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Plasma CCL5 promotes EMT-medicated epirubicin-resistance in locally advanced breast cancer.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) is the standard treatment for locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). Pathological complete response (pCR) is commonly used as a valid predictor of NCT long-term outcomes. Blood-based tumor biomarkers have the potential to predict response to NCT at early stage non-invasively. We believed plasma CCL5 could be a potential marker to predict NCT of LABC. Its efficiency and possible mechanism was studied in this work. Human Cytokine Antibody Microarray was applied to screen different cytokine concentration in plasma between low histological regression (Low-R) and high histological regression (High-R) patients. LABC patients were divided into two groups according to pathological reactivity. The concentration of plasma CCL5 in different groups was determined by ELISA analysis. CCK8 assay was performed to analyze epirubicin susceptibility of breast cancer cells. Transwell assay was performed to determine the effect of CCL5 on breast cancer cells' migration and invasion. qRT-PCR and western blot were used to verify the EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) markers in CCL5-treated and epirubicin-treated breast cancer cells. The concentration of plasma CCL5 of Low-R group was higher than High-R group before NCT. The plasma levels of CCL5 were significantly reduced after NCT in the group of high histological regression (High-R). Epirubicin susceptibility decreased in the breast cancer cells treated by recombinant CCL5. Migration and invasion were significantly enhanced in breast cancer cells treated by recombinant CCL5. E-cadherin expression was decreased whereas vimentin increased significantly in CCL5-treated breast cancer cells. The phosphorylation of ezrin in Y-567 and its downstream protein cortactin increased significantly in CCL5-treated breast cancer cells. Plasma CCL5 level could be a promised candidate to predict chemotherapy response of breast cancer. Plasma CCL5 plays an important role in EMT process of breast cancer.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Interaction of terbinafine with human serum and serum proteins.
The allylamine antimycotic terbinafine acts by inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis at the level of squalene epoxidase. Using this mechanism in Candida parapsilosis cells, a functional assay was developed to investigate the effects of serum and serum proteins on the antifungal action of terbinafine and related drugs in vitro. Inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis by terbinafine was antagonized by human serum in a dose-dependent non-saturable manner. The results were not affected by varying the period of pre-incubation of serum with the drug or with the fungal cells, or by performing the test in other species of Candida, Aspergillus and Trichophyton. Qualitatively similar effects were observed with the related allylamine compounds naftifine and SDZ 87-469, the extent of antagonism correlating with their lipophilicity. The effect appeared to be caused by non-specific binding of the drug to major serum components, including albumin and the lipoproteins (both LDL and HDL). Reduced bioavailability resulting from binding by serum may at least partly account for the low efficacy of terbinafine in experimental models of systemic infection, in contrast to its high efficacy in infections of the skin, nails and hair.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
What is the nearest to 0.2 in 2/13, 5, 0.017?
2/13
Which is the closest to -0.1? (a) 1/2 (b) 0.3 (c) -0.094
c
Which is the closest to 1? (a) -2/9 (b) 2/3 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.04
b
Which is the closest to 1? (a) 2.4 (b) 2.8 (c) 2/15 (d) 1/4
d
What is the nearest to 14 in 1/2, -1, 0, -0.4?
1/2
What is the closest to -2/5 in 3/2, -0.05, 0.1, -0.3?
-0.3
Which is the closest to 11? (a) 3 (b) -2 (c) -0.4 (d) -3/5
a
What is the nearest to -0.056 in 0, -0.5, -2/5?
0
What is the closest to 4 in 2/11, 2/7, 0?
2/7
Which is the closest to -1? (a) -4 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 2/15
d
What is the closest to 0.1 in -14/9, 1/5, -55, -3?
1/5
Which is the nearest to -0.1? (a) -2/75 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) 1
a
Which is the nearest to 0.2? (a) -3 (b) 6 (c) -2/17
c
What is the nearest to 0 in -0.07, 3/7, -2/7, 0.4?
-0.07
Which is the nearest to 5? (a) -0.4 (b) -0.5 (c) 8 (d) -5
c
What is the closest to 1 in -12, -4, -1/2?
-1/2
Which is the closest to -0.49? (a) 1/4 (b) 3 (c) 0.3
a
What is the closest to 4/3 in -2/13, 2/21, 45?
2/21
What is the closest to 4/7 in 0, -2/9, -0.2?
0
What is the closest to -0.2 in 47/3, 3, -1, -4?
-1
Which is the nearest to 0.1? (a) 0.2 (b) -1/3 (c) 1 (d) -9
a
What is the nearest to 0 in -3, -0.23, 0.2?
0.2
What is the closest to 1/4 in -1/3, 6, 126, 1?
-1/3
Which is the closest to 0.1? (a) -2/9 (b) 0.5 (c) 14 (d) 0.1
d
What is the closest to 2/3 in -5, -2, -207, 3/4?
3/4
Which is the closest to 2/11? (a) 0.5 (b) -0.4 (c) 20
a
What is the nearest to 1 in -2, 1, -11, 2/7?
1
What is the closest to 6 in -11, 2, 0.2?
2
Which is the nearest to 1/2? (a) -3 (b) -0.3 (c) -2/7 (d) -0.5
c
What is the nearest to 0.06 in 0.3, -3, 0.4, 1?
0.3
What is the nearest to -0.7 in 0.4, -2/3, 0.21, -0.5?
-2/3
Which is the nearest to -1.8? (a) -1/3 (b) -2 (c) 2/3
b
Which is the nearest to 10? (a) 1 (b) -3 (c) 0.46
a
What is the closest to 0.2 in -0.74, -4, 4?
-0.74
What is the nearest to 4 in 3/8, 0.3, -0.06?
3/8
Which is the nearest to -2/9? (a) -2 (b) -12 (c) -0.1
c
Which is the nearest to 0.2? (a) -1 (b) 5/7 (c) 3 (d) -4
b
What is the nearest to 0 in -13, 1, -97?
1
Which is the nearest to 46? (a) 3/4 (b) 4 (c) 1/3
b
What is the nearest to 1490 in 4, 1, -1/5, 2/17?
4
Which is the nearest to 1/4? (a) 1/4 (b) 2/25 (c) -3/2 (d) -0.3
a
What is the nearest to 7.1 in -29, 0.2, -2/7?
0.2
What is the closest to 0 in 4/9, 0, -0.5, -0.3?
0
Which is the nearest to 0.1? (a) -5 (b) 1/2 (c) 2/11
c
What is the nearest to 8 in -2/7, 0.3, -30?
0.3
What is the nearest to 897 in -0.1, -1/2, -2/5, -5?
-0.1
Which is the nearest to 0? (a) -3.462 (b) -5 (c) 0.3
c
Which is the closest to -3/7? (a) -4 (b) 3/2 (c) -1
c
What is the closest to 15 in 2/3, -3, 8?
8
Which is the closest to 6? (a) 0.5 (b) 0.03 (c) -2 (d) -4
a
Which is the closest to -0.2? (a) -5 (b) 3 (c) -1.5
c
Which is the nearest to 3/107? (a) -0.1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) -3/11
b
Which is the nearest to 8? (a) -4 (b) -1/4 (c) -2/3 (d) 0.3
d
What is the nearest to -1/3 in 1, -0.3, -2, -5?
-0.3
What is the nearest to 3 in 38, 1, -0.1, 2?
2
What is the nearest to 4 in -25, 2, 0.5?
2
Which is the closest to 4? (a) 0.1 (b) -4 (c) 3
c
What is the nearest to 0.1 in -1, 4, 133?
-1
Which is the nearest to 1? (a) 1/3 (b) 0.22 (c) 9
a
Which is the closest to 1/2? (a) 0.03 (b) 2 (c) -0.2 (d) -0.06
a
What is the closest to 2 in 1, 4, 0.2, -4/7?
1
Which is the closest to 1.4? (a) 1 (b) 12 (c) -3 (d) 3
a
What is the nearest to -0.1 in -0.2, -0.047, 1/4, 33?
-0.047
Which is the closest to -551/7? (a) 3 (b) -5 (c) -0.1
b
Which is the closest to 0? (a) 4 (b) -1 (c) 2/15 (d) -0.1
d
Which is the nearest to -0.3? (a) 2 (b) -10.21 (c) 3
a
What is the closest to 998 in -1, 0.4, -7?
0.4
Which is the nearest to -7? (a) 0.06 (b) -0.2 (c) 0.4
b
What is the closest to 1 in 3/4, 2/5, 9, 1?
1
Which is the closest to 0? (a) 21 (b) -0.1 (c) 1
b
Which is the closest to 0.2? (a) 0.851 (b) 4 (c) 0 (d) -0.3
c
What is the closest to 0.1 in 0, -218, -8?
0
Which is the nearest to -1/45? (a) -2/5 (b) -1/2 (c) -2 (d) -1/10
d
Which is the nearest to 1? (a) -33 (b) -0.1 (c) -2 (d) -0.2
b
Which is the closest to -1? (a) 5 (b) -3 (c) 2 (d) 4/3
b
Which is the closest to -2/5? (a) -2/7 (b) 1 (c) 1/6 (d) -154
a
What is the closest to 22 in -4.8, -1/4, -5, 2?
2
Which is the nearest to 2/5? (a) 0.4 (b) -2 (c) 4 (d) -2/9
a
Which is the closest to -2/3? (a) -3 (b) 0.02 (c) -0.5 (d) 3/4
c
What is the closest to 2/9 in -55, 4, -0.5, -2/5?
-2/5
What is the closest to 0 in 5, 6, -20?
5
Which is the closest to 7? (a) 7 (b) -6 (c) 3/2
a
What is the closest to -10 in 4, 0.5, -75, 0.1?
0.1
What is the closest to 10 in -0.2, -83, -2/7?
-0.2
Which is the nearest to 5? (a) -2/25 (b) -3 (c) -1 (d) -1/8
a
Which is the nearest to 0.1? (a) 0.01 (b) 4 (c) -3/4 (d) -3
a
What is the nearest to -1 in -0.5, 0.1, 125/6?
-0.5
What is the nearest to -0.2 in -2, -1/7, -9?
-1/7
Which is the closest to 1? (a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 0.4 (d) 6
c
What is the nearest to -14/11 in 0, 1/2, -5, -1/5?
-1/5
What is the nearest to -1 in 5, 12, -54, -3/7?
-3/7
What is the closest to -1/3 in -3/7, 1, -152?
-3/7
Which is the closest to 2/9? (a) -3 (b) 4 (c) 9 (d) -1
d
What is the closest to 0.1 in -4/5, 35, 0, -1?
0
Which is the closest to -2? (a) -1/2 (b) 0.1 (c) -38 (d) -2/5
a
Which is the nearest to -2? (a) -4 (b) 11 (c) -18
a
Which is the nearest to 1? (a) -1/4 (b) 0.1 (c) 2/33 (d) 8
b
What is the nearest to -3 in 1/4, 5, -0.005?
-0.005
What is the closest to -9 in -4, -5, 4, -1.2?
-5
What is the closest to 2/3 in -0.045, 0.4, -0.4, -3/2?
0.4
What is the nearest to -5 in 1, 0.26, -2/17?
-2/17
What is the nearest to 1/2 in 1, -0.04, -14?
1
What is the closest to 2/9 in -2, -1/7, 3/2, 3?
-1/7
What is the nearest to -2/7 in 4, 1/3, -1/232?
-1/232
What is the closest to -2/5 in 2, 9, 25?
2
Which is the nearest to 0? (a) -0.02 (b) 0 (c) -2/7 (d) 10
b
What is the nearest to 0 in 0.4, -2, -3, -0.2?
-0.2
What is the closest to -5/8 in -5, -3/5, -0.04?
-3/5
What is the closest to -8 in 2/3, -0.5, 1?
-0.5
Which is the nearest to -0.2? (a) 2 (b) -12/23 (c) -1
b
Which is the closest to 2/5? (a) -0.3 (b) 0.2 (c) 5 (d) 2
b
Which is the nearest to -3/2? (a) -4 (b) 0.04 (c) 3
b
What is the closest to 1 in 3/7, 38, 2, 0.1?
3/7
What is the closest to 1 in -2/5, 4, 0.1, -0.19?
0.1
Which is the nearest to 0? (a) -4 (b) 2 (c) -2/271
c
Which is the closest to -3? (a) 5 (b) 2 (c) 5/14 (d) 2/19
d
What is the closest to -0.2 in 5/2, 0, 35, 4?
0
What is the closest to 3 in -2, -3/2, 16, 2/21?
2/21
Which is the nearest to 2/7? (a) -1 (b) 9.9 (c) 4 (d) 1
d
What is the nearest to 0.1 in -1/9, 6, 5?
-1/9
Which is the nearest to 0.1? (a) 1.9 (b) 0 (c) 1
b
Which is the nearest to -1? (a) 1/4 (b) -1/3 (c) -31
b
Which is the nearest to -0.1? (a) -1/41 (b) 53 (c) 2
a
Which is the closest to -2/15? (a) -0.5 (b) 1 (c) -0.3
c
What is the nearest to 1.2 in -90, -0.4, 0.1?
0.1
Which is the closest to -2/7? (a) -5/7 (b) -5.4 (c) -5
a
What is the closest to -1 in 1, -2/5, 2?
-2/5
Which is the nearest to 1? (a) 4 (b) -0.011 (c) -0.2
b
Which is the nearest to 12? (a) 0.1 (b) 0.5 (c) 2/9
b
What is the closest to 0 in 23, 2, 3, -0.1?
-0.1
What is the closest to 23 in 3, 0.1, -4, 1/2?
3
Which is the nearest to 2/7? (a) -5 (b) 170.8 (c) 0.3
c
What is the nearest to 2/3 in 2/3, -1, 36?
2/3
Which is the closest to 0.1? (a) 8 (b) 0.3 (c) 0 (d) 0.04
d
What is the closest to 3 in 1/25, 1/4, 13, 0.4?
0.4
Which is the closest to -8/9? (a) -0.3 (b) -1/2 (c) -0.2
b
What is the nearest to -12 in -0.06, -3/5, 5?
-3/5
Which is the nearest to 4? (a) -4 (b) 39 (c) 0
c
What is the nearest to 3 in 1/3, 1/4, 2/19?
1/3
Which is the nearest to 1? (a) -0.06 (b) -1 (c) 14/5
a
Which is the closest to -0.1? (a) -3 (b) -13 (c) -2/9 (d) -0.2
d
What is the closest to 0.1 in -3, 0.2, -2.8, 4?
0.2
Which is the nearest to -0.1? (a) 3/22 (b) 13 (c) 0.4
a
What is the nearest to -79 in 0, -1/3, 22?
-1/3
Which is the nearest to -1/3? (a) 8 (b) 3 (c) -3
c
Which is the nearest to 1/4? (a) -1 (b) -0.4 (c) 4 (d) -2/17
d
Which is the closest to 15? (a) 0.1 (b) -2 (c) 1 (d)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
}
|
Toys in the Attic - Aerosmith
Toys in the Attic
Toys in the Attic
hard rockrockclassic rock70saerosmith
"Toys in the Attic" is a song by American hard rock band Aerosmith. Written by Steven Tyler and Joe Perry, it is the first song and title track from the band's third album Toys in the Attic, their bestselling studio album in the United States. The song is three minutes, five seconds long. It was released as single in 1975.
The song "Toys in the Attic" is part of the The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll list. The others by Aerosmith are "Dream On" and "Walk This Way" (Run-DMC version).
Despite the song never making a chart appearance, it is frequently played on rock radio stations. Additionally, the band often includes the song into their live setlist and it is frequently used to open shows. It is also the opening song in the band's bestselling DVD, You Gotta Move.
Additionally, the band played the song acoustically during their performance on MTV Unplugged in 1990. In 1994, during a nationally-broadcast radio performance at the band's Mama Kin's Music Hall, the song was the last song played, after the band asked the audience for requests.
Aerosmith is a prominent American rock band. Three of its members, Steven Tyler, Joe Perry, and Tom Hamilton, first met in Sunapee, New Hampshire in the late 60s, but it wasn't until 1970, in Boston, Massachusetts, that the three decided to form a band together. Later, they met up with Joey Kramer (drums) and Brad Whitford (rhythm guitar). The band enjoyed major popularity throughout the 70s, making rock anthems such as "Dream On" and "Sweet Emotion" Show more ...
Toys in the Attic - Aerosmith
in the attic
lights
voices scream
nothin seen
real s the dream
leaving the things that are real behind
leaving the things that you love from mind
all of the things that you learned from fears
nothin is left for the years
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
A number of methods and systems have been proposed for providing assistance in operating a device, system or machine, such as a vehicle. For example, several driving assistance systems were disclosed in U.S. Published Patent Application Nos. 20030060936 A1, published Mar. 27, 2003, and 20040172185 A1, published Sep. 2, 2004. In order to enhance performance, some driving assistance systems may require estimation of a driver's intention in driving a vehicle. A system for estimating a driver's intention may collect estimates of the driver's intention using movement of the driver's eyeballs. For example, directions to which the driver's eyeballs turn are projected onto a plane divided into a number of regions, for calculating a distribution of projected directions over the divided regions to estimate the driver's intention. However, such type of systems lacks accuracy because the driver's eyeballs move all the time and do not always relate to a “driving” intention of the driver.
Therefore, there is a need for reliable intention estimation systems that can estimate an operator's intention with satisfactory accuracy. There is also a need for determining how reliable or how strong an estimated intention is, such that operation assistance can be provided accordingly.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Bristol Airport (disambiguation)
Bristol Airport may refer to:
Bristol Airport, serving the Bristol area, England (IATA: BRS, ICAO: EGGD)
Bristol Filton Airport, a former small airport in the Filton area of Bristol, England
Bristol (Whitchurch) Airport, the former airport south of Bristol, England
Bristol Aerodrome, in Bristol, New Brunswick, Canada (TC LID: CDA6)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Are immigrants at a disadvantage in psychiatric in-patient care?
To assess the utilization of psychiatric in-patient care among immigrants, and to compare immigrants and natives with respect to sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Analysing a sample of 23 377 consecutive referrals to psychiatric hospitals of a catchment area in 1995-2001. Within this sample, 20% were foreign nationals. Rates of psychotic disorders were similar in immigrants and natives. Regarding other diagnoses, sociodemographic and clinical measures, there were significant differences. Most immigrant groups had higher rates of compulsory admission, were more likely to be admitted with lower illness severity and not to be readmitted, and spent significantly shorter time in hospital, compared with Swiss in-patients. Some of these differences were clearly gender-specific. Service utilization and psychiatric treatment decisions are not explained merely by illness-related aspects in immigrants. Social and cultural factors have to be recognized in order to prevent disadvantages in psychiatric care.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
Calling functions one after other in event driven programming
I'm working on a software where software issues commands for hardware panel and once a command is issued, its response received after few seconds . there are different functions for different hardware commands like
public void FunctionA()
{
StartCommandA();
}
and other functions on the same pattern that will be used to run other commands.
FunctionB();
FunctionC();
Once we receive the response of command A , I invoke the other function from the response but this approach is not good as per design pattern practices.
All i want to do is to make a list of functions and invoke all these functions one after other, But next function will be called once i get response of first functions.
I tried this by using Multicast delegate but I'm unable to find out how we can call get the list of functions once i add all functions to that delegates. This is what i'm trying do since.
FunList funList_ConfigAndSerialTests = new FunList(StartSerialTest);
funList_ConfigAndSerialTests += StartSerialTest;
funList_ConfigAndSerialTests += StartMsrTest;
funList_ConfigAndSerialTests += StartContactLessTest;
//funList_ConfigAndSerialTests.Invoke();
Delegate[] del = funList_ConfigAndSerialTests.GetInvocationList();
foreach (Delegate item in funList_ConfigAndSerialTests.GetInvocationList())
{
while (true)
{
if (IsResponseReceived == true)
{
// Call function here
}
}
}
A:
The simplest way to do this is to call the functions one by one:
FunctionA();
FunctionB();
FunctionC();
Each method will be called only after the previous has returned.
But you said you want to call the next function after the previous one has a response. Now that sounds like your functions run asynchronously. I strongly suggest you use the async keyword to mark your functions and make them return a Task<ResonseType>. You can learn about this here.
You'll then be able to do something like this:
await FunctionA(); // you obviously want to do something with the returned response
// I do not know your requirements so I did not show that part
await FunctionB();
await FunctionC();
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Are We Reaching the Limits of Silicon Valley’s Venture Model? - ot
https://medium.com/@bryce/are-we-reaching-the-limits-of-silicon-valleys-venture-model-f7b7f3708a50#.tmp1sm3u2
======
FiatLuxDave
It seems to me that the big issue with the SV venture model is the geographic
limitation of its current implementation. The reason that there is too much
money chasing too few deals is that the money is 'stuck' in certain places
(SF, NY, Boston, Austin). The assumption is that if you want to play the VC
game, you go where the money is. But not all good opportunities are in those
locations or are capable of moving there. And that is why we have mad
inflation in the money centers, while the rest of the country is living with
deflation.
I'm waiting for the next wave of VCs to figure out how to overcome this
geographic limitation and grab those opportunities which are currently being
ignored.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
}
|
Carlow girl Shauntelle Tynan is now cancer free after experimental US treatment
Shauntelle Tynan has revealed she is now cancer free after travelling to the US for an experimental treatment.
Brave Shauntelle - Shan to her family - shared the good news with those following her journey on social media.
Saying she was still in shock at the news, Shauntelle said she can't wait for "an exciting and happy future".
The Carlow native summed up what lies ahead by saying: "The future obstacles I will face will be worth everything I've been through. Now I truly have a chance at life and will keep you all updated to how I grow in the future."
Shauntelle suffered from a rare form of cancer and stole the hearts of the nation when her video to help get her to America for treatment went viral.
The 20-year-old smashed her original target of €500,000 and went on to raise over €750,000.
While in the US receiving treatment Shauntelle and her family were affected by the flooding in Houston as a result of Hurricane Harvey but thankfully made it to safety.
Following on from her good news, she will remain on oral chemo as maintenance for the next 12-18 months. The family has secured medical care for her in Ireland upon their return.
She will then have to travel back and forth to Texas every three to six months initially, and annually for the rest of her life.
Shauntelle has been keeping well-wishers up-to-date about her life through her YouTube channel, saying she “wants to film the good parts and the bad parts” of living with cancer.
The treatment trial saw participants go from allergic reactions such as immediate vomiting, swelling of the throat, blisters on tongue and stomach pain to being able to safely ingest up to four peanuts.
Part of a €20,000 award to a shopper who fell into a supermarket freezer after she had to lean in to get frozen vegetables from the bottom is to be held in a solicitor's account pending an appeal over the case, the High Court has ruled.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Coexistence of pemphigus vulgaris, malignant melanoma and low-grade lymphoma.
A 53-year-old female patient with pemphigus vulgaris under continuous immunosuppressive therapy for about 2 years presented a superficial spreading malignant melanoma on a pre-existing melanocytic naevus. After surgical removal of the inguinal lymph node group, a diffuse low-grade polymorphous immunocytoma was proved both histologically and immunocytochemically. The possible induction mechanisms are discussed.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Prostate Cancer Study: Hold The Surgery
The eternal debate about treatment (or not) of early stage prostate cancer continues to fuel studies of the pros and cons of surgery. The latest, a 12-year-long look by researchers at the Massachusetts General Hospital, finds that men in their 60s who had surgery didn’t live significantly longer than those whose cancers were merely monitored. Deborah Kotz, writing in the Boston Globe’s Daily Dose, reports that the trial, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, involved 731 men (average age of 67) who were diagnosed with early-stage prostate cancer. About half were randomly selected to have their prostate removed and the rest were monitored. Kotz reports that after 12 years, nearly 6 percent of men who had immediate surgery died of the cancer compared with slightly more than 8 percent of those patients who were observed, numbers that fall short of a statistical significance. There were, however, some subsets that might benefit. One is men with PSA levels of greater than 10 nanograms per millimeter. That group had a 33 percent lower risk of dying from prostate cancer if they were immediately treated with surgery rather than observed. The MGH docs also looked at quality-of-life costs of surgery: About 17 percent had urinary incontinence compared with 6 percent of those who skipped the treatment, and 81 percent in the surgery group had erectile dysfunction compared with 44 percent of those whose cancers were monitored. Read more in the Boston Globe.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
WASHINGTON - Political acrimony over President Donald Trump’s controversial decision to fire FBI Director James Comey is playing into the hands of a longtime U.S. adversary, several current and former U.S. intelligence officials say.
“From a geopolitical standpoint, the real winner is Russia,” said Luke Hartig, a former senior director at the National Security Council under former President Barack Obama.
'Could Russia want anything more?'
Jeffrey Ringel, a recently retired 21-year veteran of the FBI now serving as director of The Soufan Group, echoed similar sentiments about how the current political dynamic is playing out.
“Could Russia want anything more?” Ringel asked of Comey’s sudden dismissal. “Russia is probably very happy with the results of this action because this action is going to bog down the [FBI’s] investigation.”
Trump said he fired Comey because “he wasn’t doing a good job.”
A memo from the Justice Department criticized Comey’s handling of the investigation of whether former Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton mishandled classified material.
Democrats and some Republicans see the FBI’s investigation into Russia’s ties to the Trump campaign as the real reason Comey was fired.
Adding fuel to the controversy was Wednesday’s meeting between Trump and Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, one day after Comey was fired. The White House did not let the media into the meeting for a customary photo opportunity. The only pictures of the meeting came from the Russian Foreign Ministry.
Before meeting with Trump, Lavrov, at the State Department, made light of Comey’s departure, joking with American reporters who asked whether his dismissal cast a shadow over the foreign minister’s visit.
"Was he fired?" Lavrov coyly asked them at the first mention of Comey. "You are kidding. You are kidding."
Denied collusion allegations
While continuing to deny that members of the Trump campaign colluded with Russia, White House officials maintained Wednesday that Comey’s firing would have no impact on the FBI investigation.
Still, there are those who worry that no matter how the investigation plays out, it could be advantage Russia.
“They’re trying to exploit whatever cultural fissures there are within a country,” a U.S. official told VOA on condition of anonymity when asked about Russian President Vladimir Putin’s evolving strategy for the U.S. and its allies.
“The intensity is new. Some of the tools are new,” the official added. The pattern, however, is not.
“He will do anything to fracture traditional alliances that he sees as threatening to his power,” the official said.
And there are fears that every victory, no matter how slight, will only further embolden Putin and Russia.
Russian-linked hackers
Already, the U.S. National Security Agency has accused Russian-linked hackers of trying to sow confusion in France during its recent presidential election.
And NSA Director Adm. Michael Rogers noted Tuesday that the U.S. was seeing “similar things” in Britain and Germany.
“The first objective was to sow discord and dissension, which they certainly did,” former U.S. Director of National Intelligence James Clapper told a Senate panel Monday, when asked about Russian interference in the U.S. presidential elections.
“They're going to continue to do it,” Clapper added. “And why not? It proved successful.”
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Buin, Papua New Guinea
Buin is a town on Bougainville Island, and the capital of the South Bougainville District, in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, in eastern Papua New Guinea. The island is in the northern Solomon Islands Archipelago of the Melanesia region, in the South Pacific Ocean.
It is a government-established town in the jungle, now inland from the coast, where its sea-landing predecessor of the same name was located. The town is in an autonomous region of Papua New Guinea established in 2000, and was the former North Solomons Province (1976-2000).
History
Buin and Bougainville Island gained world attention with the Japanese Army's occupation in 1942, World War II, and the subsequent American counterattack in November 1943.
After the war, the present-day town of Buin was established, inland to the north from its original location, which had been a minimal point of sea-landing on the coast.
In 1943, Imperial Japanese Navy Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto was flying over Buin in his G4M "Betty" bomber. A squadron of American P-38 Lightnings flying up from Guadalcanal ambushed Yamamoto’s bomber, killing him when the "Betty" crashed.
During the late 1960s, Buin became a regional center of government, commercial, and education activity. After Bougainville Copper, Ltd., was established, it came to national prominence as the source of a large proportion of the country's financial base. The town was isolated from contact and commercial activity during the 1990s Bougainville Civil War. In 2000, it fell within the Autonomous Region of Bougainville in Papua New Guinea, upon the Autonomous Region's establishment.
German New Guinea
Buin was within German New Guinea from 1884 to 1919. Three anthropologists explored traditional cultures in Bougainville in the 1930s, one in Siwai, the ethnically and culturally closely related region immediately to the west of the later Buin; another in the region of the long-established east-coast town of Kieta to the north. They published widely read books.
One Chinese trade-store family arrived during German period before World War I, four of whose members ultimately continued running Buin trade stores until the political and military crisis which began in 1988. The Germans, though not the later Australians, permitted Chinese immigration.
Roman Catholics and Methodists (from 1968 the United Church in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands) established missions early in German times in the region of what later became Buin, a small number of other Christian denominations also later establishing a smaller presence. A Roman Catholic nunnery was very early established immediately adjacent to the later Buin airfield. Pre-Christian traditional beliefs of course remained alive, including the firm one that souls of the deceased remained alive on Lake Loloru in a volcano northeast of the later Buin, and powerful men continued taking multiple wives. On the other hand, a strong tradition of intelligent and talented women having considerable influence remained vastly important. Indigenous Roman Catholic nuns and female Methodist ministers became deeply appreciated.
Territory of New Guinea
Buin was within the Territory of New Guinea, a Mandate of the League of Nations, that consisted of the northeastern part of the island of New Guinea and a number of outlying islands. It was wholly controlled by Australia during 1920–1942 and during 1945–1949 and mostly occupied by Japan during World War II, between 1942 and 1945.
In 1914, Australia seized German New Guinea which included Bougainville and Buka as the northernmost two islands of the Solomon Islands, which Germany and Great Britain had divided between them, the south of which had been taken by Great Britain. Despite Australia's remaining a British colony until the Statute of Westminster of 1931, affirmed its independence when the "autonomous Communities within the British Empire [became] equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another" within a "British Commonwealth of Nations" despite Australia's not accepting such sovereignty until 1942 with the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942. Australia took virtually no steps to develop this remote part of Papua and New Guinea, apart from minimally developing the small towns of Kieta, Buka Town, and Buin (initially on the south coast), and permitting plantations to be established from Kieta up the coast to Buka.
Indeed, one of the most widely read books on pre-World War II Bougainville was Douglas L. Oliver’s A Solomon Island Society: Kinship and Leadership Among the Siwui [sic] of Bougainville, a lengthy report of his 1938-39 anthropological study of a village in Siwai. Oliver made no mention of the coastal port of Buin, though would necessarily have been where he landed and entered. Nor did he mention it in his Bougainville: A Personal History or Black Islanders: A Personal Perspective of Bougainville 1937-1991.
The Vienna-born and ultimately also US-based anthropologist Richard Thurnwald, (1869-1954), “one of the most productive ethnologists of his time,” wrote two published studies of people in the region of today’s Buin, both in English: Profane Literature of Buin and Pigs and Currency in Buin (1934)
World War II
The Imperial Japanese Army occupied Bougainville in early 1942, building two air bases on the southern end of the island, one at the site of what would become Buin after the War and the other at Kahili.
The northern tip of the island was the home of the third air base, and the fourth was across the Buka passage on Buka. Buin briefly attained worldwide attention when on 18 April 1943 a Japanese Navy airplane carrying Fleet Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, then on a tour of forward bases, was shot down near there. The architect of the Japanese Navy's air attack on Pearl Harbor that brought the USA into the war, Yamamoto was the commander-in-chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy. The ambush was carried out by P-38 Lightnings flying from Guadalcanal. Yamamoto's airplane crashed just north of the later site of Buin.
"It was obvious to the planners that Japanese air power sited at Rabaul and at the Bougainville fields of Kahili, Buin, Kieta, and Buka must be neutralized before the Empress Augusta Bay operation could take place.”
“On Bougainville [by mid-1944] the Japanese were forced to retreat north to Bonis Peninsua and Buka island, and south around Buin.” In late 1944, the Australian Army took over responsibility for clearing of Japanese troops from the island, and they slowly began to advance south from Torokina towards Buin where the main Japanese forces were located. “By the end of June [1945] in the major area of operations, southern Bougainville,…it was estimated…that the Japanese army had dwindled to approximately 14,000 men…. Over eight thousand were in the Buin area, now only thirty miles from the advancing Australians."
Stiff Japanese resistance and heavy rains, however, brought the advance to a halt in July 1945, just after the Australians reached the Mivo River. As a result Buin remained under Japanese control until the end of the war in August 1945. The northern and western Solomons long remained world-famous because two later presidents of the USA served in the U.S. Navy in this area, Lt. Richard Nixon on Green Island just north of Buka, and Lt. John F. Kennedy on a patrol torpedo boat based on Rendova Island.
During the 1970s, there were expeditions to Buin by large groups of Japanese to find the bones of fathers and grandfathers killed in South Bougainville during the war, to cremate the remains, and take them home to Japan. Many also visited Yamamoto's wrecked airplane and obtained accommodation at the Buin High School, bringing substantial gifts of books for the school library.
Post-World War II development
“To replace and improve livestock destroyed during the war, the Department [of Agriculture] built pig-breeding centres at Lae, Madang, Wewak, Aitape, Manus, Sohano and Buin; and day-old chickens were flown in from Australia, reared, and distributed.” “Around…[1967], developments in timber and road metal in the Buin area of South Bougainville were handled with … contempt for villagers.
In order to try and entrench itself among Bougainvilleans, CRA [Bougainville Copper Ltd.] suavely hired a miscellany of experts, including at least three noted anthropologists. One of these, professor Douglas Oliver of Harvard and the East-West Centre of Hawaii, had already written a masterly ethnographic study of the Siwai of South Bougainville dating back to 1938-39. His published advice to CRA shows no awareness of the political implications of mining, but merely a facile optimism that the people he portrayed to CRA shareholders as simply primitive and superstitious ‘will probably get used to the Company’s presence.’”
Bougainville Copper commenced operation of the mine at Panguna in 1972. Australia had begun to take interest in Bougainville with the establishment of Bougainville Copper. This was when development of Buin became serious, together with that of the by-then long-established Kieta and additional towns in the region. These included the new Arawa, which became the capital when provincial status was established in 1975 — substantially at the urging of the Buin political leader, figure of national eminence in Papua New Guinea and Roman Catholic priest, (Father) John Momis.
Although large expatriate plantations were established from Arawa northwards along the northeastern coast to and including Buka, such activity did not occur in the Buin region, although a Chinese-run trade store was established during the German period, and four family members continued running trade stores at Buin, one continuing until the crisis beginning in 1988.
Early provincial self-government
In 1973, Papua New Guinea was granted self-government, and then independence in September 1975 from Australian government rule on orders by the United Nations, some 30 years ahead of plan. Not long thereafter, Bougainville declared independence from Papua New Guinea, causing PNG to invade Bougainville with the military support of both the Australian and New Zealander governments in an attempt to secure control of the lucrative Panguna Copper Mine, from which the Papua New Guinea government and Australian shareholders obtained significant wealth. In times of economic vitality before road transportation existed, from southern Bougainville through Buin northeast to Kieta and Arawa, people went to Buin, and in the days before it became common to hear and speak Tok Pisin (until recently referred to in English as New Guinea Pidgin, and still by Anglophone Papua New Guineans), one could hear not only Buin's Telei language, but also a great deal of Siwai's Korokoro Motuna.
Local autonomy
When Bougainville again declared independence from Papua New Guinea in 1990, Buin erupted with a storm of local activity, including the destruction of the local council building blocks, and large craters being dug out of the local airport with bulldozers to ensure that PNG forces could not land there. The local goal (?) being torn apart and carried down the main street of Buin and dumped in front of the council buildings. The locals formed a strong rebel army, and they fought back and through a bloody and horrible series of battles, PNG and its allies Australia and New Zealand were ejected from the island, which reportedly still widely yearns to become an independent state.
Economy
Commerce and town social activities
During its heyday, Buin was an affluent town. Access to Kieta and Arawa for selling cocoa and buying supplies, previously accessible only by northwest road via Panguna through mountains, became available more directly on a new highway from Buin northeast along the coast. There were a medical clinic and active government offices. Its main street had four trade stores, three run by Chinese and white Australian families (ethnically Chinese having been resident in PNG since German rule before the beginning of World War I in 1914), and one run by the local people. There was a bank, a men's pub, and a large Saturday fish, fruit, and vegetable market. Despite its lack of a hotel, foreign tourists arrived frequently, including aforementioned Japanese seeking remains of forefathers from World War II, and coming both from Kieta and Arawa on the eastern coast of Bougainville and from the south in the Solomons by boat. The obligatory local drinking pub, a post office, and a running subbranch of the Bank of Papua New Guinea, local weekly market filled with local trade including local fruit (guava, paw-paw, and mangoes), vegetables (cumu, taro, sweet potatoes, and pumpkin), fish of all types brought by Shortland Islanders, local fresh water crayfish, and fowl, including domestic chickens and local wild fowls. Bats and possums were often featured as well.
Encounters with local people, both town and nearby village dwellers, were common. There was a thriving Saturday market with fruit and vegetables brought by nearby villagers, fish and shellfish by Treasury Islanders, the international boundary not being closely monitored. The precise national border between Bougainville and the rest of the Solomons can be confusing, and international maps can be openly mistaken. The Google map on the Internet shows no national border between Bougainville and Shortland Island and with the light official policing of such matters, so far from border crossing points, fishermen wishing to sell at the Buin Saturday markets would not encounter any border guards wish to see passports. “In the last two decades of the 19th century, the national border between Bougainville, part of German New Guinea, and the rest of the Solomons, a British colony, changed several times. The islands of Bougainville and Buka in the Solomons Group were added in 1886 and remain[ed] as part of Papua New Guinea in 1979, but the Shortland Islands, Choiseul and Ysabel were German only from 1886 until 1899. In a deal … concluded in 1899, Britain extended her Solomons border northwards to the Buin Straight south of Bougainville.” Village women always wore blouses to Saturday markets as to religious services, though as elsewhere in Bougainville and Buka they often went topless when not attending such functions.
Culture
The eminent anthropologist Douglas Oliver, who visited and extensively studied southern Bougainville's peoples and cultures from the 1930s through the 1980s, wrote many books including Southern Bougainville (1968) which has been summarized "The Greater Buin Plain of southern Bougainville provides a complex picture of similarities and diversity. From northwest to southeast, a clearly marked range in emphasis from maternal to paternal ties and descent is paralleled by a shift in the bases of the status hierarchy, from kinship and age (northwest) to greater stress on renown and a system of inherited class‐status. These are considered in relation to differences in leadership. Defining "political" broadly on the criterion of a group's corporate title(s) to the territory it normally occupies, the paper suggests that, in addition to cumulative change, all of these factors can be seen in terms of cyclical change between two sharply contrasting types of political unit."
Religion
A Roman Catholic parish church and a United Church congregational church both thrived. Anglican clergmeny would visit to participate in intermarriages of local Roman Catholics with resident Papuans; a Canadian Anglican archbishop visited en route to a world conference in England, causing a long-term link to be established between Canada and the southern Solomons, where Australia did not greatly contribute. Douglas Oliver, an anthropologist of Harvard University and later the University of Hawaii who gained world fame with A Solomon Island Society, 1938 after study in Siwai and The Pacific Islands was frequently consulted by Bougainville Copper and often visited Buin in the 1970s, where well-read people were pleased to meet and talk with him, inter alia as to his knowledge of by then past traditions which he knew from his aboriginal studies in Siwai in 1938-39. There was an annual folk festival on the parkland immediately south of town and next to the high school, with folk dancing and traditional music from all Bougainvillean ethnic groups having access, often including a few New Guinea Highlands people in traditional festive dress. Buin High School had a massive folk festival on its school grounds open to the public, with entertainment and sales pavilions.
Education
Very well established primary, high, and building and technical schools functioned, the high school with a province-wide enrollment of some 450 students. Secondary school students had once been forbidden by Australian Marist Brothers to speak indigenous languages though foreign teachers of nationalities other than Australian — British and Canadian — urged that such rule be modified; students were allowed to speak their own languages on weekends and they soon picked up New Guinea Pidgin ("Tok Pisin," as Australian academics lately insist it be called in English) for communicating in languages other than their own—secondary students were from all over Bougainville and Buka with a few from elsewhere in the New Guinea Islands and mainland New Guinea whose parents were employees in Bougainville -— or English and New Guinea Pidgin. Academic standards were remarkably high, with the 80 grade-10 graduates initially moving on to post-grade 10 schools elsewhere in the country at a rate of a handful of 80 but it quickly moving to over 75. Unlike in Enga Province and elsewhere in the New Guinea Highlands where Australian academic supervisors insisted that day students be allowed to take books home despite the warning that that would result in parents tearing them up to roll cigarettes, Buin High School students rejoiced in ample library books, borrowed them both at school and to take home, and read them thoroughly. Sporting activities at Buin High were extremely lively on well-kept fields, as were cultural exhibitions and exchanges and choir singing.
The vocational school teaching building and mechanical skills, with Filipino teaching staff, thrived.
Notable Buin people
John Momis
See also
Buin Rural LLG
Bougainville Island
Bougainville Campaign
Solomon Islands campaign
Gallery
Notes
References
Merriam Websters New Geographical Dictionary, Third Edition. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 1997. .
Category:Populated places in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville
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Q:
Accessible topics with a background of linear Algebra and Calculus
I have a background of a one year course in linear algebra (covering most of K&H) and two years of calculus (the first year was a one real variable course at the level of Spivak's Calculus book and then one year of multivariable calculus starting from topology of $\mathbb{R}^n$ and up to Stokes' theorem).
I am looking for some interesting and not-so popular topics which I can understand and help me develop my understanding of the topics I already know.
A:
The subjects that are reasonably accessible after Calculus and Linear Algebra are:
Real Analysis.
Abstract Algebra.
Elementary Number Theory.
Elementary Set Theory.
Elementary Logic.
Combinatorics and Discrete Mathematics.
Geometry.
Differential Equations.
Of these, 1-3 and 6 are "popular", so you want to discard them. 8 is popular among "users" of mathematics (engineers, for example).
While Elementary Set Theory and Elementary Logic will probably help with mathematics in general, they are unlikely to give you any particular insight into either calculus or linear algebra. The best possible insight into calculus will be given by Real Analysis; the best possible insight into Linear Algebra will be given by Abstract Algebra. Elementary Number Theory is the source from which many other areas of mathematics sprung, but it will give you no insight into either linear algebra or into calculus (from Number Theory and Real Analysis you can move on to Complex Analysis and Analytic Number Theory, which will likely be useful; from Number Theory you can also move to abstract algebra and from there to Algebraic Number Theory, which would also shed light on the development of a lot of Algebra).
Combinatorics and discrete math are quite fun and interesting, but again there is very little connection with calculus or with linear algebra. Likewise with Geometry.
Topology is a reach, without some real analysis "in the bag" to fall back on, or a lot more experience with abstraction than provided by one year of Linear Algebra.
It's not that real analysis and linear algebra are "independent of other subjects", it's that the gateways from linear algebra and real analysis to those "other subjects" that have intimate connections with them are precisely the subject that you want to avoid and discard because they are "popular." While "the road less traveled" may sound romantic, you may want to avail yourself of 100+ years of experience of mathematicians who have come up with, if not "royal roads", then at least well-traveled roads that help get you to your destination.
A:
I suggest at least looking over the following book. There's a 2nd edition available, but the 2nd edition is less theoretical and omits some of the linear algebra in the 1st edition. This book was very popular for those with approximately your background when I was an undergraduate (late 1970s), but I don't seem to hear about it much anymore (hence, it might fit your desire for something "not-so popular"). This book ties together and uses much of the calculus and linear algebra background that you have, and it also introduces/previews a few topics that come up in later math courses (e.g. some baby operator theory via exponentiation of matrices). Finally, at least in the U.S., you can find this book in most any college or university library (usually cataloged at QA3.P8).
Morris W. Hirsch and Stephen Smale, Differential Equations, Dynamical Systems, and Linear Algebra, Pure and Applied Mathematics #60, Academic Press, 1974, 358 pages.
http://www.amazon.com/dp/0123495504
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Progesterone receptor function from a behavioral perspective.
Hormonal induction of sexual receptivity in ovariectomized female mice can be effectively reinstated by sequential administration of estradiol and progesterone. In this regard, mice appear to be similar to other rodents. While it is generally accepted that hypothalamic progesterone receptors function as estradiol-induced transcription factors in the induction of sexual receptivity in rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs, relatively little is known about their role in the mouse, a species which exhibits genotypic and strain differences in the responsiveness to steroid hormones. Using a transgenic mouse carrying a null mutation for the progesterone receptor by gene targeting, we examined the role of the progesterone receptor as a coordinator of key regulatory events in the induction of sexual receptivity. A concordance between hypothalamic progesterone receptor levels and behavioral responsiveness was established by comparing the homozygous mutant, heterozygous mutant, and wild-type littermates. The behavioral and biochemical findings reveal the importance of estradiol-induced progesterone receptors for the expression of sexual behavior in female mice. The behavioral response of the two parental mouse strains from which the recombinant genotype was generated was also examined. As an extension of our earlier studies on the ligand-independent activation of progesterone receptors by neurotransmitters, the behavioral effect of dopamine in the facilitation of sexual receptivity in mice was also examined. The studies provide further evidence that steroid hormone receptors function as general transcription factors to achieve the integration of neural information in the central nervous system, and they assign a more important role for progesterone receptors than hitherto envisioned.
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Heartland Automotive Services Inc | Diesel Vehicle
Heartland Automotive Services Inc
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Glendale Automotive
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Automotive Labor Times
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Compton Automotive
Whereas driving: have you ever noticed that some drivers aren’t presupposed to be driving.. whereas they were driving? Typically it’s too easy to think that you’re the only sane person on the highway — the driving force in front is swerving each few seconds, in all probability on the phone. The girl on the suitable has her eye on the visor mirror, as she tries to placed on that additional-pink shade of lipstick. The man on the suitable is consuming a sandwich while navigating. Who is aware of what the man behind you is doing at the moment.
Creeper Automotive
Tired drivers – The Authorities has strictly made the rule for the companies who take care of transport services. The owners have been ordered to not drive their drivers to work beyond their scheduled work time. Nonetheless, generally either the owner or the driver himself agrees to work beyond their working time to earn extra money. As a result, they get exhausted fairly simply. This tiredness often makes them go to sleep whereas driving. Therefore major disasters do take place for such motive.
Crp Automotive
Preparation with better information and understanding improves street sense, and so it is extremely useful whereas actually driving/riding on the road. Pushing the Wrong Pedal Sign Up Right now Before driving off: Making life simpler for your engine can imply you use much less gas and produce fewer emissions.
The Disclosure
BMW made the know-how commonplace on all automobiles in 1986. To drive unsupervised on the roads of UK you could need a legal driving license. Such a driversed school teaches practical lessons of traffic and new skills. There are numerous benefits of attending an expert site visitors driving school. The primary profit is that the learner might be trained in a highly skilled method.
About Author
32 year old Saw Machine and Repairer Carter from Lacombe, spends time with hobbies and interests including running, . and tombstone rubbing. Has toured since childhood and has visited numerous locales, like Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens.
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“Where there’s a will there’s a way”
is a famous proverb, meaning that if someone
is determined enough to do something, they’ll
find a way to accomplish it regardless of
the obstacles.
This is especially true as it pertains to
drug cartels who will do just about anything
to ensure their products get delivered to
their clients in the U.S.
So, what are some methods that are used to
sneak drugs past border patrol?
Well, let’s put it to you this way, if you
can think it, odds are it has been attempted
before.
The U.S.-Mexican border has been increasing
its security lately with the deployment of
active duty troops, which reflect the budding
militarization of the area.
States that border with Mexico include California,
Arizona, New Mexico and Texas.
As of 2018, two thousand National Guard Personnel
guard this line with roughly half of them
in Texas and the other half spread out throughout
California, Arizona and New Mexico.
With so much protection, it can be difficult
to envision cartels delivering drugs into
the country successfully.
So, how on Earth do they do it?
Before we delve into all the creative methods
that have been used to smuggle drugs, we thought
we’d first examine some research to look
at why drugs are a problem and the extent
of its severity to better understand what
we’re dealing with.
A 2015 report from the U.S. Drug Enforcement
Administration explained that drug overdoses
were responsible for more deaths in the U.S.
than car accidents or gunshots.
Some deaths were due to prescription drugs,
others by cocaine, and many from the use of
heroin.
In terms of opioid overdose, Ohio ranks supreme
with the highest death toll in the U.S.
About 5,000 people are said to die from opioid
overdoses in Ohio each year.
This state also has one of the largest female
prison populations in the country with 35%
of charges against women being drug related.
Drugs are an extremely powerful substance
and can control the mind like an unstoppable
force.
Experiments on rats in the 1970’s provided
us with a lot of information on the issue.
Scientists found that, when given the opportunity,
rats would choose to consume heroin or cocaine
relentlessly to the point of destroying their
bodies and brains until death overcame them
through overdose.
It can be difficult to resist because drugs
trigger the pleasure center part of the brain,
which reinforce an organism to consume more
of the substance.
This explains why campaigns that preach the
slogan, “just say no,” often prove to
be ineffective at stopping drug use.
Drugs can magically alter our moods and shift
us from feeling depressed and lonely to being
happy and optimistic.
Thus, it can be difficult to “just say no”
to a solution for your awful feeling.
Not all drugs are bad and under the right
circumstances, when monitored by a medical
professional, they can be extraordinarily
helpful for relieving the suffering of people
who are experiencing very painful medical
conditions.
We spoke with some clinicians who explained
that if there is a high rate of abuse or suspicion
of drug abuse, this can often make doctors
uneasy about prescribing certain prescription
medications in fear of aiding the development
of addiction.
This can be extraordinarily difficult for
people who truly need it for moderate to severe
discomfort.
Drugs in the wrong hands may also lead to
seizures and higher rates of crime.
According to aforeverrecovery.com, “a national
survey shows that more than 32% of state prisoners
and 26% of federal prisoners were using drugs
when they committed their crimes.”
Does this imply that drugs directly cause
people to commit crimes?
Of course not.
But it may suggest there exists a correlational
relationship between the two.
It is not surprising that mind-altering substances
can pose as an influential factor on the thought
processes that lead to certain behavioral
outcomes, such as with acts of criminality.
For instance, if a drug makes you feel invulnerable,
you may then believe that you can get away
with anything.
If you take a hallucinogen, on the other hand,
you may experience hallucinations or delusions
that cause you to lose your sense of reality,
such as having voices in your head telling
you what to do.
So, now you might be wondering what types
of drugs are smuggled into the U.S.?
For this we examined the statistics of most
commonly trafficked drugs into the US as well
as the percentages of offenses per drug.
Going in ascending order, statistics show
that oxycodone consists of 4.6%, heroin has
higher rates up to 9.8%, crack cocaine is
set at 13.1%, and marijuana resides at 21.5%.
Cocaine and methamphetamine consist of the
most commonly smuggled drugs at roughly 24%.
Although Mexico isn’t the only culprit,
it is said to be the source of most forbidden
drugs that enter the US.
Now we turn to answer the question you’ve
been patiently waiting for: how do they do
it?
When you see how heavily guarded the border
crossing is, it might appear impossible.
Yet, there are a multitude of creative and
ingenious ways that drugs have attempted to
get across.
Our first examples relate to the use of smuggling
drugs by air from the ground.
This includes the use of catapults.
Now, we can guess what you’re probably thinking
right now.
A catapult, really?
In multiple instances, cartels were caught
using giant catapults to hurl drugs over the
border into the U.S. where someone would retrieve
them on the other side of the fence.
Catapults have been found on numerous occasions
on the Arizona-Mexican border, flinging sacks
filled with drugs roughly 328 feet.
To put this into better perspective, that’s
further than the height of London’s Big
Ben clock tower if this iconic landmark were
to be propped horizontally across a large
stretch of land.
Talk about jumping the fence!
In some instances, t-shirt cannons were also
used to shoot drugs over the border.
This may be unsurprising when considering
that this staple of sporting events has often
been used to fire contraband into prison yards
as well.
Mexican authorities also found and seized
a homemade bazooka that was being used to
launch marijuana into the United States.
NPR explained that this bazooka had been adapted
specifically to use a compressor for shooting
out drugs.
Mexican officials seized some 1,800 pounds
worth of marijuana that may have reached the
U.S. by use of this bazooka.
Finally, it may come to no surprise that drug
smugglers would utilize the advent of drones.
The Washington Examiner reported data showing
that 15 drones had been spotted between Tijuana,
Mexico and Southern California from late 2017
to 2018.
These drones carried drugs attached to them
while flying over the border.
Drones are also often used to spy on border
patrol agents with a camera from hundreds
of feet above.
Since federal law enforcement agents do not
yet have any tools for detecting drones, they
must mostly rely on their eyes and ears.
Even if they do spot one, however, they cannot
shoot it down with their guns without approval,
which leaves them pretty helpless to do anything
about it for the most part.
Also, because a person flying a drone can
operate it from a few hundred feet to a couple
of miles away, he may be very tough to locate.
For this reason, owners of drones have often
been able to avoid capture by U.S. federal
law enforcement.
So, the next time your curiosity consumes
you and you decide to use your drone to harmlessly
spy on your neighbor’s newly installed backyard
swimming pool, you might consider that you’re
using a device that a drug smuggler would
love to have his hands on.
Your neighbor, however, probably won’t be
too thrilled about it and you might overhear
some yelling that sounds something sort of
like, “darn you crazy kids!”
We hope for their sake and yours that they’re
not in the middle of skinny dipping when you
do this.
That could be a disturbing and embarrassing
scene.
So, we’ve discussed methods of drug smuggling
by air.
What about underground?
In 1990, a tunnel was discovered, which ran
273 feet under the ground from a luxurious
home in Agua Prieta, Mexico to a warehouse
in Arizona.
Oddly, this tunnel was equipped with electrical
lighting, a drainage system and a trolley
for transporting the drugs.
An entire, fancy operation was being conducted
beneath the surface and no one had any idea.
What made it even more high-tech, according
to insightcrime.org, was that it possessed
a “hidden switch inside the luxury home
that, when activated, boosted a pool table
and concrete slab below it high into the air
to open the way to a narrow shaft below.”
We must admit, that sounds pretty cool.
One of the biggest tunnels was discovered
in April 2016.
It ran half a mile from a house in Tijuana,
Mexica to an industrial property in San Diego.
It, also, was equipped with lighting, rails
and a ventilation system.
The tunnel was designed to transport huge
amounts of drugs – we’re talking tons!
This just goes to show how far people are
willing to use their ingenuity when it comes
to earning profit from dealing drugs.
We suppose this is what you get when you combine
drugs with too much spare time.
Now let’s delve into some of the most insane
ways that drugs have been attempted to smuggle
into the US.
From cargo boxes to the inside of cars, there
are many imaginative and innovative methods
people have utilized in the attempt to sneak
drugs into the U.S.
Often, religious items, relics or associations
have been used by smugglers to appear innocent,
wholesome, and to try to evade suspicion.
This was the case in 2013 when three women
from Colombia attempted to smuggle 4.4 pounds
of cocaine that was strapped to their legs
while they were dressed as nuns.
Crossing the Mexican-United States border
into Texas in 2008, an elderly woman was found
driving with a 7-pound memento, a statue of
Jesus.
She probably thought that, being old in combination
with possessing a religious item would make
her appear like the epitome of virtue, but
she underestimated the powerful smelling ability
of canine noses.
Drug sniffing dogs went crazy over the statue’s
scent, but, initially, officials didn’t
find any drugs inside of it.
They later found that this was because the
statue itself was the drug.
It was molded out of plaster that had been
mixed with cocaine.
We’re not entirely sure how the receivers
of the statue planned on taking the cocaine
from it, but we suppose they would have thought
of some way to do it.
Still, if you find yourself putting forth
a lot of effort to erode a Jesus statue for
a hit, it’s possible that it may be time
to reassess what you’re doing with your
life.
This occasion wasn’t the first time an elderly
woman was used to cross the border with drugs.
On August 8, 2018, an 81-year-old woman was
also driving in her car when she was stopped
by CBP agents.
The dogs also smelled something suspicious
radiating from her vehicle, a 2011 Chrysler
200.
Upon investigation, agents discovered $870,000
worth of heroin stashed inside.
Now, we don’t mean inside the car in plain
view like on top of the seat.
We mean literally inside the car, stuffed
in its rocker panels.
In case you don’t know a lot about the internal
structure of cars, the rocker panel is located
along the sides of the vehicle between the
front and rear wheel, basically below the
doors.
You lift your feet over this each time you
climb in and out of your car.
A lot of people probably don’t normally
consider using this part of their car to hide
things so that’s pretty creative!
In October of the same year, nine people were
arrested when conspiring to sneak meth into
Hawaii.
The drugs were disguised as decorative artifacts,
such as Aztec calendars and statues.
Simple souvenirs?
We think not.
One of the wildest attempts to sneak across
the border occurred on October 30, 2012 when
a makeshift ramp was created to scale the
14-foot-tall border fence.
A jeep presumably containing marijuana attempted
to drive over this ramp into the United States
from Mexico.
The perpetrators’ plot was foiled, however,
when the jeep got stuck at the top of the
fence.
It started teetering, which made the two intruders
panic and flee back to Mexico.
It’s comical to imagine the reactions on
the faces of officials when they first arrived
at the scene.
They probably mumbled something to each other
like, “Well, now I’ve seen everything.”
Although our next examples did not occur at
the U.S. border, we think these make for honorable
mentions.
We must use full disclosure though and warn
you that these methods may be disturbing,
and we wouldn’t recommend that you continue
watching if you have a weak stomach or tend
to get queasy easily.
As we’ve discussed, people will use just
about anything to smuggle drugs, including
their own bodies.
The best-known method for this is to ingest
tightly wrapped balloons full of drugs and
transport them in the stomach.
This not only disgusting but dangerous.
In 2015, a 24-year-old Brazilian man was on
a flight to Dublin from Lisbon.
Out of nowhere, he became fiercely agitated
before collapsing to the floor.
He was later found dead after one out of 80
pellets, holding nearly 2 pounds worth of
cocaine, burst in his stomach.
In December 2012, a Colombian woman flying
to Berlin tried to smuggle drugs inside breast
implants.
She probably figured that she’d get away
with it because airport officials wouldn’t
dare ask to search her there in fear of being
accused of sexual harassment.
She could have gotten away with it if she
didn’t start complaining of severe pain.
The agony became too unbearable to endure
any longer, which pushed her to admit that
she was carrying 2.2 pounds of cocaine in
her breasts and seek help.
More recently in 2018, a Brazilian man wanted
to transport 2.2 pounds of cocaine into Portugal.
He did this by using padded swimming trunks.
The drugs were stored inside a pair of fake
butt cheeks, made of two cushion-like implants
that were attached to his shorts.
We suppose that, like the breast implant woman,
he thought he could get away with pretending
to have a huge rear end.
If officials grew suspicious and asked to
search him, he could simply act insulted and
say something like, “no, I’m not carrying
anything.
That’s just my butt.
Hands off please.”
But the man did not fool anyone, and police
quickly caught on to his scheme.
What do you think of our picks for examples
of drug smuggling?
Is there anything we missed?
Here with the Infographics Show, we’re always
interested to learn about your opinion, so
feel free to let us know in the comments!
Also, be sure to check out our other video
the Insane Way El Chapo Escaped Prison!
Thanks for watching, and, as always, don’t
forget to like, share, and subscribe.
See you next time!
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Self-consistent chaotic transport in fluids and plasmas.
Self-consistent chaotic transport is the transport of a field F by a velocity field v according to an advection-diffusion equation in which there is a dynamical constrain between the two fields, i.e., O(F,v)=0 where O is an integral or differential operator, and the Lagrangian trajectories of fluid particles exhibit sensitive dependence on initial conditions. In this paper we study self-consistent chaotic transport in two-dimensional incompressible shear flows. In this problem F is the vorticity zeta, the corresponding advection-diffusion equation is the vorticity equation, and the self-consistent constrain is the vorticity-velocity coupling z nabla xv=zeta. To study this problem we consider three self-consistent models of intermediate complexity between the simple but limited kinematic chaotic advection models and the approach based on the direct numerical simulation of the Navier-Stokes equation. The first two models, the vorticity defect model and the single wave model, are constructed by successive simplifications of the vorticity-velocity coupling. The third model is an area preserving self-consistent map obtained from a space-time discretization of the single wave model. From the dynamical systems perspective these models are useful because they provide relatively simple self-consistent Hamiltonians (streamfunctions) for the Lagrangian advection problem. Numerical simulations show that the models capture the basic phenomenology of shear flow instability, vortex formation and relaxation typically observed in direct numerical simulations of the Navier-Stokes equation. Self-consistent chaotic transport in electron plasmas in the context of kinetic theory is also discussed. In this case F is the electron distribution function in phase space, the corresponding advection equation is the Vlasov equation and the self-consistent constrain is the Poisson equation. This problem is closely related to the vorticity problem. In particular, the vorticity defect model is analogous to the Vlasov-Poisson model and the single wave model and the self-consistent map apply equally to both plasmas and fluids. Also, the single wave model is analogous to models used in the study of globally coupled oscillator systems. (c) 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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Benny's Bar bombing
Benny's Bar bombing was a paramilitary attack on 31 October 1972 in Belfast, Northern Ireland. A unit from the Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF) of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), a loyalist paramilitary group, detonated a no-warning car bomb outside the Irish Catholic-owned Benny's Bar in the dockland area of Sailortown, killing two small girls Clare Hughes (4) and Paula Strong (6) who were celebrating Halloween outside. Twelve of the pub's patrons were also injured.
The bombing
Lead-up to the attack
Since its foundation in September 1971, the UDA had killed over 30 Catholic civilians and attacked a number of Catholic-owned businesses. On 13 September 1972, UDA members opened-fire inside the Catholic-owned Divis Castle Bar on Springfield Road, Belfast. One Catholic civilian, the owner's son, was killed. On 5 October it detonated a bomb at another Belfast pub, the Capital Bar, killing a Protestant civilian.
On the evening of Tuesday 31 October 1972 in Sailortown (a mixed Protestant and Catholic community beside Belfast Docks), a large group of local children in fancy dress were playing outside their houses near a bonfire in Ship Street to celebrate Halloween. Two Catholic girls, Paula Strong (6) and Clare Hughes (4), both dressed as witches, were approached by a white-haired man carrying a suitcase. He asked for directions to Benny's Bar. After one of the girls gave him the directions, he gave her two pence and walked along Garmoyle Street to its junction with Ship Street, where the pub was located. The two girls then went to the pub, knocked on the door and asked for pennies as a form of the traditional "trick-or-treating".
The explosion
The girls were in the vicinity of the Catholic-owned pub, which was full of patrons, when a maroon-coloured mini containing a bomb exploded outside the building's Ship Street wall where it had been parked. No warning had been given. Part of the building collapsed onto the customers inside, injuring 12 people. Flying glass and masonry was hurled out into the street, instantly killing Paula Strong and fatally injuring Clare Hughes. A local woman who came upon the bodies of the little girls described what she had seen: "They were just like bloody bundles of rags lying there".
The explosion took place only from the children's bonfire, and the bomb had a very short fuse. Houses and office buildings within a radius of several hundred yards suffered damage. The Strong family, who lived in the adjacent Marine Street felt the effects of the blast; Paula's brother, Tony said that there was a massive explosion, the entire house shook and pictures fell off the walls. Paula's father, Gerry Strong, had gone to the pub to help dig out those buried beneath the rubble and found the body of his daughter on the pavement outside. Clare Hughes's brother Kevin had been playing near the bonfire when the bomb detonated. Their home was in Ship Street, facing the bonfire, and their mother immediately rushed to the scene and brought the gravely-wounded Clare into the house. She died shortly afterwards in hospital.
The attack was the first major bombing in Northern Ireland for two weeks. With a total of 479 deaths—including those of the Bloody Sunday, Donegall Street, Springhill, Bloody Friday and Claudy atrocities—1972 was the bloodiest year of the 30-year ethno-political conflict known as the Troubles.
Aftermath
The funerals of Paula Strong and Clare Hughes were conducted at the Roman Catholic St Joseph's Chapel in Sailortown; many mourners lined the street and accompanied the coffins as they were carried inside the church. The girls were buried in Milltown Cemetery.
The bombing had been carried out by a unit of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), which was the largest loyalist paramilitary organisation in Northern Ireland and which was legal at the time. Benny's Bar was targeted by the UDA as it was believed to have been an Irish republican drinking den. The three men who had driven the carbomb to the pub pleaded guilty to the murders. It emerged during the trial that one of the bombers had worked with Paula Strong's father at the docks.
The UDA continued attacking pubs owned or frequented by members of the Irish Catholic and nationalist community. Less than two months after the bombing, on 20 December, the UDA launched a gun attack on another Catholic-owned pub in Derry. That attack killed five Catholic civilians.
Benny's pub and the houses in Ship Street have since been torn down, leaving a small section of the street near the Garmoyle Street intersection extant. This is now an industrial zone. Ship Street and most of Sailortown was demolished to build the M2 motorway. There is a memorial plaque on an outside wall beneath a stained glass window at St Joseph's Chapel commemorating Paula Strong and Clare Hughes.
On the same day as the UDA bombed Benny's pub, the Red Hand Commando shot dead another Catholic civilian, James Kerr (17 was shot while working in a garage on the Lisburn Road.
See also
Timeline of Ulster Defence Association actions
References
Category:1972 crimes in the United Kingdom
Category:Explosions in 1972
Category:The Troubles in Belfast
Category:1972 in Northern Ireland
Category:Ulster Defence Association actions
Category:Car and truck bombings in Northern Ireland
Category:Attacks on bars in the United Kingdom
Category:Female murder victims
Category:Halloween events
Category:Murdered British children
Category:Terrorist incidents in the United Kingdom in 1972
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Built to last
The population of Central Pennsylvania might be trending up, but the pace of new construction is not, according to U.S. Census Bureau figures on the age of our homes.
The five-year estimates from 2007 to 2011 found that 63.8 percent of homes in Cumberland, Dauphin, Lancaster, Lebanon and York counties were built before 1980.
York County had the lowest percentage at 59.9 percent of homes built before 1980. Dauphin County had the highest at 70.5 percent.
Nearly 22 percent of midstate homes were built in 1939 or earlier, according to the Census.
At the low end was Cumberland County at 17.1 percent; the high was Lebanon County at 24.8 percent.
Excluding the 1939 or earlier column and the 2000s, which were broken out into two separate periods — 2000 to 2004 and 2005 or later — the most common age for homes in the midstate, by county, was 1970 to 1979, according to the Census.
In Cumberland County, 15.5 percent of homes were built over that span. In Dauphin County, 14.6 percent of homes were built from 1950 to 1959 with another 14.1 percent in the 1970s.
In Lancaster County, the top decade was 1980 to 1989 with 14.9 percent, followed by the 1990s at 13.6 percent.
In Lebanon County, 14.8 percent of homes were built in the 1970s, while 13.6 percent of York County homes were built in that decade.
York County's top decade was the 1990s with 14.6 percent, according to the Census.
In Pennsylvania, 27.8 percent of homes were built in 1939 or earlier. The top decade was the 1950s, when 14 percent of commonwealth homes were built. Nationwide, the 1970s topped the list at 16.2 percent.
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1. Technical Field
Aspects of the present disclosure relate to electrical receptacles and electrical cords that selectively prevent and permit objects to engage electrical contacts within the receptacle and electrical cord to reduce the risk of electrocution.
2. Background Art
Electrical devices, and specifically electrical receptacles capable of receiving electrical plugs to provide electricity to the electrical plug are well known. In the United States, electrical receptacles generally include two or three prongs, with each set arranged to receive an electrical plug. Electrical receptacles, with the exception of Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI) are generally always active, meaning they provide electricity to the electrical receptacle contacts at all times. GFCI devices function similarly, except they can restrict electrical current in the event that a short or current imbalance is detected in the circuit. After a fault is detected, the GFCI cuts off power to the electrical receptacle contacts until a user resets the GFCI.
Nevertheless, children in particular are susceptible to being shocked in the event that the child inserts a conductive object into an electrical receptacle opening. Conductive objects may include knives, paper clips, screw drivers, or the like that a child inserts into the opening and receives an electrical shock, electrocution, or a burn. One attempt to alleviate the potential for electrocution has been to incorporate doors in the electrical device that must be overcome before the object can reach the electrical contacts. Each of these attempts includes complex mechanisms which are unnecessary or difficult to manufacture. Other attempts may be less complex, but are very cumbersome to operate or are inefficient. Finally, some tamper resistant electrical devices wear out quickly and no longer protect the consumer, and particularly children, from electrical shock hazards.
Electrical cords have long been a danger when plugged into an active outlet. Once the electrical cord is connected to an active receptacle, a child may be injured by inserting a conductive object into the opposite end of the electrical cord that is free.
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Aleksandr Faintsimmer
Aleksandr Mikhailovich Faintsimmer (Feinzimmer, ; 31 December 1906 – 21 March 1982) was a Soviet film director. He has been cited as a filmmaker on the forefront of Russian language social thriller. His son Leonid Kvinikhidze was also a film director.
Filmography
The Czar Wants to Sleep (Poruchik Kizhe) (1934), better known as Lieutenant Kijé. Sergei Prokofiev wrote a famous instrumental piece, Lieutenant Kijé, as its main theme.
Men of the Sea (Baltiytsy) (1938)
Tanker "Derbent" (1941)
Kotovsky (1942)
Naval Battalion (1944)
For Those Who Are at Sea (1947)
A Girl with a Guitar (1948)
They Have a Motherland (1949)
Konstantin Zaslonov (1949)
Aušra prie Nemuno (1953)
The Gadfly (1955)
A Girl with Guitar (1958)
Far in the West (1968)
50 to 50 (1972)
Without the Right to Mistake (1974)
The Tavern on Pyatnitskaya (1978)
Farewell tour Artist (1979)
References
External links
Category:1906 births
Category:1982 deaths
Category:Russian film directors
Category:Soviet film directors
Category:Soviet Jews
Category:Stalin Prize winners
Category:Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography alumni
Category:Socialist realism
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Background {#Sec1}
==========
Early supported discharge (ESD) with continued rehabilitation in the home has been shown to be beneficial among patients with mild to moderate stroke. The ESD- model for rehabilitation was introduced in the late 1990s and includes an interdisciplinary team with appropriate recourses that coordinates the discharge and plan, supervise and continue the rehabilitation in the home environment \[[@CR1]\]. This form of rehabilitation accelerates the discharge from hospital, reduce long term dependency and admission to institutional care \[[@CR1]--[@CR4]\]. However, the criticism has been raised that most of the randomized controlled trials on ESD services were published more than 10 years ago \[[@CR5], [@CR6]\]. Today, the majority of patients are being discharged home early after stroke, due to access of hyper-acute therapies, and implement early interventions for carotid stenosis. There is a need to evaluate efficacy and safety of ESD in current stroke care settings and to adapt ESD service to local conditions for appropriate implementation \[[@CR1], [@CR5], [@CR6]\].
In Sweden, the majority (91% in 2014) of patients with stroke are cared for at a stroke unit (<http://www.riks-stroke.org>), but there has been no major expansion of ESD. Despite recommendations in the National Guidelines for stroke care \[[@CR7]\], the proportion of patients with stroke that receive ESD after stroke unit care has varied, dramatically across Sweden. Västerbotten County (Umeå Stroke Center and Skellefteå hospital) is one of the counties with high a proportion of ESDs (<http://www.riks-stroke.org>, \[[@CR8]\]).
We previously described the method, content, and outcome of ESDs according to the Umeå Stroke Center model in Västerbotten County \[[@CR9]\]. This model showed that it was possible to adopt and implement ESD for patients with stroke in Umeå. The model included important key elements for an effective ESD service \[[@CR6], [@CR8]\], such as a multidisciplinary team with experience in stroke rehabilitation, appropriate resources, periodic team meetings, and continuous evaluations of outcome with standardized measurements. Our previous results showed that ESD services reduced patient dependence in activities in daily living (ADL) and increased patient mobility, without increasing the risk of accidental falls or other injuries \[[@CR9]\]. The patients were very satisfied with the ESD-service. However, that observational implementation study did not include a control group.
The present study aimed to evaluate patient-reported outcomes measures (PROMs) among patients with stroke that received modern stroke unit care, and compare PROMs between those that received or did not receive ESD. The ESD was delivered according to a previously described model \[[@CR9]\]. We hypothesized that patients that received ESD would exhibit improved PROMs regarding satisfaction with rehabilitation (primary outcome), activity in daily living (ADL), tiredness/fatigue, pain, dysthymia/depression, general health status and information about stroke (secondary outcomes) compared to controls.
Methods {#Sec2}
=======
For this case control, observational study, we retrieved data from the Swedish Stroke Registry, Riksstroke \[[@CR10]\], and from the Longitudinal Integration Database for Health Insurance and Labor Market Studies (LISA). Information from the Swedish Stroke Registry was linked to the LISA database through personal identification numbers. This study was approved by the Regional Ethics Review Board at Umeå University (Dnr 2012--179-32 M, 2014--273-32 M).
Register {#Sec3}
--------
Currently, all 72 hospitals that treat patients with acute stroke participate in the Swedish Stroke Registry, Riksstroke \[[@CR10]\], which started in 1994. The primary aim of Riksstroke is to monitor and support improvements in the quality and implementation of new methods in stroke care in Sweden. The registry includes patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and data on first-ever and recurrent strokes. The acute phase questionnaire of Riksstroke contains basic patient characteristics (age, sex, living conditions, history of previous stroke, and comorbidities), diagnosis, level of consciousness on arrival, pharmaceutical treatments, complications, and the sequence of care (type of stroke care, organization, and department). In Riksstroke the hospitals that care for patients with acute stroke have been divided into three categories: university hospitals (9 pcs), specialized nonuniversity hospitals (23 pcs) and community hospitals (40 pcs) \[[@CR11]\]. Riksstroke also includes 3-month and 12-month follow up questionnaire that describe patient-reported outcomes and rehabilitation after stroke. The 3-month and 12-month questionnaire is administrated by the hospitals and filled in by the patients.
The LISA database at Statistics Sweden includes information on all Swedish citizens, starting at 16 years of age. In particular, it includes socioeconomic factors, like disposable income, education, and country of birth.
Participants and setting {#Sec4}
------------------------
All patients registered in the Riksstroke registry with a first-ever diagnosis of acute stroke between 1 January, 2010 and 31 December 2013 were included in the present study, when they fulfilled the following criteria: diagnosis of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke; mild to moderate stroke severity at admission (measured as level of consciousness on a scale of 1--3, according to the Reactive Level Scale, RLS85) \[[@CR12]\]; living at home; and independency in ADL at stroke onset. Patients that met the inclusion criteria were divided into an ESD intervention group and a control group (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}).Fig. 1Flow chart of the study inclusion procedure. ESD: early supported discharge
ESD intervention group {#Sec5}
----------------------
Västerbotten County have three hospitals with different primary catchment areas that cared patients in acute and sub-acute phases of stroke. Two of these hospitals, the Umeå Stroke Center (university hospital) and Skellefteå hospital (community hospital) had similar organizations regarding stroke care~~.~~ Both hospitals had stroke unit care followed by ESD according to a previously described model \[[@CR9]\]. These hospitals provided ESD to a comparatively large proportion of patients (41.2% at Umeå Stroke Center and 57.5% at Skellefteå hospital) compared to other hospitals in Sweden. The intervention group (ESD group) consisted of consecutive patients with stroke that received modern stroke unit care, followed by the ESD-service. During the study period, ESD was delivered to 41.2% of all patients with stroke admitted to the Umeå Stroke Center and 57.5% admitted to Skellefteå. Patients with severe stroke and those who died during hospitalization were not included in the ESD intervention group.
Control group {#Sec6}
-------------
The control group consisted of patients treated at stroke units in hospitals that cared for patients with acute stroke. At these hospitals, a low (\< 5% of all stroke patients) proportion of patients were given ESD. Therefore, the control group, which fulfilled the same inclusion criteria as the intervention group also included some patients that received ESD (\< 5%). Patients with severe stroke and those who died during hospitalization were not included in the control group. Hospitals in Sweden that only partially implemented ESD (5--20% of stroke patients) and those who registered other models of home rehabilitation were excluded.
Variables {#Sec7}
---------
Patient characteristics for both groups included sex, age, stroke subtype, treatment with thrombolysis, domestic companions, mobility, hypertensive treatment, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, and smoking before stroke onset. The level of consciousness upon admission and the length of hospital stay were also considered baseline characteristics of the two groups. These variables were retrieved from the Riksstroke registry. Information on education and country of birth was retrieved from the LISA database. The level of education was classified as primary school, secondary school, or university level. Country of birth was categorized as Sweden, Nordic countries (Sweden excluded), Europe (Nordic countries excluded), or other countries.
The outcome variables for this study were PROM results from the 3-months follow up recorded in Riksstroke. The primary outcome was satisfaction with the rehabilitation after discharge. Secondary outcome variables were; satisfaction with information provided about stroke, tiredness/fatigue, pain, dysthymia/depression, general health status and ADL dependence (mobility, toileting, and dressing). Data from the PROM values recorded in Riksstroke at the 3-months follow up have been validated against established measurements with the finding of accurate reliability (<http://www.riks-stroke.org>).
Some questions had multiple choice responses, and for our analysis, the responses were dichotomized. For example, patients were asked the questions: "How satisfied or dissatisfied are you with the rehabilitation or training you received after your stay in the hospital?" and "How satisfied or dissatisfied are you with the stroke information provided?"; and they responded with one of the following options: very satisfied, satisfied, dissatisfied, very dissatisfied, no need of rehabilitation, needed, but did not receive rehabilitation, or I do not know. And dependent categories were taken as reference (code = ref) for variables measuring a favourable outcome (satisfaction with rehabilitation, information about stroke, general health and Adl function) When assessing outcome variables that means an unfavourable result (tiredness/fatigue, pain, depression) we used a 'positive' reference (code = ref).
Similarly, the questions: "Do you feel tired/fatigue?", "Do you have any pain?", and "Do you feel depressed?" had response options; never, almost never, sometimes, often, constantly, or do not know, and they were coded as often or seldom (ref). The "often" code was assigned to: sometimes, often, constantly, and missing. The question "How would you assess your general health?" had response options: very good, somewhat good, somewhat poor, very poor, and they were coded good or poor(ref). The "poor" code was assigned to somewhat poor, very poor, and do not know.
Finally, responses to the ADL questions were coded as independent and dependent (ref), as follows. The question: "How is your mobility now?" had response options: "I can get around by myself indoors and outdoors" (independent), "I can get around by myself indoors, but not outdoors" (independent), "I need assistance when I want to move around" (dependent), or "I do not know" (dependent). The question: "Do you need assistance when visiting the toilet?" had response options: "I can manage visiting the toilet by myself" (independent) and "I need assistance when visiting the toilet" (dependent). The question "Do you need assistance getting dressed and undressed?" had response option: "I can manage to get dressed and undressed by myself", (independent) and "I need assistance getting dressed and undressed" (dependent).
Statistical analysis {#Sec8}
--------------------
Baseline characteristics for the ESD and control groups are expressed as frequencies and proportions, for categorical data, and as the mean and standard deviation (SD), for continuous variables. Baseline values were compared between groups with the independent t-test (for continuous variables) and the chi-square test (for categorical variables). The association between PROMs and ESD were analysed in separate multivariable logistic regression models. These models assessed the probability of satisfaction with rehabilitation after discharge, satisfaction with the information provided about stroke, tiredness/fatigue, pain, dysthymia/depression, general health status, and ADL dependency (mobility, toilet hygiene, and dressing) in the ESD group compared to the control group. In addition to the group effect (ESD or control), each model included the independent factors that were significant in the baseline comparison: age (continuous), thrombolysis, smoking, atrial fibrillation, country of birth, and education. The results are presented as the odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The confidence intervals and *P*-values were not adjusted for multiple testing. Sensitivity analyses were performed where the missing data (missing or unknown) were included in the reference category. Subgroup analyses were performed to compare data for Umeå Stroke Center with other university hospitals and Skellefteå hospital with community hospitals. In the subgroup analysis, missing data were included in the reference category. The analyses were performed with IBM SPSS Statistics 21 statistical software.
Results {#Sec9}
=======
Between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2013, 99,833 patients whereof 74,689 with a first-ever diagnosis of acute stroke were registered in the Riksstroke. Of these patients, 30,232 were included in this study (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). During these years, the coverage rate in The Riksstroke varies from 88 to 91%. The ESD group comprised of 1495 participants that received ESD treatment after stroke unit care at the Umeå Stroke Center (university hospital) and at Skellefteå hospital (community hospital). The control group comprised 28,737 participants treated at 3 university hospitals, 13 other large hospitals, and 39 community hospitals. The control group were treated at stroke units where a very low proportion (605 participants, 2%) received ESD. Participants in the ESD group were slightly younger, had a higher education level and were more often born in Sweden than participants in the control group. The ESD group had lower frequencies of smoking and atrial fibrillation and a higher frequency of thrombolysis than the control group (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}).Table 1Baseline characteristics of study participants (*n* = 30,232)VariableESD groupControl group*p* value(*n* = 1495)(*n* = 28,737)Sex, n (%)0.212 Males829 (55.5)15,461 (53.8) Females666 (44.5)13,276 (46.2) Age, mean (SD)73 (12.8)74 (12.4)0.001Stroke subtype, n (%)0.244 Ischemic Stroke1314 (87.9)25,646 (89.2) Intracerebral hemorrhage159 (10.6)2741 (9.5) Undetermined22 (1.5)350 (1.2) Thrombolysis, n (%)212 (14.2)2252 (7.8)0.001 Missing1 (0.1)142(0.5) Living alone, n (%)605 (40.5)12,428 (43.2)0.091 Missing data4 (0.3)97 (0.3)Mobility, n (%)0.249 Independent indoors- and outdoors1468 (98.2)28,088 (97.7) Independent indoors27 (1.8)649 (2.3) Hypertension, n (%)817 (54.6)16,430 (57.2)0.076 Missing data3 (0.2)107 (0.4) Diabetes, n (%)250 (17.4)5254 (18.3)0.106 Missing data0 (0.0)40 (0.1) Atrial fibrillation, n (%)282 (18.9)6847 (23.8)0.001 Missing data0 (0.0)102(0.4) Smoking, n (%)157 (10.5)4331(15.1)0.001 Missing data36(2.4)2001 (7.0)Level of consciousness on admission, n (%)0.123 RLS 11391 (93.0)26,419 (91.9) RLS 2--3104 (7.0)2318 (8.1) Length of hospital stay (SU), median (Q1-Q2)5 (3--10)6 (3--13)0.920 Missing data50 (3.3)1220 (4.2)Education, n (%)0.001 Primary School527(35.3)11,902 (41.4) Secondary School590 (39.5)9930 (34.6) University259 (17.3)4428(15.4) Missing data119 (7.9)2470 (8.6)Country of birth, n (%)0.001 Sweden1431 (95.7)25,392 (88.4) Nordic countries ^a^41 (2.7)1436 (5.0) Europe ^b^11 (0.8)1234 (4.3) Other countries9 (0.6)466 (1.6) Missing data3 (0.2)209 (0.7)SU - Stroke unit^a^Except Sweden^b^Except Nordic Countries
Three months after a stroke, 28,986 participants remained alive: 1432 (96%) were in the ESD group and 27,554 (96%) were in the control group. Due to differences between the ESD and control participants in the ESD groups at baseline the multivariable logistic regression models of PROMs were adjusted for age, thrombolysis, smoking, atrial fibrillation, country of birth, and education. The analysis showed that the ESD compared with the control group were more satisfied with rehabilitation after discharge (*p* \< 0.004, OR 1.78, 95% CI: 1.17--2.49), showed more independence in mobility (*p* \< 0.001, OR 1.50, 95% CI: 1.17--1.92), toileting (*p* \< 0.016, OR 1.30, 95% CI: 1.05--1.61), and dressing (*p* \< 0.03, OR 1.23, 95% CI: 1.02--1.48), and felt less dysthymia/depression (*p* \< 0.001, OR 0.68, 95% CI: 0.55--0.84) (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}). There were no significant differences between the groups in the information received about stroke, tiredness/fatigue, pain or general health status (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}).Table 2Multiple logistic regression of patient reported outcome variables 3 months after stroke(*n* = 28,986) Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervalVariableESD groupControl group*p* value0R95% CI(*n* = 1432)(*n* = 27,554)LowerUpperSatisfaction with rehabilitation^a^, n (%) Satisfied507 (35.4)9182 (33.3)0.0011.781.172.49 Dissatisfied47(3.3)1405 (5.1)ref No need449 (31.4)9231 (33.5) Not received44 (3.1)1501 (5.4) Missing and do not know385 (26.9)6235 (22.6)Information provided about stroke, n (%) Satisfied927 (64.7)16,820 (61.0)0.5331.080.851.37 Dissatisfied82 (5.7)1700 (6.2)ref No need87 (6.1)3256 (11.8) Missing and do not know336 (23.5)5778 (21.0)Tiredness/fatigue, n (%) Seldom780 (54.5)15,440 (56.0)ref Often410 (28.6)8595 (31.2)0.7480.980.861.11 Missing242 (16.9)3519 (12.8)Pain, n (%) Seldom956 (66.8)19,117 (69.4)ref Often217 (15.2)4745 (17.2)0.5230.950.8141.11 Missing259 (18.1)3692 (13.4)Depression, n (%) Seldom1083 (75.6)20,819 (75.6)ref Often109 (7.6)3118 (13.3)0.0010.680.550.84 Missing240 (16.8)3617 (13.1)General health, n (%) Good988 (69.0)19,163 (69.5)0.0911.150.981.35 Poor200 (14.0)4779 (17.3)ref Missing244 (17.0)3612 (13.1)Adl-independence, n (%)Mobility Independent1146 (80.0)21,722 (78.8)0.0011.501.171.92 Dependent83 (5.8)2564 (9.3)ref Missing203 (14.2)3268 (11.9)Toileting Independent1117 (78.0)21,236 (77.1)0.0161.301.051.61 Dependent112 (7.8)3247 (11.8)ref Missing203 (14.2)3247 (11.8)Dressing Independent1075 (75.1)20,394(74.0)0.0301.231.021.48 Dependent155 (10.8)3895 (14.1)ref Missing202 (14.1)3265 (11.8)^a^ After Discharge
The proportions of missing responses were higher in the ESD group for all variables (14.1--26.9% missing responses) than in the control group (11.8--22.6% missing responses). In a sensitivity analysis, where missing/unknown/no need responses were included in the reference category, the ESD group remained more satisfied with rehabilitation after discharge (*p* \< 0.001, OR 1.26, 95% CI: 1.10--1.43) and felt less depressed (*p* \< 0.001, OR 0.68, 95% CI: 0.55--0.84) than controls, but the groups were not significantly different in the other variables (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}).Table 3Patient-reported outcome variables, 3 months after stroke (n = 28,986) (sensitivity analysis)VariableESD groupControl group*p* value0R95% CI(*n* = 1432)(*n* = 27,554)LowerUpperSatisfaction with rehabilitation^a^, n (%) Satisfied507 (35.4)9182 (33.0)0.0011.261.101.43 Dissatisfied^b^925 (64.6)18,372 (67.0)refInformation provided about stroke, n (%) Satisfied927 (64.7)16,820 (61.0)0.4441.050.931.17 Dissatisfied^b^505 (35.3)10,734 (39.0)refTiredness/fatigue, n (%) Seldom780 (54.5)15,440 (56.0)ref Often and missing652 (45.5)12,114 (44.0)0.7500.980.661.11Pain, n (%) Seldom956 (66.8)19,117 (69.4)ref Often and missing476 (33.2)8437 (30.6)0.5230.950.811.11Depression, n (%) Seldom1083 (75.6)20,819 (75.6)ref Often and missing349 (24.4)6735 (24.4)0.0010.680.550.84General health, n (%) Good988 (69.0)19,163 (69.5)ref Poor and missing444 (31.0)8391 (30.5)0.0900.870.741.02Adl-independence, n (%)Mobility Independent1109 (93.0)21,722 (78.8)0.0010.780.680.90 Dependent and missing323 (22.5)5832 (21.2)refToileting Independent1132 (78.9)21,236 (77.1)0.0010.780.680.88 Dependent and missing352 (24.5)6318 (22.9)refDressing Independent1077 (75.2)20,394(74.0)0.0010.810.710.92 Dependent and missing355 (24.8)7169 (26.0)ref^a^After Discharge^b^Dissatisfied includes very dissatisfied, dissatisfied, in need, but did not received rehabilitation, I do not know and missing
In the subgroup analyses of data form the Umeå Stroke Center (ESD subgroup 1) and other university hospitals (control subgroup 1), we found that the ESD group 1 was more satisfied with the rehabilitation (*p* \< 0.0001, OR2.27, 95% CI: 1.44--3.59) and stroke information provided (*p* \< 0,001, OR 1.93, 95% CI: 1.32--2.37) and experienced less depression (*p* \< 0.001, OR 0.55, 95% CI: 0.41--0.75), and were better in Adl function than the control subgroup 1 (Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"}). In the subgroup analysis of data from Skellefteå hospital (ESD subgroup 2) and other community hospitals (control subgroup 2), there were no significant differences. (Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"}).Table 4Subgroups analysis of patient-reported outcome variables 3 months after stroke (*n* = 18,417)University hospitalSmall hospitalsVariableESD 1 (*n* = 928)Control 1 (*n* = 4636)*p value*0R (95% CI)ESD 2 (*n* = 504)Control 2 (*n* = 12,349)*p value*0R (95% CI)Satisfaction with rehabilitation\*, n (%) Satisfied338 (36.4)1658 (35.8)0.0012.27 (1.44--3.58)169 (33.5)4024 (32.6)0.8631.04 (0.66--1.64) Dissatisfied25 (2.7)278 (6.0)ref22 (4.4)593 (4.8)ref No need267 (28.8)1342 (28.9)182 (36.1)4401 (35.6) Not received20 (2.2)215 (4.6)24 (4.8)732 (5.9) Missing and do not know278 (30.0)1143 (24.7)107 (21.2)2599 (21)Information about stroke, n (%) Satisfied590 (63.6)2626 (56.6)0.0011.93 (1.32--2.73)337 (66.9)7683 (62.2)0.060.63 (0.45--0.88) Dissatisfied38 (4.1)337 (7.3)ref44(8.7)676 (5.5)ref No need52 (5.6)595 (12.8)35 (6.9)1531 (12.4) Missing and do not know248 (26.7)1078 (23.3)88 (17.5)2459 (9, 19)Tiredness/fatigue, n (%) Seldom470 (50.6)2337 (50.4)ref310 (61.5)7256 (58.8)ref Often252 (27.2)1553 (33.5)0.1170.87 (0.74--1.04)150 (29.8)3622 (29.3)0.8600.98 (0.80--1.20) Missing206 (22.2)746 (16.1)44 (8.7)1471 (11.9)Pain, n (%) Seldom586 (63.1)3074 (66.3)ref370 (73.4)8794 (71.2)ref Often121 (13.0)756 (16.3)0.2150.87 (0.70--1.08)79 (15.7)1942 (15.7)0.9761.04 (0.78--1.29) Missing221 (23.8)806 (17.4)55 (10.9)1613 (13.1)Depression, n (%) Seldom660 (71.1)3323 (71.7)ref423 (83.9)9586 (77.6)ref Often52 (5.6)507 (10.9)0.0010.55 (0.41--0.75)35 (6.9)1104 (8.9)0.090.73 (0.51--1.05) Missing216 (23,3)806 (17.4)46 (9.1)1659 (13.4)General health, n (%) Good604 (65.1)3012 (65.0)0.0811.23 (0.98--1.54)384 (76.2)8847 (71.6)0.571.08 (0.82--1.42) Poor110 (11.9)743 (16.0)ref67 (13.3)1705 (13.8)ref Missing214 (23.1)881 (19.0)53 (10.5)1797 (14.6)Adl-independence, n (%)Mobility Independent683 (73.6)3503 (75.6)0.0011.97 (1.38--2.80)426 (84.5)9868 (79.9)0.1061.34 (0.94--1.90) Dependent45 (4.8)428 (9.2)ref38 (7.5)1214 (9.8)ref Missing200 (21.6)705 (15.2)40 (7.9)1267 (10.3)Toileting Independent670 (72.2)3451 (74.4)0.0011.68 (1.23--2.30)410 (81.3)9609 (77.8)0.5331.10 (0.81--1.49) Dependent58 (6.3)484 (10.4)ref54 (10.7)1475 (11.9)ref Missing200 (21.6)701 (15.1)1265 (10.2)40 (7.9)Dressing Independent647 (69.7)3319 (71.6)0.0011.57 (1.19--2.05)391 (77.6)9219 (74.7)0,8560.98 (0.75--1.27) Dependent80 (8.6)618 (13.3)ref75 (14.9)1854 (15.0)ref Missing201 (21.7)699 (15.1)38 (7.5)1276 (10.3)
Discussion {#Sec10}
==========
This case-control observational study based on the Swedish stroke registry, Riksstroke, revealed that ESD provided significant benefits to patients with stroke treated in modern stroke care units. Those that received ESD experienced more satisfaction with rehabilitation after discharge, less need for assistance with ADL, and less dysthymia/depression, compared to patients that did not receive ESD.
The outcomes of this study were based on the responses to PROMs. PROMs evaluate a person's feeling: it includes symptom reporting, satisfaction with care and treatments, self-rated health, and health-related quality of life \[[@CR13]\]. In a large registry with national coverage (Riksstroke), it is important to choose simple questions that cannot be misunderstood. Rikstroke has developed simplified PROMs for dysthymia/depression, fatigue, pain, general health status and ADL (mobility, toileting and dressing). These PROMs have been validated against more established measurements (<http://www.riks-stroke.org>). The validation showed good agreement with established measurements and accurate reliability for the variables chosen in this study (<http://www.riks-stroke.org>, \[[@CR14]\]).
In the current study, it was possible to identify and exclude those who did not receive ESD in the intervention group, but it was not technically possible in the control group. About 2% of the participants in the control group had received ESD, according to Rikstroke data. These participants were distributed throughout the control hospitals, and the majority of hospitals reported only a few participants/year. It is possible that these registrations are incorrect and we assumed that these patients had not received rehabilitation according to an established model for ESD and that including these patients would not affect our analysis.
Patient satisfaction regarding ESD has previously been evaluated, but those studies reported conflicting results. Some studies showed improved satisfaction with ESD \[[@CR1], [@CR15]\] and others found insufficient evidence \[[@CR8]\]. Patient satisfaction may be affected by various factors, particularly homecoming experiences and patient expectations. Some studies have investigated patient experiences in homecoming and home rehabilitation in the context of ESD \[[@CR16]--[@CR18]\]. Those studies indicated that patients and their families were positive to coming home, and they expressed great satisfaction about receiving rehabilitation within the home environment. The patients felt more capable of undertaking ADL in the home environment, and they were looking forward to re-establishing meaningful participation in their chosen life roles \[[@CR16]\]. Previous research has also reported that domiciliary therapy allowed patients and their families to become more involved in decision-making, to provide more insight, and to offer motivation in rehabilitation functions \[[@CR19]\].
Another aspect of satisfaction with rehabilitation is the patient's expectations of coming home with ESD after stroke. A recent study \[[@CR20]\] on the expectations of coming home with very early supported discharge and home rehabilitation after stroke found that the participants had mixed expectations. Patients were longing to come home, but also described insecurity and fear. Despite these mixed expectations, the participants were highly confident that the ESD team would support them in achieving independence \[[@CR20]\]. Presumably, patient satisfaction was closely linked to their participation in rehabilitation. Thus, it was important that patient expectations were consistent with the intervention received.
A strength of this study was the large control group, which was drawn from many different hospitals covered in Riksstroke. Another strength was the use of two registries, which provided information about both patient characteristics, education level, and country of birth. We adjusted for variables that were measured in Riksstroke and differed in the baseline comparison, but as in all observational studies, there is a possibility of unmeasured confounding. Since we expected the outcome variables to be correlated, we chose not to adjust the confidence level for multiple testing. Using Bonferroni correction, which is a conservative method, we would still report significant results for outcome with *p*-values \< 0.005 (all but toileting and dressing).
A limitation in Rikstroke in general is a limited response rate of NIHSS at baseline thus excluding detailed description of stroke severity. In a previous observational implementation study describing the ESD at Umeå Stroke Center, a modified version of the NIHSS at admission that included level of consciousness, arm and leg paresis and language showed a mean value of 2 ± 2.2 (SD). In this study we aimed to model positive outcome. In general, there were more missing responses in the ESD group. In the sensitivity analysis (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}) we included missing responses in the negative category (which corresponds to a worst-case scenario). This analysis showed similary results as the main analysis in Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}. The lack of response may be due to different causes. In this study, about 30% of the participants in the ESD group reported that they had no need of rehabilitation after discharge. However, according to information in the Riksstroke Registry, all individuals in the ESD group received rehabilitation efforts. This highlight the difficulty of collecting PROM responses at 3 months after a stroke onset. After a stroke, it is not unusual for an individual to have problems, initially, with memory, concentration, and fatigue, and all these symptoms can affect the reliability of the PROM response. The lack of response can also be due to a wish to continue life and put the stroke incidence behind. In addition, it is important to consider a recall bias: that is, by the time a patient responds to the 3-months Riksstroke follow-up survey, it may be difficult to recall their experience with rehabilitation after discharge. Difficulties to recall their experience with rehabilitation after a long time and the fact that this is a fragile group, where the health can change is the reason for not including 12-months follow up in this study.
We found no differences between the ESD vs no ESD groups in pain or fatigue. This finding may be explained by the fact that a treatment recommendation was established for depression, but no consensus was established regarding the treatment of pain and/or fatigue.
Our results concerning ADL dependency were consistent with previously reported results. Patients that received ESD required less ADL assistance than patients that received modern conventional care without ESD \[[@CR1], [@CR8], [@CR21]\].
Conclusions {#Sec11}
===========
This case-control observational study, based on registry data of PROMs at 3-months follow up showed that patients that received ESD after stroke were more satisfied with rehabilitation after discharge and experienced less depression than patients that received other health care and/or rehabilitation care. In this study, all patients received modern stroke unit care with short hospital stays, access to hyper-acute therapies, and early carotid interventions. Therefore, our results substantiate the hypothesis that the previously shown benefits of ESD and home rehabilitation were also observed among patients treated in modern stroke care.
ADL
: Activities in daily living
CI
: Confidence Interval
ESD
: Early supported discharge
LISA
: Longitudinal Integration Database for Health Insurance and Labor Market Studies
NIHSS
: National Institutes of Health Stroke scale
OR
: Odds Ratio
PROM
: Patient-reported outcome measurement
REF
: Reference
RLS85
: Reactive Level Scale
SD
: Standard Deviation
SU
: Stroke unit
We thank the members of the Rikstroke Collaboration ([http://www.Rikstroke.org](http://www.rikstroke.org)).
Funding {#FPar1}
=======
This study was supported by the Swedish Heart and Lung foundation, the Swedish Stroke Foundation, the Northern Swedish Stroke Fund, the County of Västerbotten, and the medical faculty of Umeå University.
Availability of data and materials {#FPar2}
==================================
All data are available without restriction from corresponding author on reasonable request.
AB, ME, E-LG and PW designed and prepared the study. AB analysed the data with advise from ME and PW. AB drafted the manuscript. ME, E-LG and PW advised on method of data analysis, presentation of results and critical revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate {#FPar3}
==========================================
This study was approved by the Regional Ethics Review Board at Umeå University (Dnr 2012--179-32 M, 2014--273-32 M).
Consent for publication {#FPar4}
=======================
Not applicable.
Competing interests {#FPar5}
===================
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher's Note {#FPar6}
================
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
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New Brunswick Route 933
Route 933 is a long north to south secondary highway in the southeastern portion of New Brunswick, Canada.
Route description
Most of the route is in Westmorland County.
The route's northern terminus is in Barachois at Route 133. It travels south through a mostly wooded area where it begins following the Aboujagane River passing over Route 15 exit 43 where the route is known as Upper Aboujagane Rd. The route passes through Village Scandainave Glaude, Scoudouc Road, then Bourgeois Mills. The route continues southeast passing the western terminus of Route 945 in Haute-Aboujagane, Basse-Aboujagane, and Drisdelle. The route then briefly turns east where it is known as Malakoff Rd then continues southwest on Aboujagane Rd as a gravel road to Memramcook East. From here the route briefly turns north on Memramcook East Rd then turns east onto Pont Rouge Rd crossing Route 2 Exit 488 then ending in Memramcook at Route 106 near Memramcook River.
History
See also
References
933
933
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{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
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COOKIES ON
THIS SITE
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Very few cars managed to change the automobile world like the Miura. With its central engine and fascinating body designed by Marcello Gandini for Bertone, in 1966 Lamborghini redefined the concept of Super Car. Sceptical about the possibility of selling a large number of this sports car, Ferruccio Lamborghini decided to produce it on a small scale. Between 1966 and 1969 275 models of the 350 HP Miura were made and it was not until 1969 that its evolution was launched on the market, the 370 HP Miura S.
Miura SV: Year of manufacture: 1971 – 1972
Engine: V 12 – 4-litre displacement
Power: 385 HP
Max. speed: 300 km/h
Number of pieces: 150
Having become a legend with the Miura and Miura S models since their production began in 1966, in the spring of 1971 Ferruccio Lamborghini surprised the world with the new Super Car Countach LP 500. Because the demand for the Miura was still high and preparations were still underway for the mass production of the Countach LP 500, the company decided to present the evolution of the Miura, the SV model, with its wider mud guard and greatly revamped 385 HP engine with separate lubricating systems for engine and gearbox. The last Miura SV was delivered on 15th January 1973 to the son of the car manufacturer Ferdinando Innocenti.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Party Foods
Anyone who has ever hosted a party knows this conundrum all too well: what kind of food is best to serve to your guests? Or if your guests offer to bring food, what should you tell them to bring? What makes a good party food? First and foremost, it has to be delicio…
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
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Introduction
============
Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors. Most cases progress to high-grade invasive cancer despite long-standing intravesical therapies. Novel therapeutic treatment options are urgently needed to improve the overall treatment success rates for localized bladder cancer^\[^[@r1]^\]^. Therefore, stable, reliable, simple, and reproducible orthotopic animal models are critically important. Suitable animal models provide an opportunity to study the mechanism of pathogenesis and allow the research and development of novel therapeutic agents.
In this study, we have successfully established a model of orthotopic bladder tumor in mice using a drift angle stylet to injure the mucous membrane of the urinary bladder. The tumor cells grew on the wall of the urinary bladder after tumor cell injection. This method is convenient, rapid, and stable for establishing bladder tumor in mice and demonstrates the growth, infiltration, and metastasis of the tumor.
Materials and Methods
=====================
Preparation of the drift angle stylet
-------------------------------------
The stylet of the 24\# venous retention needles (Becton Dickinson Infusion Therapy Systems, Inc., America) was bent in a 5° to 7° angle at a distance of 15 mm from the needlepoint to form a Φ=2.61 mm to 3.66 mm circle when the stylet was rotated ([**Figure 1**](#f1){ref-type="fig"}).
{#f1}
Cell strain
-----------
Mice urinary bladder transitional cancer cell line BTT-T739, which originated from inbred line T739 mice, is a carcinogen-induced \[N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine\] poorly differentiated transitional carcinoma. The cell line was provided by Professor Yang Xiaofeng from Shanxi Medical University. Human urinary bladder T24 cell strain was purchased from Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science, CAS. The cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin at 37°C and 5% CO~2~. The cells were harvested by trypsin/EDTA treatment. Viability was determined using the trypan blue exclusion method. The cells were suspended in prepared PBS at a concentration of 1×10^7^/mL.
Animal
------
The present study was approved by the local ethics committee and followed the guidelines of the National Research Council Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Female inbred line T739 mice, 4 weeks to 6 weeks old and weighing 20 g to 22 g, were purchased from Beijing HFK Bio-Technology Co. Ltd. The animal produce license number was SCXK (Jing) 2009-0004. Female Balb/C-nu-nu mice, 4 weeks to 6 weeks old and weighing 20 g to 22 g, were purchased from Vital River Laboratories. The animal produce license number was SCXK (Jing) 2006-0009. The animals were bred in the animal laboratory (license number of SYXK (Jin) 2007-0002). The temperature and humidity of the environment was kept at (26±1.5)°C and between 40% and 60%, respectively. The mice were provided with sterilized drinking water and sterile complete nutrition feed.
The orthotopic transplantation of the tumor cell
------------------------------------------------
The mice in the experimental group were narcotized by sodium pentobarbital at a dosage of 60 mg/kg. The pipe casing was lubricated with liquid paraffin and inserted into the bladder cavity, and then urine was removed. The drift angle stylet was slowly inserted into the pipe casing. The pipe casing was fixed with one hand, the stylet was rotated for five rounds with the other hand, and then pulled out. Cell suspension (100 µL) of approximately 1×10^6^ cells was injected immediately. The mice in the normal control group were injected with 1×10^6^ cells directly without mucosa injury. The comparison results between the mucosa injured and uninjured urinary bladder are shown in [**Figure 2**](#f2){ref-type="fig"}.
{#f2}
Observation method
------------------
The tumor cell-inoculated mice were fed routinely. The activity and body weight of the mice were observed daily, and survival time was recorded. All mice that died of natural causes were dissected and checked for tumor formation on the urinary bladder and abdominal cavity and hematuria. Metastasis and wet weight of the urinary bladder were recorded after the dissection. The urinary bladder and tumor metastasized organs were fixed in 10% formaldehyde for pathological examination. The observation time of the T739 mice was 40 d, whereas that of the Balb/C-nu-nu mice was 60 d.
Results
=======
**Tumor developmen**t
---------------------
A total of 60 T739 mice were inoculated with BTT cells in the experimental group. The results showed that the bladder tumor incidence was 100% and the average wet weight of the tumor was (0.54±0.37) g. Ten T739 mice were inoculated with BTT cells in the mucosa uninjured control group; the bladder tumor incidence was 0% ([**Table 1**](#t1){ref-type="table"}**,** [**Figure 3**](#f3){ref-type="fig"}).
###### Comparison of tumor incidence between the mucosa uninjured bladder and mucosa injured bladder by drift angle stylet.
Groups Number of mice Cell inoculation amount Tumor developed amount Tumor incidence (%)
----------------------------- ---------------- ------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------
T739 without injury 10 1×10^6^ 0 0
T739 with injury 60 1×10^6^ 60 100
Balb/C-nu-nu without injury 10 1×10^6^ 0 0
Balb/C-nu-nu with injury 60 1×10^6^ 60 100
{#f3}
A total of 60 Balb/C-nu-nu nude mice were inoculated with T24 cells in the experimental group. The results showed that the bladder tumor incidence was 100% and the average wet weight was (0.11±0.13) g. The bladder tumor incidence in the normal control group was 0% ([**Table 1**](#t1){ref-type="table"}**,** [**Figure 3**](#f3){ref-type="fig"}).
Metastasis
----------
Metastases in the liver, kidney, mesentery, and peritoneum with bloody ascites were observed in 23% of the 60 T739 mice inoculated with BTT cells. Abdominal cavity adhesion was observed, and metastasis occurred either on several viscera (liver, kidney, mesentery, and peritoneum) or only one viscera (kidney) ([**Figure 4**](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). Only one of the 60 Balb/C-nu-nu mice inoculated with T24 cells had metastasis in the kidney ([**Figure 4**](#f4){ref-type="fig"}).
{#f4}
Survival time
-------------
T739 mice in the experimental group began to die on the 16th day after BTT cell inoculation. The animals had serious athrepsia with hematuria. The average survival time of the mice was (26.69±9.24) d. In addition, a number of mice died from extreme athrepsia and cachexia ([**Table 2**](#t2){ref-type="table"}). Balb/C-nu-nu mice in the experimental group began to die on the 18th day after T24 cell inoculation. The average survival time of the mice was (34.59±9.8) d. The mice had extreme athrepsia and cachexia ([**Table 2**](#t2){ref-type="table"}**,** [**Figure 5**](#f5){ref-type="fig"}).
###### Average survival time and bladder weight of the mice transplanted with tumor cells.
Groups Number of mice Average survival time (days) Average tumor wet weight
----------------------------- ---------------- ------------------------------ --------------------------
T739 without injury 10 \>40 0.02±0.22
T739 with injury 60 26.69±9.24 0.54±0.37
Balb/C-nu-nu without injury 10 \>60 0.02±0.32
Balb/C-nu-nu with injury 60 34.59±9.80 0.11±0.13
{#f5}
Pathological examination
------------------------
The bladder mucosa of the normal control mice was intact, and no metastasis was observed ([**Figure 6A**](#f6){ref-type="fig"}). Huge solid tumors were observed under the microscope. The tumor cells infiltrated deeply into the muscular layer ([**Figure 6B**](#f6){ref-type="fig"}). Cellular atypia was observed in the pathological section of the liver and kidney ([**Figures 6C**](#f6){ref-type="fig"}**and**[**6D**](#f6){ref-type="fig"}).
{#f6}
Discussion
==========
Orthotopic bladder transplantable tumor in mice is a practical model because it is analogous to the clinical pathological process in humans^\[^[@r1]^\]^. Four frequently used methods are classified by their difference in inoculation process, and are described as follows. The first method is intravesical instillation of tumor cell suspension^\[^[@r2]^\]^ into denuded bladders, which uses N-methyl-N-nitrosourea^\[^[@r3]^\]^ or combination of chlorhydric acid and potassium hydroxide^\[^[@r4]^,^[@r5]^\]^. This method requires no surgery and does not result in diffuse ulceration, edema, or urinary stones. The success rate of tumor implantation ranges from 28% to 97%. Moreover, the tumors appear multifocal and have an unpredictable localization. The second method is injecting tumor cells into the urinary bladder wall through the abdomen^\[^[@r6]^-^[@r10]^\]^. This method requires a skilled surgeon to complete the surgery and is time consuming. The third method is injecting weak acid, protease, or other chemicals into the urinary bladder entocoel to injure the mucous before the injection of tumor cells^\[^[@r4]^,^[@r11]^-^[@r13]^\]^. This method is also complicated and tumor formation was not stable. The fourth method is the mechanical method. The mucous membrane of the urinary bladder was injured before the injection of tumor cells^\[^[@r14]^\]^. Bisson et al.^\[^[@r14]^\]^ inserted a stylet with an outside casing into the urinary bladder through the meatus urinarius to injure the mucous. The method does not have any restrictions to the rotation degree of the stylet; thus the degree of injury to the mucous cannot be controlled.
Creating an injury in the mucous of the urinary bladder is important in tumor transplantation. Hemorrhage and damage to the mucous after the injury are beneficial to the adhesion, colonization, and growth of tumor cells. An intact mucosa protects the bladder from tumor cell invasion. The drift angle stylet forms a Φ=2.61 mm to 3.66 mm circle when rotated, causing a balanced injury. Thus, the injury is controllable, and the method is more reasonable.
Bisson et al.^\[^[@r14]^\]^ used a custom-made copper abrader to establish a bladder tumor. The result showed that the tumor incidence was approximately 100%. Using a mechanical damage method to induce an injury to the bladder mucosa was feasible to establish an orthotopic bladder tumor. Spotted state injury was induced by friction when rotated. Tiny tumors developed at an early stage and progressed slowly. The drift angle stylet can augment the wound surface when rotated. A number of tumor cells colonized on the mucous at an early stage, and tumors formed within a short period of time.
The present model showed a high metastatic rate. Vesicoureteral reflux may cause renal metastasis. Metastasis may also have a relationship with the cell line because the metastatic rate of T24 was lower than that of BTT. Tumors that has broken through the bladder wall and invaded into the abdominal cavity are in the advanced stage, leading to high metastatic rate.
The 24\# venous retention needle used in the present study is a standard medical device and is easy to obtain. The preparation of the drift angle stylet is simple, and the experiment is easy to perform. Moreover, the degree of injury is easy to control.
Using drift angle stylet to injure the mucous membrane of the urinary bladder can establish a stable transplantable bladder tumor model in mice, with convenience and rapidness.
No potential conflicts of interest are disclosed.
The authors are thankful to Gang Tai at Shanxi Institute for the drug control and for providing the pathology sections; Professor Xiao-feng Yang at Shanxi Medical University for providing the BTT cell line; Professor Jian-zhen Zhang at Shanxi University for checking the manuscript, and Professor Jin-fen Wang at Shanxi Tumor Hospital for the pathology analysis. This study was supported by a grant from the Shanxi Science and Technology Department, China (Grant No.2010K01).
[^1]: Correspondence to: Lian-sheng Ren
[^2]: E-mail: <13834541031@163.com>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
// Copyright 2013 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
// +build !aix,!darwin,!dragonfly,!freebsd,!linux,!netbsd,!openbsd,!solaris,!windows
package ipv6
import (
"net"
"golang.org/x/net/bpf"
"golang.org/x/net/internal/socket"
)
func (so *sockOpt) getMulticastInterface(c *socket.Conn) (*net.Interface, error) {
return nil, errNotImplemented
}
func (so *sockOpt) setMulticastInterface(c *socket.Conn, ifi *net.Interface) error {
return errNotImplemented
}
func (so *sockOpt) getICMPFilter(c *socket.Conn) (*ICMPFilter, error) {
return nil, errNotImplemented
}
func (so *sockOpt) setICMPFilter(c *socket.Conn, f *ICMPFilter) error {
return errNotImplemented
}
func (so *sockOpt) getMTUInfo(c *socket.Conn) (*net.Interface, int, error) {
return nil, 0, errNotImplemented
}
func (so *sockOpt) setGroup(c *socket.Conn, ifi *net.Interface, grp net.IP) error {
return errNotImplemented
}
func (so *sockOpt) setSourceGroup(c *socket.Conn, ifi *net.Interface, grp, src net.IP) error {
return errNotImplemented
}
func (so *sockOpt) setBPF(c *socket.Conn, f []bpf.RawInstruction) error {
return errNotImplemented
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Best all inclusive resorts in Atlanta
When you picture all inclusive resorts in Atlanta, you likely imagine relaxing by the pool for hours with a cold drink in hand. We do too, but we also picture leaving that idyllic scenario. Why? Because you'll have gotten a super cheap deal on one of the best Atlanta all inclusive hotels, and you'll still have plenty of cash left over to add on a few more experiences to that all inclusive one.
Eat, drink, play, and relax
Some say (well...we say) that all inclusive resorts are like a box of chocolates. Except we're like that map on the top of the box that tells you what you're picking. Want a place that is more party than not? Maybe you need a resort that is all about the hammock life. Whether you are packing your party hat or just a good book, we can point you toward the spot that is ideal for your vacation plans. Better yet, choose the Hotwire Hot Rate. You'll get that all inclusive resort in Atlanta for a great rate. But whichever all inclusive hotel you select, you know that much of the snacks and drinks won't have you whipping out your wallet. So we say order a drink for you and your friends. Or even your new friend at the table next to you.
Go all-in without going all-out
Planning a trip doesn't have to be painful. We try to not only make it easy, but also try to save you some money. It's just our philosophy, but it usually works in your favor. Just how we like it. Sort Atlanta resorts by:
Hot Rate: You get a sweet Atlanta resort at an absurdly cheap rate. You'll get the name of the hotel after you book, but if you get what you want, there's no real risk, right?
Price: On a tight budget? We got this. We have rates on all inclusive resorts starting as low as .
Amenities: Full-service spas? Babysitting services? Buffet restaurant? All the amenities that make you say, "Ahhh...vacation life."
Reviews: Find out which all inclusive resort is best for your trip by taking a gander at the reviews.
We say look over the 2557 all inclusive resorts in Atlanta and find your favorite. And with the money you save thanks to our great rates, you can add on a few more activities outside the resort...if you can twist yourself away from the pool or buffet!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Higher adherence with 3-year entecavir treatment than lamivudine or telbivudine in treatment-naïve Taiwanese patients with chronic hepatitis B.
Oral nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) are effective in suppressing hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in treatment naïve chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. However, little is known about the treatment modification and adherence on such patients with prolonged NA treatment. In this multicenter observational study, a total of 600 NA-naïve Taiwanese CHB patients aged 16 years and older were enrolled. The 600 patients were retrospectively identified by their NA treatment history from August 2008 to July 2009; this cohort was prospectively followed up over 3 years. During the 3-year period, incidence of treatment modifications, reasons for modification, and rate of adherence were evaluated. Among the 583 evaluable patients, the initial NA treatment included entecavir (ETV) in 468 patients, telbivudine (LdT) in 67, and lamivudine (LVD) in 48. During the 3-year treatment, 9.0% of ETV-treated patients, 38.8% of LdT-treated patients, and 54.2% of LVD-treated patients had treatment modification. The main reasons for treatment modification were fulfilling stopping criteria in the ETV group (40.5%) and virological breakthrough in both the LdT (61.5%) and LVD (46.2%) groups. The proportion of patients with adherence rate (> 90%) at year 3 was 90.8% in the ETV group, 83.9% in the LdT group, and 83.9% in the LVD group. Treatment-naïve CHB patients with a 3-year ETV treatment in Taiwan have the lower likelihood of treatment modification and better rate of adherence compared with those with LdT or LVD treatment.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
/*
* Solution to Project Euler problem 17
* Copyright (c) Project Nayuki. All rights reserved.
*
* https://www.nayuki.io/page/project-euler-solutions
* https://github.com/nayuki/Project-Euler-solutions
*/
public final class p017 implements EulerSolution {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(new p017().run());
}
/*
* - For the numbers 0 to 19, we write the single word:
* {zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine,
* ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen}.
* - For the numbers 20 to 99, we write the word for the tens place:
* {twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety}.
* Subsequently if the last digit is not 0, then we write the word for the ones place (one to nine).
* - For the numbers 100 to 999, we write the ones word for the hundreds place followed by "hundred":
* {one hundred, two hundred, three hundred, ..., eight hundred, nine hundred}.
* Subsequently if the last two digits are not 00, then we write the word "and"
* followed by the phrase for the last two digits (from 01 to 99).
* - For the numbers 1000 to 999999, we write the word for the three digits starting at the
* thousands place and going leftward, followed by "thousand". Subsequently if the last three
* digits are not 000, then we write the phrase for the last three digits (from 001 to 999).
*/
public String run() {
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= 1000; i++)
sum += toEnglish(i).length();
return Integer.toString(sum);
}
private static String toEnglish(int n) {
if (0 <= n && n < 20)
return ONES[n];
else if (20 <= n && n < 100)
return TENS[n / 10] + (n % 10 != 0 ? ONES[n % 10] : "");
else if (100 <= n && n < 1000)
return ONES[n / 100] + "hundred" + (n % 100 != 0 ? "and" + toEnglish(n % 100) : "");
else if (1000 <= n && n < 1000000)
return toEnglish(n / 1000) + "thousand" + (n % 1000 != 0 ? toEnglish(n % 1000) : "");
else
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
}
private static String[] ONES = {
"zero", "one", "two", "three", "four", "five", "six", "seven", "eight", "nine",
"ten", "eleven", "twelve", "thirteen", "fourteen", "fifteen", "sixteen", "seventeen", "eighteen", "nineteen"};
private static String[] TENS = {
"", "", "twenty", "thirty", "forty", "fifty", "sixty", "seventy", "eighty", "ninety"};
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
// Copyright 2018 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
// +build go1.11
package http2
import (
"net/http/httptrace"
"net/textproto"
)
func traceHasWroteHeaderField(trace *httptrace.ClientTrace) bool {
return trace != nil && trace.WroteHeaderField != nil
}
func traceWroteHeaderField(trace *httptrace.ClientTrace, k, v string) {
if trace != nil && trace.WroteHeaderField != nil {
trace.WroteHeaderField(k, []string{v})
}
}
func traceGot1xxResponseFunc(trace *httptrace.ClientTrace) func(int, textproto.MIMEHeader) error {
if trace != nil {
return trace.Got1xxResponse
}
return nil
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Frolovskoye, Vladimir Oblast
Frolovskoye () is a rural locality (a selo) in Selivanovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 148 as of 2010.
References
Category:Rural localities in Vladimir Oblast
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
848 F.2d 191
Unpublished DispositionNOTICE: Sixth Circuit Rule 24(c) states that citation of unpublished dispositions is disfavored except for establishing res judicata, estoppel, or the law of the case and requires service of copies of cited unpublished dispositions of the Sixth Circuit.Mason HARRIS, Plaintiff-Appellant,v.Robert JENNINGS, Clerk, Defendant-Appellee.
No. 87-4002.
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
May 10, 1988.
1
Before KEITH and RYAN, Circuit Judges, and BENJAMIN F. GIBSON, District Judge.*
ORDER
2
This case has been referred to a panel of this court pursuant to Rule 9(a), Rules of the Sixth Circuit. Upon examination of the the briefs and record, this panel unanimously agrees that oral argument is not needed. Fed.R.App.P. 34(a).
3
Plaintiff filed this civil rights action under 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983 seeking monetary damages and other relief from defendant Robert Jennings. The district court dismissed the case as frivolous pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1915(d) and this appeal followed. On appeal the parties have briefed the issues, defendant also having filed a motion to dismiss the appeal.
4
Upon consideration, we agree with the district court's disposition of this case for the reasons set forth in the order of October 22, 1987.
5
It is therefore ORDERED the motion to dismiss be denied and the judgment of the district court be affirmed. Rule 9(b)(5), Rules of the Sixth Circuit.
*
The Honorable Benjamin F. Gibson, U.S. District Judge for the Western District of Michigan, sitting by designation
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
base
bit.lua +bit
math
string
table
coroutine
ffi +ffi
contents.lua
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
353 F.2d 614
UNITED STATES of America, Appellee,v.Joe DAVIS, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 455, Docket 29518.
United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit.
Argued April 28, 1965.Decided Dec. 6, 1965.
James M. Brachman, Asst. U.S. Atty., New York City (Robert M. Morgenthau, U.S. Atty., for the Southern District of New York, and Michael W. Mitchell, Asst. U.S. Atty., New York City, on the brief), for appellee.
Herbert A. Lyon, Kew Gardens, N.Y., on the brief for defendant-appellant.
Before LUMBARD, Chief Judge, and WATERMAN and FRIENDLY, Circuit judges.
LUMBARD, Chief Judge.
1
This is an appeal from a conviction and sentence after a trial by a jury, in the Southern District of New York, for violation of 18 U.S.C. 1461, 1463, sending obscene matter through the mails and mailing matter in indecent wrappers.
2
Counts one through five of the indictment charged that on various occasions Davis mailed packages whose wrappings bore an obscene label advertising defendant's 'party records,' in violation of 1463. Counts twenty-two and twenty-three charged the mailing of two obscene phonograph records, in violation of 1461, and counts six through twenty-one charged the mailing of advertising which described the means for procuring the obscene records of counts twenty-two and twenty-three, in violation of 1461.1 As it is not alleged that these advertisements are themselves obscene, there must be a finding that the phonograph records are obscene in order to find the advertisements violative of 1461.
3
At trial, the parties stipulated the existence of each and every element of the crime charged, except that the phonograph records and labels were obscene. In oral argument before this court both sides declared they had agreed to submit the remaining issue to the jury without any testimony of any kind. The opportunity to require and present evidence about community standards of obscenity existed but was declined by that agreement. Compare United States v. Klaw, 350 F.2d 155 (2 Cir. 1965). The jury had before it only the labels, the advertisements, the phonograph records and record jackets.
4
The jury returned a verdict of guilty on all counts. Judge Kaufman, who presided at the trial, then made an independent examination of the evidence and determined that the finding of guilty by the jury did not invade Davis' First Amendment rights to freedom of the press and speech as the materials at issue were obscene and therefore not entitled to First Amendment protection. He imposed a fine of $1,000 on count one, and concurrent six-month suspended sentences on the remaining counts.
5
Davis does not allege as error any portion of Judge Kaufman's charge or the procedure employed by the district court. The sole issue before us is the same as was before Judge Kaufman, whether Davis is entitled to First Amendment protection because the labels and records are not obscene. We find that they are obscene under the tests established by the Supreme Court, and we affirm the judgment below.
6
To determine whether the matter before us is obscene, we must apply the now familiar test:
7
'Whether to the average person, applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to the prurient interest.' Jacobellis v. State of Ohio, 378 U.S. 184, 191, 84 S.Ct. 1676, 1680, 12 L.Ed.2d 793 (1964); Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476, 489, 77 S.Ct. 1304, 1 L.Ed.2d 1498 (1957).
8
Further, we are instructed to determine whether the material is patently offensive. Mutual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day, 370 U.S. 478, 486, 82 S.Ct. 1432, 8 L.Ed.2d 639 (1962).
9
Applying these tests, we find that both the labels and the records are obscene. The records are without 'literary or scientific or artistic or any other form of social importance.' Jacobellis v. State of Ohio, supra, 378 U.S. at 191, 84 S.Ct. at 1680. Each record jacket and record 'taken as a whole' makes abundantly clear the meaning and content of the recording. We also find that, despite the feeble attempt at double-entendre humor on the mailing label, the sole intended meaning of the label is obvious and far exceeds the permissible level of candor.
10
The appellant's other contentions do not merit discussion.
11
The judgment is affirmed.
WATERMAN, Circuit Judge (dissenting):
12
I dissent. I would reverse.
13
At trial, on November 18, 1964, the parties orally agreed that certain acts took place; the defendant conceded that the Government could call witnesses who would testify to these acts and thereby the commission of the offenses would be proven if the material mailed, exhibits in the case, were non-mailable. The exhibits were appellant's yellow gummed labels affixed to the outside of his packages, informing that he had 'sexsational' party records available, his advertising circular, two phonograph records, and the respective jackets containing those records.
14
As stated in the majority opinion, the only contested issue was whether the phonograph records and labels were obscene so that the acts of the defendant in causing them to be sent through the mails violated 18 U.S.C. 1461, 1463. And so, as stated in the opinion of the majority, the issue of defendant's guilt was submitted to the jury without the introduction into evidence of any oral testimony whatsoever. The phonograph records were played to the jury. After the exhibits were introduced into evidence and the records played to the jury, the Government rested, the defense put in no case whatever and moved to dismiss. The motion was denied, and the trial judge in his charge to the jury so adequately explained the nature of the case that no exception to the charge was taken by either party and no request for an additional or explanatory charge was made. The jury was out but thirty-five minutes and returned a guilty verdict. A motion by the defense to set the verdict aside and for an acquittal was denied, and the judge, believing that he, as well as the jury, was required to ascertain whether the exhibits were obscene, found that they were by any test that he had been able to observe.
15
The trial judge had in mind that this case involves 'rights derived from the First Amendment guarantees of free expression' and believed that a judge at the trial level 'cannot avoid making an independent constitutional judgment on the facts of the case as to whether the material involved is constitutionally protected.' Jacobellis v. State of Ohio, 378 U.S. 184, 190, 84 S.Ct. 1676, 1679 (Brennan, J., opinion upon announcing the Court's judgment, in which Goldberg, J. concurred). If it were necessary for me also to accept this responsibility I would hold that the yellow mailing labels had no 'literary or scientific or artistic or any other form of social importance' and that they exceeded the permissible level of candor which the First Amendment protects. On the other hand, they are so cheaply repulsive that it is incredible to me that the prurience of any person would be excited from reading them or from anticipation of receipt of the 'sexsational' records. As to the records, I must say that they bored me, and testing subjectively 'appealing to the prurient interest' neither of them did so appeal. Nevertheless, my personal reaction to these records, different from the reaction of the twelve jurors and the trial judge, is not the basis for my dissent. I would reverse on the ground that the verdict below was not supported by sufficient evidence.
16
The jury was charged that the issue for them to decide was whether the material would be deemed obscene by the average person, applying contemporary community standards, and the judge went on to charge that in 'determining community standards you must try to use your experience in life, the observations you have made in your every-day affairs * * * so that you can make an objective determination based upon community standards of the national of which you have been aware.'
17
No evidence was introduced tending to show what these contemporary community standards of the nation were. The judge in his comments confirming the result the jury reached stated that his view was based on an attempt 'to divine what I consider to be the mores of the country based on my years of experience and travel and observations and readings * * *'
18
The practice of allowing the fact finder to decide the issue of obscenity vel non by appraising the challenged material in light of a court-elaborated definition of obscenity has been established in this circuit and was adhered to in the present case. The announced rationale of this practice is that obscenity 'is a function of many variables, and the verdict of the jury is not the conclusion of a syllogism of which they are to find only the minor premises, but really a small bit of legislation ad hoc, like the standard of care.' L. Hand, J., in United States v. Levine, 83 F.2d 156, 157 (2 Cir. 1936). Accepting the jury's conclusion to be a small bit of legislation it made little sense to require the prosecution to present testimony tending to prove that the material in question was in fact unacceptable to the community or that the material would arouse the prurient interest of the average man. This view of the jury's function has even led several courts to go further and to exclude all evidence of community standards offered by the defendant. E.g., Kahm v. United States, 300 F.2d 78 (5 Cir.), cert. denied, 369 U.S. 859, 82 S.Ct. 949, 8 L.Ed.2d 18 (1962); People v. Finkelstein, 11 N.Y.2d 300, 229 N.Y.S.2d 367, 183 N.E.2d 661, cert. denied, 371 U.S. 863, 83 S.Ct. 116, 9 L.Ed.2d 100 (1962). But cf. Smith v. People of State of California, 361 U.S. 147, 160, 169, 80 S.Ct. 215, 4 L.Ed.2d 205 (1959) (Frankfurter, J., concurring; Harlan, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part). See generally 76 Harv.L.Rev. 1498-1501 (1963).
19
The analogy of the jury's function in a criminal case in which obscenity is charged to the jury's function in a civil negligence case was fairly persuasive as long as the jury's decision that certain material was obscene could be viewed as the legal expression of revulsion against the material by the community from which the jury was drawn because of the way the material dealt with sexual matters. But we now know that the standard is national, not local. Jacobellis v. State of Ohio, 378 U.S. 184, 84 S.Ct. 1676, 12 L.Ed.2d 793 (1964). I am not persuaded that, without some evidence other than the records and labels and each juror's own personal reaction thereto, a jury can appraise such material and can accurately express in the light of national community standards the level of national community tolerance. The view that a jury is not well suited to express the national sense of what is obscene has led some courts carefully to scrutinize the allegedly obscene material before submitting it to a jury. Flying Eagle Publications, Inc. v. United States, 273 F.2d 799 (1 Cir. 1960). This same belief is reflected in United States v. Klaw, 350 F.2d 155 (2 Cir. 1965), decided by us on July 25, 1965 after the appeal in the present case had been argued and before disposition of the appeal. In Klaw we reviewed all the recent cases in this field that had been brought to our attention or had been uncovered by our research, and there we reversed a conviction for mailing obscene matter which was obtained by allowing the jury to appraise certain photographs and drawings of the 'bondage genre,' see United States v. Klaw at 157, in light of an admittedly correct elaboration of obscenity law by the trial court. In holding that the Government was required to introduce evidence that the challenged material in fact appealed to the prurient interest of either the average man or typical deviate this court said:
20
Whatever the value of mere 'autoptical' evidence in other contexts, it should not readily be countenanced in this area. Otherwise, too easily the Government's test might allow a jury to equate patent offensiveness to prurient appeal, thus obliterating the conjunction that has been thought indispensable. The state of the record gave the jurors impermissibly broad freedom to convict just because, having no more informative evidence than the material itself, they might think that the average person would 'recognize' that the material has prurient appeal. But again, to whom? In this case, the jury had insufficient evidence even to 'recognize' that the material appealed to the prurient interest of the average person. 350 F.2d 155, 167.
21
Under the requirements we have placed upon the Government by United States v. Klaw, the Government was deficient in its proof. As the trial judge allowed the Government to get to the jury without introducing any evidence tending to prove that defendant's records or labels appealed to the prurient interest of either the average man or the typical deviate recipient it is my belief that the conviction should be reversed.1 My brothers contend that the proof we hold was necessary to effect a conviction under 18 U.S.C. 1461 in United States v. Klaw is not applicable here. Inasmuch as the defendant expedited the trial by agreeing that he performed the acts necessary to convict if the material mailed were non-mailable and agreed to present the issue of mailability to the jury 'without testimony of any kind' they hold that the defendant 'stipulated the existence of each and every element of the crimes charged.' In so doing, they overlook the fact that the defendant moved to dismiss after the parties had tried the case pursuant to the agreement. Even if one places no weight whatever on defendant's obvious strategy, my brothers at best would seem to hold that defendant agreed to be bound by the practice that the parties supposed existed at the time of the trial, and therefore his conviction must be affirmed. With this approach I cannot agree, either. Defendant's motion to dismiss, overruled, and to which overruling defendant preserved his position, is now being reviewed by us, and the law of this circuit at this time requires us to order that that motion be granted for failure of the Government's proof. Of course, the agreement below was merely an affirmative agreement that certain facts were in existence, and if the Government were put to proof the Government could prove them; but it never was a stipulation concerning the limits of proof required to effect a conviction. The defendant never conceded that he was guilty as charged in the indictment.
1
Count twenty-four, charging Davis with conspiring to violate 1461, was dismissed during trial on the government's motion
1
The attempt of the trial judge to 'divine * * * the mores of the country' cannot cure this defect. This attempted divination certainly cannot be justified as the taking of judicial notice of facts commonly known or capable of certain verification. Perhaps a court may judicially notice contemporary community standards insofar as they constitute 'legislative facts' relating to the issue of obscenity, but even judicial notice of this type ought not to be allowable unless the parties are given an opportunity to furnish data bearing on the issue. See McCormick, Evidence 329 (1954)
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Experimental link between quantum entanglement (left) and classical chaos (right) found using a small quantum computer. Credit: University of California - Santa Barbara
Using a small quantum system consisting of three superconducting qubits, researchers at UC Santa Barbara and Google have uncovered a link between aspects of classical and quantum physics thought to be unrelated: classical chaos and quantum entanglement. Their findings suggest that it would be possible to use controllable quantum systems to investigate certain fundamental aspects of nature.
"It's kind of surprising because chaos is this totally classical concept—there's no idea of chaos in a quantum system," Charles Neill, a researcher in the UCSB Department of Physics and lead author of a paper that appears in Nature Physics. "Similarly, there's no concept of entanglement within classical systems. And yet it turns out that chaos and entanglement are really very strongly and clearly related."
Initiated in the 15th century, classical physics generally examines and describes systems larger than atoms and molecules. It consists of hundreds of years' worth of study including Newton's laws of motion, electrodynamics, relativity, thermodynamics as well as chaos theory—the field that studies the behavior of highly sensitive and unpredictable systems. One classic example of chaos theory is the weather, in which a relatively small change in one part of the system is enough to foil predictions—and vacation plans—anywhere on the globe.
At smaller size and length scales in nature, however, such as those involving atoms and photons and their behaviors, classical physics falls short. In the early 20th century quantum physics emerged, with its seemingly counterintuitive and sometimes controversial science, including the notions of superposition (the theory that a particle can be located in several places at once) and entanglement (particles that are deeply linked behave as such despite physical distance from one another).
And so began the continuing search for connections between the two fields.
All systems are fundamentally quantum systems, according Neill, but the means of describing in a quantum sense the chaotic behavior of, say, air molecules in an evacuated room, remains limited.
Imagine taking a balloon full of air molecules, somehow tagging them so you could see them and then releasing them into a room with no air molecules, noted co-author and UCSB/Google researcher Pedram Roushan. One possible outcome is that the air molecules remain clumped together in a little cloud following the same trajectory around the room. And yet, he continued, as we can probably intuit, the molecules will more likely take off in a variety of velocities and directions, bouncing off walls and interacting with each other, resting after the room is sufficiently saturated with them.
"The underlying physics is chaos, essentially," he said. The molecules coming to rest—at least on the macroscopic level—is the result of thermalization, or of reaching equilibrium after they have achieved uniform saturation within the system. But in the infinitesimal world of quantum physics, there is still little to describe that behavior. The mathematics of quantum mechanics, Roushan said, do not allow for the chaos described by Newtonian laws of motion.
To investigate, the researchers devised an experiment using three quantum bits, the basic computational units of the quantum computer. Unlike classical computer bits, which utilize a binary system of two possible states (e.g., zero/one), a qubit can also use a superposition of both states (zero and one) as a single state. Additionally, multiple qubits can entangle, or link so closely that their measurements will automatically correlate. By manipulating these qubits with electronic pulses, Neill caused them to interact, rotate and evolve in the quantum analog of a highly sensitive classical system.
The result is a map of entanglement entropy of a qubit that, over time, comes to strongly resemble that of classical dynamics—the regions of entanglement in the quantum map resemble the regions of chaos on the classical map. The islands of low entanglement in the quantum map are located in the places of low chaos on the classical map.
"There's a very clear connection between entanglement and chaos in these two pictures," said Neill. "And, it turns out that thermalization is the thing that connects chaos and entanglement. It turns out that they are actually the driving forces behind thermalization.
"What we realize is that in almost any quantum system, including on quantum computers, if you just let it evolve and you start to study what happens as a function of time, it's going to thermalize," added Neill, referring to the quantum-level equilibration. "And this really ties together the intuition between classical thermalization and chaos and how it occurs in quantum systems that entangle."
The study's findings have fundamental implications for quantum computing. At the level of three qubits, the computation is relatively simple, said Roushan, but as researchers push to build increasingly sophisticated and powerful quantum computers that incorporate more qubits to study highly complex problems that are beyond the ability of classical computing—such as those in the realms of machine learning, artificial intelligence, fluid dynamics or chemistry—a quantum processor optimized for such calculations will be a very powerful tool.
"It means we can study things that are completely impossible to study right now, once we get to bigger systems," said Neill.
Explore further Researchers refine method for detecting quantum entanglement
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Martín Kerchner: Tenemos cinco: Shanghái, Guangzhou, Dubai, Amberes y hace poco el de Los Andes, el primer pueblo que está después del paso internacional Cristo Redentor. En los hubs en China se vendieron 40 mil botellas de vino de bodegas medianas y pequeñas. Las bodegas grandes van desde hace muchos años por su cuenta. La primera política fue ordenar el Estado. Después hicimos las bases de ultramar. La tarea ahora es ayudar a vender los productos. Iremos a ferias de vinos a granel y otras ferias muy grandes. También el foco está en las TIC y energía como paneles solares o desarrollos eólicos.
P: ¿Quieren desarrollar energías alternativas?
M. K.: Ya empezamos, pero ahora estamos buscándoles novio. Hay pequeñas centrales hidroeléctricas que funcionan sobre los causes de riego, pero tenemos unos 60 puntos por cubrir. También las grandes centrales, como Portezuelo del Viento. O Potasio Río Colorado. Estamos con un acuerdo con Vale que nos está transfiriendo los activos de la mina de potasio que tiene reservas por 100 años. Es vital en alimentos y medicamentos. Estamos buscando un socio. En turismo, 8 millones de cantoneses salen al exterior. Mendoza tiene un hub aéreo de los mejores del país, con 180 vuelos semanales. También vamos por algo relacionado a la industria audiovisual. Y después, vino. También vamos a estar en Dubai; tenemos reunión con la cámara emiratí, reuniones por temas de energía y petróleo, y para tratar de avanzar con el hub logístico, pasar no sólo del almacenaje sino también a la comercialización.
P: ¿La gira incluye el desarrollo del sector de Vaca Muerta?
M. K.: Sí, hay un desarrollo que está empezando a tomar color, como los yacimientos no convencionales. A pesar de eso, hacía mucho que no se descubría un yacimiento convencional, como el que se descubrió hace poco en Mendoza. El hecho de haber reconstruido los contratos fue clave. Antes eran de real state sin compromiso de inversión. Hicimos contratos más duros, revertimos áreas petroleras, con inversiones más grandes.
P: Habrá un cambio de gobierno. ¿Cómo los puede afectar?
M. K.: Mendoza está un poco mejor parada que Nación, en el sentido de que hizo el trabajo antes que el Estado Nacional. Se equilibró, empezó a bajar impuestos y tuvo un excedente de ingreso primario que fue destinado a la obra pública y estas cuestiones como los hub logísticos, que significan proyectar a Mendoza al mundo. Pero igual le caben las generales de la ley. Si Argentina toma un camino de seriedad fiscal y económica, a Mendoza necesariamente le va a ir bien, porque tiene una economía diversificada e integrada al mundo. Agroindustria, petróleo, minería, turismo, servicios basados en el conocimiento, logística. Ahora, si el camino del nuevo gobierno es el populismo y cerrarse, ahí se nos va a complicar a todos.
P: ¿Buscan que esos sectores tengan más relevancia?, ¿no serán dependientes del vino?
M. K.: Hay un error de marca. Todos decimos: Mendoza tiene los vinos más ricos del mundo. Pero lo que nos trajo el vino fue la innovación tecnológica. Empezamos con el vino, pero desarrollamos la logística. Hoy Mendoza es la puerta entrada del 66% de las mercancías terrestres del Mercosur al Pacífico. Eso desarrolló un polo de servicios logísticos muy importantes. Mendoza nació con vino pero también con petróleo, hoy somos el cuarto productor del país, además tenemos refinerías desde donde surtimos combustible a 14 provincias, es un sector enorme, tanto como el vino. Y todavía no empezamos con el no convencional. También tenemos tres millones de visitantes al año. La masa del producto bruto tiene una pata en la agroindustria, pero es una parte. Mendoza produce software, videojuegos, audiovisuales. Somos una economía compleja, con varias actividades que hacen tracción en algún momento y van estabilizando la economía. Los que dependen sólo de una actividad, un efecto sobre eso desarma todo el sistema. Lo que estamos haciendo ahora es potenciar algunas ramas que estaban adormecidas.
P: En ese sentido, hay expectativas por Portezuelo…
M. K.: Hasta 2002 teníamos 20 mil personas trabajando en la construcción de represas hidroeléctricas, desde 1950. 52 años con un sector de la economía muy pujante, con altos ingresos. Tenemos mucho para despertar. La tarea que viene está ahí. Establecer objetivos en forma inteligente.
P: A todos los atrae a hacer negocios en China, pero después muchos proyectos no se concretan, ¿por qué?
M. K.: En china hay dos barreras, la idiomática y la cultural. La primera, la estamos rompiendo. Respecto de la cultura, China es un gran ciudadano del mundo, pero sólo hace negocios si te conoce. Si confía y si no lo defraudás. Mendoza está haciendo su propio comercio exterior, su propia cancillería. Es lo que viene también, vínculos punto a punto con provincias y regiones. Estamos sorprendidos con la cantidad de autoridades chinas que vienen a nuestra provincia. Ahora estamos desarrollando una miniserie de nuestro cluster audiovisual con el de Cantón. Un producto para China pero filmado en Mendoza. Lo cultural es central. Además, entra una bodega a China y pasa a ser otro embajador, porque un negocio abre otro.
P: Las economías regionales fueron golpeadas, ¿cómo ve su evolución?
M. K.: No puede ser lo mismo producir en un lugar que en otro. Muchas veces por esa tabla rasa se ha premiado la improductividad de una zona. Y por el impacto que puede producir una traslación de recursos. Pero si se empieza a medir de forma seria, debemos ser especialistas en lo que sabemos hacer, y dejar de hacer lo que no somos tan eficientes. Esto vale para regiones, provincias y naciones.
P: ¿Y qué expectativas tienen ahora respecto de las políticas de Alberto Fernández?
M. K.: Primero, que nos digan si hay camino, y cuál es. En base a eso, vamos a saber si lo que viene es seguir trabajando en políticas de largo plazo y hacernos eficientes en todos los sectores de la economía, hacernos serios en el mundo, recuperar la palabra de la estabilidad. Si se sigue ese camino, será ir para adelante. Si es el otro camino, el que ya conocemos, será resistir.
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Un éditorial, par définition, correspond à la position d’un journal. Il faut donc comprendre que l’éditorial de Robert Dutrisac du 13 octobre est la position du Devoir. On peut y lire qu’en déposant la charte des valeurs, le PQ a tenté « d’exploiter les sentiments chauvins et xénophobes d’une frange réactionnaire de la population sous le couvert d’une défense de nobles principes républicains ». Rien de moins.
« Chauvins », « xénophobes » : pour Le Devoir, le grand dessein de la charte était donc d’exploiter le sentiment raciste qui traverse une partie de la population québécoise. De là à dire que la charte du PQ était raciste, il n’y a qu’un pas. Le Devoir rejoint ici ceux qui, sur cet enjeu, se posent en tribunal moral du Québec.
« Sous le couvert », écrit l’éditorialiste. Le PQ cachait donc ses intentions, hypocritement. Le PQ vous parlait de principes, il n’en pensait rien, il voulait strictement exploiter les sentiments d’une frange réactionnaire. Quelle frange de la population ? 10 % ? 20 % ? 50 % ? Mystère.
Nul besoin de justifier une telle affirmation. On nous l’envoie en pleine gueule, et c’est tout.
Vous dites que vous voulez que l’État soit laïque et que cette laïcité s’incarne aussi dans la neutralité religieuse de celles et ceux qui sont à son service et paf ! vous êtes chauvin et xénophobe. Pas de démonstration, pas besoin. La cause est entendue.
Quand on sait qu’ils ont été des millions de femmes et d’hommes à défendre la charte, à l’appuyer et à appuyer encore aujourd’hui un modèle de laïcité effectif, cela fait beaucoup de chauvins et de xénophobes au Québec !
Nous sommes nombreux à en avoir jusque-là des procès d’intention.
Car que disait l’odieuse charte des valeurs, honnie par les bien-pensants de la tolérance inclusive et autres grands défenseurs du multiculturalisme radical ? Elle disait que la meilleure façon de protéger toutes les religions, c’est que l’État n’en ait aucune. Pour ce faire, elle proposait cinq orientations:
1- Baliser les accommodements religieux dans la Charte québécoise des droits et libertés et y inscrire la neutralité religieuse de l’État.
2- Prévoir un devoir de réserve et de neutralité religieuse pour le personnel de l’État pendant les heures de travail.
3- Interdire le port de signes religieux ostentatoires pour le personnel de l’État pendant les heures de travail.
4- Rendre obligatoire le visage découvert lorsqu’on donne ou reçoit un service de l’État.
5- Établir une politique de mise en oeuvre pour gérer les demandes d’accommodement et assurer la neutralité de l’État.
Une fois ces cinq orientations déposées, nous avons consulté, écouté, rencontré, tourné partout au Québec pour savoir si celles-ci correspondaient aux attentes de la population québécoise. Il faut rappeler que, de façon générale, la population nous demandait de raffermir notre projet de charte. Pourquoi ? Parce que, pour des millions de Québécoises et de Québécois, la religion et l’État ne font pas bon ménage.
Quand le Parti québécois a décidé de mettre un terme aux commissions scolaires confessionnelles (catholiques et protestantes), personne ne l’a traité de raciste ou de xénophobe. Je ne me souviens pas que le journal Le Devoir l’ait fait. À ce jour, ce sont les catholiques et les protestants qui ont dû faire des efforts pour permettre au Québec de se laïciser. On a sécularisé nos hôpitaux et nos écoles, et tant mieux ! On créait un espace pour que tous puissent vivre selon leur conscience : athées, agnostiques, croyants ou non-croyants. On entrait dans la modernité. Et pour y arriver, nous demandions collectivement un effort des catholiques et des protestants. Ils l’ont consenti.
Cinquante ans plus tard, il semblerait qu’être pour la laïcité, c’est être, disons-le franchement, anti-musulman.
Dites-moi : est-il possible que pour Le Devoir, la laïcité ne soit que l’affaire des catholiques et des protestants et que certaines minorités religieuses en soient exclues ? Est-il pensable qu’une si grande institution fasse preuve d’un tel chauvinisme ?
Pour ma part, je refuse vos étiquettes. Ni chauvin, ni xénophobe, ni raciste, ni catho-laïque : je suis pour la neutralité religieuse de l’État. Je suis convaincu que cela sert le vivre-ensemble et qu’à terme, cela contribuera à la cohésion sociale et à l’harmonie entre tous.
La religion doit être du domaine privé. Tous ont droit de croire en ce qu’ils veulent. Mais dans nos relations avec l’État québécois, il n’y a pas de place pour les convictions religieuses. C’est ce que je crois. Appelez-moi chauvin, xénophobe, et raciste tant que vous voulez, je vous renvoie à vos petits procès. Je n’en démordrai pas.
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Your current wishlist is temporary saved. Please Log in to save it permanently.
Description
The Wotofo Stentorian RAM BF Box Mod is an elegant wood/resin style Squonker device with a bottom feeding design. The RAM BF Squonker is powered by a single 18650 cell with a 7mL squonk bottle so that you can enjoy a full day of vaping without refilling! It has a fire button with a safety lock to prevent accidental firing too. The 24K gold 510 connector and fire button ensure the best electronic conductivity too. The RAM works well with 22mm/24mm atomizers in diameter.
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Mahendranagar
Mahendranagar may refer to several places in Nepal:
Mahendranagar, Mahakali - 2nd largest city in Sudurpaschim Pradesh of Nepal, today Bhimdatta
Mahendranagar, Janakpur
Mahendranagar, Kosi
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{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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AP
The bounty case definitely isn’t over.
In a new court filing opposing the efforts of Commissioner Roger Goodell to obtain a dismissal of Saints linebacker Jonathan Vilma’s defamation lawsuit, Vilma takes aim at two key factors: the alleged bounty on Cardinals quarterback Kurt Warner prior to the 2009 NFC divisional playoff game, and the credibility of former Saints assistant Mike Cerullo.
The overriding goal is to persuade Judge Helen Berrigan that Goodell knew the allegation of a bounty on Warner was false, or that Goodell made the statement with reckless disregard as to whether the claim of a Warner bounty was true or false. This enhanced legal standard applies in cases of defamation brought by public figures.
Along the way, Ginsberg calls Goodell’s statements “wanton and malicious,” “fictional,” and “inflammatory,” and Ginsberg writes that Goodell accused Vilma of engaging in “quasi-criminal” behavior.
In making the argument that the case against Goodell should proceed, Vilma’s lawyer, Peter Ginsberg, explains that the NFL’s May 2, 2012 press release states that “multiple independent sources . . . confirmed” that Vilma offered the bounty on Warner. Ginsberg then alleges that, ultimately, the only source was Cerullo. “Even former Saints defensive coordinator Williams, the mastermind of the alleged Bounty Program, does not contend that Vilma put a bounty on Warner,” Ginsberg writes.
The lawyer for Vilma next contends that the league knew or should have realized that Cerullo’s story was false.
“[A]s Goodell well knew,” Ginsberg writes, “Cerullo was fired for his incompetence and repeated and material lies to the Saints which caused him to miss several weeks of the 2009 season.” (Cerullo has denied that he was absent from work, in a recent letter to Tagliabue.)
Here’s the kicker from Ginsberg: “The Saints were so concerned about Cerullo’s stability, as Goodell also knew, that, when Cerullo was terminated, Saints head coach Sean Payton also was forced to obtain police protection at his house for fear that Cerullo would seek some type of retribution.” (Cerullo has denied that he held a grudge against the team.)
Ginsberg likewise points out that Cerullo’s story has changed, arguing that “Goodell was well aware of these inconsistencies during the months before he imposed discipline on Vilma but nonetheless kept polluting Vilma’s reputation publicly with this fictitious allegation.”
The attack on Cerullo includes not only his motives but his accuracy. Ginsberg writes that Cerullo allegedly told NFL investigators in November 2011 that he had taken “detailed notes” about the bounties offered as to Warner. At the hearing before Tagliabue, Cerullo admitted that he made no notes during the defensive team meeting before the game against the Cardinals.
As to the spreadsheet of pledges for the Favre bounty a week later, Cerullo now says the numbers were “inaccurate,” and that “I don’t know what I was trying to do with this document.”
We know what Ginsberg is trying to do with his latest document. He’s trying to show that the league trumped-up its case against Vilma based solely on the testimony of a former Saints employee who is, in Ginsberg’s apparent view, mistaken and/or corrupt. And while Ginsberg continues to push the notion that Vilma didn’t offer $10,000 as to Vikings quarterback Brett Favre (and that, as Tagliabue concluded, if it happened it was simply “talk” and not a real offer), it’s clear that the defamation case against Goodell will be driven by the notion that the league knew or should have known that the allegation of a Warner bounty was false.
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Q:
Removing padding/margin consistently in multiple wraps
I’m trying to get the light green to be disappeared (not gone but underneath the dark green).
It’s the exact same problem as my previous post (Remove padding/margin between elements in shrink-to-fit container) but the only thing that’s different is the wrap is inside another wrap, and none of the zero margins/paddings, display inline-blocks or overflows work.
#footer-left{
float:left;
width:700px;
height:200px;
background:#CC3;
}
#footer-services-contents-wrap{
background:#030;
width:auto;
height:auto;
display:inline-block;
}
#footer-services-title-wrap{
background:#0F0;
width:auto;
height:auto;
display:inline-block;
}
.footer-wrap-left{
width:auto;
height:auto;
display: inline-block;
border-left:1px solid #ccc;
padding-left:50px;
padding:0;
border:none;
float:left;
}
ul.footer {
list-style-type:none;
padding: 0px;
color:#666;
font-weight:100;
font-family:verdana,arial,"Times New Roman", Times, serif,georgia,serif,helvetica;
font-size:20px;
margin: 10px 0 0 0;
}
.footer-wrap-right{
width:auto;
height:auto;
display: inline-block;
border-left:1px solid #ccc;
padding-left:50px;
padding:0 0 0 50px;
border:none;
float:left;
}
<div id="footer-left">
<div id="footer-services-title-wrap">
<div id="footer-services-contents-wrap">
<div class="footer-wrap-left">
<f1>text goes here</f1>
<ul class="footer">
<li>text text</li>
<li>text text</li>
<li>text text</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="footer-wrap-right">
<f1>more text goes here</f1>
<ul class="footer">
<li>text text</li>
<li>text text</li>
<li>text text</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
A:
You don't need float:left when using inline-block in your footer-wrap-right and footer-wrap-left classes:
#footer-left{
float:left;
width:700px;
height:200px;
background:#CC3;
}
#footer-services-contents-wrap{
background:#030;
width:auto;
height:auto;
display:inline-block;
}
#footer-services-title-wrap{
background:#0F0;
width:auto;
height:auto;
display:inline-block;
}
.footer-wrap-left{
width:auto;
height:auto;
display: inline-block;
border-left:1px solid #ccc;
padding-left:50px;
padding:0;
border:none;
}
ul.footer {
list-style-type:none;
padding: 0px;
color:#666;
font-weight:100;
font-family:verdana,arial,"Times New Roman", Times, serif,georgia,serif,helvetica;
font-size:20px;
margin: 10px 0 0 0;
}
.footer-wrap-right{
width:auto;
height:auto;
display: inline-block;
border-left:1px solid #ccc;
padding-left:50px;
padding:0 0 0 50px;
border:none;
}
<div id="footer-left">
<div id="footer-services-title-wrap">
<div id="footer-services-contents-wrap">
<div class="footer-wrap-left">
<f1>text goes here</f1>
<ul class="footer">
<li>text text</li>
<li>text text</li>
<li>text text</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="footer-wrap-right">
<f1>more text goes here</f1>
<ul class="footer">
<li>text text</li>
<li>text text</li>
<li>text text</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Catathrenia and Treatment With Positive Airway Pressure in the Pediatric Population.
Catathrenia, also known as sleep-related groaning, is a relatively rare sleep disorder with characteristics consistent with loud groaning on expiration during sleep. Organic causes of catathrenia are unknown and the decision of whether or not to treat is unclear. Limited research is available concerning appropriate treatment and none of the literature focuses primarily on pediatrics. We report a series of three, male pediatric cases with catathrenia that were treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) while identifying and comparing clinical symptoms, polysomnogram findings, treatment, and patient response to treatment. Catathrenia may be associated with abnormal nocturnal oxygenation and ventilation and may lead to negative clinical daytime symptoms which may warrant treatment. If catathrenia leads to sleep disruption and negative daytime symptoms, treatment with CPAP should be considered.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
IgA antibody to lipid A in alcoholic liver disease.
To find out whether the increased immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels commonly reported in patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD) are part of the immune response to gut-derived endotoxin antigen, an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay was used to measure serum levels of antibodies to lipid A (the shared core of various lipopolysaccharides and the biologically active component of endotoxins) in patients with various diseases and in controls. Of 41 patients with ALD, 35 had significantly raised titres of IgA anti-lipid A. Rises of antilipid A were found in the secretory fraction of IgA as well, and titres of IgG antibody were also consistently increased. IgM titres were high in only 7 of 35 ALD patients tested. Patients with other diseases did not show significantly high titres of IgA antibodies to lipid A even though many had rises in total concentration of their serum IgA.
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|
Ikke gjør dette hjemme
Ikke gjør dette hjemme (literal: Don't do this at home) is a Norwegian comedy-reality TV that airs on NRK1. Since its debut in 2011, four series have been aired. A Canadian remake was made for Discovery Channel (Canada) in 2013.
Concept
The show is a comic documentary-style reality series in which hosts Rune Nilson and Per Olav Alvestad defy warnings and restrictions on various items to see what happens when they do. Some of their experiments include lighting fireworks indoors, washing wool on high temperatures, putting a bowling ball inside a washing machine, and turning a small bathroom into a giant microwave using aluminium foil.
Each series takes place inside a condemned house scheduled for destruction, in which the two hosts move in and perform their experiments. The various concepts are often exaggerated for comic effect, regularly with severe damage to the house in the process. The final episode of each series always ends with the house being completely destroyed, usually in a fire.
In addition to the two hosts the series has several recurring members, most notably "Roar", their resident explosions expert, and "Sveinung", their goldfish.
Production
The first series was filmed during summer 2010 and aired the following year. After being met with high ratings and positive reviews the show was renewed for a second series, which was produced and aired in 2012. Following speculation that the series had been cancelled, reportedly due to Rune Nilssons wish to return to radio, a third series was made in 2013. In August 2014, the show's official Facebook page announced that a fourth series would be made soon, with a tentative airdate of autumn 2015.
Episodes
Ratings and honours
The shows first series of four episodes achieved an impressive average viewer rating of 672,000 and a 43.4% market share, with a strong appeal for both male and female viewers. This placed the series well above the slot average of 546,000 and 37.8%. For both series 2 and 3 the show was consistently number one in its slot for all episodes.
The first series was nominated for best reality or magazine show at the Gullruten Television Awards in 2011. Later that year, the concept was named "Best New Concept" at a Berlin television festival. Several of the foreign versions have also seen nominations.
International versions
The programme has since the premiere been remade in several foreign markets.
Discovery Canada created the first English language version of the format in Canada in May 2013, Never Ever Do This At Home. Hosts are comedian Norm Sousa and Teddy Wilson, host of a popular Canadian entertainment talk show.
In Denmark the show has been adapted by TV2 Zulu, with the title Dumt og Farligt (English: Stupid and Dangerous) since March 2012.
In July and August 2012 Prime Productions produced the show for German broadcaster ZDF who ran the show under the name "Nicht nachmachen!". Two series have been made.
A Swedish version, titled Never Ever (Try This At Home), was produced by OTW for Viasat and began airing in April 2013. The show featured the format's first female host, Lena Sahlberg, who performs experiments and stunts with co-host Mark Boham.
In Poland and Holland the series was produced concurrently by Viacom, where it aired in 2013.
References
Category:NRK television programmes
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{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
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Sales Analysis.
During the year ended December of 2016, sales at
Microelectronics Technology Incorporation were 7.60 billion Taiwanese Dollars (US$260.12 million).
This
is
an
increase of 20.2%
versus 2015, when the company's sales were 6.32 billion Taiwanese Dollars.
Sales of Satellite Telecommunications saw an increase
of
30.3% in 2016, from
5.31 billion Taiwanese Dollars to 6.92 billion Taiwanese Dollars.
Not all segments of Microelectronics Technology Incorporation experienced an increase in sales in 2016:
sales of Wireless Telecommunications fell 33.4% to 672.80 million Taiwanese Dollars.
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{
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Solvent based hydrogen bonding: impact on poly(3-hexylthiophene) nanoscale morphology and charge transport characteristics.
We demonstrate that supramolecular assembly and subsequent enhancement of charge transport characteristics of conjugated polymers can be facilitated simply by adding small amounts of a more volatile poor solvent, which can hydrogen bond with the majority solvent. Addition of up to 2 vol % acetone to a precursor solution of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) in chloroform leads to approximately a 4-fold increase in P3HT field-effect mobility. The improvement is associated with hydrogen bonding interactions between acetone and chloroform which decrease the evaporation rate of the mixed solvent. P3HT is less soluble in the binary solvent than in the more readily vaporized chloroform component, and this characteristic enables the supramolecular assembly of P3HT chains at the nanoscale. Two-dimensional molecular ordering of the polymer film was controlled by varying the quantity of poor solvent added to the precursor solution, and the correlation between field-effect mobility and molecular ordering was investigated. Hansen solubility parameters were used to systematically understand how the solvent mixture enhances the alignment and assembly of polymer chains and influences subsequent thin film properties. The value of the relative energy difference (RED) of the solvent with respect to P3HT increased from less than 1 to more than 1 during film formation, which indicates that the solvent characteristics are initially those of a good solvent but transform into those of a poor dissolution medium. A mechanistic illustration of the molecular ordering process during film formation is postulated.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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Q:
What Access Rights am I Missing on my Stored Procedure
I'm trying to run a stored procedure from my website that disables a trigger. Here is the code for the trigger:
CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[DisableMyTrigger]
AS
BEGIN
alter table dbo.TableName DISABLE TRIGGER TriggerName
END
I've also set the permissions on the stored procedure with:
Grant Exec on dbo.DisableMyTrigger To DBAccountName
DBAccountName is and has been able to run other stored procedures as well as dynamic SQL statements without issue.
Here is the code from my CFM page:
<cfstoredproc datasource="myDatasource" procedure="DisableMyTrigger" />
And here is the error I'm getting:
[Macromedia][SequeLink JDBC Driver][ODBC Socket][Microsoft][SQL Native Client][SQL Server]Cannot find the object "TableName" because it does not exist or you do not have permissions.
A:
Does DBAccountName have permissions to TableName? These can be granted or revoked separately from the overall schema (dbo).
I'm not a dba, but is DBAccountName allowed to execute DDL statements? (so it can do things like disable triggers programmatically)
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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The new president of France, François Hollande, is not likely to change cannabis policies. His choice as Minister of the Interior, Manuel Valls, is a declared opponent to any reform on cannabis. During the election campaign, Hollande already opposed the proposal to convert the criminal offence of cannabis use into misdemeanour, put forward by his security adviser and mayor of Dijon, François Rebsamen. Hollande did not want to “give any signal foregoing a deterrent against the use of cannabis."
Valls is diametrically opposed to the proposals of “controlled legalisation” by a working group of the Socialist Party, headed by the former minister of the Interior Daniel Vaillant. In their report, Légalisation contrôlée du cannabis, published in June 2011, the working group proposed that the cultivation and consumption of cannabis in France should become a state-controlled activity to end the dealing and crime that has poisoned life in France's banlieues, and to guarantee the quality of a substance that is widely consumed but is often of very poor quality.
Total disagreement
Valls declared that he is in "total disagreement" with "any concessions in this area on behalf of the values of left and my ideas on the Republican order and freedom of everyone". To make his point, he refers to the outdated stepping stone theory that has been discarded by most serious scientists. "Do we know what we're talking about? The devastating effects of drugs on young kids, from college (...) It often starts – not automatically – with this type of consumption, this underground economy that undermines our neighbourhoods."
The most outspoken pro-cannabis decriminalization candidate in the Socialist primaries, Martine Aubry, lost against Hollande in the second round two-way runoff. She was tipped as the new Prime Minister, but is not even in the new government. Hollande’s choice as Prime Minister, Jean-Marc Ayrault – the former leader of the Partí Socialiste (PS) in the National Assembly – is not known as someone with a reform agenda when cannabis is concerned.
In his reaction to the controlled legalisation report Ayrault said that if the left would return to power, a "committee to try to find solutions" should be convened. To his credit Ayrault recognized the "failure" of current drug control policies and complimented Vaillant with posing the right questions. He added that the problem should be approached as "a public health issue and that of a parallel economy."
Inconvenient truths
The other possible candidate for the position of Minister of the Interior, François Rebsamen, probably lost any prospects when in the midst of the presidential election campaign against Nicolas Sarkozy, he proposed to convert the criminal offence of cannabis use into misdemeanour: "There are 142,000 cannabis procedures per year, corresponding to hundreds of thousands of hours of work for the police producing only 24,000 prosecutions", Rebsamen defended his proposal.
Rebsamen repeated his proposal recently, adding that he was merely replicating a bill proposed by a senator of the UMP [Sarkozy’s party] already approved by the Senate. The inconvenient truths of Rebsamen might have cost him the position of Minister of the Interior, according to some observers, despite the fact that a similar proposal had been made by his opponent Nicolas Sarkozy in 2007.
Valls claims his expertise on security and drugs on his experiences as mayor of Évry, in the banlieu of Paris, one of the most insecure areas of France, where drug dealing is rife. However, such experiences need not necessarily lead to a prohibitionist view as is demonstrated by Stéphane Gatignon, mayor of Sevran – also in the banlieu and equally rife with drug dealers – , who is in favour of legalizing cannabis and controlling its production and distribution with the aim to decrease risk and “finish with the dealers”. He believes in legalizing cannabis and the institution of a system that will yield financial benefits.
One billion in revenue
France is one of Europe’s biggest cannabis consumers and has some of the toughest anti-drug laws. The country has 1.2 million regular cannabis users (smoking more than 10 times a month) and 3.9 million occasional users (at least once a year), according to the Observatoire français des drogues et des toxicomanies (OFDT). That figure has quadrupled since 1990.
Pierre Kopp, an economist of Paris University, has compared the cost of combating cannabis abuse with its possible cost if legalised. “The state could save about €300 million on spending arising out of arrests,” Kopp argues. “Or perhaps even more if you include the cost of custody, the running of courts and the enforcement of sentences. The state would also receive duty worth about €1 billion. And then manpower and resources could be redeployed in prevention and combating trafficking of other drugs.”
Maybe those figures could convince Hollande to change course in the midst of pressure to balance the budget in the current economic crisis, but otherwise prospects on mayor changes in drug policy in France are slim. A step forward might be that Hollande supports the testing of "consumption rooms" for heroin users, blocked by Sarkozy’s Prime Minister Fillon.
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But you can also start with reading the introduction to the pre-trip report which follows now and which will tell you who is writing this trip report!!
We are two sisters from Germany who are planning a trip to WDW together for October 2011. Let's start with some introductions and the story of the trip (and hence the title of this PTR).
Introductions:
Flossbolna: Magdalene in real life, 39 years old, the bigger Disney fan of the two of us. I am the one with the blue t-shirt in the pictures. I have been to WDW for the first time in 2004 and then annually since 2007. Last fall I realized that I really like those annual trips and that it would make sense for me to actually become a member of the Disney Vacation Club. Since November 2010 I am now the proud owner of DVC points at the Boardwalk Villas.
nodnol: Katharina in real life, 36 years old, and the one who is very happy to be taken along. I have been to WDW only once in 2010. This was a trip where I didnt really know what to expect and therefore didnt always know what I wanted. Im looking forward to some visit my favorite places again as well as experiencing new things.
Katharina and I share quite a lot of Disney history. Our first visit to a Disney park was in 1992: two days at Disneyland when we visited our aunt in California. Since then we have been to Disneyland Paris a few times together. And I was very excited when I could take Katharina along to WDW for her first trip there in January 2010. The trip was so great that we really hoped to get the opportunity for another sisters' trip! And here we are planning it...
As you can see above, we will both be contributing to this PTR, Magdalene writes in Royal Blue and Katharina in Dark Red.
In case your are interested to read about our previous trip, the pre-trip report can be found here and the trip-report is here.
The Story of the Trip:
A few years ago I realized that the Magic Kingdom opened in 1971 just a few weeks before I was born. I really liked that bit of trivia. And I had the idea that it would be a lot of fun to celebrate my 40th birthday together with the Magic Kingdom. What other place could make you feel so young when you are starting to belong to the old people? So for a few years I have been telling everyone that I will spend November 6, 2011 at Walt Disney World.
Then, after our trip in January 2010, Katharina and I thought it would be wonderful if she could be there to celebrate with me and we thought that Katharina might join me for part of the trip (not spending all her vacation days on me, but keeping enough for a nice vacation with her DH, we call him Remy on the Disboards) in November 2011. And then it turned out that while Katharina would be able to afford to come along (with a little help from our parents), her work suddenly had two huge projects in the first two weeks of November which would make it very difficult to take time off around my birthday. But October would work for her.
It really wasn't much of a question: Birthdays can be celebrated a month early and a trip with my sister is so many times better than a trip without her, that we changed our dates to October 11-22, 2011. It will still be my 40th birthday present to myself and I intend to celebrate my birthday, but there won't be any actual birthday during our trip... Oh, and we miss the real WDW birthday as well, which is October 1. But I am sure we will make up for that anyway!!
What to expect from this TR?
We had a lot of fun with our PTR for the last trip and are looking forward to share all kind of planning issues with you from air travel, ADRs, bags and shoes to possible special excursions.
But we will also add a few bonus updates into the mix... Those will most likely start with some reports about our trip to Disneyland Paris. We are leaving tomorrow! But we will also include some bits and pieces about life in Germany since those seemed to find some interest in the previous reports.
Hi, I turn 40 just before you and had played with the idea of having my birthday at WDW butcould not wait and went in Feb instead. I will have to satisfy myself by following you!Have a great time in Paris!!
I'm in!!! WOOT WOOT...love October Trips!! I celebrate my bday on October 2nd and actually I am a day younger than EPCOT, so I'm hoping to celebrate my 30th bday with EPCOT in 2012 along with my 10th wedding anniversary!!
I'm here too!!!
I can't wait to meet you in October!!! I almost forgot to tell you that I called Member Services and was able to change to Beach Club. It is for the first 5 days and I am waitlisted for the other two
I will be able to wave to you from across the lake!!
I celebrated my 40th birthday last October and my birthday was in September...wonderful way to celebrate!!
Have a fabulous time at DLP tomorrow!!! Can't wait to hear all about that trip too!!!!
Hi, I turn 40 just before you and had played with the idea of having my birthday at WDW butcould not wait and went in Feb instead. I will have to satisfy myself by following you!Have a great time in Paris!!
Click to expand...
Hi and I was so tempted to go in January/February again this year since I love that time of the year at WDW. But I did withstand temptation. I hope you had a wonderful trip!
I'm in!!! WOOT WOOT...love October Trips!! I celebrate my bday on October 2nd and actually I am a day younger than EPCOT, so I'm hoping to celebrate my 30th bday with EPCOT in 2012 along with my 10th wedding anniversary!!
I can't wait to hear all about your wonderful plans!!!
Click to expand...
Hi Jen! How fun that you nearly share your birthday with Epcot! And that sounds like quite some trip you have planned for 2012!!
I'm here too!!!
I can't wait to meet you in October!!! I almost forgot to tell you that I called Member Services and was able to change to Beach Club. It is for the first 5 days and I am waitlisted for the other two
I will be able to wave to you from across the lake!!
I celebrated my 40th birthday last October and my birthday was in September...wonderful way to celebrate!!
Have a fabulous time at DLP tomorrow!!! Can't wait to hear all about that trip too!!!!
Tracy
Click to expand...
Hi Tracy!! I am glad that you can recommend celebrating a 40th birthday at WDW!
Great news about the Beach Club! I hope the waitlist will come through for you. Ours did work out quite well. We now have all nights in one room (more on that in a seperate update).
Magdalene !!If all goes as planned I will in Disney with consumers October 13th thru 19th!!!Do I smell a Meet!!!!!
Click to expand...
I can't believe it!! This is a wonderful side effect of moving our trip to October. Looks like there will be quite a few DISers at WDW at that time. We would love to meet you if this can be incorporated into your schedule with your guys.
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Overeem inches Werdum in trilogy fight
In a decision that has left many on Twitter furious, the judges gave Overeem the win over Werdum in a majority decision at T-Mobile Arena in Las Vegas last night.
Werdum started the first round with a flying knee that did not meet its target. Overeem circled Werdum with his hands well below his chin, eventually landing a decent shot, which prompted a flurry from Werdum. Overeem spent much of the rest of the first round stalking Werdum, and 1-2 finally caught him with a 1-2 after stuffing a take down attempt.
Keen to start the 2nd in a familiar fashion, Werdum let loose a flying knee which again misses its mark by some margin. After a body kick from Overeem connected, the Brazilian pulled guard, Overeem mounted some top control offence and then elected to stand up. After an Overeem power knee connected, Werdum again pulled guard, with Overeem standing up as soon as possible. Overeem then scored with a left hook and a jump kick which backed up ‘Vai Cavalo’. Werdum, though, fired back with a glancing right cross and then a left that put Overeem on the run. Werdum slipped in a hard jab, which Overeem countered with a hard left cross that bounced off his forehead. Overeem was starting to hit his rhythmn.
To start the third and final round, both big men came out swinging for the fences, but nothing of note landed in the early exchange. Overeem continued to find a home for his sneaky uppercuts as Werdum scored with knees. Then Werdum landed a huge knee that sent Overeem twirling on his feet. Werdum hastily rushed in and tried to submit Overeem, but it was too sloppy and he was able to get back to his feet. Werdum, though, kept the pressure on, rushing Werdum and popping him with two stiff jabs before getting him back on the ground where he could work some ground-and-pound along the bottom of the fence. He was able to land a handful of good shots, but it appeared as if he wasted a tremendous opportunity to finish the fight as Overeem just hung on until the round, and the fight, came to a close.
Werdum got busy in round 3 and was looking for some major shots in the clinch, but maybe got one knee to land cleanly. He was certainly more active than Overeem in the first two minutes of this round. A knee dropped Overeem and he was hurt badly. Werdum went for a guillotine and then an armbar but Overeem escaped both. He got back to his feet but was still on wobbly legs. Fabricio sensed the finish, smacked him with a right hand, and took Overeem down with ease. Werdum threw short hammerfists in Overeem’s guard. Alistair did well to deny Werdum the space need to posture up and landing more damaging, possibly fight-ending shots. Werdum essentially remained in guard for the remainder of the bout, and Overeem managed not to get knocked out.
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[Transesophageal Doppler color echocardiography in the evaluation of patients after percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty].
To determine the value of transesophageal ultrasound in the assessment of patients after percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty, 42 patients were studied by transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal (TEE) two-dimensional and color Doppler echocardiography. All of them were studied as out-patients and without complications. We describe the technique, planes of examination and the advantages that this new acoustic window offers in patients after balloon valvuloplasty regarding to: detection of thrombus in the left atrium (LA), visualization of spontaneous echo contrast in the LA, evaluation of mitral regurgitation (MR), detection of small atrial septal defects (ASD) and evaluation of the stage of the commissures of the mitral valve. We detected thrombus by TEE, in 5/42 vs 1/42 by TTE approach. Spontaneous echo contrast was found in 35/42 by TEE and none by TTE. Small ASDs were visualized in 10/42 patients vs 2/42 by TTE. No differences were found in the evaluation of MR and mitral valve commissures either by TEE or TTE. We conclude that transesophageal echocardiography is a well-tolerated technique in outpatients which complements and improves the information obtained by the transthoracic approach in patients after balloon mitral valvuloplasty.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Who else feels the need to watch other kinds of anime shows and has resulted to YouTube or other anime watching sites to view the shows you couldn't watch here. I know i have, for example i wish they had the soul eater series added here.
Well, the season's barely started. A couple shows should be broadcast tomorrow, so CR may announce those before they air.
Glasslip (already announced by CR)Shirogane no Ishi: Argevollen (already announced by CR)Tokyo Ghoul (already announced by Funimation)Rail Wars (no simulcast announced yet)Locodol (announced less than 4 hours ago by CR)
I believe Rail Wars is from TBS, so it may be a late announcement or even a delaycast.
After that, there isn't anything that would be simulcast that premieres until the 5th (US time). (The 5th Pretty Rythym series on the 4th from a US time perspective, but like PreCure, it isn't going to see a simulcast).
I get the impression the OP was looking for more library titles. Unfortunately, the one mentioned (Soul Eater) is licensed by Funimation, and is a good example of why a number of older titles simply aren't going to be found here.
turns out Samurai jam was pretty crap tier. Dont care about it anymore. As long as crunchyroll pulls through on region licensing on Akame Ga Kill (if they get it) and some of the others like tokyo esp/ tokyo ghoul; its all cool
turns out Samurai jam was pretty crap tier. Dont care about it anymore. As long as crunchyroll pulls through on region licensing on Akame Ga Kill (if they get it) and some of the others like tokyo esp/ tokyo ghoul; its all cool
Tokyo Ghoul was announced early last month by Funimation. They are scheduled to premiere it at noon EDT tomorrow.
The best CR could likely score for it at this point would be one of those "Ex-US, no English language" licenses.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Ectopic pregnancy: triage do's and don'ts.
Ectopic pregnancy is on the rise and accounts for 2% of all reported pregnancies. This article introduces the reader to the complexities of the condition and explores risk factors as well as differential diagnosis and methods of treatment. The importance of early diagnosis is discussed as well as the implications of misdiagnosis. The role of the midwife/practitioner in the triage of patients with ectopic pregnancy is detailed.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Q:
the point of using a webhook secret
For a heroku app, I have a webhook for "api:release".
Even if I set a secret for the webhook, my webhook app still receives the hook.
So what's the point of setting the optional secret ?
A:
Anyone can hit your webhook and trigger your build because it's a HTTP endpoint with no authentication. To prevent scripts/abusers starting a massive amount of builds the secret can be used.
When receiving the webhook the sender has to include a token, this token can be validated by comparing it to the secret. If the tokens match it is same to assume that a valid client send it. If the token doesn't match uo you can ignore the request and thus prevent an unnecessary build that was initiated from an untrusted source.
More details about setting up the secrets: https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/app-webhooks#step-3-subscribe
To compare the checksum you can use the following snippet:
crypto.createHmac('sha256', '12345').update(Buffer.from(req.rawBody)).digest('base64');
and compare it with the Heroku-Webhook-Hmac-SHA256 header value.
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Refractive error distribution and incidence among U.S. Army aviators.
Spectacle incompatibility has been a major problem in the fielding of advanced Army avionic and electro-optical systems. As a result, routine contact lens wear may be instituted as an option to spectacles. Refractive error data were extracted from the Aviation Epidemiological Data Registry, a computer-accessible repository of flight physical medical information on the entire Army aviation population. Refractive error distribution patterns in the class 1 and class 2 flight physical populations were analyzed in order to provide a contact lens supply reference database, estimate the annual incidence of refractive error development, and estimate costs of possible spectacle-wearer flight-duty deselection. Contact lens wear appears to be a more cost-effective alternative than deselection.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Rally Against Simi Valley Library Privatization.
The Simi Valley Library is being considered for privatization.
UPDATE: Today, Nov 7th we addressed city council in opposition to this proposal. Several hundred people showed up for the 6:30 pm city council meeting and the meeting was not over until after 11 pm. City Council resolved to push the vote out until Monday Nov 21st.
We need you there at that time!
The Simi Valley Library is being considered for privatization.
UPDATE: Today, Nov 7th we addressed city council in opposition to this proposal. Several hundred people showed up for the 6:30 pm city council meeting and the meeting was not over until after 11 pm. City Council resolved to push the vote out until Monday Nov 21st.
We need you there at that time!
City Council sounded reasonable tonight. It is now up to Simi residents to show up on the 21st and make sure they continue sounding reasonable and not try to push any deals through behind closed doors behind the law.
A new law AB438 goes into effect Jan 1st 2012 that makes it slightly harder to privatize.
Simi government is attempting to circumvent that law by passing fast legislation without a referendum by higher government or the people of Simi Valley.
Council Member Glen Becerra declared that he wants to do what is best and that if he believes privatization is best he will do so. He said he is not here to make popular decisions. In public school it is taught that we live in a representative democracy.
Bercerra and other representatives can do what they want, but it is clear that privatization is not representative of our majority desires after hearing everyone speak tonight.
Everyone who came today, Nov 7th, spread the word in person and on Facebook. Bring three extra people on Monday Nov 21st! Let's let them know we mean business!
The powers that be in Simi Valley must realize at this point that the majority do not want our public resources tampered, controlled, or bought up by the private sector.
If you do not want the type of information you have access to limited, be there.
If you feel that education is a right for all people and not just those who can afford it, be there.
If you like having a quiet place to be able to tutor, be tutored, study, or just relax, be there.
The library truly has significant meaning to our city and our lives. Let's make
it known that we will not tolerate its privatization.
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Woolworths checkouts disabled by a nationwide technical glitch are back online, the supermarket says, after an earlier outage forced customers to abandon their shopping in the aisles and some stores to close their doors.
Close to 500 stores were affected by the glitch, which hit just after 4:00pm on Monday.
On social media, shoppers around Australia said they had been told to leave their trolleys and get out of the store.
"Was in Woolworths when the computers went down — poor staff trying to cope and frantic calls to IT," Liz Green wrote on Twitter.
Checkouts were unavailable in hundreds of Woolworths supermarkets. ( ABC News: Jade Macmillan )
At Haymarket, in Sydney, staff shut the store and were turning people away, telling them to "come back in about an hour", with similar stories emerging from across the country.
Woolworths Group CEO Brad Banducci said the outage lasted for approximately 30 minutes in a large number of Woolworths supermarkets and BWS stores.
"This was related to an update to our IT systems. Our systems ultimately self-corrected themselves and we were back and open for trade across most stores by 4:30pm, with all stores now operational.
"This type of incident should not occur and we apologise unreservedly to our customers and store teams for the inconvenience caused."
Woolworths is Australia's largest supermarket chain, with close to 1,000 stores.
Shoppers were turned away from hundreds of Woolworths supermarkets during the outage. ( ABC News: Michael Janda )
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D.C. police recently stopped a man while responding to a call about a burglary alarm in Northwest Washington. Jody Westby, a neighborhood resident who intervenes, says the stop was inappropriate. (Video courtesy of Jody Westby)
D.C. police recently stopped a man while responding to a call about a burglary alarm in Northwest Washington. Jody Westby, a neighborhood resident who intervenes, says the stop was inappropriate. (Video courtesy of Jody Westby)
The District police officers were responding to a burglar alarm in an upscale neighborhood in Northwest Washington when they spotted Dennis Stucky leaning against a brick wall in Foxhall Crescent, dressed in work clothes and a ball cap and holding two bags.
Although the alarm was sounding in an adjacent subdivision — three-quarters of a mile away by car — one of the officers ordered the 64-year-old man to sit on the curb while she put on disposable gloves and prepared to search him.
Jody Westby, a resident and lawyer, rushed to Stucky’s defense, angrily telling the officers that Stucky had been a neighborhood fix-it man for 30 years and that they were not at the right house. The officers reluctantly freed Stucky, who lives in Southeast and said he feels he was stopped “because I’m black.” Westby’s housekeeper recorded much of the encounter on video.
Last week’s encounter reflects the challenges of policing and the perceptions of some residents in the District and beyond that they are singled out as suspicious because of their race, the neighborhoods they choose to visit or their appearance. Police policies and practices on stops will be addressed Wednesday at a community forum at Howard University. The forum, the first of a two-part hearing by the D.C. Council’s public safety oversight committee, is scheduled for 6 p.m. in the school’s business auditorium, 2400 Sixth St. NW.
The Foxhall Crescent stop was preceded by an alarm about 1 p.m. Oct. 1. The neighborhood is mostly white; the two officers who responded are black. The officers had no description of a possible suspect, and the alarm was canceled shortly after the initial 911 call from a private security company reporting that the owner had keyed in the wrong code to his garage. It was unclear whether the officers had that information when they stopped Stucky.
D.C. police, who watched the recording provided by The Washington Post, would not discuss the incident in detail.
The department’s chief spokeswoman, Gwendolyn Crump, said that without knowing what happened before the recording started, it would be difficult to assess the encounter. She did say the department believes that there was “no misconduct” by the officers and that officials believed it would be unfair to highlight the video in the context of the discussion over citizen stops.
Delroy Burton, head of the D.C. police union, would not discuss the officers’ actions because the video starts after the stop was made. He did note that he believed Westby interfered with the officers when she walked between Stucky and the female officer and by escorting Stucky away with the consent of one officer but over the protests of the other. “The woman in the striped dress, while accusing the officers of racism, has made some assumptions of her own,” Burton said.
Burton said the video shows “how tentative officers are because of all the negative media attention” over police stops and citizens taking videos of them at work.
Council member Tommy Wells (D-Ward 6), chairman of the public safety committee, said he thought the stop of Stucky could have been handled differently to make it more of a conversation than a confrontation. Noting that police will soon wear body cameras, he said, “I hope those cameras make these types of encounters more professional.”
The stop captured on video appears fairly routine, and the debate over whether it was legitimate for police to detain and question Stucky — and how officers handled the stop — is central to a larger discussion taking place across the country.
Wells backed the successful effort to decriminalize small amounts of marijuana, in some part spurred by the belief that blacks were unfairly targeted, and D.C. police have begun a pilot program in which officers wear body cameras to record day-to-day interactions with the public.
The video taken by Westby’s housekeeper picks up with the female officer putting on blue gloves and questioning Stucky as he sat on the curb. Westby talks to the officer and then turns her attention to a male officer in a patrol car. Westby asks him which address the call came from and then walks between Stucky and the female officer to the patrol car window.
Learning that the officers had been called to the 4600 block of Foxhall Crescent, Westby informs them that they were in the 4500 block. Although seemingly close, the streets are not linked. The subdivisions are circular in pattern, and to reach the 4600 block from where the officers were parked requires making three turns on four streets. On foot, the route between the homes is more direct.
On the recording, much of what the female officer says is inaudible, but she points to Stucky’s bags, and Westby said the officer noted that as probable cause for the stop.
Westby, who also is a cybersecurity consultant, said the male officer in the car told her that Stucky was free to go. The video shows the lawyer walking over to Stucky and helping him up. “Come on, Dennis. He says you can go,” she says. The female officer puts out her hand and says “Stop,” while moving close to them. Westby ignores her.
“I’m an attorney, and this is wrong,” Westby tells the officers. After getting the officers’ business cards, Westby shouts, “Just because he’s black doesn’t mean he’s here to rob a house. He works for us. He’s been in this neighborhood for 30 years. Now go find 4600 Foxhall.”
Stucky said his lunch was in the bags and said he had been stopped and questioned many times in that neighborhood.
“I didn’t do anything wrong,” he said.
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Twenty-four-hour fluid intake and renal handling of electrolytes after various doses of ethanol.
The effects of single ethanol doses on fluid and electrolyte metabolism were studied in 31 male mongrel dogs. The animals were given either 0.75 g/kg 1.50 g/kg, or 2.25 g/kg of a 25% (v/v) ethanol solution or isovolumetric quantities of water. Fluid intake, urine output, and electrolyte (Na, K, Cl, Mg) excretions were measured at 0--3, 3--8, and 8--24 hr. During the ascending portion of the plasma ethanol curve (0--3 hr) there was a diuresis and renal magnesium loss in the two highest dosage ethanol groups. During the initial portion of the descending plasma ethanol curve (3--8 hr), each ethanol group had a significant elevation in voluntary intake. At 8--24 hr, renal retention of sodium, potassium, and chloride was found in the 1.5 and 2.25 g/kg groups, and magnesium excretion was also reduced in the 2.25 g/kg group. Over the 0--24 hr, none of the ethanol groups showed fluid loss, while the 2.25 g/kg ethanol group had significant retention of water. The administration of the 2.25 g/kg ethanol dose also resulted in 24-hr retention of sodium and potassium.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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This article is more than 2 years old
This article is more than 2 years old
It appears rumours of Vladimir Putin’s invincibility may have been exaggerated as the Russian president only managed to score five of his team’s 12 goals during an exhibition ice hockey game on Thursday.
That tally continues a worrying trend for the Russian president. Putin plays regularly for the Legends of Hockey team in a game given wide coverage on Russian state TV. Playing alongside former NHL players, Putin scored eight goals in 2015 and seven last year, meaning the 65-year-old’s hopes of playing professionally now appear to be slipping.
Putin, whose political opponents have been known to die in mysterious circumstances, was not tightly marked during the game.
Putin said that hockey players set a “wonderful example” for Russians. “Thanks to you, millions of people make a choice in favor of a healthy lifestyle,” he added.
On Thursday, Putin played alongside former NHL players Pavel Bure and Slava Fetisov. The opposition was composed of amateurs and a pro-Putin billionaire.
At the time of writing, it was unclear whether US president Donald Trump had congratulated Putin on his victory.
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Analysis: What's Up With the Epigraph?
Epigraphs are like little appetizers to the great entrée of a story. They illuminate important aspects of the story, and they get us headed in the right direction.
Laurie Halse Anderson more than did her share of homework for Fever, 1793; she spent a good deal of time reading source material and conducting research in the archives of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. (For Anderson's account of her time researching the book, click here.) As such, each and every chapter of Fever, 1793 is prefaced by a short quotation pulled from an eighteenth- or nineteenth-century document, including conduct manuals, cookbooks, letters, journals, and even other novels.
The fascinating tidbits that Anderson dug up help create a wonderfully rich historical backdrop against which Matilda's story is set. What's more, the novel's collection of quotations connects Matilda's individual narrative (i.e., her story) to a larger historical framework. What do we mean by that? Well, by showing us pieces of other people's stories, the novel suggests that Mattie was not alone in her experience of the fever outbreak. There were other people who went through the very same things Matilda did. Philadelphia's yellow fever epidemic was not something experienced just by Matilda Cook alone, mind you, but by an entire society. The quotations of primary source materials remind us of that – and help us remember that for some people, the fever was a real-life nightmare that actually happened.
As for the quotations themselves, they usually reflect the themes of each chapter. Sometimes the quotations are a little ironic, as in Chapter 5, when a passage from Hannah More's conservative conduct manual The Young Lady Abroad is included before the episode in which Matilda meets Nathaniel Benson (swoon!) at the marketplace. Sometimes the quotations are more serious, as when a passage from Charles Brockden Brown's novel Arthur Mervyn (Chapter 15) is included right before Matilda, recovering at Bush Hill, hears about the horrible things going on in Philadelphia. Whatever the case, these quotations create an immersive historical experience for the reader. That means, they are part of a distant history, but a history that comes to life for us, even if just during the course of reading this book..
For a list of the literary references prefacing each chapter, see "Shout-Outs: Literary and Philosophical References."
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Cushnie et Ochs' black pants are trimmed with lace-up details along the sides to flatter the waist. Crafted from stretch-twill, they're designed with a high rise and straight-leg silhouette. Style yours for evening with the label's cutout top.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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Microsomal ATPase of kidney papilla: sensitivity to diuretics and other inhibitors.
Microsomal ATPase isolated from rat kidney papilla was compared to that from kidney medulla. Microsomal Na, K-ATPase from papilla was more sensitive to inhibition by ouabain, Cad N-ethyl-maleimide, Hg++, Thiomerin, ethacrynic acid and Furosemide than the enzyme from the medulla. Mg-ATPase of the papilla was less sensitive than the medullary enzyme to inhibition by Ca++, Cd++, N-ethyl-maleimide, Hg++, ethacrynic acid and Furosemide. Papillary Mg-ATPase was less sensitive than papillary Na, K-ATPase to all the inhibitors mentioned. Medullary Mg-ATPase was more sensitive than medullary Na, K-ATPase to inhibition by ethacrynic acid and Furosemide but less sensitive than medullary Na, K-ATPase to all the other inhibitors. Papillary Na, K-ATPase is the most sensitive to inhibition and papillary Mg-ATPase is the most resistant to inhibition by various diuretic drugs. The possible significance of these characteristics is discussed.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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Red Dragon (novel)
Red Dragon is a novel by American author Thomas Harris, first published in 1981. The plot follows former FBI profiler Will Graham, who comes out of retirement to find and apprehend an enigmatic serial-killer nicknamed "The Tooth Fairy", who is committing familicidal murders. The novel introduced the character Dr. Hannibal Lecter, a brilliant psychiatrist and cannibalistic serial-killer, to whom Graham reluctantly turns for advice and has a dark past with. The title refers to the figure from William Blake's painting The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed with the Sun.
The novel was adapted as a film, Manhunter, in 1986, which featured Brian Cox as Lecter (spelled "Lecktor" within the film). Directed by Michael Mann, the film received mixed reviews and fared poorly at the box office. It has since developed a cult following.
After Harris wrote a sequel to the novel, The Silence of the Lambs (1988), itself turned into a highly successful film in 1991, Red Dragon found a new readership. A second sequel, Hannibal, was published in 1999 and adapted into a film in 2001. Both film sequels featured Anthony Hopkins in the role of Hannibal Lecter, for which he won an Oscar for Best Actor in 1991. Due to the success of the second and third films, Red Dragon was remade as a film directed by Brett Ratner in 2002, this time bearing the title of the original novel and with Hopkins playing Lecter. This adaptation was more successful financially and critically. Elements of the novel also influenced the NBC television series Hannibal, while the plot was adapted as the second half of the series' third season.
Plot
In 1975, Will Graham, a brilliant profiler of the FBI, captured the serial killer Hannibal Lecter. However, Graham suffered serious injuries from the encounter and retired afterwards. Four years later in 1979, a serial killer nicknamed "The Tooth Fairy" stalks and murders seemingly random families during sequential full moons. He first kills the Jacobi family in Birmingham, Alabama, then the Leeds family in Atlanta, Georgia. Two days after the Leeds murders, agent Jack Crawford, Graham's mentor, goes to Graham's Marathon, Florida residence and pleads for his assistance; Graham reluctantly agrees. After looking over the crime scenes with only minimal insight, Graham realizes he must visit Lecter and seek his help to capture "The Tooth Fairy."
"The Tooth Fairy" is revealed (to the readers) to be the production chief of a St. Louis film processing firm named Francis Dolarhyde. He is a disturbed individual who is obsessed with the William Blake painting The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed in Sun (which the book misidentifies as The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed with the Sun). Dolarhyde is unable to control his violent, sexual urges, and believes that murdering people—or "changing" them, as he calls it—allows him to more fully "become" an alternate personality he calls the "Great Red Dragon", after the dominant character in Blake's painting. Flashbacks reveal that his sociopathy is born from the systematic abuse he suffered as a child at the hands of both his sadistic grandmother and his stepfamily.
As Graham investigates the case, he is hounded by Freddy Lounds, a sleazy tabloid reporter. Meanwhile, Lecter's de facto jailer, Frederick Chilton, discovers Lecter's secret correspondence, with which Lecter gives Graham's address to Dolarhyde. Graham's wife, Molly, and his stepson are evacuated. Graham tries to intercept the secret communication without Lecter's knowledge, but instead attracts the attention of Lounds.
Lounds becomes aware of the correspondence and tries to trick Graham into revealing details of the investigation by posing as the Red Dragon, but is found out. Hoping to lure the Red Dragon into a trap, Graham gives Lounds an interview in which he deliberately mischaracterizes the killer as an impotent homosexual. This infuriates Dolarhyde, who kidnaps Lounds, forces him to recant the allegations, bites off his lips and sets him on fire, leaving his maimed body outside his newspaper's offices. Lounds is taken to the hospital, but dies from his injuries soon afterward.
At about the same time, Dolarhyde falls in love with a blind co-worker named Reba McClane, which conflicts with his homicidal urges. In beginning a relationship with Reba, Dolarhyde resists the Dragon's "possession" of him; he goes to the Brooklyn Museum, beats a museum secretary unconscious, and eats the original Blake watercolor of The Red Dragon.
Graham eventually realizes that the killer knew the layout of his victims' houses from their home movies, which were developed at the same film processing lab. Dolarhyde's job gives him access to all home movies that pass through the company. When he sees Graham interviewing his boss, Dolarhyde realizes that they are on to him and goes to see Reba one last time. He finds her breaking up with her previous boyfriend, Ralph Mandy, to be with Dolarhyde; McClane grants Mandy's request for a final kiss goodbye. Enraged with jealousy, Dolarhyde kills Mandy. He kidnaps Reba and, having taken her to his house, sets the place on fire. He says he intends to kill her and then himself, but finds himself unable to shoot her. The shotgun fires, and a body hits the floor. Reba escapes just before the house explodes. Graham later comforts her, telling her that there is nothing wrong with her, and that the kindness and affection she showed Dolarhyde probably saved lives.
Believing Dolarhyde is dead, Graham's family moves back to the Florida home. However, Dolarhyde shows up at the house and after a violent struggle, stabs Graham in the face, leaving him with permanent facial scars, before being fatally shot by Molly. As Graham recovers, Crawford explains what happened. The dead man in Dolarhyde's house was a gas station attendant he'd had an altercation with; Dolarhyde had brought the man's body to his house to stage his own death, using Reba as a witness. Crawford intercepts a letter to Graham from Lecter, which bids him well and hopes that he isn't too disfigured, and destroys it in an incinerator.
During his recovery, Graham has a flashback to a visit he made to Shiloh, the site of a major battle in the American Civil War, shortly after apprehending (and in the process, killing) Garrett Hobbs, a serial killer he investigated before Hannibal Lecter. Graham has an epiphany about the indifference of nature and decides that it is not nature that is haunted by events, as he had thought when visiting Shiloh before, but men who are haunted.
Characters
Will Graham
Francis Dolarhyde
Jack Crawford
Hannibal Lecter
Freddy Lounds
Reba McClane
Ralph Mandy
Molly Graham
Willy Graham
Origin
Red Dragon is Thomas Harris's second novel, after Black Sunday. As part of his research for the book he attended classes and talked to agents at the FBI Behavioral Science Unit in Quantico, Virginia, during the late 1970s. He learned about serial killers, offender profiling and the role of the FBI in serial killer investigations. After his father became terminally ill, Harris stayed for eighteen months at an isolated shotgun-style house where he worked on the book. The rural setting helped him visualize both the character of Hannibal Lecter and the Leeds murder house depicted in the story. The book is dedicated to his father.
Reception
Thomas Fleming in The New York Times gave the book a generally favorable review. He compared the development of the story to the gradual acceleration of a powerful car, but complained that the explanation for Dolarhyde's behavior, trauma in his youth, was too mechanistic. James Ellroy has described Red Dragon as 'the best pure thriller I've ever read' and cited it as an influence on his own novel Killer on the Road.
Adaptations
The first film, released in 1986 under the title Manhunter, was written and directed by Michael Mann and focused on FBI Special Agent Will Graham, played by William Petersen. Lecter (renamed Lecktor) was played by Brian Cox.
In 1996, Chicago's Defiant Theatre produced a full stage version of the novel at the Firehouse theatre, adapted and directed by the company's artistic director, Christopher Johnson. The production included projected home movies as were described in the novel, including reenacting the violent murders. Dolarhyde's inner dragon was personified by an actor in an elaborate, grotesque costume and seduces the killer to continue on his violent path.
The second film, which used the title Red Dragon, appeared in 2002. Directed by Brett Ratner and written by Ted Tally (who also wrote the screenplay for The Silence of the Lambs), it starred Edward Norton as Graham and Anthony Hopkins as Lecter.
Elements from the novel influenced the NBC TV adaptation Hannibal, which first aired in 2013. Graham is played by Hugh Dancy and Lecter is played by Mads Mikkelsen. Though set in the 2010s, the series begins prior to the events of Red Dragon, re-imagining Graham's and Lecter's early encounters during the former's tenure with the FBI, and the events following his fatal shooting of Garret Jacob Hobbs. The plot of the novel itself was adapted for the second half of the series' third season, with Richard Armitage cast as Francis Dolarhyde and Rutina Wesley as Reba McClane.
References
Category:1981 American novels
Category:Fiction set in 1978
Category:Hannibal Lecter novels
Category:Thriller novels
Category:American novels adapted into films
Category:Federal Bureau of Investigation in fiction
Category:Novels about serial killers
Category:Novels set in the 1970s
Category:Novels set in Florida
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The present invention relates to an information managing apparatus for providing an external apparatus with requested information in response to an instruction from the external apparatus and/or recording information onto a given recording medium.
Recording media used in a computer system include magnetic disks (a hard disk, a flexible disk, and the like) and a magnetic tape. And information managing apparatuses are known which are equipped with a plurality of drive units for such recording media and are capable of managing information by recording and/or reproducing a large amount of information.
For example, in an apparatus using magnetic tapes as recording media (hereinafter referred to as "tape library apparatus"), a number of tape cassettes each incorporating a magnetic tape are accommodated in a prescribed accommodation rack. A desired one of the tape cassettes is taken out by a transfer mechanism and then mounted in a selected one of a plurality of tape drive units. Data recording/reproduction is then performed.
A control means in the tape library apparatus exchanges information with an external apparatus such as a host computer. The tape library apparatus manages information such that it provides the external apparatus with requested information in response to an instruction from the external apparatus by reproducing that information from a magnetic tape through a tape drive unit, or it records information onto a magnetic tape.
Incidentally, in the above type of information managing apparatus, the supply of power to the entire system including a host computer and a tape library apparatus needs to be stopped during replacement of a tape drive unit. That is, at the occurrence of some trouble in the system, in a periodical maintenance/inspection operation, or in like events, it is necessary to remove a tape drive unit from the apparatus or replace a tape drive unit. In such a case, the main power needs to be turned off to stop the system.
However, such a system stop is unfavorable to users. Where a tape library apparatus operates as a data server in a large-scale system, a system down possibly causes serious damage. Therefore, a stop of power supply to the system is not permitted or should be avoided by taking any measures available. It is desired that replacement or the like of a tape drive unit be conducted with the power supply to the system continued, i.e., with the apparatus kept online.
However, if a drive unit is replaced without opening a transmission path between the apparatus and the external apparatus, there is a possibility that electrically adverse effects occur in the drive unit or the transmission path (a bus, for instance), resulting in damage of the drive unit, occurrence of a data error due to introduction of noise, unstable behavior of the system, and other problems.
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Share
The Phillies are young, the Phillies are starting to get exciting, and the Phillies have a lot of money to spend. That makes a lot of people gravitate to the youngest big name free agent on the market in Jason Heyward. There is a lot to like about Heyward, he is 26, he has put up 6 wins multiple times in his career, and did I mention he was young? We all know that he is going to cost a ton of money, on the surface he should totally be worth it. So here is why he isn’t in some quick points.
The value with the bat is poor compared to over big money guys. His 121 wRC+ was tied for his highest in the past 4 seasons (with 2012) and he hasn’t hit more than 14 HR in the past 3 seasons. That 121 wRC+ placed him 16th among qualified major league outfielders in 2015, and 25th among outfielders with at least 300 PAs. So he is not a big lineup carrying bat.
The bat has not been getting better, it has been getting different. Over the past 4 seasons, Heyward has swung at fewer and fewer pitches (46.9% in 2012, 41.7% in 2015), and he is making contact even more often (75.4% in 2012 and 84.2% in 2015). As we expect his K% has dropped dramatically as well, falling from 23.3% to 14.8%. But also his walk rate has dropped after making in 2013 and 2014, with him walking in 9.2% of his PAs in 2015.
The power just isn’t coming. To along with the higher contact rate, Heyward set a career high for ground balls in 2015 posting a 57.2% rate (career rate 49.9%). He posted a career low fly ball rate (while keeping his HR/FB rate near career levels). He did hit a career high in doubles, but his second lowest HR total (13) of his career (behind 2014’s HR/FB influenced 11). The consequence was a .146 ISO with a 12.0% HR/FB rate. The one bonus of all of this is that he posted a career high BABIP which lead to a career high in batting average and OBP.
The value is all in the glove. Here is how Fangraphs broke down Heyward’s 6 fWAR last year 14.6 batting runs above average 7.0 baserunning runs above average 22.6 fielding runs above average -6.2 positional runs above average 17.8 runs converting average to replacement 1.2 runs to even out all the modeling errors
That means Heyward posted 38 runs above average in in 2015 and 22.6 of them were his glove above average in right field. That is a lot of faith in defensive metrics as currently constructed. A couple of people (@realandrewgrant and @Odinsbeard) have worked on using Inside Edge’s fielding numbers to find plays above average based on expected play outcomes. Heyward’s 2015 still comes in with an impressive 6.6 plays above average, which may end up being closer to 10 or so runs depending on the value of the plays (turning a double into an out). But that is almost a win less on defense, which puts his peak more in the 5 win range.
Defense and speed are the first things to go, which hits right into Heyward’s strengths, so there will be some future declines even though he such a smart player.
Finally, the money. It is going to be a ton. To come to Philly Heyward is likely going to want a 3 or 4 year opt out to hit the market again. To buy him out of that would take the Phillies replacing that second contract, so 10 years is not off the table. If do go with the buyout route, you are looking at a 3-4 year deal with the team really in contention for 1-2 years of the 3 year or 2-3 of the 4 year. That is a lot to pay and risk (that he is bad and you pay the rest of the deal) for not many year of impact.
In the end Heyward is a risky player that has his most value to a team looking for 2016 impact that can walk away after a buyout while getting full value. For the Phillies to outbid everyone they are going to put themselves in a compromising position with a very good player who has little room to be a truly great player. It isn’t my money so I won’t be too upset if they go all in, but it doesn’t look like a rational deal to me.
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Identification, characterization and HPLC quantification of formulation-related impurities of honokiol, an antitumor natural drug candidate in clinical trials.
Natural products and their derivatives have historically been invaluable as a source of therapeutic agents. Honokiol, as a well-known natural product in Chinese herbal medicine Houpu, is finally being studied in a Phase I clinical trial (CTR20170822) in patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLS) in China this year. During the honokiol liposome formulation process, five major impurities were present in the range of 0.05-0.1% based on the HPLC analysis. These five major impurities were obtained from the forced degradation product of honokiol through countercurrent chromatography and prep-HPLC. The structure were elucidated with 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 2D NMR and MS spectral data. The proposed HPLC method was validated for specificity, linearity (concentration range 0.01-1.62, 0.003-0.96, 0.05-7.98, 0.04-6.52, 0.03-5.18 μg/ml for impurities I-V respectively, R2 > 0.9988), accuracy (99.11-100.67%), precision (CV < 1.6%), and sensitivity (LOD 3.3, 0.1, 16.7, 13.3, 10.0 ng/ml for impurities I-V respectively). The validated method was employed in the further study of the honokiol drug substance.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a communication method in a point-to-multipoint communication system and a subsidiary transmission apparatus for the same system. The invention relates to a communication method and a subsidiary transmission apparatus suitable for use in SONET (Synchronous Optical Network)/SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) transmission systems.
(2) Description of the Related Art
At present, as a user network interface for realizing the B-ISDN (Broadband Aspects of Integrated Services Digital Network), the SONET (Synchronous Optical Network)/SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) is standardized as international standards for the purpose of standardization of existing digital hierarchies of countries world-wide.
As a mode of communication network using the SONET/SDH, there is a point-to-multipoint communication system as shown in FIG. 9.
As shown in FIG. 9, the previous point-to-multipoint communication system 600 includes: one main transmission apparatus (hereinafter will be also called the “main station”) 100; and N-number (N is an integer greater than 1) (in the present example, three) of subsidiary transmission apparatuses (hereinafter will be also called the “subsidiary station”) 200A, 200B, and 200C (simply called the “subsidiary station 200” when individual apparatuses are not distinguished).
In the point-to-multipoint communication system 600, when one-to-N inter-transmission apparatus communication (that is, communication from the main station 100 to the subsidiary station 200) is performed, the main station 100 broadcasts (or multicasts) the same signal to be transmitted to the subsidiary stations 200 through a sending line (downstream line) 120, whereby the signal reaches the signal terminal unit 400. As a result, the main station 100 is capable of communicating (transmitting) with all the subsidiary stations 200 without any trouble.
On the other hand, in the point-to-multipoint communication system 600, when N-to-1 inter-transmission apparatus communication (that is, communication from the subsidiary stations 200 to the main station 100) is performed, exclusive control needs to be carried out for communication (transmission) because the subsidiary stations 200 share a returning line (upstream line) 210. To realize such exclusive control, at present, a maintenance engineer needs to manually perform a switch operation of the switch unit 500 of each of the subsidiary stations 200, thereby controlling the line connection state between the main station 100 and the subsidiary stations 200, so that a signal to be sent from the subsidiary stations 200 can reach the signal terminal unit 300 of the main station 100.
With the above-described method, for manually controlling a switch state of the switch unit 500 of each of the subsidiary stations 200, the maintenance engineer must spend a lot of time and effort. Thus, when a number of subsidiary stations 200 need to be managed, the manual management is not a down-to-earth control method. In addition, in the above-described method, when a transmission request to the main station 100 is generated in any of the subsidiary stations 200, it is impossible to perform lines witch control (switch control of the switch unit 500) immediately, so that the usability of the lines can be affected.
Thus, to resolve the above problem, an automatic line control method performed in cases where N-to-1 inter-transmission apparatus communication is carried out is considered.
For example, the following patent document 1 discloses a communication method in which a signal from each subsidiary station is super imposed using an OR circuit to be sent to the main station. If only one subsidiary station is sending significant information, transmission information of the subsidiary station is inevitably received by the main station.
[Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. SHO 61-161843
According to the above-described previous art, when exclusive control is performed among the subsidiary transmission apparatuses, dedicated lines, which are necessary for the exclusive control, need to be installed. Hence, if the scale of the communication system is increased due to an increase in the number of subsidiary stations, not only the subsidiary stations and the main signal transmission path but also such dedicated lines need to be installed, so costs are increased. In addition, the number of lines needed is also increased, and the reliability of the above communication system and the convenience of maintenance may deteriorate.
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{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
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Neural correlates of delicate sadness: an fMRI study based on the neuroaesthetics of Noh masks.
Although the role of the amygdala in processing facial expressions of fear is well established, its role in the processing of other emotions, such as sadness, remains unclear. We hypothesized that the amygdala would respond to a negative emotion such as sadness, when sadness was represented by a theatrical mask. In the traditional Japanese Noh theater, performers use masks to indicate many of the mental states of the characters they portray. Here, we report a functional MRI study, in which participants' brains were scanned while viewing Noh masks, whose faces appeared delicately sad. Among seventy standard Noh masks previously rated by the individual participants, we chose six top-rated sad masks and six neutral masks to study the neural correlates of such delicate sadness. Results based on a region of interest analysis indicated the activation of the right amygdala while viewing sad masks. We suggest the fact that such delicate sad masks could activate the amygdala, and it could possibly be because of an underlying similarity to emotions such as fear and disgust.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Tips and Information for Treating Hemorrhoids
Tag: KwaZulu Natal South Africa
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If there is only moderate distress the health care provider may recommend over-the-counter lotions ointments or pads. So t Re Atment For Piles This pile arterial blood vessel ligation weren’t immediately utilized usually by various naysayers following Morigana made the outstanding discovery. This can be a same-day surgery and it has pretty number of difficulties. […]
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Multifunctional squalene-based prodrug nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy.
Fluorescent and biotinylated squalene-gemcitabine prodrug nanoparticles exhibiting high drug payloads have been prepared and successfully used to target different cancer cell lines, resulting in increased cell uptake and improved anticancer efficiency, which represents the first targeted system derived from the squalenoylation approach.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Q:
Pandas to_sql doesn't create a file
I'm trying to save my pandas dataframe as a SQL file
I followed the documentation and tried
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
engine = create_engine('sqlite:///:memory:')
df.to_sql('filename.sql', engine, chunksize=1000)
However, when I check the directory with os.listdir(), the file is not there
A:
The first argument you pass to to_sql should be the name of the table in your database, not the name of the file. Take a look at the docs.
Also, if you want to create a sqlite file, you should create an engine with a file database, not in-memory:
engine = sqlalchemy.create_engine("sqlite:///mydb.db") # relative path to db
df.to_sql("my_table", engine)
Now there should be a file named mydb.db in the same directory where you run your application/script, with a table my_table containing the data in df.
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Keylogger Found on Nearly 5,500 WordPress Sites
We all know very well that nowadays increasingly security threats have become common phenomena. As we already seen that how in the middle of the year, a very high number of WordPress websites were found that had malware that was capable of mining cryptocurrencies. Now, according to the latest reports, more than 5,000 WordPress websites have been plagued with Keylogger.
Keylogger Found on Nearly 5,500 WordPress Sites
Add-ons have always been a problem for websites managed using this CMS. In the middle of the year, a very high number of WordPress websites were found that had malware that was capable of mining cryptocurrencies. Everything seems to point out that this computer virus has mutated and now it has become a keylogger able to collect the information introduced by the visitors of these infected websites.
To find the source of this threat, we must return until last April, when members of the security company Sucuri discovered more than 5,500 websites that used this CMS infected with malware that was capable of carrying out the mining of cryptocurrencies, something that is increasingly has become fashionable. Since then, there have been many changes that the threat has suffered, especially at the level of behaviour.
Initially, it used the WordPress functions.php file to make requests against a false Cloudflare address to establish a WebSocket with the help of a library.
When the security experts first analyzed the threat, the message that appeared when trying to access the false Cloudflare domain was “This Server is part of Cloudflare Distribution Network”. However, this message has changed, and now you can read “This server is part of an experimental science machine learning algorithms project”.
Behavior of this keylogger that affects WordPress websites
Since April, things have changed. The mining of cryptocurrencies has disappeared (or at least for the time being). The operation of this malware has mutated into a form of keylogger. All spaces to enter text on the web have been modified. They have added a handler that sends the information entered to the address wss://cloudflare[.]solutions:8085/. This keylogger is able to steal credentials to access the user profiles of the web services like WordPress itself and not only that even the management of the CMS is also compromised.
Given that many services are connected, it is very likely that at some point the user entered account credentials on platforms like Twitter or Facebook. In this case, the need to change the password is urgent. Otherwise, the accounts could be used without the user’s consent.
Security experts have also found that being introduced CoinHive script to carry out the mining of coins. However, it seems that at the moment it is not being used.
I have a website that uses WordPress and is affected: What can I do?
Obviously, there is a solution, although it is not trivial. Users who have an affected website should search the functions.php file for the add_js_scripts function and carry out its deletion. Subsequently, they should search for all the sentences in which the deleted function is mentioned and proceed to its deletion. Otherwise, the loading of the CMS elements will not be done correctly.
Once this process is finished, it is advisable to change all the access credentials.
So, what do you think about this security flaw? Simply share all your views and thoughts in the comment section below.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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Parathyroid imaging: the importance of dual-radiopharmaceutical simultaneous acquisition with 99mTc-sestamibi and 123I.
Our objective was to compare the accuracy of 3 imaging protocols for the detection of parathyroid adenomas: single-tracer, dual-phase imaging with (99m)Tc-sestamibi; dual-tracer, single-phase imaging with simultaneous acquisition of (99m)Tc-sestamibi and (123)I images; and dual-tracer, dual-phase imaging with simultaneous acquisition of (99m)Tc-sestamibi and (123)I images. Thirty-seven patients with surgical proof of parathyroid adenomas were evaluated. Three different protocols were derived from a single study in each patient, resulting in an intrapatient intrastudy comparison. The first derived protocol was the conventional dual-phase protocol with (99m)Tc-sestamibi consisting of anterior and anterior-oblique pinhole images of the neck at 15 min and 3 h plus parallel-hole images of the neck and upper chest at both imaging times. The second derived protocol was a dual-tracer, single-phase protocol consisting of administration of (123)I followed 2 h later by (99m)Tc-sestamibi. Fifteen minutes later, anterior and anterior oblique pinhole images of the (99m)Tc-sestamibi and (123)I were acquired simultaneously, allowing generation of perfectly coregistered subtraction images. Parallel-hole images of the neck and upper chest were also obtained. The third protocol was the same as the second except that the same imaging protocol was repeated at 3 h. Two experienced nuclear medicine physicians indicated the location of any identified lesion and graded the certainty of diagnosis on a 3-point scale. Thirty-seven patients had 41 parathyroid adenomas. For the 2 observers combined, the localization success rate was 66% for the single-tracer, dual-phase protocol; 94% for the dual-tracer, single-phase protocol; and 90% for the dual-phase, dual-tracer protocol. Both dual-tracer protocols were significantly more accurate than the single-tracer protocol (P < 0.01); there was no significant difference between the 2 dual-tracer protocols. In addition, the degree of certainty of localization was greater with the 2 dual-tracer protocols than the single-tracer protocol (P < 0.001). A dual-tracer, single-phase parathyroid imaging protocol consisting of simultaneous acquisition of (99m)Tc-sestamibi and (123)I images with pinhole collimation at 15 min and perfectly coregistered subtraction results in a higher degree of accuracy and a greater degree of diagnostic certainty than the commonly used single-tracer, dual-phase protocol of imaging (99m)Tc-sestamibi alone at 15 min and 3 h. The addition of delayed imaging to the dual-tracer protocol did not improve results.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Stress proteins are used by the immune system for cognate interactions with anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells.
Since the initial discovery of the protective role of heat shock protein (HSP) 60 in arthritis, T cell recognition of endogenous HSP was found to be one of the possible underlying mechanisms. Recently we have uncovered potent disease-suppressive Tregs (anti-inflammatory immunosuppressive T cells) recognizing HSP70 self-antigens, and enabling selective targeting of such Tregs to inflamed tissues. HSP70 is a major contributor to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class II ligandome and we have shown that a conserved HSP70-epitope (B29) is abundantly present in murine MHC Class II. Upon transfer, B29-induced CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T cells suppressed established proteoglycan-induced arthritis (PGIA) in mice. These self-antigen specific Tregs were activated in vivo and as little as 4.000 cells sufficed to fully inhibit arthritis. Furthermore, in vivo depletion of transferred Tregs abrogated disease suppression. Given that B29 can be presented by most human MHC class II molecules and that B29 inhibited arthritis in HLA-DQ8 (human MHC) transgenic mice, we feel that therapeutic vaccination with selected HSP peptides can be an effective route for induction of anti-inflammatory Tregs as a novel intervention in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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396 F.3d 906
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,v.A.J. GANT, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 04-1970.
United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.
Argued December 8, 2004.
Decided February 1, 2005.
Rehearing Denied March 10, 2005.
Timothy A. Bass (argued), Office of the United States Attorney, Urbana, IL, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Carol A. Dison (argued), Beckett & Webber, Urbana, IL, for Defendant-Appellant.
Before FLAUM, Chief Judge, and POSNER and SYKES, Circuit Judges.
FLAUM, Chief Judge.
1
Following a two-day trial, a jury convicted defendant-appellant Alfred James Gant of being a felon in possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). Gant was sentenced to 188 months' imprisonment and four years of supervised release, and now appeals his conviction. For the reasons stated herein, we affirm.
I. Background
2
On May 19, 2001, Gant was involved in a confrontation with his daughter Angelia Gant and a neighbor named Daniel Clark. Gant had allowed Angelia to live in an apartment he owned on Church Street in Champaign, Illinois, free of rent, provided that she abstain from using drugs and not permit others to loiter on the property. Gant went to Church Street on May 19 to tell Angelia that he was evicting her for failing to comply with these conditions. At trial, the government presented testimony of several eyewitnesses who testified that during the confrontation that ensued, Gant struck both Angelia and Clark with a gun. Angelia testified that Gant struck her on the face with an object approximately three inches long. Clark testified that Gant struck him with a hard metal object, and that he then looked up and saw Gant holding a revolver. Another neighbor, Glenn Seay, testified that he was sitting on his front porch directly across the street and saw Gant strike Angelia with a gun. Police officer Jay Warran also testified that when he responded to the scene, he saw Gant walking down the street carrying a pistol and then observed him drop it in the grass nearby.
3
Gant testified at trial that he used a lead pipe, not a firearm, in these confrontations. He also called his girl-friend, Ruby Rodriquez, who testified that on the day of the incident, after receiving a call from Gant, she went to Church Street to search the area and found a lead pipe in the grass.
II. Discussion
A. Evidence of Neighborhood Drug Activity
4
Gant's primary argument on appeal is that the district court abused its discretion in excluding evidence of drug activity in the neighborhood and his efforts to combat it. He contends that Angelia and Clark had a motive to lie in their testimony at trial because they resented Gant's anti-drug activity and wanted to get rid of him. Gant asserts that the jury should have been permitted to hear any evidence that could affect the witnesses' credibility and that the exclusion of this evidence of bias against him was particularly damaging because the government's case rested almost entirely on eyewitness testimony. Moreover, Gant argues, this evidence would have provided background to explain what he was doing in the neighborhood and why he engaged in altercations with Angelia and Clark.
5
The district court initially granted the government's motion in limine to exclude evidence of Gant's anti-drug activity in the neighborhood, finding it irrelevant to the question of whether he possessed a firearm on the date in question. The court later modified its order in response to a written offer of proof by Gant and specifically allowed evidence of Gant's eviction of Angelia and his altercation with Angelia and Clark on May 19, 2001. The court, however, declined to allow other general evidence of drug activity in the area or evidence of Clark's prior arrests for possession of narcotics.
6
We review the district court's decision to exclude evidence for abuse of discretion and will reverse the court's ruling only if no reasonable person could agree with it. United States v. Richeson, 338 F.3d 653, 661 (7th Cir.2003). Recognizing that the balancing of probative value and prejudicial effect is a highly discretionary exercise, we give the district court's evidentiary decisions great deference. Id.
7
Gant argues that his proffered testimony was relevant to the ultimate question of whether he possessed a gun, but he provides no support for this contention. As the district court correctly noted, in order to prove the offense charged, the government had to show that Gant: (1) had been convicted of a crime punishable by a prison term exceeding one year; and (2) knowingly possessed a firearm (3) that traveled in or affected interstate commerce. 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1); United States v. Lane, 267 F.3d 715, 717 (7th Cir.2001). The evidence Gant sought to introduce was irrelevant to whether he possessed a firearm. See id. at 720 (finding inadmissible defendant's proffered evidence that he did not intend to exercise control over the gun because that was not relevant to the question of whether he held the gun).
8
Moreover, contrary to Gant's argument, the district court did not exclude evidence of Angelia's and Clark's bias. Gant was permitted to elicit testimony regarding Angelia's eviction from Gant's apartment and the reasons for it. In addition, he was able to impeach her with her two prior drug convictions and her prior inconsistent statements concerning whether Gant struck her with a firearm. Gant was also permitted to elicit testimony from Clark about their ongoing dispute regarding Clark's loitering around Angelia's apartment. He also impeached Clark with his prior inconsistent statements concerning Gant's possession of a firearm. The district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding other evidence proffered by Gant about general conditions in the neighborhood.
B. Prior Conviction
9
Gant also contends that the district court abused its discretion in admitting his prior conviction for impeachment purposes. Of Gant's three prior convictions, only the third was admitted into evidence — a 1986 conviction for possession of a controlled substance with intent to distribute. Gant was sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment for this conviction and was discharged from parole on October 14, 1995, eight years prior to trial.
10
Again, we review for abuse of discretion. United States v. Redditt, 381 F.3d 597, 600-01 (7th Cir.2004). Federal Rule of Evidence 609 provides that evidence that an accused has been convicted of a crime punishable by death or imprisonment in excess of one year "shall be admitted if the court determines that the probative value of admitting this evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect to the accused." Fed.R.Evid. 609(a)(1). The Rule further provides:
11
(b) Time limit. Evidence of a conviction under this rule is not admissible if a period of more than ten years has elapsed since the date of the conviction or of the release of the witness from the confinement imposed for that conviction, whichever is the later date, unless the court determines, in the interests of justice, that the probative value of the conviction supported by specific facts and circumstances substantially outweighs its prejudicial effect. However, evidence of a conviction more than 10 years old as calculated herein, is not admissible unless the proponent gives to the adverse party sufficient advance written notice of intent to use such evidence to provide the adverse party with a fair opportunity to contest the use of such evidence.
12
Fed.R.Evid. 609(b).
13
In determining whether the probative value of admitting a prior conviction outweighs its prejudicial effect, the court should consider: "(1) the impeachment value of the prior crime; (2) the point in time of the conviction and the defendant's subsequent history; (3) the similarity between the past crime and the charged crime; (4) the importance of the defendant's testimony; and (5) the centrality of the credibility issue." Rodriguez v. United States, 286 F.3d 972, 983 (7th Cir.2002) (quoting United States v. Smith, 131 F.3d 685, 687 (7th Cir.1997)).
14
Gant argues that the prejudicial effect of this conviction outweighs its probative value because the conviction was remote in time and did not involve a crime of dishonesty. He also claims that the district court failed to consider adequately his history as a productive member of society following his release from prison in 1995.
15
Considering all the evidence presented at trial, the district court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the government to impeach Gant with evidence of his prior conviction. This conviction was within the ten-year limit set forth in Rule 609(b). Moreover, given Gant's theory of the case, his credibility was a crucial part of the trial. Gant's testimony that he possessed a pipe, not a firearm, directly contradicted the testimony of government witnesses Daniel Clark, Glenn Seay, and Officer Warran. The district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting Gant's prior conviction for impeachment purposes. See Smith, 131 F.3d at 687 (holding that district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting defendant's prior convictions where defendant's testimony directly contradicted that of other witnesses, making the credibility issue central).
C. Missing Witness Instruction
16
Finally, Gant argues that the district court erred in declining to give a "missing witness instruction." At the jury instruction conference, Gant's counsel requested an instruction regarding the government's failure to call Lintez Motley, an individual who was purportedly with Daniel Clark during the events in question. Gant's requested instruction read as follows:
17
It was particularly within the power of the government to produce Lintez Motley who could have given material testimony on an issue in the case. The government's failure to call Lintez Motley may give rise to an inference that his testimony would be unfavorable to it. You should bear in mind that the law does not impose on a defendant in a criminal case the burden or duty of calling any witnesses or producing any evidence.
18
The district court declined to give this instruction, noting that it is disfavored within the Circuit.1 The court also observed that Motley was a private individual who appeared on both the government's and Gant's witness lists, and therefore was not exclusively within the power of the government to produce. Gant argues that the district court erred in declining to give this instruction because "defendants are generally without the significant resources available to the government with respect to criminal prosecutions and trials."
19
"To establish entitlement to a missing witness instruction, a defendant must prove two things: first, that the absent witness was peculiarly within the government's power to produce; and second, that the testimony would have elucidated issues in the case and would not merely have been cumulative." United States v. Valles, 41 F.3d 355, 360 (7th Cir.1994) (citations omitted). The district court has broad discretion in determining whether to give this instruction. Hoffman v. Caterpillar, Inc., 368 F.3d 709, 716 (7th Cir.2004); Valles, 41 F.3d at 360.
20
Gant asserts that an individual is more likely to respond to a summons from the government than from a criminal defendant. He has not contended, however, that he attempted to subpoena Motley as a witness nor has he offered a satisfactory explanation for failing to do so. Gant has not established that Motley was "peculiarly within the government's power to produce," and the district court did not err in declining to give the missing witness instruction. See United States v. Huels, 31 F.3d 476, 480 (7th Cir.1994) (holding that district court did not err in refusing to give a missing witness instruction where the defendant "was free to subpoena [witness] if he wished to elicit his testimony").
III. Conclusion
21
For the foregoing reasons, the conviction is AFFIRMED.
Notes:
1
The Committee on Federal Criminal Jury Instructions provided the following Comment with this instruction: "It is the view of the Committee that a missing witness instruction should not be given." Seventh Circuit Pattern Jury Instr. 3.24 (1999). "For the unusual circumstances where the court might find it appropriate," the Committee recommended that the court use the language requested by GantId.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
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ALBANY — So why is it that the State of New York can tell the City of New York what to do with its streets?
The question is a natural one in light of a proposal unveiled on Friday to charge drivers who enter Midtown and Lower Manhattan, a congestion pricing plan that would raise money for mass transit.
The answer lies in Article IX of the New York Constitution, which outlines the state’s responsibilities and powers over its local governments, including their very creation. Leverage over local affairs was codified in a 1929 case, Adler v. Deegan, which found so long as there was “substantial” state interest, the Legislature could act on matters of “property, affairs or government,” an opinion — written by the jurist Benjamin Cardozo — that has been widely construed.
Etc... Watt makes one Canadian guy wonder why NY State can override the city re any congestion charges, but the State is silent when NYC decides to clamp down on bettery-electric bicycles?
Maybe NYC's best solution to the perceived Ebike problem is for them to form a new police unit, "Division of Electric Bike Enforcement Special SWAT" with a gaggle of officers riding custom built high powered mid-drive bikes dressed in Mutant Ninja Turtle costumes. Legalize ebikes completely and then the Turtles can appear out of nowhere at any time scaring the Pizza and Chinese food delivery commmunity into compliance and safe riding.
This plan of course would deprive a lot of middle aged neurotic citizens out of something to complain about and they might be forced to revert to filing complaints with the city about those annoying shoe mines left on sidewalks by urban dog owner's pets.
Founded in 2000 as the print project of the New York City Independent Media Center, The Indypendent is a New York City-based free newspaper and online news site. We publish our print edition 13 times a year on Mondays. We also update our website daily and are active on Twitter and Facebook. We have a print and online audience of more than 100,000 readers. Winner of more than 50 awards from New York Community Media Alliance for excellence in journalism...
Every day, we are seeing developments in clean energy technology that move us toward renewable sources and away from fossil fuels. Electric power will define the future of our transportation; it’s only a matter of how quickly our city embraces the change.
Cities across the country and around the world are beefing up their public transit by making bold investments in electric-powered vehicles, from electric buses to electric bicycles, to mitigate congestion and reduce emissions.
Yet here in New York City, we’re still fighting the tide — with a backward, punitive approach.
Nothing exemplifies our mistake better than the city’s attack on pedal-assisted, electric bicycles. For years, e-bikes have been a useful method of transportation for food delivery workers, many of whom earn as little as $30 a day and are forced to brace harsh weather.
These low-wage, often immigrant workers rely on e-bikes to make deliveries faster and easier. The small electric motor allows bike riders to travel at an average speed of 18 miles an hour, not much faster than a traditional bicycle and certainly much slower than a motorcycle or car.
And let’s not forget that before the e-bike, what generally transported our deliveries were gas-powered, air-polluting mopeds.
While there has been no data to indicate that e-bikes are associated with higher crash or injury rates, the de Blasio administration has taken a punitive stance on e-bikes. In October 2017, Mayor de Blasio announced an unprovoked crackdown, saying that beginning in 2018, the NYPD would spearhead civil enforcement against businesses by allowing officers to issue civil summonses through the mail — in addition to getting a $100 fine for their first infraction.
Riders caught operating an e-bike are subject to a civil summons, confiscation of the bike and a $500 fine.
It’s true that e-bikes are technically illegal to operate on our streets. But that doesn’t mean it’s a wise enforcement priority for the city. Of course, e-bikes, when used incorrectly, can be a nuisance to New Yorkers. But we should not blame the vehicle for the careless habits of the rider. If e-bike riders follow the same laws of the road as do nonelectric-bike riders, which they typically do, they should have the exact same access to our streets.
Other cities have fully embraced e-bikes and are making them more accessible to commuters. San Francisco recently announced a 250 e-bike pilot program, while Baltimore and Birmingham, Ala., have integrated e-bikes into their bike-sharing schemes. Even Texas and Florida have more progressive e-bike laws than New York does.
Imagine if Citi Bike had the right to incorporate e-bikes into their bike-share model. The possibility of crossing one of the East River’s many bridges without breaking a sweat would attract more New Yorkers to use that mode of transportation to get in or out of Manhattan, especially during the L train shutdown. This would reduce vehicular congestion and the strain on our already overburdened transit system.
For starters, the mayor should implement a moratorium on the NYPD’s enforcement against electric bikes. And while he does that, Albany should act to legalize them. That is why I am introducing a City Council resolution in support of legislation sponsored by state Sen. Martin Dilan (D-Brooklyn) and Assemblyman David Gantt (D-Rochester), which would include electric-assisted bicycles in the definition of “bicycle” and thereby permit their use.
New York City is experiencing a public transit crisis right now; all you have to do is ask one of the millions of people who ride the subway daily. With crisis comes opportunity. We must seize this chance to rethink our transit systems and plan our city in ways that take advantage of new, clean technology. Electric bikes are a low-cost, ecofriendly and space-efficient option that we should embrace.
Going full steam ahead on electric transit — whether that means new public buses or bicycles — will bring us a long way toward reducing our carbon footprint, with big health and environmental benefits. While President Trump fights on the side of coal in the supposed war on the dirty fuel, we must insist on smarter and bolder solutions.
The way countries and cities all over the world are throwing money at electric bike buyers ("tax rebates", etc...), if I were Mister Mayor (NYC Mayor de Blasio) I'd be totally embarrassed. ("Hiding under a rock", etc)
The way countries and cities all over the world are throwing money at electric bike buyers ("tax rebates", etc...), if I were Mister Mayor (NYC Mayor de Blasio) I'd be totally embarrassed. ("Hiding under a rock", etc)
DeBlasio is a closed minded person, like many politicians in NYC... Only money is a concern. Forget other people`s well being. It`s about De Blasio building HIS carrer. It`s all about not letting people have th power to use low cost and environnement friendly transportation. It`s not about what YOU NYorkers want... It`s about what the 0.0000001% who control the money in NYC want. NYC Manhattan is a Ghetto island. People who really live on this island only have time to work. Barely any time to sleep during the night. They basically give off their life for living in a closed door ghetto where you will end up dying if you dont get out quick. And your not allowed to have fun on an ebike even if you work 95 hr per week. NYC is boooooooooooorring.
Fast Company is a monthly American business magazine published in print and online that focuses on technology, business, and design and ebikes and stuff.
New York Is Confiscating Delivery Bikes, Hurting Immigrants, And Helping No One
("The city’s crackdown on electric bikes is destroying the livelihood of people who make deliveries for a living–and shows how the gig economy platforms that pay them abdicate any responsibility to help."):https://www.fastcompany.com/40537103/ne ... ing-no-one
Includes:
Zhu, along with 60% of New York’s 50,000 delivery cyclists, rides an electric bike (also known as an e-bike), cycles that are powered by motors built into the bike that allow the rider to transport themselves without having to work so hard to pedal. The majority of e-bike users in the city are, like Zhu, immigrants from China or Latin America who depend on delivery work to make a living. While it’s also common to see messengers zipping around the city on regular bikes, those workers tend to be younger and U.S. born, and often take on delivery work as a supplement to other jobs.
"... 60% of New York’s 50,000 delivery cyclists rides an electric bike..." So, like about 30,000 electric bikes now in NYC alone?... and that's not counting personal ebikes??? Wonder where the writer gets their stats from...
Electric bicycles — outfitted with battery-powered motors that can propel riders at sustained speeds of upwards of 20 mph — have become an increasingly familiar piece of Manhattan’s streetscape in recent years. They’ve become so common that an out-of-towner who didn’t know better could be forgiven for thinking that the motorized bikes, favored by food delivery workers for their speed and ease of mobility, are a fully sanctioned mode of transportation in New York City.
But in spite of their ubiquity, e-bikes are, in fact, illegal to ride on city streets — and the city has gone to increased lengths to stamp out their use.
From Jan. 1 to Feb. 11, the most recent period for which data is available, police seized 209 e-bikes and issued 238 moving summonses to e-bike users citywide.
[Sigh] Includes a pic of the confused showing off their ill-gotten gains...
Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages from 1920 to 1933.
In the 1920s the laws were widely disregarded, and tax revenues were lost. Very well organized criminal gangs took control of the beer and liquor supply for many cities, unleashing a crime wave that shocked the nation. By the late 1920s a new opposition mobilized nationwide. Wets attacked prohibition as causing crime, lowering local revenues, and imposing rural Protestant religious values on urban America. Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, which repealed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 5, 1933. Some states continued statewide prohibition, marking one of the last stages of the Progressive Era.
NEW YORK (BRAIN) — Mayor Bill de Blasio on Tuesday announced that the city will allow use of pedal-assist e-bikes, but will continue to ban throttled e-bikes that are capable of speeds above 20 mph.
The state of New York does not regulate e-bikes, which remain technically illegal to use in the state, although legislation is pending in Albany.
Last year de Blasio launched a campaign to crack down on e-bikes in the city, particularly throttled bikes used by delivery workers. But now he said he has instructed the city transportation department to begin the rule making process to allow pedal assist bikes.
Hehe... Careful... "The city Department of Transportation plans to finalize a rule by this summer"... Ya can maybe rely on "civil servants" and politicians to screw SOMETHING up. HOPEFULLY folks like ppl from NYCeWheels et al can get to them in time to give `em a "proper ebike education".
Yahoo! Finance is a media property that is part of Yahoo!'s network. It provides financial news, data and commentary including stock quotes, press releases, financial reports, and original content. It also offers some online tools for personal finance management. In addition to posting partner content from a wide range of other web sites, it posts original stories by its team of staff journalists.
As of June 2017, Yahoo Finance is part of Oath, the media division of Verizon. It is the largest business news web site in the United States by monthly traffic.
Gothamist LLC was the operator, or in some cases franchisor, of 8 city-centric websites that focused on news, events, food, culture, and other local coverage. It was founded in 2003 by Jake Dobkin and Jen Chung. In March 2017, Joe Ricketts, owner of DNAinfo, acquired the company and, in November 2017, the websites were shut down after the newsroom staff voted to unionize. In February 2018, it was announced that WNYC, KPCC and WAMU had acquired Gothamist, LAist and DCist, respectively.
Li Guoan was delivering food on his electric bicycle in Midtown Manhattan on a frigid January afternoon this year when an NYPD officer pulled him over. E-bikes are illegal to ride in New York City, and Li had been stopped by the police before. But this time the officer decided to seize his bike. Li was charged with misdemeanor reckless driving, no different than if he had been behind the wheel of a 4,000-pound SUV.
Includes:
Yet there is no hard evidence to suggest that e-bikes are more of a "threat" than traditional bicycles. The mayor has not cited any numbers to support his assertions. An NYPD spokesperson did not say whether the department keeps track of crashes that involve e-bikes.
At a transportation committee meeting for Manhattan's Community Board 7 in Janaury, NYPD Sergeant Felicia Montgomery said that last year, 86 pedestrians were hit by vehicles in the 20th Precinct, which stretches from West 59th Street up to West 86th. Just five of those crashes involved bikes. And of 58 crashes just involving bicycles, only one involved an e-bike.
Captain Leedroige Manuel, of the neighboring 24th Precinct, added, "We're not seeing a lot of collisions with e-bikes."
Streetsblog connects people to information about how to reduce dependence on private automobiles and improve conditions for walking, ebiking, and transit. Streetsblog NYC covers the five boroughs of New York City.
Council Reps to de Blasio: Stop the E-Bike Crackdown and Talk to Workers About New Rules
("Advocates say City Hall’s attempt to clarify e-bike regulations won’t help most delivery workers, who were not consulted on the proposed rule change."):https://nyc.streetsblog.org/2018/05/01/ ... new-rules/
Includes:
The mayor’s crackdown “goes against everything our city represents as a haven for immigrants,” said Lower Manhattan council rep Margaret Chin. Chin said delivery cyclists are afraid to go to work, fearing their bikes will be taken or they will be arrested. “Hard working immigrants should not have to work every day in fear just for doing their jobs,” she said.
Go Maggie! (Next ES Ebiker Hottie?)
and includes:
Chin was joined by fellow Council Member Carlos Menchaca and representatives from Transportation Alternatives, the Asian American Federation, Make the Road New York, and the Biking Public Project.
The Brooklyn Eagle, originally The Brooklyn Eagle, and Kings County Democrat, was a daily newspaper published in the city and later borough of Brooklyn, in New York City, for 114 years from 1841 to 1955. At one point, it was the afternoon paper with the largest daily circulation in the United States. A new version of the Brooklyn Eagle as a revival of the old newspaper's traditions began publishing in 1996.
Mayor Bill de Blasio continues to punish hard-working deliverymen for using low-cost battery-powered bicycles but is moving ahead to legalize high-end versions of the supposedly rogue roadsters.
Currently electric bikes are illegal to ride, but the city is moving forward with an exemption for pedal-controlled electric bikes — the ones favored by well-heeled commuters. There are two main differences between the bikes used by deliverymen and those used by the wealthy: a typical delivery e-bike costs $1,500 and is controlled with a hand throttle, while the motor on the more-expensive bikes is controlled with the pedals.
Ends: The Department of Transportation will hold a public comment session on May 29 at 1:30 p.m. at 55 Water St. in Manhattan. Call (212) 839-6500 to register to speak. You can also email comments to rules@dot.nyc.gov.
Ladies and Gents...Start Yer Engines... Ermmm... or wattEVer an ebiker does... Wish *I* were a `Yorker...
Beginning in January of 2019, the western portion of the L train will be shut down for 15 months. This important route crosses between Brooklyn and Manhattan, and carries around 275,000 commuters per day.
... and:
While shuttle buses and other methods will make up a large chunk of the solution, NYC is also relying on a new fleet of electric bicycles from Citi Bike’s bicycle share program to pick up the slack and help get New Yorkers to work and back home.
In addition to the 1,250 pedal bicycles and 2,500 docking points that Citi Bike is adding to help alleviate the commuting crisis, they will also be launching an additional 1,000 electric bicycles to ease the crunch.
Streetsblog connects people to information about how to reduce dependence on private automobiles and improve conditions for walking, biking, and transit. Since 2006, our reporters have broken important stories about efforts to prevent pedestrian injuries and deaths, build out bicycle networks, and make transit more useful. Our writing raises the profile of these issues with policy makers and turns arcane topics like parking requirements and induced traffic into accessible stories for a broad audience.
Streetsblog NYC covers the five boroughs of New York and important transportation policy developments in Albany. Starting with our first scoop in 2006, which tallied up the rampant abuse of parking placards, we’ve helped set the agenda for local transportation coverage. We’re read by an influential audience of public officials and ordinary New Yorkers passionate about improving the streets in their neighborhoods. Streetsblog NYC stories have made the case for progressive policy changes that are saving lives, expanding access to affordable transportation options, and creating a more sustainable future for New York.
Mayor de Blasio’s legalization of pedal-assist electric bikes goes into effect on Saturday. But for the city’s delivery workers, the policy change is not only meaningless, but cruel and unusual.
Most delivery workers use throttle-powered elected bikes — and have been the subject of an NYPD crackdown that began in earnest in January. But the mayor — in part to promote his dockless bike share pilot program and, in part, as a concession to critics of the crackdown — legalized only pedal-assisted e-bikes.
And that doesn’t help delivery workers, who can’t afford those pricier models.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
/*
* pluto2.c - Satelco Easywatch Mobile Terrestrial Receiver [DVB-T]
*
* Copyright (C) 2005 Andreas Oberritter <obi@linuxtv.org>
*
* based on pluto2.c 1.10 - http://instinct-wp8.no-ip.org/pluto/
* by Dany Salman <salmandany@yahoo.fr>
* Copyright (c) 2004 TDF
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
*
*/
#include <linux/i2c.h>
#include <linux/i2c-algo-bit.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/interrupt.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/pci.h>
#include <linux/dma-mapping.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include "demux.h"
#include "dmxdev.h"
#include "dvb_demux.h"
#include "dvb_frontend.h"
#include "dvb_net.h"
#include "dvbdev.h"
#include "tda1004x.h"
DVB_DEFINE_MOD_OPT_ADAPTER_NR(adapter_nr);
#define DRIVER_NAME "pluto2"
#define REG_PIDn(n) ((n) << 2) /* PID n pattern registers */
#define REG_PCAR 0x0020 /* PC address register */
#define REG_TSCR 0x0024 /* TS ctrl & status */
#define REG_MISC 0x0028 /* miscellaneous */
#define REG_MMAC 0x002c /* MSB MAC address */
#define REG_IMAC 0x0030 /* ISB MAC address */
#define REG_LMAC 0x0034 /* LSB MAC address */
#define REG_SPID 0x0038 /* SPI data */
#define REG_SLCS 0x003c /* serial links ctrl/status */
#define PID0_NOFIL (0x0001 << 16)
#define PIDn_ENP (0x0001 << 15)
#define PID0_END (0x0001 << 14)
#define PID0_AFIL (0x0001 << 13)
#define PIDn_PID (0x1fff << 0)
#define TSCR_NBPACKETS (0x00ff << 24)
#define TSCR_DEM (0x0001 << 17)
#define TSCR_DE (0x0001 << 16)
#define TSCR_RSTN (0x0001 << 15)
#define TSCR_MSKO (0x0001 << 14)
#define TSCR_MSKA (0x0001 << 13)
#define TSCR_MSKL (0x0001 << 12)
#define TSCR_OVR (0x0001 << 11)
#define TSCR_AFUL (0x0001 << 10)
#define TSCR_LOCK (0x0001 << 9)
#define TSCR_IACK (0x0001 << 8)
#define TSCR_ADEF (0x007f << 0)
#define MISC_DVR (0x0fff << 4)
#define MISC_ALED (0x0001 << 3)
#define MISC_FRST (0x0001 << 2)
#define MISC_LED1 (0x0001 << 1)
#define MISC_LED0 (0x0001 << 0)
#define SPID_SPIDR (0x00ff << 0)
#define SLCS_SCL (0x0001 << 7)
#define SLCS_SDA (0x0001 << 6)
#define SLCS_CSN (0x0001 << 2)
#define SLCS_OVR (0x0001 << 1)
#define SLCS_SWC (0x0001 << 0)
#define TS_DMA_PACKETS (8)
#define TS_DMA_BYTES (188 * TS_DMA_PACKETS)
#define I2C_ADDR_TDA10046 0x10
#define I2C_ADDR_TUA6034 0xc2
#define NHWFILTERS 8
struct pluto {
/* pci */
struct pci_dev *pdev;
u8 __iomem *io_mem;
/* dvb */
struct dmx_frontend hw_frontend;
struct dmx_frontend mem_frontend;
struct dmxdev dmxdev;
struct dvb_adapter dvb_adapter;
struct dvb_demux demux;
struct dvb_frontend *fe;
struct dvb_net dvbnet;
unsigned int full_ts_users;
unsigned int users;
/* i2c */
struct i2c_algo_bit_data i2c_bit;
struct i2c_adapter i2c_adap;
unsigned int i2cbug;
/* irq */
unsigned int overflow;
unsigned int dead;
/* dma */
dma_addr_t dma_addr;
u8 dma_buf[TS_DMA_BYTES];
u8 dummy[4096];
};
static inline struct pluto *feed_to_pluto(struct dvb_demux_feed *feed)
{
return container_of(feed->demux, struct pluto, demux);
}
static inline struct pluto *frontend_to_pluto(struct dvb_frontend *fe)
{
return container_of(fe->dvb, struct pluto, dvb_adapter);
}
static inline u32 pluto_readreg(struct pluto *pluto, u32 reg)
{
return readl(&pluto->io_mem[reg]);
}
static inline void pluto_writereg(struct pluto *pluto, u32 reg, u32 val)
{
writel(val, &pluto->io_mem[reg]);
}
static inline void pluto_rw(struct pluto *pluto, u32 reg, u32 mask, u32 bits)
{
u32 val = readl(&pluto->io_mem[reg]);
val &= ~mask;
val |= bits;
writel(val, &pluto->io_mem[reg]);
}
static void pluto_write_tscr(struct pluto *pluto, u32 val)
{
/* set the number of packets */
val &= ~TSCR_ADEF;
val |= TS_DMA_PACKETS / 2;
pluto_writereg(pluto, REG_TSCR, val);
}
static void pluto_setsda(void *data, int state)
{
struct pluto *pluto = data;
if (state)
pluto_rw(pluto, REG_SLCS, SLCS_SDA, SLCS_SDA);
else
pluto_rw(pluto, REG_SLCS, SLCS_SDA, 0);
}
static void pluto_setscl(void *data, int state)
{
struct pluto *pluto = data;
if (state)
pluto_rw(pluto, REG_SLCS, SLCS_SCL, SLCS_SCL);
else
pluto_rw(pluto, REG_SLCS, SLCS_SCL, 0);
/* try to detect i2c_inb() to workaround hardware bug:
* reset SDA to high after SCL has been set to low */
if ((state) && (pluto->i2cbug == 0)) {
pluto->i2cbug = 1;
} else {
if ((!state) && (pluto->i2cbug == 1))
pluto_setsda(pluto, 1);
pluto->i2cbug = 0;
}
}
static int pluto_getsda(void *data)
{
struct pluto *pluto = data;
return pluto_readreg(pluto, REG_SLCS) & SLCS_SDA;
}
static int pluto_getscl(void *data)
{
struct pluto *pluto = data;
return pluto_readreg(pluto, REG_SLCS) & SLCS_SCL;
}
static void pluto_reset_frontend(struct pluto *pluto, int reenable)
{
u32 val = pluto_readreg(pluto, REG_MISC);
if (val & MISC_FRST) {
val &= ~MISC_FRST;
pluto_writereg(pluto, REG_MISC, val);
}
if (reenable) {
val |= MISC_FRST;
pluto_writereg(pluto, REG_MISC, val);
}
}
static void pluto_reset_ts(struct pluto *pluto, int reenable)
{
u32 val = pluto_readreg(pluto, REG_TSCR);
if (val & TSCR_RSTN) {
val &= ~TSCR_RSTN;
pluto_write_tscr(pluto, val);
}
if (reenable) {
val |= TSCR_RSTN;
pluto_write_tscr(pluto, val);
}
}
static void pluto_set_dma_addr(struct pluto *pluto)
{
pluto_writereg(pluto, REG_PCAR, pluto->dma_addr);
}
static int pluto_dma_map(struct pluto *pluto)
{
pluto->dma_addr = pci_map_single(pluto->pdev, pluto->dma_buf,
TS_DMA_BYTES, PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE);
return pci_dma_mapping_error(pluto->pdev, pluto->dma_addr);
}
static void pluto_dma_unmap(struct pluto *pluto)
{
pci_unmap_single(pluto->pdev, pluto->dma_addr,
TS_DMA_BYTES, PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE);
}
static int pluto_start_feed(struct dvb_demux_feed *f)
{
struct pluto *pluto = feed_to_pluto(f);
/* enable PID filtering */
if (pluto->users++ == 0)
pluto_rw(pluto, REG_PIDn(0), PID0_AFIL | PID0_NOFIL, 0);
if ((f->pid < 0x2000) && (f->index < NHWFILTERS))
pluto_rw(pluto, REG_PIDn(f->index), PIDn_ENP | PIDn_PID, PIDn_ENP | f->pid);
else if (pluto->full_ts_users++ == 0)
pluto_rw(pluto, REG_PIDn(0), PID0_NOFIL, PID0_NOFIL);
return 0;
}
static int pluto_stop_feed(struct dvb_demux_feed *f)
{
struct pluto *pluto = feed_to_pluto(f);
/* disable PID filtering */
if (--pluto->users == 0)
pluto_rw(pluto, REG_PIDn(0), PID0_AFIL, PID0_AFIL);
if ((f->pid < 0x2000) && (f->index < NHWFILTERS))
pluto_rw(pluto, REG_PIDn(f->index), PIDn_ENP | PIDn_PID, 0x1fff);
else if (--pluto->full_ts_users == 0)
pluto_rw(pluto, REG_PIDn(0), PID0_NOFIL, 0);
return 0;
}
static void pluto_dma_end(struct pluto *pluto, unsigned int nbpackets)
{
/* synchronize the DMA transfer with the CPU
* first so that we see updated contents. */
pci_dma_sync_single_for_cpu(pluto->pdev, pluto->dma_addr,
TS_DMA_BYTES, PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE);
/* Workaround for broken hardware:
* [1] On startup NBPACKETS seems to contain an uninitialized value,
* but no packets have been transferred.
* [2] Sometimes (actually very often) NBPACKETS stays at zero
* although one packet has been transferred.
* [3] Sometimes (actually rarely), the card gets into an erroneous
* mode where it continuously generates interrupts, claiming it
* has received nbpackets>TS_DMA_PACKETS packets, but no packet
* has been transferred. Only a reset seems to solve this
*/
if ((nbpackets == 0) || (nbpackets > TS_DMA_PACKETS)) {
unsigned int i = 0;
while (pluto->dma_buf[i] == 0x47)
i += 188;
nbpackets = i / 188;
if (i == 0) {
pluto_reset_ts(pluto, 1);
dev_printk(KERN_DEBUG, &pluto->pdev->dev, "resetting TS because of invalid packet counter\n");
}
}
dvb_dmx_swfilter_packets(&pluto->demux, pluto->dma_buf, nbpackets);
/* clear the dma buffer. this is needed to be able to identify
* new valid ts packets above */
memset(pluto->dma_buf, 0, nbpackets * 188);
/* reset the dma address */
pluto_set_dma_addr(pluto);
/* sync the buffer and give it back to the card */
pci_dma_sync_single_for_device(pluto->pdev, pluto->dma_addr,
TS_DMA_BYTES, PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE);
}
static irqreturn_t pluto_irq(int irq, void *dev_id)
{
struct pluto *pluto = dev_id;
u32 tscr;
/* check whether an interrupt occurred on this device */
tscr = pluto_readreg(pluto, REG_TSCR);
if (!(tscr & (TSCR_DE | TSCR_OVR)))
return IRQ_NONE;
if (tscr == 0xffffffff) {
if (pluto->dead == 0)
dev_err(&pluto->pdev->dev, "card has hung or been ejected.\n");
/* It's dead Jim */
pluto->dead = 1;
return IRQ_HANDLED;
}
/* dma end interrupt */
if (tscr & TSCR_DE) {
pluto_dma_end(pluto, (tscr & TSCR_NBPACKETS) >> 24);
/* overflow interrupt */
if (tscr & TSCR_OVR)
pluto->overflow++;
if (pluto->overflow) {
dev_err(&pluto->pdev->dev, "overflow irq (%d)\n",
pluto->overflow);
pluto_reset_ts(pluto, 1);
pluto->overflow = 0;
}
} else if (tscr & TSCR_OVR) {
pluto->overflow++;
}
/* ACK the interrupt */
pluto_write_tscr(pluto, tscr | TSCR_IACK);
return IRQ_HANDLED;
}
static void pluto_enable_irqs(struct pluto *pluto)
{
u32 val = pluto_readreg(pluto, REG_TSCR);
/* disable AFUL and LOCK interrupts */
val |= (TSCR_MSKA | TSCR_MSKL);
/* enable DMA and OVERFLOW interrupts */
val &= ~(TSCR_DEM | TSCR_MSKO);
/* clear pending interrupts */
val |= TSCR_IACK;
pluto_write_tscr(pluto, val);
}
static void pluto_disable_irqs(struct pluto *pluto)
{
u32 val = pluto_readreg(pluto, REG_TSCR);
/* disable all interrupts */
val |= (TSCR_DEM | TSCR_MSKO | TSCR_MSKA | TSCR_MSKL);
/* clear pending interrupts */
val |= TSCR_IACK;
pluto_write_tscr(pluto, val);
}
static int pluto_hw_init(struct pluto *pluto)
{
pluto_reset_frontend(pluto, 1);
/* set automatic LED control by FPGA */
pluto_rw(pluto, REG_MISC, MISC_ALED, MISC_ALED);
/* set data endianness */
#ifdef __LITTLE_ENDIAN
pluto_rw(pluto, REG_PIDn(0), PID0_END, PID0_END);
#else
pluto_rw(pluto, REG_PIDn(0), PID0_END, 0);
#endif
/* map DMA and set address */
pluto_dma_map(pluto);
pluto_set_dma_addr(pluto);
/* enable interrupts */
pluto_enable_irqs(pluto);
/* reset TS logic */
pluto_reset_ts(pluto, 1);
return 0;
}
static void pluto_hw_exit(struct pluto *pluto)
{
/* disable interrupts */
pluto_disable_irqs(pluto);
pluto_reset_ts(pluto, 0);
/* LED: disable automatic control, enable yellow, disable green */
pluto_rw(pluto, REG_MISC, MISC_ALED | MISC_LED1 | MISC_LED0, MISC_LED1);
/* unmap DMA */
pluto_dma_unmap(pluto);
pluto_reset_frontend(pluto, 0);
}
static inline u32 divide(u32 numerator, u32 denominator)
{
if (denominator == 0)
return ~0;
return DIV_ROUND_CLOSEST(numerator, denominator);
}
/* LG Innotek TDTE-E001P (Infineon TUA6034) */
static int lg_tdtpe001p_tuner_set_params(struct dvb_frontend *fe)
{
struct dtv_frontend_properties *p = &fe->dtv_property_cache;
struct pluto *pluto = frontend_to_pluto(fe);
struct i2c_msg msg;
int ret;
u8 buf[4];
u32 div;
// Fref = 166.667 Hz
// Fref * 3 = 500.000 Hz
// IF = 36166667
// IF / Fref = 217
//div = divide(p->frequency + 36166667, 166667);
div = divide(p->frequency * 3, 500000) + 217;
buf[0] = (div >> 8) & 0x7f;
buf[1] = (div >> 0) & 0xff;
if (p->frequency < 611000000)
buf[2] = 0xb4;
else if (p->frequency < 811000000)
buf[2] = 0xbc;
else
buf[2] = 0xf4;
// VHF: 174-230 MHz
// center: 350 MHz
// UHF: 470-862 MHz
if (p->frequency < 350000000)
buf[3] = 0x02;
else
buf[3] = 0x04;
if (p->bandwidth_hz == 8000000)
buf[3] |= 0x08;
msg.addr = I2C_ADDR_TUA6034 >> 1;
msg.flags = 0;
msg.buf = buf;
msg.len = sizeof(buf);
if (fe->ops.i2c_gate_ctrl)
fe->ops.i2c_gate_ctrl(fe, 1);
ret = i2c_transfer(&pluto->i2c_adap, &msg, 1);
if (ret < 0)
return ret;
else if (ret == 0)
return -EREMOTEIO;
return 0;
}
static int pluto2_request_firmware(struct dvb_frontend *fe,
const struct firmware **fw, char *name)
{
struct pluto *pluto = frontend_to_pluto(fe);
return request_firmware(fw, name, &pluto->pdev->dev);
}
static struct tda1004x_config pluto2_fe_config = {
.demod_address = I2C_ADDR_TDA10046 >> 1,
.invert = 1,
.invert_oclk = 0,
.xtal_freq = TDA10046_XTAL_16M,
.agc_config = TDA10046_AGC_DEFAULT,
.if_freq = TDA10046_FREQ_3617,
.request_firmware = pluto2_request_firmware,
};
static int frontend_init(struct pluto *pluto)
{
int ret;
pluto->fe = tda10046_attach(&pluto2_fe_config, &pluto->i2c_adap);
if (!pluto->fe) {
dev_err(&pluto->pdev->dev, "could not attach frontend\n");
return -ENODEV;
}
pluto->fe->ops.tuner_ops.set_params = lg_tdtpe001p_tuner_set_params;
ret = dvb_register_frontend(&pluto->dvb_adapter, pluto->fe);
if (ret < 0) {
if (pluto->fe->ops.release)
pluto->fe->ops.release(pluto->fe);
return ret;
}
return 0;
}
static void pluto_read_rev(struct pluto *pluto)
{
u32 val = pluto_readreg(pluto, REG_MISC) & MISC_DVR;
dev_info(&pluto->pdev->dev, "board revision %d.%d\n",
(val >> 12) & 0x0f, (val >> 4) & 0xff);
}
static void pluto_read_mac(struct pluto *pluto, u8 *mac)
{
u32 val = pluto_readreg(pluto, REG_MMAC);
mac[0] = (val >> 8) & 0xff;
mac[1] = (val >> 0) & 0xff;
val = pluto_readreg(pluto, REG_IMAC);
mac[2] = (val >> 8) & 0xff;
mac[3] = (val >> 0) & 0xff;
val = pluto_readreg(pluto, REG_LMAC);
mac[4] = (val >> 8) & 0xff;
mac[5] = (val >> 0) & 0xff;
dev_info(&pluto->pdev->dev, "MAC %pM\n", mac);
}
static int pluto_read_serial(struct pluto *pluto)
{
struct pci_dev *pdev = pluto->pdev;
unsigned int i, j;
u8 __iomem *cis;
cis = pci_iomap(pdev, 1, 0);
if (!cis)
return -EIO;
dev_info(&pdev->dev, "S/N ");
for (i = 0xe0; i < 0x100; i += 4) {
u32 val = readl(&cis[i]);
for (j = 0; j < 32; j += 8) {
if ((val & 0xff) == 0xff)
goto out;
printk("%c", val & 0xff);
val >>= 8;
}
}
out:
printk("\n");
pci_iounmap(pdev, cis);
return 0;
}
static int pluto2_probe(struct pci_dev *pdev, const struct pci_device_id *ent)
{
struct pluto *pluto;
struct dvb_adapter *dvb_adapter;
struct dvb_demux *dvbdemux;
struct dmx_demux *dmx;
int ret = -ENOMEM;
pluto = kzalloc(sizeof(struct pluto), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!pluto)
goto out;
pluto->pdev = pdev;
ret = pci_enable_device(pdev);
if (ret < 0)
goto err_kfree;
/* enable interrupts */
pci_write_config_dword(pdev, 0x6c, 0x8000);
ret = pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_BIT_MASK(32));
if (ret < 0)
goto err_pci_disable_device;
pci_set_master(pdev);
ret = pci_request_regions(pdev, DRIVER_NAME);
if (ret < 0)
goto err_pci_disable_device;
pluto->io_mem = pci_iomap(pdev, 0, 0x40);
if (!pluto->io_mem) {
ret = -EIO;
goto err_pci_release_regions;
}
pci_set_drvdata(pdev, pluto);
ret = request_irq(pdev->irq, pluto_irq, IRQF_SHARED, DRIVER_NAME, pluto);
if (ret < 0)
goto err_pci_iounmap;
ret = pluto_hw_init(pluto);
if (ret < 0)
goto err_free_irq;
/* i2c */
i2c_set_adapdata(&pluto->i2c_adap, pluto);
strcpy(pluto->i2c_adap.name, DRIVER_NAME);
pluto->i2c_adap.owner = THIS_MODULE;
pluto->i2c_adap.dev.parent = &pdev->dev;
pluto->i2c_adap.algo_data = &pluto->i2c_bit;
pluto->i2c_bit.data = pluto;
pluto->i2c_bit.setsda = pluto_setsda;
pluto->i2c_bit.setscl = pluto_setscl;
pluto->i2c_bit.getsda = pluto_getsda;
pluto->i2c_bit.getscl = pluto_getscl;
pluto->i2c_bit.udelay = 10;
pluto->i2c_bit.timeout = 10;
/* Raise SCL and SDA */
pluto_setsda(pluto, 1);
pluto_setscl(pluto, 1);
ret = i2c_bit_add_bus(&pluto->i2c_adap);
if (ret < 0)
goto err_pluto_hw_exit;
/* dvb */
ret = dvb_register_adapter(&pluto->dvb_adapter, DRIVER_NAME,
THIS_MODULE, &pdev->dev, adapter_nr);
if (ret < 0)
goto err_i2c_del_adapter;
dvb_adapter = &pluto->dvb_adapter;
pluto_read_rev(pluto);
pluto_read_serial(pluto);
pluto_read_mac(pluto, dvb_adapter->proposed_mac);
dvbdemux = &pluto->demux;
dvbdemux->filternum = 256;
dvbdemux->feednum = 256;
dvbdemux->start_feed = pluto_start_feed;
dvbdemux->stop_feed = pluto_stop_feed;
dvbdemux->dmx.capabilities = (DMX_TS_FILTERING |
DMX_SECTION_FILTERING | DMX_MEMORY_BASED_FILTERING);
ret = dvb_dmx_init(dvbdemux);
if (ret < 0)
goto err_dvb_unregister_adapter;
dmx = &dvbdemux->dmx;
pluto->hw_frontend.source = DMX_FRONTEND_0;
pluto->mem_frontend.source = DMX_MEMORY_FE;
pluto->dmxdev.filternum = NHWFILTERS;
pluto->dmxdev.demux = dmx;
ret = dvb_dmxdev_init(&pluto->dmxdev, dvb_adapter);
if (ret < 0)
goto err_dvb_dmx_release;
ret = dmx->add_frontend(dmx, &pluto->hw_frontend);
if (ret < 0)
goto err_dvb_dmxdev_release;
ret = dmx->add_frontend(dmx, &pluto->mem_frontend);
if (ret < 0)
goto err_remove_hw_frontend;
ret = dmx->connect_frontend(dmx, &pluto->hw_frontend);
if (ret < 0)
goto err_remove_mem_frontend;
ret = frontend_init(pluto);
if (ret < 0)
goto err_disconnect_frontend;
dvb_net_init(dvb_adapter, &pluto->dvbnet, dmx);
out:
return ret;
err_disconnect_frontend:
dmx->disconnect_frontend(dmx);
err_remove_mem_frontend:
dmx->remove_frontend(dmx, &pluto->mem_frontend);
err_remove_hw_frontend:
dmx->remove_frontend(dmx, &pluto->hw_frontend);
err_dvb_dmxdev_release:
dvb_dmxdev_release(&pluto->dmxdev);
err_dvb_dmx_release:
dvb_dmx_release(dvbdemux);
err_dvb_unregister_adapter:
dvb_unregister_adapter(dvb_adapter);
err_i2c_del_adapter:
i2c_del_adapter(&pluto->i2c_adap);
err_pluto_hw_exit:
pluto_hw_exit(pluto);
err_free_irq:
free_irq(pdev->irq, pluto);
err_pci_iounmap:
pci_iounmap(pdev, pluto->io_mem);
err_pci_release_regions:
pci_release_regions(pdev);
err_pci_disable_device:
pci_disable_device(pdev);
err_kfree:
kfree(pluto);
goto out;
}
static void pluto2_remove(struct pci_dev *pdev)
{
struct pluto *pluto = pci_get_drvdata(pdev);
struct dvb_adapter *dvb_adapter = &pluto->dvb_adapter;
struct dvb_demux *dvbdemux = &pluto->demux;
struct dmx_demux *dmx = &dvbdemux->dmx;
dmx->close(dmx);
dvb_net_release(&pluto->dvbnet);
if (pluto->fe)
dvb_unregister_frontend(pluto->fe);
dmx->disconnect_frontend(dmx);
dmx->remove_frontend(dmx, &pluto->mem_frontend);
dmx->remove_frontend(dmx, &pluto->hw_frontend);
dvb_dmxdev_release(&pluto->dmxdev);
dvb_dmx_release(dvbdemux);
dvb_unregister_adapter(dvb_adapter);
i2c_del_adapter(&pluto->i2c_adap);
pluto_hw_exit(pluto);
free_irq(pdev->irq, pluto);
pci_iounmap(pdev, pluto->io_mem);
pci_release_regions(pdev);
pci_disable_device(pdev);
kfree(pluto);
}
#ifndef PCI_VENDOR_ID_SCM
#define PCI_VENDOR_ID_SCM 0x0432
#endif
#ifndef PCI_DEVICE_ID_PLUTO2
#define PCI_DEVICE_ID_PLUTO2 0x0001
#endif
static struct pci_device_id pluto2_id_table[] = {
{
.vendor = PCI_VENDOR_ID_SCM,
.device = PCI_DEVICE_ID_PLUTO2,
.subvendor = PCI_ANY_ID,
.subdevice = PCI_ANY_ID,
}, {
/* empty */
},
};
MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(pci, pluto2_id_table);
static struct pci_driver pluto2_driver = {
.name = DRIVER_NAME,
.id_table = pluto2_id_table,
.probe = pluto2_probe,
.remove = pluto2_remove,
};
module_pci_driver(pluto2_driver);
MODULE_AUTHOR("Andreas Oberritter <obi@linuxtv.org>");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Pluto2 driver");
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Outcome and medical management in dogs with lower motor neuron disease undergoing mechanical ventilation: 14 cases (2003-2009).
To describe the application of intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IIPV) in dogs with lower motor neuron disease (LMND). Multi-institutional, retrospective study (2003-2009). Intensive care units at multiple university teaching hospitals. Fourteen dogs with LMND that underwent IIPV. None. The ventilatory logs of 4 teaching hospitals were searched for dogs undergoing IIPV in association with a diagnosis of acute LMND. The medical records were evaluated for signalment, specific LMND, ventilatory management and duration, complications associated with ventilation, duration of hospitalization, and outcome. Descriptive statistics were used as indicated. Fifteen records were evaluated, 1 dog was excluded since it experienced cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) before commencement of IIPV. The median age was 7.0 years (range 10 mo to 12 y). There were 5 Labrador retrievers, 4 mixed breeds, and 5 other breeds were each represented once. Five dogs were diagnosed with myasthenia gravis, 4 dogs with polyradiculoneuritis, and 5 dogs had an undetermined LMND. Clinical signs of weakness before ventilation were present for a median of 36 hours (range 6 h to 14 d). Dogs were ventilated for a median of 109 hours (range 5-261 h). Nine dogs had temporary tracheostomies performed, and 8 dogs received nutritional support. Five dogs developed ventilator associated pneumonia. Six dogs were successfully weaned from the ventilator with a median ventilatory time of 49 hours (range 25-192 h). Three dogs survived to discharge. No single LMND was associated with a better outcome. High euthanasia rates and iatrogenic complications limit the ability to accurately prognosticate for affected dogs in this retrospective study, but in dogs with LMND that is severe enough to require IIPV, support may be required days to weeks.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
/* animation sets */
/* move from / to */
.pt-page-moveToLeft {
-webkit-animation: moveToLeft .6s ease both;
animation: moveToLeft .6s ease both;
}
.pt-page-moveFromLeft {
-webkit-animation: moveFromLeft .6s ease both;
animation: moveFromLeft .6s ease both;
}
.pt-page-moveToRight {
-webkit-animation: moveToRight .6s ease both;
animation: moveToRight .6s ease both;
}
.pt-page-moveFromRight {
-webkit-animation: moveFromRight .6s ease both;
animation: moveFromRight .6s ease both;
}
.pt-page-moveToTop {
-webkit-animation: moveToTop .6s ease both;
animation: moveToTop .6s ease both;
}
.pt-page-moveFromTop {
-webkit-animation: moveFromTop .6s ease both;
animation: moveFromTop .6s ease both;
}
.pt-page-moveToBottom {
-webkit-animation: moveToBottom .6s ease both;
animation: moveToBottom .6s ease both;
}
.pt-page-moveFromBottom {
-webkit-animation: moveFromBottom .6s ease both;
animation: moveFromBottom .6s ease both;
}
/* fade */
.pt-page-fade {
-webkit-animation: fade .7s ease both;
animation: fade .7s ease both;
}
/* move from / to and fade */
.pt-page-moveToLeftFade {
-webkit-animation: moveToLeftFade .7s ease both;
animation: moveToLeftFade .7s ease both;
}
.pt-page-moveFromLeftFade {
-webkit-animation: moveFromLeftFade .7s ease both;
animation: moveFromLeftFade .7s ease both;
}
.pt-page-moveToRightFade {
-webkit-animation: moveToRightFade .7s ease both;
animation: moveToRightFade .7s ease both;
}
.pt-page-moveFromRightFade {
-webkit-animation: moveFromRightFade .7s ease both;
animation: moveFromRightFade .7s ease both;
}
.pt-page-moveToTopFade {
-webkit-animation: moveToTopFade .7s ease both;
animation: moveToTopFade .7s ease both;
}
.pt-page-moveFromTopFade {
-webkit-animation: moveFromTopFade .7s ease both;
animation: moveFromTopFade .7s ease both;
}
.pt-page-moveToBottomFade {
-webkit-animation: moveToBottomFade .7s ease both;
animation: moveToBottomFade .7s ease both;
}
.pt-page-moveFromBottomFade {
-webkit-animation: moveFromBottomFade .7s ease both;
animation: moveFromBottomFade .7s ease both;
}
/* move to with different easing */
.pt-page-moveToLeftEasing {
-webkit-animation: moveToLeft .7s ease-in-out both;
animation: moveToLeft .7s ease-in-out both;
}
.pt-page-moveToRightEasing {
-webkit-animation: moveToRight .7s ease-in-out both;
animation: moveToRight .7s ease-in-out both;
}
.pt-page-moveToTopEasing {
-webkit-animation: moveToTop .7s ease-in-out both;
animation: moveToTop .7s ease-in-out both;
}
.pt-page-moveToBottomEasing {
-webkit-animation: moveToBottom .7s ease-in-out both;
animation: moveToBottom .7s ease-in-out both;
}
/********************************* keyframes **************************************/
/* move from / to */
@-webkit-keyframes moveToLeft {
from { }
to { -webkit-transform: translateX(-100%); }
}
@keyframes moveToLeft {
from { }
to { -webkit-transform: translateX(-100%); transform: translateX(-100%); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes moveFromLeft {
from { -webkit-transform: translateX(-100%); }
}
@keyframes moveFromLeft {
from { -webkit-transform: translateX(-100%); transform: translateX(-100%); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes moveToRight {
from { }
to { -webkit-transform: translateX(100%); }
}
@keyframes moveToRight {
from { }
to { -webkit-transform: translateX(100%); transform: translateX(100%); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes moveFromRight {
from { -webkit-transform: translateX(100%); }
}
@keyframes moveFromRight {
from { -webkit-transform: translateX(100%); transform: translateX(100%); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes moveToTop {
from { }
to { -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%); }
}
@keyframes moveToTop {
from { }
to { -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%); transform: translateY(-100%); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes moveFromTop {
from { -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%); }
}
@keyframes moveFromTop {
from { -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%); transform: translateY(-100%); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes moveToBottom {
from { }
to { -webkit-transform: translateY(100%); }
}
@keyframes moveToBottom {
from { }
to { -webkit-transform: translateY(100%); transform: translateY(100%); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes moveFromBottom {
from { -webkit-transform: translateY(100%); }
}
@keyframes moveFromBottom {
from { -webkit-transform: translateY(100%); transform: translateY(100%); }
}
/* fade */
@-webkit-keyframes fade {
from { }
to { opacity: 0.3; }
}
@keyframes fade {
from { }
to { opacity: 0.3; }
}
/* move from / to and fade */
@-webkit-keyframes moveToLeftFade {
from { }
to { opacity: 0.3; -webkit-transform: translateX(-100%); }
}
@keyframes moveToLeftFade {
from { }
to { opacity: 0.3; -webkit-transform: translateX(-100%); transform: translateX(-100%); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes moveFromLeftFade {
from { opacity: 0.3; -webkit-transform: translateX(-100%); }
}
@keyframes moveFromLeftFade {
from { opacity: 0.3; -webkit-transform: translateX(-100%); transform: translateX(-100%); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes moveToRightFade {
from { }
to { opacity: 0.3; -webkit-transform: translateX(100%); }
}
@keyframes moveToRightFade {
from { }
to { opacity: 0.3; -webkit-transform: translateX(100%); transform: translateX(100%); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes moveFromRightFade {
from { opacity: 0.3; -webkit-transform: translateX(100%); }
}
@keyframes moveFromRightFade {
from { opacity: 0.3; -webkit-transform: translateX(100%); transform: translateX(100%); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes moveToTopFade {
from { }
to { opacity: 0.3; -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%); }
}
@keyframes moveToTopFade {
from { }
to { opacity: 0.3; -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%); transform: translateY(-100%); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes moveFromTopFade {
from { opacity: 0.3; -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%); }
}
@keyframes moveFromTopFade {
from { opacity: 0.3; -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%); transform: translateY(-100%); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes moveToBottomFade {
from { }
to { opacity: 0.3; -webkit-transform: translateY(100%); }
}
@keyframes moveToBottomFade {
from { }
to { opacity: 0.3; -webkit-transform: translateY(100%); transform: translateY(100%); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes moveFromBottomFade {
from { opacity: 0.3; -webkit-transform: translateY(100%); }
}
@keyframes moveFromBottomFade {
from { opacity: 0.3; -webkit-transform: translateY(100%); transform: translateY(100%); }
}
/* scale and fade */
.pt-page-scaleDown {
-webkit-animation: scaleDown .7s ease both;
animation: scaleDown .7s ease both;
}
.pt-page-scaleUp {
-webkit-animation: scaleUp .7s ease both;
animation: scaleUp .7s ease both;
}
.pt-page-scaleUpDown {
-webkit-animation: scaleUpDown .5s ease both;
animation: scaleUpDown .5s ease both;
}
.pt-page-scaleDownUp {
-webkit-animation: scaleDownUp .5s ease both;
animation: scaleDownUp .5s ease both;
}
.pt-page-scaleDownCenter {
-webkit-animation: scaleDownCenter .4s ease-in both;
animation: scaleDownCenter .4s ease-in both;
}
.pt-page-scaleUpCenter {
-webkit-animation: scaleUpCenter .4s ease-out both;
animation: scaleUpCenter .4s ease-out both;
}
/********************************* keyframes **************************************/
/* scale and fade */
@-webkit-keyframes scaleDown {
from { }
to { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: scale(.8); }
}
@keyframes scaleDown {
from { }
to { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: scale(.8); transform: scale(.8); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes scaleUp {
from { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: scale(.8); }
}
@keyframes scaleUp {
from { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: scale(.8); transform: scale(.8); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes scaleUpDown {
from { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: scale(1.2); }
}
@keyframes scaleUpDown {
from { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: scale(1.2); transform: scale(1.2); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes scaleDownUp {
from { }
to { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: scale(1.2); }
}
@keyframes scaleDownUp {
from { }
to { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: scale(1.2); transform: scale(1.2); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes scaleDownCenter {
from { }
to { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: scale(.7); }
}
@keyframes scaleDownCenter {
from { }
to { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: scale(.7); transform: scale(.7); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes scaleUpCenter {
from { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: scale(.7); }
}
@keyframes scaleUpCenter {
from { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: scale(.7); transform: scale(.7); }
}
/* rotate sides first and scale */
.pt-page-rotateRightSideFirst {
-webkit-transform-origin: 0% 50%;
transform-origin: 0% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotateRightSideFirst .8s both ease-in;
animation: rotateRightSideFirst .8s both ease-in;
}
.pt-page-rotateLeftSideFirst {
-webkit-transform-origin: 100% 50%;
transform-origin: 100% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotateLeftSideFirst .8s both ease-in;
animation: rotateLeftSideFirst .8s both ease-in;
}
.pt-page-rotateTopSideFirst {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 100%;
transform-origin: 50% 100%;
-webkit-animation: rotateTopSideFirst .8s both ease-in;
animation: rotateTopSideFirst .8s both ease-in;
}
.pt-page-rotateBottomSideFirst {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 0%;
transform-origin: 50% 0%;
-webkit-animation: rotateBottomSideFirst .8s both ease-in;
animation: rotateBottomSideFirst .8s both ease-in;
}
/* flip */
.pt-page-flipOutRight {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 50%;
transform-origin: 50% 50%;
-webkit-animation: flipOutRight .5s both ease-in;
animation: flipOutRight .5s both ease-in;
}
.pt-page-flipInLeft {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 50%;
transform-origin: 50% 50%;
-webkit-animation: flipInLeft .5s both ease-out;
animation: flipInLeft .5s both ease-out;
}
.pt-page-flipOutLeft {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 50%;
transform-origin: 50% 50%;
-webkit-animation: flipOutLeft .5s both ease-in;
animation: flipOutLeft .5s both ease-in;
}
.pt-page-flipInRight {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 50%;
transform-origin: 50% 50%;
-webkit-animation: flipInRight .5s both ease-out;
animation: flipInRight .5s both ease-out;
}
.pt-page-flipOutTop {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 50%;
transform-origin: 50% 50%;
-webkit-animation: flipOutTop .5s both ease-in;
animation: flipOutTop .5s both ease-in;
}
.pt-page-flipInBottom {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 50%;
transform-origin: 50% 50%;
-webkit-animation: flipInBottom .5s both ease-out;
animation: flipInBottom .5s both ease-out;
}
.pt-page-flipOutBottom {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 50%;
transform-origin: 50% 50%;
-webkit-animation: flipOutBottom .5s both ease-in;
animation: flipOutBottom .5s both ease-in;
}
.pt-page-flipInTop {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 50%;
transform-origin: 50% 50%;
-webkit-animation: flipInTop .5s both ease-out;
animation: flipInTop .5s both ease-out;
}
/* rotate fall */
.pt-page-rotateFall {
-webkit-transform-origin: 0% 0%;
transform-origin: 0% 0%;
-webkit-animation: rotateFall 1s both ease-in;
animation: rotateFall 1s both ease-in;
}
/* rotate newspaper */
.pt-page-rotateOutNewspaper {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 50%;
transform-origin: 50% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotateOutNewspaper .5s both ease-in;
animation: rotateOutNewspaper .5s both ease-in;
}
.pt-page-rotateInNewspaper {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 50%;
transform-origin: 50% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotateInNewspaper .5s both ease-out;
animation: rotateInNewspaper .5s both ease-out;
}
/* push */
.pt-page-rotatePushLeft {
-webkit-transform-origin: 0% 50%;
transform-origin: 0% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotatePushLeft .8s both ease;
animation: rotatePushLeft .8s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotatePushRight {
-webkit-transform-origin: 100% 50%;
transform-origin: 100% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotatePushRight .8s both ease;
animation: rotatePushRight .8s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotatePushTop {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 0%;
transform-origin: 50% 0%;
-webkit-animation: rotatePushTop .8s both ease;
animation: rotatePushTop .8s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotatePushBottom {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 100%;
transform-origin: 50% 100%;
-webkit-animation: rotatePushBottom .8s both ease;
animation: rotatePushBottom .8s both ease;
}
/* pull */
.pt-page-rotatePullRight {
-webkit-transform-origin: 100% 50%;
transform-origin: 100% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotatePullRight .5s both ease;
animation: rotatePullRight .5s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotatePullLeft {
-webkit-transform-origin: 0% 50%;
transform-origin: 0% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotatePullLeft .5s both ease;
animation: rotatePullLeft .5s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotatePullTop {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 0%;
transform-origin: 50% 0%;
-webkit-animation: rotatePullTop .5s both ease;
animation: rotatePullTop .5s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotatePullBottom {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 100%;
transform-origin: 50% 100%;
-webkit-animation: rotatePullBottom .5s both ease;
animation: rotatePullBottom .5s both ease;
}
/* fold */
.pt-page-rotateFoldRight {
-webkit-transform-origin: 0% 50%;
transform-origin: 0% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotateFoldRight .7s both ease;
animation: rotateFoldRight .7s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotateFoldLeft {
-webkit-transform-origin: 100% 50%;
transform-origin: 100% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotateFoldLeft .7s both ease;
animation: rotateFoldLeft .7s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotateFoldTop {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 100%;
transform-origin: 50% 100%;
-webkit-animation: rotateFoldTop .7s both ease;
animation: rotateFoldTop .7s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotateFoldBottom {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 0%;
transform-origin: 50% 0%;
-webkit-animation: rotateFoldBottom .7s both ease;
animation: rotateFoldBottom .7s both ease;
}
/* unfold */
.pt-page-rotateUnfoldLeft {
-webkit-transform-origin: 100% 50%;
transform-origin: 100% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotateUnfoldLeft .7s both ease;
animation: rotateUnfoldLeft .7s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotateUnfoldRight {
-webkit-transform-origin: 0% 50%;
transform-origin: 0% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotateUnfoldRight .7s both ease;
animation: rotateUnfoldRight .7s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotateUnfoldTop {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 100%;
transform-origin: 50% 100%;
-webkit-animation: rotateUnfoldTop .7s both ease;
animation: rotateUnfoldTop .7s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotateUnfoldBottom {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 0%;
transform-origin: 50% 0%;
-webkit-animation: rotateUnfoldBottom .7s both ease;
animation: rotateUnfoldBottom .7s both ease;
}
/* room walls */
.pt-page-rotateRoomLeftOut {
-webkit-transform-origin: 100% 50%;
transform-origin: 100% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotateRoomLeftOut .8s both ease;
animation: rotateRoomLeftOut .8s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotateRoomLeftIn {
-webkit-transform-origin: 0% 50%;
transform-origin: 0% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotateRoomLeftIn .8s both ease;
animation: rotateRoomLeftIn .8s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotateRoomRightOut {
-webkit-transform-origin: 0% 50%;
transform-origin: 0% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotateRoomRightOut .8s both ease;
animation: rotateRoomRightOut .8s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotateRoomRightIn {
-webkit-transform-origin: 100% 50%;
transform-origin: 100% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotateRoomRightIn .8s both ease;
animation: rotateRoomRightIn .8s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotateRoomTopOut {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 100%;
transform-origin: 50% 100%;
-webkit-animation: rotateRoomTopOut .8s both ease;
animation: rotateRoomTopOut .8s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotateRoomTopIn {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 0%;
transform-origin: 50% 0%;
-webkit-animation: rotateRoomTopIn .8s both ease;
animation: rotateRoomTopIn .8s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotateRoomBottomOut {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 0%;
transform-origin: 50% 0%;
-webkit-animation: rotateRoomBottomOut .8s both ease;
animation: rotateRoomBottomOut .8s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotateRoomBottomIn {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 100%;
transform-origin: 50% 100%;
-webkit-animation: rotateRoomBottomIn .8s both ease;
animation: rotateRoomBottomIn .8s both ease;
}
/* cube */
.pt-page-rotateCubeLeftOut {
-webkit-transform-origin: 100% 50%;
transform-origin: 100% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotateCubeLeftOut .6s both ease-in;
animation: rotateCubeLeftOut .6s both ease-in;
}
.pt-page-rotateCubeLeftIn {
-webkit-transform-origin: 0% 50%;
transform-origin: 0% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotateCubeLeftIn .6s both ease-in;
animation: rotateCubeLeftIn .6s both ease-in;
}
.pt-page-rotateCubeRightOut {
-webkit-transform-origin: 0% 50%;
transform-origin: 0% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotateCubeRightOut .6s both ease-in;
animation: rotateCubeRightOut .6s both ease-in;
}
.pt-page-rotateCubeRightIn {
-webkit-transform-origin: 100% 50%;
transform-origin: 100% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotateCubeRightIn .6s both ease-in;
animation: rotateCubeRightIn .6s both ease-in;
}
.pt-page-rotateCubeTopOut {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 100%;
transform-origin: 50% 100%;
-webkit-animation: rotateCubeTopOut .6s both ease-in;
animation: rotateCubeTopOut .6s both ease-in;
}
.pt-page-rotateCubeTopIn {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 0%;
transform-origin: 50% 0%;
-webkit-animation: rotateCubeTopIn .6s both ease-in;
animation: rotateCubeTopIn .6s both ease-in;
}
.pt-page-rotateCubeBottomOut {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 0%;
transform-origin: 50% 0%;
-webkit-animation: rotateCubeBottomOut .6s both ease-in;
animation: rotateCubeBottomOut .6s both ease-in;
}
.pt-page-rotateCubeBottomIn {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 100%;
transform-origin: 50% 100%;
-webkit-animation: rotateCubeBottomIn .6s both ease-in;
animation: rotateCubeBottomIn .6s both ease-in;
}
/* carousel */
.pt-page-rotateCarouselLeftOut {
-webkit-transform-origin: 100% 50%;
transform-origin: 100% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotateCarouselLeftOut .8s both ease;
animation: rotateCarouselLeftOut .8s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotateCarouselLeftIn {
-webkit-transform-origin: 0% 50%;
transform-origin: 0% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotateCarouselLeftIn .8s both ease;
animation: rotateCarouselLeftIn .8s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotateCarouselRightOut {
-webkit-transform-origin: 0% 50%;
transform-origin: 0% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotateCarouselRightOut .8s both ease;
animation: rotateCarouselRightOut .8s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotateCarouselRightIn {
-webkit-transform-origin: 100% 50%;
transform-origin: 100% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotateCarouselRightIn .8s both ease;
animation: rotateCarouselRightIn .8s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotateCarouselTopOut {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 100%;
transform-origin: 50% 100%;
-webkit-animation: rotateCarouselTopOut .8s both ease;
animation: rotateCarouselTopOut .8s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotateCarouselTopIn {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 0%;
transform-origin: 50% 0%;
-webkit-animation: rotateCarouselTopIn .8s both ease;
animation: rotateCarouselTopIn .8s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotateCarouselBottomOut {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 0%;
transform-origin: 50% 0%;
-webkit-animation: rotateCarouselBottomOut .8s both ease;
animation: rotateCarouselBottomOut .8s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotateCarouselBottomIn {
-webkit-transform-origin: 50% 100%;
transform-origin: 50% 100%;
-webkit-animation: rotateCarouselBottomIn .8s both ease;
animation: rotateCarouselBottomIn .8s both ease;
}
/* sides */
.pt-page-rotateSidesOut {
-webkit-transform-origin: -50% 50%;
transform-origin: -50% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotateSidesOut .5s both ease-in;
animation: rotateSidesOut .5s both ease-in;
}
.pt-page-rotateSidesIn {
-webkit-transform-origin: 150% 50%;
transform-origin: 150% 50%;
-webkit-animation: rotateSidesIn .5s both ease-out;
animation: rotateSidesIn .5s both ease-out;
}
/* slide */
.pt-page-rotateSlideOut {
-webkit-animation: rotateSlideOut 1s both ease;
animation: rotateSlideOut 1s both ease;
}
.pt-page-rotateSlideIn {
-webkit-animation: rotateSlideIn 1s both ease;
animation: rotateSlideIn 1s both ease;
}
/********************************* keyframes **************************************/
/* rotate sides first and scale */
@-webkit-keyframes rotateRightSideFirst {
0% { }
40% { -webkit-transform: rotateY(15deg); opacity: .8; -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; }
100% { -webkit-transform: scale(0.8) translateZ(-200px); opacity:0; }
}
@keyframes rotateRightSideFirst {
0% { }
40% { -webkit-transform: rotateY(15deg); transform: rotateY(15deg); opacity: .8; -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; animation-timing-function: ease-out; }
100% { -webkit-transform: scale(0.8) translateZ(-200px); transform: scale(0.8) translateZ(-200px); opacity:0; }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateLeftSideFirst {
0% { }
40% { -webkit-transform: rotateY(-15deg); opacity: .8; -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; }
100% { -webkit-transform: scale(0.8) translateZ(-200px); opacity:0; }
}
@keyframes rotateLeftSideFirst {
0% { }
40% { -webkit-transform: rotateY(-15deg); transform: rotateY(-15deg); opacity: .8; -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; animation-timing-function: ease-out; }
100% { -webkit-transform: scale(0.8) translateZ(-200px); transform: scale(0.8) translateZ(-200px); opacity:0; }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateTopSideFirst {
0% { }
40% { -webkit-transform: rotateX(15deg); opacity: .8; -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; }
100% { -webkit-transform: scale(0.8) translateZ(-200px); opacity:0; }
}
@keyframes rotateTopSideFirst {
0% { }
40% { -webkit-transform: rotateX(15deg); transform: rotateX(15deg); opacity: .8; -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; animation-timing-function: ease-out; }
100% { -webkit-transform: scale(0.8) translateZ(-200px); transform: scale(0.8) translateZ(-200px); opacity:0; }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateBottomSideFirst {
0% { }
40% { -webkit-transform: rotateX(-15deg); opacity: .8; -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; }
100% { -webkit-transform: scale(0.8) translateZ(-200px); opacity:0; }
}
@keyframes rotateBottomSideFirst {
0% { }
40% { -webkit-transform: rotateX(-15deg); transform: rotateX(-15deg); opacity: .8; -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; animation-timing-function: ease-out; }
100% { -webkit-transform: scale(0.8) translateZ(-200px); transform: scale(0.8) translateZ(-200px); opacity:0; }
}
/* flip */
@-webkit-keyframes flipOutRight {
from { }
to { -webkit-transform: translateZ(-1000px) rotateY(90deg); opacity: 0.2; }
}
@keyframes flipOutRight {
from { }
to { -webkit-transform: translateZ(-1000px) rotateY(90deg); transform: translateZ(-1000px) rotateY(90deg); opacity: 0.2; }
}
@-webkit-keyframes flipInLeft {
from { -webkit-transform: translateZ(-1000px) rotateY(-90deg); opacity: 0.2; }
}
@keyframes flipInLeft {
from { -webkit-transform: translateZ(-1000px) rotateY(-90deg); transform: translateZ(-1000px) rotateY(-90deg); opacity: 0.2; }
}
@-webkit-keyframes flipOutLeft {
from { }
to { -webkit-transform: translateZ(-1000px) rotateY(-90deg); opacity: 0.2; }
}
@keyframes flipOutLeft {
from { }
to { -webkit-transform: translateZ(-1000px) rotateY(-90deg); transform: translateZ(-1000px) rotateY(-90deg); opacity: 0.2; }
}
@-webkit-keyframes flipInRight {
from { -webkit-transform: translateZ(-1000px) rotateY(90deg); opacity: 0.2; }
}
@keyframes flipInRight {
from { -webkit-transform: translateZ(-1000px) rotateY(90deg); transform: translateZ(-1000px) rotateY(90deg); opacity: 0.2; }
}
@-webkit-keyframes flipOutTop {
from { }
to { -webkit-transform: translateZ(-1000px) rotateX(90deg); opacity: 0.2; }
}
@keyframes flipOutTop {
from { }
to { -webkit-transform: translateZ(-1000px) rotateX(90deg); transform: translateZ(-1000px) rotateX(90deg); opacity: 0.2; }
}
@-webkit-keyframes flipInBottom {
from { -webkit-transform: translateZ(-1000px) rotateX(-90deg); opacity: 0.2; }
}
@keyframes flipInBottom {
from { -webkit-transform: translateZ(-1000px) rotateX(-90deg); transform: translateZ(-1000px) rotateX(-90deg); opacity: 0.2; }
}
@-webkit-keyframes flipOutBottom {
from { }
to { -webkit-transform: translateZ(-1000px) rotateX(-90deg); opacity: 0.2; }
}
@keyframes flipOutBottom {
from { }
to { -webkit-transform: translateZ(-1000px) rotateX(-90deg); transform: translateZ(-1000px) rotateX(-90deg); opacity: 0.2; }
}
@-webkit-keyframes flipInTop {
from { -webkit-transform: translateZ(-1000px) rotateX(90deg); opacity: 0.2; }
}
@keyframes flipInTop {
from { -webkit-transform: translateZ(-1000px) rotateX(90deg); transform: translateZ(-1000px) rotateX(90deg); opacity: 0.2; }
}
/* fall */
@-webkit-keyframes rotateFall {
0% { -webkit-transform: rotateZ(0deg); }
20% { -webkit-transform: rotateZ(10deg); -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; }
40% { -webkit-transform: rotateZ(17deg); }
60% { -webkit-transform: rotateZ(16deg); }
100% { -webkit-transform: translateY(100%) rotateZ(17deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateFall {
0% { -webkit-transform: rotateZ(0deg); transform: rotateZ(0deg); }
20% { -webkit-transform: rotateZ(10deg); transform: rotateZ(10deg); -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; animation-timing-function: ease-out; }
40% { -webkit-transform: rotateZ(17deg); transform: rotateZ(17deg); }
60% { -webkit-transform: rotateZ(16deg); transform: rotateZ(16deg); }
100% { -webkit-transform: translateY(100%) rotateZ(17deg); transform: translateY(100%) rotateZ(17deg); }
}
/* newspaper */
@-webkit-keyframes rotateOutNewspaper {
from { }
to { -webkit-transform: translateZ(-3000px) rotateZ(360deg); opacity: 0; }
}
@keyframes rotateOutNewspaper {
from { }
to { -webkit-transform: translateZ(-3000px) rotateZ(360deg); transform: translateZ(-3000px) rotateZ(360deg); opacity: 0; }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateInNewspaper {
from { -webkit-transform: translateZ(-3000px) rotateZ(-360deg); opacity: 0; }
}
@keyframes rotateInNewspaper {
from { -webkit-transform: translateZ(-3000px) rotateZ(-360deg); transform: translateZ(-3000px) rotateZ(-360deg); opacity: 0; }
}
/* push */
@-webkit-keyframes rotatePushLeft {
from { }
to { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: rotateY(90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotatePushLeft {
from { }
to { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: rotateY(90deg); transform: rotateY(90deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotatePushRight {
from { }
to { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: rotateY(-90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotatePushRight {
from { }
to { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: rotateY(-90deg); transform: rotateY(-90deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotatePushTop {
from { }
to { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: rotateX(-90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotatePushTop {
from { }
to { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: rotateX(-90deg); transform: rotateX(-90deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotatePushBottom {
from { }
to { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: rotateX(90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotatePushBottom {
from { }
to { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: rotateX(90deg); transform: rotateX(90deg); }
}
/* pull */
@-webkit-keyframes rotatePullRight {
from { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: rotateY(-90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotatePullRight {
from { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: rotateY(-90deg); transform: rotateY(-90deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotatePullLeft {
from { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: rotateY(90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotatePullLeft {
from { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: rotateY(90deg); transform: rotateY(90deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotatePullTop {
from { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: rotateX(-90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotatePullTop {
from { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: rotateX(-90deg); transform: rotateX(-90deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotatePullBottom {
from { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: rotateX(90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotatePullBottom {
from { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: rotateX(90deg); transform: rotateX(90deg); }
}
/* fold */
@-webkit-keyframes rotateFoldRight {
from { }
to { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateX(100%) rotateY(90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateFoldRight {
from { }
to { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateX(100%) rotateY(90deg); transform: translateX(100%) rotateY(90deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateFoldLeft {
from { }
to { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateX(-100%) rotateY(-90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateFoldLeft {
from { }
to { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateX(-100%) rotateY(-90deg); transform: translateX(-100%) rotateY(-90deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateFoldTop {
from { }
to { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%) rotateX(90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateFoldTop {
from { }
to { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%) rotateX(90deg); transform: translateY(-100%) rotateX(90deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateFoldBottom {
from { }
to { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateY(100%) rotateX(-90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateFoldBottom {
from { }
to { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateY(100%) rotateX(-90deg); transform: translateY(100%) rotateX(-90deg); }
}
/* unfold */
@-webkit-keyframes rotateUnfoldLeft {
from { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateX(-100%) rotateY(-90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateUnfoldLeft {
from { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateX(-100%) rotateY(-90deg); transform: translateX(-100%) rotateY(-90deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateUnfoldRight {
from { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateX(100%) rotateY(90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateUnfoldRight {
from { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateX(100%) rotateY(90deg); transform: translateX(100%) rotateY(90deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateUnfoldTop {
from { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%) rotateX(90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateUnfoldTop {
from { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%) rotateX(90deg); transform: translateY(-100%) rotateX(90deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateUnfoldBottom {
from { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateY(100%) rotateX(-90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateUnfoldBottom {
from { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateY(100%) rotateX(-90deg); transform: translateY(100%) rotateX(-90deg); }
}
/* room walls */
@-webkit-keyframes rotateRoomLeftOut {
from { }
to { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateX(-100%) rotateY(90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateRoomLeftOut {
from { }
to { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateX(-100%) rotateY(90deg); transform: translateX(-100%) rotateY(90deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateRoomLeftIn {
from { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateX(100%) rotateY(-90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateRoomLeftIn {
from { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateX(100%) rotateY(-90deg); transform: translateX(100%) rotateY(-90deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateRoomRightOut {
from { }
to { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateX(100%) rotateY(-90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateRoomRightOut {
from { }
to { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateX(100%) rotateY(-90deg); transform: translateX(100%) rotateY(-90deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateRoomRightIn {
from { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateX(-100%) rotateY(90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateRoomRightIn {
from { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateX(-100%) rotateY(90deg); transform: translateX(-100%) rotateY(90deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateRoomTopOut {
from { }
to { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%) rotateX(-90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateRoomTopOut {
from { }
to { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%) rotateX(-90deg); transform: translateY(-100%) rotateX(-90deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateRoomTopIn {
from { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateY(100%) rotateX(90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateRoomTopIn {
from { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateY(100%) rotateX(90deg); transform: translateY(100%) rotateX(90deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateRoomBottomOut {
from { }
to { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateY(100%) rotateX(90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateRoomBottomOut {
from { }
to { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateY(100%) rotateX(90deg); transform: translateY(100%) rotateX(90deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateRoomBottomIn {
from { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%) rotateX(-90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateRoomBottomIn {
from { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%) rotateX(-90deg); transform: translateY(-100%) rotateX(-90deg); }
}
/* cube */
@-webkit-keyframes rotateCubeLeftOut {
0% { }
50% { -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; -webkit-transform: translateX(-50%) translateZ(-200px) rotateY(-45deg); }
100% { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateX(-100%) rotateY(-90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateCubeLeftOut {
0% { }
50% { -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; animation-timing-function: ease-out; -webkit-transform: translateX(-50%) translateZ(-200px) rotateY(-45deg); transform: translateX(-50%) translateZ(-200px) rotateY(-45deg); }
100% { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateX(-100%) rotateY(-90deg); transform: translateX(-100%) rotateY(-90deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateCubeLeftIn {
0% { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateX(100%) rotateY(90deg); }
50% { -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; -webkit-transform: translateX(50%) translateZ(-200px) rotateY(45deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateCubeLeftIn {
0% { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateX(100%) rotateY(90deg); transform: translateX(100%) rotateY(90deg); }
50% { -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; animation-timing-function: ease-out; -webkit-transform: translateX(50%) translateZ(-200px) rotateY(45deg); transform: translateX(50%) translateZ(-200px) rotateY(45deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateCubeRightOut {
0% { }
50% { -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; -webkit-transform: translateX(50%) translateZ(-200px) rotateY(45deg); }
100% { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateX(100%) rotateY(90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateCubeRightOut {
0% { }
50% { -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; animation-timing-function: ease-out; -webkit-transform: translateX(50%) translateZ(-200px) rotateY(45deg); transform: translateX(50%) translateZ(-200px) rotateY(45deg); }
100% { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateX(100%) rotateY(90deg); transform: translateX(100%) rotateY(90deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateCubeRightIn {
0% { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateX(-100%) rotateY(-90deg); }
50% { -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; -webkit-transform: translateX(-50%) translateZ(-200px) rotateY(-45deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateCubeRightIn {
0% { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateX(-100%) rotateY(-90deg); transform: translateX(-100%) rotateY(-90deg); }
50% { -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; animation-timing-function: ease-out; -webkit-transform: translateX(-50%) translateZ(-200px) rotateY(-45deg); transform: translateX(-50%) translateZ(-200px) rotateY(-45deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateCubeTopOut {
0% { }
50% { -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%) translateZ(-200px) rotateX(45deg); }
100% { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%) rotateX(90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateCubeTopOut {
0% {}
50% { -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; animation-timing-function: ease-out; -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%) translateZ(-200px) rotateX(45deg); transform: translateY(-50%) translateZ(-200px) rotateX(45deg); }
100% { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%) rotateX(90deg); transform: translateY(-100%) rotateX(90deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateCubeTopIn {
0% { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateY(100%) rotateX(-90deg); }
50% { -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; -webkit-transform: translateY(50%) translateZ(-200px) rotateX(-45deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateCubeTopIn {
0% { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateY(100%) rotateX(-90deg); transform: translateY(100%) rotateX(-90deg); }
50% { -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; animation-timing-function: ease-out; -webkit-transform: translateY(50%) translateZ(-200px) rotateX(-45deg); transform: translateY(50%) translateZ(-200px) rotateX(-45deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateCubeBottomOut {
0% { }
50% { -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; -webkit-transform: translateY(50%) translateZ(-200px) rotateX(-45deg); }
100% { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateY(100%) rotateX(-90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateCubeBottomOut {
0% { }
50% { -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; animation-timing-function: ease-out; -webkit-transform: translateY(50%) translateZ(-200px) rotateX(-45deg); transform: translateY(50%) translateZ(-200px) rotateX(-45deg); }
100% { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateY(100%) rotateX(-90deg); transform: translateY(100%) rotateX(-90deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateCubeBottomIn {
0% { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%) rotateX(90deg); }
50% { -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%) translateZ(-200px) rotateX(45deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateCubeBottomIn {
0% { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%) rotateX(90deg); transform: translateY(-100%) rotateX(90deg); }
50% { -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; animation-timing-function: ease-out; -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%) translateZ(-200px) rotateX(45deg); transform: translateY(-50%) translateZ(-200px) rotateX(45deg); }
}
/* carousel */
@-webkit-keyframes rotateCarouselLeftOut {
from { }
to { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateX(-150%) scale(.4) rotateY(-65deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateCarouselLeftOut {
from { }
to { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateX(-150%) scale(.4) rotateY(-65deg); transform: translateX(-150%) scale(.4) rotateY(-65deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateCarouselLeftIn {
from { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateX(200%) scale(.4) rotateY(65deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateCarouselLeftIn {
from { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateX(200%) scale(.4) rotateY(65deg); transform: translateX(200%) scale(.4) rotateY(65deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateCarouselRightOut {
from { }
to { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateX(200%) scale(.4) rotateY(65deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateCarouselRightOut {
from { }
to { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateX(200%) scale(.4) rotateY(65deg); transform: translateX(200%) scale(.4) rotateY(65deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateCarouselRightIn {
from { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateX(-200%) scale(.4) rotateY(-65deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateCarouselRightIn {
from { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateX(-200%) scale(.4) rotateY(-65deg); transform: translateX(-200%) scale(.4) rotateY(-65deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateCarouselTopOut {
from { }
to { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateY(-200%) scale(.4) rotateX(65deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateCarouselTopOut {
from { }
to { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateY(-200%) scale(.4) rotateX(65deg); transform: translateY(-200%) scale(.4) rotateX(65deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateCarouselTopIn {
from { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateY(200%) scale(.4) rotateX(-65deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateCarouselTopIn {
from { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateY(200%) scale(.4) rotateX(-65deg); transform: translateY(200%) scale(.4) rotateX(-65deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateCarouselBottomOut {
from { }
to { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateY(200%) scale(.4) rotateX(-65deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateCarouselBottomOut {
from { }
to { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateY(200%) scale(.4) rotateX(-65deg); transform: translateY(200%) scale(.4) rotateX(-65deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateCarouselBottomIn {
from { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateY(-200%) scale(.4) rotateX(65deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateCarouselBottomIn {
from { opacity: .3; -webkit-transform: translateY(-200%) scale(.4) rotateX(65deg); transform: translateY(-200%) scale(.4) rotateX(65deg); }
}
/* sides */
@-webkit-keyframes rotateSidesOut {
from { }
to { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateZ(-500px) rotateY(90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateSidesOut {
from { }
to { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateZ(-500px) rotateY(90deg); transform: translateZ(-500px) rotateY(90deg); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateSidesIn {
from { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateZ(-500px) rotateY(-90deg); }
}
@keyframes rotateSidesIn {
from { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateZ(-500px) rotateY(-90deg); transform: translateZ(-500px) rotateY(-90deg); }
}
/* slide */
@-webkit-keyframes rotateSlideOut {
0% { }
25% { opacity: .5; -webkit-transform: translateZ(-500px); }
75% { opacity: .5; -webkit-transform: translateZ(-500px) translateX(-200%); }
100% { opacity: .5; -webkit-transform: translateZ(-500px) translateX(-200%); }
}
@keyframes rotateSlideOut {
0% { }
25% { opacity: .5; -webkit-transform: translateZ(-500px); transform: translateZ(-500px); }
75% { opacity: .5; -webkit-transform: translateZ(-500px) translateX(-200%); transform: translateZ(-500px) translateX(-200%); }
100% { opacity: .5; -webkit-transform: translateZ(-500px) translateX(-200%); transform: translateZ(-500px) translateX(-200%); }
}
@-webkit-keyframes rotateSlideIn {
0%, 25% { opacity: .5; -webkit-transform: translateZ(-500px) translateX(200%); }
75% { opacity: .5; -webkit-transform: translateZ(-500px); }
100% { opacity: 1; -webkit-transform: translateZ(0) translateX(0); }
}
@keyframes rotateSlideIn {
0%, 25% { opacity: .5; -webkit-transform: translateZ(-500px) translateX(200%); transform: translateZ(-500px) translateX(200%); }
75% { opacity: .5; -webkit-transform: translateZ(-500px); transform: translateZ(-500px); }
100% { opacity: 1; -webkit-transform: translateZ(0) translateX(0); transform: translateZ(0) translateX(0); }
}
/* animation delay classes */
.pt-page-delay100 {
-webkit-animation-delay: .1s;
animation-delay: .1s;
}
.pt-page-delay180 {
-webkit-animation-delay: .180s;
animation-delay: .180s;
}
.pt-page-delay200 {
-webkit-animation-delay: .2s;
animation-delay: .2s;
}
.pt-page-delay300 {
-webkit-animation-delay: .3s;
animation-delay: .3s;
}
.pt-page-delay400 {
-webkit-animation-delay: .4s;
animation-delay: .4s;
}
.pt-page-delay500 {
-webkit-animation-delay: .5s;
animation-delay: .5s;
}
.pt-page-delay700 {
-webkit-animation-delay: .7s;
animation-delay: .7s;
}
.pt-page-delay1000 {
-webkit-animation-delay: 1s;
animation-delay: 1s;
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the hookup between multipurpose vehicles which may be either manned or unmanned and more particularly to such a hookup which may be but not necessarily for the purpose of refueling one of said air vehicles from the other.
2. Description of the Related Art
The capability of continuous operation of autonomous air vehicles (“UAVs”) is limited by their onboard fuel capacity. The desired capability for continuous operation 24 hours a day every day of the week of such air vehicles, which are limited by their fixed onboard fuel capacity raises a need to routinely air-refuel these vehicles. This in turn gives rise to the need for integrating a high precision navigation technology with an appropriately designed aerial refueling system which is compatible with the navigation system . . . A typical airborne refueling system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,326,052 issued Jul. 5, 1994 to Krispin et al. Such systems often employ hose and drogue connections between the fueling aircraft and the aircraft being fueled. To connect the hose to the drogue requires a control system such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,266,142 issued Jul. 24, 2001 to Junkins, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,326,052 issued Jul. 5, 1994 to Krispin et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,530,650 issued Jun. 25, 1996 to Biferno, et al.
The joining of two vehicles together far various purposes such as the joining of a manned aircraft with an unmanned aircraft for refueling requires a precision navigation system which is integrated with the refueling system. Prior art systems have shortcomings in that they fail to provide the combination of a precision navigation system with a precision refueling system with the accuracy and reliability to be desired. These shortcomings lie particularly in the design of the probe on the aircraft being refueled and the drogue on the refueling aircraft where the coupling between these elements and the reliable and firm retention of these two units to each other is essential for proper operation. In addition, when the probe is being brought into contact with the drogue, it is important that there be good control of the movement of the probe so that it does not improperly strike against either aircraft.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
[Spectral analysis of chromatin and its components in the vacuum ultraviolet region of the spectrum].
Electronic absorption spectra of thin films of chromatin and chromatin components in ultraviolet (140-280 nm) were investigated. The absorption coefficients mu (lambda) of chromatin, nucleosomes with and without histone H1, total histones (TH), DNA were compared. The spectra of nucleosomes and chromatin differ from summary spectra of DNA + TH. The lack of additivity of absorption coefficients at different wavelengths may be explained by different conformational changes of free DNA, TH and DNA, TH in nucleosomes and chromatin during the process of drying aqueous solutions for the preparations of thin films. The obtained mu (lambda) values are necessary for the estimation of the DNA and TH parts of absorption in chromatin and nucleosomes in the investigations of UV and VUV irradiation damages.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
[Career wishes and career worries of medical students--results of focus group interviews].
In addition to a prospective longitudinal study of career determinants in young physicians the aim of the present qualitative study was to gather information on 1. experiences by medical students during their clinical year, 2. their understanding of career, 3. their career desires and worries regarding the compatibility of profession and family, and 4. their wishes of career promotion. Twenty-two subjects from the initial sample of 377 students from the three medical schools in the German-speaking part of Switzerland in their senior year agreed to participate in focus groups. The interviews were structured by an interview guideline, the material was tape-recorded, transcribed, paraphrased, and categorised. 1. The experiences during the clinical year mainly brought a gain of practical skills. Female students were disillusioned by the daily routine at the hospital. 2. Career was associated with a poor quality of life. 3. Regarding career wishes male students showed more optimistic attitudes, while female students suppressed their career wishes in prospect of a spouse and/or family. Female and male students had rather traditional ideas about the compatibility of their profession and family. The only acceptable models were the so-called life cycle model (professional work - family phase - return to work for women) or a reduced professional engagement of the woman during the family phase. 4. The majority of the participants wanted some sort of career promotion, female students at the beginning, males rather in a later stage of their career. The results of the longitudinal study will show whether the assessments of the subjects in the focus groups will be confirmed during their further career.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
BLM Seeking Ways to Hide Major Transmission Line [AUDIO]
The U.S. Bureau of Land Management is looking for ways to hid a major transmission line project in southern Wyoming. Doug Randall reports that a Utah man, who robbed a bank in Cheyenne, has been sentenced. Click past the jump to listen to Wyoming Radio News.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
The public is invited to watch Sunday as a female bald eagle is returned to the wild along the Portland waterfront. The bird has been undergoing treatment and observation at the Audubon Society of Portland after suffering a head injury from getting tangled in a fishing line 10 days ago.
The rehabilitated eagle is scheduled to be released at 1 p.m. at Waterfront Park just south of the Hawthorne Bridge. But members of the public should check the Audubon Society's website on Sunday just in case officials deem Sunday's weather stormy enough to force a schedule change.
This particular eagle is notable because she is so large -- at 121/2 pounds, she is one of the larger eagles Audubon has treated -- and so feisty, said Audubon staff veterinarian Deb Sheaffer.
Based on the eagle's coloring, Sheaffer estimates the bird is 4 years old, or about a year from being a mature adult. The eagle most likely lives very near the site of the release, since Southwest Portland's stretch of the Willamette is a known home to eagles and she was discovered hunting there.
An Audubon Society rescue worker was on her way to try to help a merganser duck that had gotten badly tangled in fishing line in that part of the Willamette River on Feb. 10. But before she could get to the duck, the eagle spotted the prey and swooped in -- only to become entangled in the line.
Lacy Campbell, operations manager of the bird society's wildlife care center freed both birds and took them for medical care. The duck had to be euthanized, but the eagle was tended to and is ready to return to the wild.
To reach the release site, the public can enter the park on Southwest Jefferson Street in downtown Portland. Officials at Portland Audubon expressed gratitude to Portland Parks & Recreation for providing a release site near the eagle's home along the Willamette.
-- Betsy Hammond
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
The Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) standard for Digital Television (DTV) in the United States requires an 8-Vestigial Sideband (VSB) transmission system which includes Forward Error Correction (FEC) as a means of improving the system performance. The FEC system consists of a Reed-Solomon encoder, followed by a byte interleaver, and a trellis encoder on the transmitter side. At the receiver end, there is a corresponding trellis decoder, byte deinterleaver and Reed-Solomon decoder. The ATSC-DTV standard is document A53.doc, dated Sep. 16, 1995 produced by the United States Advanced Television Systems Committee. FIG. 1 shows a simplified block diagram of the DTV transmitter and receiver, emphasizing the FEC system.
The ATSC has started a study group to create a new M/H (mobile/handheld) DTV standard that is backwards compatible with the current DTV standard (A/53), more robust, more flexible, and provides expanded services to customers utilizing mobile and handheld devices. The new proposals have added a new layer of FEC coding and more powerful decoding algorithms to decrease the Threshold of Visibility (TOV).
The added layer of FEC coding requires decoding techniques such as turbo decoding discussed in an article by C. Berrou, A. Glavieux and P. Thitimajshima, entitled “Near Shannon Limit Error—Correcting Coding and Decoding: Turbo-Codes,” found in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications—ICC'93, May 23-26, 1993, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 1064-1070. A discussion of turbo coding can be found in the article by M. R. Soleymani, Y. Gao and U. Vilaipornsawai, entitled “Turbo Coding for Satellite and Wireless Communications,” Kluwer Academic Publishers, USA, 2002.
Decoding of signals encoded for ATSC DTV with an added FEC layer can also involve trellis decoding algorithms like maximum a posteriori (MAP) decoders as described by L. R. Bahl, K. Cocke, F. Jelinek and J. Rariv, in an article entitled “Optimal Decoding of Linear Codes for Minimizing Symbol Error Rate,” found in IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. IT-20, No. 2, March 19 74, pp. 284-287. Another discussion of trellis coders and a MAP decoder is found in an article written by A. J. Viterbi, entitled “An Intuitive Justification and a Simplified Implementation of the Map Decoder for Convolutional Codes,” found in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 16, No. 2, February 1998, pp. 260-264.
In addition, the FEC system may allow for transmission with time diversity as described by International Patent Applications WO 2008/144004 and 2009/064468. Time diversity may advantageously be used in digital communication systems to minimize the effect of error bursts due to various transmission channel conditions. Error bursts are typically caused by fading from a moving receiver, an obstacle, or electromagnetic interference. Although the proposed systems attempt to provide backwards compatibility with the current DTV standard, no other known system permit diversity within their coding structure.
This arrangement proposes a transmitter signaling scheme and receiver architecture for taking advantage of a time diversity system.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
<?php
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
return [
/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Default Cache Store
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| This option controls the default cache connection that gets used while
| using this caching library. This connection is used when another is
| not explicitly specified when executing a given caching function.
|
| Supported: "apc", "array", "database", "file",
| "memcached", "redis", "dynamodb"
|
*/
'default' => env('CACHE_DRIVER', 'file'),
/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Cache Stores
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| Here you may define all of the cache "stores" for your application as
| well as their drivers. You may even define multiple stores for the
| same cache driver to group types of items stored in your caches.
|
*/
'stores' => [
'apc' => [
'driver' => 'apc',
],
'array' => [
'driver' => 'array',
],
'database' => [
'driver' => 'database',
'table' => 'cache',
'connection' => null,
],
'file' => [
'driver' => 'file',
'path' => storage_path('framework/cache/data'),
],
'memcached' => [
'driver' => 'memcached',
'persistent_id' => env('MEMCACHED_PERSISTENT_ID'),
'sasl' => [
env('MEMCACHED_USERNAME'),
env('MEMCACHED_PASSWORD'),
],
'options' => [
// Memcached::OPT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT => 2000,
],
'servers' => [
[
'host' => env('MEMCACHED_HOST', '127.0.0.1'),
'port' => env('MEMCACHED_PORT', 11211),
'weight' => 100,
],
],
],
'redis' => [
'driver' => 'redis',
'connection' => 'cache',
],
'dynamodb' => [
'driver' => 'dynamodb',
'key' => env('AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID'),
'secret' => env('AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY'),
'region' => env('AWS_DEFAULT_REGION', 'us-east-1'),
'table' => env('DYNAMODB_CACHE_TABLE', 'cache'),
'endpoint' => env('DYNAMODB_ENDPOINT'),
],
],
/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Cache Key Prefix
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| When utilizing a RAM based store such as APC or Memcached, there might
| be other applications utilizing the same cache. So, we'll specify a
| value to get prefixed to all our keys so we can avoid collisions.
|
*/
'prefix' => env('CACHE_PREFIX', Str::slug(env('APP_NAME', 'laravel'), '_').'_cache'),
];
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
LS1Truck.com - Site Relatedhttp://www.ls1truck.com/forums/
Suggestions | CommentsenThu, 14 Dec 2017 00:32:39 GMTvBulletin60http://www.ls1truck.com/forums/images/misc/rss.pngLS1Truck.com - Site Relatedhttp://www.ls1truck.com/forums/
How do I fix this?!http://www.ls1truck.com/forums/site-related/48543-how-do-i-fix.html
Mon, 20 Nov 2017 16:13:07 GMTOn a lot of the threads I keep getting this by all of the photos? Do I need to do something to my account to fix this?Attachment 10084
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
PHPUnit Symfony Test Case error
I am new to Symfony, I have wrote small app now have to add unit tests, here is my controller:
<?php
namespace myBundle\Controller;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\JsonResponse;
use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\Controller;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RedirectResponse;
class IndexController extends AbstractController
{
/**
* @param \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request $request
* @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
*/
public function indexAction(Request $request)
{
if ($this->getRequest()->isMethod('POST')) {
// Do Something
}
// Do Something otherwise
}
}
My test:
class IndexControllerTest extends \PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase
{
protected $testController;
public function setUp()
{
$this->testController =
$this->getMockBuilder('myBundle\Controller\IndexController')
->disableOriginalConstructor()
->getMock();
}
public function testPostSaveActionWithBadRequest()
{
$expectation = 'Some text ';
$response = $this->testController->indexAction(new Request);
$this->assertInstanceOf(
'Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\JsonResponse',
$response
);
$content = json_decode($response->getContent());
$this->assertEquals($expectation, $content->error);
}
}
When I run this test I get following:
PHP Fatal error: Call to a member function get()
which is basically on following line
if ($this->getRequest()->isMethod('POST')) {
this tells me the container is null (I verified it by printing dump of the container).
any idea what am I missing here or is there a way to provide container as dependency for that test.
I really appreciate all the help.
thanks
FI
A:
You're trying to mock the class you're suppose to test:
$this->testController =
$this->getMockBuilder('myBundle\Controller\IndexController')
->disableOriginalConstructor()
->getMock();
You should actually instantiate the class you're testing, and mock or stub its collaborators.
However, in this particular scenario, instead of writing a unit test, write a functional test. There's a chapter on writing functional tests in Symfony docs that'll help you.
Your controller uses lots of framework classes (classes that don't belong to you), and you shouldn't mock them either. That's why functional tests are better in this case. Also, make sure you move as much code as possible out of your controller, so you can properly unit test that part (and write as little functional tests as possible).
In the meantime read some books on unit testing (in the following order):
TDD by Example
Growing Object-Oriented Software Guided by Tests
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Zunächst zwei Bewohner aus Afghanistan verletzt
Ein Zeuge, der gesehen hatte, wie der Afrikaner auf Bäume eingestochen hatte, lieferte den entscheidenden Hinweis. Denn auf den Schuhen des Verdächtigen fanden sich Blutspuren des erschlagenen Mannes aus Bangladesch. Der 26-Jährige war in derselben Unterkunft in St. Gabriel getötet worden, der der Taverdächtige am Dienstag verwiesen worden war. Er hatte zwei weitere Bewohner aus Afghanistan in dem Asylquartier mittels Faustschlägen verletzt. Alarmierte Polizisten erstatteten Anzeige wegen Körperverletzung und sprachen ein Betretungsverbot aus.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Greenwich High students hear from LGBTQ adults for diversity week
Jacob Griffith Gardner speaks beside fellow LGBT activists Bernie Kettle and Barbara Curry at the Stonewall Speakers presentation as part of Diversity Week at Greenwich High School in Greenwich, Conn. Monday, Feb. 27, 2017. Gardner, Kettle and Curry spoke about their lives in the LGBT community and paths to self-discovery and acceptance. less Jacob Griffith Gardner speaks beside fellow LGBT activists Bernie Kettle and Barbara Curry at the Stonewall Speakers presentation as part of Diversity Week at Greenwich High School in Greenwich, Conn. Monday, ... more Photo: Tyler Sizemore / Hearst Connecticut Media Photo: Tyler Sizemore / Hearst Connecticut Media Image 1 of / 15 Caption Close Greenwich High students hear from LGBTQ adults for diversity week 1 / 15 Back to Gallery
GREENWICH — Barbara Curry has an app on her phone that tells her where it is safe to pee. When she is not in Connecticut, she checks it before any trip to a public bathroom.
That’s because in many states, which door she chooses — men’s or women’s — could lead to her arrest.
“I’ve had to deal with a lot of situations where I walk into something not knowing what the risks are,” she said, “both professionally and individually.”
Curry is transgender. She presents as a tall, broad shouldered woman with shiny, brown hair.
On Monday, Curry was one of three guests invited to speak to Greenwich High students as part of the school’s Diversity Awareness Week.
Curry has been a member of the Connecticut-based LGBT activist group Stonewall Speakers for 20 years. She was joined by two other Stonewall Speakers, Stamford resident and business consultant Bernie Kettle and UConn student Jacob Griffith Gardner, both gay men, to share their stories, answer student questions and discuss the impact of the Trump administration on the LGBT community.
To an audience of more than 100, Curry, who was born male, explained that her identification as a woman was something innate.
“Since the day I was born and my parents were handed a baby boy, I wanted a second opinion," she said. “By the age of 5, I knew I was different but I didn't have a vocabulary; I had no way to tell people what it was about me that was different from everybody else."
As a young boy growing up in Fairfield, Conn., Curry wanted to wear dresses and regularly tried on her sister and mother’s clothing.
"Even time I did it, I had this moment of euphoria and then immediately would get a tidal wave of guilt and shame," she said.
Curry kept her gender questioning under wraps through high school and college, presenting as a “the most normative white straight guy that anybody could ever expect” until after she graduated.
In her 20s, Curry felt compelled to come out to a girl she was dating. In a three-hour conversation, struggling to find words to sum up what she had felt for so long, she explained she was a male who identified as female and was sexually attracted to women. Her date was accepting. The pair have been married for more than 35 years.
Curry said since that time, some things have gotten easier.
“I never thought I would have a U.S. court make a ruling that says I am entitled to use the bathroom of least astonishment," she said. "I didn’t think there would be executive orders from the White House saying transgender kids should be allowed to use the bathrooms they want.”
But some of the advances that the LGBT community has won are disappearing under the Trump presidency, she said.
Just last week, the President revoked Obama-era guidelines to public schools that let transgender students use the bathroom of their choice, leaving it up to states to decide whether students must use the bathroom matching the sex on their birth certificate.
Next month, the U.S. Supreme Court will hear the case of Gavin Grimm, a 17-year-old transgender student from Virginia who sued his school board for a policy that required students to use the bathroom that corresponds with their biological sex or a separate single-stall restroom.
“Change doesn’t necessarily have to be drastic, but it has to be justifiable and equal," said Curry.
At Greenwich High, students may use a bathroom of the gender they identify with, said Headmaster Chris Winters. The school also have single occupancy bathrooms for students wishing that accommodation.
The Stonewall Speakers, Curry, Griffith Gardner and Kettle, said that some of the hope they felt during the presidency of Barack Obama is now gone.
“The people who have been appointed to positions lately are people that stand very vehemently and strongly against our community and have pledged to do things like re-recognize on a federal level conversion therapy, which is basically ... a form of torture trying to break people down so much that they are OK with not recognizing a part of who they are," said Griffith Gardner. “That is something that our current Vice President supports. That’s something that takes a lot of hope away.”
Neither the Office of the Vice President nor the White House Press Corps responded for comment by press time.
The LGBT community battles hundreds of years of mistrust of “sexual variance” stemming back to the time when men were burned at the stake for sodomy, Griffith Gardner said.
Prejudice against gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and queer people finds its roots in history, he said.
Explaining his own journey with sexual orientation, Griffith Gardner emphasized the “sheer terror” he felt when coming out even to his best friend.
“I wasn’t comfortable coming out to them simply because of all of the negative things that have been said about the gay community around me," he said.
Griffith Gardner was assaulted three times during middle and high school in Madison, Conn., by students who called him a “faggot” for being gay. Last year at the Univeristy of Connecticut, he gave some male students a ride home from a party and when they arrived at their destination, they harassed him, hit his car and prevented him from driving away until Griffith Gardner called the police.
Griffith Gardener felt scared to leave his room for the next few days and when he eventually tried to go to class, the sight of cars gave him a panic attack that left him crying and unresponsive on the floor. He was hospitalized and took a semester-long leave of absence from the school, he said.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a nationally representative study of adolescents in grades seven to 12 found that lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth were more than twice as likely to have attempted suicide as their heterosexual peers.
Griffith Gardner said more than three quarters of his LGBT friends in high school had attempted self-harm.
Griffith Gardner, Curry and Kettle highlighted the importance of being an ally, a straight person supporting an LGBT person or community, for struggling LGBT people, particularly under the new administration.
“There is a lot of work to be done,” said Griffith Gardner. “It is something that requires the allies to help us get through it."
Monday’s panel of Stonewall Speakers was part of the school’s annual Diversity Awareness Week, which brings speakers and presentations surrounding the theme of inclusion to GHS.
Winters said the school has held Diversity Awareness Week for more than a decade.
“We have a mission to respect and celebrate our differences and to support an inclusive and tolerant environment,” he said. “Diversity Week challenges our thinking and assumptions. It makes us ask questions of ourselves and our school community. I believe it is an essential part of the GHS experience.“
Garfield Charles, English teacher and assistant dean for Cantor House, organized Diversity Awareness Week this year.
“Especially this year, in terms of everything that is happening around us, I think there is this need to really respect individuals around us and know that we each have a voice,” said Charles. “I think kids are recognizing the importance of that as a community.”
emunson@greenwichtime.com; Twitter: @emiliemunson
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Southern Health-Santé Sud is currently seeking 1 Family Physician to provide services at the Centre de santé Notre Dame Health Centre located in Notre Dame de Lourdes. The Family Physician would participate in the after-hour on-call schedule servicing the Notre Dame, St. Claude and Treherne facilities / communities. The after hour Obs on-call schedule is required. The Family Physician would be based in Notre Dame. This position is salaried and can be flexible to accommodate the candidates’ preference.
Many of the health services offered in the community of Notre Dame de Lourdes are available through the Centre Albert-Galliot and also features a new 10-bed acute care hospital with ER and Obstetric services, 60-bed personal care home and community health services including medical clinic, home care, public health and mental health. MB-Telehealth is also offered, providing teleconferencing for medical consults, meetings and education sessions.
Notre Dame de Lourdes is a charming bilingual community unlike any other in Manitoba and is situated in the scenic Pembina Hills approximately 130 km southwest of Winnipeg along highway 244.
Qualifications:
Proficiency of both official languages is essential (English/French)
Eligible for registration and licensure with the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Manitoba
To provide emergency coverage at any acute care centre that provides obstetrical services in the region you must have current ACLS, PALS and NRP certification
ATLS is recommended but not required
AIME is recommended but not required
Given the cultural diversity of our region, the ability to respect and promote a cultural diverse population is required
Demonstrated ability to meet the physical and mental demands of the job
Demonstrated ability to respect confidentiality including paper, electronic formats and other mediums
Good work and attendance record
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Halloween Hop
Monday, April 28, 2014
Spring has almost come to Central Pennsylvania. Despite Punxsutawney Phil and the calendar, it has decided to come late this year. . . and only every two days of the week. The
other five days, good ol’ spring takes a vacation, often giving us median temperatures of 40
degrees with lots and lots of rain. But during those two days, when the temperatures tease us and
rise to the dry 60s, the sights and sounds in our neighborhood reach resounding levels
recognizable even to the deafest ears. From every corner of the neighborhood, people scramble out like hibernating bears
leaving their caves as they double time to try to squeeze a month’s worth of
chores into 48 hours.
Outside, you can hear the
roar and chug of the lawn mowers as everyone hurries to cut and groom the
infant blades of grass to an even, precise height. Down the street, someone is
pulling a weighted roller behind his tractor, stomping down the young growth instead.
Across the street, Paul Bunyan has decided to raze two clumps of 30-year-old
birch trees and his chain saw makes an intermittent, but ear-shattering call-to-duty
noise.
On the lawn, the robins
chirp, the wrens chatter, the song sparrows attempt to sing while far off the
red-wing blackbirds stand guard in a high pine bough and complain about the
confusion below. Somewhere someone starts a motorcycle. It harmonizes with a
weed-eater—or is it a rototiller? Then the dogs join the ruckus. From the
corner lot, a dog barks and his calls are returned by two other howling
friends.
In the middle of the chaos,
the tree trimmers arrive to hack at the 40-year-old ash, maple and flowering
crab trees on our front lawn which have grown unruly and scraggly. Have you ever heard the racket of a wood
chipper and a chain saw together?
At least I know, when all the
work if finished, when shadows grow long and night falls, peace and silence
will reign again. And the only sounds you might be able to hear will be the
merry soft songs of spring peepers in nearby wetlands.
Monday, April 14, 2014
After many readers' requests for a sequel to RED FOX WOMAN, it will finally arrive in May. This time, the youngest Ashmore brother, Tydall, is featured. Below is the blurb from the back of the book. And of course, here is a sneak preview of the awesome cover!
Hired as the town's school teacher, Maria O'Donnell and her sister Abigail arrive in the Colorado Territory in 1875, only to find the uncle they were to stay with has been murdered.
Rancher Tye Ashmore is content with life until he meets quiet and beautiful Maria. He falls in love at first sight, but her reluctance to jeopardize her teaching position by accepting his marriage proposal only makes him more determined to make her part of his life.
When their lives are threatened by gunshots and a gunnysack of dangerous wildlife, Tye believes he is the target of an unknown enemy. Not until Maria receives written threats urging her to leave does she realize she may be the target instead of the handsome rancher.
With the help of Tye, Abigail, and a wily Indian called Two Bears, Maria works to uncover her uncle's killer and put aside her fears. But will she discover happiness and true love under Colorado's starry skies?
Friday, April 4, 2014
Lucas stood inside
Whitman’s Paper and Paint Store, surrounded by the pungent scents of vinyl
wallpaper, turpentine, and paint, and wondered how he had allowed himself to be
tricked into abandoning his work at the garage. Then he remembered it all had
come about with Elise’s urge to redo the bedroom at the farm for Todd. Actually, it had started
with her persistent wheedling about the bare kitchen cupboards and the need to
grocery shop. It had been an eye-opening experience in itself, and he finally
admitted to himself he had discovered how the phrase “shop till you drop” came
into existence. Woman pitted against marketable commodities. In less than
forty-five minutes, she had filled a grocery cart with more food than could
possibly fit into the cupboards and refrigerator and which barely fit into the
trunk of the Trans Am, now parked outside. Though he had to give
her credit, despite her unflagging obsession to use every minute to its
advantage, she was as competent and efficient at managing details as she had
professed. Over the past few days, she arranged to have the electricity at the
cottage turned on and already had a contractor on the job, replacing the
cottage’s slate roof. And lists. Lord, the woman could make lists. On anything.
From napkins to the margins of a candy wrapper.
However, nothing had
prepared him for Whitman’s Paint and Paper. It was like stepping onto another
planet.
“What are we looking for
again?” He watched her leaf through the pages of a pattern book with a speed
that defied logic. She was standing before a long rectangular table in the back
of the store with two dozen books piled haphazardly around her. Shelves
circling the room held hundreds more. “Blue dogs?”
“No, white wallpaper
with blue paw prints and with a corresponding blue border with dogs. I know it
exists, I just don’t know where.” Her eyes never left the book she was working
with. “It has to be in stock, too.”
“Run this by me again.
How do I tell if it’s in stock, and what shade of blue?” Lucas rubbed his
bleary eyes with the palms of his hands.
“Ah, French blue,
something like this.” She paused only long enough to point to a flower so small
the average person would need a magnifying glass. She flipped the page before
he had a chance to commit it to memory. “Don’t worry about the stock, the store
manager will check on it.”
Lucas scowled. Every
pattern had begun to look like the next, melting into a haze of swirling tones.
God, he needed an aspirin and a beer. If she kept this up, he’d be too dizzy to
eat the hundred pounds of food jammed into the trunk.
“Can’t we do this
tomorrow? I really need a break here.”
“No time,” she mumbled. “Pedmo
is coming on Monday.”
“Monday?” A little bell
of alarm went off in his head. “Since when?”
“Since the meeting. It
must have slipped my mind.” She never raised her head.
“Maybe we should get
someone to help us,” he suggested.
“I did.” She waved her
hand toward a circular table where a thin man with fuzzy gray eyebrows was
rummaging through a stack of books that would put a library to shame. “I
snagged the manager on the way inside while you were rearranging groceries in
the trunk.”
“You’re absolutely sure
this wallpaper exists?” He squinted at her with a skeptical look, and she
nodded, her fingers nimbly turning the pages of yet another book.
“Uh-huh, I saw it once
when I was selecting paper for a day care center our agency was contracted to
renovate.”
“Oh, terrific. There are
at least five hundred books here, and we’ve been through what? Two dozen? I
imagine you have someone lined up to hang the dang rolls?”
“Uh-huh, you and Fritz.
But only if you’d stop talking and help me find it.”
“Me and Fritz?” His
voice came out in a hysterical wail. “Get serious, Liz, I’ve never wallpapered
a room in my life.” Hell, he couldn’t wrap a Christmas present unless it was
packaged in a box with four crisp corners and there were yards of paper to
waste.
“Neither has Fritz, but
he’s watched my mother do it many times. I have to interview some nurses from
Home Health in the morning, otherwise I’d help. Anyway, it’s just one wall and
pasting a border around the ceiling. It’s a piece of cake.” Her hands continued
flashing through the pages.
“Piece of cake? Are you sane?
Unless Fritz has flashbacks, we’re doomed.” Lucas slumped down wearily onto a
nearby chair and cupped his face in his hands.
~*~ MAILBOX ~*~
About Me
Welcome! I am a Pennsylvania writer and author of short stories and novels. My latest contemporary romance is FOUR WHITE ROSES. Please feel free to sign up for my newsletter. Comments are always welcome and appreciated.
|
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1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
Osteoporosis is a prevalent bone disease that is defined by a low bone mass and an increased risk of fractures \[[@B1]\]. Adequate regulation of bone remodeling in adulthood is essential to maintain a healthy bone mass \[[@B2]\]. However, an imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption in pathological conditions or during the aging process can result in conditions that lead to osteoporosis \[[@B3]\]. In the past, the process of bone remodeling was considered to be regulated by two major cell types: bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts \[[@B4]\]. Currently available agents used to treat osteoporosis include estrogen, raloxifene, the bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate and risedronate, etc.), and calcitonin. Their mechanisms are based on the inhibition of osteoclastic bone resorption to prevent further bone loss \[[@B5]\]. However, many osteoporotic patients already had lost a substantial amount of bone mass before diagnosis \[[@B6]\]. Furthermore, many side effects of antiresorptive agents have been reported, causing many patients to discontinue their use \[[@B7]--[@B9]\].
Drugs with anabolic effects have received much recent attention for osteoporosis therapy. These pharmacologic agents can ultimately stimulate new bone formation, enhance bone density, reduce bone fracture, and promote bone health. Currently, there is only one available anabolic agent on the market approved for the treatment of osteoporosis, recombinant human parathyroid hormone (hPTH). However, hPTH is limited for use in cases of severe osteoporosis \[[@B10]\], and the clinical treatment period is limited to 18 months \[[@B11]\]. Consequently, it is necessary to develop other potential anabolic agents with fewer undesirable side effects to prevent or reverse osteoporosis.
The Chinese yam (*Dioscorea*) has been widely used as a herbal medicine in China for more than 2000 years. Ancient Chinese medicinal books or folk remedies have provided evidence that *Dioscorea* might have effects in regulating bone metabolism. Therefore, we initiated a project to evaluate the effects of an ethanol extract of rhizomes of *Dioscorea alata* L. cv. Phyto, Dispo85E, on bone formation and to delineate the mechanisms involved. In our study, we found that Dispo85E promoted bone formation by inducing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiation into osteoblasts rather than adipocytes and that it also possessed antiosteoporotic activity *in vivo*.
2. Materials and Methods {#sec2}
========================
2.1. Animals {#sec2.1}
------------
Specific pathogen-free (SPF) C57BL/6 female mice, 8 to 10 weeks of age, were obtained from the National Laboratory Animal Center (Taipei, Taiwan). Animals were housed at a constant temperature and fed with laboratory chow (PMI, Brentwood, Mo, USA) and water *ad libitum*. The protocol of the experiments was approved by the Animal Research Committee of National Yang-Ming University (Guide for Animal Experiments, National Yang-Ming University).
2.2. Preparation of Dispo85E {#sec2.2}
----------------------------
Dried and peeled tubers of *Dioscorea alata* L. cv. Phyto (2.92 kg) were extracted with 85% ethanol (EtOH) (15 L each, three times) for 24 hours. The extract was filtered through an 11 *μ*m Whatman filter, then concentrated under vacuum evaporator and lyophilized, giving a yield of 3.05%. The extract was stored at −20°C before use.
2.3. HPLC Analysis of Dispo85E {#sec2.3}
------------------------------
Twenty milligrams of dried Dispo85E was dissolved in 2 mL of dichloromethane (DCM). After centrifugation, the supernatant was evaporated to dryness, adjusted to a concentration of 5 mg/mL in DCM and then subjected to normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC) with a 100 *μ*L injection volume. The pellet was evaporated to dryness, adjusted to a concentration of 10 mg/mL in water and then subjected to reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with a 100 *μ*L injection volume. RP-HPLC profiling was performed using a Mightysil RP-18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 mm) at room temperature. The mobile phase was methanol and water in gradient mode (10 : 90--100 : 0 over 120 minutes). The effluent was monitored at 254 nm, and a constant flow rate was set at 0.8 mL/minute. NP-HPLC profiling was performed with a Cosmosil 5SL-II column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 mm) at room temperature. The mobile phase was DCM and methanol (MeOH) in gradient mode as follows: 100%--98% DCM in MeOH (0--15 minutes), 98%-95% DCM (15--25 minutes), 95%--90% DCM (25--35 minutes), 90%--80% DCM (35--45 minutes), and 80%--70% DCM (45--55 minutes). The effluent was monitored at 254 nm, and a constant flow rate was set at 0.8 mL/minute.
2.4. Cell Culture {#sec2.4}
-----------------
Primary mouse bone marrow cells and C3H10T1/2 cells were cultured as described previously \[[@B12], [@B13]\]. Briefly, bone marrow cells were obtained from the femoral bone of SPF-grade C57BL/6 female mice. The bone marrow cells were collected by flushing the diaphysis with *α*-minimum essential medium (*α*-MEM, Gibco BRL) through a 23-gauge needle. After flushing, the bone marrow cells were filtered through a no. 53 sterile nylon mesh to obtain a single cell suspension. The cells were cultured in osteogenic medium (*α*-MEM medium supplemented with 15% fetal calf serum (FCS, Gibco), 50 *μ*g/mL ascorbic acid (Sigma), 10 mm sodium *β*-glycerophosphate (Sigma), and 10 nm dexamethasone (Sigma)). The pluripotent murine mesenchymal cell line C3H10T1/2 was cultured in Dulbecco\'s modified Eagle\'s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% FCS.
For the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, primary bone marrow cells were seeded in a 96-well microplate at 2.5 × 10^5^/well and cultured in osteogenic induction medium. After two days, half of the medium was changed and the cells were incubated with Dispo85E at the indicated concentrations for 4 days. ALP activity for each cell lysate was assayed. C3H10T1/2 cells were grown to confluence in standard medium. One day after the cells reached confluence, the medium was replaced with permissive osteogenic/adipocytic medium \[[@B14]\] (DMEM with 10% FCS, 50 *μ*g/mL ascorbic acid, 10 *μ*M sodium *β*-glycerophosphate, 10 nm dexamethasone, 10 nm all-trans retinoic acid (Sigma), 10 *μ*g/mL insulin (Sigma), and 50 *μ*M isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX, Sigma)) containing drugs at the indicated concentrations. The medium was changed every 4 days. After 12 days, ALP activity for each cell lysate was assayed.
For the nodule formation assay, primary bone marrow cells were seeded in a 24-well microplate at 1 × 10^6^/well and cultured in osteogenic induction medium. After two days, half of the medium was changed and the cells were incubated with Dispo85E at the indicated concentrations. The culture medium was renewed every 4 days. After 14 days, the mineralization of bone marrow cells was analyzed.
For lipid staining, C3H10T1/2 cells were grown to confluence in standard medium. One day after the cells reached confluence, the medium was replaced with adipogenic medium (DMEM with 10% FCS, 10 *μ*g/mL insulin, 1 *μ*M dexamethasone, and 0.5 mm IBMX) containing drugs at the indicated concentrations for 4 days. The cells were then incubated in a standard medium containing 5 *μ*g/mL insulin and drugs at the indicated concentrations. The medium was changed every 4 days. The oil red O staining was performed at postinduction day (PID) 12. Nile red staining was performed at PID16.
2.5. Alkaline Phosphatase Activity Assay {#sec2.5}
----------------------------------------
ALP activity was assayed at 37°C by a method modified from that of Qu et al. \[[@B15]\]. In brief, cell layers were washed twice with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and extracted into lysis solution (10 mm Tris, 0.1% Triton X-100 buffer (pH 7.5)). Enzyme activity was determined colorimetrically using p-nitrophenylphosphate (p-NPP, Sigma) as a substrate. The reaction mixture contained 8 mm p-NPP, 2 mm mgCl~2~, and 0.5 M 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, pH 10. After 10 minutes of incubation, the color change of p-NPP to p-nitrophenol was monitored at 405 nm. Cell viability was determined by resazurin assay. Fifty micromolar resazurin (Sigma) was added to the cell culture medium and incubated for 2 hours. Medium samples were collected into a 96-well plate, and fluorescence was measured with excitation at 544 nm and emission at 590 nm.
2.6. Nodule Formation Assay {#sec2.6}
---------------------------
The *in vitro* mineralized nodule formation assay was performed as described previously \[[@B16]\]. In brief, cells were fixed with 10% formalin for 30 minutes at 37°C. The formalin was removed, and the cells rinsed with sterilized water three times. Next, 2% alizarin red S solution, which reacts with calcium, was added to the wells and the cells were incubated at 37°C for 10 minutes. The Alizarin solution was removed, and the cells were washed with water and dried in air. Stained cultures were photographed, and calcium deposition was quantified by extracting alizarin red S staining with 10% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC, Sigma) and measuring the OD of the extract at 550 nm \[[@B17]\].
2.7. Adipocyte Staining with Oil Red O {#sec2.7}
--------------------------------------
After differentiation was induced, cells were stained with oil red O. Briefly, cells were washed twice with PBS and fixed with 10% formalin in PBS for 1 hour. They were then washed three times with water. Cells were stained with Oil Red O (six parts of 0.6% oil red O dye (Sigma-Aldrich) in isopropanol and four parts of water) for 30 minutes. Excess stain was removed by washing with water, and the stained cells were dried. Adipocytes stained red were observed under the phase contrast microscope with 200-fold magnification.
2.8. Quantification of Adipocyte Number by Flow Cytometry {#sec2.8}
---------------------------------------------------------
The formation of mature adipocytes was quantified with flow cytometry using the lipophilic Nile red fluorescent dye as described previously \[[@B18]\]. Briefly, after the cells were induced to differentiate into adipocytes as indicated above, they were washed twice in PBS, trypsinized, pelleted by centrifugation, and fixed in 10% formaldehyde for 1 h at 4°C. A working solution of Nile red was prepared by dissolving 1 mg Nile red in 200 *μ*L DMSO and diluting to 100 mL with PBS. The cells were stained with 10 *μ*g/mL Nile red for 45 minutes at room temperature. The fluorescent emission was detected between 564 nm and 604 nm with a band-pass filter using a FACScan flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) linked with Cell-Quest 3.3 software (BD Biosciences).
2.9. Isolation and Analysis of RNA {#sec2.9}
----------------------------------
Total RNA was extracted from the bone marrow cells using the Ultraspec RNA isolation kit (Biotex laboratories INC, USA). RNA was reverse transcribed using AMV reverse transcriptase (Promega, USA) and an appropriate buffer in a final reaction volume of 40 *μ*L. The complementary DNA (cDNA) was obtained using the previous reaction solution at 42°C for 60 minutes, followed by 90°C for 5 minutes. The resultant cDNA (2.5 *μ*L) was added to 0.5 *μ*L 10 mm dNTP, 0.5 *μ*L polymerase (2 units), and 1 *μ*L of 10 *μ*M the appropriate primers, and the final volume of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 25 *μ*L. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for 35 cycles with each cycle consisting of 45 seconds of denaturation at 94°C, 45 seconds of annealing at proper annealing temperature, and 1 minute of extension at 72°C. The primers used were as follows: OCN (5′-TCT GAC AAA GCC TTC ATG TCC-3′ and 5′-AAA TAG TGA TAC CGT AGA TGC G-3′), IGF-1 (5′-GCT CTT CAG TTC GTG TGT GG-3′ and 5′-TTG GGC ATG TCA GTG TGG-3′), BMP-2 (5′-CAT CCA GCC GAC CCT TG-3′ and 5′-CTC TCC CAC TGA CTT GTG-3′), ALP (5′-GCC CTC TCC AAG ACA TAT A-3′ and 5′-CCA TGA TCA CGT CGA TAT CC-3′), COL-*Ⅰ* (5′-TCT CCA CTC TTC TAG TTC CT-3′ and 5′-TTG GGT CAT TTC CAC ATG C-3′), *β*-actin (5′-GAC TAC CTC ATG AAG ATC CT-3′ and 5′-CCA CAT CTG CTG GAA GGT GG-3′), IL-4 (5′-TG GGT CTC AAC CCC CAG CTA GT-3′ and 5′-GCT CTT TAG GCT TTC CAG GAA GTC-3′), IL-6 (5′-ATG AAG TTC CTC TCT GCA AGA GAC T-3′ and 5′-CAC TAG GTT TGC CGA GTA GAT CTC-3′), and TGF-*β* (5′-TGG ACC GCA ACA ACG CCA TCT ATG CCA TCT ATG AGA AAA CC-3′ and 5′-TGG AGC TGA AGC AAT AGT TGG TAT CCA GGG CT-3′). The reaction products were analyzed by electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel and visualized by ethidium bromide staining with ultraviolet light illumination. Gene expression levels were analyzed by IMAGEQUANTE software and normalized with *β*-actin. Real-time PCR was performed using an Applied Biosystems 7500 Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems). The PCR mixture was prepared using SYBR green Mastermix (Roche). The thermal cycling conditions were 10 minutes at 95°C followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 seconds and 57°C (OCN and IGF-1) for 20 seconds, with an extension period at 72°C for 40 seconds. Expression of each gene was normalized to GAPDH mRNA content.
2.10. Animal Models {#sec2.10}
-------------------
There were two different sets for the *in vivo* experiment. In the first series of experiments, intact female mice (without OVX surgery) were fed a normal diet containing different concentrations (0, 40, 200, and 1000 mg/kg/day) of Dispo85E *ad libitum* for 5 days (*n* = 4 for each group). In the second set of experiments, we used an OVX mouse model to mimic osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. The mice were subjected to surgery at day 0. Sham surgery was performed by identifying the bilateral ovaries, and OVX was performed by removing the bilateral ovaries. Mice (*n* = 10-11 for each group) were initially fed a normal diet containing different concentrations (0, 40, 200, and 1000 mg/kg/day) of Dispo85E *ad libitum*. Feeding began soon after OVX surgery and continued for 42 days. We identified OVX mice by confirming uterus atrophy in OVX animals at the end of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, all mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Bone marrow cells were then acquired from the femur of each mouse. The drug\'s effect on ALP activity, nodule formation, mRNA expression of the osteoblast differentiation related genes in bone marrow cells, histological change of the trabecular bone, trabecular bone mineral density (tBMD), and bone tissue microarchitecture were analyzed. To analyze the drug\'s effect on the gene expression of bone marrow cells, we extracted total RNA from bone marrow cells of the femora of the intact or OVX mice after continuous feeding with Dispo85E and examined expression through RT-PCR. To analyze the drug\'s effect on the ALP activity of bone-marrow-derived cells isolated from intact or OVX mice, the mice were sacrificed to isolate the bone marrow cells after treatment with different doses of Dispo85E. The isolated bone marrow cells were seeded in a 96-well microplate at 2.5 × 10^5^/well and cultured in osteogenic induction medium for 6 days without additional Dispo85E treatment. After 6 days of culture, the ALP activity for each cell lysate was assayed.
2.11. Histological Analysis of Trabecular Bone {#sec2.11}
----------------------------------------------
Histomorphometric measurements of trabecular bone volume were performed as described previously with minor modifications \[[@B12]\]. In brief, femora were collected 42 days after the surgical operation, fixed in Bouin\'s solution at 26°C for 24 hours, decalcified in 14% EDTA, dehydrated in progressive concentrations of ethanol, cleared in xylene, and embedded in paraffin. Five-micron-thick sections were cut and stained for hematoxylin and eosin Y. Static parameters were measured in the square, distal metaphysics of the femur within the endosteal surfaces, excluding the epiphyseal growth plate, and 1 mm distal from the end of the calcified cartilage. Histomorphometric measurements of the bone volume/total bone volume percentage (BV/TV, %) were performed at 40-fold magnification.
2.12. Analysis of Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture {#sec2.12}
---------------------------------------------------
The OVX mice were sacrificed 42 days after beginning the treatment with Dispo85E. The femurs were aseptically removed, cleansed of adherent soft tissues, and deposited in a tube with 10% formalin. The trabecular bone microarchitecture of the distal femoral metaphysis was scanned by microcomputed tomography (*μ*CT, Skyscan 1076) in the region of 0.6--2.1 mm from the growth plate. The X-ray source was set at a voltage of 48 kV and a current of 200 *μ*A and filtered with a 0.5 mm aluminum filter. The scanning angular rotation was 180° with an angular step of 0.7°. The voxel size was isotropic and fixed at 8.7 *μ*m. The trabecular bone parameters were calculated using the Skyscan software CTan (Skyscan). Morphometric indices of the trabecular bone region were determined from the microtomographic data sets using direct 3D morphometry. Trabecular bone volume (BV/TV; %), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th; mm), and trabecular number (Tb.N; 1/mm) were calculated. The volumetric trabecular bone mineral density (tBMD) was also determined by *μ*CT scanning. tBMD was calculated in the conforming volume of interest described previously for the trabecular region.
2.13. Statistical Analysis {#sec2.13}
--------------------------
All results are expressed as the mean and standard deviation (SD). The statistical significance was evaluated by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett\'s test. A level of *P* \< .05 was considered statistically significant.
3. Results {#sec3}
==========
3.1. HPLC Analysis of Dispo85E {#sec3.1}
------------------------------
Dispo85E is a mixture extracted from the traditional botanical *Dioscorea alata* L. cv. Phyto. This mixture contains both polar and nonpolar small molecule ingredients. The-reverse phase HPLC analysis showed the polar to semipolar ingredient fingerprint of Dispo85E, and the normal phase HPLC analysis showed the nonpolar ingredient fingerprint of Dispo85E ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}).
3.2. Dispo85E Promotes Differentiation of Osteoblastic Cells in Bone Marrow Culture {#sec3.2}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The ALP activity assay showed that bone marrow cells treated with Dispo85E had a 1.5-fold maximal increase in the activity of ALP ([Figure 2(a)](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}). In the cell viability assay, there were no significant differences between the control and Dispo85E-treated groups ([Figure 2(b)](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}). Furthermore, Dispo85E significantly stimulated mineralization of bone marrow cultures by alizarin red staining (Figures [2(c)](#fig2){ref-type="fig"} and [2(d)](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}).
3.3. Dispo85E Promotes Osteoblastogenesis and Inhibits Adipogenesis in the Mesenchymal Stem Cell Line C3H10T1/2 {#sec3.3}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The real-time PCR results showed that mRNA expression of IGF-1, which could promote osteoblast differentiation and bone formation, was significantly increased after treatment with Dispo85E ([Figure 3(a)](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}). OCN (an osteoblastic marker) mRNA expression was significantly increased by approximately 2.5-fold after treatment with 1 *μ*g/mL Dispo85E ([Figure 3(b)](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}). Concomitantly, we observed increased ALP activity in C3H10T1/2 cells treated with Dispo85E ([Figure 3(c)](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}), which had no effect on cell viability ([Figure 3(d)](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}).
The effects of Dispo85E on adipocyte differentiation were detected by oil red O staining ([Figure 3(e)](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}) and quantified by Nile red staining and flow cytometry (FACS) analysis ([Figure 3(f)](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}). After 12 days in adipogenic medium, C3H10T1/2 cells showed an abundance of oil-red-O-stained lipid droplets ([Figure 3(e)](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}). Dispo85E resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in cellular lipid accumulation ([Figure 3(e)](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}). Using flow cytometry and Nile red staining, the percentage of adipocytes were calculated based on the number of stained cells. After culture in adipogenic medium for 16 days, 63.6% of the cells were calculated to be adipocytes ([Figure 3(f)](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}). After treatment with 1, 10, or 100 *μ*g/mL Dispo85E, the percentages of adipocytes were 54.1%, 47.3%, and 49.8%, respectively ([Figure 3(f)](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}).
3.4. Dispo85E Promotes Osteoblastogenesis in Intact Mice (without OVX Surgery) {#sec3.4}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gene ExpressionWe used the expression level of *β*-actin mRNA as a house-keeping gene. Compared to the expression of *β*-actin mRNA, the relative levels of BMP-2, TGF-*β*, and IL-4 mRNA were higher in bone marrow cells from Dispo85E-treated mice than those from untreated controls ([Figure 4(a)](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}).
Alkaline Phosphate Activity AssayWe measured the specific activity of ALP of bone marrow cells isolated from Dispo85E-fed or control mice for 5 days. The ALP activity was significantly higher in all Dispo85E-treated groups ([Figure 4(b)](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}). Dispo85E at a dose of 1000 mg/kg created up to a 3-fold enhancement compared to the control group.
Nodule Formation AssayTo evaluate whether Dispo85E enhanced bone mineralization, we used alizarin red staining to visualize nodule formation in bone marrow cultures ([Figure 4(c)](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}). The proportional area of alizarin-red-positive staining in the Dispo85E-treated group was larger than that in the untreated group in a dose-dependent manner ([Figure 4(d)](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}). Compared with the control group, 1000 mg/kg Dispo85E showed the strongest enhancement, with effects up to 3.4-fold above controls ([Figure 4(d)](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}).
3.5. Dispo85E Promotes Osteoblastogenesis in OVX-Induced Osteoporotic Mice {#sec3.5}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gene ExpressionBone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), transforming growth factor-*β* (TGF-*β*), and interleukin-4 (IL-4) are positively related to the proliferation or differentiation of bone marrow cells toward an osteoblast lineage. ALP, collagen I (COL-I), and osteocalcin (OCN) are widely used as bone formation or osteoblastic cells markers. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a bone resorption marker. When compared to *β*-actin, the relative levels of BMP-2, TGF-*β*, IL-4, ALP, COL-I, and OCN mRNA were higher in bone marrow cells from Dispo85E-treated mice than in untreated mice. Conversely, the bone resorption marker gene IL-6 was decreased after treatment with Dispo85E ([Figure 5(a)](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}).
Alkaline Phosphate Activity AssayThe ALP activity of all Dispo85E-treated groups was significantly higher than that of the untreated group ([Figure 5(b)](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}).
Nodule Formation AssayGroups treated with 200 and 1000 mg/kg/day Dispo85E showed enhanced bone mass mineralization compared to the untreated group (Figures [5(c)](#fig5){ref-type="fig"} and [5(d)](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}).
Histological Analysis of Trabecular BoneHistological analysis of the trabecular bone was performed in the OVX mouse model. The animal data in the sham-operated positive control group showed a significant increase in the trabecular bone volume/total bone volume percentage (BV/TV, %) compared to the vehicle control group. There was a significant increase in BV/TV for all dosage groups compared to the vehicle control group (0 mg/kg/day). Moreover, the increase was positively correlated with dose level. The histomorphometric analysis in the OVX model revealed increases in the osteoid volume in a dose-dependent manner ([Figure 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}), suggesting that Dispo85E ameliorates the decreasing trabeculation of the bone marrow spaces in osteoporotic mice.
Analysis of Trabecular Bone MicroarchitectureThe effects of Dispo85E on trabecular bone microarchitecture and trabecular BMD of the distal femur in OVX mice were assessed by *ex vivo μ*CT analysis. Quantification of the trabecular bone changes in the distal femoral metaphysis is shown in [Table 1](#tab1){ref-type="table"}. Compared with the sham-operated animals, the OVX control group showed a significant decrease in trabecular bone mineral density (tBMD), trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV), and trabecular number (Tb.N). Both 40 mg/kg/day and 1000 mg/kg/day of Dispo85E significantly improved various *μ*CT bone parameters, including tBMD, BV/TV, and Tb.N compared to the OVX control group, but trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) was not significantly altered compared to the OVX control ([Table 1](#tab1){ref-type="table"}).
4. Discussion {#sec4}
=============
Several drugs have been reported to be effective in treating osteoporosis. However, most of these drugs are inhibitors of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and present many detrimental side effects \[[@B19]\]. For example, estrogen replacement therapy has been demonstrated to prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women \[[@B20]\]. However, despite the benefits of estrogen, many studies have also shown that estrogen would increase the incidence of ovarian cancer and breast cancer \[[@B7], [@B8]\]. Furthermore, epidemiological reports have shown that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is associated with increases in the incidence rates of breast cancer, heart attacks, stroke, and blood clot formation. Such studies have prompted the US FDA to issue safety warnings and to suggest the avoidance of HRT as a general preventative osteoporosis therapy \[[@B20], [@B21]\]. On the other hand, Teitelbaum highlighted that compounds that can stimulate new bone formation may offer safe and clinically effective prevention and reversal of osteoporosis \[[@B22]\].
Bone marrow cells have long been recognized as the source of osteoprogenitor cells \[[@B23]\]. Thus, we applied a culture model of primary bone marrow cells to evaluate the effect of Dispo85E on the differentiation of osteoblasts. Intriguingly, our observations of ALP activity and mineralization suggested that Dispo85E possessed higher efficacy in promoting osteoblast differentiation. In this assay, we measured cell viability and found no significant difference between the control and treated groups. Therefore, we suggest that Dispo85E does not influence the proliferation of stromal cells *in vitro*.
Recently, it has been suggested that osteoporosis is caused by an increased ratio of adipocytes to osteoblasts and not by an imbalance between osteoclasts and osteoblasts alone \[[@B24]\]. Indeed, an increase in adipogenesis in bone marrow associated with osteoporosis is well known clinically \[[@B25]\]. Other studies have also demonstrated that increases in the number of marrow adipocytes caused bone loss in osteoporosis animal models, such as in ovariectomized or glucocorticoid-treated animals \[[@B26], [@B27]\]. It was reported that the number of osteoblasts correlated negatively with the number of adipocytes, which suggested that an inverse relationship between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation exists \[[@B28], [@B29]\].
It is known that multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow stroma can differentiate into various cells, including osteoblasts and adipocytes \[[@B30], [@B31]\]. A shift in differentiation and survival rates from an osteoblastic to adipocytic lineage can lead to an altered ratio of fat to bone cells and, ultimately, an alteration in bone mass \[[@B31]\]. Thus, it has been suggested that targeting regulatory factors to direct the fate of mesenchymal cells toward osteoblasts may provide novel therapeutic approaches for osteoporosis \[[@B32]\]. In this study, we used the C3H10T1/2 cell line, which maintains the differentiating characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells \[[@B33]\], to evaluate the effect of Dispo85E on the osteogenesis/adipogenesis balance. Our *in vitro* data showed that Dispo85E could promote the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into the osteoblastic lineage and reduce adipogenic differentiation. Recently, it has been reported that the number of adipocytes in bone marrow correlated inversely with the hematopoietic activity of the marrow \[[@B34]\]. We also suggest that the antiadipogenic effect of Dispo85E might have the potential for use in some hematopoietic disorders.
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is known as an important factor produced by osteoblasts to regulate bone formation and remodeling \[[@B35]\]. It can induce human adult mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to differentiate into an osteogenic lineage \[[@B36]\]. Some clinical data show that IGF-I was lower in women with osteoporosis than in women with normal bone mineral density (BMD) \[[@B37]\]. In addition, low serum IGF-1 can contribute to reduced BMD, reduced osteoblast differentiation, and increased the numbers of adipocytes in bone \[[@B38]\]. Real-time PCR showed that Dispo85E increased IGF-1 mRNA expression in C3H10T1/2 cells. Thus, we suggest that one way Dispo85E regulates the differentiation of MSCs is through IGF-1 upregulation.
To evaluate whether Dispo85E enhanced bone formation *in vivo*, we used two kinds of animal models. In the intact mouse model, we evaluated the ability of Dispo85E to promote osteoblastogenesis under physiological conditions. PCR showed that Dispo85E increased BMP-2, TGF-*β*, and IL-4 gene expression in bone marrow cells. BMP-2 has been known to stimulate osteoblastic maturation and collagen synthesis in osteoblastic cells \[[@B39]\], TGF-*β* has been reported to stimulate the proliferation of osteoblast precursors and increase the pool of committed osteoblasts \[[@B40]\], and IL-4 is a potent inhibitor of bone resorption \[[@B41]\]. In addition, the results of the ALP activity assay and alizarin red staining for mineralization of bone marrow showed that Dispo85E promotes osteoblast differentiation in healthy animals.
Next, we used an OVX mouse model to mimic the osteoporosis seen in postmenopausal women. After 6 weeks of treatment, Dispo85E promoted osteoblastogenesis without a significant effect on uterine weight (data not shown). This result differs from the previously observed restorative effects of estrogen replacement \[[@B42]\]. Therefore, we suggest that Dispo85E might act via a different mechanism from estrogen, which affects the uterus as well as bone. In this animal study, we analyzed bone marrow cells after 42 days of OVX. Our results showed that ALP activity in bone marrow cells (cultured in osteogenic induction medium for 6 days without additional Dispo85E treatment) of Dispo85E-treated groups was higher than that of the OVX control group. These data indicated that Dispo85E-treated groups contained more osteoprogenitor cells than the untreated group in the OVX mice model.
Previous studies have clearly shown a reduction of trabecular bone volume during aging and in osteoporosis patients \[[@B43]\]. In our study, histological analysis of the femora harvested from OVX mice showed an empty bone marrow space in the trabecular bone. After administration of Dispo85E for 42 days, the trabecular bone volume was increased. Additionally, the *μ*CT data confirmed that 40 mg/kg/day and 1000 mg/kg/day of Dispo85E could significantly ameliorate the deterioration of both tBMD and trabecular microarchitectural parameters in OVX mice. The 200 mg/kg/day group also showed better indices than the untreated group, although it did not reach statistical significance. This may be due to the limited number of animals in our study or inconsistencies in the mixture chemistry of the Dispo85E extract. These data indicated that Dispo85E promotes osteoblast differentiation and bone formation in an osteopenic setting without side effects on the uterus.
Recent studies have shown that natural products have potential as alternative approaches to prevent and ameliorate osteoporosis through different mechanisms. For example, Xie et al. reported that *Herba epimedii* (HEP) extract can effectively suppress the OVX-induced increase in bone turnover, possibly by both an increase in osteoblastic activities and a decrease in osteoclastogenesis \[[@B44]\]. Ho et al. reported that *Flemingia macrophylla* extract can ameliorate experimental osteoporosis in OVX rats through inhibition of bone resorption \[[@B45]\]. Hidaka et al. reported that royal jelly (RJ) can prevent osteoporosis by enhancing intestinal calcium absorption \[[@B46]\]. In these studies, most of the drugs have been reported to achieve improvement in osteoporosis by regulating the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Unlike these drugs, our study has shown that Dispo85E can drive the lineage-specific differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells to differentiate into osteoblasts rather than adipocytes. Furthermore, our data showed that Dispo85E could promote the differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts in both intact and OVX mice. Therefore, we suggest that Dispo85E not only can decrease the process of bone loss but also can regulate the balance between osteoblasts and adipocytes to promote bone formation.
Based on these findings, we conclude that Dispo85E regulates mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into an osteogenic lineage rather than an adipogenic lineage and ameliorates osteoporosis in a mouse model ([Figure 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}). Our data suggest that Dispo85E induces mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and holds promise as a novel therapeutic drug for the treatment of osteoporosis.
The authors thank Grant-in-Aid (93-EC-17-A-17-I1-0034) from the Ministry of Economic, Republic of China (Taiwan) and a grant from the Ministry of Education, Aim for the Top University Plan. The authors also thank the Laboratory Animal Center, Chang Gung University for micro-CT technical support and image analysis.
{#fig1}
{#fig2}
{#fig3}
{ref-type="sec"}. Cells were stained with alizarin red S for osteoblasts and (d) the mineralized area was quantified using Meta Image software. \*\*Indicates significant difference from control group at *P* \< .01. *n* = 4 for each group.](ECAM2011-712892.004){#fig4}
{ref-type="sec"}. Cells were stained with Alizarin red S for osteoblasts, and (d) the mineralized area was quantified by extracting alizarin red S staining with 10% CPC and measuring the OD of the extract at 550 nm. \*\*Indicates significant difference from OVX mice at *P* \< .01; \*Indicates significance at *P* \< .05. *n* =10-11 for each group.](ECAM2011-712892.005){#fig5}
{#fig6}
{#fig7}
######
Effects of Dispo85E on tBMD and morphometric parameters of distal femur in OVX model.
Parameters Sham OVX + Dispo85E (mg/kg/day)
---------------- --------------- ---------------------------- ------------------ ----------------- ------------------
tBMD (g/cm^3^) 0.088 ± 0.003 0.054 ± 0.008\* 0.083 ± 0.003^‡^ 0.063 ± 0.009\* 0.081 ± 0.006^‡^
BV/TV (%) 4.34 ± 0.36 2.56 ± 0.44\* 4.17 ± 0.29^†^ 3.50 ± 0.69 4.11 ± 0.39^†^
Tb.Th (*μ*m) 60.7 ± 1.03 59.30 ± 0.71 64.36 ± 2.25 63.15 ± 2.70 63.03 ± 2.26
Tb.N (1/mm) 0.72 ± 0.06 0.43 ± 0.07\* 0.65 ± 0.04^†^ 0.55 ± 0.10 0.66 ± 0.06^†^
Values are expressed as mean ± SD; *n* = 5-6/group. tBMD: trabecular bone mineral density; BV/TV: bone volume fraction; Tb.Th: trabecular thickness; Tb.N: trabecular number.
\**P* \< .05 compared with the sham operated group;
^†^ *P* \< .05 compared with OVX control group;
^‡^ *P* \< .01 compared with OVX control group.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
Recommendations for reporting the results of studies of instrument and scale development and testing.
Scales and instruments play an important role in health research and practice. It is important that studies that report on their psychometric properties do so in a way such that readers can understand what was done and what was found. This paper is a guide to writing articles about the development and assessment of these tools. It covers what should be in the abstract and how key words should be chosen. The article then discusses what should be in the main parts of the paper: the introduction, methods, results and discussion. In each of these parts, it suggests the statistical tests that should be used and how to report them. The emphasis throughout the paper is that reliability and validity are not fixed properties of a scale, but depend on an interaction among it, the population being evaluated and the circumstances under which the instrument is administered.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
The mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, has triggered the capital’s emergency air quality alert as polluted air from the continent combines with toxic air in London to create dangerous levels of pollution.
The alerts will see warnings displayed at bus stops, road signs and on the underground. Khan has also asked TV and radio stations across the capital to warn their viewers and listeners in news bulletins.
Anyone with lung or heart problems is advised to reduce strenuous exercise, especially outside. The young and elderly are particularly vulnerable.
Today’s alert has been triggered by “high” levels of air pollution. It is the seventh time in 13 months that the mayor has used the alert system. One instance was because the level of pollution was deemed “very high”, and on six occasions because it was “high”.
Khan said: “The shocking and illegal state of London’s filthy air means once again I am triggering a high air pollution alert today under my new comprehensive alert system.”
The government’s committee on the medical effects of air pollutants advises adults and children with lung problems, and adults with heart problems, to reduce strenuous physical exertion, particularly outdoors, and particularly if they experience symptoms. People with asthma may find they need to use their reliever inhaler more often. Older people should also reduce physical exertion.
Khan is implementing a range of measures to try to tackle the air pollution crisis in the capital, and he called on the government to do more.
“I am doing everything with the powers I have at City Hall and it’s now time for the government to step up by introducing a national diesel scrappage fund to rid our streets of dirty diesels, and to give me the powers I need to tackle non-transport sources of pollution.”
Responding to the news that the capital’s air quality emergency alert had been triggered, Prof Jonathan Grigg from Doctors Against Diesel said “dirty air is seriously damaging Londoners’ health and wellbeing.”
Grigg called on Khan to do more to tackle it. “Vulnerable people shouldn’t have to restrict their activities to stay safe,” he said. “Sadiq Khan must bring London’s air pollution down to legal levels as soon as possible, and commit to phase out diesel vehicles by 2025 to protect Londoners’ lungs.”
The government has come under increasing pressure over the UK’s air quality. It has suffered a string of humiliating defeats in the courts over its failure to clean up the nation’s air. Its latest proposal, released in July, was met with widespread criticism from clean air campaigners and regional politicians.
The latest episode of dangerously polluted air has been caused by mist, low cloud, fog and slow wind speed in London that has lead to a build up of pollution. This has combined with air arriving from the continent that has travelled slowly over industrial polluted areas giving it time to pick up emissions on the way. Experts say this is likely to produce high levels of PM2.5 and moderate levels of PM10 particulate pollution across areas of London and the south-east.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
804 F.2d 678Unpublished Disposition
NOTICE: Fourth Circuit I.O.P. 36.6 states that citation of unpublished dispositions is disfavored except for establishing res judicata, estoppel, or the law of the case and requires service of copies of cited unpublished dispositions of the Fourth Circuit.William G. ROLLINS, Appellant,v.Manfred G. HOLLAND, Superintendent, West VirginiaPenitentiary, Appellee.
No. 86-7039.
United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.
Submitted Sept. 26, 1986.Decided Nov. 4, 1986.
William G. Rollins, appellant pro se.
Chauncey H. Browning, Attorney General, for appellee.
N.D.W.Va.
DISMISSED.
Before PHILLIPS, ERVIN and CHAPMAN, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
1
A review of the record and the district court's opinion accepting the magistrate's recommendation, discloses that an appeal from its order granting the writ with limited effect but otherwise denying relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2254 would be without merit. Because the dispositive issues recently have been decided authoritatively, we deny a certificate of probable cause to appeal, dispense with oral argument, and dismiss the appeal on the reasoning of the district court.1 Rollins v. Holland, C/A No. 84-012-E(K) (N.D.W.Va., January 22, 1986).
2
DISMISSED.
1
We note that the district court found Rollins' claim, that he was prejudiced by the trial judge's rereading of the jury instructions relating to possible verdicts, procedurally barred under Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72 (1977) because Rollins' counsel did not object at trial. Insofar as this claim is one of constitutional magnitude, we decline to hold that Rollins is barred from presenting it here, particularly in light of the fact that the record does not reveal application of procedural bar by the West Virginia courts. Smith v. Bordenkircher, 718 F.2d 1273 (4th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 466 U.S. 976 (1984). Our review of the record, however, reveals that Rollins has not been prejudiced by the district court's application of the procedural bar since the court granted Rollins relief on the only prejudicial error resulting from the rereading of the jury instructions
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
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