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Cannot load the dataset split (in streaming mode) to extract the first rows.
Error code:   StreamingRowsError
Exception:    CastError
Message:      Couldn't cast
act_name: string
volumes_fetched: int64
preface_paras: int64
schedules_found: int64
schedule_names: list<item: null>
  child 0, item: null
subsections_parsed: int64
paragraphs_parsed: int64
subparagraphs_parsed: int64
style_fallbacks: int64
refs_resolved: int64
refs_unresolved: int64
updated_at: string
acts: struct<privacy-act-1988: struct<name: string, title_id: string, comp_id: string, comp_num: string, y (... 1894 chars omitted)
  child 0, privacy-act-1988: struct<name: string, title_id: string, comp_id: string, comp_num: string, year: int64, number: int64 (... 49 chars omitted)
      child 0, name: string
      child 1, title_id: string
      child 2, comp_id: string
      child 3, comp_num: string
      child 4, year: int64
      child 5, number: int64
      child 6, effective_date: timestamp[s]
      child 7, xml_path: string
  child 1, fair-work-act-2009: struct<name: string, title_id: string, comp_id: string, comp_num: string, year: int64, number: int64 (... 49 chars omitted)
      child 0, name: string
      child 1, title_id: string
      child 2, comp_id: string
      child 3, comp_num: string
      child 4, year: int64
      child 5, number: int64
      child 6, effective_date: timestamp[s]
      child 7, xml_path: string
  child 2, corporations-act-2001: struct<name: string, title_id: string, comp_id: string, comp_num: string, year: int64, number: int64 (... 49 chars omitted)
      child 0, name: string
      child 1, title_id: string
      child 2, comp_id: stri
...
   child 1, title_id: string
      child 2, comp_id: string
      child 3, comp_num: string
      child 4, year: int64
      child 5, number: int64
      child 6, effective_date: timestamp[s]
      child 7, xml_path: string
  child 8, social-security-act-1991: struct<name: string, title_id: string, comp_id: string, comp_num: string, year: int64, number: int64 (... 49 chars omitted)
      child 0, name: string
      child 1, title_id: string
      child 2, comp_id: string
      child 3, comp_num: string
      child 4, year: int64
      child 5, number: int64
      child 6, effective_date: timestamp[s]
      child 7, xml_path: string
  child 9, superannuation-industry-(supervision)-act-1993: struct<name: string, title_id: string, comp_id: string, comp_num: string, year: int64, number: int64 (... 49 chars omitted)
      child 0, name: string
      child 1, title_id: string
      child 2, comp_id: string
      child 3, comp_num: string
      child 4, year: int64
      child 5, number: int64
      child 6, effective_date: timestamp[s]
      child 7, xml_path: string
  child 10, income-tax-assessment-act-1997: struct<name: string, title_id: string, comp_id: string, comp_num: string, year: int64, number: int64 (... 49 chars omitted)
      child 0, name: string
      child 1, title_id: string
      child 2, comp_id: string
      child 3, comp_num: string
      child 4, year: int64
      child 5, number: int64
      child 6, effective_date: timestamp[s]
      child 7, xml_path: string
to
{'acts': {'privacy-act-1988': {'name': Value('string'), 'title_id': Value('string'), 'comp_id': Value('string'), 'comp_num': Value('string'), 'year': Value('int64'), 'number': Value('int64'), 'effective_date': Value('timestamp[s]'), 'xml_path': Value('string')}, 'fair-work-act-2009': {'name': Value('string'), 'title_id': Value('string'), 'comp_id': Value('string'), 'comp_num': Value('string'), 'year': Value('int64'), 'number': Value('int64'), 'effective_date': Value('timestamp[s]'), 'xml_path': Value('string')}, 'corporations-act-2001': {'name': Value('string'), 'title_id': Value('string'), 'comp_id': Value('string'), 'comp_num': Value('string'), 'year': Value('int64'), 'number': Value('int64'), 'effective_date': Value('timestamp[s]'), 'xml_path': Value('string')}, 'acts-interpretation-act-1901': {'name': Value('string'), 'title_id': Value('string'), 'comp_id': Value('string'), 'comp_num': Value('string'), 'year': Value('int64'), 'number': Value('int64'), 'effective_date': Value('timestamp[s]'), 'xml_path': Value('string')}, 'criminal-code-act-1995': {'name': Value('string'), 'title_id': Value('string'), 'comp_id': Value('string'), 'comp_num': Value('string'), 'year': Value('int64'), 'number': Value('int64'), 'effective_date': Value('timestamp[s]'), 'xml_path': Value('string')}, 'freedom-of-information-act-1982': {'name': Value('string'), 'title_id': Value('string'), 'comp_id': Value('string'), 'comp_num': Value('string'), 'year': Value('int64'), 'number': Value('int64'), 'effective_date': Value('timestamp[s]'), 'xml_path': Value('string')}, 'national-disability-insurance-scheme-act-2013': {'name': Value('string'), 'title_id': Value('string'), 'comp_id': Value('string'), 'comp_num': Value('string'), 'year': Value('int64'), 'number': Value('int64'), 'effective_date': Value('timestamp[s]'), 'xml_path': Value('string')}, 'national-health-act-1953': {'name': Value('string'), 'title_id': Value('string'), 'comp_id': Value('string'), 'comp_num': Value('string'), 'year': Value('int64'), 'number': Value('int64'), 'effective_date': Value('timestamp[s]'), 'xml_path': Value('string')}, 'social-security-act-1991': {'name': Value('string'), 'title_id': Value('string'), 'comp_id': Value('string'), 'comp_num': Value('string'), 'year': Value('int64'), 'number': Value('int64'), 'effective_date': Value('timestamp[s]'), 'xml_path': Value('string')}, 'superannuation-industry-(supervision)-act-1993': {'name': Value('string'), 'title_id': Value('string'), 'comp_id': Value('string'), 'comp_num': Value('string'), 'year': Value('int64'), 'number': Value('int64'), 'effective_date': Value('timestamp[s]'), 'xml_path': Value('string')}, 'income-tax-assessment-act-1997': {'name': Value('string'), 'title_id': Value('string'), 'comp_id': Value('string'), 'comp_num': Value('string'), 'year': Value('int64'), 'number': Value('int64'), 'effective_date': Value('timestamp[s]'), 'xml_path': Value('string')}}, 'updated_at': Value('string')}
because column names don't match
Traceback:    Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/utils.py", line 147, in get_rows_or_raise
                  return get_rows(
                      dataset=dataset,
                  ...<4 lines>...
                      column_names=column_names,
                  )
                File "/src/libs/libcommon/src/libcommon/utils.py", line 272, in decorator
                  return func(*args, **kwargs)
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/utils.py", line 127, in get_rows
                  rows_plus_one = list(itertools.islice(safe_iter(ds, dataset=dataset), rows_max_number + 1))
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/utils.py", line 478, in safe_iter
                  yield from ds.decode(False) if ds.features else ds
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/iterable_dataset.py", line 2818, in __iter__
                  for key, example in ex_iterable:
                                      ^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/iterable_dataset.py", line 2355, in __iter__
                  for key, pa_table in self._iter_arrow():
                                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/iterable_dataset.py", line 2380, in _iter_arrow
                  for key, pa_table in self.ex_iterable._iter_arrow():
                                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/iterable_dataset.py", line 536, in _iter_arrow
                  for key, pa_table in iterator:
                                       ^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/iterable_dataset.py", line 419, in _iter_arrow
                  for key, pa_table in self.generate_tables_fn(**gen_kwags):
                                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 343, in _generate_tables
                  self._cast_table(pa_table, json_field_paths=json_field_paths),
                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 132, in _cast_table
                  pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self.info.features.arrow_schema)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2369, in table_cast
                  return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2297, in cast_table_to_schema
                  raise CastError(
                  ...<3 lines>...
                  )
              datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
              act_name: string
              volumes_fetched: int64
              preface_paras: int64
              schedules_found: int64
              schedule_names: list<item: null>
                child 0, item: null
              subsections_parsed: int64
              paragraphs_parsed: int64
              subparagraphs_parsed: int64
              style_fallbacks: int64
              refs_resolved: int64
              refs_unresolved: int64
              updated_at: string
              acts: struct<privacy-act-1988: struct<name: string, title_id: string, comp_id: string, comp_num: string, y (... 1894 chars omitted)
                child 0, privacy-act-1988: struct<name: string, title_id: string, comp_id: string, comp_num: string, year: int64, number: int64 (... 49 chars omitted)
                    child 0, name: string
                    child 1, title_id: string
                    child 2, comp_id: string
                    child 3, comp_num: string
                    child 4, year: int64
                    child 5, number: int64
                    child 6, effective_date: timestamp[s]
                    child 7, xml_path: string
                child 1, fair-work-act-2009: struct<name: string, title_id: string, comp_id: string, comp_num: string, year: int64, number: int64 (... 49 chars omitted)
                    child 0, name: string
                    child 1, title_id: string
                    child 2, comp_id: string
                    child 3, comp_num: string
                    child 4, year: int64
                    child 5, number: int64
                    child 6, effective_date: timestamp[s]
                    child 7, xml_path: string
                child 2, corporations-act-2001: struct<name: string, title_id: string, comp_id: string, comp_num: string, year: int64, number: int64 (... 49 chars omitted)
                    child 0, name: string
                    child 1, title_id: string
                    child 2, comp_id: stri
              ...
                 child 1, title_id: string
                    child 2, comp_id: string
                    child 3, comp_num: string
                    child 4, year: int64
                    child 5, number: int64
                    child 6, effective_date: timestamp[s]
                    child 7, xml_path: string
                child 8, social-security-act-1991: struct<name: string, title_id: string, comp_id: string, comp_num: string, year: int64, number: int64 (... 49 chars omitted)
                    child 0, name: string
                    child 1, title_id: string
                    child 2, comp_id: string
                    child 3, comp_num: string
                    child 4, year: int64
                    child 5, number: int64
                    child 6, effective_date: timestamp[s]
                    child 7, xml_path: string
                child 9, superannuation-industry-(supervision)-act-1993: struct<name: string, title_id: string, comp_id: string, comp_num: string, year: int64, number: int64 (... 49 chars omitted)
                    child 0, name: string
                    child 1, title_id: string
                    child 2, comp_id: string
                    child 3, comp_num: string
                    child 4, year: int64
                    child 5, number: int64
                    child 6, effective_date: timestamp[s]
                    child 7, xml_path: string
                child 10, income-tax-assessment-act-1997: struct<name: string, title_id: string, comp_id: string, comp_num: string, year: int64, number: int64 (... 49 chars omitted)
                    child 0, name: string
                    child 1, title_id: string
                    child 2, comp_id: string
                    child 3, comp_num: string
                    child 4, year: int64
                    child 5, number: int64
                    child 6, effective_date: timestamp[s]
                    child 7, xml_path: string
              to
              {'acts': {'privacy-act-1988': {'name': Value('string'), 'title_id': Value('string'), 'comp_id': Value('string'), 'comp_num': Value('string'), 'year': Value('int64'), 'number': Value('int64'), 'effective_date': Value('timestamp[s]'), 'xml_path': Value('string')}, 'fair-work-act-2009': {'name': Value('string'), 'title_id': Value('string'), 'comp_id': Value('string'), 'comp_num': Value('string'), 'year': Value('int64'), 'number': Value('int64'), 'effective_date': Value('timestamp[s]'), 'xml_path': Value('string')}, 'corporations-act-2001': {'name': Value('string'), 'title_id': Value('string'), 'comp_id': Value('string'), 'comp_num': Value('string'), 'year': Value('int64'), 'number': Value('int64'), 'effective_date': Value('timestamp[s]'), 'xml_path': Value('string')}, 'acts-interpretation-act-1901': {'name': Value('string'), 'title_id': Value('string'), 'comp_id': Value('string'), 'comp_num': Value('string'), 'year': Value('int64'), 'number': Value('int64'), 'effective_date': Value('timestamp[s]'), 'xml_path': Value('string')}, 'criminal-code-act-1995': {'name': Value('string'), 'title_id': Value('string'), 'comp_id': Value('string'), 'comp_num': Value('string'), 'year': Value('int64'), 'number': Value('int64'), 'effective_date': Value('timestamp[s]'), 'xml_path': Value('string')}, 'freedom-of-information-act-1982': {'name': Value('string'), 'title_id': Value('string'), 'comp_id': Value('string'), 'comp_num': Value('string'), 'year': Value('int64'), 'number': Value('int64'), 'effective_date': Value('timestamp[s]'), 'xml_path': Value('string')}, 'national-disability-insurance-scheme-act-2013': {'name': Value('string'), 'title_id': Value('string'), 'comp_id': Value('string'), 'comp_num': Value('string'), 'year': Value('int64'), 'number': Value('int64'), 'effective_date': Value('timestamp[s]'), 'xml_path': Value('string')}, 'national-health-act-1953': {'name': Value('string'), 'title_id': Value('string'), 'comp_id': Value('string'), 'comp_num': Value('string'), 'year': Value('int64'), 'number': Value('int64'), 'effective_date': Value('timestamp[s]'), 'xml_path': Value('string')}, 'social-security-act-1991': {'name': Value('string'), 'title_id': Value('string'), 'comp_id': Value('string'), 'comp_num': Value('string'), 'year': Value('int64'), 'number': Value('int64'), 'effective_date': Value('timestamp[s]'), 'xml_path': Value('string')}, 'superannuation-industry-(supervision)-act-1993': {'name': Value('string'), 'title_id': Value('string'), 'comp_id': Value('string'), 'comp_num': Value('string'), 'year': Value('int64'), 'number': Value('int64'), 'effective_date': Value('timestamp[s]'), 'xml_path': Value('string')}, 'income-tax-assessment-act-1997': {'name': Value('string'), 'title_id': Value('string'), 'comp_id': Value('string'), 'comp_num': Value('string'), 'year': Value('int64'), 'number': Value('int64'), 'effective_date': Value('timestamp[s]'), 'xml_path': Value('string')}}, 'updated_at': Value('string')}
              because column names don't match

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lex-au

Commonwealth Acts as Akoma Ntoso 3.0 XML — open civic infrastructure for Australian legislative data.

Australia's legislation.gov.au provides DOCX and PDF downloads but no structured XML, no section-level addressing, and no AKN. This dataset fills that gap for Commonwealth Acts in force.

Version: v0.4.0 — 11 Acts, published 2026-06-26. Source code and CLI at github.com/cchew/lex-au.

Versions

  • v0.4.0 — 2026-06-26: AKN semantic layer — <term>/<def>/<TLCTerm>, FRBR completeness (country/subtype/number/name/prescriptive/authoritative), <longTitle>, <classification>/<keyword>, <preamble>/<formula>, <quantity> (penalty units/imprisonment/deadlines), <role>/<TLCRole>, <authorialNote> eIds, <noteRef>. 11 Acts. AKN compliance ~68-72%.
  • v0.3.0 — 2026-06-23: Schedule clause hierarchy, DOCX tables, notes/examples/penalties, 4th nesting level (A)(B)(C), extended <ref> patterns. 11 Acts.
  • v0.2.0 — 2026-06-22: Intra-section hierarchy, <ref> cross-references, <preface>/TOC, schedules, multi-volume Acts, ISO FRBRdate. 11 Acts.
  • v0.1.0 — 2026-06-19: Structural skeleton (part/division/section, basic FRBR). 8 Acts.

What's in this dataset

Each Act is a single AKN 3.0 XML file with:

  • FRBR URIs (/akn/au/act/{year}/{slug}/aus/{comp_id})
  • Structural hierarchy: parts, divisions, subdivisions, sections
  • Intra-section hierarchy: <subsection>, <paragraph>, <subparagraph> with nested eIds (e.g. sec-6__subsec-1__para-a)
  • <ref> elements for same-Act section/subsection references and cross-Act FRBR URIs
  • <preface> with <toc>/<tocItem> and compilation notices
  • Schedules as <attachments><attachment><hcontainer name="schedule">
  • <term refersTo="#term-X"> and <def> in definition sections; <TLCTerm> registry in <references>
  • <quantity refersTo="#penaltyUnit|#custodialSentence|#deadline"> for penalty units, imprisonment terms, and statutory deadlines
  • <role refersTo="#commissioner|#minister|..."> for known Commonwealth officeholders; <TLCRole> registry
  • FRBR completeness: FRBRcountry, FRBRsubtype, FRBRnumber, FRBRname, FRBRprescriptive, FRBRauthoritative
  • Corpus index at index.json; parse report per Act in reports/

Current corpus (v0.4.0)

Act Year Compilation
Acts Interpretation Act 1901 C2026C00117
National Health Act 1953 C2026C00164
Freedom of Information Act 1982 C2026C00020
Privacy Act 1988 C2026C00227
Social Security Act 1991 C2026C00160
Criminal Code Act 1995 C2026C00098
Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993 C2026C00212
Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 C2026C00218
Corporations Act 2001 C2026C00058
Fair Work Act 2009 C2026C00141
National Disability Insurance Scheme Act 2013 C2026C00181

Known limits

  • <ref> cross-references are pattern-matched; nested or unusual citation forms may be missed.
  • Role dictionary is global, not Act-specific; "the Minister" refers to different ministers in different Acts.
  • <noteRef> injection handles [note N] bracket markers only; superscript and (note N) patterns are not handled.

Licence

CC BY 4.0. Source legislation is Crown copyright — Commonwealth of Australia; reproduction permitted for non-commercial and research purposes under the PSI Framework.

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