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2012 NBA Europe Live Tour The 2012 NBA Europe Live Tour was a basketball exhibition tour featuring teams from the NBA and the Euroleague, as a part of the NBA Global Games. The hosting countries were Turkey, Germany, Italy and Spain. Teams The NBA teams that participated were: Boston Celtics Dallas Mavericks The Euroleague teams that participated were: Fenerbahçe Ülker Alba Berlin Olimpia Milano FC Barcelona Regal Games Related links List of NBA versus international games References External links Official NBA Website Category:NBA Global Games Europe Category:2012–13 Euroleague	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Q: Where to store error/info messages for the user in PHP? I was wondering, what's the best way to store messages for the user in PHP. With messages i mean something like Authentication successful or Please enter a valid e-mail address Currently I'm working on a project where they are stored in the $_SESSION variable, but I don't think this is a good solution. Short explanation how I do it at the moment (The class Message was created by me) $_SESSION["msg"][] = new Message("..."); and foreach ( $_SESSION ["msg"] as $msg ) : echo $msg->getText(); endforeach; unset ( $_SESSION ["msg"] ); This is just a simplified version of the complete code, but you should get the idea. EDIT: Forgot to say, that I'm working with an MVC framework and want to speperate the logic from the output. A: One can only speculate on the nature/contents of your Message Class. However, here; attempt was made to simulate a mock-up of a class called Message; also the Usage in your View Script was shown below the Class. Be sure that $_SESSION is active on both Scripts.... Perhaps, this may shed some new light on how to go about your unique case: <?php //FIRST CHECK IF SESSION EXIST BEFORE STARTING IT: if (session_status() == PHP_SESSION_NONE \|\| session_id() == '') { session_start(); } class Message { protected $msg; public function __construct() { if(!isset($_SESSION['msg'])){ $_SESSION['msg'] = array(); } } public function setText($message){ if(!in_array($message, $_SESSION['msg'])){ $_SESSION['msg'][] = $message; } } public function getText(){ return "Some Logic for getting Message"; } } ?> <?php // INSIDE OF YOUR VIEW SCRIPT; AT THE VERY TOP, ENABLE SESSION AS WELL: //FIRST CHECK IF SESSION EXIST BEFORE STARTING IT: if (session_status() == PHP_SESSION_NONE \|\| session_id() == '') { session_start(); } // THEN LOOP THROUGH THE SESSION DATA FOR MESSAGES TO BE DISPLAYED $msg = new Message(); if(isset($_SESSION['msg'])) { foreach ($_SESSION ["msg"] as $msg) : echo $msg->getText(); endforeach; unset ($_SESSION ["msg"]); }	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Q: PRNG bad seeding and von Neumann unbiasing Large period PRNGs such as Mersenne Twister require good seeding otherwise the initial output in the sequence may not seem to be high-quality, at least for the first few words (and in the way that is useful in production). For example, Marsaglia talked about seeding methods in his May 2003 Communications of the ACM article [1]. It feels like a chicken/egg situation. You need a source of high-quality random bits in order to seed your generator, so you can create a source of high-quality random bits. I was wondering: Is von Neumann unbiasing a legitimate way to defend against poor seeding of large-period PRNGs? In other words, if I apply von Neumann unbiasing to the bitstream output of Mersenne Twister, does the quality of the stream still depend on how I seeded it? [1] George Marsaglia, "Seeds for random number generators." Communications of the ACM, 46(5):90–93, 2003 (ACM page.) A: Von Neumann unbiasing only works if the random source consists of independent samples. Otherwise it is not guaranteed to produce random bits. More generally, in theoretical computer science there exist objects called (randomness) extractors whose job is to extract random bits out of imperfect random sources. Usually they need access to a small number of "high quality" random bits. In practice, seeding a PRNG is not difficult. There are many legitimate sources of randomness, and using an extractor such as a hash function, you can take a decently sized sample and extract a decently random seed. Once you have a handful of high quality random bits, you can use a PRNG to quickly extract many more seemingly random bits.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
OK, it shouldn't be a surprise to anyone that this board gets H-O-T. It's not something to be held in the palm of your hand, so it's not that critical. Until it is. Because, as all/most CPUs, it more...	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Q: Siunitx Won't Display Reciprocal Powers I have several SI units in my document which I would like to typeset using the siunitx package. According to the documentation the default mode for the \per command is 'reciprocal' meaning \si{m\per s} should produce output akin to ms$^{-1}$ but on my system it is producing m/s. I have tried setting \sisetup{per=reciprocal} and \sisetup{per-mode=reciprocal} but it seems to ignore this and continues to use '/'. Specifying the mode for individual units works but I don't want to have to type [per-mode=reciprocal] every time I want to typeset a unit. Am I missing something or is there a way to fix this (preferably without \newcommand)? A: The 'unit parser' in siunitx only operates on 'symbolic' units such as \si{\m\per\s} \si{\metre\per\second} where the behaviour of \per is selectable. For the 'literal' input \si{m\per s} parsing is not possible ('literal' input could be anything), and instead \per switches to simply inserting a /. Thus while the 'interpreted' mode requires slightly more typing, as it is more 'programmable' it's the recommended approach.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Q: EXCEL VBA: Web Page Button Click I have tried numerous variations of codes on this site to get my VBA to click on a button on a webpage and with the exception of one time have not been able to get any code to work. The one time was either a fluke or in an attempt to add the next step of the code I somehow inadvertently changed what was happening previously. Below is both the source code of the website and the code I'm using currently. Right now I do not get any errors, but instead of loading the next page when I include the button click code if just clears the form and stays on the present web page. CODE: Public Sub TestIE() Dim IE As Object Dim aNodeList As Object, i As Long Dim bNodeList As Object, p As Long ' Create InternetExplorer Object Set IE = CreateObject("InternetExplorer.Application") ' You can uncoment Next line To see form results IE.Visible = False ' Send the form data To URL As POST binary request IE.Navigate "https://pe.fanniemae.com/pe/pricing/search" ' Statusbar Application.StatusBar = "Page is loading. Please wait..." ' Wait while IE loading... Do While IE.Busy Application.Wait DateAdd("s", 1, Now) Loop IE.Visible = True Set aNodeList = IE.document.querySelectorAll("input[type=checkbox]") If aNodeList Is Nothing Then Exit Sub For i = 0 To 18 aNodeList.Item(i).Checked = True Next i 'IE.document.querySelector("button[type=submit]").Click Set bNodeList = IE.document.querySelectorAll("button[type=submit]") If bNodeList Is Nothing Then Exit Sub For p = 1 To 1 bNodeList.Item(p).Click Next p End Sub Page Source: <div class="row submit"> <button id="get-price" tabindex="3" type="submit" class="cell-right- 2">Get Prices</button> <div class="pricing-error-message"></div> When I inspect element on the button it does appear there is a clear form part of the code, which I would expect, but for whatever reason it is clearing the form instead of loading the new page. When I click on the button manually in IE it loads as expected. Script that I believe is running: <script type="text/javascript"> define('pageConf', function() { return null \|\| JSON.parse('{\"lastPricingFactors\": {\"priceIncrement\":\"18\",\"priceView\":\"total\",\"executionType\ ":\"Mandatory\",\"levelType\":\"Product\",\"remittanceType\":\"ActualActual \",\"products\":\"160958\",\"1036FR\",\"102422\",\"163053\",\"160639\",\" 160058\",\"155509\",\"154232\",\"143846\",\"0005FR\",\"125331\",\"102301\", \"114921\",\"115446\",\"144854\"],\"underwrittenWithDu\":false,\" servicingReleased\":false,\"displayMarketFrozenMessage\":false,\"windows\": [10,30,60,90],\"requestTimeMs\":1531424470700}}') }); </script> A: I was able to utilize a Select Case that inserted the criteria I wanted selected in the URL that was generated by the button vs. having to actually press the button which seems to be a working work around. Thanks for taking a look at this.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Engagement Rings…only 23.5 million results when you type those two words into Google. A good place to start to cut through the chaff, although this by no means should be the main deciding factor, is with budget. The old-fashioned myth that a ‘man’ should spend ‘3 months’ salary’ on a rock, (this is sometimes cited... After having waxed lyrical about jewellery boutique Tomfoolery last month, we were excited to hear that they are hosting an ‘alternative wedding showcase’ launching this Saturday, 19th March. Featuring trunk shows from some of my favourite designers and London’s top design talent; kicking off with the LA-based rough diamond queen Polly Wales (9th & 10th April),... This week’s Cool Jewel is courtesy of London jewellery designers Guy & Max. Based on the concept of a vortex – which makes for a neat analogy of the whirling of emotions getting hitched involves – this diamond and 18ct white gold ring features one of my favourite diamond shapes: the oval. Sexier and more streamlined,... Proposing to a jewellery designer…the pressure, the pressure. Fortunately (and unfortunately) convention and tradition are no longer as important as they once were when it comes to buying an engagement ring. The set of rules that once guided people in one direction – diamond, solitaire, platinum, etc etc – have definitely loosened over the years; meaning that women... It’s tricky being a jewellery retailer. Selecting and buying the right pieces to work as a cohesive and attractive ‘collection’ is no mean feat. The pieces you sell embody the brand and establish the boutique within a specific style or aesthetic, which customers need to recognise and trust in order for them to return. The rules... I started writing this post initially about jewellery trends for the coming season, but got side-tracked whilst thinking of all the trailblazing jewellers I know, and subsequently how hard it is to maintain the freshness that got them there in the first place. Starting a jewellery business in today’s times, in London (or any big metropolis)... Last week we visited the pretty London enclave of Primrose Hill, where jewellery designers Zoe & Morgan have created their new boutique space, showcasing a beautiful selection of handmade, delicate and style-focused jewellery and – most importantly for me – their new collection of engagement and wedding rings. With graphic prints on the walls, flowers and... I love looking at a person’s handwriting. The flourish, scale, weight and care that the individual gives each word says so much about them, that I find it intensely personal and revealing (non-descript, changeable scrawl or basic printing in capitals acts as a warning, and is hugely unattractive to me). It is also relatively easy... Making jewellery can be at once all-consuming, frantic, sweaty work, as well as a meditative, calming process. For jewellery designer Ruth Tomlinson, it seems to mainly be the latter. This beautiful film shows Ruth at work, revealing her creative processes and inspirations; from finding pieces of once molten metal in the sand on the beach, to sitting at... After an illustrious career working as a stylist and designer in the world of high fashion (including Balenciaga, Kenzo and Maison Kitsuné), Parisian Charlotte Desnais has launched her own collection of jewellery under her own name. Sinewy, sculptural gold wraps itself around the wrists and ears, whilst at once remaining minimal in its feel whilst...	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
// ==++== // // Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. // // ==--== // =+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+ // // Partitioner.cs // // <OWNER>Microsoft</OWNER> // // Represents a particular way of splitting a collection into multiple partitions. // // =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Security.Permissions; using System.Threading; namespace System.Collections.Concurrent { /// <summary> /// Represents a particular manner of splitting a data source into multiple partitions. /// </summary> /// <typeparam name="TSource">Type of the elements in the collection.</typeparam> /// <remarks> /// <para> /// Inheritors of <see cref="Partitioner{TSource}"/> must adhere to the following rules: /// <ol> /// <li><see cref="GetPartitions"/> should throw a /// <see cref="T:System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException"/> if the requested partition count is less than or /// equal to zero.</li> /// <li><see cref="GetPartitions"/> should always return a number of enumerables equal to the requested /// partition count. If the partitioner runs out of data and cannot create as many partitions as /// requested, an empty enumerator should be returned for each of the remaining partitions. If this rule /// is not followed, consumers of the implementation may throw a <see /// cref="T:System.InvalidOperationException"/>.</li> /// <li><see cref="GetPartitions"/> and <see cref="GetDynamicPartitions"/> /// should never return null. If null is returned, a consumer of the implementation may throw a /// <see cref="T:System.InvalidOperationException"/>.</li> /// <li><see cref="GetPartitions"/> and <see cref="GetDynamicPartitions"/> should always return /// partitions that can fully and uniquely enumerate the input data source. All of the data and only the /// data contained in the input source should be enumerated, with no duplication that was not already in /// the input, unless specifically required by the particular partitioner's design. If this is not /// followed, the output ordering may be scrambled.</li> /// </ol> /// </para> /// </remarks> [HostProtection(Synchronization = true, ExternalThreading = true)] public abstract class Partitioner<TSource> { /// <summary> /// Partitions the underlying collection into the given number of partitions. /// </summary> /// <param name="partitionCount">The number of partitions to create.</param> /// <returns>A list containing <paramref name="partitionCount"/> enumerators.</returns> public abstract IList<IEnumerator<TSource>> GetPartitions(int partitionCount); /// <summary> /// Gets whether additional partitions can be created dynamically. /// </summary> /// <returns> /// true if the <see cref="Partitioner{TSource}"/> can create partitions dynamically as they are /// requested; false if the <see cref="Partitioner{TSource}"/> can only allocate /// partitions statically. /// </returns> /// <remarks> /// <para> /// If a derived class does not override and implement <see cref="GetDynamicPartitions"/>, /// <see cref="SupportsDynamicPartitions"/> should return false. The value of <see /// cref="SupportsDynamicPartitions"/> should not vary over the lifetime of this instance. /// </para> /// </remarks> public virtual bool SupportsDynamicPartitions { get { return false; } } /// <summary> /// Creates an object that can partition the underlying collection into a variable number of /// partitions. /// </summary> /// <remarks> /// <para> /// The returned object implements the <see /// cref="T:System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable{TSource}"/> interface. Calling <see /// cref="System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable{TSource}.GetEnumerator">GetEnumerator</see> on the /// object creates another partition over the sequence. /// </para> /// <para> /// The <see cref="GetDynamicPartitions"/> method is only supported if the <see /// cref="SupportsDynamicPartitions"/> /// property returns true. /// </para> /// </remarks> /// <returns>An object that can create partitions over the underlying data source.</returns> /// <exception cref="NotSupportedException">Dynamic partitioning is not supported by this /// partitioner.</exception> public virtual IEnumerable<TSource> GetDynamicPartitions() { throw new NotSupportedException(Environment.GetResourceString("Partitioner_DynamicPartitionsNotSupported")); } } }	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Because of the natural flammability of organic polymer resins, it is common practice to incorporate a flame retardant into the formulation of a resin based composition or system in order to improve the safety of the final product. A common approach to flame resistance is to incorporate into the resin certain flame inhibiting hydrated minerals, such as alumina trihydrate (ATH). When compounded into resins at sufficient levels, these hydrated minerals impart both flame and smoke retardancy by evolving non-toxic gases, such as water, to dilute the combustion products and to promote char formation. Although these hydrated minerals have met with much success as flame retardants, certain problems exist. Because of the technique used in the production of crude alumina trihydrate, particulate fillers made from this material contains varying amounts of basic alkali metal salts. These alkali metal salts form sites of basic salt concentrations on the surface which are conventionally known as "hot spots". These hot spots, or active sites, are well known to cause problems in various resin matrix systems. Surface activity promotes the absorption of water by filled resins such that the electrical properties of the resins are adversely effected. Another problem attributed to surface activity, and discussed in more detail below, is the adverse effect on polyurethane foam manufacture as, for example, in carpet backing manufacture. In urethane foam, these "hot spots" or active sites are known to interfere with the rate of reaction of the urethane precursors. These reaction rates vary from time to time making precise prediction of urethane cure rate very difficult. Second, the presence of these active sites on the filler surface can promote excessive foaming during the urethane reaction. One way to combat surface activity is to vigorously water wash the ground ATH until the amount of basic salts, expressed as percent titratable soluble soda (Na.sub.2 O), is greatly reduced. This technique, though effective, is very expensive and is not economically feasible. A second technique is to carefully monitor the soluble soda levels on the filler and use only low soda crude. However, this approach severely limits sources of feedstock and may result in production of large quantities of unacceptable flame retardant. A third technique is aging the ground flame retardant. Some believe that aging the filler for up to a week prior to use can reduce surface activity. This approach requires excessive inventory storage demands and is often ineffective. In the case of urethane foam manufacture, one of the more preferred techniques for combating surface activity is to use a less active catalyst in the urethane reaction to slow down the process to the point that variation is more easily handled. Although slowing down the reaction rate makes the problem easier to handle, it does not solve the problem itself and result in significant variations in production working time. Because of this variation, work must be done in smaller or less efficient batches, there is greater scrap resulting from premature setup, lumping can occur because of different reaction rates throughout the batch, the process is resistant to automation, and machines must run slower to permit constant adjustment for the less predictable reaction time. Coupled with all of the above techniques is the practice of using a filler flame retardant having as large a particle size, and hence the least surface area, as practical. However, high loading level of relatively large filler in a matrix significantly degrades certain physical properties of the composite and thus fine particle size hydrated fillers are preferred. These and other disadvantages of the prior art hydrated mineral flame retardants are overcome by the novel composition and method disclosed herein.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to controls associated with manual transmissions and, more specifically, to techniques to enhance the repeatability with which such controls may be installed on transmissions to provide reliable operation thereof. 2. Description of the Related Art A manual transmission typically includes a range of gears which may be engaged to accomplish appropriate torque multiplication to provide propulsion of a vehicle. Additional gear ranges may be provided by use of auxiliary transmissions added in series with a primary manual transmission. An example of such an auxiliary transmission is a range transmission which includes a low and high range which provides twice as many gear ranges as are available on the primary transmission. A primary transmission operated in conjunction with a range transmission must coordinate shift control therebetween. Such coordination typically includes a mechanical interlock feature which prevents a range shifter change from high to low or visa versa if the primary transmission is not in neutral position. The interlock feature is accomplished by use of an interface between the pneumatic valve typically and air spool valve that controls the position of the actuator cylinder of the range shifter and the mechanical linkage manipulated by the driver to select gear ranges. The interlock feature typically involves a pin which is translated from a neutral position to an in-gear position in response to any gear range selection. The pin includes a portion having a tapered end which engages detents formed in a shaft which translates in conjunction with the air spool valve which controls the operation of the range gear selection actuator. The air spool valve and detent shaft have an axis which is oriented orthogonal to the axis along which the pin translates. Establishing a proper aligned relationship between the valve body and the pin is critical to assure reliable operation. Conventionally, alignment of the valve body to the translating pin is accomplished by the alignment achieved via fasteners securing the valve body to the transmission. In such an implementation, the alignment achieved is a function of the tolerance stackup which may result in substantial misalignment of the respective components. Therefore, there is a need to accomplish alignment between the valve body and the transmission case which results in a reliable alignment of the translating pin with the interlock detents in the air spool valve.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
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# amdefine A module that can be used to implement AMD's define() in Node. This allows you to code to the AMD API and have the module work in node programs without requiring those other programs to use AMD. ## Usage 1) Update your package.json to indicate amdefine as a dependency: ```javascript "dependencies": { "amdefine": ">=0.1.0" } ``` Then run `npm install` to get amdefine into your project. 2) At the top of each module that uses define(), place this code: ```javascript if (typeof define !== 'function') { var define = require('amdefine')(module) } ``` Only use these snippets when loading amdefine. If you preserve the basic structure, with the braces, it will be stripped out when using the [RequireJS optimizer](#optimizer). You can add spaces, line breaks and even require amdefine with a local path, but keep the rest of the structure to get the stripping behavior. As you may know, because `if` statements in JavaScript don't have their own scope, the var declaration in the above snippet is made whether the `if` expression is truthy or not. If RequireJS is loaded then the declaration is superfluous because `define` is already already declared in the same scope in RequireJS. Fortunately JavaScript handles multiple `var` declarations of the same variable in the same scope gracefully. If you want to deliver amdefine.js with your code rather than specifying it as a dependency with npm, then just download the latest release and refer to it using a relative path: [Latest Version](https://github.com/jrburke/amdefine/raw/latest/amdefine.js) ### amdefine/intercept Consider this very experimental. Instead of pasting the piece of text for the amdefine setup of a `define` variable in each module you create or consume, you can use `amdefine/intercept` instead. It will automatically insert the above snippet in each .js file loaded by Node. Warning: you should only use this if you are creating an application that is consuming AMD style defined()'d modules that are distributed via npm and want to run that code in Node. For library code where you are not sure if it will be used by others in Node or in the browser, then explicitly depending on amdefine and placing the code snippet above is suggested path, instead of using `amdefine/intercept`. The intercept module affects all .js files loaded in the Node app, and it is inconsiderate to modify global state like that unless you are also controlling the top level app. #### Why distribute AMD-style modules via npm? npm has a lot of weaknesses for front-end use (installed layout is not great, should have better support for the `baseUrl + moduleID + '.js' style of loading, single file JS installs), but some people want a JS package manager and are willing to live with those constraints. If that is you, but still want to author in AMD style modules to get dynamic require([]), better direct source usage and powerful loader plugin support in the browser, then this tool can help. #### amdefine/intercept usage Just require it in your top level app module (for example index.js, server.js): ```javascript require('amdefine/intercept'); ``` The module does not return a value, so no need to assign the result to a local variable. Then just require() code as you normally would with Node's require(). Any .js loaded after the intercept require will have the amdefine check injected in the .js source as it is loaded. It does not modify the source on disk, just prepends some content to the text of the module as it is loaded by Node. #### How amdefine/intercept works It overrides the `Module._extensions['.js']` in Node to automatically prepend the amdefine snippet above. So, it will affect any .js file loaded by your app. ## define() usage It is best if you use the anonymous forms of define() in your module: ```javascript define(function (require) { var dependency = require('dependency'); }); ``` or ```javascript define(['dependency'], function (dependency) { }); ``` ## RequireJS optimizer integration. <a name="optimizer"></name> Version 1.0.3 of the [RequireJS optimizer](http://requirejs.org/docs/optimization.html) will have support for stripping the `if (typeof define !== 'function')` check mentioned above, so you can include this snippet for code that runs in the browser, but avoid taking the cost of the if() statement once the code is optimized for deployment. ## Node 0.4 Support If you want to support Node 0.4, then add `require` as the second parameter to amdefine: ```javascript //Only if you want Node 0.4. If using 0.5 or later, use the above snippet. if (typeof define !== 'function') { var define = require('amdefine')(module, require) } ``` ## Limitations ### Synchronous vs Asynchronous amdefine creates a define() function that is callable by your code. It will execute and trace dependencies and call the factory function synchronously, to keep the behavior in line with Node's synchronous dependency tracing. The exception: calling AMD's callback-style require() from inside a factory function. The require callback is called on process.nextTick(): ```javascript define(function (require) { require(['a'], function(a) { //'a' is loaded synchronously, but //this callback is called on process.nextTick(). }); }); ``` ### Loader Plugins Loader plugins are supported as long as they call their load() callbacks synchronously. So ones that do network requests will not work. However plugins like [text](http://requirejs.org/docs/api.html#text) can load text files locally. The plugin API's `load.fromText()` is not supported in amdefine, so this means transpiler plugins like the [CoffeeScript loader plugin](https://github.com/jrburke/require-cs) will not work. This may be fixable, but it is a bit complex, and I do not have enough node-fu to figure it out yet. See the source for amdefine.js if you want to get an idea of the issues involved. ## Tests To run the tests, cd to tests and run: ``` node all.js node all-intercept.js ``` ## License New BSD and MIT. Check the LICENSE file for all the details.	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Seasonal influence on gene expression of monoterpene synthases in Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae). Garden sage (Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae) is one of the most important medicinal and aromatic plants and possesses antioxidant, antimicrobial, spasmolytic, astringent, antihidrotic and specific sensorial properties. The essential oil of the plant, formed mainly in very young leaves, is in part responsible for these activities. It is mainly composed of the monoterpenes 1,8-cineole, α- and β-thujone and camphor synthesized by the 1,8-cineole synthase, the (+)-sabinene synthase and the (+)-bornyl diphosphate synthase, respectively, and is produced and stored in epidermal glands. In this study, the seasonal influence on the formation of the main monoterpenes in young, still expanding leaves of field-grown sage plants was studied in two cultivars at the level of mRNA expression, analyzed by qRT-PCR, and at the level of end-products, analyzed by gas chromatography. All monoterpene synthases and monoterpenes were significantly influenced by cultivar and season. 1,8-Cineole synthase and its end product 1,8-cineole remained constant until August and then decreased slightly. The thujones increased steadily during the vegetative period. The transcript level of their corresponding terpene synthase, however, showed its maximum in the middle of the vegetative period and declined afterwards. Camphor remained constant until August and then declined, exactly correlated with the mRNA level of the corresponding terpene synthase. In summary, terpene synthase mRNA expression and respective end product levels were concordant in the case of 1,8-cineole (r=0.51 and 0.67 for the two cultivars, respectively; p<0.05) and camphor (r=0.75 and 0.82; p<0.05) indicating basically transcriptional control, but discordant for α-/β-thujone (r=-0.05 and 0.42; p=0.87 and 0.13, respectively).	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Three-base deletion and one-base insertion of the alpha(1,4)galactosyltransferase gene responsible for the P phenotype. Recently, an alpha(1,4)galactosyltransferase gene that is responsible for synthesis of P(k) (Gb3) was isolated. The P individuals who did not express the P(k), P, and P(1) antigens on RBC membranes were shown to lack the P(k) (Gb3) synthase activity because of multiple distinct mutations in the alpha(1,4)galactosyltransferase gene. DNA sequences of the P(k) (Gb3) synthase gene in three Japanese individuals with the p phenotype were analyzed. One individual was found to be homozygous for an allele containing a three-base deletion of CTTCTTC to CTTC from bases 237 through 243 in the coding region. The other two individuals were found to be homozygous for an allele containing a single cytosine insertion in a cytosine repeat at positions 1026 through 1029, resulting in a reading frame shift. The P blood group phenotype is due to several distinct nonfunctional alleles without any predominant allele.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Colorado GOP Launches Social Media Campaign DENVER – The Democrats have their brigades of anti-fracking fighters and New Era activists, Colorado Republicans introduced their own social media campaign at the Republican State Assembly in Boulder last weekend. The GOP’s video and smart media campaign called “What’s your story?” included attendees who stood in long lines to participate and relate their personal stories in front of video cameras. Organizers set up photo and video booths in the hall of the Coors Event Center where delegates and guests could snap a picture and talk about why they would vote Republican this year. They were also encouraged to share their experiences through Twitter, Facebook and other social media with the hashtag #IVoteRepublican. Officials later said the campaign resulted in 1.8 million impressions. “We have to do a better job of explaining what the Republican Party stands for; that’s why we started this campaign,” Colorado Republican Committee Chairman Ryan Call said. “It’s clear that this campaign is already encouraging Coloradans from all walks of life to explain that to their friends, family and coworkers,” said Call. To launch the campaign, the GOP released videos of three Coloradans explaining why they vote Republican, including “The Voice” contestant and minister Biff Gore; snowboarder and small business owner Braden Wahr; and Blanca Pyle who tells her inspirational story of how she immigrated to the U.S. and worked her way to become a physician assistant. “Coloradans from all walks of life vote Republican, and we’re not going to let Sen. Mark Udall and his out-of-state special interests define who we are,” Call said. “The GOP is the Great Opportunity Party and that means opportunity for everyone.” Others can post their testimony on why they are Republican at www.yourgopstory.com. This is just the beginning, said Owen Loftus, communications director of the state GOP. More testimonies will be featured soon. The videotaped testimonials, he said, were the inspiration of Sara Truppo, a former finance director of the state party. “Republicans can define who they are,” said Loftus, instead of being described by Democrats. If you try to describe Republicans, he said, “It’s a diverse group of people from all walks of life and all ages.” Comments made by visitors are not representative of The Colorado Observer staff.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Bulbophyllum hassallii Bulbophyllum hassallii is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum. References The Bulbophyllum-Checklist The Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia hassallii	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Recently Answered Staying sexually active during menopause can help boost body image and mood, says Elizabeth Poynor, MD, PhD, a gynecologist-oncologist in New York City. In this video, she explains other advantages to staying sexually active. On average, women put on 1.5 to 4 pounds per year after age 50. A few extra pounds in a year don’t seem like a lot, but if you gain five pounds a year starting when you are 45, by age 55 you are looking at 50 extra pounds! However, it isn’t the lack of estrogen that puts on the pounds, but midlife changes in metabolism and lifestyle. Women who continue to menstruate until they are in their late fifties also start to gain weight even though their ovaries have not shut down. Estrogen does affect the distribution of weight, so you can blame menopause if you suddenly have a muffin top even if you haven’t gained a pound! If you find you are having trouble remembering where you put your keys or your purse, don't panic. Many women experience memory and concentration problems during perimenopause and after menopause. Some scientists believe that you may be able to minimize these memory problems with blueberries. Pint for pint, blueberries may contain more antioxidants than any other fruit or vegetable. The most powerful health-promoting compounds in these little blueberries are anthocyanins, phytochemicals that belong to the flavonoid family -- which, in addition to combating the free-radical damage that leads to heart disease, may also boost brain power. In laboratory studies, aging animals fed a blueberry-rich diet for four months performed as well in memory tests as younger animals. Menopause is a natural part of life, not a disease or a health crisis. However, menopause may occur when many other changes are happening in your life. For instance, your children may be marrying or leaving home, your parents may be ill or dying or you may be wondering what you'll do when you retire. That's why it is probably more helpful to think of how your daily activities and lifestyle could affect your postmenopausal years. For instance, making sure that you exercise and eat right can make a real difference in how you feel and can even help prevent some of the long-term effects that are linked to estrogen deficiency (like osteoporosis). Physical changes do occur with menopause and with aging. But the changes that happen during this period can be minimized by healthy living and a sense of purpose in life. If your symptoms are severe enough to interfere with your life, consult your doctor to go over your options for treatment. Because of the potential risks that go along with hormone therapy, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration now advises healthcare professionals to prescribe postmenopausal hormone therapies at the lowest possible dose and for the shortest possible length of time to achieve treatment goals. This recommendation, made after findings from major studies of postmenopausal women with and without heart disease, conducted as part of the landmark federal Women's Health Initiative, indicated that while estrogen and progestin are effective for short-term relief from hot flashes and night sweats, they have no significant impact on general health or quality of life factors, such as energy, mental health, symptoms of depression or sexual satisfaction. Some hormones used in menopausal hormone therapy are called "bioidentical," meaning they are chemically, i.e., molecularly, identical to the substance as it occurs in your body. These hormones, however, don't come from your body (or another woman's body). Most bioidentical estrogens and progesterone come from soy (estrogen) or yams (progesterone). They are also not "natural," or in their natural state, when you take them. To create a hormone women can use, the plant or animal-based hormones are synthesized, or processed, through a several-step process in a laboratory. While all hormonal supplements, including bioidenticals, are made in a laboratory, the difference between a bioidentical hormone and a synthetic hormone is that the synthetic hormone is a patented molecular compound created in the laboratory to mimic the action of naturally occurring hormones and mass produced. Prempro, for instance, is a combination of two synthetic hormones. Synthetic and bioidentical hormones work in the same way: by binding in a kind of lock-and-key process to special proteins on cell surfaces called receptors. Once a hormone -- whether synthetic or bioidentical -- locks onto these receptors, the messages from that hormone can be transferred to the cell. There are two main types of bioidentical hormones: those that are FDA-approved and commercially available with a prescription, such as Estrace, Climara, Vivelle, EstroGel, Divigel and Estrasorb, and those that are produced on an individual basis for women, in compounding pharmacies. The following medications can help with hot flashes that occur during menopause: Antidepressant medication: The antidepressants venlafaxine (Effexor), fluoxetine (Prozac) and paroxetine (Paxil) may offer some relief for hot flashes. Antidepressants are not Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for the treatment of hot flashes, however. Cardiovascular medication: Low doses of the blood pressure drugs clonidine (Catapres) or methyldopa (Aldomet) may also help ease hot flashes in some women. These drugs are not FDA-approved for hot flashes, however, and unpleasant side effects are common. If you are interested in learning more about these medications, have a discussion with your health care professional. Some women in their late 40s are frightened by their hearts beating fast in their chests for no apparent reason. This symptom, called a heart palpitation, is caused by the heart beating irregularly or missing one or two beats. Though this symptom can be associated with several types of serious heart-related conditions, it is also common during the transition to menopause and typically is not related to heart disease. For example, a woman's heart rate can increase seven to 15 beats during a hot flash. If you think you are experiencing heart palpitations: See your healthcare professional immediately if you have shortness of breath; pounding or irregular heartbeat; dizziness; nausea; pain in the neck, jaw, arm or chest that comes and goes or tightness in the chest. Any could be a sign of a serious heart condition. Ask your healthcare professional to rule out conditions that may cause heart palpitations, such as thyroid disorders. Ask your healthcare professional about appropriate options for relieving heart palpitations, such as decreasing caffeine, and whether any medications are needed. For reasons still not well understood, declining and fluctuating estrogen levels during the menopausal transition can cause emotional highs and lows and irritability. Lack of sleep due to night sweats may also contribute to feeling irritable and depressed. Though your periods are coming to an end, you may continue to experience the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. In fact, emotional symptoms may become worse for some women as they approach menopause. You may also notice that you've lost interest in sex. Declining estrogen and changes in estrogen/testosterone ratios in women at this time may lower your sex drive. Make physical activity part of your schedule; exercise can improve mood and make you feel better about yourself. Try relaxation techniques such as meditation or massage, which can be calming and reduce irritability. Discuss your symptoms and what may be causing them with your partner; try different approaches to intimacy. Nonhormonal vaginal creams or gels (prescription or nonprescription) are available that may help. If moisturizers and lubricants are not enough, vaginal estrogen (a prescription medication) is available as creams, rings or tablets. When sleep is disrupted and/or you are experiencing symptoms that affect your relationship with your partner, it can have an effect on your emotional outlook. Discuss with your healthcare professional whether your symptoms may be directly related to menopause or to some other changes that may be happening in your life at the same time. If you are a woman in your 40s and 50s, you might notice that your periods start to change as menopause approaches. During menopause, the menstrual cycle becomes less predictable, and many women start to experience uncomfortable symptoms like hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and/or changes in mood.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
With the ongoing development of technology, digital products, such as digital cameras, PDAs, or digital video cameras, have become more widely used. In poor light conditions, such as on a cloudy day, a photoflash is necessary to obtain a quality image. The photoflash generally comprises a lamp and a capacitor. When the photoflash is used, the capacitor discharges causing the lamp to flash. Referring to FIG. 3, a related photoflash apparatus 100 includes a light sensitive element 10 for converting light signals to electrical signals, a signal processor 12 for receiving the electrical signals to output the brightness (Y) information, a comparing unit 14, a calculating unit 16, and a photoflash module 18. The photoflash module 18 includes a lamp 17 and a capacitor 19. The capacitor 19 is discharged to make the lamp 17 flash to provide additional light for the image. The comparing unit 14 is configured for comparing a current brightness value with a predetermined brightness value stored in the comparing unit 14. When the current brightness value is less than the predetermined brightness value, the calculating unit 16 calculates the photoflash time of the photoflash module 18 based on the brightness Y. The calculating unit 16 outputs the photoflash time to control the photoflash module 18. However, when the calculating unit 16 calculates the photoflash time, the second voltage value of the capacitor 19 is gradually reduced. The photoflash time calculated by the calculating unit 16 is based on a first voltage value of the capacitor 19. However, the capacitor 19 has been discharged to provide additional light. Therefore, the residual voltage of the capacitor 19 is not enough to provide sufficient brightness during the photoflash time.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
In many applications, including digital communications, clock and data recovery (CDR) must be performed before data can be decoded. Generally, in a digital clock recovery system, a reference clock signal of a given frequency is generated together with a number of different clock signals having the same frequency but with different phases. In one typical implementation, the different clock signals are generated by applying the reference clock signal to a delay network. Thereafter, one or more of the clock signals are compared to the phase and frequency of an incoming data stream and one or more of the clock signals are selected for data recovery. A number of existing digital CDR circuits use voltage controlled delay loops (VCDL) to generate a number of clocks having the same frequency and different phase for data sampling (i.e., oversampling). For example, published International Patent Application No. WO 97/14214, discloses a compensated delay locked loop timing vernier. The disclosed timing vernier produces a set of timing signals of similar frequency and evenly distributed phase. An input reference clock signal is passed through a succession of delay stages. A separate timing signal is produced at the output of each delay stage. The reference clock signal and the timing signal output of the last delay stage are compared by an analog phase lock controller. The analog phase lock controller controls the delay of all stages so that the timing signal output of the last stage is phase locked to the reference clock. Based on the results of the oversampled data, the internal clock is delayed so that it provides data sampling adjusted to the center of the “eye.” The phase of the VCDL is adjusted to keep up with phase deviations of the incoming data. While such voltage controlled delay loops effectively generate the sampling clocks and control the delay stages to maintain alignment of the reference clock signal and the last timing signal, they suffer from a number of limitations, which if overcome, could further improve the utility of such voltage controlled delay loops. For example, the analog implementation of the phase lock controller is complex and generally cannot be easily ported from one technology to another. In addition, digital-to-analog conversion is required to convert lo the digital phase adjustment control into analog signal control. A need therefore exists for voltage controlled delay loops with digital phase control.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
rms in 17f3 - 14f*3 - 18f*3 - 111f*2 + 14f*3 + 111f2. -f3 Collect the terms in 1563674 - 1563674 - 8x. -8x Collect the terms in -9p - 3p + 56p - 37p. 7p Collect the terms in -59310u + 1764u - 27458u. -85004u Collect the terms in 212 - 24 + 89 + 65 + 2t. 2t + 342 Collect the terms in 15r*3 + 35r + 35r - 70r - 26 + 26. 15r3 Collect the terms in -1 + 2161x + 1 - 4055x + 1896x. 2x Collect the terms in u + 0u + 5u - 5u + 14u. 15u Collect the terms in 4434l3 - 76l*2 + 76l*2. 4434l*3 Collect the terms in -38 + 20 - 4859v*3 + 18. -4859v*3 Collect the terms in 3o + 14o - 20o + 21o. 18o Collect the terms in 314t - 17 - 313t + 20. t + 3 Collect the terms in -45m3 + 15m*3 - 64m + 13m2 + 11m*3 + 20m3. m3 + 13m2 - 64m Collect the terms in -66u2 + 101u*2 + 31u*2. 66u*2 Collect the terms in -678 - 681 - 675 + 3d + 2043. 3d + 9 Collect the terms in 589h*3 - 359h*3 - 229h3. h3 Collect the terms in -12o + 263o + 11o - 11o. 251o Collect the terms in -450z - 456z - 183z + 251z. -838z Collect the terms in 626n2 - 8n*3 + 624n*2 - 1250n*2. -8n*3 Collect the terms in 58261 - 58261 - 33j*2. -33j*2 Collect the terms in -12 - 3117l + 12 + 3094l. -23l Collect the terms in 56060l + 56064l + 56059l - 168186l. -3l Collect the terms in -5q*3 - 378 + 749 - 99q*3 - 371. -104q*3 Collect the terms in 1087q + 0 + q*2 + 0 - 1089q + 34q2. 35q*2 - 2q Collect the terms in -62l - 2720 + 2720 + 185l. 123l Collect the terms in -3 - 1 + 0c + 15c + 4 - 20c. -5c Collect the terms in -58u*2 - 8u*3 + 56u*2 + 25 + 5u*3 - 9u*3. -12u*3 - 2u*2 + 25 Collect the terms in -265r + 462r - 196r. r Collect the terms in 9f3 + 258f*2 - 11f*3 - 221f*2. -2f*3 + 37f*2 Collect the terms in 114q*3 - 285q*3 + 100q*3. -71q*3 Collect the terms in 23c*2 + 285c*3 - 833c*3 - 23c*2 + 277c*3 + 266c*3. -5c*3 Collect the terms in 40a + 32a + 2a*2 - 68 - 72a. 2a2 - 68 Collect the terms in -3676u*2 + 17u*3 + 3676u2 - u3. 16u3 Collect the terms in 3 - 4 + 0 + 7 + 161c. 161c + 6 Collect the terms in -264n - 1 + 1085n - 266n - 276n - 269n. 10n - 1 Collect the terms in 186404y + 186399y - 372842y. -39y Collect the terms in y + 88y - 35y - 23y - 32y. -y Collect the terms in -1138h + 112h3 + 1138h + 139h3. 251h*3 Collect the terms in 0p - 4p + 4p - 1 - 20 + 4p. 4p - 21 Collect the terms in -48137w2 + 144413w*2 - 48141w*2 - 48135w*2 + 3w*3. 3w*3 Collect the terms in -9i + 13i + 3i*2 + 7i - 27i. 3i*2 - 16i Collect the terms in 4190s + 48s + 9277s. 13515s Collect the terms in 1735107n3 - 867546n*3 - 867543n*3. 18n*3 Collect the terms in 1 + 2 - 2 + 218 + 3w - 219. 3w Collect the terms in -4851c - 10 + 2457c + 2391c. -3c - 10 Collect the terms in -29 - 64b + 4b2 - 13 + 63b. 4b2 - b - 42 Collect the terms in -200j + 470j - 181j + j2. j2 + 89j Collect the terms in 3 - 7t + 136t - 164t - 3. -35t Collect the terms in 6u*3 - 21 + 29 + 7u*3 - 22u*3 + 11u*3. 2u*3 + 8 Collect the terms in 20 + 21 + 8h*2 + 0 + 69. 8h2 + 110 Collect the terms in -l2 - 2l2 - 18l + 10l + 2l. -3l2 - 6l Collect the terms in -147512119w + 147512119w + 7w3. 7w*3 Collect the terms in -36z + 15z + 39z + 23z. 41z Collect the terms in 380i3 + 44i*2 - 44i*2 - 50i*3. 330i*3 Collect the terms in 4g*2 + 15626 - 31188 - 3g2 + 15562. g2 Collect the terms in 771887l - 771887l - 5l3. -5l*3 Collect the terms in 15620076 - 2n*2 - 15620076. -2n*2 Collect the terms in -97i*3 + 22i*2 - 5i*2 - 5i*2 + 93i*3 - 12i*2. -4i*3 Collect the terms in -719t - 722t - 727t + 2168t - t3. -t3 Collect the terms in 2552 - 6u + 314u - 2552. 308u Collect the terms in 138v + 144v + v*2 - 59v - 223v. v2 Collect the terms in 5 - 4k*3 + 5 - 10 + 0k*3. -4k*3 Collect the terms in 4j + 135j3 + 12143 - 4j - 12143. 135j3 Collect the terms in 402 + 15 - 143 - 139 + 8z - 135. 8z Collect the terms in 10052g*3 + 11472g*3 + 6g - 3g - 2g. 21524g3 + g Collect the terms in -7893 + 7893 + 73f*2. 73f2 Collect the terms in -v2 + 4522v3 - 4515v*3 + 3v*2 - 2v*2. 7v*3 Collect the terms in 1037j*2 + 865j - 865j - 1028j*2. 9j*2 Collect the terms in -18860 + 7f + f + 0f + 18860. 8f Collect the terms in -2s3 - 17 + 17 + s3 + 5s*3. 4s*3 Collect the terms in -6q - 264 + 521 + 6q - 257 + q2. q2 Collect the terms in 280 - 91 - 96 + 61a - 93. 61a Collect the terms in 7 + 19 + 21 + 13n - 11n. 2n + 47 Collect the terms in -2n + 0n - n + 181n3 + 465n*3. 646n*3 - 3n Collect the terms in -4l - 2l*3 + 4l + 10l2 + 12l*2 - 3l*2. -2l*3 + 19l*2 Collect the terms in -6749n + 13497n - 6750n. -2n Collect the terms in -433u*2 - 25 - 2u*3 + 25. -2u*3 - 433u*2 Collect the terms in 5780 - 11561 - 9d + 5779. -9d - 2 Collect the terms in -26z + 114z - 23z + 143z + 3z. 211z Collect the terms in 31u - 18 - 23u + 0u + 110. 8u + 92 Collect the terms in -475y - 476y + 1420y - 467y. 2y Collect the terms in -26b + 170b - 19b - 87b - 22b - 24b. -8b Collect the terms in -564 + 6l*3 + 0l - 5l3 + 0l + 596. l*3 + 32 Collect the terms in 10301w + 37 + 1153w - 37. 11454w Collect the terms in 190n2 - 263n*2 + 25n*2 + 34n*2. -14n*2 Collect the terms in -4 + 14 - 12481p*3 + 12483p*3. 2p*3 + 10 Collect the terms in -3z + 33 + 4z - 29. z + 4 Collect the terms in -61k + 2406 - 2406 - 8k. -69k Collect the terms in 223b3 + 782b - 782b. 223b*3 Collect the terms in -58815d + 58815d - 14d*3 - 7 + 7. -14d*3 Collect the terms in 22777 + 22809 - 5m*3 - 45586. -5m*3 Collect the terms in -353c + 716c - 359c. 4c Collect the terms in -b3 + 54155b*2 + 3b*3 - 54155b*2. 2b*3 Collect the terms in -82k + 172 - 172 - 71k. -153k Collect the terms in 1664j - 775j*3 - 1664j + 746j3. -29j*3 Collect the terms in -36r*2 + 8r*2 + 76r*2. 48r*2 Collect the terms in 946j*3 - 1889j*3 + 945j*3. 2j*3 Collect the terms in 438a*3 + 37a*2 - 1310a*3 + 437a*3 + 433a*3 + 7a*2. -2a*3 + 44a*2 Collect the terms in 46q*3 + 830q - 830q - 45q3. q3 Collect the terms in -97023073 - 35j + 97023073. -35j Collect the terms in -2792832m2 + 2792832m*2 - 11m*3. -11m*3 Collect the terms in -444a + 1773a - 438a - 429a - 435a. 27a Collect the terms in 7q*3 - 866886 - 19q*3 + 866887. -12q*3 + 1 Collect the terms in 55k*2 + 90k*2 - 2k - 339k2 - 157k*2. -351k*2 - 2k Collect the terms in -136 + 14y - 4y - 9y. y - 136 Collect the terms in -125 + 125 + 4494i*3. 4494i*3 Collect the terms in 150v - 273v - 11v*2 + 123v. -11v2 Collect the terms in -3206d + 1589d + 1615d. -2d Collect the terms in 402b + 326b2 - 200b*2 - 402b. 126b2 Collect the terms in 334h*2 + 705h*2 + 57h*2 - 199h*2. 897h*2 Collect the terms in 80395 - 6i*3 - 160783 + 80388. -6i*3 Collect the terms in -14 - 33y + 0y3 + 14 - y3. -y3 - 33y Collect the terms in 80r + 47r + 222r - 21r. 328r Collect the terms in 2 - 110o - 1818o2 + 110o. -1818o2 + 2 Collect the terms in -1410 + 1408 - 55v + 51v. -4v - 2 Collect the terms in 44w - 194w + 49w + 49w + 44w. -8w Collect the terms in -126 + 126 - 63a2 + 51a*2. -12a*2 Collect the terms in -253i*3 + 964i*3 - 202i*3 + 598i*3. 1107i*3 Collect the terms in -3215c*2 + 1516c*2 + 1580c*2. -119c*2 Collect the terms in 156n - 445n + 134n + 152n. -3n Collect the terms in 835y3 - 2y + 926y3 - 2602y*3 + 2y + 829y3. -12y*3 Collect the terms in -136 - 40r*3 + 136 + 185r*3. 145r*3 Collect the terms in 2g*2 + 934 - 1876 + 942. 2g*2 Collect the terms in -2o*3 - 155o*3 + 419o*3. 262o*3 Collect the terms in 102658w - 205321w + 102666w. 3w Collect the terms in -353l*3 - 347l*3 + 1005l*3 - 300l*3. 5l*3 Collect the terms in 2 + 0 - 2 + 2662z*2. 2662z*2 Collect the terms in -39l + 22l - 3	{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }
Q: OpenCV - Using SVM and HOG for person detection I'm aware of the steps needed to accomplish this task: Collect the training sets (positive and negative sets). Extract the hog descriptor for each image to be used for training the SVM (currently '1' class label for positive and '-1' class label for negative). Set the trained SVM to the HOGDescriptor and use detect/detectMultiscale. I have done all of the steps above. I'm just confused, which class does the HOGDescriptor.detect/detectMultiscale detect? Does it detect only the positive class label (1)? A: In computer vision, visual descriptors or image descriptors (i.e. HoG) are descriptions of the visual features of the contents in images. They describe elementary characteristics such as the shape, the color, the texture or the motion, among others. So HoG descriptors only characterize the scene - shown in the image, i.e. a pedestrian who is walking on the street, you can see an example HoG descriptor below (HoG just counts occurrences of gradient orientation in localized portions of an image): SVMs are a set of supervised learning methods used for classification, regression and outliers detection. But originally, SVM was a technique for building an optimal binary (2-class) classifier, so SVMs make decision about what the descriptors mean. So what is to say, the output of HoG is the input of SVMs and the output of the latter is +1 or -1. OpenCV provides an interface which hides this operation and the full object detection can be done by a function call. This is what HOGDescriptor::detectMultiScale() does, it performs object detection with a multi-scale window. Once a cv::HOGDescriptor hog instance would be declared, then the coefficients of an SVM classifier should be also done by: hog.setSVMDetector(cv::HOGDescriptor::getDefaultPeopleDetector()); And then detectMultiScale() performs the full object detection (descriptor extraction and binary classification together) and returns the bounding boxes of each candidates: std::vector<cv::Rect> found; hog.detectMultiScale(frame, found, 0, cv::Size(8,8), cv::Size(32,32), 1.05, 2);	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
€61K for starters Secure a place on the Aldi Area Manager Graduate Training Programme and you’ll enjoy a remuneration package that is unsurpassed. A €61K starting salary that rises in stages to €93,750 after four years, plus a fully expensed Audi A4. There’s also a pension scheme, private healthcare, life assurance, five weeks holiday, international secondment opportunities plus prospects for a senior management position within five years. TrainingNo other graduate programme offers so much responsibility so quickly. The training covers the complete spectrum of management, from store operations, product trading, financial administration, logistics and property management. It is demanding and uncompromising requiring impressive levels of effort and flexibility to complete. Progression Progress is carefully monitored and as soon as you’re ready (which could be in less than a year), you will take responsibility for four to six stores – effectively running your own multi-million euro business. Prospects for secondment to Europe or even further afield are a reality within the first three years. ProspectsThere are fabulous prospects for personal development, based on your ability rather than time scales. We’re truly talking fast track here. Shine as an Area Manager and you'll have every chance of a senior management position within five years; with opportunities in store operations, logistics, trading, financial administration, property and central buying. Aldi is an equal opportunities employer. This means that at Aldi there should be no discrimination or harassment of any employee or job applicant on the grounds of sex, race, ethnic origin, disability, age, marital status, sexual orientation, religion or belief. It means that Aldi offers equal treatment and equal opportunities to all employees and job applicants. All staff are expected to abide by this policy. Aldi will not tolerate sexual or racial harassment or any form of discrimination under any circumstances. Any member of staff who harasses or discriminates against another employee or customer of Aldi will be liable to summary dismissal under Aldi’s disciplinary procedure.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
/****************************************************************************** * Copyright 2019 The Apollo Authors. All Rights Reserved. * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. *****************************************************************************/ #include "modules/data/tools/smart_recorder/small_topics_trigger.h" #include <set> #include <string> #include "cyber/common/log.h" #include "modules/data/tools/smart_recorder/channel_pool.h" namespace apollo { namespace data { SmallTopicsTrigger::SmallTopicsTrigger() { trigger_name_ = "SmallTopicsTrigger"; } bool SmallTopicsTrigger::ShouldRestore( const cyber::record::RecordMessage& msg) const { const std::set<std::string>& small_channels = ChannelPool::Instance()->GetSmallChannels(); return trigger_obj_->enabled() && small_channels.find(msg.channel_name) != small_channels.end(); } } // namespace data } // namespace apollo	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Walternienburg Walternienburg is a village and a former municipality in the district of Anhalt-Bitterfeld, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2010, it is part of the town Zerbst. The Barby Ferry, a cable ferry across the Elbe, links Walternienburg with Barby. Category:Villages in Saxony-Anhalt Category:Bezirk Magdeburg	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Trainer David Pipe always throws up one or two very interesting Grand National prospects. In recent years he has had the good fortune of being able to run the very classy Vieux Lion Rouge with mixed results. Remarkably Vieux Lion Rouge has run in all four of the last Grand National renewals and could very well be on the path to a fifth. Vieux Lion Rouge In 2016 he finished in seventh place to the winner Rule The World. The following year, he went one place better and landed in sixth spot behind One For Arthur. Another year older and wiser in 2018 and he took on Tiger Roll but could only manage ninth spot. By 2019, despite his vast experience in the race, his odds dropped as low as 50/1 as he once again took on the mighty Tiger Roll. However, it was not to be for Vieux Lion Rouge who did get around the course but recorded his worst result, finishing in 15th spot. So as the new season gets underway and plans get made, will we see the old red lion roaring again at Aintree? Yes and no. Yes because David Pipe plans to aim him at the Becher Chase. No, because he may swerve the Grand National 2020. Speaking to Sporting Life, Pipe said: “He’ll probably end up on the Grand National trail again. “I’d say one of his main aims would be the veterans’ final at Sandown. Unfortunately, the National trip just stretches him. “I think he’s better than ever but I thought that last year and he didn’t quite perform. “He might run in the Becher again as he was second in it last year from a higher mark.” Since then Vieux Lion Rouge has made his seasonal reappearance in fine style. He headed to Chepstow for the Veterans’ Handicap Chase and promptly won it. He beat out the Evan Williams-trained On Tour by a neck. Next on the cards is the Becher Chase and then Sandown in January. But don’t be surprised if he gets another entry for the Grand National, even if it is only to keep options open. Ramses De Teillee Hopes were high for his second Grand National entry, Ramses De Teillee when he ran in April. Despite being just seven years old, he had already proved himself a steady stayer when finishing second in the Coral Welsh National a few months earlier. But the Grand National is not particularly kind to seven years old. The last one to win was Bogskar in 1940 so Ramses was going to have to defy a lot of history. Unfortunately, the race proved too much and he was pulled up. Though it wasn’t all bad news. Ramses De Teillee made a blunder at the 23rd and then his rein broke so jockey David Noonan wasn’t left with much choice. On another day, the result could have been very different. So will David Pipe take him back to Aintree in April 2020? Firstly he has his sights set on the Welsh National. He said: “They’ve changed the distance of the Welsh National this year as they’ve moved the start back a bit in a bid to help. “So I think it’s up a furlong and a half to three miles, seven furlongs. But he’ll probably get an entry.” Other options that have presented themselves include the possibility of going hurdling. Pipe added: “What we’re thinking in that he might go novice hurdling this year. “You never have an easy race from his sort of chase rating so why not go for a couple of easier races over hurdles? “He’s still a nice over hurdles and you never know we might even consider taking him over to France.” Daklondike Another option for David Pipe could be Daklondike. He’s a handy chaser who has one four of his ten chase starts and will be eight years old by the time the Grand National 2020 rolls around. That said, last season wasn’t particularly great for him. He won one from four starts however, the other three included refusing to race, unseating his jockey and getting pulled-up. £20 RISK FREE FIRST BET Open a new account using Promo Code YSKA47. Place a £20 sportsbook bet. If your FIRST bet is a loser, Paddy Power will refund it in cash. Max refund is £20. Plus weekly free bets with Paddy’s Reward Club. New customers only. Place your FIRST bet on any sportsbook market and if it loses we will refund your stake in CASH. Max refund for this offer is £20. Only deposits made using Cards or Paypal will qualify for this promotion. T&Cs apply. Paddy’s Rewards Club: Get a £10 free bet when you place 5x bets of £10+. T&Cs apply. 18+ begambleaware.org. Please bet responsibly. Cookie and Privacy Settings How we use cookies We may request cookies to be set on your device. We use cookies to let us know when you visit our websites, how you interact with us, to enrich your user experience, and to customize your relationship with our website. 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Exploring anti-MRSA activity of chitosan-coated liposomal dicloxacillin. One of the greatest disturbing global health problems is antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections, which have rendered numerous currently used antibiotics ineffective. Thus, the feasibility of chitosan-coated deformable liposomes (C-Lips) containing dicloxacillin (DLX) were evaluated for their efficacy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, which are resistant to beta lactam antibiotics. DLX-loaded liposomes (DLX-Lip) were prepared by a lipid film hydration method and then chitosan (CS) coated (C-DLX-Lip) by the electrostatic deposition method. Both DLX-Lips and C-DLX-Lips showed a particle size distribution with a nano-range and a narrow polydispersity index (PDI). After CS coating, the zeta potential was shifted from negative to positive value. The DLX entrapment efficiency (EE) and drug loading (DL) were 62% and 5.6% for C-DLX-Lips compared to 38% and 3.1% for DLX-Lip, respectively. The in vitro release profile of C-DLX-Lips possessed a slow release behavior. Moreover, the DLX-Lips and C-DLX-Lips demonstrated an enhanced anti-MRSA activity. These results revealed that DLX-Lips and C-DLX-Lips may serve as promising carriers for DLX to increase the efficacy against MRSA, which offers considerably clinical value for long-term use of DLX.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
445 F.3d 865 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,v.Wayne Morgan JONES, Defendant-Appellant. No. 05-5657. United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit. Submitted: January 25, 2006. Decided and Filed: April 17, 2006. ON BRIEF: Adele Burt Brown, Lexington, Kentucky, for Appellant. Charles P. Wisdom, Jr., Assistant United States Attorney, Lexington, Kentucky, for Appellee. Before: MOORE and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges; POLSTER, District Judge.* POLSTER, D. J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which McKEAGUE, J., joined. MOORE, J. (pp. 871-874), delivered a separate dissenting opinion. OPINION 1 POLSTER, District Judge. 2 Defendant-Appellant Wayne Morgan Jones ("Jones") was sentenced to twelve months of imprisonment for defrauding and attempting to defraud a financial institution in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1344(1) and using another person's identity to commit this fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1028(a)(7) and (2). Jones appeals this sentence, arguing that the district court should have reduced his sentence pursuant to U.S. Sentencing Guidelines ("U.S.S.G") § 5K2.23 because he had already served a one-year state sentence for the same conduct. For the reasons stated below, we AFFIRM Jones' sentence. I. 3 On November 12, 2002, Jones fraudulently assumed the identity, including the date of birth and social security number, of Orville Wayne Hudson, to secure a $21,995 loan from Bank of America to purchase a recreational vehicle. On June 2, 2003, Jones traded in the vehicle at a dealership, using the proceeds to purchase another motor vehicle. To finance the purchase of the second motor vehicle, Jones again assumed the identity of Orville Wayne Hudson to secure a second loan from Bank of America.1 4 On December 10, 2003, Jones was sentenced for receiving stolen property in a Kentucky state court based on his illegally obtaining and possessing the second motor vehicle. Jones served 365 days in prison for this offense and was released from state custody on August 27, 2004. 5 On December 14, 2004, Jones was arrested on federal charges of bank fraud and identity theft based on his use of Orville Wayne Hudson's identity to finance the purchase of the two motor vehicles. Jones pled guilty to the charges without a written plea agreement. The presentence investigation report indicated that a § 5K2.23 downward departure2 might be appropriate given that Jones had already served a state sentence for relevant conduct. At the sentencing hearing, Jones did not specifically request a downward departure pursuant to § 5K2.23. He did, however, request probation rather than a custodial sentence because, among other reasons, he had already served twelve months in state prison for the same conduct. The district court denied this request and sentenced Jones to twelve months of imprisonment, the high end of the 6-12 month advisory Guidelines range for offense level 10, Criminal History Category I. II. 6 Jones argues that the trial court erred in failing to give him a below-Guidelines sentence under U.S.S.G. § 5K2.23 because of the one year he had already served in state prison for the same conduct. At the sentencing hearing, Jones' attorney did not specifically reference § 5K2.23 in his remarks to the district court, or specifically request a downward departure, but he did request a sentence of probation. Jones argues that his request for probation "would have required a downward departure because [Jones] was not eligible for probation according [to] the [G]uideline calculation."3 Appellant's Br. at 4. 7 Section 5K2.23 provides as follows: A downward departure may be appropriate if the defendant (1) has completed serving a term of imprisonment; and (2) subsection (b) of § 5G1.3 (Imposition of a Sentence on a Defendant Subject to Undischarged Term of Imprisonment) would have provided an adjustment had that completed term of imprisonment been undischarged at the time of sentencing for the instant offense. Any such departure should be fashioned to achieve a reasonable punishment for the instant offense. 8 U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(b) authorizes an adjustment in a defendant's sentence and the concurrent running of sentences where the defendant is currently serving a sentence that "resulted from another offense that is relevant conduct to the instant offense of conviction under the provisions of subsections (a)(1), (a)(2), or (a)(3) of § 1B1.3 (Relevant Conduct) and that was the basis for an increase in the offense level for the instant offense under Chapter Two (Offense Conduct) or Chapter Three (Adjustments)."4 9 Prior to the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), it was well-established in this Circuit that a district court's decision to deny a request for a downward departure was not reviewable unless the district court judge "incorrectly believed that [he] lacked any authority to consider defendant's mitigating circumstances as well as the discretion to deviate from the guidelines." United States v. Clark, 385 F.3d 609, 623 (6th Cir.2004) (quoting United States v. Landers, 39 F.3d 643, 649 (6th Cir.1994)); United States v. Stewart, 306 F.3d 295, 329 (6th Cir.2002). In United States v. Puckett, 422 F.3d 340, 344-45 (6th Cir.2005), this Court held that the pre-Booker standard foreclosing review of a district court's decision not to depart downward "unless the record reflects that the district court was not aware of or did not understand its discretion to make such a departure" survived Booker. Id. at 344 (citing Stewart, 306 F.3d at 329). The Court concluded that it did not have authority to review the district court's decision not to depart downward and affirmed the defendant's sentence. Id. at 346. 10 In United States v. McBride, 434 F.3d 470 (6th Cir.2006), this Court addressed the potential tension between Booker and Puckett and clarified the scope of our review of sentences post-Booker in light of Booker's mandate to review a district court's sentence for reasonableness. The Court limited the holding in Puckett to preclude the review of that narrow determination to deny a Guidelines-based departure within the context of the advisory Guidelines calculation. Since under Booker this would merely be one factor to be considered when imposing a sentence, McBride, 434 F.3d at 474 n. 1, 476, the Court held that Puckett did not alter our ability to review the overall reasonableness of a district court's sentence, and attributed the absence of this review in Puckett to the majority's belief that the defendant did not properly argue for reasonableness review on appeal. Id. at 474-75, 476 n. 4; see id. at 476-77 ("[Puckett] does not prevent our review of a defendant's claim that his sentence is excessive based on the district court's unreasonable analysis of the [18 U.S.C. §] 3553(a) factors in their totality."). III. 11 We now review Jones' sentence for reasonableness. The district court must articulate the reasons for the particular sentence imposed in order to enable this Court to engage in a meaningful reasonableness review of the sentence. United States v. Jackson, 408 F.3d 301, 305 (6th Cir.2005) (finding reasonableness review impossible where the district court provided a list of characteristics of the defendant that it considered at sentencing, without any accompanying analysis, and did not reference the applicable Guidelines provisions); see also United States v. James Williams, 432 F.3d 621, 623-24 (6th Cir. 2005) (affirming the district court's decision to depart downward where the district court, in following the framework established in Jackson, considered the applicable Guidelines range and provided a detailed analysis in support of its decision to depart). This Court has determined that a reasonableness review contains both substantive and procedural components. McBride, 434 F.3d at 475 n. 3 (citing United States v. Webb, 403 F.3d 373, 383-85 (6th Cir.2005)). We must consider, therefore, the length of the sentence as well as "the factors evaluated and the procedures employed by the district court in reaching its sentencing determination." Webb, 403 F.3d at 383. 12 In determining the sentence to be imposed, the district court must consider the advisory Guidelines range and all relevant factors identified in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Jackson, 408 F.3d at 305; McBride, 434 F.3d at 476. This Court recently held that sentences properly calculated under the advisory Guidelines are accorded a rebuttable presumption of reasonableness. United States v. Leonard Williams, 436 F.3d 706, 708 (6th Cir.2006). Here, the district court properly calculated and considered the appropriate Guidelines range. We must, however, review under the reasonableness standard the district court's consideration and analysis of the factors listed in § 3553(a). McBride, 434 F.3d at 476-77. 13 Jones argues that his sentence is unreasonable because the district court failed to consider the policy statement set forth in U.S.S.G. § 5K2.23 which authorizes courts to depart downward if the defendant has already served a term of imprisonment for relevant conduct. This Guidelines provision is a pertinent factor under § 3553(a)(5) which requires the district court to consider any relevant policy statements in determining the sentence to be imposed.5 Although the district judge did not explicitly refer to § 5K2.23 in his sentencing determination, he stated on the record that he considered the sentencing objectives set forth in § 3553 and determined that the sentence imposed would meet those objectives. J.A. at 27 (Tr. of Sentencing Hr'g at 7). 14 The district court need not explicitly reference each of the § 3553(a) factors in its sentencing determination. McBride, 434 F.3d at 475 n. 3; Leonard Williams, 436 F.3d at 708. However, there must be "sufficient evidence in the record to affirmatively demonstrate the court's consideration of [these factors]." McBride, 434 F.3d at 475 n. 3. Here, the district court properly considered the factors set forth in § 3553(a) in crafting the appropriate sentence. 15 The court found that "the scope of ... Jones' fraudulent activities spans over 20 years and far exceeds that which is normally encountered by the Court." J.A. at 26 (Tr. of Sentencing Hr'g at 6). A review of the presentence report reveals that these fraudulent activities included convictions for interstate transportation of stolen vehicles, issuing insufficient funds checks, and alteration of automobile odometers. J.A. at 43-45 (Presentence Report ("PSR") at 10-12). These prior convictions were too old to count in computing Jones' criminal history category,6 see U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(a) cmt. n. 1 (citing id. § 4A1.2(e)), and Jones was therefore in Criminal History Category I. The district judge stated that he believed that the advisory Guidelines range was too low. J.A. at 27 (Tr. of Sentencing Hr'g at 7). The district judge then stated that he gave serious consideration to an upward departure, but, because of Jones' medical condition, decided not to depart upward. J.A. at 27 (Tr. of Sentencing Hr'g at 7). The court indicated that it had sympathy for Jones due to his heart condition but other than that had "absolutely no sympathy" for him. J.A. at 26 (Tr. of Sentencing Hr'g at 6). The court, therefore, considered "the nature and circumstances of the offense" and Jones' "history and characteristics," see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), as well as "the need for the sentence imposed ... to reflect the seriousness of the offense... and to provide just punishment for the offense," id. § 3553(a)(2)(A); see J.A. at 27 (Tr. of Sentencing Hr'g at 7) (stating that Jones "deserves to be punished"). 16 Given Jones' criminal history, "it was reasonable for the district court to place substantial weight on [this factor] in reaching its sentencing determination." Webb, 403 F.3d at 384 (finding that the district judge was understandably troubled by the defendant's lengthy criminal history). In fact, after his first federal conviction in 1967, Jones absconded from probation, changed his name to Wayne Thomas Hudson, and adopted a false date of birth and social security number. J.A. at 40, 43 (PSR at 7, 10). In addition to adopting the name Wayne Thomas Hudson and the accompanying identifiers, all of which were fictitious, Jones used the non-fictitious date of birth and social security number of Orville Wayne Hudson to commit the instant offense. J.A. at 39-40 (PSR at 6-7); see also Appellant's Br. at 3 (stating that Orville Wayne Hudson and Wayne T. Hudson are different people). 17 The district court also considered Jones' physical condition, 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(5); U.S.S.G. § 5H1.4, in arriving at the appropriate sentence.7 Furthermore, the district court considered "the need to provide restitution to any victims of the offense," 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(7), and determined that restitution could be made before, during and after incarceration. J.A. at 29 (Tr. of Sentencing Hr'g at 9). In discussing Jones' inability to pay a fine, the court took into account "the kinds of sentences available," see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(3); J.A. at 29-30 (Tr. of Sentencing Hr'g at 9-10); Leonard Williams, 436 F.3d at 708 (finding that the district court, in discussing the defendant's inability to pay a fine, addressed "the kinds of sentences available"), and, in requiring Jones to undergo mental health treatment while on supervised release, the district court considered "the need for the sentence imposed ... to provide the defendant with ... correctional treatment in the most effective manner," 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(D). 18 The dissent contends that because the district court did not explain its rejection of Jones' argument for a reduced sentence, Jones' sentence cannot be meaningfully reviewed. We disagree. The district court complied with this Court's holding in United States v. Richardson, 437 F.3d 550, 554 (6th Cir.2006), that a sentencing judge must explain to the parties and the reviewing court its reasons for imposing a particular sentence. 19 The sentencing regime that the U.S. Supreme Court created in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), places the responsibility for sentencing in the hands of the district judge, who must consult the Guidelines and adhere to the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). While this Court reviews a sentence for both procedural and substantive reasonableness, McBride, 434 F.3d at 476 n. 3; Webb, 403 F.3d at 383, a sentence within the applicable Guidelines range should not lose its presumption of reasonableness whenever a district judge does not explicitly address every defense argument for a below-Guidelines sentence. Otherwise, the procedural reasonableness review will become appellate micromanaging of the sentencing process. 20 The district court considered the applicable Guidelines range, the factors identified in § 3553(a), and articulated its reasons for the sentence imposed. Given that the applicability of U.S.S.G. § 5K2.23 was articulated in the presentence report and defense counsel twice informed the district court that Jones had already served a twelve-month sentence in state court for the same conduct, we find that the district court was aware of Jones' previous state sentence but nevertheless sentenced him to twelve months of imprisonment in light of the gravity of the offense and his extensive criminal history. Accordingly, we find that Jones' sentence is not unreasonable "with regard to the length, the factors considered, or the procedures employed by the district court [in reaching its sentencing determination]," Webb, 403 F.3d at 385, and we affirm the sentence of the district court. Notes: * The Honorable Dan Aaron Polster, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting by designation 1 It appears that Jones used the fictitious name Wayne T. Hudson, but adopted the non-fictitious social security number and date of birth of Orville Wayne Hudson, to secure these loansSee J.A. at 39-40 (Presentence Report at 6-7); Appellant's Br. at 3. 2 As the Guidelines are now only advisory,see United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 245, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), the term "below-Guidelines sentence" is a more accurate term than "departure." 3 The parties agree that Jones was at offense level 10 and Criminal History Category I, which produced an advisory Guidelines range of 6-12 months. U.S.S.G. § 5B1.1(b)(1) prohibits the imposition of a sentence of probation where the offense of conviction is a Class A or B felony. Bank fraud is a Class B felonySee United States v. Burns, 433 F.3d 442, 445 n. 1 (5th Cir.2005); United States v. Wilbon, 150 Fed.Appx. 497, 499 (6th Cir.2005) (unpublished). Furthermore, § 5B1.1(b)(3) bars a sentence of probation where the defendant is simultaneously sentenced to a term of imprisonment for the same or a different offense. See also 18 U.S.C. § 3561(a); United States v. Thornton, 975 F.2d 867 (8th Cir. 1992) (unpublished). 4 The parties apparently agree that § 5G1.3(b) would have provided an adjustment had Jones' completed term of imprisonment been undischarged at the time of Jones' sentencing for the instant offense 5 This provision would also be pertinent under § 3553(a)(2)(A) (requiring the court to consider the need for the sentence imposed to provide just punishment for the offense) and (2)(B) (requiring the court to consider the need for the sentence imposed to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct) 6 The only prior conviction listed in the presentence report that was not too old for purposes of computing Jones' criminal history category was the 12-month sentence Jones served in state prisonSee J.A. at 45 (PSR at 12). However, this offense was not assigned any criminal history points because the underlying conduct was considered conduct that is part of the instant offense. See J.A. at 46 (PSR at 13) (citing U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(a)(1)). 7 The Guidelines discourage courts from considering a defendant's physical condition in determining whether a departure may be warrantedSee U.S.S.G. § 5H1.4. We need not decide whether the district court improperly considered Jones' health pursuant to § 5H1.4 because that provision applies to downward departures. Here, the district court did not rely on Jones' medical condition as a basis to depart downward; rather, this factor was considered by the district court as a basis not to depart upward. See also Jackson, 408 F.3d at 305 n. 3 (addressing the district court's decision to grant a downward departure); United States v. Briceno, 136 Fed.Appx. 856, 857-59 (6th Cir.2005) (unpublished) (same). 21 KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge, dissenting. 22 I agree with the majority's conclusion that we must review Jones's overall sentence for reasonableness. However, because the district court's failure to explain why it rejected Jones's argument seeking a lower sentence under a relevant 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factor flies in the face of this court's precedents and makes the sentence impossible properly to review, I cannot find Jones's sentence reasonable. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent. 23 After United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), this court reviews a sentence for both procedural and substantive reasonableness. United States v. McBride, 434 F.3d 470, 476 n. 3 (6th Cir.2006); United States v. Webb, 403 F.3d 373, 383 (6th Cir.2005). Although procedural reasonableness does not require the district court to cite each § 3553(a) factor in arriving at a sentence, McBride, 434 F.3d at 476 n. 3, it does require, as this court has held and the majority recognizes, that the district court "consider the advisory Guidelines range and all relevant factors identified in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)." Majority Opinion ("Maj.Op.") at 869 (emphasis added); accord United States v. Foreman, 436 F.3d 638, 644 (6th Cir.2006); United States v. Richardson, 437 F.3d 550, 553-54 (6th Cir. 2006); United States v. Jackson, 408 F.3d 301, 305 (6th Cir.2005); Webb, 403 F.3d at 383. The presumption of reasonableness afforded to sentences within the advisory Guidelines range, United States v. Williams, 436 F.3d 706, 708 (6th Cir.2006), does not relieve the district court of its duty "to explain to the parties and the reviewing court its reasons for imposing a particular sentence." Richardson, 437 F.3d at 554. The presumption is rebutted where the district court fails to articulate its rationale in a way that permits meaningful appellate review. This court has held that meaningful reasonableness review requires that "[w]here a defendant raises a particular argument in seeking a lower sentence, the record must reflect both that the district judge considered the defendant's argument and that the judge explained the basis for rejecting it." Id. at 554; accord Foreman, 436 F.3d at 644 (explaining that a sentence within the Guidelines range carries no presumption of reasonableness where the record does not reflect that the court considered "all of the relevant section 3553(a) factors"); Jackson, 408 F.3d at 305 (stating that procedural reasonableness requires "reference to the applicable Guidelines provisions"). 24 In this case, Jones clearly argued that he was entitled to a reduction in his sentence because he had already served a one-year sentence for the same conduct at issue in the instant case. The presentence investigation report ("PSR") also discusses the applicability of the policy statement found at U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL ("USSG") § 5K2.23, which advises courts that they can, when certain circumstances are met, depart downwards for sentences already served based on the same conduct.1 The district court must consider relevant policy statements in its sentencing determinations under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(5). United States v. Williams, 432 F.3d 621, 623-24 (6th Cir.2005); United States v. Kirby, 418 F.3d 621, 626 (6th Cir.2005). Under the mandates of procedural reasonableness, the district court was obligated to demonstrate that it considered, as directed by 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(5) and USSG § 5K2.23, the fact that Jones had already served a one-year sentence for the same conduct at issue here.2 That the district court has failed to do. Despite the facts that Jones raised the issue of his time already served for the same conduct and that the PSR discussed the potential applicability of USSG § 5K2.23, the district court made no mention of them and provided no indication that it had considered either the policy statement or the time already served. 25 The majority incorrectly asserts that the district court complied with the standards for procedural reasonableness set forth in Richardson, 437 F.3d at 554, because the district court "explain[ed] to the parties and the reviewing court its reasons for imposing a particular sentence." Maj. Op. at 871. Richardson certainly requires this, but it also requires more, namely that "[w]here a defendant raises a particular argument in seeking a lower sentence, the record must reflect both that the district judge considered the defendant's argument and that the judge explained the basis for rejecting it." 437 F.3d at 554. Although the majority may believe that "a sentence within the applicable Guidelines range should not lose its presumption of reasonableness whenever a district judge does not explicitly address every defense argument for a below-Guidelines sentence," Maj. Op. at 871, this panel is not at liberty to contradict the law of this circuit as previously decided by a unanimous panel of this court in Richardson. See 6TH CIR. R. 206(c) (directing that "[r]eported panel opinions are binding on subsequent panels"). 26 Perhaps recognizing that it cannot merely ignore Richardson's conclusion that a sentence is unreasonable if the district court fails to consider a defendant's argument seeking a lower sentence or explain its basis for rejecting such an argument, the majority somehow "find[s]" that the district court "was aware of Jones' previous state sentence but nevertheless sentenced him to twelve months of imprisonment in light of the gravity of the offense and his extensive criminal history," based on the fact that "the applicability of U.S.S.G. § 5K2.23 was articulated in the presentence report and defense counsel twice informed the district court.. . ." Maj. Op. at 871. However, the majority's speculation regarding the district judge's consideration of this factor also directly contradicts Richardson, which requires that for a sentence to be procedurally reasonable, "the record must reflect both that the district judge considered the defendant's argument and that the judge explained the basis for rejecting it." 437 F.3d at 554 (emphases added). A sentencing court has not met this obligation where this court must guess as to what the court below did or did not consider. Rather, there must be "sufficient evidence in the record to affirmatively demonstrate the court's consideration" of the relevant § 3553(a) factors. McBride, 434 F.3d at 476 n. 3; accord Foreman, 436 F.3d at 644 (explaining that the sentencing court's consideration of "all of the relevant section 3553(a) factors" must be "clear from the record"). Where the district judge fails "to explicitly consider" these factors, there must be "other evidence in the record demonstrating that they were thoroughly considered by the district court." McBride, 434 F.3d at 476 n. 3. Neither the Government nor the majority can point to any such evidence. Indeed, the majority's conjectural "find[ing]" makes plain that the record neither "affirmatively demonstrate[s]," McBride, 434 F.3d at 476 n. 3, nor makes "clear," Foreman, 436 F.3d at 644, that the district court even considered Jones's state sentence, let alone explained its reasons for rejecting his argument on this ground. The majority's conclusion to the contrary is pure speculation in contravention of Richardson, Foreman, and McBride. 27 Due to the district court's failure to explain its consideration and rejection of Jones's argument in support of a reduced sentence, Jones's sentence cannot be meaningfully reviewed. I would therefore vacate Jones's sentence and remand for resentencing. I respectfully dissent. Notes: 1 It is not clear that Jones was eligible for a reduction in his sentence under USSG § 5K2.23. The PSR indicates that Jones's state conviction and sentence would have been considered sufficiently similar conduct under USSG § 5K2.23. The PSR specifically noted that Jones did not receive any criminal history points for his receiving stolen property conviction because it "is considered conduct which is part of the instant offense." Joint Appendix at 46 (PSR at 13). The government did not object to this statement in the PSR. Regardless of whether the policy statement applied, both Jones and the PSR reasonably raised the issue of his time already served as applicable to his sentence, and thus the district court was obligated to consider it and explain the court's assessment as to why it did or did not applySee Richardson, 437 F.3d at 554. Richardson makes clear that the duty of the district court to explain its determination of a defendant's argument for a reduced sentence applies equally where the district court ultimately rejects the defendant's argument. Id. Moreover, even if USSG § 5K2.23 was not applicable, Jones's already-served prison time for the same conduct should have been considered, as the majority acknowledges, as part of the assessment of other § 3553(a) factors, including the need for the sentence to impose a "just punishment," 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(A), and the need for the sentence to provide "adequate deterrence to criminal conduct," id. § 3553(a)(2)(B). See Maj. Op. at 869 n. 5. I now turn to a brief note on terminology. Our court has previously explained that departures based on Chapter 5 of the Guidelines should be referred to as "Guideline departures," and that "sentences lower than the Guidelines recommendation based on section 3553(a) factors" can be referred to as "Non-Guideline departures." McBride, 434 F.3d at 477 n. 5. Several of our sister circuits reserve the term "departure" for traditional Chapter 5 departures, and refer to "Non-Guideline departures" as "variances." See, e.g., United States v. Hampton, 441 F.3d 284, 287, (4th Cir.2006); United States v. Gatewood, 438 F.3d 894, 896-97 (8th Cir.2006). The term "variance" is useful in clearly distinguishing traditional departures from sentences that fall below the Guidelines based on the district court's discretion in applying the § 3553(a) factors. 2 The majority notes that Jones specifically sought probation and that probation was not available to him because of the type of crime of which he was convicted and the fact that he had been sentenced to imprisonment for another offense. Maj. Op. at 867-868 n. 3. Whether Jones was eligible for probation does not affect this court's review of the sentence because Jones remained eligible to receive a lesser sentence short of probation under the advisory Guidelines, and thus consideration of the USSG § 5K2.23 policy statement was relevant	{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }
Introduction ============ Most protein functions associated with pathological conditions are mediated by protein conformational changes and protein-protein interactions. In terms of drug discovery, what counts is to find ways to modulate a target protein function, not to hit the protein itself. This means that partner proteins (upstream or downstream), which are able to control the function of a target protein, become themselves exciting targets for drug discovery. Understanding the complex processes of protein crosstalk becomes therefore essential, in particular to discover new individual target proteins belonging to well-known classes of therapeutic targets (enzymes, for example). ![](molecules-08-00349-g001){#molecules-08-00349-f001} This is the world of Signal Transduction ([Figure 1](#molecules-08-00349-f001){ref-type="fig"}), which for chemists has tremendous advantages for proposing new targets for drug discovery within the scope of current knowledge and know-how. Indeed, plenty of Signal Transduction molecular mechanisms involve protein conformational changes, which are under the control of kinases and phosphatases, two enzyme classes that are tractable targets for drug design. Protein kinases catalyse the phosphorylation of Ser, Thr or Tyr residues of proteins ([Figure 2](#molecules-08-00349-f002){ref-type="fig"}), leading to phosphoproteins which generally adopt a different conformation, allowing them to interact with different partner proteins compared to the native, un-phosphorylated ones. Phosphatases, on the contrary, catalyse the de-phosphorylation of these phosphoproteins. It is important to note that both enzyme types function through very distinct mechanisms since kinases are all characterised by a well-preserved ATP-binding site, close to the catalytic site (since kinases transfer one phosphate residue to proteins, generating ADP as a by-product) while phosphatases work in a way totally independent of ATP, generating inorganic phosphate upon the cleavage of the phospho-protein bond. ![](molecules-08-00349-g002){#molecules-08-00349-f002} Since the pioneering work of Ed Fisher and Ed Krebs (who were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1992), the reversible phosphorylation of proteins has been widely recognised as central to the regulation of most aspects of cell function and cell physiology. Increasing numbers of human diseases are known to involve mutations, over-expression, genetic association or malfunctioning of protein kinases and phosphatases, and their regulators and effectors. Signal Transduction, mediated by protein phosphorylation is extremely complex and our understanding of signalling mechanisms and their implication in diseases is still in its infancy. However, it represents a fantastic field of investigation to explore where small molecules will play a critical role, both in helping understand cell biology mechanisms to gain knowledge and progress, but also, hopefully, in proposing therapeutic solutions to unmet medical needs. Let's take the example of insulin, whose implication and therapeutic usefulness is well-known in diabetes type 1, while diabetes type 2 is characterised by insulin-resistance and impaired glucose tolerance with dramatic consequences for patients (blindness, kidney failure, amputations and heart diseases). Insulin resistance appears to involve an early process in insulin signal transduction which is initiated through the binding of insulin to the membrane insulin tyrosine kinase receptor (IR), which causes auto-phosphorylation of the receptor kinase and activates phosphorylation of other protein substrates, including IR substrate proteins (IRS-1, IRS-2, etc...) leading to a cascade of intracellular events which mediate the biological effect of insulin ([Figure 3](#molecules-08-00349-f003){ref-type="fig"}). ![](molecules-08-00349-g003){#molecules-08-00349-f003} Activation (phosphorylation) of the IR by insulin is reversed by the action of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP's), among which PTP1B has been clearly identified as a major player, based on in vitro experiments and knock-out mice models ([Figure 4](#molecules-08-00349-f004){ref-type="fig"}). ![](molecules-08-00349-g004){#molecules-08-00349-f004} Interestingly enough, it has also been found that PTP1B is involved in regulating the leptin-signalling pathway as well, and resistance to the leptin hormone is a hallmark of obesity. Thus, PTP1B is thought to function as a negative regulator of insulin and leptin signal transduction; PTP1B inhibitors have therefore the potential to restore insulin/leptin sensitivity and should be effective in treating type 2 diabetes and obesity, which are linked diseases. The search for PTP1B inhibitors is currently extensively pursued by several pharma and biotech companies. Our efforts in Serono, based on rational design, (screening of focused libraries around proprietary scaffold design with the help of PTP1B X-ray structures and in-house SAR studies), followed by drug-like properties optimisation led us to identify PTP1B inhibitors which increase glucose uptake in C2C12 muscle cells and decrease plasma glucose and insulin levels in genetically modified obese mice (db/db) upon oral administration in a dose dependant manner, with no sign of toxicity. Efforts are currently pursued to move the most promising PTP1B inhibitors to the clinic and evaluate their therapeutic potential in diabetic or obese patients. The insulin/PTP1B example illustrates in a powerful way that blocking phosphatases can stimulate a signal transduction cascade and therefore mimic or replace a secreted protein which action is beneficial in pathological conditions. Inhibition of kinases (which, most of the time positively relay signalling events) is, on the contrary, a powerful way to inhibit or control signal transduction cascades, which become particularly relevant in drug discovery when pathological conditions are associated with stimulation of intra-cellular signalling (see the example of MAP kinase cascade in [Figure 5](#molecules-08-00349-f005){ref-type="fig"}). This is the case in important therapeutic areas like cancer, inflammation and apoptosis-related disorders where efforts to find selective kinase inhibitors have literally exploded in the last five years. A landmark event occurred in May 2001, when Gleevec^TM^ (Glivec® outside the U.S.), the first important drug targeting specifically a protein kinase (ABL) was approved for clinical use to treat chronic myeloid leukaemia. ![](molecules-08-00349-g005){#molecules-08-00349-f005} The human genome encodes for around 500 different kinases, which control most cellular events, directly or indirectly. This is what makes kinases attractive as a drug target class; however this also raises immediately two important questions: What kinase for what disease? And how to design selective inhibitors for specific kinases of therapeutic interest? What kinase for what disease? ============================= Validation of individual kinases for drug discovery (which means obtaining enough convincing evidence that inhibitors of such kinases will demonstrate a therapeutic effect in patients during phase II clinical trials) is not trivial and remains one of the most challenging aspects of post-genomic drug discovery. Dissection of signal transduction mechanisms is certainly a good starting point, generally followed by knock-out animal experiments and/or pharmacological studies with known inhibitors. However, none of these approaches is fully satisfactory and new ones are currently under investigation based on chemical genetics, as for example the Analog-Sensitive Kinase Allele (ASKA) technology where chemists have engineered modified kinases and inhibitors (by generating functionally active kinase mutants which are specifically inhibited by chemically modified inhibitors), thus allowing to study specific responses in vivo in knock-in animals, (and therefore validate the kinase for a given disease) prior to start Med Chem. Such mouse disease models with functionally intact, specifically and pharmacologically inhibitable kinase targets will also provide invaluable information with respect to therapeutic index linked to the target kinase inhibition, new substrates identification and biomakers discovery. This is a beautiful example where a multidisciplinary approach (chemistry, together with structural biology, molecular biology, genomics an pharmacology) is providing new breakthough tools which will allow drug discovery to progress very rapidly. Designing selective kinase inhibitors ===================================== Beyond the choice of the kinase, the next challenge will be to design selective inhibitors. So far, the vast majority of kinase inhibitors reported to date are ATP competitive, which means that they bind to the ATP binding site, which is common for all kinases and which is highly conserved in terms of amino acid sequence. It is therefore not surprising that plenty of ATP-competitive inhibitors are poorly selective (as for example staurosporine). But, ... is it possible to design selective ATP-competitive inhibitors? As part of our programme directed toward the discovery of JNK inhibitors in inflammation/apoptosis related disorders, we have discovered a new chemical class of ATP-competitive inhibitors derived from the benzothiazole scaffold. First compounds from this series which were identified as potent JNK inhibitors also displayed strong activity against a few other kinases, as shown by the selectivity profile depicted in chart A below ([Figure 6](#molecules-08-00349-f006){ref-type="fig"}). ![](molecules-08-00349-g006){#molecules-08-00349-f006} Chemical modifications based on JNK 3D-structure, docking experiments and in-house SAR data provided second generation JNK inhibitors, which were found highly selective versus other kinases, as shown by the selectivity profile depicted in chart B. Kinetic experiments at various ATP and inhibitor concentrations demonstrate that this compound is purely ATP competitive as shown by Lineweaver-Burk representation in [Figure 7](#molecules-08-00349-f007){ref-type="fig"}. ![](molecules-08-00349-g007){#molecules-08-00349-f007} The best JNK inhibitors identified so far from this project are currently evaluated in pre-clinical studies, based on preliminary promising results in animal models of auto-immune diseases and neuronal apoptosis. This example shows that it is possible to design new potent selective inhibitors of kinases, which are ATP competitive. The starting point is a generic kinase scaffold (hopefully proprietary) from which selectivity can be achieved through proper substitution driven by rationale design based on the kinase specific sequence and its 3D structure. This is a powerful tool, because it can be applied to different kinases, from the same central scaffold, providing proper information is available to direct chemist's efforts in the right direction. Forthcoming kinases of therapeutic interest (among the 500 ones encoded by the human genome) will benefit from recent progresses in bioinformatics (in particular prediction of 3D structure based or primary sequence) and high-throughput production of protein constructs associated with new crystallisation technologies, which will provide new kinase 3D models or real structures for in silico design of selective inhibitors. What about non-ATP competitive inhibitors? ========================================== An alternative way to avoid promiscuity in the design of kinase inhibitors is to look for non-competitive inhibitors with respect to ATP, with the aim to hit interactions at kinase sites, which are not commonly found within the enzyme class. Very little is known to really define a strategy based on rationale design for such type of inhibitors and therefore high-throughput screening of highly diverse collection of compounds remains as one of the most promising approach. This is the one we have followed as part of our efforts to find new MEK inhibitors as potential anti-cancer agents. Screening of 50K compounds led to the identification of a few positives among which AS701173 was characterised as a potent (IC~50~=30nM) non ATP-competitive inhibitor since inhibition of MEK by that particular inhibitor was independent of ATP concentrations used in the assay conditions ([Figure 8](#molecules-08-00349-f008){ref-type="fig"}). ![](molecules-08-00349-g008){#molecules-08-00349-f008} Evaluation of AS701173 against a panel of 40 available kinases show that this compound is highly selective for MEK since none of the other kinase was inhibited by more than 20% at 10μM. ![](molecules-08-00349-g009){#molecules-08-00349-f009} Lead optimisation based on this new selective MEK inhibitor is in progress and promising preliminary results have recently been obtained with newly found analogs demonstrating potent activity in tumour cell proliferation assays and in in vivo models of cancer. From a chemist's perspective, these two examples show that combinatorial chemistry and chemical diversity (cfr MEK selective inhibitors) on one side, as well as "surgical" modifications of molecules in a precise way driven by rationale design (cfr JNK selective inhibitors design) on the other side are complementary tools in drug discovery; both of them can only lead to success if chemists master the art of organic chemistry, and if the art of organic chemistry is continuously offering new methods, reactions, reagents, strategies to solve new emerging challenges. Kinases and phosphatases inhibitors described above illustrate the potential of signal transduction in drug discovery where understanding of cell biology events has allowed to identify druggable targets which play a critical role in diseases and for which chemists are able to design potent and selective inhibitors with promising therapeutic applications. This drug discovery strategy has enormous potential since, on one hand many proteins that will be identified as key players in pathological conditions will be up-or down-regulated, directly or indirectly by kinases or phosphatases. On the other hand, the design and synthesis of selective, potent, cell permeable drug-like inhibitors of kinases and phosphatases is within the scope of chemist's current expertise. Synergy between synthetic chemistry, computational chemistry, enzymology, bioinformatics, cheminformatics, cell biology, structural biology and molecular pharmacology will provide the necessary technology platform to speed-up the discovery of inhibitors and improve the quality of drug candidates. PTP1b:Rob Hooft, Agnès Bombrun, Dominique Swinnen, Pierre-Alain Vitte.JNK:Pascale Gaillard, Christian Rommel, Montse Camps, Yolande Chvatchko, Dominique Perrin, Anthony Nichols, Jean-Pierre Gotteland.MEK:Robert Murray, Sharad Magar, Peter Blume- Jensen	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
Religious conservatives, who have the upper hand in Iran’s power structure, appear completely confused by the outbreak of coronavirus. On 23 February, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei called it “a ridiculous disease used as a good pretext” by Iran’s enemies to discourage people from voting in parliamentary elections. But on 3 March, after a growing number of government officials contracted the illness or died of the disease, he recommended that people read the seventh prayer of Sahifeh Sajjadieh, a collection of prayers attributed to the fourth Shia imam, to fight the disease. Qom: Centre of the epidemic The centre of Iran’s coronavirus epidemic is the holy city of Qom, the religious capital of Iran. It is home to the Shrine of Hazrat-e Masoumeh, the sister of the eighth Shia imam, Imam Reza, and dozens of seminaries. Qom is the bastion of hardliners. Imam Reza’s shrine, in the city of Mashhad, is an unshakable part of the conservative Shia belief system that these two shrines are “houses of healing”, and every year, millions seek relief from their ills at the two shrines. When whispers about shutting down the shrine of Hazrat-e Masoumeh to contain the disease began to spread, Seyyed Mohammad Saeedi, the custodian of the shrine, said that “people should be able to come here and heal from their ills, so it must stay open”. The organisation in charge of the shrine said in a statement that it was “at the highest level of antibacterial nature … and is a strong barrier against the coronavirus epidemic”. Coronavirus in the Middle East and North Africa: What is the latest? Read More » It was initially unthinkable that the two shrines be closed to contain the spread of the virus. But in a clear retreat from ideology, the Imam Reza shrine is now almost completely closed, with all prayer books removed, and Hazrat-e Masoumeh shrine was also officially shut down. This has already provoked protests in Qom, with police dispersing crowds who defied the shutdown and entered the Imam Reza shrine and the Hazrat-e Masoumeh shrine on Monday night. How long this unprecedented situation can be maintained without further unrest remains to be seen. Iran’s economy is in crisis. You can hardly find an economist in Iran, irrespective of political orientation, who does not view corruption and mismanagement as having as much responsibility for Iran’s economic woes as US sanctions. The central problem, even when US sanctions were lifted, was and remains the accelerating unequal distribution of wealth, which is in part the product of corruption. The economic macro indexes do not reflect the realities, including widening income inequality, as the wealthy do not declare their real income. Deprived of services A couple of years ago, the Mehr news agency published a thoroughly researched and shocking report on the deplorable living conditions of Iranian “countrysiders”. According to the report, which has since disappeared from the website, the countrysiders flood to large cities from rural areas in hope of finding jobs. Because they cannot afford to live in cities, they build their own slums around them, deprived of services such as health and education. It is an open secret that participants in Iran’s corrupt system, ranking 147 out of 176 countries in Transparency International's global corruption index, accumulate wealth through patronage, nepotism, cronyism and “rent seeking activities”, including bribery and other shady dealings involving misuse of the public sector. 7. The #COVIDー19 in Iran and elsewhere will affect the underlying state-society relations governing health with profound, understated & below the surface effects on people's relation to authority & their ideas of healthcare and welfare. It rehabilitates medicine in politics. — Maziyar Ghiabi • مازیار غیابی (@MaziGhiabi) March 15, 2020 Against this backdrop, the coronavirus epidemic has deepened the misery of the poor. Many have lost income due to the recession, and cannot afford hygiene items at skyrocketing prices to resist the disease. Masoud Nili, a renowned economist who advised President Hassan Rouhani, in a shocking warning recently wrote: “The continuation of the recent trend could lead to the point where the poor … would be unable to protect themselves against coronavirus … they would become the epicentre of contracting and spreading the disease.” Iran's Deputy Health Minister, Iraj Harirchi, affirmed this, saying on Tuesday: "Concentration of coronavirus disease is mainly in poor neighbourhoods." Abbas Abdi, a prominent reformist activist and journalist, says that resolving the coronavirus epidemic is the mother of all tests of the Iranian political system. He argues that the government needs to exercise its authority to bring under control the current chaotic situation. But people are not cooperating with the government. Health Minister Saeed Namaki has expressed his deep grievances about people ignoring the ministry’s instructions. Abdi maintains that the “coronavirus crisis has involved all the institutions of the nation without exception, from family, to the education system, to religion, to the economy, to the government”. To combat such a far-reaching crisis, people must trust the government as the responsible body to fight the epidemic - but this trust has been seriously damaged in the last few months. Erosion of trust Last November, an abrupt decision to hike petrol prices sparked protests in cities and towns across Iran. Internet access was shut down, and while the country was disconnected from the outside world, hundreds were killed in an iron-fisted clampdown. Then came the downing of the Ukrainian passenger plane and the killing of 176 passengers and crew. Initially, Iran strongly denied that the jetliner was downed by an Iranian missile, despite video evidence to the contrary. After the government ultimately admitted responsibility, furious protesters took to the streets. These days, the army and the Revolutionary Guards have been instructed to clear streets, shops and public places across the country to combat the spread of coronavirus Coverup appears to have held sway again during the coronavirus outbreak. There is a huge discrepancy between the official number of deaths (429 as of 10 March) and the number of deaths announced by local authorities and medical schools across the country: at least 853, excluding Tehran and Qom, the two cities with the highest number of COVID-19 deaths. The erosion of trust and vast discontent in large cities were on display during recent parliamentary elections. In Tehran, an unprecedented 75 percent of eligible voters did not vote. Simmering restlessness could transform into unrest driven by the poor, who are prepared to fight for their survival. These days, the army and the Revolutionary Guards have been instructed to clear streets, shops and public places across the country to combat the spread of coronavirus. Could this be a sign of the system preparing itself for the worst? The views expressed in this article belong to the author and do not necessarily reflect the editorial policy of Middle East Eye. This article is available in French on Middle East Eye French edition.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
As shown in FIG. 1, alternating current (AC) chopping is one of the best techniques to achieve voltage regulating of commercial power. If an inductive load is connected to an AC chopping, because of an effect of inductive reactance, a freewheeling must be proceeding when the chopping switch is off. Currently, the commonly used solutions of freewheeling are realized by parallel connecting an AC chopping switch with an electronic switch for freewheeling. That is to say, regardless of the specific structure of the chopping switch circuit, parallel connecting a chopping switch 1 with a freewheeling switch 2 is essential. Both the chopping switch and the freewheeling switch adopt Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) switch components. It takes some time to turn on and turn off the IGBT switch components. To prevent a short circuit on the chopping circuit that might be caused by turning on the freewheeling switch 2, control signals for chopping electronic switch and freewheeling electronic switch has to be accurately controlled, and an interval time has to be set between the turning off time of the chopping wave electronic switch and turning on time of the freewheeling electronic switch. The interval time is called as “dead time”. Because of the dead time, there is a delay with the freewheeling when the chopping electronic switch is turned off, and because of the dead time, there is a limit to further improve the frequency of the AC chopping. When proceeding three phase AC chopping, a more accurate and complicated controlling to a phase position of the control signals of chopping electronic switch and freewheeling electronic switch is needed.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Según un informe de Focus Market, publicado en ámbito.com, las harinas incrementaron (+ 122,9%), las pastas secas (+108,8%), los enlatados de pescado (+ 101,1%), los huevos (+ 91,7%), y la mayonesa (+ 82,4%). aumento productos Productos que más aumentaron en un año Le siguen el papel higiénico (+76,5%), el aceite (+74,8%), el arroz (+73,7%), las hamburguesas (+ 73,5%), la lavandina (+ 71,2%), y los suavizantes (+70,9 %). La consultora seleccionó un conjunto de 104 skus que engloban a 1104 productos de diferentes marcas y presentaciones a los efectos de evaluar la evolución de precios de enero de 2019. En lo que refiere a los productos que más aumentaron en enero frente a diciembre pasado aparecen los panes blandos (+9,5%), los yogures (+ 8,9%), la lavandina (+8 %), las cremas dentales (+7 %), y la mayonesa (+6,4 %). Otros importantes incrementos los anotaron los desodorantes (+5,8%), las galletas (+4,7%), los jabones (+4,6 %), el dulce de leche (+4,5%), los enlatados de pescado (+4,4 %), y la leche (+4,4%). La nota llamativa de este informe es que la contracción de la demanda ha generado en el mes de enero que algunos productos tengan que revisar sus listado de precios a la baja, como postres (- 0,2%), las pastas secas (-0,4 %), el aceite (- 0,5%), los budines (-1,1 %), y las pilas (- 1,3%).	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
// Copyright 2018 The Go Authors. All rights reserved. // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style // license that can be found in the LICENSE file. // +build !go1.11 package http2 import "net/textproto" func traceHasWroteHeaderField(trace clientTrace) bool { return false } func traceWroteHeaderField(trace clientTrace, k, v string) {} func traceGot1xxResponseFunc(trace *clientTrace) func(int, textproto.MIMEHeader) error { return nil }	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
A novel megakaryocyte differentiation factor from mouse placenta. Megakaryocyte differentiation and subsequent platelet production are regulated by a network of growth factors and cytokines. We hypothesized that pregnancy-specific regulatory factors also may participate in the modulation of megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis. We identified a mouse placental prolactin-like protein hormone with an activity similar to interleukin 6 in targeting megakaryocytes and inducing cell differentiation. The receptor for this placental hormone is present on megakaryocytes from pregnant and nonpregnant female mice and from male mice, and from humans, suggesting that this signaling pathway (if not necessarily this particular ligand) is broadly functional both in terms of physiologic state and evolution. Thus, studying the biologic activities of the large family of placental prolactin-like proteins represents a potentially valuable approach to the discovery of novel hematopoietic signaling pathways.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
A year ago, more than 300,000 people took to the streets in New York to demand action from their leaders on climate change. Nearly the same number took part in similar events in 161 countries across the globe. For 24 hours, the sun did not set on the largest climate protest in history. These grassroots activists are part of a powerful global movement for change that has continued to grow as crucial UN climate talks in Paris in December have drawn nearer, bolstered by interventions from other important global voices – Pope Francis, Graça Machel, Desmond Tutu and Mary Robinson, to name a few. The pope last week repeated his message of climate justice and change to world leaders at the UN. Crucially, that change is now beginning to take hold, with clean energy on the march and the low-carbon economy becoming a reality on the ground, rather than just a PowerPoint aspiration. It is against this backdrop that the Guardian is launching the next stage of its climate change campaign as our team of environment correspondents around the world champion a rare commodity in the climate change debate – hope. There is hope in the many voices who are now calling for action from their leaders. There is hope in the rapidly falling cost of renewable energy that is starting to transform our dirty energy system. There is hope in the pledge by G7 countries to phase out coal power. There is hope in the communities and innovators around the world who are getting on with the job rather than waiting for the politicians. In short, the world is beginning to get to grips with the biggest problem it faces, but has arrived at a crossroads. Powerful forces are still at work against a meaningful agreement in Paris. So those who believe that climate change needs urgent solutions cannot let up the pressure. More of that later. First a recap. Six months ago, the Guardian took a stand on climate change with an editorial push and campaign. The intention was to highlight the uncomfortable fact that a large proportion of the oil, coal and gas reserves that states and companies already hold have to stay untapped in order to avoid dangerous climate change. It is estimated that the world can afford to burn between one-fifth and one-third of proven reserves before there is a reasonable chance of tipping the planet over the 2C danger threshold of warming. Uncomfortable is putting it mildly. As our reporting has sought to demonstrate, the implications of this analysis are huge for our economies, the stability of our financial system and the way we live our everyday lives. The project has also sought new and better ways to cover the biggest and most important issue of the age – one that affects so much else that the Guardian’s journalists around the world report on every day. Extreme weather, food and water shortages, conflict, migration, energy bills, technology and many other issues are influenced by the steady march of climate change. Guardian Environment (@guardianeco) A story of hope: we launch phase II of Keep it in the Ground, our climate change campaign http://t.co/V56iefvBh4 #keepitintheground Aside from making a big investment in investigative journalism and reportage from locations as diverse as the Arctic, China, Brazil, Australia and South Africa, the Guardian also launched a campaign in partnership with the NGO 350.org to persuade the world’s two largest health charities – the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust – to move their investments out of fossil fuel-producing companies. The Guardian’s own commercial board took the decision to divest its £800m fund from coal, oil and gas. There was always a broader context, however – the Paris climate talks. In December, governments will attempt to thrash out a deal that many hope will chart a course to transforming the world’s dirty energy system and so keep at bay the worst consequences of climate change. Keep it in the ground phase one began to turn up the heat on politicians in advance of those talks by highlighting the stratospheric growth of the fossil fuel divestment movement. In 43 countries, more than 400 organisations with a collective worth of $2.6tn – including Stanford University, the Church of England, the Norwegian sovereign wealth fund and the Australian city with the largest coal port on the planet – have made commitments to move their investments out of fossil fuels. This is civil society putting serious money where its mouth is – something those involved in the talks have noticed. With just over two months to go until the talks it is right that we shift the focus of the campaign. We will continue to highlight the message that the majority of fossil fuels must be kept under the ground and to make the divestment case to the Wellcome Trust and Gates Foundation. But it is time for a new direction. Facebook Twitter Pinterest 60-second climate fix: can the sun cool down the Earth? Naturally, the journalistic focus now moves to the talks themselves. Which countries are the heroes and which the villains? Will the deal be fair to the poorest nations? Most importantly, can the agreement save the world? Despite a relentless diplomatic push by the French hosts to make the talks a success, an ambitious agreement is far from certain. Notwithstanding the importance of the UN process, focusing solely on Paris would be to tell only part of the story. One of the most significant features of the Keep it in the ground campaign so far has been the response from Guardian readers. More than 226,000 of you have signed up as supporters from more than 170 countries – and you have been central to what we and 350.org have done. You bombarded us with ideas for stories to cover. Hundreds of you wrote well-informed and often moving letters to the Wellcome Trust board requesting divestment. Many of you took part in a video appeal direct to Bill Gates. And numerous others in his home town of Seattle have joined the cause with their own campaign. Nearly 1,000 health professionals – including the editors of the British Medical Journal and the Lancet – signed a letter urging health organisations to “do no harm” and divest their assets on grounds of medical ethics. Thank you for your support so far. The new cold war: drilling for oil and gas in the Arctic Read more So when deciding where Keep it in the ground should go next it made sense for us to ask this global movement where they wanted us to shift the focus. Naturally, there was a range of ideas but one clear message kept coming through time and again. It can be summed up in one word – hope. Supporters told us they wanted to hear more about the positive climate stories – the new technologies that are capturing the sun’s energy even more efficiently; the rapid drops in the price of renewable energy; the currently off-grid communities in Africa that are developing clean power; the smart technology helping homeowners to use less energy. Another message that came through was a desire to hear about the other side of the divestment coin. If you take your money out of the problem, where should you put it to be part of the solution? We’ve heard about “divest”, now what about “invest”? Facebook Twitter Pinterest Children touch a solar panel at their school. Photograph: Alamy Above all, you told us that even though the Gates Foundation and Wellcome Trust have not yet chosen to move their investments, the Guardian must not give up on the climate issue. With global warming so high on the world agenda, it would be wrong to abandon the momentum that Keep it in the ground has created. So a major strand of our climate coverage up to Paris and beyond will be about climate change as a story of hope. That doesn’t mean wilfully ignoring the gravity of the situation we face. Far from it. The Guardian will continue to report on the science of climate change, visit the places around the globe that will experience the worst impacts and uncover bad corporate behaviour and misinformation where it happens. But we will also make a point of bringing positive stories to the fore. In particular, the next phase of Keep it in the ground will champion the amazing growth of solar power and its potential to transform the global energy supply. Since the disappointing outcome at the Copenhagen climate summit in 2009, the cost of solar panels has dropped by about 70% and continues to fall, meaning that solar is now as cheap or cheaper than fossil fuels in some countries. In Queensland, Australia, last year, wholesale energy prices went negative during the day for the first time because of the expansion of solar installations to more than 350,000 rooftops across the state. There was so much power on the grid its price crashed. In the US, solar is the fastest-growing source of power with residential rooftop installations up 70% year on year. And politicians there have woken up. Last month, President Obama announced measures to encourage more take-up by home owners. He was speaking in a Las Vegas casino that has 20 acres of solar panels on its roof. Hillary Clinton has made solar a big part of her pitch for the presidency with a pledge for half a billion panels across the country. Republicans too – even those who don’t regard climate change as a problem – are seeing the potential of solar to give households energy independence and security. “Rooftop solar makes it harder for terrorists to render a devastating blow to our power grid,” says Debbie Dooley, who was one of 22 organisers of the first nationwide Tea Party protest in 2009. Around the world, far-sighted countries are helping investors to put serious money into solar. A few months ago, a deal was signed in conflict-riven Burundi for a solar field that will provide 15% of that country’s energy-generating capacity. Tanzania has a plan to give a million homes access to solar energy by the end of 2017. Bangladesh aims to expand solar power to every home by 2021. Morocco plans to build five big new solar plants by 2020 at a cost of $9bn (£6bn) and become a major energy exporter to Europe. Technology improvements can and will help drive this transition by making clean energy cheaper, but we are no longer waiting for some mythical breakthrough invention to solve climate change. Many of the tools already exist. With so much momentum behind clean energy around the world, it is all the more jarring that the British government is going in the opposite direction. With the opposition distracted, the Conservatives have moved to systematically remove support for renewable energy. The government is consulting on subsidy changes that will make it essentially uneconomic for people to install solar panels on their roofs. The Australian government too has acted as a brake on solar energy when we need an accelerator. Facebook Twitter Pinterest A 10MW solar power station in Delingha, in China’s Qinghai province, is the first phase of a solar-thermal plant with a total capacity of 50MW. Photograph: Zhang Hongxiang/Corbis In the coming weeks and months, the Guardian will increase its reporting all of these developments and more. We will look in detail at the potential for solar power and the obstacles it faces. And campaign supporters will continue to play a crucial role. The Guardian will ask readers what you want to see covered and we’ll bring you closer to the experts who can help answer your questions. We will be at the Global Climate March in Paris on 29 November and will give information on what individuals around the world can do to get behind the climate movement. So whether you are already a supporter of Keep it in the ground or whether you are seeing the Guardian’s campaign for the first time, please sign up to find out more. By doing so, you will receive regular updates on our coverage and the progress of the campaign, as well as an opportunity to participate and influence the direction we take. This is the most exciting and hopeful time for anyone interested in solving the biggest problem that humanity faces. As Pope Francis put it in his encyclical on the environment in June: “All is not lost. Human beings, while capable of the worst, are also capable of rising above themselves, choosing again what is good, and making a new start … to embark on new paths to authentic freedom.” That new start is already rising from the dirty energy system we inherited from the 19th and 20th centuries but for now it is just that – a start. It is only with unrelenting pressure from below that world leaders will continue with enough purpose on the right path. The time is now. Join us. •You can also receive latest updates on the campaign by selecting “Follow series” in the Guardian app •Everything you wanted to ask about the Guardian’s climate change campaign •Got a question about Keep it in the Ground that we haven’t covered? Email the team on keep.it@theguardian.com	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
As discussed, the remaining carbon budget can be defined as the remaining amount of CO 2 emissions that can still be emitted while keeping the global average temperature increase due to human activities to below a specific temperature limit. The framework set out below applies to a situation in which one aims to limit peak (or maximum) warming and its associated impacts. It can, however, also be extended to apply to a situation where temperature rise has temporarily exceeded an intended temperature limit, often referred to as a temperature overshoot (see Supplementary Text 1). We present in equation (1) an estimate of the remaining carbon budget (B lim ) for a specific temperature change limit (T lim ) as a function of five terms that represent aspects of the geophysical and coupled human–environment system (equation (1): the historical human-induced warming to date (T hist ), the non-CO 2 contribution to future temperature rise $\left({T}_{{{\rm{nonCO}}}_{{\rm{2}}}}\right)$, the zero-emissions commitment (T ZEC ), the TCRE, and an adjustment term for sources of unrepresented Earth system feedback (E Esfb ). These terms are visualized in Fig. 1 and are described and discussed in turn below. $${B}_{{\rm{lim}}}=({T}_{{\rm{lim}}}-{T}_{{\rm{hist}}}-{T}_{{{\rm{nonCO}}}_{{\rm{2}}}}-{T}_{{\rm{ZEC}}})/{\rm{TCRE}}-{E}_{{\rm{Esfb}}}$$ (1) Fig. 1: Schematic of factors contributing to the quantification of a remaining carbon budget. The schematic shows how the remaining carbon budget can be estimated from various independently assessable quantities, including the historical human-induced warming T hist , the zero-emissions commitment T ZEC , the contribution of future non-CO 2 warming (consistent with global net-zero CO 2 emissions or otherwise) ${T}_{{{\rm{nonCO}}}_{{\rm{2}}}}$, the transient climate response to cumulative emissions of carbon (TCRE), and further correcting for unrepresented Earth system feedback E Esfb . The grey shading illustrates how uncertainty in TCRE propagates from the start point. Arrows and dashed lines are visual guides illustrating how the various factors combine to provide an estimate of the remaining carbon budget. Besides estimating the remaining carbon budget B lim , the framework can also be applied to understand, decompose and discuss estimates of carbon budgets calculated by other methods. The relative sizes of the various contributions shown in this schematic are not to scale. Full size image Transient climate response to cumulative emissions Arguably the most central term to estimating the remaining carbon budget is the TCRE (in units of °C per gigatonne of carbon dioxide (Gt CO 2 ); see equation (1). In essence, the remaining carbon budget is estimated by multiplying the remaining allowable warming with the inverse of the TCRE, where the magnitude of the remaining allowable warming is the result of various contributions shown in Fig. 1 and discussed below. The TCRE can be estimated from several lines of evidence, including the observational record10,12,49,50,51, CO 2 -only simulations10 and multi-gas simulations12,31,49,50,51,52,53 with Earth system models of varying complexity. In its latest assessment54, the IPCC reported the TCRE to fall within the range of 0.2–0.7 °C per 1,000 Gt CO 2 with a probability of at least 66%. TCRE, and hence the linear proportionality of warming to cumulative emissions of CO 2 , has also been found to be robust up to about 7,300 Gt CO 2 of cumulative emissions54,55 and probably more56. This domain of application easily spans the range of carbon budgets consistent with warming limits of 1.5 °C and 2 °C. Historical and maximum temperature increase After TCRE, the combined remaining allowable warming (represented by T lim − T hist − ${T}_{{{\rm{nonCO}}}_{{\rm{2}}}}$ − T ZEC ) is the next key determinant for estimating the remaining carbon budget. Its first term is the specific temperature limit of interest relative to preindustrial levels (T lim , in units of °C), and its second term represents the historical human-induced warming (T hist , in units of °C); see equation (1). T hist is the amount of human-induced warming since preindustrial times until a more recent reference period, such as the 2006–2015 period. The estimation of T hist is a central factor affecting the size of the remaining carbon budget, because it determines how far we currently are from policy-relevant temperature limits (1.5 °C or 2 °C). The assessment of T hist should adequately isolate the human-induced warming signal from the effects of natural forcing and variability57,58. The same is true for T lim , and if T lim is intended to represent an internationally agreed climate goal in line with the Paris Agreement it should do so by definition15. Two additional choices play an important role in determining or setting T hist and T lim : the choice of the preindustrial reference period and the temperature metric for determining global average temperature increase. Neither the preindustrial reference period nor the specific warming metric are explicitly defined by the Paris Agreement and recent literature has explored the implications and interpretations of this ambiguity34,35,59. The 1850–1900 period is often used as a proxy for preindustrial levels because observational temperature records stretch back to the beginning of that period60, and key scientific reports that fed into the Paris Agreement also used this proxy1,59,61,62 (see Supplementary Text 2 for more details). Other periods have been suggested63,64,65, but ultimately the crux lies in that T hist and T lim should always be expressed relative to the same preindustrial reference period to avoid introducing erroneous changes to the remaining allowable warming and therewith the remaining carbon budget. Besides defining an appropriate preindustrial reference period, the choice of metric by which warming is estimated from that period is also important. Studies analysing climate model simulations or observational products can use different metrics to estimate global mean temperature change (see Supplementary Text 2). The impact of this metric choice has been highlighted recently with studies34,59 showing that this choice can result in variations in the estimated global warming of the order of 10% (Supplementary Fig. 1), leading to a potential variation in remaining carbon budget estimates of more than 400 billion tonnes of CO 2 (ref. 59). The IPCC has typically specified carbon budgets based on global area-averaged change in surface air temperature48,66. Other studies, however, have used different metrics and at times have even changed metrics between observations and projections (Supplementary Table 1, Fig. 2). This limits the comparability of these budget estimates59—a situation this new framework attempts to avoid. Fig. 2: Comparison of recent remaining carbon budget estimates for limiting global warming to 1.5 °C (blue) and to 2 °C (red) relative to preindustrial levels, and overview of factors affecting their variation. Estimates are shown for a 50% probability of limiting warming to the indicated temperature levels (additional estimates for a 66% probability are provided in Supplementary Table 2). Several studies do not report formal probabilities, but report the frequency distribution across model simulations instead. The latter estimates are marked N in the ‘Formal TCRE uncertainty distribution’ column. Estimates shown with dashed lines indicate carbon budget estimates with an imprecise level of implied global warming, for example, because they were reported for a radiative forcing target instead. TEB means threshold exceedance budget37; TAB means threshold avoidance budget37 (see Box 1). Data are taken from the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (ref. 48), ref. 39 (with values for 1.5 °C based on our own calculations using the same method), the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (ref. 28) and refs 12,30,31,32,36,41,43. The latest IPCC assessment of the remaining carbon budget48 assumes 0.97 °C of historical warming until 2006–2015, whereas other estimates assume either higher or lower warming for that period (Supplementary Table 1). The background and values for all studies are provided in Supplementary Tables 1 and 2. The assumptions made for each study are coloured (right-hand side of figure) for ease of visual grouping: N, no; Y, yes; SAT, global near-surface air temperatures; BT, blended temperatures (surface air temperature over land and sea-ice regions combined with sea surface temperature over open ocean); RCP, Representative Concentration Pathway; CMIP5, Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. Full size image Non-CO 2 contribution to future warming Another term affecting the remaining allowable warming is the non-CO 2 contribution to future global temperature rise (${T}_{{{\rm{nonCO}}}_{{\rm{2}}}}$, in units of °C) (see equation (1) and Fig. 1). Current and future warming depends on both CO 2 -induced warming and warming due to non-CO 2 forcing. Future non-CO 2 warming might be considerable, given that reducing emissions of cooling sulphur dioxide causes warming67 and the knowledge that no obvious mitigation options have been identified that can completely eliminate several important sources of non-CO 2 greenhouse gases68,69. To include ${T}_{{{\rm{nonCO}}}_{{\rm{2}}}}$ in the remaining carbon budget framework, the non-CO 2 warming contribution between a recent reference period (for example, the same period as T hist ) and a specific time in the future has to be estimated. We suggest that this non-CO 2 contribution to future temperature rise should be estimated from scenarios with an internally consistent evolution of greenhouse gases and other climate forcers36,70,71,72,73,74 and at the moment at which global CO 2 emissions reach net zero48. Estimating the non-CO 2 warming contribution at that moment in time reflects a situation in which global cumulative emissions of CO 2 are effectively capped and hence allows us to directly inform the question of how much CO 2 can be emitted while keeping warming to a given temperature level. If non-CO 2 warming were to be estimated at other moments in time, its usefulness for informing mitigation requirements would potentially be strongly reduced. Besides the future evolution of non-CO 2 emissions, the non-CO 2 warming contribution also depends on estimates of the corresponding radiative forcing, including potential changes in surface albedo43. Non-CO 2 forcing and warming can be estimated with the help of simple climate models43,75,76, inferred from more complex climate model runs77, or taken from the literature37,48. Importantly, non-CO 2 emissions would continue to affect warming levels after the time when net CO 2 reaches zero, which creates uncertainty in methods that estimate budgets by integrating changes over time and after an overshoot (for example, see refs 36,43 and Box 1). These uncertainties are reduced in the framework proposed in this Perspective by focusing on the time of reaching net-zero CO 2 emissions and by considering internally consistent non-CO 2 emissions. Under these assumptions, non-CO 2 emissions are projected to result in a constant or declining forcing and warming after the time of net-zero CO 2 (refs 48,73). However, if under alternative assumptions one would project non-CO 2 warming to continue to increase irrespective of the level of CO 2 emissions78, this further increase should also be accounted for within ${T}_{{{\rm{nonCO}}}_{{\rm{2}}}}$ because it would add to future peak warming. Zero-emissions commitment The zero-emissions commitment, T ZEC (in units of °C) is the next term in the remaining carbon budget framework represented by equation (1). T ZEC is defined as the additional contribution to peak warming that is still to be expected after a complete cessation of CO 2 emissions79,80, and hence provides a correction term for the instantaneous linearity postulated by the concept of the TCRE. T ZEC can be positive, negative or zero. For estimates of the remaining carbon budget, the T ZEC when CO 2 emissions approach net-zero levels is of particular interest. In more general terms, this could also be formulated as an assessment of the lag in CO 2 -induced warming at current and declining emissions rates50,79. When T ZEC is positive, not all warming will have been experienced by the time global CO 2 emissions reach net zero. The estimated additional warming would hence also have to be reduced from the allowable remaining temperature increase. At present, T ZEC is frequently neglected in carbon budget studies (see Supplementary Table 1, with exceptions only hypothesizing the effect of its contribution37) and is hence implicitly assumed to be zero or negative. Several studies suggest, however, that there might be a smaller79,80,81,82 or larger83,84 lag between the time when CO 2 emissions have ceased and the time of maximum warming caused by those emissions. Instead of being accounted for as a separate term, the T ZEC could also be integrated within the assessment of TCRE, although a dedicated methodological framework to do so is currently lacking. Unrepresented sources of Earth system feedback	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
US Ends Humanitarian Aid For Palestinians – Analysis Abrupt end to US funding of UNRWA education and health care for Palestinian refugees could destabilize the Middle East. By Dilip Hiro* With a curt declaration, the United States struck a blow at nearly seven-decades old UN project to provide humanitarian aid to the millions of Palestinian refugees and aligned itself further with Israel. The move threatens to produce serious social-political consequences and inflame Palestinian militancy. The US State Department capped its 31 August decision to discontinue its financial contribution to the UN Relief and Work Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East, UNRWA, declaring that the 69-year-old organization’s work is an “irredeemably flawed operation.” In its robust riposte, the office of UN Secretary-General António Guterres applauded UNRAW’s “high quality education, health and other essential services, often in extremely difficult circumstances.” In the words of Pierre Krähenbühl, the UNRAW’s commissioner general, Washington’s move was “an evident politicization of humanitarian aid.” Quite so. At the root of this US-induced crisis lies the unannounced strategic decision of the Trump administration to remove all permanent status issues between Israel and Palestinians, to be settled bilaterally according to the 1993 and 1998 Oslo Accords – including the Palestinian refugees’ right of return and the mutually agreed status of Jerusalem – from the negotiating table . The UN General Assembly condemned Donald Trump’s 6 December decision to recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s capital by 128 votes to nine in a rare emergency session. Stung by this humiliating blow from the international community, his administration cut a scheduled UNRWA payment of $130 million by half and demanded unspecified reforms. During the subsequent months, the United States failed to notify UNRWA of the specific reasons for the dramatic cut. UNRAW is charged with providing education, medical care and emergency assistance to more than 5 million Palestinian refugees in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. Its monthly budget is $90 million, with about a third coming from the United States since 1974. After January of this year, UNRWA scrambled for increased financial assistance from other donors to continue operating. It managed to secure $150 million from Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. A further $88 million came from Canada, Norway and Turkey. Those cash injections are on the verge of exhaustion. The precipitate cancellation of US funding has left a shortfall of $217 million, according to UNRWA spokesman Christopher Gunness. He warned that “After September we won’t have enough money to run our schools, health clinics and our relief and social services programs.” Of its 30,000 employees, 22,000 are teachers. The scale of the agency’s operations can be judged by the fact that 252 UNRWA schools serve 240,400 students in the Gaza Strip. Of the Strip’s 1.8 million inhabitants, 70 percent are registered as refugees. Given the self-governing territory’s 30 percent unemployment rate, more than one million people survive on food aid from UNRWA. Unsurprisingly, crowds stormed a UNRWA compound in Gaza to protest the US cuts. Sami Abu Zuhri, a senior official of Hamas, which administers the Gaza Strip, tweeted: “The US decision to cancel aid to UNRWA aims to remove the right of return and represents a serious American escalation against the Palestinian people.” On the West Bank, where a third of its 2.4 million inhabitants are registered as refugees, Palestinian Prime Minister Rami Hamdallah described the US move as “its latest blatant aggression against the rights of the Palestinian people, international law and UN General Assembly Resolution 302 of 1949, which specified that the UN agency was established to provide its services in all areas until the refugee issue is resolved.” Subsequent to that resolution, the UN secretary-general established UNRWA at UN offices in Vienna. That meant having to deal with 914,221 Palestinians of whom some 500 000 qualified for UNRWA relief. Israel’s seizure of the West Bank, East Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip during the June 1967 Arab-Israeli War created another 335,000 displaced Palestinians, of whom 193,600 were eligible for the agency’s support. As expected, Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu praised the US decision to cut aid to the humanitarian organization. He claimed that UNRWA was formed “not to absorb the refugees but to perpetuate them.” In the past he has argued that the agency should be abolished and its functions transferred to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR. It is worth noting that the UNHCR, founded in December 1950, came into existence one year after UNRAW. In collusion with Israel, the Trump administration is pursuing a two-track policy: emasculating UNRAW of funds and calling for a redefinition of the term “refugee.” David Friedman, the US ambassador to Israel, refers to “so-called refugees” from other countries, “who have never spent a day of their lives in Israel.” However, there is no prospect of the United Nations altering its 69-year practice of treating the descendants of the original Palestinian refugees as refugees. The consequences of weakening or abolishing UNRAW would be dire, most specialists on the Middle East have warned. Adnan Abu Hasna, the UNRWA spokesman in Gaza, said that if the agency’s network in the territory collapsed, all those school students would be in the streets: “There would be more negative energy – that’s a security danger not only for Gaza… but also for Israel. It’s a gift to terror.” Outside of the Occupied Palestinian Territories, the country most affected by the collapse of UNRAW would be Jordan. Of its 9.5 million inhabitants, 2.1 million are Palestinian refugees. Little wonder that its government has sponsored an emergency fundraising conference on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly due to open in New York on 18 September. Meanwhile, King Abdullah II of Jordan summarily rejected the Trump administration’s call to take over UNRWA’s Jordanian educational network. Jordan’s fear of regional destabilization caused by a debilitated or abolished UNRAW – likely to lead to the strengthening of such militant organizations as Hamas – is shared by the Arab Gulf monarchies and the European Union. Noting that UNRWA’s funding crisis is fueling uncertainty, Germany’s Foreign Minister Heiko Maas addressed a letter to other EU foreign ministers, stating that Germany was ready to raise its agency contribution from the present sum of $94 million this year. In recent years, the European Union has been the second-largest contributor to UNRWA, accounting for $142 million in 2017. Expressing regret about the US decision, the EU said, “It is committed to secure the continuation and sustainability of the agency’s work which is vital for stability and security in the region.” From that perspective, contributions by EU member-states could be seen as part of their national security budget. While the current financial crisis can be defused, the Trump administration is preparing to raise diplomatic barriers. According to Israel’s Channel-2 TV report, citing senior Israeli sources, the United States will not prevent the Gulf States, Arab nations and others from providing emergency funding to keep UNRWA running this year. Afterward, the United States will consent to further funding by Washington’s Arab allies only on a reevaluation of UNRWA’s role and a redefinition of whom the agency defines as a Palestinian refugee. If so, it remains to be seen which Arab state will fall in line with Trump’s diktat, which expects aid to be offered only to those Palestinians displaced in 1948-1949 and 1967, but not to their descendants, thereby reducing the total by 90 percent. That would mean unilaterally usurping a right that rests exclusively and legally with the United Nations. *Dilip Hiro is the author of A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Middle East (Interlink Publishing Group, Northampton, MA. Read an excerpt. His forthcoming 37th book is Cold War in the Islamic World: Saudi Arabia, Iran and the Struggle for Supremacy (Oxford University Press, New York/; Hurst & Co, London; and HarperCollins India, Noida). Please Donate Today Did you enjoy this article? Then please consider donating today to ensure that Eurasia Review can continue to be able to provide similar content. YaleGlobal Online YaleGlobal Online is a publication of the Whitney and Betty MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies at Yale. The magazine explores the implications of the growing interconnectedness of the world by drawing on the rich intellectual resources of the Yale University community, scholars from other universities, and public- and private-sector experts from around the world. The aim is to analyze and promote debate on all aspects of globalization through publishing original articles and multi-media presentations. YaleGlobal also republishes, with a brief comment, important articles from other publications that illuminate the many sides of this complex phenomenon. To the extent permitted by copyright arrangements, YaleGlobal archives such articles and makes them available for search and retrieval. This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. 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Young offenders win settlement for alleged assaults Seven former young offenders, who claim they were assaulted by prison officers at Portland Young Offenders’ Institution in Dorset, have been awarded £120,000 by the Prison Service in an out of court settlement, writes Clare Jerrom. The prisoners were aged between 16 and 21 at the time and claim they were punched, kicked, slapped and had their heads slammed repeatedly against the floor in the segregation block by prison officers, who also tore their clothes off them during strip searches. “These seven are only the tip of an iceberg,” said Nogah Ofer, solicitor for the young offenders. “The police investigated 53 cases dating back to the 1980s.” “A culture of intimidation and brutality has been deeply entrenched in Portland for decades,” the solicitor added. In some cases, which emerged as a result of an inquiry by the Howard League for Penal Reform, the prisoners were put on false charges of assaulting officers and punished by having extra days added to their sentences. A three-week trial had been due to begin at Weymouth county court next week. Our website uses cookies, which are small text files that are widely used in order to make websites work more effectively. To continue using our website and consent to the use of cookies, click click 'Continue'. Find out more.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Sonic Generations allows players to control both the pre-Sonic Adventure and post-Adventure designs for Sonic the Hedgehog and features remastered levels from Sonic's previous adventures. The game is divided into three eras: the Classic Era (pre-1998), the Dreamcast Era (1998–2005), and the Modern Era (2005 onwards). "Classic Sonic" plays through the levels from a 2D (or 2.5D) "classic" perspective; whereas "Modern Sonic" tackles them in a 3D and sometimes 2D perspective, similar to those of Sonic Unleashed and Sonic Colours. The game was first announced in a teaser video posted by Sega on April 7, 2011 on Sonic's official Facebook page. The game was announced for both the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 and was scheduled for a 2011 release. An announcement of Sonic Generations for the Nintendo 3DS later appeared in an issue of the Nintendo Power magazine, paired with a November 2011 release date for all platforms. At E3 2011, SEGA revealed a trailer revealing City Escape from Sonic Adventure 2, with a further trailer appearing in mid-August detailing other levels. On October 11, 2011, Sega confirmed that Sonic Generations would also appear on the Steam platform for PC. A fourteen-day demo was released to Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 consumers on June 23, 2011, the official date of Sonic's 20th anniversary. A second demo was released on October 18 on Xbox Live, October 19 on the European PlayStation Network, and October 25 on the PlayStation Network in North America. It was recently rediscovered that in 2010, prior to the game's official announcement, an anniversary game was announced for Wii, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, and PlayStation 3, with negotiations for an Xbox 360 version in the works.[2] Gameplay The gameplay is split into two separate gameplay styles, separated by the character used. The Classic gameplay style is strictly 2D/2.5D. Sonic controls more like his Mega Drive/Genesis counterpart, including his ability to use the Spin Dash and Spin Attack to battle enemies. The Modern gameplay style takes place in 3D, with occasional transitions to 2.5D. This gameplay style is akin to that developed in Sonic's more recent titles Sonic Unleashed and Sonic Colors, where you use the Sonic Boost and the Homing Attack to advance. Homages to past games Each level and boss in Sonic Generations is reminiscent of one previously appearing in the Sonic series.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
--- abstract: '$K_s$-band images of 20 barred galaxies show an increase in the peak amplitude of the normalized $m=2$ Fourier component with the $R_{25}$-normalized radius at this peak. This implies that longer bars have higher $m=2$ amplitudes. The long bars also correlate with an increased density in the central parts of the disks, as measured by the luminosity inside $0.25R_{25}$ divided by the cube of this radius in kpc. Because denser galaxies evolve faster, these correlations suggest that bars grow in length and amplitude over a Hubble time with the fastest evolution occurring in the densest galaxies. All but three of the sample have early-type flat bars; there is no clear correlation between the correlated quantities and the Hubble type.' author: - 'Bruce G. Elmegreen' - Debra Meloy Elmegreen - 'Johan H. Knapen' - 'Ronald J. Buta' - 'David L. Block' - Ivânio Puerari title: Variation of Galactic Bar Length with Amplitude and Density as Evidence for Bar Growth over a Hubble Time --- Introduction {#sect:intro} ============ Bars should slow down and grow over time as bar angular momentum is transferred to the disk (Tremaine & Weinberg 1984) and halo (Kormendy 1979; Sellwood 1980; Little & Carlberg 1991; Hernquist & Weinberg 1992; Debattista & Sellwood 1998, 2000; Valenzuela & Klypin 2003; Athanassoula 2002, 2003). With this growth, the bars should become stronger, longer and thinner (Athanassoula 2003). Pattern speeds are difficult to measure (Knapen 1999) but bar lengths are not (Erwin 2005). To investigate the model predictions, we examined relative bar lengths and intensities in 20 galaxies with conspicuous bars and a range of Hubble types. We consider how these parameters correlate with each other and with the central density of the galaxy. Central luminosity density is used as an indirect measure of the inner angular rotation rate because few galaxies in our sample have observed rotation curves. Galaxies with high central densities should have high central rotation rates and evolve more quickly than galaxies with low central densities. If there is a secular change in bar length or amplitude with angular momentum transfer, then denser galaxies should show the later evolutionary stages. Observations and Analysis ========================= $K_{\rm s}$-band images of barred galaxies were obtained with the Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT) from 2004 June 28 to July 5. We used the Infrared Imager and Spectrograph (IRIS2) with a $1024\times 1024$ pixel Rockwell HAWAII-1 HgCdTe detector mounted at the AAT’s $f/8$ Cassegrain focus, yielding a pixel scale of 0.447arcsecpx$^{-1}$ and a field of view of 7.7arcmin squared. Exposure times were around one hour in almost all cases and the angular resolution was typically 1.5arcsec. Full details of the observations will be presented in Buta et al. (2007). Images were pre-processed using standard IRAF[^1] routines, and each image was cleaned of foreground stars and background galaxies. Deprojections were derived as follows. For each galaxy, estimates of the orientation parameters were obtained using an ellipse fitting routine, [sprite]{}, originally written by W. D. Pence. These fits were either based on the $K_s$-band image itself, or on an optical image if available. Because the bulges may not be as flat as the disks, we used a two-dimensional multi-component decomposition code (Laurikainen, Salo, & Buta 2005) to derive the parameters of the bulges and disks. Images were deprojected, assuming the bulges are spherical, using the IRAF routine IMLINTRAN. This assumption has little impact on our Fourier analyses. The results of the decompositions, as well as the orientation parameters used, will be presented in Buta et al. (2007). Results ======= Bar and spiral arm amplitudes were measured from the $m=2$ Fourier components of azimuthal intensity profiles taken at various radii from polar plots using the deprojected, star-cleaned, background-subtracted images (as in Regan & Elmegreen 1997 and Block et al. 2004). The $m$=2 Fourier intensity amplitude, $I_2$, was normalized to the average intensity, $I_0$, at each radius; $I_2$ is defined to be the amplitude of the sinusoidal fit to the azimuthal profile. Figure \[fig:20gal\] shows this normalized amplitude, $A_2=I_2/I_0$, versus the radius normalized to the standard isophotal radius $R_{25}$ for each galaxy ($R_{25}$ is half the diameter $D_{25}$ of the $\mu_B=25$ mag arcsec$^{-2}$ isophote given by de Vaucouleurs et al. 1991). The 20 profiles have been divided into four panels for clarity. Figure \[fig:20gal\] shows that $A_2$ increases with radius and then decreases. The maximum, $A_2^{max}$, occurs at a radius which we denote by $R_2$. This radius is approximately equal to the bar length determined by eye in all cases. Theory suggests the two lengths should scale together, with $R_2$ slightly less than the visible bar length (Athanassoula & Misiriotis 2002). A correlation may be seen in Figure \[fig:20gal\] in the sense that galaxies with higher $A_2^{max}$ also have larger radii at this peak (the peaks are indicated by the circles; empty circles are flat bars and circles with plus-signs are exponential bars). This correlation is shown in Figure \[fig:correl\] (top left), which plots $A_2^{max}$ versus the normalized radius $R_2/R_{25}$. The dashed line is a bi-variate least squares fit, repeated in the other panels. Longer bars are higher amplitude in relative intensity. This is sensible considering the general exponential decline of disk intensity: longer bars extend further out in the disk, placing their ends where the average background is fainter. For example, each radial interval of $\sim0.25R/R_{25}$ corresponds to about one exponential scale length in most galaxies, which is a factor of 2.7 in disk brightness. This factor is only slightly larger than the increase in Figure \[fig:correl\]. Thus, growing bars can stay somewhat flat in their intensity profile and still increase their relative amplitude along with their length because the surrounding disk is decreasing with radius. Bars apparently grow relative to the disk size even if the disk grows too because of angular momentum transfer from the bar (Valenzuela & Klypin 2003). Figure \[fig:correl\] (top right) includes three previous surveys in which this correlation was present but not noticed. The crosses are from $K$-band images of 8 different barred galaxies studied by Regan & Elmegreen (1997), the circles are from $K_s$-band images of 24 different early type (S0-Sa) barred galaxies in Buta et al. (2006), and the triangles are from 10 $I$-band images of different galaxies in Elmegreen & Elmegreen (1985). Among these three samples, there are only 3 overlapping galaxies and they are only between the 1985 and 1997 surveys. The Regan & Elmegreen $A_2^{max}$ values were multiplied by 2 because they used the standard definition of a Fourier component, which, for example, gives a relative value of 0.5 for an azimuthal profile of $1+\sin(2\theta)$. We and the other references in Figure \[fig:correl\] use twice the Fourier component to reflect the amplitude of the sinusoidal part of the profile. The lower panels of Figure \[fig:correl\] show correlations present in data from two other studies of bar Fourier amplitudes. The lower left panel shows data from Laurikainen et al. (2006), who determined the Fourier amplitudes and bar radii for 28 early type galaxies (S0,Sa, Sab) in $K_s$ band. The lower right panel shows data from Laurikainen et al. (2004), who used the Ohio State Bright Galaxy Survey and 2MASS to measure the H-band properties of 113 galaxies of various Hubble types. Their tabulations give the bar lengths, not the radii at the peak of the Fourier amplitude. Bar length is slightly larger than $R_2$, so the points are shifted to the right of the dashed lines in the figures. Also, $A_2$ is lower for S0 galaxies than other early types, which lowers some of the points in the lower left panel (Laurikainen, Salo, & Buta 2004). The present correlation was not noticed in either study but it is present in the data. Our previous study of $K_s$-band images for 17 barred galaxies (Block et al. 2004) found a length-amplitude correlation related to the present one. There we plotted the bar/interbar intensity contrast at 0.7 bar length versus the deprojected length of the bar (determined by eye). There was no overlap in galaxies with the present or the Buta et al. (2006) samples, and only one overlap each with the Regan & Elmegreen (1997) and Elmegreen & Elmegreen (1985) samples. The bar/interbar intensity contrast was shown by Block et al. to correlate with the relative amplitude of the $m=2$ Fourier component, and with the bar torque parameter, $Q_b$. This previous study discussed the length-amplitude correlation in a different context, however, noting that the long and high-amplitude bars tended to be early Hubble type and flat-profile, while the short and low-amplitude bars tended to be late Hubble type and exponential. This is true in general, but the present result is in addition to that. In the present work, the length-amplitude correlation is present even for the flat bars, and there is no strong correlation with Hubble type because most of our galaxies are flat-barred. The $R_2/R_{25}$ length is plotted versus Hubble type for our sample in Figure \[fig:ht\]. The circled plus-signs are exponential bars, and the rest are flat bars. Most of the galaxies in our current sample are Hubble types Sbc or earlier. The three exponential bars in our sample have slightly weaker Fourier components than the average for the flat bars (Fig. \[fig:correl\]). Evidently, there are two length-amplitude correlations: one discussed by Block et al. differentiating early and late type bars (which is presumably related to different bar resonances; Combes & Elmegreen 1993), and another found here that remains even for early-type, flat bars. The lower right panel of Figure \[fig:correl\] illustrates these two correlations in another way by plotting the various Hubble types with different symbols. The late types tend to be confined to the lower left in the figure, while the early types display the full range of bar lengths and amplitudes. Laurikainen, Salo, & Buta (2004) found no correlation between the peak relative torque, $Q_g$, normalized to the radial force, and the relative radius at the peak of this torque. The relative torque is a combination of the azimuthal bar amplitude, which determines the torque, and the radial force from the bulge, which is used to normalize this torque. Stronger-bulge galaxies have weaker bar torques for the same relative $m=2$ component. Bulges do not affect the peak $A_2$ much because the bulge intensity at the end of the bar is small. On the other hand, bulges do affect $Q_g$ because the radial force from the bulge is still large at the bar end. The central luminosity densities of the galaxies were measured from the $K_s$-band luminosities inside $0.125R_{25}$, $0.25R_{25}$, and $0.5R_{25}$. The $K_s$-band is dominated by old stars and traces the mass fairly well if dark matter is not significant there. Most of the galaxies are early type and centrally condensed so the 3 luminosities measured in this way were all about equal. Because the $R_2/R_{25}$ lengths vary from $\sim0.1R_{25}$ to $\sim0.5R_{25}$, and we want a representative density in the bar region, we use the luminosity inside $0.25R_{25}$. The central density is then taken to be this luminosity divided by the cube of the radius at $0.25R_{25}$, measured in kpc using the distances in Table 1 (from the galactocentric GSR in the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database). Figure \[fig:density\] shows the central $K_s$-band density versus the normalized radius at the peak $m=2$ amplitude (plus signs denote exponential bars). There is a correlation in the sense that longer bars occur in denser galaxies. These two correlations provide new information to supplement properties found in other bar correlations. Athanassoula & Martinet (1980) and Martin (1995) found a correlation between the lengths of bars and bulges, and Elmegreen & Elmegreen (1985) found a correlation between bar length, amplitude, and early versus late Hubble types, as mentioned above (see review in Ohta 1996). Discussion ========== We find that among fairly early type galaxies, relative bar length and relative $m=2$ intensity correlate with each other but not obviously with the Hubble subtype. The lengths and amplitudes also correlate with the central luminosity density of the galaxy. These correlations are in the sense expected by numerical simulations which suggest that angular momentum gradually transfers from a bar to the surrounding disk, bulge, and halo (see Athanassoula 2003 and references therein). With a loss of angular momentum, bars should slow down, and this means their corotation radii move outward. The stellar orbits in the bar should also get more elongated as angular momentum is proportional to the orbital area, and this translates to ellipticity for a constant orbital energy. As the orbital ellipticity increases, the stars become more concentrated in the bar and the bar gets stronger. If the orbits also scatter in energy, then their semi-major axes should grow too, following the moving corotation resonance. In this case, bars would grow in length as they get higher relative amplitudes during angular momentum loss. This is apparently what we observe here. The correlation with central density is consistent with angular momentum loss because galaxies with higher central densities evolve faster. In a given galaxy lifetime, the bars which evolve faster will have transferred more of their angular momentum outward and at the present time will have longer and higher-amplitude bars. The correlation with central density could also result from a larger reservoir for bar angular momentum in the larger bulges. An inverse process might be responsible too, where a strong bar forms first and this causes the bulge to grow through accretion (e.g., Athanassoula 1992, 2003). The lack of a correlation between relative bar length and peak relative bar torque $Q_g$ may be understood from our correlations with central density. For a given bulge, angular momentum transfer should increase both the peak amplitude and the peak torque of the bar over time. Galaxies with denser bulges do this faster, so at any given time, the peak amplitude correlates with bulge density. However, denser bulges weaken $Q_g$ because this quantity is normalized to the radial force (Laurikainen, Salo, & Buta 2004). This normalization offsets the increasing bar amplitude that comes from angular momentum transfer. As a result, $Q_g$ does not show the same correlations as the $m=2$ Fourier amplitude. Galaxies with dense bulges should not have bars if bulges prevent bar formation or growth (e.g., Sellwood 1980). However, our data show that high central densities correlate with high-amplitude bars. The observed correlation suggests that bars and bulges grow together, in agreement with Sheth et al. (2007). Conclusions =========== Bars in intermediate and early type spirals have a correlation between their relative lengths and their relative $m=2$ Fourier components, and both increase with the central density. These correlations are consistent with models in which bars lose angular momentum to the surrounding disk, bulge, and halo over long periods of secular evolution. The bars contain very old stars and must have been present for a high fraction of the Hubble time, like the bulges. We thank Emma Allard for help during the observations and with the data reduction, and Stuart Ryder for excellent support at the AAT. We thank Heikki Salo and Eija Laurikainen for useful comments on the manuscript. Helpful comments by the referee are appreciated. DME thanks Vassar College for publication support through a Research Grant. RB acknowledges the support of NSF grant AST 05-07140. I.P. acknowledges support from the Mexican foundation CONACyT under project 35947.E. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Athanassoula, E. 1992, MNRAS, 259, 345 Athanassoula, E. 2002, ApJ, 569, L83 Athanassoula, E. 2003, MNRAS, 341, 1179 Athanassoula E., & Martinet L., 1980, A&A, 87, L10 Athanassoula, E., & Misiriotis, A. 2002, MNRAS, 330, 35 Buta, R., Corwin, H. G., & Odewahn, S. 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D., 1984, MNRAS, 209, 729 Valenzuela, O., & Klypin, A. 2003, MNRAS, 345, 406 [lccccccc]{} NGC175 &SB(s)ab&53.9&64.1&0.2&0.33\ NGC521 &SB(s)bc& 69.6 & 94.9 & 0.15 & 0.18\ NGC613 &SB(rs)bc& 19.8 & 164.9 & 0.5 & 0.4\ NGC986 &(R$^\prime_1$)SB(rs)b& 25.7 & 116.7 & 0.6 & 0.62\ NGC4593 &(R$^\prime_1$)SB(rs)ab& 35.6 & 116.7 & 0.5 & 0.48\ NGC5101 &(R$_1$R$^\prime_2$)SB(s)a& 23.7 & 161.1 & 0.3 & 0.36\ NGC5335 &SB(r)b& 63.2 & 64.1 & 0.2 & 0.5\ NGC5365 &(R)SB0$^-$& 31.6 & 88.5 & 0.3 & 0.34\ NGC6221 &SB(s)bc pec& 19 & 106.4 & 0.3 & 0.3\ NGC6782 &(R$_1$R$^\prime_2$)SB(r)a& 52.6 & 65.6 & 0.4 & 0.37\ NGC6907 &SAB(s)bc& 44.5 & 99.3 & 0.3 & 0.42\ NGC7155 &SB(r)0$^o$& 26.7 & 65.6 & 0.3 & 0.31\ NGC7329 &SB(r)b& 43.1 & 116.7 & 0.2 & 0.33 &\ NGC7513 &SB(s)b& 21.9 & 94.9 & 0.25 & 0.35 &\ NGC7552 &(R$^\prime_1$)SB(s)ab& 21.7 & 101.7 & 0.55 & 0.6\ NGC7582 &(R$^\prime_1$)SB(s)ab& 21.3 & 150.4 & 0.45 & 0.45\ IC1438 &(R$_1$R$^\prime_2$)SAB(r)a& 20 & 72 & 0.3 & 0.385\ IC4290 &(R$^\prime$)SB(r)a& 64.3 & 47.6 & 0.4 & 0.42\ IC5092 &(R)SB(s)c& 43.3 & 86.5 & 0.2 & 0.33\ UGC10862 &SB(rs)c& 24.8 & 82.6 & 0.2 & 0.31\ [^1]: IRAF is distributed by the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation.	{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }
{ "images" : [ { "idiom" : "universal", "filename" : "Process-icons8_29@1.png", "scale" : "1x" }, { "idiom" : "universal", "filename" : "Process-icons8_29@2.png", "scale" : "2x" }, { "idiom" : "universal", "filename" : "Process-icons8_29@3.png", "scale" : "3x" } ], "info" : { "version" : 1, "author" : "xcode" }, "properties" : { "template-rendering-intent" : "template" } }	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Q: Excel VBA: unable to disable DisplayAlert during drag+drop? I'm trying to capture a specific drag and drop event in VBA, and would like to disable the popup "There's already data here. Do you want to replace it?" during this event. I have the basic event of a drag+drop from cell [D1] to cell [E1] captured, but for some reason I'm unable to disable the popup. Does anyone know why? Thanks so much. Option Explicit Private Sub Worksheet_SelectionChange(ByVal Target As Range) If Not Intersect(Target(1, 1), [D1]) Is Nothing Then MsgBox "selected " & Target.Address & " - " & Target(1, 1).Value Application.DisplayAlerts = False End If End Sub Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range) If Not Intersect(Target(1, 1), [E1]) Is Nothing Then MsgBox "changed " & Target.Address & " - " & Target(1, 1).Value End If End Sub A: Try this - it works on my 2013 Excel: Option Explicit Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range) If Not Intersect(Target(1, 1), [E1]) Is Nothing Then MsgBox "changed " & Target.Address & " - " & Target(1, 1).Value End If End Sub Private Sub Worksheet_SelectionChange(ByVal Target As Range) If Not Intersect(Target(1, 1), [D1]) Is Nothing Then MsgBox "selected " & Target.Address & " - " & Target(1, 1).Value Application.AlertBeforeOverwriting = False Else Application.AlertBeforeOverwriting = True End If End Sub This uses the SelectionChange event to catch the user selecting D1 and disables the alert using Application.AlertBeforeOverwriting. Any other selection ensures it's enabled. Dragging the value causes another SelectionChange which now re-enables the alert for any other overwriting. Also, you ought to use events to trap user clicking in D1 and then changing to another sheet or closing this one as the alerts could remain disabled.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
While it’s open to having conversations with any of them, a NASCAR executive said Monday morning the sanctioning body has no plans to punish the various drivers who delivered retaliatory acts over the weekend at Watkins Glen International. Steve O’Donnell, NASCAR’s chief racing development officer, briefly addressed the on-track drama from the road course on SiriusXM NASCAR Radio’s “The Morning Drive.” “We’ll certainly talk to the drivers who want to have a conversation with us. That’s fair,” O’Donnell said. “We always kind of get through the weekend, emotions run high and then check in with folks before they head to the next race, but from our perspective nothing to come of what took place on the race track. The drama started on Saturday with Ross Chastain and Justin Allgaier in the Xfinity Series. Chastain turned Allgaier into a tire barrier on Lap 14. Allgaier then returned the favor on the final lap of Stage 1 when he forced Chastain off track and into a Turn 5 tire barrier. Afterwards, Allgaier said he only wanted to spin Chastain, not wreck him. On Sunday, the action started early when Kyle Busch spun from contact with William Byron in Turn 1 on Lap 2. Busch later gave Byron a push through the inner loop grass. Byron’s crew chief, Chad Knaus, then instructed him to retaliate against Busch, which he did during the first stage break, significantly damaging his own car. Busch’s rough day continued when Bubba Wallace blamed Busch for wrecking him in Turn 5 on Lap 39. After pitting for repairs, Wallace banged doors with Busch multiple times on the front stretch before he finally dumped Busch as they neared Turn 1. Wallace delivered an expletive filled rant against Busch after the race. ICYMI: @NASCAR Executive Vice President @odsteve told @TheMikeBagley & @PPistone on #TMDNASCAR there will be no punishments coming from the on track incidents we saw at @WGI this weekend pic.twitter.com/cnjm2N58uA — SiriusXM NASCAR Radio (Ch. 90) (@SiriusXMNASCAR) August 5, 2019	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Low rate speech coding research has recently gained new momentum due to the increased national and global interest in digital voice transmission for mobile and personal communication. The Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA) is actively pushing towards establishing a new "half-rate" digital mobile communication standard even before the current North-American "full rate" digital system (IS54) has been fully deployed. Similar activities are taking place in Europe and Japan. The demand, in general, is to advance the technology to a point of achieving or exceeding the performance of the current standard systems while cutting the transmission rate by half. The voice coders of the current digital cellular standards are all based on code-excited linear prediction (CELP) or closely related algorithms. See M. R. Schroeder and B. S. Atal, "Code-Excited Linear Predictive (CELP): High Quality Speech at Very Low Bit Rates," Proc. IEEE ICASSP'85, Vol. 3, pp. 937-940, March 1985; P. Kroon and E. F. Deprettere, "A Class of Analysis-by-Synthesis Predictive Coders for High Quality Speech Coding at Rates Between 4.8 and 16 Kb/s," IEEE J. on Sel. Areas in Comm., SAC-6(2), pp. 353-363, February 1988. Current CELP coders deliver fairly high-quality coded speech at rates of about 8 Kbps and above. However, the performance deteriorates quickly as the rate goes down to around 4 Kbps and below.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Applying HFMEA to prevent chemotherapy errors. To evaluate risk and vulnerability in the chemotherapy process using a proactive risk analysis method. Healthcare failure mode and effect analysis (HFMEA) was adopted to identify potential chemotherapy process failures. A multidisciplinary team is formed to identify, evaluate, and prioritize potential failure modes based on a chemotherapy process flowchart. Subsequently, a decision tree is used to locate potential failure modes requiring urgent improvement. Finally, some recommended actions are generated and executed to eliminate possible risks. A total of 11 failure modes were identified with high hazard scores in both inpatient and outpatient processes. Computerized physician order entry was adopted to eliminate potential risks in chemotherapy processes. Chemotherapy prescription errors significantly decreased from 3.34% to 0.40%. Chemotherapy is regarded as a high-risk process. Multiple errors can occur during ordering, preparing, compounding, dispensing, and administering medications. Subsequently, these can lead to serious consequences. HFMEA is a useful tool to evaluate potential risk in healthcare processes.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
たびたび“相棒”が代わる『相棒』シリーズ（テレビ朝日系）で初回から最新のシーズン14まで鑑識課の課員・米沢守役で出演している六角精児。水谷豊が演じる杉下右京の捜査を助け、シリーズを通してみれば寺脇康文、及川光博、成宮寛貴、反町隆史といった歴代の“相棒”以上の相棒といえる存在だった。「16年もやってきて、新たなことをやりたかった。それを水谷さんも応援してくれたんです」落ち着いた口調でそう話した六角。なんと『相棒』を降板するという。「六角さんが演じる米沢は、最新のシーズン14の最終回で、突如、警察学校の教官に就任しました。劇中では、杉下右京との会話の中で“数年後にはまた現場に戻ってきたい”と話していましたが、最終回のサブタイトルが『ラストケース』だったこともあり、六角さんが降板するのではないか、というウワサが飛び交いました」(テレビ誌ライター) 憶測はあったが、テレビ朝日からの正式な発表はない中、6月24日に東京・下北沢のライブハウスで彼の誕生日ライブが行われた。「彼は『六角精児バンド』というグループを友人と結成していて、定期的に音楽ライブを行っているんです。この日はちょうど自分の誕生日と重なったこともあり、バースデーライブとして開催したのでしょう」(芸能プロ関係者) ‘96年に仲間と組んで結成された。「バンドは'14年にアルバムもリリースしています。六角さんはボーカルとギターを担当。ちなみに俳優の相島一之さんもブルースハープ担当でときどき、参加しています」(音楽ライター) そんな自身の誕生日を祝うライブの途中、演奏が一段落すると、彼は静かにこう語りだした。「実は、このたび長らく出演させていただいていた『相棒』にひと区切りをつけることになりまして……」突然の告白に、場内も静まり返る。そして、ここから冒頭のセリフにつながったのだ。ただ、終始しんみりとしていたわけではない。「よ～く考えてみると、定期収入ってのはすごく大事だから、辞めないほうがよかったかなって今になって少し思ったりもするんですけどね」ライブの終盤には、そうハニカミながら話すと、場内からも笑い声が漏れた。六角の降板について、テレビ朝日に問い合わせてみた。「シーズン14の最終回で、警察学校の教官になっているので、これまでのように直接事件にかかわる鑑識という立場での登場はなくなりますが、米沢守というキャラクター自体は、立場を変えて引き続き『相棒』ワールドに存在しているので……。今後、登場するかしないかは、10月から始まる新シリーズを見ていただければと思います」あくまで「降板」という言葉は使わなかったが、出番はどうもなさそうだ。誕生日ライブで発表したこと自体については、未確認だった模様。「シーズンオフまで、役者さんの活動を追っているわけではないので……」(テレビ朝日宣伝部) 六角の所属事務所に発言の真意について問い合わせるも、期日までに返答はなかった。	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
It's complicated: Facebook's terrible 2018 - sahin-boydas https://www.theguardian.com/technology/ng-interactive/2018/dec/24/facebook-2018-timeline-year-in-review-privacy-scandals ====== ethiclub Does anyone have any good devil's advocate information on Facebook? \- The company does not seem to have an appropriate ethics board (for the size of company). There is some mention of an 'ethics AI board' but no real governance over Ethical conduct and compliance. If there are internal review boards ([https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jun/17/facebook-...](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jun/17/facebook- ethics-but-is-it-ethical)), then it appears that they are thoroughly compromised, and not providing a level of accountability or serious thought that anyone will take seriously. \- There seems to be no intention or effort in achieving ISO standards (apart from a single ISO:27001 certification for FB Workplace, which was arguably to provide a 'feature' for the application rather than any ethical move). Granted, the value of standards and frameworks will always be in dispute, but these exist for a reason and are a neat 'package' that organizations use to ensure they are not reinventing the wheel and acknowledging a list of considerations. \- Facebook do not seem to maintain an ethics page. \- They do not seem to have an ethical voice - Nor do they appear to have anyone even pretending to have an ethical voice. PR from facebook (usually) manifests as 'We do what we do, and it's fine' rather than 'we will be introspective about this'. It seems strange that there isn't even any posturing here. \- The two types of FB employee that seem to voice insight on public forums are either a) discontent and being ignored by management or b) drinking the koolaid and refusing to admit that their practice is unethical. Ignoring Occam's razor for a moment - Surely there is something to cling on to here, to provide the principle of charity for Facebook. FB sure are making it hard for consumers to paint them in any reasonable light.	{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }
Cholinergic influences on the spinal cardiovascular neurones. 1 In bilaterally vagotomized and spinal cord (C1) transected dogs, intrathecal (i.t.) injection of pilocarpine decreased while DMPP increased the blood pressure. These responses were antagonized by i.t. pretreatment with ethylbenztropine and chlorisondamine respectively. 2 No change in the resting heart rate occurred after intrathecal injection of cholinergic drugs in these animals. 3 The post-coronary artery ligation cardiac arrhythmia, in bilaterally vagotomized and spinal (C1) transected dogs, was inhibited by i.t. pilocarpine and chlorisondamine and facilitated by ethylbenztropine and DMPP. 4 The effects of muscarinic and nicotinic receptor agonists on the arrhythmia were blocked by their respective blockers. 5 It appears that the muscarinic receptors are inhibitory while nicotinic receptors are facilitatory for spinal control of vasomotor tone and the post-coronary artery ligation cardiac arrhythmia. However, the spinal muscarinic and nicotinic receptors do not appear to have a significant role in the regulation of normal heart rate.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
(Image: Shutterstock) Now that we're half way through the university semester, I'm finding myself inundated with a lot of marking. Sometimes, I try to tackle this work at home, but being the skilled procrastinator that I am, this will inadvertently lead me into the land of daytime television. It was here the other day that I caught a few minutes of Oprah, and noted that in that short timeframe, I found my reaction changing from a sort of admiration to a feeling best described as a prolonged wince. The reason for this abrupt change of heart was essentially the appearance of Jenny McCarthy in what looked like a correspondence role – she of the celebrity ilk, noteworthy for being a very powerful advocate of some very shaky medical advice. I won't go into too much detail here about her travails, since they've been covered extensively here at Boingboing and elsewhere in the media, but suffice to say, both the medical and scientific communities overwhelmingly take issue with her claims regarding linkage between the MMR vaccine and Autism. Indeed, her opinion has not changed, despite recent studies that showed that much of the data in the Wakefield paper (the scientific article that laid the media groundwork for this linkage) was actually fraudulent in nature. Anyway, this is interesting to me. Ms. Winfrey by all accounts seems to have her heart in the right place, and as a person of considerable media clout, you would think that she (or at least her team) would have carefully thought through the ramifications of associating with such a notorious individual. Except that when you look a bit deeper, you find other instances where her brand chooses to ignore a very simple and sensible idea: that "claims," especially claims that operate best under scientific ways of knowing, should only be supported when there is robust evidence to back them up. An obvious example of this is her recommendation of The Secret. This is a book written by Rhonda Byrnes and which appears to be a very elaborate and (if I can be cynical here) lucrative interpretation of the placebo effect. Specifically, the author claims that an individual can "change their electromagnetic frequency," so as to change outcomes in their life. Such language is striking because if you were to ask an expert who knows a thing or two about electromagnetic radiation – say a physicist – you would learn that this phrase is entirely nonsensical. More importantly, you could even ask physicists of different moral leanings, political sensibilities, and/or cultural backgrounds, and you would still get the same answer – because the evidence that refutes her claims stands on its own objective merits. We could go on with other examples of Ms. Winfrey's fondness of pseudoscientific trends – from the establishment of Dr. Oz, to providing the center stage to individuals like Susanne Sommers and Christiane Northrup – but I think you get the point. Let me also be clear: I do think there is some value to these things if individuals truly feel that they are benefiting from them. However, what's worrying to me is when lines regarding safety are being crossed. All to say that for me, there's a bit of irony here, because before seeing Ms. McCarthy on her show, one of things I applauded Oprah Winfrey for was her work in South Africa, particularly her involvement on the HIV/AIDS front. As many already know, this is a country that continues to be devastated by the effects of this disease. According to the latest UNAIDS statistics (based on 2009 data), South Africa currently has the highest infection numbers, estimated at 5.6 million of its population. This includes a startling 17.8% prevalence in individuals aged between 15 and 49. It's also no secret that a significant part of this deadly reality is due to poor government policy, whereby from 1999 to 2008, the former President Thabo Mebki and his health minister, Manto Tshabalala-Msimang were willing advocates of a variety of pseudoscientific claims made by AIDS denialists. Many of these deterred the provision of life-saving antiretroviral medicines: most infamously, Manto herself promoted the use of "beetroot and garlic consumption" as an effective treatment regime. This narrative is strikingly similar to those that allude to Ms. McCarthy or The Secret. The difference, of course, is that with HIV/AIDS in South Africa, Ms. Winfrey chose to side with reason, data, and good evidence. More to the point: having both Ms. McCarthy and the South African HIV/AIDS issue being so prominent under a single brand is an odd dichotomy that begs us to wonder what to make of it. It is, quite simply, a mixed message. At best, it is confusing in a world where the glut of information is already a burden. And more seriously, it is an insult to the good people who have worked so hard on HIV/AIDS education, treatment, and research. But at its worst, it is an affront to all those who have been victims of the propagation of such dangerous claims, whether it is the people of South Africa or the millions of viewers that follow Ms. Winfrey's every suggestion, every recommendation, and every action.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Fins-N-Grins Freshwater Adventures – Alabama Chris Jackson is a year around professional guide specializing in the Tennesee and Coosa River chains. We accomadate all skill levels, from beginner to advanced (children under 16 free with paid adult) including proven tournament techniques, GPS mapping, seasonal patterns, underwater camera/pre-fishing techniques, and lure/equiptment selections. You will fish from a fully tounament rigged Skeeter bass boat with the lastest equiptment on the market which is supplied for all trips. We offer discounts to all Law Enforcement and military personel. Multi-trip packages are available including gift certificates. Contact us for pricing and booking information for your next adventure.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Garry Golden's Blog Posts Researchers from Northeastern University and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have improved the efficiency of clustered nanotubes used in solar cells to produce hydrogen by splitting water molecules. By layering potassium on the surface of the nanotubes made of titanium dioxide and carbon, the photocatalyst can split hydrogen gas from water using ‘about one-third the electrical energy to produce the same amount of hydrogen as an equivalent array of potassium-free nanotubes.’ Rethinking the Possibilities at the Nanoscale Energy is about manipulating the interactions of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, metals, biological enzymes and sunlight. When we design core enabling energy systems (e.g. catalysts, membranes, cathodes/anodes, et al) at the nanoscale (billionth of a meter) we find performance that is fundamentally different from the same systems designed at the 'microscale' (millionth of a meter). Because smaller is better when it comes to manipulating molecules and light, the research teams used ‘tightly packed arrays of titania nanotubes’ with carbon that ‘helps titania absorb light in the visible spectrum.’ Arranging catalysts in the form of nanoscale-sized tubes increases the surface area of the catalyst which in turn increases the reactive area for splitting oxygen and hydrogen. The Future of Energy will be based on our ability to elegantly control the interactions of light, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and metals. And for all our engineering prowress of extracting and blowing up ancient bio-energy reserves (coal/oil), there is still so much to learn about basic energy systems from Mother Nature. Laying Down Algae Shells for Solar Panels Researchers from Oregon State University and Portland State University have developed a new way to make “dye-sensitized” solar cells using a 'bottom up' biological assembly processes over traditional silicon chemical engineering. The teams are working with a type of solar cell that generates energy when 'photons bounce around like they were in a pinball machine, striking these dyes and producing electricity.' Rather than build the solar cells using traditional technqiues, the team is tapping the outer shells of single-celled algae, known as diatoms, to improve the electrical output. (Diatoms are believed to be the ancient bio-source of petroleum.) The team placed the algae on a transparent conductive glass surface, and then (removed) the living organic material, leaving behind the tiny skeletons of the diatoms to form a template that is integrated with nanoparticles of titanium dioxide to complete the solar cell design. Biology's Nanostructured Shells & Bouncing Photons?“Conventional thin-film, photo-synthesizing dyes also take photons from sunlight and transfer it to titanium dioxide, creating electricity,” said Greg Rorrer, an OSU professor of chemical engineering “But in this system the photons bounce around more inside the pores of the diatom shell, making it more efficient.” The research team is still not clear how the process works, but 'the tiny holes in diatom shells appear to increase the interaction between photons and the dye to promote the conversion of light to electricity... potentially with a triple output of electricity.' According to the team, this is the 'first reported study of using a living organism to controllably fabricate semiconductor TiO2 nanostructures by a bottom-up self-assembly process.' So, chalk up another early win for advanced bio-energy manufacturing strategies! US Energy Secretary Steven Chu has announced $41 million to support the 'immediate deployment of nearly 1,000 fuel cell systems for emergency backup power and material handling applications (e.g., forklifts) that have emerged as key early markets in which fuel cells can compete with conventional power technologies. Additional systems will be used to accelerate the demonstration of stationary fuel cells for combined heat and power in the larger residential and commercial markets.' The funds will also support micro-power applications being advanced by innovative startups like Jadoo, Plug Power, Nuvera, MTI, PolyFuel, and Delphi Automotive (auxillary power systems for trucks!). Fuel Cells (Power Stations) vs Batteries (Storage)Fuel cells convert chemical energy into electricity without having to be 'plugged into' the grid. As 'refuelable' power generators, they offer some key advantages to a pure energy storage offering of batteries (e.g. Batteries depend on 'grid access', while fuel cells need fuel and serve as a portable/stationary power station. You just need to add fuel!) US Energy Visionaries Sense Global OpportunityThe key to advancing fuel cells is to lower the costs of nanostructured catalysts (that release electric charges) and membranes (allow positive ions to pass) used in all applications (e.g. stationary, portable). It is a materials science strategy based on nanoscale science and engineering. While the battery supply chain has long been established, there is a unique opportunity for the US to leap frog into more commercially diverse applications based on fuel cell systems used in everything from distributed power, micro-power, transportation and utility scale power generation. Despite the hype, algae is more history than science fiction. In fact it is already the world's dominate source of energy. Petroleum is just chemical energy stored in the form of hydrogen-carbon bonds that were assembled by ancient sea-living microbes (diatoms). So, oil is in essence the result of ancient algae growth! So instead of extracting reserves of oil, we can 'grow energy' using efficient biochemical pathways of algae (and bacteria) that eat carbon and, then using the power of light, bind it with hydrogen to produce bio-oil that can be used as a source of energy (via engine or fuel cell) or as a feedstock for biomaterials. MIT's Biomolecular Materials Group has advanced a technique of using 'genetically engineered viruses that first coat themselves with iron phosphate, then grab hold of carbon nanotubes to create a network of highly conductive material.' Professors Angela Belcher and Michael Strano led the breakthrough bio-engineering work which can now use bacteriophage 'to build both the positively and negatively charged ends of a lithium-ion battery.' While the prototype was based on a typical 'coin cell battery', the team believes it can be adapted for 'thin film' organic electronic applications. Energy = InteractionsEnergy and Materials Science is about manipulating the assembly and interaction of molecules like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and metals. Today we are at the beginning of new eras of nanoscale materials science and bio-industrial processes that are certain to change the cost and efficiency equations within alternative energy and biomaterials. And we have a lot to learn about molecular assembly from Mother Nature's genetically driven virus/bacteria and plants. After all, the energy released from breaking the carbon-hydrogen bonds of coal (ancient ferns) and oil (ancient diatoms) was originally assembled by biology (with some help from geological pressures!). So why not tap this bio-industrial potential for building future energy components? GM & Segway are hoping to commercialize a new category of smart micro-vehicles for urban environments by 2012 (See previous post). I love the application of Segway software, but am skeptical of a 'plug in' battery version. I'm not sure how many wall sockets are accessible to urban dwellers who don't have garages! So I love the idea, but think the real potential is the 'access' business model. Let's keep the PUMA owned and operated by mobility service companies, not urban dwellers themselves! General Motors and Segway unveiled a new type of small electric motor vehicle with advanced software that could shift how we look at mobility as a service. In an effort to appeal to digitally connected urban audiences, GM describes Project P.U.M.A. (Personal Urban Mobility and Accessibility) as a low-cost mobility platform that 'enables design creativity, fashion, fun and social networking.' This protoype model travels up to 35 miles per hour (56 kph), with a range up to 35 miles (56 km) between recharges (though it's not clear how urban residents will access wall sockets!) Vehicle-to-Vehicle communication systems that relay alerts and information to drivers to reduce congestion and prevent collisions are already being integrated into luxury vehicles. But within a decade or two we can expect low cost vehicles embedded with sensors and ‘situation awareness’ detection systems that make cars 'smarter' than drivers. Access and Ownership (and Potential Chaos)A compelling vision of Personal Urban Vehicles is the emergence of personal 'mobility as service' companies that connect outer hubs with urban destination points (offices, retail, recreation, et al). In addition to owning personal vehicles, we can imagine paying for 'access' to fleets of vehicles that we don't have to park. (Of course, adding fleets of small vehicles could mean chaos in urban areas for pedestrians! Not to mention pushback from the Cabbies in New York!) The use of football-shaped 'Carbon 60' fullerene molecules, or 'Bucky Balls', could change how we look at the quantum flow of electricity over long distance transmission lines as well as within medical equipment and 'molecular electronics'. Shape Matters: Carbon Buckyballs 'Squeezing' ElectronsLiverpool Professor Matt Rosseinsky explains: "Superconductivity is a phenomenon we are still trying to understand and particularly how it functions at high temperatures. Superconductors have a very complex atomic structure and are full of disorder. We made a material in powder form that was a non-conductor at room temperature and had a much simpler atomic structure, to allow us to control how freely electrons moved and test how we could manipulate the material to super-conduct." Professor Kosmas Prassides, from Durham University, said: "At room pressure the electrons in the material were too far apart to super-conduct and so we 'squeezed' them together using equipment that increases the pressure inside the structure. We found that the change in the material was instantaneous – altering from a non-conductor to a superconductor. This allowed us to see the exact atomic structure at the point at which superconductivity occurred." This is not game-changing news, but certainly worth noting since expectations are that Asian energy storage manufacturers (not US-based) are likely to dominate the first generation battery-power vehicles. This news arrived close to a NY Timesfront page article covering China's aspirations to lead the world in electric vehicles by 2011. It is an obvious win for A123 Systems, which was passed up by General Motors for Korea's LG last Fall, for GM's Volt battery pack. But it is still unclear how the battle over energy storage will play out in the long term. Today's lithium ion battery batteries are better thanks to nanostructured components and membranes, but I'm doubtful that they will be the only power system in next generation electric vehicles. Fuel cells and capacitors will eventually have their day as pieces to the complex engineering puzzle of powering cars. So let's not waste too much money extending 20th century wall socket cords to 21st century vehicles! We should decouple transportation fueling from the grid, not add excess strain to an aging grid with no storage mechanism! How Should US Automakers Respond? I am a big fan of A123 Systems, but would rather see their nano-enhanced products used in non-automotive applications. Let's get Li-ion batteries right for laptops before we head into automotive applications! Coal is the world's fastest growing source of energy, and at the center of the debate over advancing our efforts to reduce CO2 emissions even as we attempt to meet the demands of a global doubling of energy consumption in the decades ahead. 'Clean' vs 'Cleaner' While one side of the debate spectrum ridicules the concept of 'Clean Coal', the other side is pushing forward down the road to 'Cleaner' ways to convert coal energy into electricity that goes far beyond today's 'coal fire' combustion power plants. Via a process known as 'gasification' we can remove much of the carbon from coal to create a cleaner hydrogen-rich synthetic gas (syngas). Industrial scale fuel cells can then convert this syngas chemical energy into electricity. The challenge is scaling up fuel cells to meet the challenge! The milestone marks a key step towards non-combustion based conversion using 'low-cost Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) technology for coal-based power plants and other power generation applications' using carbon heavy feedstocks such as syngas, natural gas and biofuels. The US Department of Energy hoopes to have a a 250-kilowatt to 1-megawatt fuel cell module demonstration by 2012; a 5-megawatt proof-of-concept fuel cell system to demonstrate system integration, heat recovery turbines, and power electronics by 2015; and then a full-scale demonstration of a 250- to 500-megawatt integrated gasification fuel cell power plant by 2020.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Posh v Notts County: Match Preview 13 September 2014 Magpies Hold Out For Point Peterborough United were held to a 0-0 draw by Notts County at London Road with the Magpies digging in for a point as Darren Ferguson's men struggled to break down the stubborn resistance of the visitors. The lively Marcus Maddison registered the first effort towards goal on nine minutes, his left-foot shot finding the side-netting after he had evaded his marker. Maddison was cautioned for diving on the quarter hour mark by referee Mr Harrington as he took a tumble in the box under the challenge of Cranston. Zeli Ismeil fired wide from 30-yards after tricking his way past a few defenders as the Magpies made their first foray into the Posh half. Midfielder Liam Noble fired wide from 25-yards on 27 minutes, but the effort was ambitious and was never really troubling goalkeeper Ben Alnwick. Cassidy side-footed wide when well placed just after the half hour mark and then drilled a low shot straight at the Posh shot-stopper as the Magpies began to cause one or two problems. Posh created their best opening on 43 minutes as a free-kick from Taylor was met by defender Baldwin, but he headed straight at Carroll who made a good routine stop. Maddison then nutmegged his defender, but saw his shot blocked. Five minutes after the re-start, Maddison went on a superb run and forced Carroll into a fine stop, the veteran keeper pushing the low effort around the post. Noble was a whisker away from breaking the deadlock on 57 minutes, his curler going just past the upright after good work from Ismail. Vassell was then denied by a fine last ditch tackle by Hollis, although in truth he should have pulled the trigger earlier. Posh made a switch on 65 minutes with Joe Newell replacing Santos. Washington was replaced by Luke James on 71 minutes. James should have scored with his first touch after being fed by Maddison, but he was leaning back and skied his effort over the bar.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
package org.wikipedia.json; import com.google.gson.Gson; import com.google.gson.TypeAdapter; import com.google.gson.TypeAdapterFactory; import com.google.gson.reflect.TypeToken; import com.google.gson.stream.JsonReader; import com.google.gson.stream.JsonWriter; import java.io.IOException; public class PostProcessingTypeAdapter implements TypeAdapterFactory { public interface PostProcessable { void postProcess(); } public <T> TypeAdapter<T> create(Gson gson, TypeToken<T> type) { final TypeAdapter<T> delegate = gson.getDelegateAdapter(this, type); return new TypeAdapter<T>() { public void write(JsonWriter out, T value) throws IOException { delegate.write(out, value); } public T read(JsonReader in) throws IOException { T obj = delegate.read(in); if (obj instanceof PostProcessable) { ((PostProcessable)obj).postProcess(); } return obj; } }; } }	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Introduction {#s1} ============ Our world is facing the pandemic of influenza H1N1 viral infection with probable immense effects on daily lives and on the world economy due to the easiness of transmission and to the high virulence of the virus [@pone.0008393-Zimmer1], [@pone.0008393-Morens1]. As of August 30^th^, world health organization (WHO) has reported 254206 laboratory-confirmed cases of infection of H1N1 infection; as of August 2^nd^ 26513 of these cases have occurred in the European continent [@pone.0008393-1], [@pone.0008393-European1]. These data are considered to be an under-estimation of the situation occurring worldwide due to the existence of cases with a very mild physical course not seeking medical attention. However, a total of 2837 deaths have been reported from the confirmed cases. The main question that needs to be answered when taking care of a severely ill patient infected by the H1N1 virus is if deterioration of the human host is due to the virus per se or to impairment of the immune system created in the field of infection and to any subsequent predilection for super-infections. Data to provide a clear-cut answer are missing. The present study is aiming to evaluate if infection by the novel H1N1 virus may lead to impairment of the function of the innate and adaptive immune responses of the human host. Results {#s2} ======= Demographic Characteristics {#s2a} --------------------------- A total of 110 patients were screened; 59 were enrolled in the study. Thirty-one patients were infected by H1N1 virus and six developed H1N1-related pneumonia; their mean ± SD age was 28.5±11.6 years; 17 were male and 14 female. Fever and malaise were the predominant symptoms occurring in all patients (100%) followed by cough in seven (22.5%) patients; and diarrhea in three patients (9.8%). Mean ± SD white blood cells were 5708.0±2578.8/µl. No underlying medical history was reported in any patient. Infection convalescence was noted in all. Eighteen patients were presented with flu-like syndrome; their mean ± age was 39.6±15.2 years; 10 were male and eight female. Fever and malaise were the predominant symptoms occurring in all patients (100%) followed by cough in six (31.6%) patients; and diarrhea in three patients (15.8%). Mean ± SD white blood cells were 8722.2±4817.3/µl. No underlying medical history was reported in any patient. None of these patients developed pneumonia. Infection convalescence was noted in all. Mean ± SD age of healthy volunteers was 36.3±7.4 years. Mean ± SD white blood cells were 5170.0±1296.2/µl. Effects in the Innate Immune System {#s2b} ----------------------------------- Infection by the H1N1 virus was accompanied by significant increase of monocytes (p\<0.0001 compared with healthy volunteers). Co-expression of HLA-DR on monocytes was more than 96% in all patients ([Figure 1](#pone-0008393-g001){ref-type="fig"}) ![Absolute counts of monocytes, of natural killer T-cell (NKT) and of natural killer (NK) cells.\ Results refer to 10 healthy volunteers, 18 patients with flu-like syndrome and 31 patients infected by the H1N1 virus. Expression of HLA-DR on monocytes is also shown. a: denotes statistically significant differences compared with healthy volunteers; b: denotes statistically significant differences compared with patients with a flu-like syndrome.](pone.0008393.g001){#pone-0008393-g001} Mean rates of apoptosis of monocytes were 52.4%, 65.5% and 75.5% among healthy volunteers, among patients with flu-like syndrome and among patients infected by the H1N1 virus respectively (p non-significant between groups). Respective mean rates of apoptosis of NKT-cells were 16.6%, 34.3% and 39.1% (p non-significant between groups). Respective mean rates of apoptosis of NK-cells were 19.1%, 27.2% and 23.1% (p non-significant between groups). Concentrations of TNFα of PBMCs-stimulated supernatants are shown in [Figure 2](#pone-0008393-g002){ref-type="fig"}. Patients infected by the H1N1 virus had lower production of TNFα after stimulation with PHA (p\<0.0001 compared with healthy volunteers) and heat-killed PSSP (p\<0.0001 compared with healthy volunteers). ![Production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα).\ Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 10 healthy volunteers, of 18 patients with flu-like syndrome and of 31 patients infected by the H1N1 virus were stimulated with endotoxins (LPS), phytohemagglutin (PHA), and heat-killed isolates of Candida albicans, of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus producing Panton-Valentine leukocidin (MRSA-PVL) and of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae. Superscript "a" denotes statistically significant differences compared with healthy volunteers; superscript "b" denotes statistically significant differences compared with patients with flu-like syndrome.](pone.0008393.g002){#pone-0008393-g002} Concentrations of IL-1β of PBMCs-stimulated supernatants are shown in [Figure 3](#pone-0008393-g003){ref-type="fig"}. No differences were found between healthy volunteers, patients with flu-like syndrome and patients infected by the H1N1 virus. ![Production of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β).\ Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 10 healthy volunteers, of 18 patients with flu-like syndrome and of 31 patients infected by the H1N1 virus were stimulated with endotoxins (LPS), phytohemagglutin (PHA), and heat-killed isolates of Candida albicans, of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus producing Panton-Valentine leukocidin (MRSA-PVL) and of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae.](pone.0008393.g003){#pone-0008393-g003} In order to define if the effect of H1N1 is related with the production of T~H~-1 type cytokines or not, concentrations of IL-6, IL-18, IFNα and IFNγ were also estimated in supernatants of PBMCs stimulated with either PHA or Streptococcus pneumoniae ([Figure 4](#pone-0008393-g004){ref-type="fig"}). It was found that stimulation of PBMCs of both patients with flu-like syndrome and H1N1-infection produced greater concentrations of IL-6 compared with healthy volunteers (p: 0.009 for comparisons between flu-like syndrome and healthy volunteers; p: 0.009 for comparisons between H1N1 infection and healthy volunteers). With the exception of single patients, IL-18 and IFNα were below the lower detection limit. Production of IFNγ was greater by PBMCs of H1N1-infected patients after stimulation either with PHA (p: 0.010 compared with healthy volunteers) or with S.pneumoniae (p: 0.029 compared with healthy volunteers). ![Cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy volunteers, of patients with flu-like syndrome and of patients infected by the H1N1.\ a) interleukin-6 (IL-6) after stimulation with one heat-killed isolate of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae; b) IL-18 after stimulation with one heat-killed isolate of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae; c) interferon-alpha (IFNα) after stimulation with one heat-killed isolate of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae; d) interferon-gamma (IFNγ) after stimulation with phytohemagglutin (PHA); and e) IFNγ after stimulation with one heat-killed isolate of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae. Superscript "a" denotes significant differences compared with healthy volunteers.](pone.0008393.g004){#pone-0008393-g004} Effects in the Adaptive Immune System {#s2c} ------------------------------------- Infection by the H1N1 virus was accompanied by significant decrease of CD4-lymphocyte counts (p: 0.003 compared with healthy volunteers) and of B-lymphocyte counts (p\<0.0001 compared with healthy volunteers). A significant increase of Tregs was also found compared with healthy volunteers (p: 0.001) ([Figure 5](#pone-0008393-g005){ref-type="fig"}). ![Absolute counts of CD4-lymphocytes, of CD8-lymphocytes, of T-regulatory cells and of B-lymphocytes.\ Results refer to 10 healthy volunteers, 18 patients with flu-like syndrome and 31 patients infected by the H1N1 virus. a: denotes statistically significant differences compared with healthy volunteers; b: denotes statistically significant differences compared with patients with flu-like syndrome.](pone.0008393.g005){#pone-0008393-g005} Mean rates of apoptosis of CD4-lymphocytes were 9.94%, 17.7% and 11.2% among healthy volunteers, among patients with flu-like syndrome and among patients infected by the H1N1 virus respectively (p non-significant between groups). Respective mean rates of apoptosis of B-lymphocytes were 16.2%, 18.4% and 17.3% (p non-significant between groups). Respective mean rates of apoptosis of CD8-lymphocytes were 36.9%, 44.1% and 39.3% (p non-significant between groups). Comparisons between H1N1-Infected Patients without and with Pneumonia {#s2d} --------------------------------------------------------------------- Any of the above estimated parameters of the innate and adaptive immune systems were compared between 25 H1N1-infected patients without pneumonia and six patients with H1N1-related pneumonia. No differences were found between them with the sole exception of Tregs counts being greater among the latter compared with the former (p\<0.0001) ([Figure 6](#pone-0008393-g006){ref-type="fig"}). ![Absolute counts of T-regulatory cells of patients infected with the H1N1 virus.\ Results are given separately for 25 patients without pneumonia and for six patients with pneumonia (p\<0.0001).](pone.0008393.g006){#pone-0008393-g006} Serum Cytokines {#s2e} --------------- Concentrations of TNFα and IL-1β in serum did not differ between the three groups. Those of IL-6 were higher in serum of patients with flu-like syndrome compared with healthy volunteers (p: 0.025) and in patients with H1N1 infection compared with healthy volunteers (p: 0.034) ([Figure 7](#pone-0008393-g007){ref-type="fig"}). ![Serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and of IL-6.\ Results refer to 10 healthy volunteers, 18 patients with flu-like syndrome and 31 patients infected by the H1N1 virus enrolled in the study. Superscript "a" denotes significant differences compared with healthy volunteers.](pone.0008393.g007){#pone-0008393-g007} Over-Time Changes {#s2f} ----------------- Absolute counts of monocytes and of B-lymphocytes of patients infected by the H1N1 virus at baseline and after 48 hours are shown in [Figure 8](#pone-0008393-g008){ref-type="fig"}. Counts of monocytes did not change; however absolute counts of B-lymphocytes were increased (p: 0.034 compared with baseline). ![Absolute counts of monocytes and B-lymphocytes.\ Results refer to 31 patients infected by the H1N1 virus at baseline and after 48 hours. P values denote statistically significant differences between the two time points.](pone.0008393.g008){#pone-0008393-g008} Discussion {#s3} ========== The emerging flu pandemic by the H1N1 virus creates considerable dilemmas in all health-care authorities about the real threat for the human host. It is traditionally been conceived that danger to the host is created when infection by an influenza type A strain predisposes to secondary infections by bacterial pathogens [@pone.0008393-Morens1]. Estimation of that danger for the public health requires in-depth knowledge of the effects of the emerging H1N1 virus in the innate and adaptive immune responses of the host. To fully elucidate this, immune responses of laboratory-confirmed cases were studied and compared with those of healthy volunteers and those of patients with flu-like syndrome who were negative for infection by H1N1. Results revealed that within the first two days of advent of the first symptoms, considerable changes of both the innate and the adaptive immune responses were found among patients infected by the H1N1 virus. Principal changes were a) increase of absolute monocyte counts; b) selective defect of TNFα and IFNγ production from PBMCs after stimulation with S.pneumoniae; and c) increase of absolute counts of Tregs mainly observed among patients with H1N1-related pneumonia. Despite the increase of absolute monocyte counts, the expression of HLA-DR on monocytes remained very high. This is of considerable importance for the effect of H1N1 infection on our immune system. High level of expression of HLA-DR on monocytes is an index of the ability of the innate immune system for antigen-presentation. Suppression of the expression of HLA-DR on monocytes is characteristic of immunoparalysis that supervenes in moribund conditions like sepsis and that creates predisposition for super-infection by a variety of pathogens [@pone.0008393-Tschoeke1]. This does not seem to happen in the event of infection by H1N1 influenza. To fully clarify the effect of infection by H1N1 on the monocyte function, PBMCs of H1N1-infected patients were stimulated with a variety of stimuli representative of a broad range of pathogens like Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive cocci and fungi. Production of cytokines was adequate for most of the applied stimuli being similar to that of healthy volunteers. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were also estimated in serum of patients. IL-6 was increased in both patients with flu-like syndrome and patients with H1N1 infection. In an earlier study of 39 patients with either influenza A or B in Hong Kong during the first semester of 2006 i.e. well before the arrival of H1N1, concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines were estimated in plasma and found particularly elevated [@pone.0008393-Lee1]. Defective cytokines responses were noted after stimulation of PBMCs with PHA and with S.pneumoniae and involved production of TNFα and of IFNγ among the panel of estimated cytokines. This implies that infection by H1N1 creates a selective impairment of the innate immune response for S.pneumoniae probably mediated through the T~H~1 immune response. Infection by H1N1 was also accompanied by alterations of the adaptive immune responses. Decreases of CD4-lymphocytes and of B-lymphocytes and increase of Tregs were observed. The former decreases occurred not only in H1N1-infected patients but also in enrolled patients with flu-like syndrome. Apoptosis was not a mechanism involved in the induction of these changes. However, increase of the absolute count of Tregs was a predominant finding of H1N1 infection particularly when infection involved the lower respiratory tract. This may be a sign of an attempt of the host to counterbalance exaggerated immune responses since Tregs are acting by enhancing endogenous anti-inflammatory responses [@pone.0008393-Majlessi1]. B-lymphocytes also started to increase within the first 48 hours after baseline counting. This is a very optimistic sign for the impact of H1N1 infection on our health since B-lymphocytes are responsible for antibody production. However several limitations of this study should be addressed. Viral load of H1N1 and probable correlations with the described immune alterations were not assessed. It should also be underscored that the study was focused on circulatory effector cells whereas potent immune cells may be accumulated in the infection site. Even if this is the case, the validity of the study remains intact since results describe a qualitative derangement of circulatory effector cells within the first 48 hours of initiation of symptoms of infection by the new H1N1 virus. The presented results revealed that infection by the H1N1 virus is accompanied by a characteristic impairment of the innate immune responses characterized by defective cytokine responses to S.pneumoniae. This is accompanied by alterations of the adaptive immune responses predominated by increase of Tregs. The significance of the presented results is underscored by three key-elements: a) alterations of the immune responses are shown even with a study enrolling a relative few number of patients; b) H1N1-infected cases are either of moderate severity or of considerable severity since they are all presented with fever above 38.5°C whereas pneumonia is presented in six; and c) enrolled patients infected by H1N1 influenza are young of a mean age of 28.4 years without any underlying disease. It may be postulated that since impairments of the immune responses for S.pneumoniae are even seen for young infected patients, these findings have considerable value for patients with underlying diseases predisposing to pneumococcal infections. It should be further underscored that reported cases of severe infection by the H1N1 virus accompanied by pneumonia and increased mortality were between 15 and 44 years old [@pone.0008393-PerezPadilla1], [@pone.0008393-Chowell1] i.e. within the age range of patients enrolled in the present study. In all cases, the results of the present study may help to better understand the life cycle of H1N1 in the human host and to improve our strategies to control it. Methods {#s4} ======= Ethics Statement {#s4a} ---------------- The study was performed during the period July-August 2009. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the ATTIKON University Hospital of Athens. All patients admitted in the emergency department for flu-like symptoms and who provided written-informed consent were eligible. Only patients with core temperature greater than 38.5°C were further screened for enrolment. Study Design {#s4b} ------------ Inclusion criteria were: a) written informed consent; b) age more or equal to 16 years; c) symptoms compatible with infection by H1N1 as already defined [@pone.0008393-Health1]; d) core temperature above 38.5°C; and e) start of symptoms within the last two days. Exclusion criteria were: a) deny to consent; b) known infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); c) neutropenia defined as an absolute neutrophil count equal to or below 500 neutrophils per microliter (µl) of blood; d) oral intake of corticoids defined as more than 1 mg/kg of body weight of equivalent prednisone for more than one month. Enrolled patients underwent a detailed work-out comprising case-history and epidemiological history, thorough physical examination, chest X-ray if considered necessary, white blood cell count, and urine analysis for detection of leukocytes and nitrate and detection of antigens of Streptococcus pneumoniae and of Legionella pneumophila. If the above work-out failed to disclose the presence of bacterial infection, a pharyngeal smear was collected with a swab. Infection by the H1N1 virus was diagnosed by the real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction detecting the presence of H1N1 RNA in the infected cells (rRT-PCR) [@pone.0008393-Petric1]. A patient was considered to present with a lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) due H1N1 virus when a local infiltrate was diagnosed in chest X-ray and H1N1 RNA was detected in the pharyngeal swab, as defined elsewhere [@pone.0008393-PerezPadilla1], [@pone.0008393-Chowell1]. Patients were followed-up until complete resolution of symptoms. In parallel with the collection of the pharyngeal smear, 25 milliliters of whole blood were collected after venipuncture of one forearm antecubital vein under sterile conditions. Twenty ml blood were collected into two EDTA-coated tubes (Vacutainer, Becton Dickinson, Cockeysville Md) and another 5 were collected into sterile and pyrogen-free tubes (Vacutainer) and transferred immediately to the laboratory for further analysis. Blood was also sampled from 10 healthy volunteers. For patients diagnosed with H1N1 infection, 5 ml of blood was also sampled after 48 hours as described above. Laboratory Procedure {#s4c} -------------------- In whole blood collected into the first tube, red blood cells were lyzed with ammonium chloride 1.0 mM. White blood cells were washed three times with phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2) (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and subsequently incubated for 15 minutes in the dark with the monoclonal antibodies anti-CD3, anti-CD4, anti-CD14 and anti-CD19 and the protein ANNEXIN-V at the flurochrome fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC, emission 525 nm, Immunotech, Marseille, France); with the monoclonal antibodies anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD14, anti-CD(16+56), anti-CD25 and anti-HLA-DR at the fluorochrome phycoerythrin (PE, emission 575 nm, Immunotech); with the monoclonal antibody anti-CD3 and anti-CD127 at the fluorochrome ECD (emission 613 nm, Immunotech); with the monoclonal antibody anti-CD45 at the fluorochrome PC5 (emission 650 nm, Immunotech); and with 7-AAD at the fluorocolour PC7 (emission 670 nm, Immunotech). Fluorospheres (Immunotech) were used for the determination of absolute counts. The following combinations were studied: anti-CD3/anti-CD4/anti-CD45 for CD4-lymphocytes; anti-CD3/anti-CD8/anti-CD45 for CD8-lymphocytes; anti-CD3/anti-CD(16+56)/anti-CD45 for Natural Killer (NK)-cells and for NKT-cells; anti-CD4-/anti-CD25/anti-CD127/anti-CD45 for T-regulatory cells (Tregs); anti-CD19/anti-CD45 for B-lymphocytes; anti-CD14/anti-HLA-DR/anti-CD45 for immunoparalysis of monocytes; ANNEXIN-V/anti-CD4/anti-CD3/7-AAD for apoptosis of CD4-lymphocytes; ANNEXIN-V/anti-CD8/anti-CD3 for apoptosis of CD8-lymphocytes; ANNEXIN-V/antiCD14/7-AAD for apoptosis of monocytes; ANNEXIN-V/anti-CD19/7-AAD for apoptosis of B-lymphocytes. Cells were analyzed after running through the EPICS XL/MSL flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter Co, Miami, Florida) with gating for lymphocytes or monocytes based on their characteristic FS/SS scattering. Cells staining negative for CD3 and positive for CD(16+56) were considered NK-cells; those staining positive for both CD3 and CD(16+56) were considered NKT- cells. Cells staining positive for both CD4 and CD25 and negative for CD127 were considered Tregs, according to other authors [@pone.0008393-2], [@pone.0008393-3]. In all analyzed cell subtypes, apoptotic cells stained positive for ANNEXIN-V and negative for 7-AAD. Isotypic IgG controls were used for each patient. To verify the appropriateness to discriminate cells staining positive for both CD4 and CD25 and negative for CD127 as Tregs, blood sampling was repeated for seven newly enrolled patients; two healthy volunteers, two patients with flu-like syndrome and three patients with H1N1 infection. Absolute counts of Tregs were estimated both as described above and with the PE anti-human Foxp3 staining set (eBioscience Inc., San Diego, USA). Median difference of the two assays was 5.88%. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from blood collected in the second tube after gradient centrifugation over Ficoll (Biochrom, Berlin, Germany) for 20 minutes at 1400 g. After three washings in ice-cold PBS pH 7.2, PBMCs were counted in a Neubauer plate with trypan blue exclusion of dead cells. They were then diluted in RPMI 1640 enriched with 2 mM of L-glutamine, 500 µg/ml of gentamicin, 100 U/ml of penicillin G and 10 mM of pyruvate (Biochrom) and suspended in wells of a 96-well plate. The final volume per well was 200 µl with a density of 2×10^6^ cells/ml. PBMCs were exposed in duplicate to the following stimuli for 24 hours at 37°C in 5% CO~2~: 10 ng/ml of Escherichia coli O55:B5 lipopolysaccharide (LPS, Sigma, St. Louis, USA); 5 µg/ml of phytohemagglutin (PHA, EMC microcolecctions, Tübingen, Germany); and 2×10^5^ colony forming units/ml of each of the following heat-killed isolates: Candida albicans; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) producing Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL); and penicillin-susceptible S.pneumoniae (PSSP). All the above were clinical isolates derived from the blood of different patients with documented infections. Resistance of S.aureus to methicillin and production of PVL were documented by the detection of the mecA gene and the lucS-PV gene respectively by PCR [@pone.0008393-4], [@pone.0008393-Witte1]. PSSP has been isolated from a patient with LRTI and bacteremia and it has already been described in a previous study [@pone.0008393-GiamarellosBourboulis1]. Concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) were estimated in cell supernatants in duplicate by an enzyme immunoassay (R&D, Minneapolis, USA). Those of interferon-gamma (IFNγ) were estimated only in supernatants of PHA-stimulated cells and of PSSP-stimulated cells (Diaclone, Paris, France). Those of IL-6, of IL-18 and of IFNα were estimated only in supernatants of PSSP-stimulated cells (Diaclone, Paris, France and MBL, Nagoya, Japan). The lowest detections limits were: for TNFα 80 pg/ml; for IL-1β 20 pg/ml; for IL-6 60 pg/ml; for IL-18 130 pg/ml; for IFNα 40 pg/ml; and for 100 IFNγ pg/ml. Blood collected into sterile and pyrogen-free tubes was centrifuged and serum was stored at −70°C until assayed. Concentrations of TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 were estimated as described above. In blood samples collected 48 hours after the baseline, absolute counts of monocytes and of B-lymphocytes were determined as described above. Statistical Analysis {#s4d} -------------------- Subjects were divided into healthy volunteers; into those presenting with flu-like syndrome; and into those infected by the H1N1 virus. Results were expressed as means ± SE. Comparisons between groups were compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Bonferroni analysis for the avoidance of random correlations. Comparisons between H1N1-infected patients without and with pneumonia were done by Student\'s "t-test". Comparisons between consecutive samplings were done by paired "t-test". Any value of p below 0.05 was considered significant. Competing Interests:The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Funding:This study was funded by kind donations of the following pharmaceutical industries in alphabetical order: Unipharma SA, Athens, Greece; Vianex SA, Athens, Greece; Wyeth Hellas SA. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. [^1]: Conceived and designed the experiments: EJGB HG. Performed the experiments: EJGB AS TK MG AP NP. Analyzed the data: EJGB MR AA FB PK TT SA LG EG Dk FK. Wrote the paper: EJGB. Data collection: MR, AA, FB, PK, DK, FK, GP, VS, PP, AP, KK, HG. Drafting of the manuscript: MR, AA, FB, PK, AS, TK, MG, AP, TT, NP, SA, LG, EG, DK, FK, MM, GP, VS, PP, AP, KK, HG.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
The use of contrast echocardiography in the diagnosis of an unusual cause of congestive heart failure: achalasia. Extrinsic compression of the left atrium is a potentially life-threatening but unusual cause of congestive heart failure. Achalasia is a motility disorder characterized by impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter and dilation of the distal two-thirds of the esophagus. We report only the third known case in the world literature of massive left atrial compression by a dilated esophagus in a patient with achalasia. The use of contrast echocardiography with perflutren protein-type A microspheres allowed for differentiation between a compressive vascular structure and the esophagus. This resulted in prompt treatment leading to hemodynamic stability after nasogastric decompression and Botulinum toxin injection at the gastroesophageal junction.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Image caption Shopping may offer exercise and companionship Shopping prolongs life, at least for the over 65s in Taiwan, according to research. Even after adjusting for factors like physical and mental infirmity, men and women who shopped daily lived longer than those who shunned retail therapy, say scientists. Shopping may provide companionship, exercise and an opportunity to maintain a healthy diet, they report in the Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. A leading UK expert said the findings "made sense" since shopping involves physical activity, social interaction and keeping mentally active. In the study, published online in the academic journal, researchers led by Dr Yu-Hung Chang of the Institute of Population Health Sciences, Taiwan, studied nearly 2,000 men and women aged 65 and over who lived in their own homes. They found those who shopped regularly lived longer than those who shopped just once a week or less, even after adjusting for factors such as physical limitations and cognitive decline. The data Taiwanese researchers studied 1,850 people aged 65 plus All were living independently at home During a survey in 1999-2000 they were asked how often they went shopping The team tracked how long they lived by linking individuals to national death registries between 1999 and 2008 Those who shopped daily were 27% less likely to die than those who shopped infrequently, with the biggest effect seen in men They acknowledge that shopping could be a marker for those in good health to begin with, but suggest shopping itself may improve health. "Shopping is often for pleasure with the potential to increase psychological wellbeing," they conclude. "Compared to other types of leisure-time physical activity, like formal exercise, which usually requires motivation and sometimes professional instruction, shopping activity is easier to undertake and maintain." David Oliver, visiting professor of medicine for older people at City University, London, said the findings "made sense". He told the BBC: "What the Taiwanese researchers have shown is that continuing to shop is independently predictive of better well-being and longer life. "Shopping is going to involve physical activity, social interaction with other shoppers and because it's quite a complex task it's going to keep you mentally active. "It makes sense that it would be a predictor of better physical and psychological well-being."	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom Torys Tucker Ellis Watkins & Eager Wheeler Trigg O'Donnell White & Case Williams & Connolly Interact with us Innovative Partnership Transforms the Practice of Law Continuous improvement is often touted by organizations but many such claims lack substance. Not so in the case of the Pfizer Legal Alliance (PLA), a well-established initiative that relies on consistent self-examination to increase its effectiveness and efficiency. Designed as a long-term collaborative partnership between Pfizer and 19 law firms that aims to transform the way legal services are delivered and valued, the PLA has a designated Chief Counsel in Ellen Rosenthal, who's always asking herself what she could do better. The PLA was created by Pfizer General Counsel Amy Schulman in 2009 as an alternative to the traditional billable hour. She believes that the traditional approach creates a barrier to client–firm relationships and negatively affects the quality of legal outcomes. "The PLA rejects the idea of a relationship between hourly billing and value," she says. Each firm works on a flat-fee basis established at the beginning of each calendar year. The firms provide legal services to Pfizer on the full range of matters facing the company. Approximately 70 percent of Pfizer's addressable legal budget is currently spent within the PLA. There is no financial incentive for firms to compete for work within the PLA and they are encouraged to work together. Firms are rewarded with opportunities to expand their scope of work on high-profile projects, develop trust and long-term relationships with Pfizer and each other, and deepen their knowledge of Pfizer and the pharmaceutical industry. "The PLA represents true collaboration: mutuality of goals, accountability, and firms partnering with each other. I think it helps us get back to the pleasure and satisfaction of practicing law," Schulman says. The fine-tuning often stems from the results of regular surveys of member firms, says Rosenthal. "One thing we learned was that we needed better communication between Pfizer and the firms than I could accomplish on my own," she says. An innovation a year into the project engages dedicated senior Pfizer lawyers from the Legal and Compliance Divisions as Pfizer Alliance Leaders (PALs), each of whom is assigned to a single firm to facilitate collaboration and communication. Each firm appoints a Relationship Partner, who serves as a liaison with the PAL and acts as the primary point of contact between the firm and Pfizer. PALs and Relationship Partners meet monthly to discuss top matters, issues related to quality/quantity of work, secondments, educational opportunities, and more. Two additions to the program in the past year are sources of great pride for Rosenthal: the Associate Roundtable and the Junior Associate Program. The Associate Roundtable brings together star associates from each member firm; self-governed, the group has become a strong social network in which the associates can cross-refer matters. Each Roundtable member is paired with a Pfizer mentor, who identifies opportunities for the associates to do more high-profile work. The Roundtable also developed a CLE program for Pfizer attorneys that is conducted monthly via live at Pfizer as well as webcast to Pfizer offices and to all of the Alliance firms. The Junior Associate Program was developed to strengthen the professional development of high-potential law school graduates through hands-on exposure to Pfizer legal matters. Launched in September 2011, the program rotates three first-year lawyers, two of whom who completed joint JD/MBA programs, between Pfizer and a PLA firm for two years. They will ultimately join Pfizer or the firm as third-year associates. "Most corporations don't hire newly minted lawyers, but we see it as a great opportunity to build a home-grown team," says Rosenthal. "Both of these programs demonstrate our commitment to the future of the relationship with the PLA firms, and it is a real joy to see these associates grow." The PLA allows Pfizer to harness a cohesive, collaborative pool of legal expertise to quickly, productively and efficiently address matters and resolve issues, ultimately leading to more favorable outcomes. Last year, for example, the PLA led negotiations for master services agreements (MSAs) with two contract research organizations to make them preferred clinical trial service providers for five years. The complex transactions—conducted in parallel—had to be completed simultaneously and confidentially within a very tight timeframe, and involved Pfizer lawyers and two firms. One firm took the lead on drafting each MSA, while providing secondary support to the other firm. As issues or questions arose, the teams met to discuss and resolve them. The result was two successfully negotiated, aligned, and high-quality deals in a span of just three months, along with best practice lessons that continue to benefit PLA legal work. "Research shows that diverse teams that collaborate get better results," Schulman says. "That is borne out all the time in the PLA." Rosenthal says she spent most of 2011 embedding operational tools for the PLA, such as the virtual communications hub that connects more than 700 Pfizer and firm lawyers—the "PLA Exchange." The site is updated daily and features an expertise locator; conversation forums; daily news updates; articles on the PLA, Pfizer, and participating firms; and helpful resources that facilitate feedback and knowledge sharing. She also developed the template for a monthly report that the firms can generate for their PALs. "This year, the PLA has really begun to feel like an established institution; we're standing on solid ground and can continue to evolve and mature" Rosenthal says. Up next? Goals to drive incentives and awards, a pro bono program, and a diversity program. "We are looking toward a long-term future," says Rosenthal. From the Judges Pfizer has had visibility for some time with the significant programs they have implemented. This submission is… an example of focusing on areas that really matter, not the peripheral stuff. And it shows how costs can be reduced and predictability achieved while at the same time improving outcomes.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Effective medium theory for drag-reducing micro-patterned surfaces in turbulent flows. Many studies in the last decade have revealed that patterns at the microscale can reduce skin drag. Yet, the mechanisms and parameters that control drag reduction, e.g. Reynolds number and pattern geometry, are still unclear. We propose an effective medium representation of the micro-features, that treats the latter as a porous medium, and provides a framework to model turbulent flow over patterned surfaces. Our key result is a closed-form expression for the skin friction coefficient in terms of frictional Reynolds (or Kármán) number in turbulent regime, the viscosity ratio between the fluid in and above the features, and their geometrical properties. We apply the proposed model to turbulent flows over superhydrophobic ridged surfaces. The model predictions agree with laboratory experiments for Reynolds numbers ranging from 3000 to 10000.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Q: AWS ALB + Django + Gunicorn +- Nginx? I am building an environment in AWS to host a django application. I am trying to figure out if I should be using nginx as part of the build. I am listing a few different environments below for example/comparison purposes. All environments make use of an AWS ALB. ENV 1 ALB -> dockercontainer running django +uses inbuilt django webserver, static files working -inbuilt django webserver not made for production use ENV 2 ALB -> dockercontainer running django/gunicorn +uses gunicorn (not django webserver) -static files NOT working ENV 3 ALB -> dockercontainer running django/gunicorn + nginx note: I have not tested this configuration yet. +uses gunicorn (not django webserver) +uses nginx static files should work I read this stackoverflow post and understand the differing roles of gunicorn vs nginx. I am being advised by a colleague that ENV 2 is all I need, that I should be able to serve static files with it, that the ALB provides similar functionality to NGINX. Is this correct? A: Just to clarify - "ALB" stands for Application Load Balancer, which is differentiated from the older Elastic Load Balancer in that traffic can be routed based on URI. However, whichever load balancer you're referring to, I believe you'll need nginx in the mix, as AWS load balancers don't offer any file serving capability. If your static files have a consistent URI pattern, you might be able to use an ALB to serve static files from S3 or CloudFront.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Simon Phillips: opera and comedy are a perfect marriage Simon Phillips once thought comic opera was a contradiction in terms. That is, until he directed one. The director of The Turk in Italy discusses his brand new show and reveals why opera and comedy are a perfect pairing. Simon Phillips is clearly a man in love with comedy, right down to his shoeless, odd-socked feet (one emerald green, one salmon pink). Midway through rehearsals for Opera Australia’s new production The Turk in Italy, the seasoned director can’t stop grinning as he watches his ensemble play out the action of Rossini’s hilarious tale. “When I first started directing opera, I thought that comic opera was a contradiction in terms,” Phillips admits. “It felt to me like opera was about the human emotion getting to a scale where it could not be expressed in any way but song. But these very light operas were always conceived as something to be a bit outrageous. I find the idea of perversely adding comedy to a form that is so beautiful creates an interesting tension.” The Turk in Italy is a classic comic farce, taking the age-old story of an older man and his younger, unfaithful wife and throwing a dashing young love interest (the ‘Turk’) in the middle to, as Phillips puts it, “throw many cats among many pigeons”. Add to that a troupe of gypsies, an ex-lover and a young poet with writer’s block … and you get a classic situational comedy with a dose of promiscuity, mistaken identity and slapstick humour. The opera is rarely performed, giving Phillips the liberty to have a bit of fun with a piece of which few will have pre-conceived notions . “This is an unashamedly frivolous piece of music and plot, that like all good unashamedly frivolous pieces occasionally gives way and surprises you with some kind of sweet, human emotion,” he explains. “So we’ve been unashamedly frivolous in the way we approach it.” Moving the action to 1950s Italy has opened up a world of fun possibilities. “When I’m doing a comedy, I like to bring the date as close to the contemporary world as the action will sensibly allow. In the 1950s, there’s still a sense of propriety in the air, so when people start behaving badly, the stakes are higher than they would be today. And the colours of the 1950s are inherently comical – remember those pink and black bathrooms?” Even so, the music has to lead the way, Phillips says. “You are responding to the tempi, the spirit and the flavour of the music. Under the baton of Andrea Molino, Rossini’s melodies sparkle in perfect harmony with the frivolity on stage.” Director Simon Phillips Comedy in opera presents particular challenges that a director doesn’t experience when staging comedy in theatre, Phillips says. “In straight theatre, the audience hear the line, and it is funny, and therefore, they laugh at it. In the opera, they receive the comedy of the words, via the surtitles. There’s a disconnect between what they’re seeing, what they’re hearing and what they’re reading. That’s a challenge, but it also gives you great freedom – because you can tweak the surtitles to make them funnier.” Despite the differences, Phillips believes the heart of great farce is consistent across theatre, film, opera and musicals. “At its best, comedy is about an honest idea taken to a ludicrous extreme. It’s the comedy of the human thought process, of someone in a predicament, honestly and earnestly trying to solve it.” Opera’s biggest limitations are also unique advantages, Phillips says. “In these Rossini operas, and to a certain extent Donizetti operas as well, people repeat themselves so much. So you have to find a way around the fact that nothing progresses in terms of the text. The opera only progresses in terms of situation, and that sometimes pushes you to extremes of slapstick that you might not indulge in, or need to indulge in, in a straight farce.” There is plenty of scope for physical theatre and slapstick comedy in the opera, especially when one character has the spotlight but there are others on stage. “A huge amount of Rossini’s music is decorative, so as a result, some of the physical action is decorative as well, taking place in the background.” Phillips has assembled a dream cast to help execute his vision of a thoroughly entertaining production. “Although these are extremely gifted singers, it’s really like they are comic actors who happen to be able to sing the material very well. What they have is an ability to play through the music, and still find the beats of comedy. And that’s in spite of the extreme difficulty of the music itself! I’m extremely lucky that the performers are able to play action and reaction and all the hallmarks of comedy and yet sing with such beautiful voices.” In the rehearsal room, the cast is laughing as much as they’re singing, as they workshop their way through the humour and humanity of the opera. And Simon Phillips is sitting back with an ear-to-ear smile on his face, looking for all the world like a man at the opera, enjoying a good show. The Turk in Italy is on at the Sydney Opera House from January 22 – February 12, 2014 and at the Arts Centre Melbourne from May 1 – May 13. Want more information? Click here to read about the cast, the opera and to purchase tickets. 11 Responses to “Simon Phillips: opera and comedy are a perfect marriage” he’s only nearly 12 but we’re LURING him into WONDERFUL MUSIC! We live on the coast half way between Sydney and Brisbane and so far we’ve educated him with The Turk, Magic Flute and Carmen. His adventures on the saxaphone are interesting ..they swing! Anna I like the valuable information you provide in your articles. I will bookmark your weblog and check again here frequently. I’m quite sure I’ll learn plenty of new stuff right here! Good luck for the next! I’m extremely impressed along with your writing abilities and also with the structure in your blog. Is this a paid topic or did you modify it your self? Either way keep up the nice quality writing, it is rare to see a great blog like this one these days.. Having read this I thought it was really informative. I appreciate you spending some time and effort to put this article together. I once again find myself spending a lot of time both reading and leaving comments. But so what, it was still worthwhile!	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Primavera Sound Primavera Sound is a music festival that takes place between the end of May and beginning of June in Barcelona, Spain and Porto, Portugal. The first edition took place in 2001 in Poble Espanyol and in 2005 it moved to the Parc del Fòrum, a much larger site on the seafront. The nature of the festival (urban and an integrated part of the city) and the wide range of bands represented have made Primavera Sound a meeting point for artists and spectators from all generations. The festival presents all genres including pop, rock and the most underground tendencies of electronic and dance music. Pixies, Arcade Fire, Queens of the Stone Age, The National, Nine Inch Nails, Kendrick Lamar, Neil Young, Sonic Youth, Portishead, Pet Shop Boys, Pavement, Echo & The Bunnymen, Lou Reed, My Bloody Valentine, El-P, Pulp, Patti Smith, James Blake, Cat Power, Public Enemy, Grinderman, Franz Ferdinand, Television, Devo, Enrique Morente, The White Stripes, LCD Soundsystem, Tindersticks, PJ Harvey, Shellac, Dinosaur Jr., New Order, Fuck Buttons, Swans, Melvins, Psychic TV, Spiritualized, The Cure, Bon Iver, La Buena Vida, Death Cab For Cutie, Iggy & The Stooges, De La Soul, Marianne Faithfull, Mazzy Star, Blur, Wu-Tang Clan, Phoenix, Radiohead, Animal Collective, Sigur Rós, The Jesus and Mary Chain and Tame Impala amongst many others have performed on its stages. At every edition the event has grown both in terms of numbers and in terms of media exposure: press, radio and television both nationally and internationally. Its first edition in 2001 closed with an attendance of 8000 people, an audience that by the latest edition in 2015 had become 190,000. History Although Primavera Sound had existed in a small format in Barcelona since the 1990s, 2001 saw the first bigger event take place in the Poble Espanyol with more than one stage and attracted around 7,700 people. The bill included the likes of Armand Van Helden, Le Hammond Inferno, former main man of Pizzicato 5, Yasuharu Konishi, Faze Action, Bent, Los Planetas, Manta Ray, Sr. Chinarro, Samuel L. Session, Unkle, Carl Craig, Dj Godfather; and many other bands and DJs like Gentle People Djs, Leila, Zip and Gus Gus Djs.In 2002 Primavera Sound took place on 17 and 18 May. The main change was the addition of a second day to the festival. Sixty local and international bands and DJs played on five different stages that year, including Pulp, Tindersticks, Spiritualized, Echo & The Bunnymen, J Mascis, Aphex Twin, Luke Slater, Giant Sand, The Delgados, Dave Clarke, Bis, Ian Pooley, Andrew Weatherall, Le Tigre, Gonzales, The Moldy Peaches, Chicks On Speed, Clem Snide, La Buena Vida, Green Velvet, Cinerama, Lo-Fidelity Allstars and The Zephyrs. 2002 was also the first year to include non-musical performances. 24,000 people attended in 2003, and number of acts also increased to more than 90 groups and DJs both local and international. Five areas were arranged at the Poble Espanyol site for the night shows (Nitsa-Apolo, Rockdelux by Lois, CD Drome, Nasti and Psicolabis). An extra site was added to the festival: Mercat de les Flors, for the day time activities: the Primavera Soundtrack Film Festival and the Record label Fair, which included two stages (acoustic and electric) where the label’s bands showcased their works. Acts included Belle And Sebastian, Yo La Tengo, Teenage Fanclub, Arab Strap, I Am Kloot, Sonic Youth, Mogwai, The White Stripes, Television, Beef, The Go-Betweens, 2 Many Dj’s, Julian Cope, Baxter Dury, Roni Size, Ed Harcourt, Antònia Font, Lcd Soundsystem, Märtini Brös, Erol Alkan, Gold Chains, Godspeed You! Black Emperor, Hangedup, The Streets, Baby Zizanie, A Room With A View. In 2004 the festival kept growing in length (three days in the Poble Espanyol), artists and attendance. Attendance increased to up to 40,000 people. Headliners included PJ Harvey, Primal Scream, The Divine Comedy, Wilco and Franz Ferdinand. The size of the simultaneous record label and industry fair also increased, with 30 stands representing the leading independent Spanish record labels, as well as specialized press and associated companies. In 2005 the festival relocated from the Poble Espanyol to the Fòrum site. This year saw the first use of the Auditorium building where some of the main performances of that weekend took place, such as Antony & The Johnsons, Vic Chesnutt and Tortoise. Headliners included New Order, Iggy Pop’s Stooges live comeback, Sonic Youth, Steve Earle and Gang of Four. 2006 saw only minor changes in the layout of the stages and some improvements in the infrastructure. Performers included Lou Reed, Motörhead, Yo La Tengo, The Flaming Lips, Yeah Yeah Yeahs, Babyshambles, Animal Collective, Gang Gang Dance, Deerhoof, Richard Hawley, Isobel Campbell, José González, Vashti Bunyan, 2007 saw the audience increase to over 60,000 attendees. With thirty per cent of the audience coming from other countries, The 150 acts included Wilco, Smashing Pumpkins, Sonic Youth played the legendary album Daydream Nation integrally and the Forum vibrated with the concert of the veteran Patti Smith, The Good, the Bad & the Queen, The Durutti Column, Maxïmo Park, Buzzcocks, Grizzly Bear, Billy Bragg, Low, Band Of Horses, Diplo, Erol Alkan and many others.2008 saw around 160 artists perform in venues both in the Parc Del Fòrum and into the centre of Barcelona city. Performers included Portishead, MGMT, Public Enemy, Vampire Weekend, Cat Power, El Guincho, Bon Iver, Dirty Projectors, Explosions In The Sky, Why? and Caribou. 2009 saw a total of 171 concerts and over 80,000 spectators. The audience was spread around the fourteen stages of the festival, six of which are on the Parc del Fòrum site (76,000 spectators) and another eight distributed around the centre of Barcelona with Primavera in the City, which attracted 4,600 more spectators. The starting signal was given in various underground stations of the town centre on Saturday 23 May and the usual presentation showcases, organized with the collaboration of different record companies and taking place from Monday the 25th in the Apolo, and Sidecar. The main event took place on the 28th, 29th and 30 May and the second edition of Primavera at the Park (free concerts in the Joan Miró) consolidated itself in 2009 with twelve concerts which prolonged the festival into the Sunday 31 May.Headliners included My Bloody Valentine, Yo la Tengo, The Vaselines, Phoenix, Aphex Twin, Squarepusher, Andrew Bird, The Horrors, Bloc Party, Throwing Muses, Saint Etienne, Jarvis Cocker, Art Brut, Damien Jurado, Sonic Youth, Herman Dune, Deerhunter, Simian Mobile disco, Liars, Michael Nyman, Ghostface Killah, Black Lips and Neil Young. 2010 saw over 100,000 spectators attend the festival for the first time, and featured the first edition of PrimaveraPro, a gathering more than 400 music industry professionals from different countries and different areas within the sector such as labels, booking agencies, promoters or festival programmers. Performers included Pavement, Superchunk, The Fall, The XX, Pixies, Beach House, Pet Shop Boys, Orbital, Ben Frost, Van Dyke Parks, Built To Spill, Grizzly Bear Dum Dum Girls, and Los Campesinos!. In 2011 attendance grew to over 120,000 people. Performers included Caribou, Echo & The Bunnymen, Mercury Rev, The National, Nick Cave, Belle & Sebastian, The Flaming Lips, PJ Harvey, Animal Collective and Pulp, 2012's headliners included Refused, Wilco, Franz Ferdinand, The xx, Beirut, Napalm Death, Grimes, Danny Brown, Other Lives, Kindness, The Cure, John Talabot, Marianne Faithfull, The Chameleons, the Afghan Whigs and Nick Garrie. Attendance was around 117,000 people. 2013's headliners included The Postal Service, Phoenix, Tame Impala, Deerhunter, Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds, Blur. Bob Mould, James Blake, Wu-Tang Clan, My Bloody Valentine, Los Planetas, Hot Chip, The Knife, Solange Knowles, Kurt Vile, Local Natives and Mulatu Astatke among 260 concerts programmed at the thirteenth edition of the festival. Local bands included Manel, Madrid band Toundra, Fred I Son, The Free Fall Band, La Bien Querida and El Inquilino Comunista. There was a new record attendance of 170,000 counting the four days in the Parc del Fòrum and the activities in the framework of Primavera a la Ciutat.2014 saw performances by Arcade Fire, Pixies, The National and Neutral Milk Hotel as well as Charles Bradley, Kendrick Lamar, Nine Inch Nails, Caetano Veloso, Disclosure, Queens Of The Stone Age, Future Islands and St. Vincent. In 2015, the festival was headlined by The Black Keys, Anthony and the Johnsons, Alt-J, Patti Smith, The Strokes, Ride, Interpol and Underworld. James Blake, Caribou, Belle and Sebastian, Spiritualized, Jungle, Simian Mobile Disco, Jose Gonzalez, Jon Hopkins and The Church also appeared. The 2016 festival was headlined by Radiohead, LCD Soundsystem and Sigur Ros. PJ Harvey, Tame Impala, The Last Shadow Puppets, Air, Brian Wilson, Beach House, Suede, Beirut and Animal Collective also performed. In 2017, the festival was headlined by Arcade Fire, Bon Iver, The XX, Aphex Twin, Grace Jones, Slayer, Solange and Van Morrison. More than 200.000 people attended the 2017 festival. In 2018, the festival was headlined by Arctic Monkeys, Bjork, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, The National, Chvrches, The War on Drugs, Lorde and A$AP Rocky. It took place from May 31 to June 3. The 2019 lineup of the festival has attempted to showcase a gender balanced lineup with equal numbers of male and female performers. The festival's 'new normal' initiative aims to set a benchmark for equal gender representation that other festivals should follow. Primavera's head of press, Marta Pallarès, told the Guardian “We need to change the ‘pale, male and stale’ paradigm”. Female acts announced for the festival included Cardi B, Janelle Monáe, Erykah Badu, FKA Twigs, Robyn, Courtney Barnett, Carly Rae Jepsen, Charli XCX and Nina Kravitz. Cardi B cancelled her appearance and was replaced by Miley Cyrus. Other acts include Nas, Interpol, Tame Impala, Suede, Jarvis Cocker, Primal Scream, Modeselektor and Loyle Carner. Prizes and awards Prizes of the Independent Music 2011 (organized by UFI): Better festival Altaveu 2011 Award Greener Festival Award 2012: in the category "Highly Commended" European Festival Awards: Artists' Favourite Festival in 2014 Reward Waves of the Music 2014: Better musical spectacle Premi Continuarà-Vespre to La2 of Culture 2015 References External links Official website Category:Music festivals in Catalonia Category:Rock festivals in Spain Category:Tourist attractions in Porto Category:Spring (season) events in Spain	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
[The isomorphism of univalent thallium and potassium in membrane transport processes]. Thallium ions (T1+) are able to isomorphous replacement of K+ in various minerals. The similarity between. T1+ and K+ is based upon the closeness of their crystal radii, hydration energy and mobility in aqueous solutions. Under certain conditions, the behaviour of T1+ can be substantially different from that of K+. As distinguished from K+, thallium ions tend to associate with different anions forming ion pairs and complexes. As a rule, the stability of these compounds is rather low, but in many cases the T(1+)-anion interactions appear to play an important role in discriminating between T1+ and K+ involved in transport processes. T1+/K(+)-selectivity characterizes K(+)-transport mechanisms operating in different kinds of cells membranes. In excitable membranes (muscles, nerves) the rates of passive transport of T1+ and K+ are similar. In non-excitable membranes (epithelial cells, red blood cells, mitochondrial membranes, bacteria) the T1+ passive permeability is about one or two orders of magnitude higher than that of K+. A moderate T1+/K(+)-selectivity was reported for various types of K+ active transport mechanisms.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Thursday, October 27, 2011 It has been quite some time since I hosted a giveaway on my blog. It is about time again, wouldn't you say? Up for grabs today is a Cricut Lite Dude cartridge. This is a great giveaway since it retails for $39.99 and you will get it for............FREE! Read on to find out what you have to do to win! I will draw a random winner when the blog post total reaches 100 posts so send everyone you know to enter. 1. Leave a post on this blog thread telling me what you would make if you won this cartridge. The post must be left on the blog post itself. 2. You can earn another entry every time you send a friend to enter who mentions your name. 3. Become a follower of my Paper Fashions blog if you are not one, then post that you became a follower. If you are already a follower please post that as well for another entry. 4. Post a link to this blog post on your blog, on Facebook, Twitter, etc. Each time you do that be sure to add a post to this string letting me know. Again, once I see that the posts on this thread have reached 100 then I will draw a random winner! I am already a follower!!! Thanks so much for the chance to win. This cart would be awesome for my son's layouts. He is 14 and pretty picky about what I put on his layouts!!!!!TeacherMomgaudet5 at rogers dot com I would definitely start to get caught up on my son's layouts. Girls are easy--pink and flowers. Boys---not so much!!!! This cart would really help. Thanks so much for the chance to win it!!TeacherMomgaudet5 at rogers dot com About Me Welcome to the Paper Fashions Boutique blog! When you visit our blog you will find sneak peeks for upcoming scrapbook kits, tips, and many other fun things! I want this blog to be a fun place to visit and learn about what is happening at Paper Fashions Boutique. I also want it to be a place where you share with me what type of kits you love, ideas for future kits, and feedback about what you want to see on the blog. A rotating variety of kits will be available each month. This will include layout, mini album, altered item/home decor, and card kits. Each month will feature two distinctive scrapbook kits! I take great pride in offering exceptional customer service and look forward to getting to know each of you as I provide scrapbook project kits for years to come! I will release at least two new kits to choose from. You do not have to subscribe or purchas a certain amount of kits. You just purchase the kits that you want. But remember, I create a limited number of kits and when they are gone, they are gone! After kits sell out each month the instructions will be available for purchase.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
50Plus heeft duizenden handtekeningen aangeboden aan de Kiesraad. Het zijn steunbetuigingen voor het plan van de partij om een referendum te organiseren over het afschaffen van het belastingvoordeel voor mensen die hun huis hebben afgelost. Volgens voorman Krol zijn er meer dan tienduizend geldige handtekeningen verzameld. Dat aantal is nodig om de procedure in gang te zetten om uiteindelijk tot een volksraadpleging te komen. Of het er inderdaad zo veel zijn, gaat de Kiesraad nu controleren. De handtekeningen werden aangeboden bij de locatie van de Kiesraad in Heerlen. Daar staat de apparatuur die nodig is voor het controleren en tellen. Over een week moet duidelijk zijn of 50Plus in zijn opzet is geslaagd.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Q: Casablanca - REST C++ SDK, used in Embarcadero RAD Studio XE5 I need to do a http get in RAD Studio XE5 C++. The tutorials on the RAD Studio site discuss a RESTCLient that is not included with the version I have. I found the Casablanca project, which is specifically for Visual Studio, and I made a small program in VS that does the simple http get and handles response in the way I need. What do I need to do to successfully use Casablanca from within RAD Studio? There are the steps I have taken so far. Compiled Casablanca in Visual Studio 2013 Copied the .lib and .dll over to a folder in the RAD Studio project added that folder to the link path in the RAD Studio project added the .lib to the project added dll imports to classes that should be in the .lib to the .cpp I want to use the function in. class __declspec(dllimport) http_client; class __declspec(dllimport) filestream; class __declspec(dllimport) producerconsumerstream; class __declspec(dllimport) rawptrstream; There was a OMF error, and I used a tool that came with RAD Studio to convert the .lib, that got past the error. I don't know how to declare the dll prototype's of the functions, because the returns types are from a namespace in the library itself so they aren't recognized. http_client is an unrecognized structure. I tried this as well without the class keyword. A: DLLs that export classes are not portable across compilers. So you will not be able to use a Visual Studio compiled DLL in C++Builder if it exports classes. Either flatten the DLL interface to export plain C-style functions instead (and then use C++Builder's command-line IMPLIB tool to create an import .lib file for the DLL, do not use the .lib file created by Visual Studio), or else find another solution. For instance, C++Builder (and Delphi) ships with Indy 10, which has a TIdHTTP component. You can use its TIdHTTP::Get() method to perform an HTTP GET request. But if you need to actually use REST, you might be better off simply upgrading your XE5 to a version that has TRESTClient available (BTW, Embarcadero's REST classes use Indy internally).	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
22C:21 Computer Science II: Data Structures This is the second in the sequence of core undergraduate computer science courses and is required for all computer science majors and minors. It builds on the first course, Computer Science I: Fundamentals (22C:16) and and is concerned mainly with the design and implementation of data structures, algorithms for accessing and manipulating data structures, and the application and uses of data structures. Java is the programming language of choice for this course, but the last programming project will contain pieces that you will have to complete in C. 8/13: The first discussion sections will meet on Thursday, 8/30 in the Computer Lab in 301, MLH. Section A01 will meet during 12:30-1:20 pm and Sections A02 and A03 will meet simultaneously during 3:30-4:20 pm. 8/29: To get ready for the first lab meeting (Thursday, 8/30) read the Lab 1 Document and the links therein, make sure you have an account on a CS machine and make sure you have a HawkID and password to access ICON. You will use an ICON dropbox for submitting your quiz; here are instructions. 9/11: To get ready for Lab 3 (Thursday, 9/11) read the Lab 3 Document and the links therein, read CRS.java (solution to Lab 3 problem), and read Lab 3 powerpoint. Download CRS.java into an Eclipse project called CRS. Quiz 3 asks you to add some methods to the CRS class. 10/3: Our TA Fang Yang has changed her office hours, so as to be able to meet more students. Her new office hours are: Wednesday, 2:00-3:30PM Thursday, 10:00-11:30AM 10/6: There is no Homework 6. This should give you more time to focus on Project 1.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
MOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif. - 01 June, 2011 - Based on its recent analysis of the vulnerability research market, Frost & Sullivan recognizes VUPEN Security with the 2011 North American Frost & Sullivan Award for Entrepreneurial Company of the Year. With vulnerability research being an essential piece of the overall network security puzzle, VUPEN has positioned itself to provide advanced and reliable vulnerability intelligence for chief security officers, security professionals and their respective organizations. VUPEN's solutions, Binary Analysis and Exploits (BAE) and Threat Protection Program (TPP), provide its customers with detailed vulnerability research to evaluate risks and protect from known and unknown vulnerabilities. VUPEN BAE provides highly technical reports for the most critical and significant vulnerabilities to understand their root cause, exploitability techniques, mitigations and both exploit-based and vulnerability-based attack detections. VUPEN TPP provides detailed research reports for exclusive vulnerabilities discovered by VUPEN researchers, and in advance of their public disclosure, allowing customers to reduce their exposure to zero-day attacks. VUPEN has also created specific solutions for governments and national security agencies to help them achieve their IT missions using tailored and unique vulnerability research. VUPEN has assembled a team of recognized and highly skilled security researchers whose main objective is conducting vulnerability research. With all research being performed in-house and not through contributing third parties, VUPEN's vulnerability reports are exclusive and valuable. "VUPEN's research provides its customers protection guidance and alerts about critical vulnerabilities up to nine months in advance before any patches are released," says Frost & Sullivan research analyst Richard Martinez. "The high quality and in-depth technical details of VUPEN's research reports provide a strong competitive advantage and a unique way to mitigate and respond to zero_day attacks, and customers with critical infrastructures need and appreciate vulnerability intelligence solutions with added values (i.e. VUPEN BAE and TPP) rather than the usual vulnerability information that is provided by other competitors without in-depth technical analysis." VUPEN invests over two-thirds of its financial resources into R&D creating innovative and private vulnerability research/discovery technologies that enable it to further penetrate the market. The company understands that enhancing its vulnerability technology is essential in creating recognized and trusted engineering and research teams. In fact, the company continues to be an important contributor in Frost & Sullivan's Vulnerability Research Market analysis services. It is also consistently a top vulnerability finder in computer hacking contests such as Pwn2Own. "VUPEN has developed a direct management strategy where the management team is in direct and real-time contact with the R&D and sales team, speeding up the decision process and responding very quickly to customers' needs." notes Martinez Thus far, government entities and financial services have been primary vertical markets for VUPEN's security intelligence services and the widely deployed applications and software in these organizations – Microsoft, Adobe, Apple, IBM and Oracle products – have been the focus of VUPEN's vulnerability research. However, with the emergence of the Stuxnet worm, VUPEN realizes the necessity to expand its coverage. The company is moving forward and now also implementing research for industrial and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) software, which has resulted in an increase in penetration within the utilities vertical market. Overall, VUPEN has made great strides in the vulnerability research market, proving that it is a top competitor against competing labs. In recognition, Frost & Sullivan is proud to present VUPEN with the 2011 North American Entrepreneurial Company of the Year Award in the vulnerability research market. Each year, Frost & Sullivan presents this award to the company that has demonstrated entrepreneur spirit by devising a strong growth strategy and robustly implementing it. The recipient has shown strength in terms of innovation in products/technologies, leadership in customer value and speedy response to market needs. Frost & Sullivan's Best Practices Awards recognize companies in a variety of regional and global markets for demonstrating outstanding achievement and superior performance in areas such as leadership, technological innovation, customer service and strategic product development. Industry analysts compare market participants and measure performance through in-depth interviews, analysis and extensive secondary research in order to identify best practices in the industry. About VUPEN Security VUPEN is a leading IT security research company providing exclusive vulnerability intelligence solutions for defensive and offensive security, which enable corporations and governments to eliminate vulnerabilities before they can be exploited, ensure security policy compliance and meaningfully measure and manage risks. Governmental and federal agencies, and global enterprises in the financial services, insurance, manufacturing and technology industries rely on VUPEN to improve their security, prioritize resources, cut time and costs, and stay ahead of the latest threats. Frost & Sullivan, the Growth Partnership Company, enables clients to accelerate growth and achieve best-in-class positions in growth, innovation and leadership. The company's Growth Partnership Service provides the CEO and the CEO's Growth Team with disciplined research and best-practice models to drive the generation, evaluation, and implementation of powerful growth strategies. Frost & Sullivan leverages 50 years of experience in partnering with Global 1000 companies, emerging businesses and the investment community from more than 40 offices on six continents. To join our Growth Partnership, please visit http://www.awards.frost.com.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Carlton - Bunting, St. Catharines Carlton - Bunting is a neighbourhood in the city of St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. The community is bordered on the west by the old rail-line that is located between Grantham Avenue and Niagara Regional Road 52, on the east by the Welland Canal and Cushman Road, on the north by Scott Street, and on the south by Welland Avenue and Meredith Drive. This neighbourhood is composed of mainly low density residential properties. Parks: Berkley Park Bermuda Park Cushman Road Park Public Schools: Carleton Public School E.I. McCulley Public School References Category:Neighbourhoods in St. Catharines	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Im Gegensatz zu VW-Fahrern in den USA sind die Europäer Kunden zweiter Klasse - sie werden deutlich schlechter behandelt. In den USA hat VW in der Abgas-Affäre eine Einigung gefunden. Doch in Europa kommen die Kunden zu kurz. Kommentar von Thomas Fromm Volkswagen würde nichts lieber tun, als die Affäre um manipulierte Abgasmessungen bei Dieselautos von heute auf morgen abzuhaken. Zukunft statt Vergangenheit, Elektroautos statt Diesel. Der Vergleich mit den US-Behörden kostet zwar fast 15 Milliarden Dollar, also über 13 Milliarden Euro, aber in Wolfsburg sieht man die Einigung als ersten Schritt in Richtung Normalität. Denn von sämtlichen Straf- und Schadensersatzforderungen, von denen VW überzogen wird, gilt die US-Front als härtester Brocken. Die Einigung löst ein Problem, aber schafft gleichzeitig ein neues. Der Konzern sitzt nun in der Falle, weil er seinen Kunden im Rest der Welt erklären muss, warum Amerikaner besser behandelt werden als sie selbst. Für europäische Kunden, die jahrelang mit einer Manipulations-Software im Motor herumfahren mussten, ist das der nächste Schlag. Denn von den vielen Milliarden, die VW in den USA zahlen muss, gehen rund zehn an die Besitzer der betroffenen 480 000 Dieselfahrzeuge - 5000 bis 10 000 Dollar Entschädigung will das Unternehmen jedem Kunden zahlen. Zu Recht fordern deutsche und europäische Kunden nun eine Gleichbehandlung, die VW mit dem Verweis auf unterschiedliche Rechtssysteme ablehnt. Die Einigung in den USA schafft Verdruss in Deutschland Großzügige Entschädigungen hier, nur ein bezahlter Werkstattbesuch mit Software-Update da - das dürfte den Kunden in Deutschland schwerer zu verkaufen sein als ein Zwei-Liter-Diesel aus dem Jahre 2010. Die Käufer, deren Anwälte und auch die EU-Industriekommissarin Elżbieta Bieńkowska laufen deshalb Sturm gegen die Ungleichbehandlung. Hinter dem juristischen Manöver aus Wolfsburg steht eine ganz einfache Rechnung. Weltweit sind elf Millionen Diesel-Fahrzeuge betroffen, allein in Deutschland 2,4 Millionen. Übertrüge man das US-Modell allein auf Deutschland, wäre man sehr schnell bei anderen Summen als in den USA. Bereits der dort jetzt ausgehandelte Vergleich zehrt die für den Skandal beiseitegelegten 16 Milliarden Euro fast auf. Entschädigungen für Millionen Kunden nach dem Vorbild der USA aber dürften VW finanziell das Genick brechen. Das Dilemma: Bleibt VW bei seiner harten Position, wird man für die Menschen in Deutschland und Europa auf lange Zeit jener Konzern sein, der zwischen Kunden erster und zweiter Klasse unterscheidet. Das ist gefährlich, denn ein langjähriger Vertrauensverlust könnte VW am Ende teurer zu stehen kommen als Sammelklagen und Vergleiche. In ihren Marketingkampagnen zeichnen die VW-Strategen gerne das Bild eines kundennahen Unternehmens. Sie zeigen Bilder glücklicher Kleinfamilien mit ihren Autos - als blechgewordene Familienmitglieder sozusagen. Es sind nostalgisch aufgeladene Werbespots, wie sie alle Hersteller gerne von sich zeigen. Bei VW aber haben gefühlige Botschaften gerade in diesen Zeiten eine besondere Bedeutung. Sie können für die Kunden, die schon lange zur Familie gehören, schnell in Realsatire umschlagen.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
1861 English cricket season 1861 was the 75th season of cricket in England since the foundation of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). Sheffield Cricket Club oversaw the creation of the match fund committee that would become Yorkshire County Cricket Club. Important matches 1861 match list Events 7 March. A Match Fund Committee to run Yorkshire county matches was established in Sheffield, which had been the home of Yorkshire cricket for nearly 100 years. It was from this fund that Yorkshire County Cricket Club was founded two years later: an exact parallel with the formation of Sussex County Cricket Club from a similar fund (1836–1839). H. H. Stephenson captained the first English team to tour Australia. No first-class matches were played on that tour. Leading batsmen Robert Carpenter was the leading runscorer with 883 @ 30.44 Leading bowlers Edgar Willsher was the leading wicket-taker with 87 @ 11.65 References Annual reviews Fred Lillywhite, The Guide to Cricketers, Lillywhite, 1862 Arthur Haygarth, Scores & Biographies, Volume 7 (1861-1862), Lillywhite, 1863 External links CricketArchive – season summaries Category:1861 in English cricket Category:English cricket seasons from 1816 to 1863	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Q: Type parameter 'T' must be a class type I am writing a small helper class for REST operations. One of my main goals is to provide automatic casting from the body response in JSON to a specific object using generics. This is how one of the functions look in the helper class: function RESTServiceCallHelper.ExecuteAsObject<TObj>(resource: string): TObj; var RestRequest: TRESTRequest; obj: TObj; begin PrepareRequest(RestRequest, resource); RestRequest.Execute; obj := TJson.JsonToObject<TObj>(RestRequest.Response.Content); result:=obj; end; And here is how I am trying to use it: type TPartnerCreditInfo = class FlCreditClassDesc: string; FCppID: string; FCreditClass: string; FCreditClassDesc: string; FCreditLimit_CurrencyCode: string; FCreditLimit: double; FAmountBalance: double; FAmountBalance_CurrencyCode: string; FAmountBalanceLast: double; FAmountBalanceLast_CurrencyCode: string; end; procedure TModuleX.CallAPIS; var lRESTHelper : TrpRESTServiceCallHelper; pc: TPartnerCreditInfo; begin lRESTHelper:= TrpRESTServiceCallHelper.Create('https://mydomain/api'); lRESTHelper.AddQueryStringParam('param1','paramvalue'); pc:=lRESTHelper.ExecuteAsObject<TPartnerCreditInfo>('resource'); showmessage(pc.FCppID); end; The issue I am facing is this at compilation time: obj := TJson.JsonToObject<TObj>(RestRequest.Response.Content); [dcc32 Error] RESTServiceCallObj.pas(99): E2511 Type parameter 'T' must be a class type According to the documentation the T parameter for JsonToObject function must be a class and TPartnerCreditInfo is a class too. Why is TPartnerCreditInfo not being recognized? A: The T Generic parameter of TJson.JsonToObject() has been marked with the class and constructor constraints. As such, the TObj Generic parameter of your ExecuteAsObject() function needs to be marked with the same constraints: function ExecuteAsObject<TObj: class, constructor>(resource: string): TObj; Those constraints inform the compiler that T/TObj are required to be a class type that has a parameterless Create() constructor, which is what allows JsonToObject() to create a new object instance of the type passed to T/TObj.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Q: One-off job with hangfire How can I run a one-off job with hangfire? It doesn't look that CRON syntax supports "run at startup and never again" type of thing. I don't want to come up with a fixed CRON date (like 2019-02-28T15:12), because that wouldn't work across several environments. Any ideas how to do it? A: What we ended up with is a job that never runs, but can be triggered via Hangfire UI. So something like this: RecurringJob.AddOrUpdate<SomeType>("name", service => service.Run(), NEVER);	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Q: Bootstrap Sticky navbar is causing vertical scrolling in collapsed mode I am building a navbar that is supposed to stick to the top of the page. I used .navbar-fixed-top class to accomplish that and gave the body element, a padding of 70px. Now in the collapsed mode (mobile resolution), when toggled, it gives a vertical navigation. Not sure where this scrolling is coming from. Here's the code: <header class=" container-fluid navbar-fixed-top"> <!-- header navbar --> <nav class="navbar navbar-default"> <div class="container"> <!-- Brand and toggle get grouped for better mobile display --> <div class="navbar-header"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#bs-example-navbar-collapse-1" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> <a class="navbar-brand" href="market.html"><img src="images/logo-inner.jpg" / alt="B-Hive: Expand your business"></a> </div> <!-- Collect the nav links, forms, and other content for toggling --> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="bs-example-navbar-collapse-1"> <!-- Form search start --> <form class="navbar-form navbar-left" role="search" class="top-search-padding"> <div class="form-group"> <div class="search-div ui-widget"> <input id="tags" type="text" class="txt-search" placeholder="Search people, products and services"> <button type="submit" class="btn-search"><img src="images/search-icon.png" /></button> </div> </div> </form> <!-- Form search end --> <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right"> <li class="top-menu-links-active"><a href="#">MARKET</a></li> <li><a class="top-menu-links" href="#">EXHIBITIONS</a></li> <li><a class="top-menu-links" href="#">MESSAGES</a></li> <li><a class="top-menu-links" href="#">DASHBOARD</a></li> <li><a class="top-menu-links" href="#">CART</a></li> <li class="profile-pic-padding"></li> <li class="dropdown"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle custom-dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><img class="" src="images/profile-pic.fw.png" /> <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><a href="#">Account</a></li> <li><a href="#">Privacy</a></li> <li role="separator" class="divider"></li> <li><a href="#">Switch Accounts</a></li> <li role="separator" class="divider"></li> <li><a href="#">Language <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><a href="#">EN</a></li> <li><a href="#">ع</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <!-- /.navbar-collapse --> </div> <!-- /.container-fluid --> </nav> <!-- /header navbar --> </header> A: Bootstrap's .navbar-collapse has a default max-height: 340px; which causes scrollbars to appear when the links inside the navigation exceed this height. You can simply remove this property to avoid the scrollbars from appearing in mobile view.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
using ScottPlot.Renderer; using System.Diagnostics; namespace ScottPlot.Renderable { public class FigureBackground : IRenderable { public bool Visible { get; set; } = true; public bool AntiAlias { get; set; } = true; public PlotLayer Layer => PlotLayer.BelowData; public Color Color = Colors.White; public void Render(IRenderer renderer, Dimensions dims, bool lowQuality) { if (Visible == false) return; renderer.Clear(Color); } } }	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
J. W. Dowling J. W. Dowling was an American lacrosse player who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics. In 1904 he was member of the St. Louis Amateur Athletic Association which won the silver medal in the lacrosse tournament. References Category:Year of birth missing Category:Year of death missing Category:American lacrosse players Category:Olympic lacrosse players of the United States Category:Olympic silver medalists for the United States in lacrosse Category:Lacrosse players at the 1904 Summer Olympics	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Triumph Street and Speed Triple have often made me feel a little like Goldilocks. The Street Triple is a fantastic motorcycle, but one that makes you wring its neck to get speed out. The Speed Triple is an absolute monster, but begins to feel piggish for a wide variety of riding. Something that fell in between could be juuuust right. I rode a Monster 821 a bit at the same time I was doing my testing for the Triumph Street Triple R review, and while the Ducati didn't feel as well sorted out, it's still the bike I would buy between the two. The Street Triple is incredibly capable, but just doesn't wow me. With the Yamaha FZ-09 stealing sales from the little triple and MV Agusta getting their affairs in order (the 800 cc triple in that Brutale is simply stunning), it's no surprise that Triumph took a good look at the 800 cc motor in the Tiger and found a way to re-work it for sportier applications. The chart below is from Triumph's market research and has made the rounds on the web. Just as the Tiger 800 line has split into different slices, this document suggests Triumph will upsize the Street Triple and make four versions. This graph, created from Triumph Market research, shows the different variations planned for the Street Triple 800. Triumph photo. The Tiger only makes 94 horsepower from its 800 cc triple, 10 less than the 675 cc Street Triple, because its 61.9 mm x 74 mm bore x stroke is tuned for more torque lower in the rev range. To hit the 125 horsepower target in the chart, Triumph will need to drastically re-work the motor to resemble something closer to the one found in the Brutale, which has a bore and stroke of 79 mm x 54 mm. These new bikes range from 110 to 125 horsepower (10-15 more than the Monster) and feature multiple riding modes, as well as vastly updated displays. The R becomes the middle-of-the-road option, with a faired RT (touring) model and top-level RS (sport) model above it. The RS comes with fully adjustable Ohlins suspension, lean angle traction control, track ABS, and additional riding modes. Between new Street Triples, the Bobber, and the Street Tracker, it could be a really busy launch season for the Brits, but I wouldn't be at all surprised if these new Street Triples weren't unveiled next year as 2017 models.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Profound reduction in allergen sensitivity following treatment with a novel allergy vaccine. A novel approach is described for the treatment of IgE-mediated allergic reactions which is based on the induction of a strong anti-IgE response in the host. Vaccination of ovalbumin-sensitized rats with constant domains two and three of rat IgE coupled to a heterologous carrier protein resulted in a profound decrease in serum levels of IgE, and later in a nearly complete block of histamine release from mast cells and basophils upon challenge with either a cross-linking polyclonal anti-IgE antiserum or a specific allergen.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Naked live chat Capture data from every customer interaction to get a 360° view of every engagement.Get insights into the past and present so you can make more informed decisions about the future with our customer analytics.Care to visit the blonde bomb shell babe next door? We will reveal the curtain and let you step into a unique world of fulfilled fantasies with our promo videos, carefully selected to indulge you and get you coming back for more nude action. Sharing is caring - we do care for you and what better way to prove that, but sharing great videos with you.Wenn Sie mit der Funktion des Flash Players auf Ihrem Computer unglücklich sind, versuchen Sie bitte auf die HTML5-Version der Seite umzuschalten, indem Sie auf den "Kippschalter" klicken.Denken Sie jedoch bitte daran, dass die HTML5-Version der Seite stark eingeschränkte Funktionen besitzt (nicht optimale Videoqualität und die Möglichkeit von verzögertem Streaming).	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
The name “Kvikk Lunsj” translates to “Quick Lunch”. It’s the Norwegian equivalent of the Kit Kat bar but with much bolder branding, tied strongly to hiking and other mountainous outdoor activities. (Read much more info about the candy bar on Serious Sweets.) The striped package design goes back to the beginning of the 75-year-old brand and has become an icon of Norwegian outdoor life, but Helvetica has only been introduced in more recent history (currently paired with Myriad Italic and Gill Sans for smaller supporting type). After seeing older advertisements with other sans serif treatments, one can only imagine how the current design could be strengthened by simply varying the typeface to something slightly more distinctive – perhaps something more Nordic than the eminently Swiss Helvetica?	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Descripción The only patented microphone system to capture natural and discreet multi-channel surround sound: up to 7.1 channels (left, center, right, left surround, right surround, center rear (EX and ES), and top (IMAX). Takes the guesswork out of recording surround. Lightweight and inexpensive solution to instantly capture live surround sound for professional recording or broadcast. No mixing, signal manipulation or processing is required, direct and discrete signal path from the mic to the monitor. The new Holophone H2-PRO Surround Sound Microphone is the only patented device specifically designed for capturing discrete 5.1, 6.1, and 7.1-channels of surround sound for all professional audio applications. Its flexibility, ease of use, and performance make the H2-PRO ideal for recording live events and in-studio use. It is well suited for television broadcasters (standard TV, DTV, and HDTV), radio broadcasters, music producers and engineers, film location recording crews, and for independent project studios. All surround sound recordings from the H2-PRO are discrete and in real-time, thereby very easy to bring into any broadcast or studio environment, manipulate, mix and/or encode into any/all of the standard consumer playback formats – Dolby, DTS, and Circle Surround. The H-2 Pro provides engineers and producers total control over all incoming, discrete surround sound audio signals and delivers those signals in an intuitive way. The Holophone H2-PRO Surround Sound Microphone is entirely compatible with all standard analog and digital I/O devices that accept up to eight channels and provide phantom power including hard disc based recorders, multichannel preamplifiers, standard multichannel I/Os, and all mixing consoles. The unique and recognizable, elliptical shape of the Holophone H2-PRO emulates the characteristics of a human head. Sound waves “bend around” the H2-PRO as they do around the head providing the most accurate spatiality, audio imaging, and natural directionality of any audio capture device. Capturing the directionality of these soundwaves translates into a very realistic surround sound experience. The total surface area of the eight individual elements combines with the spherical embodiment of the H2-PRO to capture the rich acoustical textures required for true surround reproduction. The embodiment itself acts as a acoustic lens capturing massive lows and the cleanest of highs. A complete soundfield can be easily and accurately replicated without the use of additional microphones – a simple point-and-shoot operation. The Holophone H2-PRO is the only microphone capable of recording up to 7.1-channels of discrete surround sound. The H2-PRO terminates in eight XLR microphone cable-ends (Left, Right, Center, Low Frequency, Left Surround, Right Surround, Top, and Center Rear). These co-relate to the standard 5.1-channels and add a top channel for formats such as IMAX and a center rear channel for extended surround formats such as Dolby EX and DTS ES. Recording engineers and producers have total control and flexibility over the incoming, discrete surround sound audio signals and may choose to use as many or as few channels as any surround project requires as channel assignments are discrete all the way from the recording and mixing process to final delivery. The Holophone H2-PRO Surround Sound Microphone is a breakthrough for all audio professionals recording surround sound. It greatly simplifies the complex issues of microphone placement in any environment, taking the guesswork out of capturing surround sound. Entirely compatible with all surround audio mixing and playback systems, the H2-PRO also enhances mono and stereo mixes. It is the perfect cost effective front-end solution for all professional surround sound audio applications. A Cure for the Breezes!! A Windscreen that encapsulates the Holophone H2-PRO head is available for outdoor use. It is very simple to use and light weight. The screen significantly reduces wind noise while also slightly increasing directivity of the microphone elements. It attaches firmly and easily with Velcro tabs for use in high winds…… Using the H2-PRO The Holophone H2-PRO is remarkably simple to use, because it accurately reproduces in three dimensions what one would hear at a particular location in space. In most cases, if you have experience recording sound with traditional microphones, you can rely on your ear and your intuition as to exact placement for a particular event or venue. Here are a few additional suggestions: (please note these are only suggestions) The simplest method is highly effective. Give the Holophone the best seat in the house and let it do its work. You will be amazed at the accuracy of the ambient sound. For a concert situation with arena-style seating, you might place the Holophone H2-PRO a little higher than the orchestra, tilting the nose down towards the performers. Use the Holophone H2-PRO to provide the “base” ambient surround sound for your mix. Make sure to give the Holophone tracks “space” in the mix in which to further construct your mix, bearing in mind that the Holophone will provide a sonically complete Surround Sound picture to begin with. The usual approach is to place the Holophone along the center line of the event to get a sonic capture with proper left/right balance. Aim the pointed front of the Holophone towards the front and the round back towards the rear of the venue. Additional spot microphones can be used to feature specific areas or instruments in the recording, and to complete the desired soundscape. Remember: The Holophone’s microphone configuration directly relates to a listener’s perspective in a home theater, etc. Treat the Holophone like a sonic camera, keeping the center “nose” microphone element forward, the left pointing left and the right pointing to the right of the performance. If you are used to working with other microphones in a particular way, you can use the Holophone H2-PRO to provide the ambient sound of a venue and build the rest of the mix around it. Place it in a position that will not cause phase or delay problems when used with the signals captured by the other microphones. In most cases, in large venues try to position the Holophone as close to “Front Row Center” as possible, rather than near the back of the room (as with some traditional ambient microphonetechniques). When mixing Holophone tracks with other audio tracks for broadcast, including for voice-over or sportscaster talent, try to mix the dialogue not only into the Center channel, but also place the dialogue slightly in the Left and Right and to some degree the Surround channels for increased spatial realism. When the overall captured sound is three-dimensional, the Center dialogue channel can become very thin in comparison to the rest of the sound picture. Spreading the dialogue image over a wider space seems to rectify the situation. This has proven to be very effective when combined with Holophone derived Surround Sound ambience. For Sports broadcasting in most field sporting events, and for fixed installations such as arenas, it is desirable to place the Holophone either near the center of the field, or else near a Main Camera position off to the one side that will work in conjunction with the main camera angle of the broadcast. For example, place the Holophone along the sidelines on the 50 yard line of a football game, or facing center ice in an ice hockey arena. Always keep in mind the perspective of the television viewer. Mounting the Holophone on a side of a field or rink opposite to the main camera angle would seem backwards and unnatural. In situations involving multiple and simultaneous use of two or more Holophone systems, combining the signals together may alter the localization characteristics of the main recording, since two soundscapes and perspectives are being combined. This can be manipulated into an intriguing effect and can also be used for multiple perspectives of a venue for DVD, or broadcast, etc. For track sports, including motor sports or running events with multiple camera angles on corners, hills or jumps, you can employ multiple Holophone units with an audio switcher from unit to unit. Use this configuration in conjunction with a camera switcher to match the changing perspectives of the cameras. The Holophone can be mounted “upside down” from the ceiling by turning the adjustment knobs on the sides of the unit, flipping the system over, and then re-tightening the knobs. (The top microphone stays in the top position pointing UP, so that the Holophone’s microphone layout remains intact and compatible when used in conjunction with the corresponding channels of the eventual playback system.) Audio “zoom” can be achieved by “riding” the faders of a mixer connected to the Holophone. The front (L,C,R) channels can be “pushed” in the mix while the rear (Ls, Rs, CR) channels can be “dimmed” slightly to increase the fore/ aft bias of the recording to the front (or vice versa). Side to side “zoom” can be achieved in a similar fashion. For Holophone Surround Sound recording of acoustic instruments, including drum kits, pianos and voice at close range, try placing the Holophone near or above the instrument that is being recorded. For vocal or choirs, position the singers around the Holophone and monitor in Surround to hear the results! The possibilities are limitless. Please e-mail us and let us know if you find something cool! Cabling Scenarios Direct to console Plug the XLR mic-level outputs of the Holophone into the inputs of a console with gain control and phantom power available. Treat the outputs as you would eight individual microphones with each channel hard-panned to its corresponding surround channel. For most recording situations set the gain the same across all channels. Direct to recording device supplying microphone with phantom power Plug the XLR mic-level outputs of the Holophone into the inputs of a recording device (such as a portable audio recorder or audio console) with gain control and phantom power available. Using a multichannel microphone preamplifier Plug the XLR mic-level outputs of the Holophone into the inputs of a preamp. Connect the outputs of the preamp to the inputs of the console or recording device. Turn phantom power on, and set gain the same for all channels (relative to each other) Techcnical Specs: Frequency range, 7 x 20 Hz – 20 kHz +- 3 dB, 1 x 20Hz – 110Hz +- 3 dB Directional characteristics: Multi-directional Equivalent noise level A-weighted: Typ. 26 dB Equiv. noise level ITU-R BS.468-4: Typ. 39 dB Total harmonic distortion (THD): <1% THD up to 142 dB SPL before clipping	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
my stories I started this blog as a way to inspire others to get back on track, not only with nutrition, but wellness, family and time management. I am a stay at home mom of 3 and military spouse that started my own business as an online health coach. I needed a way to express myself and organize my life, and this blog was how I have done that. Clean eating isn't always fun and easy. Sometimes it's difficult, frustrating and tiresome. Just keep in mind, the more practiced you are, the more it will feel normal, and therefore not a chore to choose what to eat. Think of it this way, if you were deathly allergic to something, you would go out of your way to stay away from it, even if it was everywhere you turned..... you should think of processed sugars, carbs and packaged foods that way too! Sometimes, it's inevitable that you will eat it, it won't kill you (in the short run, anyway), sometimes convenience just wins out-- I get it-- and that is OK!!!It's ok. Take a deep breath, it is Ohhhhh Kayyyyy. The action of choosing something "bad" to eat can somehow be justified due to stress, bad days, getting bad news, getting good news, its my birthday, my husband got a promotion---WHATEVER YOU WANT TO INSERT HERE- and it turn why you deserve this "treat". I used to do it all the time. "I ran 3 miles this morning, so I can have a cupcake, I deserve it." Think about that statement for a minute- wait--- WAIT a second. You did something good for your body, so you deserve to trash it? Doesn't make any sense, does it? They do not equal out. This isn't a weights and measures game. This is your body. Your temple. The ONLY one you get. This one. So..... where do we go from here?? Listen, I am totally down with hitting a drive thru and chowing down, once in a BLUE moon. I'm not preaching here, I'm simply saying, give yourself permission to indulge, just control it- it's not an bottomless bowl of queso. Set a limit, and stick to it. You're a grown up person. Can you justify to yourself 1 ice cream cone? Yes. 1 s'mores? Yes. 1 cheeseburger with fries? Yes. You can! you definitely can. Can you justify a week of unhealthy binge eating? NO. But ask yourself the question, make the decision, carry through and MOVE ON. Next time, make a healthier decision. Harboring guilt and self-loathing will lead to binge eating, uncontrollable cravings and self pity. Don't do it. You are better than that. Ok, had to get that off of my chest. Now on with the yummy detox delights I have put together today :) Smashed two hard boiled eggs with avocado mayo, mustard and small chopped onion. Put it on a rice cracker with fresh tomato slices, salt and pepper. So amazing, fulfilling and perfect for my detox. simple.healthy.well I am Eleanor Duelley, a holistic health coach that works with women who struggle with weight loss. I believe that eating whole foods and living a healthy lifestyle will give you the confidence to live your best self. I offer 1-on-1 coaching packages that are designed to get you back on track and keep you there.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder have more in common than previously thought. Not only are they linked through shared genes, the genetic mutations associated with them also work together to govern immunity, brain signaling, and genome function later in life, according to a Nature Neuroscience study. The new finding may mean that only one drug will be required to treat all these disorders in the future. These psychiatric disorders share more than individual genes This is the first study to show the genetic overlap between psychiatric disorders leads to meaningful paths for treatment, says Peter Holmans, a biostatistician at King's College London and a co-author the study. Essentially, it translates the genetic information into a roadmap for drug discovery. Approximately 50 percent of adults in the US will develop a mental illness in their lifetime, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression will affect about 1 percent, 4 percent, and 17 percent of adults in the US, respectively, over the course of their life — and these disorders can be costly to treat. Most people diagnosed with mental illness are either poorly treated or untreated, according to a study of US mental health services published in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Overall, the cost of mental illness in the US amounts to $300 billion a year for treatment, lost wages, and disability benefits. Drug discovery for many of these disorders has essentially stalled out; today's finding may lead to new approaches that could ultimately benefit patients. Because this is the first study to demonstrate the mechanistic relationship between these disorders, more research needs to take place to characterize how psychiatric illness functions in the body, Holmans says. He hopes his results will encourage the field to look at biological pathways, which are sets of genes that work together to carry out essential processes in the body. "They're likely to be more promising druggable targets than individual genes," he says. In the study, Holmans and his team of researchers analyzed 60,000 people — 33,000 of whom had diagnosed psychiatric disorders and 28,000 of whom didn't. The participants' genomes allowed researchers to examine the genes that act together along pathways in the body. By comparing the two groups, the researchers aimed to find out if certain pathways have a higher proportion of genetic mutations relevant to psychiatric illness. They then ranked the pathways by their contribution to disease risk for each illness, including depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Eventually, they were able to use those rankings to find out which pathways are most relevant across multiple disorders, instead of in individual illnesses. The researchers demonstrated that many of the genetic variants that have already been shown to increase the lifetime risk of developing a mental illness work in clusters, playing majors roles in immunity, brain signaling, and genome function later in life. "That’s the very novel thing that we are showing," Holmans says. Not only do these disorders share genetic mutations in common, he says, but the mutations actually cluster together to carry out essential processes in the body. The findings may bolster the 2010 move by the National Institutes of Mental Health to develop clinically useful measures based on genetics and neuroscience. "Future studies of psychiatric illness should perhaps be based on the actual symptoms observed in the patients rather than the traditional [diagnostic] criteria," Holmans says, especially since many symptoms overlap among illnesses, and people can develop one set of symptoms and not the other. The next step is to see if clusters of symptoms from psychiatric disorders match certain pathways in the body, Holmans says. Such an analysis might lead to developing drugs that target specific symptoms present in more than one disorder. It might even lead to a drug that decreases a person's likelihood of developing one of these disorders in the first place — although that application seems speculative at the moment. The study may also help shift doctors from illness categories to symptomatic diagnosis Of course, genetics aren't the whole story. A person's lived experience also plays a role in the risk of developing serious mental illness. Still, Holmans says, genetic factors are "pretty important." Finding a way to regulate these pathways might not prevent everyone who's at risk from developing a mental disorder, but it may one day give at-risk people better chances of avoiding mental illness, or of making their mental illness less severe.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
A business which subscribes to a storage area network (SAN) may scale up its storage area network (SAN) by adding or upgrading the hosts, fabric hardware, storage devices, and/or business applications to meet growing demands of the business. Hence, the input/output (I/O) traffic volume, pattern, and distribution in the SAN may undergo a complex change over time. This can cause a congestion and/or uneven distribution of I/O traffic in the SAN that are hard to detect, thereby noticeably degrading the performance of the SAN with time. To improve the performance of the SAN, a trend analysis and/or forecasting may be performed based on the current configuration of the SAN. For example, some of currently existing solutions may support a trend analysis of the SAN on a per-component basis which allows the business to manually correlate current changes in the performance across the components due to possible changes in the configuration of the SAN's workload. However, the decision involving in the trend analysis, such as the extent and/or timing of the trend analysis, may be made by a whim of authorized personnel rather than by a systematic triggering event. Therefore, the decision may not result in the optimal analysis which leads to the most viable recommendation of the SAN performance upgrade. Other features of the present embodiments will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the detailed description that follow.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Q: R select subset of data I have a dataset with three columns. ## generate sample data set.seed(1) x<-sample(1:3,50,replace = T ) y<-sample(1:3,50,replace = T ) z<-sample(1:3,50,replace = T ) data<-as.data.frame(cbind(x,y,z)) What I am trying to do is: Select those rows where all the three columns have 1 Select those rows where only two columns have 1 (could be any column) Select only those rows where only column has 1 (could be any column) Basically I want any two columns (for 2nd case) to fulfill the conditions and not any specific column. I am aware of rows selection using subset<-data[c(data$x==1,data$y==1,data$z==1),] But this only selects those rows based on conditions for specific columns whereas I want any of the three/two columns to fullfill me criteria Thanks A: n = 1 # or 2 or 3 data[rowSums(data == 1) == n,] A: Here is another method: rowCounts <- table(c(which(data$x==1), which(data$y==1), which(data$z==1))) # this is the long way df.oneOne <- data[as.integer(names(rowCounts)[rowCounts == 1]),] df.oneTwo <- data[as.integer(names(rowCounts)[rowCounts == 2]),] df.oneThree <- data[as.integer(names(rowCounts)[rowCounts == 3]),] It is better to save multiple data.frames in a list especially when there is some structure that guides this storage as is the case here. Following @richard-scriven 's suggestion, you can do this easily with lapply: df.oneCountList <- lapply(1:3, function(i) data[as.integer(names(rowCounts)[rowCounts == i]),] names(df.oneCountList) <- c("df.oneOne", "df.oneTwo", df.oneThree) You can then pull out the data.frames using either their index, df.oneCountList[[1]] or their name df.oneCountList[["df.oneOne"]]. @eddi below suggests a nice shortcut to my method of pulling out the table names using tabulate and the arr.ind argument of which. When which is applied on a multipdimensional object such as an array or a data.frame, setting arr.ind==TRUE produces indices of the rows and the columns where the logical expression evaluates to TRUE. His suggestion exploits this to pull out the row vector where a 1 is found across all variables. The tabulate function is then applied to these row values and tabulate returns a sorted vector that where each element represents a row and rows without a 1 are filled in with a 0. Under this method, rowCounts <- tabulate(which(data == 1, arr.ind = TRUE)[,1]) returns a vector from which you might immediately pull the values. You can include the above lapply to get a list of data.frames: df.oneCountList <- lapply(1:3, function(i) data[rowCounts == i,]) names(df.oneCountList) <- c("df.oneOne", "df.oneTwo", df.oneThree)	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
First Responder First Responder Emergency Response Officer The growth of foreign companies and -employees in the Netherlands requires custom made service. This also applies to Emergency Response or “BHV” as it is called in the Netherlands. More and more companies set up branches in the Netherlands and within these organisations the Dutch language is not always the main language. The English spoken language proves to be more common in a workplace than ever. BHVsite.nl provides open trainings to English speaking people working in the Netherlands. The course is focussed on both refreshment- as well as basic training. Participants en rolled in the Basic training will receive an e-learning account before the start of the Emergency Response training for theoretic preparations. Finalising the E-Learning is mandatory for receiving the Emergency Response certificate. When attending the Emergency Response training, the participants will be guided by experienced and certified instructors. Details of the training Hands on- and mainly focussed on active, practical training in one day from 09:00 – 16:30, All participants will be attending a practical exam, the participants for the basic training will also make theoretic exams focussed on First Aid and Firefighting/Evacuation. After successfully completing the training the participant will receive the official Emergency Response certificate which is valid for the length of 1 year. Costs Total of costs is € 199,- ex VAT per person for the Basic Emergency Response training. This is an all-inclusive fee which includes instruction, materials, lunch, drinks, E-Learning, exam and certification. Sign in your participants now for the Emergency Response training. (if you understand Dutch), or call our customer support department at telephone 0031 075 7714550 or 0624779400 When a company has five or more people who need refreshment- or basic Emergency Response training at once, an In-company training at the own location becomes an option. Ask for more details about this by sending an e-mail to info@bhvsite.nl or by telephone 075 7714550.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
tarball=polylib-VERSION.tar.gz sha1=72b23c09a50ce9583c419e8376544630d6f99ea3 md5=c0088786e0a5ae64b7cc47ad19ae4f83 cksum=116350713	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
# See README.md for usage information define apache::custom_config ( $ensure = 'present', $confdir = $::apache::confd_dir, $content = undef, $priority = '25', $source = undef, $verify_command = $::apache::params::verify_command, $verify_config = true, $filename = undef, ) { if $content and $source { fail('Only one of $content and $source can be specified.') } if $ensure == 'present' and ! $content and ! $source { fail('One of $content and $source must be specified.') } validate_re($ensure, '^(present\|absent)$', "${ensure} is not supported for ensure. Allowed values are 'present' and 'absent'.") validate_bool($verify_config) if $filename { $_filename = $filename } else { if $priority { $priority_prefix = "${priority}-" } else { $priority_prefix = '' } ## Apache include does not always work with spaces in the filename $filename_middle = regsubst($name, ' ', '_', 'G') $_filename = "${priority_prefix}${filename_middle}.conf" } if ! $verify_config or $ensure == 'absent' { $notifies = Class['Apache::Service'] } else { $notifies = undef } file { "apache_${name}": ensure => $ensure, path => "${confdir}/${_filename}", content => $content, source => $source, require => Package['httpd'], notify => $notifies, } if $ensure == 'present' and $verify_config { exec { "syntax verification for ${name}": command => $verify_command, subscribe => File["apache_${name}"], refreshonly => true, notify => Class['Apache::Service'], before => Exec["remove ${name} if invalid"], require => Anchor['::apache::modules_set_up'], } exec { "remove ${name} if invalid": command => "/bin/rm ${confdir}/${_filename}", unless => $verify_command, subscribe => File["apache_${name}"], refreshonly => true, } } }	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
'use strict'; const os = require('os'); const hasFlag = require('has-flag'); const env = process.env; let forceColor; if (hasFlag('no-color') \|\| hasFlag('no-colors') \|\| hasFlag('color=false')) { forceColor = false; } else if (hasFlag('color') \|\| hasFlag('colors') \|\| hasFlag('color=true') \|\| hasFlag('color=always')) { forceColor = true; } if ('FORCE_COLOR' in env) { forceColor = env.FORCE_COLOR.length === 0 \|\| parseInt(env.FORCE_COLOR, 10) !== 0; } function translateLevel(level) { if (level === 0) { return false; } return { level, hasBasic: true, has256: level >= 2, has16m: level >= 3 }; } function supportsColor(stream) { if (forceColor === false) { return 0; } if (hasFlag('color=16m') \|\| hasFlag('color=full') \|\| hasFlag('color=truecolor')) { return 3; } if (hasFlag('color=256')) { return 2; } if (stream && !stream.isTTY && forceColor !== true) { return 0; } const min = forceColor ? 1 : 0; if (process.platform === 'win32') { // Node.js 7.5.0 is the first version of Node.js to include a patch to // libuv that enables 256 color output on Windows. Anything earlier and it // won't work. However, here we target Node.js 8 at minimum as it is an LTS // release, and Node.js 7 is not. Windows 10 build 10586 is the first Windows // release that supports 256 colors. Windows 10 build 14931 is the first release // that supports 16m/TrueColor. const osRelease = os.release().split('.'); if ( Number(process.versions.node.split('.')[0]) >= 8 && Number(osRelease[0]) >= 10 && Number(osRelease[2]) >= 10586 ) { return Number(osRelease[2]) >= 14931 ? 3 : 2; } return 1; } if ('CI' in env) { if (['TRAVIS', 'CIRCLECI', 'APPVEYOR', 'GITLAB_CI'].some(sign => sign in env) \|\| env.CI_NAME === 'codeship') { return 1; } return min; } if ('TEAMCITY_VERSION' in env) { return /^(9\.(0[1-9]\d)\.\|\d{2,}\.)/.test(env.TEAMCITY_VERSION) ? 1 : 0; } if (env.COLORTERM === 'truecolor') { return 3; } if ('TERM_PROGRAM' in env) { const version = parseInt((env.TERM_PROGRAM_VERSION \|\| '').split('.')[0], 10); switch (env.TERM_PROGRAM) { case 'iTerm.app': return version >= 3 ? 3 : 2; case 'Apple_Terminal': return 2; // No default } } if (/-256(color)?$/i.test(env.TERM)) { return 2; } if (/^screen\|^xterm\|^vt100\|^vt220\|^rxvt\|color\|ansi\|cygwin\|linux/i.test(env.TERM)) { return 1; } if ('COLORTERM' in env) { return 1; } if (env.TERM === 'dumb') { return min; } return min; } function getSupportLevel(stream) { const level = supportsColor(stream); return translateLevel(level); } module.exports = { supportsColor: getSupportLevel, stdout: getSupportLevel(process.stdout), stderr: getSupportLevel(process.stderr) };	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Iskodar Iskodar is a town in north-west Tajikistan. It is located in the Sughd province. References External links Satellite map at Maplandia.com Category:Populated places in Tajikistan	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The study of tolerance to self-antigen in B-cells is of the utmost importance to understand how the immune system is regulated in health and disease. Unfortunately, the study of human B-cell tolerance has been hampered by the inability of investigators to identify an abundant population of autoreactive B-cells with homogenous antigenic reactivity and surface markers. We have identified such a population (termed VH4- 34 cells) and over the last three years we have validated the use of these cells for the study of human B-cell tolerance. [unreadable] [unreadable] VH4-34 cells recognize glycolipid autoantigens widely expressed in the surface of multiple cell types as well as microbial glycolipid antigens and probably play a homeostatic role in host defense by connecting the innate and adaptive immune systems. In healthy individuals, VH4-34 cells are prevented from inducing autoimmunity by positive selection into the marginal zone of the spleen and negative selection form the germinal centers. The latter mechanism prevents VH4-34 cells from expanding into the long-lived postgerminal center memory and plasma cell compartments thereby inhibiting the production of significant amounts of pathogenic autoantibodies. [unreadable] [unreadable] In this application we propose to study the phenotypic and functional properties of VH4-34 cells in healthy individuals and to compare them to VH4-34 cells obtained with patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in whom B-cell tolerance is defective. This will be accomplished by using multiparameter flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, we will analyze the signaling processes responsible for the biological responses observed with VH4.34 cells and again determine how signaling differs in patients with SLE. Finally, we will ascertain what type of T-cells regulate the behavior of VH4-34 cells both in healthy subjects and SLE patients. [unreadable] [unreadable] The studies proposed herein should yield important insights into the regulation of autoimmunity and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as SLE. Furthermore, we believe that our results will improve our ability to treat patients with SLE and similar diseases. [unreadable] [unreadable]	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
# Copyright (C) 2006 OpenWrt.org # # This is free software, licensed under the GNU General Public License v2. # See /LICENSE for more information. # world ${.TARGETS}: @gmake $@	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
On this stage, duty is hitting the eye of the beholder. Screenshot : Wonderbelly Games Launching on Steam, Switch, and Xbox One on Friday the 13th (and PS4 later), Roundguard is basically Peggle turned into a dungeon-crawling role-playing game. A ball-bouncing roguelike, if you will. In other words, it’s my jam. Seattle-based Wonderbelly Games combined the Pachinko-style gameplay of Peggle with randomized loot, character-specific skills, and RPG progression to create this charming amalgam of good stuff. Bouncing down the balls of heartache, bang bang. Screenshot : Wonderbelly Games Players choose one of three classes, rogue, warrior, or wizard, each with a particular set of skills that makes them a nightmare for creatures like spiders, skellingtons, orcs, and the odd beholder. The rounded adventurers are fired into the fray, bouncing off treasure, potions, and the aforementioned fantasy creatures. When a creature is hit, the player’s character does damage but also takes damage. Bouncing off healing potions is essential for adventuring success. Each character is aided by skills and equipment randomly awarded as they advance through the dungeon. The rogue, my favorite character, gets a “double jump” skill that allows her to use mana to redirect her trajectory in mid-flight. Randomized equipment also aids in adventuring, adding extra damage and other beneficial buffs or affecting enemies adversely. Roundguard is a clever concept implemented in a charming fashion. It takes a relatively harmless casual classic and gives it extra teeth. Don’t worry, the points have been rounded off. Update 3/13: As of today, Roundgaurd is also available on Apple Arcade. More Peggle Advertisement	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an audience response determination apparatus, a playback output control system, an audience response determination method and a playback output control method suitable for use in entertainment facilities where a large audience gathers for watching movies, concerts, plays, shows, sports events and various other events. The invention also relates to a recording medium suitable for realizing these apparatus and methods. 2. Description of the Related Art A wide variety of entertainment is currently available, including movies, concerts, plays, shows, sports events and other events, where a large audience gathers. In response, techniques and equipment for increasing the level of satisfaction felt by the audience to the entertainment content have been called for and proposed. It is generally the case that in movie theaters, concert halls and other places (hereafter collectively referred to as a hall) where an audience gathers for watching and/or listening to movies or various types of performance, the audience are expected to simply be there to passively watch or listen to the content being performed or shown. When the audience in the hall is large enough, they often display a greater response to the show or performance than in the case of watching or listening to similar content at home. This is due to what is known as mob psychology or a sense of being involved in the entertainment (the story, performers, players, etc.). Such responses include clapping of hands, cries, shouts, standing ovations, cheers, chorus, and gestures. In response to those reactions shown by the audience, it is commonplace for the group of performers playing live music, for example, to voluntarily change the performance schedule or play encores so as to fuel the audience's excitement. However, in the case of movies or when the entertainment content cannot be easily changed, it has been difficult to pick up the audience's response and respond accordingly. It has also been difficult to adjust stage effects in response to the audience's reaction. It is even more difficult to accurately pick up and judge the audience's overall response, given the fact that the audience comprise various types of people, some with loud voices and action, some without, some may be interested at the moment while some may be not, for example.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
See also: [G Kustatscher et al](https://doi.org/10.15252/msb.20177548) (August 2017) Since the earliest explorations in post‐genomics, one truth seems universal---genes in proximity in a genome tend to be co‐expressed (Hurst et al, [2004](#msb177961-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}), at least when considering mRNA levels. Why is this? An appealing explanation is that functionally related genes whose protein products are needed at the same time, evolve to be close in the genome enabling coordinated regulation. A recent paper by Kustatscher et al ([2017](#msb177961-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}) puts a final nail in the coffin for this hypothesis, at least as an explanation for most mRNA‐level co‐expression in humans. They show only for a few rare gene pairs is co‐expression at the mRNA level translated into protein‐level co‐expression. For most genes, RNA‐level co‐expression is dampened at the protein level (Fig [1](#msb177961-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}). This, however, they suggest, does not mean that the close gene coupling and co‐expression is not without utility or consequence. ![Genes interacting at 3D level are co‐expressed at the mRNA level but not at the protein level\ The figure illustrates an example of patches of genes that are spatially proximal in the 3D structure of the human genome (Hi‐C data), are co‐regulated at the mRNA level but are not co‐regulated at the protein level (Kustatscher et al, [2017](#msb177961-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}).](MSB-13-943-g001){#msb177961-fig-0001} Genes in a bidirectional orientation and in very close proximity (\< 1 kb) account for an unexpectedly high proportion (\~10%) of gene pairs in our genome (Trinklein et al, [2004](#msb177961-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"}). Such genes tend to be co‐expressed at the RNA level and seen together as a pair in the mouse genome (Trinklein et al, [2004](#msb177961-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"}). It could be supposed that the co‐expression of the two genes in such a pair enables protein‐level coordination. To test this idea, Kustatscher et al ([2017](#msb177961-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}) examined housekeeping genes expressed in human lymphoblastoid cell lines and, unusually, examined both RNA‐ and protein‐level co‐expression. Looking at 167 such very close bidirectional gene pairs, they found 31 showing strong co‐expression at the RNA level. Of these, only three gene pairs showed sustained co‐expression at the protein level. Generally, those buffered at the protein level do not share common functions, while those retaining co‐expression do (Kustatscher et al, [2017](#msb177961-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}). The same RNA‐level co‐expression and protein‐level attenuation are seen for genes in close proximity not in bidirectional orientation. These results suggest that the protein‐level functional co‐operation model for gene order evolution explains some, but not very much, of the observed genome organization, concurring what prior evidence in yeast. Then why are so many genes so tightly coupled in bidirectional orientation (Trinklein et al, [2004](#msb177961-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"}) and why are so many neighbouring genes co‐expressed to some degree? An attractive null model to explain neighbour co‐expression proposes that open chromatin affects blocks of genes and enables their expression (Raj et al, [2006](#msb177961-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"}). Kustatscher et al ([2017](#msb177961-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}) add to this null model showing that genes that are co‐expressed at the mRNA level tend to reside in the same or interacting genome "compartments", identified in Hi‐C data as showing long‐range interactions. Importantly, this is true for neighbour genes and genes not in the immediate 1D vicinity but that nonetheless are interacting in 3D space. While this co‐expression does not translate to the protein level, the authors sensibly suggest that there is no reason to suspect any active buffering. Post‐transcriptional effects such as different miRNA regulation, different ribosome occupancy and different protein half‐lives are probably enough to explain why an initial signal of mRNA‐level co‐expression disappears at the protein level. Quantitative modelling of the expected collapse of co‐expression, from RNA into protein level, for random gene pairs would help clarify whether the attenuation is any more than would be expected. One enigma is why genes that interact in 3D are functionally more similar than expected by chance (Thevenin et al, [2014](#msb177961-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"}) but apparently not co‐expressed at the protein level. While this RNA co‐expression of co‐compartment genes does not translate to the protein level (Fig [1](#msb177961-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}), Kustatscher et al ([2017](#msb177961-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}) also report that genes whose protein products are co‐expressed do not correlate with spatial organization of the DNA. For these functionally related proteins, the authors suggest that post‐transcriptional adaptations may well be required to preserve co‐expression (e.g. selection for similar protein half‐life). It is indeed striking that unlinked genes whose proteins are part of the same protein complex have stronger correlations at the protein level than at the RNA level (Kustatscher et al, [2017](#msb177961-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}). So perhaps co‐expression is mostly just a product of chromatin dynamics and, with very few exceptions, there is nothing to write home about. Kustatscher et al ([2017](#msb177961-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}), however, argue that there is most likely more to it than this. Indeed, if gene expression parameters are modulated at a chromatin level or by local interactions, gene order might well evolve in response to such effects, assuming selection to be strong enough. In this context, a key further property of genomes is the observed clustering of housekeeping/essential genes (Lercher et al, [2002](#msb177961-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"}; Pal & Hurst, [2003](#msb177961-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}). Co‐expression of essential genes is not so important but since essential genes are, by definition, dose‐sensitive, it is important to ensure that their dose never sinks to low levels by chance. Indeed, as expected, essential genes have low noise in expression and so rarely risk the calamitous fate of accidentally being depleted (Batada & Hurst, [2007](#msb177961-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}). In this context, it was suggested that genomic organization on both a cluster (Batada & Hurst, [2007](#msb177961-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}) and gene‐pair (Wang et al, [2011](#msb177961-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}) level might be part of the solution to the problem of noise control for dose‐sensitive genes. Keep chromatin permanently open and transcription is always possible. Allow genes to maintain each others' open chromatin status and expression level fluctuations can be smoothed. The effect can be most profound for genes in bidirectional orientation and genomically very close: one gene primes the neighbour (and vice versa) and in so doing stabilizes expression levels (low noise) (Wang et al, [2011](#msb177961-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}). Toy models of this mutual interdependence predict that RNA co‐expression is an epiphenomenon of gene pair dynamics of low noise genes (Wang et al, [2011](#msb177961-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}). Preliminary data supported this showing that essential gene clusters are indeed low noise clusters (Batada & Hurst, [2007](#msb177961-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}), that transgenes inserted into such low noise clusters adopt a low noise level (Chen & Zhang, [2016](#msb177961-bib-0002){ref-type="ref"}), that genes in bidirectional orientation have especially low noise (Wang et al, [2011](#msb177961-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}) and that essential genes are especially likely to be found in bidirectional orientation (Wang et al, [2011](#msb177961-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}). Kustatscher et al ([2017](#msb177961-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}) importantly show that, indeed, for highly gene dense regions gene clustering is associated with reduced noise at both RNA and protein levels, as this model predicts. Gene density is here potentially important as gene--gene non‐independence is to a first approximation dependent on between‐gene distance profile (Wang et al, [2011](#msb177961-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}). Thus, there seem to be three viable models to account for pervasive co‐expression of neighbouring genes at the mRNA level. First, for a very limited number of neighbouring gene pairs co‐expression per se is an important part of their biology, these pairs being especially highly co‐expressed, functionally related and, at least in yeasts, preserved as a pair over evolutionary time. Second, many other signals of co‐expression are better considered a happenstance of chromatin dynamics. But, third, some co‐expression appears to viably be explained as an epiphenomenon of selection for low noise of dose‐sensitive genes, by adoption of the dynamics of DNA that enable co‐expression. What is unclear is how common this adoption is and whether, for example, it can explain why gene density varies around a genome. Are housekeeping clusters high‐density clusters to enable this sort of noise control by enabling non‐independence in expression? Or might we instead be looking at a mutation bias? For reasons still unclear, essential gene clusters in yeast have unusually low recombination rates (Pal & Hurst, [2003](#msb177961-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}). Could a relationship between recombination and sequence gain/loss dynamics explain such a trend?	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a jet aircraft. More particularly, the present invention relates to an improved jumbo jet aircraft for mid-flight rescuing of another aircraft in distress. 2. Description of the Prior Art One main cause of mid-flight disasters is the malfunction of the engines. Aircraft engines are typically attached to the wing of an aircraft by means of nacelle struts or pylons which enclose the pneumatic, electric, fuel, and hydraulic connections to the engine as well as links and spars supporting the engine from the airplane wing. Struts are essentially frame and skin structures riveted and bonded together to form a torque box. The aircraft engine operates at high temperatures whereby a strut fire seal and fire wall are desirably incorporated to protect the wing and upper strut systems from exposure to high temperatures and fire wall damage. Fire wall continuity is desirably maintained with the stainless steel primary exhaust nozzle sleeve of the engine serving as a continuation of a strut fire wall. An engine fire must be contained and must not penetrate the adjacent strut structure. The unusual contour of the exhaust nozzle, however, can produce a gap that is uneven in dimension between the nozzle upper forward edge surface and the strut structure lower surface. The engine is, of course, very heavy and is subject to relative motion with respect to the airplane structure due to thermal and loading conditions. Numerous innovations for aircraft safety devices have been provided in the prior art that will be described. Even though these innovations may be suitable for the specific individual purposes to which they address, however, they differ from the present invention in that they do not teach an improved jumbo jet aircraft for mid-flight rescuing of another aircraft in distress. FOR EXAMPLE, U.S. Pat. No. 4,106,729 to Bergman et al. teaches an escape slide container that is mounted for selective, upward movement with a track-mounted, overhead sliding door in an aircraft fuselage. Slide deployment mechanism for releasing the container from the door and for attaching it to the floor of the aircraft allows the door to move upwardly independently of the container, leaving the container attached to the floor. An over-center linkage supports the container above the floor while upward movement of the door trips the over-center linkage to propel the container outwardly through the door opening to deploy the escape slide under the urging of gravity. ANOTHER EXAMPLE, U.S. Pat. No. 4,285,403 to Poland teaches a waterproofed explosive charge that is suspended within a frangible, spherical shell containing an aqueous solution. The assembly is dropped from an airplane or helicopter towards a fire below. Either a shock-actuated percussion cap or a fuse-ignited detonation cap activates the explosive charge at the appropriate moment and the resultant explosion creates a vapor-like fog. A portion of the combustion-supporting oxygen is displaced by the fog droplets. The minute water droplets also absorb heat energy, thereby lowering surrounding air and fuel temperatures. These effects, coupled with the concussive shock wave, act to snuff the fire. STILL ANOTHER EXAMPLE, U.S. Pat. No. 5,400,985 to Banks teaches an emergency escape slide for a commercial passenger airplane that includes a girt bar which connects the slide to the airplane. The girt bar includes a middle portion having a rectangular cross section to which the slide is connected, and cylindrical end fittings which are attached to opposite ends of the middle portion. When the escape slide is armed, the cylindrical end fittings are positioned within floor mounted receptacles which permit the end fittings to rotate. Thus, when the escape slide is deployed, the girt bar is permitted to rotate so that the wide axis of the girt bar remains aligned with the loads generated by the slide deployment. In this manner, the strongest portion of the girt bar is in position to react the loads. YET ANOTHER EXAMPLE, U.S. Pat. No. 5,524,846 to Shine et al. teaches a system for protecting the strut and wing structure of an airplane from high temperatures proximate the exhaust nozzle end of a jet engine that employs a set of outer spring metal fingers attached to the exhaust nozzle outer sleeve and which bear against the strut structure, and a second set of inner spring metal fingers, interleaved with the first, which close off interfinger slots in the first or outer set whereby to maintain firewall integrity. Hot gases are thereby prevented from passing forwardly into the strut structure and wing area so as to protect the same in the event of an engine fire. It is apparent that numerous innovations for aircraft safety devices have been provided in the prior art that are adapted to be used. Furthermore, even though these innovations may be suitable for the specific individual purposes to which they address, however, they would not be suitable for the purposes of the present invention as heretofore described.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Phase I study of N(1),N(11)-diethylnorspermine in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Polyamines are essential for tumor growth; consequently, agents that interfere with their metabolisms have been developed as antineoplastic agents. Diethylnorspermine (DENSPM) is one such agent. A focused Phase I clinical trial in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer was undertaken. Twenty-nine patients were treated with DENSPM using a dosing schedule of once daily for 5 days. Doses ranged from 25 mg/m(2)/day to 231 mg/m(2)/day. The dose-limiting toxicity was determined to be gastrointestinal including asthenia, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and nausea. The maximal tolerated dose was 185 mg/m(2)/day for 5 days. At drug dosages for which it was possible to estimate, serum half-life ranged from 0.5 to 3.7 h without apparent dose dependence. Maximal serum concentrations increased with dosage. However, the increase was greater than the proportional increase of the administered dose. There were no objective disease responses observed during the Phase I trial. The results of the Phase I clinical trial suggest that DENSPM can safely be administered to patients with minimal toxicity. Furthermore, the observed dose-limiting toxicity is unique to DENSPM, thus underscoring the potential for DENSPM to be a suitable agent for chemotherapy in combination with agents possessing different spectrums of toxicities.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
People who aren't actually carpooling driving in the carpool lane is a sad fact of life in the Bay Area, and probably the world over. The California Highway Patrol doesn't hesitate to publicly shame people during their more inventive attempts at avoiding detection, riding with various mannequins and dolls in order to create the illusion of fellow passengers. CASUAL CARPOOL: I pay $1 to get from the East Bay to SF Such was the case with one driver apprehended by Oakland CHP officers on eastbound Interstate 80 who chose to mask his carpool cheating with a crew of multiple dummies in the back seat, the CHP said Thursday. One wore an eye-catching neon-green windbreaker while the other was outfitted in a hoodie. "Don't Be a Dummy & follow the rules!" the CHP wrote on Twitter. "Clever Carpool offender caught cheating system with TWO dummies in back seat. Clever officer checked both dummies' pulse to make sure!" "Dolls, dummies, pets, infants inside wombs, & ghosts don't count!" they added. The driver in question was also driving on a suspended license, so in addition to facing the $500 HOV violation fine, his car was towed, according to the CHP. In the past, others cheaters have brought along creepy mannequins and, in at least one instance, a Chucky doll in order to disguise unauthorized use of the carpool lane. You can see some of the more egregious examples in the gallery above. While the dolls and dummies may not be a common sight, the cheating is: A 2016 study found that nearly a quarter of drivers in the carpool lanes during the morning commute in the Bay Area are there without the requisite number of riders.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
1938 Isle of Man TT The 1938 Isle of Man Tourist Trophy saw the Senior TT lap record of 90.27 mph set by Freddie Frith the previous year broken in 1938 when Harold Daniell completed a lap at 91.00 mph on his Norton, a record which would stand for 12 years. He won, beating Stanley Woods by only 14.4 seconds. Stanley Woods won the Junior, with Harold Daniell coming fifth, while Ewald Kluge on a DKW won the Lightweight. Kluge was the second Lightweight TT winning non-British rider in a row, Omobono Tenni having won the previous year. Between 1931 and 1937 Norton had six Senior-TT wins with the long-stroke CamShaft One (CS1) engine. Norton entered the 1938 Senior TT with a new short-stroke engine, new telescopic front forks, and won for the 7th time, with rider Harold Daniell. Eric Oliver, who later won 4 sidecar World Championships, was entered this year, but retired his Norton from the Junior TT with a broken chain. Senior TT (500cc) Junior TT (350cc) Lightweight TT (250cc) Notes Improvements to the course include road-widening and resurfacing work at Greeba Bridge, Sulby Straight and the 26th Milestone. Sources External links Detailed race results Isle of Man TT winners Isle of Man TT #1938 Isle	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
On high-order denoising models and fast algorithms for vector-valued images. Variational techniques for gray-scale image denoising have been deeply investigated for many years; however, little research has been done for the vector-valued denoising case and the very few existent works are all based on total-variation regularization. It is known that total-variation models for denoising gray-scaled images suffer from staircasing effect and there is no reason to suggest this effect is not transported into the vector-valued models. High-order models, on the contrary, do not present staircasing. In this paper, we introduce three high-order and curvature-based denoising models for vector-valued images. Their properties are analyzed and a fast multigrid algorithm for the numerical solution is provided. AMS subject classifications: 68U10, 65F10, 65K10.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Woman and children injured in Oldham dog attack Police say the dog was ‘dangerously out of control’ A dog has been destroyed in Oldham after it left a woman with serious injuries and attacked two children on Saturday (6th July). Police were called at around 11.55am to reports that a woman had been bitten by a dog at a house on Lower Lime Road in Oldham. Officers attended and discovered the dog was dangerously out of control and two children had also been bitten. The woman has been taken to hospital with serious but not life-threatening injuries. The two children have also been taken to hospital with minor injuries. In line with officers’ priority to keep the public safe, the dog was destroyed at the scene due to concerns for the people at the property and the wider public.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Q: Using Beaker with Falcon, Python I'm using the Python WSGI framework Falcon to make an app backend, and using Beaker to handle session management. In production, we're going to using Gunicorn in AWS. There's something I've been unable to understand: Gunicorn will run several workers, so does that mean the environment variables persist for different clients that have made requests? To put it another way, is a beaker session for one client only, or will it be available to several clients making requests in the same Gunicorn worker instance? This is how I understand sessions to work from my reading: A person logs into my app, and the user_id is added to the session with Beaker. Future requests from the same client will have this user_id stored in the session dict. Now, any future requests from that client will be able to access the variables stored in the session. Each client has its own session data. Have I understood this properly? The current method is to return an id to the client (on successful login) to pass to the backend when more user information is required. A: Have I understood this properly? yes, you do, for most part. Gunicorn will run several workers, so does that mean the environment variables persist for different clients that have made requests? To put it another way, is a beaker session for one client only, or will it be available to several clients making requests in the same Gunicorn worker instance? beaker save session data on server side, in a dedicated datastore identified by a unique session id, client side would send back session id via cookie, then server (gunicorn worker) could retrieve session data. I recommend read a more detailed explanation on how session works, like this one: http://machinesaredigging.com/2013/10/29/how-does-a-web-session-work/	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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