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Q:
Find value in array of objects
I have an array of objects, each object contains n key/value pairs. I need to return an array of the objects which has a value matching x.
Using Underscore.js I could use _.findWhere however I don't know what key the value will be under.
I could obviously loop the array, fetch all of the keys in each object, then run _.findWhere on each key and check if the value is there, but it doesn't seem like a good way of doing this.
A:
I could obviously loop the array, fetch all of the keys in each object...
Yes.
Write a function that accepts an array and a value to look for in its elements members, loop over the array, loop over the keys of the current element, and push the objects containing a member with a matching value to an array and return it after the iteration.
function findValues (arr,val) {
var result = [];
for (var i=0,current;i<arr.length;i++) {
current = arr [i];
for (var key in current) {
if (current [key] === val) {
result.push (current);
}
}
}
return result
}
Here is an example output
findValues (
[{
a:1,
b:2,
c:3
},{
a:1,
b:2,
},{
a:1,
b:2,
},{
a:1,
b:2,
c:3,
d:4
},{
a:1,
b:2,
}],
3
) //[{"a":1,"b":2,"c":3},{"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4}]
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Check out our new site Makeup Addiction
add your own caption
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Puts diesel in the truck Pours a glass for himself
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Wellington International Airport has earned itself a reputation for having one of the scariest runways in the world. It sometimes takes pilots multiple bumpy, hair-raising attempts to stick the landing.
Its landing strip, which is nothing more than a short ribbon of asphalt, is flanked by water on either end and streaks through steep, rolling terrain, making it feel as though planes are sure to either plunge into the bay or crash into a hill.
The short runway isn’t the only reason a trip to this airport can be so harrowing. Thanks to its location, Wellington is also incredibly windy. It’s right in the middle of a wind tunnel created by the mountains stretching across the top of the South Island and the bottom of the North Island. Air that would otherwise be blocked by the craggy land gets funneled across the Cook Strait.
These blustery conditions mean planes are in for an extra turbulent landing. The wind isn’t particularly kind to the aircraft, often tossing them about as pilots attempt to hit the pavement as smoothly as possible. Being strapped inside a flying tube of metal as it bops up and down and tumbles side to side while zooming closer to the earth is a heart-racing, stomach-churning adventure. Sometimes the strong winds send planes boomeranging back into the sky seconds after their wheels have hit the ground.
|
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"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Darrin Van Horn
Darrin Van Horn (born September 7, 1968, in Cincinnati, Ohio) is a retired professional boxer. He was a world champion in two weight divisions.
Professional boxing career
Van Horn boxed as an amateur for four years, winning Golden Gloves and Junior Olympic titles. With his father as his manager and trainer, he made his professional debut in New Orleans, Louisiana, on September 2, 1984. Van Horn was just five days short of his 16th birthday.
Since Van Horn was still a high school student when he turned professional, he was given the nickname "Schoolboy." In 1986, he moved to Lexington, Kentucky, to attend the University of Kentucky where he became a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity. Boxing with the letters "UK" on his trunks, the "Schoolboy" angle was played up heavily.
He compiled a record of 38-0 before challenging for a world title. Van Horn, a 2-1 underdog, defeated Robert Hines by a 12-round unanimous decision to win the IBF Junior Middleweight Championship on February 5, 1989, in Atlantic City, New Jersey. On July 15, 1989, Van Horn returned to Atlantic City to make his first title defense against Gianfranco Rosi, the former WBC Super Welterweight Champion. Rosi, a decided underdog, took the title by winning by a 12-round unanimous decision.
After five consecutive wins, Van Horn had a rematch with Rosi in Italy on July 21, 1990. Although Van Horn fought better than he did in the first fight against Rosi, he was unable to regain the title. Rosi once again won by a 12-round unanimous decision.
Van Horn moved up in weight and won the IBF Super Middleweight Championship with an 11th-round knockout of Lindell Holmes in Italy on May 18, 1991. In his first title defense, he scored a third-round knockout of mandatory challenger John Jarvis in Irvine, California, on August 17, 1991.
On January 10, 1992, Van Horn lost the title to Iran Barkley, the former WBC Middleweight Champion, by a second-round technical knockout in New York City. Barkley, a 2-1 underdog, wobbled Van Horn with a left hook early in the first round and floored him three times in the second.
In May 1992, Van Horn graduated from the University of Kentucky with a bachelor's degree in broadcast journalism.
Van Horn was scheduled to face James Toney for the IBF Super Middleweight Championship in Tulsa, Oklahoma, on October 29, 1993, but he pulled out of the fight after claiming a shoulder injury. The Boston Globe reported: "Sadly, word around boxing says his real problem has been near-constant headaches that recently forced him to stay in a darkened room for days at a time." The Van Horn camp denied that was true, but one fight figure was quoted as saying: "It would be child abuse for his father to put him back in the ring. When I was with him, he knew me and why I was there, but every 15 or 20 minutes he'd ask, 'Why are you guys here?' It's pretty sad."
Van Horn was scheduled to face Nigel Benn for the WBC Super Middleweight Championship in England on September 10, 1994, but the fight was called off. According to Boxing Monthly, it was cancelled after Van Horn failed a brain scan. However, during an interview with Boxing News in 2015, Van Horn said: "I never failed any scan, not ever. I have no idea where that came from. I fought a few times after the Barkley fight. Rumors and things come up, it's just ridiculous. I just became disenchanted with the sport. I said to myself I was going to step back for a while and get a few things done; like going back to college, and my intention was to come back to boxing. But I never did."
Retirement
Van Horn won his final six fights. His last bout took place in Harlingen, Texas, on August 3, 1994. He defeated journeyman Willie Bell by a second-round technical knockout.
After retiring from boxing, Van Horn became a state trooper.
Professional boxing record
|-
|align="center" colspan=8|53 Wins (29 knockouts, 24 decisions), 3 Losses (1 knockout, 2 decisions)
|-
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Result
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Record
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Round
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Willie Ball
|TKO
|2
|03/08/1994
|align=left| Harlingen, Texas, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Ricky Thomas
|PTS
|10
|15/12/1992
|align=left| Foxwoods Resort Casino, Mashantucket, Connecticut, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Rollin "Chiller" Williams
|UD
|10
|16/10/1992
|align=left| Boise, Idaho, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Bill "Fireball" Bradley
|RTD
|2
|29/09/1992
|align=left| Bismarck Civic Center, Bismarck, North Dakota, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Martin Amarillas
|UD
|10
|04/09/1992
|align=left| Country Club, Reseda, California, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| "Little" Nicky Walker
|UD
|10
|30/06/1992
|align=left| Pensacola Civic Center, Pensacola, Florida, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Iran Barkley
|TKO
|2
|10/01/1992
|align=left| Paramount Theatre, New York City, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| "Big" John Jarvis
|KO
|3
|17/08/1991
|align=left| Bren Events Center, Irvine, California, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Lindell Holmes
|KO
|11
|18/05/1991
|align=left| Palazzo Dello Sport, Verbania, Italy
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| "Very" Randy Williams
|PTS
|10
|28/12/1990
|align=left| Lexington, Kentucky, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Gianfranco Rosi
|UD
|12
|21/07/1990
|align=left| Palazzo del Ghiaccio, Marino, Lazio, Italy
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Jake Torrance
|PTS
|8
|14/04/1990
|align=left| Loew's Hotel, Monte Carlo, Monaco
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Ruben Cortina
|KO
|1
|02/03/1990
|align=left| Jackson, Mississippi, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Salim Muhammad
|UD
|10
|09/10/1989
|align=left| Roy Wilkins Auditorium, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Mike Sacchetti
|PTS
|10
|25/09/1989
|align=left| Nogent-le-Phaye, France
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Steve Langley
|PTS
|10
|13/09/1989
|align=left| Metairie, Louisiana, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Gianfranco Rosi
|UD
|12
|15/07/1989
|align=left| Trump Castle, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Robert "Bam Bam" Hines
|UD
|12
|05/02/1989
|align=left| Trump Castle, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Miguel Angel Hernandez
|TKO
|5
|03/11/1988
|align=left| Showboat Hotel and Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Jake Torrance
|UD
|10
|20/09/1988
|align=left| Memorial Coliseum, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Juan Elizondo
|KO
|3
|05/05/1988
|align=left| Fairgrounds Stadium, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| John Munduga
|TKO
|7
|21/02/1988
|align=left| Hilton Hotel, Frankfort, Kentucky, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Joe "Indian" Summers
|UD
|10
|05/12/1987
|align=left| Atlantic City Convention Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Juan Alonso Villa
|PTS
|10
|17/10/1987
|align=left| Harrah's Atlantic City, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
|align=left|98-92, 98-93, 99-91
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Norberto Bueno
|KO
|3
|17/09/1987
|align=left| Felt Forum, New York City, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Greg "Tool Man" Taylor
|UD
|8
|25/08/1987
|align=left| Continental Inn, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Luis Santana
|UD
|10
|21/06/1987
|align=left| Lexington, Kentucky, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Elio Diaz
|UD
|10
|20/04/1987
|align=left| Rupp Arena, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| John "Papa" Moore
|TKO
|6
|24/02/1987
|align=left| Continental Inn, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| "Dangerous" Danny Thomas
|PTS
|10
|13/01/1987
|align=left| Continental Inn, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Sammy Floyd
|UD
|10
|09/09/1986
|align=left| Rupp Arena, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
|align=left|Floyd took the fight on short notice after Bruce Curry pulled out.
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Keheven Johnson
|KO
|8
|01/07/1986
|align=left| Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Donald Gwinn
|TKO
|5
|24/06/1986
|align=left| Continental Inn, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left|David "Dexter" Ramsey
|KO
|4
|15/04/1986
|align=left| Lafayette, Louisiana, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Norberto Sabater
|TKO
|2
|06/03/1986
|align=left| Landmark Hotel, Metairie, Louisiana, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Ed Modicue
|UD
|8
|21/01/1986
|align=left| Landmark Hotel, Metairie, Louisiana, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Reggie Dixon
|PTS
|6
|15/10/1985
|align=left| Landmark Hotel, Metairie, Louisiana, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left|Javier Muniz
|KO
|5
|02/10/1985
|align=left| Houma, Louisiana, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Pablo Valdez
|TKO
|4
|17/09/1985
|align=left| Landmark Hotel, Metairie, Louisiana, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Earl White
|KO
|5
|06/09/1985
|align=left| Terrytown, Nebraska, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Robert "Hot Dog" Manous
|KO
|3
|11/07/1985
|align=left| Sports Palace, Morgan City, Louisiana, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Reggie Dixon
|UD
|6
|26/06/1985
|align=left| Lafayette, Louisiana, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Alonzo Stringfellow
|TKO
|1
|10/06/1985
|align=left| Landmark Hotel, Metairie, Louisiana, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| John Wesley Morton
|SD
|6
|07/05/1985
|align=left| Landmark Hotel, Metairie, Louisiana, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Ronald Paige
|KO
|1
|18/04/1985
|align=left| Monroe, Louisiana, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| James "Colonel" Sanders
|KO
|4
|20/03/1985
|align=left| Lafayette, Louisiana, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Derrick Earvin
|SD
|4
|07/03/1985
|align=left| Convention Hall, Gadsden, Alabama, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left|Jessie Hopkins
|KO
|1
|04/03/1985
|align=left| Landmark Hotel, Metairie, Louisiana, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| "Little" Jimmy Mitchell
|TKO
|5
|21/02/1985
|align=left| Morgan City, Louisiana, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left|David "Barber" Seville
|KO
|2
|08/02/1985
|align=left| Lafayette, Louisiana, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Mike "The Spike" French
|TKO
|1
|16/01/1985
|align=left| Lafayette, Louisiana, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left|Jamie Hobbs
|KO
|1
|18/12/1984
|align=left| Morgan City, Louisiana, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left|Rodney "King" Jones
|KO
|2
|04/12/1984
|align=left| St Bernard Civic Auditorium, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Willie Rimmer
|PTS
|6
|20/11/1984
|align=left| Jefferson City, Missouri, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Richard "Zach" Morris
|TKO
|2
|13/11/1984
|align=left| Municipal Auditorium, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Leon Kerlinger
|KO
|2
|02/09/1984
|align=left| New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
|align=left|
|}
See also
List of IBF world champions
References
External links
Category:1968 births
Category:Boxers from Kentucky
Category:Boxers from Louisiana
Category:International Boxing Federation champions
Category:Living people
Category:People from Morgan City, Louisiana
Category:Sportspeople from Lexington, Kentucky
Category:American male boxers
|
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|
/*
* Copyright (c) 2011 The WebRTC project authors. All Rights Reserved.
*
* Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license
* that can be found in the LICENSE file in the root of the source
* tree. An additional intellectual property rights grant can be found
* in the file PATENTS. All contributing project authors may
* be found in the AUTHORS file in the root of the source tree.
*/
/******************************************************************
iLBC Speech Coder ANSI-C Source Code
WebRtcIlbcfix_InterpolateSamples.c
******************************************************************/
#include "modules/audio_coding/codecs/ilbc/defines.h"
#include "modules/audio_coding/codecs/ilbc/constants.h"
void WebRtcIlbcfix_InterpolateSamples(
int16_t *interpSamples, /* (o) The interpolated samples */
int16_t *CBmem, /* (i) The CB memory */
size_t lMem /* (i) Length of the CB memory */
) {
int16_t *ppi, *ppo, i, j, temp1, temp2;
int16_t *tmpPtr;
/* Calculate the 20 vectors of interpolated samples (4 samples each)
that are used in the codebooks for lag 20 to 39 */
tmpPtr = interpSamples;
for (j=0; j<20; j++) {
temp1 = 0;
temp2 = 3;
ppo = CBmem+lMem-4;
ppi = CBmem+lMem-j-24;
for (i=0; i<4; i++) {
*tmpPtr++ = (int16_t)((WebRtcIlbcfix_kAlpha[temp2] * *ppo) >> 15) +
(int16_t)((WebRtcIlbcfix_kAlpha[temp1] * *ppi) >> 15);
ppo++;
ppi++;
temp1++;
temp2--;
}
}
return;
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
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Landgravines consort of Hesse-Philippsthal
#REDIRECT List of Hessian consorts
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Grob G 120TP
The Grob G 120TP is a two-seat turboprop training and aerobatic low-wing aircraft with a composite airframe, built by Grob Aircraft. It is based on the Grob G 120A training aircraft and has been developed for military and civil pilots training. It has a retractable tricycle landing gear and a low tailplane.
The first customer was the Indonesian Air Force. EASA Part 23 type certification was completed in May 2013.
Design and development
Designed to be a further development of the G 120A, the G 120TP turned during the development process into a nearly new type of aircraft. Due to the new powertrain, the G 120TP offers new capabilities for basic and advanced pilot training where it can be used as a lead in for a jet trainer.
The airframe is made of fiberglass reinforced plastic and is stressed to +6/-4g. The wings are made of carbon fibre composites with winglets.
The cockpit provides room for students and teachers wearing military equipment and helmets. The HOTAS control system is similar to that found in other types of aircraft that students may fly later in their careers. Therefore, basic and advanced flight training for future transport aircraft, helicopter or jet pilots will be possible. The cockpit is equipped with movable seats, or optionally, the new Martin-Baker Mk.17 lightweight ejection seats. The instrument panel can be equipped with a 4-screen Genesys Aerosystems IDU-680 EFIS. An autopilot and air conditioning system are available as well as an oxygen system and second thrust lever.
Operators
Argentina is the second operator of the G 120TP. Deliveries of the first batch of four aircraft started in June 2013, with a total delivery of 10 aircraft(+5).
The launch customer for the G 120TP was the Indonesian Air Force, which operates a fleet of 24 aircraft plus additional 6 follow-up orders, as well as a G 120TP – Flight Training Device.
The Royal Jordanian Air Force (RJAF) awarded Grob Aircraft an order to supply 14 aircraft among which one CBT System and one G 120TP FTD for elementary pilot training. The aircraft entered service in April 2017. Around that same time Grob confirmed it had delivered 12 of the 14 ordered aircraft. In January 2018, the Bundeswehr announced it had donated two aircraft to Jordan.
The Mexican Air Force (FAM) has selected the Grob G 120TP as its new elementary trainer. The contract contains 25 aircraft (+15) equipped with the Genesys Aerosytems EFIS IDU-680. The delivery of the first batch was in February 2015 and final batch in February 2016. The training will be completed by a Computer Based Training (CBT) System and four G 120TP Flight Training Devices.
The Myanmar Air Force operates a fleet of 20 G 120TP (+10) training aircraft equipped with Genesys Aerosystems EFIS IDU-680. The pilot training will be supported by a CBT System and one G 120TP FTD.
The UK Military Flying Training System (MFTS) provides tri-service Elementary Flying Training to British military pilots on a fleet of 23 G 120TPs.
The system replaces separate flying fixed-wing and rotary training programs for the Royal Air Force, Royal Navy and Army Air Corps. The service provider Ascent uses the G 120TP together with the Beechcraft T-6 to provide initial, basic and advanced training.
The United States Army selected the G 120TP to provide comprehensive initial and recurrent training for more than 600 U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force fixed-wing pilots annually, covering transition of army rotary-wing aviators and training of army initial-entry fixed-wing students.
Together with CAE USA, Grob Aircraft will provide turnkey training services including academic, simulator, and live flying training with a total of 6 aircraft, 1 Flight Training Device and 1 Procedures Trainer at a new training center to be built at Dothan Regional Airport in Alabama, close to the U.S. Army's Aviation Center of Excellence (USAACE) at Fort Rucker.
Specifications
See also
References
External links
G120TP
Category:2010s German military trainer aircraft
Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft
Category:Low-wing aircraft
Category:Single-engined turboprop aircraft
Category:Aircraft first flown in 2010
|
{
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|
I have so many leftovers in my fridge I can't fit all these groceries I just bought
130 shares
|
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|
117 Ga. App. 385 (1968)
160 S.E.2d 668
JACKSON
v.
KIGHT et al.
43411.
Court of Appeals of Georgia.
Argued February 7, 1968.
Decided March 12, 1968.
*388 Richardson, Doremus & Karsman, Ogden Doremus, for appellant.
Lewis & Javetz, Emanuel Lewis, Pierce, Ranitz, Lee, Berry & Mahoney, Thomas J. Mahoney, Jr., for appellees.
PANNELL, Judge.
Waldo Kight brought an action against Hugh Jackson and J. M. Aycock seeking to recover damages for injuries sustained by him when he ran into a large road grader on an expressway, alleging that the defendants were the owners and operators of the road grader negligently left without lights at night on the expressway. Answers were filed by both *386 defendants, and the defendant Jackson amended his answer, setting out, among other things, that the plaintiff had executed a covenant not to sue, copy of which was attached to the amendment to the answer, claiming that the covenant not to sue precluded the asserting of any claim by the plaintiff against the defendant Jackson because of the provisions of the Act approved April 17, 1963 (Ga. L. 1963, p. 643; Code Ann. § 56-408.1).
Subsequently, the defendant Jackson made a motion for summary judgment on several grounds, one of which was the above ground set forth in the answer, which motion for summary judgment stated "that on October 20, 1967, the plaintiff herein entered an agreement with J. M. Aycock and with his liability insurance carrier" as shown by exhibits attached, and that J. M. Aycock was dismissed as a party defendant, and contended that because of the terms of the covenant not to sue no claim could be asserted by the plaintiff against the movant. The motion for summary judgment was sworn to by the defendant Jackson, the oath stating "that the facts set forth in the foregoing motion for summary judgment and the exhibits attached thereto are true to the best of his knowledge and belief." The trial judge denied the motion and Jackson appealed. Held:
1. Irrespective of whether or not the affidavit of the defendant (the sworn-to motion for summary judgment) could be considered as against the contention made in this court that it did not affirmatively appear therefrom that the affiant was testifying as to facts within his own knowledge (see Holland v. Sanfax Corp., 106 Ga. App. 1, 4 (126 SE2d 442); Planters Rural Tel. Co-op. v. Chance, 108 Ga. App. 146, 148 (132 SE2d 90)), and irrespective of whether or not the exhibit attached, a photostat of a covenant not to sue purportedly signed by the plaintiff, was "sworn and certified" as required by Section 5 of the Summary Judgment Act ((Ga. L. 1959, pp. 234, 235; Code Ann. § 110-1205); see also Section 56 (e) of the Georgia Civil Practice Act (Ga. L. 1966, pp. 609, 661; Code Ann. § 81A-156 (e)), and regardless of the effect of the fact that no objection was made to the exhibits or to the lack of proper proof as to the execution thereof by the plaintiff, and regardless of the effect of the fact that there was no affidavit on the part of the plaintiff denying the execution of such covenant not to sue, it appears in the brief of the appellant (the defendant *387 Jackson) that one of the issues is whether or not the covenant not to sue released the defendant Jackson, and the brief of the appellee (plaintiff in the court below) agrees that is an issue in this court, and the appellant's brief recited as a fact the execution of the covenant not to sue by the plaintiff, and that this was the agreement so entitled and set forth as an exhibit to the summary judgment, and this fact was not controverted, but, on the contrary, the brief of the appellee admitted the fact. Accordingly, this court will, under all these circumstances, accept the statement of fact as to the execution of the agreement as being prima facie true and will determine the outcome of this case in the light of that fact. See Rule 17 (b) (1) of this court effective August 1, 1965, 111 Ga. App. 890.
2. The covenant not to sue the defendant Aycock and his insurance carrier and signed by the plaintiff referred expressly to the present suit and recited that the insurance carrier was paying the consideration of a covenant not to sue without prior notice to or consent of its insured, Aycock. The second paragraph of Section 1 of the Act of 1963 expressly provides: "If such third persons [the plaintiff here] execute a release, covenant not to sue, or other instrument in settlement of their claims after such notice of the lack of consent of the insured, the same shall be deemed and construed as a bar to the further assertion by such third persons of such claims against all persons whomsoever, and such third persons shall not plead such release, covenant not to sue or settlement in bar of any action or claim asserted by such insured." (Emphasis supplied.) This language is unambiguous and is not amenable to a construction contrary to its plain and express terms. While one of the purposes of this Act was to ameliorate the effect of the decision of the Supreme Court in Aetna Cas. &c. Co. v. Brooks, 218 Ga. 593 (129 SE2d 798), this was accomplished by the last phrase (which is not italicized) in the above quoted portion of the Act. The language italicized deals with an entirely different subject and is plain in its terms. It follows that the execution of the covenant not to sue by the plaintiff with knowledge that the insured, Aycock, had not consented thereto, barred the plaintiff's claims, arising out of the collision in question, "against all persons whomsoever," which includes the defendant Jackson. The trial court erred in overruling this defendant's motion for summary judgment.
Judgment reversed. Jordan, P. J., and Deen, J., concur.
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{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
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Q:
How to fix a workspace that has been opened with "Run as Administrator" in Eclipse?
I opened Eclipse IDE with the "Run As Administrator" one day to do updates and install new software. Then I forgot, and continued to work on my project. Now, I can't work in that workspace unless I run Eclipse IDE with "Run As Administrator" which I would prefer not to do. Any suggestions on fixing this?
A:
Edit access rights of the workspace dir and give full access right to your user.
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Inhibition of proliferation and induction of differentiation of osteoblastic cells by a novel 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analog with an extensively modified side chain (CB1093).
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) is involved in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of a variety of cell types including cancer cells. In recent years, numerous new vitamin D3 analogs have been developed in order to obtain favorable therapeutic properties. The effects of a new 20-epi analog, CB1093 (20-epi-22-ethoxy-23-yne-24a,26a,27a-trihomo+ ++-1alpha,25(OH)2D3), on the proliferation and differentiation of human MG-63 osteosarcoma cell line were compared here with those of the parent compound 1,25D. Proliferation of the MG-63 cells was inhibited similarly by 22%, 50% and 59% after treatment with 0.1 microM 1,25D or CB1093 for 48 h, 96 h, and 144 h, respectively. In transfection experiments, the compounds were equipotent in stimulating reporter gene activity under the control of human osteocalcin gene promoter. In cell culture experiments, however, CB1093 was more potent than 1,25D at low concentrations and more effective for a longer period of time in activating the osteocalcin gene expression at mRNA and protein levels. Also, a 6-h pretreatment and subsequent culture for up to 120 h without 1,25D or CB1093 yielded higher osteocalcin mRNA and protein levels with analog-treated cells than with 1,25D-treated cells. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) revealed stronger VDR-VDRE binding with analog-treated MG-63 cells than with 1,25D-treated cells. The differences in the DNA binding of 1,25D-bound vs. analog-bound VDR, however, largely disappeared when the binding reactions were performed with recombinant hVDR and hRXRbeta proteins. These results demonstrate that the new analog CB1093 was equally or even more effective than 1,25D in regulating all human osteosarcoma cell functions ranging from growth inhibition to marker gene expression and that the differences in effectivity most probably resulted from interactions of the hVDR:hRXRbeta-complex with additional nuclear proteins.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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The present invention relates to frequency synthesizers in general, and more particularly, to a frequency synthesizer that produces an output pulse based upon a mathematical calculation with the output pulse synchronized to an input pulse train on a pulse-by-pulse basis.
In image processing applications it is often desirable to alter the size of a scanned image on a real-time basis. Generally such a process is referred to as image magnification. However, the actual theory and hardware described herein functions in a manner to provide changes from 1X to some fraction of 1X in the size of the original copy. Thus, the concept of changing the size of an image becomes a demagnification exercise. The problem of adjusting the size of an image to a value greater than 1X is accomplished by employing an additional pre-processing step of 2X, or greater, enlargement, and then de-magnifying that intermediate result to obtain the desired output size.
The concept of demagnification is related to deriving a preselectable output frequency from a given input frequency. Basic demagnification can be accomplished by employing a standard phase locked loop (PLL) design that contains a feedback counter functioning as a programmable divider. Commercial radio equipment employs this technique to derive different transmit and/or receive frequencies.
The problem, however, is that in a PLL system with divide by N counter feedback, only a very limited (relatively speaking) number of output frequencies can be realized. The PLL technique requires that the feedback counter be some integer value. This integer value constructs the new output frequency, as a function of the designed channel spacing.
Some image processing applications require that extremely small, and in some cases, non-integer value channel step sizes, be employed to process real time picture information and to reduce this copy in increments of 0.1 percent. A conventional PLL cannot be used in these applications. Furthermore, in addition to the limited number of output frequencies available from a PLL, the output pulse inaccuracies present when a PLL system is searching for lock, are intolerable in such applications.
It is accordingly a general object of the invention to provide an improved frequency synthesizer.
It is a specific object of the invention to provide a frequency synthesizer that produces an output pulse based upon a mathematical calculation that is synchronized to an input pulse train on a pulse-by-pulse basis.
It is a feature of the invention that the frequency synthesizer produces an output pulse train having a frequency that is a selected fractional percent of the frequency of the input pulse train.
It is another feature of the invention that the invention can be implemented with conventional and readily available electronic components.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
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Roman Catholic Diocese of San Fernando de Apure
The Roman Catholic Diocese of San Fernando de Apure () is a suffragan Latin diocese in the Ecclesiastical province of Calabozo in Venezuela.
Its cathedral episcopal see is , located in the city of San Fernando de Apure.
History
It was established on 7 June 1954 as Territorial Prelature of San Fernando de Apure, on territories split off from the Dioceses of Calabozo and San Cristóbal de Venezuela
Promoted on 12 November 1974 as Diocese of San Fernando de Apure
It lost territory on 3 December 2015 to establish (part of) the Diocese of Guasdualito
Episcopal ordinaries
(all Roman rite)
Territorial Prelates of San Fernando de Apure
Bishop-prelate Angel Adolfo Polachini Rodriguez (1966.11.30 – 1971.03.25), Titular Bishop of Rusticiana (1966.11.30 – 1971.03.25); later Bishop of Guanare (Venezuela) (1971.03.25 – retired 1994.04.16)
Bishop-prelate Roberto Antonio Dávila Uzcátegui (1972.06.23 – 1974.11.12 see below), Titular Bishop of Aurusuliana (1972.06.23 – 1974.11.12)Suffragan Bishops of San Fernando de Apure
Roberto Antonio Dávila Uzcátegui (see above 1974.11.12 – 1992.06.23); later Auxiliary Bishop of Caracas (Venezuela) (1992.06.23 – 2005.12.12 retired) & Titular Bishop of Arindela (1992.06.23 – ...)
''Apostolic Administrator (1992.05.27 – 1994.07.12) Ignacio Antonio Velasco García, S.D.B. while Titular Bishop of Utimmira (1989.10.23 – 1995.05.27) & Apostolic Vicar of Puerto Ayacucho (Venezuela) (1989.10.23 – 1995.05.27); later Metropolitan Archbishop of Caracas (Venezuela) (1995.05.27 – death 2003.07.06), created Cardinal-Priest of S. Maria Domenica Mazzarello (2001.02.21 [2001.05.24] – 2003.07.06)
Mariano José Parra Sandoval (1994.07.12 – 2001.07.10); later Bishop of Ciudad Guayana (Venezuela) (2001.07.10 – 2016.10.25), Archbishop of Coro (2016.10.25 - ...)
Víctor Manuel Pérez Rojas (2001.11.07 – 2016.07.15 retired); previously Titular Bishop of Tagaria (1998.05.09 – 2001.11.07) & Auxiliary Bishop of Calabozo (Venezuela) (1998.05.09 – 2001.11.07)
Alfredo Enrique Torres Rondón (2016.07.15 - ...); previously Titular Bishop of Sassura (2013.07.15 - 2016.07.15) & Auxiliary Bishop of Mérida (Venezuela) (2013.07.15 - 2016.07.15)
See also
Roman Catholicism in Venezuela
References
External links
GCatholic.org, with incumbent biography links
Catholic Hierarchy
Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in Venezuela
Category:Christian organizations established in 1954
Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century
Category:1954 establishments in Venezuela
Category:San Fernando de Apure
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{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
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Q:
Yahoo Pipes and regex: Why does it work only for my first item?
Here is my pipe: http://pipes.yahoo.com/pipes/pipe.info?_id=a732be6cf2b7cb92cec5f9ee6ebca756
I am currently trying to get the part before the first space to my item.url and the second part will be the title.
For instance, first item is:
http://carto1.wallonie.be/documents/terrils/fiche_terril.idc?TERRIL_id=1 Crachet 7/12
The expected result would be to get the "Crachet 7/12" as title and the other part as link.
My regex query "([^\s]+)" seem to work only for my first item, I don't understand why, as all the items are formatted the same way.
Thank a lot for any help!
EDIT: Pictures to understand better:
BEFORE REGEX
AFTER REGEX
Trying to check the g symbol
A:
You can use \S+ instead of [^\s]+. Also, you need to specify the "global" flag or the regex engine stops after the first successful match. In order to match only the first non-whitespace part of the line, use the ^ anchor with the "multiline" flag:
/^\S+/gm
or
new RegExp("^\\S+", "gm")
In your case, you need to check the appropriate checkboxes.
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Motion Granted; Dismissed and Memorandum Opinion filed May 22, 2014.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-13-00901-CV
BARBARA ULMER, Appellant
V.
DEREK ANTHONY JENKINS, SR., Appellee
On Appeal from the 309th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 2012-44247
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This is an appeal from a final decree of divorce signed July 26, 2013. On
May 16, 2014, appellant filed a motion to dismiss the appeal. See Tex. R. App. P.
42.1. The motion is granted.
Accordingly, the appeal is ordered dismissed.
PER CURIAM
Panel consists of Chief Justice Frost and Justices Donovan and Brown.
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{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
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Synthesis and thermal reaction of stainless steel nanowires.
Due to the perfection of microelectronics fabrication, silicon is presently the preferred base material in the design of micromechanical devices. By contrast, steels are the dominating construction materials in macroscopic engineering. So, it is appealing to explore the potential of stainless steel nano objects. To this aim, we developed an electrochemical method for and investigated the fabrication of FeCr(C) nanowires and study their thermal reaction to design the microstructure. Wires, 50 to 150 nm in diameter, are produced by template-assisted electro-deposition. Under thermal annealing, they develop first a core-shell structure of an Fe-rich core and a dense Cr-rich carbide shell. The shell thickness is well controllable via the initial composition of the wires. In a later, second reaction stage, wires with rather thin shells (about 8 nm thickness) demonstrate a 'stacking inversion' that finally leads in a self-driven reaction to the formation of hollow carbide tubes decorated with iron rich clusters on their outer surface.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Stephen Simmons (boxer)
Stephen Simmons (born 6 August 1984) is a British professional boxer from Edinburgh, Scotland. He is IBF European Cruiserweight Champion and a former WBC International Silver & Celtic Cruiserweight Champion.
Amateur career
Stephen Simmons started boxing aged 12 and fought his entire Amateur Career out of renowned Scottish Amateur Boxing Club Leith Victoria AAC, being coached by his Uncle Kenny who boxed for Scotland at Middleweight. He won numerous trophies throughout Europe since 2004, having around 115 Amateur contests winning approximately 80 of them. Simmons competed in the 2010 Commonwealth Games held in Delhi, winning the Bronze Medal in the 91 kg Heavyweight Division.
Professional career
He is currently trained by Billy Nelson. Simmons is managed by MTK Global (Mathew Macklin).
According to Boxing Website Boxrec, in October 2016, Simmons was ranked 5th in the UK and 46th in the World at Cruiserweight level.
Personal life
Simmons married his fiancee Nicole on 1 June 2014. They live in Edinburgh with Their 2 children.
Professional boxing record
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|18 Wins (7 knockouts, 11 decisions), 3 Losses, 0 Draws
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Res.
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Record
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Opponent
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Type
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| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Date
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Location
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|- align=center
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|15–2
|align=left| Noel Gevor
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|15–1
|align=left| Lars Buchholz
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|14–1
|align=left| Remigijus Žiaušys
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|13–1
|align=left| Imantas Davidaitis
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|12–1
|align=left| Jiří Svačina
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|11–1
|align=left| Jon-Lewis Dickinson
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|11–0
|align=left| Courtney Richards
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|10–0
|align=left| Wadi Camacho
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|9–0
|align=left| David Graf
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|- align=center
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|8–0
|align=left| Michael Sweeney
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
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|7–0
|align=left| Jovan Kaludjerovic
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Win
|6–0
|align=left| Tayar Mehmed
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|5–0
|align=left| Jevgēņijs Andrejevs
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Win
|4–0
|align=left| Hastings Rasani
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|- align=center
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|3–0
|align=left| John Anthony
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|2–0
|align=left| Hari Miles
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|1–0
|align=left| Nick Okoth
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References
External links
Category:Scottish male boxers
Category:1984 births
Category:Cruiserweight boxers
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Edinburgh
Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Scotland
Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in boxing
Category:Boxers at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
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We are getting the that perfect baby age. The one where they can sit in a high chair, in a Target cart, in a jumper, on the floor. Where they can crawl to their toy of choice (ahem, anything that belongs to big brother) and chew away at it to their hearts content. Where they interact and laugh and smile and by now you know what (most all) of the cries mean. I love this age and hope it doesn’t go by too quickly (it will).
Hello and Happy Veterans day! Today I have a few free downloads for you and an update on my Etsy shop.
But first, a few photos of my kids at Halloween, because who doesn’t want to see more pictures of my kids?
I like to call this Tinkerbelle-lite. Handmade skirt and headband to compliment big brothers costume. She is 5 months old now and we couldn’t love her more.
Jake, from Jake and the Neverland Pirates. A favorite around here and he rocked it! This is his Aaaarrrgghhhh face. We just went to his first preschool open house this past weekend. He needs to stop growing up so fast!
Now, for a little Etsy shop update! I have been adding digital downloads to my shop instead of paper cards. Easier to customize and easier for me to get done! I have two Christmas cards, two wedding activity books and two kids birthday suites (including thank you cards and temporary tattoo shapes!!). Check it out if you are so inclined. I will keep adding as I go and will announce any new products here.
And lastly for today, a few free downloads for you! With Thanksgiving coming up I thought I would put together some simple “I am thankful for” cards. You can print these out on plain paper or card stock and use the as-is, or glue them to colored paper for a little extra something. This is a great activity to do before dinner with your family and then to read aloud over pumpkin pie!
Every once in a while we get a little itch to get out of town. It starts with dreams of long weekend plans in San Luis Obispo but almost always turns into a one nighter in San Diego. We hit up night time zoo since we have passes and stay at whichever hotel is having a deal. This time we stayed at the Lafayette Hotel which ended up being nice, even if we weren’t their target demographic. We hoped to get some pool time in but it was closed to minors for a 91X pool party. Maybe 5-10 years ago but floaties kind of ruin the party vibe, if you know what I mean. We ended the trip with a visit to the ‘pirate ship’ and submarine and were back home in time for Sunday dinner. Success.
And just like that, my baby is almost 12 weeks old and I start back at work on Tuesday. Cue the nervous tummy-tears-school lunch and outfit planning-anxiousness-excitment-let’s just do this already feelings. I feel slightly better about Isla going to daycare than I did with Declan, which is saying a lot because he didn’t start until he was six months old. Busted out the pump this week… man I did NOT miss that thing. Bryan walked in on me using it the other night and lets just say he turned on those heels preeeetty quickly.
Anyways, I have been pretty good about getting these done each week, with only one or so missing. And I think it’s funny that she is in basically the same outfit for three of them. Totally unplanned. Little lady is growing up so quickly! Part of me wants to freeze time, but the other part is excited for all of the next stages, because it really does get better with each new stage.
While I do have these photos on my actual camera, these are from my iPhone, edited with PicTapGo and A Beautiful Mess and uploaded to my Instagram.
(I wish I would have bought these leggings from Cotton On Kids in every size. They were my favorite!!)
Isla (pronounced Eye-La) Erdene (a family middle name that she shares with me, my mom and my grandmother).
A little birth story, for those interested. I still love reading birth stories, they are just so powerful and moving! Her birth was completely different than her brothers. The only similarities were the hospital and my dream team of Bryan and my doula, Courtney.
Baby sister was late. At my 41 week appointment my doctor sent me in for a Non Stress Test and fluid check, just to make sure the baby was still doing good. I passed the fluid check with flying colors. I walked into the Non Stress Test knowing that if they didn’t like what they saw/heard, they could induce me that day. Since I wanted another drug free birth, this was not something I wanted to happen. If the baby wasn’t stressed, I sure was! I sat there for 45 minutes or so, with a big belt on my stomach to track her heartbeat. They wanted to make sure that her heart rate did not fall during contractions. Of course during my first contraction the belt moved and they lost the heart beat completely. Ha! A blank section on a heartbeat track sheet is not a good thing when you are trying to convince the doctor to let you stay pregnant. The nurse mentioned not letting me leave if the doctor didn’t like what he saw on the chart (she was only half joking) but luckily came back and gave me the okay to go. This was on a Tuesday, at exactly 41 weeks. I was instructed to come back Friday morning for a repeat of both tests. The thought of being medically induced had me calling Courtney to see what she recommended.
Since Declan’s birth Courtney had become a certified midwife (yay Courtney!!) so she offered to help naturally speed things along with hopes that baby girl would come on her own, but before Friday! She recommended I come to her office for a back alignment with a chiropractor who specializes in that sort of thing, along with swiping my membranes. I was already 2-3 cm dilated and about 75% effaced so my body had already started things a bit. According to Courtney, this combination of methods had a very good track record with starting labor, and that I should be in labor within 24 hours. Which was good because that’s about how long I had before the next round of tests.
By 7:00 pm we knew that I was really in labor, by 10:00 Courtney had arrived, coffee in hand and by 10:45 we were saying goodbye to my mom, who was spending the night with Declan who would have quite the surprise when he woke up.
We arrived at the hospital and got situated. I handed my birth plan to the two nurses working with me and they each stopped for a minute to read it and ask me any questions they had. They checked me and I was at 6 cm (same as with Declan) and by the time I got to my room It was past midnight, June 7th.
The contractions continued to get more intense, but this time around I wasn’t afraid of them. With Declan, I didn’t know how bad they would get, how I would handle them or if I could actually do it without drugs. This time I knew. I knew it was going to hurt like nothing else. Nothing. Else. But I also knew I could do it, and that I was in a safe environment where if something went wrong I had a skilled team right there waiting. Not being afraid is what made the active labor part of this birthing so much different. Instead of just trying to get through each contraction I spent the time moaning, keeping my voice low and picturing myself opening up, baby girl getting lower and closer to coming out. I have to say, this really helped me handle them better. Focusing on the end result and what my body was doing with each contraction, that was the key. I was laughing and talking between the rushes and having a good old time. And then I had to push.
I was at 8 cm and felt like I needed to push. This is where the fear creeped in. With Declan I pushed too early, I did the ‘instructed’ pushing where everyone is counting to 10 and I am holding my legs, and after he finally came out I had to get a few stitches. No fun. I was afraid of tearing again. I was afraid of that recovery and all that comes with having to get stitches in such a should-always-be-stitch-free area. and so my body stopped. The doctor was in the room, the instrument table had been set up, I was laying on the bed, and it just stopped. I didn’t have a contraction, I didn’t need to push, I just wanted to be done right then and there.
They asked if I wanted to get on my hands and knees on the bed. Sure. Not sure. Want to try your back? Sure. Nothing. How about your side? Way too many options here people!!! I got on my side and my body took over. Holy cow did it take over. Really painful contractions, screaming, grabbing for Courtney and Bryan’s hands, crying. Not pretty. All of a sudden my body pushed. I didn’t do it, my body did. I am in awe over the amazing body God made me, made women, and how it was made to do this. To grow babies and push babies out and feed babies.
With three pushes she was out. No tear. My little Isla. Born at 2:45 am on Friday, June 7th. 7 pounds, 15 ounces with head full of dark hair.
Soooooo yeah. I was pregnant, and I think I posted a total of 3 pictures of myself throughout the entire thing! Not on purpose. Life is/was busy and blogging has been put on the back burner. But I am going to slowly try to make a little more time for this space, so lets catch up, shall we? Baby pictures to come, but here is how the miracle of growing a child looked this time around. And yes, she was 11 days late. But I don’t have a 41.5 weeks picture. Let’s just say I was big!
We spend a lot of time in the main room of our home. It is a large living/dining area that opens into the kitchen with large windows that overlook the ocean. We can’t complain. Yet spending a lot of time there means that a lot of Declan’s toys live or end up out there which made for a constant mess. We finally did something about it a few weeks back and gave Declan his own play area by moving the couches up a bit and putting his trucks and toys behind them, creating a separate seating area from the play area. Not only does the IKEA storage system we purchased keep all of his toys hidden, it also helps him keep things clean up by having specific bins for specific types of toys. Trucks, kitchen stuff, legos, musical instruments, dress up, coloring… they all have a home. While toys still make it to the front half of the room it is 100 times better than before. We might even buy a second storage system and use shelves instead of bins to fit his growing Playmobil collection.
One of the (many) fun parts of being a parent is getting to experience the excitement of holidays through a child’s eyes. There is nothing like that first Easter Bunny photo (he was skeptical) or waking up to a basket of goodies (the mini whisks were his favorite) or hunting for plastic eggs filled with goodies (thank you Target for the R2D2 ‘eggs’ they were a hit!).
When I was pregnant with Declan finding the perfect diaper bag seemed like a big deal. Something that would fit a lot of baby things (what those were, I wasn’t totally sure) have a place to change the baby, and be easy to carry. I found all of that in a Petunia Pickle Bottom Backpack from Pottery Barn Kids. And it was awesome for a good 6 months. Mostly while I was on maternity leave and could use it as a purse and diaper bag in one. Once I went back to work it got pretty bothersome switching from a purse for work to a diaper bag at night/weekends. We had been gifted an embroidered Land’s End bag for Declan, which he used for school, so we started using that more and more. As Declan got older and in turn needed less and less stuff there were times when I wouldn’t bring a bag at all. I figured there was always a clean diaper somewhere in my car, or we were just running to Target where I could just buy diapers if it really came down to it.
While going bag-less had its perks, I realized just how unprepared I was for all of the little things that could happen. Runny noses, scrapes, a stronger sun than anticipated. I was at a loss for all of these. So while we still always pack a bag for long outings or out to eat (think diaper/wipes/extra outfit for those FEED-MASELF dinners/crayons/paper/books) I decide to take charge and prep an always ready Mom Kit (that didn’t scream Mom).
I picked up a pencil case and tissue cover from The Pleated Poppy to hold everything. I packed it with the following:
1 and 2. sunscreen stick and aquaphor for my little guy’s sensitive skin
3 and 4. Antibiotic cream and alcohol pads
5. Hand sanitizer
6. Bandaids
7. Kleenex
8. CPR booklet (which I understand would be useless in the case of an actual emergency, but you never know…)
I also threw in a pack of sensitive wipes (again, that skin of his. Poor little guy!)
The entire thing fits nicely into my purse, stays contained thanks to the zippered case and leaves me feeling one step ahead no matter where we are. Which is good because these days I usually start off two steps back! With the new baby coming I will probably switch back to the diaper bag while I am on leave, and then back to the Mom Kit and school bag once I go back to work. At least, that’s the plan!
Do you have a Mom Kit? Any items that you think I am missing that you were glad to have on hand in an emergency? I would love to hear!!
Is it okay to decorate for St. Patrick’s Day and Easter at the same time? I’m telling myself it is. Have a good weekend everyone! Declan is fighting a cough so I’m home today. Hoping he gets better quick so that we can enjoy the gorgeous weekend ahead!
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/*
* Copyright (c) 2016 Intel Corporation
*
* Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this software and its
* documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee, provided that
* the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright
* notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and
* that the name of the copyright holders not be used in advertising or
* publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific,
* written prior permission. The copyright holders make no representations
* about the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as
* is" without express or implied warranty.
*
* THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE,
* INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO
* EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR
* CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE,
* DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
* TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE
* OF THIS SOFTWARE.
*/
#include <linux/export.h>
#include <drm/drmP.h>
#include <drm/drm_encoder.h>
#include "drm_crtc_internal.h"
/**
* DOC: overview
*
* Encoders represent the connecting element between the CRTC (as the overall
* pixel pipeline, represented by &struct drm_crtc) and the connectors (as the
* generic sink entity, represented by &struct drm_connector). An encoder takes
* pixel data from a CRTC and converts it to a format suitable for any attached
* connector. Encoders are objects exposed to userspace, originally to allow
* userspace to infer cloning and connector/CRTC restrictions. Unfortunately
* almost all drivers get this wrong, making the uabi pretty much useless. On
* top of that the exposed restrictions are too simple for today's hardware, and
* the recommended way to infer restrictions is by using the
* DRM_MODE_ATOMIC_TEST_ONLY flag for the atomic IOCTL.
*
* Otherwise encoders aren't used in the uapi at all (any modeset request from
* userspace directly connects a connector with a CRTC), drivers are therefore
* free to use them however they wish. Modeset helper libraries make strong use
* of encoders to facilitate code sharing. But for more complex settings it is
* usually better to move shared code into a separate &drm_bridge. Compared to
* encoders, bridges also have the benefit of being purely an internal
* abstraction since they are not exposed to userspace at all.
*
* Encoders are initialized with drm_encoder_init() and cleaned up using
* drm_encoder_cleanup().
*/
static const struct drm_prop_enum_list drm_encoder_enum_list[] = {
{ DRM_MODE_ENCODER_NONE, "None" },
{ DRM_MODE_ENCODER_DAC, "DAC" },
{ DRM_MODE_ENCODER_TMDS, "TMDS" },
{ DRM_MODE_ENCODER_LVDS, "LVDS" },
{ DRM_MODE_ENCODER_TVDAC, "TV" },
{ DRM_MODE_ENCODER_VIRTUAL, "Virtual" },
{ DRM_MODE_ENCODER_DSI, "DSI" },
{ DRM_MODE_ENCODER_DPMST, "DP MST" },
{ DRM_MODE_ENCODER_DPI, "DPI" },
};
int drm_encoder_register_all(struct drm_device *dev)
{
struct drm_encoder *encoder;
int ret = 0;
drm_for_each_encoder(encoder, dev) {
if (encoder->funcs->late_register)
ret = encoder->funcs->late_register(encoder);
if (ret)
return ret;
}
return 0;
}
void drm_encoder_unregister_all(struct drm_device *dev)
{
struct drm_encoder *encoder;
drm_for_each_encoder(encoder, dev) {
if (encoder->funcs->early_unregister)
encoder->funcs->early_unregister(encoder);
}
}
/**
* drm_encoder_init - Init a preallocated encoder
* @dev: drm device
* @encoder: the encoder to init
* @funcs: callbacks for this encoder
* @encoder_type: user visible type of the encoder
* @name: printf style format string for the encoder name, or NULL for default name
*
* Initialises a preallocated encoder. Encoder should be subclassed as part of
* driver encoder objects. At driver unload time drm_encoder_cleanup() should be
* called from the driver's &drm_encoder_funcs.destroy hook.
*
* Returns:
* Zero on success, error code on failure.
*/
int drm_encoder_init(struct drm_device *dev,
struct drm_encoder *encoder,
const struct drm_encoder_funcs *funcs,
int encoder_type, const char *name, ...)
{
int ret;
ret = drm_mode_object_add(dev, &encoder->base, DRM_MODE_OBJECT_ENCODER);
if (ret)
return ret;
encoder->dev = dev;
encoder->encoder_type = encoder_type;
encoder->funcs = funcs;
if (name) {
va_list ap;
va_start(ap, name);
encoder->name = kvasprintf(GFP_KERNEL, name, ap);
va_end(ap);
} else {
encoder->name = kasprintf(GFP_KERNEL, "%s-%d",
drm_encoder_enum_list[encoder_type].name,
encoder->base.id);
}
if (!encoder->name) {
ret = -ENOMEM;
goto out_put;
}
list_add_tail(&encoder->head, &dev->mode_config.encoder_list);
encoder->index = dev->mode_config.num_encoder++;
out_put:
if (ret)
drm_mode_object_unregister(dev, &encoder->base);
return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(drm_encoder_init);
/**
* drm_encoder_cleanup - cleans up an initialised encoder
* @encoder: encoder to cleanup
*
* Cleans up the encoder but doesn't free the object.
*/
void drm_encoder_cleanup(struct drm_encoder *encoder)
{
struct drm_device *dev = encoder->dev;
/* Note that the encoder_list is considered to be static; should we
* remove the drm_encoder at runtime we would have to decrement all
* the indices on the drm_encoder after us in the encoder_list.
*/
if (encoder->bridge) {
struct drm_bridge *bridge = encoder->bridge;
struct drm_bridge *next;
while (bridge) {
next = bridge->next;
drm_bridge_detach(bridge);
bridge = next;
}
}
drm_mode_object_unregister(dev, &encoder->base);
kfree(encoder->name);
list_del(&encoder->head);
dev->mode_config.num_encoder--;
memset(encoder, 0, sizeof(*encoder));
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(drm_encoder_cleanup);
static struct drm_crtc *drm_encoder_get_crtc(struct drm_encoder *encoder)
{
struct drm_connector *connector;
struct drm_device *dev = encoder->dev;
bool uses_atomic = false;
struct drm_connector_list_iter conn_iter;
/* For atomic drivers only state objects are synchronously updated and
* protected by modeset locks, so check those first. */
drm_connector_list_iter_begin(dev, &conn_iter);
drm_for_each_connector_iter(connector, &conn_iter) {
if (!connector->state)
continue;
uses_atomic = true;
if (connector->state->best_encoder != encoder)
continue;
drm_connector_list_iter_end(&conn_iter);
return connector->state->crtc;
}
drm_connector_list_iter_end(&conn_iter);
/* Don't return stale data (e.g. pending async disable). */
if (uses_atomic)
return NULL;
return encoder->crtc;
}
int drm_mode_getencoder(struct drm_device *dev, void *data,
struct drm_file *file_priv)
{
struct drm_mode_get_encoder *enc_resp = data;
struct drm_encoder *encoder;
struct drm_crtc *crtc;
if (!drm_core_check_feature(dev, DRIVER_MODESET))
return -EINVAL;
encoder = drm_encoder_find(dev, file_priv, enc_resp->encoder_id);
if (!encoder)
return -ENOENT;
drm_modeset_lock(&dev->mode_config.connection_mutex, NULL);
crtc = drm_encoder_get_crtc(encoder);
if (crtc && drm_lease_held(file_priv, crtc->base.id))
enc_resp->crtc_id = crtc->base.id;
else
enc_resp->crtc_id = 0;
drm_modeset_unlock(&dev->mode_config.connection_mutex);
enc_resp->encoder_type = encoder->encoder_type;
enc_resp->encoder_id = encoder->base.id;
enc_resp->possible_crtcs = drm_lease_filter_crtcs(file_priv,
encoder->possible_crtcs);
enc_resp->possible_clones = encoder->possible_clones;
return 0;
}
|
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"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
LOS ANGELES—United States Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin, during a World Affairs Council event in Los Angeles this past Monday, had a constructive exchange with ANCA Chairman Raffi Hamparian about the mutual benefits of a U.S.-Armenia Double Tax Treaty.
In response to Hamparian’s question, Secretary Mnuchin explained that the purpose of such accords would be to “make sure that there is no double tax for trade and investment.” He added, “We want to make sure other countries tax our companies fairly when they’re doing business there, and visa-versa.” During recent Congressional testimony, the Secretary committed to devoting Treasury Department resources to pursuing a Tax Treaty with the Republic of Armenia.
“I am pleased that ANCA Chairman Raffi Hamparian and I had a chance to share the advantages of a new U.S.-Armenia Double Tax Treaty with Secretary Mnuchin,” remarked ANCA National Board member Aida Dimejian. “It is crystal clear that Secretary Mnuchin understands the benefits of treating companies fairly with respect to taxation – whether they are conducting business from the United States into Armenia or the other way around,” Dimejian added.
“The ANCA is eager to see concrete progress on a Double Tax Treaty coming out of the much-awaited meeting this March 19th in Washington, DC of the U.S.-Armenia Trade and Investment Framework Agreement council,” noted Dimejian. “As soon as the terms have been agreed upon – very likely based upon the current U.S. model treaty – and a final accord signed, we look forward to engaging with members of the U.S. Senate, in particular those serving on the Foreign Relations Committee, who are charged, under our Constitution, with ratifying all American treaties.”
Earlier this month, Secretary Mnuchin testified before the U.S. House Financial Services Committee and agreed—in response to direct questioning by Representative Brad Sherman (D-Calif.)—to commit Treasury Department officials to pursue a new U.S.-Armenia Double Tax Treaty, a long-overdue bilateral accord that will remove barriers to the growth of U.S.-Armenia economic relations.
Rep. Sherman was joined by Rep. David Valadao (R-Calif.) in collecting the Congressional signatures of their House colleagues on a letter to Secretary Mnuchin in support of the Tax Treaty. He referenced the legislators in his question to the Secretary, asking whether, in response to their calls to action, the Treasury Department would dedicate 28 hours (the number of Congressional signatures collected at that time) to negotiating this agreement. Secretary Mnuchin replied in the affirmative, noting: “Yes, I can commit the 28 hours.”
Video of the exchange between Rep. Sherman and Secretary Mnuchin is available on the ANCA YouTube channel and below:
The Valadao-Sherman letter to Secretary Mnuchin had over 30 Congressional signatures.
In recent weeks, Armenia’s Prime Minister Karen Karapetyan and Finance Minister Vardan Aramyan have each welcomed the opportunity to discuss the US-Armenia Tax treaty during their March meetings with U.S. leaders.
Since the signing of the U.S.-Armenia Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA) in 2015, the ANCA has worked closely with a broad range of legislators to encourage the Department of Treasury to negotiate a new U.S.-Armenia Double Tax Treaty. In Sept. 2017, the ANCA joined with Paul Korian and Peklar Pilavjian, leading U.S. investors in Yerevan’s landmark Marriott hotel, for a series of Capitol Hill and State Department meetings making the case for an updated compact. Internationally renowned Tufenkian Artisan Carpets; Triada Studio, the Armenia-based creator of the Apple Design Award-winning Shadowmatic Game; and PicsArt, the Yerevan and San Francisco based makers of one of the most popular photo-editing, collage and drawing apps, are among the many firms urging the lifting of barriers to U.S.-Armenia trade through the implementation of a new double tax treaty.
A U.S.-Armenia Double Tax Treaty would establish a clear legal framework for investors and individuals that have business activities in both jurisdictions, preventing double taxation and facilitating the expansion of economic relations. It would also help reinforce the friendship of the American and Armenian peoples, anchoring Armenia to the West, and providing Yerevan with greater strategic options and independence in dealing with regional powers.
The U.S. has double tax treaties with many small countries, including Estonia, Jamaica, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, and Slovenia. Armenia has double tax treaties with many advanced countries, including Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, and the United Kingdom.
For the latest ANCA fact sheet about the benefits of an updated U.S.-Armenia Double Tax treaty, visit https://anca.org/taxtreaty.
|
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Photo: BIRN
The new Mayor of Skopje, Petre Silegov, who was elected in October, has said he has ordered the removal of three imitation galleons from the Vardar river – installed by the previous government – for safety reasons.
“The ‘ships’ hinder the normal water flow and, if the water level rises, it could result in spillage,” Silegov told TV 24.
“The most interesting part is that these three objects are listed as urban equipment in the city documents, although they are several storeys tall,” Silegov noted, not revealing when the removal of the sailing ships would start.
The construction of the three imitation old-world ships in the middle of the river in Skopje began in 2012 as part of the former government sponsored “Skopje 2014” revamp of the capital, which involved the participation of the previous city administration led by Koce Trajanovski. Originally, six ships were planned.
Both the national government and city were then led by the now ousted right-wing VMRO DPMNE party, which held power from 2006 until May this year.
Despite being styled ships, in reality they are ship-shaped buildings, with foundations laid deep in the river bed. They currently operate as restaurants and cafes, with one offering hotel beds.
In line the rest of the city makeover, which sprinkled faux-Baroque facades over the city centre, the ships were designed to appeal to the past, replicating the multi-decked wooden sailing ships, dating primarily from the 16th to 18th centuries, before the invention of steam ships.
However, many people criticized the idea of locating galleons in the heart of the city, in a river that is not used for sailing, known also for sudden rises in the water level during the winter and spring.
The announced removal of the galleons comes after the new Social Democrat-led government was elected in May, and just a month after it humiliated VMRO DPMNE in the October local polls, snatching a convincing victory in the capital as well.
The new government and the new Skopje mayor, who comes from the ranks of the Social Democrats, SDSM, have vowed to look again at the costly and controversial revamp, which a BIRN database showed swallowed almost 700 million euros.
Currently, the construction of many other Skopje 2014 structures is under investigation and revisions by government, municipal and even legal authorities, seeking evidence of possible criminal activity.
Even the fate of the centerpiece of the entire project, the equestrian statue of Alexander the Great, is now uncertain.
|
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|
So Tales of the Cocktail Happened
Well, where does one start when Tales of the Cocktail (TotC) has become the most important, worldwide, event for bartenders? Well, this year was the 10th anniversary and it was bigger than ever. That's great but it also means that the Tales experience has changed. Change is neither good nor bad, just different. What does that mean? Well, TotC has become so big that it is almost impossible to do everything you want. Plus, over the years many attendee's have discovered various parts of the city that are not Tales related but still part of the fun, like Frenchman Street. If you wanted to do everything possible at Tales 2012, you'd need to squeeze two weeks into five days.
The highlight of Tales was easily a night at Bellocq, having a few drinks with great company and an awesome conversation. The TotC sponsors do create spectacular parties, but I still prefer a quiet bar with great company.
Having said that, the Moët Hennessy Bar Room Brawl was an unforgettable event as well. Having six of the top bars from around the United States, in one very large room, packed with industry people and an engaging New Orleans band (Flow Tribe) you can't argue with the results. I did have a presentation the next day, so I tried to keep things moderate, and I was mostly successful. The next morning my brain was a bit damaged (ask Wayne Curtis) but I recovered by the time Wayne and I had our Tasteless presentation, thankfully.
Visually, the Absolute Vodka party was cool but it reminded me of home, as it was winter themed. It did help take the edge off the New Orleans heat though.
What about presentations? Well, aside from the two presentation I participated in, a tasting event with Chivas, a book signing and a radio interview, I didn't really invest heavily in learning this year. Before I do a presentations I tend to sequester myself in quiet solitude (usually my hotel room) as I like to be reasonably professional and knowledgeable when I'm speaking. I find that works, but it does kill a few hours of my day. Then after a presentation I need food, because drinking on an empty stomach is a really bad idea. After all of this, it's time for the evening events.
Salt & Bubbles presented by Andrew Nicholls and I went over extremely well. Expect to see a variety of "house soda waters" at bars in the near future. I'm actually going to write that session up and post it here since people seemed to find the info genuinely useful. That post should be up, you know, when I get to it. But my plan is to begin writing more frequently here so expect it sooner than later.
Another fun way to spend time at Tales is in the Monteleone lobby, where you meet great and interesting people. It really is the social center of Tales, along with the much expanded Carousel Bar.
For those who have followed my adventures at Tales for the past few years, it was basically the same but on a grander scale. If you are serious about bartending or cocktails you really need to plan for Tales 2013. For me it has become less about learning and more about teaching and networking. But it is still the best party of the year and I will be back for 2013.
|
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|
Inspired by Aztec legend, this action/rpg side-scroller will casts you into the middle of a war between the Gods and Mankind. As Huitzilo, heir of the Sun God, skilled in both the arts of combat and magic, only you can save your people from the wrath of the Aztec Gods by reuniting the seven phonograms.
All Reviews:
Mostly Positive
(74)
- 72% of the 74 user reviews for this game are positive.
Buy Aztaka
Reviews
"Aztaka has top notch production: great visuals and music, decent RPG elements and a very immersive atmosphere." - GameTunnel
"As long as you have an appreciation for what makes side scrolling RPGs great, there is no excuse for not making this a permanent fixture in your game collection." - GamesAreEvil
About This Game
Inspired by Aztec legend, this action/rpg side-scroller will casts you into the middle of a war between the Gods and Mankind. As Huitzilo, heir of the Sun God, skilled in both the arts of combat and magic, only you can save your people from the wrath of the Aztec Gods by reuniting the seven phonograms. Accompanied by your faithful companion Ayopha - trapped in the form of a hummingbird by a magical curse – you will overcome the obstacles in you path through a combination of fighting prowess and spiritual magic.
Plunge into a new and fresh universe
Manipulate spiritual energy, through an innovative hybrid control scheme to solve mysteries and vanquish foes
Enhance and customize your character by training skills and abilities, and acquiring ancient artifacts
Embark on optional side-quests to acquire valuable items and gold
Visit shops to buy and sell potions, rings, piercings and skills to aid in your travels
Twenty-one unique and detailed levels with grand, richly-detailed backdrops and fluid character animations
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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|
As the value and use of information continues to increase, individuals and businesses seek additional ways to process and store information. One option available to users is information handling systems. An information handling system generally processes, compiles, stores, and/or communicates information or data for business, personal, or other purposes thereby allowing users to take advantage of the value of the information. Because technology and information handling needs and requirements vary between different users or applications, information handling systems may also vary regarding what information is handled, how the information is handled, how much information is processed, stored, or communicated, and how quickly and efficiently the information may be processed, stored, or communicated. The variations in information handling systems allow for information handling systems to be general or configured for a specific user or specific use such as financial transaction processing, airline reservations, enterprise data storage, or global communications. In addition, information handling systems may include a variety of hardware and software components that may be configured to process, store, and communicate information and may include one or more computer systems, data storage systems, and networking systems.
Numerous solutions exist for backup and restore of data on an information handling system. Solutions that execute in the information handling system are deemed in-band solutions. Conventional in-band backup and restore operations are managed and performed by a software application executing with a host operating system on a host central processing unit (CPU).
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
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|
Tag: type 2 diabetes diet chart
I’m guessing diet is the issue and it sounds like specifically carbs. In this 90-minute program participants will understand how hunger and hypoglycemia can overlap. HS was approached in its cyclic structure by means of spectral analysis (SA), and in its circadian rhythmicity by means of Single Cosinor analysis (SCA), applied to self-rated scores of HS given every 30 min to their HS (orexigram) by DP. If you have diabetes and your sugar levels are higher than normal, your body may be struggling to get glucose from your blood into cells which can in turn lead to feelings of hunger. It has already been tested on 26 adults who on average lost 4.5lb (2kg) each after taking it for four weeks. In five large developing countries – Bangladesh, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Nigeria and Pakistan – the percentage of children under five who are not stunted or wasted (underweight for their age) ranges from 43 to 48 percent. Blood tests before, during and after each task, were also performed.
Perhaps it’s got some magic ability to help avoid decadent foods. So, if they are really thirsty, it will get satisfied, but at the cost of 100’s of calories. Likewise, two out of five (41%) client households with an adult age 50 and older have at least one member with diabetes, and more than two-thirds (70%) of client households with an older adult have at least one member who has high blood pressure. Thirty percent of client households with at least one
Sending a child to school with type 1 can be daunting for both kids and parents. Data were analyzed for the entire cohort and by age (< 18 years, ≥ 18 years). The main differences are that the Performa Nano has a backlight for use in low light conditions, is smaller, is lighter, has a 1 time code chip, will not allowing testing if the meter is outside of recommended temperature range, has a smaller display screen and will provide a warning if the strips you are using are out of date. We exist to help those living with lung disease and their carers; to bring together the leaders in respiratory medicine within Australia; and to generate awareness about the importance of positive lung health within the community. Australian Diabetes Council (ADC) was invited to develop the ComDiab training program, which has evolved to become a fully managed and quality assured ADC program. Allied Health Professions Australia (AHPA) developed this web site as a resource package specifically for healthcare professionals working in chronic disease management. Contact your doctor about being referred to the BEAT IT PLUS program.
Losing weight if you have diabetes or pre-diabetes is usually extremely difficult. Some foods can affect how warfarin works in your body and may affect your treatment and dose. In an asymptomatic patient the test should be repeated for confirmation of the result and diagnosis. we want fat loss, not muscle loss.
Walli Carranza is a professor, author, Certified Professional Coach and national speaker who brings medical and educational discoveries to front-line providers and the public alike. Symptoms may be itching, burning skin, or a white mouth but there’s treatment that will relieve these symptoms. We all carry this organism on our skin (and in other places such as our mouth, our gastrointestinal tract (gut), and the vagina). To make your own suppositories, fill up large empty capsules with boric acid . Most commonly, the mouth, vagina, and damper skin areas are affected, as the yeast likes to grow in moist areas. While yeast infections usually don’t result in any more serious illness, most women are eager to get relief and a cure as soon as possible. Would’a been nice if my OB/GYN had mentioned the diabetes connection before I landed in the hospital.
Not everyone who takes antibiotics develops a subsequent yeast infection, but there is a strong correlation between the two. These include conditions that can upset the balance of your normal flora, like taking antibiotics or birth control pills, being pregnant, or having an illness. When an abnormal result is found, the practitioner is guided, depending on the type of result, to a decision of watchful-waiting and retesting versus more invasive diagnostic testing. Thrush is a yeast infection of the mouth, tongue and throat. Taking antibiotics might kill the bacteria, which allows the yeast to grow rapidly
|
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|
‘Newton’ is India’s Official entry for Oscars
‘Newton’, a Hindi film set against the backdrop of elections in the world’s largest democracy, was on Friday announced as India’s official entry for the the Best Foreign Language Film at the Oscars. It’s team is ecstatic.
‘Newton’, directed by Amit V. Masurkar and starring the stellar Rajkummar Rao, was chosen from among 26 titles from different languages by a 14-member jury appointed by the Film Federation of India.
‘It was a unanimous decision. Titles like ‘Dangal’ and ‘Mukti Bhavan’ were part of the list,’ Supran Sen, secretary general of FFI, told IANS.
‘Newton’ revolves around a young government clerk who is sent on election duty to a Maoist-controlled town and how the ideological struggle puts him in an awkward situation. It was shot in the interiors of Chhatisgarh.
Masurkar feels honoured that a story rooted in the country’s political system was chosen.
‘It’s a great honour for us to represent India at the Oscars. We hope this film will bring attention to the need to strengthen democracy in our country,’ he said in a statement.
The movie released on Friday itself and Masurkar hopes the Oscar entry news translates into better viewership for it.
‘The film is in theatres at the moment and this announcement will help us reach out to a larger audience, he added.
Rajkummar told IANS that it feels ‘brilliant, amazing and special that a film made with honesty and purity’ has reaped benefits for the ‘Newton’ team.
Watch: Newton Official Trailer
Actress Anjali Patil, who also features in a pivotal role in the movie, said: ‘The hard work of our entire team has borne its fruit. My sister, Archana who is also a director in Los Angeles and I would often joke about this; if we will we ever get a chance to be a part of it. (Oscars). And ‘Newton’ has now made that dream come true.
‘We were in tears when we heard the news, it is so overwhelming.’
Filmmaker Hansal Mehta, who has worked closely with Rajkummar in films like ‘Shahid’ and ‘Aligarh’, also hailed ‘Newton’ as the best choice.
”Newton’ is India’s entry to the Oscars. The best choice in years by the federation,’ Mehta tweeted, adding: ‘If films like ‘A Separation’ and ‘Children of Heaven’ made it to the Oscar nominations, so can ‘Newton’. It is our best shot. Manish Mundra go for it!’
The film is produced by Manish Mundra of Drishyam Films, the company best known for backing critically-acclaimed projects such as ‘Masaan’ and ‘Umrika’.
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Deborah Wright
Deborah C. Wright (born 1958) is a board member of Citigroup Inc. (Audit, Consumer Compliance and Ethics and Culture Committees), Time Warner, Inc. (Audit Committee Chair) and Voya Financial (Finance Committee Chair). She is a member of the Board of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (Executive Committee and Audit Chair).
Career
Wright was a Senior Fellow in the Economic Opportunity and Assets Division of the Ford Foundation from January 2015 through June 2016. Established in 1936, the foundation is an independent, global organization.
Wright was previously non-executive Chairman of the Board of Carver Bancorp, Inc. (NASDAQ - CARV) from January 2014 until December 2016, where she served as Chairman and CEO from February 2005 to December 2014 and President and CEO from June 1, 1999. Carver Bancorp, Inc. is the holding company for Carver Federal Savings Bank, a federally chartered savings bank, and the nation's largest publicly traded African- and Caribbean- American operated bank, with approximately $700 million in assets and branches serving inner city neighborhoods in Harlem, Brooklyn and Queens. Black Enterprise Magazine named Carver "Financial Services Company of the Year" in 2006. The American Banker named Wright "Community Banker of the Year" in December 2003 and U.S. Banker named Wright one of the 25 Most Powerful Women in Banking in October 2010.
She was President and CEO of the Upper Manhattan Empowerment Zone from 1996 to 1999 and led development and execution of an investment strategy to expand Harlem's economy, by investing a $250 million capital budget, funded by the public sector, to expand local businesses and cultural institutions.
Wright was appointed Commissioner of The Department of Housing Preservation and Development in 1994 by Mayor Rudolph Giuliani, where she implemented an unprecedented privatization of residential buildings owned and managed by the City of New York. Mayor David N. Dinkins previously appointed her to the board of the New York City Housing Authority and the New York City Planning Commission. Wright began her professional career at the First Boston Corporation and the Partnership for New York City.
She previously served on the Harvard University Board of Overseers, the board of The Children's Defense Fund and Kraft Foods Inc. She was a founding boardmember of the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation, charged with rebuilding lower Manhattan in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack.
Wright earned A.B., J.D. and M.B.A. degrees from Harvard University. She was raised in Bennettsville, South Carolina and Dallas, Texas.
References
Article on Deborah Wright's appointment at Carver Bancorp
Time Warner biography of Deborah Wright (with photograph)
Black Entrepreneur Profile of Deborah Wright
Upper Manhattan Empowerment Zone
Giuliani Picks Dinkins Aide As Housing Commissioner - NY Times
Category:1958 births
Category:Living people
Category:Harvard Law School alumni
Category:Harvard Business School alumni
Category:American women bankers
Category:American bank presidents
Category:American chief executives of financial services companies
Category:American corporate directors
Category:WarnerMedia people
Category:Kraft Foods people
Category:American nonprofit chief executives
Category:African-American bankers
Category:American women chief executives
Category:American chief executives
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Superconducting quantum interference device microsusceptometer balanced over a wide bandwidth for nuclear magnetic resonance applications.
Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) microsusceptometers have been widely used to study magnetic properties of materials at microscale. As intrinsically balanced devices, they could also be exploited for direct SQUID-detection of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) from micron sized samples, or for SQUID readout of mechanically detected NMR from submicron sized samples. Here, we demonstrate a double balancing technique that enables achievement of very low residual imbalance of a SQUID microsusceptometer over a wide bandwidth. In particular, we can generate ac magnetic fields within the SQUID loop as large as 1 mT, for frequencies ranging from dc up to a few MHz. As an application, we demonstrate direct detection of NMR from (1)H spins in a glycerol droplet placed directly on top of the 20 μm SQUID loops.
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Balance Changes with Patch 2.13
With the release of Patch 2.13 for The Elder Scrolls: Legends, we will make balance changes to two existing cards: Alfiq Conjurer and Luzrah gro-Shar. As with past balance changes, we will credit your account with Soul Gems for each copy of a changed card you own (up to three) the next time you log in to Legends within the next three weeks.
ALFIQ CONJURER
Stats changed from 3/4 to 3/3
LUZRAH GRO-SHAR
Text changed from “When you summon a creature with 6 cost or more, both Luzrah and that creature gain +2/+2” to “When you summon a creature with 6 cost or more, both Luzrah and that creature gain +1/+1”
When we designed Moons of Elsweyr and had the latest batch of balance changes, one of our primary goals was to increase the viability of midrange decks. We believe that, for the most part, we’ve succeeded in this - there’s now a healthy mix of control, aggro and midrange across both ladder and tournament play. However, the Intelligence core of Atronachs and Wards has been more prevalent than we hoped, as it currently sees play in almost every deck that isn’t aggressive.
Our goal with this patch is to bring back some diversity in the builds of midrange and control that can be played. To do this, we’re reducing the power level of Alfiq Conjurer and Luzrah gro-Shar, which are both cards that top the most played and the most successful cards lists.
Since we believe the metagame is in a healthy position and the issue is an overrepresentation of these cards specifically, we’ve opted for a small nerf rather than the radical changes we’ve had in the past - we believe that, in conjunction, they might open the door to some different flavors of both midrange and control as viable alternatives, while making sure the Intelligence decks they were based around can still exist.
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Q:
How can I set a listnode value to Null without getting this error?
I just would Like to take a moment to thank Remy Lebeau for editing this post for me.
MY compiler is giving me this error:
main.cpp:93:20: error: invalid conversion from ‘int’ to ‘listnode*’ [-fpermissive]
temp -> next = NULL;
This is in the InsertTail method.
I don't understand where the issue is. Can someone help me to solve this please? All I need is to be able to set the listnode value to Null.
Here is my C++ file:
program4.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#undef NULL
const int NULL = 0;
typedef int element;
const element SENTINEL = -1;
element read_element();
class listnode{
public:
element data;
listnode * next;
};
class LList {
private:
listnode * head;
listnode * tail;
public:
LList();
~LList();
void Print();
void InsertHead(element thing);
void InsertTail(element thing);
element DeleteHead();
void ReadForward();
void ReadBackward();
void Clean();
void Steal(LList & Victim);
void Append(LList & Donor);
void Duplicate(LList & Source);
void Reverse();
};
void LList::Print(){
// PRE: the N. O. LList is valid
// POST: the N. O. LList is unchanged, and its elements
// have been displayed
listnode * temp;
temp = head;
while (temp != NULL){
cout << temp -> data << endl;
temp = temp -> next;
}
}
void LList::ReadForward(){
// PRE: the N. O. LList is valid
// POST: the N. O. LList is valid, all of its previous
// listnodes have been deleted, and it now
// consists of new listnodes containing elements
// given by the user in forward order
element userval;
Clean();
cout << "Enter elements, " << SENTINEL << " to stop: ";
userval = read_element();
while (userval != SENTINEL){
InsertTail(userval);
userval = read_element();
}
}
void LList::InsertTail(element thing){
// PRE: the N. O. LList is valid
// POST: the N. O. LList is unchanged, except that a
// new listnode containing element thing has been
// inserted at the tail-end of the list
listnode * temp;
temp = new listnode;
temp -> data = thing;
temp -> next = NULL;
if (head == NULL)
head = temp;
else
tail -> next = temp;
tail = temp;
}
element read_element(){
// PRE: the user must enter a series of zero or
// more non-valid element values, followed
// by a valid element value
//
// POST: all entered non-valid element values will
// be successfully discarded, and the first
// valid element value entered will be
// returned
element userval;
cin >> boolalpha >> userval;
while (! cin.good()){
cin.clear();
cin.ignore(80, '\n');
cout << "Invalid data type, should be an element, "
<< "try again: ";
cin >> boolalpha >> userval;
}
return userval;
}
void LList::ReadBackward(){
// PRE: the N. O. LList is valid
// POST: the N. O. LList is valid, all of its previous
// listnodes have been deleted, and it now
// consists of new listnodes containing elements
// given by the user in backward order
element userval;
Clean();
cout << "Enter elements, " << SENTINEL << " to stop: ";
userval = read_element();
while (userval != SENTINEL){
InsertHead(userval);
userval = read_element();
}
}
void LList::InsertHead(element thing){
// PRE: the N. O. LList is valid
// POST: the N. O. LList is unchanged, except that a
// new listnode containing element thing has been
// inserted at the head-end of the list
listnode * temp;
temp = new listnode;
temp -> data = thing;
temp -> next = head;
if (head == NULL)
tail = temp;
else
;
head = temp;
}
void LList::Clean(){
// PRE: the N. O. LList is valid
// POST: the N. O. LList is valid and empty, and all of
// its listnodes have been deleted
while (head != NULL)
DeleteHead();
}
element LList::DeleteHead(){
// PRE: the N. O. LList is valid and not empty
// POST: the N. O. LList is unchanged, except that the
// listnode at the head end of the list has been
// deleted, and its data element has been
// returned
listnode * temp;
element thing;
temp = head;
head = head -> next;
thing = temp -> data;
delete temp;
return thing;
}
LList::LList(){
// PRE: none
// POST: the N. O. LList is valid and empty
head = NULL;
}
LList::~LList(){
// PRE: the N. O. LList is valid
// POST: the N. O. LList is valid and empty, and its
// listnodes have been deleted
Clean();
}
void LList::Steal(LList & Victim){
// PRE: the N. O. and Victim LLists are valid
// POST: the Victim LList is valid and empty
// the N. O. LList is valid, all of its previous
// listnodes have been deleted, and it now
// consists of the listnodes originally on the
// Victim LList
Clean();
head = Victim.head;
tail = Victim.tail;
Victim.head = NULL;
}
void LList::Append(LList & Donor){
// PRE: the N. O. and Donor LLists are valid
// POST: the Donor LList is valid and empty
// the N. O. LList is valid, and it now consists
// of its own original listnodes followed by the
// listnodes originally on the Donor LList
if (head != NULL)
tail -> next = Donor.head;
else
head = Donor.head;
if (Donor.head != NULL)
tail = Donor.tail;
else
;
Donor.head = NULL;
}
void LList::Duplicate(LList & Source){
// PRE: the N. O. and Source LLists are valid
// POST: the Source LList is unchanged
// the N. O. LList is valid, all of its previous
// listnodes have been deleted, and it now
// consists of listnodes containing the same
// elements and in the same order as on the
// Source LList
listnode * temp;
Clean();
temp = Source.head;
while (temp != NULL){
InsertTail(temp -> data);
temp = temp -> next;
}
}
void LList::Reverse(){
// PRE: the N. O. LList is valid
// POST: the N. O. LList is unchanged, except its
// elements are in reverse order
listnode * temp;
LList Helper;
temp = head;
while (temp != NULL){
Helper.InsertHead(temp -> data);
temp = temp -> next;
}
Steal(Helper);
}
iny main(){
cout << "creating/constructing LList object L" << endl;
LList L;
cout << "L has been created/constructed" << endl;
cout << "L is calling its print method" << endl;
L.Print();
cout << "L has been printed" << endl;
cout << "L is calling its ReadForward method" << endl;
L.ReadForward();
cout << "L has been read forward" << endl;
cout << "L is calling its Print method" << endl;
L.Print();
cout << "L has been printed" << endl;
cout << "L is calling its ReadBackward method" << endl;
L.ReadBackward();
cout << "L has been read backward" << endl;
cout << "L is calling its Print method" << endl;
L.Print();
cout << "L has been printed" << endl;
cout << "L is calling its Clean method" << endl;
L.Clean();
cout << "L has been cleaned" << endl;
cout << "L is calling its Print method" << endl;
L.Print();
cout << "L has been printed" << endl;
}
A:
The reason of the error this code
#undef NULL
const int NULL = 0;
It is unclear why you decided to use it. But to avoid the error just remove these two lines.
This declaration
const int NULL = 0;
does not introduce a null-pointer constant.
Moreover instead of NULL you could use nullptr.
Pay attention to that the class listnode should be a private member of the class LList.
For example
class LList {
private:
struct listnode{
element data;
listnode * next;
} *head = nullptr, *tail = nullptr;
//...
|
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A cosmic bat in flight
ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT has caught a glimpse of an ethereal nebula hidden away in the darkest corners of the constellation of Orion (The Hunter) -- NGC 1788, nicknamed the Cosmic Bat. This bat-shaped reflection nebula doesn't emit light -- instead it is illuminated by a cluster of young stars in its core, only dimly visible through the clouds of dust. Scientific instruments have come a long way since NGC 1788 was first described, and this image taken by the VLT is the most detailed portrait of this nebula ever taken.
Even though this ghostly nebula in Orion appears to be isolated from other cosmic objects, astronomers believe that it was shaped by powerful [stellar winds] - from the massive stars beyond it. These streams of scorching plasma are thrown from a star's upper atmosphere at incredible speeds, shaping the clouds secluding the Cosmic Bat's nascent stars.
NGC 1788 was first described by the German-British astronomer William Herschel, who included it in a catalogue that later served as the basis for one of the most significant collections of deep-sky objects, the New General Catalogue (NGC) [1]. A nice image of this small and dim nebula had already been captured by the MPG/ESO 2.2-metre telescope at ESO's La Silla Observatory, but this newly observed scene leaves it in the proverbial dust. Frozen in flight, the minute details of this Cosmic Bat's dusty wings were imaged for the twentieth anniversary of one of ESO's most versatile instruments, the FOcal Reducer and low dispersion Spectrograph 2?(FORS2.
FORS2 is an instrument mounted on Antu , one of the VLT's 8.2-metre Unit Telescopes at the Paranal Observatory, and its ability to image large areas of the sky in exceptional detail has made it a coveted member of ESO's fleet of cutting-edge scientific instruments. Since its first light 20 years ago, FORS2 has become known as "the Swiss army knife of instruments". This moniker originates from its uniquely broad set of functions [2]. FORS2's versatility extends beyond purely scientific uses -- its ability to capture beautiful high-quality images like this makes it a particularly useful tool for public outreach.
This image was taken as part of ESO's Cosmic Gems programme, an outreach initiative that uses ESO telescopes to produce images of interesting, intriguing or visually attractive objects for the purposes of education and public outreach. The programme makes use of telescope time that cannot be used for science observations, and -- with the help of FORS2 -- produces breathtaking images of some of the most striking objects in the night sky, such as this intricate reflection nebula. In case the data collected could be useful for future scientific purposes, these observations are saved and made available to astronomers through the ESO Science Archive ).
-end-
Notes
[1] In 1864 John Herschel published the General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters, which built on extensive catalogues and contained entries for more than five thousand intriguing deep-sky objects. Twenty-four years later, this catalogue was expanded by John Louis Emil Dreyer and published as the New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (NGC), a comprehensive collection of stunning deep-sky objects.
[2] In addition to being able to image large areas of the sky with precision, FORS2 can also measure the spectra of multiple objects in the night sky and analyse the polarisation of their light. Data from FORS2 are the basis of over 100 scientific studies published every year.
More information
ESO is the foremost intergovernmental astronomy organisation in Europe and the world's most productive ground-based astronomical observatory by far. It has 16 Member States: Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, along with the host state of Chile and with Australia as a Strategic Partner. ESO carries out an ambitious programme focused on the design, construction and operation of powerful ground-based observing facilities enabling astronomers to make important scientific discoveries. ESO also plays a leading role in promoting and organising cooperation in astronomical research. ESO operates three unique world-class observing sites in Chile: La Silla, Paranal and Chajnantor. At Paranal, ESO operates the Very Large Telescope and its world-leading Very Large Telescope Interferometer as well as two survey telescopes, VISTA working in the infrared and the visible-light VLT Survey Telescope. Also at Paranal ESO will host and operate the Cherenkov Telescope Array South, the world's largest and most sensitive gamma-ray observatory. ESO is also a major partner in two facilities on Chajnantor, APEX and ALMA, the largest astronomical project in existence. And on Cerro Armazones, close to Paranal, ESO is building the 39-metre Extremely Large Telescope, the ELT, which will become "the world's biggest eye on the sky".
Scientists estimate solar nebula's lifetimeA collaborative study involving Brookhaven, MIT, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, and the National Museum in Rio de Janeiro suggests the gas cloud from which our solar system formed lasted about 4 million years.
Scientists estimate solar nebula's lifetimeMIT scientists have a new estimate for the lifetime of the solar nebula, the gaseous precursor of the solar system: Measurements from ancient meteorites suggest the solar nebula disappeared within 4 million years.
#517 Life in Plastic, Not FantasticOur modern lives run on plastic. It's in the computers and phones we use. It's in our clothing, it wraps our food. It surrounds us every day, and when we throw it out, it's devastating for the environment. This week we air a live show we recorded at the 2019 Advancement of Science meeting in Washington, D.C., where Bethany Brookshire sat down with three plastics researchers - Christina Simkanin, Chelsea Rochman, and Jennifer Provencher - and a live audience to discuss plastics in our oceans. Where they are, where they are going, and what they carry with them. Related links:...
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Bengal Engineering Science University Counseling
Post Last Update: Wednesday, November 22, 2017 @ 3:57 PM
BENGAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE UNIVERSITY Counseling 2013
BENGAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE UNIVERSITY Counseling will suppose to happen in the month of Bengal Engineering Science University Counseling Of Agricultural Counseling not declared now so for more information candidates may visit official website
Information where counseling details can be found: http://www.becs.ac.in/
Procedure to appear in BENGAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE UNIVERSITY counseling
1) Candidate has to confirm its ranking based on merit list then has to confirm the counseling date from the official website of BENGAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE UNIVERSITY Counseling.
2) Candidate has to decide its choice of course before he wish to appear for BENGAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE UNIVERSITY counseling, but based on its ranking he/she may get the course of his choice.
Documents Required while counseling for BENGAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE UNIVERSITY
Candidates must know about the required documents required to bring while appearing for BENGAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE UNIVERSITY Counseling.
1) Original counseling letter along with photocopy of counseling letter
2) Original Admit card along with photocopy of admit card
3) Bank draft has to be made as per the guidelines mentioned on BENGAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE UNIVERSITY prospect
4) All the original and at least 2 photocopy of certificates of 10th & 12th class
5) Rank Card / Hall Ticket
6) Score card (if applicable)
7) Original degree/provisional certificate if candidate is appearing
8 ) Community certificate(SC/ST/OBC/Other) signed by the authorized authority
9) Medical documents mentioned on BENGAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE UNIVERSITY application form
10) 4-6 Passport size photographs color and black and white
11) Other supportive documents mentioned on BENGAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE UNIVERSITY application form.
BENGAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE UNIVERSITY Seat Allotment Procedure
Seat allotment will be done on the basis of merit list. Candidate will have the option to withdraw from the counseling.
Important things candidate must know to appear for the BENGAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE UNIVERSITY counseling
•Select the appropriate center.
•Book the ticket in advance and must reach before one day of counseling
•Create figure and decide all the respective things of their choice.
All further details regarding the counseling of BENGAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE UNIVERSITY can be found by visiting the official website: http://www.becs.ac.in/
Candidates can also subscribe this page using control+d for further progress of BENGAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE UNIVERSITY counseling.
Also candidate can receive sms on mobile by sending sms Join Sarkariexam to 58247.
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Spoilers for Archer, up through the Season 9 premiere, below.
FX and the creators of Archer brought a special treat to New York Comic Con 2017: the premiere episode of Archer Season 9, another anthology-style departure for the show. The season's been dubbed "Danger Island," and it sees the core characters re-imagined as the owners and managers of an island-based hotel and charter plane company.
Despite being slightly unfinished--the episode ran with time codes flashing along the bottom--the premiere delighted the audience at the Hammerstein Ballroom with everything Archer fans have come to expect. That includes Archer (H. Jon Benjamin) sleeping around and ruining lives, irresponsible firearm use, Aisha Tyler owning every scene she's in, dysfunctional relationships between family members and co-workers, cameos from actors like Eugene Cordero and Jon Daly, and copious amounts of drinking.
But it didn't answer Archer fans' most urgent question: Is Archer still in a coma?
As a re-imagining of Archer's core characters and settings, Archer: Danger Island may take place in an alternate timeline, in Archer's coma dreams, or somewhere we can't even imagine. (Although the show's co-executive producer, Casey Willis, dropped a big hint later in the panel: "Being in his coma subconscious, all the people that he cares about are what shows up," he said.) But its premiere episode, at least, doesn't address Sterling Archer's fate, seemingly leaving the main series' story on the backburner for another season.
Archer Executive Producer Matt Thompson took the stage after the episode and explained why the show's creators have leaned into these anthology seasons, which let them explore new stories outside the spy genre. "We kind of learned a little bit when we did the cocaine season," Thompson said.
"Archer: Vice," Tyler, who plays an island princess in the new season, interjected, laughing. "We shouldn't call it the cocaine season."
"What it did, really, was re-energized us," Thompson resumed. "I don't watch a lot of TV shows that are in their ninth season, because at some point, for me, the storylines kind of run themselves out."
"It's exciting for us as creators because I'm not just trying to figure out how to tell you another spy story today," he continued. "And I think my partner, Adam Reed, just couldn't bring himself to writing another season of a spy thing."
"We may have lost some viewers," Thompson admitted.
"But f*** those guys!" Tyler exclaimed. The crowd erupted.
Whatever Archer's creators may prefer, it's clear that the show's viewers are as eager for the main story to resume as they are to find out what Danger Island has in store. As soon as the panel opened to audience questions, Thompson had to acknowledge whether the show will ever get back to reality.
"We're going back to all that. We're gonna get to everything--hopefully," Thompson promised. "We won't leave it hanging."
Archer: Danger Island sees Sterling Archer, his mother, Jessica Walter's Malory, and a new, more muscular version of Pam (Amber Nash) running an island hotel and charter plane company somewhere in French territory. Cheryl (Judy Greer) plays a newlywed who sleeps with Archer, ruining her marriage, while Tyler plays a savvy island princess trying to convince Chris Parnell's new character--whose name seems to rhyme with "Ducks"--to purchase land within the island's dangerous jungle. And Lucky Yates' Dr. Krieger has transformed into a parrot named Crackers--about which Yates shared a fun story.
"When I was three years old, my parents were still trying to potty-train me, so they bribed me with a parakeet," Yates said. "They told me if I pooped into the potty they'd get me a parakeet, and I was on the sh**ter within five minutes dropping a sweet deuce." They followed through, and he named the bird Crackers. His character in Danger Island was named in that parakeet's honor.
Another audience member brought up the possibility of an Archer movie.
"Anything could happen, right? We just need to talk to the right people at FX," Willis, one of the show's executive producers, said, half-joking--given how many executives from FX were likely present.
"I heard Harvey Weinstein might not be doing anything," he added.
Archer returns with Archer: Danger Island some time in 2018.
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[SLAC–PUB–10812\
October 2004\
]{}
[[**New Results in Light-Front\
Phenomenology**]{}[^1]]{}
[*Presented at\
LightCone 2004\
Amsterdam, The Netherlands\
16–20 August 2004*]{}\
[**Abstract** ]{}
The light-front quantization of gauge theories in light-cone gauge provides a frame-independent wavefunction representation of relativistic bound states, simple forms for current matrix elements, explicit unitarity, and a trivial vacuum. In this talk I review the theoretical methods and constraints which can be used to determine these central elements of QCD phenomenology. The freedom to choose the light-like quantization four-vector provides an explicitly covariant formulation of light-front quantization and can be used to determine the analytic structure of light-front wave functions and define a kinematical definition of angular momentum. The AdS/CFT correspondence of large $N_C$ supergravity theory in higher-dimensional anti-de Sitter space with supersymmetric QCD in 4-dimensional space-time has interesting implications for hadron phenomenology in the conformal limit, including an all-orders demonstration of counting rules for exclusive processes. String/gauge duality also predicts the QCD power-law behavior of light-front Fock-state hadronic wavefunctions with arbitrary orbital angular momentum at high momentum transfer. The form of these near-conformal wavefunctions can be used as an initial ansatz for a variational treatment of the light-front QCD Hamiltonian. The light-front Fock-state wavefunctions encode the bound state properties of hadrons in terms of their quark and gluon degrees of freedom at the amplitude level. The nonperturbative Fock state wavefunctions contain intrinsic gluons, and sea quarks at any scale $Q$ with asymmetries such as $ s(x) \ne \bar s(x)$, $\bar u(x) \ne
\bar d(x).$ Intrinsic charm and bottom quarks appear at large $x$ in the light-front wavefunctions since this minimizes the invariant mass and off-shellness of the higher Fock state. In the case of nuclei, the Fock state expansion contains “hidden color" states which cannot be classified in terms of nucleonic degrees of freedom. I also briefly review recent analyses which shows that some leading-twist phenomena such as the diffractive component of deep inelastic scattering, single-spin asymmetries, nuclear shadowing and antishadowing cannot be computed from the LFWFs of hadrons in isolation.
Introduction
============
A central problem in nonperturbative quantum chromodynamics is to determine not only the masses but also the wavefunctions of hadronic bound states. Relativity and quantum mechanics requires that a hadron fluctuates not only in coordinate space, spin, and color, but also in the number of quanta. The light-front Hamiltonian formulation of quantum chromodynamics provides a comprehensive formulation for determining not only the spectrum of the theory, but also the complete set of light-front Fock state wavefunctions $\psi_{n/H}(x_i,\vec k_{\perp i},\lambda_i)$ which encode the bound state properties of hadrons in terms of their fundamental quark and gluon degrees of freedom at the amplitude level.
Formally, the light-front expansion is constructed by quantizing QCD at fixed light-cone time [@Dirac:1949cp] $\tau = t + z/c$ and forming the invariant light-front Hamiltonian: $ H^{QCD}_{LF} = P^+
P^- - {\vec P_\perp}^2$ where $P^\pm = P^0 \pm
P^z$ [@Brodsky:1997de]. The momentum generators $P^+$ and $\vec
P_\perp$ are kinematical; [*i.e.*]{}, they are independent of the interactions. The generator $P^- = i {d\over d\tau}$ generates light-cone time translations, and the eigen-spectrum of the Lorentz scalar $ H^{QCD}_{LF}$ gives the mass spectrum of the color-singlet hadron states in QCD together with their respective light-front wavefunctions. For example, the proton state satisfies: $
H^{QCD}_{LF} {\,\left|\,{\psi_p}\right\rangle} = M^2_p {\,\left|\,{\psi_p}\right\rangle}$.
The light-front (LF) quantization of QCD in light-cone gauge $A^+=0$ has a number of remarkable advantages, including explicit unitarity, a physical Fock expansion, the absence of ghost degrees of freedom, and the decoupling properties needed to prove factorization theorems in high momentum transfer inclusive and exclusive reactions. Prem Srivastava and I have given a systematic derivation [@Srivastava:2000cf] of LF-quantized gauge theory using the Dirac method of constraints. The free theory gauge field is shown to satisfy the Lorentz condition as an operator equation as well as the light-cone gauge condition. Its propagator is found to be transverse with respect to both its four-momentum and the gauge direction. The interaction Hamiltonian of QCD has a form resembling that of covariant theory, except for additional instantaneous interactions which can be treated systematically. The QCD $\beta$ function computed in the light-cone gauge agrees with that known in the conventional framework. In the case of the electroweak theory, spontaneous symmetry breaking is realized in LF quantization by the appearance of zero modes of the Higgs field. Light-front quantization leads to an elegant ghost-free theory of massive gauge particles, automatically incorporating the Lorentz and ’t Hooft conditions, as well as the Goldstone boson equivalence theorem [@Srivastava:2002mw].
The expansion of the proton eigensolution ${\,\left|\,{\psi_p}\right\rangle}$ on the color-singlet $B = 1$, $Q = 1$ eigenstates $\{{\,\left|\,{n}\right\rangle} \}$ of the free Hamiltonian $ H^{QCD}_{LF}(g = 0)$ gives the light-front Fock expansion: $$\begin{aligned}
{\,\left|\,{ \psi_p(P^+, {\vec P_\perp} )}\right\rangle} &=& \sum_{n}\ \prod_{i=1}^{n} {{\rm
d}x_i\, {\rm d}^2
{\vec k_{\perp i}} \over \sqrt{x_i}\, 16\pi^3} \, \ 16\pi^3 \
\delta\left(1-\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i\right)\, \delta^{(2)}\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}
{\vec k_{\perp
i}}\right) \label{a318}
\\
&& \rule{0pt}{4.5ex} \times \psi_{n/H}(x_i,{\vec k_{\perp i}},
\lambda_i) {\,\left|\,{ n;\, x_i P^+, x_i {\vec P_\perp} + {\vec k_{\perp
i}}, \lambda_i}\right\rangle}. \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ The light-cone momentum fractions $x_i = k^+_i/P^+$ and ${\vec k_{\perp i}}$ represent the relative momentum coordinates of the QCD constituents. The physical transverse momenta are ${\vec p_{\perp i}} = x_i {\vec P_\perp} + {\vec k_{\perp i}}.$ The $\lambda_i$ label the light-cone spin projections $S^z$ of the quarks and gluons along the quantization direction $z$. Each Fock component has the invariant mass squared $$\mathcal{M}^2_n = (\sum^n_{i=1} k_i^\mu)^2
= \sum^n_{i=1}{k^2_{\perp i} + m^2_i\over x_i}.$$ The physical gluon polarization vectors $\epsilon^\mu(k,\ \lambda = \pm 1)$ are specified in light-cone gauge by the conditions $k \cdot \epsilon = 0,\ \eta \cdot \epsilon =
\epsilon^+ = 0.$ The gluonic quanta which appear in the Fock states thus have physical polarization $\lambda = \pm 1$ and positive metric. Since each Fock particle is on its mass shell in a Hamiltonian framework, $k^- = k^0-k^z= {k^2_\perp + m^2\over k^+}$. One cannot truncate the LF expansion; the expansion sum runs over all $n,$ beginning with the lowest valence state. The probability of massive Fock states with invariant mass $\mathcal{M}$ falls-off at least as fast as $1/\mathcal{M}^2.$
Because they are defined at fixed light-front time $\tau = t + z/c$ (Dirac’s “Front Form"), LFWFs have the remarkable property of being independent of the hadron’s four-momentum. In contrast, in equal-time quantization, a Lorentz boost mixes dynamically with the interactions, so that computing a wavefunction in a new frame at fixed $t$ requires solving a nonperturbative problem as complicated as the Hamiltonian eigenvalue problem itself. The LFWFs are properties of the hadron itself; they are thus universal and process independent.
The light-front Fock state expansion provides important perspectives on the quark and gluon distributions of hadrons. For example, there is no scale $Q_0$ where one can limit the quark content of a hadron to valence quarks. The nonperturbative Fock state wavefunctions contain intrinsic gluons, strange quarks, charm quarks, etc., at any scale. The internal QCD interactions lead to asymmetries such as $
s(x) \ne \bar s(x)$, $\bar u(x) \ne \bar d(x)$ and intrinsic charm and bottom distributions at large $x$ since this minimizes the invariant mass and off-shellness of the higher Fock state. In the case of nuclei, the Fock state expansion contains hidden color states which cannot be classified in terms of nucleonic degrees of freedom. However, some leading-twist phenomena such as the diffractive component of deep inelastic scattering, single-spin asymmetries, nuclear shadowing and antishadowing cannot be computed from the LFWFs of hadrons in isolation. These issues are reviewed in Section 5 below.
One of the important aspects of fundamental hadron structure is the presence of non-zero orbital angular momentum in the bound-state wave functions. The evidence for a “spin crisis" in the Ellis-Jaffe sum rule signals a significant orbital contribution in the proton wave function [@Jaffe:1989jz; @Ji:2002qa]. The Pauli form factor of nucleons is computed from the overlap of LFWFs differing by one unit of orbital angular momentum $\Delta L_z= \pm
1$. Thus the fact that the anomalous moment of the proton is non-zero requires nonzero orbital angular momentum in the proton wavefunction [@BD80]. In the light-front method, orbital angular momentum is treated explicitly; it includes the orbital contributions induced by relativistic effects, such as the spin-orbit effects normally associated with the conventional Dirac spinors. Angular momentum conservation for each Fock state implies $$J^z= \sum_i^{n} S^z_i + \sum_i^{n-1} L^z_i$$ where $L^z_i$ is one of the $n-1$ relative orbital angular momenta.
One can also define the light-front Fock expansion using a covariant generalization of light-front time: $\tau=x {\makebox[0.08cm]{$\cdot$}}\omega$. The four-vector $\omega$, with $\omega^2 = 0$, determines the orientation of the light-front plane; the freedom to choose $\omega$ provides an explicitly covariant formulation of light-front quantization [@cdkm]: all observables such as matrix elements of local current operators, form factors, and cross sections are light-front invariants – they must be independent of $\omega_\mu.$ In recent work, Dae Sung Hwang, John Hiller, Volodya Karmonov [@Brodsky:2003pw], and I have studied the analytic structure of LFWFs using the explicitly Lorentz-invariant formulation of the front form. Eigensolutions of the Bethe-Salpeter equation have specific angular momentum as specified by the Pauli-Lubanski vector. The corresponding LFWF for an $n$-particle Fock state evaluated at equal light-front time $\tau =
\omega\cdot x$ can be obtained by integrating the Bethe-Salpeter solutions over the corresponding relative light-front energies. The resulting LFWFs $\psi^I_n(x_i, k_{\perp
i})$ are functions of the light-cone momentum fractions $x_i= {k_i\cdot \omega / p \cdot
\omega}$ and the invariant mass of the constituents $\mathcal{M}_n,$ each multiplying spin-vector and polarization tensor invariants which can involve $\omega^\mu.$ They are eigenstates of the Karmanov–Smirnov kinematic angular momentum operator [@ks92; @cdkm]. $$\label{ac1}
\vec{J} = -i[\vec{k}\times
\partial/\partial\vec{k}\,]-i[\vec{n}\times
\partial/\partial\vec{n}] +\frac{1}{2}\vec{\sigma},$$ where $\vec n$ is the spatial component of $\omega$ in the constituent rest frame ($\vec{\mathcal{P}}=\vec 0$). Although this form is written specifically in the constituent rest frame, it can be generalized to an arbitrary frame by a Lorentz boost.
Normally the generators of angular rotations in the LF formalism contain interactions, as in the Pauli–Lubanski formulation; however, the LF angular momentum operator can also be represented in the kinematical form (\[ac1\]) without interactions. The key term is the generator of rotations of the LF plane $-i[\vec{n}\times\partial/\partial\vec{n}]$ which replaces the interaction term; it appears only in the explicitly covariant formulation, where the dependence on $\vec{n}$ is present. Thus LFWFs satisfy all Lorentz symmetries of the front form, including boost invariance, and they are proper eigenstates of angular momentum.
In principle, one can solve for the LFWFs directly from the fundamental theory using methods such as discretized light-front quantization (DLCQ) [@Pauli:1985ps], the transverse lattice [@Bardeen:1979xx; @Dalley:2004rq; @Burkardt:2001jg], lattice gauge theory moments [@DelDebbio:1999mq], Dyson-Schwinger techniques [@Maris:2003vk], and Bethe–Salpeter techniques [@Brodsky:2003pw]. DLCQ has been remarkably successful in determining the entire spectrum and corresponding LFWFs in one space-one time field theories [@Gross:1997mx], including QCD(1+1) [@Hornbostel:1988fb] and SQCD(1+1) [@Harada:2004ck]. There are also DLCQ solutions for low sectors of Yukawa theory in physical space-time dimensions [@Brodsky:2002tp]. The DLCQ boundary conditions allow a truncation of the Fock space to finite dimensions while retaining the kinematic boost and Lorentz invariance of light-front quantization.
The transverse lattice method combines DLCQ for one-space and the light-front time dimensions with lattice theory in transverse space. It has recently provided the first computation of the generalized parton distributions of the pion [@Dalley:2004rq]. Dyson-Schwinger methods account well for running quark mass effects, and in principle can give important hadronic wavefunction information. One can also project known solutions of the Bethe–Salpeter equation to equal light-front time, thus producing hadronic light-front Fock wave functions [@Brodsky:2003pw]. Bakker and van Iersel have developed new methods to find solutions to bound-state light-front equations in ladder approximation [@vanIersel:2004gf]. Pauli has shown how one can construct an effective light-front Hamiltonian which acts within the valence Fock state sector alone [@Pauli:2003tb]. Another possible method is to construct the $q\bar q$ Green’s function using light-front Hamiltonian theory, DLCQ boundary conditions and Lippmann-Schwinger resummation. The zeros of the resulting resolvent projected on states of specific angular momentum $J_z$ can then generate the meson spectrum and their light-front Fock wavefunctions. As emphasized by Weinstein and Vary, new effective operator methods [@Weinstein:2004nr; @Zhan:2004ct] which have been developed for Hamiltonian theories in condensed matter and nuclear physics, could also be applied advantageously to light-front Hamiltonian. Reviews of nonperturbative light-front methods may be found in references [@Brodsky:1997de; @cdkm; @Dalley:ug; @Brodsky:2003gk].
Even without explicit solutions, much is known about the explicit form and structure of LFWFs. They can be matched to nonrelativistic Schrodinger wavefunctions at soft scales. At high momenta, the LFWFs at large $k_\perp$ and $x_i \to 1$ are constrained by arguments based on conformal symmetry, the operator product expansion, or perturbative QCD. The pattern of higher Fock states with extra gluons is given by ladder relations [@Antonuccio:1997tw]. The structure of Fock states with nonzero orbital angular momentum is also constrained by the Karmanov-Smirnov operator [@ks92].
AdS/CFT and Its Consequences for Near-Conformal Field Theory
============================================================
As shown by Maldacena [@Maldacena:1997re], there is a remarkable correspondence between large $N_C$ supergravity theory in a higher dimensional anti-de Sitter space and supersymmetric QCD in 4-dimensional space-time. String/gauge duality provides a framework for predicting QCD phenomena based on the conformal properties of the AdS/CFT correspondence. For example, Polchinski and Strassler [@Polchinski:2001tt] have shown that the power-law fall-off of hard exclusive hadron-hadron scattering amplitudes at large momentum transfer can be derived without the use of perturbation theory by using the scaling properties of the hadronic interpolating fields in the large-$r$ region of AdS space. Thus one can use the Maldacena correspondence to compute the leading power-law falloff of exclusive processes such as high-energy fixed-angle scattering of gluonium-gluonium scattering in supersymmetric QCD. The resulting predictions for hadron physics effectively coincide [@Polchinski:2001tt; @Brower:2002er; @Andreev:2002aw] with QCD dimensional counting rules [@Brodsky:1973kr; @Matveev:ra; @Brodsky:1974vy; @Brodsky:2002st]. Polchinski and Strassler [@Polchinski:2001tt] have also derived counting rules for deep inelastic structure functions at $x \to 1$ in agreement with perturbative QCD predictions [@Brodsky:1994kg] as well as Bloom-Gilman exclusive-inclusive duality. An interesting point is that the hard scattering amplitudes which are normally or order $\alpha_s^p$ in PQCD appear as order $\alpha_s^{p/2}$ in the supergravity predictions. This can be understood as an all-orders resummation of the effective potential [@Maldacena:1997re; @Rey:1998ik]. The near-conformal scaling properties of light-front wavefunctions thus lead to a number of important predictions for QCD which are normally discussed in the context of perturbation theory.
De Teramond and I [@Brodsky:2003px] have shown how one can use the scaling properties of the hadronic interpolating operator in the extended AdS/CFT space-time theory to determine the form of QCD wavefunctions at large transverse momentum $k^2_\perp \to \infty$ and at $x \to 1$ [@Brodsky:2003px]. The angular momentum dependence of the light-front wavefunctions also follow from the conformal properties of the AdS/CFT correspondence. The scaling and conformal properties of the correspondence leads to a hard component of the light-front Fock state wavefunctions of the form: $$\begin{aligned}
\psi_{n/h} (x_i, \vec k_{\perp i} , \lambda_i, l_{z i})
&\sim& \frac{(g_s~N_C)^{\frac{1}{2} (n-1)}}{\sqrt {N_C}}
~\prod_{i =1}^{n - 1} (k_{i \perp}^\pm)^{\vert l_{z i}\vert}\\[1ex]
&&\times \left[\frac{ \Lambda_o}{ {M}^2 - \sum _i\frac{\vec k_{\perp i}^2 +
m_i^2}{x_i} +
\Lambda_o^2} \right] ^{n +\sum_i \vert l_{z i} \vert -1}\ ,\nonumber
\label{eq:lfwfR}\end{aligned}$$ where $g_s$ is the string scale and $\Lambda_o$ represents the basic QCD mass scale. The scaling predictions agree with the perturbative QCD analysis given in the references [@Ji:2003fw], but the AdS/CFT analysis is performed at strong coupling without the use of perturbation theory. The form of these near-conformal wavefunctions can be used as an initial ansatz for a variational treatment of the light-front QCD Hamiltonian.
The recent investigations using the AdS/CFT correspondence has reawakened interest in the conformal features of QCD [@Brodsky:2003dn]. QCD becomes scale free and conformally symmetric in the analytic limit of zero quark mass and zero $\beta$ function [@Parisi:zy]. This correspondence principle provides a new tool, the conformal template, which is very useful for theory analyses, such as the expansion polynomials for distribution amplitudes [@Brodsky:1980ny; @Brodsky:1984xk; @Brodsky:1985ve; @Braun:2003rp], the non-perturbative wavefunctions which control exclusive processes at leading twist [@Lepage:1979zb; @Brodsky:2000dr]. The near-conformal behavior of QCD is also the basis for commensurate scale relations [@Brodsky:1994eh] which relate observables to each other without renormalization scale or scheme ambiguities [@Brodsky:2000cr]. An important example is the generalized Crewther relation [@Brodsky:1995tb]. In this method the effective charges of observables are related to each other in conformal gauge theory; the effects of the nonzero QCD $\beta-$ function are then taken into account using the BLM method [@Brodsky:1982gc] to set the scales of the respective couplings. The magnitude of the corresponding effective charge [@Brodsky:1997dh] $\alpha^{\rm exclusive}_s(Q^2) =
{F_\pi(Q^2)/ 4\pi Q^2 F^2_{\gamma \pi^0}(Q^2)}$ for exclusive amplitudes is connected to the effective charge $\alpha_\tau$ defined from $\tau$ hadronic decays [@Brodsky:2002nb] by a commensurate scale relation. Its magnitude: $\alpha^{\rm
exclusive}_s(Q^2) \sim 0.8$ at small $Q^2,$ is sufficiently large as to explain the observed magnitude of exclusive amplitudes such as the pion form factor using the asymptotic distribution amplitude [@Lepage:1980fj].
Theoretical [@vonSmekal:1997is; @Zwanziger:2003cf; @Howe:2002rb; @Howe:2003mp; @Furui:2003mz] and phenomenological [@Mattingly:ej; @Brodsky:2002nb; @Baldicchi:2002qm] evidence is now accumulating that the QCD coupling becomes constant at small virtuality; [*i.e.*]{}, $\alpha_s(Q^2)$ develops an infrared fixed point in contradiction to the usual assumption of singular growth in the infrared. If QCD running couplings are bounded, the integration over the running coupling is finite and renormalon resummations are not required. If the QCD coupling becomes scale-invariant in the infrared, then elements of conformal theory [@Braun:2003rp] become relevant even at relatively small momentum transfers.
Menke, Merino, and Rathsman [@Brodsky:2002nb] and I have presented a definition of a physical coupling for QCD which has a direct relation to high precision measurements of the hadronic decay channels of the $\tau^- \to \nu_\tau {\rm H}^-$. Let $R_{\tau}$ be the ratio of the hadronic decay rate to the leptonic one. Then $R_{\tau}\equiv R_{\tau}^0\left[1+\frac{\alpha_\tau}{\pi}\right]$, where $R_{\tau}^0$ is the zeroth order QCD prediction, defines the effective charge $\alpha_\tau$. The data for $\tau$ decays is well-understood channel by channel, thus allowing the calculation of the hadronic decay rate and the effective charge as a function of the $\tau$ mass below the physical mass. The vector and axial-vector decay modes can be studied separately. Using an analysis of the $\tau$ data from the OPAL collaboration [@Ackerstaff:1998yj], we have found that the experimental value of the coupling $\alpha_{\tau}(s)=0.621 \pm
0.008$ at $s = m^2_\tau$ corresponds to a value of $\alpha_{{\hbox{$\overline{\hbox{\tiny MS}}$}}}(M^2_Z) = (0.117$-$0.122) \pm 0.002$, where the range corresponds to three different perturbative methods used in analyzing the data. This result is in good agreement with the world average $\alpha_{{\hbox{$\overline{\hbox{\tiny MS}}$}}}(M^2_Z) = 0.117 \pm 0.002$. However, one also finds that the effective charge only reaches $\alpha_{\tau}(s)
\sim 0.9 \pm 0.1$ at $s=1\,{\rm GeV}^2$, and it even stays within the same range down to $s\sim0.5\,{\rm GeV}^2$. The effective coupling is close to constant at low scales, suggesting that physical QCD couplings become constant or “frozen" at low scales.
The near constancy of the effective QCD coupling at small scales helps explain the empirical success of dimensional counting rules for the power law fall-off of form factors and fixed angle scaling. As shown in the references [@Brodsky:1997dh; @Melic:2001wb], one can calculate the hard scattering amplitude $T_H$ for such processes [@Lepage:1980fj] without scale ambiguity in terms of the effective charge $\alpha_\tau$ or $\alpha_R$ using commensurate scale relations. The effective coupling is evaluated in the regime where the coupling is approximately constant, in contrast to the rapidly varying behavior from powers of $\alpha_{\rm s}$ predicted by perturbation theory (the universal two-loop coupling). For example, the nucleon form factors are proportional at leading order to two powers of $\alpha_{\rm s}$ evaluated at low scales in addition to two powers of $1/q^2$; The pion photoproduction amplitude at fixed angles is proportional at leading order to three powers of the QCD coupling. The essential variation from leading-twist counting-rule behavior then only arises from the anomalous dimensions of the hadron distribution amplitudes.
Light-Front Phenomenology
=========================
Light-front Fock state wavefunctions $\psi_{n/H}(x_i,\vec k_{\perp
i},\lambda_i)$ play an essential role in QCD phenomenology, generalizing Schrödinger wavefunctions $\psi_H(\vec k)$ of atomic physics to relativistic quantum field theory. Given the $\psi^{(\Lambda)}_{n/H},$ one can construct any spacelike electromagnetic, electroweak, or gravitational form factor or local operator product matrix element of a composite or elementary system from the diagonal overlap of the LFWFs [@BD80]. Exclusive semi-leptonic $B$-decay amplitudes involving timelike currents such as $B\rightarrow A \ell \bar{\nu}$ can also be evaluated exactly in the light-front formalism [@Brodsky:1998hn]. In this case, the timelike decay matrix elements require the computation of both the diagonal matrix element $n \rightarrow n$ where parton number is conserved and the off-diagonal $n+1\rightarrow n-1$ convolution such that the current operator annihilates a $q{\bar{q'}}$ pair in the initial $B$ wavefunction. This term is a consequence of the fact that the time-like decay $q^2 = (p_\ell + p_{\bar{\nu}} )^2 > 0$ requires a positive light-cone momentum fraction $q^+ > 0$. Conversely for space-like currents, one can choose $q^+=0$, as in the Drell-Yan-West representation of the space-like electromagnetic form factors. The light-front Fock representation thus provides an exact formulation of current matrix elements of local operators. In contrast, in equal-time Hamiltonian theory, one must evaluate connected time-ordered diagrams where the gauge particle or graviton couples to particles associated with vacuum fluctuations. Thus even if one knows the equal-time wavefunction for the initial and final hadron, one cannot determine the current matrix elements. In the case of the covariant Bethe-Salpeter formalism, the evaluation of the matrix element of the current requires the calculation of an infinite number of irreducible diagram contributions.
One can also prove directly from the LFWF overlap representation that the anomalous gravitomagnetic moment $B(0)$ vanishes for any composite system [@Brodsky:2000ii]. This property follows directly from the Lorentz boost properties of the light-front Fock representation and holds separately for each Fock state component.
Given the LFWFs, one can also compute the hadronic distribution amplitudes $\phi_H(x_i,Q)$ which control hard exclusive processes as an integral over the transverse momenta of the valence Fock state LFWFs [@Lepage:1980fj]. In addition one can compute the unintegrated parton distributions in $x$ and $k_\perp$ which underlie generalized parton distributions for nonzero skewness. As shown by Diehl, Hwang, and myself [@Brodsky:2000xy], one can give a complete representation of virtual Compton scattering $\gamma^* p \to \gamma
p$ at large initial photon virtuality $Q^2$ and small momentum transfer squared $t$ in terms of the light-cone wavefunctions of the target proton. One can then verify the identities between the skewed parton distributions $H(x,\zeta,t)$ and $E(x,\zeta,t)$ which appear in deeply virtual Compton scattering and the corresponding integrands of the Dirac and Pauli form factors $F_1(t)$ and $F_2(t)$ and the gravitational form factors $A_{q}(t)$ and $B_{q}(t)$ for each quark and anti-quark constituent. We have illustrated the general formalism for the case of deeply virtual Compton scattering on the quantum fluctuations of a fermion in quantum electrodynamics at one loop.
The integrals of the unintegrated parton distributions over transverse momentum at zero skewness provide the helicity and transversity distributions measurable in polarized deep inelastic experiments [@Lepage:1980fj]. For example, the polarized quark distributions at resolution $\Lambda$ correspond to $$\begin{aligned}
q_{\lambda_q/\Lambda_p}(x, \Lambda) &=& \sum_{n,q_a}
\int\prod^n_{j=1} dx_j d^2 k_{\perp j}\sum_{\lambda_i} \vert
\psi^{(\Lambda)}_{n/H}(x_i,\vec k_{\perp i},\lambda_i)\vert^2
\\
&& \times\ \delta\left(1- \sum^n_i x_i\right) \delta^{(2)}
\left(\sum^n_i \vec k_{\perp i}\right) \delta(x - x_q)\nonumber \\
&& \times\ \delta_{\lambda_a, \lambda_q} \Theta(\Lambda^2 -
\mathcal{M}^2_n)\ ,\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ where the sum is over all quarks $q_a$ which match the quantum numbers, light-cone momentum fraction $x,$ and helicity of the struck quark.
Hadronization phenomena such as the coalescence mechanism for leading heavy hadron production are computed from LFWF overlaps. Diffractive jet production provides another phenomenological window into the structure of LFWFs. However, as shown recently [@Brodsky:2002ue], some leading-twist phenomena such as the diffractive component of deep inelastic scattering, single spin asymmetries, nuclear shadowing and antishadowing cannot be computed from the LFWFs of hadrons in isolation.
As shown by Raufeisen and myself [@Raufeisen:2004dg], one can construct a “light-front density matrix" from the complete set of light-front wavefunctions which is a Lorentz scalar. This form can be used at finite temperature to give a boost invariant formulation of thermodynamics. At zero temperature the light-front density matrix is directly connected to the Green’s function for quark propagation in the hadron as well as deeply virtual Compton scattering. One can also define a light-front partition function $Z_{LF}$ as an outer product of light-front wavefunctions. The deeply virtual Compton amplitude and generalized parton distributions can then be computed as the trace $Tr[Z_{LF}
\mathcal{O}],$ where $\mathcal{O}$ is the appropriate local operator [@Raufeisen:2004dg]. This partition function formalism can be extended to multi-hadronic systems and systems in statistical equilibrium to provide a Lorentz-invariant description of relativistic thermodynamics [@Raufeisen:2004dg].
Complications from Final-State Interactions
===========================================
Although it has been more than 35 years since the discovery of Bjorken scaling [@Bjorken:1968dy] in electroproduction [@Bloom:1969kc], there are still many issues in deep-inelastic lepton scattering and Drell-Yan reactions which are only now being understood from a fundamental basis in QCD. In contrast to the parton model, final-state interactions in deep inelastic scattering and initial state interactions in hard inclusive reactions cannot be neglected—leading to $T-$odd single spin asymmetries [@Brodsky:2002cx; @Belitsky:2002sm; @Collins:2002kn] and diffractive contributions [@Brodsky:2002ue; @Brodsky:2004hi]. This in turn implies that the structure functions measured in deep inelastic scattering are not probability distributions computed from the square of the LFWFs computed in isolation [@Brodsky:2002ue].
It is usually assumed—following the parton model—that the leading-twist structure functions measured in deep inelastic lepton-proton scattering are simply the probability distributions for finding quarks and gluons in the target nucleon. In fact, gluon exchange between the fast, outgoing quarks and the target spectators effects the leading-twist structure functions in a profound way, leading to diffractive leptoproduction processes, shadowing of nuclear structure functions, and target spin asymmetries. In particular, the final-state interactions from gluon exchange between the outgoing quark and the target spectator system lead to single-spin asymmetries in semi-inclusive deep inelastic lepton-proton scattering at leading twist in perturbative QCD; [*i.e.*]{}, the rescattering corrections of the struck quark with the target spectators are not power-law suppressed at large photon virtuality $Q^2$ at fixed $x_{bj}$ [@Brodsky:2002cx] The final-state interaction from gluon exchange occurring immediately after the interaction of the current also produces a leading-twist diffractive component to deep inelastic scattering $\ell p \to
\ell^\prime p^\prime X$ corresponding to color-singlet exchange with the target system; this in turn produces shadowing and anti-shadowing of the nuclear structure functions [@Brodsky:2002ue; @Brodsky:1989qz]. In addition, one can show that the pomeron structure function derived from diffractive DIS has the same form as the quark contribution of the gluon structure function [@Brodsky:2004hi]. The final-state interactions occur at a short light-cone time $\Delta\tau \simeq
1/\nu$ after the virtual photon interacts with the struck quark, producing a nontrivial phase. Here $\nu = p \cdot q/M$ is the laboratory energy of the virtual photon. Thus none of the above phenomena is contained in the target light-front wave functions computed in isolation. In particular, the shadowing of nuclear structure functions is due to destructive interference effects from leading-twist diffraction of the virtual photon, physics not included in the nuclear light-front wave functions. Thus the structure functions measured in deep inelastic lepton scattering are affected by final-state rescattering, modifying their connection to light-front probability distributions. Some of these results can be understood by augmenting the light-front wave functions with a gauge link, but with a gauge potential created by an external field created by the virtual photon $q \bar q$ pair current [@Belitsky:2002sm]. The gauge link is also process dependent [@Collins:2002kn], so the resulting augmented LFWFs are not universal.
Single-spin asymmetries in hadronic reactions provide a remarkable window to QCD mechanisms at the amplitude level. In general, single-spin asymmetries measure the correlation of the spin projection of a hadron with a production or scattering plane [@Sivers:1990fh]. Such correlations are odd under time reversal, and thus they can arise in a time-reversal invariant theory only when there is a phase difference between different spin amplitudes. Specifically, a nonzero correlation of the proton spin normal to a production plane measures the phase difference between two amplitudes coupling the proton target with $J^z_p = \pm {1\over
2}$ to the same final-state. The calculation requires the overlap of target light-front wavefunctions with different orbital angular momentum: $\Delta L^z = 1;$ thus a single-spin asymmetry (SSA) provides a direct measure of orbital angular momentum in the QCD bound state.
The observation that $\simeq 10\%$ of the positron-proton deep inelastic cross section at HERA is diffractive [@Derrick:1993xh; @Ahmed:1994nw] points to the importance of final-state gauge interactions as well as a new perspective to the nature of the hard pomeron. The same interactions are responsible for nuclear shadowing and Sivers-type single-spin asymmetries in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering and in Drell-Yan reactions. These new observations are in contradiction to parton model and light-cone gauge based arguments that final state interactions can be ignored at leading twist. The modifications of the deep inelastic lepton-proton cross section due to final state interactions are consistent with color-dipole based scattering models and imply that the traditional identification of structure functions with the quark probability distributions computed from the wavefunctions of the target hadron computed in isolation must be modified.
The shadowing and antishadowing of nuclear structure functions in the Gribov-Glauber picture is due to the destructive and constructive coherence, respectively, of amplitudes arising from the multiple-scattering of quarks in the nucleus. The effective quark-nucleon scattering amplitude includes Pomeron and Odderon contributions from multi-gluon exchange as well as Reggeon quark exchange contributions [@Brodsky:1989qz]. The multiscattering nuclear processes from Pomeron, Odderon and pseudoscalar Reggeon exchange leads to shadowing and antishadowing of the electromagnetic nuclear structure functions in agreement with measurements. An important conclusion is that antishadowing is nonuniversal—different for quarks and antiquarks and different for strange quarks versus light quarks. This picture thus leads to substantially different nuclear effects for charged and neutral currents, particularly in anti-neutrino reactions, thus affecting the extraction of the weak-mixing angle $\sin^2\theta_W$ and the constant $\rho_o$ which are determined from the ratios of charged and neutral current contributions in deep inelastic neutrino and anti-neutrino scattering. In recent work, Schmidt, Yang, and I [@Brodsky:2004qa] find that a substantial part of the difference between the standard model prediction and the anomalous NuTeV result [@Zeller:2001hh] for $\sin^2\theta_W$ could be due to the different behavior of nuclear antishadowing for charged and neutral currents. Detailed measurements of the nuclear dependence of charged, neutral and electromagnetic DIS processes are needed to establish the distinctive phenomenology of shadowing and antishadowing and to make the NuTeV results definitive.
Other QCD Phenomenology Related to Light-Front Wavefunctions
============================================================
A number of important phenomenological properties follow directly from the structure of light-front wavefunctions in gauge theory.
(1). [*Intrinsic Glue and Sea.*]{} Even though QCD was motivated by the successes of the parton model, QCD predicts many new features which go well beyond the simple three-quark description of the proton. Since the number of Fock components cannot be limited in relativity and quantum mechanics, the nonperturbative wavefunction of a proton contains gluons and sea quarks, including heavy quarks at any resolution scale. Thus there is no scale $Q_0$ in deep inelastic lepton-proton scattering where the proton can be approximated by its valence quarks. Empirical evidence also continues to accumulate that the strange-antistrange quark distributions are not symmetric in the proton [@Brodsky:1996hc; @Kretzer:2004bg].
\(2) [*Intrinsic Charm.*]{} [@Brodsky:1980pb] The probability for Fock states of a light hadron such as the proton to have an extra heavy quark pair decreases as $1/m^2_Q$ in non-Abelian gauge theory [@Franz:2000ee; @Brodsky:1984nx]. The relevant matrix element is the cube of the QCD field strength $G^3_{\mu \nu}.$ This is in contrast to abelian gauge theory where the relevant operator is $F^4_{\mu \nu}$ and the probability of intrinsic heavy leptons in QED bound state is suppressed as $1/m^4_\ell.$ The intrinsic Fock state probability is maximized at minimal off-shellness. It is useful to define the transverse mass $m_{\perp i}= \sqrt{k^2_{\perp
i} + m^2_i}.$ The maximum probability then occurs at $x_i = {
m^i_\perp /\sum^n_{j = 1} m^j_\perp}$; [*i.e.*]{}, when the constituents have minimal invariant mass and equal rapidity. Thus the heaviest constituents have the highest momentum fractions and the highest $x_i$. Intrinsic charm thus predicts that the charm structure function has support at large $x_{bj}$ in excess of DGLAP extrapolations [@Brodsky:1980pb]; this is in agreement with the EMC measurements [@Harris:1995jx]. It predicts leading charm hadron production and fast charmonium production in agreement with measurements [@Anjos:2001jr]. In fact even double $J/\psi's$ are produced at large $x_F$, consistent with the dissociation and coalescence of double intrinsic Fock states of the projectile LFWF [@Vogt:1995tf].
The proton wavefunction thus contains charm quarks with large light-cone momentum fractions $x$. The recent observation by the SELEX experiment [@Ocherashvili:2004hi; @Mattson:2002vu] showing that doubly-charmed baryons such as the $\Xi_{cc}^+$ and hence two charmed quarks are produced at large $x_F$ and small $p_T$ in hadron-nucleus collisions provides additional and compelling evidence for the diffractive dissociation of complex off-shell Fock states of the projectile. These observations contradict the traditional view that sea quarks and gluons are always produced perturbatively via DGLAP evolution. Intrinsic charm can also explain the $J/\psi \to \rho \pi$ puzzle [@Brodsky:1997fj]. It also affects the extraction of suppressed CKM matrix elements in $B$ decays [@Brodsky:2001yt].
3\. [*Hidden Color.*]{} A rigorous prediction of QCD is the “hidden color" of nuclear wavefunctions at short distances. QCD predicts that nuclear wavefunctions contain “hidden color" [@Brodsky:1983vf] components: color configurations not dual to the usual nucleonic degrees of freedom. In general, the six-quark wavefunction of a deuteron is a mixture of five different color-singlet states [@Brodsky:1983vf]. The dominant color configuration at large distances corresponds to the usual proton-neutron bound state where transverse momenta are of order ${\vec k}^2 \sim 2 M_d \epsilon_{BE}.$ However, at small impact space separation, all five Fock color-singlet components eventually acquire equal weight, [*i.e.*]{}, the deuteron wavefunction evolves to 80% hidden color.
At high $Q^2$ the deuteron form factor is sensitive to wavefunction configurations where all six quarks overlap within an impact separation $b_{\perp i} < \mathcal{O} (1/Q).$ Since the deuteron form factor contains the probability amplitudes for the proton and neutron to scatter from $p/2$ to $p/2+q/2$, it is natural to define the reduced deuteron form factor[@Brodsky:1976rz; @Brodsky:1983vf] $$f_d(Q^2) \equiv {F_d(Q^2)\over
F_{1N} \left(Q^2\over 4\right)\, F_{1N}\,\left(Q^2\over
4\right)}.$$ The effect of nucleon compositeness is removed from the reduced form factor. QCD then predicts the scaling $$f_d(Q^2) \sim {1\over Q^2} ;$$ [*i.e.*]{}, the same scaling law as a meson form factor. This scaling is consistent with experiment for $Q^2 > 1~{\rm GeV}^2.$ In fact as seen in Fig. \[reduced\], the deuteron reduced form factor contains two components: (1) a fast-falling component characteristic of nuclear binding with probability $85\%$, and (2) a hard contribution falling as a monopole with a scale of order $0.5~{\rm
GeV}$ with probability $15\%.$ The normalization of the deuteron form factor observed at large $Q^2$ [@Arnold:1975dd], as well as the presence of two mass scales in the scaling behavior of the reduced deuteron form factor [@Brodsky:1976rz] thus suggests sizable hidden-color Fock state contributions such as ${\,\left|\,{(uud)_{8_C} (ddu)_{8_C}}\right\rangle}$ with probability of order $15\%$ in the deuteron wavefunction [@Farrar:1991qi].
\(4) [*Color transparency.*]{} The small transverse size fluctuations of a hadron wavefunction with a small color dipole moment will have minimal interactions in a nucleus [@Bertsch:1981py; @Brodsky:1988xz].
This has been verified in the case of diffractive dissociation of a high energy pion into dijets $\pi A \to q \bar q A^\prime$ in which the nucleus is left in its ground state [@Ashery:2002jx]. When the hadronic jets have balancing but high transverse momentum, one studies the small size fluctuation of the incident pion. The diffractive dissociation cross section is found to be proportional to $A^2$ in agreement with the color transparency prediction. Color transparency has also been observed in diffractive electroproduction of $\rho$ mesons [@Borisov:2002rd] and in quasi-elastic $p A \to
p p (A-1)$ scattering [@Aclander:2004zm] where only the small size fluctuations of the hadron wavefunction enters the hard exclusive scattering amplitude. In the latter case an anomaly occurs at $\sqrt s \simeq 5 $ GeV, most likely signaling a resonance effect at the charm threshold [@Brodsky:1987xw].
Color transparency, as evidenced by the Fermilab measurements of diffractive dijet production, implies that a pion can interact coherently throughout a nucleus with minimal absorption, in dramatic contrast to traditional Glauber theory based on a fixed $\sigma_{\pi
n}$ cross section. Color transparency gives direct validation of the gauge interactions of QCD.
Hard Exclusive Processes and Form Factors at High $Q^2$
=========================================================
Leading-twist PQCD predictions for hard exclusive amplitudes [@Lepage:1980fj] are written in a factorized form as the product of hadron distribution amplitudes $\phi_I(x_i,Q)$ for each hadron $I$ convoluted with the hard scattering amplitude $T_H$ obtained by replacing each hadron with collinear on-shell quarks with light-front momentum fractions $x_i = k^+_i/P^+.$ The hadron distribution amplitudes are obtained by integrating the $n-$parton valence light-front wavefunctions: $$\phi(x_i,Q) =
\int^Q \Pi^{n-1}_{i=1} d^2 k_{\perp i} ~ \psi_{\rm
val}(x_i,k_\perp).$$ Thus the distribution amplitudes are $L_z=0$ projections of the LF wavefunction, and the sum of the spin projections of the valence quarks must equal the $J_z$ of the parent hadron. Higher orbital angular momentum components lead to power-law suppressed exclusive amplitudes [@Lepage:1980fj; @Ji:2003fw]. Since quark masses can be neglected at leading twist in $T_H$, one has quark helicity conservation, and thus, finally, hadron-helicity conservation: the sum of initial hadron helicities equals the sum of final helicities. In particular, since the hadron-helicity violating Pauli form factor is computed from states with $\Delta L_z = \pm 1,$ PQCD predicts $F_2(Q^2)/F_1(Q^2) \sim 1/Q^2 $ \[modulo logarithms\]. A detailed analysis shows that the asymptotic fall-off takes the form $F_2(Q^2)/F_1(Q^2) \sim \log^2 Q^2/Q^2$ [@Belitsky:2002kj]. One can also construct other models [@Brodsky:2003pw] incorporating the leading-twist perturbative QCD prediction which are consistent with the JLab polarization transfer data [@Jones:1999rz] for the ratio of proton Pauli and Dirac form factors. This analysis can also be extended to study the spin structure of scattering amplitudes at large transverse momentum and other processes which are dependent on the scaling and orbital angular momentum structure of light-front wavefunctions. Recently, Afanasev, Carlson, Chen, Vanderhaeghen, and I [@Chen:2004tw] have shown that the interfering two-photon exchange contribution to elastic electron-proton scattering, including inelastic intermediate states, can account for the discrepancy between Rosenbluth and Jefferson Lab spin transfer polarization data [@Jones:1999rz].
A crucial prediction of models for proton form factors is the relative phase of the timelike form factors, since this can be measured from the proton single spin symmetries in $e^+ e^- \to p
\bar p$ or $p \bar p \to \ell \bar \ell$ [@Brodsky:2003gs]. Carl Carlson, John Hiller, Dae Sung Hwang and I [@Brodsky:2003gs] have shown that measurements of the proton’s polarization strongly discriminate between the analytic forms of models which fit the proton form factors in the spacelike region. In particular, the single-spin asymmetry normal to the scattering plane measures the relative phase difference between the timelike $G_E$ and $G_M$ form factors. The dependence on proton polarization in the timelike region is expected to be large in most models, of the order of several tens of percent. The continuation of the spacelike form factors to the timelike domain $t = s > 4 M^2_p$ is very sensitive to the analytic form of the form factors; in particular it is very sensitive to the form of the PQCD predictions including the corrections to conformal scaling. The forward-backward $\ell^+
\ell^-$ asymmetry can measure the interference of one-photon and two-photon contributions to $\bar p p \to \ell^+ \ell^-.$
As discussed in section 2, dimensional counting rules for hard exclusive processes have now been derived in the context of nonperturbative QCD using the AdS/CFT correspondence. The data for virtually all measured hard scattering processes appear to be consistent with the conformal predictions of QCD. For example, recent measurements of the deuteron photodisintegration cross section $\gamma d \to p n$ follow the leading-twist $s^{11}$ scaling behavior at large momentum transfers in the few GeV region [@Holt:1990ze; @Bochna:1998ca; @Rossi:2004qm]. This adds further evidence for the dominance of leading-twist quark-gluon subprocesses and the near conformal behavior of the QCD coupling. As discussed above, the evidence that the running coupling has constant fixed-point behavior, which together with BLM scale fixing, could help explain the near conformal scaling behavior of the fixed-CM angle cross sections. The angular distribution of hard exclusive processes is generally consistent with quark interchange, as predicted from large $N_C$ considerations.
New Directions
==============
As I have emphasized in this talk, the light-front wavefunctions of hadrons are the central elements of QCD phenomenology, describing bound states in terms of their fundamental quark and gluon degrees of freedom at the amplitude level. Given the light-front wavefunctions one can compute quark and gluon distributions, distribution amplitudes, generalized parton distributions, form factors, and matrix elements of local currents such as semileptonic $B$ decays. The diffractive dissociation of hadrons on nucleons or nuclei into jets or leading hadrons provides new measures of the LFWFs of the projectile as well as tests of color transparency and intrinsic charm.
It is thus imperative to compute the light-front wavefunctions from first principles in QCD. Lattice gauge theory can provide moments of the distribution amplitudes by evaluating vacuum-to-hadron matrix elements of local operators [@DelDebbio:1999mq]. The transverse lattice is also providing new nonperturbative information [@Dalley:2004rq; @Burkardt:2001jg].
The DLCQ method is also a first-principles method for solving nonperturbative QCD; at finite harmonic resolution $K$ the DLCQ Hamiltonian acts in physical Minkowski space as a finite-dimensional Hermitian matrix in Fock space. The DLCQ Heisenberg equation is Lorentz-frame independent and has the advantage of providing not only the spectrum of hadrons, but also the complete set of LFWFs for each hadron eigenstate.
An important feature the light-front formalism is that $J_z$ is conserved; thus one simplify the DLCQ method by projecting the full Fock space on states with specific angular momentum. As shown in ref. [@Brodsky:2003pw], the Karmanov-Smirnov operator uniquely specifies the form of the angular dependence of the light-front wavefunctions, allowing one to transform the light-front Hamiltonian equations to differential equations acting on scalar forms. A complementary method would be to construct the $T$-matrix for asymptotic $q \bar q$ or $qqq$ or gluonium states using the light-front analog of the Lippmann-Schwinger method. This allows one to focus on states with the specific global quantum numbers and spin of a given hadron. The zeros of the resulting resolvent then provides the hadron spectrum and the respective light-front Fock state projections.
The AdS/CFT correspondence has now provided important new information on the short-distance structure of hadronic LFWFs; one obtains conformal constraints which are not dependent on perturbation theory. The large $k_\perp$ fall-off of the valence LFWFs is also rigorously determined by consistency with the evolution equations for the hadron distribution amplitudes [@Lepage:1980fj]. Similarly, one can also use the structure of the evolution equations to constrain the $x \to 1$ endpoint behavior of the LFWFs. One can use these strong constraints on the large $k_\perp$ and $x \to 1$ behavior to model the LFWFs. Such forms can also be used as the initial approximations to the wavefunctions needed for variational methods which minimize the expectation value of the light-front Hamiltonian.
Acknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}
===============
I wish to thank Professors Ben Bakker, Piet Mulders, and their colleagues at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam for hosting this outstanding meeting. This talk is based on collaborations with Guy de Teramond, Markus Diehl, Rikard Enberg, John Hiller, Paul Hoyer, Dae Sung Hwang, Gunnar Ingelman, Volodya Karmanov, Gary McCartor, Sven Menke, Carlos Merino, Joerg Raufeisen, and Johan Rathsman.
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[^1]: Work supported by Department of Energy contract DE–AC02–76SF00515.
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Level-5 is releasing the sequel to their critically acclaimed RPG, Ni no Kuni. With a story written by Akihiro Hino, characters designed by Yoshiyuki Momose, and music composed by Joe Hisaishi, this game looks to be shaping up to be pure magic.
While the game might be magic, this game is based on betrayal. You play as Evan, son of the King of Ding Dong Dell, who gets ousted from his kingdom by a violent coup at the hands of a mangy rat.
While it’s a painful experience for Evan, he doesn’t have the right to actually become king until he earns it. This is done through completing the Trial of Courage and gaining a kingmaker. In Evan’s case, this is the mascot character Lofty, and by forging this Kingsbond he gains the right to lead a kingdom.
We got a chance to get our hands on a demo of the game and I’ll tell you honestly: I had a great time! The demo that we played focused on a boss fight against an enemy kingmaker that was significantly stronger than Evan. In order to combat this situation, we needed to understand not only the layout of the field, but the locations of our allies.
In this game you have a great number of small allies called Higgledies that are integral to your success. These are elemental spirits that remind me of the forest spirits in Princess Mononoke.
These spirits augment your offensive, defensive, and even magical abilities. From what I’ve seen, on the battlefield there are at least 25 of these little guys at the same time and they group up together according to their elements.
Groups of these Higgledies will eventually grant you a boost such as a heightened defense, or even a quick heal that made this “impossible fight” just pretty difficult. The main character also can use the Higgledies to add an elemental effect onto his own skills.
Each group has their own element and being around a specific element when using your skills will add their element onto your attack. It forces the player to have a keen presence of the battlefield, and I feel it’s going to be a very fun addition to an already interesting combat system.
Now combat is focused on long range and short range mechanics. Long range utilizes spells that can either be shot quickly for practically no damage or charged for a significant amounts of damage. Short Range combat is focused on quick and strong attacks.
Sadly these attacks can’t be used in combos with each other, and trying to dodge out, at least from my experience doesn’t even work if you’re in the middle of an attack. This got Michael into a bit of trouble when he got locked into a move without a chance to block a massive area of effect attack.
Outside of combat, we did get a sneak peak on another new bit of gameplay, although we didn’t actually get a chance to record it.
This new mode is called Kingdom mode. In this mode, Evan is tasked with making his own kingdom. While he may earn the right to be a king throughout the game, he still doesn’t technically have a kingdom anymore.
In order to build his kingdom up, he must build relationships with people from various cities and ask them to join his kingdom, which is something reminiscent of the Suikoden series. The people he manages to convince to join his kingdom will help him throughout his quest.
The characters that you recruit help you gather resources, and might even help you in battle. Judging by the gameplay, in Kingdom mode there will be an RTS mini-game of some sort. It is fairly cute with chibi-like characters, and you will be able to command the characters you’ve gathered in this mini-game to gather resources and help you in battle.
Ni no Kuni II: Revenant Kingdom was very fun to play. The combat was engaging and the game forced me to think a little more than I normally would in an action RPG. If this is what we’ll be getting in the full game, everyone is in store for a great experience!
Ni no Kuni II: Revenant Kingdom is launching on November 10th for PC and PlayStation 4. Stay tuned to our feed and make sure to subscribe to our YouTube channel for all our upcoming videos!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Profile
Bio
My name is Dustin and I like tea.
I’m an added flavor kind of tea fan. I want my tea to remind me of cookies and cakes with coconut and almond slices with a hint of chocolate drizzled on top. I want dancing ponies and flying monkeys shooting off fireworks! I like a little sugar in my tea. I love caffeinated tea, but since I limit myself to one cup a day, I have been exploring more rooibos and honeybush teas. Rooibos now = meh and I have upped my caffeine tolerance. BRING ME CAFFEINE!!!!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
<?php
/**
* Slim Framework (https://slimframework.com)
*
* @link https://github.com/slimphp/Slim
* @copyright Copyright (c) 2011-2017 Josh Lockhart
* @license https://github.com/slimphp/Slim/blob/3.x/LICENSE.md (MIT License)
*/
namespace Slim;
use ArrayIterator;
use Slim\Interfaces\CollectionInterface;
/**
* Collection
*
* This class provides a common interface used by many other
* classes in a Slim application that manage "collections"
* of data that must be inspected and/or manipulated
*/
class Collection implements CollectionInterface
{
/**
* The source data
*
* @var array
*/
protected $data = [];
/**
* Create new collection
*
* @param array $items Pre-populate collection with this key-value array
*/
public function __construct(array $items = [])
{
$this->replace($items);
}
/********************************************************************************
* Collection interface
*******************************************************************************/
/**
* Set collection item
*
* @param string $key The data key
* @param mixed $value The data value
*/
public function set($key, $value)
{
$this->data[$key] = $value;
}
/**
* Get collection item for key
*
* @param string $key The data key
* @param mixed $default The default value to return if data key does not exist
*
* @return mixed The key's value, or the default value
*/
public function get($key, $default = null)
{
return $this->has($key) ? $this->data[$key] : $default;
}
/**
* Add item to collection, replacing existing items with the same data key
*
* @param array $items Key-value array of data to append to this collection
*/
public function replace(array $items)
{
foreach ($items as $key => $value) {
$this->set($key, $value);
}
}
/**
* Get all items in collection
*
* @return array The collection's source data
*/
public function all()
{
return $this->data;
}
/**
* Get collection keys
*
* @return array The collection's source data keys
*/
public function keys()
{
return array_keys($this->data);
}
/**
* Does this collection have a given key?
*
* @param string $key The data key
*
* @return bool
*/
public function has($key)
{
return array_key_exists($key, $this->data);
}
/**
* Remove item from collection
*
* @param string $key The data key
*/
public function remove($key)
{
unset($this->data[$key]);
}
/**
* Remove all items from collection
*/
public function clear()
{
$this->data = [];
}
/********************************************************************************
* ArrayAccess interface
*******************************************************************************/
/**
* Does this collection have a given key?
*
* @param string $key The data key
*
* @return bool
*/
public function offsetExists($key)
{
return $this->has($key);
}
/**
* Get collection item for key
*
* @param string $key The data key
*
* @return mixed The key's value, or the default value
*/
public function offsetGet($key)
{
return $this->get($key);
}
/**
* Set collection item
*
* @param string $key The data key
* @param mixed $value The data value
*/
public function offsetSet($key, $value)
{
$this->set($key, $value);
}
/**
* Remove item from collection
*
* @param string $key The data key
*/
public function offsetUnset($key)
{
$this->remove($key);
}
/**
* Get number of items in collection
*
* @return int
*/
public function count()
{
return count($this->data);
}
/********************************************************************************
* IteratorAggregate interface
*******************************************************************************/
/**
* Get collection iterator
*
* @return \ArrayIterator
*/
public function getIterator()
{
return new ArrayIterator($this->data);
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
* Choice ; as you do not need to Depend on the Time which a Receptionist gives you. You have the right to carefully choose your own suitable Time , according to Whichever (Appointment) Slots are duly available.
For Some People , the Main Disadvantage of All Online Medical Appointments Booking Schedulers is that Internet Access is Always Required , to access the Online Booking Scheduler. However , with the Advent of Smart Mobile Phones and Web Enabled Gadgets , this is No Longer a Major Obstacle to those who are already used to Booking their Online Air Travel Tickets (or Hotel Reservations ).
Whatever your Method of Accessing our Online Medical Appointments Booking System , A Printer is still needed to Print Off a Hard Copy of your Ticket ; in a Similar Manner to what obtains with an Airline 'Boarding Pass'.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Autocompletion library in C++
I need an auto-completion routine or library in C++ for 1 million words. I guess I can find a routine on the net like Rabin–Karp. Do you know a library that does this. I don't see it in Boost.
Also, is it a crazy idea to use MySql LIKE SQL request to do that ?
Thank you
EDIT: It is true that it is more suggestions than auto-completion that I need (propose ten words when the user typed the first 2 letters). I actually also have expressions "Nikon digital camera". But for a first version, I only need suggestions on "Ni" of Nikon and not on "digital camera".
A:
You don't have to use any crazy algorithm if you begin by preparing an index.
A simple Trie/Binary Search Tree structure, that keeps the words ordered alphabetically, would allow efficient prefix searches.
In C++, for example, the std::map class has the lower_bound member which would point in O(log N) to the first element that could possibly extend your word.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
Passing parameters in the Form constructor, winforms c#
I have a following inheritance hierarchy:
Class A : Form
Class B : Class A
Class A needs to be able to accept a parameter so that I can create the instance of Class B like this:
ClassB mynewFrm = new ClassB(param);
How do I define such a constructor in Class A?
thanks!
I am using Winforms in .net 3.5, c#
EDITED:
Class A and Class B are defined as forms, using partial classes.
So I guess this is turning into a question about partial classes and custom (overriden) constructors.
A:
Here is a complete demo sample that demostrates required behaviour.
For the sake of ease your learning, I chose a string type parameter that you adjust to your case.
To test it, create a new Visual Studio *C#* project and fill program.cs with the following code
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace Stackoverflow
{
public class ClassA : Form
{
public ClassA()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
public ClassA(string WindowTitleParameter)
{
InitializeComponent();
this.Text = WindowTitleParameter;
MessageBox.Show("Hi! I am ClassB constructor and I have 1 argument. Clic OK and look at next windows title");
}
private void InitializeComponent() // Usually, this method is located on ClassA.Designer.cs partial class definition
{
// ClassA initialization code goes here
}
}
public class ClassB : ClassA
{
// The following defition will prevent ClassA's construtor with no arguments from being runned
public ClassB(string WindowTitleParameter) : base(WindowTitleParameter)
{
InitializeComponent();
//this.Text = WindowTitleParameter;
//MessageBox.Show("Hi! I am ClassB constructor and I have 1 argument. Clic OK and look at next windows title");
}
private void InitializeComponent() // Usually, this method is located on ClassA.Designer.cs partial class definition
{
// ClassB initialization code goes here
}
}
static class Program
{
/// <summary>
/// The main entry point for the application.
/// </summary>
[STAThread]
static void Main()
{
Application.EnableVisualStyles();
Application.SetCompatibleTextRenderingDefault(false);
// If you debug this code using StepInto, you will notice that contructor of ClassA (argumentless)
// will run prior to contructor of classB (1 argument)
Application.Run(new ClassB("Look at me!"));
}
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
William Aleyn
William Aleyn (fl. 1430–1448) was a 15th-century English pirate. During the 1430s and 1440s, he raided shipping throughout Southeast England and sometimes worked with William Kyd in the Thames and the English Channel. Like others of his trade, Aleyn operated freely and without interference from authorities while under the protection of corrupt custom officials.
Biography
In 1431, Aleyn was listed as one of several pirates active in the area according to a public document published that year. He joined William Kyd and several others in capturing four ships carrying provisions bound for Rouen in 1433. Fifteen years later, he and Kyd began seizing ships in the assisted him in seizing ships in the Thames and carrying them down to the English Channel. He was particularly active near Thanet, although no more is heard of him after this time.
References
Category:English pirates
Category:15th-century English people
Category:1430 births
Category:1448 deaths
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
A dismal rural 'lodge' with low-tech, open-air shower
using a bucket of water. Their 'toilet' is essentially a hole
in the ground. They don’t sell bottle water so you only
have tap, and the bedrooms are very simple with their own small
terrace.
The camp is made up of a group of round huts, each
with electrical lights, shower and flush toilet which are at the
back of each hut in a separate room. The camp offers plenty of
local activities and workshops.
*Above are lodges, guest houses & camps located off-the-beaten-track
& away from the main tourist trails. Some are on the beach, near
the coast, up-river or inland.
*A/C (air-conditioning), airport transfers, Wi-Fi & other facilities
& services maybe optional extras or limited in number & scope.
*En-suite may mean a private bathroom / shower & WC shared by 2
or more bedrooms from the same suite under the one booking. *NOTE: Before
making any room reservation, contact the accommodation first to clarify
all details & rates. No guarantees are given as to the accuracy
of the information on this website.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Jquery doesn't update an attribute as expected
I have an MVC App and on one of my pages as part of the display I will render one of two partials based on a user selection of a radio button. This bit all works ok, but I have a button on the main form where I need to set/reset values that will be passed to my controller based on the user selection. The button is declared on my main form as:
@Html.GlobalModalAuthorizeButton("Upload Document", "Upload", "Documents", new { serviceUserId = Model.ServiceUser.Id, folderId = Model.CurrentFolderId, viewType = Model.ViewTypes.ToString() }, new { @class = "icon upload btn-primary" })
when this page is initially rendered the viewtype is set to the default view that the user is initially presented with. when the user changes the view the viewtype doesn't seem to get updated. So from the partial that has been loaded I try to set the value to the correct value. Using the Chrome browsers Developer tools if I do the following:
$(this).parent().parent().parent().parent().find($('.upload')).attr('data-url').replace('FileView', 'TreeView');
it returns in the console window the value I want (idea is that i set the value on the button before the user presses it). The trouble is the above doesn't really seem to have changed the data-url attribute on the button so consequently when the controller is hit, 'FileView' is still passed through.
A:
For full attribute:
var new_attr = "/ServiceUser/Documents/Upload?serviceUserId=21&viewType=FileView";
$(this).parent().parent().parent().parent().find($('.upload')).attr('data-url', new_attr);
Or, as @Rup already suggested, you should first get the original attribute value, modify that using replace method and then reassign the new_attr.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Your Fitness Plan: Getting Fit Without The Health Risks!
Great Reasons To Have A Fitness Plan!
It’s likely that you’d have to go pretty far to find someone who doesn’t feel as though they would benefit from being in slightly better shape. We all have the desire to look better or feel better in one way or another. This is often because of some combination of images projected by the media around us as well as a desire to be as healthy and happy as possible. And making an effort to do so can be an incredibly positive thing. Exercising can make you healthier, happier, and more confident. But is there a dark side to it as well? If you’re not careful, there are risks that come with exercising too much and that’s why you need a fitness plan.
These risks mainly present themselves when people are simply unaware of what they are supposed to be doing. For a lot of people, the solution is to hire a personal trainer who can offer you support and instruction. However, for other people, that’s simply not an option.
Whether it’s because of your budget or your schedule, not having a personal trainer to support you shouldn’t stop you from being able to stay safe when you’re exercising. To make sure that you don’t end up doing anything that’s going to put you in harm’s way, here are some things to remember when trying to get fit without the risks.
Clear goals
The main issue that a lot of people have when they’re exercising is that they don’t have a fitness plan in mind. They might think something like, “I want to slim down” or “I want to be fitter” but those things are so vague as to be practically useless. Think about exactly the kind of body you want or the kind of activities you want to be able to do. If you’re building muscle, think of a target weight you want to be able to lift, or a number of miles you want to be able to run. If you’re trying to lose weight, then
If you’re trying to lose weight, then give yourself a clear goal of exactly how much you want to weigh or what size clothes you want to fit into. Having a well-defined goal can stop you from giving up and yo-yo-ing back and forth between lots of exercises and none at all, something that can actually do a lot of harm to your body.
Don’t push yourself too far
One of the major issues that a lot of people have is that they are impatient. Everyone wants to find some kind of shortcut, especially when it comes to getting in shape. That’s why you see so many companies selling specific gear that’s supposed to make getting fit easier because everyone wants to be able to get fit as fast as possible. For a lot of people this means that they get discouraged after a week or two and give up, but for others, it can be much more dangerous.
People who want results fast can tend to push themselves beyond their limits. They assume that, if their muscles are burning and their joints are aching, then they must be doing something right. Of course, anyone with any sense will tell you that if your workout is causing you genuine amounts of pain, then you need to stop. Make sure that you’re never pushing yourself to the point where your body is actually hurting. You should certainly be pushing yourself, but you should always do so within reasonable boundaries. The moment whatever you’re doing starts to hurt, that’s when you should stop.
Rest days
Do you know when your body builds muscle? If you said at the gym, then you’re wrong. That might sound a little bit odd, but in reality, your body builds muscle during the periods when it’s resting which makes rest an essential element of your fitness plan.
If you don’t take days to rest in between workouts, then they aren’t actually going to do any good. This is why working out every single day is a bad idea. People can spend every single day at the gym and still find that they’re simply unable to build up any business at all.
Anyone who tells you that you should never take a day off is either lying to you or is extremely misinformed. Not only are you likely to completely exhaust yourself but you’re also not going to build up the muscles that you want so badly. Make sure that you’re taking rest days regularly and that you never try and push yourself beyond what you’re capable of.
Natural supplements
Supplements have become a rather contentious issue recently. The side effects of things like anabolic steroids are now well documented. With cases of liver failure, kidney failure increased blood pressure, and heart attacks all being recorded as a result of steroid abuse.
However, that doesn’t mean that there aren’t supplements out there that can assist in your workouts. Sites like aretheyonsteroids can help you find the right kind of supplement for your workout. Of course, as with anything like this, it’s a good idea to consult your doctor first and only ever takes something that you’re sure is both safe and legal.
In an ideal situation, your workouts should leave you feeling great. Exercise is one of the best things that you can do, not just for your body but your mind as well. Keep this tips in mind when you’re working out, and you’ll be able to avoid getting into any sort of trouble. The most important thing to remember is this: be patient. Most of the risks that come with exercise come from a desire to see major results incredibly quickly. Unfortunately, that’s just not the way your body works.
You will see results if you stick at it and have a fitness plan, but it is going to take some time for that to happen. Don’t give up, just keep sight of your goals and keep going. Eventually, you’ll be able to reach the body or fitness level that you really want. And all long as you’re sensible, you can do so without doing yourself any harm.
Post navigation
1 Comment
Love this article! Everybody that wants to improve their physique should risk this beforehand. You wouldn’t believe how many people I’ve seen go overboard on their workouts. I always tell people that just start working out that it’s very important to let your body get used to working out.
For example, start with 2 times a week and 1 week day each 15 days. People that go all-in right away often get hurt quicker than they’d imagined. Furthermore, I love your advice on supplements. Since that’s my industry I’m glad to see people educating athletes on this topic.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Background {#Sec1}
==========
Over the past decade, there has been an increasing emphasis among university educators on globalization and internationalization, and global health programs and international experience have become key areas of focus for university professionals. According to China's Ministry of Education, in 2017, the number of Chinese students studying abroad exceeded 600,000 for the first time, reaching 608,400, which was an increase of 11.74% compared with 2016 \[[@CR1]\]. Researchers may benefit from experiencing the cultural differences inherent in exchange programs, and they may bring an awareness of these differences into their curricula, thereby broadening international training opportunities through work, education, and research activities \[[@CR2]--[@CR7]\]. After returning home, many health professionals work at medical universities or affiliated hospitals. As an implicit responsibility of these roles, health professionals must mentor medical students through engagement in clinical work and scientific research. The research ability of medical students during their postgraduate studies depends on many aspects, including the background and extent of their advisors' education and scientific research ability. Our previous research \[[@CR8]\] has shown that overseas study experience improved health professionals' scientific research ability, but no previous research has examined the impact of overseas experience on those professionals' students' scientific research ability. Is there a gap in the research ability of students of health professionals who studied or trained overseas ("returning" professionals) and that of students of health professionals who did not train overseas ("resident" professionals)? Do returning professionals, as postgraduate advisors, have a greater positive impact on their students' scientific research ability, compared with resident professionals? Does overseas experience play a positive role in the development of the research ability of medical students in China? In this study, we set out to answer these questions and to encourage the construction of a health professionals' overseas-experience database to help postgraduate students choose highly effective advisors. We also hope that our research results will be helpful in forming better training programs for medical students and in improving medical education policy.
Methods {#Sec2}
=======
Harbin Medical University (HMU) is the only Western medical institution in Harbin, in China's Heilongjiang Province. It is a government institution that offers a five-year medical bachelor's degree course, a three-year master's degree course, and a three-year PhD degree course. HMU has recently begun to restructure and reform its medical education program to offer comprehensive solutions to national medical education problems.
This study was conducted from September 2016 to April 2018. During this period, only 1--2% of master's students (*n* = 1561) published a Science Citation Index (SCI) article prior to graduation. In contrast, around 70% of PhD students (*n* = 1083) published SCI articles before graduating. Thus, we included only PhD students in our analyses. PhD students in China are differentiated by their year of enrollment. PhD students in the class of 2015 graduated in June 2018 and their articles may not have been published by the end of the research period, so we selected PhD students enrollment in 2012--2014 for our study. Health professionals with a minimum of 6 months study-abroad experience were categorized as "returning," because we designated 6 months as the minimum experience required to be an independent researcher. Therefore, health professionals with less than 6 months study-abroad experience were excluded from this study. In the study, both "returning" and "resident" professionals had PhD degrees. These professionals were 56 scientific researchers from HMU and 76 clinical doctors from HMU's affiliated hospitals.
We analyzed 257 students of returning health professionals (Group A)-106 from HMU (Group A~1~), who were trained to be scientific researchers, and 151 from HMU's affiliated hospitals (Group A~2~), who were trained to be clinical doctors. To collect information effectively, we constructed the questionnaire presented in Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"} Table S1, which was distributed to each of the 257 students. To ensure confidentiality and a high response rate, three investigators meet the students face to face and distributed the questionnaires to them. The students were required to complete the questionnaires while the investigator was present, and the investigators were not allowed to disclose any information or data collected.
The SCI is internationally recognized as an authoritative scientific literature search tool. We used the SCI impact factor (IF) as an indicator of scientific and research capability. Because authorship contribution is determined differently across institutions and countries and there is no international system to weigh these differences against, we ranked the authors to reflect contribution differences according to HMU's 2013 official promotion system. This system uses the following formulae: first author or corresponding author = IF \* 100%; second author = IF \* 50%; and third or later author = IF \* 25% \[[@CR9]\].
We compared the publishing histories of the students of returning professionals with those of the students of resident professionals to estimate the impact of advisors' overseas experience on their students' research capacity. Other relevant advisor information was included, such as total IF, number of articles published while abroad, duration of overseas study, and age at travel abroad. We tried to find out the correlations between these overt factors and students' scientific research ability and identify which factor should be considered most for students when choosing advisors.
The following data were collected from 257 students of returning professionals: (1) student's and advisor's names; (2) student's and advisor's ages; (3) student's and advisor's sexes; (4) student's enrollment year (Grade); (5) student's school and department; (6) student's total IF for articles published during their PhD study; (7) student's number of articles published during their PhD study; (8) advisor's duration of study or training abroad (months); (9) advisor's age when they went abroad; (10) advisor's total IF for articles published while abroad; and (11) advisor's number of articles published while abroad. We used SPSS, Version 19 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) to estimate multiple linear regression models to identify the factors associated with student's IF for articles and with the number of articles students published during their PhD study. To explore the relationship between health professionals' international experience and the academic output of their students, we selected 257 age-, enrollment year-, and specialty-matched students of resident professionals (Group B)---106 scientific research students from HMU (Group B~1~) and 151 clinical medicine students from affiliated hospitals (Group B~2~). We compared the total IF and the number of articles published between the returning and resident groups. We selected the control group (Group B) based on exact matches for age, year, and specialty with Group A participants. And there were 78 students of Group A who did not have a match. In total, there were 694 students enrolled in 2012--2014, 335 of whom were students of returning professionals. To avoid arbitrarily selecting matching controls, when there was more than one match, we randomly selected one control, without considering student's research backgrounds and advisor's name. We replaced study cases for whom we could not find an exact match with another student who had at least one match. We distributed the same questionnaires to the 257 control students of resident professionals, and questions regarding the advisor's information of studying abroad were not filled.
Results {#Sec3}
=======
In this study, the questionnaire response rate is 100%. Of the 257 students of returning professionals (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}, Group A), there were 82 students in the 2012 graduating class, 87 in the 2013 class, and 88 in the 2014 class. Students' ages ranged from 26 to 34 years (mean = 31.29 years). In Group A, there were 106 scientific research students from HMU (Group A~1~: 37 students in the 2012 class, 32 students in the 2013 class, and 37 students in the 2014 class), with an age range of 26--34 years (mean = 31.32 years), and 151 clinical medicine students from affiliated hospitals (Group A~2~: 45 students in the 2012 class, 55 students in the 2013 class, and 51 students in the 2014 class), with an age range of 26--34 years (mean, 31.26 years). Similarly, there were 257 age-, enrollment year-, and specialty-matched students of resident professionals with the same grade and age proportion as those in Group A (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}, Group B), consisting of 106 scientific research students (Group B~1~: 37 students in the 2012 class, 32 students in the 2013 class, and 37 students in the 2014 class), with an age range of 26--34 years (mean = 31.32 years), and 151 clinical medicine students (Group B~2~: 45 students in the 2012 class, 55 students in the 2013 class, and 51 students in the 2014 class), with an age range of 26--34 years (mean = 31.26 years). Table 1Data of 257 students of returning professionals (Group A), including 106 scientific research students (Group A~1~) and 151 clinical medicine students (Group A~2~)MaximumMinimumMeanTotal IF of papers published during PhDGroup A 58.23Group A 0Group A 4.01Group A~1~ 58.23Group A~1~ 0Group A~1~ 4.17Group A~2~ 26.82Group A~2~ 0Group A~2~ 3.91Number of papers published during PhDGroup A 10Group A 0Group A 1.16Group A~1~ 10Group A~1~ 0Group A~1~ 1.15Group A~2~ 4Group A~2~ 0Group A~2~ 1.16Tutor's duration of studying abroad (months)Group A 192Group A 6Group A 38.54Group A~1~ 192Group A~1~ 6Group A~1~ 42.16Group A~2~ 120Group A~2~ 12Group A~2~ 36Tutor's age of going abroadGroup A 46Group A 30Group A 36.39Group A~1~ 46Group A~1~ 32Group A~1~ 36.51Group A~2~ 45Group A~2~ 30Group A~2~ 36.30Tutor's total IF of papers published while abroadGroup A 94.69Group A 0Group A 7.59Group A~1~ 94.69Group A~1~ 0Group A~1~ 11.35Group A~2~ 60.22Group A~2~ 0Group A~2~ 4.94Tutor's number of papers published while abroadGroup A 30Group A 0Group A 2.58Group A~1~ 30Group A~1~ 0Group A~1~ 4.17Group A~2~ 13Group A~2~ 0Group A~2~ 1.46 Table 2Data of 257 students of resident professionals (Group B), including 106 scientific research students (Group B~1~) and 151 clinical medicine students (Group B~2~)MaximumMinimumMeanTotal IF of papers published during PhDGroup B 21.66Group B 0Group B 2.83Group B~1~ 21.66Group B~1~ 0Group B~1~ 2.71Group B~2~ 12.13Group B~2~ 0Group B~2~ 2.92Number of papers published during PhDGroup B 5Group B 0Group B 0.89Group B~1~ 5Group B~1~ 0Group B~1~ 0.76Group B~2~ 4Group B~2~ 0Group B~2~ 0.97
The IF for articles published by individual students of returning professionals during their PhD study (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}, Group A) ranged from 0.00 to 58.23 (mean = 4.01), and the number of articles ranged from 0 to 10 (mean = 1.16). The total IF for articles published during PhD study in Group A was 1031.68, and the total number of articles was 297. The total IF for articles published during PhD study was 441.61 in Group A~1~ and 590.07 in Group A~2~. The number of articles was 122 for Group A~1~ and 175 for Group A~2~. In contrast, the individual IF for resident professionals (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}, Group B) ranged from 0.00 to 21.66 (mean = 2.83), and the number of articles ranged from 0 to 5 (mean = 0.89). The total IF for articles published in Group B was 727.65, and the total number of articles was 228. A wide gap was observed between Group A and Group B for both total IF and number of articles. The total IF for articles published was 286.79 in Group B~1~ and 440.86 in Group B~2~. The number of articles was 81 in Group B~1~ and 147 in Group B~2~. We compared the mean scores using a *t*-test for three paired samples (Group A and Group B, Group A~1~ and Group B~1~, and Group A~2~ and Group B~2~; Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). We found statistically significant differences between Group A and Group B for total IF (*P* = 0.001) and total number of articles (*P* = 0.040). There were significant differences in the mean scores for total IF (*P* = 0.040) and the total number of articles (*P* \< 0.001) between Group A~1~ and Group B~1~. Group A~2~ and Group B~2~ had significantly different mean scores for total IF (*P* = 0.009), but the difference between these groups for the total number of articles (*P* = 0.061) was not statistically significant. Fig. 1Total IF and number of papers of returning professionals' students and resident professionals' students during their PhD. **a** Total IF of returning professionals' students and resident professionals' students. **b** Number of papers of returning professionals' students and resident professionals' students. Group A/A~1~/A~2~: returning professionals' students; Group B/B~1~/B~2~: resident professionals' students. For 3 paired samples (Group A and Group B, Group A~1~ and Group B~1~ and Group A~2~ and Group B~2~) statistical differences were found for total IF of papers (\*\**P* \< 0.01, \**P* \< 0.05) using a t -test. But for number of papers statistical differences (\*\**P* \< 0.01, \**P* \< 0.05) were only found for 2 paired samples (Group A and Group B and Group A~1~ and Group B~1~) using a t -test
Given the results of our multiple linear regression analysis of all 257 students of returning professionals (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}), we concluded that the IF earned during a student's PhD study was not related to their advisor's study-abroad duration (*P* = 0.719), their advisor's age when they studied abroad (*P* = 0.088), or their advisor's number of articles published while abroad (*P* = 0.843). However, the total IF for articles published by the 151 clinical medicine students of returning professionals during their PhD study was positively correlated with their advisor's total IF for articles published while abroad (*P* = 0.019). A strong linear association was observed between the total IF for articles published by the clinical medicine PhD students of returning professionals and the total IF for their advisor's articles published while abroad. However, for the full sample, the number of articles published by returning professionals' students during their PhD study was not associated with their advisor's study-abroad duration (*P* = 0.883), their advisor's age when they studied abroad (*P* = 0.310), their advisor's total IF for articles published while abroad (*P* = 0.408), or their advisor's number of articles published while abroad (*P* = 0.880).
Discussion {#Sec4}
==========
Engagement in international training experiences provides significant benefits to health professionals, including an appreciation of cultural diversity, the capacity to adapt to societal change, knowledge of alternative approaches to health and disease, and an understanding of public health and its implications for underserved populations. It is often assumed that a health professional's study-abroad experience has a positive influence on the scientific research capacity of their students; however, such an influence had not previously been evaluated in China. Our study revealed that, for both scientific research students and clinical medicine students, there is a wide gap between the research abilities of students of returning professionals and students of resident professionals. These data strongly suggest that not only scientific research students but also clinical medicine students can benefit from their advisors' international experience, presumably because their research capacity is indirectly elevated by their advisors' broadened horizons. These findings suggest that advisors with overseas experience will cultivate more capable medical students.
How can China promote this positive influence? There is no precedent for establishing legislation or other official measures that incentivize medical trainees and professionals to gain research experience overseas \[[@CR10]\]. It is important for clinical faculty, administrators, and government officials engaged in medical education to integrate resources into training programs that support advisors' overseas training for the purpose of improving medical students' research capacity. We found a significant relationship between the total IF for articles published by the clinical medicine PhD students of returning professionals and the total IF for advisor's articles published while abroad. Furthermore, our previous work has shown that this relationship was tied to the advisor's duration of study abroad but not to their age when they studied abroad \[[@CR8]\]. In contrast, the total IF for articles published by the 106 scientific research students during their PhD study was not associated with their advisor's total IF for articles published while abroad (*P* \> 0.05).
On the basis of our findings, we conclude that medical education administrators and the government could encourage clinical professionals to study overseas and to prolong the duration of their study abroad to a minimum of 24 months to improve the IF of their work while overseas. For example, the China Scholarship Council, which currently requires traveling scholars to cover their own living and tuition expenses for prolonged overseas stays, could consider offering additional support for up to 2 years to the most outstanding scholars.
Another conclusion we drew from our findings is that medical students should consider their potential advisors' overseas experience when choosing a mentor. Advisors with overseas experience tend to cultivate medical students with higher research ability.
Health professionals cannot produce articles worthy of a high IF without state-of-the-art laboratory equipment and facilities. Health professionals studying at overseas institutions have access to fully equipped and up-to-date laboratories that allow them to engage with advanced technology and move their research ideas forward. After spending time overseas, these professionals import these experiences and skills upon returning to China, and they incorporate them into their research and teaching. In contrast, the innovative thinking and research capacity of resident professionals is hampered by the limited infrastructure in China, possibly leading to resident professionals not cultivating an equivalent research capacity in their students, compared with returning professionals.
During our research with returning professionals and their students, many reported finding more innovative conditions and attitudes abroad, compared with Chinese institutions. This seemed to be the main factor that motivated them to study abroad. This difference is not only because of poor research conditions in China, but also because of insufficient investment in medical research. We argue that officials at higher levels of the political hierarchy should take bold steps to improve the national research capability and to cultivate more innovation among medical experts.
Besides, in the near future, we are going to do further research on how international experiences of advisors in English language countries versus non-English language countries, and low-resource environments versus high-resource environments, would impact the academic output of their students in order to find out the optimization training model for health professionals in China.
Study limitations {#Sec5}
-----------------
Our work is an initial effort to better understand the impact of health professionals' study-abroad experience on their PhD students' research productivity, using medical institutions in Harbin as a case study. We were only able to recruit a small sample from a single medical school and its four affiliated hospitals; therefore, we cannot generalize our findings to the entire medical education situation in China. Additionally, because authors make non-uniform decisions about assigning authorship for research contributions and there is no international standard for ranking authors in a universal manner, we ranked authors using HMU's promotion system (2013); however, this system cannot be applied to SCI articles worldwide. Furthermore, professionals who undertook 6 months or more of international training are likely to have high-level administrative titles, so more candidates apply for PhD positions with these professionals. Only one or two students can obtain PhD positions with each professional per year, so the students of these professionals are likely to be particularly competitive among their peers. Consequently, these students may have higher capability and motivation at baseline, when they enter the PhD program, so comparisons of students of returning and resident professionals may be biased unless the students' capability to conduct research and write articles at baseline can be quantified and matched. Furthermore, professionals who are selected for overseas training may be more accomplished because of prior experience or articles, which may explain their selection for this type of training. This selection may therefore be a "marker" for their capabilities, which may have remained the same if they had not gone overseas, meaning that they would still have had a positive benefit on their students without overseas training. In addition, the data used in this study were collected using self-administered questionnaires, which may have omissions or inaccuracies, compared with independent observation of publications in the literature.
Conclusions {#Sec6}
===========
This study suggests that the research ability of medical students in China is higher among those whose advisors studied abroad because the total IF for articles published by the clinical medicine PhD students of returning professionals was associated with their advisors' total IF for articles published while abroad. Furthermore, returning clinical professionals can improve their total IF while overseas by prolonging their study-abroad duration, which will, in turn, benefit their future students. We suggest that medical students consider potential advisors' overseas backgrounds when choosing a mentor. Finally, we identified a strong need to upgrade research facilities and to increase investment in medical research in China.
Supplementary information
=========================
{#Sec7}
**Additional file 1: Table S1.** Questionnaire which was administered to 257 students of 'returning' professionals.
HMU
: Harbin Medical University
IF
: Impact factor
SCI
: Science Citation Index
**Publisher's Note**
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
=========================
**Supplementary information** accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s12909-019-1853-y.
Not applicable.
TJL analyzed and interpreted the data. TTZ and NC performed the collection of the data. LMZ edited the English text of a draft of this manuscript. TJL was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This research was funded by the Medical Education Branch of the Chinese Medical Association (2016B-KY009) in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
The datasets used and analyzed for the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
We obtained ethical approval from the Harbin Medical University Research Centre's ethics committee. This work was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, including but not limited to the anonymity of participants being guaranteed and the informed consent of participants being obtained. All participants received written and verbal information about the research project before providing written consent to participate.
Not applicable.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Q:
Closed launchd in OS X, the screen is now blank
I have a 2 year old Mac book running whatever the newer OS X is. For some reason I was playing in activity manager and deleted launchd and now I'm just looking at a blank screen and my computer won't even shut down. Please help?
A:
Hold down the power button for 10 full seconds.
If somehow that doesn't shut it down, just pull the power (both the AC power adapter and the battery, if your model has an externally removable battery).
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"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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Omar Ahmad Omar al-Hubishi
Omar Ahmad Omar al-Hubishi (Arabic: ) (born in 1969 in Saudi Arabia, identified as a Yemeni citizen) became wanted in 2002, by the United States Department of Justice's FBI, which was then seeking information about his identity and whereabouts. He was identified as a known associate of the Yemen cell leader, Fawaz Yahya al-Rabeei.
He is no longer listed by the FBI on their "Seeking Information" lists.
February 12, 2002 Yemeni terror alert
On February 11, 2002, al-Hubishi was named in a suspected Yemen plot, for which he was among 17 suspected terrorists (3 days later reduced to 11 suspects) were added to the FBI's third major "wanted" list, the "Seeking Information" list.
By 2006, his details had been removed and archived from the FBI's current main wanted pages.
Whether foiled, aborted, or merely incorrect specific intelligence, the February 12, 2002 attack never occurred. However, other attacks and plots in Yemen soon followed.
See also
List of fugitives from justice who disappeared
References
Category:1969 births
Category:Living people
Category:Saudi Arabian emigrants to Yemen
Category:Fugitives wanted by the United States
Category:Fugitives wanted on terrorism charges
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/**
* @file webpack config for swan
* @author houyu(houyu01@baidu.com)
*/
const CopyWebpackPlugin = require('copy-webpack-plugin');
const webpack = require('webpack');
const baseWebpackConfig = require('./webpack.base.conf.js');
const merge = require('webpack-merge');
module.exports = merge(
baseWebpackConfig,
{
entry: {
master: __dirname + '/src/master/index.js',
slaves: __dirname + '/src/slave/index.js'
},
output: {
path: __dirname + '/dist/box/',
filename: '[name]/index.js',
libraryTarget: 'umd'
},
// devtool: 'source-map',
plugins: [
new webpack.LoaderOptionsPlugin({
minimize: true,
debug: false
}),
new webpack.optimize.UglifyJsPlugin({
// sourceMap: true,
compress: {
warnings: false,
/* eslint-disable fecs-camelcase */
drop_console: false
/* eslint-disable fecs-camelcase */
},
// sourceMap: true,
comments: false
}),
new CopyWebpackPlugin([{
from: __dirname + '/src/templates/**/*',
to: __dirname + '/dist/box/[1]/[name].[ext]',
test: /([^/]+)\/([^/]+)\.[^.]+$/
}])
]
// devtool: '#source-map'
}
);
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"pile_set_name": "Github"
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Lordi
With their operatic heavy metal and monster-movie stage persona, Lordi seemed a most unlikely choice to represent their native Finland in the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest. So just imagine how many jaws hit the floor when the group not only claimed top honors, but also earned the most points in the venerable event's history. Vocalist Tomi Petteri Putaansuu, aka Mr. Lordi, assembled Lordi in 1996 in Stockholm, Sweden, following a concert headlined by his favorite band, Kiss. After recruiting guitarist Jussi Sydänmaa (known as Amen), bassist Magnum (real name unknown), former Children of Bodom keyboardist Erna Siikavirta (Enary), and drummer Sampsa Astala (Kita), he began writing songs as well as creating the elaborate foam-latex monster costumes and pyrotechnic effects that would become the hallmark of their theatrical live performances.
After a series of label auditions went nowhere, Lordi signed to Sony BMG's Finland branch and issued a debut LP, 2002's Get Heavy, which rose to the number three spot on the Finnish charts on the strength of the number one single "Would You Love a Monsterman?" Magnum left the group soon after, and with new bassist Pekka Tarvenen (Kalma), Lordi cut a sophomore album, 2004's The Monsterican Dream, which returned them to the Top 20 with "Blood Red Sandman." After touring in support of the LP, both Tarvenen and Siikavirta left the lineup, and with new bassist Samer el Nahhal (Ox) and keyboardist Leena Peisa (Awa) on board, Lordi released a third full-length, The Arockalypse. When the record's chart-topping lead single, "Hard Rock Hallelujah," was appointed Finland's official entry in the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest, some religious leaders criticized the move, charging the band with advocating Satanism (even in the face of their 2003 hit "The Devil Is a Loser").
Controversy notwithstanding, Lordi scored the most points in contest history with a total of 292, over 40 votes more than runner-up Dima Bilan of Russia. In the wake of Lordi's victory -- Finland's first in Eurovision competition -- tabloids from across Europe scrambled to publish photos of the band sans makeup, which earned criticism from fans and media rivals alike and forced public apologies from the offending parties. On May 26, 2006, Lordi celebrated their triumph with a free open-air performance in Helsinki's Market Square, playing to more than 80,000 fans. Finland president Tarja Halonen even took the stage to award the band for its global recognition. In 2007 the band performed at several American festivals, including Bamboozle and Ozzfest, before touring the States alongside Type O Negative. Lordi then returned to the studio in May 2008 to begin work on Deadache, the band's fourth studio effort. Released later that year, the album featured a stronger emphasis on keyboard parts and horror themes, as well as songwriting contributions from every member of the group. In 2010, the band released their first single, “This Is Heavy Metal”, from their fifth studio album Babez For Breakfast. It was during this year that drummer Kita left the band. His replacement was Otus but he sadly died, according to an announcement that the band had made on their Facebook page. In September 2012, they released a compilation CD/DVD entitled Scarachives Vol.1 and in 2012 they began recording their sixth album To Beast Or Not To Beast. ~ Jason Ankeny
Hitler, Justin Beiber, and Mr. Lordi stand in front of satan's throne. He asks each one what they did to get there. Hitler says i caused the death of millions of Jews and caused a world war. satan says verey good sit at my right. Beiber says I ruined a Generation of music with my faggy little voice satan says your an a**hole sit to my left. He then asks Mr. Lordi and you why are you here Mr. Lordi yells B**ch get off my throne!
I'd agree that Lordi > GWAR. Their music is better for one thing. For another GWAR lost all it's appeal for me at the age where I stopped finding f*rt and vomit jokes hilarious.
I think Lordi's aesthetic and attitude is more like a hybrid of KISS and Alice Cooper. Only the costumes remind me of GWAR.
I prefer Lordi to GWAR, for multiple reasons: 1) Their costuming is better, IMO...2) Their music, while different from GWAR's, is more sonically enjoyable for me since the vocals are delivered more cleanly...but then again, I'm a power/prog guy, so what do you expect...3) Their catalog is a lot more accessible to new fans who may be put off by GWAR's...
I don't see how people can compare Lordi and GWAR, they are two different styles of music. GWAR is basically thrash metal, whereas Lordi is more heavy metal/hard rock. VERY different styles of music, it's like comparing death metal to power metal.
7 years ago
Report as inappropriate
mattman90002001
Onyxhawk is right in some aspects.Lordi and GWAR are two completely different bands.I honestly think that GWAR is kind of insane.They take the whole monster thing to far sometimes.Just because someone wheres a monster costume,doesn't mean there trying to copy someone else.Thats like saying anyone who wears makeup on stage is trying to copy KISS,or like when people claim that Hollywood Undead is trying to copy Slipknot cause they wear masks.Its just stupid.
7 years ago
Report as inappropriate
onyxrune
4 stars - Yes, Lordi fits a niche demographic. Their music is an amalgam of horror and hard rock... think soundtrack of some 80's creature/slasher flick. Some have compared them to GWAR, though Oderus from GWAR (himself) disputes this comparison, and jokingly refers to Lordi as "silly humans in costumes". Lordi claims it's closer to KISS in terms of genre. Regardless, Lordi is a rock-solid act, adept in their songcraft, with surprisingly catchy tunes frought with tongue-in-cheek horror lyrics.
Lordi? Pleeeease. Im sorry but this band needs to go away, or atleast revamp their image/style. Anyone who thinks these guys are good, you need to listen to GWAR, wich is the band that Lordi is trying to copy, and all they manage to do is wear costumes and write wierd music but their show isnt even interesting to watch. i mean they are talented musicians, dont get me wrong. they just need to re-think their approach and not use somebody else's idea for a cheap gimmick.
lordi is the greatest band ever they rock hard!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
I LOVE these guys! they frigin bleed metal with evereything they do. Even better than KISS no contest. Saw them at Ozzfest O7 and they ROCKED! Got the Arockalypse about two weeks later and have been listening to it ever since, Wish they would do a concert in the states again though can't go all the way to Finland to see them!
8 years ago
Report as inappropriate
am59236
These guys put on a brutal show, and no I am not talking about them on Conan, they are more of a show than just a band, using pyrotechnics on the same level as Rammstein, holding buckets of body parts and getting the audience pumped, one of my favorite bands, see them live if you like them if not just enjoy the AROCKALYPSE
8 years ago
Report as inappropriate
runebladecw
Saw these guys open for Type O Negative. Aside from the venue being s**t, they were great. No one in the audience knew who they were, but they had everyone worked up enough to lead a "Hail Rock!" chant by about the second song. Great stage presence.
The Leader of Lordi already stated he didnt know who lordi was before he made his band and also he made all their own costumes. Gwar is just crap their guitar is not bad but the death metal yelling just ruins it all. Lordi is an awsome band and put out awsome music.
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Summary
The definitive account of the Scrum methodology from its cocreator and the CEO of Scrum, Inc., Jeff Sutherland. Scrum is the revolutionary approach to project management and team building that has helped to transform everything from software companies to the US military to health care in major American hospitals. In this major new book, its originator, Jeff Sutherland, explains precisely and step by step how it operates - and how it can be made to work for anyone, anywhere.
Take the FBI's attempt to digitize its records, for example. As with so many software projects, the first attempt failed, having taken four years and cost over $400 million. Then the FBI turned to Scrum and, just over a year later, unveiled a functioning system that cost less than a tenth of the first project and employed a tenth of the staff.
And it's not just grand projects that Scrum can help with. Every organisation, whatever its size, constantly has to come to grips with delivering a product or service on time and on budget. Scrum shows you how. It explains how to define precisely what it is that you are seeking to achieve, how to set up the team to achieve it, and how to monitor progress until the project is successfully completed.
Filled with practical examples drawn from all types of organisations, it will make you rethink the fundamentals of successful management - and show you how to get things done however everyday or ambitious, however small or large your organisation.
People who bought this also bought...
Customer Reviews
Utter Rubbish & Waste of Time
Any additional comments?
I'm just over an hour and a half in and am massively disappointed by this book so far; so much so that I've been motivated to write a review before I get my credit refunded.
I'm a software engineer and was hoping to learn some useful and "official" scrum knowledge. So far, actual useful scrum related content must be only around a minute's worth, with the remainder being bragging ("I flew military planes", "do martial arts", "saved the FBI with IT", "my son is a war correspondent" kind of thing). This is unforgivable for a book who's title makes claims about doing twice the work in half the time.
If you've worked in software development for any length of time, you've likely come across the blaggers - people who are really good at talking, but very poor at doing. They point out problems at length, trying to make out like they are intelligent. Some fools fall for this, but any idiot can point out faults. It takes someone with intelligence to come up with solutions. After an hour and a half, all I've heard has been very light on useful information, but chock full of pointless anecdote after anecdote. At let's not forget the narcism - must be tough when you're so starved of praise that you have to write a book telling the whole world how great you are.
When some "facts" are introduced, they are very dubious. Take, for instance, the discussion about variation in developer productivity, which can apparently vary by up to as much as a factor of 10 for someone to produce a similar deliverable. Contrary to this, my own experience of development and others' work is that people who produce solutions faster do so at the cost of quality (I'm trying to remember where I've read things to back this up, perhaps it was in the excellent Code Complete by Steve McConnell). Then the author goes on to say that other studies have found that variation in team productivity can be much greater than a factor of 10, making the claim that something that took one team 1 week to do took some teams up to 2000 weeks to do. Wow, great statistic to quote to your boss, right? Better sort out our team, yes? Except for, if you think about it, that's over 38 years it took this other team to complete a task that one team could do in a week. This team must have been made up of very persistent people with severe learning difficulties. And I'd also like to know which team actually kept on with the same task for over 38 years. The problem is that this will now become a "fact" because it's been published in a book and people will listen to it and absorb it without question.
Another thing that was mentioned was how great it was to tear down cubicles to make way for an open plan office. This is stupid - study after study has shown that people with their own office, especially developers, are more productive. The reason is obvious and simple: software development is a thinking discipline and when you're in a noisy office with people interrupting you with questions whenever they feel like it doesn't help. You should convert the cubicles to real offices, not tear them down!
I'm going to finish this review by saying that the author is a fool. Even if this book is amazing from chapter 5 onwards, I've had enough of my time wasted by a narcissist who I never, ever want the misfortune of working with that I won't bother continuing. How this book has gotten so many good reviews, I'll never know.
Definitely good, but alot of premise
I have experience with scrum in the past, and I downloaded this to give me a refresher.
premise helps definitely helps beginners. But if your more advanced wanting a reminder of key aspects the last chapter is a summary of everything, with directions to chapters which address the certain topics
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Is this the last chance to save the WTO?
The global trade order is under unprecedented strain. Its flaws have been evident for some time — the inability to conclude the Doha Round, launched in 2001, is the most obvious failure — but its inability to keep pace with changing business conditions is the real danger to its survival. The battleground for this struggle is the World Trade Organization, which has been unable to promote free and open trade in which all competitors are treated fairly. While the WTO is one piece of a larger system, it plays a critical role: It resolves disputes and arbitrates conflicts. If the WTO is not “fixed,” the consequences will extend well beyond its offices in Geneva.
Three problems bedevil the world’s economy. The first is the structural imbalances that mark global trade. The United States runs persistent deficits, a function of the size and maturity of its economy. Yet while that is consistent with economic logic, the outcome is politically unsustainable.
That leads to the second problem: U.S. unilateralism to remedy those imbalances. Believing that the perennial U.S. trade deficit reflects unfair trade practices, President Donald Trump has imposed tariffs on an array of goods to force trading partners to get them to reform their trade policies and practices. Almost every trading partner has denounced the U.S. actions and most (but not all) have retaliated with tariffs of their own. Trump has responded with threats of further escalation.
There is a third problem, however: Chinese policies that have helped domestic companies at the expense of foreign competitors. Most notably, there are complaints that Beijing has forced foreign companies to hand over intellectual property as a condition of doing business in China. Trump has made that claim the cornerstone of his trade policy toward China, and European businesses concur: In a recent survey by the EU Chamber of Commerce in China, 20 percent of companies said that they felt compelled to hand over technology in exchange for market access.
The WTO is supposed to address such issues and, by doing so, vent pressure for unilateral action (and sanction countries that are prepared to do so). Unfortunately, the organization has failed to do its part and there is a mounting fear that Washington would ignore any WTO sanctions imposed upon it, compounding the institution’s failures and potentially fatally undermine it. For the Trump administration, WTO inaction confirms its belief that the institution is incapable of doing its job and protecting U.S. interests.
To head off the prospect of either WTO irrelevance or collapse, China and the European Union last week agreed to launch a group within the WTO that will try to fix those shortcomings by updating global trade rules. While the two sides have many disputes between them — Europeans believe that China is exporting its excess capacity and engages in anti-competitive practices, while Chinese insist that Europe denies their country its rightful status as a market economy — they recognize that WTO failure and U.S. unilateralism are greater threats. Jyrki Katainen, EU vice president on jobs and economic growth, explained that “we have to reform WTO in order to make multilateralism better functioning in the future. This unites the EU and China and the moment.” Failure to act, he warned, could mean that “the environment for multilateral trade will vanish.”
If that effort is to succeed, it must do two things. First, it must address hard issues. China’s competition policy, forced technology transfer and government subsidies that protect industries around the world must be on the table. Second, the project must be open to other governments and Japan should join. At a Cabinet-level meeting of WTO members held in Paris in May, Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry Hiroshige Seko agreed on the need for WTO reform, underscoring the argument that unilateral actions that ignore WTO rules will damage, perhaps, fatally, the trade order.
It is an extraordinary moment in global economic history when the largest trading countries embark on institutional reform efforts and do not include the U.S. Only last December, senior representatives from Japan, the EU and the U.S. announced that they were going to “enhance trilateral cooperation in the WTO and in other forums” to eliminate “unfair market distorting and protectionist practices by third countries.” Since then, however, the U.S. appears to have chosen confrontation over cooperation, and has picked fights with all its major trade partners. When those countries respond with tariffs of their own, U.S. officials have reacted as if they are the aggrieved party, calling retaliation “hypocritical” and dismissing it as lacking legal foundation. To denounce such statements as self-serving — which they are — is not enough. Concerned governments must fix problems that all agree exist and which give Trump the basis for poorly conceived and executed policies.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.
1 Introduction {#sec001}
==============
The formation of stable aggregates is very common in nature. For example, long-range attraction through chemotaxis can lead to aggregation of Dictyostelium cells \[[@pone.0222371.ref001]\] or eukaryotic cells during development to form organs and blood vessels \[[@pone.0222371.ref002]\]). But the formation of aggregates can also arise from Brownian motion and contact adhesion. Numerous examples can be cited, from inert particles such as colloids \[[@pone.0222371.ref003]\] to living cells, but also in ecology where animals like mussels produce stable patterns by clustering \[[@pone.0222371.ref004]\]. It has been shown that the living entities can, through this process, optimize at the same time protection against predation and access to food. In cancer, tumor cells circulating in the blood stream form aggregates that will become a metastatic tumor when settling in an organ \[[@pone.0222371.ref005], [@pone.0222371.ref006]\]. The merging of metastatic lumps, forming a larger aggregate, can also occur \[[@pone.0222371.ref007], [@pone.0222371.ref008]\].
It is now recognized that cells cultured in 2D at the bottom of a plastic Petri dish do not behave as they would do in their natural environment. For example, in vitro, an organization in 3D-clusters makes the aggregates more resistant to treatments compared to the same cells plated in 2D, in a Petri dish \[[@pone.0222371.ref009]\]. Several factors can explain these different behaviors \[[@pone.0222371.ref010]\]: first, the fact that the dimensionality is not the same (2D versus 3D) is important; second, cell-plastic interactions are often very strong and prevail over cell-cell interactions; finally, the plastic dish has a very high stiffness, often non realistic (for brain cells for example).
Therefore, new approaches that allow cells to grow in 3D aggregates *in vitro* are being pursued. Aggregates and spheroids *in vitro*, formed on non-adhesive substrates, are considered as pseudo-tumors that can be used to study tumor development in more realistic conditions. Recently, in the context of brain tumors (gliomas), we developed a new PEG-based hydrogel that allows the formation of a tumor-like structure, which can be used to study the effect of drugs in conditions more realistic than those of a 2D Petri dish. In some of those gels, we grafted poly(L-lysine) (PLL), because of its ability to promote unspecific cell adhesion via electrostatic interactions between the polyanionic cell surfaces and the polycationic layer of adsorbed polylysine. Addition of PLL in the gels allows us to modulated cell-substrate adhesion. The stiffness of the gel can also be tuned, in order to mimic the stiffness of the natural matrix (in our case, the brain) corresponding to a specific cell line. In \[[@pone.0222371.ref009]\], we chose to study the behavior of two glioblastoma (which is the most aggressive type of gliomas) cell lines. Glioblastomas are currently non-curable and the development of an *in vitro* system that could mimic the development of these tumors could be used in order to test new drugs or radiotherapeutic strategies. Compared to other tissues, the stiffness of the brain is low (lower than 1 kPa \[[@pone.0222371.ref011]\]), so we chose to design soft gels. We observed a significant difference in cell growth between PLL-containing (adhesive substrate) and PLL-free soft PEG hydrogels (non-adhesive substrate), showing the role of non-specific adhesion factors such as PLL in the migration, proliferation and aggregation in two glioblastoma cell line cultures. More precisely, we showed that on a non-adhesive substrate, the aggregates are larger and less numerous than on an adhesive substrate.
The formation of aggregates has been studied theoretically with a perikinetic equation, first in the context of colloid aggregation \[[@pone.0222371.ref012]--[@pone.0222371.ref015]\]. In \[[@pone.0222371.ref016]\], the same concepts are used to study and fit the evolution of the number of cell aggregates on a non adherent substrate. The evolution of the mean projected aggregate area is more difficult to model, especially when aggregates are composed of cells that can deform, modulate their cell-cell adhesion and reorganize in 3D. For example, it has been observed that after their formation, cell aggregates often go through a compaction phase \[[@pone.0222371.ref010], [@pone.0222371.ref017], [@pone.0222371.ref018]\] that reduces their projected area.
Other theoretical approaches consider the formation of aggregates under the point of view of phase separation: like two immiscible liquids, when mixed in a liquid medium cells move and seek a lower energy state through adhesion with other cells. The evolution of a system from a state where the concentration of particles is uniform to a final state where patterns appear is a spontaneous phase transition driven by motion of particules, the latter being either passive by diffusion (for example, in colloids), or active (as for mussels or cells) and adhesion. This phase separation corresponding to the formation of aggregates has been described by mean-field models, based on the Cahn-Hilliard \[[@pone.0222371.ref019], [@pone.0222371.ref020]\]. With chemotaxis, Keller-Segel equations can also be used to describe pattern formation \[[@pone.0222371.ref021]\]. In development biology, discrete approaches, in particular with cellular Potts models \[[@pone.0222371.ref022]\] have been used to model the formation of patterns or the segregation of two cell types in aggregates.
However, to our knowledge, a model that describes the formation of aggregates from the early stages of a population of individual migrating cells to their aggregation and the late aggregate compaction, does not exist. For instance, in \[[@pone.0222371.ref016]\], the decrease of the mean aggregate area is modeled with an exponential function, but there is no direct connection with processes at the cellular level. In order to be able to describe the individual cells, an agent-based model should be chosen. One advantage of agent-based models is that one can easily implement the local rules of cell-cell interaction (\[[@pone.0222371.ref023]--[@pone.0222371.ref026]\], for a good review, see \[[@pone.0222371.ref027]\]).
In \[[@pone.0222371.ref009]\], we presented the snapshots of already formed aggregates. Here, we add new experimental results by following the whole process, from the early stage where the cell population is composed only of individual cells, to their aggregation, and later to the compaction of the aggregates. We confirm the differential migration and aggregation of cells on the substrates with different adhesivity and for two different cell lines.
We combine these experimental results with a theoretical study based on two models: first, we show that a spaceless model of perikinetic aggregation can reproduce the experimental evolution of the number of aggregates. Second, we developed a minimal off-lattice agent-based model, whose rules are defined in order to reproduce the important phenomena that drive the behavior of cell assemblies: cell and aggregate motion, cell-cell adhesion, cell proliferation and aggregate compaction. We show that this model reproduces very well the experimental temporal evolution of both the number of aggregates and their area, on adhesive and non-adhesive soft gels, for the two cell lines and that it gives access to quantitative values of three parameters.
2 Materials and methods {#sec002}
=======================
2.1 Preparation of the hydrogels and glioma cell lines {#sec003}
------------------------------------------------------
In \[[@pone.0222371.ref009]\], we showed that the PEG concentration of our artificial substrate optimal for the survival and growth of the two glioma cell lines is around 3% PEG. This concentration corresponds to an elastic modulus around 300 Pa, close to the value measured for brain tissue \[[@pone.0222371.ref028]\]. We use this concentration in all the following experiments. All the experimental methods can be found in \[[@pone.0222371.ref009]\]. Briefly: poly(L-lysine) hydrobromide (PLL-HBr 30,000 Da, Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France) was first functionalized with an acrylate residue. Hydrogels were prepared from 3% (w/v) PEG-DA 6 kDa precursor (Sigma-Aldrich), dissolved in DPBS with 0.01% (w/v) of DMPA solubilized in VP. Precursor solutions were photopolymerized under UV (UV-LED LC-L1; Hamamatsu, 2 W/cm^2^, λ = 365 nm) for 40 s in homemade cylindrical dishes. Photopolymerized hydrogels were then incubated during 1 day in a high volume of DMEM for the hydrogel structure to be hydrated and thermodynamically stable before cell seeding. After this day of hydration and two rinsings with fresh medium, cells were seeded upon hydrogels at 2 10^5^ cells/well (or 10^6^ for the high-density experiments). To avoid cell medium acidification, the cell culture medium was replaced by fresh medium every day.
The two glioma cell lines, F98 from rat model and U87-MG from human glioma, were provided by ATCC (CRL 2397 and HTB-14, respectively). Cells were maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM; Life Technologies, Courtabœuf, France) added with phenol red as pH indicator, supplemented with 4.5 g/L of D-glucose and pyruvate, 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (Life Technologies), and 1% (v/v) of penicillin and streptomycin antibiotics (Pen-Strep, Life Technologies). Cells were disposed into sterile culture flasks with anti-fungal filters to limit contamination and maintained in culture at 37°C, under a humidified atmosphere of 95% relative humidity with 5%CO~2~. Cells were replicated when they attained 80%--90% cell confluence.
In what follows, we call "non adhesive gels" gels composed of PEG only and "adhesive gels" gels containing PEG and PLL.
2.2 Microscopy and image processing {#sec004}
-----------------------------------
Microscopy image acquisition was performed using a 10x Nikon water-immersion objective placed on an Eclipse 80i Nikon microscope (Scop Pro, Marolles-en-Hurepoix, France) which was equipped with Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) device. The sample, the stage and the objective were completely enclosed in a chamber that allows the fine control of temperature, humidity and CO~2~ pressure on the living sample (Box and Cube system by Life Imaging Services, Basel, Switzerland). Cells were deposited on the gel surface and rapidly placed under the microscope. We performed time-lapse imaging (1 picture every minute) to follow the formation of the aggregates. Micrographs series were obtained using a Zyla 5.5 MPX Andor SCMOS cooled camera (Scop Pro, France) and MetaMorph acquisition software (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA).
Image processing (from experiments and simulations) was performed with the Fiji software. Customized Fiji macros were developed to detect cells and aggregates in experiments and simulations. We used Python for further analysis of the data. More details are available in the [S1 Appendix](#pone.0222371.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
2.3 The spaceless model {#sec005}
-----------------------
The number of aggregates during a perikinetic aggregation process can be predicted by the model of Smoluchowski \[[@pone.0222371.ref012]\]: $$\begin{array}{r}
{\frac{dN_{k}}{dt}\left( t \right) = \frac{1}{2}\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{k - 1}K_{i,k - i}N_{i}\left( t \right)N_{k - i}\left( t \right) - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^{\infty}K_{ik}N_{i}\left( t \right)N_{k}\left( t \right)} \\
\end{array}$$ where *N*~*k*~ is the number of aggregates of size *k*, (*K*~*ij*~) is the kernel aggregation rate, where the element *K*~*ij*~ is the aggregation rate between clusters of size *i* and clusters of size *j*. We tried two different scenarii for the aggregation process. In the first scenario, all the aggregates move and interact with other aggregates with the same constant rate *K*. In this case, the model is solvable analytically and the evolution of the total number of aggregates at time *t*, *N*(*t*), is described by the equation: $\frac{dN}{dt}\left( t \right) = - KN\left( t \right)^{2}$, and thus *N*(*t*) = *N*~0~/(1 + *K N*~0~ *t*). This model was used in \[[@pone.0222371.ref016]\] to fit the evolution of aggregate number on a non-adhesive substrate.
In the second scenario, only individual cells move and can interact with other individual cells or with aggregates (*K*~1*j*~ = *K*~*j*1~ = *K*~1*i*~ = *K*~*i*1~ = *K*~1~ ∀*i*, *j* and *K*~*ij*~ = 0 if *i* \> 1 and *j* \> 1). The total number of aggregates, *N*(*t*) is given by the following equations, that we solved numerically: $$\begin{array}{r}
{\frac{dN}{dt} = K_{1}N_{1}\left( \frac{1}{2}N_{1} - N \right)} \\
\end{array}$$ $$\begin{array}{r}
{\frac{dN_{1}}{dt} = - K_{1}c_{1}N} \\
\end{array}$$ $$\begin{array}{r}
{\frac{dN_{2}}{dt} = K_{1}\left( - \frac{1}{2}{N_{1}}^{2} - N_{1}N_{2} \right)} \\
\end{array}$$ $$\begin{array}{r}
{\frac{dN_{i}}{dt} = K_{1}N_{1}\left( N_{i - 1} - N_{i} \right)\text{for}\mspace{720mu} i \geq 3.} \\
\end{array}$$ where *N* is the total number of aggregates.
2.4 The spatial model {#sec006}
---------------------
We define an agent-based model that involves a collection of agents evolving in a continuous 2D surface. Each agent is a cell, modeled by a disk. The disk radius is the same for all cells in a given simulation and its value stays constant during the simulation. The simulation space is lattice-free, i.e. the position of each cell is an ordered pair of real numbers corresponding to the coordinates of the center of the sphere.
In experiments, the field of view is a rectangle of size 1280 per 1080 pixels (each pixel is a square of side length 0.658 *μ*m). In the simulations, we choose a square as 2D surface by simplicity. Since the experimental field of view represents a small part of the whole surface of the substrate, it is devoided of boundary effects; therefore, we choose periodic boundary conditions in the simulations (walls or other closed boundaries would induce strong artefacts). The unit of length in simulations is set so that the side of the square has the same length as the length of the region observed in experiments (842.24 *μ*m).
At each iteration, all the cells are updated, one by one and in a random order in order to avoid undesirable correlations. At each iteration, each cell participates in the following processes: motion, both individual and collective, influenced by cell-cell adhesion and aggregate compaction, and proliferation. One iteration corresponds to one minute.
For the sake of clarity, in the following, we call "individual cells" cells that are not part of an aggregate (individual cells have no neighbors). An aggregate is thus an assembly of at least two cells.
2.5 Rules of the spatial model {#sec007}
------------------------------
### 2.5.1 Cell motion {#sec008}
At each iteration, individual cells choose a direction uniformly at random and move by a step *a*~0~ in that direction. For a given simulation, this step length is constant during time and is the same for all the cells. Once cells are part of an aggregate, they continue to move, and their motion is the composition of two motions, the motion of each cell inside the aggregate and the motion of the whole aggregate.
The diffusion coefficient of a spherical particle of size *r* in a viscous medium is proportional to 1/*r*; thus, for a 2D aggregate comprising *N* cells, it is proportional to $1/\sqrt{N}$. We keep the same dependency here: the motion of the whole aggregate is assumed to be random and the step of this motion is chosen so as to decrease as $1/\sqrt{N}$.
Regarding the motion of each cells inside the aggregate, the length of the step is chosen as a decreasing function of the number of neighbors *n*: *a* = *a*~0~/(1 + *n*^2^). The choice of this function is purely phenomenological. Another choice could have been that of \[[@pone.0222371.ref029]\] where the probability of migration decreases with the number of neighbors, being proportional to (1 − *q*)^*n*^, where 0 \< *q* \< 1 is the adhesion parameter and *n* is the number of neighbors. It turns out that the precise choice is irrelevent, since the results do not depend on the exact dependence of the step length on the number of neighbors (for reasonable choices of the corresponding expression).
In the non-adhesive case, individual cells are sometimes subject to a hydrodynamic flux (due to gel local heterogeneity) that can bias the cell motion: when the flux is "on" in the simulation, the direction of the motion in the simulation is limited to a half plane (defined by the direction of the flux), both for individual cells and aggregates.
### 2.5.2 Superimposition {#sec009}
In order to model the fact that cells are deformable and can be organized in three dimensions in aggregates, cells are allowed to partially superimpose in the model. The maximum superimposition is quantified by a parameter *α*~max~ that is defined as the ratio of the overlapping length (i.e. the difference between the diameter of a cell and the minimum possible distance between two cell centers) to the diameter of a cell. If *α*~max~ is close to 1, two cells can superimpose almost completely, whereas if *α*~max~ is close to 0, the cells stay well-separated. The value of this parameter is constant during a given simulation but can vary from one simulation to the other, in order to model different cell lines. This parameter is similar to the stacking index used in \[[@pone.0222371.ref013]\] to indicate the formation of aggregates with some vertical stacking, forming multilayered clumps.
### 2.5.3 Cell-cell adhesion {#sec010}
If during its motion, the position of a moving cell would break the superimposition rule, the motion is prematurely stopped and the two cells adhere to each other. There is no break-up mechanism and so cells cannot detach from their neighbors (except if its step leads it to a position where it has at least the same number of neighbors). Therefore, if the cell chooses a direction of motion that would lead to a smaller number of neighbors after performing the step, this step is canceled and the cell does not move.
### 2.5.4 Compaction {#sec011}
We do not have precise details on what happens inside aggregates during compaction, so we chose to model the effect of cell compaction and 3D organization with a simple yet efficient empirical rule: we bias the individual cell motion in an aggregate towards the center of mass of the aggregate. Since this reorganization is much more visible for larger aggregates, we decided to modify accordingly the cell motion. When the aggregate is very small, its cells may move towards any direction. However, when the aggregate becomes more massive, the cell motion is biased towards the center of mass of the ensemble. At the limit of a very massive aggregate, the motion is possible only in a ± 90° sector around the line joining the cell with the center of mass. In practice, at each iteration and for each cell, a random angle for the cell motion is drawn in the angular sector ±90(1 + *e*^−*n*/40^) (in °) with *n* being the number of cells in the aggregate. The overall effect does not depend crucially on the precise form of the function. This bias in the direction is similar to the one in \[[@pone.0222371.ref030]\] where the direction choice is biased towards the direction with the higher number of cells within a distance corresponding to several cell diameters.
### 2.5.5 Proliferation {#sec012}
We model the cell division by the following process: after the cell has moved it has a certain probability to try to proliferate. That probability per iteration is later on referred as "proliferation rate". If the cell division process is engaged, a random position around the dividing cell is chosen. If that position is compatible with the superimposition rule (meaning that the distance between the daughter cell and all the other cells should be larger than the minimum distance allowed by the superimposition coefficient), the daughter cell is created. If not, the division process is aborted.
2.6 Typical workflow {#sec013}
--------------------
Simulations yield the positions of the cells, that are used to produce images representing the same observed area as in experiments. The size of individual cells in simulations is chosen equal to the mean size of cells in the experiments, so that the simulation results can be analyzed the same way as the experimental results, and we can then directly compare the dynamics of the mean area and of the numbers of aggregates in the two approaches. More details are available in the [S1 Appendix](#pone.0222371.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
3 Results {#sec014}
=========
3.1 Experimental observations {#sec015}
-----------------------------
On [Fig 1](#pone.0222371.g001){ref-type="fig"} top and on the different movies of aggregation, we observed several phases in the aggregation process ([S1 Video](#pone.0222371.s005){ref-type="supplementary-material"} for F98 and [S2 Video](#pone.0222371.s006){ref-type="supplementary-material"} for U87).
{#pone.0222371.g001}
The first phase is the random motion of individual cells. Cells remain round, do not polarize, and do not adhere strongly to the substrate. However, they move, extend small filopodia, and perform a random motion (see [S1](#pone.0222371.s005){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and [S2](#pone.0222371.s006){ref-type="supplementary-material"} Videos). After analyzing the motion of 25 cells (F98) during one hour, we plotted the mean square distance covered versus time and we deduced that the cells have a diffusion coefficient of 1.6 ± 0.58*μ*m^2^ min^−1^ on the adhesive substrate (see [S3 Fig](#pone.0222371.s004){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), close to the value found in \[[@pone.0222371.ref031]\].
The second phase is the formation of aggregates: during this random motion, individual cells encounter other cells or already formed aggregates and new aggregates begin to form. When this happens, the individual cells stick to the other cells or to the aggregates; becoming unstuck is so rare that we neglected this phenomenon.
The third phase corresponds to the dynamics of formed aggregates: they move as a whole, with small aggregates exhibiting a global motion larger than bigger ones. Moreover, the inside of the aggregates is also dynamic: the cells inside move and reorganize constantly (see [S1](#pone.0222371.s005){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and [S2](#pone.0222371.s006){ref-type="supplementary-material"} Videos). During the aggregation phase, which lasts around 2 hours, a few events of proliferation are visible among individual cells. This proliferation continues within aggregates, increasing their size continuously \[[@pone.0222371.ref009]\].
The last phase corresponds to the compaction of the already formed aggregates: a few hours after the formation of aggregates, they compact and reorganize into a three-dimensional shape. The projection of this shape in 2D is close to a disk. Experimentally, compaction occurs only for the F98 cell line. For the U87 cell line, this aggregate compaction does not occur and aggregates stay in a 2D configuration, see [Fig 1](#pone.0222371.g001){ref-type="fig"}.
We measured, in the experimental field of view, the mean area of the aggregates and their number as a function of time, for adhesive and non-adhesive substrates, for the F98 and the U87 cell lines. We define the normalized number of aggregates as the raw number of aggregates divided by the number of individual cells at initial time. In [Fig 2](#pone.0222371.g002){ref-type="fig"}, the normalized number of aggregates (top) and the mean area of aggregates (bottom) are represented as a function of time, for non-adhesive (blue curves) and adhesive (brown curves) substrates, for the F98 cell line. The number of aggregates (respectively mean aggregate area) decreases (resp. increases) faster in the case of the non-adhesive substrate.
{#pone.0222371.g002}
3.2 Comparison between experimental data and the spaceless model {#sec016}
----------------------------------------------------------------
We compared our experimental results with the theoretical model for aggregation developed by Smoluchowski \[[@pone.0222371.ref012]\]. In the case of a non-adhesive substrate, we found that the best fit was obtained with a constant aggregation kernel *K*~*ij*~ = *K*. From the fitting procedure, we found *K* = 2.6 10^−13^ m^2^s^−1^, see [Fig 1](#pone.0222371.g001){ref-type="fig"}, top (the dashed blue curve is obviously a better fit of the experimental data than the dotted blue curve).
In the case of an adhesive substrate, we found that the best fit is obtained with the solution of the equations corresponding to the scenario where only individual cells can move and interact with the other aggregates. In this case, we found *K* = 6.4 10^−14^ m^2^s^−1^ = 3,8 *μ*m^2^min^−1^, see [Fig 2](#pone.0222371.g002){ref-type="fig"}, top (the dotted brown curve is obviously a better fit of the experimental data than the dashed brown curve). This value is of the same order of magnitude as the cell's diffusion coefficient on adhesive substrate calculated above.
3.3 Comparison between experimental data and the spatial model {#sec017}
--------------------------------------------------------------
We model two cell lines: F98 cells (13.2 *μ*m mean diameter) and U87 cells (21.1 *μ*m mean diameter).
### 3.3.1 Qualitative comparison {#sec018}
The rules of our model (sketched in [Fig 3(a)](#pone.0222371.g003){ref-type="fig"} have been defined in order to mimic what happens in the experiments: therefore, in the model, cells can move, adhere to other cells, form aggregates that can compact subsequently, and proliferate.
{#pone.0222371.g003}
In [S1 Video](#pone.0222371.s005){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, it is clear that cells move inside an aggregate, and since aggregates also have a motion on their own, the motion of each cell should be a composition of the two motions, see [Fig 3(a)](#pone.0222371.g003){ref-type="fig"}, left.
It is well known that aggregation limited by diffusion only, without any surface tension, leads to clusters with fractal shape \[[@pone.0222371.ref014], [@pone.0222371.ref015], [@pone.0222371.ref032]\]. In our case the number of cells is not large enough to lead to fractals, but without any rule of compaction, especially in simulations with a high initial cell density, aggregates have the shape of long and branched thick filaments and do not organize themselves into more compact shapes. But in experiments at high cell densities, after about 12 hours after the beginning of the aggregation process, the aggregates compact and become more circular (in 2D) (see [Fig 4(a)](#pone.0222371.g004){ref-type="fig"}, middle). The effect of the compaction rule in the case of a high initial cell density is visible on [Fig 4](#pone.0222371.g004){ref-type="fig"} and leads to aggregates that have a compact shape, close to the experiments.
{#pone.0222371.g004}
The qualitative comparison of the experimental and the simulation results can be performed from [Fig 5](#pone.0222371.g005){ref-type="fig"}, which shows side by side an experiment and a typical simulation result, obtained with our model.
{#pone.0222371.g005}
3.4 Quantitative comparison between experimental data and the results of the spatial model {#sec019}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The experimental results consist of 9 24-hour experiments: 6 experiments for the F98 cell line (3 in the adhesive and 3 in the non-adhesive condition), and 3 experiments for the U87 cell line (one in the adhesive and two in the non-adhesive condition). We decided to fit each experimental curve (not only the mean), so the parameters were independently set for each experiment.
### 3.4.1 Choice of parameters {#sec020}
The number of initial cells *N*~0~ was deduced from the first image taken in each 24-hour experiment and was used as the initial condition of the corresponding simulation, a uniformly random distribution of *N*~0~ individual cells. The superimposition parameter was chosen constant for all the experiments with the same cell line. There is a net qualitative difference between the behavior of the two cell lines: the aggregates of F98 cells compact and clearly organize in three dimensions, whereas the U87 cell aggregates keep an almost two-dimensional organization. So the superimposition parameter *α*~max~ should be larger for the F98 than for the U87 cells, see Figs [1](#pone.0222371.g001){ref-type="fig"} and [3](#pone.0222371.g003){ref-type="fig"}. We can clearly detect when the parameter is too small, because then, the mean aggregate area in the simulations is too large, even for very small aggregates at the beginning of the experiment and even if the evolution of the number of aggregates is correct, see the red stars with *α*~max~ = 0.2 in [S1(c) Fig](#pone.0222371.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. It is more difficult to detect when the parameter is too large: the difference between the cyan stars with *α*~max~ = 0.95 and the green stars with *α*~max~ = 0.7 in [S1(c) Fig](#pone.0222371.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"} is not obvious. Suppose that *α*~max~ = 1, all the cells in an aggregate could in theory superimpose and the area of any aggregate could be reduced to the area of a single cell. But since the motion step length of cells diminishes with the number of neighbors in aggregates, this process takes a lot of time, and it is not possible to see the complete superimposition of all the cells in an aggregate, during the time of experiments. We thus decided to infer the value of *α*~max~ from images of superimposition of two cells, see [Fig 3(b)](#pone.0222371.g003){ref-type="fig"}. From these images, it is clear that F98 cells allow a minimal distance between the cell centers smaller than the U87 cells, and we chose the value of *α*~max~ = 0.7 for the F98 cell line and *α*~max~ = 0.2 for the U87 cell line.
Two parameters still need to be set: the step length of individual cells and the proliferation rate. We determined the step length of individual cells so that the decrease of the number of aggregates corresponds to experimental data: if cells move too slowly, this number decreases also too slowly compared to experimental data (see [Fig 6](#pone.0222371.g006){ref-type="fig"}, cyan stars). If the step length is too large, the number of aggregates decreases too fast compared to experimental data (see [Fig 6](#pone.0222371.g006){ref-type="fig"}, red stars). The green stars correspond to the best value of the step.
{#pone.0222371.g006}
The proliferation rate was chosen so that the mean area in simulations would fit the corresponding experiment at large times (the increase in the aggregate area after formation is only due to proliferation), see [S1(b) Fig](#pone.0222371.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. The value *κ* = 10^−4^ min^−1^ (cyan stars) is too small, the value *κ* = 1.4 10^−3^ min^−1^ is too large and the value *κ* = 7 10^−4^ min^−1^ (green stars) is correct. We added the bias of the flux if visible in the experiments. Without any flux, aggregates still move but their motion is very small and the distance between them is too large to allow any collision. When the flux on individual as well as on aggregates is on, that corresponds to the green stars in [S1(a) Fig](#pone.0222371.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, collisions are possible between large aggregates and the number of aggregates decreases even at large times.
We managed to reproduce the dynamics of both the mean area and the number of aggregates of each experiment and for both cell lines used. Results are shown in [Fig 7](#pone.0222371.g007){ref-type="fig"} for the F98 cell line and in [S2 Fig](#pone.0222371.s003){ref-type="supplementary-material"} for the U87 cell line and for both adhesion conditions.
{#pone.0222371.g007}
4 Discussion {#sec021}
============
We present here a combination of experimental and simulation results on the behavior of a cell population on soft hydrogels.
On these soft gels, cells stay round, move and stick to each other to create aggregates, within one day (this is much shorter than the formation of glioma cell aggregates on an adherent rigid substrate such as plastic, where the time scale is one month \[[@pone.0222371.ref033]\]). The shape and the size of these aggregates depend on the nature of the gels (adhesive or not adhesive), but also on the cell line: U87 aggregates are less cohesive than F98 aggregates, and for both cell lines, aggregates are smaller and more numerous on adhesive substrate (with PLL).
First, we compared the experimental data with the solutions of perikinetic equations. We found that the experimental non-adhesive and adhesive cases correspond to two different scenarii: in the non-adhesive dynamics of aggregation, a constant kernel leads to a better agreement with the experimental data, whereas the adhesive case is well fitted by a kernel that is non-zero only for particles of size 1. We found the kernel value *K* = 2.6 10^−13^ m^2^s^−1^ in the non-adhesive case, and a four-time smaller value of *K*~1~ in the adhesive case *K*~1~ = 6.4 10^−14^ m^2^s^−1^. These values are consistent with other studies \[[@pone.0222371.ref031]\], where only the case of a constant kernel is compared to experimental data. The agreement with the theoretical spaceless model is fair, but the model describes only the evolution of the number of aggregates as a function of time, whereas in our experiments, the area was also recorded.
We thus developed an agent-based model with simple rules that could reproduce as well the first stages of the experiments, when cells still move as individual cells, as the late stages where cells are in aggregates, and that could reproduce the experimental evolution of both the number and the mean area of the aggregates. To model all these stages, without describing precisely the shape of the cells, we estimated that a cellular Potts model was less adapted to our problem, compared to a classical agent-based cellular automaton. We introduced four rules: the motion rule (for individual cells, for cells inside an aggregate and for aggregates, in the presence or not of a flux), the superimposition rule, the proliferation rule and the compaction rule.
The superimposition and the compaction rules may need further justifications: Since the precise 3D organization in aggregates concerns only the F98 cell line, and to follow the approach of \[[@pone.0222371.ref013]\] where a stacking index is defined, we decided to keep our model in 2D and introduce an effective parameter of superimposition, that describes the strength of cell-cell adhesion and their ability to organize in 3D. This approach has the advantage of simplicity, since only one parameter can resume the differences between the behavior of the two cell lines.
The compaction that arises after the formation of cellular aggregates is a collective effect of a cell population. In experiments, compaction of aggregates is due to individual cells that deform and flatten their membranes against each other, increasing cell--cell contact and minimizing intercellular spaces. This process is similar to the embryo's compaction, see \[[@pone.0222371.ref034]\]. Compaction may also be due to the possible formation of supracellular stress cables, at the scale of the whole aggregate \[[@pone.0222371.ref035]\]. This made us define a compaction rule that is non-local: the cells' motion is biased towards the center of their aggregate and this bias increases with the size of the aggregate. Actually, the limitation of the motion is not severe: the maximum bias (in very big aggregates) restricts only the cell motion to a half plane towards the center of the aggregate.
With this agent-based model, in 2D and with simple rules, we were able to reproduce the behavior of two cell lines, namely the evolution of the number of aggregates and of their projected area, on two different substrates, one adhesive (with PLL) and one not (without PLL). More importantly, by fitting the number of aggregates and the mean area of aggregates as a function of time, we were able to infer quantitatively several properties of the two cells lines, on the two substrates: their speed of motion, their proliferation rate, their superimposition coefficient and the capacity of aggregates to compact.
First, our model allowed us to conclude that the effect of the presence of PLL in the gel (more adhesive substrate), for both cell lines, could be modeled as a simple slowing effect on cells. On non-adhesive hydrogels, there is often a flux (probably due to inhomogeneities of the gels) which gives to the cells and aggregates a motion bias (direction in only a half plane), that was taken into account in the model. We found that in the cellular automaton, in order to model the adhesive substrate, we had to decrease the step and remove the flux (i.e. remove the restriction of the motion to a half plane). For F98 cells, the mean speed motion of F98 is 4.7 ± 0.7 pixel length min^−1^ = 3.1 ± 0.4 *μ*m min^−1^ on non-adhesive substrates, whereas it is equal to 1.5 ± 0.3 pixel length min^−1^ = 1.0 ± 0.2 *μ*m min^−1^ on adhesive ones. For U87 cells the mean speed of motion are respectively 6 pixel lengths min^−1^ = 3.9 *μ*m min^−1^ and 2 pixel length min^−1^ = 1.3 *μ*m min^−1^.
The surface density of PLL molecules estimated from the volume concentration of 0.001% (w/v) PLL in the hydrogel precursor solution for a hydrogel thickness of 2 mm, is about 5 10^11^ molecules mm^−2^. About 5 10^5^ PLL molecules are found every *μ*m^2^. The F98 and U87 MG cells have a radius between 8 and 20 *μ*m so they move on a quasi-homogeneous surface of PLL molecules. The cells make smaller steps on PLL hydrogels because they are constrained in their motion by the electrostatic interactions they form with the PLL.
We also had to change the proliferation rate between the two cell lines. We found that the proliferation rate (in aggregates) is 7.10^−4^ min^−1^ for the F98 and 3.10^−4^ min^−1^ for the U87 cell line. Our results also reveal that the adhesive properties of the substrate do not impact the proliferation rate in aggregates: it is the same in the two conditions (adhesive and non-adhesive substrate), for each cell line.
The U87 cells are characterized by a weak adhesion between cells, leading to loose aggregates, whereas the F98 cells are much more cohesive. Moreover, there is no late compaction of the aggregates and the aggregates stay in 2D instead of organizing in 3D as in the F98 case. The results for both lines could be reproduced: in order to describe the U87 cell line we had to use a superimposition parameter smaller (*α*~max~ = 0.2) than the one used for the F98 line (*α*~max~ = 0.7) and to remove the compaction rule.
For two cell lines, we show here that by using our spatial model to fit the temporal evolution of the number of aggregates and their mean area, it is possible to infer the quantitative values of speed motion, proliferation and the qualitative abilities of cells to adhere to each other and to deform. It should be possible to study any cell line, providing that the gel stiffness is optimized for this cell line (indeed, carcinomas develop on a much stiffer substrate than gliomas, this was confirmed by a preliminary study of ours on the breast cancer cell line MCF7 which could not form aggregates on soft gels, dying rapidly). It has been shown for example that the cohesivity of aggregates (due to cell-cell adhesion) could be a clinically important parameter, since it seems to be inversely proportional to the *in vitro* invasive potential \[[@pone.0222371.ref036]\]. One promising direction of research is that of the study of cell lines from cancers which are known to develop metastases, such as breast cancer. In that case, our experimental technique should be adapted. Another interesting direction of future studies would be to modulate the adhesion. This could not be done in the present studies using PLL since a higher concentration of this molecule becomes toxic for the cells. Using an other adhesion molecule, such as RGD instead of PLL, we expect to be able to vary adhesion and study the aggregation phenomena for a wide range of values of the latter. We expect to return to address these problems, both experimentally and through modeling, in some future work of ours.
Supporting information {#sec022}
======================
###### Additionnal information about the FIJI macro and the workflow.
(PDF)
######
Click here for additional data file.
###### Parameter choice for F98 cell line.
Experimental data points (one of the experiment on a non-adhesive substrate) are represented by green triangles (F98 cell line). (a) Flux choice: no flux (cyan stars), flux on individual cell (red stars) and flux on individual cells and small aggregates (green stars). All other parameters are fixed: *a*~0~ = 6 pixel, *α*~max~ = 0.7, *κ* = 7 10^−4^ min^−1^, *N*~0~ = 400. Error bars are chosen equal to the standard deviation over 20 simulations. (b) Proliferation choice: cyan stars, *κ* = 10^−4^ min^−1^; green stars, *κ* = 7 10^−4^ min^−1^); red stars, *κ* = 1.4 10^−3^ min^−1^. All other parameters are fixed: *a*~0~ = 6 pixel length, *α*~max~ = 0.7, *N*~0~ = 400, flux is on. (c) Superimposition parameter choice: cyan stars, *α*~max~ = 0.95; green stars, *α*~max~ = 0.7; red stars, *α*~max~ = 0.2. All other parameters are fixed: *a*~0~ = 6 pixel length, *κ* = 7 10^−4^ min^−1^, *N*~0~ = 400, flux is on. In all the simulations, error bars represent the standard deviation over 20 simulations.
(EPS)
######
Click here for additional data file.
###### Experiments and simulations for the U87 cell line.
Brown curves are the adhesive case, blue are for the non-adhesive case, triangles are for adhesive experiment and circles are for non adhesive experiment, stars are for simulations. The upper part gives the evolution during time of the number of aggregates while the bottom part gives the mean area of aggregates over time. Simulation parameters: *a*~0~ = 6 pixel length, *N*~0~ = 900, flux is off (cyan); *a*~0~ = 6 pixel length, *N*~0~ = 625, flux is off (blue); *a*~0~ = 2 pixel length, *N*~0~ = 484, flux is off (brown). The parameters *α*~max~ and *κ* are common to all the simulations: *α*~max~ = 0.2, *κ* = 3 10^−4^ min^−1^. Error bars represent the standard deviation over 20 simulations.
(EPS)
######
Click here for additional data file.
###### Diffusion coefficient on an adhesive substrate for the F98 cell line.
The mean square displacement (msd) is plotted against time. Each point represent the mean over 25 cells. The error bars the standard deviation.
(EPS)
######
Click here for additional data file.
###### Aggregation of F98 cells.
The aggregation process for the F98 cell line, during the first 400 minutes.
(AVI)
######
Click here for additional data file.
###### Aggregation of U87 cells.
The aggregation process for the U87 cell line, during the first 600 minutes.
(AVI)
######
Click here for additional data file.
This work was supported through a grant from Région Ile-de-France ('DIM Problématiques transversales aux systèmes complexes ISC-2014-PME-003") and a grant from the GEFLUC association (association des Entreprises Françaises dans la Lutte contre le Cancer).
[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
|
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"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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Tommy Gilligan-USA TODAY Sports
CHARLOTTE, N.C. — The training center has a warehouse feel, with exposed ductwork and cinder block walls. Box fans are blowing on a midsummer's day, but the thick air does not seem to move.
Steve Smith Sr. wears a cotton hoodie soaked through with sweat, and his skin looks like it's slathered in baby oil. In between most sets, he bends over, hands on knees. After one set, he lies on his back on the floor.
Time to go again—one-legged jumps on black Styrofoam blocks. He gets about halfway through the set and abruptly stops. He gives his trainer a look and walks swiftly out the open garage door, onto the dock. The rap music is loud but not loud enough to drown out the sound of retching.
Smith spends about a minute at the edge of the dock, aiming for a patch of weeds below. Then he walks back, wipes his face, gargles with water, gathers himself and takes a big gulp of Gatorade. He's ready to start again.
This isn't the first time this summer he could not keep his breakfast where it belonged. In fact, he admits, it's the third or fourth.
"It happens with competitive people who push themselves," Smith's trainer, Daniel Ancheta, says.
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"I know I've turned the corner when I puke," Smith says.
He expected that trying to come back from a career-threatening injury at the age of 37 would be difficult. So why does he push himself so far? With all he has accomplished, why not spare his mind and body and just call it a career?
"I wouldn't say the ability to overcome things is important to me," Smith says. "I'd say it's been the difference between life and death for me."
This is about being true to himself—and learning everything that means.
Smith's memory of the injury, sustained in November against the Chargers: He caught a pass, then felt a pull in the back of his leg, and then, "It was like my foot had no power. It was flapping." Then he went down, thinking dark thoughts. The trainers came running.
"What's the matter?" one said.
"I think I tore my Achilles," Smith said.
"Roll over, let's see," the trainer said, examining his right leg.
And then, in a whisper, "I think he's right."
Evan Habeeb-USA TODAY Sports
Smith draped a towel over his head, put his arms around the shoulders of trainers and hopped off the field.
It wasn't supposed to end that way.
He had a double rupture of his Achilles—an injury that his surgeon, renowned Charlotte orthopedist Robert Anderson, would later tell him was the first double rupture he ever had seen.
During surgery, the damage was photographed.
What did it look like?
"Raw, shredded chicken," Steve’s wife, Angie, says.
"Either the beginning or the end of something," Steve says.
On that day in November, it seemed to be the end—and not the ending Smith had intended.
The 2015 season was supposed be a celebration for Smith of the completion of a 15-year career. It was supposed to end with a bow, not his body looking like shredded chicken.
After some reflection, Smith decided he did not want his magnificent career to end that way. He would attempt a comeback at the age of 37.
If you have lasted in the NFL as long as Smith has, you know injuries. He previously had a sprained PCL. He has broken his arm, his neck, his leg and a few fingers. There was one documented concussion and some bad hamstring injuries. But this was unlike any of those.
The pain was unbearable. With past injuries, Smith would be on pain meds for a day or two, then graduate to over-the-counter anti-inflammatories. This time, he took Oxycontin for about 12 days.
Jordan Strauss/Associated Press
"After surgery, he would just say, 'Give me more,'" Angie says. "He was kind of out of it."
Finally, Smith didn't want to feel so drowsy, so he went cold turkey with the meds.
"The day I stopped, about midday I started to get ornery," Smith says. "I got a headache. It was my body craving the medication. I was having withdrawal symptoms."
He opened the bottle of Oxycontin and dumped the pills in the toilet.
For two months, Smith could not bear weight on his right leg. He got around on a knee scooter initially. Then crutches with a boot. Then one crutch. And there were heel lifts. Each week, he was allowed to peel off a layer of the lift. Eventually, he was left with orthotics.
A father of four, Smith was learning a new meaning of "baby steps."
One week before he was pushing forward despite retching into the weeds, Smith wanted to pack up his gym bag and go home. About halfway through a workout, he turned to Ancheta and said, "Screw this manure." Or something like that.
And he went on. "I'm tired. I can see why guys get to a certain age, they say screw it. I'm not just training to not look fat. I'm training to play in 20 games, to run from other men who are trying to bodyslam me and hurt me. I ain't got to do this. Why am I doing this? I don't have anything to prove to anybody."
His reaction was raw and unfiltered. Smith has rarely been known to hide his feelings.
He started thinking. He has a house in California rented for next offseason. Why wait? He could be on the beach. Toes in the sand.
Smith says he's never had those feelings before. Then again, he's never been 37 before. He's never tried to come back from a torn Achilles before.
So what did he do when he was done venting? Completed the workout.
Smith felt he had been running out of steam before he tore his Achilles. For 216 games, he has competed at a level few could match, throwing around his 5'9" body as if it were covered in armor. Pound for pound, he unquestionably has been one of the NFL's toughest men. "A notorious badass," is how Vikings linebacker Chad Greenway describes him.
Steve Smith Sr. regular-season stats Year Tm Rec Yds TD 2001 CAR 10 154 0 2002 CAR 54 872 3 2003 CAR 88 1,110 7 2004 CAR 6 60 0 2005 CAR 103 1,563 12 2006 CAR 83 1,166 8 2007 CAR 87 1,002 7 2008 CAR 78 1,421 6 2009 CAR 65 982 7 2010 CAR 46 554 2 2011 CAR 79 1,394 7 2012 CAR 73 1,174 4 2013 CAR 64 745 4 2014 BAL 79 1,065 6 2015 BAL 46 670 3 Career 961 13,932 76 pro-football-reference.com
But no man, Smith is learning, has an unlimited supply of fury.
"The Steve Smith Sr. the Baltimore Ravens have is not the same player the Carolina Panthers had," he says.
What he was, Smith will tell you, really doesn't matter now. All that matters is what he is.
He will not delude himself, as most aging athletes do. Smith acknowledges that he's not going to be the same player physically that he was when he was named to five Pro Bowls. But he believes he does have enough athletic juice to keep playing and that his understanding of the game and passion will help him overcome whatever is missing.
Emotion has been a big part of Smith's play, and it has been a big part of his rehab as well.
"When you are young and get hurt, you feel like you can just blow through it," Smith says. "When you are older, you overthink everything, overanalyze. You run the numbers, do the percentages in your head. You start to psych yourself out. You lose the belief in your ability because of your age.
"Age sometimes is more powerful in how we look at things than how we are physically feeling. I realized how negative we can be as we become older. I had to really fight that a lot. I was telling myself, 'I'm too old to come back.' I didn't sleep well."
There were questions. What if I come back only halfway to where I was? How will this affect me long term? Will I be able to play basketball with the kids?
And there were tears.
It was especially difficult before he was ambulatory, when he needed help to do everything—even sitting on a toilet. At times, his wife says, Smith kept to himself and didn't say much about what he was feeling. At other times, he snapped at her when she tried to help him.
Frustration, fear and boredom did not mix well.
"Early on," Angie says, "it seemed like a big mountain to climb."
Smith acknowledges he still has moments of doubt. But he does not fear failing. "I'm playing with house money now, and I ain't got nothing to lose," he says.
To pass the time, Smith watched Netflix. He breezed through three seasons of Gotham. Then there was Daredevil. Video games made the days go by. A little Mad Max, some Madden and FIFA.
Then there was an airplane game he played mostly because his toddler son, Deuce (Stevonne Jr.), enjoyed watching him from his lap while he played it. That gave him joy.
Perspective can be attained in many ways.
"Great work this past week," the email from Ravens trainer Sam Bell begins. "You accomplished a lot in a small amount of time."
Bell outlines goals for Smith and an overall short-term plan. He continues: "I have attached a workout program for the next week and will send you a progression when I hear how you have tolerated the exercises. The exercises have been adjusted minimally, however, the frequency has increased significantly. Use your orthotics in every shoe you wear. … Plan on rehabbing daily with Sunday completely off. … This can be adjusted based on your pain, stiffness or soreness. As usual, if there are any questions, feel free to contact me."
Four attachments outline the exercises Smith should do Monday and Thursday, exercises he should do Tuesday and Friday and exercises he should do Wednesday and Saturday, as well as his daily cardio requirements.
The attachments go into great detail. On the Tuesday/Friday list, there are 25 exercises listed. The number of sets and repetitions for each is specified.
Smith talks of "embracing the grind" of rehab. And this clearly is a grind. Whether he is with his team in Owings Mills, Maryland, back home in Charlotte or even on a business trip somewhere else, Smith is dripping sweat and breathing hard. He also is getting physical therapy, muscle massage and laser treatment to break up scar tissue.
Thearon W. Henderson/Getty Images
"At the level he is at, everyone is an elite athlete," Ancheta says. "When you see someone like him push that threshold, you understand why he has lasted and why he has been so successful."
Smith is good at a lot of things. Especially, he is good at surviving. He is quick to tell you he should not be in the NFL today. He's too old. He's too short. He's too volatile. He's too much of a product of his rough upbringing in West Los Angeles.
Seventy-three players were chosen ahead of him in the 2001 draft, 72 of whom are out of the league. He has outlasted all but Drew Brees. Initially, he was supposed to be a return man only—not a wide receiver. He was called injury-prone early in his career. Late in his career, the only team he knew for 13 years fired him.
And now this.
One more thing to overcome.
On the day Smith's stomach objected to the intensity of his workout, Ancheta says he saw some explosiveness in Smith's movements that he had not previously seen.
His Achilles is sore from fatigue, but it isn't painful. It looks like more of a problem than it actually is, as the muscle around the tendon has atrophied considerably. Smith calls the calf on his left leg the "American calf," and the calf on his right "the calf you can feed for 36 cents a day."
As for training camp, he probably will sit out most, if not all, of it. Smith was placed on the physically unable to perform list in late July. What he would love more than anything is to lie in the August weeds and then pounce when the regular season begins. But the day in front of him is the only one that matters now.
"I have the propensity to think about September," Smith says. "But if I do that, I'll go down a path mentally that isn't very good for me."
Smith has come a long way. And he has a long way to go.
Sometimes, where you are going isn't as important as where you are.
Down the stairs of his suburban Charlotte home, Smith walks past the trophy cases. Past the Pro Bowl jersey, the Panthers jersey, the Ravens jersey, the photo of him with former college and pro teammate Jordan Gross, the football he caught for his first NFL touchdown and the ball he caught for his Super Bowl touchdown.
Into the workout room. Smith slips off his shorts. He puts on a pair of special shorts made for an anti-gravity treadmill. Then he steps into the apparatus, zipping himself in. Soon, his lower body is in a bubble, and he is running at a reduced body weight.
The high-tech treadmill was a costly but worthwhile rehab tool for Smith, a way to run in place to get to where he wants to go.
The Ravens were 5-11 last season. Smith feels an obligation to try to help them turn it around. They need him. Head coach John Harbaugh values his leadership, and Smith wants to provide both direction and production for his team.
Evan Habeeb-USA TODAY Sports
And what Smith wants as much as anything is a chance to appreciate the sunset of his career. For most of his football life, he has been too obsessed and focused to appreciate everything around him.
During those days last winter when he was homebound, Smith read a lot. A friend recommended God Never Blinks: 50 Lessons for Life's Little Detours. The author, Regina Brett, shares the story of how it took a diagnosis of breast cancer for her to start enjoying life.
"I was at the point where I was thinking, 'Life sucks,'" Smith says. "When I read it, it gave me perspective. I stopped complaining."
When Smith was a kid in L.A., he rode the bus through the dirty streets in the hood to get to his job at Taco Bell on Pico and Bundy and then to his other job at the Ferris wheel on the Santa Monica Pier. He would occasionally get a glimpse of the Pacific Coast Highway and all the beautiful people in their fancy cars who drove on it. That's where he always wanted to be. Getting there was his overarching goal.
"For me," Smith says, "The PCH is the NFL." He finally made it there in 2001. But it has taken him 16 years to realize the gratification he has felt wasn't from getting there. It was from being there.
It was from taking in the bends and the bridges. The rock formations. Sunsets you could never find in an art gallery. The smell of the ocean. A warm breeze on an arm out the window.
Now, Smith wants to make sure he has time to spend with that rookie who has questions for him. He wants to remember to joke with the guys. He wants to foster relationships. He wants to appreciate this special organization that he is a part of and make it better in ways big and small.
Not long ago Smith was having a conversation with Ravens receivers coach Bobby Engram and teammate Mike Wallace. Engram and Wallace told Smith before he retires, they want to help him get a Super Bowl ring. The Panthers lost in Smith's only Super Bowl appearance in 2004.
Smith's response: "If I win a Super Bowl or don't, life doesn't change. What's more valuable to me is all the blessings I've had, the people who invested in me that I never would have known if I wasn't on this road. So to be honest, f--k that ring. I've gained so many more things doing it this way."
That is not to say playing for a Super Bowl winner wouldn't be the fairy tale. Or winning Comeback Player of the Year wouldn't be awesome. Or making an irrefutable final argument that he is Hall of Fame-worthy wouldn't be fantastic.
But if he never plays another snap in the NFL, well, it's been one hell of a ride.
You might say he could have done without these last nine months. He would say this time has given him a wisdom he will carry with him the rest of his days.
With one leg about half the size of the other, Steve Smith Sr. finally realized this isn't about a destination. It's about a journey.
Dan Pompei covers the NFL for Bleacher Report. Follow him on Twitter at @danpompei.
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Q:
How to input data into table from MySQL?
I've created a page that is supposed to pull all the domains from my database and display them in a table. Pagination is setup to show 1002 domains per page and the table should be 3 columns.
When I'm not sure what to do is towards the end where you can see "Row Test1" and "Row Test1" - those show up on the page correctly. However, how do I make it so that instead of showing those, it will actually show the domains from my database.
If someone can post an example of the fixed part of the code it would be highly appreciated, I feel like I've been trying so many things and it's getting a bit confusing.
Here's the entire code:
<?php include("header.html"); ?>
<center>
<?php
/*
Place code to connect to your DB here.
*/
include('database.php'); // include your code to connect to DB.
$tbl_name="list"; //your table name
// How many adjacent pages should be shown on each side?
$adjacents = 3;
/*
First get total number of rows in data table.
If you have a WHERE clause in your query, make sure you mirror it here.
*/
$query = "SELECT COUNT(*) as num FROM $tbl_name";
$total_pages = mysql_fetch_array(mysql_query($query));
$total_pages = $total_pages[num];
/* Setup vars for query. */
$targetpage = "index.php"; //your file name (the name of this file)
$limit = 1002; //how many items to show per page
$page = $_GET['page'];
if($page)
$start = ($page - 1) * $limit; //first item to display on this page
else
$start = 0; //if no page var is given, set start to 0
/* Get data. */
$sql = "SELECT website FROM $tbl_name LIMIT $start, $limit";
$result = mysql_query($sql);
/* Setup page vars for display. */
if ($page == 0) $page = 1; //if no page var is given, default to 1.
$prev = $page - 1; //previous page is page - 1
$next = $page + 1; //next page is page + 1
$lastpage = ceil($total_pages/$limit); //lastpage is = total pages / items per page, rounded up.
$lpm1 = $lastpage - 1; //last page minus 1
/*
Now we apply our rules and draw the pagination object.
We're actually saving the code to a variable in case we want to draw it more than once.
*/
$pagination = "";
if($lastpage > 1)
{
$pagination .= "<div class=\"pagination2\">";
//previous button
if ($page > 1)
$pagination.= "<a href=\"$targetpage?page=$prev\">< previous</a>";
else
$pagination.= "<span class=\"disabled\">< previous</span>";
//pages
if ($lastpage < 7 + ($adjacents * 2)) //not enough pages to bother breaking it up
{
for ($counter = 1; $counter <= $lastpage; $counter++)
{
if ($counter == $page)
$pagination.= "<span class=\"current\">$counter</span>";
else
$pagination.= "<a href=\"$targetpage?page=$counter\">$counter</a>";
}
}
elseif($lastpage > 5 + ($adjacents * 2)) //enough pages to hide some
{
//close to beginning; only hide later pages
if($page < 1 + ($adjacents * 2))
{
for ($counter = 1; $counter < 4 + ($adjacents * 2); $counter++)
{
if ($counter == $page)
$pagination.= "<span class=\"current\">$counter</span>";
else
$pagination.= "<a href=\"$targetpage?page=$counter\">$counter</a>";
}
$pagination.= "...";
$pagination.= "<a href=\"$targetpage?page=$lpm1\">$lpm1</a>";
$pagination.= "<a href=\"$targetpage?page=$lastpage\">$lastpage</a>";
}
//in middle; hide some front and some back
elseif($lastpage - ($adjacents * 2) > $page && $page > ($adjacents * 2))
{
$pagination.= "<a href=\"$targetpage?page=1\">1</a>";
$pagination.= "<a href=\"$targetpage?page=2\">2</a>";
$pagination.= "...";
for ($counter = $page - $adjacents; $counter <= $page + $adjacents; $counter++)
{
if ($counter == $page)
$pagination.= "<span class=\"current\">$counter</span>";
else
$pagination.= "<a href=\"$targetpage?page=$counter\">$counter</a>";
}
$pagination.= "...";
$pagination.= "<a href=\"$targetpage?page=$lpm1\">$lpm1</a>";
$pagination.= "<a href=\"$targetpage?page=$lastpage\">$lastpage</a>";
}
//close to end; only hide early pages
else
{
$pagination.= "<a href=\"$targetpage?page=1\">1</a>";
$pagination.= "<a href=\"$targetpage?page=2\">2</a>";
$pagination.= "...";
for ($counter = $lastpage - (2 + ($adjacents * 2)); $counter <= $lastpage; $counter++)
{
if ($counter == $page)
$pagination.= "<span class=\"current\">$counter</span>";
else
$pagination.= "<a href=\"$targetpage?page=$counter\">$counter</a>";
}
}
}
//next button
if ($page < $counter - 1)
$pagination.= "<a href=\"$targetpage?page=$next\">next ></a>";
else
$pagination.= "<span class=\"disabled\">next ></span>";
$pagination.= "</div>\n";
}
?>
<?php
$i = 0;
echo '<table><tr>';
while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result))
{
$i ++;
if ($i<=2)
{
echo '<td>
<div>Row Test1</div>
</td>';
}
else
{
echo '</tr><tr>';
echo '<td><div>Row Test2</div></td>';
$i = 0;
}
}
echo '</tr></table>';
?>
<?=$pagination?>
</center>
<?php include("footer.html"); ?>
A:
I am a bit unsure why you need to split your row prints in your while statement. The while statement will print out results for all that whether that be one, twenty, or none so long as the statement evaluates true..
<?php
$i = 0;
echo '<table><tr>';
while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result)) {
$i ++;
echo '<td><div>'.$row[databasecolumnnamethatcontainsurlgoeshere].'</div></td>';
}
echo '</tr></table>';
?>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
Am I locked to one solc version for upgradeable smart contracts?
I want to use delegatecall to make my contracts upgradeable.
Is it true that variable layout may break if I change the solc version and therefore I should use the same Solidity version for all future versions of my contract?
A:
From Solidity the documentation:
The layout of state variables in storage is considered to be part of the external interface of Solidity due to the fact that storage pointers can be passed to libraries. This means that any change to the rules outlined in this section is considered a breaking change of the language and due to its critical nature should be considered very carefully before being executed.
Since that kind of changes might break a lot of already deployed contracts my guess is that they will not change the layout unless there's a very very good reason to do so.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Matt
Forget triple threat! At 10-years-old, Matt might be the youngest KIDZ BOP Kid, but he’s the true definition of an all-around artist. Not only can he dance, sing and act, Matt illustrates his own comic books, writes and produces his own movies and is perfecting his special effects make-up skills. Did we mention he’s also the expert comedian of the group? Is there anything Matt can’t do?!? In fact, Matt says if he wasn’t a performer, he’d want to work at Marvel when he grows up. Chances are you’ve already seen Matt and his fly dance moves in the national “Can’t Touch This” Eggo Waffle commercial, or performing to sold-out crowds as part of the Brooklyn Nets dance team.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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SEC23B
Protein transport protein Sec23B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEC23B gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the SEC23 subfamily of the SEC23/SEC24 family, which is involved in vesicle trafficking. The encoded protein has similarity to yeast Sec23p component of COPII. COPII is the coat protein complex responsible for vesicle budding from the ER. The function of this gene product has been implicated in cargo selection and concentration.
Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. Mutations in SEC23B cause an autosomal recessive disorder called congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II (CDAII).
References
Further reading
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
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---
abstract: 'Motivated by experiments on Josephson junction arrays, and cold atoms in an optical lattice in a synthetic magnetic field, we study the “fully frustrated” Bose-Hubbard (FFBH) model with half a magnetic flux quantum per plaquette. We obtain the phase diagram of this model on a $2$-leg ladder at integer filling via the density matrix renormalization group approach, complemented by Monte Carlo simulations on an effective classical XY model. The ground state at intermediate correlations is consistently shown to be a chiral Mott insulator (CMI) with a gap to all excitations and staggered loop currents which spontaneously break time reversal symmetry. We characterize the CMI state as a vortex supersolid or an indirect exciton condensate, and discuss various experimental implications.'
author:
- 'Arya Dhar$^1$, Maheswar Maji$^2$, Tapan Mishra$^{1,7}$, R. V. Pai$^3$, Subroto Mukerjee$^{2,4}$ and Arun Paramekanti$^{2,5,6,7}$'
title: 'Bose Hubbard Model in a Strong Effective Magnetic Field: Emergence of a Chiral Mott Insulator Ground State'
---
The simplest model to understand strongly correlated bosons is the Bose-Hubbard (BH) model [@fisher.prb1989] which describes bosons hopping on a lattice and interacting via a local repulsive interaction. With increasing repulsion, at integer filling, its ground state undergoes a superfluid to Mott insulator quantum phase transition which has been studied using ultracold atoms in an optical lattice [@greiner.nature2002].
Remarkably, recent experiments have used two-photon Raman transitions to create a uniform or staggered “synthetic magnetic field” for neutral atoms [@spielman.nature2009], permitting one to access large magnetic fields for lattice bosons. The multiple degenerate minima in the resulting Hofstadter spectrum can be populated by non-interacting bosons in many ways. Repulsive interactions quench this “kinetic frustration”, leading to unconventional superfluids [@hemmerich.naturephys2011; @ffxy.theory; @lim.2008; @sengupta.epl2011], or quantum Hall liquids [@demlerfqhe.prl2005]. Tuning the sign of the atom hopping amplitude or populating higher bands also leads to such frustrated bosonic fluids [@hemmerich.naturephys2011]. These developments motivate us to study the interplay of [*strong correlations and frustration*]{} in the fully frustrated Bose-Hubbard (FFBH), with half a “magnetic flux” quantum per plaquette [@ffxy.theory; @lim.2008; @sengupta.epl2011]. At large integer filling, the FFBH is also the simplest quantum variant of the classical fully frustrated XY (FFXY) model [@jayaprakash.prb1983; @olsson.prl1995] of Josephson junction arrays (JJAs) [@mooij].
Here, we obtain the phase diagram shown in Fig. \[Fig:classical\_phased\] of the FFBH model at integer filling on a $2$-leg ladder using the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) method [@whitedmrg.prl1992] and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Our key result is that the ground state of the FFBH and quantum FFXY models at intermediate Hubbard repulsion is a [*chiral Mott Insulator*]{} (CMI). The CMI has a nonzero charge gap, and simultaneously supports staggered loop currents that [*spontaneously*]{} break time reversal symmetry. With increasing repulsion, the CMI undergoes an Ising transition into an ordinary Mott insulator (MI) where the loop currents vanish. Weakening the repulsion leads to a Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) [@kosterlitz.jpc1973] transition out of the CMI into a previously studied chiral superfluid (CSF) phase [@old.csf] which retains current order. We show that the CMI may be viewed as a vortex supersolid or an exciton condensate, and discuss the loop current, the charge gap, and the momentum distribution across the phase diagram.
![(Color online) (A) Phase diagram of the effective classical model $H_{\rm XY}$, with $J_\tau=J_\parallel$, obtained via MC simulations (see text for details). (B) Phase diagram of the FFBH model in Eqn. \[LadderHam\] obtained using DMRG. Both models exhibit a chiral Mott insulator (CMI) state sandwiched between a chiral superfluid (CSF) and an ordinary Mott insulator (MI). ($1/J_\tau$ in the XY model $\sim \sqrt{U/t}$ in the FFBH model.[@supp])[]{data-label="Fig:classical_phased"}](phase_diagram.eps){width="2.8in"}
[*Fully Frustrated Bose-Hubbard Ladder. —*]{} The Hamiltonian of the FFBH model on a 2-leg ladder is $$\begin{aligned}
H \!&=&\!\! -t \sum_x (a^\dagger_x a^{\phantom \dagger}_{x+1} \!+\! a^\dagger_{x+1} a^{\phantom \dagger}_{x})
\!+\! t \sum_x (b^\dagger_x b^{\phantom \dagger}_{x+1} \!+\! b^\dagger_{x+1} b^{\phantom \dagger}_{x}) \nonumber \\
\!&-&\!\! t_\perp
\sum_x (a^\dagger_x b^{\phantom \dagger}_{x} + b^\dagger_{x} a^{\phantom \dagger}_{x}) + \frac{U}{2} \sum_x (n^2_{a,x} + n^2_{b,x}),
\label{LadderHam}\end{aligned}$$ where $a$ and $b$ label the two legs of the ladder (see Fig. \[Fig:dispersion\]), $t_\perp$ couples the two legs, and $U$ is the local boson repulsion. The opposite signs of the hopping amplitude ($\pm t$) on the two legs leads to an Aharonov-Bohm phase of $\pi$ for a boson hopping around an elementary plaquette [@foot1].
For $U\!=\!0$, the boson dispersion (in Fig. \[Fig:dispersion\] (A)) exhibits two bands with the lowest ($\alpha$) band having degenerate minima at momenta $k\!=\!0,\pi$. This leads to a large degeneracy of many-body ground states — the ground state for $N$ bosons corresponds to having $N_1$ bosons in one minimum and $(N\!-\!N_1)$ in the other for any $N_1 \leq N$ — which is broken by the repulsion.. The minimum at $k\!=\!0$ ($k\!=\!\pi$) has a wavefunction that mainly resides on leg-$a$ (leg-$b$). Since the Hubbard repulsion favors a uniform density, it prefers an [*equal*]{} number of bosons at $k=0,\pi$. A mean field Bose condensed state thus takes the form $$|\psi\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{N!}}\left[{\rm e}^{i \varphi} (\alpha_{0}^\dagger +
{\rm e}^{i\theta} \alpha_{\pi}^\dagger)\right]^N |0\rangle.
\label{Eq:sfwavefn}$$ Here $\varphi$ is the $U(1)$ condensate phase, $\theta$ is the relative phase between the two modes, and $\alpha^\dagger_{0,\pi}$ creates quasiparticles at $k\!=\! 0,\pi$.
![(Color online) (A) Dispersion of the FFBH model at $U=0$, with two degenerate minima in the low energy $\alpha$-band. Interactions force an equal number of bosons (on average) to condense into each of the two minima. (B) Alternating pattern of plaquette currents in the presence of chiral order.[]{data-label="Fig:dispersion"}](dispersion.eps){width="3in" height="1.25in"}
For small $U$, Hartree theory [@lim.2008; @supp] shows $\theta=\pm \pi/2$, while $\varphi$ has (nonuniversal) power law order. This Luttinger liquid is the CSF - it supports the long-range staggered current pattern in Fig.1(B). The two signs of $\theta$ correspond to patterns related by time-reversal or unit lattice translation. For very large $U$, both $\theta$ and $\varphi$ are disordered, leading to an ordinary MI which respects all the symmetries of $H$. Remarkably, for intermediate $U$, we find that $\varphi$ is disordered leading to loss of superfluidity, while $\theta$ is pinned at $\pm \pi/2$, spontaneously breaking (Ising) time reversal symmetry. This [*fully gapped*]{} intermediate state is the CMI. This goes beyond mean field theory [@lim.2008] which predicts a direct CSF-MI transition [@supp].
[*Physical pictures for the CMI. —*]{} The CSF, with staggered currents depicted in Fig. \[Fig:dispersion\] (B), is best viewed as a vortex crystal where vortices and antivortices are nucleated by the presence of frustration, and locked into an ‘antiferromagnetic’ pattern due to the intervortex repulsion. At large $U$, this crystal melts and the vortices completely delocalize - this vortex superfluid is well known to be simply a dual description of the ordinary MI [@fisherlee.prb1989]. However if a [*small*]{} number of defect vortices in the vortex crystal delocalize and condense, they kill superfluidity but preserve the background vortex crystallinity. This [*vortex supersolid*]{} is the dual description of the CMI.
A different but equivalent picture emerges if we start from the usual MI at large $U$ which supports [*charge gapped*]{} particle and hole excitations (adding or removing bosons). These excitations have degenerate dispersion minima at $k=0,\pi$ as in Fig. 1(A), similar to the original noninteracting bosons. Decreasing $U$ decreases the MI charge gap. If the charge gap vanishes, the resulting gapless particles and holes at $k=0,\pi$ could yield a Bose condensed (or power-law) superfluid. However, a precursor phase emerges from first condensing a [*neutral indirect exciton*]{}, composed of a particle and a hole at different momenta ($k\!=\!0$ and $k\!=\!\pi$), while the particles and holes are still gapped. The CMI is precisely this intervening ‘exciton condensate’ [@supp].
[*Effective bilayer XY model. —*]{} To quantitatively flesh out the phase diagram described above, we first study the FFBH model at large fillings, where it is equivalent to a quantum FFXY model used to describe JJAs of charge $2e$ Cooper pairs with an Aharonov-Bohm flux of $h c / 4 e$ per plaquette. The quantum FFXY Hamiltonian in turn maps on to an effective classical model on a ‘space-time lattice’ leading to a classical 2D bilayer square lattice model [@supp] $
H_{\rm XY} = - \sum_{i, \delta} J_\delta \cos \left( \varphi_i - \varphi_{i+\delta}\right),
\label{Eq:classham}
$ where $\varphi_i$ are the boson phases, and $(i,i\! +\! \delta)$ denote nearest neighbour sites along $\delta$. The couplings $J_\delta$ take on values $\pm J_\parallel$ on the two legs, $J_\perp$ on the rungs linking the two layers, and $J_\tau$ in the imaginary time direction [@supp]. (We choose the ‘time step’ in the imaginary time direction to set $J_\parallel = J_\tau$ [@supp].) Phase ordering leads to a superfluid, while the fully paramagnetic phase of $H_{\rm XY}$ is the ordinary MI. Based on small system studies of $H_{\rm XY}$ [@granato.prb1993], it has been argued that the isotropic case $J_\perp \! =\! J_\parallel$ exhibits a single phase transition with novel exponents, while the highly anisotropic case harbors two separate transitions [@granato.prb1993]. Here we use extensive MC simulations, on $L \! \times\! L \! \times\! 2$ bilayers with $L\!=\! 16$-$64$, to obtain the phase diagram shown in Fig. 1(A). We find three phases: the CSF, the regular MI, and an intervening CMI for a wide range of $J_\perp$ [*including*]{} the isotropic point $J_\perp\! =\! J_\parallel$. We show that CSF-CMI and CMI-MI phase transitions are BKT and 2D Ising transitions respectively.
Fig. 3 shows the MC data for $J_\perp\! =\! 1$. Similar data was also obtained for various $J_\perp/J_\tau$. Fig. 3(A) shows that the helicity modulus $\Gamma$ (related to the superfluid density) has an increasingly abrupt change with $1/J_\tau$ for increasing $L$, indicative of a jump as at a BKT transition. If the transition out of the CSF is indeed a BKT transition, $\Gamma$ can be fit to the finite size scaling form $\Gamma (L) \! =\! A \left( 1\! + \! \frac{1}{2 (\log L + C)} \right)$ (with fit parameters $A$,$C$) right at the transition point, with $A$ taking on the universal value of $2/\pi$, while $C$ is a non-universal constant [@weber_minnhagen; @olsson.prl1995]. Fitting $\Gamma(L)$ to this form, we find that the error to this fit shows a sharp minimum [@weber_minnhagen; @olsson.prl1995] at a certain $1/J_\tau$ (Fig.\[Fig:classical\_trans\] inset), with $A\! \approx\! 2/\pi$ at this dip. This not only allows us to precisely locate the transition out of the CSF state, but also [*confirms*]{} its BKT nature.
![(Color online) (A) Helicity modulus $\Gamma$ versus $1/J_\tau$ for different system sizes for $J_\perp\!=\!1$. (A-Inset) RMS error of fit to the BKT finite size scaling form of $\Gamma$ shows a deep minimum [@supp] at the transition, at $1/J_\tau \!=\! 0.887(1)$, and yields a jump $\Delta \Gamma\! \approx\! 0.637$, close to the BKT value $2/\pi$. (B) Binder cumulants for the staggered current versus $1/J_\tau$ (for different $L$ for $J_\perp\!=\!1$) intersecting at a continuous transition at $1/J_\tau\! =\! 0.981(4)$. (B-inset) Critical susceptibility versus $L$ gives the ratio of critical exponents $\gamma/\nu \! \approx\! 1.72$, very close to 2D Ising value $\gamma/\nu\!=\!7/4$. Error bars are smaller than the symbol sizes. []{data-label="Fig:classical_trans"}](xy.eps){width="2.8in" height="1.7in"}
To check for staggered loop currents, we compute the Binder cumulant $B_L = \left(1 - \langle m^4 \rangle_L/3 \langle m^2 \rangle^2_L \right)$, for the order parameter $
%\begin{equation}
m = \frac{1}{L^2}\sum_{i\tau} \left( -1 \right)^i J_{i\tau},
$ where $J_{i,\tau}$ is the current around a spatial plaquette. For small $1/J_\tau$, we find $B_L \to 2/3$ indicating long range current order, while $B_L \to 0$ for large $1/J_\tau$ indicating absence of loop currents. Fig. \[Fig:classical\_trans\](B) shows the transition point where the current order vanishes as seen from the crossing of $B_L$ curves [@binder] for different $L$. Remarkably, we find that loop current order persists into the regime where the superfluid order is absent, revealing an intermediate insulating phase with staggered loop currents - this is the CMI.
For $J_\perp/J=1$, we find the BKT transition occurring at $1/J_\tau=0.887(1)$ while the current order vanishes at the Ising transition which is located at $1/J_\tau=0.981(4)$, where the error bars on the transition point are estimated from the error in the location of the dip in the inset of Fig.\[Fig:classical\_trans\](A) and the error in the crossing point in Fig.\[Fig:classical\_trans\](B), both of which yield the limiting thermodynamic values for the transition points. This establishes that the phase diagram supports [*three*]{} phases: CSF, CMI, and MI. A similar analysis for different values of $J_\perp$ allows us to obtain the phase diagram in Fig. \[Fig:classical\_phased\](A).
We have already seen that the transition out of the CSF, i.e., the CSF-CMI transition, is of the BKT type. The scaling of the divergent susceptibility peak $\chi_{\rm crit}(L)$ for current order (Fig. \[Fig:classical\_trans\](B) inset) shows that the CMI-MI critical point is a 2D Ising transition. Such consecutive, closely spaced, BKT-Ising thermal transitions are also observed in the classical 2D FFXY model [@olsson.prl1995], although its Hamiltonian is quite distinct from $H_{\rm XY}$, and the chiral order in the classical model corresponds to having in-plane currents rather than interlayer currents as in our bilayer model. Such consecutive transitions are also found in spinor condensates [@mukerjee.prb2009].
[*DMRG study. —*]{} We next study the FFBH ladder model in Eq. (\[LadderHam\]) at a filling of one boson per site using the finite size DMRG (FS-DMRG) method [@whitedmrg.prl1992]. (We set $t=1$ here.) As noted previously [@sengupta.epl2011; @cha.pra2011], the boson momentum distribution $n(k)$ in the presence of $\pi$-flux exhibits two peaks; for our gauge choice, these peaks are located at $k=0,\pi$. In the CSF state, which is a Luttinger liquid [@giamarchi] on the ladder, we have a singular momentum distribution $n(k \!\to\! 0) \sim |k|^{-(1-K/2)}$, with $K > 0$ being an interaction dependent Luttinger parameter [@supp]. Similarly, $n(k\to\pi) \sim
|k-\pi|^{-(1-K/2)}$. Let $U_{c 1}$ denote the location of the transition out of the CSF into an insulator. If this transition is of the BKT type, as shown from our XY model study, the exponent $K$ should take on a [*universal*]{} value $K_{c}\!\! =\!\! 1/2$ at $U_{c 1}$. A plot of $n(k\!=\!0) L^{-3/4}$ for different $L$ should thus show a crossing point at the transition out of the CSF, as seen at $U_{c1} \approx 3.98(1)$ in Fig. \[Fig:dmrg\](A) for $t_\perp=1$. Remarkably, Fig. 4(A) (inset) shows that the charge gap also becomes nonzero for $U > U_{c1}$, coinciding with the point where $K\!=\! 1/2$, confirming that the CSF-to-insulator transition is a BKT transition. This leads to the phase boundary of the CSF state shown in Fig. 2(B).
![(Color online) (A) DMRG results for $n(k=0)L^{-3/4}$ versus $U/t$, for the FFBH Hamiltonian in Eqn. \[LadderHam\] with $t_\perp\! =\! t$ and various $L$. The crossing of these curves at $U_{c1}/t \approx 3.98(1)$ yields the CMI-MI transition (see text). Inset shows the onset of the charge gap at $U_{c1}$. (B) Rung current structure factor $S_j(\pi)L^{2\beta/\nu}$ versus $U/t$ at $t_\perp=1$. The intersection point yields the CMI-MI Ising transition at $U_{c2} \approx 4.08(1) t$. Inset shows $S_j(\pi)L^{2\beta/\nu}$ versus $\delta L^{1/\nu}$ with $\delta \equiv
(U - U_{c 2})/t$, for different $U/t$, leading to a scaling collapse for 2D Ising exponents $\nu=1$ and $\beta=1/8$.[]{data-label="Fig:dmrg"}](dmrg.eps){width="2.8in" height="1.7in"}
The staggered current order parameter can be obtained from the rung-current structure factor $S_j(k)=\frac{1}{L^2}\sum_{x,x'}{e^{ik(x-x')}\langle{j_x j_{x'}}\rangle}$, with $j_x=i \left( a_x^\dagger b_x - b_x^\dagger a_x \right)$. $S_j(k=\pi) \sim L$ indicates long range staggered current order. Our XY model study informs us that the current order disappears at a MI-CMI transition which is in the Ising universality class. We thus expect $S_j(\pi)$ to obey the critical scaling form $S_j (\pi)L^{2\beta/\nu}= f \left(\left(U-U_{c 2} \right)L^{1/\nu}\right)$, where $U_{c 2}$ is the CMI-MI critical point, $f(.)$ is a universal scaling function, and $\beta = 1/8$ and $\nu=1$ are the Ising critical exponents. As a result, curves of $S_j (\pi)L^{2\beta/\nu}$ for different $L$ are expected to intersect at the MI-CMI critical point $U_{c 2}$. This crossing, as seen at $U_{c 2} \approx 4.08(1)$ for $t_\perp=1$ from Fig. \[Fig:dmrg\], allows us to carefully locate the CMI-MI phase transition. As seen in Fig.\[Fig:dmrg\] (inset), plotting $S_j (\pi)L^{2\beta/\nu}$ as a function of $(U-U_{c 2}) L^{1/\nu}$ shows a complete data collapse for $U_{c2} = 4.08$. Similar to our discussion for the computations on the XY model, our analysis of these crossing points in the FFBH model yields the limiting thermodynamic values of the transition points, and the error bars are estimated from examining the errors in these crossing points. Such an analysis, carried out for a range of values of $t_\perp/t$, allows us to map out the MI-CMI phase boundary in Fig. \[Fig:classical\_phased\](B); we find $U_{c2} > U_{c1}$, again consistent with an intermediate CMI state. [*Discussion. —*]{} Our computations on the FFBH model at unit filling and the XY model (which describes the FFBH model at large integer filling), suggest that the CMI appears near the tip of the Mott lobes at all boson fillings on the ladder. We have generalized the work of Ref. [@sorella.prl2007] to obtain a long-range Jastrow correlated wavefunction which captures all the essential correlations of this CMI state on the ladder [@supp]. Since the CMI is [*completely*]{} gapped, with not just a charge gap but also an “Ising” gap to charge-neutral excitations, it will be stable in a 2D system of weakly coupled FFBH ladders. The CSF and CMI states are bosonic analogs of staggered current metallic [@ddw] and insulating [@marston.prb2002] states of fermions in models of cuprate superconductors. The CSF and CMI also find analogs in insulating magnets: paramagnetic gapless [@chiralgapless] or spin-gapped [@chiral] phases with long range vector chiral order.
The CMI may be realized in a Josephson junction ladder at a magnetic field of $hc/4e$ flux per plaquette [@mooij], where it would appear as an insulator in transport measurements. With a Josephson coupling $\sim 1K$, we estimate that the spontaneous loop currents could produce staggered magnetic fields $\sim 1$nT for arrays with lattice parameter $10 \mu$m, which could be measured using SQUID microscopy [@fong.revsci2005]. Ultracold bosonic atoms in the presence of a (uniform or staggered) synthetic $\pi$-flux [@spielman.nature2009] are candidates to realize the CMI. The signature of the flux would appear as twin peaks in the atom momentum distribution: the peaks would be sharp in the CSF but broad in the CMI and MI. Re-interfering the $k=0$ and $k=\pi$ peaks obtained in time of flight via Bragg pulses [@bragg.epjd2005] could test for the persistence of intermode coherence (the phase $\theta=\pm\pi/2$) in the CMI, and distinguish it from the MI. Jaynes-Cummings lattices in a “magnetic field” [@JClattice], could also be used to simulate a polariton FFBH model. [*Acknowledgments:*]{} We thank B. P. Das, M. P. A. Fisher, D. A. Huse, and J. H. Thywissen, for discussions. We acknowledge support from DST, Govt. of India (SM and RVP), CSIR (RVP), and NSERC of Canada (AP).
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|
{
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
}
|
A system-wide initiative to prevent retained vaginal sponges.
As any perinatal nurse knows, retained vaginal sponges are an obstetrical and postpartum patient safety problem. As surgical sponge counts are not routine in some obstetrical units for vaginal births, our healthcare system chose to institute a rigorous process to eliminate retained sponges in all vaginal births. This article describes this process, along with the lessons learned, when Catholic Healthcare West implemented the Sponge ACCOUNTing System in its 32 hospitals in California, Arizona, and Nevada. Implementation of this process involved the standardization of practice for obstetricians, certified nurse midwives, nurses, obstetric technicians, radiologists, and radiology technicians in the management and accounting of surgical sponges.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
If you ask me, I think most people who procrastinate on filing their taxes is because most people end up taking the simple and standard route when filing. Those folks figure "Hey, my stuff is easy, so I've got time". When April umpteenth rolls around, they dig up their W-2's and rush to [insert big-box tax business here], or jump online with that free tax software they got when they bought their computer last year to get the basic return. If your taxes are THAT easy, why not use your smartphone to do them? SnapTax by TurboTax wants to be the app you think of when you are rushing around trying to beat the tax deadline. More info and video after the break
Quick disclaimer: Your taxes have to be pretty basic if you plan on using your smartphone to file your taxes. In addition to the basic requirements according to the TurboTax site...
- Don't own a home or have kids
- Only have W-2, interest, or unemployment income to report
- Earned less than $80K ($100K if married)
...I'm thinking the idea person that can file their taxes via SnapTax are youngin's (or college kids) with after-school jobs, or that fresh, still wet behind the ears, college-grad who hasn't acquired enough stuff to be considered a REAL adult.
But, if you fit the above requirements (the first set, not my wildly speculative and probably mildly insulting ones), with the free SnapTax app, filing your taxes are as easy as taking a photo of your W-2 and importing into the app, answering a couple of questions about your taxes and verifying your information and paying the $14.99 1040EZ file fee.
TurboTax is so sure that your smartphone taxes will be 100% accurate that its guarantee of reimbursing you of any penalties that you may incur + interest via a regular filing is also covered if you opt to go the SnapTax route.
So if you prefer to NOT bother with your "simple" taxes until the midnight hour, check out the SnapTax app from TurboTax for both iPhone and Android and drop tell us how it went in the comments section.
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U.S. oil prices surged 5.18 percent on Wednesday after the U.S. government reported a surprise draw in domestic crude stockpiles.
Crude stocks fell 4.9 million barrels last week as refineries continued to hike output and imports dropped, the Energy Information Administration (EIA) reported. Analysts polled by Reuters had expected inventories to hit record highs for an eighth straight week with a build of 3.2 million barrels. U.S. crude futures settled at $37.75 a barrel, up $1.86, or 5.18 percent. International Brent futures rose $1.91 to $39.76 a barrel.
U.S. crude futures found additional support from TransCanada Corp's delayed restart of its 590,000 barrel per day Keystone pipeline that delivers crude to Cushing and Illinois.
U.S. futures' front-month was at its narrowest discount in three weeks to the second month following the outage. Brent was also underpinned by planned maintenance works at Norway's Ekofisk and Britain's Buzzard oil fields. The rally represented a sentiment shift in oil after last week's 7 percent drop in U.S. crude futures and 4 percent in Brent amid worries the global glut in oil was growing again while producing countries' plans to freeze output would fail. The EIA also reported that gasoline stocks rose for the first time in six weeks, potentially snapping a pillar of support to U.S. crude prices. Stockpiles at the Cushing, Oklahoma, delivery hub for U.S. crude futures, another key data point, also rose. But traders chose to focus on more bullish aspects of the inventory report like the crude draw and the drop in crude imports of nearly 450,000 bpd. "I think the market is more about the total change in (crude) inventories, rather than individual components," said Scott Shelton, energy broker with ICAP in Durham, North Carolina. "It's the first week of the second quarter and we have a net draw. That will force the bears to rethink their bearish balances for Q2." Refinery runs rose by almost 200,000 bpd as utilization rates rose 1 percentage point.
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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Age estimation of unidentified corpses by measurement of root translucency.
To evaluate the root dentine translucency technique for age analysis, age estimates carried out at the Institute of Legal Medicine at the Charité University Hospital in Berlin between 1998 and 2002 of unidentified corpses were subjected to retrospective review. Teeth suitable for evaluation were obtained from 33 corpses of undisputed identity. Root translucency was measured at intervals of half a millimetre. Appropriate reference studies were used to translate the measurements obtained into estimated age. In 18 cases these estimates proved correct. In 14 cases the deviation lay within +/-10 years. In one case of known drug abuse combined with diabetic metabolism, two factors which promote the advance of root translucency, the deviation was 12 years. It was concluded that the described technique, which requires little time and money and is easy to apply, can produce sound results in the middle age group (30-60). To avoid seriously inaccurate estimates in individual cases, the result should always be verified critically against an assessment of the overall stomatognathic system and other post-mortem findings of relevance to age.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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The use of CEEA 34 in stapled hemorrhoidectomy: suggested modifications in technique.
Stapled hemorrhoidectomy has been shown to be superior to conventional hemorrhoidectomy in numerous randomized, controlled trials and systemic reviews, with less postoperative pain and faster recovery. Premium Plus CEEA 34 has been recently introduced for use in stapled hemorrhoidectomy. The use of this stapler requires some modifications in technique.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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INTRODUCTION {#s1}
============
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer death in the world with more than 788,000 death per year based on data presented in the World Health Organization (WHO). HCC is the most common liver malignancy with risk factors to the liver such as chronic viral hepatitis of B or C, exposure of alcohol abuse and aflatoxin toxins, and aberrant metabolic stress such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and obesity \[[@R1]\]. Less than 50% of HCC patients were diagnosed at early stage and majority of them were not qualified for curable surgical resection owing to late stage of tumor \[[@R2]\]. The prognosis for untreated HCC patients has a poor average survival rate 6∼20 months and more than 50% of treated patients developed recurrence and metastasis within 5 years of therapy \[[@R3]\]. A multiple kinase inhibitor Sorafenib was firstly approved for systemic therapy of advanced HCC in 2007 with an average response rate of 2∼3% and extending patient survival for a few months \[[@R4]\]. Another multiple kinase inhibitor regorafenib showed 10∼20% response rate as second-line therapy for advanced HCC was approved by FDA in 2017 \[[@R5]\]. Both multiple kinase inhibitors showed anti-angiogenesis activity by targeting angiogenic and oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases with modest improvement of HCC patient survival \[[@R6]\]. Moreover, with limited success on HCC cancer genome sequencing for common mutations as therapeutic targets for drug development, it is critical to develop other innovative strategies and novel targets and drugs to prolong survival of HCC patients \[[@R7]\].
Several lines of evidence already supported that aberrant translational machinery such as modulation of ribosome biogenesis, Akt1/mTOR signaling and translational initiation play critical roles in tumor progression \[[@R8], [@R9]\]. Translational initiation is the rate-limiting step of protein synthesis that could alter the overall gene expression or selectively enhance translation of oncogeneic mRNAs to impact cancer development and progression \[[@R10], [@R11]\]. EIF4E, the best-studied eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF), is frequently overexpressed in cancers and activates Akt1/mTOR signaling pathway to phosphorylate 4EBP1 (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1) for releasing EIF4E to bind to 5′ cap of mRNA to enable translation of oncogenic genes \[[@R12], [@R13]\]. EIF3 translation initiation complex is the largest eIF protein complex composed of 13 subunits from eIF3a to eIF3m and orchestrates formation and stability of 43S preinitiation complexes (PICs) for translational initiation \[[@R14]\]. Aberrant expression of eIF3 subunits were reported in many malignant tumors and play important roles during tumor progression \[[@R15], [@R16]\]. EIF3C also known as EIF3S8 or eIF3-p110 were found to be upregulated in neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), colon cancer, glioma, HCC and breast cancer. Silencing of EIF3C via knockdown or interacting with schwannomin could induce cell apoptosis and suppress cell proliferation and tumor growth \[[@R17]--[@R23]\]. Nevertheless, the underlining molecular mechanisms for upregulated EIF3C to mediate tumor progression and serve as therapeutic target to improve patient survival remain unclear.
Extracellular vesicles were released as heterogeneous plasma membrane vesicles from majority of cell types into body fluids under normal or disease conditions for intercellular communication \[[@R24]\]. Based on their size and biogenesis, extracellular vesicles in diameter could be mainly divided into exosomes (30∼150 nm), microvesicles (or microparticles) (100 nm∼1 µm) and apoptotic bodies (\>1 µm) as cargos for transmitting proteins, lipids, coding RNAs, noncoding RNAs such as microRNAs or even DNA to target cells for inducing various signaling cascades \[[@R25]\]. Numerous studies have shown that cancer cells utilized extracellular vesicles to communicate with stroma cells in the tumor microenvironment similar to cytokines and growth factors VEGF, FGF, TGFβ and Wnt to sustain favorite microenvironment for tumor progression, angiogenesis and metastasis \[[@R26], [@R27]\]. As part of routing clinical liquid biopsy, extracellular vesicles especially nano-sized exosomes could carry various cargos such as proteins, lipids, mRNAs, and miRNAs, and be easily uptook by recipient cells are emerging for developing tools for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions \[[@R28], [@R29]\].
In this study, we explored the roles of EIF3C upregulation in the tumor progression of HCC. Rather than direct stimulation of tumorigenic features such as cell proliferation and cell migration, we found an interesting mechanism that expression of EIF3C in HCC cells increase secretion of exosomes to promote angiogenesis and tumorigenesis of HCC with cross-validations of markers in human HCC tumor samples.
RESULTS {#s2}
=======
EIF3C is overexpressed and associated with poor patient survival in multiple HCC cohorts {#s2_1}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We found that EIF3C is upregulated in HCC tumor samples in comparison with normal tissues in TCGA HCC dataset (Figure [1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Higher expression of EIF3C in tumor samples is associated with poor patient survival in compared to that of lower expression HCC patients (Figure [1B](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). We validated EIF3C RNA expression in another HCC transcriptome dataset and found that EIF3C gradually increased expression to advanced stages and associated with poor patient survival of HCC patients \[[@R30]\] (Figure [1C](#F1){ref-type="fig"} and [1D](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Consistently, we also detected higher expression of EIF3C protein level at advanced stages of HCC tissues and in association with poor patient survival by using immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays (Figure [1E--1G](#F1){ref-type="fig"}).
{#F1}
The increasing expression of EIF3C in HCC tissues prompted us to examine its oncogenic properties in HCC cells. We were disappointed that there is no alterations in cell proliferation and expression of tumor progression-related genes including HIF1A, TGFβ1 and VEGF at RNA levels but decrease of trans-well cell migration assays in HCC cells PLC5, SNU449 and Huh7 ([Supplementary Figure 1A--1C](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
Overexpressed-EIF3C in HCC cells increased release of exosomes and enhanced angiogenesis *in vitro* and *in vivo* {#s2_2}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To investigate the roles of overexpressed EIF3C in HCC progression, we performed proteomic study of EIF3C protein complex with immunoprecipitation by using mass spectrometry. Interestingly, we found that EIF3C pulled down 1,738 proteins that participated in functions such as intracellular trafficking and secretion in the clusters of orthologous groups (COGs) and extracellular exosome in cellular component of gene ontology by DAVID Bioinformatics analysis ([Supplementary Figure 2A](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and [Supplementary Table 1](#SD2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). We hypothesized that EIF3C might enhance secretion of exosomes to promote tumor angiogenesis. We found that incubation of conditioned mediums collected from EIF3C-overexpressed HCC cells PLC5, SNU449 and Huh7 (Figure [2A](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) with HUVEC cells could enhance the tube formation of HUVEC in compared with that of mock control for *in vitro* angiogenesis assays (Figure [2B](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). We speculated that the conditioned mediums especially collected from EIF3C-expressed HCC cells might increase the release of vesicles to promote tube formation of HUVEC cells. Indeed, more vesicles ranged in exosome size were observed in EIF3C overexpressed PLC5 than that of mock control detected by electron microscopy (EM) (Figure [2C](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) \[[@R31]\] and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) (Figure [2D](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) \[[@R32], [@R33]\]. Consistently, when incubated HUVEC cells with PKH26-labelled vesicles, more PKH26-labelled vesicles derived from EIF3C expressed PLC5 were uptook by HUVEC cells than that of mock control (Figure [2E](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). Moreover, PKH26 labelled vesicles of EIF3C-expressed PLC5 were uptook more than that of mock control in terms of fluorescent labelling intensity in various HCC epithelial cells (Huh7, SNU449 and PLC5) and fibroblasts (WI-38 and NIH3T3) (Figure [2E](#F2){ref-type="fig"} and [Supplementary Figure 2B--2C](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) \[[@R34]\]. Together, our results demonstrated that EIF3C-overexpressed HCC cells could increase the release of extracellular exosomes and uptake by divergent cell types.
{#F2}
To confirm EIF3C expression increased release of exosomes in HCC cells, we detected protein expression of exosome biomarkers in exosomes including ALIX, TSG101, CD9, CD63 and CD81 as positive as well as GM130 as negative controls by Western blotting analysis \[[@R35]--[@R37]\]. To evaluate angiogenic functions of EIF3C-enhanced exosomes, we performed tubes formation of HUVEC cells *in vitro* and plugs assays *in vivo* for angiogenesis assays with PLC5 vesicles under treatments of exosome generation inhibitor GW4869 \[[@R38]\]. Our results demonstrated that EIF3C slightly increased expression of divergent exosome biomarkers in vesicles of HCC cells (Figure [2F](#F2){ref-type="fig"}), increased RNA concentration ratios in exosomes ([Supplementary Figure 2E](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), enhanced tubes formation of HUVEC cells (Figure [2G](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) and promoted the formation of new blood vessels in the transplanted matrix gel plugs in nude mice (Figure [2H](#F2){ref-type="fig"} and [2I](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). In contrast, treatment of exosome generation inhibitor GW4869 in EIF3C expressed HCC vesicles diminished aforementioned exosome uptook, biomarker expression, and angiogenesis *in vitro* and *in vivo* (Figure [2E, 2G--2I](#F2){ref-type="fig"} and [Supplementary Figure 2B--2D](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). We further performed exosome proteomic analysis for links of EIF3C-mediated angiogenic functions by using mass spectrometry and gene ontology analysis by DAVID Bioinformatics. Consistently, our results showed that the 204 EIF3C specific exosome containing proteins might participate in extracellular exosome in cellular component of gene ontology analysis and in VEGF, hypoxia and angiogenesis of BIOCARTA pathway ([Supplementary Figure 2F](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and [Supplementary Table 2](#SD3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Together, our results demonstrated that EIF3C- overexpressed HCC cells could increase the release of extracellular exosomes to promote *in vitro* angiogenesis by tube formation assays.
Inoculation of EIF3C-increased PLC5 exosomes with Huh7 enhanced HCC angiogenesis and tumorigenesis {#s2_3}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In addition to enhance HCC angiogenesis, we examined the potential of EIF3C-increased exosomes participated in HCC tumorigenesis. Interestingly, we found that subcutaneous inoculation of mixture of EIF3C-enhanced PLC5 exosomes with Huh7 into nude mice promoted tumor growth (Figure [3A](#F3){ref-type="fig"} and [3B](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). The increased tumor masses was suppressed by treatment of exosome inhibitor GW4869 on the EIF3C enhanced exosomes in the inoculated mixture with Huh7 cells in the subcutaneous tumorigenesis assays. Moreover, we also found that the increased subcutaneous tumor growth of the mixture of EIF3C-enhanced exosomes with Huh7 also potentiated expression of EIF3C and CD31 endothelial marker by IHC assays (Figures [3C-E](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Treatments with exosome inhibitor GW4869 suppressed expression of CD31 endothelial marker but not EIF3C expression in the subcutaneous tumors.
{#F3}
To validate the expression of EIF3C in promoting human HCC tumorigenesis and angiogenesis, we performed IHC assays for concordant expression of EIF3C and vessel biomarker CD34 in human HCC tumors. We found that upregulated-EIF3C expression is concordantly increased expression of CD34 endothelial marker in human HCC tumors (*P \<* 0.001 and *r =* 0.5321) (Figure [3F](#F3){ref-type="fig"} and [3G](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Our results suggested that the increasing expression of EIF3C in HCC cells could promote HCC angiogenesis and tumorigenesis via increasing secretion of exosomes.
S100A11 involved in EIF3C-enhanced angiogenesis and tumorigenesis of HCC {#s2_4}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
We found that two members of S100 family proteins S100A11 and S100P were identified in EIF3C exosome proteomic data ([Supplementary Table 2](#SD3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Since members of S100 family proteins are known to play critical roles in cancer progression and angiogenesis \[[@R39]--[@R41]\] and since recent quantitative proteomics of exosomes identified S100A11 is a carcinoma-related protein located in the HCC exosomes \[[@R42]\], we speculated that expression of S100A11 might participate in EIF3C-mediated exosomes to promote HCC angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. Indeed, our results demonstrated that EIF3C upregulated expression of S100A11 in HCC cells PLC5 and SNU449 by Western blotting analysis (Figure [4A](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). After demonstration of knockdown efficiency of three S100A11 shRNAs by Western blotting analysis (Figure [4B](#F4){ref-type="fig"}), we found exosomes collected from EIF3C-expressed HCC cells significantly reduced HUVEC tube formation of *in vitro* angiogenesis assays (Figure [4C](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Importantly, simultaneous high RNA expression of EIF3C and S100A11 in human HCC tumors showed worst survival, and expression of either EIF3C or S100A11 showed poor survival in compared to low expression of both RNAs of HCC patients in TCGA HCC dataset (Figure [4D](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). We also validated concordant protein expression of EIF3C and S100A11 on HCC tumor tissues by IHC assays. Consistently, the concordant high expression of EIF3C and S100A11 in HCC tumors showed the poor survival in compared to longer survival of low expression of both proteins in human HCC patients (Figures [4E](#F4){ref-type="fig"} and [4F](#F4){ref-type="fig"}).
{#F4}
DISCUSSION {#s3}
==========
To extend our understanding how aberrant translational machinery participated in tumorigenesis, we investigated the roles of upregulated-EIF3C in association with poor patient survival and served as theranostic target for improving HCC therapy. We found that EIF3C mediated tumor progression via increasing release of oncogenic exosomes to potentiate angiogenesis and tumorigenesis in tumor microenvironment. Treatment of exosome inhibitor GW4869 or suppression of S100A11 expression to diminish EIF3C-mediated HCC angiogenesis further suggested that up-regulated EIF3C expression in HCC is a theranostic target for HCC therapeutic interventions.
Except EIF3E and EIF3F found down-regulated and conferred tumor suppressive activity in cancers \[[@R43], [@R44]\], majority of EIF3 members including EIF3A \[[@R45]\], EIF3B \[[@R46]\], EIF3C \[[@R47]\], EIF3D \[[@R48]\], EIF3H \[[@R49]\], EIF3I \[[@R50], [@R51]\] and EIF3M \[[@R52]\] were up-regulated and played important roles in tumor progression of multiple cancer types. Nevertheless, detail mechanisms of how the aberrant expression of individual EIF3s directly involved in the tumorigenic signaling pathways rather than simply accompanied with aberrant protein synthesis remain critical issues for elucidation. For examples, EIF3E also called *int-6* because of frequent integration by the mouse mammary tumor virus resulted in a truncated EIF3E protein that was shown to be oncogenic to induce mammary tumorigenesis \[[@R53], [@R54]\]. However, ectopic expression of full-length EIF3E did not cause cellular transformation in NIH3T3 cell \[[@R22]\]. EIF3F expression is frequently lower in 70∼100% of tumors in compared to the tumor tissues possibly due to frequent detection of loss of heterozygosity in cancer genome or interacting with and phosphorylated by cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) during apoptosis resulted in suppression of protein translation during apoptosis \[[@R55], [@R56]\]. EIF3I can specifically upregulated and interact with phospho-Akt1 (Ser473) to prevent de-phosphorylation by phosphatase PP2A and to sustain oncogenic p-Akt1 activity to facilitate tumor progression \[[@R57]\].
Although we detected no increase of cell proliferation and decrease of cell migration in EIF3C-expressing HCC cells that are inconsistent to previous reports \[[@R17]--[@R19], [@R21], [@R23], [@R58]\], we revealed an EIF3C oncogenic mechanism via increasing release of exosomes in HCC cells to target surrounding HCC and stroma cells to promote HCC angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. With cross-validations of aberrant expression of EIF3C with endothelial markers for angiogenesis and simultaneous high expression of EIF3C and S100A11 in association with poor HCC patient survival in human HCC tissues, some interesting caveats are warrant to explore for better understanding the roles of EIF3C in HCC tumor angiogenesis and progression.
First of all, with lines of evidence of supporting EIF3C-stimulated release of exosomes determined by vesicle size and markers, we suspected that the increasing EIF3C exosomes are due to alteration of protein and RNA contents to promote HCC angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. Studies of underline mechanisms of EIF3C-stimulating exosome biosynthesis might lead to future clinical applications. Secondly, although we focused mainly on assays of EIF3C-exosomes mediated angiogenesis, how these EIF3C-exosomes increased EIF3C expression in Huh7 subcutaneous tumors in nude mice to mimic the observation of EIF3C upregulation in human HCC tissues and how EIF3C exosome mediated angiogenesis without affecting expression of HIF1A and VEGF in HCC cells require additional mechanistic studies. Finally, we demonstrated that S100A11 participated in EIF3C-exosomes mediated HCC angiogenesis and simultaneous high expression of EIF3C and S100A11 is associated with poor HCC patient survival. Omics approaches to reveal other tumorigenic components such as proteins, RNAs and non-coding RNAs in EIF3C-exosomes could further dissect the EIF3C upregulation mediated tumor progression.
Together, an oncogenic mechanism of enhancing exosome release by ectopic expression of EIF3C in HCC cells to promote HCC angiogenesis and tumorigenesis was revealed in this study. Although the detail molecular mechanisms for individual expression of EIF3C in tumor progression of HCC and other cancer types remain obscure, upregulated-EIF3C served as theranostic marker through treatment of exosome generation inhibitor GW4869 and suppression of S100A11 expression is firmly established. Future studies on using EIF3C as biomarker for anti-angiogenesis therapy in HCC and the combination therapy of anti-EIF3C exosomes with anti-angiogenesis therapies might be important for improvement of HCC intervention.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES {#s4}
=======================
Cell culture {#s4_1}
------------
Hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines: PLC/PRF/5(PLC5) and SNU-449 were purchased from ATCC; and Huh7 was obtained from Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources (JCRB) Cell Bank. Cells were all cultured in DMEM (Gibco 12800-058) containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 units/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, and Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution (Gibco 11140-050). Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) were purchased from ScienCell and cultured in Endothelial Cell Medium (ScienCell).
Chemicals and reagents {#s4_2}
----------------------
PKH26 membrane dye and exososme inhibitor GW4869 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Trans-well chambers were purchased from Merck Millipore. PrestoBlue Cell Viability Reagent were purchased from Invitrogen. jetPEI^®^ transfection reagent were purchased from Polyplus-transfection^®^. EIF3C polyclonal antibodies were purchased from Sigma. S100A11,CD63,TSG101,CD31,CD34,CD81,GM130,HA, Actin polyclonal antibodies were purchased from GeneTex; CD9 and ALIX polyclonal antibodies were purchased from Abcam, and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit and anti-mouse secondary antibody were ordered from System Biosciences. pcDNA5/FRT EIF3C plasmid was kindly given by Dr. Hershey JW.
Exosome isolation and purification {#s4_3}
----------------------------------
PLC5, SNU-449 and Huh7 cells were cultured to 70% confluence in 10 cm dishes in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% FBS, and transfection for 16 hr, then culture cells in serum free medium for 2 hr to collect their supernatants. Supernatants followed by filtration through a 0.2 μm filter from Millipore. The filtered supernatants were then concentrated by centrifugation using an Amicon® Ultra (AU) filter (Millipore). The final concentrated crude exosomes is ready for downstream analysis except western blot. We cultured cells (2 × 10^7^) in three 10 cm dishes and concentrated supernatants to 700 ul to perform angiogenesis, TEM, uptake and plug assays in each sample in every test. These crude exosomes were used within one week. The filtered supernatants were then mixed with Total Exosome Isolation Reagent (Thermo) and incubated overnight at 2° C to 8° C. The precipitated exosomes were recovered by standard centrifugation at 10,000 × g for 60 min. The pellet was then ready for protein extraction and performed western blot.
MASS spectrometry {#s4_4}
-----------------
Proteins from Immuno-precipitation or exosomes were fractionated by one-dimensional electrophoresis followed by trypsin in-gel protein digestion and measure the peptide mass and peptide fragment mass by LC-ESI/MS/MS or 2D-LC-ESI/MS/MS and to identify the proteins with matching to database.
Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) {#s4_5}
------------------------------------
The number and size of nanoparticles was assessed using NanoSight NS300 nanoparticle characterization system by DKSH in Taiwan.
Mice {#s4_6}
----
Male NOD.CB17-*Prkdcscid*/NcrCrlBltw mice were purchased from BioLASCO Taiwan Co., Ltd and used at 4--6 weeks of age. Animal experiments abided by the guidelines for animal care and use issued by Academeia Sinica SPF animal facility
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) {#s4_7}
--------------------------------------
Purified exosomes were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (w/v) in 200 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Fixed exosomes were dripped onto Formvar carbon-coated 200 mesh copper grids and absorbed at room temperature (RT) for 10 min. Excess liquid was removed with filter paper. Adsorbed exosomes were negatively stained with 3% phosphotungstic acid at RT for 5 min, dried with an incandescent lamp for 2 min, and observed via TEM (FEI Teccnai G2 F20 TWIN). Images were obtained using a cooled slow CCD camera.
Western blotting {#s4_8}
----------------
PLC5-, SNU-449- and Huh7-derived exosomes and cells were lysed in RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitors and proteins were resolved using SDS-PAGE. After transfer to a PVDF membrane, standard immunoblot analysis was performed. Membranes were incubated with primary antibodies HA (1:1000), Actin (1:1000), TSG101 (1:1000), CD63 (1:1000), EIF3C (1:1000), and S100A11(1:1000) at 4°C overnight in a buffer containing 5% skim milk, and then with a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody at 37°C for 30 mins. Protein-band densities were analyzed quantitatively using Image Quant TL.
Exosome fluorescent labeling and uptake assay {#s4_9}
---------------------------------------------
The final concentrated crude exosomes were labeled using the green lipophilic fluorescent dye, PKH26 for 5 min. PKH26-labeled exosomes were pelleted at 100,000 g for 70 min, washed three times with PBS, and re-suspended in Endothelial Cell Growth Medium. HUVEC cells were incubated with labeled exosomes for 16 h. Images were obtained using an inverted fluorescence microscope (PE Ultra VIEW).
Cell proliferation {#s4_10}
------------------
Cells were seeded on a new 96-well plate (5,000 cells/well) in DMEM medium with supplements. PrestoBlue^®^ was measured after 72 hr. Eight wells were used for each group at each representative test. Whole experiments were repeated three times.
Cell migration {#s4_11}
--------------
For the cell migration assays, cell culture was performed using 24-Well Millicell inserts (Millipore) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cells (1 × 10^5^) in 300 μl serum-free medium were added to the upper chambers and cultured for 24 h. Non-migrating or non-invading cells were removed with cottons swabs. Cells migrated or invaded to the bottom of the membrane were stained with the cell stain buffer and counted under microscope and photographed. Three independent experiments were performed for the same conditions.
Tube formation assays in µ-slide angiogenesis {#s4_12}
---------------------------------------------
The slides were purchased from ibidi. Ten µl of Geltrex^®^ (Thermo) gel was applied to each inner well. For a final cell number of 10,000 cells per well, we adjusted a cell suspension of 2 × 10^5^ cells/ml. Then mixed exosome and ECM medium (1:1) thoroughly. Applied 50 µl cell suspension to each upper well. Immediately after seeding the cells, position the slide on an inverted microscope equipped with an incubation chamber and then start a time-lapse recording with 4× magnification and a time interval of 20 minutes in between the single images and data acquisition for 16 H (Model- Leica DMI 6000B).
Plug assay {#s4_13}
----------
Mixed a total of 50 μl final concentrated crude exosomes with 250 μl ice-cold matrigel (the matrigel maintains as liquid form at 2--8° C and solidifies rapidly at 22--37° C). Subcutaneously injected the 300 μl matrigel mixture into a flank of five male NOD SCID mice (one injection site per mouse) with an ice-cold syringe and a 24 G one inch needle. After inoculation for 14 days, excised the matrigel, fixed with formalin overnight, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned onto slides.
*In vivo* xenograft growth {#s4_14}
--------------------------
5 × 10^6^ Huh7 cells in 1:1 ratio of Exosome: Matrigel (Growth Factor Reduced; BD Biosciences) were injected subcutaneously in flanks of 8-week-old male nude mice. Tumors were resected and weighed after 4 weeks. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue samples were examined with IHC stain.
IHC and scoring {#s4_15}
---------------
IHC was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. De-paraffinization, antigen retrieval and antigen-antibody reactions were performed using an automated DAKO Envision with Dual Link system-HRP. Tissue sections were incubated with primary antibodies followed by HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (from DAKO envision kit). Primary antibodies EIF3C (1:100), CD31 (1:00), CD34 (1:100), and S100A11 (1:100) were purchased from Sigma and GeneTex. Staining was developed using counterstained with haematoxylin and evaluated by pathologist. The scores all from the pathologist's visual estimation. We designed 4-grade EIF3C and S100A11 scoring criteria from 0 to 3. Score ranks usually lie in a range from "negative" to "positive", which describing different force of IHC expression in investigated groups, include: "negative" (Score 0), "weak" (Score 1), "moderate" (Score 2), "strong" (Score 3). IHC marker for CD34, were used to establish micro-vessel density (MVD). This parameter is often presented as a number of micro-vessels per square millimeter or mean value with standard deviations. The MVD was measured based on Weidner's method. Each positive endothelial cell cluster of immune-reactivity in contact with the selected field was counted as an individual vessel in addition to the morphologically identifiable vessels with a lumen. The intensity of the staining was scored as 0, 1, 2, 3, indicating absence of staining, weak, moderate, or strong intensity, respectively. Besides, we counted the absolute quantity of CD31 positively stained cells for each investigated in different experimental groups. Results in studies using this method to present as mean values of positively stained cells (and/or structures) among counted experimental groups.
Real time PCR {#s4_16}
-------------
For real time PCR, the total RNAs of PLC5, SNU-449 and Huh7 cells with overexpression of EIF3C or control were extracted by using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) and quantified by spectrophotometry (Nanodrop 2000; Thermo Scientific). The cDNA was synthesized using Revert Aid first strand cDNA synthesis kit (Thermo Scientific). The SYBR Green Supermix (Bio-Rad) was used for real time PCR on a 500 Fast & 7500 Real-Time PCR System (Thermo Scientific). Relative change in gene expression level was determined using the 2−ΔΔCt method. The primers were designed as follows: β-actin-Forward CTGGCACCCAGCACAATG, β-actin-Reversed CCGATCCACACGGAGTACTTG, VE GF-F GGGGGCAGAATCATCACGAA, VEGF-R GC AACGCGAGTCTGTGTTTT, TGF-β1-F CGTGGAG CTGTACCAGAAATA, TGF-β1-R TCCGGTGACATC AAAAGATAA, HIF1A-F CCAGTTACGTTCCTTCGATC AGT and HIF1A-R TTTGAGGACTTGCGCTTTCA.
TCGA RNA {#s4_17}
--------
The RNA sequencing result of HCC and corresponding clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was acquired from TCGA Data Portal in Nov. 2015. Tumor parts and adjacent normal parts are annotated as TCGA indication. The RSEM expression value are output from level 3 RNAseqV2 result for further analysis.
Statistical analysis {#s4_18}
--------------------
Quantitative data are presented as means ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.). Using GraphPad Prism 7 software to test for significant differences in qPCR, proliferation, tumor growth, and migration assays. Data were compared using Student's *t*-test, Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test, Bartlett's test, or ANOVA test. *P \<* 0.05 was considered significant.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS FIGURES AND TABLES {#s5}
==========================================
**Author contributions**
H.Y.L. and Y.S.J. designed and performed the research; H.Y.L. and C.K.C. performed IHC, IHC data interpretation and experimental suggestions; C.M.H., C.Y.C. and S.S.L. help on bioinformatics analysis; K.J.C. supports animal experiments; and H.Y.L. and Y.S.J. analyzed the data and wrote the paper. The authors declare no competing financial interests.
We thank Common Equipment Core of IBMS and Academia Sinica including microscopy, EM, DNA sequencing, proteomics, pathology and Flow Cytometry for supporting our experiments. We would like to thank RNAi and EM core facilities of Academia Sinica for handling exosome data.
**CONFLICTS OF INTEREST**
No conflicts of interests to all authors.
**FUNDING**
Our work has been supported by grants from Academia Sinica and MOST \[106-0210-01-15-02\] and by the MOST, Taiwan with grant numbers MOST1012320B001029MY3, MOST1042320B001009MY3 and MOST1062321B001051.
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This is the hazy window into the portion of my mind I choose to reveal. For those who know me, I am a private individual. This journal is mostly Friends Only; If you want to see more entries, add me and comment to let me know, and I probably will add you back.
So, my sister in law was in town last night, so a group of us went out drinking. We drank for close to 6 hours and ran up a $400+ tab. That's alot of alcohol!
Finally we all started going our separate ways and we ended up in Union Station to put my sis in law on the train home and what do you know, the guy I helped get money for ticket home one morning a couple of days ago was there. And guess what, he had a different story and didn't acknowledge me from before and wanted more money. We confronted him on asking for money the other time and he became rude and started swearing at us. He ended up hoping in a cab to elude us. So much for me feeling good about helping someone out. If I see him again, he's going to take a swim in the river.
::EDIT::Oh, I forgot to mention, I was out of it for most of the day. I think I am finally getting over the drinking binge last night. ;)
There are some people it just doesnt pay to help. Ive got this thing that if the persn is dressed better than me (i.e. suit or tie or just better threads) I wont give them a dime. If theyre dressed that nice they probly have a debit card or credit card. I really dont give out anything more than a few coins, and thats when Im feeling really generous.
There are people out there that are professional pan handlers. Youll see them in the same location for a few days or every few days and they jump around locations. Always there during the busy times for that area.
Like down by the dd theres nobody around when I go to work but when the bars are closing theres a ton of people asking for some change for the bus or the train or their baby needs formula or anything. At times I just get sick of it and Ill ask them 20 questions until they get sick of it and leave.
There is a gal who sits on State Street with a sign that says, "Student travelling across the country, lost wallet, please help." She & her boyfriend live out in the suburbs - apparently one of my friends knows her. Nice little scam.
There was a couple doing that right outside of the double door about a month ago. There was one guy that sat outsdie of the Milwaukee door every night too. He'd sit there and tell all the people that they had to go around to the Damen door to get in and hed help with load out. The bands would give him a t shirt. But I highly doubt he was a bum. He always told me that he was traveling through the US and hed never ask for money. One of the sound guys even offered to get him dinner or coffee for helping with the load out and he always refused. He must have found a way out of town though cause I never see him anymore.
I hate all beggars, including the ones that put on a vest and claim they're raising money for charity. I'll tip the musicians in the tunnels at O'Hare because I'm getting something for the money.
REALLY hate the ones outside the United Center.REALLY hate the ones that already wreak of booze and give you some sob story.
I remember some newspaper article that said some of those guys clear $300 tax free a DAY. Perhaps I should make a cardboard sign that says "Unemployed. Please help me keep from losing my house" and see what happens.
Some people have no shame. I once had a party at my practice spot that was indoor/outdoors. And there was this black chick there slamming down drinks and getting out of hand. Finally I told her she had to go and she claimed that she was a friend of my friend and she was taking care of her. I knew she didnt know her. Turns out she was a bum that crashed the party and I threw her out 4 times and she kept coming back. It got real nasty and not more than 2 weeks later I see her at the train station and she hits me up for bus fare. I said "HELL, NO!" and she didn't even recognize me. People are messd up these days.
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Joseph L. Price
Joseph L. Price (Joe Price) is an American professor. Since 1982, Price has been a Religious Professor at Whittier College, a secular liberal arts college in Whittier, California. His teaching of sports and religion has brought media attention and he has been featured as a guest speaker on NPR, appeared in a segment on the CBS Good Morning, and in a documentary produced by the NFL.
Personal Life
Price is the son and grandson of ministers. Since early childhood, Price has been a major baseball fan. Before becoming a professor of religious studies, Price frequently taught biblical studies to adult classes in different churches.
Price met and married his wife Bonnie, an elementary school teacher, in Kentucky in 1973.
In 1982, he received a doctorate from the University of Chicago Divinity School.
Career
Joseph L. Price is the Genevieve Shaul Connick Professor of Religious Studies at Whittier College. With a doctorate in theology and culture, he has taught more than thirty different courses, ranging from "The Life and Teaching of Jesus" to "Latin American Liberation Theologies" and from "Cinema and Religion" to "Sport, Play, and Ritual."
He is the author and co-editor of several theological works, including Tillich and A New Handbook of Christian Theology, he has also published numerous essays and books on sports and religion, including From Season to Season: Sports as American Religion and Rounding the Bases: Baseball and Religion in America.
Combining his interests in sports, ritual studies, and music, he has sung the national anthem for more than 125 professional baseball games in 20 Major League ballparks (including Candlestick Park, Dodger Stadium, Angel Stadium, and Comiskey Park) and 100 minor league stadiums in 42 states. His personal quest, which began in 1977, is to perform in every major ballpark in the country.
In 2015, Price co-founded the Institute for Baseball Studies on the campus of Whittier College. He is currently the Institute's co-director chair. The Institute is the first humanities-based research center of its kind related with a college or university in the United States. The Institute's collection includes photos of Shoeless Joe Jackson; Babe Ruth on a movie set "The Catch"; and papers of different baseball historians and journalists, among other archives. The institute is open to the public on Fridays.
References
Category:Whittier College faculty
Category:Living people
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:University of Chicago alumni
Category:University of Chicago Divinity School alumni
Category:Southern Baptist Theological Seminary alumni
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
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1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a mould for moulding an elastomeric glazing profile in situ on a sheet of glazing material, and to a method for moulding the profile. It also relates to a glazing comprising a sheet of glazing material with an elastomeric glazing profile moulded on it; the glazing may be a vehicle glazing for glazing a vehicle window, e.g. a backlight for glazing a rear window.
2. Description of the Related Art
It is known to provide a unitary glazing comprising a sheet of glazing material with an elastomeric glazing profile moulded in situ on the sheet by a technique known as edge encapsulation. Materials in sheet form have two major faces and one or more peripheral edge faces, and as the term edge encapsulation implies, in this known technique, the material from which the profile is moulded extends over a marginal portion of one major face, over the peripheral edge, and onto the other major face. A simple mould for edge encapsulation generally comprises two mating segments which define the mould cavity together with the sheet of glazing material.
Some of the glazings (“parts”) required by vehicle manufacturers include an “undercut” portion, i.e. in cross-sectional view the part includes a recessed portion. The recessed portion (also known as a re-entrant portion) may be within the profile or at the meeting-point of the sheet glazing material and the profile. It is known to incorporate moving mould segments into the mould design for such parts, the reasons generally being either so that the mould can actually be machined in the first place, and/or so that the part can be removed after moulding. These moving mould segments are frequently termed “sliding cores”, and an example is described in EP 156 882 B1 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 4,561,625 and partially corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 4,839,122) in column 5 at line 22 et seq.
For some years, it has been an important consideration in the motor industry to reduce the fuel consumption of vehicles, and reducing the drag coefficient (i.e. the air resistance) of vehicles can make a significant contribution to this. One way to reduce a vehicle's drag coefficient is to arrange the vehicle glazing to be flush with the bodywork to give the vehicle a smooth external contour; this is termed “flush glazing”. It will be appreciated that edge encapsulation as taught in EP 156 882 B1 is incompatible with flush glazing, because the portion of the glazing profile on the outside face of a window-pane protrudes from it. Vehicle manufacturers therefore demand that a glazing profile should be present on only one of the two major faces of a window-pane; these products are referred to as “single sided”.
Extrusion lends itself to the manufacture of such products, but is not without disadvantages. For instance, it is difficult (and requires expensive measures) to obtain a satisfactory joint between the beginning and the end of the extruded profile; materials suitable for extrusion which are also sufficiently durable to give an adequate service life are expensive, and one cannot extrude around a sharp corner.
Attempts have therefore been made to develop moulding techniques to make single sided products, and one example is known from WO 98/05487. However. some shortcomings remain, as will now be explained. A surface of a glazing profile which is visible when the glazing is installed in a vehicle is termed a “show face” (this is normally the outward-facing surface). One consequence of the move to flush glazing is that the show face is no longer wholly positioned on the outside of the window-pane, rather, it may be at least partly positioned inwardly of the inside face, and is generally on a member such as a lip or tongue which extends beyond the inside face.
Frequently, the area of contact between the glazing profile and the pane is positioned adjacent the peripheral edge of the window-pane, but slightly displaced towards the centre of the latter. This results in a recess defined by the glazing profile and the pane together, i.e. the part includes an undercut. The recess is positioned adjacent the contact area between the pane and the profile on one side, and adjacent the peripheral edge of the pane on the other side. A conventional mould for such a part needs to include sliding cores to allow removal of the part, generally one per side so that a generally rectangular pane would require four sliding cores meeting at the corners.
Unfortunately it is usually the case that lines are left on the moulded profile at the joints where the sliding cores meet; with single sided moulding these mould lines are on the show face and hence objectionably visible. This was not so for the true edge encapsulated products made in the mould of EP 156 882 B1; although mould lines occurred, they were not positioned on the show face and hence could be tolerated. A related disadvantage of sliding cores is that the liquid moulding material may penetrate the joints and then set to a solid, i.e. limited leakage may occur. The resulting flap or fringe of elastomer (known as “flash” in the industry) on the curved profile must be removed, generally by a manual trimming operation, leaving a mould line as mentioned above. Furthermore, it is generally the case that the complexity of moulds with multiple sliding cores adds to their cost and makes them prone to such leakage.
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Stella Adler
Stella Adler (February 10, 1901 – December 21, 1992) was an American actress and acting teacher. She founded the Stella Adler Studio of Acting in New York City in 1949. Later in life she taught part time in Los Angeles, with the assistance of protégée, actress Joanne Linville, who continues to teach Adler's technique. Her grandson Tom Oppenheim now runs the school in New York City, which has produced alumni such as Marlon Brando, Robert De Niro, Harvey Keitel, Elaine Stritch, Kate Mulgrew, Kipp Hamilton, and Jenny Lumet.
Irene Gilbert, a longtime protégée and friend, ran the Stella Adler Studio of Acting in Los Angeles, until her death. The Los Angeles school continues to function as an acting studio and houses several theaters. Alumni of the Stella Adler-Los Angeles school include Mark Ruffalo, Benicio del Toro, Brion James, Salma Hayek, Clifton Collins Jr., and Sean Astin.
Early life
Stella Adler was born in the Lower East Side of New York City. She was the youngest daughter of Sara and Jacob P. Adler, the sister of Luther and Jay Adler, and half-sister of Charles Adler and Celia Adler, star of the Yiddish Theater. All five of her siblings were actors. The Adlers comprised the Jewish American Adler acting dynasty, which had its start in the Yiddish Theater District and was a significant part of the vibrant ethnic theatrical scene that thrived in New York from the late 19th century to the 1950s. Adler became the most famous and influential member of her family. She began acting at the age of four as a part of the Independent Yiddish Art Company of her parents.
Career
Adler began her acting career at the age of four in the play Broken Hearts at the Grand Street Theatre on the Lower East Side, as a part of her parents' Independent Yiddish Art Company. She grew up acting alongside her parents, often playing roles of boys and girls. Her work schedule allowed little time for schooling, but when possible, she studied at public schools and New York University. She made her London debut, at the age of 18, as Naomi in Elisa Ben Avia with her father's company, in which she appeared for a year before returning to New York. In London, she met her first husband, Englishman Horace Eliashcheff; their brief marriage, however, ended in a divorce.
Adler made her English-language debut on Broadway in 1922 as the Butterfly in The World We Live In, and she spent a season in the vaudeville circuit. In 1922–23, the renowned Russian actor-director Konstantin Stanislavski made his only U.S. tour with his Moscow Art Theatre. Adler and many others saw these performances, which had a powerful and lasting impact on her career and the 20th-century American theatre. She joined the American Laboratory Theatre in 1925; there, she was introduced to Stanislavski's theories, from founders and Russian actor-teachers and former members of the Moscow Art Theater—Richard Boleslavsky and Maria Ouspenskaya. In 1931, with Sanford Meisner and Elia Kazan, among others, she joined the Group Theatre, New York, founded by Harold Clurman, Lee Strasberg, and Cheryl Crawford, through theater director and critic, Clurman, whom she later married in 1943. With Group Theatre, she worked in plays such as Success Story by John Howard Lawson, two Clifford Odets plays, Awake and Sing! and Paradise Lost, and directed the touring company of Odets's Golden Boy and More to Give to People. Members of Group Theatre were leading interpreters of the method acting technique based on the work and writings of Stanislavski.
In 1934, Adler went to Paris with Harold Clurman and studied intensively with Stanislavski for five weeks. During this period, she learned that Stanislavski had revised his theories, emphasizing that the actor should create by imagination rather than memory. Upon her return, she broke away from Strasberg on the fundamental aspects of method acting.
In January 1937, Adler moved to Hollywood. There, she acted in films for six years under the name Stella Ardler, occasionally returning to the Group Theater until it dissolved in 1941. Eventually, she returned to New York to act, direct, and teach, the latter first at Erwin Piscator's Dramatic Workshop at the New School for Social Research, New York City, before founding Stella Adler Conservatory of Theatre in 1949. In the following years, she taught Marlon Brando, Judy Garland, Elizabeth Taylor, Dolores del Río, Lena Horne, Robert De Niro, Elaine Stritch, Martin Sheen, Manu Tupou, Harvey Keitel, Melanie Griffith, Peter Bogdanovich, and Warren Beatty, among others, the principles of characterization and script analysis. She also taught at the New School, and the Yale School of Drama. For many years, Adler led the undergraduate drama department at New York University,<ref>Stella Adler (1901–1992) – Biographical Sketch Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin.</ref> and became one of America's leading acting teachers.
Stella Adler was much more than a teacher of acting. Through her work she imparts the most valuable kind of information—how to discover the nature of our own emotional mechanics and therefore those of others. She never lent herself to vulgar exploitations, as some other well-known so-called "methods" of acting have done. As a result, her contributions to the theatrical culture have remained largely unknown, unrecognized, and unappreciated.
—Marlon Brando
In 1988, she published The Technique of Acting with a foreword by Marlon Brando. From 1926 until 1952, she appeared regularly on Broadway. Her later stage roles include the 1946 revival of He Who Gets Slapped and an eccentric mother in the 1961 black comedy Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mama's Hung You in the Closet and I'm Feelin' So Sad. Among the plays she directed was a 1956 revival of the Paul Green/Kurt Weill antiwar musical Johnny Johnson. She appeared in only three films: Love on Toast (1937), Shadow of the Thin Man (1941), and My Girl Tisa (1948). She concluded her acting career in 1961, after 55 years. During that time, and for years after, she became a renowned acting teacher.
Stanislavski and the method
Adler was the only member of the Group Theatre to study with Konstantin Stanislavski. She was a prominent member of the Group Theatre, but differences with Lee Strasberg over the Stanislavski's system (later developed by Strasberg into method acting) made her leave the group. She once said: "Drawing on the emotions I experienced — for example, when my mother died — to create a role is sick and schizophrenic. If that is acting, I don't want to do it."
Adler met with Stanislavski again later in his career and questioned him on Strasberg's interpretation. He told her that he had abandoned emotional memory, which had been Strasberg's dominant paradigm, but that they both believed that actors did not have what is required to play a variety of roles already instilled inside them, and that extensive research was needed to understand the experiences of characters who have different values originating from different cultures.
Like Stanislavski, Adler understood the "gold hidden" inside the circumstances of the text. Actors should stimulate emotional experience by imagining the scene's "given circumstances," rather than recalling experiences from their own lives. She also understood that 50% of the actors job is internal (imagination, emotion, action, will) and 50% is externals (characterization, way of walking, voice, fencing, sports). To find what works for the character, the actors must study the circumstances of the text and make their choices based on what one gets from the material.
For instance, if a character talks about horse riding, one needs to know something about horse riding as an actor, otherwise one will be faking. More importantly, one must study the values of different people to understand what situations would have meant to people, when those situations might mean nothing in the actor's own culture. Without this work, Adler said that an actor walks onto the stage "naked". This approach is one for which both Marlon Brando and Robert De Niro became famous.
Adler also trained actors' sensory imagination to help make the characters' experiences more vivid. She believed that mastery of the physical and vocal aspects of acting was necessary for the actor to command the stage, and that all body language should be carefully crafted and voices need to be clear and expressive. She often referred to this as an actor's "size" or "worthiness of the stage". Her biggest mantra was perhaps "in your choices lies your talent", and she encouraged actors to find the most grand character interpretation possible in a scene; another favorite phrase of hers regarding this was "don't be boring".
Singer-songwriter Janis Ian studied under Adler in the early 1980s to help her feel more comfortable on stage, and the two women remained close friends until Adler's death. In her autobiography Society's Child (2008), Ian recalled that Adler had little patience for students who weren't progressing as she wanted, going so far on one occasion as to give one of her students a dime and tell her to call her mother to pick her up because "she had no business in the theater." On another occasion, Ian relates, Adler forcibly ripped a dress off another actress's body to get the actress to play a scene a different way.
Devo Cutler-Rubenstein credits Adler for inspiring her that a character is made real through one's imagination. She cites a story when she studied with Adler, who slowly peeled her bra off under her clothes, while lecturing about Tennessee Williams in Los Angeles, "You listened to me, didn't you, because you were fascinated with what I was doing with my bra?" Devo says Adler insisted on the truth living in our imagination and that it was an "unending pool of information and research to be accessed."
Personal life
Adler was related to Jerry Adler, an actor and theatre director.
Adler married three times, first to Horace Eliascheff, the father of her only child Ellen, then from 1943 to 1960 to director and critic Harold Clurman, one of the founders of the Group Theatre. She was finally married to physicist and novelist Mitchell A. Wilson, who died in 1973. From 1938 to 1946, she was sister-in-law to actress Sylvia Sidney. Sidney was married to her brother Luther at the time and provided Stella with a nephew. Even after Sidney and Luther divorced, she and Sylvia remained close friends.
A lifelong Democrat, she supported Adlai Stevenson's campaign during the 1952 presidential election.
Death
On December 21, 1992, Adler died from heart failure at the age of 91 in Los Angeles. She was survived by her daughter Ellen, her sister Julia, and two grandchildren, including Tom Oppenheim, current president and artistic director of the Stella Adler Studio of Acting in New York. She was interred in the Mount Carmel Cemetery in Glendale, New York.
Legacy
Adler's technique, based on a balanced and pragmatic combination of imagination and memory, is hugely credited with introducing the subtle and insightful details and a deep physical embodiment of a character. Elaine Stritch once said: "What an extraordinary combination was Stella Adler—a goddess full of magic and mystery, a child full of innocence and vulnerability." In the book Acting: Onstage and Off, Robert Barton wrote: "[Adler] established the value of the actor putting himself in the place of the character rather than vice versa ... More than anyone else, Stella Adler brought into public awareness all the close careful attention to text and analysis Stanislavski endorsed."
In 1991, Stella Adler was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame.
In 2004, the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin acquired Adler's complete archive along with a small collection of her papers from her former husband Harold Clurman. The collection includes correspondence, manuscripts, typescripts, lecture notes, photographs, and other materials. Over 1,100 audio and video recordings of Adler teaching from the 1960s to the 1980s have been digitized by the Center and are accessible on site. The archive traces her career from her start in the New York Yiddish Theater District to her encounters with Stanislavski and the Group Theatre to her lectures at the Stella Adler Studio of Acting.
In 2006, she was honored with a posthumous star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in front of the Stella Adler Theatre at 6773 Hollywood Boulevard.
Stella Adler schools
The acting schools Adler founded still operate today in New York City and Los Angeles. Her method, based on use of the actor's imagination, has been studied by actors such as Robert De Niro, Elaine Stritch, Martin Sheen, Diana Muldaur, Dolores del Rio, Bob Crane, Roy Scheider, Vincent D'Onofrio, Mark Ruffalo, Warren Beatty, Michael Imperioli, Salma Hayek, Sean Astin, Barbara Stuart, Joyce Meadows, Stephen Bauer, Judd Nelson, Christoph Waltz, Benicio del Toro, and Marlon Brando, who served as the New York studio's honorary chairman until his death and was replaced by Warren Beatty. The Stella Adler Studio of Acting in New York opened a new studio in Los Angeles named the Art of Acting Studio in 2010 and is run by the Adler family.
Career on Broadway
All works are the original Broadway productions unless otherwise noted.
The Straw Hat (1926)
Big Lake (1927)
The House of Connelly (1931)
1931 (1931)
Night Over Taos (1932)
Success Story (1932)
Big Night (1933)
Hilda Cassidy (1933)
Gentlewoman (1934)
Gold Eagle Guy (1934)
Awake and Sing! (1935)
Paradise Lost (1935)
Sons and Soldiers (1943)
Pretty Little Parlor (1944)
He Who Gets Slapped – revival (1946)
Manhattan Nocturne (1943)
Sunday Breakfast (1952)
Works
The Fervent Years: The Group Theatre and the Thirties, By Harold Clurman, Stella Adler. Da Capo Press, 1983. .
The Technique of Acting, by Stella Adler. Bantam Books, 1988. .
Creating a Character: A Physical Approach to Acting, by Moni Yakim, Muriel Broadman, Stella Adler. Applause Books, 1993. .
Stella Adler: The Art of Acting, by Stella Adler, Howard Kissel, Applause Books, 2000. .
Stella Adler on Ibsen, Strindberg, and Chekhov, by Stella Adler, Barry Paris. Random House Inc, 2001. .
Stella Adler on America's Master Playwrights: Eugene O'Neill, Thornton Wilder, Clifford Odets, William Saroyan, Tennessee Williams, William Inge, Arthur Miller, Edward Albee, by Stella Adler, Barry Paris (editor). Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group 2012. .
See also
Michael Chekhov
Uta Hagen
Estelle Harman
Robert Lewis
References
External links
Stella Adler, Jewish Women Encyclopedia
Stella Adler Los Angeles
Stella Adler Studio of Acting
The Stella Adler and Harold Clurman archive at the Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin
Irene Gilbert and Stella Adler papers, circa 1959–1998 (bulk 1970–1992), The Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
Stella Adler News at The New York Times''
Category:1901 births
Category:1992 deaths
Category:People from Manhattan
Category:American stage actresses
Category:Jewish American actresses
Category:Drama teachers
Category:American acting theorists
Category:Jewish American writers
Category:Actresses from New York City
Category:Yiddish theatre performers
Category:Vaudeville performers
Category:20th-century American people
Category:20th-century American actresses
Category:American film actresses
Category:New York (state) Democrats
Category:California Democrats
Category:American acting coaches
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Watch PPT about Tech Support for HP Printers. We provide HP Printer Support Service using Number +1-877-301-0214 for HP Printer Repair, Ins... See More
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The Sounders Academy U-16 and U-18 teams will kick off their first home matches of 2017 this weekend at Starfire Sports against Portland Timbers Academy. Supporters are encouraged to attend the match and cheer on the young Sounders as both squads look to extend their unbeaten run against Timbers.
Both matches will be played at Starfire Sports located in Tukwila, Washington, on Field 11 on Saturday, January 21. The U-18s will kick-off at 1:00 p.m. PT, while the U-16s will take the field at 3:30 p.m. PT.
After a lengthy winter break, the oldest members of the youth system will look to kick off the first home stand of 2017 with a pair of wins over their local rivals.
The U-18s toppled the Timbers by a score of 2-1 in an exciting end-to-end affair back in October. Both teams carved out a number of goal-scoring opportunities, only to be denied by individual heroics from their respective goalkeepers. Sounders winger Shandon Hopeau secured the victory over Portland with a pair of long-range efforts that flew into the bottom corner.
Later that day, the U-16s completed the sweep with an exciting 3-2 win over Portland. Goals from Azriel Gonzalez, Dylan Tevez and Keeton Heggerness allowed the the young Sounders to complete the sweep.
Nine days later, the U-16s faced Portland once more in the first round of Generation adidas Cup Qualifying. Seattle opted for a young squad and started four standouts from the U-14s against Timbers. The kids stepped up and showcased the team's offensive fire power with a 4-0 victory. In just his third start for the U-16s, striker Alfonso Ocampo Chavez (U-14) tallied a hat trick in his first match against Portland.
Three of the four U-14 players that started in the 4-0 win over Timbers -- Danny Robles, Josh Atencio and Alfonso Ocampo Chavez -- earned their first United States U-15 Youth National Team invites within a month of their impressive displays at GA Cup.
If you just can’t wait for the 2016-17 MLS season to watch the Sounders, come out and support the future of the club as they take on their Cascadia rivals!
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Chapter 67: Victory
"The Black Library is a place of maddened laughter and horrible, chilling sanity." - Inquisitor Bronislaw Czevak
The eldar landing craft sped towards the Black Library, humming over mile after mile of glittering ruins. It had parked itself atop the corpse of a great city, one that had long ago faded from glory. The Void-Whisper hovered atop them, the last familiar sight in the Webway to Yang.
It was far too quiet inside the craft. The kasrkin were moments away from vomiting, and they kept looking at the Black Library as if a tendril would snap out and claim them all.
Considering just how alien the eldar seemed right about now, Yang couldn't blame them. In fact, she felt a measure of trepidation herself. The Library was so massive, it seemed to be an act of nature rather than something artificial, a planet rendered into the form of a ship by the gods of time, tectonic might, and haunting ethereal beauty.
Even Amat seemed awed, his neck craning to take in the entirety of the primordial craftworld. He straightened his bomber's jacket, carefully aligning the wool collar. Yang didn't know why he decided to wear it, but it made her smile regardless.
The war-party was no less agitated, fidgeting and sharing furtive glances. Only Lossamdir seemed at peace. They all nearly jumped when a pair of fliers descended upon them, all-black slivers of night that danced about them with preternatural grace. Escorts.
Yang couldn't shake off the feeling that they were laughing at her.
"Any last words of wisdom?" She asked the eldar.
"A few," Garnet said, surprising her. She'd not expected a response.
"Like what?"
"We are here to fulfill a mission," he said. "Let us obtain the information we need and leave with all available haste."
"On that, xenos, we can agree," Darron said, resting his hellgun against his shoulder. For once, Yang didn't want to pick a fight with the grizzled Captain - especially now that they wore their grimm-masks. Probably an effort to appear menacing, even if the kasrkin were ignorant of what grimm-masks truly meant.
Yang rolled her shoulders, armored in simple flak plating. She didn't know what lay within the Black Library, but she hoped it at least had information on the Chariot. Otherwise, they had wasted valuable time.
Amat fell still, but Yang knew he was praying - silent behind his spy mask.
"Yang," Garnet said, turning to face her with a flourish of his warlock's cape. "There is something else you must know."
"What's up?"
"It is very rare for humans to gain admission to the Black Library, much less those that are psykers. The Harlequins that guard it are unpredictable yet stringent - be careful not to offend them. I saw the fate of Galaxy tied to you and what transpires here. Care must be taken."
Yang nodded. She'd be on her best behavior. If not, she always had Amat to help her through.
"And us?" Chera said.
"You will not be granted entrance," Garnet replied. "And before you raise an indignant cry, know that the rest of the war-party will not either. I pray to Isha that any of us are."
Yang's fingers tightened around her power sword. It was just like her to risk everything like this, on a desperate gambit. Even more like Pyrrha, putting everything on some nebulous 'destiny'. Garnet was truly his mother's son.
Fitting, I suppose.
"Thirty seconds to docking," the pilot said. Yang stretched her neck and cracked her knuckles. She didn't want a fight, but it wouldn't do to be unprepared - no matter what Garnet said. Amat unslung his rifle and nestled it against his shoulder. Only one round sat in the chamber, the one meant for her. She patted his back, and he nodded.
The landing craft jostled as it attached itself to the Black Library. Even the esoteric eldar ships couldn't land with perfect smoothness, a small comfort in the face of the Black Library. With a subdued hiss, the bay doors opened, revealing a long hallway wrought from transparent crystal and veins of ebony.
Yang was the first one to disembark, her face set in a resolute grimace. Amat followed. Each step felt... odd, like the surface they walked on was barely present. Below her, she could see the ruins of the ancient city, desolate and bleak.
At the end of the hallway lay a wraithbone bulkhead, stained black instead of the cream-white corridors of the Void-Whisper.
Deep breath, Yang. It's gonna be fine. You came here for a reason, after all.
When they reached the bulkhead, it slid open to reveal a Harlequin, one of the Black Library's guardians. He was tall, a full head larger than Lossamdir. His face was concealed behind a fluorescent white clown-mask, one with a smile that reached its ears and teeth the size of Yang's hand. An orange mohawk sprouted from his scalp, with a braid long enough to reach the checkered print that painted his leggings.
He was one of the most truly alien things Yang had ever seen.
"Is this the right place?" She asked, a joke that came across far too breathlessly. The Harlequin sniggered.
"Ooh, yes yes, you must the one called Yang Xiao Long?"
"I am," she said, straightening her back.
"Follow then, follow follow. Humans in the library, whatever will Master Cegorach say?"
A rhetorical question, one she didn't want to know the answer to - Garnet had told her of Cegorach, the eldar Laughing God, and the stories didn't settle her stomach. Instead of replying, she followed Garnet's example, remaining as stoic and driven as possible.
The Harlequin led them to a great entrance hall, one full of elegant statues depicting... well, Yang didn't know what they were. Eldar presumably, but too large and stylized. She preferred not knowing. The vaulted ceiling was invisible, shrouded by a blanket of false stars and shimmering auroras. Several other Harlequins fell into step with their guide, emerging from nothingness as if they belonged to it.
Silently enough to unnerve Maion.
Their guide stopped before the Library's true entrance, a colossal wraithbone work nearly four stories tall, engraved with scenes Yang didn't recognize. Even still, their gravity was apparent, the twisted, anguished faces of the figures evidence of apocalyptic suffering.
Noiselessly - a ludicrous notion for a door of that size - the entrance parted, just wide enough to fit a single figure through. He was smaller than the Harlequin that greeted them, as if his back was hunched. Unlike his compatriots however, he wore no gaudy mask or outlandish garments - he was clad in the blackest garb Yang had ever seen, his clothes dark enough to bend reality around them and render his true form unknowable. And his face... his face was devoid of makeup or decoration, a simple, honest face that seemed to exist solely to spite the madness surrounding it.
"Hi," he said simply, as if greeting a friend for lunch. The sound seemed to echo all around them, like he spoke in stereo. "Hello to all and sundry, and welcome to the Black Library. You bring an unusual number of humans with you, surely you do not wish them admission too?" He stalked towards them, an ebony river in fluid motion. Yang watched him closely, desperate to detect his intent or even gain a single clue about him.
"These ones have not mastered the chaos within their hearts, seen the breadth of the universe laid bare in its component parts."
"Who are you?" Garnet asked calmly. "We have been guided here, after all."
"I am the one known as Duulamor," the Harlequin said, "and it is my turn to guard our sacred door." His eyes took in the full measure of Garnet. "You are Smiling Garnet, a guise worn by a wounded heart. A heart that weeps with shame for what it has done, yet seeks answers for questions not yet won." Garnet gnawed on his lip, but did not reply.
"And you, Obsidian," Duulamor said, circling Lossamdir. "Most serious of the Soul-Wielder's spawn, trapped within an exarch's skin. Yes, yes, a truly curious lot that stands before me," he said, before erupting into maddened giggles. "A beautiful assortment, if only you could see."
"We need information," Yang said, stepping forwards. "The Chariot of Salvation. We need to find it before Josephus does."
At this, Duulamor cocked his head. He swooped towards her, before Amat stood in his way, exitus rifle braced.
"No need for that, Amat of the painted mind," Duulamor crooned, "military brat turned assassins' kind," he finished, his scarlet eyes boring into the assassin.
Yang rested a hand on Amat's leather-clad shoulder. And though he relaxed, his rifle did not waver.
"As much as I would like to sit around and play rhyming games," Yang said. "You've called us here for a reason."
"Strange of you, Yang Xiao Long, to speak of reasons, of purposes beyond your ken or quest, yes, quite, what an exquisite jest, one even Master Cegorach would enjoy, yes, yes he might."
Yang frowned. Whatever game Duulamor was playing, it was beyond her. Yet she could feel the sting of his words, words that sat ill within her.
"In truth," the Harlequin continued, "you care little about Josephus or his machinations, tiny agitations in the grand scheme that is the song of your life, mere mites that scrabble along the surface of a soul that is barely your own."
"Then what am I doing here?" Yang asked, deliberately ignoring his comment on her soul. "This isn't exactly an ideal vacation spot, you know."
"You'd be surprised," Duulamor said, waggling his finger at her like a didactic parent might. "Knowledge is precious food for one's young mind." He stooped low, past Amat and his rifle, close enough so that she could smell the Harlequin's breath. It reeked not of food, nor any mortal odor. It was something... else. Like laughing gas or cyanide, or rose petals, or-
Yang grimaced, but did not flinch away from the Harlequin. He was trying to fuck with her mind, or was doing so unconsciously, or was I?
"What? What's wrong with you?"
"You are here because you have been summoned, that is true."
I wasn't summoned, I've been here all along.
Who said that?
"Did I?" Yang asked, head spinning. She couldn't tell which way was down, or where she was or why.
"I knew this was a bad idea," Darron muttered. Duulamor swept away once more, and Yang could breathe again, her senses returning to her. What the fuck... what the fuck is happening? Every second that passed, the entrance hall felt more and more like Dad's cottage. She swore she could hear the gulls, and had the other Harlequins always been dancing? What about the singing? Had they always been singing that song? The dirge of an entire species consigned to doom?
"Darron Marius," Duulamor boomed, "great scion of the kasrs, the Hell-Filler's son, husband to Chera, lovers entwined in the embrace of the battle long-won, servants to a woman that Does Not Belong. Do I intimidate you?" Duulamor asked. "I am but a simple clown, here to delight and amuse. Though you never expected to be here, am I right? Didn't mean to intrude?" Duulamor cackled. "Don't be afraid, you'll come to understand my mood. It's not often a Harlequin such as myself sees so true."
"If you have nothing for us, wise one," Lossamdir said, "Please release us. Time is of the essence."
"Time?" Duulamor inquired. "Ooh, now that is a fine jest. Can you not feel the years melting off your skin? Perhaps, oh Lossamdir, the strong and storied, you came here of your own volition. Or is it Obsidian that speaks? A half-breed who questioned his nature so quietly, when he was possessed with a voice that can shake worlds entirely?"
Around them, the Harlequins continued their dance, either not caring about their comrade's questions or moving in perfect synch with them. Their song had not ceased either, a long and lilting sound that pulled Yang's heart in two.
"Why are you doing this?" She asked.
"'Is this the right place?', you asked with a grin," Duulamor replied. "You must understand that not everyone is allowed within. This is a test of your sin," he added. "Without it, you cannot be allowed entrance, should chaos pollute you by a single inch."
"We are free of chaos, xenos!" Darron cried above the swelling lament. "We live in the light of the Emperor!"
"So you believe," Duulamor said. "A claim that has never been truly tested. You have seen daemons yes, but what of their nature? Can you see it? Understand it? Until that day passes, you must remain without."
"And what of us, then?" Maion asked, face hidden behind her helm. "What of us?"
"Maion, the mirror of her Grandmother," Duulamor said. "Wrought in her image you are, from your skin to your soul. A shadow thrust into a role that does not befit her. You ask the right questions, ah hee hee hee, ah ho ho ho. A soldiering mind so lacking in lessons. What of you, then, hmm?"
He turned to the rest of the war-party. "And you, Ysdrea, hated by your own mother? How terrible of her. A seed it was, yes, a small seed, one that grew to become the rage in which you shelter."
"You lie!" Ysdrea screeched, swords braced against an attack that would never come. "Get out of my head!"
"It is your soul that concern me," Duulamor said. "The Library lays it bare for all to see."
"And what of our souls then?" Amat asked, as calmly as he dared.
"Ah, Palla has given you wisdom," Duulamor said. "The Temple has given you strength, Weiss a mind, and Yang thoughts to fill it. Very well, I have played my game long enough."
Abruptly, the singing stopped and the dancers froze in place, forming a circle around the war-party. It seemed to Yang as if the universe itself had hit the pause button.
"Entrance shall be granted to visitors seven, though full access is forbidden." His finger lighted upon Yang. "You are the first, Little Dragon. Your friend shall follow," he said, pointing at Amat. "Onwards Vindicare, anon. Next is the exarch, host of Obsidian, and your subordinate Asillar. Smiling Garnet follows, favored by the Garden. Maion comes too, for her soul is the most ardent. And finally," he said, towering over the kasrkin, "Lieutenant Chera, of the Emperor's most puissant."
Chera blinked, taken aback by the Harlequin's invitation. "Me?" she asked.
"Is there another named Chera among you?" Duulamor asked. "Another Lieutenant among the Lady Inquisitor's chosen few?"
"But why?" Chera asked, lacing her fingers through her husband's.
"Master Cegorach likes your mask," the Harlequin said, before descending into a fit of laughter.
The ones allowed admission into the Black Library stepped forward. Yang was relieved she'd been allowed entrance, but Duulamor's display was enough to worry her. Will I be able to keep my sanity in a place like this? What about Amat? She looked up at her friend. With his mask on, it was nearly impossible to read him. Nearly.
She looked ahead, into the brilliant light that spilled from the Library's entrance. Whatever Garnet saw, it's up ahead. I'll puzzle out Duulamor's words later. I have to keep moving.
"Let us be away," the Harlequin said. "And prepare yourself."
The colossal door creaked open further, allowing enough space to admit the selected seven.
Yang swallowed and marched forwards. Ever onwards. Amat followed close behind a reassuring presence on her flank. Maion came next, trepidation reeking from every pore. Chera came last after exchanging a look with her husband.
Once they were inside the blinding light died away, and the entrance slammed shut behind them. They were within the Black Library.
True to its name, bookshelves by the hundreds soared upwards, each one large enough to contain the entire written works of Remnant. Mind-bending sculptures and fountains lined them, spilling out a silver liquid noiselessly. Glass towers adorned each row of books, and dozens of hallways led deeper into the Library, each one a store for more wonders.
Garnet frowned.
"What is the matter, young seer?" Duulamor said. "Is there something that brings you displeasure here?"
"I..." Garnet paused. "I was led here, I know it. By a song, I thought. One that... I don't know. It felt... familiar."
"Perceptive," Duulamor said. "For we Harlequins sent for you through another, more familiar sieve."
Yang swallowed, looking beyond Duulamor and taking in the Black Library's sights.
Where to now?
If they were going to find answers in one of the books, they'd be here for more lifetimes than even an eldar could survive. And rigorous study wasn't exactly her strong suit. Could they really find anything on Josephus in this madhouse?
"Ah, speaking of which…" Duulamor purred, snapping Yang from her thoughts.
A pair of figures approached from between the distant bookshelves, their gait slow and encumbered. But their destination was certain - the war party. One of the figures was clearly an eldar, judging by his tall and slender build. His companion however, was withered and hunched, her flowing white hair interrupted by a single streak of red.
"We have visitors Caelus," a voice sounded out through the Black Library, ancient yet familiar enough to rip Yang's heart from her chest.
"Mother," Garnet whispered.
A/N: DUN DUN DUUUUUUUUUUUUN.
And so the brief Black Library arc begins. Also, I couldn't find any thorough (or satisfying) descriptions of the Black Library in any published 40k works, so I'm flying by the seat of my pants here. Hopefully you guys enjoyed the way I present it, even though there might be some inconsistencies with lore.
Anyway, let me know what you thought of the chapter! I know it was a little shorter than most, but I figured you wouldn't mind too much.
Until next time!
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The Citizens United decision reshaped campaign finance law in the United States
On January 21, 2010, the Supreme Court's Citizens United v. FEC ruling set the stage for larger and larger sums of money to pour into our electoral system. In the ruling, a majority of justices made clear that they viewed outside spending on election ads as free speech that didn't present any serious danger of corruption.
The specifics of the case at issue, involving a film an outside group made about Hillary Clinton, are less important than its broader implications. Essentially, the justices cemented an already-existing distinction between donations to candidates and parties — which can be capped by law — and money spent independently by outside entities (individuals, nonprofits, unions, and corporations), which can't be capped, according to the Court.
For decades, Supreme Court majorities have viewed spending on elections as a form of free speech. But they've also argued that certain restrictions on such spending were acceptable because the government has an interest in preventing corruption or the appearance of corruption. So limits of how much money any one donor could give to any one politician's campaign were allowed to stand, because, the justices argued, big payoffs from a donor to a politician could be, or look, corrupt.
Yet the logic of the Citizens United majority holds that as long as a huge donation isn't given directly to the politician or party, but is merely spent independently on the politician's or party's behalf, there's no danger of corruption serious enough to justify restricting that exercise of speech. "Independent expenditures," Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote for the majority, "do not give rise to corruption or the appearance of corruption."
Kennedy made clear that spending by these outside groups on elections can be regulated — for instance, through disclosure requirements. But he argues that such spending can't be capped or limited, because that would be muzzling speech.
Justice John Paul Stevens and the court's three other liberals objected in a strongly worded dissent, saying the decision "threatens to undermine the integrity of elected institutions across the nation." Stevens made the following arguments:
That the majority had defined "corruption" too narrowly, and that outside spending could be corrupt, too.
That in the electoral context, unlimited speech (ad spending) from some people could drown out the speech of others, and effectively trample on their own First Amendment rights.
That corporations are legal entities and shouldn't receive the same constitutional rights as people.
These arguments, however, didn't persuade a majority on the court. And soon after the decision, outside spending — already trending upward — exploded, as Super PACs and dark money began to play a greater and greater role in US elections.
Citizens United had two main consequences — Super PACs and more dark money
The results of the Supreme Court's Citizens United decision, which made clear that outside spending on elections couldn't be capped, were predictable. Outside spending, which had already been trending upward before the decision, skyrocketed:
But despite the hype over the decision treating corporations as people, the increased spending that ensued wasn't generally from corporations directly. Instead, it was concentrated in two major forms.
First, a subsequent lower court ruling applying the Supreme Court's logic led to the creation of Super PACs, which are technically called "independent expenditure-only committees." These new outside groups could accept unlimited contributions from individuals and corporations, so long as they did not give any money directly to candidates. These groups, which have to disclose their donors to the FEC, have spent hundreds of millions on elections since they were first created in 2010.
Second, there was a surge in spending from nonprofits that don't disclose their donors — popularly nicknamed "dark money." Groups like this, registered under a part of the tax code for "social welfare" or "business league" organizations, had spent some money in campaigns before the decision — but this spending existed in a sort of legal fog. Citizens United cleared away much of this fog, and was interpreted as giving a green light for many of these groups to ramp up their spending.
Super PACs can spend unlimited amounts on elections, but must disclose their donors
Since Citizens United and a lower court decision soon afterward, Super PACs have become a fixture of the US campaign finance system. First created in 2010, they've spent more than $1 billion over the past three election cycles, according to the Center for Responsive Politics.
Super PACs can raise unlimited amounts of money for spending on federal elections — so long as they don't hand any of their money over to candidates or party organizations, or coordinate with them. In contrast to dark money groups, Super PACs must disclose their funders to the FEC.
Instead of donating, Super PACs spend heavily on their own independently produced ads promoting their preferred candidates or attacking their opponents. That's why the official term for a Super PAC is an "independent expenditure-only committee" — their spending is purportedly independent.
By contrast, candidates and regular PACs (political action committees) are only permitted to accept a few thousand dollars from each individual donor. So these days, practically every serious presidential contender is expected to have a Super PAC supporting him or her. And, frequently, a hugely disproportionate amount of the funds raised by a Super PAC come from a few wealthy donors — sometimes even just one.
Some Super PACs are founded specifically to back one particular candidate. Mitt Romney, Barack Obama, Newt Gingrich, and Rick Santorum all had heavily funded Super PACs during the 2012 presidential campaign. Now, these Super PACs were not permitted to coordinate their activities with the candidate or the official campaign team. Usually, though, they're run by trusted former aides to the candidates who know what their ex-bosses want them to do — which casts some doubt on how independent they truly are.
Other Super PACs support a variety of candidates or causes, or are vehicles for a particular funder's preferences. The Karl Rove–tied American Crossroads backs Republicans generally. Wealthy financier Tom Steyer's NextGen Climate Action backs environmentalist Democrats. Freedom Partners Action Fund is run by the Koch brothers' political operation and backs Republicans. Independence USA is affiliated with former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and supports moderates.
So far, Super PACs have spent most of their money on advertisements — usually on television. But there are already signs this year that some presidential candidates will delegate more and more campaign functions to the Super PACs supporting them, to better take advantage of the unlimited money those groups can raise.
Dark money groups let anonymous donors spend on politics
Many wealthy individuals who want to spend lots of money on politics still see one big problem with Super PACs: donations to them have to be made public. So "dark money" groups — nonprofits that keep their donors secret — have proved an increasingly popular way for wealthy donors to anonymously spend on politics in recent years, particularly after the 2010 Citizens United decision:
Even after Citizens United, any group with the primary purpose of spending on elections is theoretically supposed to register as a PAC or Super PAC and disclose the identities of its donors.
But nonprofits that advocate on policy issues — for instance, environmental groups or gun rights groups — are allowed to spend some of their money on campaign ads. They can do so by registering as "social welfare" groups under section 501(c)(4) of the tax code, and they don't have to publicly disclose their donors. Spending of this sort from issue advocacy groups has been common for decades.
Recently, however, groups have used this "social welfare" section of the tax code to spend increasingly large sums of money on elections, or on ads attacking candidates of one party. Other, similar groups have been formed as "business leagues," under section 501(c)(6) of the tax code. But both have the benefit of evading disclosure requirements, to better keep the identities of donors secret.
Now Justice Anthony Kennedy's ruling in Citizens United v. FEC found disclosure requirements to be constitutional. He praised them for creating "transparency" that "enables the electorate to make informed decisions and give proper weight to different speakers and different messages."
But a combination of gridlock and polarization in Congress, partisan paralysis at the FEC, and lack of action from the IRS have allowed even the more questionable of these nonprofits — many of which were seemingly formed entirely to let donors spend anonymously on politics — to run rampant in elections without disclosing their funders.
Overall, groups that don't disclose their donors have spent well over $600 million in federal elections since 2010, according to the Center for Responsive Politics. This is a lowball estimate because, unlike Super PACs, these nonprofits don't have to disclose all of their activity to the FEC. Any ads that run close to the election and mention a candidate for federal office must be reported. But nonprofits don't have to even report ads harshly criticizing candidates so long as a) the ads run 60 days or more before an election, and b) the ads don't explicitly advocate a vote for or against the politician.
The $600 million from nondisclosing groups that is documented is overwhelmingly from conservative groups, who spent more than $500 million of it, according to the Center for Responsive Politics' estimates. These include the Karl Rove–tied Crossroads GPS, the Koch brothers–tied Americans for Prosperity, and even sketchier groups with unclear funding sources like the American Future Fund and Americans for Job Security. The biggest nondisclosing liberal spenders in federal elections include the union-funded Patriot Majority USA and environmental groups like the League of Conservation Voters.
The old campaign finance restrictions seem more and more obsolete
With attempts to restrict election spending in tatters, and unlimited donations now permitted to flow into Super PACs and other outside groups, the old restrictions on candidate and committee fundraising, though still technically in effect, look increasingly quaint.
For the 2015-'16 cycle, candidates for federal office are only permitted to accept up to $2,700 from any individual donor and $5,000 from any PAC per primary or general election. The traditional way to get around these caps on individual donations was to rely on "bundlers" — star fundraisers who would convince many of their rich friends and contacts to cough up several thousand bucks each.
But Super PACs that can raise unlimited sums have changed the math. Just one billionaire can now, legally, fund a full multimillion-dollar ad campaign promoting a candidate or savaging his opponent. Comparatively, the traditional campaign fundraising from individuals and bundlers yields much less of a return.
Unsurprisingly, campaigns and their associates are increasingly spending their time wooing the absolute richest of the rich. In March 2015, the Washington Post's Matea Gold and Tom Hamburger reported that former bundlers who were merely rich, not mega-rich, were feeling neglected. "We just don't count anymore," one executive complained to a bundler from his yacht.
Indeed, there are signs that more and more of the functions traditionally handled by campaigns or parties are being moved over to Super PACs or outside groups. National party committees like the Democratic National Committee or the National Republican Congressional Committee can each only raise $33,400 from any one individual each year. Meanwhile, outside organizations like those in the Koch network can raise unlimited funds to spend on their own polling, data collection, outreach, and voter turnout operations.
The McCutcheon v. FEC ruling struck down yet another limit on election spending
Before April 2014, a rich donor could hand out several thousand dollars each to a bunch of different candidates for federal office — but once he gave out $48,600, he'd have to stop. Campaign finance law capped the amount that could be given to federal candidates by any one person in each election cycle. (Overall contributions to PACs and party committees were similarly capped.)
Businessman Shaun McCutcheon wasn't happy about that. He had given money to several congressional candidates during the 2012 elections, and he wanted to give to several more — but he was limited by that $48,600 cap. So he filed suit and argued that the cap violated his freedom of speech.
The court's five conservative justices were persuaded, and the McCutcheon v. FEC ruling of April 2014 struck down all those caps. "The Government may no more restrict how many candidates or causes a donor may support than it may tell a newspaper how many candidates it may endorse," wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the majority.
Because of the importance of protecting free speech, Roberts continued, limitations on campaign spending must "target what we have called 'quid pro quo' corruption or its appearance … a direct exchange of an official act for money." In other words, little short of a direct bribe really counts.
The restrictions on how much could be given to any one candidate still remained. But, Roberts argued, "If there is no corruption concern in giving nine candidates up to $5,200 each, it is difficult to understand how a tenth candidate can be regarded as corruptible if given $1,801, and all others corruptible if given a dime."
As is now common in campaign finance rulings, the four liberal justices dissented. In their thinking, restrictions on campaign finance spending actually strengthen the First Amendment, by preventing ordinary people's voices from being drowned out. "Where enough money calls the tune, the general public will not be heard," Justice Stephen Breyer wrote in his dissent.
But they didn't carry the day, and now a wealthy donor can give to as many federal candidates as he or she wants. Click here for a fuller explanation of the implications of the McCutcheon decision.
Campaign finance has become an intensely polarizing issue at the national level
In 2002, a major campaign finance reform bill was backed by politicians in both parties, including future GOP presidential nominee John McCain, and signed into law by President George W. Bush. While Democrats provided most of the votes in Congress to pass the bill, and Bush signed it reluctantly, the issue wasn't so fraught that no Republican could support it.
Those days seem long gone. Now the issue of campaign finance polarizes the two parties — with Democrats overwhelmingly supporting more disclosure and more restrictions on election spending, and Republicans arguing that these measures could chill free speech. This polarization reaches from Congress to presidential contenders to the two parties' FEC appointees to the Supreme Court.
After the Citizens United decision, Democrats quickly united around one legislative proposal that would seem to pass the Supreme Court's muster — the DISCLOSE Act, which would have required greater identification of the sources of election spending. But Republicans in Congress, despite claims to support disclosure in the abstract, overwhelmingly opposed the bill. Just two House Republicans supported it in 2010, and zero GOP senators did — leading to the bill's death by filibuster in that upper chamber. A 2014 proposal for a constitutional amendment to allow greater regulation of campaign finance similarly failed in the Senate, with every Democrat voting for it and every Republican voting against it.
GOP objections to further regulations were frequently framed in terms of principled support of free speech. For instance, some argued, what if conservative donors were demonized for their political spending? However, it's certainly worth noting that by the Center for Responsive Politics' tally, out of at least $600 million spent on federal elections by nondisclosing groups since 2010, more than $500 million was in support of Republicans.
The Federal Election Commission, which is supposed to enforce election laws, has been hopelessly deadlocked along partisan lines for years. By law, the six-member body can't have more than three commissioners of any one party. In practice, that means that three Republican and three Democrat commissioners frequently vote in opposition to each other — blocking action on most controversial matters. In May 2015, the (Democrat-appointed) FEC chair, Ann Ravel, even went public to the New York Times, saying that "the likelihood of the [campaign finance] laws being enforced is slim" — due to partisan dysfunction.
Supreme Court justices are polarized in similar ways — major campaign finance decisions have repeatedly been decided by slim five-vote majorities of the nine-member body. And 2016 presidential contenders from the two parties have staked out diametrically opposed positions on the issue, with Democratic candidates like Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders suggesting they'd only appoint Supreme Court justices who'd reverse Citizens United, and Republicans like Marco Rubio arguing that "spending money on campaigns is a form of political speech that is protected under the Constitution."
Major reforms would require changing the Constitution or a different Supreme Court
As energized as reformers have become around campaign finance, they face a very difficult road ahead. Even if the issue weren't so intensely polarized, it's really the Supreme Court rulings — Citizens United, but also other cases going back to the 1970s — that limit which reforms can make it through Congress without later being struck down.
And consistently a majority of the court has concluded that any hard limits on overall spending — from candidates, parties, or donors — are unconstitutional restrictions of free speech. That means that even if, say, an opt-in public financing system was created for congressional campaigns, candidates who accept public funds could still be swamped by a torrent of outside cash.
So some who want serious campaign finance reform have proposed going over the justices' heads by amending the US Constitution — either through the regular amendment process, or by calling a constitutional convention.
National Democrats have mostly lined up in support of a constitutional amendment on campaign finance. Their suggested amendment would clarify that "Congress and the States may regulate and set reasonable limits on the raising and spending of money by candidates and others to influence elections." It would also clarify that Congress and the states don't have to treat "corporations or other artificial entities" as people when it comes to election spending, and that they could be prohibited from engaging in that activity. Meanwhile, Vermont and California have called for a constitutional convention to limit money in politics.
But however a constitutional amendment is proposed, it would need approval from 38 states eventually to go into effect — a very heavy lift, particularly given sweeping Republican victories in most states in recent years. Only one constitutional amendment has been ratified in the past four decades. So it's not going to happen any time soon.
The only conceivable way for quick change on the issue would be a change in the composition of the Supreme Court. Contentious campaign finance cases of the past decade have, very frequently, been decided by a bare five-vote majority of conservatives:
So if the seat of one conservative justice opens up, and a liberal is appointed to fill it, it's quite possible that Citizens United and other recent rulings would be reversed. Indeed, Hillary Clinton reportedly said in May 2015 that she'd only appoint a Supreme Court justice who'd reverse Citizens United, and her rival for the Democratic nomination, Bernie Sanders, has long held the same view.
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The present invention relates generally to the fabrication of wearing apparel and, more particularly, to the construction of shirts and methods for producing the same, especially shirts fabricated from knitted fabrics.
As is well known, virtually all shirts, whether formal or informal and whether made of woven, knitted or other fabric, are produced by a so-called cut-and-sewn methodology wherein individual fabric pieces are cut from the selected fabric and then sewn together into a configuration forming a shirt body for covering a wearer""s torso and sleeves for covering the wearer""s arms. Necessarily, this cut-and-sewn process produces a number of individual seams in the resultant garment, typically including at least seams along each shoulder, vertical seams along one or both sides of the torso portion of the shirt body, seams encircling each arm at the juncture with the shirt body, and seams providing a finished edge to the various openings (e.g., the neck, arm and waist openings) in the garment. This process is highly labor intensive and, in turn, adds a greater element of expense to the cost of producing the garment than the fabric itself. In addition, seams tend to be weaker and, hence, more subject to separation, tearing or other damage, than unseamed portions of the fabric from which the shirt is made.
Accordingly, there is a need and desire within the apparel industry to provide shirts in which seams are minimized so as to reduce the cost of manufacture and also improve the overall strength and durability of the garment, particularly garments such as sports jerseys which must endure more rigorous conditions of use and abuse than other types of shirts.
It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a novel method of fabricating shirts in general by which the formation of seams is minimized. A more particular object of the present invention is to employ circularly knitted fabrics in such process. Another object of the present invention is to provide a methodology of fabricating shirts which may be applicable in various embodiments to many different types of shirt garments, but the present invention seeks to provide in one particular embodiment a methodology specifically applicable to the fabrication of sports jerseys, especially football jerseys. A still further specific object of the present invention is to provide a method of fabricating shirts which eliminates the seams normally formed in conventional cut-and-sewn shirts at the top of the shoulders, between the shirt body and the sleeves, and along one or both sides of the shirt body. It is additionally an object of the present invention to provide a novel structure of shirt as a result of the methodology of the invention.
Basically, the present invention utilizes two lengths of circularly knitted tubular seamless fabric, one of which will form the body of the shirt and the other of which will form the shoulders and sleeves. The fabric tube which will form the body of the shirt is knitted to a diameter and predetermined length suitable for the shirt body, with the lower end of the fabric being formed with a turned welt to form a folded finished annular edge defining the waist opening of the shirt body and with the upper end of the fabric tube left with an unfinished edge for sewing to the other fabric tube which will form the shoulders and sleeves. This latter fabric tube for forming the shoulders and sleeves is similarly knitted (either on the same or a different knitting machine) to a predetermined length (depending upon the size of the garment and whether the sleeves will be short, mid-length or long sleeves), with each opposite end of the tube formed with a turned welt to form a folded finished edge defining the arm openings in the shirt.
The present method basically forms the garment by orienting the shoulder/sleeve tube perpendicularly with respect to the upper end of the body tube and sewing the two tubes together. The shoulder/sleeve tube is cut appropriately in preparation for this sewing operation, which cutting may be performed in differing ways according to how the shoulders and sleeves are to be sized and shaped. For example, in a simplified embodiment, the shoulder/sleeve tube may be slit axially along only an intermediate length of the tube sufficient to be sewn along the upper unfinished annular edge of the body tube, but otherwise leaving the sleeves seamless. Alternatively, the shoulder/sleeve tube may be slit axially along its entire length, following which the resultant cut edges are sewn midway along their length to the upper annular edge of the body tube and the cut edges of the shoulder/sleeve tube extending outwardly beyond either side of the body tube are then sewn together, e.g., taperingly, to shape and size the sleeves. A neck opening is also cut in the shoulder/sleeve tube opposite the side thereof sewn to the body tube, and a neck band is sewn along this opening to form a finished neck to the garment.
Advantageously, the above-described process results in the complete elimination of any seam along the top of the shoulders of the garment, any seam encircling the sleeves, and any seam along the sides or otherwise along the length of the shirt body.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Sen. John McCain John Sidney McCainThe electoral reality that the media ignores Kelly's lead widens to 10 points in Arizona Senate race: poll COVID response shows a way forward on private gun sale checks MORE (R-Ariz.) blasted President Trump on Monday, warning that his decision to withdraw from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) will spark a wave of negative consequences.
“President Trump’s decision to formally withdraw from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a serious mistake that will have lasting consequences for America’s economy and our strategic position in the Asia-Pacific region," McCain said in a statement.
Trump signed an executive action on Monday withdrawing from the trade deal, a key pillar of the Obama administration's second term.
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The decision drew quick praise from Sens. Bernie Sanders Bernie SandersMcConnell accuses Democrats of sowing division by 'downplaying progress' on election security The Hill's Campaign Report: Arizona shifts towards Biden | Biden prepares for drive-in town hall | New Biden ad targets Latino voters Why Democrats must confront extreme left wing incitement to violence MORE (I-Vt.) and Sherrod Brown (D-Ohio), who broke with Obama over the agreement.
But McCain argued that it is the "wrong decision" and will increase China's economic influence in the region.
"It will send a troubling signal of American disengagement in the Asia-Pacific region at a time we can least afford it," he said.
Top Senate Republicans, including Sen. Orrin Hatch Orrin Grant HatchBottom line Bottom line Senate GOP divided over whether they'd fill Supreme Court vacancy MORE (R-Utah), appeared open last year to moving the trade deal if the Obama administration would commit to changes to the agreement.
But Trump drew a hard line on trade during his campaign, and Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell Addison (Mitch) Mitchell McConnellMcConnell focuses on confirming judicial nominees with COVID-19 talks stalled McConnell accuses Democrats of sowing division by 'downplaying progress' on election security Warren, Schumer introduce plan for next president to cancel ,000 in student debt MORE (R-Ky.) acknowledged last year that TPP was dead for the foreseeable future.
McCain added on Monday that the administration should support a "positive trade agenda" in the Asia-Pacific region in the future.
Sen. Ben Sasse (R-Neb.) said on Monday that pro-trade lawmakers have to do a better job of defending their positions.
"It's clear that those of us who believe trade is good for American families have done a terrible job defending trade's historic successes and celebrating its future potential," he said. "We have to make the arguments and we have to start now."
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Abstract
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) regulate synaptic activities and play important roles in neurodegenerative diseases. We found that these channels can be activated in neurons of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) of the auditory system in the CNS. A drop in extracellular pH induces transient inward currents (IASIC) in postsynaptic MNTB neurons from wild type (WT) mice. The inhibition of IASIC by psalmotoxin-1 (PcTx1) and the absence of these currents in knock out mice for ASIC-1a subunit (ASIC1a-/-) suggest that homomeric ASIC-1a channels are mediating these currents in MNTB neurons. Furthermore, we detect ASIC1a-dependent currents during synaptic transmission, suggesting an acidification of the synaptic cleft due to the co-release of neurotransmitter and H+ from synaptic vesicles. These currents are capable of eliciting action potentials in the absence of glutamatergic currents. A significant characteristic of these homomeric ASIC-1a channels is their permeability to Ca2+. Activation of ASIC-1a in MNTB neurons by exogenous H+ induces an increase in intracellular Ca2+. Furthermore, the activation of postsynaptic ASIC-1a channels during high frequency stimulation (HFS) of the presynaptic nerve terminal leads to a PcTx1-sensitive increase in intracellular Ca2+ in MNTB neurons, which is independent of glutamate receptors and is absent in neurons from ASIC1a-/- mice. During HFS, the lack of functional ASICs in synaptic transmission results in an enhanced short term depression (STD) of glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). These results strongly support the hypothesis of protons as neurotransmitters and demonstrate that presynaptic released protons modulate synaptic transmission by activating ASIC-1a channels at the calyx of Held-MNTB synapse.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT
The manuscript demonstrates that postsynaptic neurons of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) at the mouse calyx of Held synapse express functional homomeric ASIC-1a channels that can be activated by protons (co-released with neurotransmitter from acidified synaptic vesicles). These ASIC-1a channels contribute to the generation of postsynaptic currents and, more relevant, to calcium influx which could be involved in modulation of presynaptic transmitter release. Inhibition or deletion of ASIC-1a leads to enhanced short term depression (STD), demonstrating that they are concerned with short-term plasticity of the synapse. ASICs represent a wide spread communication system with unique properties. We expect our experiments will have impact in the neurobiology field and will spread in areas related to neuronal plasticity.
Footnotes
We especially thank Professor John A. Wemmie from the Department of Psychiatry of The University of Iowa who generously provided the genetically modified ASIC1a -/- mice. This work was supported by PICT 2013-2202 and PICT-2011-2667 from Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCYT) and UBACYT 01/Q666 (20020130100666BA) from University of Buenos Aires (to Dr. Uchitel) and by grants from FONCYT- ANPCYT; BID 1728 OC.AR. PICT-2012-1769 and UBACYT 2014-2017 #20120130101305BA (to Dr. Urbano). . We would like to thank María Eugenia Martin for her invaluable technical assistance. The authors declare no competing financial interests
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
[Clinical significance of flow cytometric DNA analysis in metastatic lymph node of colorectal cancer].
Significance of flow cytometric DNA analysis in metastatic lymph nodes for assessing malignant potential of colorectal cancer was investigated using paraffin-embedded materials of primary lesions and metastatic lymph nodes from 65 patients who had been treated between 1975 and 1990. The DNA ploidy patterns of metastatic nodes were identical in 61.5% with those of primary lesions. Diploid cancers were significantly more frequent in metastatic nodes than in primary lesions. There were significantly more aneuploid cancers in proximal nodes than in distant nodes. There was no relation between ploidy patterns in primary lesions and survival. However, a significant relation was found between ploidy patterns in metastatic nodes and survival. Diploid cancer in metastatic nodes had a significantly better survival than aneuploid cancer, in all patients as well as those with curative resection. In patients with stage III and in those with the same depth of invasion, the survival rate of diploid cancer in metastatic nodes was significantly higher. There was no correlation between ploidy patterns in metastatic nodes and clinicopathological variables in primary lesions, such as histological type, depth of invasion, nodal involvement, peritoneal or hepatic involvement and stage. These results suggest that nuclear DNA content in metastatic lymph nodes may be a prognostic indicator in colorectal cancer with nodal involvement.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
Send gridview data from client side to server side at once
In an ASP.NET 2.0 web application, there is a gridview containing checkbox in first column.
When checkbox is checked either Header Checkbox or Row Checkbox, OnCheckChange event triggers on server side. In this event, the specfic row data or all rows data (in case of header checkbox) is added to a data table in session for further processing. Along side this, it call a few javascript function as well to check/uncheck the checkboxes, highlight the row on client side.
In case, when user wanted to check multiple checkbox but not via header checkbox. It's behavior gets wrong. If user quickly check the checkbox, few checkboxes are checked and few remain unchecked.
What I guess is that since on each OnCheckChange event there is a request to server side and then some js methods so it takes time, but befor request completeed, user checked the next checkbox and it is not actually checked.
Is there any way, I can allow user to check how many checkboxes he/she wants to check and then send them to server for storing in data table ?
Suggestions are appreciated.
A:
You should add loader for this kind of functionality. I hope you should be using update panel. You can add update progress control for the time request is processing on server side. It will hint the user to wait. You can also use ajax request by jquery to do similar kind of work.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Hotel Victory
The Hotel Victory was built on South Bass Island near Put in Bay, Ohio by James K. Tillotson and a group of investors opening in 1892. It was once one of the largest hotels in America but it was destroyed by fire in August 1919.
The Structure
The Hotel Victory consisted of one main building, another building with dining rooms and servant quarters, as well as a Natatorium. It was designed by E.O. Fallis and The Feick Construction Company of Sandusky built the frame and structure, laying the cornerstone in September 1889.
The main building was in the shape of a rectangle frame that was 600 feet wide by 300 feet deep. The frame surrounded an inner courtyard that measured 200 square feet. This main building housed the 625 guest rooms, 80 of which were suites with a bath. Other features of the main building included three elevators, bell boy stations on every floor, steam heating, and incandescent lights.
Connected to the main building by a grand lobby was the building that housed the main dining hall, the ordinary dining hall, the kitchen, and the servant quarters. The main dining hall was 155 feet long, 85 feet wide, and 52 feet high. The ordinary dining hall was 100 feet long and 50 feet wide. Together, the main and ordinary dining halls could serve up to 1,200 guests at a time.
The Natatorium, or swimming pool, was added to the Hotel in preparation for the season on 1898. It was located in front of the Hotel. The pool itself had a cement bottom and sides as well as a full canopy.
The Fire
On August 14, 1919, a fire began in the hotel. The flames originated in a cupola and quickly spread to the entire third floor. People in the hotel were notified by a phone call coming from outside of the building. As the structure burned, thieves took to removing the furniture, furnishings, and guest's personal belongings.
The Ruins
Today, only the ruins of The Hotel Victory remain. The swimming pool, or Natatorium, can still be viewed from up on the hill where the hotel once stood in the camping grounds of the state park. The site of the bronze statue "Winged Victory" remains intact. However, the actual statue was removed from the island and used for scrap metal.
References
External links
Ohio Memory, Images of The Hotel Victory
Ohio Memory, Blueprints of The Hotel Victory
Category:Hotel buildings completed in 1892
Category:Defunct hotels in Ohio
Category:Buildings and structures in Ottawa County, Ohio
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Google tweaked algorithm after rise in US shootings - marvindanig
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jul/02/google-tweaked-algorithm-after-rise-in-us-shootings
======
entropea
Is there any way to know this is being used only in positive-to-society ways?
When Google has a near monopoly, is them having the ability to selectively
censor or hide content and basically 'form' society's thoughts not something
to be concerned about?
------
rasz
My first guess would be “authoritative” ranking ignores $$profit$$ when
assembling results, that means counteracting effects of certain videos(viral,
clickbaity, "hot" controversial topics, designed to rail you on/shock) being
pushed in recommendations and forgets all the autoplayed "up next" clips, only
counting organic conscious traffic (clicks in subscription, search tab and
from external sources). TLDR it overlooks usual YT manipulation techniques
designed to make you keep clicking/watching ads. I wish I as a user could
manually trigger this hidden ranking on my search queries.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
}
|
Description
Edited text Original text
An amazing video has emerged of the entire crowd joining Beyonce to sing 'Love on Top' at the Croke Park in Dublin, Ireland.
In the footage, shot on Saturday, the audience can be heard singing at the top of their lungs while the singer hands the microphone towards the crowd.
Beyoncé singing her song Love On Top with the crowd in Dublin's Croke Park
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Western oil giants seek Libya deals as Brics lose
by LOYISO LANGENI,
August 06 2012, 13:22
LOYISO LANGENI
Western oil giants seek Libya deals as Brics lose
REBELS hailing the end of Muammar Gaddafi's rule in Libya yesterday warned Russian, Brazilian and Chinese companies that they may lose out on lucrative oil contracts for failing to support their rebellion.
Mr Gaddafi's fall will reopen the taps to Africa's largest oil reserves and give new players such as Qatar's national oil company the chance to compete with established European and US oil companies.
"We don't have a problem with western countries like the Italians, French and UK companies. But we may have some political issues with Russia, China and Brazil," Abdeljalil Mayouf, information manager at Libyan rebel oil firm Arabian Gulf Oil Company, said.
The comment signals a potential setback for countries which opposed tough sanctions on Mr Gaddafi's regime or pressed for more talks .
SA voted at the United Nations (UN) Security Council for a no-fly zone in Libya, but then criticised the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (Nato) for "imposing a no- fly zone through military means". The other members of the Brics group of nations - Brazil, Russia, India and China - abstained from voting on the resolution.
Efforts by President Jacob Zuma, as part of a five-member African Union (AU) panel charged with negotiating a unity government in Libya, have so far failed to bear fruit.
The rebels, who have been using the cover provided by the no-fly zone to wrest control over large parts of Libya and to move on the capital Tripoli at the weekend, have promised to reward the countries that supported them.
The rebels have secured some key government buildings in Tripoli in their final push to end the four-decade, autocratic rule of Mr Gaddafi, whose whereabouts are shrouded in mystery. The rebels said they had captured three of his sons.
Shares in Italian firm Eni, a top producer in prewar Libya, gained as much as 7% yesterday, as its chairman said Libyan oil and gas flows could restart before the European winter.
Brent oil futures fell just over $1 a barrel on the anticipated resumption of Libyan exports.
Libya's former top oil official, Shokri Ghanem, who defected from Mr Gaddafi's government in May, said some Libyan oil output would restart in a few months but it would take up to 18 months to return to prewar levels.
About 75 Chinese companies operated in Libya before the war, involving about 36000 employees and 50 projects .
Russian companies, including oil firms Gazprom Neft and Tatneft, also had projects worth billions of dollars in Libya. Brazilian firms such as Petrobras and construction company Odebrecht were also in business there.
"We have lost Libya completely," Aram Shegunts, director- general of the Russia-Libya Business Council, said. "Our companies will lose everything there because Nato will prevent them from doing business in Libya."
SA yesterday pledged to assist with the reconstruction of Libya "with the imminent fall of Col Gaddafi", but fell short of recognising the rebels as the official interim government, as countries across Europe were doing.
"As far as we are concerned, if this government (Mr Gaddafi's) falls there's no government," International Relations Minister Maite Nkoana-Mashabane said at a news briefing in Johannesburg.
"But we know that there were plans afoot in line with the interactions that the South African government has been having with both the Transitional National Council in Benghazi and Tripoli towards forming a transitional government in Libya," she said.
"SA pledges to make a contribution to the reconstruction and development of Libya."
She denied SA had sent two aircraft to Libya to evacuate Mr Gaddafi and his family to a neutral country. An aircraft had been chartered to fly to neighbouring Tunisia to evacuate embassy staff in Tripoli, Ms Nkoana-Mashabane said.
A foreign policy analyst said SA's calls for the creation of a transitional government in Libya were "idealistic". Tom Wheeler, of the South African Institute of International Affairs, said: "It's unlikely that the Transitional National Council would want to create an inclusive government with Mr Gaddafi. It (inclusive government) worked in SA because the Nationalist government wanted a negotiated settlement - which is not the case with other African countries."
Mr Zuma is set to meet the other members of the AU committee on Libya on Thursday at an undisclosed location. The leaders of Mauritania, Republic of Congo, Uganda and Mali are also on the committee.
The meeting will be followed by a session of the AU Peace and Security Council on Friday to discuss the dramatic developments in Libya.
The International Criminal Court's (ICC's) prosecutor said he had contacted the rebels, but needed more talks to determine how to transfer arrested suspects such as Saif al-Islam Gaddafi to The Hague. The ICC issued arrest warrants for Mr Gaddafi, his son Saif and Libyan intelligence chief Abdullah al- Senussi in June on charges of crimes against humanity after the UN Security Council referred the Libyan situation to the court .
ICC prosecutor Luis Moreno- Ocampo said he held talks with the National Transitional Council yesterday about its efforts to stabilise the situation in Tripoli and to establish security, and he was committed to support these efforts.
Mr Gaddafi was a hunted man yesterday as loyal remnants of his forces made last-ditch stands in Tripoli. His tanks and sharpshooters appeared to hold only small areas, including his Bab al-Aziziya compound. In a last, defiant, audio broadcast on Sunday before state television went off the air, he said he was still in Tripoli, and would stay "until the end". With Reuters
REBELS hailing the end of Muammar Gaddafi's rule in Libya yesterday warned Russian, Brazilian and Chinese companies that they may lose out on lucrative oil contracts for failing to support their rebellion.
Mr Gaddafi's fall will reopen the taps to Africa's largest oil reserves and give new players such as Qatar's national oil company the chance to compete with established European and US oil companies.
"We don't have a problem with western countries like the Italians, French and UK companies. But we may have some political issues with Russia, China and Brazil," Abdeljalil Mayouf, information manager at Libyan rebel oil firm Arabian Gulf Oil Company, said.
The comment signals a potential setback for countries which opposed tough sanctions on Mr Gaddafi's regime or pressed for more talks .
SA voted at the United Nations (UN) Security Council for a no-fly zone in Libya, but then criticised the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (Nato) for "imposing a no- fly zone through military means". The other members of the Brics group of nations - Brazil, Russia, India and China - abstained from voting on the resolution.
Efforts by President Jacob Zuma, as part of a five-member African Union (AU) panel charged with negotiating a unity government in Libya, have so far failed to bear fruit.
The rebels, who have been using the cover provided by the no-fly zone to wrest control over large parts of Libya and to move on the capital Tripoli at the weekend, have promised to reward the countries that supported them.
The rebels have secured some key government buildings in Tripoli in their final push to end the four-decade, autocratic rule of Mr Gaddafi, whose whereabouts are shrouded in mystery. The rebels said they had captured three of his sons.
Shares in Italian firm Eni, a top producer in prewar Libya, gained as much as 7% yesterday, as its chairman said Libyan oil and gas flows could restart before the European winter.
Brent oil futures fell just over $1 a barrel on the anticipated resumption of Libyan exports.
Libya's former top oil official, Shokri Ghanem, who defected from Mr Gaddafi's government in May, said some Libyan oil output would restart in a few months but it would take up to 18 months to return to prewar levels.
About 75 Chinese companies operated in Libya before the war, involving about 36000 employees and 50 projects .
Russian companies, including oil firms Gazprom Neft and Tatneft, also had projects worth billions of dollars in Libya. Brazilian firms such as Petrobras and construction company Odebrecht were also in business there.
"We have lost Libya completely," Aram Shegunts, director- general of the Russia-Libya Business Council, said. "Our companies will lose everything there because Nato will prevent them from doing business in Libya."
SA yesterday pledged to assist with the reconstruction of Libya "with the imminent fall of Col Gaddafi", but fell short of recognising the rebels as the official interim government, as countries across Europe were doing.
"As far as we are concerned, if this government (Mr Gaddafi's) falls there's no government," International Relations Minister Maite Nkoana-Mashabane said at a news briefing in Johannesburg.
"But we know that there were plans afoot in line with the interactions that the South African government has been having with both the Transitional National Council in Benghazi and Tripoli towards forming a transitional government in Libya," she said.
"SA pledges to make a contribution to the reconstruction and development of Libya."
She denied SA had sent two aircraft to Libya to evacuate Mr Gaddafi and his family to a neutral country. An aircraft had been chartered to fly to neighbouring Tunisia to evacuate embassy staff in Tripoli, Ms Nkoana-Mashabane said.
A foreign policy analyst said SA's calls for the creation of a transitional government in Libya were "idealistic". Tom Wheeler, of the South African Institute of International Affairs, said: "It's unlikely that the Transitional National Council would want to create an inclusive government with Mr Gaddafi. It (inclusive government) worked in SA because the Nationalist government wanted a negotiated settlement - which is not the case with other African countries."
Mr Zuma is set to meet the other members of the AU committee on Libya on Thursday at an undisclosed location. The leaders of Mauritania, Republic of Congo, Uganda and Mali are also on the committee.
The meeting will be followed by a session of the AU Peace and Security Council on Friday to discuss the dramatic developments in Libya.
The International Criminal Court's (ICC's) prosecutor said he had contacted the rebels, but needed more talks to determine how to transfer arrested suspects such as Saif al-Islam Gaddafi to The Hague. The ICC issued arrest warrants for Mr Gaddafi, his son Saif and Libyan intelligence chief Abdullah al- Senussi in June on charges of crimes against humanity after the UN Security Council referred the Libyan situation to the court .
ICC prosecutor Luis Moreno- Ocampo said he held talks with the National Transitional Council yesterday about its efforts to stabilise the situation in Tripoli and to establish security, and he was committed to support these efforts.
Mr Gaddafi was a hunted man yesterday as loyal remnants of his forces made last-ditch stands in Tripoli. His tanks and sharpshooters appeared to hold only small areas, including his Bab al-Aziziya compound. In a last, defiant, audio broadcast on Sunday before state television went off the air, he said he was still in Tripoli, and would stay "until the end". With Reuters
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You can only set up or view personalised news headlines when you are logged in as a registered user. Thereafter you can choose the sectors of industry in which you are interested, and the latest articles from those sectors will display in this area of your console.
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|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
use crate::transport::smtp::{client::SmtpConnection, error::Error, SmtpClient};
use r2d2::ManageConnection;
impl ManageConnection for SmtpClient {
type Connection = SmtpConnection;
type Error = Error;
fn connect(&self) -> Result<Self::Connection, Error> {
self.connection()
}
fn is_valid(&self, conn: &mut Self::Connection) -> Result<(), Error> {
if conn.test_connected() {
return Ok(());
}
Err(Error::Client("is not connected anymore"))
}
fn has_broken(&self, conn: &mut Self::Connection) -> bool {
conn.has_broken()
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Turbo ASL: arterial spin labeling with higher SNR and temporal resolution.
A modified pulsed arterial spin labeling (ASL) technique is introduced here that has both higher temporal resolution and higher SNR per unit time than existing ASL techniques. In this technique, the time TI between the application of the tag and image acquisition is longer than the repetition time TR, allowing for the use of greatly reduced TR values without a significant decrease in the amplitude of the ASL signal. This improves both the temporal resolution and the sensitivity of ASL for functional brain mapping.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
ListView+Viewpager Android
I am confused on implementing a design. I have a list of items which I want to show in a ListView. Now what I want to achieve is that the listview would show first 4 items and to view the next set of items, I want to enable view pager instead of vertical scrolling i.e the next set of 4 items should appear on the next page of the view pager.
Sorry, I just want to get a clear picture.
How can I achieve this? Thanks.
EDIT*
Something like so if I have a list of 8 items.
A:
Look use a list view. Just show your first fours item as interviewees.
And then the fifth item of list View will be View Pager. And pass all the remaining data list after first four elements to this view Pager Adapter which will show the rest of elements in horizontal scrolling of view Pager. But do not use List View and view pager in a same hierarchy. This will cause you problem in scrolling and touch events. You can use different views for different items in List View. Better to switch to Recycler View instead of List View. Just have fifth element view a viewPager.
I hope this will solve your problem. Let me know if you have any problem in achieving this.
<*EDIT>
Hey I did some workaround with ViewPager and RecyclerView as you said. Look at the screen Shots below. I hope you want to achieve as same. For Any issue drop a comment. I will try to help you out once I get time. You can find the source code at https://github.com/MacSimmy/SpannableRecyclerViewExample which is my Github profile.
enter image description here
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Changes in the bispectral index during intraabdominal irrigation in patients anesthetized with nitrous oxide and sevoflurane.
Surgical stimulation typically results in an activation of electroencephalographic activity. In some instances, painful stimulation in the presence of inadequate anesthesia results in a suppression of the electroencephalogram. This phenomenon has been referred to as a "paradoxical arousal." In our daily practice, we have noted a marked decrease in the bispectral index (BIS) with large delta waves during abdominal surgery when the abdominal cavity was irrigated with normal saline. In the present study, we sought to evaluate changes in BIS during intraabdominal irrigation. Eighteen ASA physical status I-II patients scheduled for elective abdominal surgery were enrolled in the study and allocated randomly to the control group (group C) or the fentanyl group (group F). Anesthesia was induced with 3 mg/kg of thiopental and was maintained with sevoflurane and 50% nitrous oxide. BIS, 95% spectral edge frequency (SEF95), and burst-suppression ratio were recorded using a BIS monitor. Near the end of the procedure, but before irrigation of the abdominal cavity, 1.5 microg/kg fentanyl was given IV to group F. There was no significant change in BIS or SEF95 in group F patients during subsequent irrigation of the abdominal cavity. In contrast, BIS and SEF95 decreased significantly after start of irrigation in group C patients. These data show that the stimulation occurring during intraabdominal irrigation might cause a paradoxical arousal response, as evidenced by a decrease in processed electroencephalographic parameters. Pretreatment with fentanyl suppressed these changes. Anesthesiologists should be aware of this paradoxical arousal response to avoid an inappropriate decrease in the anesthetic concentration in such situations.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Technology Training Classes The spring schedule of technology training classes is now posted. Topics include a full schedule of Excel classes as well as training in other Microsoft software and Google Apps. In addition, we have tentatively scheduled a sneak preview of the new Windows 10 operating system and Office... View Article
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In Deutschland sterben Mainzer Forschern zufolge deutlich mehr Menschen an den Folgen von Feinstaub als bislang angenommen. Dabei ist die Landwirtschaft für rund 45 Prozent der Feinstaub-Belastung verantwortlich. Hauptursache soll die Massentierhaltung sein.
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Drohen in Deutschland bald gerichtlich verfügte Fleischverbote? Für die Vegane Gesellschaft Deutschland wäre das nur konsequent. „Wer A sagt und gerichtliche Fahrverbote durchsetzt, muss auch B sagen und Fleischverbote durchsetzen“, sagt Christian Vagedes, der Gründer und Vorsitzende des Vereins aus Berlin.
Hintergrund ist eine bislang unveröffentlichte Studie des Mainzer Max-Planck-Instituts für Chemie. Danach ist die Feinstaubbelastung in Deutschland mittlerweile extrem hoch, wie das ARD-Magazin „Monitor“ berichtet. Die Folge sind rund 120.000 Todesfälle pro Jahr und damit doppelt so viele wie von Wissenschaftlern bisher angenommen. Unter dem Strich sei Feinstaub damit für genauso viele Opfer verantwortlich wie das Rauchen.
Als Hauptverursacher des Problems nennt die Untersuchung, die auf rund 40 internationalen Studien aus 16 Ländern basiert, die Landwirtschaft und dort insbesondere die Massentierhaltung. Der Grund: Aus der dort anfallenden Gülle entstehen Ammoniak-Ausgasungen, die sich in der Atmosphäre mit anderen Gasen verbinden und dadurch zu Feinstaub werden, erklärt Studienleiter Jos Lelieveld bei „Monitor“. „Die Massentierhaltung führt zu Ammoniak, Ammoniak, führt zu Feinstaub und Feinstaub führt zu frühzeitigen Todesfällen.“
An dieser Stelle finden Sie Inhalte aus Facebook Um mit Inhalten aus Facebook und anderen sozialen Netzwerken zu interagieren oder diese darzustellen, brauchen wir Ihre Zustimmung. Soziale Netzwerke aktivieren
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Für die Vegane Gesellschaft muss nun in der Konsequenz die Massentierhaltung beendet werden. „Da der meiste Feinstaub aus der Massentierhaltung stammt, begrüßen wir Musterklagen, die die Verursacher-Betriebe dicht machen und den Beginn von Fleischverboten“, heißt es in einer aktuellen Mitteilung des Vereins. „Alles andere wäre angesichts der Dieselfahrverbote unehrlich und inkonsequent.“ Verbandschef Vagedes will daher auf die Deutsche Umwelthilfe (DUH) zugehen, die in den vergangenen Monaten in etlichen deutschen Großstädten Fahrverbote für Dieselfahrzeuge gerichtlich durchgesetzt hat.
Massentierhaltung im Fokus der Öffentlichkeit
„Wir erwarten von der DUH eine Antwort, ob sie jetzt auch gegen die Fleischindustrie klagt“, sagt Vagedes im WELT-Gespräch. Falls nicht, sei die Glaubwürdigkeit der Umwelthilfe aus seiner Sicht komplett zerstört. „Dann zeigt sich, dass es der DUH nicht um die Umwelt geht.“ Zumal die Massentierhaltung auch als der weltweit größte Verursacher von klimaschädlichem CO2 gelte.
Unter Fachleuten ist der Zusammenhang zwischen Massentierhaltung und Feinstaubbelastung schon seit Jahren bekannt. Das zeigt sich nicht zuletzt auch bei den verschiedenen Messstationen für die Feinstaubbelastung in Deutschland. Im Landkreis Cloppenburg zum Beispiel, der zum sogenannten Schweinegürtel in Niedersachsen gehört, wo also zahlreiche Mastbetriebe ansässig sind, liegen die Messewerte regelmäßig deutlich höher als in Großstädten wie zum Beispiel der niedersächsischen Landeshauptstadt Hannover.
Lesen Sie auch Meinung Massentierquälerei Fleisch ist billig, Fleisch ist Müll. Eine Schweinerei
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Die Vegane Gesellschaft weist zudem darauf hin, dass deshalb auch die von der Stadt Oldenburg kritisierte Messanlage trotz nicht fahrender Dieselautos hohe Feinstaubwerte gemessen hat. „Weil der Feinstaub des Schweingürtels aus dem Oldenburger Land regelmäßig in die Innenstadt zieht und dort die Luft belastet.“
Vagedes sieht daher die Zeit gekommen für eine vegane Wende. „Wer ehrliche Politik verantwortet, schwenkt jetzt auf einen Kurs ein, der pflanzenbasierte Ernährung massiv fördert und nicht-vegane Produkte schrittweise vom Markt nimmt.“ Der Lobbyist gibt allerdings zu, dass diese Aussagen sehr zugespitzt sind. Ihm gehe es aber darum, das wichtige Thema Massentierhaltung in den Fokus der Öffentlichkeit zu rücken.
Lesen Sie auch Konsum mit gutem Gewissen So teuer ist unser „Ja“ zum Bio-Fleisch
„Tierhaltung bringt jede Menge Herausforderungen mit sich: Das beginnt beim CO2-Ausstoß durch die Tiere, geht weiter über die Abholzung des Regenwalds für immer neue Anbauflächen für Gen-Soja, aus dem dann Futtermittel hergestellt werden, und endet bei den Todeszonen in den Weltmeeren, verursacht durch die hohe Düngerbelastung.“ Es müsse daher erlaubt sein, die Frage nach gerichtlichen Fleischverboten zu stellen, zumal die Belastung durch Ammoniak regelmäßig über den gesetzlich vorgegebenen Grenzwerten liege. Auf die Antwort der Umwelthilfe ist Vagedes dabei besonders gespannt.
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Find Refrigeration Australia | Quotes Coupons Reviews
Find out more information about Refrigeration, including quotes, reviews or special coupon...read moreoffers in dLook's business listings within Australia. Through dLook search you can refine your preferred search area or results further from national down to a local suburb and then you may vary search terms to find results such as cool rooms, insulation or wholesale refrigerators and more in this category and in the areas that match a product or service type. Use the free quotes facility to seek quotes, read reviews, seek discount coupons or learn more about these businesses, products or services. Or just email or call a business displayed using the listing information to find out more about the Refrigeration range of products and services on offer. Premium listings also feature social media information including Facebook pages, Twitter feeds and often a promotional video from YouTube click through to find more.
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Reynella 5161
“Flinders Airconditioning have installed split systems in 2 of my rental properties and recently an evaporative system in my house. They were prompt and competively priced. I would highly recommend them.”
Meadow Heights 3048
South Granville 2142
“M & E Equipment Traders were truly a pleasure to work with. We purchased some refrigeration equipment and they were extremely professional and friendly in the manner in which they interacted with us. The exchange was quick and without any unnecessary complications. Thanks again guys, we look forward to working with you again soon.”
Narrabeen 2101
“After living through one too many hot summers my wife and I finally had air conditioning installed, with the help of Cyclone Air. We wish we'd done it earlier - the air con unit works perfectly whether we want to warm or cool the house. Haven't had a single problem- the temperature in our home is always so comfortable now.”
Revesby 2212
“Running a busy cafe, it is critical that my fridges are in perfect working order. Following some problems with our old fridges I had JD Refrigeration install a set of new fridges. What a great decision - they run smoothly and faultlessly, so I don't have to worry about any problems with food spoiling. Thanks JD!”
Value
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Allen Worthington on 10th May 2012
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//
// main.m
// JLPermissionsExample
//
// Created by Joseph Laws on 4/19/14.
// Copyright (c) 2014 Joe Laws. All rights reserved.
//
#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>
#import "JLAppDelegate.h"
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
return UIApplicationMain(argc, argv, nil, NSStringFromClass([JLAppDelegate class]));
}
}
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Post navigation
20.11.16. Birdlog
Out and about from Ince this morning and straight from the start there were good numbers of Curlew in the ‘Pig field’ with just a few Common Gull also present. The new pools held a small amount of Common Teal, Mallard and a couple of Grey Heron with them. The hedgerows were again full of Redwing and Blackbird with only smaller amounts of Fieldfare being noted. Looking over to Ince Marsh from Ince Berth.
I spotted a Merlin which flew fast and low out towards the River Mersey where a large flock of Starling had gathered to feed. There were 8 Whooper Swan were trumpeting loudly when another two joined them and a greeting display took place for several minutes. The field alongside the Holpool Gutter held c2000 Lapwing and several hundred Golden Plover alongside a dozen Mute Swan. The Great White Egret was again seen out in the tidal gutters.
There were a couple of wildfowlers hiding low down on the salt marsh and they were surrounded by several decoys with mechanical flapping wings attracting the attention of the unwary geese.
The mitigation pools were ‘dead’ as was the secluded pool but No.6 tank fared much better with a small flock of Black-tailed Godwit. There were also good numbers of Common Pochard, Common Teal, Shoveler, Common Shelduck, Mallard and Gadwall.
A new Merlin was sat on a post on No.3. The Raven hoard were feasting on yet another fallen farm animal which continue to provide a well stocked winter larder and the best feeding station for miles around.
A male Blackcap found the mild conditions on the marsh favourable with another warbler spp glimpsed as it went into the reed bed but I couldn’t relocated it.
The walk along Lordship Lane held a mixture of finches with Goldfinch, Linnet and Chaffinch with a few Reed Bunting tagging along. Other passerines included Long-tailed, Blue and Great Tit also noted.
There were more Lapwing with Curlew and an impressive number of (10) Ruff feeding in the field adjacent the southern ramp to No.6.
Back to the Holpool Gutter and the Mute’s were joined by a single Whooper Swan while out on the salt marsh the other Whoopers had now joined the mute’s there. Arriving at my car and a Great Spotted Woodpecker was perched at the top of a dead tree to see me off.
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This perfect family home on large lot in mature area has 5 bedrooms, 3 bathrooms with large family room with gas fireplace. Covered deck off of dining room. Work bench area in basement too! Some upgrades done and lots of potential to add your personal touch. Large double detached garage. Close to schools and parks. Make this home your and schedule a private showing today!More details
Perfect starter home with potential for suite - separate basement entrance. Located across from schools & parks with bus stop right out front, this cute house offers very good value! New shingles 2015 and water heater.Approx 6 yrs old. Laminate floors throughout main level & family room. Oak kitchen with views onto the park across the street. 2 nicely sized bedrooms have ample closet space & share a full bath on the 2nd floor. A 3rd bedroom & 3/4 bath is off the family room on the 3rd level. In the basement you will find loads of storage, a partially finished den & a large utility/laundry room. The garage is perfect for a person who likes to work in a shop or needs lots of storage. Measuring 34 deep x 13 wide at narrowest & expanding to 18 ft wide at rear. Outdoors enjoy a private south facing rear yard with large deck, newer fence, garden, mature trees & shrubs. Central air, central vac & alarm system as well as all appliances included. Across the street from elementary and secondary schools, park and playground. Bus stop just outside the front door makes travel within the city easy and convenient. View this affordable home in excellent west side neighbourhood today!More details
Great Location! Close to Schools and Shaw Centre. This 1078 sq. ft. 4 Level split offers 5 bedrooms and 2 bathrooms. Large living room with fresh ceilings and paint. The kitchen features new stainless steel appliances. Main floor laundry The main bath had a new tub surround done in (2011).The dining room has patio doors that lead to a newer deck (2015). New central air was installed one year ago (2017). Shingles were done in (2014) and the shed was built in (2016). Flooring throughout the main was replaced in October (2018) along with the baseboards. 16x24 garage with opener. Backyard has chain link fence along the back and one side. Check out our virtual tour!More details
Welcome to 210 Postnikoff Crescent. This beautiful home is located on a quiet crescent in Parkridge just minutes from the Shaw Centre. Newly renovated with new windows, new flooring, and a gorgeous new kitchen with quartz countertops, stainless steel appliances, and soft-close cabinets. All three bathrooms have been completely updated as well! The basement has lots of space with a large family room, den, bedroom, storage room, and utility room! Don't miss out on this great property, call today!More details
Located close to James Alexandra School in the always friendly neighborhood of Parkridge. This home is located at 238 Needham Cres and offers 3 bedrooms and one bathroom. The home has had numerous upgrades done including flooring, trim, paint, bathrooms, countertops, tiled backsplash and more. The basement is an open canvas for your own personal development. The home features central air, underground sprinklers, HUGE DOUBLE DETACHED GARAGE and includes all appliances. View the photos as well as the 3D tour, than call your agent to view or visit listing agents website for further info.More details
Wow, this home shows 10/10! No details have been overlooked. This completely updated and modernized home is located in an established, family neighbourhood directly across the street from a large park which leads to both public and catholic elementary schools. You’ll be immediately impressed by the amazing street appeal which is accented by the modern stonework, exterior lighting, and landscaping. Inside you will find a spacious living room with an abundance of natural light that pours into the entire main floor. The stylish, new laminate flooring runs throughout the entire main floor and leads you from the living room into dining room / kitchen complete with brand new cabinetry, quartz countertops, tile backsplash, stainless steel appliances and modern lighting. The kitchen and dining rooms offer expansive views of the mature, and fully landscaped yard, which features garden beds, shrubs, large trees, and concrete patio. The main floor also includes three updated bedrooms and a fully renovated bathroom including tile shower and jet tub. In the basement you will find a massive family room with an abundance of lighting as well as another fully renovated bathroom and an additional bedroom. Other notable items include: new shingles, vinyl windows, high-efficiency furnace, new central A/C and plenty of storage on both floors. Call your Realtor today, because this one won’t last!More details
Brand new townhouse in Parkridge. Lots of upgraded features like tall 9-foot ceilings, water saving toilets, designer lighting package, modern flooring, contemporary paint colours, full basement with roughed in plumbing, HRV air exchange system and 30 year warranty asphault shingles. The community is surrounded by parks, shcools, shopping and recreational facilities. Everything just be perfect for first home buyers.More details
Brand new townhouse in Parkridge. Lots of upgraded features like tall 9-foot ceilings, water saving toilets, designer lighting package, modern flooring, contemporary paint colours, full basement with roughed in plumbing, HRV air exchange system and 30 year warranty asphault shingles. The community is surrounded by parks, shcools, shopping and recreational facilities. Everything just be perfect for first home buyers.More details
NEWER PART OF PARKRIDGE, MAPLE CABINETS, GRANITE COUNTER TOPS, CERAMIC TILE BACKSPLASH, HARDWOOD FLOORING IN LIVING ROOM, 3/4 BATH OFF MASTER, BASEMENT COMPLETELY DEVELOPED WITH FAMILY ROOM 2 BEDROOMS AND BATHROOM ONLY REQUIRING SHOWER OR TUB, GARAGE HEATED WITH NATURAL GAS, ALSO WATER AND CENTRAL VAC. GREAT VALUE AND PRICED FOR QUICK SALEMore details
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The Saskatoon Region Association of REALTORS® (SRAR) IDX Reciprocity listings are displayed in
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С момента введения Россией запрета на ввоз продуктов из стран Европы и США в Калининградской области лишились работы 1200 человек. Об этом в своем докладе Владимиру Путину сообщил Николай Цуканов, говорится на сайте губернатора.
"На данный момент уже сокращено 818 человек, направлены в вынужденные отпуска 428 человек. Объем производства отрасли упал на 6%, тогда как в 2013 году она показывала устойчивый рост (108,6%), – говорится в тексте доклада.
Губернатор уточнил, что последствиями ввода внешнеэкономических санкций становится приостановка деятельности предприятий и снижение заработной платы.
"Правительство области подготовило программу ускоренного импортозамещения и удвоения объемов производства сельхозпродукции для перерабатывающих предприятий, – сообщил Николай Цуканов в докладе. – Все регионально значимые программы подготовлены".
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If you’re going to announce a major reshuffle of your executive team, including the allegedly-enforced departure of the man responsible for your most important product line, doing it on a day when your two biggest competitors are making major product announcements and the stock market is closed due to a massive storm is probably the best time to do it.
The departure of Scott Forstall wasn’t so much buried as drowned under Hurricane Sandy, three new devices from Google, and an entire new mobile operating system from Microsoft (Windows Phone 8).
Of course, that only made it the second-biggest story in technology of the day (sorry, Microsoft, you just don’t rate that highly). Plenty of others have covered that ground, but what interests me is the challenge that faces Apple and in particular the new head honcho of all Internet services, Eddy Cue. Because the biggest challenge facing Cue isn’t just getting Maps and Siri to work better: it’s integrating the software services that Apple provides in a richer and more meaningful way.
Consider the way that Google Now — the Android answer to Siri — now pulls information from your Gmail account to give you reminders about flights and travel plans. Or how it monitors your calendar and gives you travel details for how to get to a meeting from wherever you are.
This kind of proactive use of data in an integrated way is exactly where Apple should be with Siri, but isn’t right now. But that may not be true forever. With all of Apple’s online services — Siri, Maps, iCloud, and so on — now under one roof and the capable hands of Cue, Apple has a chance to at least keep close to Google. If you’re an iCloud user, Apple knows when you get meeting invites. It knows where you’re going, at what time, from your calendar. It knows the routes you should take to get there, thanks to Maps (at least in theory). So why isn’t Siri, which is supposed to be the smartest assistant around, suggesting this stuff to me without me having to ask? Apple even has patents that cover exactly this kind of feature.
In my head, whenever Eddy Cue takes over a new part of Apple, he appears like Jack Nicholson in The Shining: bursting through a locked door at Cupertino, shouting “Heeeere’s Eddy!” with a maniacal grin on his face. He has a reputation as Apple’s Mr. Fixit, capable of taking apart and putting back together a project that isn’t working in quite the way Apple needs it to.
The only fly in the ointment is that Cue’s track record doesn’t include much in the way of serious integration between services. He’s widely-regarded as a great negotiator, having faced down the record labels in the early iTunes era. He’s also regarded as someone capable of delivering direction to a team and ensuring it delivers a higher quality product on time.
But integration between complex software services? Iterating fast, something that’s essential if Apple is going to keep up with Google’s services? Not so much. Those aren’t strengths that Cue has shown much of, at least not so far. It’s time for Eddy to prove he can really push a service along, as well as simply saving it from doom.
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I look forward to the Annual BP Energy Outlook. Two of the principles of the Outlook are:
avoiding groupthink by exposing ideas to the public understanding uncertainty by generation of what-if scenarios
Below I highlight BP’s view on passenger cars and the effect of climate policies on natural gas over the course of the Outlook (2015-2035). The material for this post comes from the CSIS 2017 BP Energy Outlook Youtube video.
Oil consumption for passenger cars
Figure 1 – Net change in car oil consumption
BP project that the continued emergence of the middle class will lead to a doubling of the global passenger car fleet.
The increased oil consumption associated with this doubling is almost entirely offset by a 2.5% annual improvement in fuel efficiency.
This fuel efficiency assumption seems quite small – but actually it is a strong break with the past. The average for the last twenty years is only 1%. Even small improvements in fuel efficiency have a large effect on oil consumption due to the size of the combustion engine fleet.
The opposite is true with electric cars. BP are projecting the number of electric cars increasing from 1.2 million to 100 million. This is a compounded annual growth rate of around 25%!
Unlike with fuel efficiency this relative increase has very little effect. Electric car deployment increasing by 100 times leads to only a 6% reduction versus 2015 oil consumption.
Electric cars are a sexy topic that gets a lot of media attention – yet vehicle fuel efficiency may be more important if we care about climate change.
Large relative increases can be dwarfed by small relative increases. It’s important to take everything back to the absolute value (in this case oil consumption) that we care about.
Risks to gas demand
Oil majors and energy professionals are both interested in the future of natural gas. In the Outlook BP take a look at how climate policy could affect the growth of natural gas.
Strong climate policies pose a risk to all fossil fuels – natural gas included. Strong climate policies lead to the reduction of all fossil fuels in favour of low carbon energy generation.
However the Outlook shows that actually both strong and weak climate policies pose risks to natural gas consumption.
Figure 2 – The effect of climate policy strength on natural gas consumption growth
Weak climate policies will favour fossil fuels but also benefit coal over natural gas. BP expect the net effect of this would be a reduction in gas growth versus their base case.
This is quite a nice example of a Laffer curve. The Laffer curve is traditionally used for demonstrating the relationship between tax revenue and the tax rate. The curve shows there is an optimum somewhere in the middle.
Figure 3 – The Laffer Curve
BP are showing that natural gas consumption likely follows a Laffer curve with respect to climate policy.
Thanks for reading!
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Q:
how to remove path of my command line?
When I start to enter in different folder the path is registered in my command line and I don't know how to remove it.
I am almost sure my question wasn't clear. An example is always better.
Once in home:
luiz@feynman:~$ cd Music/
luiz@feynman:~/Music$ cd Beatles/
luiz@feynman:~/Music/Beatles$ cd 17\ Love/
What is annoying me is this :~/Music or ~/Music/Beatles before $. It seems a stupid problem but when I need to enter into many folders is really a big problem.
I guess I should change something in my .bashrc, but I don't know what.
Thanks
A:
You can use this prompt for PS1
PS1='\u@\h: $(x=$(pwd); l=${#x}; if [ $l -lt 24 ]; then echo $x; else echo ... ${x: -20};fi;)\$'
Just put this at the very end of your .bashrc. From now every time you go to a path with a length greater than 24 it'll show the last 20 characters preceding by .... In fact when we go deep down a directory only the last directories become significant. Because we already know where we started.
A:
look at and edit the value of $PS1. It contains the template for your prompt.
Something like '\u@\h \w $ ' is typical, in this the '\w' is a placeholder for the working directory. SettingPS1'\u@\h $ '` would remove the working directory.
For full details on how to set PS1, consult the bash man page
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[
{
"id": "uncraft_book",
"type": "requirement",
"//": "Result of disassembling books, magazines and similar items",
"components": [ [ [ "paper", 1 ] ] ]
}
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Fast Food Cuisine:
Mass produced and served as quickly as hunger strikes. It not only takes lesser time to prepare but are cheaper compared to other prepared food items. It is provided to the customed in a take-away form because it is pre-cooked or pre-heated. Checkout this list of top Fast Food restaurants in Ambience Mall, Gurgaon.
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Comfort Food: Guilty Pleasure?
In moderation, fats in foods boost energy when you're sluggish and help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins. There is growing evidence that one of the healthiest edibles is the vice you're supposed to avoid: fat.
Not just any variety will do. You want the healthy, omega-3 fats found in nuts, olive oil, avocados and cold-water fish like salmon and mackerel, rather than the saturated, trans-fatty acids found in beef, butter, chips, cookies and many other foods. When it comes to fat, it pays to read the labels.
Keep Reading Below
Two recent studies, one from Penn State, the other from Harvard University, found that comfort foods alone won't tip the scale. To the contrary, researchers at Penn State reported that a diet rich in peanut butter, of all things, can both help shed pounds and prevent heart disease.
Why can't we resist comfort foods? Their lure has both chemical and emotional triggers. "Some foods work on serotonin levels in the brain to produce a calming effect," Diekman says. "Adjusting your blood sugar levels by not being hungry can relax you."
Bernadette Latson, a dietitian and assistant professor at the University of Texas, Southwest Medical Center, says women may be more susceptible to stress eating because of the peaks and valleys in estrogen during the menstrual cycle and brain chemicals that regulate hormone and insulin levels.
Premenstrual changes can push women to eat more chocolates, chips and other foods associated with serotonin and insulin because their blood sugar is falling.
"Stress ... triggers a drop in serotonin and leads to a craving for sweets and starches, which help you cope," says Latson. "Because they help improve your mood and trigger happy memories, it's a learned response to eat chocolate, cookies and cake when under stress simply because we associate them with a sense of security."
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