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As computer technology has advanced, both government and private entities have become increasingly dependent on computerized information systems to carry out operations and to process, maintain, and report essential information. Public and private organizations rely on computer systems to transmit sensitive and proprie... | Federal agencies, as well as their contractors, depend on interconnected computer systems and electronic data to carry out essential mission-related functions. Thus, the security of these systems and networks is vital to protecting national and economic security, public health and safety, and the flow of commerce. If i... |
The CCDF is the key mechanism through which the federal government provides funding for child care subsidies to support work among low- income families, and is administered by the Administration for Children and Families within HHS. The component funds of the CCDF were identified under the Personal Responsibility and W... | As Congress considers reauthorization of the laws which provide funding for the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF), there is interest in understanding what accounts for recent trends in child care subsidy receipt among eligible families and what research says about subsidies' effects on parents' ability to obtain a... |
Before the FAR changes in December 2007, DFARS provided that contractors must conduct themselves with the highest degree of integrity and honesty. Specifically, defense regulations provided that contractors should have (1) a written code of ethical conduct; (2) ethics training for all employees; (3) periodic reviews of... | Until recently, ethics programs and practices of defense contractors were self-policed. Given the significant sums spent to acquire goods and services, the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) was amended twice starting in December 2007 to first mandate and later amplify contractor ethics program rules. Before FAR chan... |
Madam Chairman and Members of the Subcommittee: We are pleased to be here to assist the Subcommittee in its inquiry into the classification of workers either as employees or independent contractors for federal tax purposes. Proper classification of workers has been the subject of several of our reports and congressiona... | GAO discussed the classification of workers as employees or independent contractors for federal tax purposes. GAO noted that: (1) the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has adopted 20 common law rules to help employers classify workers; (2) the rules require employers to withhold and deposit income and social security taxe... |
The 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction governs how international parental child abduction disputes are adjudicated. It requires that party states identify a lead government agency (called a “central authority”) to serve as a central point of contact and to initiate or facilitate... | During the last several years, the United States has criticized Germany's handling of international parental child abduction cases that have been filed by U.S. parents. Both the executive and legislative branches of the U.S. government have criticized Germany for not fully and consistently following the criteria and pr... |
The United States Constitution established a union of states that provided for national and state government and gave each its own authority and sphere of power. However, it also allows for these spheres to overlap and thus creates areas of concurrent power in which either level of government or both may regulate. Exam... | Both federal and state governments exercise regulatory authority in many of the same policy areas. In enacting new legislation in these shared areas, Congress must provide federal protections, guarantees, or benefits while preserving an appropriate balance between federal and state regulatory authority and responsibili... |
Federal employees have long had substantial workplace protections through an administrative redress system that was designed to safeguard them against arbitrary agency actions and prohibited personnel practices, such as discrimination or retaliation for whistleblowing. But the redress system—especially insofar as it af... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO provided information on alternative dispute resolution (ADR), focusing on: (1) private sector companies' and federal agencies' reasons for using ADR; (2) the types of ADR these organizations have made available to their employees through procedures other than those under collect... |
Schools with college card agreements generally provide students with access to either a debit or prepaid card. Each type of card offers a cashless means to make purchases and access funds, but there are key differences between them. A debit card is issued by a bank and linked to a customer’s checking account. It allows... | A growing number of colleges and universities have entered into agreements with financial firms to provide debit and prepaid card services for students. As the number of agreements has grown, questions have arisen over fees and issues such as student choice. This report examines (1) the functions of college cards and t... |
In the banking industry, the specific regulatory configuration depends on the type of charter the banking institution chooses. Bank charter types include commercial banks, which originally focused on the banking needs of businesses, but then over time broadened their services; thrifts, which include savings banks, savi... | As the financial services industry has become increasingly concentrated in a number of large, internationally active firms offering an array of products and services, the adequacy of the U.S. financial regulatory system has been questioned. GAO has identified the need to modernize the financial regulatory system as a c... |
Workers’ compensation consists of a complex array of programs that provide benefits to persons injured while working or who suffer occupational diseases. Each state and the District of Columbia requires employers operating in its jurisdictions to provide WC insurance for their employees and to report work-related injur... | This report discusses how workers' compensation (WC) benefits affect benefit programs run by the Social Security Administration (SSA) and other agencies. GAO (1) examines the effects of WC benefits on SSA programs, focusing on SSA's progress in administering the WC offset provision; (2) discusses other federal programs... |
Since the early 1980s, NWS has been modernizing its observing, information processing, and communications systems to improve the accuracy, timeliness, and efficiency of weather forecasts and warnings. The $4.5 billion modernization includes four major systems—AWIPS, the Next Generation Geostationary Operational Environ... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the National Weather Service's (NWS) Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System (AWIPS), focusing on whether the proposed AWIPS capabilities will improve weather forecasts and reduce staffing levels and the number of weather offices. GAO found that NWS: (1) needs to... |
Over the years we have reported on a wide variety of grant formula issues. During the 1970s and 1980s, we issued a number of reports on the funding formulas used to direct Revenue Sharing funds to local communities based on both their capacity and willingness to utilize local resources to address local needs. In antici... | Congress asked GAO to comment on the Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD) 2005 report on the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG), "CDBG Formula Targeting to Community Development Need." The CDBG program distributes funding to communities using two separate formulas that take into account poverty, ol... |
The 30 countries in the world that generate electricity from 435 nuclear power reactor units face the need to manage the radioactive wastes that are generated from these units as well as the waste generated by non- utility users of nuclear materials. The United States is a large generator of radioactive waste with its ... | GAO has reported on limitations in the management of U.S. low-level radioactive waste (LLRW). LLRW ranges from very low-activity to higher-activity waste. To identify potential approaches to overcome these limitations, GAO was asked to examine the extent to which other countries have (1) LLRW inventory databases, (2) t... |
The ISC was established by Executive Order 12977 following the 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Aside from certain intelligence-related exceptions, the Executive Order requires executive branch departments and agencies to cooperate and comply with ISC’s policies and reco... | The 2012 shooting at the Anderson Federal Building in Long Beach, California, demonstrates that federal facilities and their employees as well as the public who visit federal buildings continue to be the targets of violence. The Federal Protective Service and about 30 other federal agencies are responsible for protecti... |
Of the 15 federal agencies involved in food safety oversight, FDA and FSIS have primary oversight responsibility. Table 1 summarizes the food safety responsibilities of all 15 agencies. U.S. food safety oversight is not the only federal effort that involves multiple agencies. Many federal government initiatives require... | For more than a decade, GAO has reported on the fragmented federal food safety system. In 2007, GAO added federal oversight of food safety to its list of high-risk areas because of risks to the economy and to public health and safety. GAO conducted this work under the authority of the Comptroller General to assist Cong... |
DOE defines low-level waste as all radioactive waste that does not fall within other classifications, such as high-level waste and spent (used) nuclear fuel. Mixed waste is low-level radioactive waste with hazardous components, such as lead and mercury. Low-level wastes can range from barely contaminated soil and debri... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the Department of Energy's (DOE) management and disposal of its low-level radioactive wastes, focusing on: (1) the factors that influence DOE's decisions about the treatment, storage, and disposal of the wastes; and (2) DOE's costs to treat, store, and dispose of these ... |
DOD consolidated 26 service-specific stand-alone installations into 12 joint bases to take advantage of opportunities for efficiencies.1 for a list of joint bases, their locations, and the identification of which military service is the supporting component that delivers installation support. Figure 1 is an interactive... | GAO designated DOD support infrastructure as a high-risk area to address efficiency challenges. In 2005, DOD recommended to the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Commission combining 26 installations into 12 joint bases to generate efficiencies and cost savings, initially estimated to be $2.3 billion. In 2009, DOD re... |
Various institutions, including banks, credit unions, nonbank entities, and subservicers, service mortgage loans. These institutions are defined as follows: Banks. Institutions of various types that may be chartered under federal or state law. One type of bank, community banks, is often associated with smaller banks (e... | As of September 30, 2015, community lenders held about $3.1 billion in MSRs on their balance sheets. Servicing is a part of holding all mortgage loans, but an MSR generally becomes a distinct asset when the loan is sold or securitized. In response to the 2007–2009 financial crisis, regulators have implemented new rules... |
States’ Medicaid and SCHIP programs are governed by various federal requirements regarding eligibility, covered services, and access to care. Under these requirements, states generally have some discretion in determining the amount, duration, and scope of services their programs will provide, and the delivery and finan... | Over 25 million children have health insurance coverage through Medicaid or the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). Coverage alone, however, does not guarantee that services will be available or that children will receive needed care. GAO was asked to evaluate states' efforts to facilitate and monitor ac... |
NNSA relies on its Stockpile Stewardship Program to ensure the safety, security, and effectiveness of the nuclear weapons stockpile. The Stockpile Stewardship Program is comprised of various elements, including, but not limited to: (1) the Advanced Simulation and Computing (ASC) Campaign, which provides the computation... | In the absence of underground nuclear weapons testing, the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) relies on its supercomputing operations at its three weapons laboratories to simulate the effects of changes to current weapons systems, calculate the confidence of future untested systems, and ensure military req... |
The key objectives of U.S. public diplomacy are to engage, inform, and influence overseas audiences. Public diplomacy is carried out through a wide range of programs that employ person-to-person contacts; print, broadcast, and electronic media; and other means. Traditionally, U.S. public diplomacy focused on foreign el... | The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, were a dramatic reminder of the importance of our need to cultivate a better public opinion of the United States abroad. Yet recent opinion research indicates that foreign publics, especially in countries with large Muslim populations, view the United States unfavorably. GAO... |
TVA is a multipurpose, independent, federal corporation established by the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933 (TVA Act). The act established TVA to improve the quality of life in the Tennessee River Valley by improving navigation, promoting regional agricultural and economic development, and controlling the floodwa... | The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) declared its intent to become competitive by reducing its cost of power and becoming more financially flexible by reducing debt from $27.4 billion to $13.2 billion by 2007. Since the 1980s, TVA has used benchmarking to assess staffing levels for its nuclear program and it began to u... |
Ex-Im’s mission is to support U.S. exports and jobs by providing export financing on terms that are competitive with the official export financing support offered by other governments. It had about 350 full-time staff positions in fiscal year 2010. Between fiscal years 2003 and 2008, Ex-Im authorized financing averagin... | This testimony discusses the role of the U.S. Export-Import Bank (Ex-Im) in promoting exports and achieving other U.S. policy goals. As Congress considers policies to achieve more robust growth in the U.S. economy, it must consider the full range of tools available to further growth and create new jobs for U.S. workers... |
Today, 95 percent of American households purchase local telephone service, 85 percent purchase subscription television service (usually from a cable company or a satellite provider), and about 62 percent purchase some form of access to the Internet. Of those with access to the Internet, about 39 percent have a high-spe... | One of the primary purposes of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 was to promote competition in telecommunication markets, but wire-based competition has not developed as fully as expected. However, a new kind of entrant, called broadband service providers (BSP), offers an alternative wire- based option for local telep... |
The Small Business Innovation Development Act of 1982 established the SBIR program and identified four program goals: technological innovation, commercialization of the research results, the use of small businesses to meet agencies’ R&D needs, and participation in federal R&D by minorities and disadvantaged persons. Th... | The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program was created to increase the use of small businesses to meet federal research needs and commercialize the results of this research. To monitor the program, the Small Business Administration (SBA) requires participating agencies to provide, in a standard format, speci... |
GSA purchases about 35,000 to 40,000 vehicles annually for its Fleet program and manages an inventory of almost 200,000 vehicles, including sedans, passenger vans, trucks (light, medium, and heavy), buses, ambulances, alternative fuel vehicles, and limited special purpose vehicles. GSA then leases these vehicles to 75 ... | To assist youth who live in high poverty rural areas obtain and retain jobs, YouthBuild USA, a national nonprofit organization, has proposed providing donated used cars to selected low-income youth in rural communities. YouthBuild USA's proposed program hinges on receiving donations of used cars from the federal govern... |
PPACA provides for the establishment of health-insurance marketplaces to assist consumers in comparing and selecting among insurance plans offered by participating private issuers of health-insurance coverage. Under PPACA, states may elect to operate their own health-insurance marketplaces, known as state-based marketp... | PPACA provides for the establishment of health-insurance marketplaces through which private issuers can sell qualifying health-care coverage, and makes subsidies available to enrollees who meet certain income and other requirements. According to the Congressional Budget Office, the estimated cost of subsidies and relat... |
Congress established the NFIP in the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 to provide policyholders with some insurance coverage for flood damage, as an alternative to disaster assistance, and to try to reduce the escalating costs of repairing flood damage. FEMA, within DHS, administers the NFIP and is responsible for i... | Extraordinary recent flood events raise serious questions about the solvency of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), which is administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The NFIP is largely implemented by private insurance companies that sell and service policies and adjust claims under the ... |
DHS’s mission is to lead the unified national effort to secure America by preventing and deterring terrorist attacks and protecting against and responding to threats and hazards to the nation. The department is also responsible for ensuring that the nation’s borders are safe and secure, welcoming lawful immigrants and ... | DHS has one of the largest IT budgets in the federal government. In fiscal year 2012, DHS plans to spend about $5.6 billion to, among other things, acquire, implement, and operate approximately 360 IT programs, including about 83 major programs, which are intended to assist in carrying out its diverse missions. With su... |
Through its programs, HUD provides rental assistance to more than 4 million low-income tenants, has insured mortgages for about 23 million homeowners, has provided funding to help revitalize over 4,000 communities, and helps ensure equal access to housing. In recent years, approximately three-quarters of HUD’s budget o... | GAO discussed the Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD) fiscal year (FY) 1998 budget request, focusing on: (1) the estimates HUD used to develop its budget request for renewing Section 8 assisted housing contracts; (2) HUD's justification for 50,000 additional Section 8 certificates; (3) HUD's success in ... |
The Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) primary mission is to ensure safe and efficient air travel throughout the United States. FAA’s ability to fulfill this mission depends on the adequacy and reliability of the nation’s air traffic control (ATC) system, which FAA is responsible for managing and maintaining. Grow... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) management of its acquisition process, focusing on: (1) whether the FAA organizational culture has contributed to persistent acquisition problems; and (2) potential management improvements that could result from FAA organizati... |
Public Law 106-429, Appendix A, Title VIII, identifies 10 MDBs to be included in the scope of our work. As agreed with your offices, this report focuses on external audits of four regional MDB groups and related entities: African Development Bank (AfDB) African Development Fund (AfDF) Asian Development Bank (AsDB) Ordi... | Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) provide financial support to promote social and economic progress in developing countries and the countries of central and eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Under the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act of 2001, the United States ... |
Section 232 of the National Housing Act, as amended, authorizes FHA to insure mortgages made by private lenders to finance the construction or renovation of skilled nursing facilities, intermediate care facilities, board and care homes, and assisted living facilities, as well as combinations of these types of projects.... | Pursuant to a legislative requirement, GAO evaluated the Federal Housing Administration's (FHA) nursing home, retirement service center, and hospital insurance programs, as well as the Department of Housing And Urban Development's (HUD) ability to manage these programs. GAO found that: (1) the nursing home program has ... |
The Medicaid drug rebate program provides savings to state Medicaid programs through rebates for outpatient prescription drugs that are based on two prices per drug that manufacturers report to CMS: best price and AMP. These manufacturer-reported prices are based on the prices that manufacturers receive for their drugs... | To help control Medicaid spending on drugs, states receive rebates from pharmaceutical manufacturers through the Medicaid drug rebate program. Rebates are based on two prices--best price and average manufacturer price (AMP)--reported by manufacturers. GAO was asked to discuss issues relating to the rebate program and i... |
The sections below describe (1) NOAA’s organizational structure, (2) applicable standards for M&A services, and (3) the federal budget object classification system. NOAA is one of the largest bureaus within Commerce. As mentioned earlier, five line offices—NESDIS, NMFS, NOS, NWS, and OAR—are primarily responsible for e... | The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is a bureau within the Department of Commerce (Commerce). To help achieve NOAA's program goals, it relies on management and administration (M&A) services, such as legal support and information technology. In response to the fiscal year 2010 Consolidated Appropr... |
Several FDA centers and offices play key roles in helping to ensure the safety and effectiveness of drugs marketed in the United States: CDER establishes standards for the safety, quality, and effectiveness of and manufacturing processes for over-the-counter and prescription drugs. OIP, which is part of FDA’s Office of... | Globalization has complicated FDA's oversight of drugs marketed in the United States. FDA reports that more than 40 percent of finished drugs and 80 percent of active pharmaceutical ingredients are produced overseas. FDA inspects drug manufacturing establishments to ensure that the safety and quality of drugs are not j... |
Before providing you details on the results of our work, let me briefly provide some background information. During service associated with the Gulf War, many of the approximately 700,000 veterans might have been exposed to a variety of potentially hazardous substances. These substances include compounds used to decont... | GAO discussed two of its recent reports on health care issues of military personnel deployed for military operations overseas, focusing on the: (1) adequacy of the mechanisms used by the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to monitor the quality, appropriateness, and effectiveness of... |
The college textbook market is complex, comprised of many publishers, retailers, and used book wholesalers. Textbooks include new and used books and can be combined with supplemental learning materials. Figure 1 illustrates the typical life cycle of a textbook and the roles of publishers, instructors, bookstores, whole... | The federal government strives to make postsecondary education accessible and affordable, primarily by providing financial aid to students and their families. Given that nearly half of undergraduates receive federal financial aid, Congress is interested in the overall cost of attendance, including the cost of textbooks... |
DOD is one of the largest and most complex organizations in the world to manage effectively. While DOD maintains military forces with unparalleled capabilities, it continues to confront pervasive, decades-old management problems related to its business operations—which include outdated systems and processes—that suppor... | For years, the Department of Defense (DOD) has embarked on a series of efforts to transform its business operations, including modernizing underlying information technology (business) systems. GAO has reported on inefficiencies and inadequate accountability across DOD's major business areas, resulting in billions of do... |
FDIC was created by Congress to maintain the stability of and public confidence in the nation’s financial system by insuring deposits, examining and supervising financial institutions, and resolving troubled institutions. Congress created FDIC in 1933 in response to the thousands of bank failures that had occurred thro... | FDIC has a demanding responsibility enforcing banking laws, regulating financial institutions, and protecting depositors. Because of FDIC's reliance on information systems, effective information security controls are essential to ensure that the corporation's systems and information are adequately protected from inadve... |
Nonreciprocal preferential trade arrangements originated with the concept of special and differential treatment for developing countries. This treatment was meant to compensate for developing countries’ unequal economic status compared with the developed world. In the late 1960s, the United Nations Conference on Trade ... | Both the United States and the European Union (EU) began providing trade preferences to eligible developing countries in the early 1970s. These trade preferences, which reduced tariffs and product quotas, are "nonreciprocal," meaning that beneficiaries need not reciprocate with lower tariffs for donor export countries.... |
Futures contracts obligate the holder to buy or sell a specific amount or value of an underlying asset, reference rate, or index (called the underlying) at a specified price on a specified future date. This obligation can be met through delivery of the underlying or by cash settlement. Futures contracts are designed to... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO provided information on the Commodity Futures Trading Commission's (CFTC) actions to enforce Futures Trading Practices Act (FTPA) audit trail provisions. GAO found that: (1) 7 U.S. futures exchanges are in compliance with FTPA 1-minute trade timing and sequencing standards; (2) ... |
The DOD supply chain is a global network that provides materiel, services, and equipment to the joint force. The Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics and its subordinate, the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Logistics and Materiel Readiness, prescribe policies and procedures for the co... | DOD manages approximately $97 billion of inventory. To enhance efficiency and effectiveness, the 2005 base realignment and closure round and a June 2005 decision by the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics required the military services to transfer to DLA all of their retail inventory s... |
Wildland fires play an important ecological role on the nation’s landscapes. Fires have long shaped the composition of forests and grasslands across every region of the United States, including ponderosa pine forests in the Northwest and the Rocky Mountain West, chaparral in the Southwest, sagebrush steppe in the Great... | Dense vegetation, drought, and other factors have resulted in more severe wildland fires in recent years. At the same time, development in and around wildlands continues to increase, with some communities experiencing devastating effects from wildland fire. To reduce risk to communities, federal agencies and nonfederal... |
The two largest federal school meal programs, the NSLP and the SBP, aim to address problems of hunger, food insecurity, and poor nutrition by providing nutritious meals to children in schools. The NSLP, established in 1946, and the SBP, permanently established in 1975, provide nutritionally balanced low-cost or free lu... | In fiscal year 2008, about 31 million children participated in the National School Lunch Program and more than 10 million children participated in the School Breakfast Program each school day. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) spent $11.7 billion on the school meal programs in... |
In 2001, we first identified strategic human capital management in the federal government as a high-risk area because of the significant challenges federal government agencies faced including acquiring and developing staff whose size, skills, and deployment met agency needs. In our February 2013 update, we reported tha... | FEMA historically has relied on both permanent and temporary disaster-related employees to respond to presidentially declared disasters. FEMA's total workforce increased by about 144 percent—7,558 to 18,449 employees—from fiscal year 2005 to September 2014. In 2012, FEMA deployed two new components to its disaster resp... |
Scientific research on and projections of the changes taking place in the Arctic vary, but there is a general consensus that the Arctic is warming and sea ice is diminishing. Scientists at the U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center reported that the annual Arctic minimum sea ice extent— which typically occurs in Septem... | Decreasing seasonal sea ice in the Arctic has made some Arctic waters navigable for longer periods and, as a result, may contribute to new economic opportunities in commercial shipping, oil exploration, and tourism. This could eventually increase the need for a U.S. military and homeland security presence in the Arctic... |
For about a decade, the Coast Guard has been developing an Integrated Deepwater System (or Deepwater) acquisition program, a long-term plan to replace or modernize is fleet of vessels and aircraft. Many of these legacy assets are at or approaching the end of their estimated service lives. Deepwater is the largest and m... | The Coast Guard's Deepwater program is a 25-year, $24 billion plan to replace or modernize its fleet of vessels and aircraft. While there is widespread acknowledgment that many of the Coast Guard's aging assets need replacement or renovation, concerns exist about the acquisition approach the Coast Guard adopted in laun... |
The U.N. Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) serves as the operational arm of the U.N. Secretary General for all U.N. peacekeeping operations and is responsible for conducting, managing, directing, planning, and preparing those operations. DPKO is currently operating 15 peacekeeping missions, as shown in figur... | Last year, the U.N. Security Council passed a resolution expressing concern that the conflicts and instability associated with peacekeeping operations produce condition that could increase the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The resolution encouraged member states to educate peacekeeping personnel--in... |
VA generally provides inpatient care at large VA medical facilities that are owned by the federal government and provides outpatient care at leased facilities. As of fiscal year 2013, VA had 1,889 leases, of which 1,192 were medical outpatient clinics and other medical facilities, varying in size and cost. Leased medic... | VA operates one of the nation's largest health-care delivery systems. To help meet the changing medical needs of the veteran population, VA has increasingly leased medical facilities to provide health care to veterans. As of November 2013, VHA's leasing program has long-term costs of $5.5 billion and growing. Given pre... |
Our review of the pilot test identified several challenges related to pilot planning, data collection, and reporting, which affected the completeness, accuracy, and reliability of the results. DHS did not correct planning shortfalls that we identified in our November 2009 report. We determined that these weaknesses pre... | This testimony discusses GAO's recent work examining the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC) program. Ports, waterways, and vessels handle billions of dollars in cargo annually, and an attack on our nation's maritime transportation system could have serious con... |
Lyme disease was identified as a separate disease in 1977 because of a cluster of cases in children in Lyme, Connecticut, who were first thought to have juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. It was not until 1982, with the discovery of the causative bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi, that Lyme disease could be defined by noncli... | The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have conducted an increasingly broad range of research and educational activities related to Lyme disease. CDC has instituted a system for the surveillance of Lyme disease, helped to standardize diagnostic testing, conducte... |
The Army’s forces train at four combat training centers. Heavy forces participate in exercises at the National Training Center at Fort Irwin, California, and its smaller counterpart, the Combat Maneuver Training Center at Hohenfels, Germany, where mechanized infantry and armored battalions can engage in free-play maneu... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO examined the effectiveness of the Army's program for: (1) assessing the performance of units during their rotations at combat training centers; (2) identifying the lessons learned from battlefield experience; and (3) disseminating information so that training and doctrine can be... |
Safeguarding the nation's air cargo transportation system is a shared public and private sector responsibility. While TSA enforces statutory and regulatory requirements, provides guidance on securing air cargo, and provides some funding, air carriers and indirect air carriers have operational responsibility for impleme... | In 2004, an estimated 23 billion pounds of air cargo was transported within the United States, about a quarter of which was transported on passenger aircraft. Within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is responsible for ensuring the security of commercial aviatio... |
DI and SSI—the two largest federal programs providing cash and medical assistance to people with disabilities—grew rapidly between 1985 and 1994, with the enrollment of working-age people increasing 59 percent, from 4 million to 6.3 million, and the inflation-adjusted cost of cash benefits growing by 66 percent. Admini... | GAO discussed Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program weaknesses that impede the Social Security Administration (SSA) from requiring beneficiaries to work. GAO noted that: (1) between 1985 and 1994, the combined DI and SSI beneficiary population increased 70 percent and ... |
Government buyers generally use three types of available interagency contracts—MACs, GWACs, and MAS program contracts—all of which leverage the government’s buying power when acquiring goods and services. These interagency contracts can be established under several statutory authorities, including: (1) the Economy Act,... | Agencies can use several different types of contracts to leverage the government's buying power for goods and services. These include interagency contracts--where one agency uses another's contract for its own needs--such as the General Services Administration (GSA) and the Department of Veterans Affairs multiple award... |
NCP’s mission is to deter and detect the introduction of explosive devices into the transportation system. As of September 2012, NCP has deployed 762 of 921 canine teams for which it is able to fund across the transportation system. Table 1 shows the number of canine teams by type for which funding is available, as wel... | TSA has implemented a multilayered system composed of people, processes, and technology to protect the transportation system. One of TSA's security layers is NCP, composed of over 760 deployed explosives detection canine teams, including PSC teams trained to detect explosives on passengers. As requested, GAO examined (... |
As of the end of calendar year 2002, the United States had approximately 2,050 coal mines—about 700 underground coal mines and 1,350 surface mines. Over the past 10 years, the number of underground and surface coal mines in the United States has declined: from approximately 1,300 underground mines in 1993 to just over ... | Despite a drop in injury and fatality rates since the formation of the Department of Labor's Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), mining is still a dangerous industry. Focusing on underground coal mines, GAO assessed how well MSHA oversees its process for reviewing and approving critical types of mine plans an... |
CBP’s three components—OFO, Border Patrol, and OAM—maintain a field structure across the United States and its territories consisting of 20 OFO field offices, 20 Border Patrol sectors, and 3 OAM regions. Within this field structure, each component also manages individual locations; OFO field offices provide oversight o... | According to DHS's CBP, Arizona and South Texas represent some of the highest-threat areas along the southwest border for illegal entrants and smuggling. DHS and CBP coordinate border security with interagency partners, including other federal, state, local, and tribal entities. DHS established collaborative mechanisms... |
MCC conducts its economic analyses during the compact development process, the first of three compact phases. These analyses include establishing the minimum ERR that the compact should achieve, projecting the compact’s ERR, and estimating the compact’s impact on income and growth. MCC did not publish ERR information f... | In January 2004, Congress established the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) for foreign assistance. Eligible countries submit compact proposals for MCC funding for projects aimed at reducing poverty through economic growth. To assess the proposed compacts' likely impact, MCC performs economic analyses estimating t... |
AMC is responsible for weapon systems development, advanced research, and the maintenance and distribution of spare parts. With its headquarters in Alexandria, Virginia, AMC accomplishes its mission through nine major subordinate commands that direct the operation of numerous activities—depots, arsenals, ammunition pla... | Pursuant to a legislative requirement, GAO provided information on the status of efforts to implement personnel reductions in the Army Materiel Command (AMC) that were directed by the Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR), focusing on: (1) AMC's plans and timeframe for achieving the reductions; (2) the projected cost saving... |
The use of information technology has created many benefits for agencies such as IRS in achieving their missions and providing information and services to the public, but extensive reliance on computerized information also creates challenges in securing that information from various threats. Information security is esp... | The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has a demanding responsibility in collecting taxes, processing tax returns, and enforcing the nation's tax laws. It relies extensively on computerized systems to support its financial and mission-related operations and on information security controls to protect the financial and sens... |
GAO, Defense Logistics: Actions Needed to Improve Implementation of the Army Logistics Modernization Program, GAO-10-461 (Washington, D.C.: Apr. 30, 2010); DOD Business Systems Modernization: Important Management Controls Being Implemented on Major Navy Program, but Improvements Needed in Key Areas, GAO-08-896 (Washing... | The Department of Defense (DOD) has stated that successful implementation of its enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems is critical to DODs auditability goals. An ERP is an automated system that performs a variety of business-related functions. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 mandates t... |
DHS has made significant progress in deploying both radiation detectio equipment and developing procedures to scan cargo and conveyances entering the United States through fixed land and sea ports of entry for nuclear and radiological materials. Specifically, DHS has deployed nearly two-thirds of the more than 2,100 ra... | In April 2005, a Presidential Directive established the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO) within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to enhance and coordinate federal, state, and local efforts to combat nuclear smuggling abroad and domestically. DNDO was directed to develop, in coordination with the depart... |
The Aviation and Transportation Security Act (ATSA), enacted in November 2001, created TSA and gave it responsibility for securing all modes of transportation. As part of this responsibility, TSA oversees security operations at the nation’s more than 400 commercial airports, including establishing requirements for pass... | Since its inception, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) has focused much of its efforts on aviation security, and has developed and implemented a variety of programs and procedures to secure commercial aviation. More recently, TSA has taken actions to secure the nation's surface transportation modes. TSA ... |
The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has been providing veterans GI Bill benefits since 1944. Among several GI Bill programs, the Post-9/11 GI Bill program has become the largest. The Post-9/11 GI Bill—which took effect in August 2009—provides benefits to veterans and servicemembers serving on active duty after Sept... | As the military draws down its forces, many veterans will enter the civilian workforce and may seek educational and training opportunities to further their transition into civilian jobs. Because pursuing a higher education degree may not be the best path for some veterans, the Post-9/11 GI Bill OJT and apprenticeship p... |
Established by the TVA Act of 1933 as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal, TVA’s mission is to supply affordable, reliable power; support a thriving river system; and stimulate sustainable economic development in the public interest. In addition to generating and transmitting power, TVA also manages the ... | The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), the nation's largest public power provider, is a self-financing, federal electric utility with annual revenues of about $11 billion. TVA has financed large capital investments mostly by issuing debt and is subject to a $30 billion debt ceiling imposed by the TVA Act. TVA is governe... |
DOD’s 2015 Sustainable Ranges Report met the statutory reporting requirements to describe DOD’s progress in implementing its training range sustainment plan and to describe any actions taken or to be taken in addressing training constraints caused by limitations on the use of military lands, marine areas, or airspace. ... | DOD relies on its training ranges within the United States and overseas to help prepare its forces for combat or complex missions around the globe. Section 366 of the Bob Stump National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003 (as amended) (“the Act”) required DOD to submit a comprehensive plan on its efforts to ... |
The SBIR program was initiated in 1982 and has four main purposes: (1) use small businesses to meet federal R&D needs, (2) stimulate technological innovation, (3) increase commercialization of innovations derived from federal R&D efforts, and (4) encourage participation in technological innovation by small businesses o... | Through the SBIR and STTR programs, federal agencies have awarded contracts and grants totaling about $44 billion to small businesses to develop and commercialize innovative technologies. The Small Business Act requires agencies with extramural R&D obligations that meet certain thresholds—$100 million for SBIR and $1 b... |
The U.S. Customs Service and INS work closely together to perform their diverse missions at the nation’s ports of entry. Customs officers’ responsibilities include (1) collecting revenue from imports, (2) inspecting all cargo entering the country, (3) enforcing Customs and other U.S. laws and regulations, and (4) preve... | The U.S. Customs Service and the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) use different provisions to calculate pay for officers. Fundamental differences in how work is scheduled and how hours are counted also result in pay differences. For overtime, Sunday, and holiday work, Customs officers are generally paid for... |
As we previously reported, factors such as a rapid decline in home prices throughout much of the nation, weak regional labor market conditions in some states where foreclosure rates were already elevated, along with the legacy of eased underwriting standards, wider use of certain loan features associated with poorer lo... | Historically high foreclosure rates remain a major barrier to the current economic recovery. To assist policymakers and housing market participants in evaluating foreclosure mitigation efforts, GAO examined (1) the federal and nonfederal response to the housing crisis, (2) the current condition of the U.S. housing mark... |
SSA offers a range of services, which includes providing financial assistance to eligible individuals through the following three major benefit programs: Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI)—provides benefits to older workers and their families and to survivors of deceased workers. Disability Insurance (Disability)—p... | Millions of people rely on the services of Social Security Administration (SSA) field offices. In fiscal year 2009, SSA's approximately 1,300 field offices provided service to a record 45.1 million customers. People visit field offices to apply for Social Security cards, apply for retirement and disability benefits, re... |
Medicaid is a federal-state health care program for low-income and medically needy individuals. For fiscal year 2015, estimated Medicaid spending totaled about $554 billion, and for fiscal year 2014, Medicaid data show it served about 78 million individuals. States administer their Medicaid programs within broad federa... | The number of people receiving in-home personal care services—such as assistance with bathing and dressing—from Medicaid is expected to grow. States can offer these services through one or more programs under which home- and community-based services can be provided, each with different federal requirements. The provisi... |
The Copyright Office was established in 1897, and is currently one of seven service units within the Library of Congress. To carry out its mission, the Copyright Office has several functions set out in law, including (1) administering the nation’s copyright registration and recordation processes, (2) developing regulat... | The mission of the Copyright Office, a service unit within the Library of Congress, is to promote creativity by administering and sustaining a national copyright system. As part of this mission, the Copyright Office registers about 500,000 creative works a year for copyright and records documentation related to copyrig... |
DOE’s predecessor, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), established a program to prevent and respond to nuclear or radiological emergencies in 1974 after an extortionist threatened to detonate a nuclear device in Boston unless he received $200,000. Even though the threat turned out to be a hoax, AEC recognized that it l... | The Department of Energy (DOE) maintains emergency response capabilities and assets to quickly respond to potential nuclear and radiological threats in the United States. These capabilities are primarily found at DOE's two key emergency response facilities--the Remote Sensing Laboratories at Nellis Air Force Base, Neva... |
The Foundation, originally incorporated in Washington, D.C., in 1985 as the U.S. Committee for the Battle of Normandy Museum, is a private nonprofit organization, tax-exempt under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code and is not part of the U.S. government. In published literature, the Foundation has described... | Pursuant to a legislative requirement, GAO reviewed the Battle of Normandy Foundation's use of coin surcharge proceeds for the creation of the United States Armed Forces Memorial Garden in Normandy, France. GAO found that: (1) the Foundation has experienced significant managerial, financial, and internal control proble... |
The PRO-IP Act of 2008 eliminates the old structure for coordinating IP efforts and creates a new interagency advisory committee composed of eight federal entities. The responsibility of the IPEC, among other things, is to lead the committee in the development of a joint strategic plan to reduce counterfeiting and othe... | Intellectual property (IP) is an important component of the U.S. economy. U.S. government efforts to protect and enforce IP rights domestically and overseas are crucial to safeguarding innovation and preventing significant losses to U.S. industry and IP rights owners as well as addressing health and safety risks result... |
Climate change is having a variety of impacts on natural resources in the United States, including more severe drought and increased wildfires. The five key federal natural resource management agencies included in this review—the Forest Service, NOAA, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, and Bureau of... | Climate change poses a variety of threats to federally managed natural resources, such as forests and wildlife, including possibly more frequent and severe droughts and wildfires. Adaptation--adjustments in natural or human systems to a new or changing environment that exploits beneficial opportunities or moderates neg... |
According to EPA, children face disproportionate and unique threats from environmental hazards for many reasons. For example, EPA has noted that children may receive higher doses of environmental contaminants because they spend more time close to the ground, touch their hands to their mouths more often, and, in proport... | According to EPA, children face disproportionate risks from contaminants such as air pollution and lead paint. The health consequences to the country's 74 million children are significant. In 2006, 55 percent of children lived in counties exceeding allowable levels for at least one of the six principal air pollutants s... |
In federal fiscal year 1992, three of the nation’s largest means-tested programs—Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC), Food Stamps, and Medicaid—provided almost $161 billion in cash, food coupons, and medical benefits, respectively, to millions of our nation’s low-income people. These people included families... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed states' efforts to recover benefit overpayments in the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), Food Stamp, and Medicaid programs, focusing on: (1) overpayments collected from current and former welfare clients in 1992; (2) factors that help or hinder effective s... |
Before enactment of the Employee Retirement and Income Security Act (ERISA) of 1974, few rules governed the funding of defined-benefit pension plans, and participants had no guarantees that they would receive the benefits promised. When Studebaker’s pension plan failed in the 1960s, for example, many plan participants ... | Over the last few years, the total underfunding in the defined-benefit pension system has deteriorated to the point where the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC), the federal agency responsible for protecting private sector defined benefit plan benefits, estimates that total plan underfunding grew to more than ... |
Four federal regulators oversee banks and savings associations (thrifts) in the United States. The Federal Reserve is the primary regulator for state- chartered member banks (i.e., state-chartered banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System) and bank holding companies, OCC is the primary regulator of federally... | More than 300 insured depository institutions have failed since the current financial crisis began in 2007, at an estimated cost of almost $60 billion to the deposit insurance fund (DIF), which covers losses to insured depositors. Since 1991, Congress has required federal banking regulators to take prompt corrective ac... |
VA is comprised of several entities, including its Central Office in Washington, D.C., and three administrations —VHA, VBA, and the National Cemetery Administration. Because these entities each provide different services for veterans, they each handle different types of outgoing mail. See figure 1 for a description of ... | VA sends hundreds of millions of pieces of mail to veterans and their dependents, including prescription medications and information about benefits or disability compensation. However, VA's reported mail volume and costs—$355 million in 2016—are among the highest in the federal government. GAO was asked to review VA's ... |
The CSE program makes services available to any parent or other person with custody of a child who has a parent living outside of the home. These services are available automatically for families receiving assistance under the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Medicaid, and Foster Care programs. Other fam... | Congress established federal standards for the child support enforcement program (CSE) in 1975. State agencies administer the program and the Office of Child Support Enforcement (OCSE) in the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) oversees it. The CSE program provides several services, including collecting child... |
IRS has many programs or activities that identify potentially unpaid taxes and may ultimately result in unpaid taxes being assessed and collection attempted. Unpaid assessments are generally identified by either (1) the taxpayer, such as by submitting a tax return with a balance due but without full payment, or (2) IRS... | The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) estimated that $33 billion in income tax assessments was not paid in 2001. If not collected, annual unpaid taxes keep accumulating each year along with penalty and interest charges to create an inventory of "tax debts," which approached $300 billion at the end of fiscal year 2007. IRS... |
Each military service has separate PME schools for senior- and intermediate-level officers. As defined by the Joint Staff’s Officer Professional Military Education Policy, the senior-level schools, typically for O-5 and O-6 ranked officers, focus on warfighting within the context of strategy. The intermediate-level sch... | As part of its transformation to prepare the armed forces to meet current and future challenges, the Department of Defense (DOD) is expanding its use of advanced distributed learning (ADL) techniques in senior- and intermediate-level officer professional military education (PME). ADL instruction does not require an ins... |
Reagan National Airport was built by the federal government and opened on June 16, 1941, on the western bank of the Potomac River, across from Washington, D.C. Reagan National currently has three runways and two terminals with a total of 44 gates or passenger loading ramps for use by air carriers. The airport currently... | In 1999, GAO reported that Reagan National Airport could accommodate at least 36 more slots, which are authorizations from the Department of Transportation (DOT) for a takeoff or landing. In 2000 and 2003, two federal statutes, known as AIR-21 and Vision 100, permitted DOT to award 44 new slots to airlines, 24 of which... |
DHS’s mission is to lead the unified national effort to secure America by preventing and deterring terrorist attacks and protecting against and responding to threats and hazards to the nation. DHS also is to ensure safe and secure borders, welcome lawful immigrants and visitors, and promote the free flow of commerce. C... | The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) invested more than $6 billion in 2009 on large-scale, information technology (IT) systems to help it achieve mission outcomes and transform departmentwide operations. For DHS to effectively leverage these systems as mission enablers and transformation tools, it needs to employ ... |
The Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA) within VA administers the disability compensation and pension programs, whereby VA claims processing staff assess veterans’ applications for disability compensation and pension benefits. Aside from benefits for veterans, VBA claims processing staff make eligibility determinati... | The Department of Veterans Affairs' (VA) disability claims process has long been a subject of concern because of long waits for decisions and large backlogs of claims pending decisions. To address these issues, VA has hired almost 3,000 new claims processors since January 2007. However, adequate training and performanc... |
The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, which was established in 1964 as both a national cultural arts center and a memorial to the 35th President, opened in September 1971 as an independently administered bureau of the Smithsonian Institution. Shortly thereafter, in 1972, the Secretary of the Interior, thr... | In the mid-1990s, John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts (Kennedy Center) officials recognized a need for additional parking and better site access. As a precursor to a planned project to construct an 8-acre plaza and two additional buildings at the site, the Kennedy Center is currently in the process of constr... |
As of March 1, 2003, INS ceased to exist as an agency. It is now in the process of being incorporated into DHS. INS’s multi-faceted mission includes securing the borders; enforcing immigration laws; and providing immigration services, such as work permits, naturalization, and asylum. Under DHS, the INS mission has been... | With annual obligations for goods and services totaling $1.7 billion, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) is one of the largest of 23 entities coming into the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). INS's procurement organization will continue to acquire goods and services under DHS. GAO was asked to review... |
“The simultaneous launches of New Pricing, STAR, Occupancy Agreements, and a host of other re-engineered business line processes and software constitutes the most significant change to the way PBS does its business since the creation of the Federal Buildings Fund.” The mission of PBS is to effectively manage over 8,000... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the Public Buildings Service's (PBS) System for Tracking and Administering Real Property (STAR), focusing on: (1) the functions STAR performs; (2) whether users were having problems using STAR; (3) the steps PBS had taken or is taking to address any user problems; and (... |
Enactment of NCLBA strengthened accountability by requiring states and schools to improve the academic performance of their students so that all students are proficient in reading and math by 2014. Under NCLBA, each state creates its own content standards, academic achievement tests, and proficiency levels, and establi... | The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLBA) requires districts with schools receiving Title I funds that have not met state performance goals for 3 consecutive years to offer low-income students enrolled in these schools supplemental educational services (SES), such as tutoring. This testimony discusses early implementation o... |
SEC did not examine for market timing abuses or test company controls in that area, largely because the agency had competing examination priorities and believed that companies had financial incentives to control frequent trading. Lessons learned from SEC not having detected these abuses earlier can be useful to the age... | Trading abuses--including market timing and late trading violations--uncovered among some of the most well-known companies in the mutual fund industry permitted favored customers to profit at the expense of long-term shareholders. Questions have also been raised as to why the New York State Office of the Attorney Gener... |
Evacuations occur in response to diverse crises and differ considerably in scope, size, and complexity; large-scale evacuations of American citizens are rare. To pre-empt the need for or, if necessary, facilitate, evacuations of American citizens, State has tools for warning American citizens about potential crises. It... | Since 1988, the Department of State (State) has ordered over 270 evacuations from overseas posts due to civil strife, terrorist incidents, natural disasters, conventional war threats, and disease outbreaks. To prepare for evacuation, overseas posts rely on a variety of guidance, plans, and training, such as Emergency A... |
The Congress established the Empowerment Zone (EZ) and Enterprise Community program in the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (P.L. 103-66, Aug. 10, 1993). The act also amended title XX of the Social Security Act to authorize the special use of Social Services Block Grant (SSBG) funds for the program. In additio... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the Empowerment Zone and Enterprise Community program, focusing on the: (1) progress made by the federal empowerment zones in implementing the program; (2) steps taken by the two responsible federal agencies--the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the... |
Minnesota’s welfare reform demonstration project, authorized in 1989,has multiple goals, including simplifying the welfare system. Because MFIP combines AFDC, the Food Stamp Program, and the state’s Family General Assistance Program into a single welfare program, MFIP families receive financial assistance from only one... | GAO examined the methodologies that Minnesota used for estimating the costs that would have been incurred if it had not implemented the Minnesota Family Investment Program (MFIP), focusing on whether: (1) Minnesota implemented the agreed-upon methodologies; (2) Minnesota reasonably estimated fiscal year (FY) 1994 Food ... |
The acquisition reforms of the mid-1990s resulted in a number of regulatory changes that promoted the acquisition of commercial items and services. These reforms grew out of the belief that (1) ever- increasing procurement laws and regulations resulted in federal contracting processes that were overly burdensome and ti... | Federal agencies rely on the commercial marketplace for a range of goods and services. In 1996, Congress authorized the use of simplified acquisition procedures for commercial items now valued up to $6.5 million under the Test Program for Certain Commercial Items. The test program is currently authorized until January ... |
The Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act of 1994 established a preference within the federal government to procure commercial items rather than items developed exclusively for the government. FAR Part 12—Acquisition of Commercial Items—prescribes the policies that apply to commercial item acquisitions. For example, con... | DOD purchases commercial items—generally defined as products and services readily available in the commercial marketplace—to meet many of its requirements. Relying on the commercial marketplace, when appropriate, enables DOD to take advantage of market innovations and reduce acquisition costs. Since 2013, Congress has ... |
As a result of a 1995 Defense Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommendation, Kelly Air Force Base, Texas, is to be realigned and the San Antonio Air Logistics Center, including the Air Force maintenance depot, is to be closed by 2001. Additionally, McClellan Air Force Base, California, and the Sacramento Air L... | Pursuant to a legislative requirement, GAO reviewed the requirements relating to the public-private competitions for maintenance workloads at two closing Air Force maintenance depots. GAO noted that: (1) it may be that the individual workloads at the closing San Antonio, Texas, and Sacramento, California, Air Force mai... |
Subsets and Splits
Short Government Reports Sample
Retrieves short reports or summaries from the training dataset, which helps identify potentially incomplete or truncated entries that might need data quality improvement.
Short Government Reports Filtering
Retrieves short reports from the training dataset, providing basic filtering but offering limited analytical value beyond simple length constraints.