesis allowed for isolation and subsequent structural characterization of the intermediate and the final amido product, which presents the first dipalladated complex with the PdII-(μ-NH2)-PdII bridge. Gas-solid reaction is readily followed via color changes associated with conformational switching of the palladated azobenzene backbone. The reaction proceeds analogously in solution and was characterized by UV-vis and NMR spectroscopies showing the same stepwise route to the amido complex. Combining the experimental data with density functional theory calculations we propose a stepwise mechanism of this heterolytic N-H bond activation assisted by exogenous ammonia.
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Oba off to Brum?
Martins Birmingham bound?Former Magpie Obafemi Martins looks set to join Birmingham City on loan for the rest of the season. It had been reported in various places that Oba had completed his move, although Sky Sports News are reporting the striker is awaiting a medical which is expected to go through tomorrow.
It got me thinking is Oba the type of player we could do with at Newcastle? I did an article recently about the strikers we currently have at the club and I think what we lack up top is pace. We lack a nippy player, the type of foward who would benefit from Andy Carroll’s height and strength.
Oba on his day was a joy to watch, I’ll always remember his goal against Spurs at White Heart Lane a few years ago in a entertaining 3-2 away win. He some how managed to put his shot away from a near impossible angle, it was a belter.
Martins left the club to join German giants Wolfsburg after Newcastle were relegated to The Championship. Originally Obafemi said he hoped he wouldn’t be sold and was willing to stay and play his football in the second tier of English football. Although there is a chance that he and his agent were plotting a move all along and the player wanted to stay on the good side of the Geordie faithful.
The striker had a good relationship with the fans and at the time it was sad to see him leave, but with the player on a big salary Newcastle jumped at the chance of re couping the £10 million odd they paid Inter Milan for the Nigerian’s services.
I really like Obafemi, he was a personal favourite of mine whilst at St James’ and I would like a player of his calibre for sure. However asked by someone how I would feel if we went in for him again, I have to say I wouldn’t fancy any of the players back that left us after relegation to be honest.
It would be a backwards step to look to those players. Relegation brought the lads close together as a group and the players that remained stood up and said we owe it to the fans and this great club to get back to the big time.
We have waxed lyrical (sounding like Ed there) about the great job the lads did last season and the commitment shown by each and every one of them. I think bringing back players that opted to leave the sinking ship would be in slap in the face to the Kevin Nolan’s and Jose Enriqe’s who stayed and made us credible again when many thought we’d disappear into obscurity.
Martins though is a great player- frustrating at times but talented and I’m sure if the medical goes to plan and Birmingham sign the lad up he will excite the fans at St Andrews’.
The striker has said to have rejected a move to Brum’s Midlands rivals and Premiership new boys West Brom, opting instead for The Blues. Oba’s current parent club is Russia’s Rubin Kazan.
What do you think? Would you have liked to see Oba back in black and white?
About MarkToon
I’m Mark, I live in a little town called Rugby. I go back a long way with Toonsy, we have traveled the country together watching the lads. I eat, breath and sleep Newcastle United!
Follow me on [email protected] MRStockers or add me on Facebook- Mark Stockley.
Can’t believe Vela has gone out on loan and we haven’t even gone in for him?! He could have played up front or on either wing. His arrival could have really benefited us, but he has ended up at West Brom. Definitely missed a trick there.
tgs-
i in no way at all label oba a great in the same light that of those youve listed.
yes he was inconsistant-like article says even frustrating at times!!
my point was i liked him, he was good to watch but iwouldnt have him back. think many will agree with that
Aye but its Arry who is really starting to get on me tits, Weve told them Carroll aint for sale so naturally he continues back with another bid for him, Wham have told him Parkers not for sale and hes still bidding, Everton have already sold them Pienar after his usual trick of unsettling him enough to refuse a new contract and now he wont stop badgering them for Neville even though hes been told no.
The english press have spent the last 6 months moaning about Fifa being corrupt and then tout this tax dodging thieving piece of shit for the top managers job… 🙄
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I'm in love with this mascara! The brush is GIGANTIC, in a good way in my opinion. It gives you great volume without clumping together, which is surprising for a bristle brush this big…
Another thing I look for is a mascaras ability to hold a curl, and this works great! Keep in mind that I only wear waterproof, mainly for this specific reason. Waterproof mascara holds a curl so much better than non-waterproof. My lashes stay curled all day long with none/minimal flaking (only if i've rubbed my eyes a bit i've noticed). I work in a cosmetics department and I constantly have people asking if i'm wearing fake lashes, and when I say no I sell this mascara no questions asked.
It does dry out a bit after a week of so, but I personally like a dryer formula of mascara, again because it hold a curl better and doesn't weigh down my lashes. It also looks really nice when paired with Lancome Cils-booster, you've got unbelievable doll-eyed lashes perfect for a night out!
I always recommend this if you're looking for a budget friendly, big-volume mascara!
This mascara is excellent at 1) staying put all day through long work days, naps, heavy rain, and more; 2) holding curl; and 3) CLUMPING. The first two qualities are great, the third is a dealbreaker for me: I'd rather have no mascara on than have to deal with weird spidery clumps.
It's a shame because the formula's staying power is so impressive. However, this mascara's brush is a joke. It's gigantic, making CG Lash Blast or Diorshow Extase's brushes look petite in comparison, and completely worthless as it comes out of the tube covered in clumps, which then transfer onto your eyelashes. I have zero patience for pulling out my eyelash comb at 6 am when I'm putting mascara on and trying to work out every little clump and wonky spider lash when I can layer a few coats of Lash Blast 24 Hr and be out the door looking fantastic.
Bottom line: this mascara does get some things right, but there are many waterproof mascaras on the market at this price point that volumize and lengthen better and have better brushes. I would only recommend this product if holding curl for a lengthy period of time is your only criteria for a mascara.
I've been using loreal's voluminous line of mascaras since high school. They have been my HG. This had got to be one of the best ones I've tried. After curling my lashes with a shisheido eyelash curler and applying two small coats of this, my lashes look incredibly long and thick. Almost to the point of fake. It's great at holding a curl and pretty much lasts all day. I can't believe there are bad reviews on this product. Probably one of the best mascaras I've used, including benefit's they're real and LancĂ´me's hypnose drama.
This is probably the worst mascara I've ever bought. I can't really rate the product because it seems so little of it actually makes it onto my lashes. This brush is horrible!! It doesn't seem to actually get any of the product out of the tube and if it does, it doesn't really transfer to the lashes very well. The brush is spindly and big, I'm almost afraid to get it too close to my eye because it look like it could do some serious damage. My lashes certainly aren't thicker, longer looking or fuller. They look like they have a little coating of product, nothing spectacular. I should have stuck with lash stiletto but I'm a sucker for new waterproof formulas and I had to try this :(
Bought this at Ulta in black. My lashes are straight, straight, straight. Short medium length and dark. I bought the waterproof which I expected to hold the curl from my Shiseido curler and it held the curl fairly well, but didn't give any dramatic thickness. Leans more on the "natural" side. Adds no length. The brush is a more full wand and it's kind of spindly not fluffy if that makes sense. Smudged, but if I apply Clarins double fix I won't smudge. No flaking which is nice, as other Loreal mascaras I've tried flaked a lot. I prefer maybelline colossal wp as a mascara and won't purchase this one again as it just wasn't as "voluminous" as expected.
I recently bought Power Volume 24h Black Smoke. I absolutely love this mascara. It doesn't flake or smear on my eyes. It really plays up my lash length and thickness. My eyes really pop with this product. I'm not a raccoon at the end of the day and I've slept with it on a few times to wake up looking great without that slept in mascara look. Ive been to the beach several times without becoming a runny black mess. It washes off with my facial soap easily without needing make-up remover. I love the fact that it doesn't have that chemically rose scent that so many mascaras tend to have.
Update: I just let my daughter try this mascara and the results are incredible. This curled her super straight, but super long eyelashes, without using an eyelashes curler.
I like this mascara! I have pretty long lashes to begin with and I just prefer volumizing mascaras. The mascara wand is definitely a little different from some other mascaras that I've tried in the past, I don't know how to explain it. It volumizes quite well with two coats and most importantly, it holds my curl up fantastically (12+ hours).
I took one lippy off because I don't find it to be *perfectly* waterproof. I still do get slight smudging at the corners of my eyes by the end of the day. Nothing embarrassing enough to make me stop using the product (but to be fair, I have that problem with almost all waterproof mascaras).
My review is for the black smoke version. I really like it. It's a dark matte color. It does make my lashes look very plush. It's surprising that I like this because I've tried the regular version in very black and I hated it.
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{
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As a followup: This guys name is Mykhaylo Koshel and he is an outside
consultant with the New Concept Group. I've got a messenger going over to
Allen Center to pick up a copy of the agreement with them. I'll get a copy
to you as soon as I get it.
Anne C Koehler
02/09/2001 04:05 PM
To: Tana Jones/HOU/ECT@ECT
cc:
Subject: Due Diligence Issue
There is a new contractor for Net Works, Mick Koshel, that we need to track
down. Could you see what you can find out and get copies of any Service
Agreements? Thanks.
Anne C. Koehler
Sr. Counsel, ENA
EB 3839
713-853-3448
----- Forwarded by Anne C Koehler/HOU/ECT on 02/09/2001 04:03 PM -----
"Mims, Peter" <peter.mims@velaw.com>
02/09/2001 01:12 PM
To: "'Anne.C.Koehler@enron.com'" <Anne.C.Koehler@enron.com>
cc:
Subject: Due Diligence Issue
Anne,
I will revise the Memorandum to conform to Jay's changes. Jay
mentions a new contractor, Mick Koshel. Can you find out the details of his
agreement?
Peter
++++++CONFIDENTIALITY NOTICE+++++
The information in this email may be confidential and/or privileged. This
email is intended to be reviewed by only the individual or organization
named above. If you are not the intended recipient or an authorized
representative of the intended recipient, you are hereby notified that any
review, dissemination or copying of this email and its attachments, if any,
or the information contained herein is prohibited. If you have received
this email in error, please immediately notify the sender by return email
and delete this email from your system. Thank You
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{
"pile_set_name": "Enron Emails"
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Q:
Carrying remote VLAN via 2 routers to the local gateway
I have a serverA (192.168.15.1) from site A and VLAN is 15, however the VLAN 15 gateway is set at site B (192.168.15.254).
There are two ISP routers as a metro role to connect each other by subnet 10.0.0.0/30.
My question is how can I get past those two routers? Could any one give an example to accomplish this? Thanks.
PS. I can ping from serverA (192.168.15.1) to an interface f0/0@R1(10.0.0.1), no more further.
A:
You can use Ether in IP, defined in RFC 3398 to tunnel ethernet through IP, if you equipment supports it. It's similar to the VxLAN approach, but a little simpler and older.
If you don't have those and it's desperate, you could think about proxy ARP. It is really not recommended.
Do you have a particular reason to bridge like this?
I'd suggest you strongly consider renumbering so you can just use ordinary IP routes. Perhaps you are nearly there already, if 192.168.15.0/25 is left and 192.168.15.128/25 is right? Renumbering R1 f0/1 (.126?), change masks, add routes to R1 and R2.
A:
You can use VxLAN, defined in RFC7348, to span a VLAN onto different sites.
Basically it encapsulates a VLAN into IP.
This off course add some overhead, and your routers at each endpoint need to support VxLAN
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Thomas Jackson (Alabama politician)
Thomas E. Jackson Jr. (born August 24, 1949) is an American politician. He is a member of the Alabama House of Representatives from the 68th District, serving since 1994. He is a member of the Democratic party.
References
Category:Living people
Category:Members of the Alabama House of Representatives
Category:Alabama Democrats
Category:1949 births
Category:21st-century American politicians
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{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
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999 So.2d 852 (2009)
NORTHROP
v.
HUTTO.
No. 2007-CT-00355-SCT.
Supreme Court of Mississippi.
January 22, 2009.
Petition for writ of certiorari. Granted.
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{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
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Hogye-dong, Anyang
Hogye-dong (호계동, 虎溪洞) is neighborhood of Dongan district in the city of Anyang, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It is officially divided into Hogye-1-dong, Hogye-2-dong and Hogye-3-dong.
External links
Hogye-1-dong
Hogye-2-dong
Hogye-3-dong
Category:Dongan-gu
Category:Neighbourhoods in Anyang, Gyeonggi
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{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Growth factors are important mediators of inter-cellular communication. These potent molecules are generally released by one cell type and act to influence proliferation of other cell types (James, R. and Bradshaw, R. A. (1984), Ann. Rev. Biochem. 53, 259–292). Interest in growth factors has been heightened by evidence of their potential involvement in neoplasia (Sporn, M. B. and Todaro, G. J. (1980), N. Eng. J. Med. 303, 878–880). The v-sis transforming gene of simian sarcoma virus encodes a protein that is homologous to the B chain of platelet-derived growth factor (James, R. and Bradshaw, R. A. (1984) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 53, 259–292; Doolittle, R. F., et al. (1983) Science 221, 275–277). Moreover, a number of oncogenes are homologues of genes encoding growth factor receptors (James, R. and Bradshaw, R. A. (1984) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 53, 259–292). Thus, increased understanding of growth factors and their receptor-mediated signal transduction pathways is likely to provide insights into mechanisms of both normal and malignant cell growth.
One known family of growth factors affecting connective tissue cells includes acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and the related products of the hst, and int-2 oncogenes.
Further, it is known that some growth factors, including the following, have heparin-binding properties: aFGF (Maciag, T., Mehlman, T., Friesel, R. and Schreiber, A. B. (1984) Science 225, 932–935; Conn, G. and Hatcher, V. B. (1984) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 124, 262–268); bFGF (Gospodarowicz, D., Cheng, J., Lui, G.-M., Baird, A. and Bohlen, P. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 6963–6967; Maciag, T., Mehlman, T., Friesel, R. and Schreiber, A. B. (1984) Science 225, 932–935); granulo-cyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (James, R. and Bradshaw, R. A. (1984) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 53, 259–292); and interleukin 3 (James, R. and Bradshaw, R. A. (1984) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 53, 259–292). Each of these poly-peptide factors is produced by stromal cells (James, R. and Bradshaw, R. A. (1984) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 53, 259–292, Doolittle, R. F., Hunkapiller, M. W., Hood, L. E., Devare, S. G., Robbins, K. C., Aaronson, S. A. and Antoniades, M. N. (1983) Science 221, 275–277, Roberts, R., Gallagher, J., Spooncer, E., Allen, T. D., Bloomfield, F. and Dexter, T. M. (1988) Nature 332, 376–378). Such factors appear to be deposited in the extracellular matrix, or on proteo-glycans coating the stromal cell surface (James, R. and Bradshaw, R. A. (1984) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 53, 259–292, Roberts, R., Gallagher, J., Spooncer, E., Allen, T. D., Bloomfield, F. and Dexter, T. M. (1988) Nature 332, 376–378). It has been postulated that their storage, release and contact with specific target cells are regulated by this interaction (Roberts, R., Gallagher, J., Spooncer, E., Allen, T. D., Bloomfield, F. and Dexter, T. M. (1988) Nature 332, 376–378, Vlodavsky, I., Folkman, J., Sullivan, R., Fridman, R., Ishai-Michaeli, R., Sasse, J. and Klagsburn, M. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 2292–2296).
It is widely recognized, however, that the vast majority of human malignancies are derived from epithelial tissues (Wright, N. and Allison, M. (1984) The Biology of Epithelial Cell Populations (Oxford University Press, New York) Vol. 1, pp. 3–5). Effectors of epithelial cell proliferation derived from mesenchymal tissues have been described (James, R. and Bradshaw, R. A. (1984) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 53, 259–292, Doolittle, R. F., Hunkapiller, M. W., Hood, L. E., Devare, S. G., Robbins, K. C., Aaronson, S. A. and Antoniades, M. N. (1983) Science 221, 275–2772, Waterfield, M. D., Scrace, G. J., Whittle, N., Strooband, P., Johnson, A., Wasteton, A., Westermark, B., Heldin, C.-H., Huang, J. S. and Deuel, T. F. (1983) Nature 304, 35–39), however, their molecular identities and structures have not been elucidated.
In light of this dearth of knowledge about such mesenchymal growth factors affecting epithelial cells, it is apparent that there has been a need for methods and compositions and bioassays which would provide an improved knowledge and analysis of mechanisms of regulation of epithelial cell proliferation, and, ultimately, a need for novel diagnostics and therapies based on the factors involved therein.
This invention contemplates the application of methods of protein isolation and recombinant DNA technologies to fulfill such needs and to develop means for producing protein factors of mesenchymal origin, which appear to be related to epithelial cell proliferation processes and which could not be produced otherwise. This invention also contemplates the application of the molecular mechanisms of these factors related to epithelial cell growth processes.
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"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
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Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT) predicted on Monday that President Trump will be a “one-term President.”
Sanders, a top tier candidate in the crowded Democrat field, issued his bold prediction in a tweet to his 9.6 million Twitter followers Monday:
Donald Trump is going to be a one-term president. — Bernie Sanders (@BernieSanders) September 9, 2019
Similar predictions were made in 2016, with Trump’s defeat of Hillary Clinton coming as a shock to political pundits and media personalities across the board. Sanders told supporters during a rally in Syracuse, New York, in 2016 that “Donald Trump will not become president”:
Sanders made a similar prediction at a rally in Salem, Oregon, in 2016, telling the crowd, “Donald Trump is not going to become president”:
Sanders has been slow to criticize his Democrat opponents but has upped his critiques of Trump in recent months, accusing him of suppressing votes, inspiring “violent extremists,” and “picking on minorities”:
Donald Trump can’t win an election based on his ideas so he has to suppress the vote to win. What a coward. https://t.co/hYtHgaM7bm — Bernie Sanders (@BernieSanders) August 14, 2019
Donald Trump has fueled a climate which emboldens violent extremists and where immigrants live in constant fear. We are going to defeat him and his bigotry. pic.twitter.com/J6s29hW0jR — Bernie Sanders (@BernieSanders) August 15, 2019
Donald Trump is a racist and a liar, but he is not stupid. He thinks he can win re-election by picking on minorities. This is not a moment to throw our hands up in despair. This is a moment to take on racism, sexism and homophobia and fight for the nation we know we must become. pic.twitter.com/QBCS5KnwUc — Bernie Sanders (@BernieSanders) July 26, 2019
He called the president an “idiot” last month for failing to embrace the progressive wing’s narrative on climate change:
Donald Trump believes climate change is a hoax. Donald Trump is an idiot. — Bernie Sanders (@BernieSanders) August 10, 2019
While the current Real Clear Politics average shows Sanders defeating Trump by a six-point spread in a hypothetical general election matchup, the Real Clear Politics average also showed Hillary Clinton defeating Trump by a 2.1 percent spread in 2016. At some points during the 2016 race, however, the average showed Clinton defeating Trump by over ten percentage points.
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Main Text {#sec1}
=========
Introduction {#sec1.1}
------------
The hippocampus is placed firmly at the centre of a network supporting memory function [@bib1], [@bib2], [@bib3], [@bib4], [@bib5]. In humans, hippocampal damage is associated with wide-ranging impairments in autobiographical memory [@bib1], [@bib6] as well as profound deficits in spatial memory, manifesting as a loss in the ability to navigate flexibly through the world [@bib7], although some spatial knowledge can be retained [@bib3]. In rodents, lesions made to the hippocampus and associated structures have generated complementary results, including deficits in spatial working memory [@bib8], [@bib9], impairments in navigation to hidden spatial goals [@bib10], [@bib11], and a more general failure to recognise familiar environments [@bib12], [@bib13].
However, the hippocampus is far from being a simple static repository of past experiences. In patients, memory for distant events can be preserved even when that for more recent events is disrupted by hippocampal damage [@bib1], [@bib14], [@bib15]. This temporally graded retrograde amnesia has been taken as evidence that, with time, some memories become less dependent on the hippocampus and increasingly dependent on the cortex: a process known as systems consolidation [@bib16], [@bib17], [@bib18], [@bib19]. Whether all initially hippocampal-dependent memories are subject to consolidation is a point of some controversy [@bib20], [@bib21]. Nevertheless, careful lesion studies in animals provide support for this hypothesis, suggesting that under some circumstances an offline process governs the modification of hippocampal memories, rendering them less susceptible to hippocampal damage [@bib15], [@bib22], [@bib23], [@bib24]. Equally, a separate body of work points to a role for the hippocampus in planning and future thinking, that is, constructing potential scenarios. For example, patients with hippocampal damage have difficulty imagining the future [@bib25] and are unable to describe rich fictitious scenes [@bib26]. Moreover, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) indicates a distinct overlap between a network of brain areas, including the hippocampus, that are engaged during remembering as well as imagining events [@bib27], [@bib28].
Electrophysiological investigations of the hippocampus and associated regions in rodents and other animals, including humans, have identified some of the key neural elements supporting memory and spatial cognition. Place cells, typically pyramidal neurons from areas CA1 and CA3 of the hippocampus, exhibit stable, spatially constrained firing fields, known as place fields [@bib2], [@bib29], [@bib30], [@bib31] ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). When an animal is in motion, the activity of a population of such place cells provides an accurate representation of its self-location [@bib32], [@bib33]. Moreover, the fidelity of the place cell representation covaries with navigational accuracy, strongly implying that these cells are instrumental in guiding spatial decisions [@bib34], [@bib35]. Subsequently, several complementary classes of neurons have been identified, representing other aspects of an animal's position within the world: head direction cells, found throughout the limbic system, signal direction of facing [@bib36], [@bib37], [@bib38]; grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex and para-subiculum represent self-location with an efficient periodic code [@bib39], [@bib40]; and border cells as well as boundary vector cells signal proximity to elongated features of the environment [@bib41], [@bib42], [@bib43]. Clearly the representation of self-location provided by these neurons is likely to play a role in spatial memory [@bib44]. It is also evident, however, that information about the animal's current position alone is insufficient to account for either consolidation or the apparent role of the hippocampus in future thinking and navigational planning.Figure 1Place cells are characterised by their stable spatial firing fields.(A) Standard configuration for place cell recording. A rodent with chronically implanted extracellular electrodes forages in an open enclosure. Upper right: the animal's path over the course of a 10-minute trial is indicated by the black line, action potentials from a single place cell are superimposed in red. Lower right: firing rate-map of the raw data indicating the mean firing rate of the cell per spatial bin. 'Hotter' colours indicate higher rates, peaking at 8.3 Hz (shown above the map); dark blue indicates low rates (0--20% of the peak rate); white bins are unvisited locations. (B) On exposure to an unfamiliar enclosure place cells 'remap', rapidly generating a novel representation; individual cells change their firing rate and field locations relative to each other and the environment [@bib32], [@bib64], [@bib158]. Recordings of four CA1 place cells (columns) made in similarly sized (70 cm square) enclosures located in different rooms (rows). Remapping is evident as a change in firing correlates and rates.
Interestingly, in the last twenty years, it has become clear that the activity of place cells do not simply represent an animal's self-location but, under certain circumstances, also 'replay' past experiences [@bib45], [@bib46], [@bib47] and potentially construct new spatial trajectories [@bib48], [@bib49], [@bib50]. Here we present a review of the replay literature and critically assess evidence supporting its hypothetical role in memory consolidation and planning. Further, we describe key questions for future studies to address, emphasising the need for novel behavioural tasks and the development of new technologies that can more precisely identify and perturb hippocampal activity patterns in order to provide firm evidence for a functional role of replay in mnemonic function and goal-directed behaviour.
Reactivation of Past Place Cell Sequences {#sec1.2}
-----------------------------------------
It has been known for some time that hippocampal neurons transiently increase their firing rate during sleep [@bib51], [@bib52]. Indeed, in 1978, O'Keefe and Nadel [@bib2] noted that, during quiescence and quiet wakefulness, the local field potential (LFP) of CA1 was interrupted by short bouts (40--120 ms) of high frequency (140--250 Hz) oscillations superimposed on lower frequency deflections; the high frequency components were termed 'ripples' and the composite signal is known as a sharp wave ripple [@bib45], [@bib53]. It was during these sharp wave ripples that CA1 pyramidal cell activity was observed to dramatically increase [@bib2]. A decade passed, however, before the link between this phenomenon and prior experience was identified, with the first demonstration that place cells which have been active during recent exploration are most likely to be reactivated during a subsequent sleep session [@bib54].
Subsequent studies of hippocampal reactivations were aided greatly by the development of tools enabling concurrent recordings of large (\>50) numbers of place cells. In this context, Wilson and McNaughton [@bib45] recorded from 50--100 place cells per session while rats foraged on an elevated circular platform, as well as during prior and subsequent sleep sessions. They observed that place cell pairs which were temporally correlated during exploration also tended to exhibit correlated activity during the following period of sleep; in other words, cells with overlapping place fields fired together during rest. This relationship was not present in sleep recordings made before foraging. As such, they proposed that the preserved correlation between place cells represented a 'reactivation' of previous wakeful experience [@bib45]. Importantly, correlated activity was most pronounced during sharp wave ripples. Subsequently, the same group [@bib46] extended their work, showing that reactivations during sharp wave ripples explicitly recapitulated the relative timing of activity between cell pairs, strongly suggesting that sequences of spiking seen during awake behaviour were being reinstated; this effect was labelled 'replay'.
Contemporary investigations of replay use similar methods, comparing the dynamic activity of cell pairs recorded during exploration with those observed during rest. Moreover, many recent studies explicitly compare sequences of place cells corresponding to entire trajectories, rather than the coactivation of cell pairs, effectively decoding the content of the replay event ([Box 1](#tbox1){ref-type="boxed-text"} and [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}). To facilitate sequence matching, the experimental environment typically consists of a track on which animals can follow only relatively simple routes, reducing the awake experience to a limited number of place cell sequences that can be identified during replay [@bib47], [@bib55], [@bib56]. Lee and Wilson [@bib47] were the first to apply this approach, recording place cells while rats ran back and forth on an elevated track. They showed that, during slow wave sleep, particularly in close temporal proximity to sharp wave ripples, replayed sequences of place cells corresponded to temporally compressed versions of trajectories that the animals had made in the preceding session. Indeed, the typical duration of a replay event varies between 100 and 300 ms [@bib47], [@bib56], [@bib57], a ∼20 times increase in speed over the actual experience [@bib58] --- though replayed trajectories occurring during REM sleep progress at a more natural speed [@bib59]. As with earlier work, replay of trajectories along the track were not detected in recordings made before the animal was placed into that environment.Figure 2Typical methodology for detecting and analysing replay.(A) Linearised ratemaps are generated based on recordings made while rodents traverse a track. (B) In a subsequent rest period or during pauses in a task, hippocampal replay is marked by a high frequency 'ripple' oscillation in the LFP (top trace), which is associated with elevated multi-unit place cell activity, lasting ∼100 ms (middle, top). (C) A Bayesian approach is used to calculate, for each temporal bin (x-axis, typically 10 ms bins), the probability of the animal's location on the track given the observed action potentials. Hot colours designate higher probability. A fitting procedure, typically enforcing a fixed velocity, is used to find the most likely trajectory encoded by the posterior probability matrix (shown in white, goodness-of-fit value indicated above the line). (D) To determine statistical significance a shuffling procedure is conducted. The cell ID of each place cell is randomly permuted such that the spike trains observed during the putative replay events are associated with different place fields. This process is repeated at least 100 times; on each iteration, the posterior probability matrix is recalculated and a goodness-of-fit for the best trajectory determined. (E) The goodness-of-fit obtained for the original event is ranked against the shuffled distribution, determining the probability of obtaining the goodness-of-fit value by chance.Box 1Analysing replay.Replay analyses typically consist of three distinct phases: first, detection of putative replay events; second, decoding the spike activity recorded during the putative events; and third, identification of *bona fide* replay events representing trajectories through the animal's environment.The most common strategies for detecting putative events are either to identify the ripple component (140--250 Hz) of sharp wave ripples in the LFP [@bib48], [@bib64], [@bib82], [@bib156] or to directly detect brief periods (40--500 ms) when multi-unit firing rates are markedly elevated (more than three standard deviations above the mean, for example) [@bib55], [@bib56], [@bib71], [@bib95].The content of putative replay events is then analysed by comparing the sequence of spikes emitted during the event with the sequence expected to arise as an animal traverses the environment ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}, left). Because the vast majority of studies are conducted on tracks and runways, which constrain the animal's movements, this is a tractable problem (though see [@bib71]). Comparisons of the observed and expected spike sequences can be made using rank-order correlations (for example [@bib50], [@bib55], [@bib56]) but probability-based methods are more powerful. Commonly, the observed spike sequence is divided into short time windows (∼10 ms); Bayes formula with a uniform prior is then used to calculate the probability of the animal being at each position on the track given the observed spikes [@bib33], [@bib57], [@bib64], [@bib66], [@bib95], [@bib142], [@bib157]. Ratemaps, which define the expected firing rate of cells across the track, are generated during track running and firing rate probability distributions are assumed to be Poisson. Thus, each putative replay event results in a posterior probability matrix which expresses the probability of the animal's location at different points in the environment as a function of time ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}, centre).Finally, replay events corresponding to trajectories through the recording environment are detected by assessing the extent to which the posterior probability matrix depicts incremental movement across some portion of the environment. Practically, this is often achieved by assuming that the replayed trajectory has a constant velocity, in which case a linear fit can be applied to the posterior probability matrix [@bib57], [@bib95]; the goodness-of-fit then provides a measure of the extent to which a contiguous path is represented.To determine significance and to control for differences in the number and distribution of spikes, this linear fit is compared against fits generated from shuffled data. A common strategy is to either randomise the identity of the cells from which the observed spikes originated or to randomise the location of the place fields on the track [@bib57]. Data from each putative event are shuffled \>100 times, each time calculating a posterior probability matrix, and establishing the best linear fit. The rank of the fit obtained for the experimental data relative to the shuffled population establishes the significance level ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}, right). Different shuffling procedures effectively make different assumptions about what constitutes a valid null hypothesis and some shuffles are likely to be more conservative than others [@bib95], [@bib113]. For example, permuting spike assignments such that spikes from the same cell are allocated to different cells assumes a degree of independence that is not present in biological data, and is likely to result in an overly liberal criterion for the identification of replay. One possible solution is to conduct several different types of shuffle, accepting only replay events that are identified reliably by all methods [@bib57].
Subsequent work found that replay was not limited to 'offline' periods --- during sleep or quiet rest --- but could also be observed while animals were awake and engaging in simple tasks, such as eating, grooming, or while paused at decision points [@bib55], [@bib56], [@bib60] ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}A). For example, Foster and Wilson [@bib55] found that replay trajectories were emitted when animals paused to consume a food reward at the ends of a track [@bib55]. Although 'online', such replay shares many of the characteristics observed during offline periods: both occur while the animal is stationary and theta-band oscillations (6--12 Hz) are absent from the LFP (though see [@bib61], [@bib62] for examples of replay, or forward 'sweeps', during theta states while animals were located at decision points during a spatial task). Indeed, while sensory features of the current environment can shape the content of online replay --- in larger environments, for example, the replayed trajectories tend to be longer [@bib57] --- that does not mean that it is a simple recapitulation of recent sensory experience. Like offline replay, it can encode paths remote to the animal's current position [@bib48], [@bib57] ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}C) or through enclosures entirely separate from the current one [@bib63], [@bib64]. Finally, during both online and offline replay, the relative proximity of cells in the sequence is preserved [@bib55], [@bib56], [@bib65], [@bib66], but the absolute order can be reversed [@bib55] ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}B), inverting the sequence experienced during awake behaviour. Indeed, because place cells are typically directional on a linear track and therefore disambiguate travel in either direction [@bib67], [@bib68], the place cell sequences generated during 'reverse' replay are never observed during normal exploration.Figure 3Replay types.(A) Replay occurs during rest/slow wave sleep ('offline' replay, left) [@bib45], [@bib47], [@bib85] as well as during brief pauses in awake behaviours ('online' replay, right), such as when stopping at a decision point during navigation [@bib48], [@bib55], [@bib56], [@bib117]. (B) Top: As an animal runs down a track, place cells are sequentially activated. Bottom: during replay, place cells can be reactivated in the same sequence as was experienced during running ('forward' replay, left) [@bib46], [@bib47] or in the opposite sequence ('reverse', replay, right) [@bib55], [@bib56], [@bib66]. (C) Online replay can depict locations proximal to the animal's current location ('local' replay, left) [@bib71], [@bib85], [@bib122] or be distant to the animal ('remote' replay, right) [@bib63], [@bib64], [@bib122].
Thus, a considerable canon of research describing the characteristic features of replay now exists. Although first identified during sleep, it is now evident that replay is not limited to offline states. The content of replay and conditions that modulate its occurrence seem to be equally diverse, and accordingly a number of distinct hypotheses describing a putative role for replay in mnemonic function and spatial cognition have been proposed. The two most prominent theories are that replay represents the mechanism underlying memory consolidation [@bib45], [@bib69] and that it may support planning during spatial decision making and goal-directed navigation [@bib56], [@bib70], [@bib71], [@bib72].
Replay as Systems Consolidation {#sec1.3}
-------------------------------
The role of the hippocampus in episodic memory indicates that it is particularly important for the rapid --- 'one-shot' --- learning of events and places [@bib19]. However, theoretical studies indicate that this renders the hippocampal memory system prone to catastrophic interference, whereby new learning can rapidly disrupt or erase previously encoded memory traces [@bib73]. Hence, a process of consolidation after the initial encoding of a new memory trace is essential to transform that trace from a temporary, labile state to a more stable and permanent form (see Squire *et al.* [@bib74] for a recent review).
Interestingly, early neuropsychological data also indicated that the hippocampus plays a time-limited role in memory storage, best characterised by a temporal gradient of retrograde amnesia [@bib1], [@bib3]. These findings led several authors [@bib16], [@bib17], [@bib18], [@bib19] to propose a theory of systems consolidation, whereby the 'offline' reactivation of hippocampal memory traces allows the gradual strengthening of complementary memory traces in the slower learning neocortex. Subsequent research, however, has both complicated the standard model of systems consolidation and indicated that memory consolidation processes extend far beyond simple hippocampus--cortex interactions.
First, evidence suggests that intracellular and intra-regional processes aimed at stabilising changes in synaptic strength also contribute to the consolidation of recently acquired or reactivated memory traces. In addition, there is some debate over whether memory traces ever become fully independent of the hippocampus, given that the hippocampus can be involved in the retrieval of both recent and remote memory traces [@bib20], [@bib75] and that memory consolidation appears to operate on a timescale of decades in humans [@bib1], [@bib3], [@bib76]. In either case, the selective strengthening of specific intra-hippocampal cell assemblies seems likely to play an equally important role in memory consolidation. Second, the rate of consolidation has been shown to depend on the amount of related prior knowledge that is available --- the existence of appropriate schema [@bib23], [@bib77] --- and it has been suggested that the process of consolidation acts to compress mnemonic information by extracting the principal statistical features from multiple unique experiences [@bib24], [@bib73]. Hence, consolidation may be an active process by which new memory traces are selected and incorporated into the existing corpus of knowledge at variable rates and with differential success according to their content.
Whatever the specific nature and function of the memory consolidation processes may be, it seems clear that the reactivation of neural activity patterns at the population level following encoding is likely to contribute to the permanence of cell assemblies and therefore behaviourally relevant memory traces. Moreover, this reactivation is likely to occur during sleep or other quiescent states which provide relief from potentially interfering sensory activity, and involve neural activity on a timescale that is well-suited to the induction of synaptic plasticity and therefore the stabilisation of cell assemblies [@bib78], [@bib79], [@bib80], [@bib81]. Given these requirements, Wilson and McNaughton [@bib45] hypothesised that hippocampal replay might represent the neural mechanism supporting systems consolidation; and subsequent research has generated considerable, though not unanimous, support for this proposition.
If, as proposed, replay is important for stabilising behaviourally relevant memories, it might be expected that novel, recent, and salient experiences are preferentially reactivated: this appears to be the case. Replay, particularly reverse replay, more frequently represents novel as oppose to familiar environments [@bib55]. This effect, measured by cell-pair co-activations, was found to be most pronounced on the first day of exposure to a novel environment and diminished on subsequent days [@bib82]. Equally, during acquisition of a spatial alternation task, sharp wave ripples and related activity occurred more commonly after rats made a correct turn and were rewarded, as opposed to after unrewarded incorrect turns [@bib83].
In a similar vein, Csicsvari and colleagues [@bib84], [@bib85] demonstrated an explicit link between sharp wave ripple associated hippocampal reactivations and animals' subsequent performance on a spatial memory task. Specifically, rats were required to remember the location of multiple unmarked food wells and navigate quickly between them. The number of goal location reactivations during both rest and task engagement predicted performance; though a causal relationship was not established. Ensuing studies went further, however, and showed that the electrical interruption of sharp wave ripples, and presumably replay, reduced the rate at which animals acquired a spatial memory task [@bib69], [@bib86] ([Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}A). Hence there is a compelling, albeit incomplete link between the occurrence of replay and successful retention of information. Nonetheless, the location and extent of plasticity being instantiated by replay remain unclear.Figure 4Replay as consolidation.(A) Sharp wave ripples in CA1 were detected and disrupted (via electrical stimulation) while animals slept (left) following training on a spatial reference memory task (learning the location of food on an eight-arm radial maze, middle). Animals acquired the task more slowly and consistently performed worse than control animals receiving stimulations outside sharp wave ripples (right) [@bib69]. (B) Grid cells from the deeper layers of the medial entorhinal cortex and CA1 place cells were co-recorded while animals ran on linear runways (top) and during a subsequent rest session. Grid cell activity was significantly coordinated with place cell activity during hippocampal replay events recorded during rest, such that grid cells expressed similar spatial positions to place cells during replay (bottom) [@bib95]. (C) Rats encoded the location of two objects in a rectangular arena (left), sharp wave ripples (from CA1) and delta-spindle sequences (from medial prefrontal cortex) were recorded during subsequent sleep (middle). The co-occurrence of hippocampal and cortical rhythms was associated with memory of the object locations, indexed by preferential exploration of a displaced object in the post sleep session (right). If the duration of encoding was shortened to impair learning, consolidation could be rescued by stimulating the cortex, when sharp wave ripples were detected, thereby inducing delta-spindle sequences [@bib103].
The standard theoretical view of systems consolidation has focused on the diminishing requirement for hippocampal involvement in memory retrieval that occurs with time [@bib16] whereas alternative explanations assume a sustained role for the hippocampus in conjunction with intra-hippocampal reorganisation of memories [@bib21]. While it is too early to settle this long-standing debate, it is clear that replay is well placed to generate offline changes in both hippocampal and cortical memory networks. In the Csicsvari group studies [@bib84], [@bib85] described above goal location reactivations were observed to co-occur with a clustering of CA1 place fields around the goal, though curiously not those in CA3, suggesting that offline replay shapes hippocampal memories. This link was made explicit by recent work [@bib87] in which the activity of a sub-population of CA1 place cells was disrupted during sharp wave ripples and the stability of the manipulated place fields alone was reduced, although in this case the manipulation was made while animals remained in the test environment.
It is also clear that sharp wave ripple associated activity propagates from the hippocampus to neighbouring structures such as the pre-subiculum and para-subiculum, as well as medial entorhinal cortex [@bib88], [@bib89]. In fact, a number of authors [@bib90], [@bib91], [@bib92] have investigated similarities between activity patterns during wakefulness and quiescence in various extra-hippocampal regions. These studies have frequently used an 'explained variance' [@bib92] approach to identify reactivations, that is, a measure of the degree to which activity patterns observed during post task rest can be accounted for by wakeful activity patterns. Recording from the ventral striatum while rats performed T-maze spatial alternation, Pennartz *et al.* [@bib92] found significant reactivation of wakeful activity patterns during post task sleep. Many ventral striatal cells were also modulated by hippocampal sharp wave ripples, and those that were showed stronger reactivations. Similarly, recordings made in macaques during and after a sequential reaching task found significant reactivations in posterior parietal, motor, somatosensory and dorsal prefrontal cortex [@bib90]. The authors also found evidence for reactivations of wakeful inter-regional activity patterns.
A smaller number of studies [@bib93], [@bib94], [@bib95], [@bib96] have explicitly shown that coordinated cortical-hippocampal activity associated with awake behaviours is present during replay events. Ji and Wilson [@bib93] were the first to demonstrate this using simultaneous recordings from visual cortex (V1) and hippocampus made while rats ran on a track. They observed many V1 cells that had spatial firing fields on the track, resulting in distinct sequences of activity which were replayed during a subsequent sleep session. Moreover, replay of similar trajectories in hippocampus and V1 tended to co-occur [@bib93]. To be consistent with the simple consolidation hypothesis, however, one would expect hippocampal replay to invariably precede cortical replay; in fact, in this study it was not possible to establish if replay was initiated in the hippocampus and, although replay in the two regions did coincide, in some cases it appeared that V1 trajectories were generated with no hippocampal contribution. This result may simply reflect the difficulty of making population level inferences from a relatively small number of recorded single units. Alternatively, it might point to some form of bidirectional control over replay or suggest that, even during rest, the role of replay extends beyond simple consolidation.
Subsequently, other authors have applied similar methods to identify coordination between the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex [@bib94], auditory cortex [@bib96], and grid cells in the deep layers (V and VI) of the medial entorhinal cortex [@bib95] ([Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}B) --- the principal cortical projection target of the hippocampus [@bib97], [@bib98]. In the case of the study by Olafsdottir *et al.* [@bib95], during rest, replay in the medial entorhinal cortex was seen to lag CA1 by around 10 ms; consistent with a hippocampal initiation of replay. Interestingly, a similar study examining activity during sharp wave ripples in superficial layers of the medial entorhinal cortex found quite different results: entorhinal replay frequently occurred without coordinated activity in the hippocampus [@bib99]. Further, recent work from Yamamoto and Tonegawa [@bib100] found that input from layer III of the medial entorhinal cortex was required for extended awake CA1 replay. In part, these findings may be accounted for by anatomical differences as superficial entorhinal layers are primarily an input to the hippocampus [@bib97], [@bib98]. Equally, the latter two analyses were predominantly based on recordings made while animals were engaged in spatial tasks, and the observed replay may therefore be more strongly related to spatial planning and less to consolidation processes, in turn suggesting a differential involvement of superficial and deep medial entorhinal cortex layers in planning and consolidation, respectively.
Clearly then, there is ample evidence for coordinated cortical-hippocampal activity during sharp wave ripples, albeit with more complex dynamics than might be expected from the simplest model of systems consolidation. Still, if hippocampal replay activity is involved in systems consolidation processes, then one might expect replay to be associated not only with increased activity in cortex, but also with increased plasticity. Several authors (for example [@bib81]) have noted that the rapid sequences of place cell activity observed during replay are optimal for inducing plasticity in post-synaptic targets. Although direct evidence for this is currently lacking, cortical oscillations that strongly modulate the depolarisation of principal neurons have also been associated with hippocampal sharp wave ripples during sleep.
Two of the main oscillatory events are delta waves [@bib101], slow 0.1--4 Hz oscillations observed in a variety of cortical regions; and thalamo-cortical spindles [@bib102], [@bib103], 10--20 Hz oscillations originating in the thalamus. These two oscillatory patterns are often observed in close temporal proximity to each other and, importantly, to sharp wave ripples in the hippocampus [@bib104], [@bib105], [@bib106], [@bib107]. Indeed, Maingret and colleagues [@bib103] found that the successful recall of object locations following sleep was associated with enhanced coupling between hippocampal sharp wave ripples, cortical delta-waves, and spindle events ([Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}C). Furthermore, when the duration of encoding was shortened to impair learning, the authors saw that performance could be rescued by stimulating the prefrontal cortex when hippocampal sharp wave ripples were detected, thereby generating delta waves and spindles. Similarly, it is clear that plasticity related to the spatial content of replayed trajectories can be induced during rest. This was beautifully demonstrated by de Lavilleon *et al.* [@bib108]: During sleep, though not just during periods of sharp wave ripples, reward in the form of medial forebrain bundle stimulation was triggered whenever a specific CA1 place cell was active; subsequently, during exploration, animals spent more time in the place field of the corresponding cell.
While the foregoing discussion makes a convincing case for a role of hippocampal replay in memory consolidation, several important caveats must be considered. First, the majority of studies examining the modulation of replay by novelty, recency, and saliency have done so while animals are awake and engaging in tasks (for example [@bib55], [@bib82], [@bib83]). In contrast, the reduced sensory interference present during offline states are believed to render them favourable for consolidation. Nevertheless, this does not preclude the possibility that replay occurring during brief pauses in active behaviour also contributes to consolidation.
Second, the disruption of sharp wave ripples has been shown to impair spatial learning [@bib69], [@bib86], but it remains to be seen whether this effect is due to the disruption of replay specifically or simply due to disruption of the sharp wave ripple state. For example, stimulation during sharp wave ripples --- when neurons in CA1 are highly active [@bib2], [@bib81] --- may simply disrupt existing spatial memory traces in the hippocampus (for example [@bib87]) rather than interfere with consolidation.
Third, although replay may be important for learning, whether it genuinely represents the mechanism supporting systems consolidation, or simply reflects an intra-hippocampal process stabilising newly formed memory traces, remains to be established. A convincing demonstration of the former would be to identify the cortical correlates of a hippocampal memory and show how these develop or mature with the occurrence of replay. This might be achieved, for example, using a similar method to Kitamura *et al.* [@bib109] in which *c-Fos* expression was used to identify a cortical engram, hence determining its involvement in memory retrieval at different time points following learning. Alternatively, confirmation that memories do not become hippocampus-independent if replay is prevented from propagating to cortex would be compelling evidence. To address this latter point, it seems plausible that the interruption of sharp wave ripples could be used in conjunction with an approach similar to that used by Tanaka *et al.* [@bib110]. Namely, an experimenter would probe the point at which reinstatement of a cortical representation occurred independently of the hippocampus, that is, after CA1 silencing.
Fourth, recent studies by several groups [@bib50], [@bib111], [@bib112] have shown that replay can be observed even before animals have any experience of an environment. In other words, place cell sequences recorded during rest are subsequently found to correspond to paths through a novel environment. This 'preplay' is a controversial topic, and there is some disagreement regarding its existence [@bib113]. Potentially, the effect might arise due to a failure in the statistical assumptions used to determine the significance of the observed sequences [@bib113] ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}). For example, if the place cell representation of the novel environment is not orthogonal to familiar environments, then replay of those familiar places might be construed as preplay. Equally, though, preplay may result from activity in preconfigured cell assemblies, possibly supported by attractor networks, that are primed for inclusion into future spatial representations [@bib111], [@bib112], [@bib114], [@bib115]. Either way, preplay seems to be a weaker phenomenon than replay [@bib112]; indeed, the level of correlation in place cell activity that existed prior to exploration of a novel environment was used as a control condition in early replay studies [@bib45], [@bib47]. Hence, replay can still be understood as a process that predominantly reflects prior experience, though the extent to which it is influenced by the pre-existing configuration of hippocampal networks remains to be seen.
Replay as Planning {#sec1.4}
------------------
The fact that replay occurs during awake behaviour suggests that, beyond its potential role in learning, it might also provide a mechanism for guiding navigational decisions, planning goal-directed trajectories or simulating the outcome of a given choice (for example [@bib56], [@bib70], [@bib71], [@bib72], [@bib116], [@bib117]). This view was established by Diba and Buzsaki's [@bib56] observation that, during track running, replay occurring as rats stopped for reward at the track's ends tended to be in the reverse direction, while movement initiation was mainly preceded by forward replay. The authors posited that reverse replay was important for learning from recent experiences, while forward replay was required for planning forthcoming actions. Although the functional distinction between forward and reverse replay is no longer clear cut (for example [@bib65]), broadly similar results have been noted elsewhere. For example, as animals pause at a junction on a working memory task, replay events tend to depict routes ahead of the animal [@bib117]. Similar forward 'sweeps' have been observed by others (for example [@bib61], [@bib62], [@bib118]), yet in these instances the sweeps seem to occur during theta states rather than sharp wave ripples. Although theta sweeps have been proposed to support decision making about immediate actions [@bib61], it remains to be seen whether and how they differ functionally from forward replay observed during awake behaviour. Finally, various theoretical propositions suggest replay as a candidate mechanism for exploring potential routes or extracting goal-directed heading vectors [@bib72], [@bib116], [@bib119].
If replay does represent a mechanism for planning spatial trajectories, then its occurrence should, in general, predict accurate behaviour. Indeed, one might specifically expect replayed trajectories to prefigure the path an animal is about to take. To a certain extent this appears to be true. For example, an increase in the probability of cell-pair co-activation during sharp wave ripples has been seen to precede correct turns on a W-maze and, in the same experiment, a non-significant trend was noted for preferential replay of the 'correct' arm [@bib117]. Similarly, when animals were engaged in open field navigation to a hidden goal, Pfeiffer and Foster [@bib71] found a tendency for replay trajectories to propagate in the direction animals were about to travel --- an effect that was not present when the rats were foraging randomly. The analysis did not, however, establish whether the replayed trajectory predicted the exact path the animal was about to take. Indeed, in the absence of a clear mechanism linking replay and navigational guidance it is not obvious if such a relationship really should be expected.
Several groups [@bib72], [@bib116], [@bib119] have proposed, based on theoretical analyses, that replay in entorhinal grid cells provides the means to calculate goal-directed vectors. Current models, though, are agnostic as to how place cells should respond during bouts of grid cell replay; indeed, recent experimental work suggests that grid cells and other spatial cell types in the superficial layers of the medial entorhinal cortex exhibit replay independently of CA1 [@bib99]. More broadly, if online replay does provide a mechanism for planning trajectories, then one might occasionally expect to observe novel sequences of activity; for example, corresponding to a new combination of turns through an environment. This does appear to occur: in fact, replayed sequences have been reported to combine elements of an environment that were experienced separately and even to represent paths through a section of the environment the animal had seen but not experienced [@bib48], [@bib49]. Indeed, in the latter case, despite the fact that replay was recorded during rest, activity was seen to preferentially represent a section of the environment leading to reward, implying a link with planning [@bib49].
More generally, normal hippocampal sharp wave ripple-related activity is necessary to support spatial decision making under some circumstances. Clear evidence for this was provided by Jadhav and colleagues [@bib69] using closed-loop electrical stimulation of the ventral hippocampal commissure to truncate sharp wave ripples while animals performed a W-maze alternation task. Interruption of the sharp wave ripples decreased performance and the rate at which the task was acquired [@bib120] ([Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}A). Despite causally connecting sharp wave ripple-related activity and spatial decision-making, the specific mechanism linking replay with behavioural output is still unclear, and so it is hard to discern the functional contribution of replay in this scenario.Figure 5Replay as planning.(A) Disrupting sharp wave ripples at decision points in a spatial alternation task ('W maze') was associated with impaired performance compared to control animals (left). When sharp wave ripples were disrupted at non-decision points performance was preserved (right) [@bib120]. (B) Replay was recorded at the corners of a Z-shaped track preceding correct and incorrect turns. When replay depicted positions consistent with the animals' current positions (for example, proximal locations, left) the rats were more likely to make the correct turn (right). Whereas if replay depicted positions not immediately relevant to current behaviour (middle), animals were less likely to make the correct turn (right) [@bib122]. (C) Following training on an inhibitory avoidance task (learning to associate the end of a linear runway with a foot shock), replay during pauses preceding entry to a shock zone preferentially depicted paths towards the feared zone (top) and was associated with the animals turning away from the shock zone and running in the opposite direction (bottom) [@bib121].
As intimated above, one of the central difficulties in ascribing a specific function to 'online' replay has been the fact that the trajectories depicted do not obviously relate to ongoing behaviour, often representing non-local positions [@bib48], [@bib57], [@bib63], [@bib64] de-coupled from the animal's future path [@bib121]. For example, when animals were required to run laps on one section of a track, Gupta *et al.* [@bib48] observed that replay trajectories preferentially represented portions of the maze that were not currently in use and which had not been recently visited. Similarly, recent work [@bib121] has demonstrated preferential replay of paths that animals were incentivised to avoid, and these trajectories were most often replayed prior to animals turning away from the aversive region and hence were anti-correlated with subsequent behaviour ([Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}C).
In part, some of these apparent discrepancies can be accounted for by immediate behavioural relevance to the animal, with replay providing a mechanism by which prior associations or memories are recalled and used to direct behaviour. But online replay is also known to depict trajectories through environments distinct from that in which the animal is currently located, which were experienced earlier in the same recording session [@bib64] or even on previous days [@bib63]. It is more difficult to envisage the immediate behavioural relevance of a distant environment or indeed even for replay in the absence of an ongoing task. What could account for these divergent findings?
A viable hypothesis seems to be that, in part, this variability arises because ongoing task demands influence the nature and content of replay. Namely, during periods characterised by a low cognitive load when animals are not engaged in a demanding behavioural task --- such as sitting still or shuttling back and forth on a linear track --- replay occurs in order to support the consolidation of existing memories, as it does during slow wave sleep. Conversely, when animals actively engage in a task, such as at a decision point, replay becomes task focused. Consistent with this view, O'Neill *et al.* [@bib84] observed that shortly after animals arrived at a reward site replay was task-focused, preferentially expressing the goal location; whereas, when animals lingered at the site --- disengaging from the task --- replay was more likely to express places remote from the current position.
Similarly, recent work from our own laboratory [@bib122] examined the dynamics governing this switch. We saw task-related replay immediately as animals arrived or departed from a decision point, depicting forward trajectories focused on the current location. Conversely, when animals remained at the decision point, replay changed to preferentially encode trajectories in both forward and reverse directions that were distributed across the apparatus, rather than concentrated on the current location; suggestive of consolidation processes. In addition, we found that accurate spatial choices tended to be preceded by forward replay focused on the animal's current position, as one would expect if these dynamics contributed to spatial decision making ([Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}B).
Furthermore, even when animals are actively engaged in a task, the observed replay is expected to be variable. Although replay under these circumstances might be task related, this does not mean that replay should exclusively depict, and consequently predict, future paths. If adaptive behaviour requires the retrieval of past actions or experiences then replay might equally, or indeed preferentially, express prior behaviour. This proposition could account for the varied findings relating to online replay (for example [@bib48], [@bib71], [@bib84], [@bib117], [@bib121]). In this context, replay may be considered to mediate the retrieval of information needed for accurate behaviour, rather than planning of a specific trajectory; and any distinction between online and offline replay is not particularly useful. 'Offline replay', typically recorded while an animal is either sleeping or resting in a holding environment, is likely to consist almost entirely of consolidative replay. 'Online replay', on the other hand, will be mixed; varying between task-relevant and consolidative replay according to the animal's current behavioural state and motivation.
To summarise, the content of online replay has been found to be surprisingly variable. Although it may support spatial planning under some conditions, equally often it seems to serve other functions. We suggest that an animal's engagement with ongoing task demands may account for some of these differences. When engaged in a task, replay contributes to spatial decision making and navigation, and hence is largely focused on the animal's current milieu. In the absence of specific task demands, replay subserves consolidation, meaning the content of replay will likely be more varied, potentially representing the full range of the animal's recent experiences.
Replay in Human and Non-human Primates {#sec1.5}
--------------------------------------
Because of the relative paucity of single unit electrophysiology studies outside of the rodent, there is limited evidence for the existence of hippocampal replay in humans and non-human primates, though a number of studies have reported spatial and non-spatial firing correlates of individual neurons in hippocampal and parahippocampal regions that would permit such analyses in future [@bib30], [@bib123]. Nonetheless, several intracranial recording studies have characterised sharp wave ripple activity in both the human [@bib124], [@bib125], [@bib126] and primate [@bib127], [@bib128] hippocampal LFP. These ripples appear at a frequency of approximately 100 Hz (lower than that typically observed in the rodent), have a duration of around 50 ms, are observed during both quiet rest and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and tend to co-occur with, and be phase locked to, cortical slow waves [@bib126], [@bib128], [@bib129], [@bib130]. Only a few studies have co-recorded single unit activity, however, showing that burst firing activity is increased in the human hippocampus during slow wave sleep [@bib131], and in primate CA1 during sharp wave ripples [@bib127], but not examining the finer temporal structure of that activity.
Alternative approaches have provided inferential evidence for the replay of previous experience in the human brain during quiet rest and sleep. The best example comes from applying multivariate pattern classification techniques to magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings, allowing the offline reoccurrence of neural activity patterns associated with different visual stimuli to be identified [@bib132]. Using this technique, it has been demonstrated that sequences of stimuli initially encoded during a non-spatial navigation task were reactivated in reverse order on a timescale consistent with hippocampal replay during a subsequent 30 second planning period, although the signal appeared to originate from occipital/posterior temporal sources.
Similar methods, applied to fMRI data, have shown that, during rest, the frequency with which stimulus representations are reactivated correlates with subsequent memory performance [@bib130], [@bib133]. Furthermore, other neuroimaging studies have shown that manipulations which bias replay in rodent models --- i.e. the presentation of sound or odour cues during sleep --- generate an increase in the hippocampal BOLD signal [@bib134], [@bib135], [@bib136]. Moreover, these interventions can enhance subsequent memory performance (but see van Dongen *et al.* [@bib137]), and the memory benefit correlates with hippocampal volume [@bib138].
Interestingly, one study [@bib126] showed that the number of sharp wave ripples in the human medial temporal lobe during a short rest period after learning correlated with mnemonic performance. Importantly, however, none of these studies provide direct evidence for hippocampal replay. Moreover, similar performance benefits are seen on procedural tasks that are not hippocampal dependent, suggesting that these interventions may access a more general mechanism of memory enhancement [@bib139]. Hopefully, future studies, making use of single-unit data derived from patients with intra-cranial depth electrodes, will be able to investigate the existence of replay in humans; providing an important translational connection between rodent and human hippocampal research.
Future Directions {#sec1.6}
-----------------
Replay is known to occur during sleep, rest and active navigation, and has been ascribed a number of functional roles including the stabilisation of newly formed memories, planning and decision-making during spatial tasks. In general, there is strong support for each of these propositions, although the relationship is more complex than was originally envisaged and specific mechanisms are still lacking. Indeed, a number of clear caveats exist.
First, to assess whether replay supports systems consolidation, it is not sufficient to simply manipulate hippocampal replay (or indeed sharp wave ripples) and assess the effects on behaviour. Rather, it is also necessary to demonstrate that this manipulation either enhances or delays the maturation of memory traces, be they in the hippocampus or cortex.
Second, the relationship between awake replay and ongoing behaviour is complex. In part this likely reflects the fact that, during awake periods, replay might support consolidation as well as task-related processes. Further, even when replay appears to be related to an ongoing task, the specific link between replayed trajectories and subsequent behaviour is not trivial. A fuller understanding of the network mechanisms that control the apparent 'switch' between replay for consolidation and replay for planning will resolve some of this variability. Beyond this, untangling the relationship between replay and behaviour will also require carefully constructed behavioural tasks with clearly delineated demands in which performance depends on defined and spatially localised sources of information (see for example [@bib66]).
Third, the role played by extra-hippocampal regions in the generation and control of replay has received relatively little attention. Both the medial septum and mesopontine median raphe region have been shown to modulate the occurrence of sharp wave ripples [@bib140], [@bib141], but the extent to which these regions govern the occurrence of replay during the course of normal behaviour is unknown. Similarly, it appears that cortical regions have a greater autonomy to initiate and potentially guide replay than was previously imagined (for example [@bib99]), but again, the behavioural relevance of cortical replay and how it relates to hippocampal replay requires further study. More specifically, the mechanism controlling which precise sequence of place cells is replayed is also unknown.
One possibility described above is that cortical activity, possibly itself resembling replay, might prompt the reactivation of hippocampal sequences (for example [@bib93], [@bib99]). Consistent with this view, it is known that presentation of familiar auditory stimuli during sleep biases hippocampal replay to represent the locations in which those stimuli were encountered during wakefulness [@bib142]; presumably auditory cue presentation causes the reinstatement of stimuli-specific activity patterns in the auditory cortex, ultimately promoting activity in place cells associated with that cue during training.
An alternative mechanism is provided by dopamine signalling from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) [@bib143] and locus coeruleus [@bib144]. Dopamine signalling in the hippocampus is known to be important for the stabilisation of place cell activity [@bib145] and the retention, but not initial encoding, of spatial memories [@bib146]. Indeed, optogenetically triggering dopamine release in mice during exposure to a novel environment results in stronger CA1 reactivations of that environment during rest and a concomitant increase in memory retention [@bib147]. However, it is not known whether dopamine directly modulates the occurrence of replay or whether the apparent increase in reactivation results from other mechanisms that stabilise CA1 activity. Interestingly, VTA neurons were found to have elevated firing rates during sharp wave ripples emitted while animals conducted a spatial task, but not during sleep [@bib148]. This is particularly relevant because VTA neurons are known to represent reward prediction error [@bib149] and are central for reinforcement learning [@bib150]. In turn, reverse replay during behaviour has been implicated as a possible solution to the temporal credit assignment problem in reinforcement learning [@bib55], [@bib70]. The juxtaposition of VTA activity and replay supports this general view but, again, does not necessarily implicate dopamine as a modulator of replay itself.
Lastly, evidence for the existence of replay outside of the rodent is at best indirect. It will be exciting to see if emerging technologies in human intracranial recordings are able to resolve large populations of single neurons --- and thus, replay --- in the human brain. Such studies would provide essential insight into potential similarities between rodent and human hippocampal function and clarify the hypothesised role of hippocampal replay in mnemonic functions and goal-directed behaviour.
In general, looking to the future, it appears that several technical developments are of particular relevance to this field. Historically one of the problems in studying the long-term effects of replay on hippocampal and cortical networks has been the difficulty in stably recording large populations of neurons for significant periods of time. The increasing availability of two-photon calcium imaging coupled with rodent virtual reality now means that activity of hundreds of cells can be monitored across days, while animals perform spatial tasks [@bib151]. Indeed, the temporal resolution of the most recent generations of calcium indicators is sufficient to allow replayed sequences to be detected optically [@bib152], and so it is already possible to monitor the incremental changes induced in a hippocampal network as a result of replay. Going further, the combination of optogenetics and optical imaging, allowing for the rapid manipulation of visually identified cells, provides a powerful means of perturbing, or even artificially generating, specific replay sequences [@bib153]. Such an approach would provide the means to explicitly link replay of a sequence with specific mnemonic or behavioural outcomes. To be viable though, this would likely require a control system triggered by the rapid decoding of replay trajectories, and some progress towards this goal has already been made [@bib154], [@bib155].
Conclusions {#sec1.7}
-----------
To conclude, research over the past twenty-five years has contributed to understanding the role hippocampal replay plays in cognition. Current evidence suggests that replay is used to selectively strengthen newly acquired memories for retention and guide adaptive decisions during active behaviour. Yet, numerous questions regarding the underlying mechanisms remain. Does replay mediate the maturation of cortical memories, stabilise newly formed hippocampal cell assemblies, or instigate changes in both regions? Is the content of replay prescribed or can it adapt to changing demands, dictated by current tasks and behavioural state? Newly available techniques are well placed to address these questions, and it seems likely that the next decade will reveal a clearer understanding of the functional roles replay performs, the mechanisms by which it acts, and the systems by which it is controlled.
This work was funded by a Sir Henry Dale Fellowship to C.B. jointly funded by the Wellcome Trust and Royal Society.
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Q:
Why does は refer to a particular rather than general in some cases?
The sentence I am asking about is the following
[魚]｛さかな｝が[好]｛す｝きじゃない[人]｛ひと｝は、[肉]｛にく｝が[好]｛す｝きだ 」
Person who does not like fish like meat
Source: Tae Kim's Guide to Learning Japanese
My understanding, which is probably flawed in some aspect, is that は after 「[魚]｛さかな｝が[好]｛す｝きじゃない[人]｛ひと｝」 should make the sentence mean "People (in general) who do not like fish like meat", since は would mean in general as opposed to a particular occurrence (が).
How, then, would the general form be conveyed (i.e. "People (in general) who do not like fish like meat")?
A:
You are correct and that website is incorrect on this matter.
Upon hearing/reading the sentence:
「魚
{さかな}
が好
{す}
きじゃない人
{ひと}
は、肉
{にく}
が好
{す}
きだ。 」
Practically all Japanese-speakers will take the 「人」 to mean "people in general".
It is just extremely unnatural to form that sentence when the speaker/writer is referring to one particular person.
To alter the sentence so it talks about a particular individual, one could say:
「魚が好きじゃない〇〇さんは、肉が好きだ。」 or more naturally,
「〇〇さんは、魚は好きじゃないけど、肉は好きだ。」←Uses a pair of the contrastive 「は's」.
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Zbigniew Bujarski
Zbigniew Bujarski (21 August 1933 – 13 April 2018) was a Polish composer.
Bujarski was born on 21 August 1933 and died on 13 April 2018 in Krakow. He was born in Muszyna, Poland about 120 kilometres south-west of Krakow, and very close to the border with what is now Slovakia, and studied composition at the State College of Music in Krakow with Stanisław Wiechowicz. He was awarded an honorary mention at the Young Polish Composers' Competition organized by the Polish Composers' Union in 1961, and three years later won 2nd Prize at the Grzegorz Fitelberg Composers' Competition. He went on to teach composition at the Academy of Music in Kraków.
In 2011 Bujarski was awarded the Silver Medal of Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis by Polish Minister of Culture and National Heritage, Bogdan Zdrojewski.
References
Bibliography
Perkowska Małgorzata: Bujarski Zbigniew w: Elżbieta Dziębowska (red.) Encyklopedia muzyczna PWM, cz. biograficzna t. I, Kraków 1979,
Category:People from Lesser Poland Voivodeship
Category:Polish composers
Category:1933 births
Category:2018 deaths
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TEHRAN.(HONARONLINE) – Mohsen Vaziri-Moghaddam, one of the most celebrated figures from the first generation of the Iranian modern art movement, died at his home in Rome, Italy on Friday morning. He was 94.
“He was always busy creating artworks, even in his old age.
The Italy-based artist was commended for his works by the Rome Municipality and was presented with the European Artist of the Year 2005 award in Rome on December 14, 2005.
Vaziri-Moghaddam was born in Tehran. In primary school, he was fond of geography and music courses. He continued his studies at the University of Tehran’s Faculty of Fine Arts. In 1955, he set off for Italy, where he studied at the Rome Academy of Fine Arts.
In the late 1960s, he showed a tendency toward sculpture, which constituted the most significant part of his life.
He created most of his abstract forms and designs using the media of sand, metal, plastic and wood.
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TENNESSEE_FOOTBALL.JPG
Tennessee head coach Butch Jones (center) and defensive coordinator John Jancek (left) react in the season-opening victory against Austin Peay on Aug. 31.
(Amy Smotherman Burgess/The Associated Press )
EUGENE — Turnover on Oregon’s coaching staff is so rare it has been called the “gold standard” of coaching continuity.
If
staff at Tennessee can’t quite match Oregon’s unique tenure – four UO assistants rank among the 17 longest-serving coaches at the same school – it was still assembled with the same overriding philosophy of ensuring coaching consistency whenever possible, and eliminating mistakes because of it.
Thus, when the No. 2 Ducks face Tennessee on Saturday at Autzen Stadium, they’ll be facing a well-oiled coaching machine whose start at Rocky Top was technically in December, but with roots that go back 15 years to Mount Pleasant, Mich.
“You win with consistency,” Jones said Wednesday. “A lot of these players have had five or six coaches at their respective positions in our program so I think the overall development of a student-athlete is aided by consistency and continuity and it’s everywhere. It’s in recruiting, with coaches knowing the families first-hand, knowing their personalities, but it’s also feeding off the strengths of their coaching staff. Oregon is a great illustration of that, and I think we are, too.”
It will certainly be a change-up from facing Virginia, which had five new coaches, including both coordinators, after head coach Mike London cleared house following a 4-8 season in 2012.
The effect of having as many familiar faces as Tennessee does can be revealed a bit in video study of Jones’ previous teams. Since becoming head coach of Central Michigan in 2007, and Cincinnati in 2010, Jones has a 52-27 overall record.
“They’re doing some of the same things that his staff did at Cincinnati,” said Oregon offensive coordinator Scott Frost, who has been in Eugene since 2009.
Frost would need to stay on staff until 2039 to match the program-record 31 years Gary Campbell has spent as running backs coach. That’s four more years than any other assistant in the nation has spent at one school.
Oregon also has 27 years of experience from offensive line coach Steve Greatwood (in two stints) and 22 from Nick Aliotti (in three stints).
The hidden benefit of such stability doesn’t fully reveal itself, however, simply in similar formations, said Pete Roussel. He's a former assistant coach for six years who now runs coachingsearch.com, a website devoted to tracking the coaching industry, and he gave the Ducks their “gold” rating.
College coaching can be a game of telephone that starts with one vision from the head coach but trickles differently through separate position groups. The key is when coaches understand the message the same, and deliver a consistent message to their units.
“That’s a big reason that they’ve been able to get off to the terrific start and gain a lot of momentum in recruiting right away,” said Roussel, citing Rivals’ 21st-ranked recruiting class of 2013 – one spot higher than Oregon – that Jones and Co. threw together in two months. The Vols’ 2014 class is ranked second nationally.
“With that kind of staff continuity they know how to anticipate the problems because they know the problems in their systems,” Roussel said. “I think they can really reduce a lot of the little things you might not notice as a general fan. They won’t have nearly as many communication errors on the sidelines because they’ve done this three different times together.”
Oregon linebacker coach Don Pellum, in his 22nd year at his alma mater, said that applies to UO’s staff, as well.
“If a guy says a certain thing you know exactly what it means,” Pellum said. “That’s opposed to someone new who you have to go through the process of interpreting it.”
Five Tennessee assistants coached with Jones at both Cincinnati and Central Michigan. Another, safeties coach Willie Martinez, has known Jones since 1998, when Martinez coached the secondary and Jones the tight ends for the Chippewas. In March 2011,
four of his then-Cincinnati assistants were offered “other BCS, high-caliber, high-profile jobs. And all four stayed.”
Joe Bernardi has been a part of both staffs.
After two years as Tennessee’s offensive line graduate assistant, he joined Oregon in the same role in February. Some traditions transcend a coaching staff, he cautioned. In Knoxville, coaches weren’t allowed inside the football center without wearing slacks, while at Oregon there is a more laid-back approach. When Bernardi showed up in dress pants on his first day,
joked with him he was overdressed. Later that day, Helfrich drove Bernardi to get lunch at the Albertson’s grocery store deli.
The goal – winning – is universal, however. Oregon and Tennessee’s method of achieving that has been perfected in years of practice together.
“They all believe in Butch and so they’ve all stayed together,” Bernardi said. “Obviously his formula has worked.”
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Thompson joins
Spireites
Chesterfield FC have signed Celtic defender Josh Thompson until the end of the season.
The 20-year-old former English Youth International, who was the subject of a £250,000 transfer from Stockport County to Celtic in August 2009, has since had loan spells at Rochdale, and this season at Peterborough United.
The 6ft 4in player has made 21 first-team appearances for the Scottish Premier side and 14 first-team appearances while on loan at Rochdale.
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The removal of sulfur contaminants, specifically H2S, from wastewater streams using aqueous salt streams is known. Likewise, the removal of H2S from hydrocarbon containing gas streams is known. However, such known processes for treating gas streams do not directly produce useful chemicals. Accordingly, there is a need to develop economical processes that can selectively scrub and remove H2S from industrial gas streams at ambient temperatures and at the same time produce a useful liquid product. These and other advantages will become evident from the following more detailed description of the present disclosure.
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Q:
Comment traduire « learning from others » / « to learn from others » ?
J'ai récemment écrit dans une rédaction:
J'aime apprendre des autres.
Ma prof l'a encerclé, disant « reformuler ».
Franchement je n'arrive pas à comprendre pourquoi ça ne marche pas. L'anglais est ma première langue donc peut-être j'essaie de traduire directement de l'anglais.
Ce que je voulais dire était (dans le contexte de l'éducation):
I like learning from other people.
La seule autre traduction qui me parait possible est:
J'aime apprendre des autres gens.
ou bien
J'aime apprendre des autres personnes.
A:
Apprendre des autres se dit en français, est tout à fait correct et n'est pas ressenti comme une traduction.
Quelques exemples :
Extrait d'un livre paru en 2009 :
Il s'agit d'apprendre ensemble, d'apprendre des autres, d'apprendre
aux autres dans un processus d'interaction.
Une revue en formation des adultes a fait paraître un numéro qui s'intitulait Apprendre des autres.
Un article de journal : Apprendre des autres et leur communiquer son savoir.
Une phrase souvent citée de Philippe Meirieu (chercheur et écrivain français spécialiste des sciences de l'éducation) :
apprendre des autres est nécessaire parce que nous ne pouvons pas
recréer le monde chacun à notre tour...
Ceci dit tu pourrais essayer de jouer sur « les autres » et de voir si « j'aime apprendre d'autrui » plaît plus à ta professeure.
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Q:
Javascript/jQuery : Slide image based on click
I have 3 images. I would like to slide the image based on click.
Image should be slide to left side of the div in the phone.
$( document ).ready(function() {
$('#image1').click( function (){
});
});
.phone_contain_div{
position:relative;
}
.phone_contain_div .image_div{
position:absolute;
border: thin #000 solid;
top: 16%;
bottom: 0;
left: 12.7%;
right: 0;
width: 46%;
height: 64.4%;
}
.phone_contain_div .image_div img{
max-width:100%;
max-height:100%;
}
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<div id="image1"> Image 1</div>
<div id="image2"> Image 2</div>
<div id="image3"> Image 3</div>
<div class="phone_contain_div">
<img src="https://i.imgur.com/pzG9Elb.png">
<div class="image_div">
<img src="https://i.imgur.com/PtuiQo8.jpg">
<img src="https://i.imgur.com/fCOoKNU.jpg">
<img src="https://i.imgur.com/rm3BCnn.jpg">
</div>
</div>
Any help would be great.
Thank You.
A:
This should help you get started. Added some css transition.
$(document).ready(function() {
$('.image_click .image').click(function() {
$(this).siblings('.image').removeClass('active');
$(this).addClass('active');
$('.image_div').find('img').css('left', '100%');
$('.image_div').find('img').eq($(this).index()).css('left', '0');
});
});
.phone_contain_div {
position: relative;
}
.phone_contain_div .image_div {
position: absolute;
border: thin #000 solid;
top: 16%;
bottom: 0;
left: 12.7%;
right: 0;
width: 46%;
height: 64.4%;
overflow: hidden;
}
.phone_contain_div .image_div img {
max-width: 100%;
max-height: 100%;
box-sizing: border-box;
overflow: hidden;
transition: all .2s;
}
.image_click>.image.active {
color: red;
}
.image_div img {
position: absolute;
left: 100%;
top: 0;
}
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<div class="image_click">
<div class="image"> Image 1</div>
<div class="image"> Image 2</div>
<div class="image"> Image 3</div>
</div>
<div class="phone_contain_div">
<img src="https://i.imgur.com/pzG9Elb.png">
<div class="image_div">
<img src="https://i.imgur.com/PtuiQo8.jpg">
<img src="https://i.imgur.com/fCOoKNU.jpg">
<img src="https://i.imgur.com/rm3BCnn.jpg">
</div>
</div>
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Abbreviations {#nomen0010}
=============
ATT
: Antithrombotic Therapy
CRT
: Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
ICD
: Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator
INR
: international normalized ratio
UGAVP
: Ultrasound Guided Axillary Vein Puncture
US
: Ultrasounds
VKA
: Vitamin K Antagonist
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
Several anatomical access points and methods to gain central venous access have been described. The axillary, cephalic, and subclavian veins, as well as the internal and external jugular veins, have all been used to insert pacemaker or defibrillator leads.
The axillary vein has become an emerging technique for the placement of pacing and defibrillation leads for several reasons. Unlike the cephalic vein, the main advantage of the axillary vein is that it is almost always large enough to accommodate multiple pacing leads. When compared to the subclavian vein, the properly-accessed axillary vein affords a less angulated course ([Fig. 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). This potentially decreases mechanical stress (subclavian crushing syndrome) on the implanted leads or catheters, hence resulting in a lower incidence of mechanical lead failure or vein occlusion \[[@bib1],[@bib2]\]. Compelling evidence has implicated the infraclavicular musculotendinous complex in mechanical lead failure and occlusion of subclavian catheters \[[@bib3],[@bib4]\].Fig. 1Fluoroscopic comparison of the course of the leads with ultrasound-guided axillary vein puncture (left image), and subclavian puncture (right image). The angulation and potential mechanical stress on the leads are significantly marked with the subclavian access (white arrow).Fig. 1
Additionally, subclavian access portends the risk of inadvertently accessing the non-compressible subclavian artery and the potential for increased mechanical stress on the lead or indwelling catheter from crossing the subclavius muscle and the clavipectoral fascia. Finally, unlike the jugular system, the use of the axillary system does not require tunneling of the leads over or under the clavicle.
Techniques for accessing the axillary system with the use of fluoroscopic (either with or without venography) or ultrasounds (US) imaging have also been used \[[@bib5],[@bib6]\]. The landmark (fluoroscopy) approach is associated with a significant risk of arterial puncture, pneumothorax or failed access \[[@bib7]\]. In addition, the current trend is to implant under antithrombotic therapy (ATT), because the perioperative bridging of anticoagulation is associated with a higher risk of thromboembolic events \[[@bib9]\]. A previous study reported a greater use of pressure dressings with ultrasound-guided axillary vein puncture (UGAVP) \[[@bib10]\]. This may suggest a higher risk of bleeding in comparison with the cephalic approach. It is to note that cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with triple leads placement by UGAVP, and upgrade procedures (i.e. in the presence of preexisting leads) have not been described.^[4,11]{.smallcaps}^
We aimed to assess the incidence of complications using UGAVP in patients under ATT, including CRT and upgrade procedures. The learning curve of UGAVP use for routine practice will also be assessed in this study.
2. Methods {#sec2}
==========
2.1. Patients selection {#sec2.1}
-----------------------
Prospectively, all consecutive patients eligible for cardiac devices implantation (i.e. pacemaker, defibrillator, CRT or upgrading) in whom an UGAVP was performed were included in this study, at two centers: Princess Grace Hospital in Monaco between September 2014 and September 2015, and Mohammed VI university hospital in Marrakech Morocco between October 2016 and April 2018. All the patients gave their written consent for the procedure.
2.2. Ultrasound-guided venous puncture {#sec2.2}
--------------------------------------
To access the vein with sonography, the patient was placed in the supine position, without Trendelenburg, and the patient was prepared in the usual sterile manner ([Fig. 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}).Fig. 2Patient installation in the catheter laboratory with position of the probe during puncture.Fig. 2
A surface vascular US probe was inserted into a sterile plastic sleeve and used to image the axillary vasculature. Real-time US imaging of the spatial relationship of the artery and vein, and of the course of the access needle visually guided the venous puncture. A local anesthesia by lidocaine hydrochloride 2%, under US visualization was made along the course of the puncture needle.
Using an out-of-plane technique, the vein was centered in the middle of the screen with the probe held with the left hand perpendicular to the skin ([Fig. 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}, [Fig. 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}). An 18-gauge, 7-cm length Cook bevel-tipped needle was introduced and advanced with the right hand below the US probe towards its center while watching for tissue movement on the US screen and maintaining negative pressure on the plunger. Once the needle is seen to enter the vein and blood flashes into the syringe, the syringe was removed and a guidewire was placed into the lumen. From this point, a sheath and dilator may be placed in the usual fashion.Fig. 3Ultrasound image of a left axillary vasculature.Fig. 3
No time limit was set. No internal jugular access was used. Puncture time was defined as time between US visualization of the axillary vein to the insertion of the guidewire in the superior vena cava.
All procedures were performed by a single operator, experienced with UGVP for femoral access, and fluoroscopy-guided axillary vein puncture \[[@bib12]\].
A learning curve defined as UGAVP time evolution was established. Procedure time, but also complications were systematically studied: hematoma, pneumothorax, hemothorax.
2.3. Management of antithrombotic therapy {#sec2.3}
-----------------------------------------
ATT (Aspirin, Clopidogrel, Ticagrelor, Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban, low weight molecular heparin and Vitamin K Antagonists \[VKA\]) were continued until and after the procedure. In VKA patients, International normalized ratio (INR) target was 2--3 the day of the procedure. The implantation was postponed if the INR was greater than 4.
2.4. Follow-up {#sec2.4}
--------------
All patients were monitored in the hospital at least two nights after the implantation. After hospital discharge, patients were followed in our outpatient clinic at 1, 6, and 12 months.
Axillary access points checks were performed at the end of the procedure, the following day after dressing removal and before discharge. Vascular access complications, including hematomas, were categorized as major if they resulted in prolongation of hospitalization, repeat hospitalization, blood transfusion, or surgical intervention; or minor (hematoma without hospital stay lengthening).
2.5. Statistical analysis {#sec2.5}
-------------------------
The statistical analysis was made with GraphPad Prism 5 (San Diego, CA, USA). Numerical variables are expressed as mean ± SD.
3. Results {#sec3}
==========
3.1. Patients population {#sec3.1}
------------------------
Patients characteristics are summarized in [Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type="table"}. 200/457 (43.76%) patients were included: 164 (82%) patients received a pacemaker and 36 patients (18%) received an ICD. The study population was composed by 54 (27%) patients with CRT. Among them, 26 patients (13%) underwent a triple insertion of new leads implanted in the axillary vein. 180 (90%) patients were under ATT ([Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type="table"}).Table 1Baseline characteristics and procedural data.Table 1Number of patients200Age (y)77.8 ± 10 \[44--94\]Male, n (%)116 (58)Body Mass Index (kg/m^2^), n (%)\<25: 58 (29)\
\>25: 148 (74)Type of procedure (devices), n (%)VVI: 44 (22) PM 36 (18) ICD 8 (4)CRT/CRT-D: 54 (27) CRT-D: 24 (12) Upgrade:6 (3) 3C: 10 (5) BiV: 8 (4) CRT-P: 30 (15) Upgrade: 8 (4) 3C: 16 (8) BiV: 6 (3)DDD: 100 (50) PM: 98 (49) ICD: 2 (1)VDD: 2 (1) ICD: 1 (1)ICD/PM: PM: 164 (82) ICD: 36 (18)Side of implantation, n (%)Left: 174 (87)\
Right: 26 (13)Major vascular complications, n (%)0 (0)Minor vascular complications, n (%)1 (0.5)Procedure time (min)75.13 ± 44.3 \[25--205\]Fluoroscopy time (min)8.46 ± 10.71 \[0.5--50\]Antithrombotic therapy, n (%)No ATT 20 (10)/ATT 180 (90)Anticoagulation 104 (52) VKA 48 (24) DOAC 46 (23) Apixaban 14 (7) Dabigatran 4 (2) Rivaroxaban 28 (14) LWMH 10 (5)Antiplatelet therapy 82 (41) Single APT 74 (37) Aspirin 62 (31) Clopidogrel 4 (2) Prasugrel 2 (1) Ticagrelor 2 (1) Dual APT 8 (4)Anticoagulant + APT 10 (5)Dual ATT 18 (9)[^1]
3.2. Ultrasound-guided venous puncture performance {#sec3.2}
--------------------------------------------------
UGAVP was successfully achieved in 182 patients (91%), this rate increased to 95.78% after excluding anatomic variations: non-visualized vein or very small caliber (\<2 mm maximal diameter). Axillary vein visualization was obtained in 95% of the cases ([Table 2](#tbl2){ref-type="table"}). The vein presented with a very small caliber in 4% of the cases confirmed by angiography during subclavian approach.Table 2Ultrasound-guided axillary vein puncture performance.Table 2Global puncture time (min)4.68 ± 3.64 \[0.5--15\]First puncture time (min)3.03 ± 2.9 \[0.5--15\]Puncture time after 15 first patients4.46 ± 3.38 \[0.5--15\]Puncture time per guidewire (min)2.52 \[0.5--15\]Mean number of guidewires inserted per patient1.8 ± 0.6 \[1--3\]Success rate, n (%) Global success182/200 (91) After excluding anatomic variations (Non-visualized veins or very small caliber)182/190 (95.7)Failure rate, n (%)8/190 (4.2)Table 3Comparison to prior experience with ultrasound-guidance for axillary vein.Table 3Nash A \[[@bib5]\] (1998)Orihashi K \[[@bib17]\] (2005)Jones DG \[[@bib8]\] (2006)Franco E \[[@bib22]\] (2016)Liccardo M \[[@bib23]\] (2018)Our serie (2019)Number of patients, n\
Number of leads, n70\
9518\
3260\
8350\
86116\
304200\
360Visibility of axillary vein (favorable anatomy for puncture)N/A100%N/A100%98.2%95%Success of axillary puncture, n (%)56 (80)2753 (88)49 (98)106/116\
91%182/190 (95.7)Time considerations31 s time for vein cannulation82.1 s time for entry in vein8 min time for lead placement56 s time for entry in vein5 min as time limit (mean time N/A)4.68 min visualization of axillary vein - all GW in SVCVascular complications, n (%)NoneNonePocket hematomas 2 (3.3) Pressure dressings 26 (43)Minor pocket hematoma 1 (2)NoneNonePneumothorax001 (1.6)000Devices implanted, n (%)PM38 (76)N/A164 (82)VVI45 (64.3)4 (22.2)37 (62)16 (32)44 (22)DDD25 (35.7)14 (77.8)23 (38)31 (62)100 (50)ICD0N/A010 (22)36 (18)CRT-P, CRT-D0004 (6)54 (27)Learning curve, number of patientsafter 35N/Aafter 15After 5-7Training phase:23after 15[^2]
Mean puncture time was 4.68 ± 3.64 (0.5--15) minutes. Mean puncture time per guidewire was 2.52 min. Mean puncture duration evolution over the time is illustrated in [Fig. 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}. The learning curve associated with this technique was estimated to 15 patients, corresponding to the beginning of puncture time plateau ([Fig. 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}).Fig. 4Ultrasound-guided axillary vein puncture learning curve for devices.Fig. 4
3.3. Complications {#sec3.3}
------------------
There was only one minor complication (hematoma: it was the 5th case with failure of UGAVP and conversion to a blind subclavian vein puncture), after a mean follow-up of 45 ± 10 months. This patient (with prosthetic mitral valve) was excluded from analysis because the complication occurred with a subclavian puncture.
4. Discussion {#sec4}
=============
The present study supports a wide and safe use of UGAVP for cardiac devices implantation (pacemakers, ICDs and CRT), especially in patients under ATT. UGAVP resulted in low incidence of complications. This is a fast and short-learning curve technique.
The "blind" or fluoroscopy-guided axillary vein puncture often implies a collapse of the vein in patients in a fasting state, while US allow direct visualization and can be of a precious help by predicting inter-individual anatomical variations.
4.1. Prior experience with ultrasound guidance ([Table 3](#tbl3){ref-type="table"}) {#sec4.1}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nash et *al* first described the use of two-dimensional US for pacemaker lead implantation in 70 patients in 1998 \[[@bib8]\]. The authors found that the use of US for placement of pacemaker leads was a safe technique but needed a significant "learning curve" in that nearly all of the unsuccessful cases were in the first half of the series. No major complications were reported. Orihashi et *al* described their experience in 18 patients and found a 90% success rate within two attempts using longitudinal imaging within the pacer pocket and a freehand technique \[[@bib13]\]. The authors observed the ease of compressibility of the vein by the needle, and the utility of short jabbing motions to image the needle tip and facilitate venipuncture. Finally, Jones et *al* demonstrated in 60 patients that the learning curve for US access was short, and that US guidance led to a reduction in lead placement time (8 min versus 12 min) and fluoroscopy time compared with the cephalic approach even after inclusion of training. Nevertheless, there was a significant greater use of pressure dressings in comparison with the cephalic approach \[[@bib7]\]. In comparison to the subclavian puncture, the absence of pneumothorax can be explained by the extra-thoracic course of the puncture ([Fig. 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}).
In the present study, no complications were observed with UGAVP. Our series also reported a higher number of leads implanted in comparison with previous studies (139 leads in total), confirming the possibility to implant multiple leads with this technique (including ICD leads), but also the potential benefit in case of upgrade procedures.
4.2. Anatomic variations and role of ultrasounds {#sec4.2}
------------------------------------------------
In 2003, Galloway and Bodenham published their experience in using US guidance to define the axillary system \[[@bib14]\]. The authors examined 50 patients with US. Their data showed that the Trendelenburg position only afforded a 1 mm (12--13 mm) increase in the diameter of the axillary vein and that the arm position did not cause significant differences in the vessel size or US visibility. In this study, it was observed that as the axillary vein coursed laterally, its diameter decreased (from 12.2 mm to 8.5 mm), its depth increased (from 19.5 mm to 32.2 mm), and its proximity to the axillary artery decreased (from 3.4 mm to 8.9 mm). Anatomic variations of the axillary vein and its tributaries were noted in 27.5% with duplicated axillary vein in 5% \[[@bib15]\]. Additionally, the variations in branching pattern of the axillary artery were found in 62.5% \[[@bib16]\]. Furthermore, the rib cage to vein distance is variable (0.2--2.2 cm) \[[@bib11]\].
In cases the BMI \> 25 kg/m^2^, there was a significant difference in depth, and a trend to significant differences in diameter. However, age-specific differences in depth and diameter were not observed \[[@bib17]\]. These anatomical variations are clinically significant and can increase the risk of vascular complications and pneumothorax with a blind technique. The use of US allows the operator to appreciate anatomic variations in arterial, venous and rib cage spatial relationships, as well as of the vessels themselves. Such imaging provides visualization of the access needle tip course and trajectory.
It has been well recognized that the use of real-time US guidance during central line insertion is one of the patient's safety practices with the greatest strength of supporting evidence \[[@bib18],[@bib19]\].
A randomized controlled trial reported a higher first-attempt success rate and fewer needle passes with real-time US guided puncture compared with the anatomic landmark approach \[[@bib20]\].
4.3. No perioperative bridging for anticoagulation {#sec4.3}
--------------------------------------------------
**In our department which is a reference center for atrial fibrillation ablation, ATT is routinely maintained, especially in patients with atrial fibrillation. This may explain that 90% of patients were on anti-thrombotic therapy which is unusually high compared to routine practice.** This practice is supported by data from large series, demonstrating that periprocedural continuation of anticoagulation not only confers protection against thromboembolic events but is also safe, as evidenced by the overall low rates of bleeding complications \[[@bib5],[@bib6]\]. In contrast with previous studies, despite the fact that implantations were performed with uninterrupted ATT, no major bleeding complications were observed, as opposed to previous studies \[[@bib7]\].
4.4. UGAVP for ICD, CRT and upgrade procedures {#sec4.4}
----------------------------------------------
In previous studies concerning UGVAP, ICD, CRT and upgrade procedures were excluded \[[@bib4]\]. In contrast, UGVAP was successfully performed for ICD (18 patients), CRT implantation (24 patients) and upgrade procedures (8 patients) in our study. Recent studies using the fluoroscopy-guided axillary vein puncture included some CRT devices, but this technique was not extended to the three leads, while it was possible in our series (11 patients) \[[@bib21]\].
4.5. Limitations {#sec4.5}
----------------
This study is bicentric and not randomized. The lack of a control group is a significant limitation of the study but this does not seem to diminish the quality of this study whose main objective was to verify the feasibility and safety of UGVAP in patients under ATT.
No vascular complication was reported in the present study with UGAVP, but the analysis involved a limited number of patients (n = 200). There have been no randomized trials between the US-guided technique and either the cephalic approach, traditional landmark axillary technique, or fluoroscopic and venogram-guided techniques for pacemaker or ICD placement. However, the limited published literature concerning axillary access with US, including lead placement, has demonstrated a consistent reduction in time to access, number of attempts, and complications. US guidance has plausible benefits in reducing the risk of lead crush, pneumothorax, and hematoma, and may have particular utility in patients with preexisting leads. With advances in US imaging technology, increasing emphasis on patient safety, and trainees who are more familiar with US-guided access, the use of US in device implantation is likely to expand.
The additional cost associated with this technique has been approximated to 18.85€/procedure (cost of the sterile plastic sleeve). This cost may be added to the initial cost of a dedicated vascular probe, if not present in the catheter laboratory/operating room.
5. Conclusion {#sec5}
=============
The present study, as well as the recent literature, support wide use of UGAVP in patients under antithrombotic therapy undergoing cardiac devices implantation including ICD and CRT. The short learning curve should encourage every cardiologist to adopt this technique.
Author's contribution section {#sec6}
=============================
Dr Mohammed El Jamili and Dr Sok-Sithikun Bun have equally participated in the preparation of this manuscript.
Mohammed El Jamili[:]{.ul} Concept/Design; Data analysis/interpretation; Drafting article; Critical revision of article; Approval of article; Data collection.
Sok-Sithikun Bun[:]{.ul} Concept/design; Data analysis/interpretation; Drafting article; Critical revision of article; Approval of article; Data collection.
Decebal Gabriel Latcu[:]{.ul} Critical revision of article; Approval of article.
Tahar Delassi[:]{.ul} Data collection.
Mustapha Elhattaoui[:]{.ul} Critical revision of article; Approval of article.
Nadir Saoudi[:]{.ul} Critical revision of article; Approval of article.
Declaration of competing interest
=================================
None.
Peer review under responsibility of Indian Heart Rhythm Society.
[^1]: APT: antiplatelet therapy; ATT: antithrombotic therapy; BiV: biventricular; DOAC: direct oral anticoagulant; LWMH: low weight molecular heparin; PM: pacemaker; VKA: vitamin K antagonist; 3C: three chambers.
[^2]: GW: guidewires; N/A: non-available; PM: pacemakers; SVC: superior vena cava.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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