ceaglex/VisualTTS_Chem · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 19 206
BwPxen6eBV8-015\|Four different things attached to one carbon makes that asymmetric center and lends chiropody to the entire molecule.
BwPxen6eBV8-016\|So the correct answer here is B.
Rde6Bvnbp9A-000\|Let's look at the equilibrium constant for the autodissociation of water, Kw.
Rde6Bvnbp9A-001\|Here I've plotted Kw for water versus temperature.
Rde6Bvnbp9A-002\|So what is the pH of pure hot water?
Rde6Bvnbp9A-010\|We're talking about the pH of hot water based on Kw for water, the autodissociation constant.
Rde6Bvnbp9A-016\|So these two concentrations will be equal in pure water, and both of them 10 to the minus 6.5, approximately.
Rde6Bvnbp9A-017\|So the pH is minus log of H3O+.
Rde6Bvnbp9A-018\|So minus log of 10 to the minus 6.5 is 6.5.
Rde6Bvnbp9A-019\|So the pH in hot water is lower.
Rde6Bvnbp9A-022\|Hot water, lower pH than cool water.
6CRbRJsgI-A-000\|Let's look at a couple fluorine species and try to determine which of the paramagnetic species has the weakest bond.
6CRbRJsgI-A-002\|The way to do this is to look at them like their orbital structure, find the bond orders to determine which has the weakest bond, and then check to see if they're paramagnetic.
6CRbRJsgI-A-006\|Four orbitals from each fluorine makes fluorine the molecule have eight molecular orbitals.
6CRbRJsgI-A-007\|Eight atomic orbitals should form eight molecular orbitals.
6CRbRJsgI-A-008\|So those molecular orbitals look like this.
6CRbRJsgI-A-012\|So 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 orbitals.
6CRbRJsgI-A-013\|I have to fill those orbitals with the seven electrons from fluorine plus any charge.
6CRbRJsgI-A-014\|So let's look at the number of electrons, the bond order, and whether it's paramagnetic.
6CRbRJsgI-A-020\|What's the bond order?
6CRbRJsgI-A-021\|Well, the sigma 2s and the sigma star 2s, those cancel each other out, that gives zero bond order.
6CRbRJsgI-A-023\|Is it per magnetic?
6CRbRJsgI-A-024\|Yes there is an unpaired electron.
6CRbRJsgI-A-030\|The difference is 1 divided by 2, a bond order of 1/2.
6CRbRJsgI-A-031\|So a weaker bond here in F2 minus.
6CRbRJsgI-A-032\|Is it paramagnetic?
6CRbRJsgI-A-033\|Yeah, there is an unpaired electron.
6CRbRJsgI-A-034\|What about F2 minus 2?
6CRbRJsgI-A-038\|So a bond order of zero.
6CRbRJsgI-A-039\|And I'm not paramagnetic anymore, every electron is paired.
6CRbRJsgI-A-040\|So this has the weakest bond order, F2 minus 2, would fall apart as a molecule.
6CRbRJsgI-A-041\|Picking up two electrons goes to bond order zero, very unfavorable for F2.
6CRbRJsgI-A-042\|The paramagnetic species that has the weakest bond is F2 minus.
6CRbRJsgI-A-043\|So among these three, two paramagnetic species, and the weaker bond F2 minus.
6iT8qY0GRaY-000\|Another property of gases that we can talk about is their compressibility.
6iT8qY0GRaY-001\|How easy is it to squeeze them into a smaller volume.
6iT8qY0GRaY-002\|We define that as the ratio of the change in volume over the change in pressure.
6iT8qY0GRaY-003\|Now, we use this symbol delta to indicate a change, so a change in volume over a change in pressure.
6iT8qY0GRaY-004\|So let's look at a couple instances.
6iT8qY0GRaY-007\|A gas is easy to compress at high volume.
6iT8qY0GRaY-012\|So a large increase in pressure for a small change in volume, this is not very compressible gas.
6iT8qY0GRaY-013\|This compressibility factor is very small for low volumes.
6iT8qY0GRaY-014\|So compressibility tells us how much can I change the volume for a given change in pressure.
e27ZIIsvuys-000\|Hi.
e27ZIIsvuys-001\|Let's talk about electromagnetic radiation.
e27ZIIsvuys-002\|Electromagnetic radiation is a wave-like property.
e27ZIIsvuys-003\|It has alternating magnetic and electric fields.
e27ZIIsvuys-004\|Now we're not going to talk about the electric and magnetic fields too much, but the wave nature is important to us.
e27ZIIsvuys-005\|What are the properties of waves?
e27ZIIsvuys-006\|Well, we're all familiar with waves-- we've been to the beach, we've seen waves come in from the ocean-- what are the properties?
e27ZIIsvuys-007\|Well, there's a speed that the wave moves.
e27ZIIsvuys-008\|If you see a surfer and he catches a wave, the speed that the surfer moves riding the crest is the speed of the wave.
e27ZIIsvuys-011\|When we talk about electromagnetic radiation, it moves at the speed of light, as opposed to the speed of a surfer.
e27ZIIsvuys-012\|So the speed is the speed of light.
e27ZIIsvuys-016\|And their speed will be equal and their distance will stay about the same.
e27ZIIsvuys-017\|Their distance between them, the wavelength.
e27ZIIsvuys-021\|And I'll often use the term light and electromagnetic radiation interchangeably.
e27ZIIsvuys-024\|So different wavelengths have different properties and for some electromagnetic radiation, our eyes are sensitive to them.
e27ZIIsvuys-025\|So we have different colors for different wavelengths.
e27ZIIsvuys-026\|Another property of waves are the frequency.
e27ZIIsvuys-027\|The frequency of the wave is how often a wave crests past you.
e27ZIIsvuys-028\|So if three wave crests passed you per second the frequency would be 1 over 3, or 1/3 of a second.
e27ZIIsvuys-029\|Now we say reciprocal seconds, 1 over 3 seconds, we give that a special unit called hertz.
WYPgOKP-a78-004\|He entering the system is positive and causes a positive enthalpy change.
WYPgOKP-a78-005\|The enthalpy change is the state function associated with constant pressure energy changes.
WYPgOKP-a78-006\|Heat is absorbed.
WYPgOKP-a78-007\|That means endothermic processes.
WYPgOKP-a78-008\|Heat comes into the system.
WYPgOKP-a78-009\|Now, one classic endothermic process is the boiling of water, water going from liquid water to steam.
WYPgOKP-a78-010\|That's an endothermic process.
WYPgOKP-a78-011\|Heat is absorbed.
WYPgOKP-a78-012\|And here's where you have to be careful, because your intuition may tell you, oh, when water is boiling on the stove, that's hot.
WYPgOKP-a78-013\|It feels like heat is coming out, and that's true.
WYPgOKP-a78-015\|I have to absorb that heat, overcome intermolecular interactions, and become a gas.
WYPgOKP-a78-020\|q is less than 0, and the enthalpy change less than 0.
WYPgOKP-a78-021\|Now, applying a sign to heat doesn't mean that heat comes as positive or negative.
WYPgOKP-a78-022\|Heat is just a quantity of energy.
WYPgOKP-a78-023\|The sign says which direction is that heat flowing.
WYPgOKP-a78-024\|Is it flowing out of the system?
WYPgOKP-a78-025\|That's negative.
WYPgOKP-a78-026\|Or into the system?
WYPgOKP-a78-027\|That's positive.
WYPgOKP-a78-028\|It's just like speed.
WYPgOKP-a78-029\|You could have speed in one direction or speed in another direction, and you could associate this with the positive direction and this with a negative direction.
WYPgOKP-a78-030\|So positive or negative speed, same kind of thing.
WYPgOKP-a78-032\|Energy coming out of the system into the surroundings is often more dramatic.
WYPgOKP-a78-035\|When we talk about a chemical reaction and the concurrent energy change, we set a standard state.
WYPgOKP-a78-036\|So I'll measure the difference in enthalpy between products and reactants by measuring the enthalpy change at a very specific set of conditions.
WYPgOKP-a78-038\|Or if they're gases, their pressure is 1 atmosphere, and the temperature of the whole system is 25 degrees C.
WYPgOKP-a78-039\|That's our standard state reference point for measuring enthalpies, and it'll allow us to change enthalpies and compare different chemical reactions.
WYPgOKP-a78-040\|That is, it's not fair to compare one chemical reaction to another chemical reaction, if the concentrations and pressures are different.
WYPgOKP-a78-041\|So our standard state helps us compare chemical reactions and compare enthalpies across chemical reactions.
WYPgOKP-a78-042\|Standard states, endothermic processes, exothermic processes, that's thermal chemistry.
W7aJk7yrbUE-000\|Let's look at three different processes and see if we can figure out which has the greatest entropy change.
W7aJk7yrbUE-001\|So A, I'm going to take solid ice water at minus 10 to liquid water at plus 10 Celsius.
W7aJk7yrbUE-002\|B, liquid water at 0 degrees Celsius up to liquid water at 100 degrees Celsius.
W7aJk7yrbUE-011\|We're talking about the heat required to do some physical and temperature changes on water.
W7aJk7yrbUE-016\|And that requires the heat of vaporization of a mole of water at 100 degrees C, which is around 40 kilojoules.
W7aJk7yrbUE-017\|So by far, the most amount of energy is required step C.
W7aJk7yrbUE-018\|Now, we can see that reflected in our heating curve.

BwPxen6eBV8-015|Four different things attached to one carbon makes that asymmetric center and lends chiropody to the entire molecule.

BwPxen6eBV8-016|So the correct answer here is B.

Rde6Bvnbp9A-000|Let's look at the equilibrium constant for the autodissociation of water, Kw.

Rde6Bvnbp9A-001|Here I've plotted Kw for water versus temperature.

Rde6Bvnbp9A-002|So what is the pH of pure hot water?

Rde6Bvnbp9A-010|We're talking about the pH of hot water based on Kw for water, the autodissociation constant.

Rde6Bvnbp9A-016|So these two concentrations will be equal in pure water, and both of them 10 to the minus 6.5, approximately.

Rde6Bvnbp9A-017|So the pH is minus log of H3O+.

Rde6Bvnbp9A-018|So minus log of 10 to the minus 6.5 is 6.5.

Rde6Bvnbp9A-019|So the pH in hot water is lower.

Rde6Bvnbp9A-022|Hot water, lower pH than cool water.

6CRbRJsgI-A-000|Let's look at a couple fluorine species and try to determine which of the paramagnetic species has the weakest bond.

6CRbRJsgI-A-002|The way to do this is to look at them like their orbital structure, find the bond orders to determine which has the weakest bond, and then check to see if they're paramagnetic.

6CRbRJsgI-A-006|Four orbitals from each fluorine makes fluorine the molecule have eight molecular orbitals.

6CRbRJsgI-A-007|Eight atomic orbitals should form eight molecular orbitals.

6CRbRJsgI-A-008|So those molecular orbitals look like this.

6CRbRJsgI-A-012|So 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 orbitals.

6CRbRJsgI-A-013|I have to fill those orbitals with the seven electrons from fluorine plus any charge.

6CRbRJsgI-A-014|So let's look at the number of electrons, the bond order, and whether it's paramagnetic.

6CRbRJsgI-A-020|What's the bond order?

6CRbRJsgI-A-021|Well, the sigma 2s and the sigma star 2s, those cancel each other out, that gives zero bond order.

6CRbRJsgI-A-023|Is it per magnetic?

6CRbRJsgI-A-024|Yes there is an unpaired electron.

6CRbRJsgI-A-030|The difference is 1 divided by 2, a bond order of 1/2.

6CRbRJsgI-A-031|So a weaker bond here in F2 minus.

6CRbRJsgI-A-032|Is it paramagnetic?

6CRbRJsgI-A-033|Yeah, there is an unpaired electron.

6CRbRJsgI-A-034|What about F2 minus 2?

6CRbRJsgI-A-038|So a bond order of zero.

6CRbRJsgI-A-039|And I'm not paramagnetic anymore, every electron is paired.

6CRbRJsgI-A-040|So this has the weakest bond order, F2 minus 2, would fall apart as a molecule.

6CRbRJsgI-A-041|Picking up two electrons goes to bond order zero, very unfavorable for F2.

6CRbRJsgI-A-042|The paramagnetic species that has the weakest bond is F2 minus.

6CRbRJsgI-A-043|So among these three, two paramagnetic species, and the weaker bond F2 minus.

6iT8qY0GRaY-000|Another property of gases that we can talk about is their compressibility.

6iT8qY0GRaY-001|How easy is it to squeeze them into a smaller volume.

6iT8qY0GRaY-002|We define that as the ratio of the change in volume over the change in pressure.

6iT8qY0GRaY-003|Now, we use this symbol delta to indicate a change, so a change in volume over a change in pressure.

6iT8qY0GRaY-004|So let's look at a couple instances.

6iT8qY0GRaY-007|A gas is easy to compress at high volume.

6iT8qY0GRaY-012|So a large increase in pressure for a small change in volume, this is not very compressible gas.

6iT8qY0GRaY-013|This compressibility factor is very small for low volumes.

6iT8qY0GRaY-014|So compressibility tells us how much can I change the volume for a given change in pressure.

e27ZIIsvuys-000|Hi.

e27ZIIsvuys-001|Let's talk about electromagnetic radiation.

e27ZIIsvuys-002|Electromagnetic radiation is a wave-like property.

e27ZIIsvuys-003|It has alternating magnetic and electric fields.

e27ZIIsvuys-004|Now we're not going to talk about the electric and magnetic fields too much, but the wave nature is important to us.

e27ZIIsvuys-005|What are the properties of waves?

e27ZIIsvuys-006|Well, we're all familiar with waves-- we've been to the beach, we've seen waves come in from the ocean-- what are the properties?

e27ZIIsvuys-007|Well, there's a speed that the wave moves.

e27ZIIsvuys-008|If you see a surfer and he catches a wave, the speed that the surfer moves riding the crest is the speed of the wave.

e27ZIIsvuys-011|When we talk about electromagnetic radiation, it moves at the speed of light, as opposed to the speed of a surfer.

e27ZIIsvuys-012|So the speed is the speed of light.

e27ZIIsvuys-016|And their speed will be equal and their distance will stay about the same.

e27ZIIsvuys-017|Their distance between them, the wavelength.

e27ZIIsvuys-021|And I'll often use the term light and electromagnetic radiation interchangeably.

e27ZIIsvuys-024|So different wavelengths have different properties and for some electromagnetic radiation, our eyes are sensitive to them.

e27ZIIsvuys-025|So we have different colors for different wavelengths.

e27ZIIsvuys-026|Another property of waves are the frequency.

e27ZIIsvuys-027|The frequency of the wave is how often a wave crests past you.

e27ZIIsvuys-028|So if three wave crests passed you per second the frequency would be 1 over 3, or 1/3 of a second.

e27ZIIsvuys-029|Now we say reciprocal seconds, 1 over 3 seconds, we give that a special unit called hertz.

WYPgOKP-a78-004|He entering the system is positive and causes a positive enthalpy change.

WYPgOKP-a78-005|The enthalpy change is the state function associated with constant pressure energy changes.

WYPgOKP-a78-006|Heat is absorbed.

WYPgOKP-a78-007|That means endothermic processes.

WYPgOKP-a78-008|Heat comes into the system.

WYPgOKP-a78-009|Now, one classic endothermic process is the boiling of water, water going from liquid water to steam.

WYPgOKP-a78-010|That's an endothermic process.

WYPgOKP-a78-011|Heat is absorbed.

WYPgOKP-a78-012|And here's where you have to be careful, because your intuition may tell you, oh, when water is boiling on the stove, that's hot.

WYPgOKP-a78-013|It feels like heat is coming out, and that's true.

WYPgOKP-a78-015|I have to absorb that heat, overcome intermolecular interactions, and become a gas.

WYPgOKP-a78-020|q is less than 0, and the enthalpy change less than 0.

WYPgOKP-a78-021|Now, applying a sign to heat doesn't mean that heat comes as positive or negative.

WYPgOKP-a78-022|Heat is just a quantity of energy.

WYPgOKP-a78-023|The sign says which direction is that heat flowing.

WYPgOKP-a78-024|Is it flowing out of the system?

WYPgOKP-a78-025|That's negative.

WYPgOKP-a78-026|Or into the system?

WYPgOKP-a78-027|That's positive.

WYPgOKP-a78-028|It's just like speed.

WYPgOKP-a78-029|You could have speed in one direction or speed in another direction, and you could associate this with the positive direction and this with a negative direction.

WYPgOKP-a78-030|So positive or negative speed, same kind of thing.

WYPgOKP-a78-032|Energy coming out of the system into the surroundings is often more dramatic.

WYPgOKP-a78-035|When we talk about a chemical reaction and the concurrent energy change, we set a standard state.

WYPgOKP-a78-036|So I'll measure the difference in enthalpy between products and reactants by measuring the enthalpy change at a very specific set of conditions.

WYPgOKP-a78-038|Or if they're gases, their pressure is 1 atmosphere, and the temperature of the whole system is 25 degrees C.

WYPgOKP-a78-039|That's our standard state reference point for measuring enthalpies, and it'll allow us to change enthalpies and compare different chemical reactions.

WYPgOKP-a78-040|That is, it's not fair to compare one chemical reaction to another chemical reaction, if the concentrations and pressures are different.

WYPgOKP-a78-041|So our standard state helps us compare chemical reactions and compare enthalpies across chemical reactions.

WYPgOKP-a78-042|Standard states, endothermic processes, exothermic processes, that's thermal chemistry.

W7aJk7yrbUE-000|Let's look at three different processes and see if we can figure out which has the greatest entropy change.

W7aJk7yrbUE-001|So A, I'm going to take solid ice water at minus 10 to liquid water at plus 10 Celsius.

W7aJk7yrbUE-002|B, liquid water at 0 degrees Celsius up to liquid water at 100 degrees Celsius.

W7aJk7yrbUE-011|We're talking about the heat required to do some physical and temperature changes on water.

W7aJk7yrbUE-016|And that requires the heat of vaporization of a mole of water at 100 degrees C, which is around 40 kilojoules.

W7aJk7yrbUE-017|So by far, the most amount of energy is required step C.

W7aJk7yrbUE-018|Now, we can see that reflected in our heating curve.