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Invasive fungal infections (IFI) have significantly increased due to advances in medical care in the at risk immunocompromised population. Fungal species are widely distributed in soil, plant debris and other organic substrates, and make up approximately 7 per cent (611,000 species) of all eukaryotic species on earth, ... |
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There was no organized programme for malaria control in India in the pre-independence era; but there are records of epidemics and their control by the then Indian Medical Service. In 1912, a special malaria department was created in Mumbai (then Bombay). The department, apart from various surveillance... |
The variation observed in rates of incidence as well as mortality due to breast cancer, is due to a number of contributing factors like age, race, socio-economic status, life style, reproductive history, family history, . According to GLOBOCAN 2008 cancer fact sheet, incidence of breast cancer was approximately 1.38 mi... |
Clinical pharmacology, a bridge discipline between basic sciences and clinical disciplines, was started in India in the 1960s. The development of pharmaceutical industry, clinical trials, accreditation issues in hospitals, and the commitment of the Government to provide essential medicines have necessitated a sea chang... |
Stakeholders in public health research are researchers, funding agencies, organizations hosting research activities, policymakers, health managers, professionals in the health care system, patients and the community as well as the healthcare industry. It is important to understand the perceptions and views of various s... |
The study was conducted by the department of Psychiatry, St. John's Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, in six villages covered under a primary health centre (PHC). There were 33 villages under this PHC covering a population of 29,117; of which, six villages were selected based on their proximity... |
This questionnaire-based study was conducted in the Department of Psychiatry, PGIMER-Dr RML Hospital, New Delhi, India, during 2009-2010. All psychiatrists and psychologists who were members of the Delhi Psychiatric Society (DPS) and listed with full contact information in the DPS Directory (n= 121) were invited to par... |
This was a cross-sectional population survey using multi-stage cluster randomized sampling conducted from April 2008 to June 2009 in Chandigarh, north India, involving 2227 subjects. Chandigarh city is divided into three zones by two main roads. Two sectors from each of the three zones were selected by simple random sa... |
: From March 2011 to March 2012, a total of 240 cirrhotic patients (174 men, 66 women) were enrolled in the study conducted at Tongji Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in Shanghai, PR China. Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, other malignancies, known haemostatic disorders other than liver disease, bacterial infe... |
This prospective study included 32 consecutive women with 51clinically symptomatic uterine fibroids (excessive and irregular menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, pressure, urinary or bowel problems and anaemia) who attended GSL general hospital, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India, from February 2011 to October 2011. They w... |
: Patients with EH (n=170) and normotensive controls (n=154) were consecutively selected from hypertension outpatient clinic and medical center, respectively, affiliated to the hospital of Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou, PR China from February to August 2010. The normotensive controls were the people who received c... |
: Data for this retrospective study were retrieved from PHPT registry of the department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India. All cases of histopathological proven PHPT from January 2001 to December 2009 were included in the study. PHPT was defined as inap... |
: The partnership between NGOs and government health facilities to provide STI treatment to FSWs was implemented in 13 inland districts of Andhra Pradesh where the adult HIV prevalence has been estimated to be nearly 1 per cent. Unlike the coastal districts, these inland districts are mainly rural, and the population i... |
: The study was carried out in the 10 southern districts of Odisha State during September 2010 - February 2012. Most of the districts are hilly and forested. Dry summer (March-June), wet rainy (July-September) and dry winter (October-February) are the three prevailing seasons. The districts have been hyper-endemic for ... |
The study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, NRI Medical College and General Hospital, Chinakakani, Andhra Pradesh, India, from May 2009 to April 2011. One hundred and twenty nine HIV seropositive patients with lymphadenopathy were included. Fourteen patients with lymphadenopathy of <0.5 cm in diameter and k... |
This study was conducted in laboratory of School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine both at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia. The study period was from September 2010 to December 2011. The study protocol was approved by the USM Human Research Ethics Committee.
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From the news reports in the past 2 years, we learn that the search for the Holy Grail of Regeneration Medicine, , the creation of whole working organs, is moving forward at full speed. What medical scientists have been able to achieve with decellularized ‘scaffolds’ and ‘spray-on’ stem cells is amazing. Mor... |
Coronary heart disease (CHD), also called coronary artery disease, is a complex and heterogeneous cardiovascular disease (CVD). It belongs to a group of atherosclerotic CVD that is defined as a chronic disorder which develops insidiously throughout life and usually progresses to an advanced stage by the time symptoms o... |
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During the period from 2002 to 2012, 3800 prenatal samples [2556 amniotic fluids and 1244 chorionic villus samples (CVS)] were referred to the Department of Diagnostic Laboratories (Cytogenetic Laboratory), Clinical Hospital Acibadem Sistina, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia (ROM). Referral reasons for prenatal... |
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This study was approved by the Ethical Review Board at Neilein University, Khartoum, Sudan and informed consent was obtained from all patients. Cross-sectional design was used in this study. Twentynine meningioma tissue samples () were collected during surgeries from the Alshaab Teaching Hospital loca... |
Rhesus D (RhD) alloimmunization still remains the major cause of severe hemolytic disease in fetuses and newborns (HDFN), which may lead to anemia, hydrops fetalis and intrauterine fetal death. The incidence of HDFN has been reduced by anti-RhD prophylaxis at the 28th and 34th week of gestation. Therefore, the demonstr... |
Hypospadias is a congenital hypoplasia of the penis, with displacement of the urethral opening along the ventral surface, often associated with dorsal hooded foreskin and chordee []. The anatomical location of the misplaced urethral meatus determines the severity of this anomaly with the severity increasing from distal... |
Ageing happens due to the accumulation of mutations in the genome of somatic cells. It results in tissue atrophy, development of neoplasia and decreased functions of cells and tissues []. A combination of both genetic and environmental factors can affect the process at the cellular level []. As ageing affects resistanc... |
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine that has been implicated in the development of Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular diseases and many different types of cancers [–]. The role of IL-6 in mediating humoral and cellular immune response relating to inflammation and tissue injury has been well est... |
Deep neck space infections are defined as infections that spread along the fascial planes and spaces of the head and neck []. They can arise from various head and neck regions. The most common etiology is pharyngitis, tonsillitis, odontogenic infections, upper respiratory infections, otitis media or trauma. The deep ne... |
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The patient is a 20-year-old female, the first child of non consanguineous, healthy Caucasian parents (mother was 24 years old and father was 27 years old when the proband was born). There was no family history of ID, congenital anomalies or psychiatric disorders. The pregnancy was uneventful; she was... |
Pericentric inversions of the human Y-chromosome [inv(Y)] are rather common and show an estimated incidence of 0.6–1:1,000 in males in the general population []. Most of the reported cases with inv(Y) are familial [] and may include progeny with aneuploidies, preferentially +21,XXY and other chromosomal syndromes. For ... |
Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS, OMIM 154500), also known as mandibulofacial dysostosis, is a rare developmental disorder of the craniofacial region and is one of the most severe forms of mandibulofacial dysostosis syndromes []. The disease was named after the report of Treacher Collins in 1900 [] and reviewed in detail... |
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Dermatitis as a presenting symptom of CF seems rare and has been previously reported in 24 other patients (). However, the incidence of this presentation of CF is likely higher because of unreported cases. The pathophysiology of the cutaneous symptoms of CF is unclear but it is thought that lack of pr... |
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A 13-hour-old male infant, the first-born of a non consanguineous marriage to a 23-year-old father and a 21-year-old mother, presented cyanosis half an hour after birth. The baby was delivered by Cesarean section at a local hospital at 38 weeks’ gestation because the ultrasound assessment showed the a... |
Balanced reciprocal translocations result from exchange of fragments between two chromosomes, without any gain or loss of genetic material, and are a common form of chromosomal abnormalities, occurring in about 1 in every 625 newborns [–]. Although, these translocation carriers usually do not exhibit any particular phe... |
Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) represent a diverse group of malignancies occurring throughout the body, the estimated incidence is 5.25/100,000 and is increasing (), though the reason for this phenomena remains unknown. NETs are the most common small bowel tumor () and overall the incidence of NETs in the gastrointestinal... |
In the domain of pulmonary surgery, advances have been made in thoracoscopic surgical techniques for diagnostic excisional biopsies of pulmonary nodules as well as for therapeutic resection of peripheral lung malignancies (). For small and deeply situated pulmonary nodules, however, a major factor limiting success of t... |
Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are congenital vascular abnormalities in which arteriovenous shunting occurs through an abnormal vascular network (nidus) in the parenchyma. These lesions typically present with cerebral bleeding, seizures, headache, or neurological deficits; however, they are sometimes found... |
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGPN) is an atypical form of chronic pyelonephritis characterized by the destruction of the renal parenchyma and replacement with a chronic inflammatory infiltrate of lipid-laden macrophages, known as xanthoma cells (,). XGPN is usually classified in diffuse and focal forms, with the... |
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The term “Marjolin’s ulcer” describes the formation of malignant tumors in chronically inflamed skin such as non-healing ulcers or previously traumatized, burned, or scarred skin. Epidermoid malignant tumors, such as squamous cell carcinomas, basal cell carcinomas, and malignant melanomas account for over 90% of Marjol... |
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A 33-year-old man injured in a motorcycle accident had sustained compound open fractures of the left tibia and fibula with remarkable backward dislocation of the bone fragments (). Distal pulses were not detected after external fixation of the below-the-knee fractures, so emergency angiography was conducted ... |
Intimal sarcoma, especially arising in the lumen of the pulmonary arteries, is an extremely rare and highly malignant tumor of the vessel walls. In general, primary neoplasms of the cardiovascular system are already rare. The prevalence of these tumors ranges from 0.001% to 0.28% within the literature (). The imaging m... |
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A 72-year-old male patient underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head and neck for follow-up, 1 year after resection of a metastasis located in the right soft palate. The patient had initially a Merkel cell carcinoma of the right elbow with ipsilateral axillary lymph node metastases. The metastas... |
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Based on the standard of reference, mastoiditis was confirmed in 20 (87%) of 23 patients (), and a consecutive subperiosteal abscess was identified in 12 (52%) of 23 patients. The left mastoid was affected in 12 (52%) of 23 patients and the right mastoid in eight (35%) of 23 patients. The remain... |
Aggressive fibromatosis or desmoid tumor is an infiltrating fibroblastic proliferation arising from the musculo-aponeurotic structures (,). It either arises in musculoskeletal sites, including the paravertebral musculature and the anterior abdominal wall, particularly in relation to surgical scars, or within the abdome... |
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Birds present dazzling ecological diversity, with species differing in their climatic requirements, the habitats they use for feeding and breeding and the food resources they consume (). Ecological diversity originates when these characteristics of evolving lines of species repeatedly diverge during or between speciati... |
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a pathologic hypertrophy of the heart due to an increase in the size of myocytes in various heart diseases including long-term hypertension, myocardial infarction, chronic pressure overload, valvular defects and endocrine disorders (; ; ; ). Myocardial hypertrophy is an adaptive response ... |
A pair of papers from the same group (; ) has identified a heteromeric calcium-permeable TRP channel in primary cilia and defined these organelles as a specialized calcium signaling compartment. Solitary nonmotile structures known as primary cilia project from most vertebrate cells to act as sensory organelles; these s... |
Ca signals initiate diverse responses in a cell, and Ca can regulate its own intracellular concentration. Ca influx through voltage-dependent Ca channels (VDCCs) can be modulated by cell-membrane repolarization through activation of Ca-activated K channels such as the small-conductance Ca-activated (SK2) K channel (). ... |
The voltage-insensitive calcium-activated potassium channel of intermediate conductance, KCa3.1, has been documented to play a prominent role in a large variety of physiological processes including immune reactions involving memory B and T cells (), transepithelial ion transport in Cl-secreting epithelial cells (), con... |
Sunlight is crucial for life and has many beneficial effects, but, at the same time, the UV radiation (UVR) contained by sunlight is the most common environmental carcinogen (; ). Unlike other mammals that have fur to protect their skin, human skin is constantly exposed to solar UVR (280–400 nm) and is susceptible to i... |
CFTR is a chloride ion channel () crucial for the salt water balance of several polarized epithelia. Mutations in CFTR are the cause of cystic fibrosis (CF) (), the most common lethal genetic disease among Caucasians, an incurable, devastating multi-organ disorder (). The most common CF-causing mutation (carried by >90... |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are naturally occurring substances with important functions in normal physiology. As a component of the cell membrane, PUFAs and other fatty acids can directly affect the activity of membrane proteins like voltage-gated ion channels (; ; ; ). In addition, free PUFAs can affect differ... |
In 2008, two members of the anoctamin superfamily, Ano1 and Ano2, were found to encode Ca-activated Cl channels (CaCCs; ; ; ). Since then, it has been shown that Ano1 (also known as Tmem16A) plays key roles in diverse physiological processes. Ano1 mediates Ca-dependent fluid transport by a variety of epithelia (), incl... |
First discovered in voltage-gated cation channels and later identified in voltage-sensitive phosphatases and proton channels, the voltage-sensor domain (VSD) is a biological molecular device that responds to changes in transmembrane (TM) electrical potential (; ; ). Moreover, VSDs are demonstrably modular and widely di... |
The classic experiments of Hille defined selectivity profiles for voltage-gated sodium (Nav) and potassium channels (, , ), and later for nAChR channels at the neuromuscular junction (). These determinations were based on relative permeability values calculated from shifts in reversal potential determined under voltage... |
Titin, the largest known protein (3–4 MD), resides in the sarcomere of striated muscle, where it extends from the Z disk to the M band and is responsible for the intracellular passive stress that develops when muscle is stretched (; ; ). Titin-based passive stress maintains the central position of the A band in the sar... |
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All animals were handled and experiments were conducted in accordance with procedures approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of California, Irvine. The ages and numbers of animals used for different types of experiments are detailed in Table. In the Calb2-Cre:tdTomato double trans... |
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common dementia associated with an accumulation of amyloid-β plaques and tau tangles, affects over 35 million people worldwide and there currently is no cure . A major problem with treating AD is that by the time clinical symptoms (e.g., memory loss) appear, the disease is so advanced... |
Efficient cell delivery of bio-molecules, such as oligonucleotides and peptides, is a major hurdle in development of novel therapeutics. As a result, higher drug dosages are often required than would otherwise be needed, which increases costs and the possibility of off target effects. A promising method of enhancing ce... |
Published data indicate that CD80 and CD35 can be expressed by the antigen specific B cells. In this study, we characterized the CD19 (a B cell marker) CD80 B cells and CD35 B cells in the intestine of a food allergy mouse model. The mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) and then treated with or without SIT. The mice... |
After germination of a seed, the seedling enters the vegetative phase where rosette leaves are produced by the apical meristem in a spiral arrangement separated by short internodes. The plant then enters a transient phase, marked by a reprogramming of the apical meristem into an inflorescence meristem that produces spi... |
Plants can release organic compounds into the environment. These secondary metabolites may accumulate in the soil environment and influence the growth and development of neighboring plants, with positive and negative effects. This is called allelopathy, a natural ability of plants to protect themselves through natural ... |
The development of therapeutic cancer vaccines is based on the notion that the induction of immune responses against self antigens, particularly those either mutated or overexpressed in tumors vs. the corresponding normal tissues, may attenuate cancer growth and metastasis. In particular, since cytotoxic T lymphocytes ... |
Plants are major feeding source for insects and other living organisms. Insects feed nearly all parts of plants by different feeding methods and cause severe damages especially to the crop plants. Coleopteran and lepidopteran insects damage crop by direct chewing or biting of different plant parts however homopteran in... |
The genus is one of the largest genera of the monophyletic Brassicaceae family with more than 150 species distributed worldwide.
(commonly called as Pepperweed, Pepperwort or Peppergrass) is an invasive plant of western Asia and southeastern Europe and currently distributed from Norway in the west to up to western Hi... |
Multiple human tumor viruses maintain their genomes extrachromosomally using host cell machinery for many of their replicative functions (; ; ; ). Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV), which causes both lymphomas and carcinomas, is an extreme example of this cellular parasitism, minimally encoding two -acting elements, a Dyad symm... |
Many human diseases are caused by or resulted in an abnormal metabolic state such as the high glucose concentration in blood of diabetes patients and the high urine amino-acid level resulted from liver or renal disorders. Metabolic processes are also heavily involved in xenobiotics degradation and drug clearance (). Dr... |
Living cells are self-regulated by interactions between different molecules. Until very recently, most research has focused on transcription regulation interactions and on protein–protein interactions, which in many cases are involved in post-translational regulation. During the last years it has become evident that an... |
To promote the assembly of functional ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes, RNA-binding proteins possess several different structural motifs which confer recognition of RNA sequence and structural elements (). The RNA-recognition motif (RRM), which is the most common RNA-binding domain, consists of a βαββαβ-fold in which ... |
Before a cell divides it must first faithfully copy its DNA so that each daughter cell receives a full complement of genetic information. In the eukaryotic cell cycle chromosomal duplication is restricted to S phase, and chromosomal segregation to M phase, with these phases separated by the gap phases G1 and G2 (). Che... |
In the human genome, a large number of genes spans hundreds of kilobases and is regulated by distant enhancers and locus control regions (LCRs) (,). Long-range LCR/enhancer function has been proposed to be mediated by a looping model, which postulates that the enhancer diffuses through the nucleoplasm to loop with and ... |
Among all three domains of life, gene regulatory systems have evolved that do not require assistance of proteins and that basically act on the level of RNA. So-called ‘riboswitches’ are represented by non-coding regions of mRNA that selectively recognize metabolites (). Depending on metabolite concentration, two mutual... |
The -1 programmed ribosomal frameshift (PRF) is a non-conventional translation phenomenon that pertains to a particular change in the reading frame of the messenger RNA (mRNA) induced by a stimulatory signal. This strategy is mainly used by viruses to synthesize the precursor of their enzymes and to maintain a specific... |
Providing a detailed description of networks of protein–protein interactions poses a formidable challenge in the post-genomic era (). An initial task in such an endeavor is the identification of interacting protein partners, which can be accomplished using readily available methods such as the yeast two-hybrid system (... |
Microscopical detection of chromosomal DNA is an important tool in understanding the function of genomic sequences in the interphase nucleus. In chemically fixed cells or tissues we can visualize any chromosomal domain, including individual gene loci, using standard fluorescence hybridization methods (). However, to ob... |
The fragile X mental retardation syndrome (FXMR/FXS), an X-linked disorder, is the most common cause of inherited mental retardation (). At the molecular level, the progressive expansion of (CGG) repeats and the hypermethylation of the CpG island, in the 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) of the gene causes its transcrip... |
Alternative acceptors (AA) constitute ∼20% of all conserved alternative splicing events in humans and mice (). During the second transesterification step of the splicing process, the acceptor site, namely the 3′ splice site (3′SS), is selected by the splicing machinery. In mammalians, the 3′SS is defined by a highly co... |
Transposable elements occur in many bacterial genomes. We can thus not fully understand bacterial genome evolution, unless we understand how such mobile DNA is maintained, and how it spreads among bacterial genomes. Because transposable elements also cause an important public health threat, the spreading of drug-resist... |
In eukaryotic cells, genomic sequences are repetitively and compactly packaged into nucleosomes where they are in close association with histone proteins. In this setting, histone proteins and DNA form tightly knit complexes that sterically occlude DNA from interacting with other proteins (). The stability of the nucle... |
The bacteriophage P1 Cre/ site-specific recombination system is widely used as a genetic engineering tool (,) due to its well-defined recognition sequence, lack of any necessary co-factors and efficacy in both bacterial and eukaryotic systems. Since its discovery, Cre/ has been applied to temporal and spatial gene acti... |
NF-κB/Rel is a critical transcription factor controlling innate immunity, inflammation, cell survival and tumorigenesis (). There are five structurally related members of the mammalian NF-κB/Rel family of proteins: p50, p52, p65/Rel A, Rel B and c-Rel. Genetic analysis has revealed the functional specificities of these... |
PTIP (Pax2 transactivation domain-interacting protein) is a key regulator of cellular responses to DNA damage that is vitally important for cell and organism function. It was originally identified in mice in a two-hybrid screen with the Pax2 transcription factor that regulates embryonic development (). PTIP null embryo... |
Living cells could, at any moment, suffer DNA damage. If damage is left unrepaired, consequent genomic instability can compromise cell survival. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a versatile repair pathway that can eliminate a wide variety of lesions, e.g. UV-induced photolesions including cyclobutane pyrimidine dime... |
Recombination-based cloning was developed to address some of the limitations of conventional recombinant DNA techniques. In particular, using conventional methods, DNA sequences must be flanked by compatible restriction sites before they can be sub-cloned into recipient vectors. It was recognized that genome-scale proj... |
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive age-dependent neurodegenerative disease that leads to cognitive and behavioral impairment. Recent studies show that tissue samples from AD patients have elevated levels of oxidative DNA damage (). A high level of DNA damage can be particularly deleterious in post-mitotic cells ... |
The process of linking genotype and phenotype plays a crucial role in understanding the biological processes that contribute to overall cellular, tissue and organism responses, particularly when under a disease state (,). The first and classic example was the discovery of the Huntington gene (), which enabled predictiv... |
Real-time PCR has been increasingly utilized in molecular diagnosis of infectious and genetic diseases and in a wide range of cellular and molecular biology research (). Generation of target-dependent fluorescent signals as amplified products accumulate allows monitoring of reactions in a homogeneous format. Real-time ... |
Post-translational modifications of chromatin such as histone and DNA methylation are recognized by epigenetic regulators HP1 (heterochromatin protein 1) and MeCP2 (methyl CpG-binding protein 2) respectively and play an important role in transcriptional regulation. These non-histone chromatin factors read the epigeneti... |
Uracil in DNA may arise from the occasional use of dUTP during DNA replication and from spontaneous deamination of cytosine, which is one of the major pro-mutagenic events in DNA. To maintain the integrity of the genetic information, most prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells encode uracil-DNA glycosylases (UDGs). These enz... |
Isomerization of uridine into pseudouridine (5-ribosyluracil, Ψ) is a prevalent post-transcriptional modification of cellular RNAs () and this modified residue is frequently found in functionally important RNA regions. Consistently, an important role of Ψ residues was demonstrated for specific codon–anticodon recogniti... |
DNA replication is a remarkably accurate process. For a genome like that in a human cell, every one of the 6 × 10 nt is replicated once per cell cycle with extremely high fidelity. Moreover, this is achieved on a DNA template that is far from ideal. Cellular DNA is under constant attack from numerous environmental and ... |
In eukaryotic cells, DNA polymerase β (Pol β) is essential for base excision repair (BER) and involved in recombination and drug resistance (,). Pol β expression levels are important for the maintenance of genome integrity. On account of its low fidelity, the overexpression of Pol β, which has been reported in several ... |
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing is one of the central mechanisms for the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells. It allows the generation of functionally distinct proteins from a single gene. It has been estimated that 40–60% of human genes are alternatively spliced. Moreover, alternative splicing is often reg... |
Riboswitches are RNA molecules located in untranslated regions of several mRNAs which regulate the expression of bacterial genes involved in the biosynthesis, transport or metabolism of small molecules—all of this without the aid of protein cofactors (). These RNA molecules exhibit highly complex structures able to spe... |
Affymetrix arrays are widely used for comparing the expression of tens of thousands of genes under different experimental or clinical conditions. The number of probes on these arrays continues to increase: for example, the most recent releases of human chip array HGU133plus holds 54 000 probe sets, representing almost ... |
The discovery of chromatin remodelling has revolutionized chromatin research by providing new insights into how the packaging of the eukaryotic genome into nucleosomes participates in gene regulation. Instead of being a static structure, chromatin is now accepted to have a dynamic organization from the nucleosomal leve... |
DNA polymerase proofreading removes misincorporated nucleotides at the primer-end (,), which significantly improves the fidelity of DNA replication (). Since increased epithelial tumors are observed in mice that express an exonuclease-deficient DNA polymerase δ, DNA polymerase proofreading is important in preventing mu... |
RNA·DNA hybrid formation is most often associated with DNA replication, where a role for the hybrid as the primer for DNA synthesis is well known (). Other uses are less clear, and cells possess a host of activities to prevent or remove the hybrids, suggesting that RNA·DNA hybrids may not be generally beneficial. For i... |
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