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The Tesla Model S and the Model X have been enjoying the self-parking Summon feature for quite some time now. But finally, it has arrived in the Tesla Model 3, as announced by the company in a tweet. Tesla said on Twitter, “Summon [is] now available in the Model 3.” Apparently, news and press releases are not the venues where we’re going to learn new updates about Tesla. Everything’s on Twitter these days, so better stick with following Tesla CEO Elon Musk. The Summon feature allows cars to park autonomously without anyone in the car. No one is also remotely controlling the car. This is a huge help when you need to park the car in a very tight space and very close to a wall or a pillar. Getting out of the car is not a problem anymore since you could simply stand and watch your car park itself. Neat, right? If programmed to do so, the system can even open and close the garage door as it parks and powers down. It can be called out by the owner, too, making it far easier for the driver to get in the car after it has been parked in a tight space. The tweet was a response to a video posted by Twitter handle @28delayslater, showing the Model 3 parking itself in a tight space in a home garage. The garage door also closed behind it. Mr. Musk replied to the video tweet, saying “Note, no one is in the car or controlling remotely. [The] Car is driving entirely by itself.” Similar with other Tesla models, the Model 3 can add new features and upgrade existing ones through over-the-air software. Yes, that’s right. There’s no need to bring the car to a dealer and have the system installed. All you need is a pretty strong connection and you’re good to go. Interestingly, this move of downloading software over the air is being adopted by other automakers. More than its celebrated self-driving capabilities, Nissan is also debuting its self-parking system in the 2018 Nissan Leaf and ProPilot system. Not only will the Leaf be able to make autonomous driving possible, it will also park itself with a click of a button. The latest teasers for the next-generation 2018 Leaf showed the ProPilot Park. The driver can simply activate the system by pushing a button and searching for their ideal parking space. Once the spot has been chosen and located, the driver will hold down the park button and the 2018 Leaf would take over the handling of the steering input, braking, and light acceleration to park the car perfectly. Nissan, of course, is still asking drivers to be mindful and attentive in monitoring their surroundings when Leaf is on the ProPilot Park system. The brand, however, is confident that the system will eliminate the stress coming from parking in tight quarters. ProPilot Assist for Self-Driving Capabilities Aside from the ProPilot Park system, which would be the perfect companion for those challenged by tight parking spaces, the all-new Nissan Leaf is also offering ProPilot Assist to provide self-driving capabilities in single-lane highway scenarios. So far, the system will be able to handle accelerating, braking, and steering in the proper conditions. Nissan said the system will eventually navigate city intersections. The technology for this capability is just around the corner. Nissan Leaf to Arrive September 6 By September 6, Nissan will unveil the 2018 Leaf. Hopefully, it will follow its predecessor’s footsteps because the current-generation Nissan Leaf is the best-selling electric car worldwide. Since its launch in 2009, it sold 260,000 units globally. There are still no technical specifications released for the 2018 Nissan Leaf, though there will surely be a wide variety of electric ranges to be offered once it’s released. The current maximum range in the electric vehicle range is 2017 Chevrolet Bolt EV’s 250 miles, but the Leaf may exceed that. Contact Details Personnel As a website which offers news and reviews on the car industry, we rely entirely on the quality of people that create this website. The team at reviewitonline is comprised of editors, bloggers, technical experts and reviewers with a passion for cars.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Q: PrimeFaces PickList : two String fields filter I was wondering if it's possible to have a two fields filter with a picklist of primefaces. I tried this but it's not working. I would like to filter on firstname and name but they are in two different fields. <p:pickList value="#{bean.usersDualModel}" var="user" itemValue="#{user}" itemLabel="#{user.firstname} #{user.name}" converter="user" showSourceFilter="true" showTargetFilter="true" filterMatchMode="contains" > <p:column> <h:outputText value="#{user.firstname} #{user.name}" /> </p:column> </p:pickList> Thanks A: This is not possible with the default component. However you can create a custom filter (example taken from Primefaces manual): <p:pickList value="#{pickListBean.cities}" var="city" itemLabel="#{city}" itemValue="#{city}" showSourceFilter="true" showTargetFilter="true filterMatchMode="custom" filterMatchMode="myfilter"> </p:pickList> function myfilter(itemLabel, filterValue) { //Filter for firstname or name //return true or false } Of course you can also create a custom component by extending the primefaces picklist or create two seperate inputtext fields and fire any filtering manually with javascript/jquery.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
The sure-fire way to make learning and speaking thousands of new words as easy as finding a picture! LingvoSoft Talking Picture Dictionary lets you choose from thousands of pictures and have the translation spoken aloud. No matter what your skill level or age you can now communicate accurately simply by pointing your finger. LingvoSoft Talking Picture Dictionary Vietnamese Chinese Mandarin Traditional for Windows has been developed to assist anyone studying a foreign language – no matter what age or skill level. A simple to use system of pictures helps you find the word you need quickly and accurately, without the need to know either its spelling or pronunciation. Featuring high quality, colorful pictures for each entry, learning a foreign language has never been easier! Now new words are memorized faster and completely through the Picture Dictionary’s proven method of enhanced picture use. LingvoSoft Talking Picture Dictionary Vietnamese Chinese Mandarin Traditional for Windows Mobile makes communicating and learning another language as easy as child’s play. No matter what your age or skill level, a simple system of pictures lets you quickly find a word and translate it – all without any previous knowledge of spelling or pronunciation. That’s because you simply point at a picture and let the dictionary do the rest. High-definition digital recordings of native-speakers includes advanced pronunciation options for both languages, so you will always be sure to get it right the first time. The simplest way to make learning thousands of words as easy as pointing at a picture! LingvoSoft Picture Dictionary is the simple solution to building a better vocabulary - no matter what your age or skill level. Using thousands of colour pictures, the dictionary’s intuitive system lets you find the word you need without any previous knowledge of a foreign language. The sure-fire way to make learning thousands of new words as easy as finding a picture! LingvoSoft Picture Dictionary lets you choose from thousands of color pictures to get a translation. No matter what your skill level or age you can now communicate accurately simply by pointing your finger. The simplest way to make learning thousands of words as easy as pointing at a picture! LingvoSoft Picture Dictionary is the simple solution to building a better vocabulary - no matter what your age or skill level. Using thousands of colour pictures, the dictionary’s intuitive system lets you find the word you need without any previous knowledge of a foreign language. The sure-fire way to make learning thousands of new words as easy as finding a picture! LingvoSoft Picture Dictionary lets you choose from thousands of color pictures to get a translation. No matter what your skill level or age you can now communicate accurately simply by pointing your finger. LingvoSoft Picture Dictionary Chinese Mandarin Traditional Korean for Windows has been developed to assist anyone studying a foreign language – no matter what age or skill level. A simple to use system of pictures helps you find the word you need quickly and accurately, without the need to know either its spelling or pronunciation. Featuring high quality, colorful pictures for each entry, learning a foreign language has never been easier! LingvoSoft Picture Dictionary Chinese Mandarin Traditional Korean for Windows Mobile makes communicating and learning another language as easy as child’s play. No matter what your age or skill level, a simple system of pictures lets you quickly find a word and translate it – all without any previous knowledge of spelling or pronunciation. That’s because you simply point at a picture and the dictionary does the rest by providing you with an instant translation. The simplest way to make learning thousands of words as easy as pointing at a picture! LingvoSoft Picture Dictionary is the simple solution to building a better vocabulary - no matter what your age or skill level. Using thousands of colour pictures, the dictionary’s intuitive system lets you find the word you need without any previous knowledge of a foreign language.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Q: When to use {#v.attrib} vs {!v.attrib}? I have seen some uses of {#v.attrib} in a few of lightning components, and I'm a person who is used to {!v.attrib}. Is there a difference between them or is there a scenario where '#' has to be used/is better instead of '!'? Thanks in advance for your reply! A: If you want to show a value dynamically based on a aura:attribute, generally we tend to use: {!v.attrib} Eg: <ui:button label="{!v.attrib}" /> So if you do cmp.set('v.attrib','test'), then aura:framework automagically does an dirty checking and changes the value accordingly.(Two-way binding) So the label of the <ui:button> is set to test, just think of this as special expression that directly point to the live reference of the attribute in the component(JS perspective), which is quiet similar to {{v.attrib}} expression in Angularjs which eventually does the same thing. What if you want to show a value dynamically based on a aura:attribute but it needs to work only once,when it is rendered in the view initially. So you should go with : {#v.attrib} expression, which might improve the performance if there large no.of such expression(where you don't need such bindings), because it won't be taken into account during dirty checking.AngularJS also has the same one-way binding stuff in its armour : {{::v.attrib}} Here's a video Mastering Lightning Component - Part 1 on this topic. <aura:component> <aura:attribute name="test" type="String" default="world"/> hello {#v.test} // print hello world and does not change hello {!v.test} // prints hello world and 'test' changes based on input value <ui:inputText value="{!v.test}"/> </aura:component>	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Key Points {#Sec1} ========== CBD has been reported to exert a number of physiological, biochemical, and psychological effects that have the potential to benefit athletes.The available evidence is preliminary, at times inconsistent, and largely based on preclinical studies involving laboratory animals.Rigorous, controlled investigations clarifying the utility of CBD in the sporting context are warranted. Introduction {#Sec2} ============ Cannabis sativa contains numerous chemical compounds with potential bioactive effects, including at least 144 cannabinoids \[[@CR56], [@CR76]\]. The most studied of the cannabinoids are Δ^9^-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ^9^-THC), renowned for its distinctive intoxicating effects \[[@CR73], [@CR123]\], and cannabidiol (CBD)---a non-intoxicating cannabinoid that is particularly enriched in industrial hemp cultivars grown for seed and fibre \[[@CR61]\]. CBD was first isolated in 1940 and initially considered to be biologically inactive, with no apparent therapeutic or "subjective" drug effects \[[@CR1]\]. However, in 1973, Carlini et al. \[[@CR27]\] demonstrated anticonvulsant effects of CBD in a preclinical model, which were later mirrored in humans suffering from intractable epilepsy \[[@CR46]\]. A subsequent rise in research into CBD \[[@CR206]\] has uncovered interactions with numerous molecular targets \[[@CR92]\] and a range of potential therapeutic applications \[[@CR138]\]. Following successful phase 3 clinical trials \[[@CR53], [@CR54], [@CR172]\], the oral CBD solution, Epidiolex®, has also recently gained Food and Drug Administration approval as a regulated prescription medication to treat certain forms of paediatric epilepsy. Recently, interest in CBD has intensified among the general population as evidenced by an exponential rise in internet searches for 'CBD' in the United States (USA) \[[@CR108]\]. Some professional athletes (e.g. golfers, rugby players) also appear to be using CBD (e.g. 'Team cbdMD' <https://www.cbdmd.com/>), despite there being no published studies demonstrating beneficial effects on sport or exercise performance. In many jurisdictions, including the USA and Europe, access to regulated, prescription CBD (i.e. Epidiolex®) is limited to patients with intractable epilepsy. However, a wide range of low dose (e.g. 5--50 mg·d^−1^) CBD-containing "nutraceuticals" (primarily in oil or capsule form) have become readily available online and over-the-counter (e.g. pharmacies, health food stores) \[[@CR20], [@CR125]\]. This includes some varieties that are marketed specifically to recreational and elite athletes (e.g. cbdMD, fourfivecbd). The use of these products is likely to become even more widespread if the World Health Organization's recommendation that CBD no longer be scheduled in the international drug control conventions is adopted by the United Nations member states \[[@CR201]\]. Cannabis has been prohibited in all sports during competition since the World Anti-Doping Agency first assumed the responsibility of establishing and maintaining the list of prohibited substances in sport 15 years ago \[[@CR89]\]. In 2018, however, CBD was removed from the Prohibited List \[[@CR199]\], presumably on the basis of mounting scientific evidence that the cannabinoid is safe and well-tolerated in humans \[[@CR16], [@CR169]\], even at very high doses (e.g. 1500 mg·day^−1^ or as an acute dose of 6000 mg) \[[@CR170]\]. While several recent reviews have described the impact of cannabis on athlete health and performance \[[@CR99], [@CR176], [@CR188]\], the influence of CBD alone has yet to be addressed. The aim of this narrative review was to explore evidence on the physiological, biochemical, and psychological effects of CBD that may be relevant to sport and/or exercise performance and to identify relevant areas for future research. Given the absence of studies directly investigating CBD and sports performance, this review draws primarily on preclinical studies involving laboratory animals and a limited number of clinical trials involving non-athlete populations. Cannabidiol (CBD): Molecular Targets, Pharmacokinetics and Dosing {#Sec3} ================================================================= Molecular Targets {#Sec4} ----------------- The distinctive intoxicating effects of Δ^9^-THC (as well as some of its therapeutic effects) involve the activation of CB~1~R (the cannabinoid type 1 receptor) \[[@CR12]\]. This ubiquitous receptor is expressed throughout the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and in the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, skeletal musculature, liver, and reproductive organs \[[@CR205]\]. Unlike Δ^9^-THC, CBD is not an agonist of CB~1~R, although it may act as a negative allosteric modulator (NAM) at this site (i.e. decreasing the potency and/or efficacy of other ligands without activating the receptor itself) \[[@CR92], [@CR106]\]. Δ^9^-THC also acts as an agonist at CB~2~R (the cannabinoid type 2 receptor) \[[@CR12]\] and there is emerging evidence of CBD functioning as a partial agonist at this site \[[@CR171]\]. CB~2~R is primarily located on immune system cells but is also expressed in the cardiovascular system, GI tract, bone, liver, adipose tissue, and reproductive organs \[[@CR205]\]. CBD may also influence the endocannabinoid system indirectly via the inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), a key enzyme involved in the degradation of the principle endocannabinoid signalling molecule, anandamide (AEA) \[[@CR92], [@CR110]\]. The inhibition of FAAH is predicted to lead to an increase in brain and plasma concentrations of AEA, which acts as a partial agonist at CB~1~R and CB~2~R, thereby increasing endocannabinoid tone \[[@CR92], [@CR110]\]. Increases in endocannabinoid tone may also occur as a result of CBD inhibiting AEA transport via effects on fatty acid-binding proteins (and this mechanism may have more relevance than FAAH inhibition in humans) \[[@CR57]\]. CBD also interacts with many other non-endocannabinoid signalling systems \[[@CR92]\]. Briefly, at concentrations ≤ 10 μM, CBD has been reported to interact with the serotonin 1A \[5-HT~1A~\] receptor, the orphan G protein-coupled receptor 55, as well as the glycine, opioid, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, various ion channels (e.g. the transient potential vanilloid receptor type 1 channel \[TRPV1\] and other transient potential vanilloid channels) and various enzymes (e.g. cyclooxygenase (COX)1 and COX2, cytochrome P450 enzymes) \[[@CR11], [@CR92]\] (see Ibeas et al. \[[@CR92]\] for review). CBD also possesses antioxidant properties \[[@CR92]\]. It is important to recognise that the molecular targets of CBD are still being established, with many of those identified in in vitro cellular assays still to be validated as occurring in vivo. As such, the functional relevance of many of these interactions remains to be established. Pharmacokinetics {#Sec5} ---------------- CBD is often consumed orally as oil; however, it can also be ingested in other forms (e.g. gel capsules, tinctures, beverages, and confectionery products) and applied topically \[[@CR20], [@CR125]\]. High concentration CBD "vape oils" (i.e. for use in e-cigarette devices) are also available in some countries, as are some CBD-dominant forms of cannabis (sometimes known as "light cannabis") that can be smoked or vaporised \[[@CR20], [@CR125]\]. Pure, synthetic, crystalline CBD was also vaporised in a recent laboratory study \[[@CR160]\]. Taylor et al. \[[@CR170]\] recently conducted a comprehensive analysis of oral CBD oil pharmacokinetics in healthy participants. When administered as a single, oral dose (1500--6000 mg), the time to reach peak plasma concentrations (t~max~) was \~4--5 h and the terminal half-life was \~14--17 h. Although t~max~ did not increase dose-dependently in this investigation \[[@CR170]\], another study \[[@CR19]\], involving a much lower oral dose of CBD (300 mg), did indicate a shorter t~max~ (i.e. \~2--3 h). Peak plasma concentrations (C~max~) were \~0.9--2.5 μM in Taylor et al. \[[@CR170]\], but increased \~4.9-fold when CBD was administered with a high-fat meal (i.e. \~5.3 μM at 1500 mg dose) \[[@CR170]\]. Both studies observed a large amount of inter-individual variation in pharmacokinetic responses \[[@CR19], [@CR170]\]. The pharmacokinetics of inhaled CBD are yet to be well characterised. However, smoked "light cannabis" (with a lower Δ^9^-THC and higher CBD content than other varieties) has been reported to elicit high serum CBD concentrations at 30 min post-treatment (that decline over time) \[[@CR146]\]. A recent study in which participants vaporised 100 mg of CBD likewise observed high blood CBD concentrations 30 min post-treatment \[[@CR160]\]. As neither study collected blood samples within \< 30 min of CBD administration, t~max~ and C~max~ are unknown \[[@CR146], [@CR160]\]. CBD is metabolised by several cytochrome P \[CYP\] 450 enzymes (e.g. CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2C19) which convert it to a number of primary and secondary metabolites (e.g. 7-OH-CBD, 6-OH-CBD, and 7-COOH-CBD) \[[@CR177]\]. Complex pharmacokinetic interactions may occur when CBD is co-administered with other drugs (e.g. Δ^9^-THC) and dietary constituents (e.g. caffeine) that also utilise these enzymes \[[@CR6], [@CR163]\]. Interspecies Dose Conversions {#Sec6} ----------------------------- Given the number of preclinical studies involving animal models that will be discussed in this review, it is important to consider interspecies dose equivalence (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}). The USA Food and Drug Administration \[[@CR30]\] recommend the following approach to interspecies dose conversion: $$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \mathrm{HED}\left(\mathrm{mg}\cdot {\mathrm{kg}}^{\hbox{-} 1}\right)={\mathrm{Dose}}_{\mathrm{Animal}}\left(\mathrm{mg}\cdot {\mathrm{kg}}^{\hbox{-} 1}\right)\times \left(\frac{{\mathrm{Km}}_{\mathrm{Animal}}}{{\mathrm{Km}}_{\mathrm{Human}}}\right) $$\end{document}$$ Where HED is the human equivalent dose and Km is a correction factor estimated by dividing the average body mass (BM) of the species (60, 0.020 and 0.150 kg for 11 humans, mice and rats respectively) and by its surface area (see: Nair, et al. \[[@CR134]\] for 12 further details). Differences between systemic and oral dosing should also be considered \[[@CR9]\]. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) dosing is often used in animal studies and has been reported to elicit C~max~ values \~7-fold higher than oral dosing in mice \[[@CR52]\]. Thus, an "oral equivalent dose" can be approximated by multiplying the i.p. dose by seven \[[@CR9]\] (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}). Intravenous (i.v.) dosing will produce even higher plasma CBD concentrations; however, the authors are not aware of any published data that would facilitate conversion between i.v. and oral dosing in rodents. Please note that these values are intended as a guide only and subject to limitations (e.g. interspecies differences in drug potency and receptor expression/configuration). Table 1Oral human equivalent CBD doses from mouse and rat intraperitoneal dosesMouse to Human CBD Dose ConversionRat to Human CBD Dose ConversionMouse Dose\ (mg·kg^-1^, i.p.)HED\ (mg, p.o.)Rat Dose\ (mg·kg^-1^, i.p.)HED\ (mg, p.o.)13416851705340103411068120681201362301021302043602043604086Each HED is based on a body mass of 60 kg and calculated as per the methods described in 2.3 Dose Conversions. The highest documented acute oral CBD dose in humans is 6000 mg; the highest documented chronic oral CBD dose in humans is 1500 mg \[169\]. HED: Human Equivalent Dose; i.p.: Intraperitoneal; p.o.: Oral Cannabidiol (CBD) in Sport and Exercise Performance {#Sec7} =================================================== Literature Search Methodology {#Sec8} ----------------------------- The clinical and preclinical literature was reviewed to identify studies investigating the effects of CBD that might be relevant within a sport and/or exercise context. The online databases PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science (via Thomas Reuters), and Scopus were searched between April and October of 2019 using terms such as: 'cannabinoid' 'cannabidiol', 'CBD' and 'cannabis'. This review focuses primarily on effects that have been demonstrated in vivo and generally avoids attempting to predict functional effects on the basis of target-oriented in vitro data, given the numerous molecular targets of CBD \[[@CR92]\] and the fact that exercise itself induces complex biochemical changes. Nonetheless, some potential interactions are noted. As our intent was to summarise evidence on a range of potentially relevant topics, rather than provide a detailed assessment of the literature, the reader will be directed to more focused reviews, where appropriate. All doses described are oral and acute (single), unless otherwise stated. Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage---Muscle Function, Soreness, and Injury {#Sec9} ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Exercise, particularly when strenuous, unfamiliar, and/or involving an eccentric component, can cause ultrastructural damage to skeletal muscle myofibrils and the surrounding extracellular matrix \[[@CR36], [@CR59]\]. This exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) impairs muscle function and initiates an inflammatory response \[[@CR59]\]. While inflammation is integral to EIMD repair, regeneration, and adaptation \[[@CR59]\], excessive inflammation may contribute to prolonged muscle soreness and delayed functional recovery \[[@CR7], [@CR158]\]. CBD modulates inflammatory processes \[[@CR21]\]. In preclinical models of acute inflammation, CBD has been reported to attenuate immune cell accumulation (e.g. neutrophils, lymphocytes macrophages) \[[@CR102], [@CR130], [@CR149], [@CR186]\], stimulate production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10) \[[@CR190], [@CR191], [@CR23]\] and inhibit production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α) \[[@CR10], [@CR50], [@CR55], [@CR62], [@CR63], [@CR113], [@CR130], [@CR149], [@CR154], [@CR186]\] and reactive oxygen species \[[@CR62], [@CR130], [@CR186]\]. Models demonstrating such effects have included lung injury induced by chemical treatment \[[@CR149]\] and hypoxic--ischemia (HI) \[[@CR10]\]; liver injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion \[[@CR63], [@CR130]\] and alcohol feeding \[[@CR186]\]; myocardial \[[@CR55]\] and renal \[[@CR62]\] ischemia-reperfusion injuries; surgically induced oral lesions \[[@CR102]\]; chemically induced osteoarthritis \[[@CR145]\]; spinal cord contusion injury \[[@CR113]\], and colitis \[[@CR23], [@CR50], [@CR154]\] (see Burstein \[[@CR24]\] for review). Anti-inflammatory effects are generally observed at higher CBD doses in vivo (e.g. ≥ 10 mg·kg^−1^, i.p.); although, lower doses (e.g. \~1.5 mg·kg^−1^, i.p.) have indicated efficacy in some studies \[[@CR145]\]. Research investigating the effects of CBD on inflammation in humans is limited and inconclusive \[[@CR94], [@CR133]\]. In terms of muscle-specific inflammation, one preclinical study has investigated the effect of high-dose CBD (i.e. 60 mg·kg^−1^·d^−1^, i.p.) on transcription and synthesis of pro-inflammatory markers (i.e. IL-6 receptors, TNF-α, TNF-β1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase) in the gastrocnemius and diaphragm of dystrophic MDX mice (a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy) \[[@CR91]\]. In this investigation, CBD attenuated mRNA expression of each marker and reduced plasma concentrations of IL-6 and TNFα. Improvements in muscle strength and coordination, as well as reductions in tissue degeneration, were also reported at this dose. Lower, but still relatively high, CBD doses (20--40 mg·kg^−1^·day^−1^, i.p.) had no functional benefits \[[@CR91]\]. Of course, it is important to recognise that EIMD and muscular dystrophy differ in their pathophysiology, and so the effects observed in MDX mice may involve mechanisms less relevant to EIMD (e.g. skeletal muscle differentiation, autophagy) \[[@CR91]\]. While CBD could potentially aid in muscle recovery, other anti-inflammatory agents, such as ibuprofen (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug \[NSAID\]) have been reported to attenuate exercise-induced skeletal muscle adaptation \[[@CR120]\]. The precise mechanism(s) underpinning these effects have not been fully elucidated, although it may be that the prevention of inflammation inhibits angiogenesis and skeletal muscle hypertrophy \[[@CR120]\]. Human trials also suggest that ibuprofen may not influence EIMD, inflammation, or soreness \[[@CR144], [@CR175]\]. Thus, if CBD exerts its effects via similar mechanisms, it could possibly attenuate the benefits of training without influencing muscle function or soreness. Future studies investigating this are clearly warranted to clarify such issues and elucidate the potential benefits of CBD. Neuroprotection---Concussion and Subconcussion {#Sec10} ---------------------------------------------- Recent estimates suggest that 6--36% of high school and collegiate athletes in the USA have experienced more than one concussion \[[@CR72]\], potentially predisposing them to long-term neurodegenerative diseases \[[@CR72]\] and an increased risk of suicide \[[@CR64]\]. Concussion is a distinct form of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) in which a biomechanical force temporarily disrupts normal brain functioning causing neurological--cognitive--behavioural signs and symptoms \[[@CR97]\]. Similar injuries that do not produce overt (acute) signs or symptoms are termed "subconcussions" \[[@CR97]\]. In TBI, the primary injury occurs as a result of the biomechanical force; secondary injury is then sustained through a complex cascade of events, including HI, cerebral oedema, increased intracranial pressure, and hydrocephalus \[[@CR203]\]. These processes are, in turn, related to a number of detrimental neurochemical changes, including glutamate excitotoxicity, perturbation of cellular calcium homeostasis, excessive membrane depolarisation, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, increased free radicals and lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis \[[@CR203]\]. While the primary injury may not be treatable, interventions that attenuate secondary sequelae are likely to be of benefit \[[@CR203]\]. Only one study \[[@CR14]\] has investigated the biochemical and neuropsychological effects of CBD in an animal model of TBI. Here, C57BL/6 mice were given chronic CBD treatment (3 μg·day^−1^, oral) 1--14 and 50--60 days post- (weight drop) brain insult. CBD attenuated the behavioural (e.g. anxious and aggressive behaviour, depressive-like behaviour, impaired social interactions, pain-related behaviours) and some of the cortical biochemical abnormalities were observed. Specifically, CBD tended to normalise extracellular glutamate, [d]{.smallcaps}-aspartate, and γ-aminobutyric acid concentrations in the medial prefrontal cortex, suggesting a reduction in excitotoxicity. However, neuronal damage was not measured directly in this study \[[@CR14]\]. Other preclinical studies have investigated the impact of CBD on different animal models of acute neuronal injury, in particular, acute cerebral HI \[[@CR4], [@CR13], [@CR31], [@CR68], [@CR69], [@CR80], [@CR81], [@CR83], [@CR100], [@CR105], [@CR127], [@CR129], [@CR142], [@CR143], [@CR153]\]. Studies administering a single (acute) dose of CBD shortly post-HI (e.g. ≤1 h) have produced inconsistent results. For instance, while Garberg et al. \[[@CR68], [@CR69]\] found no effect of CBD (1 or 50 mg·kg^−1^, i.v.) on HI-induced neuronal damage in piglets, others observed neuroprotection at similar doses (e.g. 1 mg·kg^−1^, i.v \[[@CR105], [@CR143]\]., 1 mg·kg^−1^, s.c \[[@CR127], [@CR142]\]., and 5 mg·kg^−1^, i.p \[[@CR31]\].) in piglets and rats. When given chronically, or repeatedly within a short timeframe proximal to the HI event, however, CBD appears to be neuroprotective. Effective dosing strategies have varied and included initiating treatment several days pre-HI (e.g. 100 or 200 μg·day^−1^, intracerebroventricular 5 days; Wistar rats \[[@CR100]\]), shortly pre- and/or post-HI[1](#Fn1){ref-type="fn"}, and up to 3 days post-HI (e.g. 3 mg·kg^−1^·day^−1^, i.p. 12 days; ddY mice \[[@CR80]\]). Thus, chronic CBD treatment may be more effective than acute intervention. While "pre-incident" dosing might also be beneficial, it is noted that in practice, this would require humans at risk of TBI to use CBD chronically as a prophylactic. The precise mechanism(s) underpinning the neuroprotective effects of CBD are not completely understood (see Campos et al. \[[@CR25]\] for review), but may involve decreased inflammation, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity \[[@CR142], [@CR143]\] and increased neurogenesis \[[@CR129]\]. Preclinical studies have also demonstrated beneficial effects of CBD in other animal models of neurodegeneration (e.g. transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease \[[@CR34], [@CR35]\], brain iron-overload \[[@CR47], [@CR48]\]). Collectively, these data suggest that research investigating the utility of CBD in ameliorating the harmful long-term effects of repeated sports concussions is warranted. Nociceptive and Neuropathic Pain {#Sec11} -------------------------------- Persistent pain is common in athletes \[[@CR74]\]. Nociceptive pain, which includes inflammatory pain, typically occurs with tissue damage; whereas neuropathic pain typically results from a lesion or disease in the somatosensory nervous system \[[@CR74]\]. Neuropathic pain is common among para-athletes with spinal cord injuries and can also arise with surgery (e.g. to treat an existing injury) or if there is repetitive mechanical and/or inflammatory irritation of peripheral nerves (e.g. as in endurance sports) \[[@CR74]\]. Clinical trials investigating the combined effects of Δ^9^-THC and CBD (e.g. Sativex®) on chronic neuropathic pain have yielded promising initial results \[[@CR87], [@CR114], [@CR151], [@CR156]\]. However, the therapeutic effects of CBD administered alone have received limited clinical attention. Preclinical (in vivo) studies investigating the effects of CBD on neuropathic and nociceptive pain are summarised in Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}. Despite some methodological inconsistencies (e.g. the pain model, period of treatment, route of delivery), most preclinical studies appear to have observed a significant analgesic effect of CBD \[[@CR29], [@CR39]--[@CR41], [@CR51], [@CR70], [@CR75], [@CR78]\], albeit somewhat less pronounced than the effects of Δ^9^-THC \[[@CR29], [@CR78]\] (e.g. Hedges' g = 0.8 vs. 1.8 \[[@CR78]\]) or of gabapentin (e.g. Hedges' g = 2.0 \[[@CR78]\]), a commonly used agent for treating neuropathic pain. Capsazepine co-treatment has also been reported to attenuate CBD-induced analgesia, suggesting that the effect may be mediated, at least in part, by the TRPV~1~ channel \[[@CR40], [@CR41], [@CR51]\]. This mechanism is noteworthy as studies have implicated the TRPV~1~ in the development of mechanical hyperalgesia induced by muscle inflammation \[[@CR66], [@CR140]\]. Table 2Preclinical studies investigating the effect of CBD on neuropathic and nociceptive pain in vivoCitationAnimalModelTreatment(s)Treatment EffectNeuropathic Pain De Gregorio et al., (2019) \[[@CR51]\]Wistar ratsSNI5 mg·kg^-1^·d^-1^, s.c. 7 dCBD sig. decreased mechanical allodynia on Tx day 7. Casey et al., (2017) \[[@CR29]\]C57BL/6 miceCCI30 mg·kg^-1^, s.c.CBD sig. decreased mechanical allodynia 2 h, but not 0.5, 1, 4 or 6 h, post-Tx compared to baseline.0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 mg·kg^-1^, s.c.CBD dose-dependently decreased mechanical and cold allodynia. King et al., (2017) \[[@CR101]\]C57BL/6 miceCT (Paclitaxel)0.625--20 mg·kg^-1^, i.p. 15 min prior to CT on days 1, 3, 5 and 71 and 20 mg·kg^-1^ CBD sig. attenuated the development of mechanical allodynia measured on Tx days 9 and 14, but not 21.CT (Oxaliplatin)1.25--10 mg·kg^-1^, i.p. 15 min prior to CT on days 1, 3, 5 and 71.25--10 mg·kg^-1^ CBD sig. attenuated the development of mechanical allodynia measured on Tx days 2, 4, 7 and 10.CT (Vincristine)1.25--10 mg·kg^-1^, i.p. 15 min prior to CT on days 1, 3, 5 and 7CBD did not attenuate the development of CT-induced mechanical allodynia measured on Tx days 5, 10, 15 and 22. Harris et al., (2016) \[[@CR78]\]C57BL/6 miceCT (Cisplatin)2 mg·kg^-1^, i.p.CBD sig. decreased tactile allodynia 1 h post-Tx.0.5, 1 or 2 mg·kg^-1^, i.p. 30 min prior to CT every second day for 12 dCBD did not attenuate the development of CT-induced tactile allodynia measured on Tx days 6, 10 and 12. Ward et al., (2014) \[[@CR187]\]C57BL/6 miceCT (Paclitaxel)2.5 or 5 mg·kg^-1^·d^-1^, i.p. 15 min prior to CT on days 1, 3, 5 and 72.5 and 5 mg·kg^-1^·d^-1^ CBD attenuated the development of CT-induced mechanical allodynia. Toth et al., (2010) \[[@CR174]\]CD1 miceSTZ Diabetes0.1, 1 or 2 mg·kg^-1^·d^-1^, i.n. 3 months1 and 2 mg·kg^-1^·d^-1^ CBD sig. attenuated the development of thermal and tactile hypersensitivity compared to 0.1 mg·kg^-1^·d^-1^ CBD.2 mg·kg^-1^·d^-1^, i.n. 1 monthCBD did not alleviate developed thermal or tactile hypersensitivity.1, 10 or 20 mg·kg^-1^·d^-1^, i.p. 3 months20 mg·kg^-1^·d^-1^ CBD sig. attenuated the development of thermal and tactile hypersensitivity compared to 1 mg·kg^-1^·d^-1^ CBD.20 mg·kg^-1^·d^-1^, i.p. 1 monthCBD did not alleviate developed thermal or tactile hypersensitivity. Costa et al., (2007) \[[@CR41]\]Wistar ratsCCI2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg·kg^-1^·d^-1^, oral 7 d5, 10 and 20 mg·kg^-1^·d^-1^ CBD sig. decreased thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia on Tx day 7.Nociceptive (Inflammatory) Pain Genaro et al., (2017) \[[@CR70]\]Wistar ratsIncision0.3, 1, 3, 10 or 30 mg·kg^-1^, i.p.3 mg·kg^-1^ CBD sig. decreased mechanical allodynia between 30- and 150-min post-Tx; 10 mg·kg^-1^ CBD sig. decreased mechanical allodynia 60 min post-Tx, only. Hammell et al., (2016) \[[@CR75]\]Sprague-Dawley ratsFCA0.6, 3.1, 6.2 or 62.3 mg·kg^-1^·d^-1^, t.c. 4 d6.2 and 62.3 mg·kg^-1^ CBD sig. decreased pain-related behaviour on Tx day 4 and thermal hyperalgesia on Tx days 2, 3 and 4. Costa et al., (2007) \[[@CR41]\]Wistar ratsFCA20 mg·kg^-1^·d^-1^, oral 7 dCBD sig. decreased thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia on Tx day 7. Costa et al., (2004) \[[@CR39]\]Wistar ratsCarrageenan5, 7.5, 10, 20 and 40 mg·kg^-1^, oral5, 7.5, 10, 20 and 40 mg·kg^-1^·d^-1^ CBD sig. decreased thermal hyperalgesia 1--5 h post-Tx. Costa et al., (2004) \[[@CR40]\]Wistar ratsCarrageenan10 mg·kg^-1^, oralCBD sig. decreased thermal hyperalgesia 1 h post-Tx.The 'Treatment Effects' described are in comparison to a vehicle condition, unless otherwise statedCBD Cannabidiol, CCI Chronic Constriction Injury, CT Chemotherapy, FCA Freund's Complete Adjuvant, i.n. Intranasal, i.t. Intrathecal, s.c. Subcutaneous, SNI Spared Nerve Injury, STZ Streptozotocin, t.c. Transcutaneously, Tx Treatment It is important to recognise that the analgesic effect of CBD likely depends on several factors, including the treatment dose and the type of pain involved. Indeed, low doses of CBD (e.g. ≤ 1 mg·kg^−1^, i.p.) do not consistently attenuate pain \[[@CR29], [@CR41], [@CR70], [@CR75], [@CR101]\]; while higher doses are sometimes found to be more \[[@CR29]\], and other times, less \[[@CR70]\], efficacious than moderate doses in preclinical studies (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}). This highlights the importance of determining a therapeutic dose for CBD in analgesia. Data from King et al. \[[@CR101]\] also demonstrate the selectivity of the response, indicating that CBD only effective in attenuating the development of neuropathic pain induced by certain chemotherapeutic agents (i.e. paclitaxel and oxaliplatin but not vincristine). Thus, placebo-controlled trials of CBD in treating pain in clinical populations and athletes are warranted. Table 3Clinical trials investigating the effect of CBD on subjective anxietyCitationStudy designParticipantsTreatment(s)ContextTreatment effectHealthy participantsZuardi et al. (1993) \[[@CR207]\]DB (PC); BSDI: 10; 23 yC: 10; 23 yOral 300 mgPublic speaking (90 min post-tx)CBD sig. reduced SA post-public speaking. SA prior to, in anticipation of, and during speaking were unaffected.Crippa et al. (2004) \[[@CR45]\]DB (PC); BSDI: 5 M; 30 ± 5 yC: 5 M; 30 ± 5 yOral 400 mgLow stressCBD sig. reduced SA 60 and 75 min post-tx.Bhattacharyya et al. (2010) \[[@CR18]\]DB (PC); WSD15 M; 27 ± 6 yOral 600 mgLow stressSA was unaffected 1, 2 and 3 h post-tx.Martin-Santos et al. (2012) \[[@CR123]\]DB (PC); WSD16 M; 26 ± 5 yOral 600 mgLow stressSA was unaffected 1, 2 and 3 h post-tx.Hindocha et al. (2015) \[[@CR86]\]DB (PC); WSD48; 22 yVaporised 16 mgLow stressSA was unaffected 2, 30, 60. 90 and 120 min post-tx.Zuardi et al. (2017) \[[@CR208]\]DB (PC); BSDI: 12 (6 M); 23 ± 3 yI: 11 (5 M); 23 ± 3 yI: 12 (6 M); 23 ± 3 yC: 12 (6 M); 22 ± 2 yI: Oral 100 mgI: Oral 300 mgI: Oral 900 mgPublic speaking(150 min post-tx)300 mg CBD sig. reduced SA compared to 900 mg CBD (but not placebo) during public speaking. SA prior to, in anticipation of, and post-speaking were not affected by any treatment.Linares et al. (2019) \[[@CR116]\]DB (PC); BSDI: 15 M; 24 ± 3 yI: 15 M; 25 ± 3 yI: 12 M; 23 ± 3 yC: 15 M; 25 ± 4 yI: Oral 150 mgI: Oral 300 mgI: Oral 600 mgPublic speaking(90 min post-tx)300 mg CBD (but not 150 or 600 mg) sig. reduced SA during public speaking. SA prior to, in anticipation of, and post-speaking were not affected by any treatment.Clinical populationsCrippa et al. (2011) \[[@CR44]\]DB (PC); WSDSAD Participants10 M; 24 ± 4 yOral 400 mgLow stressCBD sig. reduced SA 60, 75 and 140 min post-Tx.Bergamaschi et al. (2011) \[[@CR15]\]DB (PC); BSDSAD ParticipantsI: 12 (6 M); 23 ± 2 yC: 12 (6 M); 23 ± 2 yOral 600 mgPublic speaking(90 min Post-Tx)CBD sig. reduced SA during public speaking. SA prior to, in anticipation of, and post-speaking were not affected.Hundal et al. (2017) \[[@CR90]\]DB (PC); BSDHigh Trait ParanoiaI: 16 (8 M); 26 ± 9 yC: 18 (8 M); 25 ± 8 yOral 600 mgVirtual reality(130 min Post-Tx)SA was unaffected.Masataka (2019) \[[@CR124]\]DB (PC); BSDSAD ParticipantsI: 17 (8 M); 18--19 yC: 20 (8 M); 18--19 yOral 300 mg·d^-1^ (28-days)Low stressCBD sig. reduced SA 4-weeks post-tx.BSD between-subject design, C control group, CBD cannabidiol, DB double-blind, I intervention group, M male subjects, PC placebo-controlled, SAD social anxiety disorder, SA subjective anxiety, SB single-blind, Tx treatment, WSD within-subject designThe "Treatment effects" described are in comparison to a placebo condition, unless otherwise stated Exercise-Induced Gastrointestinal (GI) Damage {#Sec12} --------------------------------------------- While strenuous exercise increases blood supply to the active skeletal muscles, cardiopulmonary system and skin---other organs and tissues, including the GI tract, experience reduced oxygen and nutrient delivery \[[@CR180]\]. If exercise is prolonged (e.g. \>40 min), this "GI ischemia", as well as the inflammation and oxidative stress that accompanies reperfusion, can compromise epithelial integrity \[[@CR180]\]. Such effects may negatively influence exercise performance and post-exercise recovery due to GI distress (e.g. nausea, vomiting, abdominal angina, bloody diarrhoea) and impaired nutritional uptake \[[@CR180]\]. CBD has demonstrated some effects that may be relevant to the management of exercise-induced GI damage. For instance, preclinical studies have shown that CBD (e.g. 0.01--10 mg·kg^−1^, i.v. or 10 mg·kg^−1^, i.p.) can attenuate tissue damage (e.g. reduce necrosis, blood concentrations of tissue damage markers and inflammation) induced by acute, peripheral ischemia-reperfusion (e.g. kidney, myocardium, liver) \[[@CR55], [@CR60], [@CR62], [@CR63], [@CR130], [@CR185]\] and colitis \[[@CR23], [@CR50], [@CR154]\] in vivo; benefits that have generally been attributed to its reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects (see also section "Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage---Muscle Function, Soreness, and Injury") \[[@CR50], [@CR55], [@CR60], [@CR62], [@CR63], [@CR130], [@CR154], [@CR185]\]. Also, of interest is that CBD (1--100 μM) has been reported to restore intestinal permeability in vitro following exposure to Clostridium difficile toxin A, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and pro-inflammatory stimuli (e.g. interferon-gamma, TNF-α) \[[@CR2], [@CR3], [@CR71]\]. Of course, it is important to recognise that evidence to support a therapeutic effect of CBD on GI damage in humans is currently lacking. In fact, two placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trials, one investigating the effect of CBD (10 mg·d^−1^; 56 days) on symptom severity in Crohn's disease (n = 20) \[[@CR133]\] and the other examining the impact of a "CBD-rich botanical extract" (250 mg·day^−1^ \[4.7% THC\]; 56 d) on the likelihood of remission in ulcerative colitis (n = 60) \[[@CR94]\], have so far been unable to demonstrate a protective effect of CBD (above placebo) on disease markers, including C-reactive protein, faecal calprotectin, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α). While CBD could potentially attenuate exercise-induced GI damage, it is important to note that other anti-inflammatory agents, such as the NSAID, ibuprofen, have been reported to exacerbate exercise-induced GI damage and impair gut barrier function \[[@CR181]\]. The precise mechanism(s) underpinning these effects have not been fully elucidated. However, NSAIDs have been suggested to augment GI ischemia by inhibiting the COX1 and COX2 enzymes and interfering with nitric oxide production \[[@CR180]\]. Some in vitro research similarly suggests that CBD partially inhibits COX1 and COX2, although this effect has only been reported at supraphysiological concentrations (e.g. 50--500 μM CBD) \[[@CR92]\]. Thus, the effect of CBD on exercise-induced GI damage warrants clarification. Bone Health {#Sec13} ----------- While the beneficial effects of high-impact exercise on bone health are well established \[[@CR38]\], other factors within the sporting context (e.g. traumatic injuries, low energy availability \[[@CR117]\]) may cause or contribute to reduced bone health and the development of fractures in athletes. A small number of preclinical studies have investigated the effects of CBD on bone structure and function \[[@CR103], [@CR112], [@CR135]\]. While most have used animal models that are limited in their direct relevance to sport and/or exercise performance (e.g. periodontitis, systemic skeletal degeneration due to spinal cord injury) one investigation \[[@CR103]\] did report that CBD improved the healing of femoral fractures in Sprague-Dawley rats. Specifically, chronic CBD treatment (i.e. 5 mg·kg^--1^·day^--1^, i.p.) decreased callus size 4-weeks post-fracture and enhanced the biomechanical properties of the bone at 8-weeks (i.e. maximal force, work-to-failure on a 4-point bending test) \[[@CR103]\]. While the mechanism(s) underlying this effect require clarification, CBD may act to inhibit expression of RANK and RANK-L (i.e. indicative of an effect to suppress osteoclastogenesis, and thus, bone resorption) and decrease the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-1β, TNF-α) at the site of injury \[[@CR103], [@CR135]\]. Evidence that activation of CB~2~R induces bone matrix deposition has also recently emerged \[[@CR150]\] alongside data suggesting that CBD may have partial agonist effects at this site \[[@CR171]\]. These initial findings suggest that further research investigating the effect of CBD on acute skeletal injuries is worthwhile. Cardiovascular (CV) and Metabolic Functions {#Sec14} ------------------------------------------- A number of studies have measured CV responses to CBD (100--1200 mg) in humans and, overall, it appears that resting HR is unaffected (see Sultan et al. \[[@CR165]\] for review). However, some evidence does suggest that CBD (600 mg) reduces resting systolic BP (e.g. --6 mmHg) \[[@CR95], [@CR164]\]. Preclinical studies have likewise shown that CBD influences vascular function \[[@CR139], [@CR161], [@CR162], [@CR193], [@CR194]\]. Briefly, in vitro CBD treatment (i.e. ≤ 2 h exposure to 1--10 μM) has been reported to induce vasorelaxation \[[@CR139]\] and potentiate vasorelaxation to acetylcholine \[[@CR162], [@CR193]\] in isolated (pre-constricted) arteries of rats \[[@CR139], [@CR162], [@CR193]\]. A recent study \[[@CR161]\] also found that in vitro CBD treatment (i.e. ≤ 2 h exposure to 10 μM) induced \~40% vasorelaxation in isolated (pre-constricted) mesenteric arteries of humans with various clinical conditions (e.g. cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, type Z diabetes mellitus \[T2DM\]). In addition to "resting" CV parameters, a recent meta-analysis (of largely preclinical studies) found that CBD attenuated "stress-induced" (e.g. via fear-conditioning or physical-restraint) increases in HR and BP (BP −3.5 mmHg; 95% CI −5.2, −1.9; I^2^ = 73%; HR −16 mmHg; 95% CI −26, −6; I^2^ = 92%) \[[@CR165]\], that said, most studies measuring CV responses to CBD (150--600 mg) under "stress-inducing" conditions in humans (e.g. public speaking) find no effect on HR or BP \[[@CR15], [@CR116], [@CR207]\]. One placebo-controlled, double-blinded (single-dose) crossover trial of healthy males (n = 9) \[[@CR95]\] did report that CBD (600 mg) increased HR in the presence of certain stressors (i.e. a mental arithmetic test, an isometric contraction on a hand-grip dynamometer, and cold exposure); and, at times, reduced systolic and diastolic BP. However, these differences were apparent at baseline (pre-stress) and the data were not standardised to account for this, making interpretation difficult. Taken together, these findings suggest that CBD has the potential to influence CV function. However, the implications of these effects in regard to exercise performance are unclear. Studies investigating the effect of CBD on exercise-induced CV responses are therefore required to clarify its utility within the sport and exercise context. One final observation to note is that some initial data suggest CBD might influence mitochondrial function. Indeed, in vivo CBD treatment has been reported to increase the activity of mitochondrial complexes \[[@CR48], [@CR77], [@CR130], [@CR178]\] (30--60 mg·kg−^1^, i.p. acute or chronic 14 days Wistar rats; 3 and 10 mg·kg^−1^, i.v. C57BL/6 J mice; 10 mg·kg^−1^·day^−1^, i.p. 5 days C57BL/6 J mice; and 10 mg·kg^−1^·day^−1^, i.p. 14 days Wistar rats) in various tissues and models (i.e. healthy brain, myocardium following doxorubicin treatment, brain following neonatal iron-overload, hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury) and increase mitochondrial biogenesis \[[@CR77]\] (10 mg·kg^−1^·day^−1^, i.p. 5 days C57BL/6 J mice; myocardium following doxorubicin treatment). Such effects could have implications for energy metabolism during exercise. Thermoregulation {#Sec15} ---------------- Heat loss mechanisms play a pivotal role in the maintenance of homeostasis during exercise; any treatment or condition that alters core body temperature (T~C~), therefore has the potential to impact exercise performance \[[@CR192]\]. The effect of CBD on T~C~ has been investigated in rodents \[[@CR65], [@CR82], [@CR83], [@CR85], [@CR96], [@CR118], [@CR166], [@CR182]\]. The most recently published study found that CBD (100 mg·mL^−1^, 30 min vaporised; Wistar rats) reduced T~C~ (−1.0 °C) 60 and 90 min following inhalation in resting animals \[[@CR96]\]. In contrast, Long et al. \[[@CR118]\] reported a hyperthermic effect (+2.0 °C) 30 min post-treatment (1 and 10 mg·kg^−1^, i.p.; C57BL/6JArc mice) during a chronic-dosing experiment, although, this response was only observed intermittently during a 21-day protocol (e.g. \~8% of total measurements). The fact that CBD affected T~C~ in these experiments is difficult to explain, since although other cannabinoids (e.g. Δ^9^-THC, AEA) have demonstrated a capacity to moderate T~C~ when administered exogenously (e.g. low doses of Δ^9^-THC may sometimes induce hyperthermia \[[@CR168]\] and high doses cause hypothermia \[[@CR65], [@CR82], [@CR83], [@CR85], [@CR96], [@CR118], [@CR166], [@CR182]\]), these effects occur via a CB~1~R-mediated mechanism \[[@CR42], [@CR166], [@CR196]\]. In addition to this, no other studies appear to have detected changes in T~C~ with CBD administration \[[@CR65], [@CR82], [@CR83], [@CR85], [@CR166], [@CR182]\]. Overall, despite some inconsistencies, the available data suggest that CBD is unlikely to have a major influence on T~C~ or thermoregulatory processes. In any case, it seems that with the exception of self-reported feelings of "coldness" \[[@CR33], [@CR88]\], exogenous cannabinoids do not typically induce the same overt, significant effects on T~C~ in humans \[[@CR104], [@CR183]\] as are seen in rodents. Still, it should be acknowledged that the thermoregulatory response to heat stress (i.e. passive or metabolic), specifically, has not been studied. Dietary Intake and Feeding {#Sec16} -------------------------- An adequate intake of energy and nutrients is essential to support optimal athletic training, recovery, and performance \[[@CR173]\]. Various preclinical studies have investigated the effect of CBD on feeding behaviour in rodents \[[@CR58], [@CR93], [@CR155], [@CR159], [@CR195]\], with results suggesting that higher doses may influence food intake several hours post-treatment. Indeed, while CBD, at doses of 3--100 mg·kg^−1^, i.p. (IRC mice) \[[@CR195]\] and 1--20 mg·kg^−1^, i.p. (Wistar rats) \[[@CR155]\], failed to influence food intake during a 1 h ad libitum feeding period, moderate to high doses of CBD (4.4 mg·kg^−1^, i.p. \[[@CR58]\]. and 50 mg·kg^−1^, i.p. \[[@CR159]\]) suppressed food intake (in rats) during longer ad libitum feeding periods (i.e. 4--6 h). In line with these results, Ignatowska-Jankowska et al. \[[@CR93]\] found that chronic CBD treatment (2.5 and 5 mg·kg^−1^·day^−1^, i.p. 14 days) attenuated BM gains in growing Wistar rats. A recent systematic review of human trials also reported that individuals with epilepsy receiving CBD (5--20 mg·kg^−1^·day^−1^) were more likely to experience decreased appetite than those receiving placebo (i.e. \~20 vs. 5% of patients) \[[@CR107]\]. That said, a mechanistic understanding of these effects of CBD on feeding behaviour remains to be established. Other cannabinoids with CB~1~R agonist effects (e.g. Δ^9^-THC, AEA, cannabinol) reliably induce hyperphagia when administered exogenously \[[@CR58], [@CR197], [@CR198]\]; but CBD lacks such an effect. Ignatowska-Jankowska et al. \[[@CR93]\] did report that the selective CB~2~R antagonist, AM630, prevented CBD-induced BM changes; however, CB~2~R has not generally been linked to feeding behaviour, and if CBD is indirectly increasing endocannabinoid tone (i.e. via AEA) \[[@CR92]\], this might be expected to promote feeding behaviour (via indirect CB~1~R agonist effects) \[[@CR197]\]. A role for GI side effects in affecting appetite therefore cannot be ruled out \[[@CR107]\]. Further preclinical research appears to be required to clarify the mechanisms underlying these functional effects on feeding. Controlled trials are also needed to determine whether CBD influences appetite and dietary behaviour in humans, particularly during the pre- and post-exercise period, where nutrient provision is critical. Illness and Infection {#Sec17} --------------------- Some research suggests that athletes experience a decrease in immunity and are at increased risk of developing acute illnesses (particularly upper respiratory tract infections) during periods of heavy training and competition \[[@CR184]\]. This phenomenon has been attributed to various factors such as increased psychological stress, poor sleep, long-haul travel, exposure to extreme environments (e.g. altitude), and low energy availability \[[@CR184]\]. A recent review of online content identified a number of webpages claiming benefits of using CBD for the treatment of viral illnesses, including cold and flu \[[@CR167]\]. However, research supporting such "protective effects" of CBD is extremely limited. In fact, the authors identified only two (in vitro) studies reporting anti-microbial effects \[[@CR5], [@CR179]\] and two (in vitro) studies reporting anti-viral effects \[[@CR119], [@CR122]\] (see Tagne et al. \[[@CR167]\] and Nichols et al. \[[@CR136]\] for reviews). In the former, CBD demonstrated anti-microbial activity against various strains of Staphylococcus aureus \[[@CR5], [@CR179]\], as well as Staphylococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus milleri, and Staphylococcus faecalis \[[@CR179]\] at minimum concentrations of \~3.2--15.9 μM; however, one study also found that these effects were virtually abolished when the original media (a nutrient broth agar) was replaced with one containing 5% blood (increasing the minimum concentration to \~160 μM CBD) \[[@CR179]\]. In the latter, CBD indicated anti-viral activity against the hepatitis C virus (EC~50~ = 3.2 μM) and the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (EC~50~ = 2.1 μM), but not the hepatitis B virus \[[@CR119], [@CR122]\]. While these findings hint at some promise, others caution that CBD could potentially weaken host defence against invading pathogens because of its tendency to modify the function of various immune cells (see also section "Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage---Muscle Function, Soreness, and Injury") \[[@CR136], [@CR147]\]. Importantly, a systematic review of studies investigating the safety of CBD in individuals with intractable epilepsy found that upper respiratory tract infections were similarly infrequent in participants who received the active treatment (5--20 mg·kg^−1^·day^−1^) and placebo (approx. 10% of individuals) \[[@CR107]\]. Further research to develop a better understanding of "if" and "how" CBD influences the development and progression of illness and infection in both athlete and non-athlete populations would be useful. Sports Performance Anxiety (SPA) {#Sec18} -------------------------------- High levels of pre-competition stress, or sports performance anxiety (SPA) \[[@CR141]\], can be detrimental to athletic performance \[[@CR43]\]. This impairment has been attributed to both the direct (i.e. anxiogenic) and indirect (e.g. decreased nutritional intake, increased energy expenditure, loss of sleep) effects of SPA \[[@CR28]\]. While behaviour therapies (e.g. cognitive behavioural therapy) are the preferred treatment, a combination of pharmaceutical and psychological interventions may be indicated in some cases \[[@CR141]\]. A number of (small) clinical trials have investigated the effect of CBD on subjective anxiety in healthy individuals \[[@CR18], [@CR45], [@CR86], [@CR116], [@CR123], [@CR207], [@CR208]\] and in individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) \[[@CR15], [@CR44], [@CR124]\] and high trait paranoia \[[@CR90]\] under both standard (i.e. "low stress") \[[@CR18], [@CR44], [@CR45], [@CR86], [@CR123], [@CR124]\] and "stress-inducing" (e.g. simulated public speaking) \[[@CR15], [@CR90], [@CR116], [@CR207], [@CR208]\] conditions (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}). Overall, results suggest that CBD has little influence on anxiety under "low stress" conditions in healthy participants \[[@CR18], [@CR86], [@CR123]\]. However, several studies have demonstrated anxiolytic effects of CBD (300--600 mg) under "stress-inducing" conditions in both healthy participants and those with SAD \[[@CR15], [@CR44], [@CR116], [@CR124], [@CR207]\]. In fact, CBD (300 mg) had comparable efficacy to the anxiolytic 5-HT~1A~ agonist drug, ipsapirone (5 mg), during a simulated public speaking test in one study \[[@CR207]\]. On the other hand, some other clinical investigations (involving similar "stress-inducing" stimuli) have found no effect of CBD \[[@CR90], [@CR208]\] and Hundal et al. \[[@CR90]\] observed a non-significant trend (p \< 0.10) towards an anxiogenic effect with 600 mg CBD in a high trait paranoid group (n = 32). Inconsistencies could be due to inter-individual differences in baseline anxiety levels and the magnitude of the stress-response to the stressor imposed, small sample sizes, and differences in the dose and formulation of CBD provided. Indeed, Linares et al. \[[@CR116]\] observed an inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship between acute CBD treatment and subjective anxiety, indicating that 300 mg (Hedges' g = 1.0) had a stronger anxiolytic effect than 150 mg (Hedges' g = 0.7) or 600 mg (Hedges' g = 0.6). Taken together, it appears that moderate doses of CBD may be anxiolytic in stressful situations and in individuals with SAD. Thus, studies investigating the effect of CBD (in conjunction with behaviour therapies) on pre-competition anxiety, as well as nutritional intake, energy expenditure, symptom perception during exercise (e.g. ratings of perceived exertion), and sleep in athletes who are negatively impacted by SPA are warranted. Sleep {#Sec19} ----- The importance of adequate sleep in facilitating optimal athletic performance and recovery is increasingly recognised \[[@CR121]\]. Yet, athletes often sleep less (e.g. \~6.5--6.7 h·night^−1^) and experience poorer quality sleep than non-athletes \[[@CR79], [@CR109], [@CR152]\]. Factors that contribute to poor sleep among athletes include evening competitions and training sessions, pre-competition anxiety, use of caffeine, and long-haul travel (e.g. jet lag, travel fatigue) \[[@CR121]\]. Several studies have investigated the effect of CBD on sleep in humans \[[@CR26], [@CR32], [@CR115], [@CR157]\]. The first placebo-controlled, double-blinded (single-dose) crossover trial \[[@CR26]\] found that 160 mg CBD (but not 40 or 80 mg) increased self-reported sleep duration in individuals with insomnia (n = 15); although time to sleep onset, number of sleep interruptions, and likelihood of experiencing "good sleep" were unchanged. Two case studies also indicated the benefits of CBD \[[@CR32], [@CR157]\]. Specifically, Chagas et al. \[[@CR32]\] observed a reduction in symptoms of rapid eye movement sleep-behaviour disorder in four individuals with Parkinson's disease (75--300 mg·day^−1^; 42 day) and Shannon et al. \[[@CR157]\] found that CBD (\~25 mg·day^−1^) improved subjective sleep quality in a young girl with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Of course, these studies \[[@CR26], [@CR32], [@CR157]\] are limited in that they rely on subjective measures of sleep and involve small sample sizes; the improvements observed could also be due to CBD attenuating other sleep-impairing comorbid conditions (e.g. anxiety, PTSD). Indeed, a recent placebo-controlled, double-blinded (single-dose) crossover trial \[[@CR115]\] found no effect of CBD (300 mg) on sleep architecture measured via polysomnography in healthy adults (n = 27). While CBD seems unlikely to directly influence sleep in healthy humans \[[@CR115]\] (and may be "sleep-promoting" in those with certain comorbid conditions) \[[@CR26], [@CR32], [@CR157]\], a small number of rodent studies suggest that the cannabinoid could actually be "wake-inducing" \[[@CR128], [@CR132], [@CR204]\]. One placebo-controlled, double-blinded (single-dose) crossover trial of healthy individuals (n = 8) \[[@CR137]\] also found that low-dose CBD (15 mg) counteracted some of the sedative effects of co-administered Δ^9^-THC (15 mg), i.e. increasing overnight wakefulness; although, this effect could be due to CBD acting as a NAM of CB~1~R, thereby attenuating Δ^9^-THCs effects on that receptor \[[@CR92]\]. Differences in the doses of CBD administered might partly explain this inconsistency. Indeed, Monti \[[@CR128]\] observed a biphasic effect of CBD on sleep in Wistar rats, such that a lower dose decreased, and a higher dose increased (20 vs. 40 mg·kg^−1^, i.p.), slow-wave sleep latency. However, inter-species differences are also a consideration as nocturnal animals appear to exhibit different circadian patterns of endocannabinoid signaling compared to humans \[[@CR84], [@CR131]\]. Collectively, the current evidence on CBD and sleep endorses the need for further research in clinical populations and athletes. Cognitive and Psychomotor Function {#Sec20} ---------------------------------- A small number of clinical trials have investigated the effects of CBD on cognitive and psychomotor function in healthy individuals (Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"}). Overall, results suggest a minimal influence of CBD on cognitive or psychomotor function. While one early investigation \[[@CR98]\] reported that CBD (15 or 60 mg) caused participants to under-/over-estimate the duration of a 60-s interval on several occasions throughout a repetitive testing protocol (i.e. as is indicative of impaired concentration), the magnitude of error was small (e.g. \<5 s; particularly, in comparison to that observed with Δ^9^-THC, e.g. \~10--25 s \[[@CR98]\]) and the effect was inconsistent, suggesting it may be an artefact of the between-subject design and small sample size. A more recent investigation \[[@CR86]\] observed an improvement in emotion recognition with CBD (16 mg vaporised); however, this "ability" may have limited relevance to the sporting context. More applicable, perhaps, is Dalton et al. \[[@CR49]\] finding no effect of CBD (150 μg·kg^−1^ vaporised) on balance or coordination (a product of both cognitive and motor function). A more recent investigation likewise found no effect of oral or vaporised CBD (100 mg) on cognitive performance between 30 min and 8 h post-treatment \[[@CR160]\] (Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"}). Thus, while only a narrow range of doses and relatively few discrete cognitive functions have been studied, the available data suggest that CBD is unlikely to impact cognitive or psychomotor function on healthy individuals. Table 4Clinical trials investigating the effect of CBD on cognitive and psychomotor function in healthy individualsCitationStudy designParticipantsTreatment(s)Cognitive tasksTreatment effectKarniol et al. (1974) \[[@CR98]\]DB (PC); BSDI: 5 M; 21--34 yI: 5 M; 21--34 yI: 5 M; 21--34 yC: 5 M; 21--34 yI: Oral 15 mgI: Oral 30 mgI: Oral 60 mgTime estimation task^a^15 mg CBD sig. altered the ETI (without FB) at 45 and 95 min. 60 mg CBD sig. altered the ETI (without FB) at 95 and 180 min. No other sig. differences were observed.Dalton et al. (1975) \[[@CR49]\]DB; WSD15 M; 21--24 yVaporised 150 μg·kg^-1^Wobble boardPursuit meterDelayed auditory feedback"Pegs"Standing steadiness, hand-eye coordination, cognition and manual coordination were unchanged from baseline 5--85 min post-txLeweke et al. (2000) \[[@CR111]\]SB; WSD9 M; 26--35 yOral 200 mgBinocular depth inversionDepth inversion scores were unchanged from baseline 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 24 h post-tx.Bogwardt et al. (2008) \[[@CR22]\]DB (PC); WSD15 M; 27 ± 6 yOral 600 mgGo/No-Go TaskReaction time and accuracy were unaffected between \~1 and 2 h post-tx.Bhattacharyya et al. (2009) \[[@CR17]\]DB (PC); WSD15 M; 27 ± 6 yOral 600 mgVerbal memory taskWord recall was unaffected \~1--2 h post-tx.Palo Fusar-Poli et al. (2009) \[[@CR67]\]DB (PC); WSD15 M; 27 ± 6 yOral 600 mgFacial emotion recognitionReaction time and accuracy were unaffected \~1--2 h post-tx.Hindocha et al. (2015) \[[@CR86]\]DB (PC); WSD48 (34 M); \~22 yVaporised 16 mgFacial emotion recognitionCBD sig. improved emotion recognition at 60% intensity 10 min post-tx. Recognition at 20, 40, 80 and 100% intensity were unaffected.Hundal et al. (2017) \[[@CR90]\]DB (PC); BSDI: 16 (8 M); 26 ± 9 yC: 18 (8 M); 25 ± 8 yOral 600 mgSymbol codingDigit span (forward and reverse)Verbal learning taskDigit-symbol recoding, forward digit span, reverse digit span, immediate recall and delayed recall were unaffected 135 min post-tx.Arndt & de Wit (2017) \[[@CR8]\]DB (PC); WSD38 (19 M); 24 ± 4 yOral 300, 600and 900 mgEmotional stroopFacial emotion recognitionAttentional bias taskReaction time, emotion recognition and attentional bias were unaffected 3--4 h post-tx.Birnbaum et al. (In Press) \[[@CR19]\]No blind; WSD8 (6 M); 49 yOral 300 mgPhonemic and semantic fluencyDigit spanTrail making test (A & B)Symbol--digit modality taskTest scores were unchanged from baseline 2.5 h post-tx (test outcomes not specified)Spindle et al. (In Press) \[[@CR160]\]DB (PC); WSD18 (9 M); 31 ± 6 yOral 100 mg and Vaporised 100 mgDigit symbol substitutionDivided attention taskPaced serial addition taskSpeed and accuracy of digit symbol substitution and paced serial addition, as well as speed, accuracy and tracking on the divided attention task were unaffected between 0.5 and 8 h post-tx.BSD between-subject design, C control group, CBD cannabidiol, DB double-blind, ETI estimated time interval, FB feedback, I intervention group, M male subjects, PC placebo-controlled, SB single-blind, Tx treatment, WSD within-subject designThe "Treatment effects" described are in comparison to a placebo condition, unless otherwise stated^a^Time estimation task: participants were asked to produce a 60 s interval 10 times. The first 5 estimations were without feedback and the remaining 5 were with feedback. This task was repeated 45, 95. and 180 min post-treatment Other Considerations {#Sec21} ==================== CBD "Nutraceutical" Products {#Sec22} ---------------------------- Over-the-counter CBD-containing "nutraceuticals" are now readily available in many countries and of increasing interest to the community \[[@CR108]\]. However, it is important to be aware that these products are often limited in that they typically contain low levels of CBD (e.g. \~10-50 mg·mL^−1^), \[[@CR20]\] making it difficult to achieve the higher doses often used in the studies described in this review. Additionally, over-the-counter CBD nutraceuticals are not always manufactured to the same pharmaceutical standards as regulated, prescription CBD products (e.g. Epidiolex®). Indeed, a recent study \[[@CR20]\] reported that only \~31% of CBD extracts sold online (n = 84) were "labelled accurately" (i.e. a measured CBD content within 10% of the labelled value); nearly half underestimated, and a quarter overestimated, their CBD content---approximately one-fifth of samples also contained detectable levels of Δ^9^-THC. A similar investigation \[[@CR148]\] of nine CBD "e-liquids" (used for vaporising) found that two contained Δ^9^-THC, four contained 5-fluoro MDMB-PINACA (a potent synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist with powerful psychoactive effects), and one contained dextromethorphan. Thus, individuals using these products are at risk of over-/under-dosing, adverse health effects and/or possibly, recording a positive drug test result. This suggests that until such time as better manufacturing standards are imposed, athletes in competition might wish to avoid using non-regulated CBD-containing nutraceuticals, or, at least carefully investigating their quality control and provenance before using them. Conversion of CBD to Δ^9^-THC {#Sec23} ----------------------------- In vitro studies have shown that CBD can undergo conversion to Δ^9^-THC with prolonged exposure to simulated gastric fluid \[[@CR126], [@CR189]\]. However, this effect has not been observed in vivo. When investigating the phenomenon in minipigs (30 mg CBD·kg^−1^·day^−1^, oral 5 days), which, like humans, have omnivorous diets and other GI similarities (e.g. pH, transit time, drug absorption), Wray et al. \[[@CR202]\] found no detectable (i.e. \<0.5 ng·mL^−1^) Δ^9^-THC or 11-OH-THC in any plasma or GI tract samples collected. Consroe et al. \[[@CR37]\] also found no detectable Δ^9^-THC (i.e. \<0.5 ng·mL^−1^) in human plasma following chronic high-dose CBD treatment (700 mg·day^−1^; 30 days). These data suggest that pure CBD is unlikely to produce a positive drug test result (i.e. indicated by a urinary THC--COOH level \> 150 ng·mL^−1^ \[[@CR200]\]) or any intoxicating (ergolytic) effects due to conversion to Δ^9^-THC. To date, however, no studies have directly investigated whether CBD can elicit a positive drug test result in athletes. Conclusions {#Sec24} =========== CBD has been reported to exert a number of physiological, biochemical, and psychological effects, that have the potential to benefit athletes. For instance, there is preliminary supportive evidence for anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, analgesic, and anxiolytic actions of CBD and the possibility it may protect against GI damage associated with inflammation and promote the healing of traumatic skeletal injuries. However, it is important to recognise that these findings are very preliminary, at times inconsistent, and largely derived from preclinical studies. Such studies are limited in their generalisability to athletes (and humans in general), and often administer high doses of CBD that may be difficult to replicate in humans. The central observation is that studies directly investigating CBD and sports performance are lacking, and until these are conducted, we can only speculate in regard to its effects. Nonetheless, this review suggests that rigorous, controlled investigations clarifying the utility of CBD in the sporting context are clearly warranted. Δ^9^-THC : Δ^9^-tetrahydrocannabinol 5-HT~1A~ : Serotonin 1A receptor AEA : Anandamide CV : Cardiovascular CBD : Cannabidiol CB~1~R : Cannabinoid CB~1~ receptor CB~2~R : Cannabinoid CB~2~ receptor C~max~ : Maximum plasma concentrations COX : Cyclooxygenase CYP : Cytochrome P EIMD : Exercise-induced muscle damage HI : Hypoxic ischemia FAAH : Fatty acid amide hydrolase GI : Gastrointestinal GPR : G protein-coupled receptor IL : Interleukin i.p. : Intraperitoneal i.v. : Intravenous NAM : Negative allosteric modulator NSAID : Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug p.o. : Oral SPA : Sports performance anxiety SAD : Social anxiety disorder TBI : Traumatic brain injury T~C~ : Core body temperature t~max~ : Time to reach maximum plasma concentrations TRVP~1~ : Transient potential vanilloid receptor type 1 channel TNF : Tumour necrosis factor USA : United States of America E.g. 10--30 mg·kg^−1^·day^−1^, i.p. 3 days \[[@CR129], [@CR153]\], 1 mg·kg^−1^·day^−1^, i.v. 3 days \[[@CR13]\], 1--3 mg·kg^−1^, i.p. pre- and 3 h post-HI \[[@CR81], [@CR83]\] or 0.1 mg·kg^−1^, i.v. 15 and 240 min post-HI \[[@CR4]\]. Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Not applicable. All authors were involved in the conception and design of this review. DM was responsible for collating the relevant manuscripts and data. All authors contributed to the drafting and revising of the article, and the final approval of the published version of the manuscript. Authors' information {#FPar1} ==================== Not applicable. Danielle McCartney, Melissa J Benson, Anastasia S Suraev, and Iain S McGregor receive salary support from the Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, a philanthropically funded centre for medicinal cannabis research at the University of Sydney. No other sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this article. Not applicable. Not applicable. Not applicable. Danielle McCartney, Melissa J Benson, Ben Desbrow, Christopher Irwin, and Anastasia S Suraev have no potential conflicts of interest with the content of this article. Iain S McGregor currently acts as a consultant to Kinoxis Therapeutics and is named as an inventor on several patents relating to novel cannabinoid therapeutics, none of which relate to sports physiology or medicine.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
A thread wound golf ball is generally produced by winding thread rubber around a center in a highly drawn condition to form a thread wound core and then providing a covering on the cover. The thread rubber requires a high strength sufficient for tightly winding it on a center and also a high impact rubber resilience at a highly drawn condition sufficient for enhancing the flight distance. In order to satisfy the above mentioned requirement for thread rubber, the thread rubber is conventionally formed from a mixture of natural rubber or a high-cis polyisoprene rubber with a low-cis polyisoprene rubber, because the natural rubber or high-cis polyisoprene rubber provides a high strength and the low-cis polyisoprene rubber a high impact resilience. Japanese Kokoku Publication 54 (1979)-4733 proposes that a disulfide compound is mixed with natural rubber, because the disulfide compound improves the impact resilience of the natural rubber while maintaining the strength of the natural rubber. The above publication considerably improves strength and impact resilience, but further improvement is desired.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Contemporary Greek art Contemporary Greek Art is defined as the art produced by Greek artists after World War II. Painting-Sculpture Abstract Expressionism Theodoros Stamos (1922-1997) was an acclaimed abstract expressionist artist from Lefkas, who lived and worked in New York in the 1940s and 50s. His work has been exhibited throughout the world, and can be found in major museum collections such as the Whitney Museum of Art, the Guggenheim Museum, Smithsonian and the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. Dimitris Koukos (1948-) is also considered as a leading expressionist painter, mainly renowned for his abstract work and landscapes. Koukos has had over 30 one man exhibitions and participated in several group exhibitions in Athens, Paris, Boston, and Moscow. The artist's works can be found in private collections in the U.S, France, Italy, U.K. as well as at the National Gallery in Athens, the Pieridis Museum, the Vorres Museum, the Cultural Institute of the National Bank of Greece, the Greek Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Education in Cyprus. Kinetic Art Takis was born in 1925 in Athens, and is an internationally acclaimed self-taught sculptor. He travelled, worked exhibited in Athens, Paris, London, New York and in many other cities. He is particularly known for his telemagnetic sculpture that formed the basis of his aesthetic expression and his musical sculptures. Takis' musical sculptures are based on the simple concept of using magnetic waves caused by electricity as a means to activate repeated musical sounds: the latter are to be heard every time a needle strikes a string, when attracted by a magnet. He won the Grand Prize at the Paris New Biennale in 1985. An illustrative example would be the installation of a real forest of numerous Signs in the Place de la Defence in Paris (1984–87), the original and imaginative illumination of the Arc de Triomphe at the same period, the transformation of the aqueduct at Beauvais into a musical tower with a network of vertical metallic strings, in 1992, and his design for the layout of a subway station in Toulouse in 1993. Takis' non-morphological inquiries have continued through successive rejections of represantationalism; his method and the acoustic sensations which it calls forth retain their austerity. These are the features which place his artistic inventions among the most important achievements of contemporary, post-World War II art. Arte povera In Arte povera, artists use any medium they could get for free or very, very cheap. The main Greek representative of arte povera is Jannis Kounellis, who introduced found objects in his paintings, such as live animals but also fire, earth, burlap sacks, gold. He replaced the canvas with bed frames, doorways, windows or simply the gallery itself. Stuckism Stuckism is an international artistic movement that was created as a reaction to conceptual art. Stuckist painter Odysseus Yakoumakis on September 2004,founded the first Greek group of Stuckism International named The Romantic Anonymous Fellowship to oppose to the provinciality of the mainstream contemporary Greek art and in particular post-modernism. Digital Art Miltos Manetas is an artist who makes paintings, videoworks, prints and performances about video games, players and computer hardware. Andreas Angelidakis is an architect and artist working at the intersection of digital culture and architectural production. He is one of the first artists who treated the internet as a real place, a site where he designed and built online communities such as the Chelsea Project and Neen World. He also designed and built spaces, intended to appear as computer renderings, sparking a discussion as to whether they were ever built (Pause pavilion, Stockholm 2002) and spaces that included a garden of mummified plants used as a virtual horizon for a laser beauty clinic (Forever Laser, Geneva 1998 and 2003). Angelidakis has realized projects in Sweden, Switzerland, United States and Italy for publications, museums and cultural foundations. Lydia Venieri although known as painter and mixed media sculptor started doing internet art in 1994 with her showing of Fin at the FIAC95. This was followed by Her Story, Apology (addressed to the artist Takis). Her last digital work Moonlight was released in 2008 for the iPhone. See also Contemporary art Art in modern Greece Greek art National Gallery of Greece External links Deste foundation official site National Museum of Contemporary Art official site State Museum of Contemporary Art, Thessaloniki official site Contemporary Greek artists Art Topos Andreas Angelidakis Angelo Plessas AngeloSays Blog Venieri's Internet Art Sources Bibliography Greek Horizons: Contemporary Art from Greece (1998) Efi Strousa, Roger Wollen, Tullie House Museum, Art Gallery Carlise, England Modern and Contemporary Art in Greece (1984) Hans-Jörg Heusser AICARC Center, Zürich In Present Tense: Young Greek Contemporary Artists''' (2007) The National Museum of Contemporary Art	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Primary and secondary lysosomes in megakaryocytes and platelets from cattle with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome. The ultrastructure of lysosomes from megakaryocytes (MK) and platelets of cattle with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) was characterized using acid phosphatase histochemistry with beta-glycerophosphate as substrate and cerium as a capturing agent. Acid phosphatase was localized in the trans aspect of the Golgi complex and/or granules in MK at all stages of maturation. Morphometric analysis of the diameter of each lysosome was performed on MK from CHS cattle and compared to MK from normal cattle. Lysosomes in CHS MK were neither enlarged nor different with respect to classification as secondary lysosomes, which composed 35% of the lysosomes in CHS MK. Lysosomes were demonstrated in 22% of the CHS platelet sections and appeared similar to those from normal cattle, 56% of them being classified as secondary lysosomes. Why lysosomes are not enlarged in bovine CHS MK and platelets, whereas they are enlarged in most other cell types, remains unknown.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
/* Copyright (C) 2002 Jean-Marc Valin File: exc_10_16_table.c Codebook for excitation in narrowband CELP mode (3200 bps) Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. - Neither the name of the Xiph.org Foundation nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. */ const signed char exc_10_16_table[160] = { 22,39,14,44,11,35,-2,23,-4,6, 46,-28,13,-27,-23,12,4,20,-5,9, 37,-18,-23,23,0,9,-6,-20,4,-1, -17,-5,-4,17,0,1,9,-2,1,2, 2,-12,8,-25,39,15,9,16,-55,-11, 9,11,5,10,-2,-60,8,13,-6,11, -16,27,-47,-12,11,1,16,-7,9,-3, -29,9,-14,25,-19,34,36,12,40,-10, -3,-24,-14,-37,-21,-35,-2,-36,3,-6, 67,28,6,-17,-3,-12,-16,-15,-17,-7, -59,-36,-13,1,7,1,2,10,2,11, 13,10,8,-2,7,3,5,4,2,2, -3,-8,4,-5,6,7,-42,15,35,-2, -46,38,28,-20,-9,1,7,-3,0,-2, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, -15,-28,52,32,5,-5,-17,-20,-10,-1};	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
#pragma once #include <pybind11/pybind11.h> #include <torch/csrc/python_headers.h> namespace py = pybind11; namespace c10 { namespace ivalue { // concrete ivalue Holder that hold a py::object struct C10_EXPORT ConcretePyObjectHolder final : PyObjectHolder { public: static c10::intrusive_ptr<PyObjectHolder> create(py::object py_obj) { return c10::make_intrusive<ConcretePyObjectHolder>(std::move(py_obj)); } static c10::intrusive_ptr<PyObjectHolder> create(const py::handle& handle) { py::gil_scoped_acquire ag; return c10::make_intrusive<ConcretePyObjectHolder>( handle.cast<py::object>()); } PyObject* getPyObject() override { return py_obj_.ptr(); } // Note [Destructing py::object] // ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ // // (1) Why py_obj_ = py::none(); does not work. Because we also need to // acquire GIL when destructing py::object of None that de-references None. // https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/none.html#c.Py_RETURN_NONE // // https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15287590/why-should-py-increfpy-none-be-required-before-returning-py-none-in-c // // (2) Why we need to call dec_ref() explicitly. Because py::object of // nullptr, on destruction, effectively does nothing because of it calls // Py_XDECREF(NULL) underlying. // https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/refcounting.html#c.Py_XDECREF ~ConcretePyObjectHolder() { pybind11::gil_scoped_acquire ag; py_obj_.dec_ref(); // explicitly setting PyObject* to nullptr to prevent py::object's dtor to // decref on the PyObject again. py_obj_.ptr() = nullptr; } // explicit construction to avoid errornous implicit conversion and // copy-initialization explicit ConcretePyObjectHolder(py::object py_obj) : py_obj_(std::move(py_obj)) {} private: py::object py_obj_; }; } // namespace ivalue } // namespace c10	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
BlogKeenja: Ready to post Blog images for your Startups - TahaKhan http://blogkinja.d5gravity.com ====== TahaKhan Free stock photos are great, however, they fall short on fulfilling the exact requirements of most of the startups. Let's say a startup wants to blog about A/B testing they will not be able to find a relevant image from stock photos. Considering many such similar scenarios, we decided to solve this problem by providing images for specific individual topics of any Startup blog, covering topics such as: Launch, funding, analytics, customer, technology, support, mobile, email, marketing, content, ecommerce etc P.S. I am not a designer, I have made all these images in Google Slides using basic shapes such as square, circle, triangle etc. Hope you guys like it	{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }
[package] name = "cmdline_example" version = "0.1.0" edition = "2018" [dependencies] makepad-live-compiler = { path = "../../render/live_compiler", version = "0.1" } makepad-live-macros = { path = "../../render/live_macros", version = "0.2" }	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Angélique Arvanitaki Angélique Arvanitaki (11 July 1901 – 6 October 1983) was a French neurophysiologist who did research on the electrical activity of neurons using the large nerve fibres of several different molluscs. Life Angélique Arvanitaki was of Greek origin and was born in Cairo on 11 July 1901. In 1942, she married Nick Chalazonitis, who was a student in veterinary medicine at the time, and would himself become a neurophysiologist too. Their daughter Alcmene Chalazonitis, born in 1943, later also became a neuroscientist. Research Arvanitaki contributed to the field of neurophysiology with research that explored the giant nerve fibres in genera of gastropods, the sea hare Aplysia and the land snail Helix. She developed the concept of ganglion preparation of large identifiable nerves. Arvanitaki also discovered that regular electrical oscillations could periodically grow in size until a series of action potentials were fired along isolated nerve fibres of the cuttlefish, genus Sepia. A further contribution of Arvanitaki was the demonstration that a neuronal circuit was not required for a single nerve to produce rhythmic and spontaneous activity. Also, she discovered that when two nerve fibres are close in proximity, the activity of a single nerve fibre can generate activity in a nearby nerve fibre. Arvanitaki and her husband Chalazonitis both explored the methodology of electrophysiological activity of the nervous system of the sea hare genus Aplysia. In 1955, Arvanitaki and Chalazonitis as well as Ladislav Tauc created the first intracellular recordings of large neurons of the California sea hare. Arvanitaki's and Chalazonitis' explored photoexcitability of certain neurons. Arvanitaki's work was, however, overshadowed by Hodgkin and Huxley's work on the giant axon of the squid. References Category:1901 births Category:1983 deaths Category:French biophysicists Category:French neuroscientists Category:Electrophysiologists Category:Neurophysiologists Category:Women physiologists Category:French physiologists Category:Egyptian biologists Category:French women neuroscientists Category:French people of Greek descent Category:20th-century women scientists Category:Egyptian women scientists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Q: for remembering passwords, sessions or cookies or both? If a user decides to remember their password based on a checkbox when logging in, is it good practice to set both session and cookies? or would it be better to just do cookies? I think I understand to do sessions when user logs in and DOES NOT like to remember the password. Which one is good practice for remembering logging in? Thanks for your time! A: Since a session gets killed by default after 20 minutes, what do you think is the best solution for long-time storage? I hope you're not thinking of actually storing the password in either a cookie or a session, but to store some random ID you also store in your database, which you check on every page view?	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Vacation 2012, Day 2.5 Well, kids, this vacation is certainly having some ups and downs. I’m taking that as a good thing, by the way, since without variation things can get a little dry. That’s also a joke, incidentally — “dry” isn’t a concern around here. It’s rained every day so far (we have thunderstorms as I’m writing this), and not far away, flooding is so bad that highways are being washed out. Yesterday started looking like it might rain, though it didn’t. That allowed us to bolt up the side of the mountain for a chance for you two to go in the bouncy castles. Sadly, only one of the three was set up, as they were all very wet (the one you were in was still a bit damp). It was so wet, and the clouds threatening a downpour so badly that we couldn’t decide whether or not to buy a day pass. Thankfully, the two attendants decided to let you two bounce anyway, as they didn’t get the other two castles set up until much later. We went for a snack afterwards: hot chocolate for both of you, along with (shared) slices of banana bread and devil’s food chocolate cake. After our snack, we all headed back to the S7 house for our lunch: Grandpa’s chili. Choo Choo went for a nap, Monkey went out with Mommy and Tia Nicole. It was quiet around the house for a little while. I attempted to make dinner. With a mostly-frozen chicken. The stupid heat-proof dish shattered, the chicken hadn’t thawed as expected, and I was thoroughly disgusted with my lousy attempt. We ended up having to order from a new restaurant nearby (that happens to make a fire roasted chicken with fries that is strongly reminiscent of those from a chain named for Alps-bound edifices). Post-dinner was our hot springs soak. Monkey, you’re getting better at swimming, but you’re still somewhat hopeless without a floatation device. We need to practice on your doggy paddle. And, I should also add, you finally took to the hot pool (which was significantly hotter than when Mommy and I had gone the night before). Choo Choo, on the other hand, could have just stayed there for hours. Sadly, that trip also put both of you well past your bedtimes; Monkey, you didn’t get to bed until nearly 22:00, which is dangerous for your overnight rest (as it stands, it wasn’t that good). But I can safely say Choo Choo had it worse. Laryngotracheobronchitis, to be exact. You picked it up yesterday morning, the wheezing very prominent. We had hoped it would pass, but it just got worse. So bad that a couple of times you woke up screaming — which wasn’t actually screaming, as you couldn’t really do much other than gasp and emit a raspy squeak. At 4:00, Mommy and I packed you into the car, and we were off to the hospital … nearly 30 kilometres away. The trip to Invermere was a bit difficult. I was anxious to get you there quickly, Choo Choo, but with dawn only just starting to dawn, it was still very dark, and light patches of fog randomly appeared. In any urban setting, I might not think twice about it — on Highway 93/95, which has a constant animal warning, I was more than a little worried about going too quickly. Ironically, I nearly hit the damn deer sitting in the middle of an Invermere street, less than 100 metres from the hospital, because I’d stopped watching for them. Invermere Hospital is small. Really small. The outer doors were locked, and we had to get buzzed in. Then we were met by the entire hospital night staff: Two Registered Nurses and a Practicing Nurse. A grand total of 12 emergency beds, and 8 overnight beds. We were the only ones there, so we had the entire hospital focused on you, Choo Choo. A far cry from the busy-ness of the Calgary hospitals. The Practicing Nurse almost immediately said “croup”, which is a nasty condition that stems from an infection of your vocal chords. Sadly, in small kids, it causes a tight constriction, leading to the wheezing and barking cough. That led to a phone call to the admitting desk — at some other remote location — and another call to the on-call doctor. In the meantime, we were whisked away to Bed #4 — as unoccupied as every other bed — where you got to lay down with a warm blanket. You were scared, Choo Choo, and I don’t blame you. There were two very nice ladies fawning over you, and you were somewhere you didn’t recognise at all. Then, to make things worse, you had some drops to drink (an oral steroid to help with your larynx), and then they put a mask over your face to help give you some ventalin to help you breathe. You really didn’t like that mask. It didn’t matter that it was painted to look a bit like a doggy, you just didn’t want it there, you didn’t want the mist, you just wanted it off. You cried. And I don’t blame you one bit. You were given a box of apple juice and two Digestive cookies for when you got it off, and stickers to put on while the mist did its work. When the doctor arrived, a very nice man I might add, he proceeded to do a quick check, and then took you and Mommy for a quick stroll outside to let the cool air help you breathe. I asked the nurses about the hospital, and learned how small it was, that we were in the “shoulder” season, between the high points of winter (dislocated shoulders and broken bones from the ski hills) and summer (not detailed, but I presume similar given the tendency for people to switch from one seasonal downhill activity to another). Finally, we left, thanking everyone for all their help. You munched on ice chips and your other cookie until we were back in Fairy-mont. We all went right back to bed — I curled up with you until you were asleep again — and managed to get some more rest. Breakfast was late, activities were (sadly) largely aborted. We managed to get in a short swim before eating lunch. Choo Choo went back down for a nap (in an effort to try get back to regular sleep patterns), and Monkey and I went for a (short) craft session, making Wiggly Worms. Monkey, you’ve been making cupcakes with Granny, and watching Wall-E. That’s where we are right now. Mommy just got back from a much-needed massage. Grandpa and Tia Nicole are in Invermere. The afternoon and evening are ahead of us; we shall see what comes.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
2014/2015 Season Archive Goonersden brings you news from top football news sites from the likes of ESPN, SkySport, Daily Mail, Daily Star and Metro… We also Analyse football, player, transfer and predict Arsenal starting line-up. Arsenal midfielder could be on the move again this summer after being shipped out on loan to Bournemouth last season. The midfielder is back at Arsenal after last season’s loan Goonersden brings you news from top football news sites from the likes of ESPN, SkySport, Daily Mail, Daily Star and Metro… We also Analyse football, player, transfer and predict Arsenal starting line-up. Arsenal are set to raid Leicester City again, according to the Foxes former player Matt Elliot. After completing the signing of Ben Wrigglesworth Arsenal manager Arsene Wenger is planning a major title push this season and the boss is aware of the need to bring in only the best to achieve his target. According to reports making the rounds, Arsene Wenger is reportedly readying a bid for Genoa defender Armando Izzi, but could face competition from Benfica The According to reports making the rounds, Arsenal have suffered another massive blow ahead of tomorrow clash against Everton. Arsenal are currently in second position in the league table and they hope to extend their lead with 3rd place Manchester United in the league table as they will take on League leaders Manchester City as battle it According to reports making the round, Arsenal are said to be sitting in pole position in the race to sign Juventus striker Fernando Llorente, says reports. Wenger himself confirmed he would sign only “top players” in the summer, and this has seen the club linked to an avalanche of star players in recent weeks Reports Arsenal are said to have agreed a fee with Fenerbahce for the Colombian keeper. According to reports in Turkey, Arsenal have agreed to sell goalkeeper David Ospina to Fenerbahce for £3.9 million. The Gunners are reportedly close to completing an £11million deal with Chelsea for their no.2 keeper Petr Cech, who is understood to be Several reports have emerged that Petr Cech transfer to Arsenal is as good as done, with some even claiming the deal would be announced in the coming days. While other sources have claimed the 33-year-old shot stopper will 100% sign for Arsenal in the coming days. It was also reported earlier this week that Arsenal chief The Arsenal midfielder received the award following a poll from fans, after being recognised for his charity work. Arsenal and Germany midfielder, Mesut Ozil was named German Football Ambassador for 2015 following recognition for his charity work. Ozil, 26, helped Arsenal win the FA Cup for the second successive season, donating his prize money to Arsenal’s delve in the upcoming transfer window seems to be taking a rather surprising fashion as there are reports that the Gunners retain their interest to land Monaco defensive midfielder Geoffrey Kondogbia. Geoffrey Kondogbia who was signed from Sevilla two years ago has a fixed £25million price tag on him; surprisingly this has refused to Arsenal’s delve in the upcoming transfer window seems to be taking a rather speedy fashion as there are reports that the Gunners are set to battle it out with Valencia for PSV Eindhoven talented midfielder Zakaria Bakkali. Arsenal have moved quickly ahead of the summer transfer window with fresh reports according to popular Spanish newspaper	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
École hôtelière de Lausanne École hôtelière de Lausanne (EHL) is a hospitality management school in Switzerland. The school is consistently regarded as the best hospitality school in the world. It trains students whose goals are to obtain managerial careers in the hotel and hospitality industries. Its campus is located in Le Chalet-à-Gobet, eight kilometers from the city center of Lausanne. Today, the school welcomes more than 3,200 students from 123 different countries. EHL is a member of EHL Group, which was founded in 2015 and is dedicated to hospitality management education. This reorganization was aimed at fostering management transparency and facilitating partnerships abroad. History Founded in 1893 by Jacques Tschumi, Ecole hôtelière de Lausanne is the oldest and first hotel school in the world. It opened during the tourism boom in Switzerland in the late 19th century in response to high demand for skilled and qualified personnel. In 1994, EHL launched its new Bachelor of Science in International Hospitality Management In 2001, EHL launched an EMBA (Executive Master in Hospitality Administration) program, a graduate degree in hospitality management from the University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland (HES-SO). Education It prepares students for senior international positions in the field through five programs: The Bachelor of Science in International Hospitality Management (taught in English or French), which includes a preparatory year of immersion into the hospitality industry, three years of coursework studying business management topics, two six-month internships (often taken abroad), and a 10-week consulting mandate The Master of Science in Global Hospitality Business, a three-semester program in partnership with the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the University of Houston, with courses taught in Lausanne (Switzerland), Hong Kong (China) and Houston (United States) The MBA in Hospitality, delivered 80% online starting September 2017 The Executive MBA in Hospitality Administration, a 12-month post-graduate program in hotel and hospitality management The Master Class in Culinary Arts, a six-month certificate focused on the advanced aspects of culinary arts such as international cuisine, gastronomy and baking EHL offers financial support to talented students who are unable to enroll due to financial hardship. Students, staff and teachers follow the EHL dress code, which is viewed as an additional asset for developing student potential. Campus The EHL campus contains several training restaurants for students in the preparatory year, including the Berceau des Sens, a gourmet restaurant that is open to the public and recognized by the Gault Millau guide. In 2019, the restaurant was awarded One Michelin Star. It also has several bars, 48 classrooms, auditoriums, a library, study rooms, a wine tasting room, a cafeteria, a boutique, a historic building, sports areas, and dorms. EHL has adopted several sustainability initiatives, including a waste management system, vegetable garden, heat recovery system for cold storage, solar panels, and two electric cars on campus. In 2013, EHL launched a project to further develop its campus through a collaborative exchange of ideas involving 385 architecture and landscape design students from around the world. Preparatory work should start in the fall of 2016, and should end within four years. The cost of the project is estimated at 226 million Swiss francs. After having received the EduTrust certification from Singaporean authorities last June, Ecole hôtelière de Lausanne has now secured the location of its future campus to open in September 2021. The building located at 3 Lady Hill Road in the Orchard Road area will receive its first cohort in the fall of 2021. Once a boarding school for the children of British soldiers, the former Kinloss House has been completely restored to its former classic beauty. This 2,400 square meter building set on 1.9 hectares of land used to be the executive training center for a major global company. The property houses classrooms, meeting rooms, a large multi-purpose hall and numerous break out spaces. This location has been selected based on several factors such as potential for student life, quality and aesthetics, flexibility to accommodate modern learning formats, its peaceful environment to facilitate learning, proximity to some of the main touristic landmarks and an opportunity to offer an EHL experience with a genuinely local flavor. Student life EHL students have created several committees for various interests, including sports, photography, food, arts, entrepreneurship and career development. Admissions Candidates for the Bachelor program are selected after a review of their application materials as well as an online assessment with analytical and quantitative tests, a hospitality aptitude test, and an online interview. The process is divided into three parts. Submitting of profile and essay online, then if accepted candidates take an online interview with aptitude tests, following this; if successful, applicants are invited to a selection day which includes a campus tour, an hour long interview with a teacher or staff member along with a student ambassador, and a team building activity. Accreditations Ecole hôtelière de Lausanne is accredited as an Institution of Higher Education, issued by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC, USA). This accreditation ensures that the institution meets the international standards of higher education, and facilitates credit transfers and degree recognition from American institutions. Within Switzerland, it is the only hospitality school offering training affiliated with the University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland (HES-SO), attesting to the high teaching quality and allowing the issued qualifications to be protected by Swiss law. The Executive MBA in Hospitality Administration program was recognized by the Swiss Center of Accreditation and Quality Assurance in Higher Education (AAQ) as meeting their quality standards. Rankings Based on a study done by TNS Sofres in 2007, 2010 and 2013 with managers and recruiters from the hospitality world, EHL is considered to be the best in the world with regard to graduate job placement in international hospitality careers. In 2013 and 2014, EHL was named the Best Hospitality Management School in the international competition of the Worldwide Hospitality Awards. In 2019 EHL was ranked No.1 Worldwide by QS World University Rankings (Hospitality and Leisure Management category. EHL also ranked No.1 on the list of the best hospitality and hotel management schools in the world (CEO Word Magazine, 2019) Faculty and research Since 2014, the EHL research center, in partnership with STR, has sought to become a premier source of research in the field of international hospitality. The EHL Food & Beverage Chair, supported by the food production and marketing group Saviva, has studied the changes and challenges of the restaurant industry market since 2010. The METRO Innovation Chair is dedicated to research and innovation in the hospitality and restaurant field. Many gastronomy experts are part of the school's faculty, including several Meilleurs Ouvriers de France (MOF). Collaboration with industry EHL incorporates market trends and new technologies in its teaching through collaborative projects with companies. The Student Business Projects allow companies to appoint a full-time team of students to work on a topic that they need a solution for. Every year, students can attend the on-campus Career Fair, allowing them to meet potential employers for internships or permanent positions. A Business Incubator was established in 2012 to support start-ups who want to start in the hospitality sector. EHL has established an International Advisory Board composed of international leaders in the hospitality and education sector, which provides the school with an opportunity to benefit from direct feedback and experiences from the industry. Partnerships Through its subsidiary, EHL Advisory Services, EHL Group provides consulting services and manager training from its offices in Switzerland, China and India. EHL Advisory Services has developed a network of certified schools to recognize institutions when they become top notch. To date, it has issued EHL certification to the following schools: Algeria - Ecole Supérieure d'Hôtellerie et Restauration d'Alger China - Beijing Hospitality Institute China - Hospitality Institute of SanYa China - Guilin Tourism University India - Indian School of Hospitality India - DICE School of Hospitality and Culinary Arts Jordan - Royal Academy of Culinary Arts (Associate Member to the Network of EHL-Certified Schools) Lebanon - Université La Sagesse, Faculty of Hospitality Management Mexico - Centro de Estudios Superiores de San Ángel Philippines - Dusit Hospitality Management College Thailand - Dusit Thani College Saudi Arabia - King Abdulaziz University Tourism Institute In November 2013, EHL acquired the Swiss School of Tourism and Hospitality (SSTH) at Passugg, Switzerland, which teaches tourism, gastronomy and hospitality. Alumni The EHL Alumni Association (AEHL) was established in 1926. Nearly 500 former students became members during its first year of existence, including the directors of prestigious hotel establishments located in Switzerland and abroad. Today, AEHL fosters a network of 25,000 active members in 120 countries. Notable members: Bernhard Bohnenberger (1986), President, Six Senses Hotels Resorts Spas Peter C. Borer (1975), COO, The Peninsula Hotels and Executive Director, The Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels Limited Christopher W. Norton (1980), President, Global Product and Operations, Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts Georges Plassat (1972), CEO, Carrefour Group Kurt Eduard Ritter (1970), CEO, The Rezidor Hotel Group Hans Wiedemann (1978), Managing Director and Delegate of the Board, Badrutt's Palace Hotel Christian Clerc (1992), President, Hotel Operations - Europe, Middle East and Africa, Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts Nathalie Seiler-Hayez (1995), Managing Director, Beau-Rivage Palace, Lausanne Jacky Lorenzetti (1969), Founder, Fonica Group and President, Racing Métro 92 Rugby Philippe Durand-Daguin (1965), Founder, Eurent Group François Dussart (1990), Managing Director, Beau-Rivage Palace SA Philippe Peverelli (1985), CEO, Montres Tudor SA (Rolex group) Alain Delamuraz (1988), Vice President and Head of Marketing, Blancpain SA Lorenzo Stoll (1996), CEO Suisse Romande Swiss International Airlines, Switzerland Mathieu Jaton (1999), CEO, Montreux Jazz Festival Arnaud Bertrand (2008), Founder, Housetrip Dominique Seiler (1990), Head of Talent Acquisition, UBS Switzerland Flo Sander (2001), Managing Director, iThink Consulting Group Alain Kropf (1990), General Manager, Royal Savoy Hotel Lausanne Tomas Feier (1992), General Manager Disneyland Hotel, European Hotel Managers Association Christophe Laure (1990), General Manager, InterContinental Le Grand Hotel Paris Michel Jauslin (1972), Area Vice President, Hyatt Hotels & Resorts Simon Rusconi (1990), Vice President of Operations, Morgans Hotel Group Claude Membrez (1990), General Manager, Palexpo Eric Blatter (2014), Assistant General Manager, CUT by Wolfgang Puck at The Beverly Wilshire Captain Jonny Haddock (2013), Deputy Head of Investment Advisory Mandates, Global Wealth Management at Credit Suisse, Zurich Gallery See also EHL Wolves List of largest universities by enrollment in Switzerland References External links ehl.edu, Official website Category:1893 establishments in Switzerland Category:Educational institutions established in 1893 Category:Hospitality schools in Switzerland Category:Organisations based in Lausanne Category:Universities of Applied Sciences in Switzerland Category:Education in Lausanne	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Q: Hibernate HQL Projection Using Entities ManyToMany Definitions Issue Problem: HQL query is not returning any results when I reference an entities collection field as part of the HQL statement. It works for one HQL projection for example like this: select inc.categoryTypes as categoryTypes from IncidentEntity inc where (inc.id = :id105019) The categoryTypes is one of the IncidentEntity classes fields (which is a collection defined as a ManyToMany join as seen below). This works fine, but the issue arises when I am attempting to reference another projection collection that is mapped as a ManyToMany join. select inc.categoryTypes as categoryTypes, inc.consequences as consequences from IncidentEntity inc where (inc.id = :id105019) As soon as I do it like this, I get an empty set. Which means the SQL query that hibernate generates isn't returning anything. I have verified this by executing the command within SQL Manager which returns no results. Here is the IncidentEntity: /** * Database entity for the 'incidents' table records.<br> * Entity domain object is {@link nz.co.doltech.ims.shared.domains.Incident} * @author Ben Dol * */ @javax.persistence.Entity(name = "incidents") @Cache(usage=CacheConcurrencyStrategy.TRANSACTIONAL) public class IncidentEntity implements Entity { ... @ManyToMany(fetch = FetchType.LAZY) @JoinTable(name = "incident_categorytype", joinColumns = { @JoinColumn(name = "incident_id") }, inverseJoinColumns = { @JoinColumn(name = "categorytype_id") }) private Set<CategoryTypeEntity> categoryTypes = new HashSet<CategoryTypeEntity>(); @ManyToMany(fetch = FetchType.LAZY) @JoinTable(name = "incident_consequence", joinColumns = { @JoinColumn(name = "incident_id") }, inverseJoinColumns = { @JoinColumn(name = "consequence_id") }) private Set<ConsequenceEntity> consequences = new HashSet<ConsequenceEntity>(); ... public Set<CategoryTypeEntity> getCategoryTypes() { return categoryTypes; } public void setCategoryTypes(Set<CategoryTypeEntity> categoryTypes) { this.categoryTypes = categoryTypes; } public Set<ConsequenceEntity> getConsequences() { return consequences; } public void setConsequences(Set<ConsequenceEntity> consequences) { this.consequences = consequences; } ... } CategoryTypeEntity relationship definition: @ManyToMany(fetch = FetchType.LAZY, mappedBy = "categoryTypes") private Set<IncidentEntity> incidents = new HashSet<IncidentEntity>(); ConsequenceEntity relationship definition: @ManyToMany(fetch = FetchType.LAZY, mappedBy = "consequences") private Set<IncidentEntity> incidents = new HashSet<IncidentEntity>(); Data structure: Using Hibernate 3.6.10 Maybe I have setup the definitions wrong, or I am missing a limitation with the HQL here, I'm not sure. Would appreciate any help that I could get here. Thanks! Regards, Ben A: You know that you are generating a Cartesian product with this query, right? The query can be better visualized as: select categoryTypes, consequences from IncidentEntity inc inner join inc.categoryTypes as categoryTypes inner join inc.consequences as consequences where (inc.id = :id105019) Because you haven't specify an explicit join, an INNER JOIN is assumed not a LEFT JOIN. Let's assume there are categories for the specified incident. So this query will return the categories for this incident, which is what you also reported: select categoryTypes from IncidentEntity inc inner join inc.categoryTypes as categoryTypes where (inc.id = :id105019) But when there are no consequences, the INNER JOIN will return no result, so: select categoryTypes, consequences from IncidentEntity inc inner join inc.consequences as consequences where (inc.id = :id105019) will not return anything, but then this can happen for your query too: select categoryTypes, consequences from IncidentEntity inc inner join inc.categoryTypes as categoryTypes inner join inc.consequences as consequences where (inc.id = :id105019)	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Self-similar renormalization approach to barrier crossing processes. An algebraic self-similar renormalization method developed recently for summation of divergent field-theoretical series is applied to the thermally activated escape of a Brownian particle over an arbitrarily shaped barrier. Based on the Mel'nikov-Meshkov result for the underdamped Brownian motion and the inverse friction expansion of the underlying Fokker-Planck equation for strong friction, an overall rate formula is constructed. This formula agrees in the weak friction regime with the rate obtained from a diffusion equation in energy variables and, in the limiting case of strong friction with the rate following from a Smoluchowski equation. Its validity is tested for Brownian motion in bistable potentials with parabolic, cusped, and quartic barriers of different heights. The proposed formula is found to give a reasonable description of activated rate processes even though the barrier is quite low. Our comparison also includes results from various different crossover theories. In most of the cases considered the present formula is in considerably better agreement with exact numerical rates than the other interpolation formulas.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
BCMG - The Series 2007-08 BCMG is one of the world’s leading classical new music ensembles and was formed by players from the CBSO. The group is devoted to the performance of new music and has commissioned and performed over 100 world premieres of new works by today’s leading composers. Once more in association with Integra, this extraordinary final concert of the season features a musical documentary by the outstanding Norwegian composer Rolf Wallin, looking at (and listening to) the experience of child soldiers in Africa. The situation is harrowing, but the story is also heartening, for Wallin is concerned especially with the ceremonies of song and dance through which brutalized children are reintegrated into society. While the instrumental ensemble conveys the transformation of an inner world, outer reality is represented by a video screen and computer sound system. With this music and theatre of actuality comes a chamber concerto of visionary dimensions by Jonathan Harvey, circling through realms of sampled and live instrumental sound. Paul Griffiths Integra Festival 2008 Join BCMG and four other leading European contemporary music ensembles for a celebration festival of the Integra project from 6th – 8th June 2008 in Birmingham. Integra is a collaboration between composers, research centres and music ensembles to further the development and interest in music with live electronics. More information is available on the Integra website at www.integralive.org Music lasts approx. 50 minutes and the evening will include introductions from the composers.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
My memory has never been that great...but can anyone remember the last time we, that is us the British, have had the privlidge to be graced with not one, but two fantastic Nintendo games on one release day? Answers on a postcard! (or tweet, or Facebook comment or even an email!). Anyway, regardless it is happening this coming Friday! Super Smash Brothers, fresh from the recent news that it is now the fastest selling Wii U game (over taking Mario Kart), is out on the Wii U from this Friday. After playing a number of hours on the 3DS version I can safely say I've been really looking forward to the options-abound Wii U addition. Multiplayer madness will ensure no doubt, especially with Christmas incoming. While some of us maybe dusting off our Wii Us, others may par-take in purchasing the other Nintendo release. Pokemon Alpha Sapphire and Omega Ruby are both out too, on the 3DS/2DS. As the names suggest they are remakes of the GBA classics Sapphire and Ruby, but with the inclusion of Mega Stones and other various mini features, including the ability to link to the Pokemon Bank allowing you to truly attempt to 'catch 'em all!'. I really did think, for quite some time, that when the time came I'd be more excited for Smash Bros rather than Pokemon. While I cannot wait to crowd round a TV and play some HD 'Smash', I'm actually more ready for Alpha and Omega. Playing X and Y at the same time as my friends last year was really fun. The constant competition between gym battles as we all sought out new Pokemon, tweaking teams, trying out new move combos and such only added to what was a very good addition to the Pokemon series.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
By Renee Hannon Introduction Over the past million years, our Earth displays a rhythmic beat when exiting full glacial cycles and entering interglacial warm periods. The characteristics and duration of these systematic warm periods provide an excellent dataset to help prognoses of future climate patterns. Astronomical Milankovitch cycles play a major role and trigger internal Earth processes that control the rapid onset and gradual cooling of interglacial warm periods. This post examines the duration of these interglacial warm periods as a key analog dataset compared to several published statistical and complex climate model projections. Results indicate climate models where the initiation of glaciation depends strongly on CO 2 concentrations over astronomical controls significantly overpredict the duration of the present-day warm period compared to past interglacial analogs. Glacial Cycles During the past 800 kyrs there are nine glacial cycles with approximately eleven interglacial warm periods including the Holocene present day as shown in Figure 1. The present day is currently within an interglacial warm period and has yet to enter a mild or full glacial period. The length of our current interglacial period and history matching of past glacial cycles has been modeled by many scientists such as (Imbrie, Crucifix and Rougier, Vettoretti and Peltier, Berger and Loutre, Calovet al., Ganopolski, et. al., Archer and Ganopolski, and Tzedakis et. al,). Figure 1: A traverse of the past interglacial-glacial cycles over the past 800 kyrs. Cycles are datumed on the termination of the glacial period and onset of the interglacial warm period. EPICA Dome C isotope temperature estimates are plotted as curves in 1° C increments on the horizontal scale (cold to left and warm to right). The vertical scale is time in 20 kyr increments. Actual age is plotted on each cycle. Interglacial warm periods are highlighted in red (> -2° C) and the coldest portion of the glacial period in blue. Eccentricity cycles are noted on top. Marine isotope stages (MIS) are also noted. These glacial cycles last approximately 100 kyrs. However, they are not exactly 100 kyrs in duration as described by Javier and in my previous post here. Figure 1 shows they range from 76 kyrs in Glacial Cycle IX to 119 kyrs in Glacial Cycle II. While there is error of +/- 3 kyrs on the exact pick of the termination datum, that does not change the observations below. In Figure 1, the 400 kyr eccentricity cycle is clearly evident in the glacial cycle duration and interglacial character. Glacial cycles are shorter in duration during nearly circular orbits which occur every 400 kyrs. The nearly circular orbits occur during Glacial Cycles IX and V which are MIS 19 and 11, respectively, are less than 90 kyrs in duration. They have brief mild glacial periods. Since the current Glacial Cycle I is occurring in a nearly circular orbit, several scientists project this cycle will be short with the next glacial maximum occurring in 55 kyrs to 100 kyrs as suggested by Crucifix, Imbrie, Berger, and in my previous post here. The glacial cycles increase in duration during the 400 kyrs following each nearly circular orbit. Older Glacial Cycles IX to VI increase in duration from 76 kyrs to 102 kyrs and more recent Glacial Cycles V to II increase in duration from 89 kyrs to 119 kyrs. The older glacial cycles last a total of less than 370 kyrs combined while more recent glacial cycles span greater than 400 kyrs. This suggests the eccentricity cycle that started 800 kyrs ago was shorter in duration than the most recent eccentricity cycle that started 400 kyrs ago. Earth is currently in a nearly circular orbit and at the beginning of the next 400 kyr eccentricity cycle. Glacial cycles that occur during predominantly elliptical orbits such as Glacial Cycles VII and III tend to have interglacial doublet periods (MIS 15a and 15c, MIS 7 a/c and 7e). Interestingly, the following 100 kyr cycle after the elliptical orbit tends to be equal to or longer in duration. It also contains a stunted second interglacial warm period such as MIS 13a and a longer mild glacial period. Interglacial Warm Periods Earth is currently in an interglacial period. There have been at least 10 interglacial warm periods during the past 1 million years that serve as analog datasets. The duration of the interglacial warm periods ranges from 5 to 35 kyrs. They are recognized in benthic oxygen isotopes in marine sediments (Lisiecki and Raymo, 2005) and with deuterium isotopes from ice cores in Antarctica (EPICA) as shown in Figure 1. Antarctica dome C isotopes are corrected to temperature and then multiplied by 0.5 to approximate global temperatures. Figure 1 shows interglacial warm periods shaded in red using a global temperature for the Dome C isotope data of a minus 2° C cutoff. This is a lower cutoff than my previous climate traverse which uses a minus 1° C cut-off. The cutoff was lowered in Figure 1 because the older interglacial warm periods are not as warm as the more recent five warm periods and many would not make a minus 1° C limit. The present day warm period is 1 to 2° C cooler than the past four interglacial periods. In a series of workshops of the Past Interglacials Group (PIGS) they defined interglacial duration periods as a time when sea level is greater than minus 20 meters relative to present day and the Northern Hemisphere (NH) is predominantly ice free except for the Greenland ice sheet (Berger, A., et al). These workshops established isotope and CO 2 limits that define an interglacial period as shown in Figure 2. Benthic oxygen isotopes δ18O in marine sediment records, during interglacials, range from 3.5 to 3.73 0/00. Antarctic deuterium isotopes, during interglacials, are minus 403 0/00. Deuterium isotopes of minus 403 0/00 are closely equivalent to the minus 1° C global temperatures used in this post. Both minus 1 and minus 2° C cutoffs are examined in this article. Figure 2: Generalized schematic of interglacial warm periods for MIS 5e and 9e. Note these warm periods are 1 to 2 degrees C warmer than present day (orange dotted line). The color bar on top refers to the different phases of an interglacial period. The horizontal axis is relative time in thousands of years and the vertical axis is global temperature relative to present day (oC). Direct measurement limits are highlighted in red callout box. The continuous and direct measurement of isotopes provides a robust dataset for interglacial comparisons and evolution. Associating these measurements with relative sea level and lack of Northern Hemisphere ice is a good proxy. Conversely, sea level measurements and the lack of NH ice are indirect and interpretable observations. Sea level curves are relative measurements impacted by many factors including isostatic rebound, tectonic uplift/subsidence and even hurricanes. Importantly, sea level curves are discontinuous and only cover a portion of the record. There are no consistent historical datasets available to confidently measure sea level. This suggests sea level and NH ice presence are less reliable to use for history matching climate models and that isotopes provide a more continuous and reliable dataset. Milankovitch Cycles, notably summer insolation minima and obliquity, are recognized as the key triggers for termination of glacial conditions and initiation of ice sheets (Berger et.al, Tzedakis, Imbrie). Figure 2 summarizes Earth climatic processes associated with the warm onset and eventual cooling after the astronomical trigger. The cooling of warm periods is more gradual than their inception. When cooling occurs, temperatures drop over time with an average slope of m = 0.35 as calculated here. This highly consistent cooling slope suggests that natural temperature decline is repeatable and controlled by similar processes. Once cooling has started, it will take internal oceanic-atmospheric processes 3 to 4 kyrs to initiate ice sheets in the NH, drop sea levels and exit the interglacial period. Interglacial Duration Analogs Berger, et. al established a dataset of the duration of past interglacial warm periods using various methods. In this post, that dataset was expanded to include two EPICA global temperature limits of minus 1 and minus 2° C. Figure 3 is a histogram of the interglacial duration dataset. In general, these warm periods during the past million years range from less than 5 kyrs to 35 kyrs, with MIS 11 being the longest in duration. The present-day Holocene, also referred to MIS 1, is currently longer in duration than MIS 7e and several of the older interglacial periods. It is similar in duration to MIS 5e and 9e, but not as long as MIS 11, so far. Internal characteristics and detailed comparisons of the younger interglacials have been described in a previous post here. Figure 3: Plot of the past interglacial warm period durations from Berger, PIGS dataset. Dome C global temperatures of minus 1 and minus 2° C limits were included. There are notable differences between the older warm periods and the youngest five warm periods during the past million years. The different isotope and CO 2 methods are fairly consistent in defining the younger interglacials (MIS 1 to 11) and less consistent in older interglacials. The LR04 marine isotope (orange) tends to show shorter warm period durations than the Dome C isotopes particularly in the older interglacials. The Dome C minus 2° limit in light blue tends to be the most lenient cutoff and almost always overestimates the duration. Defining interglacials by CO 2 limits (red) is the most inconsistent variable and tends to underestimate the warm period durations. The younger interglacials have CO 2 concentrations higher than the 260-ppm limit except for MIS 7ac. None of the older interglacials have CO 2 greater than 260 ppm except MIS 19. This suggests the presence of CO 2 during recent interglacial warm periods has increased naturally with time and higher CO 2 concentrations are associated with these warmer periods. The warm duration dataset in Figure 3 was plotted on a frequency plot to evaluate probability, or frequency of occurrences, as shown in Figure 4. This graph shows the relative proportion of each duration to the total distribution over the past million years. Fifty percent of the time an interglacial duration lasts approximately 16 kyrs. Ninety percent of the time or a majority of the time an interglacial period lasts at least 10 kyrs. Only ten percent of the time or rarely does an interglacial period last a 32 kyrs or longer. Figure 4: Excel Pareto plot of interglacial durations using various temperature, isotope, and CO 2 limits over the past million years. These past interglacials provide a key analog dataset for the current and future interglacial warm periods. Why does this matter? For scientists, analogs are valuable to increase confidence that concepts, hypotheses and theories are underpinned with historical data. Analogs demonstrate what is known versus unknown. The description of analogs is essential to create a common understanding of Earth and climate models input, output and their limitations. ‘[Intellectual] Growth comes through analogy: through seeing how things connect, rather than only seeing how they might be different’. —Albert Einstein History of Climate Model Projections This section is a brief historical overview of climate model projections for the duration of the present-day interglacial warm period. It is not intended as a discussion of various models or computational algorithms of the models. The intent is to compare model projections of the present day warm period to historical analog data. Figure 5 shows various published authors’ model projections for the current warm period duration compared to the paleoclimate analog dataset. Figure 5: Climate model projections compared to the mean (blue) and mode (orange) of past interglacial durations after Berger, et. al. Model durations for present day (MIS 1) are shown in green (low side) and red (high side). Past analogs means/mode range from 5 to 30 kyrs while models project the present-day warm to extend from 20 kyrs up to 100 kyrs. All model projections were adjusted by 12 kyrs to include the existing MIS 1 warm duration to date. Early projections for the Holocene interglacial cooling by scientists such as Imbrie in 1980 were statistically derived and used relatively simple models based on past interglacial analog data. These projections suggest cooling begins in about 25 kyrs from present day and glaciation in about 55 kyrs. The influence of CO 2 was not included. Climate models became more sophisticated as computing power increased. They included ice-sheet models, coupled oceanic-atmospheric models as well as orbital and insolation (solar radiation) influences. Anthropogenic CO 2 emissions increasingly came into the spotlight during the 1980’s and climate models began running sensitivities on the impact of various CO 2 concentrations. In 2002, Berger and Loutre estimated that the present day warm period will have a duration of 50,000 years with the next glacial maximum in 100,000 years. They point out eccentricity will be nearly circular within the next 25,000 years which reduces the influence of precession. Consequently, insolation variations will be suppressed over the next 100,000 years. Their models begin to use CO 2 concentrations in addition to insolation controls which defers initiation of glacial conditions. Concentrations of human induced CO 2 ranging from 750 ppm to 220 ppm were modeled. Berger and Loutre state, “Only for CO 2 concentrations less than 220 ppmv was an early entrance into glaciation simulated.” In 2004, Vettoretti and Peltier’s complex 3D fully coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (GCM) challenged that observation. They concluded in the absence of modern anthropogenic GHG influence that the next glacial inception is less than 10 kyrs and at most 20 kyrs into the future when obliquity is at a minimum and insolation is reduced in the Northern Hemisphere. They present a schematic for the evolution of CO 2 with orbital parameters to explain the time lapse of CO 2 to decreasing temperatures. They conclude, “Our analyses suggest that insolation forcing is by far the most significant driver of the glacial inception process with GHG concentration playing a secondary role.” In 2005, Archer and Ganopolski, using a coupled climate-ice sheet model conclude that insolation minima are tightly correlated with ice sheet nucleation and growth. Also, an increase in baseline pCO 2 will require a deeper minimum insolation. Therefore, the nucleation threshold for initiation of glaciation depends strongly on CO2 concentrations in their model. As a result, the present day warm period is predicted to last 50 to over 100 yrs. Modeled future pCO2 trajectories for anthropogenic CO 2 of 300, 1000, and 5000 Gton C releases were evaluated. Constant CO 2 concentrations do not decrease naturally below 280 ppm as observed in past analog data to allow for initiation of the next glaciation. Crucifix and Rougier’s 2009 model was a 3D stochastic system bounded by a Bayesian framework. This model focused primarily on variations of internal Earth processes; ice volume, atmospheric CO 2 and deep ocean temperature. It appears astronomical insolation and obliquity factors were not included in the model. They note a weak predictability of CO 2 in the model and the CO 2 dynamics during interglacial periods was not satisfactorily reproduced. Their figure 8 shows a wide distribution in the input parameters during the present day and near future as shown by spaghetti chaos. Parameters were trained based on the preceding interglacial period which improved the deviation in the data (their figure 9). The model projected the next glacial inception in 40 to 50 kyrs from the present with peak glacial conditions in 60 kyrs. In 2016, using a model of intermediate complexity, Ganopolski, et. al. continued promoting CO 2 relationship to insolation in their history matching of ice volume and sea level and subsequent projections. Their publication states, “Our analysis suggests that even in the absence of human perturbations no substantial build-up of ice sheets would occur within the next several thousand years and the current interglacial would probably last for another 50,000 years.” Even more interesting, Ganopolski, et. al claim that, “Moderate anthropogenic cumulative CO 2 emissions of 1,000 to 1,500 gigatonnes of carbon will postpone the next glacial inception by at least 100,000 years.“ An interglacial duration exceeding 100,000 years would skip three obliquity cycles. This would make our current Glacial Cycle 1 the longest glacial cycle as well as the longest interglacial period observed during the past million years. In stark contrast, the past glacial cycles that include both interglacial and glacial conditions during nearly orbital eccentricity cycles are all shorter than 90 kyrs (Figure 1). In 2017, Javier and Tzedakis, et al. used new and different methods to evaluate astronomical controls on interglacial onset and pacing for the past million years. Tzedakis developed a statistical model using orbital forcing and elapsed time to correctly classify all but two interglacials during the past 2.6 million years. Both Javier and Tzedakis conclude that obliquity is the dominant astronomical parameter driving ice volume changes. As Tzedakis states, “The phasing of precession and obliquity influences the duration of interglacial periods over one or two insolation peaks, leading to shorter (~ 13 kyr) and longer (~28 kyr) interglacials.” Javier also recognized a 6.5 kyr lag between interglacials and obliquity cycles. Of note, neither scientist used CO 2 concentration to drive interglacial pacing. Discussion Several modelers conclude that decreasing insolation and obliquity are primary triggers for glacial inception with CO 2 playing a secondary role (Vettoretti and Peltier, and Calovet et.al.). Their projections of the current warm period ranges from 20 to 30 kyrs and fits within the range of past analog warm duration data. Tzedakis classified interglacials statistically using external astronomical data only and CO 2 was not included. Other modelers allow CO2 concentrations during this weak eccentricity cycle to be a critical driver in the initiation of glaciation. In the cases where CO 2 concentrations require a stronger insolation trigger, the present day warm period is extended by 50 to 100 kyrs (Berger and Loutre, Archer and Ganopolski, Ganopolski, et. al). Constant CO 2 concentrations are incorporated into their models and do not vary naturally as seen in past interglacial coolings. Berger states, “…the relationship between astronomical parameters and CO 2 trends is expected to be indirect and complex.” Figure 6 illustrates past glacial-interglacial cycles compared to interglacial model projections of 20 kyrs, 50 kyrs, and 100 kyrs for the present day. Figure 6: Climate projections in vertical red bars for present-day warm duration shown in Glacial Cycle 1. See Figure 1 for label descriptions. The model projections are from present day and are added on top of the existing 12 kyrs of present day (MIS 1) duration. Projections of 50 to 100 kyrs interglacial durations are well outside the range of past analog data as shown in figures 4, 5 and 6. The 100 kyr model projection for present day warm duration far exceeds the range of past analog data during the last million years. The 100 kyr projection suggested by Ganopolski et. al. extends the current warm period as long as an entire glacial cycle. Such a large deviation from the last million years of historical analog data and interruption of the natural rhythm of Earth’s glacial cycles warrants further scrutiny. Crucifix and Rougier believe that the evaluation of paleoclimates is a multi-disciplinary process and should include field scientists, mathematicians, climate modelers, complex systems experts and statisticians. Further, climate modeling is not merely a technological problem that can be solved with more complicated models and faster computers. Finally, climate models have two basic building blocks; Earth’s climate history and a projection of the future. History during the past million years is reasonably verified by scientific data and proxy information. The future is an interpretive blend of conjecture and science. It is imperative that any climate model be rigorously history matched and only a successful history-match should be used as a base case. The natural base case needs to be clearly defined and presented before adding assumptions and projecting into the future. Unfortunately, several climate modelers have a singular focus on using CO 2 concentrations to trigger initiation of glaciation over astronomical processes resulting in extended projections that conflict with paleoclimate analogs. CO 2 dominated model projections should not be considered a base case for decision making, but merely an unproven sensitivity in overall climate model studies. Conclusions Over the past million years, glacial-interglacial cycles range from 76 kyrs to 119 kyrs in duration. The 400 kyr eccentricity cycle is evident in the glacial cycle duration and interglacial pattern. Glacial cycles are shorter than 90 kyrs in duration during nearly circular orbits every 400 kyrs. Glacial cycles contain interglacial doublet periods during more elliptical orbits every 400 kyrs. Earth is currently in a nearly circular orbit with analog data indicating the current glacial cycle will be less than 90 kyrs long. The past ten warm interglacial periods range from 5 to 35 kyrs in duration. Cumulative probabilistic evaluation using different variables including CO 2 concentration limits for interglacials demonstrates that only ten percent of the time or rarely does an interglacial warm period last 32 kyrs or longer. Fifty percent of the time an interglacial warm period lasts 16 kyrs. Earth has been in an interglacial warm period for approximately the past 12 kyrs. Climate model projections for the extent of Earth’s warm period range from 10 kyrs to over 100 kyrs beyond present day. Models that emphasize astronomical controls such as insolation and obliquity show glacial inception in the next 10 to 30 kyrs. These projections fit within the range of paleoclimate analogs and should be considered the base case. Models that project glacial inception in the next 50 to over 100 kyrs suggest that CO 2 concentration affects climate more than astronomical variables. These projections are outside the range of past interglacial analogs and even exceed the duration of the entire interglacial-glacial cycle. They far exceed the analog datasets and should not yet be considered reliable as a base case scenario. As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain, and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality – Albert Einstein, Address to the Prussian Academy of Sciences (1921) Acknowledgements: Special thanks to Andy May and Donald Ince for reviewing and editing the article. Share this: Print Email Twitter Facebook Pinterest LinkedIn Reddit Like this: Like Loading...	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Q: Selection field type elements cannot be shown. How to properly add a custom entity representation to Sulu form? Following by Sulu documentation, I try to add selection field type to display collection type resource (Room object) in admin form. Currently, I can select these elements from list, select element selected element but after form submit and reload any record cannot be shown, despite that the Room object exist in Event entity: empty list What I do wrong? Code: sulu_admin.yaml sulu_admin: ... # Registering Selection Field Types in this section field_type_options: selection: room_selection: default_type: list_overlay resource_key: rooms types: list_overlay: adapter: table list_key: rooms display_properties: - name icon: su-clock label: 'app.rooms' overlay_title: 'app.rooms' event_details.xml <property name="rooms" type="room_selection"> <meta> <title>app.rooms</title> </meta> </property> A: Your api response should just contain a flat list of room ids for rooms. Assuming you have an Event entity with a $rooms property, add a public function getRoomIds() {} to your Event entity and add the @VirtualProperty("rooms") annotation to that method. Probably you have to add the @Exclude annotation to public function getRooms() {} EDIT: I just tried it, if you have an entity like the following, it works as expected. If it's still not working, maybe you have a problem with your jms serializer config. /** * @Serializer\ExclusionPolicy("all") / class Event { /* * @Serializer\Expose() / private $otherProperty; /* * @var Collection<int, Room> / private $rooms; public function getRooms(): Collection { return $this->rooms; } /* * @Serializer\VirtualProperty() * @Serializer\SerializedName("rooms") */ public function getRoomIds(): array { return $this->rooms->map(function (Room $room) { return $room->getId(); }); } }	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
--- abstract: 'We investigate mode coupling in a two dimensional compressible disc with radial stratification and differential rotation. We employ the global radial scaling of linear perturbations and study the linear modes in the local shearing sheet approximation. We employ a three-mode formalism and study the vorticity (W), entropy (S) and compressional (P) modes and their coupling properties. The system exhibits asymmetric three-mode coupling: these include mutual coupling of S and P-modes, S and W-modes, and asymmetric coupling between the W and P-modes. P-mode perturbations are able to generate potential vorticity through indirect three-mode coupling. This process indicates that compressional perturbations can lead to the development of vortical structures and influence the dynamics of radially stratified hydrodynamic accretion and protoplanetary discs.' author: - \| A. G. Tevzadze$^1$, G. D. Chagelishvili$^{1,2}$, G. Bodo$^3$ and P. Rossi$^3$\ $^1$ Georgian National Astrophysical Observatory, Chavchavadze State University, Tbilisi, Georgia\ $^2$ Nodia Institute of Geophysics, Georgian Academy of Sciences, Tbilisi, Georgia\ $^3$ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino, strada dell’Osservatorio 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese, Italy title: Linear coupling of modes in 2D radially stratified astrophysical discs --- accretion, accretion discs – hydrodynamics – instabilities Introduction ============ The recent increased interest in the analysis of hydrodynamic disc flows is motivated, on one hand, by the study of turbulent processes, and, on the other, by the investigation of regular structure formation in protoplanetary discs. Indeed, many astrophysical discs are thought to be neutral or having ionization rates too low to effectively couple with magnetic field. Among these are cool and dense areas of protoplanetary discs, discs around young stars, X-ray transient and dwarf nova systems in quiescence (see e.g. Gammie and Menou 1998, Sano et al. 2000, Fromang, Terquem and Balbus 2002). Observational data shows that astrophysical discs often exhibit radial gradients of thermodynamic variables (see e.g. Sandin et al. 2008, Issela et al. 2007). To what extent these inhomogeneities affect the processes occurring in the disc is still subject open to investigations. It has been found that strong local entropy gradients in the radial direction may drive the Rossby wave instability (Lovelace et al. 1999, Li et al. 2000) that transfers thermal to kinetic energy and leads to vortex formation. However, in astrophysical discs, radial stratification is more likely weak. In this case, the radial entropy (temperature) variation on the global scale leads to the existence of baroclinic perturbations over the barotropic equilibrium state. This more appropriate situation has recently become a subject of extensive study. Klahr and Bodenheimer (2003) pointed out that the radial stratification in the disc can lead to the global baroclinic instability. Numerical results show that the resulting state is highly chaotic and transports angular momentum outwards. Later Klahr (2004) performed a local 2D linear stability analysis of a radially stratified flow with constant surface density and showed that baroclinic perturbations can grow transiently during a limited time interval. Johnson and Gammie (2005) derived analytic solutions for 3D linear perturbations in a radially stratified discs in the Boussinesq approximation. They find that leading and trailing waves are characterized by positive and negative angular momentum flux, respectively. Later Johnson and Gammie (2006) performed numerical simulations, in the local shearing sheet model, to test the radial convective stability and the effects of baroclinic perturbations. They found no substantial instability due to the radial stratification. This result reveals a controversy over the issue of baroclinic instability. Presently, it seems that nonlinear baroclinic instability is an unlikely development in the local dynamics of sub-Keplerian discs with weak radial stratification. Potential vorticity production, and the formation and development of vortices in radially stratified discs have been studied by Petersen et al. (2007a,b) by using pseudospectral simulations in the anelastic approximation. They show that the existence of thermal perturbations in the radially stratified disc flows leads to the formation of vortices. Moreover, stronger vortices appear in discs with higher temperature perturbations or in simulations with higher Reynolds numbers, and the transport of angular momentum may be both outward and inward. Keplerian differential rotation in the disc is characterized by a strong velocity shear in the radial direction. It is known that shear flows are non-normal and exhibit a number of transient phenomena due to the non-orthogonal nature of the operators (see e.g. Trefethen et al. 1993). In fact, the studies described above did not take into account the possibility of mode coupling and energy transfer between different modes due to the shear flow induced mode conversion. Mode coupling is inherent to shear flows (cf. Chagelishvili et al. 1995) and often, in many respects, defines the role of perturbation modes in the system dynamics and the further development of nonlinear processes. Thus, a correct understanding of the energy exchange channels between different modes in the linear regime is vital for a correct understanding of the nonlinear phenomena. Indications of the shear induced mode conversion can be found in a number of previous studies. Barranco and Marcus 2005 report that vortices are able to excite inertial gravity waves during 3D spectral simulations. Brandenburg and Dintrans (2006) have studied the linear dynamics of perturbation SFH to analyze nonaxisymetric stability in the shearing sheet approximation. Temporal evolution of the perturbation gain factors reveal a wave nature after the radial wavenumber changes sign. Compressible waves are present, along with vortical perturbations, in the simulation by Johnson & Gammie (2005b) but their origin is not particularly discussed. In parallel, there are a number of papers that focus on the investigation of the shear induced mode coupling phenomena. The study of the linear coupling of modes in Keplerian flows has been conducted in the local shearing sheet approximation (Tevzadze et al. 2003,2008) as well as in 2D global numerical simulations (Bodo et al. 2005, hereafter B05). Tevzadze et al. (2003) studied the linear dynamics of three-dimensional small scale perturbations (with characteristic scales much less then the disc thickness) in vertically (stably) stratified Keplerian discs. They show, that vortex and internal gravity wave modes are coupled efficiently. B05 performed global numerical simulations of the linear dynamics of initially imposed two-dimensional pure vortex mode perturbations in compressible Keplerian discs with constant background pressure and density. The two modes possible in this system are effectively coupled: vortex mode perturbations are able to generate density-spiral waves. The coupling is, however, strongly asymmetric: the coupling is effective for wave generation by vortices, but not viceversa. The resulting dynamical picture points out the importance of mode coupling and the necessity of considering compressibility effects for processes with characteristic scales of the order or larger than the disc thickness. Bodo et al. (2007) extended this work to nonlinear amplitudes and found that mode coupling is an efficient channel for energy exchange and is not an artifact of the linear analysis. B05 is particularly relevant to the present study, since it studies the dynamics of mode coupling in 2D unstratified flows and is a good starting point for a further extension to radially stratified flows. Later, Heinemann & Papaloizou (2009a) derived WKBJ solutions of the generated waves and performed numerical simulations of the wave excitation by turbulent fluctuations (Heinemann & Papaloizou 2009b). In the present paper we study the linear dynamics of perturbations and analyze shear flow induced mode coupling in the local shearing sheet approximation. We investigate the properties of mode coupling using qualitative analysis within the three-mode approximation. Within this approximation we tentatively distinguish vorticity, entropy and pressure modes. Quantitative results on mode conversion are derived numerically. It seems that a weak radial stratifications, while being a weak factor for the disc stability, still provides an additional degree of freedom (an active entropy mode), opening new options for velocity shear induced mode conversion, that may be important for the system behavior. One of the direct result of mode conversion is the possibility of linear generation of the vortex mode (i.e., potential vorticity) by compressible perturbations. We want to stress the possibility of the coupling between high and low frequency perturbations, considering that high frequency oscillations have been often neglected during previous investigations in particular for protoplanetary discs. Conventionally there are two distinct viewpoints commonly employed during the investigation of hydrodynamic astrophysical discs. In one case (self gravitating galactic discs) the emphasis is placed on the investigation of the dynamics of spiral-density waves and vortices, although normally present in numerical simulations, are thought to play a minor role in the overall dynamics. In the other case (non-self-gravitating hydrodynamic discs) the focus is on the potential vorticity perturbations and density-spiral waves are often thought to play a minor role. Here, discussing the possible (multi) mode couplings, we want to draw attention to the possible flaws of these simplified views (see e.g. Mamatsashvili & Chagelishvili 2007). In many cases, mode coupling makes different perturbation to equally participate in the dynamical processes despite of a significant difference in their temporal scales. In the next section we present mathematical formalism of our study. We describe three mode formalism and give schematic picture of the linear mode coupling in the radially sheared and stratified flow. Numerical analysis of the mode coupling is presented in Sec. 3. We evaluate mode coupling efficiencies at different radial stratification scales of the equilibrium pressure and entropy. The paper is summarized in Sec. 4. Basic equations =============== The governing ideal hydrodynamic equations of a two-dimensional, compressible disc flows in polar coordinates are: $${\partial \Sigma \over \partial t} + {1 \over r} {\partial \left( r \Sigma V_r \right) \over \partial r} + {1 \over r} {\partial \left( \Sigma V_\phi \right)\over \partial \phi} = 0~,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~$$ $${\partial V_r \over \partial t} + V_r{\partial V_r \over \partial r}+ {V_\phi \over r}{\partial V_r \over \partial \phi} - {V_\phi^2 \over r} = -{1 \over \Sigma} {\partial P \over \partial r} - {\partial \psi_g \over \partial r} ~,~~~~~~$$ $${\partial V_\phi \over \partial t} + V_r{\partial V_\phi \over \partial r}+ {V_\phi \over r}{\partial V_\phi \over \partial \phi} + {V_r V_\phi \over r} = -{1 \over \Sigma r}{\partial P\over \partial \phi}~,~~~~~~~~~$$ $${\partial P \over \partial t} + V_r{\partial P \over \partial r}+ {V_\phi \over r}{\partial P \over \partial \phi} = - {\gamma P} \left( {1 \over r} {\partial (r V_r) \over \partial r} + {1 \over r} {\partial V_\phi \over \partial \phi} \right)~,$$ where $V_r$ and $V_\phi$ are the flow radial and azimuthal velocities respectively. $P(r,\phi)$, $\Sigma(r,\phi)$ and $\gamma~$ are respectively the pressure, the surface density and the adiabatic index. $\psi_g$ is the gravitational potential of the central mass, in the absence of self-gravitation $~(\psi_g \sim -{1 / r})$. This potential determines the Keplerian angular velocity: $${\partial \psi_g \over \partial r} = \Omega_{Kep}^2 r ~,~~~~ \Omega_{Kep} \sim r^{-3/2};$$ Equilibrium state ----------------- We consider an axisymmetric $(\partial / \partial \phi \equiv 0),~$ azimuthal $(\bar {V}_{r} = 0)~$ and differentially rotating basic flow: $\bar {V}_{\phi}= \Omega(r)r$. In the 2D radially stratified equilibrium (see Klahr 2004), all variables are assumed to follow a simple power law behavior: $$\bar {\Sigma}(r) = \Sigma_0 \left( {r \over r_0} \right)^{-\beta_\Sigma},~~~~\bar {P}(r) = P_0\left( {r \over r_0} \right)^{-\beta_P} ~,$$ where overbars denote equilibrium and $\Sigma_0$ and $P_0$ are the values of the equilibrium surface density and pressure at some fiducial radius $r = r_0$. The entropy can be calculated as: $$\bar S = \bar P \bar \Sigma^{-\gamma} = - \left(r \over r_0 \right)^{-\beta_S} ~,$$ where $$\beta_S \equiv \beta_P - \gamma \beta_\Sigma ~.$$ $S$ is sometimes called potential temperature, while the physical entropy can be derived as $\bar S = C_V \log S + \bar S_0$. This equilibrium shows a deviation from the Keplerian profile due to the radial stratification: $$\Delta \Omega^2(r) = \Omega^2(r) - \Omega^2_{Kep}= {1 \over r {\bar {\Sigma}(r)}} {\partial {\bar{P}(r)}\over \partial r} = ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~$$ $$~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ = - {P_0 \over \Sigma_0} {\beta_P \over r_0^2}\left( {r \over r_0} \right)^{\beta_\Sigma-\beta_P-2} ~.$$ Hence, the described state is sub-Keplerian or super-Keplerian when the radial gradient of pressure is negative ($\beta_P>0$) or positive ($\beta_P<0$), respectively. Although these discs are non-Keplerian, they are still rotationally supported, since the deviation from the Keplerian profile is small: $~\Delta \Omega^2(r)\ll \Omega^2_{Kep}$. Linear perturbations -------------------- We split the physical variables into mean and perturbed parts: $$\Sigma(r,\phi) = {\bar {\Sigma}(r)} + {{\Sigma}^\prime(r,\phi)} ~,$$ $$P(r,\phi) = {\bar{P}(r)} + P^\prime(r,\phi) ~,$$ $$V_r(r,\phi) = V_r^\prime(r,\phi) ~,$$ $$V_\phi(r,\phi) = \Omega(r) r + V_\phi^\prime(r,\phi) ~.$$ In order to remove background trends from the perturbations we employ the global radial power law scaling for perturbed quantities: $$\hat \Sigma(r) \equiv \left({r \over r_0}\right)^{-\delta_\Sigma} \Sigma^\prime(r) ~,$$ $$\hat P(r) \equiv \left({r \over r_0}\right)^{-\delta_P} P^\prime(r) ~,$$ $$\hat {\bf V}(r) \equiv \left({r \over r_0}\right)^{-\delta_V} {\bf V}^\prime(r) ~.$$ After the definitions one can get the following dynamical equations for the scaled perturbed variables: $$\left\{ {\partial \over \partial t} + \Omega(r) {\partial \over \partial \phi} \right\} {\hat \Sigma \over \Sigma_0} + ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~$$ $$\left( {r \over r_0} \right)^{-\beta_\Sigma-\delta_\Sigma+\delta_V} \left[ {\partial \hat V_r \over \partial r} + {1 \over r} {\partial \hat V_\phi \over \partial \phi} + {1+\delta_V-\beta_\Sigma \over r} \hat V_r \right] = 0 ~,$$ $$\left\{ {\partial \over \partial t} + \Omega(r) {\partial \over \partial \phi} \right\} \hat V_r - 2\Omega(r) \hat V_\phi +$$ $${c_s^2 \over \gamma} \left({r \over r_0} \right)^{\beta_\Sigma+\delta_P-\delta_V} {\partial \over \partial r} {\hat P \over P_0} + c_s^2 {\delta_P \over \gamma r_0} \left( {r \over r_0} \right)^{\beta_\Sigma+\delta_P-\delta_V-1} {\hat P \over P_0} +$$ $$~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ c_s^2 {\beta_P \over \gamma r_0} \left( {r \over r_0} \right)^{2\beta_\Sigma+\delta_\Sigma-\beta_P-\delta_V-1} {\hat \Sigma \over \Sigma_0} = 0 ~,$$ $$\left\{ {\partial \over \partial t} + \Omega(r) {\partial \over \partial \phi} \right\} \hat V_\phi + \left( 2 \Omega(r) + r {\partial \Omega(r) \over \partial r} \right) \hat V_r + ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~$$ $$~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ {c_s^2 \over \gamma r_0} \left( {r \over r_0} \right)^{\beta_\Sigma+\delta_P-\delta_V-1} {\partial \over \partial \phi} {\hat P \over P_0} = 0 ~,$$ $$\left\{ {\partial \over \partial t} + \Omega(r) {\partial \over \partial \phi} \right\} {\hat P \over P_0} +$$ $$\gamma \left( {r \over r_0} \right)^{-\beta_P+\delta_V-\delta_P} \left[ {\partial \hat V_r \over \partial r} + {1 \over r} {\partial \hat V_\phi \over \partial \phi} + {1+\delta_V-\beta_P/\gamma \over r} \hat V_r \right] = 0 ~,$$ where $c_s^2 = \gamma P_0/\Sigma_0$ is the squared sound speed at $r=r_0$. Local approximation ------------------- The linear dynamics of perturbations in differentially rotating flows can be effectively analyzed in the local co-rotating shearing sheet frame (e. g., Goldreich & Lynden-Bell 1965; Goldreich & Tremaine 1978). This approximation simplifies the mathematical description of flows with inhomogeneous velocity. In the radially stratified flows the spatial inhomogeneity of the governing equations comes not only from the equilibrium velocity, but from the pressure, density and entropy profiles as well. In this case we first re-scale perturbations in global frame in order to remove background trends from linear perturbations, rather then use complete form of perturbations to the equilibrium (see Eqs. 14-16). Hence, using the re-scaled linear perturbation ($\hat P$, $\hat \Sigma$, $\hat {\rm \bf V}$) we may simplify local shearing sheet description as follows. Introduction of a local Cartesian co-ordinate system: $$x \equiv r - r_0~,~~~~ y \equiv r_0 (\phi - \Omega_0 t)~,~~~~{x \over r_0} ,~ {y \over r_0} \ll 1~,$$ $${\partial \over \partial x} = {\partial \over \partial r}~,~~~ {\partial \over \partial y} = {1 \over r_0}{\partial \over \partial \phi}~,~~~ {\partial \over \partial t} = {\partial \over \partial t} - r_0 \Omega_0 {\partial \over \partial y},$$ where $\Omega_0$ is the local rotation angular velocity at $r=r_0$, transforms global differential rotation into a local radial shear flow and the two Oort constants define the local shear rate: $$A \equiv {1 \over 2} r_0 \left[ {\partial \Omega(r) \over \partial r}\right]_{r=r_0}~,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~$$ $$B \equiv - {1 \over 2} \left[ r{\partial \Omega(r)\over \partial r} + 2\Omega(r) \right]_{r=r_0}= -A - \Omega_0~.$$ Hence, the equations describing the linear dynamics of perturbations in local approximation read as follows: $$\left\{ {\partial \over \partial t} + 2Ax {\partial \over \partial y} \right\} {\hat P \over \gamma P_0} +$$ $$~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ \left[ {\partial \hat V_x \over \partial x} + {\partial \hat V_y \over \partial y} + {1+\delta_V-\beta_P/\gamma \over r_0} \hat V_x \right] = 0 ~,$$ $$\left\{ {\partial \over \partial t} + 2Ax {\partial \over \partial y} \right\} {\hat V_x} - 2\Omega_0 \hat V_y +$$ $$~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ c_s^2 \left[ {\partial \over \partial x} {\hat P \over \gamma P_0} + {\delta_P + \beta_P/\gamma \over r_0} {\hat P \over \gamma P_0} - {\beta_P \over \gamma r_0} {\hat S \over \gamma P_0}\right] = 0 ~,$$ $$\left\{ {\partial \over \partial t} + 2Ax {\partial \over \partial y} \right\} {\hat V_y} - 2B \hat V_y + c_s^2 {\partial \over \partial y} {\hat P \over \gamma P_0} =0 ~,$$ $$\left\{ {\partial \over \partial t} + 2Ax {\partial \over \partial y} \right\} {\hat S \over \gamma P_0} - {\beta_S \over \gamma r_0} \hat V_x = 0 ~,$$ where $\hat S $ is the entropy perturbation: $$\hat S \equiv \hat P - c_s^2 \hat \Sigma ~.$$ Now we may adjust the global scaling law of perturbations in order to simplify the local shearing sheet description (see Eqs. 25,26): $$1 + \delta_V - \beta_P/\gamma = 0 ~,$$ $$\delta_P + \beta_P/\gamma = 0 ~.$$ Let us introduce spatial Fourier harmonics (SFHs) of perturbations with time dependent phases: $$\left( \begin{array}{c} {\hat V}_x({\bf r},t) \\ {\hat V}_y({\bf r},t) \\ {{\hat P}({\bf r},t) / \gamma P_0} \\ {{\hat S}({\bf r},t) / \gamma P_0} \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array}{r} u_x({\bf k}(t),t) \\ u_y({\bf k}(t),t) \\ -{\rm i} p({\bf k}(t),t) \\ s({\bf k}(t),t) \end{array} \right) \times$$ $$~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ \exp \left( {\rm i} k_x(t) x + {\rm i} k_y y \right) ~,$$ with $$k_x(t) = k_x(0) - 2Ak_y t~.$$ Using the above expansion and Eqs. (27-30), we obtain a compact ODE system that governs the local dynamics of SFHs of perturbations: $${{\rm d} \over {\rm d} t} p - k_x(t) u_x - k_y u_y = 0 ~,$$ $${{\rm d} \over {\rm d} t} u_x - 2 \Omega_0 u_y + c_s^2 k_x(t) p - c_s^2 k_P s = 0 ~,$$ $${{\rm d} \over {\rm d} t} u_y - 2 B u_x + c_s^2 k_y p = 0 ~,$$ $${{\rm d} \over {\rm d} t} s - k_S u_x = 0 ~.$$ where $$k_P = {\beta_P \over \gamma r_0} ~~~ k_S = {\beta_S \over \gamma r_0} ~.$$ The potential vorticity: $$W \equiv k_x(t)u_y - k_y u_x - 2B p ~,$$ is a conserved quantity in barotropic flows: $W = {\rm const.}$ when $k_P=0$. Perturbations at rigid rotation ------------------------------- The dispersion equation of our system can be obtained in the shearless limit ($A=0$, $B=-\Omega$). Hence, using Fourier expansion of perturbations in time $\propto \exp({\rm i} \omega t)$, in the shearless limit, we obtain: $$\omega^4 - \left( c_s^2 k^2 + 4 \Omega_0^2 - c_s^2 \eta \right) \omega^2 - c_s^4 \eta k_y^2 = 0 ~,$$ where $$\eta \equiv k_P k_S = {\beta_P \beta_S \over \gamma^2 r_0^2} ~.$$ Solutions of the Eq. (40) describe a compressible density-spiral mode and a convective mode that involves perturbations of entropy and potential vorticity. For weakly stratified discs $(\eta \ll k^2)$, we find the frequencies are: $$\bar \omega_{p}^2 = c_s^2 k^2 + 4 \Omega_0^2 ~,$$ $$\bar \omega_{c}^2 = - {c_s^4 \eta k_y^2 \over c_s^2 k^2 + 4 \Omega_0^2} ~.$$ High frequency solutions ($\bar \omega_{p}^2$) describe the density-spiral waves and will be referred later as the P-modes. Low frequency solutions ($\bar \omega_{c}^2$), instead, describe radial buoyancy mode due to the stratification. In barotropic flows ($\eta=0$) this mode is degenerated into stationary zero frequency vortical solution. Therefore, we may refer to it as a baroclinic mode. The mode describes instability when $\eta>0$. In this case the equilibrium pressure and entropy gradients point in the same direction. Klahr (2004) has anticipated such result, although worked in the constant surface density limit ($\beta_\Sigma=0$). The same behavior has been obtained for axisymmetric perturbations in Johnson and Gammie (2005). For comparison, in our model baroclinic perturbations are intrinsically non-axisymmetric. Hence, our result obtained in the rigidly rotating limit shows that the local exponential stability of the radial baroclinic mode is defined by the Schwarzschild-Ledoux criterion: $${{\rm d} \bar P \over {\rm d} r} {{\rm d} \bar S \over {\rm d} r} > 0 ~.$$ The dynamics of linear modes can be described using the modal equations for the eigenfunctions: $$\left\{ {{\rm d}^2 \over {\rm d} t^2} + \bar \omega_{p,c}^2 \right\} \Phi_{p,c}(t) = 0 ~,$$ where $\Phi_p(t)$ and $\Phi_c(t)$ are the eigenfunctions of the pressure and convective (baroclinic) modes, respectively. The form of these functions can be derived from Eqs. (34-41) in the shearless limit: $$\Phi_{p,c}(t) = (\bar \omega_{p,c}^2+c_s^2 \eta) p(t) - 2 \Omega_0 W(t) - c_s^2 k_P k_x s(t) ~.$$ All physical variables in our system ($p$, $u_x$, $u_y$, $s$) can be expressed by the two modal eigenfunctions and their first time derivatives ($\Phi_{p,c}$, $\Phi_{p,c}^\prime$). Hence, we can fully derive the perturbation field of a specific mode individually by setting the eigenfunction of the other mode equal to zero. As we will see later, the Keplerian shear leads to the degeneracy of the convective buoyancy mode. In this case only the shear modified density-spiral wave mode eigenfunction can be employed in the analysis. Perturbations in shear flow: mode coupling ------------------------------------------ It is well known that velocity shear introduces non-normality into the governing equations that significantly affects the dynamics of different perturbations. In this case we benefit from the shearing sheet transformation and seek the solutions in the form of the so-called Kelvin modes. These originate from the vortical solutions derived in seminal paper by Kelvin (1887). In fact, as it was argued lately (see e.g., Volponi and Yoshida 2002), the shearing sheet transformation leads to some sort of generalized modal approach. Shear modes arising in such description differ from linear modes with exponential time dependence in many respects. Primarily, phases of these continuous spectrum shear modes vary in time through shearing wavenumber; their amplitudes can be time dependent; and most importantly, they can couple in limited time intervals. On the other hand, shear modes can be well separated asymptotically, where analytic WKBJ solution for the each mode can be increasingly accurate. In the following, we will simply refer to these shearing sheet solution as “modes”. The character of shear flow effects significantly depend on the value of velocity shear parameter. To estimate the time-scales of the processes we compare the characteristic frequencies of the linear modes $\|\bar \omega_p\|$, $\|\bar \omega_c\|$ and the velocity shear $\|A\|$. In order to speak about the modification of the linear mode by the velocity shear, the basic frequency of the mode should be higher than the one set by shear itself: $\omega^2 > A^2$. Otherwise the modal solution can not be used to calculate perturbation dynamics, since perturbations will obey the shear induced variations at shorter timescales. In quasi-Keplerian differentially rotating discs with weak radial stratification: $$\bar \omega_p^2 \gg A^2 ~~~~ {\rm and} ~~~ \bar \omega_{c}^2 \ll A^2 ~, {~~~ \rm when ~~~} {\beta_P \beta_S \over \gamma^2} \ll 1 ~.$$ In this case the convective mode diverges from its modal behavior and is strongly affected by the velocity shear: the thermal and kinematic parts obey shear driven dynamics individually. Therefore, we tentatively distinguish shear driven vorticity (W) and entropy (S) modes. On the contrary, the high frequency pressure mode is only modified by the action of the background shear. Hence, we assume the above described three mode (S, W and P) formalism as the framework for our further study. For the description of the P mode in differential rotation we define the function: $$\Psi_p(t) = \omega_p^2(t) p(t) - 2\Omega_0 W(t) - c_s^2 k_P k_x(t) s(t) ~,$$ where $$\omega_p^2(t) = c_s^2 k^2(t) - 4B \Omega_0 ~.$$ This can be considered as the generalization of the $\Phi_P(t)$ eigenfunction for the case of the shear flow, by accounting for the temporal variation of the radial wavenumber. In order to analyze the mode coupling in the considered limit, we rewrite Eqs. (34-39) as follows: $$\left\{ {{\rm d}^2 \over {\rm d} t^2} + f_p {{\rm d} \over {\rm d} t} + \omega_p^2 - \Delta \omega_p^2 \right\} \Psi_p = \chi_{pw} W + \chi_{ps} s ~,$$ $$\left\{ {{\rm d} \over {\rm d} t} + f_s \right\} s = \chi_{s p 1} {{\rm d} \Psi_p \over {\rm d} t} + \chi_{s p 2} \Psi_p + \chi_{s w} W ~,$$ $${{\rm d} W \over {\rm d} t} = \chi_{ws} s ~,$$ where $f_p$ and $\Delta \omega_p^2$ describe the shear flow induced modification to the P-mode $$f_p = 4 A { k_x k_y \over k^2} - 2 {(\omega_p^2)^\prime \over \omega_p^2 } ~,$$ $$\Delta \omega_p^2 = {(\omega_p^2)^{\prime \prime} \over \omega_p^2} + f_p {(\omega_p^2)^\prime \over \omega_p^2 } + 8AB{k_y^2 \over k^2} ~,$$ parameter $f_s$ describes the modification to the entropy mode $$f_s = c_s^2 \eta {k_x^2 (\omega_p^2)^\prime \over k^2 \omega_p^4} ~,$$ and $\chi$ parameters describe the coupling between the different modes: $$\chi_{pw} = 2 \Omega_0 \Delta \omega_p^2(t) + 4A {k_y^2 \over k^2} \omega_p^2 ~,$$ $$\chi_{ps} = c_s^2 k_P k_x \left( \Delta \omega_p^2 + 4B {k_y \over k_x} {(\omega_p^2)^\prime \over \omega_p^2} - 8AB {k_y^2 \over k^2} \right) ~,$$ $$\chi_{s p 1} = {k_S k_x \over k^2 \omega_p^2 }~,$$ $$\chi_{s p 2} = -{k_S k_x \over k^2 \omega_p^2 } \left( {(\omega_p^2)^\prime \over \omega_p^2} + 2B {k_y \over k_x} \right) ~,$$ $$\chi_{s w} = -{2 \Omega k_S k_x \over k^2 \omega_p^2} \left( {(\omega_p^2)^\prime \over \omega_p^2} + 2B {k_y \over k_x} + {k_y \omega_p^2 \over 2 \Omega k_x } \right) ~,$$ $$\chi_{w s} = -c_s^2 k_P k_y ~.$$ Here prime denotes temporal derivative. Equations (50-52) describe the linear dynamics of modes and their coupling in the considered three mode model. In this limit, our interpretation is that the homogeneous parts of the equations describe the individual dynamics of modes, while the right hand side terms act as a source terms and describe the mode coupling. This tentative separation is already fruitful in a qualitative description of mode coupling. Dynamics of the density-spiral wave mode in the differential rotation can be described by the homogeneous part of the Eq. (50). Homogeneous part of Eq. (51) describes the modifications to the entropy dynamics. Inhomogeneous parts of the Eqs. (50-52) reveal coupling terms between the three linear modes that originate due to the background velocity shear and radial stratification. We analyze the mode coupling dynamics numerically, but use the coupling $\chi$ coefficients for qualitative description. The sketch illustration of the mode coupling in the above described three-mode approximation can be seen in Fig. \[coupling\]. The figure reveals a complex picture of the three mode coupling that originates by the combined action of velocity shear and radial stratification. The temporal variation of the coupling coefficients during the swing of the perturbation SFHs from leading to trailing phases is shown in Fig. \[chi\]. The relative amplitudes of the $\chi_{pw}$ and $\chi_{ps}$ parameters reveal that potential vorticity is a somewhat more effective source of P mode perturbations when compared to the entropy mode. On the other hand, it seems that S mode excitation sources due to potential vorticity ($\chi_{sw}$) can be stronger when compared with the P-mode sources ($\chi_{sp1}$, $\chi_{sp2}$). The effect of the stratification parameters on the mode coupling is somewhat more apparent. First, we may conclude that the excitation of the entropy mode, which depends on the parapeters $\chi_{sp1}$, $\chi_{sp2}$ and $\chi_{sw}$ is generally a stronger process for higher entropy stratification scales $k_S$ (see Eqs. 58-60). Second, we see that the generation of the potential vorticity depending on the $\chi_{ws}$ parameter proceeds more effectively at hight pressure stratification scale $k_P$. And third, we see profound asymmetry in the three-mode coupling: P-mode is not coupled with the W-mode [directly]{}. A quantitative estimate of the mode excitation parameters can be done using a numerical analysis. In this case, the amplitudes of the generated W and S modes can be estimated through the values of potential vorticity or entropy outside the coupling area. In order to quantify the second order P mode dynamics we define its modal energy as follows: $$E_P(t) \equiv \|\Psi_p(t)^\prime\|^2 + \omega_p(t)^2 \|\Psi_P(t)\|^2 ~.$$ This quadratic form is a good approximation to the P mode energy in the areas where it obeys adiabatic dynamics: $k_x(t)/k_y \gg 1$. The presented qualitative analysis suggests that perturbations of the density-spiral waves can generate entropy perturbations not only due to the flow viscosity (not included in our formalism), but also kinematically, due to the velocity shear induced mode coupling. The generated entropy perturbations should further excite potential vorticity through baroclinic coupling. Hence, it seems that in baroclinic flows, contrary to the barotropic case, P-mode perturbations are able to generate potential vorticity through a three-mode coupling mechanism: P $\to$ S $\to$ W. We believe that traces of the described mode coupling can be also seen in Klahr 2004, where the process has not been fully resolved due to the numerical filters used to remove higher frequency oscillations. ![ Mode coupling scheme. In the zero shear limit two second order modes P-mode and buoyancy mode with eigenfunctions $\Phi_p$ and $\Phi_c$ are uncoupled. In the shear flow, when the characteristic time of shearing is shorter then the buoyancy mode temporal variation scale ($A^2 > \bar \omega_c^2$), we use three mode formalism. In this limit we consider the coupling of the P, W, and S modes. $\chi$ parameters describe the strength of the coupling channel. Asymmetry of the mode coupling is revealed in the fact that compressible oscillations of the pressure mode are not able to directly generate potential vorticity, but still do so via interaction with S-mode and farther baroclinic ties with W-mode.[]{data-label="coupling"}](Coupling.eps){width="80mm"} ![The coupling $\chi$ parameters vs. the ratio of radial to azimuthal wavenumbers $k_x(t)/k_y$ when latter passes through zero value during the time interval $\Delta t = 4 \Omega_0^{-1}$. Here $k_y = H^{-1}$, $k_P = k_S = 0.5 H^{-1}$. []{data-label="chi"}](chi.eps){width="80mm"} Numerical Results ================= In order to study the mode coupling dynamics in more detail we employ numerical solutions of Eqs. (34-37). We impose initial conditions that correspond to the one of the three modes and use a standard Runge-Kutta scheme for numerical integration (MATLAB ode34 RK implementation). Perturbations corresponding to the individual modes at the initial point in time are derived in the Appendix A. W-mode: direct coupling with S and P-modes ------------------------------------------ In this subsection we consider the dynamics of SFH when only the perturbations of potential vorticity are imposed initially. As it is known from previous studies (see Chagelishvili et al. 1997, Bodo et al. 2005) vorticity perturbations are able to excite acoustic modes nonadiabatically in the vicinity of the area where $k_x(t)=0$. Here we observe a similar, but more complex, behavior of mode coupling. The W-mode is able to generate P and S-modes simultaneously. Fig. \[SFH\_w1\] shows the evolution of the W-mode perturbations in a flow with growing baroclinic perturbations ($\eta>0$). The results show the excitation of both S and P-mode perturbations due to mode coupling that occurs in a short period of time in the vicinity of $t=10$. The following growth of the negative potential vorticity is due to the baroclinic coupling of entropy and potential vorticity perturbations. Fig. \[SFH\_w2\] shows the evolution of potential vorticity SFH in flows with negative $\eta$. After the mode coupling and generation of P and S-modes, we observe a decrease of potential vorticity. This represents the well known fact that stable stratification (positive Richardson number) can play a role of “baroclinic viscosity” on the vorticity perturbations. Numerical calculations show that the efficiency of the mode coupling generally decreases as we increase the azimuthal wavenumber $k_y$ corresponding to an increase of the density-spiral wave frequency: lower frequency waves couple more efficiently. To test the effect of background stratification parameters on the mode coupling, we calculate the amplitude of the entropy and the energy of the P-mode perturbations generated in flows with different pressure and entropy stratification scales. The amplitudes are calculated after a $10 \Omega_0^{-1}$ time interval from the change in sign of the radial wave-number. In this case, modes are well isolated and the energy of the P mode can be well defined. Fig. \[surf\_w\] shows the results of these calculations. It seems that the mode coupling efficiency is higher with stronger radial gradients. In particular, numerical results generally verify our qualitative results that the S-mode generation predominantly depends on the entropy stratification scale $k_S$. Therefore, P-mode excitation is stronger for higher values of $\eta$. ![Evolution of the W-mode SFH in the flow with $k_x(t)=-30H^{-1}$, $k_y=2H^{-1}$ and equilibrium with growing baroclinic perturbations $k_P=k_S=0.2H^{-1}$. Mode coupling occurs in the vicinity of $t=10 \Omega_0^{-1}$, where $k_x(t)=0$. Excitation of the P and S-modes are clearly seen in the panels for pressure ($P$) and entropy ($S$) perturbations. Perturbations of the potential vorticity start to grow due to the baroclinic coupling with entropy perturbations. []{data-label="SFH_w1"}](SFH_w1.eps){width="84mm"} ![Evolution of the W-mode SFH in the flow with $k_x(t)=-30H^{-1}$, $k_y=2H^{-1}$ and equilibrium with positive $\eta$: $k_P=-0.2H^{-1}$, $k_S=0.2H^{-1}$. Interestingly, SFH dynamics shows the decay of potential vorticity after the mode coupling and excitation of S- and W-modes at $t=10 \Omega_0^{-1}$. The latter fact is normally anticipated process in the flows that are baroclinically stable. []{data-label="SFH_w2"}](SFH_w2.eps){width="84mm"} ![Surface graph of the generated S and P-mode amplitudes at $ky=2H^{-1}$, $kx=-60H^{-1}$, and different values of $k_P$ and $k_S$. Initial perturbations are normalized to set E(0)=1. Excitation amplitudes of the entropy perturbations show stronger dependence of the $k_S$ (left panel), while both entropy and pressure scales are important (approximately $k_S k_P$ dependence) for the generation of P-modes (right panel). See electronic edition of the journal for color images.[]{data-label="surf_w"}](surf_w.eps){width="84mm"} S-mode: direct coupling with W and P-modes ------------------------------------------ Fig. \[SFH\_s1\] shows the evolution of the S-mode SFH in a flow with growing baroclinic perturbations. Here we observe two shear flow phenomena: mode coupling and transient amplification. Entering the nonadiabatic area (around $t = 10$) the entropy SFH is able to generate the P-mode, while undergoing transient amplification itself. The transient growth of entropy is unsubstantial and the growth rate decreases with the growth of $k_y$. The W-mode is instead constantly coupled to entropy perturbations through baroclinic forces, although higher entropy perturbations at later times give an higher rate of growth of potential vorticity. The total energy of perturbations is however dominated, at the end, by the P mode. Fig. \[surf\_s\] shows the dependence of the W and P-mode generation on the pressure and entropy stratification scales. As expected from qualitative estimates, P-mode excitation depends almost solely on the pressure stratification scale $k_P$, while the generation of potential vorticity generally grows with $\eta$. ![Evolution of the S-mode SFH in the flow with $k_x(t)=-30H^{-1}$, $k_y=2H^{-1}$ and equilibrium with growing baroclinic perturbations $k_P=k_S=0.2H^{-1}$. Perturbations of the potential vorticity are coupled grow from the beginning due to the baroclinic coupling with entropy perturbations. Excitation of the P-mode is clearly seen in the panel for pressure ($P$), while the panel for entropy perturbations ($S$) shows swing amplification in the nonadiabatic area around $k_x(t)=0$. Change of the amplitude of the entropy SFH affects the growth factor of potential vorticity SFH.[]{data-label="SFH_s1"}](SFH_s1.eps){width="84mm"} ![Surface graph of the generated W and P-mode amplitudes at $ky=2H^{-1}$, $kx=-60H^{-1}$, and different values of $k_P$ and $k_S$. Initial perturbations are normalized to set E(0)=1. Excitation amplitudes of the entropy perturbations show predominant dependence on the $k_S$ (left panel), while only pressure stratification scale $k_P$ is important for the generation of P-modes (right panel). See electronic edition of the journal for color images.[]{data-label="surf_s"}](surf_s.eps){width="84mm"} P-mode: direct coupling with S-mode and indirect coupling with W-mode --------------------------------------------------------------------- Fig. \[SFH\_p1\] shows the evolution of an initially imposed P-mode SFH in a flow with growing baroclinic perturbations. The [oscillating]{} behavior of the entropy perturbation for $t < 10$ is given by the P-mode. This oscillating component has a zero mean value when averaged over time-scales longer than the wave period. The existence of the [aperiodic]{} S-mode is instead characterized by a nonzero mean value. When the azimuthal wavenumber $k_y(t)$ changes sign at $t = 10$, we can observe the appearance of a nonzero mean value (marked on the plot by the horizontal dashed line), indicating that the high frequency oscillations of the P-mode are able to generate the aperiodic perturbations of the S-mode. The aperiodic part of the entropy perturbation is than able to generate potential vorticity perturbations. However, as we see from Eq. (54) and Fig. \[coupling\], there is no direct coupling between P and W-modes. Therefore, the P-mode generates the S-mode by shear flow induced mode conversion, while the W-mode is further generated because of its baroclinic ties with the entropy SFH. We describe this situation as the three-mode coupling or in other words, indirect coupling of the P to the W-mode. Note, that although the S and W-mode generation is apparent from the dynamics of entropy and potential vorticity SFH, energetically it plays a minor role as compared to the compressible energy carried by the P-mode. Fig \[SFH\_p2\]. shows that P-mode generates potential vorticity with a positive sign. However, the sign of the generated potential vorticity depends on the initial phase of the P-mode. Hence, our numerical results show generation of the W-mode with both positive and negative signs. It is interesting also to look at the P-mode dynamics in flows stable to baroclinic perturbations (see Fig. \[SFH\_p2\]). The initially imposed P-mode is able to generate the S-mode and consequently the W-mode, that gives a growth of the potential vorticity with time. Apart from the intrinsic limitations (the dependence of the sign of the generated potential vorticity on the initial phase of the P-mode and the low efficiency of the W-mode generation), this process demonstrates the fact that potential vorticity can be actually generated in flows with positive radial buoyancy ($\eta<0$) and Richardson number. Fig. \[surf\_p\] shows the dependence of the S and W-mode generation on the pressure and entropy stratification scales. In good agreement with qualitative estimates, the S-mode excitation depends strongly on the entropy stratification scale $k_S$, while the generation of the potential vorticity generally grows with $\eta$. ![Evolution of the P-mode SFH in the flow with $k_x(t)=-30H^{-1}$, $k_y=2H^{-1}$ and equilibrium with growing baroclinic perturbations $k_P=k_S=0.2H^{-1}$. Mode coupling occurs in the vicinity of $t=10\Omega_0^{-1}$, where W and S-modes are excited. The amplitude of the generated aperiodic contribution to the entropy perturbation is marked by the red doted line. Farther, this component leads to the baroclinic production of potential vorticity with negative sign.[]{data-label="SFH_p1"}](SFH_p1.eps){width="84mm"} ![Same as in previous figure but for $k_P=-0.2H^{-1}$ and $ k_S=0.2H^{-1}$. Perturbations are stable to baroclinic forces. However, production of the potential vorticity with positive sign is still observed.[]{data-label="SFH_p2"}](SFH_p2.eps){width="84mm"} ![Surface graph of the generated S and W-mode amplitudes at $ky=2H^{-1}$, $kx=-60H^{-1}$, and different values of $k_P$ and $k_S$. Initial perturbations are normalized to set E(0)=1. Excitation amplitudes of the entropy perturbations mainly depend on the $k_S$ (left panel), while both pressure and entropy stratification scales are important for the generation of W-mode perturbations (right panel). See electronic edition of the journal for color images.[]{data-label="surf_p"}](surf_p.eps){width="84mm"} Conclusion and Discussion ========================= We have studied the dynamics of linear perturbations in a 2D, radially stratified, compressible, differentially rotating flow with different radial density, pressure and entropy gradients. We employed global radial scaling of linear perturbations and removed the algebraic modulation due to the background stratification. We derived a local dispersion equation for nonaxisymmetric perturbations and the corresponding eigenfunctions in the zero shear limit. We show that the local stability of baroclinic perturbations in the barotropic equilibrium state is defined by the Schwarzschild-Ledoux criterion. We study the shear flow induced linear coupling and the related possibility of the energy transfer between the different modes of perturbations using qualitative and a more detailed numerical analysis. We employ a three-mode formalism and describe the behavior of S W and P-modes under the action of the baroclinic and velocity shear forces in local approximation. We find that the system exhibits an asymmetric coupling pattern with five energy exchange channels between three different modes. The W-mode is coupled to S and P-modes: perturbations of the potential vorticity are able to excite entropy and compressible modes. The amplitude of the generated S-mode grows with the increase of entropy stratification scale of the background ($k_S$) while the amplitude of the generated P-mode perturbations grows with the increase of background baroclinic index ($\eta$). The S-mode is coupled to the W and P-modes: the amplitude of the generated P-mode perturbations grows with increase of the background pressure stratification scale ($k_P$), while the amplitude of the W-mode grows with the increase of baroclinic index. The P-mode is coupled to the S-mode: the amplitude of generated entropy perturbations grows with the increase of the background entropy stratification scale. On the other hand, there is no direct energy exchange channel from P to W mode and, therefore, no direct conversion is possible. Our results, however, show that the P-mode is still able to generate W-mode through indirect three mode P-S-W coupling scheme. This linear inviscid mechanism indicates that compressible perturbations are able to generate potential vorticity via aperiodic entropy perturbations. The dynamics of radially stratified discs have been already studied by both, linear shearing sheet formalism and direct numerical simulations. However, previous studies focus on the baroclinic stability and vortex production by entropy perturbations, neglecting the coupling with higher frequency density waves. The most vivid signature of density wave excitation in radially stratified disc flows can be seen in Klahr (2004). The numerical results presented on the linear dynamics of perturbation SFH show high frequency oscillations after the radial wavenumber changes sign. However, focusing on the energy dynamics, the author filters out high frequency oscillations from the analysis. The purpose of numerical simulations by Johnson and Gammie (2006) was the investigation of the velocity shear effects on the radial convective stability and the possibility of the development of baroclinic instability. Therefore, no significant amount of compressible perturbations is present initially, and it is hard to judge if high frequency oscillations appear later in simulations. Petersen et al. (2007a), (2007b) employed the anelastic approximation that does not resolve the coupling of potential vorticity and entropy with density waves. Moreover, if produced, high frequency density waves soon develop into spiral shocks (see e.g., Bodo et al 2007). The anelastic gas approximation does intentionally neglect this complication and simplifies the description down to low frequency dynamics. Numerical simulations of hydrodynamic turbulence in unstratified disc flows showed that the dominant part of turbulent energy is accumulated into the high frequency compressional waves (see, e.g., Shen et al. 2006). On the other hand, it is vortices that are thought to play a key role in hydrodynamic turbulence in accretion discs, as well as planet formation in protoplanetary disc dynamics. Therefore, any link and possible energy exchange between high frequency compressible oscillations and aperiodic vortices can be an important factor in the above described astrophysical situations. Based on the present findings we speculate that density waves can participate in the process of the development of regular vortical structures in discs with negative radial entropy gradients. Numerical simulations have shown that thermal (entropy) perturbations can generate vortices in baroclinic disc flows (see e.g., Petersen et al. 2007a, 2007b). Hence, vortex development through this mechanism depends on the existence of initial regular entropy perturbations, i.e., thermal plumes, in differentially rotating baroclinic disc flows. It seems that compressional waves with linear amplitudes can heat the flow through two different channels: viscous dissipation and shear flow induced mode conversion. However, there is a strict difference between the entropy production by the kinematic shear mechanism and viscous dissipation. In the latter case, compressional waves first need to be tightly stretched down to the dissipation length-scales by the background differential rotation to be subject of viscous dumping. As a result, the entropy produced by viscous dissipation of compressional waves takes a shape of narrow stretched lines. This thermal perturbations can baroclinically produce potential vorticity of similar configuration. However, this is clearly not an optimal form of potential vorticity that can lead to the development of the long-lived vortical structures. On the contrary, entropy perturbations produced through the mode conversion channel can have a form of a localized thermal plumes. These can be very similar to those used in numerical simulations by Petersen et al. (2007a), (2007b). In this case compressional waves can eventually lead to the development of persistent vortical structures of different polarity. Hence, high frequency oscillations of the P mode can participate in the generation of anticyclonic vortices that further accelerate dust trapping and planetesimal formation in protoplanetary discs with equilibrium entropy decreasing radially outwards. Using the local linear approximation we have shown the possibility of the potential vorticity generation in flows with both, positive and negative radial entropy gradients (Richardson numbers). In fact, the standard alpha description of the accretion discs implies positive radial stratification of entropy and hence, weak baroclinic decay of existing vortices. In this case there will be a competition between the “baroclinic viscosity” and potential vorticity generation due to mode conversion. Hence, it is not strictly overruled that a significant amount of compressional perturbations can lead to the development of anticyclonic vortices even in flows with positive entropy gradients. In this case, radial stratification opens an additional degree of freedom for velocity shear induced mode conversion to operate. Although, the viability of this scenario needs further investigation. This paper presents the results obtained within the linear shearing sheet approximation. At nonlinear amplitudes, the P mode leads to the development of shock waves. These shocks induce local heating in the flow. Therefore, a realistic picture of entropy production and vortex development in radially stratified discs with significant amount of compressible perturbations needs to be analyzed by direct numerical simulations. Acknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered} =============== A.G.T. was supported by GNSF/PRES-07/153. A.G.T. would like to acknowledge the hospitality of Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino. This work is supported in part by ISTC grant G-1217. Barranco, J. A., and Marcus, P. S., 2005, ApJ [623]{}, 1157 Bodo G., Chagelishvili G. D., Murante G., Tevzadze A. G., Rossi P. and Ferrari A., 2005, A&A [437]{}, 9 Bodo G., Tevzadze A. G., Chagelishvili G. D., Mignone A., Rossi, P. and Ferrari A., 2007, A&A [475]{}, 51 Brandenburg, A., and Dintrans, B., 2006, A&A [450]{}, 437 Chagelishvili G. D., Tevzadze A. G., Bodo G. and Moiseev, S. S., 1997, Phys. Rev. Letters [79]{}, 3178. Fromang, S., Terquem, C., and Balbus, S. 2002 MNRAS [329]{} 18 Gammie, C. F. and Menou, K., 1998, ApJ [492]{}, 75 Goldreich P. and Lynden-Bell D., 1965, MNRAS [130]{}, 125 Goldreich P. and Tremaine S., 1978, ApJ [222]{}, 850 Heinemann, T. and Papaloizou, J. C. B. 2009a, MNRAS [397]{}, 52 Heinemann, T. and Papaloizou, J. C. B. 2009b, MNRAS [397]{}, 64 Johnson B. M. and Gammie C. F., 2005a, ApJ [626]{}, 978 Johnson B. M. and Gammie C. F., 2005b, ApJ [635]{}, 149 Johnson B. M. and Gammie C. F., 2006, ApJ [636]{}, 63 Isella, A., Testi, L., Natta, A., Neri, R., Wilner, D., and Qi, C., 2007, A&A [469]{}, 213 Klahr H. H. and Bodenheimer P., 2003, ApJ [582]{}, 869 Klahr H., 2004, ApJ [606]{}, 1070 Lerche, I. and Parker, E. N., 1967, ApJ [149]{}, 559 Li H., Finn J. M., Lovelace R. V. E. and Colgate S. A, 2000, ApJ [533]{}, 1023 Lord Kelvin (W. Tompson), 1887, Philos. Mag. [24]{}, 188 Lovelace R. V. E., Li H., Colgate S. A. and Nelson A. F., 1999, ApJ [513]{}, 805 Mamatsashvili, G. M., and Chagelishvili, G. D., 2007, MNRAS [381]{}, 809 Petersen M. K., Julien K. and Stewart G. R., 2007a, ApJ [658]{}, 1236 Petersen M. K., Stewart G. R. and Julien K., 2007b, ApJ [658]{}, 1252 Sandin, C., Schönberner, D., Roth, M., Steffen, M., Böhm, P., and Monreal-Ibero, A. 2008, A&A [486]{}, 545 Sano, T., Miyama, S., Umebayashi, T., Nakano, T., 2000, ApJ [543]{}, 486 Shen, Y., Stone, J. M., and Gardiner, T. A., 2006, ApJ [653]{}, 513 Tevzadze A. G., Chagelishvili G. D., Zahn J.-P., Chanishvili R. G. and Lominadze J. G., 2003, A&A [407]{}, 779 Tevzadze A. G., Chagelishvili G. D. and Zahn J.-P., 2008, A&A [478]{}, 9 Trefethen, L. N., Trefethen, A. E., Reddy, S. C., and Driscoll, T. A., 1993, Science [261]{}, 578. Volponi, F., and Yoshida, Z., 2002, J. Phys. Soc. Japan [71]{}, 1870 Initial conditions ================== Here we present the approximations used to derive the analytic form of the initial conditions corresponding to individual modes in radially stratified shear flows. These conditions are used to construct the initial values of perturbations in the numerical integration of the ODEs governing the linear dynamics of perturbations in these flows. We employ different methods for high and low frequency modes. P-mode ------ P-mode perturbations are intrinsically high frequency and well separated from low frequency modes everywhere outside the coupling region $k_x/k_y < 1$. In order to construct P-mode perturbations we use convective eigenfunction derived in the shearless limit and account for shear flow effects only in the adiabatic limit: $$\Psi_{c}(t) = (\omega_{c}^2(t) + c_s^2 \eta) P(t) - 2 \Omega_0 W(t) - c_s^2 k_P k_x(t) s(t) ~,$$ where $$\omega_c^2(t) = -{c_s^2 \eta k_y^2 \over c_s^2 k^2(t) - 4B\Omega_0} ~.$$ Although this form of the eigenfunction is not valid function for describing W and S modes individually in a sheared medium, it has proved to be a good tool for excluding both modes from the initial spectrum: $$\Psi_{c}(0) = 0 ~.$$ Assuming that we are looking for P-mode perturbations with wave-numbers satisfying the condition $ k_x(0)/k_y \gg 1 $ we may use the zero potential vorticity condition: $$W(0) = 0 ~.$$ Hence, Eqs. (A3,A4) yield the full set of initial conditions for the high frequency P-mode SFH of perturbations: $$p(0) = P_0 ~, ~~~~~ u_x(0) = U_0 ~,$$ $$u_y(0) = {1 \over k_x(0)} \left( k_y U_0 + 2BP_0 \right) ~,$$ $$s(0) = {\omega_c^2(0)+c_s^2 \eta \over c_s^2 k_p k_x(0) } P_0 ~,$$ where $P_0$ and $U_0$ are free parameters corresponding to the two P-modes in the system. Specific values of these two parameters define whether the potential or kinetic part of the wave harmonic is present initially. Low frequency modes ------------------- In order to derive the initial conditions for the S and W modes individually we employ the second order equation for radial velocity perturbation that can be derived from Eqs. (34-37): $$\left\{ {{\rm d}^2 \over {\rm d} t^2} + c_s^2 k^2 - 4B\Omega_0 - c_s^2 \eta \right\} u_x = -c_s^2 k_y W + 4Ac_s^2 k_y p ~.$$ $$\left\{ {{\rm d}^2 \over {\rm d} t^2} + c_s^2 k^2 - 4B\Omega_0 \right\} u_y = c_s^2 k_x(t) W + 2 B c_s^2 k_P s ~,$$ For low frequency perturbations $${{\rm d}^2 \over {\rm d} t^2} \left( \begin{array}{c} u_x \\ u_y \end{array} \right) \sim \omega^2_c \left( \begin{array}{c} u_x \\ u_y \end{array} \right) ~.$$ Assuming that $\omega_c^2(0) \ll c_s^2 k^2(0)$ and neglecting the corresponding terms in Eqs. (A6-A7) leads to the following algebraic system: $$\left[c_s^2 k^2 - 4B\Omega_0 \right] u_x = -c_s^2 k_y W + 4Ac_s^2 k_y p ~.$$ $$\left[c_s^2 k^2 - 4B\Omega_0 \right] u_y = c_s^2 k_x(t) W + 2 B c_s^2 k_P s ~.$$ Hence, we can derive the initial conditions for the low frequency modes as follows: $$p(0) = {B \over 2A c_s^2 k_y^2 + B\omega_p^2(0)} \left( 2 \Omega_0 W_0 + c_s^2 k_p k_x(0) S_0 \right) ~,$$ $$u_x(0) = {1 \over \omega_p^2(0)} \left( -c_s^2 k_y W_0 + 4A c_s^2 k_y p(0) \right) ~,$$ $$u_y(0) = {1 \over \omega_p^2(0)} \left( c_s^2 k_x(0) W_0 + 2B c_s^2 k_p S_0 \right) ~,$$ where $$\omega_p^2(0) = c_s^2 (k_x^2(0) + k_y^2) - 4B\Omega_0 ~.$$ Eqs. (A11-A14) give the initial values of perturbation SFHs for S-mode when $$W_0 = 0 ~,~~~ S_0 \not= 0 ~,$$ and W-mode when $$W_0 \not= 0 ~,~~~ S_0 = 0 ~.$$	{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }
###### Strengths and limitations of this study - This study is the first to evaluate the risk of bias in the randomised controlled trials referenced in the guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. - A detailed protocol for risk of bias assessments was used to ensure reproducibility and transparency in the evaluation. - Various subgroup analyses were performed after stratification according to topics, impact factor, and the years of introduction and update of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trial statement. - The risk of bias assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool can be subjective. - We did not contact authors to resolve the unclear information when judging the risk of bias. Introduction {#s1} ============ Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) provide the most reliable evidence for the impacts of medical interventions.[@R1] However, RCTs can be biased by faults in the design, performance, analyses and reporting. Bias is a systemic error that underestimates or overestimates the true effects of an intervention.[@R2] Bias can invalidate the results of RCTs, potentially leading to patients receiving non-beneficial or harmful treatments.[@R3] The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing the risk of bias in randomised trials was developed to clarify the trial process and increase accuracy.[@R2] The Cochrane Collaboration's tool has been used to assess the risk of bias in RCTs conducted in various fields, including paediatrics, orthopaedics, urology, neurology and ophthalmology.[@R3] Recently, the risk of bias in 20 920 RCTs included in the Cochrane Review was reported.[@R8] In the emergency medicine area, the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool was used to evaluate RCTs that assessed simulation-based medical education.[@R9] However, to our knowledge, no study has evaluated the risk of bias in the RCTs referenced in the guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Clinical guidelines are an important tool for knowledge transfer and affect millions of clinicians and patients.[@R10] The main advantage of guidelines is that they reduce unjustified variations in patient care, but biased guidelines are potentially harmful and ineffective for the patient.[@R11] Although the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing the risk of bias was used to conduct an evidence evaluation of RCTs in the 2015 American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for CPR and emergency cardiovascular care (ECC),[@R12] the assessment of individual items of bias or overall features was not presented. The purpose of this study was to identify the risk of bias in the RCTs referenced in the 2015 AHA guidelines update for CPR and ECC,[@R12] which is used worldwide and considered as the basis for resuscitation. Methods {#s2} ======= We identified the RCTs cited as references in the 2015 AHA guidelines update for CPR and ECC. Articles containing the search term 'random' in the title or abstract were extracted. After reviewing the contents of the abstract and text, the studies that were included in the actual randomisation process were confirmed. We included clinical studies in which participants were human patients and excluded animal studies. Studies that analysed existing RCTs and RCTs published in a letter format were also excluded. We analysed the RCTs using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing the risk of bias in randomised trials.[@R1] The following six domains of the Cochrane Collaboration's tool were selected to evaluate the risk of bias: random sequence generation and allocation concealment for selection bias, blinding of participants and personnel for performance bias, blinding of outcome assessment for detection bias, incomplete outcome data for attrition bias and selective reporting for reporting bias. We did not prespecify other sources of bias that are not identified by the above six domains described because we were not able to simply define the other sources of bias in RCTs of various topics included in the guidelines. The risk of bias for each domain was reported as 'low', 'unclear', or 'high'. The criteria for assessing the risk of bias are shown in online [supplementary appendix 1](#SP1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. As shown in the study by Zhai et al, real-time randomisation was added to the domain of allocation concealment.[@R5] It was considered low risk when the treatment was assigned at the time of randomisation and allocation concealment was guaranteed. If participants do not know the study objectives, the domain of blinding of participants and personnel was judged as a low risk of bias. In addition, studies with objective/permanent end-points, such as mortality or laboratory data, were evaluated as having a low risk of bias for the blinding of outcome assessment. Two independent reviewers (YC and CK) scored the RCT articles in each domain, and a third reviewer (BK) resolved the discrepancies. Kappa values for the inter-rater agreement between the two reviewers were calculated for each of the six domains. 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023725.supp1 We identified the number of RCTs in 5-year intervals. The percentages of RCTs with high, unclear and low risks of bias were determined for each of the six Cochrane domains. We examined the risk of bias in RCTs by grouping them into seven topics (basic life support \[BLS\], adult advanced cardiovascular life support \[ACLS\], postcardiac arrest care, acute coronary syndrome, neonatal and paediatric resuscitation, education, and others). We also investigated the risk of bias in RCTs based on the type of intervention (drug trial or non-drug trial). The journal's impact factor (IF) in 2017 and the Journal Citation Report (JCR) categories were identified. We designated journals without an IF as having an IF of zero. The risk of bias in the six domains was identified in the following journal IF groups: IF\<5 (low IF), 5≤IF\<10 (intermediate IF) and IF≥10 (high IF). The risk of bias for each Cochrane domain was evaluated in RCTs divided into three periods (≤1995, 1996--2009 and ≥2010) based on the year of introduction and the update of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement. We used R V.3.4.0 ([www.R-project.org](www.R-project.org)) to plot the numbers and proportions of RCTs over 5-year intervals. Microsoft Excel was used for data collection and creating the graphs showing the risk of bias. Patient and public involvement {#s2a} ------------------------------ No patients were involved in setting the research question or the outcome measures, nor were they involved in developing plans for the design or implementation of the study. No patients were asked to advise on data interpretation or writing the manuscript describing the results. The results of the research are not planned to be disseminated to study participants or the relevant patient community. Results {#s3} ======= Three hundred RCTs referenced in the 2015 AHA guidelines were identified. After the exclusion of 27 articles, 273 RCTs were selected for analyses. Studies were excluded because they were animal studies (n=23), studies that analysed existing RCTs (n=3), and RCTs published in a letter format (n=1) (online [supplementary appendices 2, 3](#SP1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The RCT articles included in this study were published from 1980 to 2015. The number of RCTs has increased during this period ([figure 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}), and 90.5% (247/273) of RCTs were published after 1996. A total of 42.1% (115/273) of the RCTs included in this study were published after 2010. ![Number of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) referenced in the 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care stratified into 5-year intervals.](bmjopen-2018-023725f01){#F1} [Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"} shows the baseline characteristics of the RCTs. The median number (IQR) of participants randomised and the number of participants analysed were 140 (59--372) and 130 (54--335), respectively. Education (33.0%, 90/273) was the most common topic cited in the guidelines, followed by neonatal and paediatric resuscitation (18.3%, 50/273) and acute coronary syndrome (14.7%, 40/273). The most common JCR category was critical care medicine (27.5%, 75/273), followed by medicine, general and internal (22.0%, 60/273). ###### Characteristics of the randomised controlled trials referenced in the 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care (n=273) Characteristics Values ------------------------------------------------- --------------- Number of participants randomised, median (IQR) 140 (59--372) Number of participants analysed, median (IQR) 130 (54--335) Topics, n (%) BLS 19 (7.0) ACLS 32 (11.7) Postcardiac arrest care 21 (7.7) Acute coronary syndrome 40 (14.7) Neonatal and paediatric resuscitation 50 (18.3) Education 90 (33.0) Others 21 (7.7) Type of intervention, n (%) Drug trial 37 (13.6) Non-drug trial 236 (86.4) JCR category, n (%) Critical care medicine 75 (27.5) Medicine, general and internal 60 (22.0) Paediatrics 41 (15.0) Cardiac and cardiovascular systems 32 (11.7) Emergency medicine 21 (7.7) Anaesthesiology 11 (4.0) Education 8 (2.9) Nursing 4 (1.5) Clinical neurology 3 (1.1) Infectious diseases 2 (0.7) Obstetrics and gynaecology 2 (0.7) Peripheral vascular disease 2 (0.7) Pharmacology and pharmacy 2 (0.7) Medicine, research and experimental 1 (0.4) Substance abuse/psychiatry 1 (0.4) Surgery 1 (0.4) Not listed in JCR 7 (2.6) ACLS, adult advanced cardiovascular life support; BLS, basic life support; JCR, Journal Citation Reports. The median IF in 2017 was 5.9 (IQR: 3.7--16.8) ([table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). Seven RCTs were published in journals without an IF. Approximately one-third of the RCTs (95/273, 34.8%) included in the present study were published in journals with 5≤IF\<10, and 28.6% (78/273) were published in journals with an IF≥10. The New England Journal of Medicine had the highest IF and was the most cited journal among the RCTs included in this study. Among the included topics, the highest median IF was observed for trials investigating acute coronary syndrome (18.9, IQR: 5.2--53.3) and the lowest was observed for studies investigating neonatal resuscitation (3.7, IQR: 2.3--5.5). Based on the type of intervention, the median IF of drug trials (18.9, IQR: 4.7--79.3) was much higher than that of non-drug trials (5.9, IQR: 3.6--10.1). ###### Impact factor of the randomised controlled trials referenced in the 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care (n=273) Characteristics Values ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------- Journal IF (2017), median (IQR) 5.9 (3.7--16.8) Journal IF (year of publication), median (IQR) 3.6 (1.6--6.4) Journal IF (2017), n (%) IF\<5 100 (36.6) 5≤IF\<10 95 (34.8) IF≥10 78 (28.6) Journal IF (year of publication), n (%) IF\<5 181 (66.3) 5≤IF\<10 33 (12.1) IF≥10 59 (21.6) Top 20 high-IF journals, n (%), IF (2017) 158 (57.9) New England Journal of Medicine 32 (11.7), 79.258 The Lancet 11 (4.0), 53.254 Journal of the American Medical Association, JAMA 8 (2.9), 47.661 European Heart Journal 4 (1.5), 23.425 British Medical Journal, BMJ 2 (0.7), 23.295 Archives of Internal Medicine 1 (0.4), 19.989 Circulation 9 (3.3), 18.880 Journal of the American College of Cardiology 5 (1.8), 16.834 Intensive Care Medicine 4 (1.5), 15.008 JAMA Pediatrics 2 (0.7), 10.769 JACC: Cardiovascular Intervention 1 (0.4), 9.881 Clinical Infectious Disease 2 (0.7), 9.117 Chest 1 (0.4), 7.652 Neurology 1 (0.4), 7.609 Critical Care Medicine 12 (4.4), 6.630 Anesthesiology 2 (0.7), 6.523 Circulation: Cardiovascular Intervention 1 (0.4), 6.504 Stroke 1 (0.4), 6.239 Addiction 1 (0.4), 5.953 Resuscitation 58 (21.2), 5.863 Topics, IF, median (IQR) BLS 15.0 (5.9--79.3) ACLS 5.9 (4.7--59.8) Postcardiac arrest care 15.0 (6.6--47.7) Acute coronary syndrome 18.9 (5.2--53.3) Neonatal and paediatric resuscitation 3.7 (2.3--5.5) Education 5.9 (2.6--5.9) Others 5.9 (5.4--18.9) Type of intervention, IF, median (IQR) Drug trial 18.9 (4.7--79.3) Non-drug trial 5.9 (3.6--10.1) ACLS, adult advanced cardiovascular life support; BLS, basic life support; IF, impact factor; JCR, Journal Citation Reports. The kappa values for inter-rater agreement of the individual domains of the Cochrane Collaboration's tool were 0.86 for random sequence generation, 0.89 for allocation concealment, 0.89 for the blinding of the participants and personnel, 0.84 for the blinding of outcome assessment, 0.76 for incomplete outcome data and 0.71 for selective reporting. The proportion of trials with each risk of bias rating for the six domains is shown in [figure 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}. A large proportion of trials displayed a high risk of bias (inadequate method) for the domain of blinding of participants and personnel (78.8%, 215/273). Meanwhile, the proportions of trials with inadequate methods (high risk of bias) for the remaining five domains (random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data and selective reporting) were low (≤12.1%). However, of these five domains, the proportions of trials with an unclear risk of bias (poor reporting) for two domains (random sequence generation and allocation concealment) were greater than 30% (38.5%, 105/273% and 34.1%, 93/273, respectively) ([figure 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). In the subgroup analysis based on the topics of the trials, ACLS trials had the highest proportion of trials with a low risk of bias for the blinding of participants and personnel (71.9%, 23/32) ([figure 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Larger proportions of trials examining other topics (BLS, postcardiac arrest care, acute coronary syndrome, neonatal and paediatric resuscitation, education, and others) had a high risk of bias for the blinding of participants and personnel (94.7%, 85.7%, 85.0%, 86.0%, 88.9% and 66.7%, respectively) than ACLS trials (25%). ACLS trials represented the highest proportions of trials with an unclear risk of bias for random sequence generation (50%, 16/32) and incomplete outcome data (31.3%, 10/32). Education trials represented the highest proportion of trials with an unclear risk of bias for allocation concealment (58.9%, 53/90). ![Risk of bias in randomised controlled trials referenced in the 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care based on the six domains of the Cochrane Collaboration's tool.](bmjopen-2018-023725f02){#F2} ![Risk of bias in randomised controlled trials referenced in the 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care for each of the six domains of the Cochrane Collaboration's tool stratified by topic. ACLS, adult advanced cardiovascular life support; BLS, basic life support.](bmjopen-2018-023725f03){#F3} Regarding the type of intervention, the proportion of drug trials with a high risk of bias for the blinding of participants and personnel (21.5%, 8/37) was less than that of non-drug trials (87.7%, 207/236) ([figure 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Seventy-five per cent of ACSL trials (24/32) were drug trials, among which 91.7% of drug trials on the ACLS topic (22/24) displayed a low risk of bias for the blinding of participants and personnel. ![Risk of bias in randomised controlled trials referenced in the 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care for each of the six domains of the Cochrane Collaboration's tool stratified by the type of intervention.](bmjopen-2018-023725f04){#F4} After stratification according to the three groups of IFs in 2017 \[low group (IF\<5), intermediate group (5--10) and high group (≥10)\], the proportion of trials with a low risk of bias showed an increasing trend as the IF increased, although little difference was observed between the two higher IF groups (intermediate vs high IF group) in the domains of random sequence generation and selective reporting ([figure 5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). However, the proportions of trials with an unclear risk of bias were still high for the domain of random sequence generation and allocation concealment, even in journals with high IFs (38.5% and 23.1%, respectively). Even after stratification according to the IFs of the year of publication, the proportions of trials with an unclear risk of bias in journals with high IFs were high for the domain of random sequence generation (35.6%) and allocation concealment (22.0%) (online [supplementary appendix 4](#SP1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). ![Risk of bias in randomised controlled trials referenced in the 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care for each of the six domains of the Cochrane Collaboration's tool stratified by impact factor (IF).](bmjopen-2018-023725f05){#F5} After stratification by the year of introduction (1996) and update of the CONSORT statement (2010), the proportion of trials with a low risk of bias also tended to increase after the introduction of the statement in 1996 and after its update in 2010 ([figure 6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}) for four domains (random sequence generation, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data and selective reporting). Unclear risk of bias proportions was 65.4% for random sequence generation and 57.7% for allocation concealment before the introduction of CONSORT but decreased to 31.3% and 32.2% after the 2010 CONSORT update, respectively. For allocation concealment, the proportion of trials with a low risk of bias also increased after the introduction of the CONSORT statement in 1996 (30.8%--57.6%); however, the proportion did not increase after the update of the CONSORT statement in 2010 (57.6%--54.8%). For blinding of participants and personnel, the proportion of trials with a low risk of bias showed an opposite trend after the introduction of the CONSORT statement in 1996 and after its update in 2010. Drug-trials were 30.8% (8/26) prior to or in 1995, 14.4% (19/132) from 1996 to 2009, and 8.7% (10/115) in in or after 2010. ![Risk of bias in randomised controlled trials referenced in the 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care for each of the six domains of the Cochrane Collaboration's tool divided into three periods (≤1995, 1996--2009 and ≥2010) based on the year of introduction and the update of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials statement.](bmjopen-2018-023725f06){#F6} Discussion {#s4} ========== In this study, we assessed the risk of bias in 273 RCTs that were referenced in the 2015 update of the AHA guidelines for CPR and ECC. The largest proportion of trials with a high risk of bias (inadequate methods) was observed for the blinding of participants and personnel (78.8%). This finding might be explained by the fact that only 13.6% (37/273) of the RCTs in this guideline were drug trials that can be sufficiently blinded by placebos. The remaining 86.4% of the RCTs were non-drug trials that did not use placebos. In general, the masking of participants and personnel is difficult in non-drug trials where placebos are not available. In fact, the proportion of drug trials with a high risk of bias for the blinding of participants was less (21.5%) than that in non-drug trials (87.7%) in this study. Furthermore, in some cases, blinding is not performed because of an ethical issue, depending on the outcome of cardiac arrest. In domains other than the blinding of participants and personnel, the proportion of trials with a high risk of bias was less than 12.1%. However, greater than one-third of trials exhibited unclear risks of bias for random sequence generation (38.5%) and allocation concealment (34.1%), indicating that many trials did not sufficiently report the risk of bias. Random sequence generation minimises selection bias and balances baseline characteristics between the study and control groups. Methods such as a computerised random number generator, random number table, or coin tossing should be used to ensure a low risk of bias. Sequences generated by an odd or even date of birth or a non-random process using hospital registration numbers will lead to bias. In this study, 38.5% of RCTs showed unclear risk of bias in random sequence generation, and half of the ACLS trials poorly described random sequence generation, possibly because patients experiencing cardiac arrest were not able to be randomly divided using the above methods to minimise the risk of bias for random sequence generation due to ethical issues. Random sequence generation alone is not sufficient to prevent selection bias, and allocation concealment must be employed to effectively protect unpredictable randomised sequences.[@R2] Central allocation, sequential numbered opaque sealed envelopes (SNOSE) or minimisation should be used to ensure participants and researchers are not aware of assignments in advance. According to Akl et al,[@R26] SNOSE leads to a risk of bias when the patient or participants opens the envelope in advance. The authors recommended the use of simple randomization when the sample size is large. Block randomisation is often used if stratification is required; however, a small block size should be avoided because the allocation can be predicted in advance. Allocation by minimisation is much more difficult to predict than block randomisation because minimisation is a dynamic mode of random allocation that depends on the characteristics of the participants who are already enrolled.[@R26] In this study, 12.1% of RCTs had a high risk of bias for allocation concealment. A total of 34.1% of trials showed an unclear risk of bias for allocation concealment, which is less than the percentages reported by a recent study analysing the 20 920 RCTs included in the Cochrane reviews (57.5%)[@R8] or RCTs of simulation-based interventions in emergency medicine (48.5%).[@R9] However, in a paper analysing the RCTs published in four general medical journals (The BMJ, JAMA, The Lancet and The NEJM), 26% of trials published in 2002[@R27] and 22% of trials published in 2015[@R26] poorly described information regarding allocation concealment. This finding is similar to our study, as the proportion of RCTs with an unclear risk of bias was 23.1% in the group with an IF≥10. A potential explanation is that journals with high IFs have been included in the 2015 AHA guidelines (28.6% of trials included in this study had an IF greater than 10). If outcome assessors know the assignment of the intervention, detection bias will occur in this assessment.[@R2] The lack of blinding of outcome assessors can lead to different outcomes, and clinicians must decide who will assess the outcome of RCTs at the planning stage. In this study, the proportions of trials with unclear and high risks of bias for the blinding of outcome assessment were relatively low (8.4% and 2.2%, respectively) compared with other domains because we assessed that domain as a low risk when the study end-point was objective or permanent, such as mortality or laboratory findings, which were unlikely to affect the bias even if the outcome assessors were not blinded. Online [supplementary appendix 5](#SP1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} shows the end-point of the trials included in this study. Many of the trials were objective (eg, the presence or absence of return of spontaneous circulation, survival or death, admission or discharge and the results of laboratory findings) and, thus, are unlikely to affect the outcome assessment. We determined that 22.3% of the RCTs showed an unclear risk of bias for incomplete outcome data, which suggests insufficient reporting on attrition and exclusion. Of the RCTs published in the five top general medical journals in 2005--2007, 13% did not discuss loss to follow-up.[@R26] Additionally, 24.7% of the RCTs included in the Cochrane Review in 2011--2014 showed an unclear risk of bias in the domain of incomplete outcome data.[@R8] The number of participants in each intervention group and reasons for attrition and exclusion should be reported to assess this domain. Studies in which participants are excluded by a per-protocol analysis are considered high risk, while an intention-to-treat analysis is often recommended as the least biased method.[@R2] Dechartres et al [@R8] reported that the proportions of RCTs with unclear risks of bias in sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding and incomplete outcome data have decreased from 1986 to 2014. The proportions of RCTs referenced in the 2015 AHA guidelines with an unclear risk of bias also showed decreasing trends after the introduction of the CONSORT statement in 1996 and after its update in 2010 for four domains (random sequence generation, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data and selective reporting). However, for random sequence generation and allocation concealment, a larger proportion of RCTs showed an unclear risk of bias than the other four domains in both periods: 1996--2009 and ≥2010. A reporting guideline, such as the CONSORT statement, should be applied to improve reporting.[@R27] When the CONSORT guideline is actively applied, the quality of reporting improves.[@R28] However, only 38% of biomedical journals (168) with a high IF used the CONSORT guideline in 2014,[@R31] and only 14% of surgical journals mentioned using a reporting CONSORT guideline in 2017.[@R32] Journals should suggest to authors that the items of the CONSORT guideline should be reported at the time of submission, and authors should consider the guideline beginning at the planning stage of the study. The proportions of drug trials were decreased after the introduction of the CONSORT statement in 1996 and after its update in 2010, which might be the reason why the proportion of trials with a low risk of bias for the blinding of participants and personnel showed a declining trend. Inadequate or unclear sequence generation, allocation concealment and blinding affect treatment outcomes.[@R33] Clinicians should consider that these biases exaggerate the treatment effect when interpreting the results of RCTs, particularly trials with subjective outcomes, and when applying these data to the management of patients. Additionally, the effect of bias on RCTs should be considered when designing a systematic review and creating a guideline. This study has limitations. The risk of bias assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration tool can be subjective. However, two reviewers evaluated the included studies, and a third party resolved the differences. We also established a detailed protocol (online [supplementary appendix 1](#SP1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) for evaluation and tried to reduce discrepancies between the reviewers. We calculated kappa values to evaluate inter-rater agreement and observed almost perfect (0.81--1.00) or substantial (0.61--0.80) agreement. The kappa values for the Cochrane tool used in our study were greater than those observed when this tool was used in physical therapy trials[@R36] and similar to those found in quality reporting of the RCTs in five leading neurology journals.[@R5] Second, if we had contacted the authors, some of the trials scored as an unclear risk of bias could have been clarified and changed. According to Jørgensen et al, uncertainty can be resolved by contacting trial authors or trial registers.[@R36] When evaluating selective reporting in this study, protocols were searched if the trial was registered, but we did not contact the authors. Third, although the reviewers were blinded to the journal's name during classification to minimise the possibility of classification bias due to IF, the reviewers were able to recognise the journals despite our efforts; thus, the reviewers might have been influenced by the journal's IF. Fourth, we evaluated the journal's IF in 2017, but this value may not accurately reflect the impact of the journal at the time the article was published. Nevertheless, we relied on the most recent IF (2017) because the journal's IF has consistently increased during the study period. Therefore, a direct comparison of the IF values from different years is impossible. Journals with the same IF values in 1980 and 2017 have different impacts (an IF of 1.8 in 1980 is quite different from the same value in 2017). Furthermore, a low IF for a journal does not indicate that the journal is of low quality. IFs may not properly reflect the quality of each journal. For example, many journals are located in the top level in specialist categories, although their IFs are less than five. Conclusions {#s5} =========== In the 2015 AHA guidelines for CPR and ECC, the proportions of RCTs with a high risk of bias were high for the blinding of participants and personnel. In ACLS and drug trials, the proportions of trials with a low risk of bias for the blinding of participants and personnel were high. The proportions of RCTs with an unclear risk of bias were high for random sequence generation and allocation concealment. These proportions were reduced after the introduction of the CONSORT statement but remained at 31.3% for random sequence generation and 33.2% for allocation concealment after the 2010 update of the CONSORT statement. The risk of bias should be considered when interpreting and applying the CPR guidelines in clinical settings. Journals should make an effort to provide authors with information for assessing the risk of bias and should request the use of a reporting guideline, such as the CONSORT guideline, at the submission stage to minimise the risk of bias. In addition, the authors also should plan their research to reduce the risk of bias and clearly report all domains of the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. Supplementary Material ====================== ###### Reviewer comments ###### Author\'s manuscript YC and CK contributed equally. Contributors: YC acquired the data, performed the risk of bias assessment and analysis, and drafted the manuscript. CK performed the risk of bias assessment, interpreted the data and critically revised the manuscript. BK contributed to the study design, interpreted the data and critically revised the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning) (No. 2017R1C1B5017218). Competing interests: None declared. Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed. Data sharing statement: There are no additional unpublished data from the study. Author note: An abstract of this work was presented at the 2018 American College of Emergency Physicians Scientific Assembly, October 1--4, 2018, San Diego, CA. Patient consent for publication: Not required.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
Dexamethasone enhances mallory body formation in drug-primed mouse liver. In a clinical study in which patients with alcoholic hepatitis were treated with prednisone for 1 month, posttreatment liver biopsies showed diminished inflammation, but Mallory bodies were not diminished. This suggested that steroid treatment may reduce inflammation by inhibiting NFkappaB activation. Sparing of Mallory bodies suggests that NFkappaB activation may not be involved mechanistically in Mallory body formation. To test this idea, we induced Mallory body formation in drug-primed mice with or without dexamethasone treatment. As predicted, dexamethasone decreased NFkappaB activation; however, Mallory body formation was increased. Surprisingly, TNFalpha and iNOS, which normally increase as a result of NFkappaB activation, were upregulated by the dexamethasone treatment. It was concluded that NFkappaB activation is not involved in Mallory body formation. Despite this, induced increases in TNFalpha, iNOS, c-jun/API and c-myc expression indicate that oxidative stress is likely involved in Mallory body formation.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
give i. -1445 Rearrange -3 + 25j2 - 109j*2 - 280j*2 - 262j*2 + 2j*2 to the form mj + lj2 + b and give b. -3 Rearrange 0 + 0 - l2 + ((3 - 1 + 0)(-l - 2l + 2l) - 4l + l + l - 387l - 449l + 762l)(-l + l + 2l) to ml2 + hl + t and give t. 0 Express (-42t2 - t + t)(t - 2t - t)(148 - 305 + 50) + (-t + t - 2t)(t*2 + 1 - 1) in the form s + mt*2 + vt + zt3 and give z. -8990 Rearrange (-p + 6356p*2 + 12p*4 - 6356p*2)(-14 + 10 - 5)(0 - 1 + 2) to the form o + dp*4 + sp*3 + hp + qp2 and give h. 9 Rearrange -6n*4 + 57n*4 - 2n*4 + (-3n*3 + 3n*3 + 3n*3)(-9n - 5n - 17n) to the form rn*4 + w + vn*2 + on + kn3 and give r. -44 Rearrange (-7 - 2 + 6)(-3n + 3n - 2n)(12 + 2 + 15) to the form zn + f and give z. 174 Rearrange (9297 + 12591 - 32592)(3n - 4n - n) - 2n - 2 + 2 to z + mn and give z. 0 Express 15f2 - 7 + 220f - 221f - 14f*2 - 38f*3 in the form gf*3 + yf + kf2 + m and give g. -38 Rearrange (-2 + 2 - 3)(-2 + w + 2) - 4 + 4 + 2w - 2114 + 4148 - 2084 + 6w to the form d + gw and give g. 5 Express 44k*3 + 44k*3 - 57 - 90k*3 - 24k*2 + 24k*2 + 8k as rk3 + sk + uk2 + b and give r. -2 Express -3i + 66 - i*2 + 67 + 2i - 2i as zi*2 + t + qi and give q. -3 Rearrange -1421b + 31 - 70 + 40 to tb + v and give v. 1 Rearrange 65833d + 678d*4 - 1 - 6d*3 - 65833d to sd2 + jd*4 + z + od + gd3 and give z. -1 Express -3345q*3 - 40q - 1 - 5q + 3362q*3 in the form h + gq*3 + lq + cq2 and give h. -1 Rearrange (-624 + 2046u + 307 + 339u + 446u + 314)(-3u + 3u + 2u*2) to the form bu*3 + ru*2 + vu + s and give b. 5662 Rearrange (-h - 4h + h)(219 - 39h + 41h + 397) to the form dh + vh*2 + a and give d. -2464 Rearrange 53 + 641 - 9334w + 9336w + 149 to f + pw and give p. 2 Express -4p4 + 363451 - 363446 + 7p*3 + 3p4 - p2 in the form yp4 + hp*2 + np*3 + up + l and give u. 0 Rearrange -12n - 97n + 52 - 4n - 45 to c + hn and give c. 7 Express -26227k2 - 2292k*2 + 541k + 2288k2 - 541k as nk2 + fk + c and give n. -26231 Express 4548v3 + v2 - 4548v3 - 365 - v4 as hv3 + xv*4 + uv + wv2 + d and give w. 1 Rearrange 221076k - 221077k + 10k*4 - 2k*3 + 5 + 1 - 2k*2 to the form dk + tk2 + a + wk*4 + ik*3 and give i. -2 Rearrange (295 + 12 + 211)(-d + 5d3 - 3d + 5d) to wd + xd3 + b + sd*2 and give s. 0 Rearrange 0l - 3l - 11l + (l + l + l)(31 + 110 + 7) - 4l + l + 4l to i + cl and give c. 431 Express (10g - 6g + 8g)(1158g - 1151g - 17 + 1)(-5 + g + 5) as sg*2 + ig + v + yg3 and give s. -192 Rearrange 3b - 3007 + 45b2 + 2997 + 11b2 - b3 to qb + sb*3 + ab*2 + w and give q. 3 Rearrange 9782x*3 + 34 - 9784x*3 - 17 - 14 + 10x + 14x to the form rx*2 + ix*3 + b + gx and give b. 3 Express (262r - 197r - 137r)(-3 + 2r2 + 3)(-2 - 4 - 2) as jr3 + f + br*2 + tr and give j. 1152 Express -p + p + p*2 + (0p + 3p - p)(9 - 4 - 9)(-65 + 40 - 13)(2p - 3p + 0p) as sp + i + hp2 and give h. -303 Express (-1243l*2 + 2 - 1255l*2 + 2474l*2)(-9 + 3l - l + 2l) as jl3 + n + ul + kl2 and give n. -18 Rearrange (-1 + 0 + 0)((f + 3f - 2f)(-6 + 9 + 3) + (3 - f - 3)(-1 - 3 + 3) + 0 + 0 - 2f) - 199f + 276f + 428f to the form sf + q and give s. 494 Rearrange 4i - 1 + 469i2 - 124i*2 - 119i*2 - 121i*3 - 121i*2 - 116i*2 to li*3 + ji + yi2 + q and give q. -1 Express (-2t*2 + 4t*2 + 0t*2)((54162 - 31721 - 32958)(-1 - 4 + 3) + 6 - 1 - 2) as gt + z + xt2 and give x. 42074 Express 145y*2 - 140y*2 + 3y*3 + 4y*3 + (2y*2 - 3y*2 - 4y*2)(4y - 3y - 15y) in the form dy*2 + ly + f + cy3 and give c. 77 Rearrange (2q*2 - 2q2 - q2)(-405q + 702q - 2 - 531q) to vq + gq*3 + i + kq*2 and give k. 2 Express (-f + f + 2f)(4 + 1 - 4)(-5f - f + 3f)(895f + 1382f + 515f) as jf3 + nf*2 + x + gf and give j. -16752 Rearrange (497 - 476 + 828)(-4g + 2g + g) + 0g + 0g - g to the form x + vg and give v. -850 Rearrange -3x - 3 - 62x*2 + 126x*2 + 4x + 210x2 to c + fx*2 + wx and give f. 274 Express (2 + 0 - 1)(-1 - 2u + 6 - 2)(-4142 + 8500 - 2362) as y + zu and give y. 5988 Express 2w2 - 792 + 1822w + 1585 - 793 in the form rw + dw*2 + o and give d. 2 Express -2178 - 19x*2 + 3x*3 - 10x*2 + 2179 + x + 8x*3 - 3x as p + dx3 + rx + hx2 and give r. -2 Express (-10037 - 6724 - 5896)(5n - 4n + 2n) in the form w + in and give i. -67971 Rearrange (271 + 185 + 1383 + 2643)(-g3 + g3 + g3) to jg + lg2 + h + kg*3 and give k. 4482 Rearrange (-7 + 4g*2 + 7)(g + 0g - 3g)(-648 + 56g + 16g - 73g) to the form xg3 + lg*2 + jg + a + ng4 and give n. 8 Express 9b + 98 + 8b - 12b + 114 + b as rb + v and give v. 212 Express 0 + 8 + 7449i - 5 - 5092i as ai + f and give f. 3 Rearrange 32g + 27 - 44g + 25g - 17g to m + fg and give m. 27 Express -14191 - 12a*2 - 44a*3 + 3a - 3a + 14192 - 12a*2 in the form ka + i + za3 + ma2 and give z. -44 Express q2 - 206q - 130 + 29q - 2q2 + 131 in the form rq*2 + g + oq and give g. 1 Express 63r2 + 105812r - 105852r + 13r*2 as kr + mr2 + u and give m. 76 Rearrange (52 - 62y*3 - y + 173y*3 - 116y*3)(1 + 26y - 1 - 70y) to the form dy + uy*4 + fy*2 + ky*3 + t and give d. -2288 Express -232o + 0o4 - 10o*3 + 2o*2 + 231o - 9o3 + o4 + 1 + 6o*2 in the form ko*3 + wo*2 + m + ho + bo4 and give m. 1 Express (3 - 4 + 3)(-g + 3g + 0g) + (-123g - 62g - 78g)(-4 + 4 + 1) in the form i + bg and give b. -259 Express 280h - 512h - 2782h - 3654h in the form ah + m and give a. -6668 Rearrange ((7o2 - 3o*2 + 0o*2)(2o2 - o + o) + 7o*4 + 0o*4 - 4o*4)(-965 - 212 - 157) to wo4 + ko*2 + no + v + uo3 and give w. -14674 Rearrange (4f + 21 - 21)(-2f*2 + f - f) - 50400f*2 + 11637f*3 + 16796f*2 + 16802f*2 + 16802f*2 to zf*3 + xf*2 + vf + n and give z. 11629 Express 1226b - 3432 + 1140 + 1143 + 1149 as a + lb and give l. 1226 Express (-2 + 6116n + 4 - 6077n)(-1 + 2 - 3)(3 + 2 - 4)(-1 - 2 + 4) in the form j + pn and give j. -4 Express 228k - 18k*4 + 16k*4 + 3k*4 + (-2k*2 + 5k*2 - 2k*2)(-7 + 7 - 4k2) in the form bk*4 + yk*3 + nk*2 + xk + p and give x. 228 Rearrange 4n2 + 14370n - 3n2 - 8n*3 - 14367n + 2n2 - 4n*2 - 2 to wn*2 + pn*3 + vn + q and give v. 3 Express 6n - 7n*4 + 31n*2 - 3 + 18n*2 - 1 - 38n*2 + 5 in the form kn*3 + qn*2 + rn*4 + fn + d and give r. -7 Express -820y2 + 314y - 3y3 - 176y - 137y as ny*2 + ty + r + vy3 and give t. 1 Express 1 - 68h*2 - 16h*4 + 30h2 + h2 - 24h2 - 3h*3 + 2h*3 as th*3 + oh + bh2 + x + jh*4 and give j. -16 Express (4g*2 - 4g*2 - 2g*2)(19325g - 15 - 31824g + 15 - 25639g - 15759g) in the form ug2 + ag*3 + jg + m and give a. 107794 Rearrange -2u3 - 3u3 + u3 + (-3u2 + 2 - 2)(3u - 2u + 2u) + 30u*3 - 6u*3 - 3u3 + 5 - u3 - 5 to du2 + tu*3 + au + i and give t. 7 Express -7n2 - 23 + 0 + 79n - 16n2 + 23n*2 - 2n*2 in the form a + un*2 + jn and give u. -2 Express (1 - 1 - 2r + 2r + 0 + 0 + 0 + 2r + 0 + (-4 + 6 - 4)(-r - r + r) - 5r + 0r + 0r)(205r - 63r + 134r) as i + wr + dr2 and give i. 0 Express -5423w3 + 24 - w2 - 8w + 1806w*3 + 1815w*3 + 1804w*3 in the form rw*3 + uw + g + jw2 and give j. -1 Express -j + 229 - 227 + 3j*2 + 14j*2 - 9j*3 in the form dj*2 + b + xj*3 + rj and give r. -1 Rearrange -4n2 - 5n2 + n2 + (1 - 1 - 2)(-1039n + 1039n + 278n*2) + 2n*2 + 3n*2 - 2n*2 to un + mn2 + h and give m. -561 Express 22g + 25g - 8g*3 - 44g + (14g2 - 30g*2 - 28g*2)(3g + 5g - 4g) as og + tg2 + bg*3 + p and give b. -184 Rearrange k + 1 - 29k*3 + 110k*3 - 24k*3 - 42k*3 + 4k*2 to the form dk*3 + ik*2 + lk + t and give d. 15 Express (4u + u - 4u + (2u - 2u - 3u)(0 + 4 - 3) - 32u - 25u - 26u)(10u2 - 13u*2 + 6u**2) in the form m	{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }
Q: Android back stack one fragment, when pressing hardware back button shows the back stacked one. Android back stack one fragment, when pressing hardware back button shows the back stacked one. Below is my expected scenario: I have one activity with navigation drawer. Each navigation element navigate to different fragments on click. I want to back stack only the home fragment. when pressing back button from any other fragments , navigate to the home fragment. When pressing the back button from home fragment, app exits. A: You can handle onBackPressed method in this method, comment the line //super.onBackPressed(); @Override public void onBackPressed() { // super.onBackPressed(); //Now check if current fragment is not home fragment // then replace current fragment with home fragment //if current fragment is home fragment then execute the following code Intent homeIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_MAIN); homeIntent.addCategory( Intent.CATEGORY_HOME ); homeIntent.setFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_CLEAR_TOP); startActivity(homeIntent); }	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Surviving the housing crisis: Social violence and the production of evictions among women who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada. Single room accommodation (SRA) housing is among the only forms of accessible housing to marginalized women who use illicit drugs in many urban settings. However, SRA housing environments may create specific health and drug risks for women. Little research has examined the gendered mechanisms contributing to housing vulnerability for women who use drugs and the subsequent ways they aim to mitigate harm. This study examines the gendered vulnerabilities to, and harms stemming from, evictions from SRAs in Vancouver, Canada. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 56 people who use drugs who were recently evicted (past 60 days) from SRAs in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside neighbourhood, 19 of whom identified as women which informed this analysis. Participants were recruited by Peer Researcher Assistants for baseline and follow-up interviews three to six months later. Interview transcripts were analyzed thematically and interpreted by drawing on concepts of social violence. Findings underscore how gendered violence and forms of social control operationalized within SRAs normalized violence against women and restricted their agency. Surveillance mechanisms increased women's experiences of violence as they sought to evade such interventions. Post-eviction, women faced pronounced vulnerability to harm which reinforced their social and spatial marginality within a drug scene. Collectively, women's experiences within SRAs highlight how the hybrid forms of disciplinary mechanisms used within these housing environments significantly impacted women's experiences of harm. Greater attention to the impacts of housing and building policies on women who use drugs is needed to better address the morbidity and mortality of this population.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Posts Tagged: garden Sunday, July 9th, we had the privilege to commission Pastor Darren as he prepares to head to Rwanda. Yesterday, he left for the PDX airport to fly out. He’ll be speaking at a pastor’s conference as well as have the chance to visit Africa New Life, a ministry we support… Read more »	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Bruno Cesar Xavier Sislo Bruno Cesar Xavier Sislo (born 27 November 1996), known as Bruno Xavier, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Desportivo Aves. Club career Born in São Paulo, Bruno Xavier was a Portuguesa youth graduate. He made his senior debut on 8 June 2015, coming on as a late substitute for goalscorer Guilherme Queiróz in a 3–0 away win against Guaratinguetá for the Série C championship. Definitely promoted to the main squad in June 2016, Bruno Xavier scored his first senior goal on 9 July of that year, netting the opener in a 2–1 away loss against the same opponent. On 9 July 2017, he terminated his contract with Lusa, and joined Nacional-SP late in the month. On 23 August 2017, after scoring five goals in only six matches for Naça in the Copa Paulista, Bruno Xavier joined Série A side Sport initially on a trial basis. He subsequently signed a loan contract until the end of the year, and made his debut in the category on 10 September by replacing Samuel Xavier in a 1–0 loss at Avaí. On 14 December 2017, Bruno Xavier was released by Sport and subsequently returned to Nacional. The following 24 April, after being the club's top goalscorer in the Campeonato Paulista Série A2, he signed a loan deal with Corinthians until May 2019. Career statistics References External links Category:1996 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from São Paulo Category:Brazilian footballers Category:Brazilian expatriate footballers Category:Association football midfielders Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série C players Category:Primeira Liga players Category:Associação Portuguesa de Desportos players Category:Nacional Atlético Clube (SP) players Category:Sport Club do Recife players Category:Sport Club Corinthians Paulista players Category:Guarani FC players Category:Oeste Futebol Clube players Category:C.D. Aves players Category:Expatriate footballers in Portugal Category:Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bishop of Limerick The Bishop of Limerick is an episcopal title which takes its name after the city of Limerick in the Province of Munster, Ireland. In the Roman Catholic Church it still continues as a separate title, but in the Church of Ireland it has been united with other bishoprics. History The diocese of Limerick is one of the twenty-four dioceses established at the Synod of Rathbreasail in 1111. After the Reformation, there are parallel apostolic successions: one of the Church of Ireland and the other of the Roman Catholic Church. In the Church of Ireland, Limerick continued as a separate title until 1661 when it was combined with Ardfert and Aghadoe to form the united bishopric of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe. Since 1976, the Church of Ireland see has been part of the united bishopric of Limerick and Killaloe. In the Roman Catholic Church, Limerick still remains as a separate title. The current bishop is the Most Reverend Brendan Leahy, Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Limerick, who was appointed by the Holy See on 10 January 2013 and received episcopal ordination on 14 April 2013. Pre-Reformation bishops Post-Reformation bishops Church of Ireland succession Roman Catholic succession Notes Some sources state that John Quin resigned by consequences of his infirmities. However, another source states he was forced to resign by King Edward VI in 1551, but was restored by Queen Mary I in 1553. Hugh Lacy became bishop of both successions when they were briefly reunited in the reign of Queen Mary I. After the accession of Queen Elizabeth I, he was deprived of the Church of Ireland title in 1571, but continued with the Roman Catholic title until his death in 1580. References Bibliography Further reading Begley, John, The Diocese of Limerick, Ancient and Medieval. Dublin: Browne & Nolan, 1906. Gillebert of Limerick:the Prelate's Present to the Primate of England, John Lucey, North Munster Antiquarian Journal 6, 2006, pp. 5–14 External links 'Bishops' file at Limerick City Library, Ireland 'Bishop Richard Arthur' file at Limerick City Library, Ireland 'Bishop Jeremiah Newman' file at Limerick City Library, Ireland 'Bishop Terence Albert O'Brien' file at Limerick City Library, Ireland 'Bishop Cornelius O'Dea' file at Limerick City Library, Ireland 'Bishop Edward Thomas O'Dwyer' file at Limerick City Library, Ireland Limerick Limerick Category:Religion in County Limerick Category:Roman Catholic bishops of Limerick Limerick	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Frustrations from KU fans unable to see the six men’s basketball games broadcast only by Jayhawk TV during recent years are now a thing of the past. Thanks to a new agreement between KU and its media partners, which includes an expanded lineup of Spectrum Sports, Cox Cable, KMCI, MidCo Sports Network and ESPN, the blackout associated with those six early season, men’s basketball games has been eliminated. Jayhawk fans across the country, including in Kansas, now will be able to see every KU basketball game either through one of the cable providers listed above or via ESPN’s new direct-to-consumer streaming platform known as ESPN+. “We are thrilled to have an inclusive and expanded media coverage solution for our KU alumni and fans,” said new KU athletic director Jeff Long in a press release. “A special note of thanks to Spectrum Sports for not only elevating our coverage over the last four years, but for helping us get to this point with an internal production solution. With our over-the-air and cable partners, paired with our ESPN+ agreement, we are pleased that more Jayhawks than ever will be able to follow us.” KU administrator Jim Marchiony, who has been with the athletic department for years and, therefore, been privy to complaints from disgruntled fans in Kansas who were unable to see the early season basketball games, said Thursday’s announcement was a direct result of listening to the frustrations of its fan base. “We have been attempting to structure it this way for a few years now,” Marchiony said. Very little about the specifics of the content will change, outside of who can access it and how. Through its in-house video production arm known as Rock Chalk Video, Kansas Athletics, during the 2018-19 school year, will show roughly 100 live KU sporting events — up 20 or so from the old deal — and continue to offer additional hours of original programming via a 30-minute pregame show and 60-minute postgame show for every home and away KU football and men’s basketball game, along with replays of select KU coaches’ weekly Hawk Talk segments. That, too, will now be available to a new set of eyes. “This will be the first time that anybody outside of the state of Kansas will be able to access the pre(game) and postgame shows,” said Todd Kober, KU’s associate AD for external branding. As for folks in Kansas who have DirecTV or Dish Network as their television provider, Kober said anyone with those satellite services who is within range of KMCI would be able to pick up the six early season men’s basketball games over the airwaves. Those not in range now will have the option of accessing the games through ESPN+, which requires an Internet connection and carries a monthly subscription fee of $4.99 per month. But, according to KU administrators, it's a significant upgrade over the ESPN3 system that previously blacked out those games for Kansas residents. Marchiony said the expanded service would not be “a drain on our budget,” and added that any additional revenue coming KU’s way likely would be offset by the added production costs experienced by Rock Chalk Video. Marchiony also said the financial elements of the new deal were minimal since ESPN would absorb a large portion of the production costs given the fact that so many of KU’s 100 or so live events would be available via ESPN+.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Essendon veteran Dustin Fletcher has been ruled out of Saturday night’s clash against Richmond with a hamstring strain. Fletcher’s hopes of becoming the club’s all time games record holder have been put on hold with the veteran currently sitting equal with Simon Madden on 378 games. Football Operations Manager Steve Alessio said Fletcher suffered the injury at training last week. “Dustin last weekend hurt his hamstring during training, we tested it out during the week but he is going to miss this weekend’s game with a hamstring injury,” Alessio said. “It is disappointing for Dustin and us that he won’t be out there for his 379th game.” Groin issues have meant Fletcher has played only 13 matches in this his 21st season. The 38-year-old has recently indicated his desire to play on next season but a decision will be made in consultation with the club over the coming weeks. Up Next Hocking offered one match ban Why not share? label.close Share This Article Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share on WhatsApp Copy link Link copied to clipboard Share Share this article	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
17 Things Women Think During Anal Sex More lube. Always more lube. 4. Back up. Mind your business, that's all. Just mind your business. Wait, I think that's from an old episode of Fresh Prince of Bel Air. You know what? It applies. The Fresh Prince was a wise man. 5. Actually, I kind of liked it when you tried a finger in there once. 6. On the other hand, I've seen you parallel park. Can I even trust your spatial reasoning? Think of my rectum as a Porsche … I don't know whatever the fanciest Porsche is; I'm not a car person. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below 7. You know what, why not? I am a grown and mature woman who can enjoy anal pleasures like a dignified adult. 8. No, no. More lube than that. Go to the lube store right now. Ask them for all the lube. When they give you their largest bottle tell them, "No, I'm sorry you misheard me. I said all the lube." 9. Now there's lube on my sheets. Unless this is going to take a surprising turn, we probably don't need any more lube on my ankle, my neck, or my area rug either. Does everyone who has anal sex buy new sheets every time? Yes? More From Cosmopolitan 10. OK, I'm ready. I'm a goddamn sexual champion. 11. Careful. Caaaaareful. 12. Am I about to poop? I feel like I'm pooping but there's no poop to prove it. 13. OK, yes, this is getting much better. Takes a little getting used to! Kind of like driving on the other side of the road when you're in the U.K. Oh, wait, pooping or not pooping? Still not, whew. 14. Why have I never watched Skins? I feel like that would've cleared up a lot of questions for me. 15. What is it supposed to feel like? It's fun! And it feels ... good I guess? 16. That was actually a pretty good time. Not a "five nights a week" good time. I'll probably go on hiatus for a while. Ask me again in a few years. Consider me the Downton Abbey of butt sex.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
This week’s brawl is Heroes of the Stars. Travel to Braxis Holdout to battle against the Zerg forces (and the enemy team) with some of the Koprulu sector’s most powerful Heroes. Rules Shuffle Pick Choose from one of three randomly selected StarCraft or StarCraft skinned Heroes before entering the battle on Braxis Holdout. Be quick about it though, you only have 30 seconds to choose! Standard Play No talent or level restrictions. The first team to destroy the enemy Core wins! Rewards Complete three matches of Heroes of the Stars to earn 1,000 Gold and the following portrait: Find out more about the new Heroes Brawl game mode on our Brawl site; and as always, you can find more information on this week’s Brawl by clicking the Brawl Info button at the bottom of the play screen when preparing to queue for this exciting new game mode.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Q: Use Android phone as ARM dev board? Is it possible to have a similar peripheral control with Android then we have when making device drivers? I'm searching for a way to turn off all peripherals on a Android phone (e.g. Display, Wi-Fi, GPS) to put the phone on a power saving mode (1-5 mA). Basically, I want to develop an application that wake up from time to time, get coordinates, exchange information with a server (Wi-Fi or GSM) and then go to sleep, no need for display. Is that possible using a regular android phone? A: You can only program ARM on Android in User Mode. You don't have access to such instructions as MRC in ARM assembly, which require Privileged Modes. Perhaps there are custom ROMs you can install onto your phone to do that, but I doubt it. This web site has the closest description to what you're looking for.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Iridium(III) complexes with polypyridine ligands coordinated as N-heterocyclic carbenes. Synthesis, structure and photophysical properties. Unsaturated [Tp(Me2)Ir(III)] fragments, readily generated from compounds [Tp(Me2)Ir(C(6)H(5))(2)(N(2))], (1a) and [Tp(Me2)Ir(η(4)-CH(2)=C(Me)C(Me)=CH(2)] (1b) (Tp(Me2) = hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate), induce the isomerisation of the polypyridines, 2,2'-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2':6'2''-terpyridine, to form complexes that contain the carbene tautomer of these ligands. For terpy, a binuclear compound has also been isolated, in which this molecule bridges two Ir(III) centres, thanks to its coordination as a bidentate N-heterocyclic carbene. The new compounds have been structurally authenticated by X-ray crystallography and their photophysical properties have been investigated.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Students at the University of Texas in San Antonio sparked controversy with the launch of a new magazine entitled “No Whites Allowed.” The publication is the brainchild of a group of students whose objective is to highlight people of color — more specifically, “queer” people of color. While the magazine didn’t receive the university’s approval or authorization, flyers were still disseminated announcing the launch of “No Whites Allowed.” More from LifeZette TV MORE NEWS: Mitch McConnell Shuts Down ‘Myth’ That Republicans Won’t Have Time To Confirm A SCOTUS Nominee Representatives for the publication responded to widespread backlash by saying white people and straight people were welcome to attend the launch party, but neither are required for success. While some students feel ostracized simply for being white, others are more combative. Launching a magazine titled “No Whites Allowed” is far from being all-inclusive and tolerant. No one wants to see something this ridiculous in circulation. Do you agree that protesting is acceptable, but rioting is not? Yes No Email Address (required) By completing the poll, you agree to receive emails from LifeZette and that you've read and agree to our privacy policy and legal statement Results Vote There would be protests and talk-show appearances nationwide if a “No Blacks Allowed” magazine were launched. Students would be suspended, and heads would roll. [lz_ndn video=32863785] There’s no doubt students have become adept at marketing and using social media for attention to a cause. Rather than focus on the positive, these students attached negativity to the title of their publication for shock value just to create buzz. They’ve effectively cast a dark cloud over their publication. MORE NEWS: Secretary DeVos Champions Private and Parochial Schools As Threats Loom for Their Closure What sort of content can be found inside a magazine called “No Whites Allowed”? There are plenty of ways to focus on a minority community and bring the positivity needed for support. Naming a magazine “No Whites Allowed” does nothing to encourage or support people of color. In fact, having a polarizing title associated with a project for minorities only serves to create resentment. Related: You Won’t Believe What Illegal Aliens on Campus Want Now It feeds the notion that white people are responsible for the troubles faced by today’s groups of minorities. The magazine is supposed to be a creative outlet for “queer” people of color, where they can be heard. According to the creators, there’s absolutely no other “safe space” for people of color to express themselves. There definitely isn’t anything called social media or the internet. I have seen many successful young people achieve amazing things without needing a safe space. Naturally, the magazine launch party was held at a vegan restaurant. An organizer was quoted as saying, “Inclusion is not inherently good, and exclusion is not inherently bad.” With such cutting-edge rhetoric, I can see why they had trouble coming up with a productive title. Giving so much power to hatred completely masks creativity and transforms the idea of tolerance. There isn’t a day in my minority life that I’m thinking, Golly, gee … white people sure have held me down. I have seen many successful young people achieve amazing things without needing a safe space. Related: Liberal Writer on Campus Blames Shootings on ‘Toxic Masculinity’ I’m literally imagining a publication full of terrible poetry slams and squiggly drawings. If that’s the case, I’m pretty sure no one wants to be allowed. Angelina Newsom is a U.S. Army veteran and an OpsLens contributor. She served 10 years in the military, including a deployment to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. She studies criminal justice and is still active within the military community. This OpsLens article is used by permission. Read more at OpsLens: The True Cost of the Obamas’ Lavish Lifestyle While at the White House Statistics Dispel Why Minneapolis Mayoral Candidate’s Push to Disarm Cops Will Fail (photo credit, homepage image: UTHSCSA Laredo, CC BY-SA 3.0, by AMAPO; photo credit, article image: Main campus, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, CC BY-SA 3.0, by Zereshk)	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Our network helps you relocate to a new area Whether you're relocating across the state, across the country or across the world, count on us. Our experienced agents know your new home market, wherever that may be. And they're part of Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices \| Referral Services. Our international network of premier real estate companies has more than 1,100 offices and 39,000 successful real estate professionals. What does that mean for you? That you'll get our best home buying, selling or renting assistance--no matter where you're coming from or going to. If you're buying and relocating: Ask for our customized Area Relocation Packet and a Cost of Living data comparison. Get in touch. We'll coordinate area tours and provide you with insight and knowledge about the place you'll call home. You'll make better-informed decisions about everything from neighborhoods, schools and communities to moving companies and cleaning agencies.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Q: Ethereum implementation of a non-fungible but divisible token? (ERC721 seems not to work for that) I am struggling currently with finding the right implementation possibility for a token with the following properties: Asset-backed token based on a non-fungible asset (like a piece of art) More than one owner per token (crowd-ownership on each non fungible asset) e.g. multiple owners of one piece of art A non fungible asset would lead into the direction of using ERC721 (which has been used e.g. by cryptokitties). The problem of this standard is that it would not allow multiple owners of a token because each token is not divisible. I thought about multiple options but couldnt find out whether they are possible. For example would it be possible to have an ERC20 token "own" a ERC721? Any suggestions? A: The problem of this standard is that it would not allow multiple owners of a token because each token is not divisible. Is there possibly confusion between the idea of divisibility and fractional ownership? They're quite different concerns. Divisibility is about division. For example, you can divide $100 into two $50 but you wouldn't want to saw a kitty in two because that would be very bad for the cat. Still, joint ownership of a single kitty is possible. It's true that ERC721 considers only a single owner. This is a common pattern that keeps the core standard and code compact but it doesn't prevent joint/fractional ownership, if that is what is needed. The trick is that the "owner" could be a contract. That's up to you at an application-design level. You could put any sort of multi-signature or governance contract in place and give it custody of assets. Hope it helps.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
A group of seven qualifying Primary Users have detailed a broad range of experimental plans that specifically employ BIAcore analysis as summarized herein: (i) Characterization of association and dissociation rate constants for the interaction of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and the high affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI) is a major goal of the PI. The effect of point mutations on alterations of k/on and/or k/off values will be determined by measurement of phage-displayed peptide binding to sensor chips C1 and/or F1 covalently derivatized with either recombinant IgE receptor ectodomain or IgE; (ii) Determination of the kinetics of the interaction between the T cell receptor (TCR) and its ligands, specifically MHC class I-peptide complexes. To extend our recently published study of peptide/Class I-TCR binding kinetics, which showed a correlation between the affinity of TCR for particular ligands and the biological outcome, we plan to determine TCR-ligand recognition in lipid monolayers using the HPA sensor chip to model cell-cell TCR-MHC/peptide mediated interactions; (iii) The superoxide generating system of neutrophils is a membrane-associated enzyme complex, NADPH oxidase, which consists of an integral membrane protein, flavocytochrome b245 and cytosolic proteins p47phox, p67phox and Rac. BIAcore analysis will be used to study the molecular interactions of the cytosolic and membrane factors, individually and in combination, and to determine how molecular interactions of the cytosolic and membrane factors, individually and in combination, and to determine how molecular interactions of the cytosolic and membrane factors, individually and in combination, and to determine how molecular interactions of the cytosolic and membrane factors, individually and in combination, and to determine how their affinity is affected by anionic lipids, ionic strength and GTP; (iv) The precise role of Rac in the foregoing system is still unknown, but one current hypothesis is that the association of GTP-bound Rac with p67phox increases the affinity of this protein for the flavocytochrome. This will be tested by determining the kinetics and affinity of binding of p67phox to immobilized, purified, relipidated flavocytochrome in the presence and absence of Rac-GTP in the analyze solution; (v) The energetic processes that drive the binding reactions for DNA and RNA will be determined using the zinc finger protein TFIIA, and truncated or mutated derivatives, in solution with either 5S DNA or 5S RNA immobilized on a BIAcore chip; (vi) Surface plasmon resonance technology will be utilized to study fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor- mediated signal transduction. Several proteins, identified using the two-hybrid system, show affinity for the cytoplasmic domain of FGFR-1. The binding components from the 2 hybrid analysis will now be analyzed using the BIAcore system to determine the kinetic binding parameters. (vii) Autoantibody binding to wildtype and mutant fibrillarin, in the presence and absence of mercury, using the BIAcore machine. Quantitation of Hg-dependent changes of antibody k/on and dissociation (k/off) from fibrillarin immobilized on the biosensor chip will then be assessed.	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Long, who is also a battalion chief with the city of Anaheim’s fire department, won re-election on Nov. 4. Though he stepped down from council, Long continued to run for a second term, saying he believed he would be "exonerated" once all the facts about the crash came out. On Monday, sisters Chloe and Camille Rogers, along with Melissa Reynolds and Adrienna Williams, filed a lawsuit against Long alleging negligence in connection with violation of state drunken and reckless driving laws. “As fire battalion chief and as a ‘first responder’ and as mayor of the city of Murrieta at the time of the incident, Alan William Long had sworn to uphold these laws, yet he knowingly and intentionally violated them,” the complaint stated. “Long has special and extensive training and knowledge of the criminality of drinking and driving and of the grave dangers to himself and others posed by his drinking and driving; but he nonetheless chose to drink until intoxicated and then operate his vehicle ... ,” the complaint continued. KTLA is seeking comment from Long on the lawsuit. Long’s blood-alcohol content was .08 percent -- the legal limit for impairment -- at the time of the crash, according to the Riverside County District Attorney’s Office. The DA's officer announced a criminal charge against Long on Oct. 30, and he was scheduled to be arraigned Dec. 11 on one count of driving under the influence of alcohol causing bodily injury. The civil complaint against Long alleges the four teens had “severe personal injuries” that prompted medical expenses and loss of earnings. The teens were described by police at the time of the crash as Murrieta Valley High School students aged 14 to 17.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Oh boy. There's not a fibre in my body that would have believed that, what has become one of the longest days of my life, would also be what will become one of the most memorable days of my life, considering the way it all kicked off in the wee, dark hours of this morning. For those of you who have been following my journey along the Inca Trail as part of a larger month-long G Adventures tour of Peru and Bolivia, you would know that I signed off yesterday's entry, day 3 on the Inca Trail, crossing fingers hoping for good weather this morning. I mean, we've heard stories over the past few days about groups that have trekked all the way in dry weather only to wind up in an unidentifiable Machu Picchu covered in low, thick cloud – not something I wanted to encounter. "All the finger crossing in the world, however, was not going to save us this morning." All the finger crossing in the world, however, was not going to save us this morning. Up and at it before 4am, the nightmare reality of having to deal with heavy rain as we made our way up to Intipunku (the Sun Gate), overlooking the ruins of Machu Picchu, became all too real. By the time we had washed, packed, eaten and broken camp, there were already a number of groups ahead of us waiting at the park entry check point. Not too keen on lining up behind in the rain, we decided instead to take shelter at the campsite restaurant/bar building along with scores of others and wait for our turn to head down. Patience paid off as we eventually had our credentials verified and we set off as a group, away from Wiñay Wayna and into the damp darkness with our head lamps on hand to light the way. Only a couple of hours hiking was required this morning through a forest of large trees and giant ferns, before a final push upwards towards Intipunku, where we would either be met with breathtaking views over Machu Picchu, or, being more realistic considering the current weather conditions, views over a valley filled with dense cloud. Alas, although the rain had stopped by the time we reached the Sun Gate, the ruins that we so desperately wanted to lay our eyes upon, were blanketed in swirling cloud. Intipunku (the Sun Gate) "So what's this Sun Gate thing all about", I hear you ask? Well, for those of us who had taken up a resting spot near our guide, Nancy, we received a quick rundown on the significance of the ruin. Consisting of two discernable stones flanking a narrow passageway leading through a crevice in the mountain, the gate is consistently struck by the first rays of sunlight each morning. Hence, the name "Sun Gate". Given the vast focus Inca religion placed on the worship of the sun and the essential role it played in all aspects of life, providing light, warmth and fuel to their crops, it's safe to assume that this place of worship would have played host to many ceremonies in ancient times. Right now, however, we were just hoping that the sun was going to answer our collective prayers and burn off the cloud which, thankfully, looked to already be dispersing as we made the decision to start the descent along the trail that led directly into Machu Picchu. About 300 metres down the gentle sloping trail, from the back of our group I began to hear a number of gasps as we approached the clearing of another, smaller temple ruin. Sure enough, in the short time we had taken to hike down to this next point, the screen of cloud that was obscuring any views we had of the valley lifted and there it was – the stunning, silent, mysterious, Machu Picchu drenched in sunlight. It was really interesting to observe the split reactions of our group at this point. On one hand you had a bunch who instantly reached for their cameras and set about madly snapping away, filling up their precious memory cards with their first glance of this ancient wonder of the world. On the other hand, there was a group of us who chose to take a moment, sit down, stare and just reflect on the magnitude of what we had accomplished over the past few days, and the significance to our lives of what we were about to explore and experience... ...then we TOO got our cameras out and started snapping madly! Haha! After hundreds of frames had been snapped – panoramic shots, telephoto shots, individual shots and shots with friends (that's me and the big man, Sam, above), it was time to continue past the odd grazing Llama and into the actual grounds of Machu Picchu. Although we had been hiking the same stone pathways as the ancient Incas for the past couple of days, there was something special and surreal about treading this final section. With a few minutes up our sleeve to observe the magnificent stone walls and unfinished structures from a different perspective prior to assembling and meeting Julio down at the visitor centre, the cameras started firing again. In a little over an hour's time Machu Picchu was likely to be overrun by tourists traveling up to the site on day tours from nearby Aguas Calientas, so it was somewhat a priority to grab as many "unblemished" scenic shots as we could, while we could. Reaching the visitor information centre, we were immediately met by the beaming, unmistakable smile of Julio, our lead guide on the Peruvian leg of this G Adventures tour. Julio was all ready to congratulate us all on completing the Inca Trail and propose a toast using a couple of champagne bottles that he distributed to the group. Simon and Rob (above) took on the job of popping the corks, and the cool bubbly liquid was soon flowing into small plastic cups which were raised for multiple toasts in honour of finishing, of Nancy’s expert guiding over the past few days, and to the Incas, without whom we wouldn’t have had the opportunity to be standing where we were. Machu Picchu – A day of ancient exploration With 20-30 minutes of free time allocated to take care of whatever "comfort" things we needed to do (change clothes, hit the loos etc) we also had a brief opportunity to check out the visitor centre, gift shop and snack bar to stock up on munchies in preperation for the next few hours that would be spent exploring every last square foot of the magical site. It's funny, while we whole-heartedly appreciated the semi-sanitary pay toilets, have the opportunity to purchase drinks and put our daypacks into storage (allowing us to "take the load off" for the remainder of the day), I couldn't help but be a little dismayed with even the existence of the large visitor centre so close to the site. It undoubtedly impacts the romance of the experience. I had the same feeling when I visited Stonehenge in England a decade ago. Had I been forced to hike over rolling green hills and descend into a hidden valley protecting the massive formation of druid stones, I probably would have appreciated the occasion more than I did. Pulling off the highway, getting out of the car and walking no more than 20m to stand at the foot of the circle kinda crueled it for me. Just saying... Anyway, with Nancy's expert and informative guidance at our disposal, we spent the next 2 hours visiting and becoming familiar with the more notable sections of Machu Picchu. Features such as the "Watchman’s Hut", "Intipata" (Inca bridge), "Temple of the Three Windows", "Intihuatana", the "Main Plaza", "Condor Temple", "Intimachay", "Ceremonial Baths", "Temple of the Sun", "Royal Sector" and more. I could literally spend the next 2 weeks writing all about each of the aforementioned ancient attractions in turn. Although I appreciate all my reader's thirsts for knowledge, I have neither the time, nor the literary stamina to indulge in that exercise right now, so the fairly comprehensive collection of images following will have to do you all this time around. Just know that Machu Picchu is absolutely everything you would expect the ancient wonder to be, and more! As evidenced by the hundreds, if not thousands of shots I took over the course of the day, I was well and truly blown away by the experience. Hopefully you'll be able to absorb some of my amazement from the following shots. > It's hard to imagine any photo of the ruins without this iconic rock featuring prominently. While the hike to the top of this mountain is known to be quite treacherous, you can pay to be part of two regulated groups that make the climb daily. While the views from the top would no doubt have been quite spectacular, I wasn't about to devote a couple of hours of exploration time to yet another ascent. > Just like in the stone walls found throughout Cusco, the stone blocks are so tightly and accurately aligned that despite the lack of any kind of mortar, it's impossible to slide even a coin in between the huge bricks. The three steps you can see to the bottom right of the entrance is representative of "Pachamama" (Mother Earth). The inside walls of the cave (roped off to tourists) are covered with perfectly united cobblestone bricks punctuated by four, door-sized trapezoidal niches. I'm not sure why the above photo is one of my favourites from the day. Maybe it has something to do with the multiple elements – Huayna Picchu shrouded in cloud, terraced ruins of Machu Picchu under blue skies and a couple of birds in flight. Nice. The view from the urban sector back up towards the "Watchman's Hut" where I had read presented one of the best all-inclusive vantage points over Machu Picchu. It's where the watchman would have been stationed, so I guess that makes sense. Nancy demonstrates how two simple slabs of stone could be effectively used by the Inca people to crush grain and prepare food. This little guy (above), an Andean Rabbit, was spotted perched in one of the high niches in the walls of the "Principle Temple". I guess he feels safe since tourists are not permitted to enter the temple due to the danger the weakened rear wall (due to seismic activity) presents. Left to Right: Sam (🇬🇧), Leonie (🇩🇪), Johnny (🇳🇿), Molly (🇬🇧), Sophia (🇬🇧), Florian (🇩🇪), Victoria (🇬🇧), Rob (🇬🇧), Me (🇦🇺), Lou (🇬🇧), Helen (🇬🇧), Simon (🇦🇺), Ali (🇦🇺), Atholl (🇬🇧), Anna (🇦🇺), Sara (🇦🇺). On the road leading to the top of the pyramid where "Intihuatana" is located, there's a stone (above) which has been carved to imitate the shape of the distant mountains behind. Can you see it? Neat huh? The winding road, clinging tightly to the steep slope of the mountain that carries hundreds of tourists to and from Machu Picchu down to the nearby village of Aguas Calientes every day, is a modern engineering feat in itself. Remember what I was saying earlier about the "Watchman's Hut" being perhaps being one of the best vantage points in the whole site? Here's the proof (above). Iconic profile picture anyone? Back up to Intipunku Despite the soaring heat and the fact that after 4 days of solid hiking my bad knee was no longer my friend, Rob and I made the decision to follow through on our earlier plans to hike back up to the Sun Gate in an attempt to capture the view "from the top" that we missed this morning because of all the cloud cover. Armed with an estimated amount of water to keep us going for the 1km hike back uphill, we set off at a relatively easy pace. Once arriving at the elevated viewing position, the rewards were immediate. Machu Picchu in all its beautiful glory to our left and the soaring, vegetation covered surrounding mountains rising up from the Urubamba River, to our right. With our agreed meeting time back down in Aguas Calientes rapidly approaching, Rob and I headed back down to the visitor centre, pausing briefly to snap a last couple of frames, grabbed our respective gear from storage and boarded a rickety old bus back down the mountain along the winding road we had spied from the ruins earlier in the day. I'd love to describe what would have been a pretty hair-raising experience, I am sure. But the reality is I think I snoozed nearly the whole way down until the raging waters of the Urubamba were right alongside the bus. I took a little bit of time to explore the banks of this powerful river before heading up to the tourist strip where I would meet the rest of the group for lunch. The power of the thrashing water was awe-inspiring. I took a bit of video of what I was witnessing, and hopefully it will give you a bit of an idea of what I saw. Anyone got a kayak? A little down time in Aguas Calientes For all intents and purposes, the town of Aguas Caliantes is simply a tourist trap built around a train station, obviously constructed to allow visitors to be delivered on the doorstep of Machu Picchu. Even the main restaurant strip sits directly on a section of the train platform. Filled with colour, music, activity and smells that would cause absolutely anyone to start salivating, it was the perfect place to meet the rest of the crew who had made their way down at various times throughout the afternoon. I have to be honest, while the first full-sized meals on offer to us for a good few days was an attractive prospect, it was the "tallie" beers that I had my heart set on. I was hot, tired, and an ice-cold bottle of Peruvian Pilsen had been on my mind since climbing aboard the bus topside. I think my resultant smile (below) says it all. As was the case for Rob up on the Inca Trail a couple of days ago, today was Simon's birthday – an occasion we were more than happy to celebrate. I mean it was the perfect excuse for more rounds of "Pisco Sours" and cake... let's not forget the cake! The long wait The process post-lunch was supposed to be real easy. Get our gear together, head through town to the main train station, board a train back to Cusco around 3:30pm, settle back into our Hostel Corihausi for a good night's sleep before some of us take off for the Amazon tomorrow. Travel wouldn't be travel without a few hiccups to challenge the best laid plans, and this evening has been no different. As I sit here writing this, we still don't know if we're going to get out of Aguas Caliantes tonight. * sigh * Let me explain. There's no doubt that we had our fair share of rain on the Inca Trail, but we had no idea that there had been so much rain in the area over the past couple of days that a number of land slides over the train tracks has made it difficult for us to get back to Cusco by rail. I can't really tell you too much about what has happened because the flow of information from authorities to rail staff and then to waiting, anxious passengers here is pretty poor. All that has been left for us to do is explore town a little, check out the markets, invest a few Sols at pretty much every bar in town (without getting TOO drunk) and play LOTS and LOTS of cards. I think we all feel a little sorry for Julio. He's been glued to his phone for the best part of the last 4-5 hours trying to find out from the G Adventures office in Cusco what's going on and attempt to make alternative arrangements in case we do get stuck here (in a town with VERY limited vacant accommodation options). We're all starting to get tired and a little cranky and, bless him, he's shouldering all the frustration. Nothing we can do at this point other than visit another pub, play some more cards and keep checking to see if there is any new developments. I guess I'll fill you all in on what happened tomorrow night from deep in the Amazon Forest (I hope)! 📌 NOTE: For those of you who’d like to learn more about Machu Picchu, check out this great article on the National Geographic website: Top 10 Machu Picchu Secrets	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
My Santa was amazingly generous and sent me four keychains along with a lovely note from the UK. I love them all so much and opening the package was easily the best part of my week. The keychains have made a fantastic addition to my keychain collection. I can't even begin to express how much I enjoyed this gift! Thank you so much, Santa!	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Full Cast of Disney’s Fairytale Musical ‘Into the Woods’ Revealed as Filming Begins Disney is best known for taking classic fairy tales and turning them into musicals, so it should be no surprise that when the time came for James Lapine and Stephen Sondheim’s well-loved and award-winning stage musical Into the Woods to make the move onto the big screen, Disney was there to oblige. The screenplay for the movie was also written by Lapine, and the project is being helmed by director Rob Marshall, whose most recent release was the box office hit Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides but who is perhaps best known for directing Catherine Zeta-Jones and Renee Zellweger in the movie adaptation of Chicago. Into the Woods is a blend of a several fairy tales that tie a number of characters’ stories together in a similar way to that of miniseries The 10th Kingdom or Bill Willingham’s “Fables” comics. Disney has now announced that Into the Woods began filming in England last week with the full cast of the fairy tale musical now assembled. The major players include Meryl Streep as a witch pursuing a cure for an ageing curse that afflicts her and Johnny Depp as a Wolf with his eyes set on Little Red Hiding Hood. The charming Prince role that was going to be filled by Jake Gyllenhaal has now been taken by Billy Magnussen (The East), who will be courting the beautiful Rapunzel (Mackenzie Mauzy). The list of players in this large ensemble cast goes on. Emily Blunt (The Five-Year Engagement) will be starring as the Baker’s Wife, who is searching for the cure to her infertility, and James Corden (Doctor Who) will play the Baker’s Wife’s Husband. Broadway star Lilla Crawford will appear in her first feature film as Little Red Riding Hood, while Daniel Huttlestone (Les Misérables) and Tracey Ullman (Corpse Bride) will play young Jack and Jack’s Mother, respectively. Have you got time for a few more names? Star Trek‘s rebooted Captain James T. Kirk, Chris Pine, will also be playing a handsome Prince, who courts a Cinderella played by Pitch Perfect lead Anna Kendrick. Cinderella’s spoiled stepsisters will be played by Tammy Blanchard (Moneyball) and Lucy Punch (The 10th Kingdom), and West End actor Joanna Riding will portray her late mother. Filling out the supporting roles are Simon Russell Beale (My Week With Marilyn) as the Baker’s father, Annette Crosbie (One Foot in the Grave) as Red Riding Hood’s grandmother and Frances de la Tour once again taking on the role of a giant after becoming well-known as Madame Maxime in the Harry Potter series. The final cast indicates a significant amount of musical talent, as well as quite a lot of actors who are experiences with stage work and musicals. After this year’s Les Misérables, which received mixed reviews and was criticized both for the final effect of the live recorded dialogue and director Tom Hooper’s insistence on keeping the camera alarmingly close to the actors’ faces for much of the running time, Into the Woods will be the next big test of a stage musical’s transference to the screen. As was done for Les Misérables, Sondheim has also written a brand new number for the film to give Into the Woods a shot at a Best Original Song award during the Oscars. If any company is qualified to handle a fairy tale musical then it’s probably Disney, and with such a great and diverse cast, as well as a director with relevant experience, there are plenty of reasons to look forward to Into the Woods. But can this adaptation bring the magic of the stage show to life on the big screen? Share your thoughts on the final talent line-up for Into the Woods in the comments.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
List of The Sandbaggers characters This is a list of the main and recurring fictional characters from the Yorkshire Television espionage series, The Sandbaggers. Main characters Neil Burnside Neil D. Burnside is a career intelligence officer, Director of Operations ("D-Ops") of SIS, and a former Sandbagger and Royal Marine commando. Burnside is devious, manipulative, and by turns dour, brusque, aggressive and independent-minded; this combination of traits frequently puts him in conflict with others. He is fiercely patriotic and devoted to the preservation of Britain's national security and "the destruction of the KGB by any means necessary", but while the KGB makes life difficult enough, his main source of antagonism throughout the series are people supposedly on his side: superiors in SIS, whom he alternately considers too cautious or too reckless; the self-serving politicians who grant or withhold permission for the covert operations Burnside wants to execute; territory-hungry MI5 officers; and entrenched civil servants. Since becoming D-Ops, Burnside is a teetotaler, choosing to drink Coca-Cola rather than run the risk of having to make difficult professional decisions while under the influence of alcohol. The dedication to his job cost Burnside his marriage some time before the first episode, and he has trouble forming close relationships. Despite his divorce, he remains on close terms with his former father-in-law, Sir Geoffrey Wellingham, the Permanent Undersecretary of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, which allows him to bypass both the Deputy Chief of SIS and C himself. His one attempt at a serious relationship is with Laura Dickens, a Sandbagger recruit in the first series. Burnside's subsequent attraction to her immediately becomes a source of tension between his usually non-existent personal life and his professional duties; this storyline fuels several episodes, and is resolved in a typically gritty fashion. The series begins six months after Burnside has become Director of Operations, and one running theme is the relatively high casualty rate that his directorate suffers with him in charge. While fiercely protective of his agents, especially from what he views as his superiors' willingness to squander their lives on unwise missions, Burnside is himself willing to use the Sandbaggers as pawns if doing so will protect Britain's national security interests. Burnside is played by Roy Marsden. Willie Caine The senior Sandbagger (or "Sandbagger One") and head of the Special Operations Section, Caine is a former Paratrooper and according to Burnside, possibly the best operative of his kind in the world. Grounded and straightforward where his boss is not, he is not afraid to speak his mind, but remains steadfastly loyal to Burnside despite the latter's maneuverings. Although he dislikes both violence and guns, he is prepared to use them when necessary. Besides Burnside, Caine is the only character who appears in every episode of the series. The character is played by Ray Lonnen. Sir James Greenley The Head of SIS when the series begins, code-named "C". A diplomat by training, Greenley is treated with suspicion by Burnside when he first becomes "C". Over the course of the first two series, Burnside comes to both trust and become fond of Greenley, who has the difficult task of balancing political as well as security concerns. Greenley is an almost paternal figure to Burnside, often protecting him from the consequences of his worst instincts and keeping the peace between Burnside and Matthew Peele, the deputy chief. Greenley retires at the end of the second series as a result of angina, and Burnside is disappointed to see him replaced, in "Operation Kingmaker," by the less benevolent John Tower Gibbs (Dennis Burgess), who remains C for the rest of the series. Greenley is played by Richard Vernon. Sir Geoffrey Wellingham Sir Geoffrey Wellingham, KCMG, DSC is the Permanent Undersecretary of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office that oversees SIS. As such, he represents the political side of things and is even more cynical and better-versed in realpolitik than Burnside, who is by no means an idealist. As Burnside's former father-in-law (the show often refers to Burnside's former wife Belinda, who is never seen other than via a photograph in Burnside's home), he is also Burnside's contact within Whitehall, and the two both share information and use each other. This avenue of communication is somewhat outside regular channels, and although it can be a useful one for both Burnside and the SIS, on occasion Burnside's superiors show signs of resenting his relationship with Wellingham. Burnside suggests in one episode that the reason the two get along so well is because Wellingham sees a younger version of himself in Burnside. Despite their relationship, the two men can occasionally become adversaries when their agendas differ. Due to his background, experience, and position, Wellingham can be a formidable opponent for Burnside and reminds him of that more than once. Wellingham appears in all but two episodes in the series and is played by Alan MacNaughtan. Matthew Peele The Deputy Head of SIS, the former Head of Hong Kong Station and, like Burnside, a career intelligence officer. Unlike Burnside, however, Peele has little field experience and is more concerned with going by the book, avoiding rocking the political boat, and furthering his own ambitions to higher rank. As a result, Peele often opposes what he sees as Burnside's recklessness, contempt for the proper chain of command, and lack of political tact. He is disliked by his subordinates and considered a tyrant with no opinions of his own, but he is a more complex character than he seems. He proves himself just as committed to the security of Britain as Burnside, in his own way, and their relationship evolves over the course of the series to one of mutual respect (if still antagonistic). Peele appears in all but two episodes and is played by Jerome Willis. John Tower Gibbs Introduced in the last episode of the second series ("Operation Kingmaker"), John Tower Gibbs replaces Sir James Greenley as C and remains in that capacity until the end of the series. Gibbs is a career intelligence officer, former head of the Washington and Bonn Stations and working with the Joint Intelligence Commission when he is appointed C. Unlike his predecessor, Gibbs disapproves of Burnside's methods and is suspicious of the special relationship with the CIA, preferring to see it phased out; for his part, Burnside views Gibbs as a tyrant who will stifle his (Burnside's) ability to run his directorate. They clash throughout the third series, but in one episode where Burnside is on leave and Caine is Acting D-Ops, Caine and Gibbs work very well together. He is played by Dennis Burgess. Jeff Ross The head of the CIA's London station, Ross is probably Burnside's closest friend. The two often have lunch and work together to preserve the "special relationship" between the two intelligence agencies. Ross also takes a keen interest in Burnside's personal life and often urges his friend to actually have one. The close relationship between the two, however, does not prevent Ross from using Burnside and the SIS on at least one occasion. In some episodes, Burnside and Ross are even working at cross-purposes. He is played by Bob Sherman. Other characters The junior Sandbaggers in series one are Jake Landy (David Glyder), Alan Denson (Steven Grives), and Laura Dickens (Diane Keen); series two introduces Tom Elliot (David Beames), and Mike Wallace (Michael Cashman); of these, only Wallace survives to the end of the series, while the rest are killed in the field. Burnside's capable and fiercely loyal personal assistant is Diane Lawler (Elizabeth Bennett), who retires and is replaced in "Operation Kingmaker" by Marianne Straker (Sue Holderness). Karen Milner (Jana Sheldon) is a CIA field officer who reports to Jeff Ross and sometimes works alongside one or more of Burnside's Sandbaggers on assignments; she is only seen in the second series. For the second and first two episodes of the third series, Burnside enjoys a friendly relationship with Edward Tyler (Peter Laird), the SIS Director of Intelligence (D-Int), and considers him to be the finest D-Int he's ever seen. Tyler reveals himself to have been a double agent for 23 years in the third series episode "To Hell with Justice," and asks the KGB to lift him in Malta--after leaving a trail for SIS to follow and stop the lift, he commits suicide using a KGB-provided cyanide pill before Burnside can escort him back to the UK. He is replaced as D-Int by the less capable Paul Dalgetty (David Robb), who is rarely seen and has a completely antagonistic relationship with Burnside, openly maneuvering to replace the latter as D-Ops. At the conclusion of the series, Dalgetty remains D-Int. Bibliography Mackintosh, Ian. (1978). The Sandbaggers. Corgi Childrens. References Sandbaggers, The Sandbaggers, The	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
[DEFAULT] head = head.js support-files = protocolHandler.html [browser_auto_close_window.js] run-if = e10s # test relies on e10s behavior support-files = download_page.html download.bin download.sjs [browser_download_always_ask_preferred_app.js] [browser_download_privatebrowsing.js] [browser_download_open_with_internal_handler.js] support-files = file_pdf_application_pdf.pdf file_pdf_application_pdf.pdf^headers^ file_pdf_application_unknown.pdf file_pdf_application_unknown.pdf^headers^ file_pdf_binary_octet_stream.pdf file_pdf_binary_octet_stream.pdf^headers^ file_txt_attachment_test.txt file_txt_attachment_test.txt^headers^ file_xml_attachment_binary_octet_stream.xml file_xml_attachment_binary_octet_stream.xml^headers^ file_xml_attachment_test.xml file_xml_attachment_test.xml^headers^ [browser_download_urlescape.js] support-files = file_with@@funny_name.png file_with@@funny_name.png^headers^ file_with[funny_name.webm file_with[funny_name.webm^headers^ [browser_open_internal_choice_persistence.js] support-files = file_pdf_application_pdf.pdf file_pdf_application_pdf.pdf^headers^ [browser_protocol_ask_dialog.js] support-files = file_nested_protocol_request.html [browser_protocolhandler_loop.js] [browser_remember_download_option.js] [browser_web_protocol_handlers.js]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Amazon keeps building out its Alexa ecosystem by adding more features and integrating products. But the platform has more potential than just allowing, say, your Fire tablets in on the voice control fun. But now Alexa has a new ability, Announcements, that lets customers speak into one Echo device and have the message barked out of all the other ones in a network. Basically, it gives your Alexa-connected house a one-way intercom feature.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the paper. Introduction {#s1} ============ The prevalence of heart failure including systolic and diastolic functional impairments continues to increase representing a major health problem [@pone.0109164-Murray1], [@pone.0109164-Owan1]. Several diagnostic techniques have been proposed to study systolic and diastolic myocardial performances [@pone.0109164-Karamitsos1], [@pone.0109164-Kowallick1], [@pone.0109164-Pennell1]. Left ventricular (LV) systolic torsion and diastolic recoil describe the myocardial twisting and untwisting motion resulting from apical counter-clockwise and basal clockwise rotation during systole (when viewed from the apex and normalized for LV length). Torsion and recoil rate have shown to be sensitive markers for systolic and diastolic dysfunction [@pone.0109164-Delhaas1], [@pone.0109164-Dong1], [@pone.0109164-Opdahl1]. The phenomenon can be captured by the simple twist angle (difference in apical and basal rotation) [@pone.0109164-Swoboda1], [@pone.0109164-Goffinet1], the circumferential-longitudinal shear angle [@pone.0109164-Russel1], [@pone.0109164-Buchalter1] or torsion (twist per cardiac length) [@pone.0109164-Sorger1], [@pone.0109164-Yoneyama1]. Recent studies showed that torsion might represent an important compensatory mechanism to maintain an adequate systolic function in patients with chronic hypertension as examined in a large community-based population based on cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) myocardial tagging [@pone.0109164-Yoneyama1], [@pone.0109164-Donekal1]. Recoil rate seems particularly appealing to study diastolic function. Its applicability has been demonstrated in isolated diastolic dysfunction [@pone.0109164-Park1], in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction [@pone.0109164-Wang1] and heart disease characterized by both systolic and diastolic dysfunction such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) [@pone.0109164-Abozguia1]. CMR myocardial tagging is considered the reference standard for the evaluation of torsion at the current time. However, this technique has not found widespread implementation into clinical routine since practical obstacles, e.g. the need for additional sequence acquisition and time-consuming post-processing limit its clinical applicability. Recent advances in LV deformation quantification based on CMR feature tracking (CMR-FT) allow straightforward quantification of myocardial physiology from routine steady-state free precession (SSFP) images [@pone.0109164-Hor1], [@pone.0109164-Kowallick2]. The technique has been used to analyse ventricular strain in health and disease [@pone.0109164-Morton1], [@pone.0109164-Schuster1]. However, the feasibility of CMR-FT for quantitative assessment of LV torsion has never previously been demonstrated. We therefore aimed to first develop a model that allows uniform selection of apical and basal slices at standardized LV levels and to evaluate its feasibility and reproducibility to quantify LV systolic torsion and diastolic recoil at rest and during dobutamine stress using CMR-FT. Materials and Methods {#s2} ===================== Ten healthy volunteers underwent CMR on a 1.5 Tesla scanner (Intera R 12.6.1.3, Philips Medical Systems, Best, The Netherlands). The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Nebraska Medical Center and complies with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. CMR Imaging {#s2a} ----------- All CMR measurements were performed in the supine position using a 5-channel cardiac surface coil. LV dimensions and function were assessed with an ECG- gated SSFP cine sequence during brief periods of breath-holding in 12 to 14 equidistant short-axis planes (slice thickness 8 mm; gap 1--2 mm) completely covering the LV. The field of view was 360×480 mm and matrix size 196×172. Dobutamine stress imaging was performed as previously described [@pone.0109164-Nagel1]. Complete short-axis stacks were acquired at rest and with 10 and 20 µg·kg^−1^·min^−1^ of dobutamine. Haemodynamic analysis {#s2b} --------------------- End-diastolic (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), ejection fraction and cardiac index (CI), were calculated using MassK-Mode in QMass Version 7.6 (Medis Medical Systems, Leiden, The Netherland). Ventricular volumes were adjusted to body surface area. All parameters were analysed at rest, 10 and 20 µg·kg^−1^·min^−1^ of dobutamine stress. Furthermore, heart rate and mean blood pressure were measured at rest and with both levels of dobutamine stimulation. Cardiac magnetic resonance myocardial feature tracking {#s2c} ------------------------------------------------------ Myocardial feature tracking was performed using dedicated software (TomTec Imaging Systems, 2D CPA MR, Cardiac Performance Analysis, Version 1.1.2.36, Unterschleissheim, Germany). All short-axis slices were included in the analysis between the most apical slice showing LV cavity at end-systole and the most basal slice including a complete circumference of myocardium at end-systole. LV endocardial and epicardial borders were manually traced in all slices using a point-and-click approach with the initial contour set at end-diastole. Endocardial and epicardial border surfaces were manually delineated and the automated tracking algorithm was applied. The software automatically tracks 48 subendocardial and subepicardial tissue voxels throughout the cardiac cycle. Tracking performance was visually reviewed to ensure accurate tracking of the ventricular myocardium. In case of insufficient border tracking manual adjustments were made to the initial contour and the algorithm was reapplied. Tracking was repeated for three times in each short-axis view and results were based on the average of the three repeated measures. Definition of torsion and recoil rate {#s2d} ------------------------------------- Torsion and peak recoil rate were calculated using MATLAB software (The Math Works, MA, USA). Averaged LV rotation profiles were calculated from the angular displacement of all 48 tissue voxels in all slices. LV rotation was averaged across the three repeated measurements. The rotation of points that would typically be located in between adjacent slices was linearly interpolated resulting in a complete 3D LV model of angular displacement ([Figure 1](#pone-0109164-g001){ref-type="fig"}). When viewed from the apex, LV torsion was calculated as the difference in counter-clockwise apical rotation (φ ~apex~) and clockwise rotation at the base (φ ~base~) divided by the inter-slice distance (D) [@pone.0109164-Sorger1], [@pone.0109164-Yoneyama1]: ![3 D model of LV rotational displacement.\ Rotation between time points (angular difference between red and green contours) is computed in each slice, and it is then linearly interpolated between slices. The 3D ventricular model is automatically fitted to the contours [@pone.0109164-Lamata1] and is used here only for illustration purposes, and not for the definition of the location of the most apical and basal points.](pone.0109164.g001){#pone-0109164-g001} The distance (D) was calculated as the sum of the slice thickness (8 mm) and gap (1--2 mm) of imaging planes that were located in between the basal and apical slices where rotation was measured [@pone.0109164-Yoneyama1] ([Figure 2](#pone-0109164-g002){ref-type="fig"} and [3](#pone-0109164-g003){ref-type="fig"}). Depending on these measurement positions of rotation obtained at different LV locations and the distance between the most apical (defined as 0% of LV distance) and the most basal slice (defined as 100% of LV distance) the following four methods to calculate torsion were examined: Model 1 (difference in rotation between 25% and 75%), model 2 (difference in rotation between 0% and 100%), model 3 (difference in rotation between 25% and 100%) and model 4 (difference in rotation between 0% to 75%) ([Figure 3](#pone-0109164-g003){ref-type="fig"}). The analysis included subepicardial and subendocardial torsion as well as LV global torsion (averaged subendocardial and subepicardial torsion). Furthermore, subendocardial, subepicardial and global peak recoil rates were calculated from the maximum slope (−dθ/dt) of the diastolic limb of the torsion-time curve ([Figure 2](#pone-0109164-g002){ref-type="fig"}). ![Evaluation of rotation.\ Rotational displacement (degrees) of 48 voxels was tracked throughout the cardiac cycle (left). Left ventricular torsion (° cm^−1^) was calculated as the difference in counter-clockwise (positive) apical rotation and clockwise (negative) rotation at the base, divided by the inter-slice distance (right).](pone.0109164.g002){#pone-0109164-g002} ![Definitions to calculate torsion.\ CMR feature tracking was performed in all slices of a short-axis stack. Four models (1--4) to calculate torsion were evaluated. Left ventricular (LV) torsion was calculated as the difference in counter-clockwise apical rotation (φ ~apex~) and clockwise rotation at the base (φ ~base~), divided by the inter-slice distance (D). The rotation of points at 0% (φ~0%~) and 100% (φ~100%~) distance correspond to the most apical and most basal levels. The rotation of points at 25% (φ~25%~) and 75% (φ~75%~) distance correspond to points that are typically located in between slices (linearly interpolated from adjacent slices). This approach allows generating constant distances (D~1~-D~4~) between corresponding apical and basal slices independently of varying cardiac anatomy.](pone.0109164.g003){#pone-0109164-g003} Statistical Analysis {#s2e} -------------------- Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS Statistics version 22 for Macintosh. Data are expressed as mean (± standard deviation). Differences of torsion and peak recoil rate calculated between models 1--4 were assessed by the Friedman test. Pairwise comparisons between variables at rest and with increasing levels of dobutamine were evaluated using the Wilcoxon test. All statistical tests with p values \<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Two independent observers analysed all cases to assess inter-observer variability (JTK & AS). Intra-observer variability was derived from the repeated analysis by the first observer (JTK) after four weeks. The intra- and inter-observer variability were assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) using a model of absolute agreement. Agreement was considered excellent when ICC\>0.74, good when ICC = 0.60--0.74, fair when ICC = 0.40--0.59, and poor when ICC\<0.4 [@pone.0109164-Oppo1]. Furthermore, Bland Altman analysis [@pone.0109164-Bland1] and coefficients of variation (CoV) were calculated. The CoV was defined as the standard deviation of the differences divided by the mean [@pone.0109164-Grothues1]. Results {#s3} ======= The image quality was sufficient to perform CMR-FT in all subjects and for all slices at rest and during dobutamine stress. CMR-FT post-processing took 10 to 12 minutes for a LV short-axis stack on average including adjustments if necessary. Participant demographics are summarised in [table 1](#pone-0109164-t001){ref-type="table"}. 10.1371/journal.pone.0109164.t001 ###### Subject characteristics. ![](pone.0109164.t001){#pone-0109164-t001-1} Demographics Healthy volunteers -------------------- -------------------- Study population N = 10 Gender (f/m) 5/5 Age (y) 40.6 (23--51) LV-EDV (ml/m^2^) 51.0 (7.5) LV-ESV (ml/m^2^) 21.7 (5.1) LV-CI (l/min/m^2^) 2.0 (0.4) LV-EF (%) 57.9 (5.6) Continuous variable are expressed as mean (standard deviation), age is expressed as median (range). f: female, m: male, EDV: end-diastolic volume, ESV: end-systolic volume, CI: cardiac index, EF: ejection fraction. Haemodynamic response to dobutamine {#s3a} ----------------------------------- There were no side effects to dobutamine exposure. There was a significant increase of cardiac output, mean blood pressure and ejection fraction between rest and both levels of dobutamine as well as between 10 and 20 µg·kg^−1^·min^−1^ of dobutamine. Stroke volume increased significantly between rest and both levels of dobutamine, whilst no further increase was observed between 10 and 20 µg·kg^−1^·min^−1^ of dobutamine ([table 2](#pone-0109164-t002){ref-type="table"}). 10.1371/journal.pone.0109164.t002 ###### Volumetric and hemodynamic response to 10 and 20 µg kg^−1^min^−1^ of dobutamine. ![](pone.0109164.t002){#pone-0109164-t002-2} Parameter Level of dobutamine (µg kg^−1^ min^−1^) P value -------------------- ----------------------------------------- ------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ LV-CI (l/min/m^2^) 2.0 (0.4) 3.3 (0.8) 4.2 (0.6) \<0.01 \<0.01 \<0.01 LV-EDV (ml/m^2^) 51.0 (7.5) 52.7 (9.1) 43.8 (15.4) 0.33 \<0.05 \<0.01 LV-ESV (ml/m^2^) 21.7 (5.1) 14.4 (5.9) 11.4 (4.6) \<0.01 \<0.01 \<0.01 LV-SV (ml/m^2^) 29.4 (4.1) 38.3 (7.4) 37.3 (6.5) \<0.01 \<0.01 0.24 LV-EF (%) 57.9 (5.6) 72.9 (9.5) 77.0 (5.7) \<0.01 \<0.01 \<0.05 Mean BP (mmHg) 91.5 (10.2) 98.6 (10.4) 102.9 (10.7) \<0.01 \<0.05 \<0.05 Heart Rate 69.3 (10.3) 85.2 (16.6) 112.8 (11.9) \<0.01 \<0.01 \<0.01 Bold p values indicate a significance level \<0.05. BP: blood pressure, other abbreviations as in [table 1](#pone-0109164-t001){ref-type="table"}. Torsion and recoil rate at rest {#s3b} ------------------------------- Inter-slice distances used for torsion calculation were 2.9±0.4 cm (model 1), 5.8±0.7 cm (model 2) and 4.4±0.5 cm (model 3 and 4). There was no significant difference of endocardial, epicardial or global torsion and endocardial and global recoil rate between the models 1--4 at rest. Results are displayed in [table 3](#pone-0109164-t003){ref-type="table"}. There was a significant difference (p = 0.02) of epicardial recoil rate between model 2 (0--100%) and model 4 (0--75%). 10.1371/journal.pone.0109164.t003 ###### Torsion and recoil rate. ![](pone.0109164.t003){#pone-0109164-t003-3} Model 1 (25--75%) Model 2 (0--100%) Model 3 (25--100%) Model 4 (0--75%) P value --------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- -------------------- ----------------------------------------------- ----------- Torsion Endo (°/cm) 3.0 (1.9) 3.6 (1.6) 3.6 (1.7) 3.4 (2.0) 0.72 Torsion Epi (°/cm) 2.3 (1.3) 2.7 (0.9) 2.6 (1.4) 2.6 (0.8) 0.37 Global Torsion (°/cm) 2.7 (1.5) 3.2 (1.2) 3.1 (1.5) 3.0 (1.3) 0.56 Recoil Rate Endo (°/cm/s) −34.2 (10.3) −46.2 (18.3) −42.2 (9.7) −45.5 (24.7) 0.56 Recoil Rate Epi (°/cm/s) −26.1 (14.6) −26.4 (9.3) −24.8 (12.5) −31.4 (10.6)[\](#nt107){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.048* Global Recoil Rate (°/cm/s) −30.1 (11.1) −36.3 (12.7) −33.5 (9.1) −38.5 (16.4) 0.29 Baseline values for torsion and recoil rate in comparison between the four models. Variables are given as mean (SD) \*p = 0.022 vs. Model 2 Bold p values indicate a significance level \<0.05. Endo: subendocardial, Epi: subepicardial, Global: average of subendocardial and subepicardial, rest: measurement at rest, 10: level of 10 µg kg^−1^ min^−1^ of dobutamine, 20: level of 20 µg kg^−1^ min^−1^ of dobutamine. Torsion and recoil rate during dobutamine stress {#s3c} ------------------------------------------------ [Table 4](#pone-0109164-t004){ref-type="table"} summarises torsion and recoil rate parameters at rest and during dobutamine stress as calculated by the different models. The mean inter-slice distance during dobutamine exposure was slightly lower compared with rest due to increased longitudinal shortening with stress. The inter-slices distances were 2.8±0.3 cm (model 1), 5.6±0.6 cm (model 2) and 4.2±0.4 cm (model 3 and 4) for measurements during 10 and 20 µg·kg^−1^·min^−1^ of dobutamine. 10.1371/journal.pone.0109164.t004 ###### Comparison of torsion and recoil rate between rest and stimulation with dobutamine. ![](pone.0109164.t004){#pone-0109164-t004-4} Level of dobutamine (µg kg^−1^min^−1^) P value ---------------------------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ---------- Model 1 (25--75%) Torsion Endo (°/cm) 3.0 (1.9) 4.6 (2.5) 6.0 (2.4) 0.02 \<0.01 0.02 Torsion Epi (°/cm) 2.3 (1.3) 2.7 (1.5) 4.1 (2.2) 0.33 0.01 0.03 Global Torsion (°/cm) 2.7 (1.5) 3.6 (2.0) 5.1 (2.2) 0.06 \<0.01 0.01 Recoil Rate Endo (°/cm/s) −34.2 (10.3) −53.6 (14.8) −79.1 (35.1) 0.01 \<0.01 0.04 Recoil Rate Epi (°/cm/s) −26.1 (14.6) −40.3 (19.2) −58.6 (32.3) 0.02 \<0.01 0.04 Global Recoil Rate (°/cm/s) −30.1 (11.1) −46.9 (15.0) −68.9 (32.3) \<0.01 \<0.01 0.03 Model 2 (0--100%) Torsion Endo (°/cm) 3.6 (1.6) 5.2 (2.5) 5.8 (2.5) 0.14 0.09 0.51 Torsion Epi (°/cm) 2.7 (0.9) 3.8 (2.0) 3.9 (1.8) 0.29 0.06 0.45 Global Torsion (°/cm) 3.2 (1.2) 4.5 (2.2) 4.8 (1.9) 0.17 0.07 0.51 Recoil Rate Endo (°/cm/s) −46.2 (18.3) −72.7 (37.9) −82.6 (32.9) 0.17 0.047 0.33 Recoil Rate Epi (°/cm/s) −26.4 (9.3) −49.0 (34.0) −55.5 (28.0) 0.047 \<0.01 0.39 Global Recoil Rate (°/cm/s) −36.3 (12.7) −60.8 (34.7) −69.1 (28.3) 0.11 0.02 0.39 Model 3 (25--100%) Torsion Endo (°/cm) 3.6 (1.7) 4.8 (2.6) 6.1 (3.0) 0.07 \<0.01 0.09 Torsion Epi (°/cm) 2.6 (1.4) 2.9 (1.4) 3.9 (2.1) 0.51 0.02 0.03 Global Torsion (°/cm) 3.1 (1.5) 3.8 (2.0) 5.0 (2.4) 0.07 \<0.01 0.02 Recoil Rate Endo (°/cm/s) −42.2 (9.7) −62.9 (29.7) −69.5 (25.0) 0.02 0.02 0.45 Recoil Rate Epi (°/cm/s) −24.8 (12.5) −37.8 (18.5) −48.3 (25.3) 0.02 0.01 0.07 Global Recoil Rate (°/cm/s) −33.5 (9.1) −50.4 (23.6) −58.9 (24.6) 0.01 0.01 0.33 Model 4 (0--75%) Torsion Endo (°/cm) 3.4 (2.0) 5.4 (2.5) 5.5 (3.0) 0.17 0.11 0.96 Torsion Epi (°/cm) 2.6 (0.8) 4.0 (2.3) 4.1 (1.7) 0.24 0.02 0.20 Global Torsion (°/cm) 3.0 (1.3) 4.7 (2.3) 4.8 (1.8) 0.14 0.047 0.88 Recoil Rate Endo (°/cm/s) −45.5 (24.7) −69.8 (39.4) −99.5 (45.6) 0.24 0.01 0.11 Recoil Rate Epi (°/cm/s) −31.4 (10.6) −55.0 (34.7) −70.4 (38.4) 0.06 \<0.01 0.14 Global Recoil Rate (°/cm/s) −38.5 (16.4) −62.4 (36.4) −84.9 (38.9) 0.09 0.01 0.11 Bold p values indicate a significance level \<0.05. Abbreviations as in [table 3](#pone-0109164-t003){ref-type="table"} . Model 1 (25--75%) was the only approach that revealed significantly increased torsion and recoil rate (subendocardial, subepicardial and global) between rest and both levels of dobutamine as well as between 10 and 20 µg·kg^−1^·min^−1^ of dobutamine except there was no significant difference of subepicardial torsion (p = 0.33) and global torsion (p = 0.06) between rest and 10 µg·kg^−1^·min^−1^ of dobutamine ([Figure 4](#pone-0109164-g004){ref-type="fig"}). The increase of torsion during dobutamine stress was more pronounced on the subendocardial as compared to the subepicarial level. All other models showed only partly significant results or trends towards increased torsion and recoil rates as outlined in [table 4](#pone-0109164-t004){ref-type="table"}. ![Torsion and recoil rate during dobutamine stress.\ Torsion and recoil rate (blue: subendocardial; red: subepicardial, black: global) as derived using model 1 (25--75%) in comparison between rest and increasing levels of dobutamine. A p-value \<0.05 was considered statistically significant.](pone.0109164.g004){#pone-0109164-g004} Reproducibility {#s3d} --------------- Bland Altman analysis, ICC and CoV are displayed in [table 5](#pone-0109164-t005){ref-type="table"}. There was no difference in reproducibility between rest and dobutamine stimulation. ICC for model 1 (25--75%) and model 3 (25--100%) consistently showed values above 0.85. The model 2 (0--100%) and 4 (0--75%) showed slightly higher inter-observer variability for subendocardial torsion with ICC of 0.78 and 0.79, respectively. 10.1371/journal.pone.0109164.t005 ###### Reproducibility for all four models to calculate torsion and diastolic recoil rate. ![](pone.0109164.t005){#pone-0109164-t005-5} Model 1 (25--75%) Model 2 (0--100%) Model 3 (25--100%) Model 4 (0--75%) -------------------- --------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- -------------------- ------------------ ------------------- ------- --------------- ------------------- ------- --------------- ------------------- ------- Intra-observer Torsion Endo (°/cm) 0.02 (1.36) 0.92 (0.83--0.96) 30.14 −0.06 (0.79) 0.97 (0.94--0.99) 16.09 −0.16 (0.83) 0.97 (0.95--0.99) 16.91 0.00 (1.04) 0.96 (0.91--0.98) 21.80 Torsion Epi (°/cm) −0.02 (0.91) 0.94 (0.87--0.97) 29.81 0.05 (0.42) 0.99 (0.97--0.99) 12.23 0.03 (0.51) 0.98 (0.95--0.99) 16.50 −0.02 (0.61) 0.97 (0.94--0.99) 16.99 Global Torsion (°/cm) 0.00 (1.05) 0.93 (0.86--0.97) 27.65 −0.01 (0.50) 0.98 (0.96--0.99) 12.07 −0.06 (0.49) 0.99 (0.97--0.99) 12.14 −0.01 (0.66) 0.97 (0.94--0.99) 15.81 Recoil Rate Endo (°/cm/s) 6.48 (15.24) 0.92 (0.82--0.96) 25.88 0.98 (23.49) 0.91 (0.81--0.96) 34.73 −2.82 (10.88) 0.95 (0.90--0.98) 19.17 −0.56 (31.59) 0.88 (0.75--0.95) 44.29 Recoil Rate Epi (°/cm/s) −0.44 (9.74) 0.96 (0.92--0.98) 23.50 −0.81 (11.72) 0.95 (0.90--0.98) 27.11 −1.64 (7.51) 0.96 (0.92--0.98) 20.79 −3.80 (16.43) 0.93 (0.85--0.97) 32.63 Global Recoil Rate (°/cm/s) 3.02 (9.68) 0.96 (0.92--0.98) 19.30 0.09 (15.77) 0.94 (0.87--0.97) 28.44 −2.23 (7.89) 0.96 (0.92--0.98) 16.97 −2.18 (21.34) 0.91 (0.82--0.96) 35.08 Inter-observer Torsion Endo (°/cm) 0.07 (1.58) 0.89 (0.77--0.95) 35.30 0.94 (1.33) 0.85 (0.54--0.94) 30.35 0.52 (1.18) 0.94 (0.85--0.97) 25.84 0.62 (1.89) 0.80 (0.59--0.91) 42.31 Torsion Epi (°/cm) −0.15 (0.74) 0.96 (0.92--0.98) 23.55 0.35 (0.78) 0.94 (0.85--0.97) 23.73 0.21 (0.50) 0.98 (0.94--0.99) 16.54 0.14 (1.03) 0.93 (0.85--0.97) 29.61 Global Torsion (°/cm) −0.04 (1.07) 0.93 (0.86--0.97) 28.04 0.64 (0.97) 0.89 (0.68--0.96) 25.33 0.37 (0.70) 0.96 (0.91--0.99) 18.44 0.38 (1.35) 0.86 (0.71--0.93) 33.78 Recoil Rate Endo (°/cm/s) 8.09 (17.07) 0.90 (0.76--0.95) 28.60 −9.31 (17.17) 0.91 (0.77--0.96) 27.47 −0.70 (8.61) 0.97 (0.94--0.99) 14.89 −7.01 (25.30) 0.89 (0.76--0.95) 37.15 Recoil Rate Epi (°/cm/s) −0.05 (9.42) 0.96 (0.93--0.98) 22.63 −5.35 (12.64) 0.93 (0.85--0.97) 30.85 −2.35 (7.02) 0.97 (0.93--0.98) 19.61 −6.42 (16.56) 0.92 (0.82--0.96) 33.77 Global Recoil Rate (°/cm/s) 4.02 (10.76) 0.95 (0.90--0.98) 21.24 −7.33 (10.86) 0.95 (0.82--0.98) 21.00 −1.52 (6.02) 0.98 (0.96--0.99) 12.86 −6.71 (17.38) 0.92 (0.83--0.96) 29.67 ICC: Intraclass-correlation coefficient; CoV: coefficient of variation; SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval. Other abbreviations as in [table 3](#pone-0109164-t003){ref-type="table"}. Discussion {#s4} ========== Myocardial twisting and untwisting represent fundamental mechanisms of LV systolic and diastolic function. It has been suggested that even up to 40% of stroke volume is produced from systolic twisting forces [@pone.0109164-Esch1]. The subsequent fast untwisting during early diastole is a major indicator of the restoring forces that contribute to rapid diastolic filling [@pone.0109164-Burns1], [@pone.0109164-Moon1]. In a clinical context, a simple, quick and robust quantification of LV twisting and untwisting motion is therefore desirable. The present study applied CMR-FT to assess both systolic torsion and diastolic recoil directly from routine SSFP cine images to capture these phenomena and demonstrates several important findings. CMR-FT based quantification of myocardial twisting motion as assessed with torsion and diastolic recoil is feasible and reproducible. Furthermore, we were able to show that CMR-FT allows discrimination of both systolic torsion and diastolic recoil at rest and dobutamine stress when using standardized analyses based on rotation measurements at 25% and 75% LV distance. Feasibility of CMR-FT derived torsion {#s4a} ------------------------------------- The presented approach used a complete LV rotational model to define exact apical and basal slice positions by assessing rotational profiles of all short-axis slices of a short-axis stack with subsequent linear interpolation of inter-slice rotation between adjacent slices. This approach appears suitable since several studies revealed strict linear progression of rotation from base to apex [@pone.0109164-Goffinet1], [@pone.0109164-Buchalter1], [@pone.0109164-Yoneyama1]. Previous reports have shown that the amount of LV rotation is highly dependent on the site of measurements at apical and basal levels. This needs to be taken into account when calculating the simple twist angle [@pone.0109164-Goffinet1]. We therefore applied torsion (twist normalized to inter-slice distance) to quantify the myocardial twisting motion since this technique is supposed to be less influenced by the variation in rotation as compared to the simple twist definition (difference in apical and basal rotation) [@pone.0109164-Young1]. The results of our study indicate, that in fact CMR-FT quantification of torsion at rest is not that dependant on measurement positions since we have not detected any significant differences between the four examined models that used rotation from different standardized LV levels serving for the calculation of torsion. However, differences in recoil rate were more pronounced. Hence, quantification of recoil rate might be more dependent on the exact slice position as compared to quantification of torsion. This is particularly important when quantification of diastolic function is required which underpins the need for a method allowing a uniform slice selection at standardized LV levels. It is important to note that our methodology allows accurate, specific assessments of LV torsion and diastolic recoil at different levels throughout the myocardial wall which could be particularly valuable in the assessment of myocardial diseases that predominantly affect the endocardial layer such as subendocardial myocardial infarction, cardiac amyloid or endomyocardial fibrosis. Reproducibility of CMR-FT derived torsion {#s4b} ----------------------------------------- CMR-FT represents a relatively novel approach to quantify myocardial deformation. Previous CMR-FT studies primarily focused on ventricular strain measurements. The reported amount of reproducibility and repeatability varies between studies with most studies reporting reasonable reproducibility of global strain levels [@pone.0109164-Hor1], [@pone.0109164-Schuster2], [@pone.0109164-Schuster3], [@pone.0109164-Singh1]. Therefore, intra- and inter-observer variability for torsion and recoil rate needs to be taken into special consideration. In order to maximise reproducibility all measurements were repeated three times and corresponding averaged rotational profiles were included in the calculation of torsion. As a result, all torsion and recoil rate parameters were highly reproducible on an intra-observer and inter-observer level. We found slightly lower reproducibility of model 2 (0--100%) and model 4 (0--75%) as compared to model 1 (25--75%) or model 3 (25--100%). Both, model 2 and model 4, involve rotational measurements taken from the most apical slice included in the calculation of torsion. As described in previous reports, reproducibility for CMR-FT derived strain parameters was lower at apical myocardial levels than at mid-ventricular or basal levels [@pone.0109164-Wu1]. Our study shows that this holds true for apical and basal rotation assessment with CMR-FT and emphasises to rather include apical rotation from a slice position at 25% LV distance instead of using the most apical slice of a short-axis stack. Torsion as a function of dobutamine exposure {#s4c} -------------------------------------------- Previous studies investigated the effect of inotropic stimulation with dobutamine on LV torsion in a canine model and found increased torsion paralleled by accelerated recoil rate [@pone.0109164-Buchalter2], [@pone.0109164-Rademakers1]. The findings were confirmed in a human model using echocardiographic speckle tracking [@pone.0109164-Akagawa1]. The authors found that subepicardial torsion remained unchanged during low dose dobutamine infusion and increased with higher doses of dobutamine. In contrast, subendocardial torsion already increased during low dose dobutamine infusion [@pone.0109164-Akagawa1]. In the present study, we showed that model 1 (25--75%) using the shortest distance between apical and basal slices, consistently revealed significant increases of subendocardial and global torsion as well as accelerated recoil rate (subendocardial, subepicardial and global) with increasing levels of dobutamine. Conversely, subepicardial torsion only increased with the application of an intermediate dose of dobutamine, which is in accordance with the published findings by Akagawa et al. [@pone.0109164-Akagawa1]. The other models using either the most apical or basal slice did not reliably differentiate torsion and recoil rate between rest and pharmacological stress and only showed non-significant trends towards increased torsion and recoil rates. This is most likely explained by through-plane motion causing loss of tracked features from the imaging plane. This might be particularly pronounced in the very apical and basal LV slices since longitudinal shortening is increased during dobutamine stress and may explain the need to measure torsion from positions a bit farer away from the apex and the base. CMR-FT in the context of existing methods to calculate torsion {#s4d} -------------------------------------------------------------- Previously described CMR based modalities for the study of myocardial twisting and untwisting motion include myocardial tagging [@pone.0109164-Goffinet1], [@pone.0109164-Donekal2], tissue phase mapping [@pone.0109164-Codreanu1] and displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) [@pone.0109164-Haggerty1]. Although accelerated techniques have been reported for myocardial tagging [@pone.0109164-Reyhan1], [@pone.0109164-Reyhan2], all mentioned approaches commonly require additional sequence acquisitions and are usually associated with time-consuming post-processing both limiting their clinical applicability. In contrast, CMR-FT allows direct quantification of myocardial motion from standard SSFP images, which are widely available since they are generally part of every clinical CMR volumetric examination. From a clinical perspective, evaluation of myocardial torsion using CMR-FT has the potential to be integrated into a given clinical CMR protocol. Speckle-tracking echocardiography is another technique that has proved feasible for the quantification of myocardial rotation [@pone.0109164-Opdahl1], [@pone.0109164-Goffinet1], [@pone.0109164-Notomi1]. Speckle tracking echocardiography is widely available and benefits from high temporal resolution but suffers from limited image quality especially occasionally poor acoustic windows [@pone.0109164-Nagel1]. In general echocardiography does not allow a reliable and uniform selection of apical and basal slices in individual subjects, which has proved to be crucial for a robust quantification of myocardial twisting motion as expressed by our data and in previous reports [@pone.0109164-Goffinet1]. Furthermore it is challenging to quantify torsion (twist per length) with speckle-tracking echocardiography, since the assessment of the inter-slice distance between apical and basal slices is generally not possible. Speckle-tracking echocardiography is therefore limited to the simple twist definition, which is even more dependent on the exact slice locations and difficult to reproduce in longitudinal studies [@pone.0109164-Young1]. Notwithstanding these considerations, several echocardiography speckle tracking based studies have shown the feasibility of twisting and untwisting motion quantification in various heart diseases. These involve conditions with a predominant diastolic involvement such as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction [@pone.0109164-Wang1], diseases with predominant systolic involvement such as ischemic cardiomyopathy [@pone.0109164-Bansal1] and also diseases that equally affect systole and diastole such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [@pone.0109164-Notomi2] or cardiac amyloidosis [@pone.0109164-Karabay1]. Whether or not such assessments could also be derived from CMR-FT torsion and diastolic recoil measurements need to be investigated with future research studies. Regarding longitudinal assessments, previous studies applied myocardial tagging to investigate the inter-study reproducibility for quantitative analysis of torsion and recoil rate and found good reproducibility for torsion whilst peak recoil rate was only poorly reproducible [@pone.0109164-Donekal2]. In fact, the study of recoil rate may require a more strict definition of measurement positions at apical and basal levels. This may be challenging using myocardial tagging, since this is usually performed at 3 LV levels only (apical, mid-ventricular and basal) and therefore subject to manual planning of slice positions. In contrast, we have now introduced a CMR-FT based technique that allows a uniform and exact definition of apical and basal slice positions independent of different heart sizes. Future work will need to address whether this approach positively impacts on inter-study reproducibility of torsion and of recoil rate in particular. Limitations {#s4e} ----------- The sample size of this feasibility study was relatively small. Notwithstanding this fact the results demonstrate feasibility and good reproducibility for torsion and diastolic recoil quantification with CMR-FT from routine cine images. Ideally we would have compared our results to myocardial tagging representing the reference standard for such acquisitions. However, given the necessity to obtain a whole SSFP short-axis stack at rest and with different levels of dobutamine we felt that the acquisition of an equal number of tagged images would have resulted in scanning times difficult to tolerate during dobutamine stimulation. A general limitation of CMR based quantification of myocardial twisting motion is the current lack of standardized methods. Future studies will need to compare CMR-FT derived torsion and recoil rate with parameters from myocardial tagging using equal computation (twist per length) [@pone.0109164-Donekal2] or alternative computational methods e.g. the circumferential-longitudinal shear angle [@pone.0109164-Russel1], [@pone.0109164-Buchalter1] which has not been addressed in the present study. However, there is evidence to suggest that twisting mechanics as assessed by torsion (twist per length) and shear angle deliver somewhat similar results [@pone.0109164-Donekal1]. The individual merits of both methods remain to be addressed in future investigations. A further limitation of both, conventional myocardial tagging and CMR-FT is the two-dimensional acquisition technique. We developed a pseudo three-dimensional mesh of myocardial torsion based on linear interpolation. However, this method does not compensate for through plane motion. Previous studies compared 2D and 3D derived torsion measured by myocardial tagging [@pone.0109164-Russel2] and found that through plane motion did not significantly impact on 2D torsion since both methods showed reasonable agreement. The authors concluded to rather use the faster and easier 2D method for calculation of LV torsion. If this also holds true for 2D derived torsion from CMR-FT remains to be addressed in future investigations. The clinical applicability of CMR-FT derived torsion and diastolic recoil assessment will depend on the speed of the analysis. At the present time the result files originating from CMR-FT are analysed using an in-house module for MATLAB. Future software developments will need to incorporate both post-processing steps in a single application to further minimize post-processing time. Finally the current work aimed to determine the feasibility and reproducibility to quantify torsion and recoil rate from CMR-FT in a collective of healthy volunteers at rest and during dobutamine stress. Future research needs to prospectively validate this novel technique in pathologies such as coronary artery disease, heart failure or valvular disease. Conclusions {#s5} =========== CMR-FT allows derivation of myocardial torsion directly from standard SSFP cine images. Torsion and recoil rate calculated from apical and basal slices with 25--75% distance consistently discriminated between rest and increasing levels of dobutamine. Reproducibility was good to excellent for all torsion and recoil rate parameters, but was especially high when using an apical level at 25% LV distance instead of the most apical slice. When using CMR-FT to quantify myocardial torsion, it is therefore suggested to select apical and basal slices at standardized 25% and 75% levels. The analysis of myocardial torsion and recoil motion based on CMR-FT may have potential clinical and research applications when exact quantification of systolic and diastolic function is required. Future validation studies in larger cohorts should follow to establish the clinical utility and the prognostic implications of this technique. [^1]: Competing Interests:The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. [^2]: Conceived and designed the experiments: JTK PL AS. Performed the experiments: JTK PL STH SK BB AS. Analyzed the data: JTK PL AS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MS JMS MF WS CUB JL GH. Wrote the paper: JTK PL AS.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
Q: Add GraphStream graph into my custom jPanel I am working on GraphStream library. For now, When I run my program it opens new window for my graph and separate window for my graph. I tried to create a JFrame and add JPanel into JFrame, after all this I tried to add graph into my JPanel but it says that graph object is not a component. Here is my code: import java.awt.BorderLayout; import java.awt.EventQueue; import java.sql.Connection; import java.sql.DriverManager; import java.sql.ResultSet; import java.sql.SQLException; import java.sql.Statement; import javax.swing.JFrame; import javax.swing.JPanel; import javax.swing.border.EmptyBorder; import org.graphstream.graph.; import org.graphstream.graph.implementations.; public class GraphExplore { static Connection conn2; static String result, result2; static JFrame frame; static JPanel panel; public static void main(String args[]) throws SQLException { EventQueue.invokeLater(new Runnable() { public void run() { try { showData(); } catch (SQLException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }); } private static void showData() throws SQLException { JFrame frame = new JFrame(); frame.setVisible(true); frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); frame.setBounds(30, 50, 1300, 600); panel = new JPanel(); panel.setBorder(new EmptyBorder(5, 5, 5, 5)); panel.setLayout(new BorderLayout(0, 0)); frame.setContentPane(panel); Graph graph = new SingleGraph("tutorial 1"); graph.setAutoCreate(true); graph.setStrict(false); graph.display(); // panel.add(graph); try { Class.forName("org.h2.Driver"); conn2 = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:h2:file:G:/hs_data/h2_db/test", "sa", "sa"); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } Statement stmt2 = conn2.createStatement(); ResultSet rs2 = stmt2.executeQuery("SELECT ANUMBER,BNUMBER,DATETIME FROM TEST"); while (rs2.next()) { result = rs2.getString("ANUMBER"); result2 = rs2.getString("BNUMBER"); graph.addNode(result); graph.addNode(result2); int i; for (i = 0; i < 200; i++) graph.addEdge("string" + i, result, result2); // JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, i); } for (Node node : graph) { node.addAttribute("ui.label", node.getId()); } } } This program opens separate windows for both jframe and graph. I want to show my graph into my JFrame or JPanel. Any idea about how to do this? I have seen this link, but it doesn't explains me well. A: As shown in Graph Visualization: Advanced view: Integrating the viewer in your GUI, "you will need to create the viewer by yourself." Also, call setVisible() after you have constructed the frame. It shows error on frame.add(view). It looks like the tutorial cited is a little dated. The Viewer method addDefaultView() now returns a ViewPanel, which can be added to a Container. In the complete example below, a border is set on an enclosing JPanel having GridLayout, and that panel is added to the frame. Also note the need to give the panel a preferred size by overriding getPreferredSize(). Resize the window to see the effect. import java.awt.; import javax.swing.; import javax.swing.border.; import org.graphstream.graph.; import org.graphstream.graph.implementations.; import org.graphstream.ui.swingViewer.; import org.graphstream.ui.view.; /* @see https://stackoverflow.com/a/45055683/230513 */ public class GraphSwing { public static void main(String args[]) { EventQueue.invokeLater(new GraphSwing()::display); } private void display() { JFrame frame = new JFrame(); frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); JPanel panel = new JPanel(new GridLayout()){ @Override public Dimension getPreferredSize() { return new Dimension(640, 480); } }; panel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createLineBorder(Color.blue, 5)); Graph graph = new SingleGraph("Tutorial", false, true); graph.addEdge("AB", "A", "B"); Node a = graph.getNode("A"); a.setAttribute("xy", 1, 1); Node b = graph.getNode("B"); b.setAttribute("xy", -1, -1); Viewer viewer = new Viewer(graph, Viewer.ThreadingModel.GRAPH_IN_GUI_THREAD); ViewPanel viewPanel = viewer.addDefaultView(false); panel.add(viewPanel); frame.add(panel); frame.pack(); frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null); frame.setVisible(true); } }	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Q: Will exception be thrown back if try catch is already present with only a specific catch? I have a java method as follows regarding exception throws public void wrapException(String input) throws MyBusinessException { // do something } MyBusinessException extends Exception class and returns any(every) exception to the caller. My doubt is, Imagine my code is now changed to handle one specific exception in a special way as below. public void wrapException(String input) throws MyBusinessException { try { // do something } catch (NumberFormatException e) { throw new MyBusinessException("there was a number error", e); } } Would the throws on the method signature still return any exception apart from NumberFormatException to the caller or would I have to redesign the methods as follows? public void wrapException(String input) throws MyBusinessException { try { // do something } catch (NumberFormatException e) { throw new MyBusinessException("there was a number error", e); } catch(Exception e) { throws MyBusinessException(e.message()); } } Appreciate any insight. A: In your first solution, it will just catch exceptions with type NumberFormatException and any class that inherits from it. public void wrapException(String input) throws MyBusinessException { try { // do something } catch (NumberFormatException e) { throw new MyBusinessException("there was a number error", e); } } However in your later solution, since you have catch(Exception e) in your method body, your method will catch any exception that inherits from Exception class including your very own MyBusinessException. Hence, you don't have to put throws MyBusinessException in the method signature. public void wrapException(String input) throws MyBusinessException { try { // do something } catch (NumberFormatException e) { throw new MyBusinessException("there was a number error", e); } catch(Exception e) { throws MyBusinessException(e.message()); } } This is enough; public void wrapException(String input) { try { // do something } catch (NumberFormatException e) { throw new MyBusinessException("there was a number error", e); } catch(Exception e) { throws MyBusinessException(e.message()); } }	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Q: Best way to secure ASP.NET Web API 2 where multiple client use it What is the best way to secure a Web API when you have multiple different clients to use? Each client should have its own API key to connect with. Now I have read different things but I still have some questions. I have found this one: http://bitoftech.net/2014/06/01/token-based-authentication-asp-net-web-api-2-owin-asp-net-identity/#comments but is it sufficient? So basically: client connects with given username/password client gets a bearer token back client uses this token in each post to the api until the timestamp is over I also have read about giving a API Secret key to each client which he can uses: http://bitoftech.net/2014/12/15/secure-asp-net-web-api-using-api-key-authentication-hmac-authentication/ What is the best approach? A: You are on the right track by using Token based authentication. Here is a link which shows the implementation details- Token based authentication in Web API without any user interface Additionally, I think you can secure the channel using SSL- http://www.c-sharpcorner.com/UploadFile/55d2ea/creating-and-using-C-Sharp-web-application-over-https-ssl/	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Woodbury Township, Woodbury County, Iowa Woodbury Township is a township in Woodbury County, Iowa, USA. References Category:Townships in Woodbury County, Iowa Category:Townships in Iowa	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a communication system. 2. Description of the Related Art A technique has been known such that, for connecting a device to an ad-hoc network that is formed of a radio network, such as a wireless local area network (LAN), authentication is automatically executed so as to obtain connection permission by using short-range radio communication with a communication area that is smaller than that of the ad-hoc network. As a technique for establishing communications among devices, a technique has been know such that a device that has already participated in a radio network provides permission via proximity communication (cf. Patent Document 1 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2013-242925), for example).	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Q: Migrating existing database to Amazon RDS How can I import existing MySQL database into Amazon RDS? A: I found this page on the AWS docs which explains how to use mysqldump and pipe it into an RDS instance. Here's their example code (use in command line/shell/ssh): mysqldump acme \| mysql --host=hostname --user=username --password acme where acme is the database you're migrating over, and hostname/username are those from your RDS instance. You can connect to RDS as if it were a regular mysql server, just make sure to add your EC2 IPs to your security groups per this forum posting. I had to include the password for the local mysqldump, so my command ended up looking more like this: mysqldump --password=local_mysql_pass acme \| mysql --host=hostname --user=username --password acme FWIW, I just completed moving my databases over. I used this reference for mysql commands like creating users and granting permissions. Hope this helps! A: There are two ways to import data : mysqldump : If you data size is less than 1GB, you can directly make use of mysqldump command and import your data to RDS. mysqlimport : If your data size is more than 1GB or in any other format, you can compress the data into flat files and upload the data using sqlimport command. A: I'm a big fan of the SqlYog tool. It lets you connect to your source and target databases and sync schema and/or data. I've also used SQLWave, but switched to SqlYog. Been so long since I made the switch that I can't remember exactly why I switched. Anyway, that's my two cents. I know some will object to my suggestion of Windows GUI tools for MySQL. I actually like the SqlYog product so much that I run it from Wine (works flawlessly from Wine on Ubuntu for me). This blog might be helpful.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
# -- coding: utf-8 -- # # SelfTest/PublicKey/test_RSA.py: Self-test for the RSA primitive # # Written in 2008 by Dwayne C. Litzenberger <dlitz@dlitz.net> # # =================================================================== # The contents of this file are dedicated to the public domain. To # the extent that dedication to the public domain is not available, # everyone is granted a worldwide, perpetual, royalty-free, # non-exclusive license to exercise all rights associated with the # contents of this file for any purpose whatsoever. # No rights are reserved. # # THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, # EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF # MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND # NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS # BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN # ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN # CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE # SOFTWARE. # =================================================================== """Self-test suite for Crypto.PublicKey.RSA""" __revision__ = "$Id$" import sys import os if sys.version_info[0] == 2 and sys.version_info[1] == 1: from Crypto.Util.py21compat import * from Crypto.Util.py3compat import * import unittest from Crypto.SelfTest.st_common import list_test_cases, a2b_hex, b2a_hex class RSATest(unittest.TestCase): # Test vectors from "RSA-OAEP and RSA-PSS test vectors (.zip file)" # ftp://ftp.rsasecurity.com/pub/pkcs/pkcs-1/pkcs-1v2-1-vec.zip # See RSADSI's PKCS#1 page at # http://www.rsa.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=2125 # from oaep-int.txt # TODO: PyCrypto treats the message as starting after the leading "00" # TODO: That behaviour should probably be changed in the future. plaintext = """ eb 7a 19 ac e9 e3 00 63 50 e3 29 50 4b 45 e2 ca 82 31 0b 26 dc d8 7d 5c 68 f1 ee a8 f5 52 67 c3 1b 2e 8b b4 25 1f 84 d7 e0 b2 c0 46 26 f5 af f9 3e dc fb 25 c9 c2 b3 ff 8a e1 0e 83 9a 2d db 4c dc fe 4f f4 77 28 b4 a1 b7 c1 36 2b aa d2 9a b4 8d 28 69 d5 02 41 21 43 58 11 59 1b e3 92 f9 82 fb 3e 87 d0 95 ae b4 04 48 db 97 2f 3a c1 4f 7b c2 75 19 52 81 ce 32 d2 f1 b7 6d 4d 35 3e 2d """ ciphertext = """ 12 53 e0 4d c0 a5 39 7b b4 4a 7a b8 7e 9b f2 a0 39 a3 3d 1e 99 6f c8 2a 94 cc d3 00 74 c9 5d f7 63 72 20 17 06 9e 52 68 da 5d 1c 0b 4f 87 2c f6 53 c1 1d f8 23 14 a6 79 68 df ea e2 8d ef 04 bb 6d 84 b1 c3 1d 65 4a 19 70 e5 78 3b d6 eb 96 a0 24 c2 ca 2f 4a 90 fe 9f 2e f5 c9 c1 40 e5 bb 48 da 95 36 ad 87 00 c8 4f c9 13 0a de a7 4e 55 8d 51 a7 4d df 85 d8 b5 0d e9 68 38 d6 06 3e 09 55 """ modulus = """ bb f8 2f 09 06 82 ce 9c 23 38 ac 2b 9d a8 71 f7 36 8d 07 ee d4 10 43 a4 40 d6 b6 f0 74 54 f5 1f b8 df ba af 03 5c 02 ab 61 ea 48 ce eb 6f cd 48 76 ed 52 0d 60 e1 ec 46 19 71 9d 8a 5b 8b 80 7f af b8 e0 a3 df c7 37 72 3e e6 b4 b7 d9 3a 25 84 ee 6a 64 9d 06 09 53 74 88 34 b2 45 45 98 39 4e e0 aa b1 2d 7b 61 a5 1f 52 7a 9a 41 f6 c1 68 7f e2 53 72 98 ca 2a 8f 59 46 f8 e5 fd 09 1d bd cb """ e = 0x11L # public exponent prime_factor = """ c9 7f b1 f0 27 f4 53 f6 34 12 33 ea aa d1 d9 35 3f 6c 42 d0 88 66 b1 d0 5a 0f 20 35 02 8b 9d 86 98 40 b4 16 66 b4 2e 92 ea 0d a3 b4 32 04 b5 cf ce 33 52 52 4d 04 16 a5 a4 41 e7 00 af 46 15 03 """ def setUp(self): global RSA, Random, bytes_to_long from Crypto.PublicKey import RSA from Crypto import Random from Crypto.Util.number import bytes_to_long, inverse self.n = bytes_to_long(a2b_hex(self.modulus)) self.p = bytes_to_long(a2b_hex(self.prime_factor)) # Compute q, d, and u from n, e, and p self.q = divmod(self.n, self.p)[0] self.d = inverse(self.e, (self.p-1)(self.q-1)) self.u = inverse(self.p, self.q) # u = e-1 (mod q) self.rsa = RSA def test_generate_1arg(self): """RSA (default implementation) generated key (1 argument)""" rsaObj = self.rsa.generate(1024) self._check_private_key(rsaObj) self._exercise_primitive(rsaObj) pub = rsaObj.publickey() self._check_public_key(pub) self._exercise_public_primitive(rsaObj) def test_generate_2arg(self): """RSA (default implementation) generated key (2 arguments)""" rsaObj = self.rsa.generate(1024, Random.new().read) self._check_private_key(rsaObj) self._exercise_primitive(rsaObj) pub = rsaObj.publickey() self._check_public_key(pub) self._exercise_public_primitive(rsaObj) def test_generate_3args(self): rsaObj = self.rsa.generate(1024, Random.new().read,e=65537) self._check_private_key(rsaObj) self._exercise_primitive(rsaObj) pub = rsaObj.publickey() self._check_public_key(pub) self._exercise_public_primitive(rsaObj) self.assertEqual(65537,rsaObj.e) def test_construct_2tuple(self): """RSA (default implementation) constructed key (2-tuple)""" pub = self.rsa.construct((self.n, self.e)) self._check_public_key(pub) self._check_encryption(pub) self._check_verification(pub) def test_construct_3tuple(self): """RSA (default implementation) constructed key (3-tuple)""" rsaObj = self.rsa.construct((self.n, self.e, self.d)) self._check_encryption(rsaObj) self._check_decryption(rsaObj) self._check_signing(rsaObj) self._check_verification(rsaObj) def test_construct_4tuple(self): """RSA (default implementation) constructed key (4-tuple)""" rsaObj = self.rsa.construct((self.n, self.e, self.d, self.p)) self._check_encryption(rsaObj) self._check_decryption(rsaObj) self._check_signing(rsaObj) self._check_verification(rsaObj) def test_construct_5tuple(self): """RSA (default implementation) constructed key (5-tuple)""" rsaObj = self.rsa.construct((self.n, self.e, self.d, self.p, self.q)) self._check_private_key(rsaObj) self._check_encryption(rsaObj) self._check_decryption(rsaObj) self._check_signing(rsaObj) self._check_verification(rsaObj) def test_construct_6tuple(self): """RSA (default implementation) constructed key (6-tuple)""" rsaObj = self.rsa.construct((self.n, self.e, self.d, self.p, self.q, self.u)) self._check_private_key(rsaObj) self._check_encryption(rsaObj) self._check_decryption(rsaObj) self._check_signing(rsaObj) self._check_verification(rsaObj) def test_factoring(self): rsaObj = self.rsa.construct([self.n, self.e, self.d]) self.failUnless(rsaObj.p==self.p or rsaObj.p==self.q) self.failUnless(rsaObj.q==self.p or rsaObj.q==self.q) self.failUnless(rsaObj.qrsaObj.p == self.n) self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.rsa.construct, [self.n, self.e, self.n-1]) def _check_private_key(self, rsaObj): # Check capabilities self.assertEqual(1, rsaObj.has_private()) self.assertEqual(1, rsaObj.can_sign()) self.assertEqual(1, rsaObj.can_encrypt()) self.assertEqual(1, rsaObj.can_blind()) # Check rsaObj.[nedpqu] -> rsaObj.key.[nedpqu] mapping self.assertEqual(rsaObj.n, rsaObj.key.n) self.assertEqual(rsaObj.e, rsaObj.key.e) self.assertEqual(rsaObj.d, rsaObj.key.d) self.assertEqual(rsaObj.p, rsaObj.key.p) self.assertEqual(rsaObj.q, rsaObj.key.q) self.assertEqual(rsaObj.u, rsaObj.key.u) # Sanity check key data self.assertEqual(rsaObj.n, rsaObj.p * rsaObj.q) # n = pq self.assertEqual(1, rsaObj.d * rsaObj.e % ((rsaObj.p-1) * (rsaObj.q-1))) # ed = 1 (mod (p-1)(q-1)) self.assertEqual(1, rsaObj.p * rsaObj.u % rsaObj.q) # pu = 1 (mod q) self.assertEqual(1, rsaObj.p > 1) # p > 1 self.assertEqual(1, rsaObj.q > 1) # q > 1 self.assertEqual(1, rsaObj.e > 1) # e > 1 self.assertEqual(1, rsaObj.d > 1) # d > 1 def _check_public_key(self, rsaObj): ciphertext = a2b_hex(self.ciphertext) # Check capabilities self.assertEqual(0, rsaObj.has_private()) self.assertEqual(1, rsaObj.can_sign()) self.assertEqual(1, rsaObj.can_encrypt()) self.assertEqual(1, rsaObj.can_blind()) # Check rsaObj.[ne] -> rsaObj.key.[ne] mapping self.assertEqual(rsaObj.n, rsaObj.key.n) self.assertEqual(rsaObj.e, rsaObj.key.e) # Check that private parameters are all missing self.assertEqual(0, hasattr(rsaObj, 'd')) self.assertEqual(0, hasattr(rsaObj, 'p')) self.assertEqual(0, hasattr(rsaObj, 'q')) self.assertEqual(0, hasattr(rsaObj, 'u')) self.assertEqual(0, hasattr(rsaObj.key, 'd')) self.assertEqual(0, hasattr(rsaObj.key, 'p')) self.assertEqual(0, hasattr(rsaObj.key, 'q')) self.assertEqual(0, hasattr(rsaObj.key, 'u')) # Sanity check key data self.assertEqual(1, rsaObj.e > 1) # e > 1 # Public keys should not be able to sign or decrypt self.assertRaises(TypeError, rsaObj.sign, ciphertext, b("")) self.assertRaises(TypeError, rsaObj.decrypt, ciphertext) # Check __eq__ and __ne__ self.assertEqual(rsaObj.publickey() == rsaObj.publickey(),True) # assert_ self.assertEqual(rsaObj.publickey() != rsaObj.publickey(),False) # failIf def _exercise_primitive(self, rsaObj): # Since we're using a randomly-generated key, we can't check the test # vector, but we can make sure encryption and decryption are inverse # operations. ciphertext = a2b_hex(self.ciphertext) # Test decryption plaintext = rsaObj.decrypt((ciphertext,)) # Test encryption (2 arguments) (new_ciphertext2,) = rsaObj.encrypt(plaintext, b("")) self.assertEqual(b2a_hex(ciphertext), b2a_hex(new_ciphertext2)) # Test blinded decryption blinding_factor = Random.new().read(len(ciphertext)-1) blinded_ctext = rsaObj.blind(ciphertext, blinding_factor) blinded_ptext = rsaObj.decrypt((blinded_ctext,)) unblinded_plaintext = rsaObj.unblind(blinded_ptext, blinding_factor) self.assertEqual(b2a_hex(plaintext), b2a_hex(unblinded_plaintext)) # Test signing (2 arguments) signature2 = rsaObj.sign(ciphertext, b("")) self.assertEqual((bytes_to_long(plaintext),), signature2) # Test verification self.assertEqual(1, rsaObj.verify(ciphertext, (bytes_to_long(plaintext),))) def _exercise_public_primitive(self, rsaObj): plaintext = a2b_hex(self.plaintext) # Test encryption (2 arguments) (new_ciphertext2,) = rsaObj.encrypt(plaintext, b("")) # Exercise verification rsaObj.verify(new_ciphertext2, (bytes_to_long(plaintext),)) def _check_encryption(self, rsaObj): plaintext = a2b_hex(self.plaintext) ciphertext = a2b_hex(self.ciphertext) # Test encryption (2 arguments) (new_ciphertext2,) = rsaObj.encrypt(plaintext, b("")) self.assertEqual(b2a_hex(ciphertext), b2a_hex(new_ciphertext2)) def _check_decryption(self, rsaObj): plaintext = a2b_hex(self.plaintext) ciphertext = a2b_hex(self.ciphertext) # Test plain decryption new_plaintext = rsaObj.decrypt((ciphertext,)) self.assertEqual(b2a_hex(plaintext), b2a_hex(new_plaintext)) # Test blinded decryption blinding_factor = Random.new().read(len(ciphertext)-1) blinded_ctext = rsaObj.blind(ciphertext, blinding_factor) blinded_ptext = rsaObj.decrypt((blinded_ctext,)) unblinded_plaintext = rsaObj.unblind(blinded_ptext, blinding_factor) self.assertEqual(b2a_hex(plaintext), b2a_hex(unblinded_plaintext)) def _check_verification(self, rsaObj): signature = bytes_to_long(a2b_hex(self.plaintext)) message = a2b_hex(self.ciphertext) # Test verification t = (signature,) # rsaObj.verify expects a tuple self.assertEqual(1, rsaObj.verify(message, t)) # Test verification with overlong tuple (this is a # backward-compatibility hack to support some harmless misuse of the # API) t2 = (signature, '') self.assertEqual(1, rsaObj.verify(message, t2)) # extra garbage at end of tuple def _check_signing(self, rsaObj): signature = bytes_to_long(a2b_hex(self.plaintext)) message = a2b_hex(self.ciphertext) # Test signing (2 argument) self.assertEqual((signature,), rsaObj.sign(message, b(""))) class RSAFastMathTest(RSATest): def setUp(self): RSATest.setUp(self) self.rsa = RSA.RSAImplementation(use_fast_math=True) def test_generate_1arg(self): """RSA (_fastmath implementation) generated key (1 argument)""" RSATest.test_generate_1arg(self) def test_generate_2arg(self): """RSA (_fastmath implementation) generated key (2 arguments)""" RSATest.test_generate_2arg(self) def test_construct_2tuple(self): """RSA (_fastmath implementation) constructed key (2-tuple)""" RSATest.test_construct_2tuple(self) def test_construct_3tuple(self): """RSA (_fastmath implementation) constructed key (3-tuple)""" RSATest.test_construct_3tuple(self) def test_construct_4tuple(self): """RSA (_fastmath implementation) constructed key (4-tuple)""" RSATest.test_construct_4tuple(self) def test_construct_5tuple(self): """RSA (_fastmath implementation) constructed key (5-tuple)""" RSATest.test_construct_5tuple(self) def test_construct_6tuple(self): """RSA (_fastmath implementation) constructed key (6-tuple)""" RSATest.test_construct_6tuple(self) def test_factoring(self): RSATest.test_factoring(self) class RSASlowMathTest(RSATest): def setUp(self): RSATest.setUp(self) self.rsa = RSA.RSAImplementation(use_fast_math=False) def test_generate_1arg(self): """RSA (_slowmath implementation) generated key (1 argument)""" RSATest.test_generate_1arg(self) def test_generate_2arg(self): """RSA (_slowmath implementation) generated key (2 arguments)""" RSATest.test_generate_2arg(self) def test_construct_2tuple(self): """RSA (_slowmath implementation) constructed key (2-tuple)""" RSATest.test_construct_2tuple(self) def test_construct_3tuple(self): """RSA (_slowmath implementation) constructed key (3-tuple)""" RSATest.test_construct_3tuple(self) def test_construct_4tuple(self): """RSA (_slowmath implementation) constructed key (4-tuple)""" RSATest.test_construct_4tuple(self) def test_construct_5tuple(self): """RSA (_slowmath implementation) constructed key (5-tuple)""" RSATest.test_construct_5tuple(self) def test_construct_6tuple(self): """RSA (_slowmath implementation) constructed key (6-tuple)""" RSATest.test_construct_6tuple(self) def test_factoring(self): RSATest.test_factoring(self) def get_tests(config={}): tests = [] tests += list_test_cases(RSATest) try: from Crypto.PublicKey import _fastmath tests += list_test_cases(RSAFastMathTest) except ImportError: from distutils.sysconfig import get_config_var import inspect _fm_path = os.path.normpath(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath( inspect.getfile(inspect.currentframe()))) +"/../../PublicKey/_fastmath"+get_config_var("SO")) if os.path.exists(_fm_path): raise ImportError("While the _fastmath module exists, importing "+ "it failed. This may point to the gmp or mpir shared library "+ "not being in the path. _fastmath was found at "+_fm_path) if config.get('slow_tests',1): tests += list_test_cases(RSASlowMathTest) return tests if __name__ == '__main__': suite = lambda: unittest.TestSuite(get_tests()) unittest.main(defaultTest='suite') # vim:set ts=4 sw=4 sts=4 expandtab:	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
In a declining PC market, Creative Assembly has taken a great risk in keeping true to its series with Shogun 2 : Total War. style=""> Unlike other sequels recently, Shogun 2 is just as complex as its predecessors in the grand scheme of things while only cutting back on the interface and trimming the fat of unused features of the last few games in the series.Rest assured that the Total War series has not been consoleified! style="font-style: italic;">Even samurai have weaknesses,like flaming bombardment. Then again most things are weak to flaming bombardment... For those of you that dont know what Total War is all about, its about pure conquest.You have two main views of gameplay.The first is a strategic province map where you can select your next targets, move armies around, and fortify territory and relations with other countries, resembling something along the lines of Risk or Civilization. style=""> But where the gameplay really starts to shine is the tactical combat that happens when armies clash, where the gameplay zooms down to a more traditional RTS level, albeit with a few thousand troops on the field! The resulting clash is a matter of tactics and rock-paper-scissors, as each troop type has a natural advantage over others.There are often neutral buildings on the battlefield though, and controlling those will give passive benefits to your army and prevent stalemate style tactics on open ground.When the battle is won, the province is captured and youre one step closer to your ultimate goalbecoming the Shogun! Cautions Shogun 2 has received a T for Teen. It's a semi-realistic depiction of warfare, and blood will spill. Assassinations, geisha 'diplomacy', and some swearing are involved. Keep this in mind if any of the younger ones are playing. Gameplay - 95 / 100 One doesnt conquer Japan in a day though. Over a multitude of turns, youll have to deal with the other lords. Some prefer offensive actions and a show of strength to keep you at bay, but diplomacy is often better than open war. You simply cannot fund a war with opponents on all sides, so keeping people content with offerings and pacts until youre ready to destroy them is a preferred (and historically accurate!) way of dealing with things. Assassinations return, and over the course of both tactical and strategic gameplay youll get treated to mini-cutscenes of events unfolding. Oddly enough, the cutscene for a failed ninja maneuver is better than a successful one! Warlords issue inspiring speeches at the beginning of combat, and that greatly increases the epic feeling of a war game. Does the formula still work though? Absolutely! The unit balance is a little confusing at first (Do you know the difference between a Yari and a Naginata?) but once you get the feel for things, youll be issuing decisive orders and uniting Japan under the banner of your choosing. Its a little bit of a step back from the previous Empire and Medieval II from a unit depth standpoint, but thats actually for the better. Those games were filled with useless units and dominant strategies and neither of those problems have reared their head thus far with Shogun II. Graphics - 90 / 100 style="font-style: italic;">The attention to detail is outstanding, and it even looks this good in motion. That is, if you have a graphics card from the last 6 months. There is one word for the graphics of Shogun II : stunning.Another phrase could be used too though and thats incredibly taxing.While on the highest settings itll rock your world as men brandishing steel charge each other in bloody combat, itll also make your video card likely melt from the processing necessary.Even the map of Japan looks impressive as you zoom through it, with fog, crashing waves, and more to make each territory feel much more alive. Is this a game worth upgrading for though?Perhaps not, but is there another strategy or tactics game in the near future that will push you that far? style=""> You might as well upgrade for this and the newest expansion to Dawn of War II because youll be hard pressed to get more impressive animations and scale than these games. Sound - 87 / 100 Warcries, rousing speeches, and the visceral sound of combat never get old. Shogun II delivers a solid musical score to complement the outstanding voice work and effects, and while it could use some more variety, it fits the setting well. Multiplayer - 90 / 100 style="font-style: italic;">The map of Japan has as much graphical detail as recent RTS games do in their gameplay. It's quite impressive. No one expected deep multiplayer, but Shogun II actually delivers a solid experience.As you attack and win matches against provinces, you unlock more units to mess around with.Typical battles are fought as single engagements, with each side having a funding allotment to buy X units.Battles are then won with tactics and strategic engagement, and capturing of the neutral buildings to gain a positional advantage.Its entirely possible to defeat a superior force if your units have a better position at higher ground, so no battle will play out twice as cavalry storm the field in one plains war, where as another one will charge forward with samurai armed with bow and katana! Both custom games and matchmaking are available, and youll never have to look far for an opponent! Value - 82 / 100 The bugs get in the way of the fun out of the box though. Creative Assembly has been prompt with fixes, but its disappointing as ever to find a game ridden with camera and multiplayer bugs. Since the majority of the game-breaking bugs are toast, youre free to enjoy a game that will play out differently every time you play it, especially since you can change who you play as and customize each game appropriately. If youre sick of the strategy, you can get into a quick and dirty tactical war with another player within a minute, giving the game a surprisingly strong value for both single and multiplayer, something I certainly wasnt expecting from the Total War series at this point. Lasting Appeal - 82 / 100 With a few more limitations on unit variety compared to previous games in the series, the lasting appeal of this game has taken a small hit. However, the speed and feel of the combat has improved for the better, and ensure that this is the go-to Total War game, especially for multiplayer. Of course, if youre not into the setting, youre not going to get a lot out of this game, but you know damn well what to expect with Shogun II. Knowing that, youre going to be playing this game for a long, long time. Pros and Cons Pros: Interface has been streamlined, but still remains powerful as it should be for a PC strategy game. Watching huge samurai battles never gets old. Multiplayer is quick and painless, and no two players wield the same armies. Cons Requires an absolute beast of a machine to run at max settings with large armies. Somewhat simpler than previous games, which hurts for longtime fans of the series. Some stupid bugs and glitches in the initial launch, and a few still exist. Conclusion So does Shogun 2 live up to the Total War franchise name? Absolutely! Returning to the warring states of Japan and simplifying the formulas slightly was a great move for the series, and with a fresh coat of glossy paint for graphics, itll give a new generation of gamers a taste of how massive battles were born with Total War. It might take every last bit of power for your computer to make it shine, but samurai combat and ninja assassinations never looked better. You dont need a geishas help to convince you that this sequel is worthy.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
# CaffeConverter The tool will help you convert trained models from Caffe to CNTK. Convert trained models: giving a model script and its weights file, export to CNTK model. ## Dependency 1. Protobuf Using `pip install protobuf` 2. Caffe runtime support (Optional) While loading Caffe models, Model2CNTK will first try to find Caffe packages in you Python dirs. If failing, system will turn to use protobuf to load the models (maybe long as a few mins). A reference to get Caffe python support: https://github.com/BVLC/caffe/tree/windows 3. You may need to compile caffe_pb2.py with following steps: a. download and install `protoc` in [official website](https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers) b. protoc -I=$Caffe_DIR --python_out=$DST_DIR $Caffe_DIR/proto/caffe.proto c. copy caffe_pb2.py to adapter/bvlccaffe ## Usage and Configuration `CaffeConverter.from_model(global_conf_path)` Usage example: see [here](./examples/run_convert.py) About global conf file: see guideline in [here](./utils/README.md) and template in [here](./examples/Classification/AlexNet_ImageNet/global.json) ## Support layers Convolution, Dense/Linear, ReLU, Max/Average Pooling, Softmax, Batch Normalization, LRN, Splice, Plus ## Known Issues Model version: we only support inputs with definition of Input layer. To adapt it, please first upgrade your model and prototxt in Caffe tools with commands: upgrade_net_proto_text/binary.sh ## Examples Please find an example of converter usage in [here](./examples/README.md)	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
MOSHEIM, JOHANN LORENZ VON (c. 1694-1755), German Lutheran divine and Church historian, was born at Lübeck on the 9th of October, 1694 or 1695. After studying at the gymnasium of his native place, he entered the university of Kiel (1716), where he took his master's degree in 1718. In 1719 he became assessor in the philosophical faculty at Kiel. His first appearance in the field of literature was in a polemical tract against John Toland, Vindiciae antiquae christianorumdisciplinae (1720), which was soon followed by a volume of Observationes sacrae (1721). These works, along with the reputation he had acquired as a lecturer and preacher, secured for him a call to Helmstadt as professor ordinarius in 1723. The Institutionumhistoriae ecclesiasticae libri IV. appeared in 1726, and in the same year he was appointed by the duke of Brunswick abbot of Marienthal, to which dignity and emolument the abbacy of Michaelstein was added in the following year. Mosheim was much consulted by the authorities when the new university of Göttingen was being formed; especially in the framing of the statutes of the theological faculty, and the provisions for making the theologians independent of the ecclesiastical courts. In 1747 he was made chancellor of the university. He died at Göttingen on the 9th of September. Among his other works were De rebus christianorum anteConstantinum commentarii (1753), Ketzer-Geschichte (2nd ed. 1748), and Sittenlehre der heiligen Schrift (1735-53). His exegetical writings, characterized by learning and good sense, include Cogitationes in N. T. loc. select. (1726), and expositions of 1 Cor. (1741) and the two Epistles to Timothy (1755). In his sermons (Heilige Reden) considerable eloquence is shown, and a mastery of style which justifies the position he held as president of the German Society. There are two English versions of the Institutes, that of Archibald Maclaine, published in 1764, and that of James Murdock (1832), which is the more correct. Murdock's translation was revised and re-edited by James Seaton Reid in 1848, and by H. L. Hastings in 1892 (Boston). An English translation of the De rebuschristianorum was published by Murdock in 1851.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
When Obama announced Friday the formation of a technical advisory group to review our SIGINT programs, I naively believed “outside” and “independent” meant “outside” and “independent.” Fourth, we’re forming a high-level group of outside experts to review our entire intelligence and communications technologies. We need new thinking for a new era. We now have to unravel terrorist plots by finding a needle in the haystack of global telecommunications. And meanwhile, technology has given governments — including our own — unprecedented capability to monitor communications. So I am tasking this independent group to step back and review our capabilities — particularly our surveillance technologies. And they’ll consider how we can maintain the trust of the people, how we can make sure that there absolutely is no abuse in terms of how these surveillance technologies are used, ask how surveillance impacts our foreign policy — particularly in an age when more and more information is becoming public. And they will provide an interim report in 60 days and a final report by the end of this year, so that we can move forward with a better understanding of how these programs impact our security, our privacy, and our foreign policy. [my emphasis] I also naively believed this was an effort to take up Ron Wyden and Mark Udall’s call to get an independent review of the program, which the rest of the Senate Intelligence Committee thwarted a year ago. We also proposed directing the committee’s Technical Advisory Group to study FISA Amendments Act collection and provide recommendations for improvements. We were disappointed that our motion to request that the Technical Advisory Group study this issue was ruled by our colleagues to be out of order. Nope! In the memo Obama just released ordering James Clapper to form such a committee, those words “outside” and “independent” disappear entirely. I believe it is important to take stock of how these technological advances alter the environment in which we conduct our intelligence mission. To this end, by the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, I am directing you to establish a Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies (Review Group). The Review Group will assess whether, in light of advancements in communications technologies, the United States employs its technical collection capabilities in a manner that optimally protects our national security and advances our foreign policy while appropriately accounting for other policy considerations, such as the risk of unauthorized disclosure and our need to maintain the public trust. Within 60 days of its establishment, the Review Group will brief their interim findings to me through the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), and the Review Group will provide a final report and recommendations to me through the DNI no later than December 15, 2013. [my emphasis] And neither Obama nor the Intelligence Committees get to hear from this Group themselves. It all goes through James Clapper. What on Friday was an outside and independent group is now branded by the Director of National Intelligence as the Director of National Intelligence Group. At the direction of the President, I am establishing the Director of National Intelligence Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies to examine our global signals-intelligence collection and surveillance capability. The Review Group will assess whether, in light of advancements in communications technologies, the United States employs its technical collection capabilities in a manner that optimally protects our national security and advances our foreign policy while appropriately accounting for other policy considerations, such as the risk of unauthorized disclosure and our need to maintain the public trust. Huh. It took exactly 72 hours for that good idea to fizzle into a navel gaze directed by the guy who lies to Congress.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Syriac Union Party (Lebanon) Syriac Union Party (, ) abbreviated as SUL is a Lebanese Assyrian/Syriac political party established on 29 March 2005. It expresses points of view of the Assyrian/Syriac minority community in Lebanon without any confessional differences between Syriac Orthodox or Syriac Catholic and is vocal in asking for independent seats for the Assyrians/Syriacs in the Lebanese Parliament, rather than confining them to the "minorities seat" in Beirut as is now the case. The Syriac Union Party is headed by Ibrahim Murad, and is considered very close with the opposition of the 14 March alliance. See also Syriac Union Party (Syria) Syriac Military Council References Category:2005 establishments in Lebanon Category:Assyrian nationalism Category:Assyrian political parties Category:Assyrians in Lebanon Category:Christian political parties in Lebanon Category:March 14 Alliance Category:Dawronoye Category:Political parties established in 2005 Category:Political parties in Lebanon	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Measuring end-of-life care outcomes retrospectively. Fundamental to measuring both the processes and outcomes of end-of-life care is that one understand the context and distinct differences of that care. Measurement plays an important role in clinical assessment, research, quality improvement, and public accountability. Some of the unique challenges that confront investigators using prospective research designs to assess quality of end-of-life care can be addressed with retrospective approaches or follow-back designs. Retrospective research avoids reliance on the difficult task of prospectively identifying the terminally ill, avoids burdening very sick participants, minimizes missing data because of poor functional status, creates a clear time frame for the purpose of comparing settings of care, and is a cost-effective way to collect population-based data about individuals who have died. This paper reviews research using a retrospective design and analyzes the reliability and validity issues associated with a follow-back design. Although methodological challenges beset both prospective and retrospective data collection, use of both methods in combination or in sequence provides a clearer understanding of the complex, multidimensional issues involved in providing care to dying individuals.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Oral health care and status of elderly care home residents in Glasgow. To investigate variations in reported oral health care provision and unmet dental need within a sample of care homes for the elderly in Glasgow. Two-phase study of a 50% random sample of 120 care homes (n = 60). Phase 1: telephone interviews with care home managers. Phase 2: oral examinations of residents and face-to-face interviews with care staff, in a sub-sample of 10 homes. Care homes in Greater Glasgow. Residents and staff. Phase 1: data were collected from 58 of 60 care home managers approached (response rate: 97%). Oral assessment of residents on admission was reported for 78% of nursing homes and 24% of residential homes, and annual screening by a dentist for 85% and 76% respectively. Only 58% of nursing homes and 8% of residential homes had a formal mouth care policy. Staff training in mouth care was not universal and often carried out "in-house". All managers believed dental support was available when required. Phase 2: 288 oral examinations and 22 staff interviews took place within 10 homes selected. Examinations revealed high levels of oral disease. When interviewed, staff accepted that mouth care was within their remit but failed to document it within patient care plans. Further training on oral health and disease was requested from all levels of staff. Oral disease is common among elderly care home residents in Glasgow. Increased emphasis on implementation of standard oral care protocols and improved education of staff is essential if the oral health of elderly institutionalised residents is to improve.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
DESCRIPTION: Redheaded teen babe gives a nice blowjob to her fuck buddy He lick and finger her pussy Then he fucks her pussy hard and deep in many positions She tastes the cum in the climax ... Show more Show less	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Q: Android - ListView scrollig too slow I have a ListView that has one image and two lines of texts for each element (organized by a RelativeLayout). It works ok, but it's too slow and I know where the problem comes from! This is the getView() method for the custom adapter that I'm using: public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) { if (convertView == null) { convertView = mLayoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.list_view_item, parent, false); mViewHolder = new ViewHolder(); mViewHolder.cover = (ImageView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.app_icon); mViewHolder.title = (TextView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.selection); mViewHolder.description = (TextView) convertView.findViewById(R.id.app_short_description); convertView.setTag(mViewHolder); } else { mViewHolder = (ViewHolder) convertView.getTag(); } // Here is the origin of the issue ! final Feed currentFeed = getItem(position); mViewHolder.title.setText(currentFeed.getTitle()); mViewHolder.description.setText(currentFeed.getDescription()); try { if(currentFeed.getThumbnailUrl() != null) { downloadThumbnail(mViewHolder.cover, currentFeed.getThumbnailUrl()); } } catch(Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return convertView; } private static class ViewHolder { TextView title; TextView description; ImageView cover; } So I have done some manual benchmarking and it appears that allocating an instance of Feed is the source of this slowness: final Feed currentFeed = getItem(position); I know this because I have written another version of this to compare the two: // Here is the origin of the issue ! //final Feed currentFeed = getItem(position); mViewHolder.title.setText("Title"); mViewHolder.description.setText("Description"); try { if(currentFeed.getThumbnailUrl() != null) { downloadThumbnail(mViewHolder.cover, "some url"); } } catch(Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } This one was way smoother (even with the downloadThumbnail() method working). I also precise that there are only 15 items on my ListView. I know that allocating objects is very expensive because of garbage collection but I can't any other way to do it! Any idea? Thanks! EDIT Don't mind too much about the downloadThumbnail() method, it already does some caching. And actually even without any picture, it's still slow. A: When user scrolls the list, getView gets called on the adapter. Make sure that you dont do same things repeatedly, for example generating thumbnail. If number of items is limited (for example video content), then you can create all views and keep it ready for get view. Otherwise you may have to implement cacheing. Below code shows an adapter and listView implementation, where in all listviews are created and stored in memory. Since this is meant for video browsing, memory does not pose any issue. (limited number of content, max 100) Video List Adapter import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Formatter; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.List; import java.util.Locale; import android.content.ContentResolver; import android.content.Context; import android.content.res.Resources; import android.database.Cursor; import android.graphics.Bitmap; import android.graphics.Color; import android.provider.MediaStore; import android.util.Log; import android.view.LayoutInflater; import android.view.View; import android.view.ViewGroup; import android.widget.BaseAdapter; import android.widget.ImageView; import android.widget.LinearLayout; import android.widget.TextView; import android.widget.LinearLayout.LayoutParams; public class VideoListAdapter extends BaseAdapter { private Context mContext = null; private HashMap<String, VideoListItem> mHashedItems = new HashMap<String, VideoListItem>(); private static final String TAG = "VideoListAdapter"; public static final int VIDEO_CONTENT_ID = 0; public static final int VIDEO_CONTENT_TITLE = 1; public static final int VIDEO_CONTENT_DURATION = 2; public static final int VIDEO_CONTENT_RESOLUTION = 3; public static final int VIDEO_CONTENT_MIME = 4; private Cursor mCursorForVideoList = null; private ContentResolver mContentResolver = null; private int mListCount = 0; VideoListAdapter(Context context, ContentResolver cr) { mContext = context; mContentResolver = cr; Log.i(TAG, "In the Constructor"); mCursorForVideoList = mContentResolver.query(MediaStore.Video.Media.EXTERNAL_CONTENT_URI, new String[] { MediaStore.MediaColumns._ID, MediaStore.MediaColumns.TITLE, MediaStore.Video.VideoColumns.DURATION, MediaStore.Video.VideoColumns.RESOLUTION }, null, null, null); mListCount = mCursorForVideoList.getCount(); } @Override public int getCount() { return mListCount; } @Override public Object getItem(int arg0) { return getVideoListItem(arg0); } @Override public long getItemId(int position) { //Log.i(TAG, "position : " + position); return position; } @Override public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) { //Log.i(TAG, "GetView :: Position : " + position); return getVideoListItem(position); } private VideoListItem getVideoListItem(int position) { //Log.i(TAG, "getVideoListItem :: Position : " + position); String key = Integer.toString(position); VideoListItem item = mHashedItems.get(key); if(item == null) { //Log.i(TAG, "New getVideoListItem :: Position : " + position); mCursorForVideoList.moveToPosition(position); mHashedItems.put(key, new VideoListItem(mContext, mContentResolver, mCursorForVideoList)); } return mHashedItems.get(key); } }; Video List View import java.util.Formatter; import java.util.Locale; import android.content.ContentResolver; import android.content.Context; import android.content.res.Resources; import android.database.Cursor; import android.graphics.Bitmap; import android.graphics.Color; import android.graphics.Typeface; import android.provider.MediaStore; import android.util.Log; import android.view.LayoutInflater; import android.view.View; import android.widget.ImageView; import android.widget.LinearLayout; import android.widget.TableLayout; import android.widget.TextView; import android.widget.LinearLayout.LayoutParams; class VideoListItem extends LinearLayout { private static final String TAG = "VideoListAdapter"; private ImageView mThumbnail = null; private TextView mDuration = null; private TextView mTitle = null; private TextView mResolution = null; private LayoutInflater mLayoutFactory = null; private long mContentId = 0; public VideoListItem(Context context, ContentResolver cr, Cursor cursor) { super(context); LinearLayout.LayoutParams params = new LinearLayout.LayoutParams(LayoutParams.FILL_PARENT, LayoutParams.FILL_PARENT); params.setMargins(10, 10, 10, 10); mLayoutFactory = LayoutInflater.from(context); View thisView = mLayoutFactory.inflate(R.layout.videolistitem, null); addView(thisView); mThumbnail = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.thumbnail); mDuration = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.DDuration); mTitle = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.DTitle); mResolution = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.DResolution); mThumbnail.setLayoutParams(new LinearLayout.LayoutParams(144, 144)); Resources r = this.getResources(); Bitmap bMap = MediaStore.Video.Thumbnails.getThumbnail(cr, cursor.getLong(VideoListAdapter.VIDEO_CONTENT_ID), MediaStore.Video.Thumbnails.MINI_KIND, null); if(bMap != null) { mThumbnail.setImageBitmap(Bitmap.createScaledBitmap(bMap, 128, 128, true)); } else { mThumbnail.setImageDrawable(r.getDrawable(R.drawable.error)); } mThumbnail.setPadding(16, 16, 16, 16); mTitle.setText(cursor.getString(VideoListAdapter.VIDEO_CONTENT_TITLE)); mTitle.setSingleLine(); mTitle.setTextColor(Color.GREEN); mResolution.setText(cursor.getString(VideoListAdapter.VIDEO_CONTENT_RESOLUTION)); mResolution.setSingleLine(); mResolution.setTextColor(Color.RED); mDuration.setText(stringForTime(cursor.getInt(VideoListAdapter.VIDEO_CONTENT_DURATION))); mDuration.setSingleLine(); mDuration.setTextColor(Color.CYAN); mContentId = cursor.getLong(VideoListAdapter.VIDEO_CONTENT_ID); } public long getContentId() { return mContentId; } private StringBuilder mFormatBuilder = null; private Formatter mFormatter = null; private String stringForTime(int timeMs) { int totalSeconds = timeMs / 1000; mFormatBuilder = new StringBuilder(); mFormatter = new Formatter(mFormatBuilder, Locale.getDefault()); int seconds = totalSeconds % 60; int minutes = (totalSeconds / 60) % 60; int hours = totalSeconds / 3600; mFormatBuilder.setLength(0); if (hours > 0) { return mFormatter.format("%d:%02d:%02d", hours, minutes, seconds).toString(); } else { return mFormatter.format("%02d:%02d", minutes, seconds).toString(); } } }; Shash	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Barb Bond Barbara Bond (born August 9, 1962) is an American former rugby union player. She captained the at the first Women's Rugby World Cup in 1991. They defeated 19-6 in the final to claim the 1991 World Cup. She participated at the 1994 Women's Rugby World Cup, and 1998 Women's Rugby World Cup. Life She graduated from Reed College. References External links https://www.usarugby.org/player/barb-bond/ https://www.goffrugbyreport.com/news/25-years-ago-march-top-began http://scrumhalfconnection.com/2016/04/15/91-usa-rugby-womens-rugby-world-cup-winners-honored/ Category:Living people Category:United States women's international rugby union players Category:American female rugby union players Category:Female rugby union players Category:1962 births	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Q: MVC Razor RadioButtonFor in ForEach loop I am new to MVC. I am trying to render questions with options using radio buttons. Here is what I have tried. I am able to display questions with options using radio buttons, but I can select only one radio button across the questions. Model: public class CheckListModel() { IEnumerable<QuestionModel> Questions { get; set; } } Public class QuestionModel() { Int Id { get; set; } string Question { get; set; } IEnumerable<AnswerModel> Answers { get; set; } } Public class AnswerModel() { Int Id { get; set; } string Answer { get; set; } } View: @if (Model != null) { if (Model.CheckListModel != null) { int i = 0; <div class="form-group"> <fieldset> @foreach (var question in Model.CheckListModel.Questions) { <legend>@question.Question</legend> foreach (var answer in question.Answers) { i++; string nameAtt = "Grp" + i.ToString(); <div class="radio"> @Html.RadioButtonFor(a => a.eCheckListModel.Questions.Where( q => q.Id == question.Id).FirstOrDefault().Answers.Where(b => b.Id == answer.Id).FirstOrDefault ().Answer, answer.Id.ToString(), new { @name = nameAtt, @id = nameAtt }) @answer.Answer </div> } } </fieldset> </div> } } A: Your approach wont work because the name attribute of each radio button is not being renered correctly. Using ... new { @name = nameAtt,.. is pointless because Html Helpers override any attempt to set the name attribute. Firstly, populate your view models in the controller (populate each question with the answers relevant to that question) and add a property to the QuestionModel that allows you to bind the selected answer. Models public class CheckListModel { public List<QuestionModel> Questions { get; set; } // use List (easier for indexing the name attribute ... // other properties of model } public class QuestionModel { public int Id { get; set; } public string Question { get; set; } public int SelectedAnswer { get; set; } // Add this public List<AnswerModel> Answers { get; set; } } public class AnswerModel { public int ID { get; set; } public string Answer { get; set; } } View @model YourAssembly.CheckListModel @using (Html.BeginForm()) { .... for (int i = 0; i < Model.Questions.Count; i++) { @Html.HiddenFor(m => m.Questions[i].ID) // for postback <p>@Model.Questions[i].Question</p> for (int j = 0; j < Model.Questions[i].Answers.Count; j++) { <div> @Html.RadioButtonFor(m => m.Questions[i].SelectedAnswer, Model.Questions[i].Answers[j].ID) <span>@Model.Questions[i].Answers[j].Answer</span> </div> } } .... } This will render inputs <input type="hidden" name="Questions[0].ID".., <input type="radio" name="Questions[0].SelectedAnswer".. etc	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
CHARLEVOIX COUNTY, Mich. — Charlevoix Police and Fire may switch from a full-time fire department to a volunteer fire department in order to pay their EMS providers more. The proposal stems from a growing need for emergency medical services in the area, UpNorthLive.com reports. "Through the years we have had less and less fire calls and more and more ambulance calls,” said Shirley Gibson, City of Charlevoix City Council 3rd Ward. “That means that's where we need to focus where we put our money." In 2014, there were 832 EMS calls and 107 fire calls. In order to retain EMS services, the county said it has to pay more to maintain wages that are competitive with other EMS services in the area. The money will come from the switch from a paid fire service to a volunteer fire service. "Saving the $190,000 a year will enable the city to pay the EMS individuals a competitive wage,” said Gibson. “We haven't been paying that much for years and that's been an issue." EMS serves the city of Charlevoix, Charlevoix Township, Hayes Township, Marion Township, Norwood Township, and a portion of Eveline Township. Charlevoix Police and Fire has a total of 19 firefighters, but only one is full time. The department serves the city of Charlevoix and a portion of Eveline Township. The department has been losing fire service contracts with other townships, and there isn’t enough money to maintain the service. "The volunteer organization was here before this happened. This isn't anything new,” said Chief Gerard Doan, City of Charlevoix Police and Fire. “The only thing that’s changing is the person in-house. We will still have people responding to your fire needs when the call arises." If approved, the transition from a full-time fire department to volunteer will go into effect sometime in August.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
A candid examination of right-wing policies and the Democrats who play along and the horrid liberal policies designed to assuage the moderates but end up irritating everyone. And other stuff. And now, Authorized and paid for, Soglin for Mayor,Scott Herrick Treasurer. Yeah. Three thoughts prompted by that list. First, there’s been enormous consolidation in the market for high-speed Internet access services. All those mergers. The most recent figures from the FCC, released in February of this year, show that when it comes to local access at or above 3 Mbps most Americans have a choice of at most two providers - a duopoly. What’s really interesting, though, is the second thing the list should make you think about. When it comes to access at higher than 6 Mbps speeds, cable is clearly in charge. Over 96% of that market is cable’s - and the big players don’t compete with one another. Those are the speeds you need to watch video. And that’s why the relative size of the merger isn’t all that relevant. What’s relevant is the market power that Comcast has in particular regions to provide what is rapidly becoming a single fast pipe to the home. Over that pipe, the cable industry’s view is that Internet access can take up a few channels but that the rest of the pipe belongs to them. And they have every interest in ensuring that alternative video marketplaces online don’t take off. ...No one has ever seen a lobbying campaign to equal this one. That’s the third thought prompted by the picture: those other guys were pikers compared to Comcast. It looks like Comcast-NBCU is a done deal. Too bad. - Barry Orton Comments You can follow this conversation by subscribing to the comment feed for this post.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Q: CSS Browser Detection I dont understand why the HTML5 website I am working on is different in all browsers. I know it must be CSS, but I dont know what. on Chrome: http://slackmoehrle.com/chrome.png on Safari: http://slackmoehrle.com/safari.png on IE 7: http://slackmoehrle.com/ie7.png on FireFox Mac: http://slackmoehrle.com/firefox.png the style sheet can be found here: http://slackmoehrle.com/css.css Can anyone shed any insight? Many are saying that browser detection is not a good method, but I dont see what to do to make this all work in the various browsers UPDATE: without using a CSS reset: http://slackmoehrle.com/test/without-reset/ with using a CSS reset: http://slackmoehrle.com/test/with-reset/ A: Have a look at using a CSS reset stylesheet My personal favorite is Meyer's: http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/css/reset/	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Sandra Black (economist) Sandra Eilene Black (born 1969) is a Professor of Economics and International and Public Affairs at Columbia University. She received her B.A. from UC Berkeley and her Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University. Since that time, she worked as an economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and as an assistant, associate, and ultimately full professor in the Department of Economics at UCLA before arriving at the University of Texas at Austin in 2010. She is currently a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), a research affiliate at IZA Institute of Labor Economics, and a nonresident senior fellow at Brookings Institution. She served as a Member of Barack Obama’s Council of Economic Advisers from August 2015 to January 2017. Research Her research focuses on the role of early life experiences on the long-run outcomes of children, as well as issues of gender and discrimination. Selected Works Black, Sandra E., and Lisa M. Lynch. "How to compete: the impact of workplace practices and information technology on productivity." Review of Economics and statistics 83, no. 3 (2001): 434-445. Black, Sandra E. "Do better schools matter? Parental valuation of elementary education." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 114, no. 2 (1999): 577-599. Black, Sandra E., and Lisa M. Lynch. "Human-capital investments and productivity." The American economic review 86, no. 2 (1996): 263-267. Black, Sandra E., Paul J. Devereux, and Kjell G. Salvanes. "The more the merrier? The effect of family size and birth order on children's education." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 120, no. 2 (2005): 669-700. Black, Sandra E., Paul J. Devereux, and Kjell G. Salvanes. "From the cradle to the labor market? The effect of birth weight on adult outcomes." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 122, no. 1 (2007): 409-439. References External links Personal website Category:United States Council of Economic Advisers Category:American women economists Category:21st-century American economists Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Labor economists Category:University of California, Los Angeles faculty Category:University of Texas at Austin faculty Category:1969 births Category:Living people Category:Education economists Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni Category:Brookings Institution	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Q: How do I debug a stack overflow? I was wondering if anyone has had a similar experience. I am trying to trace the source of a problem but am coming up with nil. I have a project in Delphi 5 which has Report Builder reports on it. I needed an upgraded version of reportbuilder so I tried running the project in Delphi 7. When my project runs and I click a button to view a report, it views fine. However, if I use a paramstr to run the report (showmainform is set false) and show report procedure runs, I get get a stack overflow error. The original code was : if lowercase(ParamStr(1)) = 'termsexceeded' then begin reportsdata.termsexceeded.close; reportsdata.termsexceeded.open; reports.ppTermsExceeded.print; reportsdata.termsexceeded.close; application.terminate; end; And it gave me the stack overflow error on the .print function. The code that works in Delphi 7 is : if lowercase(ParamStr(1)) = 'termsexceeded' then begin reportsdata.termsexceeded.close; reportsdata.termsexceeded.open; reports.left := -10000; reports.show; reports.ppTermsExceeded.print; reportsdata.termsexceeded.close; application.terminate; end; Has anybody got a suggestion on how I could debug this to see if the problem lies with my Delphi 7 or with Reportbuilder ? There are no events on the .show event of the reports form. Any advice on how to get to the bottom of this would be appreciated. Regards A: When you get a stack overflow, use the debugger. It will interrupt your program when the OS throws the exception, and at that time, you can use the debugger's call stack window to see the path a function calls that lead there. You'll probably see a certain function or sequence of functions repeated many times. When you've found the repeating pattern, check the code to see why it's repeating. Look for a condition is supposed to have changed, but doesn't.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
I wanted to watch a movie with him HE told me to call him after the first 30%. 56,313 shares	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
[The grading of cellular and structural atypia in cancer and related lesions using multivariate analysis]. In morphologically diagnosing cancer, pathologists' attention is focussed on the presence or absence of atypia, i.e., the form of cells and tissues deviated from the norm, and if it is present, on its grade. However, due to retarded development of techniques for the objective evaluation of its grade, separation of cancer from premalignant lesions still meets great ambiguity. Particularly, the boundaries of "dysplasia" with cancer and noncancerous lesions are not defined in clear morphological terms and are susceptible to a strong between-observers fluctuation. In this paper we outlined our recent efforts to establish in various organs a statistically most adequate, and therefore reproducible, classification of atypical lesions, resorting to morphometry and multivariate analysis. Two examples were given: atypia of the pancreatic duct epithelia as an object for the study of purely cellular abnormalities, and hepatocellular carcinoma, which required also to quantify the atypia of tissue structures, The classifications thus established proved to be the most adequate, in that, they closely reflected the grade of malignancy in a clinical as well as biological sense, as shown by the clear between-categorier differences in oncogene mutation, DNA ploidy pattern, the patients' prognoses, and so on.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Barrow, AK weather in March 1950 Temperature for March 1950 In March 1950 the average high temperature in Barrow, AK was -5.0°F, and this was 1.7°F warmer than the average of -6.7°F. The hottest day in March 1950 was 9 March when the temperature reached 7.0°F. Overnight the average temperature in March is -20.2°F and in 1950 the average overnight temperature was 3.8°F warmer at -16.4°F. Precipitation for March 1950 In March the average monthly rainfall in Barrow, AK is 0.16 inches with rain usually falling on 0 days. In March 1950 there was a total of 0.00 inches of rain, that fell on 0 days. Information The climate summary for this page is based on data from the Global Summary of the Day and is based on weather observations between January 1945 and December 2012.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Periodically, new recipes are added. If you want to be warned, you can subscribe (free) to the Letter from Greece Aguinarès I Arakas (artichokes with green peas) Clean artichokes means 6. Keep the hearts removed the "hay" with the base of young leaves. Cut in 4 and plunge into a bowl of water with a juice lemon. Sauté in a pan 500 grams of onions new sliced in a little olive oil over approximately 5 minutes. Add 500 grams of peas, artichokes, 1 bunch of chopped dill, 1 to 2 dl olive oil and a little water. Season with salt and pepper to taste and cook over average 20 to 30 minutes. Serve hot. Amygdalopita (almond cake) In a large bowl, put 1.5 cups of tea sugar, add 5 eggs and go to the whip. Add: 200g. melted margarine zest of one lemon or orange 2 teacups semolina (simigdali) 250g. ground almonds 1.5 teacups flour 1 packet of baking powder 1 / 4 C.C. cinnamon. Mix and pour into a round mold previously buttered. Bake in preheated oven at 180 degrees for 40 minutes. Before serving, when the cake is cooled, pour over a hot syrup prepared as Next: In a small saucepan cook 15 to 20 minutes 2 teacups of sugar with 1 cup water grated orange peel and a little cinnamon. Note: in Greece, when it comes to margarine, is used a particular brand of "NEO VITAM. So if you can you get, you use that one preference. Arni fourno domates me sto (pieces of lamb with tomatoes) Cut 1.5 kilograms of lamb into chunks (stew). Cook the meat 30 minutes in a saucepan with salted water (water should just simmer). Preheat oven to 180 degrees. Sewer meat to 1 cup of cooking water aside for later. Place the meat in a dish baking. Sprinkle with lemon juice, then add: 1kg of peeled tomatoes 3 cloves garlic, finely minced cup cooking water chopped parsley 1.5 dl olive oil Add salt and pepper. Bake until the liquid aie been absorbed, it must remain the sauce. Baklava Melt butter plate plant water bath, then using a brush, grease one to one each leaf of a package of phyllo dough (approx. 500 or 650g). Place 2 sheets of phyllo in pan, spread over a little mixture of nuts, almonds, place 1 sheet of dough filo, and repeat ... Finish with 8 to 10 sheets of filo. Using the tip of a knife, score the surface first with horizontal lines and diagonal lines, so as to have diamonds. It is important to do this kind of pre-cut shares before cooking, because after the leaves of filo will be crisp and fragile to be cut. Bake 30 minutes at 180 degrees, then lower to 150 degrees and continue baking for another 30 to 45 minutes until baklava is golden and crisp. It's a dessert that is prepared on one or 2 days in advance it will only get better. Donuts zucchini approximately 4 people Brush under running water, then grate in a bowl 1 kg zucchini (preferably choose a large zucchini that tiny). 6 C.C. Add salt and let drain for an hour. Squeeze the zucchini to remove the juice. Add and mix: 4 eggs 1 bunch parsley, minced 20 sprigs of dill, minced 100g grated cheese Kefalotyri 1 C.C. salt 150 to 200g of flour (depending on the consistency of the mixture) Heat the olive oil in a skillet and pour donuts by spoonfuls. Cook a few minutes each side. Briam (vegetables Summer in the oven) for 4 to 6 people Place in a large baking dish baking: 3 large potatoes washed, peeled and chopped 2 medium eggplants washed and chopped pieces 3 small zucchini washed and cut into pieces about 1 cm 1 green pepper, washed and sliced 3 to 4 tomatoes washed and sliced pieces 2 to 3 onions, peeled and chopped sliced 3 cloves garlic, peeled and chopped finely 2 dl olive oil salt, oregano, dill Bake approximately 90 minutes at 180 degrees. Go back 2 or 3 times the vegetables during cooking. Broccoli or cauliflower Cook the broccoli or cauliflower as usual. Drizzle with olive oil and lemon juice. Shrimp au gratin Preheat oven to 200 degrees. Place the following ingredients in layers in a baking dish: Cooked and peeled shrimp · Tomato chunks Feta pieces · Grated cheese Ketchup Bake at 200 degrees until mixture is golden-brown. Remove water and return to oven 5 minutes. Dolmades (stuffed vine leaves) meatless In a saucepan, sauté 1 large onion chopped very finely in a little olive oil. When it starts to become transparent, add one cup of long grain rice grain (like American cup for coffee or tea). Let the rice cook for a few minutes to take a slight staining. Add 1 ½ cups water 1 bunch of parsley, some mint leaves (fresh preference) chopped. Season with salt, pepper, a little cinnamon. Boil 5 minutes. Add 1 handful of raisins if desired. Stuff grape leaves with 1 teaspoon of mixture. Fold first the sides, then roll. Place grape leaves in the bottom of pan in the tightly against each of the remaining. Add 1 / 3 cup olive oil, juice of one lemon, 2 cups water. Ask a plate on the dolmas to prevent them from moving during cooking. Cover and cook over low heat about 1h. (check the leaves are tender and rice well cooked). Fassolada fassolia or soup (soup of white beans) Rinse beans. Put in a saucepan with plenty of water. Bake 20 minutes, then drain the water. Return to heat with 1.7 liters hot water and add: 1 stalk celery, sliced 2 to 3 carrots cleaned and chopped sliced 2 to 3 onions cleaned and chopped sliced Bake about 40 minutes on medium heat, then add: 2 tomatoes peeled and chopped 1 to 2 dl tomato puree a little parsley, if desired few coriander leaves, if desired 1 dl olive oil 1 C.C. salt Bake another 30 minutes to 1 hour. Add liquid if necessary. Before serving, taste, adjust seasoning. We can also be added if desired Juice of half a lemon or 2 to 3 tsp vinegar (wine vinegar). Note: Typically used in winter. Accompanied by delicious example, simply with bread and feta. Fassolakia I Yanita potatoes (green beans with potatoes) for 4 to 6 people Slice 2 medium onions Cut in half 2 cloves garlic. Sauté onion and garlic in a saucepan with 1 cup (mug U.S.) olive oil. Meanwhile, remove stems 1kg large green beans dishes. Add beans to saucepan. While the beans begin to cook, wash, peel, and cut into 4 lengthwise 2 potatoes. Put in the pan. Wash and chop 500g of tomatoes. Put in pan. Add salt and pepper and add a few sprigs of parsley chopped water. Cook over medium heat and covered for 1h1 0. Serve hot or cold with the feta. Feta accompaniment Cut cheese into slices (approximately one slice per person). The deposit side by side other on a plate. Drizzle with olive oil and sprinkle with dried oregano. Leaves vine (preparation) for stuffed grape leaves For the preparation of dolmades, you can use vine leaves in brine. In this case, 24h disalienation let in water. One can also easily prepare leaves itself. Choices must be preferably Young leaves, tender, large. After removing the stalks and leaves washed, you will launder approximately 5 minutes in a pan boiling salted water. Sewer and then leaves Place under a stream of cold tap water. Fund Artichoke Lemon for 2 people in a main dish Sauté in a saucepan with a little olive oil, preparing and adding ingredients one by one: 4 onions cut into small scoop washers 2 or 3 carrots (depending on size) cut into small washers 1 / 2 bunch dill, chopped with a knife Add 3 medium potatoes washed, peeled and cut into 2 or 4 Add about 7 dl e and to bring to a boil Add: a package of frozen artichoke hearts already prepared, 400g to 600g (cut into 2 if they are too large) juice of half a lemon 1 dl olive oil Reduce heat and cook covered over medium heat 40 to 50 minutes. 3CS Add cornstarch dissolved in a little water. Serve hot or warm. Galaktobouriko, simplified version In a saucepan, beat 1 cup of tea 6 eggs with sugar, mix and add 1 cup of tea fine semolina, 7 tea cups milk Grated zest of ½ lemon, 2 vanilla, 1 pinch of salt. Beat the mixture with a small whisk while bringing to boil. From the mixture just begins to boil, reduce the temperature of the plate over low heat, continue stirring for 10 minutes. Remove from heat. Meanwhile, 450g butter sheets filo (phyllo Kroustas). In a buttered baking dish, place one by one the half of filo sheets, pay the mixture cooled, then cover with remaining sheets of filo. Brush the top with a little water. Bake 1 hour in the middle of the oven to 180 degrees Celsius. (roof top heat and bottom) Gratin eggplant, light version for about 4 people Meanwhile, prepare sauce with 3 tomatoes, 2 onions chopped finely, a little salt, that we will Cook approx. 10 minutes in a small saucepan. Skip Next the mixer. Place in layers in baking dish (2 or 3 layers): grilled eggplant, tomato sauce and grated cheese. Broil in oven. Serve with bread or as "Metz". Horiatiki salata for about 4 people Put in a bowl: 3 tomatoes, chopped 1 small cucumber, cut into pieces 1 / 2 peppers drained and cut into strips salt Cut the feta into small cubes of olive oil It puts the salt before the cheese because the cheese is already a salty cheese ... Htapodi xidato (octopus salad with vinegar) In a saucepan first tentacles cook 10 minutes with a little water. Add the head and cooking time for little broth, cover, until pieces are tender (check with the tip of a knife) and have made a bright pink color. Sewer, dice and return to pot. For octopus of about 1kg, add about 1 dl vinegar, 1 dl olive oil. Cook a few minutes. transfer to a bowl and store in refrigerator (must be served cold). To serve, garnish with quarters lemon. Note: As prepared, the octopus salad keeps 3 to 4 days refrigerated. Pieces should be well covered with liquid. Htipiti or Xtipiti Saute about 20 to 30 minutes 4 small green peppers clear elongated and 1 pepper red, chopped in a pan with some oil oil (a little is still several CS). Then pass through a blender after adding ingredients following: 1 clove garlic, minced salt (1 / 2 to 1 Ç.Ç Ç.Ç) 1 Greek yogurt 200 g feta cheese into chunks 2 C.S. lemon juice Serve with bread or as "Metz". Kotopoulo I bamies (chicken with okra) for 4 people Put in a saucepan: 3 medium onions or shallots, minced 4 medium tomatoes past the mixer (or detailed into small pieces) 5 to 10 branches of parsley finely chiseled few branches of celery finely chiseled 7.5 dl water 2 C.S. olive oil salt Cook covered about 30 minutes on hot fire (the mixture should simmer). Meanwhile, wash 1 kg bamiès (okra), then cook about 20 mintutes in a skillet with a little olive oil and salt. Then put the tomato mixture and bamiès in a large ovenproof dish. Y table 4 slices of chicken (or other pieces of your choice). Bake approximately 1 hour (or longer if necessary) in the lower oven to 180 degrees. When water boils, add about 1.5 dl olive oil and a packet of pasta Kritharaki 500g. Bake 15 minutes covered, over medium (water should just simmer) and add a box crushed tomatoes and cook another 10 minutes. Serve as an accompaniment with meat. Note: If necessary, the pasta Kritharaki "(Greece) may be replaced by "Rison" (Italy). Macaronia Pastitsio me feta for approximately 6 people Boil water in a large saucepan, add salt and throw 500 g of macaroni into rain. Cook al dente and drain in a colander. Add a few knobs of butter to the macaroni and mix. In a large oiled baking dish, place one-one pasta 6 sheets of phyllo and brush lightly butter or oil one after another. Pour over the macaroni. In a bowl, mix: 4 eggs 2 dl milk 250 g feta coarsely grated 100g grated cheese salt and freshly ground white pepper a little nutmeg Pour the mixture over the pasta. Place over one to one 6 sheets of pasta phyllo and brush lightly with butter or oil one after another. Precut portions future pastitsio using the tip a knife. Bake at 180 degrees 30 to 40 minutes (check for doneness). Melitzanosalata (mashed eggplant) for 4 to 6 people Grill a large eggplant 500g for 1 hour in the oven to 190 degrees. Empty the eggplant to keep the pulp. Put in a bowl. Add: 6 C.S. olive oil 2 C.S. lemon juice 1 large clove garlic (or 2 small) increased the garlic press few sprigs of parsley, cut into small pieces 1 C.S. convex tahina 1 / 2 C.C. ground cumin 1 C.C. salt Skip to mix. Serve with bread or as "Metz". Keeps about 2 days in refrigerator. Melitzanosalata no2 (mashed eggplant) Grill the eggplant or during about 1 hour in oven at 190 degrees (less than 500g). Empty for the eggplant and remove the pulp. With a knife, reduce pulp mashed and put in a bowl. Add and mix: of olive oil vinegar (red wine vinegar) chopped parsley of oregano chopped onion if desired salt and pepper Taste, adjust seasoning. Serve with bread or as "Metz". Keeps about 2 days in refrigerator. Eggs Red Easter The color is obtained by boiling for several hours of red onion skins. The water then takes a color purple. The eggs are cooked separately, then we let marinate all day in the cooking water peel onions. Squash oranges how artichoke hearts with lemon for about 4 people We have tried to replace the artichoke hearts by orange squash. With success! You can follow recipe already described above replacing the artichoke hearts with 3 squash oranges (or 2) you have removed the skin and removed seeds and you will then cut into chunks. Mix well until a paste no longer sticky and is very elastic. Form a ball, cover a line and let stand 30 minutes to 1 hour until aie the dough doubled in volume. Divide dough into 12 parts and roll out each piece with rolling pin to get pancakes. Place patties stained olive oil between floured cloths. Preheat oven to 250 ° C. Meanwhile, let stand cakes another 20 min (not CHARGED). Bake at 250 ° C for 3 to 5 minutes. (several batches required) Chicken with green pepper and rice for about 4 people In a large skillet, sauté in a little olive oil a green pepper cut into thin strips, and 3 medium onions sliced. Set aside in a large serving dish goes oven. In skillet, brown chicken about 1k300 cut into 4 to 8 pieces. Fill the pan with water almost to the brim. Add bay leaf crumbled, 1 / 2 teaspoon coriander powder, a little saffron, salt and freshly ground pepper, a little of Tabasco. Cook covered over during hot 30 minutes. When cooking chicken, peel 2 tomatoes after having boiled 30 seconds, cut into small dice and add to mixture in serving platter. Also add 1 C.C. concentrate tomatoes, 1 handful of dried sultanas and 300 g long grain rice, salt and pepper, mix the whole and cover with water level. Preheat oven to 220 degrees. (Heat top and bottom of the oven). Bake chicken uncovered still about 15 minutes (add water if necessary). When the chicken is cooked, place the pieces in serving platter, drizzle with a little olive oil and make Bake 20 to 30 minutes until ale rice absorbed all the liquid. Octopus - How to prepare To prevent the flesh is rubbery tenderize octopus beating very hard, but without crushing. (for small octopus, this operation is not necessary). If the octopus had been frozen you allow to thaw slowly and you will not need to fight. Rinse the octopus more until the water is more too disturbed black. Then clean under running water to remove all impurities. Cut octopus into two head. Start by cleaning the head by removing and laying the intestines, the ink sac, eyes. Back head (so that the inside or outside). Off and discard the nerve tissue that is easily removed as a film. Remove and discard the beak, which is located between the tentacles. The octopus is ready to be cooked. Prasopita (leek pie) Ingredients: 1 kg of leeks 5 onions (onion futures) 2 dl olive oil 4 eggs 2 C.S. curved flour 2 dl milk 250 g. of feta sprigs of dill (about 1 / 2 bunch) sprigs parsley salt and freshly ground pepper butter crumbs Clean the leeks, cut into sections about 1cm. Heat a skillet and pour oil 2dl Olive. Sauté the leeks for about 10 minutes, until no liquid. Meanwhile, preheat oven to 180 degrees and mix in a bowl the other ingredients: 5 onions detailed sections approximately 1cm 4 eggs 2 C.S. curved flour 2 dl milk 250 g. of crumbled feta with a fork sprigs of chopped dill sprigs of parsley chopped Put the leeks in a bowl, mix a little. Pour the mixture into a round Pyrex dish (dish pie) previously buttered and generously covered a good layer of breadcrumbs. Add salt and pepper. Bake approximately 45 minutes to 1 hour at 180 degrees. Best served the pie from the oven or is still warm. Variations: my stepmother, who gave me the idea This simple recipe, does not bind eggs -- flour - milk, but replaces those ingredients in a sauce light bechamel. Note: For the original recipe of prasopita follow the directions above but without preparing Liaison eggs - flour - milk (bechamel and without either ...). Use of Filo below the preparation and above. Using the tip of a knife, score the surface first with horizontal lines and lines diagonal, so as to have diamonds. It is important to do this kind of pre-cut shares before cooking, because after the leaves of phyllo are crisp and delicate carving. Saganaki Choose a cheese type Kefalograviera or Kefalotiri. Cut into slices. Skip the slices in the flour, pressing to adhere. Note: You can use such slices saganaki with fries, sausages and a peasant salad. Those which will prevent the regime may be this kind of heat rather flat ... Salad Cucumber approximately 4 people Put in a bowl: 1 large cucumber, cut into 2 in the lengthwise then tracks of olive oil 1 small clove garlic, finely chopped salt few mint leaves, finely chopped Salad of potatoes and carrots - to how my step-mother Maria Rinse the vegetables in water common. Cook the potatoes and carrots in a large saucepan of boiling salted water. When vegetables are cooked, drain, cool, peel and cut pieces in a bowl. Drizzle with olive oil and vinegar (select wine vinegar) in quantity, and sprinkle with salt minced parsley. Serve in a cold buffet, Picnic for example, with meatballs. SALTSA avgolemono (lemon sauce and eggs) Combine in a saucepan and cook on low heat: 4 C.S. cornstarch (corn flour =) 3 egg yolks 3 cups tea cups Salt and pepper Stir constantly until sauce thickens. Remove from heat and add a little butter and lemon juice. Sandwiches grilled eggplant Prepare sandwiches with in Agenda: 1 slice bread 2 slices of grilled eggplant slices of feta oregano sliced tomatoes olive oil 1 slice bread Sauce yogurt lemon - accompaniment for meat Mix ingredients following: 1 Greek yogurt 1 clove of garlic 1 / 2 lemon zest 3 C.S. lemon juice 1 dash of olive oil 1 / 3 C.C. coriander powder 1 / 3 C.C. paprika salt, pepper Note: In Greece I never at the opportunity to eat a dish with a sauce like this one. But I was served several times like a sauce to accompany with meat in Greek restaurants (outside Greece ..). It is served with meat, it is delicious with lamb fillets. Scordalia (equivalent of aioli) fast version "on Ode " for about 4 people Bring to a boil: 2 dl mixture 1 / 3 milk and 2 / 3 water Remove from heat and add: 30 g. flakes mashed potatoes (serving 1 person) 3 cloves garlic past the garlic press 3 C.S. olive oil 3 C.S. lemon juice 1 slice bread Put everything in a blender Supped I Kritharaki for 4 people Heat a saucepan and add preparing them one by one: about half a mug (cup type American coffee or tea) oil Olive about 4 medium tomatoes cut into 2 2 carrots, coarsely chopped 1 stalk celery, sliced 2 large cups (cup type for the U.S. coffee or tea) water few sprigs of parsley, cut into small piece (1 bouillon cube) 1CS salt, pepper Bring to a boil, then reduce fire and cook over medium heat, covered, 10 minutes. Put everything in a blender in the pot plunger. Add 6 cups water and 1 cup of pasta kritharaki. Bring to a boil, then reduce heat and cook over medium heat, covered, about 20 minutes. Serve in bowls with grated Kefalotyri or sliced Souvlaki me pita Marinate the meat of your choice cut into small cubes with olive oil, lemon juice, oregano. Add salt just before cooking. Thread the meat on wooden skewers. Grill BBQ or stove. Heat the pita (count 1 pita for 2 skewers of meat). To remove meat from each skewer, shaking beef with the pita in one hand. and pull the skewer on the other hand. Spanakorizo (spinach rice) for 4 people in support Sauté 2 to 3 onions chopped in a saucepan with one cup (U.S. cup type for coffee or tea) olive oil. Add a bunch of chopped onions inside scoop and a bunch of chopped dill. Add 1.5 kg of frozen spinach, a whole little water and salt 1CS. Bake approximately 10 minutes. Add 1 cup rinsed rice and the juice of a lemon. Bake approximately 20 minutes to cover fire smooth. Taramosalata (pureed roe mullet) In a bowl, soak 250g a little stale bread into small pieces in water or milk. Squeeze the bread, remove excess liquid. Add 250g Tarama (mullet roe). The eggs of mullet can be replaced if necessary by cod roe. Add if you want a shallot, minced finely. Skip quickly to mix. Gradually add 1 / 2 cup olive oil and juice of 1.5 lemons until the mixture makes a beautiful color. Put the mixture into a bowl. Smooth puree and serve with slices of bread with sesame. Groups fried zucchini Fry in a pan with olive oil zucchini cut into thin slices (in the meaning of the length or width is equal) and past in flour. In a large bowl, pour 1 cup of sugar, the zest of one orange 1 / 2 teaspoon salt, add 1 / 2 cup of warm milk and mix. Break 5 eggs into the bowl while stirring vigorously with a whip. Add gently the remaining flour while kneading the dough. Add 1 cup of vegetable margarine, by small pieces, continuing to knead the dough well. Cover with a clean cloth and let rest in a warm place for 1 or 2 hours. The dough will double in volume. Pressing your index finger into the dough, finger mark should remain. Divide the dough and form a braid, or just a ring. Cover with a clean cloth and let still relax in a warm place for 30 minutes. Dorer with egg yolk diluted in a little water, sprinkle slivered almonds. Garnish with a red egg lightly pressed into the dough. Cook approximately 30 minutes in oven preheated to 190 degrees. Check the cooking time may vary also depending on the shape of Tsoureka. Note: when we speak of Tsourekia is simply the plural of Tsoureka. Vodino Stifado (Stifado calf) Ingredients: 1kg of veal into pieces (stew) 1kg of onions 3 to 4 tomatoes 1 cup red wine vinegar 4 cloves garlic few cloves 2 to 3 leaves of laurel 1 small cinnamon stick Salt and pepper Preheat oven to 200 degrees. Remove 1kg of onions in their skins leaving 5 to 10 minutes in hot water (not too hot, do not it boils). Fry 1kg veal in chunks (stew) in a little olive oil until the meat is browned. Prick a few onions nails Clove. Put the meat in a terracotta dish up oven, and onions 3 to 4 tomatoes, 1 cup of red wine vinegar, 4 cloves garlic, 2 to 3 leaf bay, 1 small cinnamon stick. Add salt and pepper. Cover the dish with foil. Bake approximately 1h1 0. Youvetsi stew beef for 4 to 6 people Preheat oven to 200 degrees · Sauté in a skillet until the meat is golden: 1 kg of pork stew pieces 1cs olive oil salt / pepper Meanwhile, prepare and pour into a dish oven (traditionally, a flat clay is used) following ingredients:. 1 large onion, diced 1 clove garlic, minced 1 kg ripe tomatoes sliced 6 C.S. olive oil 2 dl water salt, pepper Meat Cover with foil and bake in middle the oven at 200 degrees for 30 minutes. Add · 700 to 800 g pasta kritharaki medium or large and stir. Return to oven and stir after 1 hour cooking. · Serve this main dish hot, sprinkled with grated cheese. Note: the pasta is kritharaki small pasta that are shaped like grains of rice. If you do not find it, you can replace them of "Rison" (Italy).	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
A Rhodia re-visit. It only took me a little bit over four years, but I’ve given Rhodia another shot. I tested them out back when I was too shy to bring fountain pens with me outside my flat. So my “outside” pen was my first Retro 51. And I thought the dry time with that pen on the Rhodia pads was horrible. It felt like I could take a cigarette break between each page. But in retrospect, it wasn’t that bad compared to something like for example tomoe river. So, I ordered a dot grid orange Rhodia Webnotebook from JetPens. This got to be the coolest notebook I have ever owned. The material of the cover feels almost like a leather bound book; soft and a little bit of friction. The paper in this one is the 90g version. I have nothing bad to say about it. It is more bleed resistant than my Leuchtturm1917 notebooks, but also a little bit longer dry time. But I don’t think you will notice much of a difference, unless you are really sensitive to dry time. Switching to a finer nib or a faster drying ink would probably do more for your dry time. This notebook is so cool, that I might consider using them as my “writing” notebook, instead of a Leuchtturm1917, but there is one major stopping point: I have grown to really love having multiple markers. I would most defininently go for “webbies” if you the combination of great paper and the best looking and best feeling cover.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Q: How to collect a number of asynchronous callbacks? Are there any techiques to collect a number of gwt-rpc service callback results? I have a dialog window used to create new or edit existing object. These objects have a number of references to other object. So when user creating or editing an object he may pick one in the ListBox. public class School { private String name; private String address; } public class Car { private String model; private String type; } public class Person { private String firstName; private String lastName; private School school; private Car firstCar; } When the dialog window appears on the screen it should request all available values for all referencing fields. These values are requested with AsyncCallback's via gwt-rpc, so I can handle it one-by-one. service.getAllSchools(new AsyncCallback<List<School>>() { @Override public void onSuccess(List<School> result) { fillSchoolListBox(result); } @Override public void onFailure(Throwable caught) { Window.alert("ups..."); } }); ... service.getAllSchools(new AsyncCallback<List<Car>>() { @Override public void onSuccess(List<Car> result) { fillCarListBox(result); } @Override public void onFailure(Throwable caught) { Window.alert("ups..."); } }); How to get all result in one place? Thanks. A: The best solution would be Command Patter as igorbel said, but if you are beginner you can design for example Bean Container that only contains beans that must be transported at one request. For example: public class BeanContainer{ private ArrayList<School> schools = new ArrayList<School>(); private ArrayList<Car> cars = new ArrayList<Car>; private ArrayList<Person> people = ArrayList<Person>(); public void addSchool(School school){ this.schools.add(school); } public void addSchoolCollection(ArrayList<School> schools){ this.schools.add(schools); } public ArrayList<School> getSchoolCollection(){ return schools; } ... }	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
There are a variety of known computer input devices. The most popular and commonly used computer input device is the keyboard. The recent development and increased use of graphical user interface products, however, have served to highlight the inherent limitations of the conventional computer keyboard as an input device. For example, the conventional keyboard is designed primarily for textual input and allows control of-cursor movement in only a limited number of directions and at a fixed speed. Unfortunately, data input and cursor control of such a limited nature often fails to take full advantage of the wide range of graphical functions provided in current graphical user interface products and thus frustrates the efficient and effective use of such products. The functional and operational limitations of the conventional keyboard as a computer input device led to the development of alternative, more graphically oriented and user friendly computer input devices such as the joystick, mouse and trackball. Such alternative input devices require less direct attention, for example, eye contact, thus allowing the user to concentrate on the computer screen and the task at hand. These devices are specially designed to facilitate precision cursor movements, at varying speeds, and in virtually any desired direction, thus allowing the user to easily take full advantage of the enhanced graphical functions provided in current graphical user interface products. However, common graphically oriented computer input devices typically retain an important keyboard limitation; the input devices are tied to the computer by means of a cable and thus do not allow the computer user freedom of movement while simultaneously operating the computer. Such movement is most often necessary when the computer is being utilized for a group presentation, such as in training, business presentation, entertainment and demonstration purposes. Such flexibility and convenience in controlling the operation of the computer is not possible with current tethered computer input devices.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Q: Steam error: ''You are missing the following 32-bit libraries, and Steam may not run: libGL.so.1'' Yeah like i said in the title it brings up the terminal that is installing the plugin then it fails to download them. Then it closes. Next it brings up You are missing the following 32-bit libraries, and Steam may not run: libGL.so.1 Finally I close that and steam box opens up and says Steam-fatal error'' Fatal error:failed to load Steamui.so''. That's basically my problem. A: For me this was solved by: Creating /etc/ld.so.conf.d/steam.conf with the contents: /usr/lib32 /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/mesa Running sudo ldconfig to update the shared library cache installing/reinstalling the 32bit mesa libraries: sudo apt-get install --reinstall libgl1-mesa-glx:i386 Source	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
The Center engages in collaborative research that leverages the Center's molecular modeling software, expertise and facilities to bridge experiment and computation. While experimental techniques unveil critical aspects of molecular and cellular architecture, computational molecular modeling describes biomolecular systems in their native states at the atomic level. During the last funding period, the Center completed 35 Collaboration and Service projects with 41 joint publications on subjects such as the assembly mechanism and drug resistance of the ribosome, neurons' synaptic receptors and solid-state DNA sequencing nanopores. Currently, the Center is engaged in 42 ongoing collaboration projects with 56 joint publications so far. To make the Center's technological advances driven by the collaboration projects available to the biomedical community, the Center distributes its software for all major platforms, from laptops to supercomputers and cloud computing facilities. The Center ensures software usability by providing user support, maintaining up-to-date documentation, tutorials, and online discussion groups. Over the last funding period, the Center-developed molecular modeling and simulation packages VMD, NAMD, and Lattice Microbes served a community of over 100,000 users. Technical support for the community was provided mainly through the online discussion groups ?NAMD-L?, ?VMD-L? and ?LatticeMicrobes-Users?, where more than 17,000 software-related messages were submitted over the last funding periode. The Center also o?ers individual consultation for special cases requiring direct personal interaction, operating directly in its laboratory area a well-equipped Visitor Center to host visiting scholars and collaborators. 50 scholars/collaborators visited the Center for up to six months seeking technical and scienti?c expertise, and 107 leading scientists presented their work on the Center Seminar program at the host institution, the UIUC Beckman Institute. All the activities described above were possible only through the Center's Petascale Biology Gateway Facility, which provides the high-end computing and graphics resources required by the demanding preparation, visualization, and analysis tasks of advanced molecular modeling. This gateway also hosts the Center's website and all associated content, from scienti?c research-related material to software documentation and tutorials, as well as the online discussion platforms.	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Clippings: They peek when François sings strict warning: Non-static method view::load() should not be called statically in /home/addison/public_html/sites/all/modules/views/views.module on line 1118. strict warning: Declaration of views_handler_field::query() should be compatible with views_handler::query($group_by = false) in /home/addison/public_html/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_field.inc on line 1148. strict warning: Declaration of views_handler_sort::options_validate() should be compatible with views_handler::options_validate($form, &$form_state) in /home/addison/public_html/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_sort.inc on line 165. strict warning: Declaration of views_handler_sort::options_submit() should be compatible with views_handler::options_submit($form, &$form_state) in /home/addison/public_html/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_sort.inc on line 165. strict warning: Declaration of views_handler_sort::query() should be compatible with views_handler::query($group_by = false) in /home/addison/public_html/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_sort.inc on line 165. strict warning: Declaration of views_handler_filter::options_validate() should be compatible with views_handler::options_validate($form, &$form_state) in /home/addison/public_html/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_filter.inc on line 599. strict warning: Declaration of views_handler_filter::query() should be compatible with views_handler::query($group_by = false) in /home/addison/public_html/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_filter.inc on line 599. strict warning: Non-static method views_many_to_one_helper::option_definition() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/addison/public_html/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_filter_many_to_one.inc on line 25. strict warning: Non-static method views_many_to_one_helper::option_definition() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/addison/public_html/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_filter_many_to_one.inc on line 25. strict warning: Declaration of views_plugin_query::options_submit() should be compatible with views_plugin::options_submit($form, &$form_state) in /home/addison/public_html/sites/all/modules/views/plugins/views_plugin_query.inc on line 181. strict warning: Declaration of views_plugin_row::options_validate() should be compatible with views_plugin::options_validate(&$form, &$form_state) in /home/addison/public_html/sites/all/modules/views/plugins/views_plugin_row.inc on line 136. strict warning: Non-static method view::load() should not be called statically in /home/addison/public_html/sites/all/modules/views/views.module on line 1118. strict warning: Declaration of image_attach_views_handler_field_attached_images::pre_render() should be compatible with views_handler_field::pre_render($values) in /home/addison/public_html/sites/all/modules/image/contrib/image_attach/image_attach_views_handler_field_attached_images.inc on line 112. strict warning: Declaration of views_handler_area::query() should be compatible with views_handler::query($group_by = false) in /home/addison/public_html/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_area.inc on line 81. strict warning: Declaration of views_handler_area_text::options_submit() should be compatible with views_handler::options_submit($form, &$form_state) in /home/addison/public_html/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_area_text.inc on line 121. strict warning: Non-static method view::load() should not be called statically in /home/addison/public_html/sites/all/modules/views/views.module on line 1118. strict warning: Non-static method views_many_to_one_helper::option_definition() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/addison/public_html/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_filter_many_to_one.inc on line 25. strict warning: Non-static method views_many_to_one_helper::option_definition() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/addison/public_html/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_filter_many_to_one.inc on line 25. strict warning: Declaration of views_plugin_style_default::options() should be compatible with views_object::options() in /home/addison/public_html/sites/all/modules/views/plugins/views_plugin_style_default.inc on line 24. Posted on April 4, 2013 \| FRANÇOIS CLEMMONS, SHOWN at last year’s Martin Luther King Day celebration in Mead Chapel, is a well-known figure whose rich tenor has been appreciated not just in the concert hall and chapel but also at Panther athletic events. He will retire this year. Independent file photo/Trent Campbell I have a favorite moment at Middlebury College basketball games. It’s when François Clemmons begins to sing the National Anthem. I dreaded the Anthem when I was an athlete. I was ready to play the game. Starters had been announced and were out on the playing surface, tense, excited, full of adrenaline. Let’s go! Then we had to wait, often for a scratchy recording, sometimes for a live singer, who sang at a funereal pace. So I identify with the players on the floor at Midd games, not the Panther players, but their opponents, who are standing on the foul line, facing the American flag hanging on the west wall of the gym. François stands behind them at the scorer’s table. Their demeanor is respectfully sober, but it says at the same time, “Let’s get this over with.” They shuffle, they fidget, stand on one foot, then the other, stretch their necks. Then François begins to sing in his rich tenor, and you see these players, their first time hearing him, in our gym, and they do this look: They subtly glance over their shoulders, in surprise and admiration. They peek. It’s a little gesture but unmistakable. By the time François sings out the “Land of the freeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee,” they know they have been treated to something special. They have heard the best rendition of the Star Spangled Banner since the late Robert Merrill held forth in Yankee Stadium. For the past 15 years, François has been the Alexander Twilight Artist-in-Residence at Middlebury College and has become a familiar and beloved figure in the community. With a Bachelor of Music from Oberlin College, a Master of Fine Arts from Carnegie-Mellon University, an Honorary Doctor of Arts from Middlebury College, a performance career with various opera companies, 20 years as the founder and director of the Harlem Spiritual Ensemble, over 100 performances as “Sportin’ Life” in Gershwin’s Porgy and Bess, 22 years as Officer Clemmons on Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood, and innumerable other honors and achievements, he would certainly appear to be qualified to sing the National Anthem at Middlebury College basketball games. “I love singing the Star Spangled Banner, and always have,” François told me recently at Steve’s Park Diner. “I’m patriotic. When I travel abroad, I am grateful to have an American passport. Singing the Anthem allows me to pay tribute to this great country where I can be myself.” It started with the swim team. He became friends with former coach Peter Solomon who asked him to sing at home swim meets. He was then asked by Coach Jeff Brown to open basketball games and has done so on a regular basis. From time to time, he has also ensured that big games in ice hockey, field hockey, football, and track got off to a rousing start. “I think more people know me from the Anthem than from my concerts,” he said with a laugh. He loves sports. “When I was growing up in Youngstown (Ohio), I was constantly out in the streets, playing baseball and football mostly. My nickname was ‘tenderfoot.’ I was fast and had no fear. My brother Willie played basketball. “I played the clarinet in the marching band in high school at big football games. We (the Rayen School) were pretty good, but we couldn’t ever beat Steubenville,” he said. Alas, we may have heard François sing the Anthem for the last time. He is retiring. At the end of this academic year, he will become the Emeritus Artist-in-Residence at Middlebury, and take a sabbatical year. He will undergo knee replacement surgery, first one knee in June, and then the other later in the summer. His health is a high priority. “The past couple of years have been a real challenge, physically,” he said. After he recovers from his knee surgeries, he hopes to travel. He has formed especially close relationships in his 15 years at Middlebury with international students, and he would like to see their home countries. “I’d love to go to India, Nepal, Bangladesh, China, various countries in Africa,” he said. “I will do Graduation and Convocation, but other than that I’m not obligated to do anything. I can say ‘no.’ “I want to be active politically. I’m very interested in social justice, women’s issues, sexual assault,” he said. “I have been a counselor for gay students and others who have been challenged at Middlebury.” His permanent base will be right here in Middlebury. “I’m not going anywhere. It was never a question about leaving Middlebury. When I was in New York, I worked all the time, hustling, networking. I draw tremendous satisfaction from my career, even at Middlebury. I reached my ‘peak’ here. “I will continue to have some role with the Music Department, and I know I will keep doing the Martin Luther King Choir. I have about 50 kids in the choir, along with townspeople and faculty. Many have never sung in a choir before and in the MLK Choir they have an active musical experience.” So it seems to me that retirement for François does not mean hanging up the vocal chords. Here’s one basketball fan who hopes to hear François sing the Anthem again in Pepin Gym — and watch the opposing players peek in admiration.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Introduction ============ In 2010, the Carnegie Foundation made recommendations to fundamentally change medical education.[@b1-amep-5-289] It called for curricular reforms that would provide earlier exposure to clinical work, more hands-on experiential learning, and a greater focus on care coordination and working with interprofessional teams. The call for medical education reform parallels the call for health care reform. Medical schools must make certain that efforts toward curricular reform align with the rapidly changing health care delivery system. As the health care delivery landscape changes, medical schools must develop creative strategies for preparing future physicians to provide quality care in this new environment. One such change is the increasing adoption of the patient-centered medical home (PCMH). The PCMH promises to deliver care that is more accessible, effective, efficient, and safe, while simultaneously bending the cost curve.[@b2-amep-5-289] The core tenets of the PCMH are a personal physician, a physician-directed medical practice, a whole-person orientation, integration and coordination of care, quality and safety assurance, enhanced access, and outcome-based payment.[@b3-amep-5-289] As health centers across the country adopt this model of care, future physicians need to be prepared to incorporate these principles in their practices. Despite the growing prominence of the PCMH as effective models for health care delivery, few medical schools have integrated formal education on the PCMH into their curricula. Studies show that few medical students are exposed to this model in their formal education or have opportunities to gain hands-on experience using this model of care.[@b4-amep-5-289]--[@b6-amep-5-289] Only 41% of family medicine departments in one survey reported implementing a PCMH curriculum for students, and teaching modalities largely focused on educational conferences rather than longitudinal exposure.[@b5-amep-5-289] Integrating the tenets of the PCMH into medical school curricula is important to ensure that students have a comprehensive understanding of the different models of health care delivery and can operate effectively as physicians. Student-run free clinics have gained popularity as a unique experiential learning opportunity that provides hands-on experience for students while serving as a safety net for medically underserved and uninsured populations. Approximately 110 student-run free clinics exist in the US.[@b7-amep-5-289] They are operated by health professional students under the supervision of a licensed clinician and provide care to medically uninsured populations.[@b7-amep-5-289],[@b8-amep-5-289] Free clinics place students as early as their first year of medical school on the front lines of problem solving and care coordination for patients who have no or little access to care.[@b7-amep-5-289] The infrastructure of these clinics varies, with students seeing patients after hours in an established care facility or in community-based settings, such as mobile health clinics, shelters, or churches.[@b9-amep-5-289] There is literature to support that patients receive quality care at these student-run clinics and are generally satisfied with the experience.[@b10-amep-5-289] These patients most commonly present to these clinics requesting acute care, chronic disease management, screenings, or social services. However, a notable absence exists in the literature regarding how student-run clinics can be used to expose students to new systems of health care delivery, such as the PCMH. The PCMH model is particularly applicable to the care of patients who are economically and medically underserved. The lack of health insurance and basic necessities often renders this population vulnerable to discontinuous or fragmented care. A PCMH model can help to provide continuous and patient-centric care that addresses social determinants of health through linkages with key community agencies.[@b11-amep-5-289] Therefore, students who care for the underserved in a free clinic setting should be aware of this model. Given the limited exposure to the PCMH within current curricula, new physicians may be ill-prepared to practice within a PCMH model of care.[@b5-amep-5-289] Integrating the PCMH model into the medical school curriculum would allow students to learn how to establish long-term relationships with patients, work in interprofessional teams, integrate methods of quality assurance and patient safety into practice, and develop proficiency in the use of electronic health records (EHRs).[@b12-amep-5-289] The objective of this paper is to provide a detailed description of the processes by which the Weill Cornell Community Clinic (WCCC, New York, NY, USA), a student-run free clinic, adopted elements of the PCMH model into an existing experiential learning program. Methods ======= Description of the WCCC ----------------------- The WCCC was established by medical students in 2003 with the mission of providing care to patients who were uninsured or had insufficient health insurance to cover the cost of care. The activities of the clinic are coordinated by a board of medical students working closely with volunteer physicians and a Faculty Medical Director. Each board member is responsible for specific tasks, such as scheduling patient visits, directing patient care, and coordinating psychosocial screenings and services. At the student level, two Clinical Directors and two Executive Directors oversee the board. Clinical Directors are fourth year medical students who serve a 1-year term and supervise the care of all patients ([Table 1](#t1-amep-5-289){ref-type="table"}). Executive Directors are two MD--PhD students during their graduate training who deal with administrative tasks of the WCCC. The board also operates under the close supervision of a Faculty Medical Director, a physician who provides overall guidance for the program, ensures that patients are provided with quality care, and encourages students to participate as active learners. The Faculty Medical Director was selected by the Dean's office as a faculty member who has practiced in primary care with experience supervising and teaching students. In order to ensure support for this position, the Faculty Medical Director receives 0.1 full time equivalents for her work with the WCCC. The WCCC operates on a \$50,000 annual budget funded by a combination of monetary donations and grants in addition to in-kind donations from the Weill Cornell Physicians Organization, Weill Cornell Internal Medicine Associates, Weill Cornell Medical College, and NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital. Patients are seen every Monday from 5--8 PM in clinical space that is donated by the Weill Cornell Internal Medicine Associates, the adult ambulatory care practice for attendings and Internal Medicine residents. Each patient is seen by a team of students consisting of a Junior Clinician, a first or second year student, and a Senior Clinician, a third or fourth year student, under the supervision of a licensed physician volunteer. The responsibilities of this supervising physician are to discuss and examine each patient with the medical students and develop a plan of action. Supervising physicians volunteer their time at the WCCC and must be a practicing physician and a faculty member at the Medical College. In addition, on a weekly basis, all patients are reviewed with the Faculty Medical Director to discuss patient follow-up and review the laboratory data of patients who were seen. In 2009, the EHR system EpicCare (Epic Systems Corporation, Verona, WI, USA) was introduced into the WCCC. This provided an opportunity to reflect on the clinic practices and adopt different models of health care delivery that would maximize the use of an EHR. The PCMH model was considered because of its potential to provide students with exposure to comprehensive patient care, give them an opportunity to assume different roles as providers, and allow them to participate in interdisciplinary teams. Tenets of the PCMH ------------------ ### Students assume the role of the personal physician In a PCMH, each patient has an ongoing relationship with a personal physician who provides continuous and comprehensive care[@b13-amep-5-289] ([Table 2](#t2-amep-5-289){ref-type="table"}). The physician coordinates communication between members of the health care team and establishes relationships with administrative staff and outside consultants. In an effort to provide students at the WCCC with the opportunity to take on the role of a lead physician, third and fourth year students rotate through the WCCC for 6 weeks as part of their primary care clerkship and take on the responsibilities of the personal physician while directing the patient care team. These Senior Clinicians continue to follow the patients after each clinical session and ensure that all necessary tests and referrals are completed. The Senior Clinician also becomes the patient's advocate, helping to fill out necessary forms for social services and making sure the patient sees necessary service providers, such as referred specialists and social workers. In order to ensure a seamless transition and patient hand-off, each outgoing Senior Clinician provides detailed information about the patient and describes any outstanding tests, referrals, or procedures that are pending to the Clinical Directors. This helps to promote a smooth transition of care when new Senior Clinicians rotate through the WCCC. The Medical Faculty Director also ensures that new students joining the WCCC are aware of pertinent outstanding patient issues. In an attempt to meet the high level of interest among the preclinical students, Junior Clinicians sign up for individual nights rather than blocks of time, as with the Senior Clinicians. Thus, a limitation of the nature of such a student-run free clinic can be a lack of continuity as volunteers come and go. In order to provide the opportunity for preclinical students to be involved in the long-term care of a patient, the Continuity of Care Program was piloted. This pilot project was designed to provide additional experience in communicating with patients and their families and to provide students with first-hand experience of the after visit care process. Each student in the program is paired with a patient and attends all of their appointments throughout the year, serving as Junior Clinician in those sessions. They also are involved in follow-up care -- calling the patient with results and working to schedule any necessary referrals. This gives greater continuity for both student and patient. ### Caring for the whole person In the PCMH model, there is an integrated and whole-person orientation to care. The personal physician attends to all of the patient's health care needs and assumes responsibility for coordinating services with other professionals or organizations. This requires integrating all elements of a complex health system, extending from within the medical practice to various consultants, ancillary services, and community resources.[@b13-amep-5-289] Students in the WCCC learn to coordinate health care services for patients to address both their psychosocial and their medical needs. For example, a review of patient requests identified a need for mental health and gynecological services. In response, the WCCC developed a mental health clinic night for patients requiring psychosocial and mental health care, as well as a women's health clinic. Despite these additions, patients needed additional social services. This posed a challenge for students, as they were not familiar with the breadth of social services that were available to patients. Therefore, the WCCC partnered with the Silberman School of Social Work at Hunter College (New York, NY, USA) to facilitate enrollment into health insurance plans and access to social services. The WCCC thus became a service-learning program for both the WCCC medical students and the Silberman School social work students. In collaboration with the social work students, who are supervised by a licensed social worker, the medical students compiled a list of social services that direct patients to resources such as housing, insurance, access to medication, and nutrition. ### Students learn to develop effective systems of communication Health care that is provided within a PCMH offers enhanced access to care through systems such as open scheduling, expanded hours, and alternative methods of communication.[@b14-amep-5-289] Despite the WCCC's limited weekly hours, the clinic maintains accessibility through electronic and telephonic communication. In order to provide enhanced access to patients and maintain effective communication, the students use an electronic inbox and voicemail system to triage patient concerns, which is monitored at least daily by the Clinical Directors. Patients can use this system to schedule appointments or make requests for referrals. Patients can also request new appointments through the WCCC's website. All telephone interactions with patients are documented in the patient's EHR and discussed with the Faculty Medical Director. ### Students learn to assess quality assurance and risk management In the PCMH model, creating systems for documenting and monitoring patient outcomes and establishing reliable systems of communication are essential components to ensuring quality of care and risk management.[@b15-amep-5-289],[@b16-amep-5-289] Students who volunteer in the WCCC receive training on using EHR to conduct quality assurance checks on patients. Students worked with the information technology team at the Medical College and adopted an existing EHR system -- EpicCare -- to collect and maintain patient data. All students on the WCCC board receive training and secure passwords, granting them access to patient records. This EHR provides a mechanism for collecting patient clinical data, documenting notes that can be reviewed by the supervising attending and the Faculty Medical Director, processing referrals, and documenting the exchange of information with patients. All patient calls are documented in the EHR. This EHR provides a unique opportunity to teach students about proper documentation, how to query their own patient panels, and how to collect data on quality assurance and risk management. The EHR also provides patients secure access to their test results via the Internet. At the WCCC, students have established quality assurance and patient safety initiatives, designing a four-part quality tracking and improvement campaign. In line with the holistic orientation of a PCMH, the WCCC improves preventive care through distribution of a health care maintenance list that includes age-appropriate screenings and vaccinations. Students then do follow-up with patients regarding these measures at every clinic session. Secondly, there is a focus on improving outcomes by tracking chronic disease and preventive measures with a patient dashboard generated by the EHR. As part of a hospital-wide initiative, they also measure health care provider hand-washing compliance through patient surveys completed at the end of the appointment. Finally, students have instituted a nightly checklist that the Senior Clinicians use to ensure that important follow-up issues are not missed when patients leave. Such issues include providing the patient with a follow-up plan, processing referrals, and establishing a means of contacting patients after the visit. As a component of tracking the quality of the experience, the student board of the WCCC received Institutional Review Board approval to perform a chart review and to survey both students and patients. For the year of July 2011 to June 2012, the EHR was interrogated to investigate patient demographics and the most common diagnoses and prescribing information. During the first year of the PCMH adoption, all 174 patients were provided surveys upon arrival at the WCCC, which were submitted before leaving the clinic. The surveys consisted of nine five-point Likert scale questions about the helpfulness of various members of the clinic, including medical students, staff, and physicians; quality of care received; and overall satisfaction with the WCCC, with options ranging from poor to excellent. The survey also included questions about the patient's primary language, total number of visits to the clinic, and time spent during the visit. Descriptive statistics were calculated using SPSS^®^ version 20 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). Student satisfaction was measured in the Continuity of Care pilot project. All ten students who finished the first year in the pilot program completed a 22-question survey regarding their experience. Eight of these questions used a five-point Likert scale to query how the Continuity of Care project supplemented the medical school experience, how it had affected future medical career plans, the student's relationship with the patient, and overall satisfaction with the program. Students also answered open-ended questions regarding positive aspects of their experience, as well as areas for improvement. Descriptive statistics were calculated using SPSS version 20. Results ======= A review of clinic practice over a 1-year period after a PCMH model was adopted showed that 112 students volunteered across all 4 years of medical school, including 70% of the first year class. They were overseen by 19 licensed physician volunteers. All students were enrolled at Weill Cornell Medical College. The ten students who participated in the Continuity of Care pilot project rated their overall satisfaction of the program on a scale from one to five, with five being extremely satisfied, as 4.2 (95% confidence interval 3.4--5.0). The degree to which they felt this experience improved their ability to care for and manage medical conditions was rated as 3.3 (95% confidence interval 2.2--4.5) on a scale from one to five, with five being extremely improved. The degree to which this experience enhanced their medical school education was rated as 3.9 (95% confidence interval 2.8--5.0). Common positive themes from open-ended questions included the opportunity to "follow a patient individually throughout their medical care and watch their symptoms improve", "bridging the gaps in care", and "see(ing) how helpful good medicine can be". Areas for improvement included a need for "more structured orientation", and feeling ill-equipped to provide medical advice. Between July 2011 and June 2012, 174 patients were seen by the WCCC at 337 appointments. A review of this patient series found that 66% were women; 37% fell in the age range of 45--59 years, 26% were aged between 25--34 years, 20% were 60 years and older, and 14% were between 35--44 years. English was the primary language spoken by 87% of the patients, followed by Spanish. A significant portion of patients (87%) reported an annual income of less than \$30,000, and 17% had an income of less than \$10,000. Almost half of the patients had at least two visits in 1 year. The most common diagnoses made during the visits included management of hypertension, well woman exam, dyslipidemia, pain, depression or anxiety, diabetes, and thyroid disease. A total of 189 medications were reimbursed, nearly two-thirds of which were for hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Medications for management of psychiatric diagnoses accounted for 6% of the medications; anti-inflammatories and medications for insomnia each accounted for 4% of the medications; and antibiotics, eye drops, and nutritional supplements made up the remainder. A total of 785 laboratory tests were ordered. The most common tests included complete blood count, glucose level, lipid level, sexually transmitted disease screening (including human immunodeficiency virus), and thyroid function test. A total of 87 patients fully completed the satisfaction survey. Incomplete surveys were excluded. Analysis of the patient satisfaction survey found that 87% were very or extremely satisfied with the care they received in the WCCC, and 96% of the patients would recommend the WCCC to others. Patients were asked to describe the interpersonal and technical aspects of care received from poor to excellent. Overall, 80% of patients rated the helpfulness and courtesy of the students, thoroughness and competence, and communication of the treatment plan as excellent or good. The length of time spent at the clinic was rated as excellent or good by 70% of the patients. Discussion ========== Given the popularity of student-run free clinics across medical schools, integrating the PCMH into these practices can address the gap in education about this health care delivery model. By incorporating tenets of the PCMH into the WCCC, 70% of first year medical students at Weill Cornell Medical College gained hands-on exposure to this practice model. Student volunteers at the WCCC participated in a breadth of activities consistent with the guidelines put forth in the Joint Principles for the Medical Education of Physicians as Preparation for Practice in the Patient-Centered Medical Home that made recommendations on key aspects of the PCMH to which students should receive exposure, such as a longitudinal experience in continuity of care, work in interdisciplinary teams, experience with the economics of health care, practice with a variety of different types of encounters, including face-to-face and telephonic and electronic messaging, and exposure to the basics of medical informatics.[@b17-amep-5-289] Students involved in the Continuity of Care project reported a high level of satisfaction with their experience, as seen in other studies of student involvement in student-run clinics.[@b18-amep-5-289] A review of patients seen at the WCCC demonstrates that they present with a breadth of medical conditions that are consistent with what is experienced at other free clinics.[@b9-amep-5-289] In general, patients expressed satisfaction with the care they received at the WCCC. Need for improvement was noted in the amount of time they spent waiting to see a care team at the WCCC. Longer wait times may be due in part to the greater time spent by first and second year students conducting the history and physical exam. In addition, after being interviewed by medical students, all patients must be seen and examined by the supervising attending, further lengthening the time of the appointment. In response to receiving this feedback, a new student volunteer position was created to focus specifically on clinic flow and ensure patients are seen in a timely manner. Despite the wait times, over 90% of patients said that they would refer others to the WCCC. Medical schools today must prepare students to navigate the ever-changing landscape of health care. By taking primary responsibility for the day-to-day practice of the WCCC, students put themselves not only on the frontline of clinical care, but also gain exposure to systems-level practice issues. Each barrier to be overcome has served as a learning experience for the students. The most significant obstacle has been ensuring long-term stability within the medical school while maintaining the autonomy of a student-run clinic with the care of a vulnerable population as the focus. Creating stability has involved ensuring a funding stream and advocating for support from the medical school. In order to fund the WCCC, students gained experience with fundraising by working with the alumni association, writing grants, and seeking donations from foundations to support the clinical activities. Students were responsible for allocating the budget. The funding was utilized to support patient medications, laboratory testing, and a subset of referrals for specialty care appointments. To expand the services available to patients while operating in a tight budget, the WCCC has negotiated low-cost referrals with a number of specialty clinics and pays this fee for its patients. The student board has worked closely with the medical school administration to maintain a mutually beneficial relationship. Students give presentations about the WCCC at meetings to promote the role of the WCCC as an important educational and service learning opportunity while also working to raise awareness for the WCCC within the college and hospital. This helps to recruit new physician volunteers. To maintain a stable influx of student involvement during their clinical years, when involvement tends to taper off with the increasing demands of clerkships, the WCCC has become a required component of the primary care/family medicine clerkship. Finally, as a reflection of the college's commitment to the WCCC, the Faculty Medical Director is now supported through a separate budget provided by the Dean's office. Given the low income of patients, students learn to address many of the social determinants of health, such as housing, insurance, and transportation. Students are further exposed to the ethical considerations of having a student-run clinic play such a central role in the care of the indigent patient population. As discussed elsewhere,[@b19-amep-5-289] student-run clinics have a responsibility to put patient care first and to create a culture of professionalism with suitable physician oversight. Patient care is paramount at the WCCC, and all individuals seeking care there are screened for appropriateness with the Faculty Medical Director. Those who are too medically fragile for the WCCC to provide sufficient care are referred elsewhere in the community. Overcoming the challenges of implementing the PCMH model at the WCCC has provided invaluable lessons to all students involved. The WCCC is an evolving practice, with the enduring goal of improving clinic efficiency and patient outcomes. Each class of medical students has the opportunity to contribute to the WCCC and explore novel ways to enhance the PCMH model. Limitations ----------- This paper has a number of limitations. Surveys of students were restricted to those involved in the Continuity of Care pilot project, with a focus on feasibility of the project and the students' perceptions. Thus, while the students self-reported feeling better equipped to treat patients after the experience, this may be the result of simply having more education overall rather than be the direct result of their experience with the WCCC. A future study is needed to compare this experience with those not involved in the project as a control group. Furthermore, there would be benefit from an expanded evaluation of the student experience, including a comparison with other components of the curriculum. Future studies will investigate whether participation with the WCCC impacts a student's career goals. Although all patients were provided with satisfaction surveys, only a subset of these patients completed the survey, which limits generalization. Furthermore, while all patients were informed that their responses were anonymous and participation would not affect their care, these concerns may have impacted the results. There is a need to extend beyond patient satisfaction and study outcomes of care, an area that will be addressed in future studies utilizing the EHR. Conclusion ========== As efforts to implement new models of health care delivery increase, so must the efforts of educators to ensure that students receive proper exposure to these models. The WCCC provides a model for how principles of the PCMH can be taught through experiential learning activities of a student-run free clinic. Integrating core principles of the PCMH into programs such as student-run free clinics can help to better prepare students to respond to health care reform changes in their own practices. The experience of the WCCC may serve as an example for how other programs can incorporate the PCMH models as part of required ambulatory care rotations and other experiential learning initiatives. As medical schools nationwide reconsider their curricula, they must also adapt to changes in health care. The student-run free clinic can provide a model for students to play a significant role and gain hands-on experience in the intricacies of health care delivery. The authors regret to advise of the passing of Dr Anne Kastor prior to publication. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Dr Kastor for her years of service to the WCCC. The authors wish to thank Dr Alvin Mushlin and Dr Olaf Andersen, both of Weill Cornell Medical College, for their insightful editorial suggestions. The authors are grateful to the physicians and students who have volunteered in the WCCC and the patients who allowed us to participate in their care. Disclosure The Weill Cornell Community Clinic receives funding from Weill Cornell Physicians Organization, Weill Cornell Internal Medicine Associates, Weill Cornell Medical College, and NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital in addition to private donors. MCR previously received and JBS, and JDS receive funding from NIH MSTP grant T32GM07739 to the Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD--PhD Program. CBF was supported by Grant Number 1P60MD003421 from the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities. The content of this article is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. JBS is presently director of the WCCC; MCR and JDS were directors of the WCCC. JL and MMR were board members of the WCCC. ASK and CH report no conflicts of interest in this work. This work received approval from the Weill Cornell Medical College Institutional Review Board. ###### Student and faculty positions at the Weill Cornell Community Clinic (New York, NY, USA) Title Qualifications Description Minimum commitment -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- Clinical Directors Two third to fourth year medical students • Monitor all patient care through close interactions with Senior Clinicians 1 year • H andle long-term patient follow-up • Meet weekly with Faculty Medical Director to discuss patient care • Conduct board meetings Executive Directors Two MD--PhD students in graduate school • Work with Clinical Directors to set clinic protocols and policies 2--3 years • Manage budgeting and fundraising • Conduct board meetings Faculty Medical Director One faculty physician • Meet regularly with Clinical Directors to discuss patient care Open-ended • Provide guidance on patient issues that arise between clinic sessions Board 20+ medical students -- most are first or second year • Roles include patient scheduling, social work coordination, insurance screening, quality assurance, data management, and information technology 1 year • Attend board meetings to review all patients seen at most recent clinic, address ongoing issues, and resolve clinic matters smoothly and efficiently Senior Clinicians Third or fourth year medical students • Conduct history and physical with Junior Clinician 6 weeks • Work with Junior Clinician to present patient to attending physician, formulate an assessment and plan, and order all necessary tests • Follow-up with patients • Attend board meetings to ensure smooth patient hand-off Junior Clinicians First or second year medical students • Conduct history and physical 1 night • Present findings and work with attending physician and session coordinators to formulate an assessment and plan Attending Physician Faculty volunteer board certified in internal medicine, psychiatry, or gynecology • See all patients on clinic night with student medical team 1 night • Advise Senior Clinicians regarding patient management • Approve all clinical decisions on clinic night ###### Incorporation of the principles of the patient-centered medical home into the Weill Cornell Community Clinic (New York, NY, USA) practice Components of the PCMH Implementation within the WCCC ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A personal physician within a physician-directed medical practice • Clinical Directors oversee patient care for a full year • Senior Clinicians act as primary care providers for 6 week blocks • The Continuity of Care Program matches medical students with patients • Board and directors meet weekly with Senior Clinicians to discuss all patients seen during the week and care is reviewed as a team • Policies and practices are discussed as a board Whole-person orientation and integrated care • All new patients receive psychosocial screening and evaluation for insurance eligibility; this is repeated annually • WCCC encourages regular appointments for health care maintenance by scheduling follow-up care at the end of an appointment • In-house women's health and mental health nights occur every 3 weeks • Agreements with various specialists for low-cost referrals paid for by the WCCC Quality and safety • Adoption of EpicCare (Epic Systems Corporation, Verona, WI, USA) for EHR • Health care maintenance lists with screenings and vaccinations are created for each patient at the beginning of a clinic night to encourage appropriate preventative care • Measurement made of health care provider hand-washing compliance • Nightly checklist ensures all patient needs are met before leaving clinic • Clinical operations are updated annually to ensure continuity during annual board transition Enhanced access • Patients can contact the clinic via phone or email, with messages rapidly triaged by the clinical directors to ensure appropriate and timely follow-up Abbreviations: EHR, electronic health records; PCMH, patient-centered medical home; WCCC, Weill Cornell Community Clinic. [^1]: \*These authors contributed equally to this work [^2]: †Anne S Kastor passed away on July 5, 2013.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
Q: Converting a json schema to ng2-tree treemodel in Angular 4 I want to display in Tree view of Json in UI which can be edit and save dynamically. Currently I am trying with TreeModel in Angular 4 but here Json schema and TreeModel schema is different. I searched for the same in internet but could able to find. 1.Is there any way I can convert Json schema to treeModel? 2.Is there other way I can directly use json as input and show/edit it dynamically? TreeModel example: { value: 'Programming languages by programming paradigm', children: [{ value: 'Object-oriented programming', children: [{ value: 'Java' }, { value: 'C++' }, { value: 'C#' } ] }, { value: 'Prototype-based programming', children: [{ value: 'JavaScript' }, { value: 'CoffeeScript' }, { value: 'Lua' } ] } ] } Json Example: { "compileOnSave": false, "compilerOptions": { "outDir": "./dist/out-tsc", "baseUrl": "src", "sourceMap": true, "declaration": false, "moduleResolution": "node", "emitDecoratorMetadata": true, "experimentalDecorators": true, "target": "es5", "typeRoots": [ "node_modules/@types" ], "lib": [ "es2016", "dom" ] } } A: You can build a class and a component for a Json node and recurvisely display them after parsing the Json string into your JsonNode tree. export class JsonNode { value: string; children: JsonNode[]; } Build a tree of JsonNode objects, and in template: selector: 'json-node' template: '... <div *ngFor="let child of children"></div>'	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
The Pony Scrolls V EQUESTRIA Flutterborn By MCWopper Watch 237 Favourites 30 Comments 11K Views This is my wallpaper of fluttershy in skyrim. i have been waiting for someone to create an image in the style of mlp featuring fluttershy crossed with an awsome video game. I was never expecting that i ended up creating one because all my previous attempts in 2d art have failed. and allot of credit to he4rtofcourage for the helmet shape and shadowillHCR for the battleready fluttershy vector i could not make this without those 2 people. My Little Pony Friendship Is Magic © Hasbro The Elder Scrolls Skyrim © Bethesda IMAGE DETAILS Image size 1920x1080px 676.5 KB Show More Published : Nov 16, 2011	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Using the importer I am trying to use the import tool in bbpress to transfer all the posts and users from my vbulletin forum to my new bbpress forum. The vbulletin forum was set-up and hosted by a web company. I emailed them and asked for the required set-up information and they responded with the following: However, when I enter this information into the database settings page on the import page and press start, it comes back with the following: Repair any missing information: Continue Conversion Complete No reply_to parents to convert No replies to convert No tags to convert No super stickies to stick No stickies to stick No topics to convert No forum parents to convert No forums to convert No passwords to clear No users to convert No data to clean Starting Conversion I don’t delete any databases until I have a backup, if you have a backup and are 100% confident you have a backup of the correct database and that database is no longer connected to a forum install (and you have backups of that also) then delete away, you can’t get it back once you delete it 😉	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
American Water Spaniel Information use keyboard arrows for additional information about this breed (Amerikanischer Wasserspaniel) The American Water Spaniel is an active dog that has a muscular, hardy build. Their long, broad skull features a moderate stop and a medium-length, square-shaped muzzle. Their nose may vary from dark brown to black in color, and their eye color is light brown to hazel. Their teeth meet in a level or scissors bite, and their long ears are covered in curls. Their coat is either liver or chocolate, and white markings may or may not be present. American Water Spaniels have a tapered, feathered tail that hangs with a slight upward curve. INFORMATION Thanks for your added information. It will be posted shortly. Character American Water Spaniels are a highly intelligent breed that is very trainable and eager to learn. They are used to hunt duck, quail, pheasant, grouse, and rabbit. Although predominantly used as a working dog, the American Water Spaniel also makes an excellent guard dog and family companion. They are full of vitality, energy, and are continuously obedient. Trainers of this breed should exhibit patience and understanding, as the American Water Spaniel is sensitive to harsh disciplining. While American Water Spaniels are almost always easy-going, laid-back, and great with children, they can become capable of snapping if improperly raised. American Water Spaniels are terrific swimmers and have a propensity to whine. Some specimens might drool or snore. Character Size Size Weight Weight Thanks for your added information. It will be posted shortly. General Health The American Water Spaniel is a healthy breed overall, but some lines are prone to skin problems. This breed requires a great deal of outdoor exercise. American Water Spaniels typically live for 12 to 15 years, and they average 4 to 6 puppies per litter. General Health Thanks for your added information. It will be posted shortly. History The exact origination of the rare American Water Spaniel is unknown, but they have existed in the Midwestern United States since the 18th century. They have most commonly been utilized as a multi-purpose farm and hunting dog. American Water Spaniels are thought to be derived from the Curly-Coated Retriever and Irish Water Spaniel. Other early Spaniels may have also contributed. They American Water Spaniel possesses a number of natural talents and is an outstanding bird and scouting dog. History Thanks for your added information. It will be posted shortly. Maintenance American Water Spaniels have an oily coat that needs a thorough brushing twice on a weekly basis. They should be bathed only as necessary to prevent the natural oils from leaving the coat and drying out their skin. This breed sheds minimally, but they are prone to smell because of the oils in their coat. Maintenance Thanks for your added information. It will be posted shortly. Ideal Environment American Water Spaniels will be content in a small household or apartment, as long as they receive plenty of exercise. They are moderately active indoors and are happiest with at least an average-sized yard. Ideal Environment Thanks for your added information. It will be posted shortly. Dog Training! If you're having problems training your dog or getting control, you should read our review of DogProblems.com. Adam will do whatever it takes to help you whip your dog into shape. I've used them to help with my Great Dane as well as help friends train their dogs. It's the first place I go to help answer users Questions. Many training issues are too extensive to answer in this forum, which is why I refer a lot of the load to his site. Update: I've been using and recommending DogProblems for three years now. I, as well as my users, value the techniques we've learned. I get weekly emails from users who have become better owners from the information they received. American Water Spaniel Q&A Ask a Question Depends on the breeder. Dogs from the 'Commercial' kennels in Iowa from un-proven, un-tested, registered parents can be found for under $500. *Please Note!!* Purebred AWS are SOLID brown, no white stripes or spots.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
The 1980s brought a bonanza for higher education in... PALO ALTO, CALIF. — The 1980s brought a bonanza for higher education in America. Although state governments generally were reining in their contributions, the federal government greatly stepped up the flow of research dollars to universities, especially for defense-related projects. Many colleges learned to pluck the federal purse strings, but one university was performing symphonies on them. Stanford University raked in $1.8 billion in federal research funds over the decade. Although the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was not far behind Stanford in gathering federal money-and Johns Hopkins University actually surpassed them-no one did it with more flair and cunning. Stanford`s fame in this area became so widespread that other schools asked Stanford`s financial wizards to hold seminars on the subject. Now the government has decided that Stanford`s pursuit of federal money was overly zealous. After the widespread disclosure of such peculiar items as billing the government for maintenance of the mausoleum housing the family of university founder Leland Stanford and for flowers in the president`s house, the feds have asked the university for a $230 million refund. The path from boom to embarrassment for this prestigious school began several decades ago when the federal government became the principal backer of on-campus scientific research. It then established billing procedures for two kinds of costs: direct and indirect. Direct costs are those items, from test tubes to researchers` salaries, that are obvious, necessary expenses incurred while conducting a particular research project. The category of indirect costs assumes that a university has to have an academic infrastructure in place to support research. For example, the university library must subscribe to scientific publications if its researchers are to keep abreast of their fields; and, even though the cost of those periodicals cannot be directly ascribed to a particular project, universities should be allowed to recover this ``indirect`` cost. Under that policy, each university negotiated a reimbursement rate with the federal government. If a university took on a project with direct costs of, say, $100,000 and had negotiated an indirect cost rate of 50 percent, it could tack an additional $50,000 onto its bills. Another way to look at it is that a university requesting a 50 percent indirect cost rate was claiming that half of its campus was devoted to research. A school claiming 75 percent was saying three-fourths of its campus supported research. The government is billed for indirect costs and either allows or disallows them. Only allowed expenses are paid for, but the funds recovered can be used for virtually any purpose the university wants. Also, in the 1980s, the federal government enlarged its definition of indirect costs, allowing universities to use those funds to finance construction of new facilities. Stanford administrators quickly realized that this golden goose could help make true its century-old dream of being the ``Harvard of the West.`` That realization helped make the decade a heady time at Stanford. With a combination of California-style flash and old-fashioned entrepreneurial spirit, the school became one of academia`s leading recipients of federal funds. The accompanying overhead funds fed a construction fever as Stanford put up buildings at a rate of more than two a year. That building boom, however, outpaced even Stanford`s ability to obtain federal contracts. Noting the shortfall, the school`s administrators repeatedly negotiated increases in its indirect cost rate, finally reaching 74 percent, one of the highest in the nation. But even as the university negotiated more funds, its researchers-who had engendered these funds through their grants-saw a lot of money slipping away from their labs to pay for a mushrooming bureaucracy and to build up cash-poor humanities departments. To the university`s researchers, the rocketing overhead rate eventually became a liability. They found themselves priced out of the increasingly stiff competition for federal grants as more and more universities aimed at becoming first-class research schools. Schools with lower overhead rates could offer research at cheaper rates. ``The overhead rate was a cancer eating away at the university,`` said William Spicer, a Stanford professor of electrical engineering. ``There was no accountability.`` In the spring of 1990, faculty resentment reverberated far beyond the Palo Alto campus, catching the attention of Paul Biddle, a zealous government accountant who realized that taxpayers were footing the bill for Stanford`s freewheeling lifestyle.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note / / * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version * 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. / #ifndef _ASM_POWERPC_SWAB_H #define _ASM_POWERPC_SWAB_H #include <linux/types.h> #ifdef __GNUC__ #ifndef __powerpc64__ #define __SWAB_64_THRU_32__ #endif / __powerpc64__ / #endif / __GNUC__ / #endif / _ASM_POWERPC_SWAB_H */	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
[Variability in the rate of episiotomies and its relation to severe perineal tears and neonatal morbility]. To determine the variability in the use of episiotomy among midwives and its relation to third and fourth-degree tears, and the impact on neonatal morbidity. A study was conducted on historical groups from a total of 2,366 eutocic births with a single live fetus greater than or equal to 37 weeks gestation and 18 midwives over a three year period (2009, 2010 and 2011) in "Mancha-Centro" Hospital (Alcázar de San Juan).The outcomes variables for this analysis were the incidence of episiotomy, perineal lacerations, and neonatal morbidity. The variability in the use of episiotomy ranged from 19.5% to 50.1% among the 18 midwives in the study, with an average rate of 34.9% (824). Grouped at intervals, 22.1% (524) had a rate of ≤25%, 26.1% (621) between 26-35%, 38% (898) between 36-44%, and 13.7% (323) a rate of ≥45%, with homogeneity between the groups for all the confounding factors. There was no statistical association between higher rates of episotomy and pH of umbilical artery<7.10, Apgar score after 5 min<7, and the level of neonatal resuscitation type iii and iv. There was also no relationship between the rate of episiotomy with perineal integrity and third and fourth-degree tears. The variability in the rate of episiotomy is high, and it is not related to the increased presence of third and fourth-degree tears or increased neonatal morbidity. Episiotomy rates should not be greater than 25%, in order to prevent perineal trauma or loss of fetal well-being.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Coach of the Month – April 2016 – Coaching Q & A You are here: Home»Blog» Coach of the Month – April 2016 – Coaching Q & A At PSG we have a wide network of coaches. Every month we focus on one of the coaches from the community. This is our way to provide these coaches with an opportunity to introduce themselves and share their knowledge, experience and wisdom. We admire the uniqueness and individuality of our coaches and are truly happy to share their valuable insights with you. In April we are delighted to introduce you to our Featured Coach of the Month, Michael Heffernan. Find out what Michael has answered about his main lessons learnt since qualifying with the Coaching Diploma, his fulfillment gained and approach to the future. Take a look at our Coach of the Month – April 2016 Coaching Q & A PSG: Since qualifying, what are the top 3 lessons you have learnt that support your growth as a coach: Michael Lesson 1: It’s important to have a Strong Sense of Self and know that you are enough and forgive yourself. You are not always going to do or say the right things so give yourself a break. Try not to lay awake worried because of something you said or the way you handled a situation. Although it’s important to reflect and learn don’t allow it become wasted energy you could be using elsewhere in a more productive way. Lesson 2: Support is out there just ask for it! Understand that there is always an opportunity to learn while coaching. Learning can come from other coaches, your clients and in life’s daily circumstances. Support needs to be two way so share your experiences with others. One of the things I love most about our coaching community is the open and generous exchange of ideas. I find when I meet with other coaches to talk about coaching that the energy in the room is uplifting and inspiring. Keeping a strong support structure in place amplifies this energy. Lesson 3: Continued Personal Development – Quality Coaching Circle (QCC) supports this and keeps you current. In an ever changing world we are better coaches if we are immersed in our work and culture. Walking our walk and constantly learning. Read more books, keep yourself challenged, write more blogs, and get supervised coaching. PSG: To – date, as a coach, what has brought you the most fulfillment? Michael Coaching in its most basic form is helping others to achieve their desired goals. It is our humility and authenticity that allows us to connect deeply and empathize so well with clients. It is the hundreds of mistakes, wrong turns, dead ends and accumulated life lessons that give us so many powerful alternative perspectives to share with our clients. We are in a wonderful position to witness those ‘Aha’ moments. Sitting with a client and being present when this happens in so enjoyable for me as a coach. Although it’s always the client’s agenda there is a sneaky sense of “I helped them get there” by trusting the process and asking those powerful questions. It’s a great feeling that you are making a real change in people’s lives. PSG: What do you foresee as the main reasons for clients to look for coaching in 2016? Michael I believe a number of my fellow coaches have touched on this before, however, what I continue to see is people wanting to make career moves and the confidence to make changes. The workplace has a new energy and the security that people yearned for during the recession, while still there is slowly being replaced by a new agenda to test the workforce and see what else is out there. A further point, I find clients sometimes feel guilty about the desire to look elsewhere for employment as they feel they may owe a company, because the Company employed them during the ‘rough’ times so there is a lot of work to do on shame and guilt in this context and the broader context too.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Description:Riley Winter is always a pleasant sight, because when Riley wants a guy, everybody has a great time. See how long you can last, watching Riley do anal with hung ebony talent Sean Michaels, in today's 46 minute interracial scene. Her bubble butt and horny smile look hotter than sex made flesh. Prepare to be amazed, as you watch this blonde nympho use her butt and smile to worship Sean's dick!	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
ve -4c + 17 = -5a, -2c - a + 11 = -ya for c. 3 Let f be (-156)/(-60) - 2/(-5). Let x be (-2)/4(-11 - -1). Let s = x - f. Solve 4 + 1 = -5k + 3t, st = 10 for k. 2 Let q = -140 + 142. Suppose 15 = -2f - 5n, -3f + 2f + 5n = -15. Suppose fl + 10 = 5l. Solve -4 = -5p - w - 3w, -lw = qp for p. 4 Suppose 3y = 2y + 10. Solve -2s + 3f = 6, f - 6f + y = s for s. 0 Let k(r) = r + 10. Let c be k(-10). Let u = c + 5. Solve -un = -q - 2q + 21, 3n = -4q - 1 for n. -3 Suppose 0 = u - 6u + 10. Solve -10 = -un, 3n + 0n - 30 = 5k for k. -3 Suppose 4 = -2g + 3g. Solve 0 = 2a + 4 + 6, 0 = gz + 5a + 41 for z. -4 Suppose -2k + 32 = 2k. Let m = 10 - k. Let d be -10(0 + 2/(-4)). Solve -mj = r + 2r, j = -dr for j. 0 Let d(w) = w*3 - 16w*2 - 15w - 29. Let m be d(17). Solve -5f + 7 = -13, -mf = z - 17 for z. -3 Suppose 10a - 7a = 6. Solve 16 = 2r - 4o, ar + o + 2o + 5 = 0 for r. 2 Let n = -3 + 13. Suppose 2b - n = -0b. Let j(v) = -12v3 - 1. Let u be j(-1). Solve 14 = 5z + 3o - u, 0 = -3z + bo - 19 for z. 2 Let u be 140/89(-8)/(-42). Solve 5s + 8v = 5v + u, 3s + v = 14 for s. 3 Suppose -52 = -4f - 4i, 0 = f + 3f - 4i - 76. Solve -2j + 6j + f = 0, 5q = j + 24 for q. 4 Suppose y - 15 = 4t + 27, 2t = 4y - 126. Solve -2w + 4k = y, 4w + k + 0 = -15 for w. -5 Let s be (-2 + (-15)/(-3))/1. Suppose 0 = -4a + z + 28, 2a - sa - 12 = -5z. Let o = a - -2. Solve 4 = -j - j + 4n, 2n = -2j - o for j. -4 Let l(s) = 3s*2 + 2s + 1. Let o be -4 + 1 - (-4)/2. Let u be l(o). Solve 4i - 8 = f, 5f + 10 = -ui - 8 for i. 1 Let l(a) = -2a - 3 + 8a + a2 + a3 - 7a*2. Let y be l(5). Suppose 2z = g - 3, g - 7 = -0g - 2z. Solve -3r = 2j + 19, -7r + 4j + g = -yr for r. -3 Let t be (-13 + -1)/(0 - 1). Solve -2a = -3r - 3a - t, -r - 3a = 2 for r. -5 Suppose 3p = -0p - 3. Let h be (3 - -4) + -2 + p. Solve -5y - 2t + 9 = 0, -2y + h = 2t - 2 for y. 1 Suppose 0 = 2z + 3z - 85. Solve z = -3h - 0h + b, -3h = 4b - 8 for h. -4 Let p = -17 - -21. Suppose 0 = -pg + g + 4a + 20, -4a + 52 = 3g. Solve -5h = -h - 4c - g, 2c - 9 = -3h for h. 3 Let y(z) = -z2 + z + 1. Let h be y(4). Let v = h - -18. Suppose 5n + 2a = -3a + 55, 5n - 4a = 64. Solve -4d = -q - n, 4q + v = -d + 27 for q. 4 Let b(t) = -t*3 - 2t*2 - 2t. Let w be b(-2). Suppose wl + l - 27 = 4a, 5l + 4a - 3 = 0. Solve 0 = -2y + lp - 5p - 2, -3p = 0 for y. -1 Let d(n) = -n*3 - 5n*2 - 4n + 5. Let k be d(-4). Solve 4a = -kg + 7, -g = -4a - 0g - 11 for a. -2 Suppose -3d - 5p = -0d - 27, 5p = 4d - 1. Let f = 21 + -12. Solve 24 = di - 2o + 6o, 0 = 2i - o - f for i. 5 Suppose 6m + 3c + 61 = 2m, -5m - 79 = c. Let t be (-264)/m(-6)/(-9). Solve -3f = -a + t, 2f + 4 - 1 = 5a for a. -1 Let b(r) = -2r*3 + 2r*2 + 2r + 1. Let f be b(-1). Let w be f + -3 + (-6)/(-2). Solve -wa = -t - 7, 4t + 2 = -0t - a for t. -1 Suppose -10c = -12 - 8. Solve 5 = g + c, -5m + 2g = -19 for m. 5 Let l be 12 + (2 + -3 - 1). Suppose l = 4s - 2s. Solve -5q - 4k = -k - 22, -sq + 2k = -2 for q. 2 Let f(i) = 10i. Let a be f(1). Suppose 0 = 3v - 5v + a. Suppose 4y - 33 = vz - 0z, -z = -3y + 11. Solve -7s + 12 = 2m - ys, 3s = 2m + 4 for m. 1 Let j(o) = 4o - 7. Let x be j(3). Suppose -x - 43 = -3f. Solve c = -t - 4c - 9, -3t - 4c = f for t. -4 Let y be (-10)/30 - (-20)/6. Let w(c) = c - 9. Let m be w(10). Solve d - 4d + 3 = yb, 0 = 5b + d - m for b. 0 Let p(k) = k*2 + 5k + 1. Let j be p(-5). Suppose -j = -o - 3w + 18, 4o + 3w = 76. Solve h - 11 = -2h + q, -2q - o = -5h for h. 3 Let t = 5 - -7. Let n = -7 + t. Solve -18 = -4u - nq, q = -2q + 6 for u. 2 Let t(f) be the first derivative of 3f5/20 + f2/2 + 3f - 2. Let c(j) be the first derivative of t(j). Let i be c(1). Solve -y + 2 = y, iy = 2n for n. 2 Let n = 16 + -10. Let o(x) = x3 + 6x*2 - 8x + 3. Let w be o(-7). Suppose 5q - w = -0q. Solve ny = 2y + 2u - q, -3y - 9 = u for y. -2 Suppose -5m + 24 = -2g, 2m + 0m + 2 = -5g. Let j be (-4)/10 - (-732)/30. Suppose -5h + j = -h. Solve -2q - h = p + 1, 0 = -mp + 2q - 8 for p. -3 Let d be 2/(-1)-5(-24)/(-48). Solve -5 = j + 5x, j + d = -0j - 4x for j. -5 Let z = -5 - -7. Let h be (-1)/z + (-4)/(-8). Suppose 4u - 15 = -2x + 7, h = -u - 4x + 23. Solve 0 = c + 3c + i - 23, 0 = -2c + ui + 1 for c. 5 Let t be (-11)/66 - (-1)/6. Solve -2r + 6r + 23 = x, 2r - 2x + 16 = t for r. -5 Let v be 7/((1/1)/(-1)). Let x(o) = -o*3 - 6o*2 + 7o + 4. Let w be x(v). Solve -j = -0j + 2p + 4, 0 = wj + 2p - 2 for j. 2 Let a = -145 + 149. Solve 2q = 4t - 18, 0 = at - 2t - 3q - 7 for t. 5 Suppose i - 3m = -7, -10 = 5i + 4m - 32. Suppose -ip + 60 = 3p. Solve 3q + t = p, 0t - 3t = 5q - 20 for q. 4 Let p be (-36)/1510/3. Let q = p - -13. Let z(k) = -k3 + 3k*2 + 4k + 2. Let i be z(4). Solve -3j + x - ix + 1 = 0, 25 = -qx for j. 2 Let i(c) = 2c - 7. Let w(s) = -s*2 + 5s + 2. Suppose 5b = 10 + 10. Let o be w(b). Let x be i(o). Solve -xm + 4z = 24, 0 - 1 = -z for m. -4 Suppose -4n + 11n + 413 = 0. Let x = n - -83. Solve h = -s + 2, -5s = -h - h - x for s. 4 Let o(f) = f - 9. Let s be o(11). Let h(g) be the first derivative of g*2 + g - 2. Let v be h(s). Solve 4y - 5x = 36, -y - 17 = vx - 1 for y. 4 Suppose q = -5w + 4q + 90, 2w = -3q + 15. Solve w = 4r + k, k = 5r + 2k - 20 for r. 5 Suppose 7t - 6t - 4 = 0. Solve c + 0 + 4 = ty, -5c = 4y - 4 for y. 1 Let b(t) = -t + 17. Let q(r) = -8. Let l(x) = 6b(x) + 13q(x). Let p be l(-1). Suppose 3h - 14 + 5 = 0. Solve 0 = -5w + 4a - 32, hw + pa - 8 = 2w for w. -4 Suppose t + 86 = 98. Solve 3m = 4u + 9, -2u - 3m = u + t for u. -3 Suppose -5w = -5x - 45, -w + 17 + 4 = -4x. Solve 0s + 4 = 4s, -5l - ws - 20 = 0 for l. -5 Let q = -5 + 10. Solve 5r = -z + 20, 3r - qr + 8 = -2z for r. 4 Let h = -13 - -34. Solve -2y = 4p - 24, -2y + 5p + 0p = h for y. 2 Let f be 2/(-3) + 3/(-9). Let v be 0/(f + 0 - 1). Let b = 107 + -105. Solve vl - 21 = 5z + bl, -3 = -3z + 4l for z. -3 Let b(t) = -t2 - t + 9. Let y be b(0). Suppose 3j = y + 3. Solve -jd + 23 = -0d - 5l, 0 = -3d - 3l - 3 for d. 2 Let g(j) = j3 - 3j*2 - 2j - 3. Suppose 4n = -2 - 6. Let u be (-282)/(-54) - n/(-9). Let t be g(u). Solve 0 = 2c - 4r + 26, 0 = c + 4c - 3r + t for c. -5 Let n(q) = q3 + 6q*2 - 7q + 4. Let f be n(-7). Solve -h = -5o + 19, 4o + 0h - 12 = fh for o. 4 Let o = -18 + 28. Let k = 14 - o. Solve -2b + 6 = s, 0b - 3 = -b - ks for b. 3 Let o(l) = -l3 + 8l*2 - 7l. Let c = 11 - 4. Let j be o(c). Solve j = 2m + u + 1, m = -0m + 3u + 17 for m. 2 Suppose 4a + 6x - 2x - 224 = 0, a - 59 = -4x. Suppose 5b - a = -5f, -10 = -2f - 3b + 14. Let u = -4 + f. Solve -2i - s = 12, -i - 2s - u = 4 for i. -5 Let n be 2 - (-2 + -4 + -2). Suppose -h + 2h - n = -5u, h + 2 = -u. Solve uj - 4d + 0 = -1, d + 3 = 4j for j. 1 Let b(c) = -c - 2. Let r be b(-3). Let o be r - (6 - 3)-1. Solve -m = -3m - 5n + 28, -5n + 36 = om for m. 4 Let g = -6 + 6. Let k(z) = z + 1. Let o be k(g). Let w be 1 + 0/o + 2. Solve p = -b + 2, 4b + p = w - 4 for b. -1 Let z(c) = 3c + 6. Let p(d) = 7d + 11. Let h(k) = -4p(k) + 9z(k). Let x be h(5). Solve 3y - 11 = -2q, -y - 5 = -0q + xq for q. -2 Suppose 3 = 2d - d. Solve 0 = 2g + o - 7, 0 = g + dg + 5o - 17 for g. 3 Let g be 2 + 1/1 + -21. Let h = -13 - g. Solve z = -hf + 26, -3z - z = 4f - 24 for z. 1 Let j = 5 - 4. Suppose -2i = -2r - j - 5, 3r = -3i + 3. Let l = r + 6. Solve 4n + 0 = -u + 6, -lu = -4n + 18 for u. -2 Let p = -94 - -115. Solve 3 = o - 2x, 5o - p = -3x + 7x for o. 5 Suppose j = y - 36, 0j = y + 2j - 36. Suppose -7u + s + y = -3u, -4s - 34 = -5u. Solve -2l = -z - 7l - u, 3z - 3l = 24 for z. 5 Let z(w) = -w. Let g be z(-4). Solve 2 = -3s + 2a, 2s + 4a = 6s - g for s. -4 Let p = 33 - 23. Suppose 0o = a - 2o - 4, 5o = -p. Solve 5k = z - 8 - 5, k - 2z - 1 = a for k. -3 Let x(p) = p2 + p. Let f be x(-3). Let c(o) = -o3 + 6o2 + o - 6. Let a be c(f). Suppose 3 - 8 = -g. Solve 4b - 45 = -gw, a = -w - 0b + b for w. 5 Suppose 0 = 3r + 3 - 6. Let a be r/(-2 - 0)-6. So	{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }
Nyctemera malaccana Nyctemera malaccana is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Walter Karl Johann Roepke in 1957. It is found on Malacca in Malaysia. References Category:Nyctemerina Category:Moths described in 1957	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Fourth of July is not only America’s birthday, but also the anniversary of one of the boldest experiments in American letters. On July 4, 1845, Henry David Thoreau moved into a small cabin near Walden Pond in Massachusetts and began writing “Walden,” the autobiographical book that would define his legacy. Thoreau was many things – naturalist, political dissident, professional crank – but he was also one of our earliest and most memorable media critics. His reservations about the limits of journalism resonate with particular urgency today, as a massive oil spill near my home state of Louisiana underscores what Thoreau found lacking in media culture. “I am sure that I never read any memorable news in a newspaper,” Thoreau told readers of “Walden.” “If we read of one man robbed, or murdered, or killed by accident, or one house burned, or one vessel wrecked, or one steamboat blown up, or one cow run over on the Western Railroad, or one mad dog killed ... we never need read of another.... “To a philosopher,” said Thoreau, “all news, as it is called, is gossip, and they who edit and read it are old women over their tea.” Thoreau had other ideas about what was newsworthy, as I’ve been reminded recently while perusing editor Damion Searls’s masterly abridged new version of Thoreau’s journals. The journals are a sustained record of the natural world – the slant of light in a summer sky, the flow of sap from New England maples, the arrival of spring birds “more sure than the arrival of the sailing and steaming packets.” In Thoreau’s time, as in ours, nature didn’t usually didn’t make news unless it was touched by obvious trouble. If war, as one wit famously observed, is “God’s way of teaching Americans geography,” then environmental disasters such as the BP oil spill seem to be the primary way that Americans learn about ecology. In “Walden” and his other writings, Thoreau argued for a less fragmentary understanding of land and water, one based on a daily intimacy with the realities of how man and nature interact. It’s a grasp of the natural world that the news cycle, with its emphasis on crisis and conflict, seems ill-suited to sustain. Thoreau said that his decision to move to the woods of Walden on Independence Day was merely an accident of the calendar. Coincidental or not, Thoreau’s timing reminds us that his sense of America’s possibility was inextricably linked with the wonder of its landscape. That connection is worth remembering on this Independence Day, as an ongoing oil spill places our natural bounty at risk. Danny Heitman, a columnist for The Baton Rouge Advocate, is the author of “A Summer of Birds: John James Audubon at Oakley House.” More Independence Day related items: More from Danny Heitman:	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Rep.-elect Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, D-N.Y., hasn’t officially started her first term in office, but she’s already pushing a massive, far-left proposal that would fundamentally transform much of the economy and push the country closer than ever to socialism. For several weeks, you might have heard Ocasio-Cortez reference the creation of a “Green New Deal,” but until recently, few people knew what would be included in the plan. In a draft resolution to form a select committee in the House that would help develop legislation to put her plan in action, Ocasio-Cortez finally outlined numerous proposals that she says should be part of future Green New Deal legislation. Taken together, the many ideas included in Ocasio-Cortez’s Green New Deal would be the most radical policy shift in modern U.S. history, dramatically increasing the size and power of government and running up the national debt by trillions of dollars. According to Ocasio-Cortez, the Green New Deal, which has been endorsed by Sens. Bernie Sanders, I-Vt., Cory Booker, D-N.J., Elizabeth Warren, D-Mass., and at least 40 House Democrats, would eliminate nearly all fossil fuels from the electric grid and force everyone in the country to buy from power companies selling only renewable energy. This policy alone would create widespread economic chaos. Without government subsidies, renewable energy costs significantly more than many forms of traditional energy generation. My colleagues at the Heartland Institute found that electricity prices are, on average, increasing by 50 percent faster in those states that have created renewable power mandates compared to those that have rejected these economically destructive policies. This is especially troubling news for working-class and lower-income Americans, who spend much larger shares of their income on energy than wealthier families. Not only is Ocasio-Cortez proposing to eliminate the hundreds of thousands of jobs in the fossil fuel industry in the United States, even though America recently became a net-energy exporter, she’s demanding this transition occur in just 10 years, from 2020 to 2030. This mandate would be virtually impossible to achieve because wind and solar energy sources still rely on back-up generation from fossil-fuel-powered energy when the wind isn’t blowing and the sun isn’t shining. Ocasio-Cortez’s proposal doesn’t merely advocate for a gigantic shift in the U.S. energy industry. Her draft resolution says one of the proposed House committee’s priorities would be “upgrading every residential and industrial building for state-of-the-art energy efficiency, comfort and safety.” Taken literally, this mandate would cost trillions of dollars. There were about 136 million housing units in the United States in 2017, not including any businesses. Even if it would cost just $10,000 to “upgrade” every home and apartment, an extremely low estimate, this one relatively small part of her plan would cost more than $1.3 trillion. Ocasio-Cortez’s draft resolution also proposes “eliminating greenhouse gas emissions from the manufacturing, agricultural and other industries, including by investing in local-scale agriculture in communities across the country,” as well as “eliminating greenhouse gas emissions from, repairing and improving transportation and other infrastructure, and upgrading water infrastructure to ensure universal access to clean water.” It’s not clear whether this would eventually mean the elimination of all gasoline-powered cars, but even if we assume private ownership of these vehicles would be permitted, the removal of affordable fossil fuels, including natural gas, from all industry would increase the cost of developing, manufacturing, and delivering all goods and services in the country. It would force companies to spend, at the very least, hundreds of billions of additional dollars more than they do now — expenses that would inevitably be passed along to consumers. The proposal includes numerous other radical policies as well. For example, Ocasio-Cortez’s Green New Deal would also create a single-payer healthcare system. If it’s anything like the Medicare for All plan promoted by Sanders, the cost of this single part of her plan would be $32 trillion over the first 10 years, according to estimates from the Mercatus Center. Ocasio-Cortez also says her plan would include a federal jobs guarantee “to assure a living wage to every person who wants one.” You might be wondering where Ocasio-Cortez plans to get the tens of trillions of dollars it would cost to carry out these and the other socialist policies offered as part of her Green New Deal. According to the “Frequently Asked Questions” section of her draft resolution, Ocasio-Cortez says her proposal could be paid for using “the same ways that we paid for the 2008 bank bailout and extended quantitative easing programs, the same ways we paid for World War II and many other wars”: raising taxes, printing money, and creating new publicly owned banks. Who would lead the charge in this radical new effort? Bureaucrats — the same people who can’t run the Postal Service or Amtrak without incurring huge amounts of debt and who haven’t managed to balance the budget in nearly two decades. Although reports indicate House Democratic leadership plans to kill Ocasio-Cortez’s proposal for a new select committee, Green New Deal supporters say they are going to push forward and attempt to create legislation that would make these policy pipedreams a reality. Make no mistake about it: This is one of the most dangerous and extreme proposals offered in modern U.S. history. It’s the sort of thing you’d see in the Soviet Union, not the United States. If we don’t stop the Green New Deal, our economy may not survive. This isn’t a battle we can afford to lose. Justin Haskins (@JustinTHaskins) is the executive editor and a research fellow at the Heartland Institute and the editor-in-chief of StoppingSocialism.com.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
444 So.2d 121 (1984) June M. ROBERTS v. SONIC DRIVE INN OF MARKSVILLE INC. and North River Insurance Co. No. 83-C-2520. Supreme Court of Louisiana. January 16, 1984. Denied. BLANCHE and LEMMON, JJ., would grant the writ.	{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }
Q: How to invite a users friends to an event? Facebook Graph API I have an application using the Graph API. I have it creating events for the user, but would like to let the user invite their friends from our site instead of having to go to the events Facebook page. Does anyone know of the request I have to send the friends' IDs too to invite them like with the old API? Or if it even exists? I am finding a lot of the finer details in the API documentation are vague. Thank you! Also, side question, can you send an event photo with the create POST? I see no mention on how to submit a photo with the event creation. Thanks. A: I actually was able to get an answer from the Facebook team and they just told me to use the old API through the new PHP interface. They have yet to convert this functionality and don't know if it will be converted. Edit: Here is the code I used to invite friends after I got the IDs from the new api ($id_array). This is applied in a wrapper around the PHP Facebook object I used to hold all my Facebook specific code. $fb = new FacebookGraph(array( 'appId' => 'xxxx', 'secret' => 'xxxx', 'cookie' => true, )); $fb->api(array( 'method' => 'events.invite', 'eid' => $event_id, 'uids' => $id_array, 'personal_message' => $message, )); A: This is actually possible with the Graph API, specifically the invited connection of the event's object: POST /EVENT_ID/invited/USER_ID Invite a user to an event. Returns true if the request is successful. POST /EVENT_ID/invited?users=USER_ID1,USER_ID2,USER_ID3 Invite multiple users to an event. Returns true if the request is successful. You'll need the create_event permission. More info is available in this post. A: The possibility to invite users to an Event was removed in v2.4 of the Graph API: The Event node no longer supports GET operations on the endpoints /v2.4/{event_id}/invited, /v2.4/{event_id}/likes, or /v2.4/{event_id}/sharedposts. There is no way to invite users to an Event anymore, you have to use facebook.com instead.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Identification of sulphur-organic compounds obtained by thermal treatment of the meat broths in the presence of alkyl-mercaptopropanol. By means of GLC-analysis on columns with different polarity phases the composition of the sulphur-containing volatiles obtained by the thermal treatment of the industrial broths and alkyl-mercaptopropanol was studied using flame-photometric detector specific for sulphur. The identification of the sulphur-containing compounds was realized using both retention indices and GLC-MS. The comparison of the composition of sulphur-containing flavour components of the industrial broth with that of its product with alkyl-mercaptopropanol was carried out.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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