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Code accompanying the paper Societies of strangers do not speak grammatically simpler languages by Olena Shcherbakova, Susanne Maria Michaelis, Hannah J. Haynie, Sam Passmore, Volker Gast, Russell D. Gray, Simon J. Greenhill, Damián E. Blasi, and Hedvig Skirgård

Overview of structure

This project contains all data and all scripts for data-wrangling, analysis and plotting.

Data sources

The data that serves as the input for the analysis comes from Grambank, (v1.0, Skirgård et al (in prep)), AUTOTYP (v1.01, Bickel et al (2022)), Glottolog (v4.5), EDGE-tree (v1.0.0, Bouckaert et al (2023)), Ethnologue (Eberhard et al 2020)), and WALS (Dryer & Haspelmath 2013).

With the exception of the Ethnologue data, all the data is available openly via the science archive Zenodo and/or public GitHub repositories. A modified version of the Ethnologue data is available in this repository, it contains transformed population numbers that cannot be transformed back into the raw numbers. The MCCT EDGE-tree is found in a file inside grambank-analysed.

Zenodo locations:

GitHub locations:

In this project, we fetch the data from the Zenodo locations by downloading a zip file and expanding it. We have also made tables and files available derived from these sources in this repos so that users may run the analysis without engaging with fetching from Zenodo. The scripts that generate these files are also found in this repository and can be run by users if they would like.

Running data-wrangling, analysis and plotting scripts

All scripts are written in R. The necessary scripts can be called one-by-one in order or executed by running the script all_scripts.R.

Running all_scripts.R involves the following:

  • downloading, installing and loading necessary packages and create folders for output (see requirements.R & install_and_load_INLA.R for specific packages)
  • generating a table of languoids from Glottolog v.4.5
  • calculating metric scores from Grambank v.1.0: fusion metric and informativity metric; both metrics designed by Hedvig Skirgård and Hannah J. Haynie.
  • generating population table (all sociodemographic variables in one dataframe): data from Ethnologue e24 (Eberhard et al. 2020) and Supplementary Materials in data\lang_endangerment_predictors.xlsx from Bromham et al. (2022). Based on data availability, within set_up_inla.R, it is necessary to specify whether sample is "full" (full access to both Ethnologue variables in transformed and non-transformed form and running all models; possible only for users with their own access to Ethnologue) and "reduced" (access to both Ethnologue variables - the number of L1 speakers and the proportion of L2 speakers - in transformed form (logged and standardized number of L1 speakers and the proportion of L2 speakers than than raw numbers) and running all models except for one including the interaction between the number of L1 speakers and L2 proportion; the dataset is already provided within the repository).
  • wrangling global phylogeny - EDGE-tree (v1.0.0, Bouckaert et al 2023)
  • generating AUTOTYP-areas table (v.1.0.1, Bickel et al. 2020)
  • prepare everything for and run INLA analysis, including sensitivity analyses
  • measuring phylogenetic signal in fusion and informativity
  • generating tables from INLA analyses, including sensitivity analyses
  • make plots
  • running additional analyses on WALS-based morphological complexity scores used in Lupyan & Dale's (2010) study (data/complexity_data_WALS.csv) (obtained from Gary Lupyan, personal communication 02.06.2023)

Please note: the necessary files, such as metrics scores obtained from the Grambank dataset and parameters of metrics (these determine the inclusion of Grambank into the metrics), are already made available. The script that generates these generating_GB_input_file.R relies on the folder grambank_analysed which incorporates data from Grambank v.1.0, AUTOTYP (v1.0.1) and Glottolog v.4.5. To run this script, one needs to first clone the repository and then run the R-script get_external_data.R.

References

R. Bouckaert, D. Redding, O. Sheehan, T. Kyritsis, R. Gray, K. E. Jones, Q. Atkinson, Global language diversification is linked to socio-ecology and threat status (2022), , doi:10.31235/osf.io/f8tr6.

Bickel, Balthasar, Johanna Nichols, Taras Zakharko, Alena Witzlack-Makarevich, Kristine Hildebrandt, Michael Rießler, Lennart Bierkandt, Fernando Zúñiga & John B Lowe. 2022. The AUTOTYP database (v1.1.0). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6793367.

Bromham, Lindell, Russell Dinnage, Hedvig Skirgård, Andrew Ritchie, Marcel Cardillo, Felicity Meakins, Simon Greenhill & Xia Hua. 2022. Global predictors of language endangerment and the future of linguistic diversity. Nature ecology & evolution 6(2). 163--173.

Dryer, Matthew & Martin Haspelmath (eds.). 2013. The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://wals.info.

Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons & Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2020. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. www.ethnologue.com.

Hammarström, Harald & Forkel, Robert & Haspelmath, Martin & Bank, Sebastian. 2021. Glottolog 4.5. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at https://glottolog.org)

Skirgård, H., Haynie, H. J., Blasi, D. E., Hammarström, H., Collins, J., Latarche, J., Lesage, J., Weber, T., Witzlack-Makarevich, A., Passmore, S., Chira, A., Dinnage, R., Maurits, L., Dinnage, R., Dunn, M., Reesink, G., Singer, R., Bowern, C., Epps, P., Hill, J., Vesakoski, O., Robbeets, M., Abbas, K., Auer, D., Bakker, N., Barbos, G., Borges, R., Danielsen, S., Dorenbusch, L., Dorn, E., Elliott, J., Falcone, G., Fischer, J., Ghanggo Ate, Y., Gibson, H., Göbel, H., Goodall, J., Gruner, V., Harvey, A., Hayes, R., Heer, L., Herrera Miranda, R., Hübler, N., Huntington-Rainey, B., Ivani, J., Johns, M., Just, E., Kashima, E., Kipf, C., Klingenberg, J., König, N., Koti, K., Kowalik, R., Krasnoukhova, O., Lindvall, N., Lorenzen, M., Lutzenberger, H., Martins, T., Mata German, C., Meer, S., Montoya Samamé, J., Müller, M., Muradoglu, S., Neely, K., Nickel, J., Norvik, M., Oluoch, C. A., Peacock, J., Pearey , I., Peck, N., Petit, S., Pieper, S., Poblete, M., Prestipino, D., Raabe, L., Raja, A., Reimringer, J., Rey, S., Rizaew, J., Ruppert, E., Salmon, K., Sammet, J., Schembri, R., Schlabbach, L., Schmidt, F., Skilton, A., Smith, W. D., Sousa, H., Sverredal, K., Valle, D., Vera, J., Voß, J., Witte, T., Wu, H., Yam, S., Ye 葉婧婷, J., Yong, M., Yuditha, T., Zariquiey, R., Forkel, R., Evans, N., Levinson, S. C., Haspelmath, M., Greenhill, S. J., Atkinson, Q. D. and Gray, R. D. (in prep) "Grambank reveals the importance of genealogical constraints on linguistic diversity and highlights the impact of language loss". Science Advances

Hedvig Skirgård; Hannah J. Haynie; Harald Hammarström; Damián E. Blasi; Jeremy Collins; Jay Latarche; Jakob Lesage; Tobias Weber; Alena Witzlack-Makarevich; Michael Dunn; Ger Reesink; Ruth Singer; Claire Bowern; Patience Epps; Jane Hill; Outi Vesakoski; Noor Karolin Abbas; Sunny Ananth; Daniel Auer; Nancy A. Bakker; Giulia Barbos; Anina Bolls; Robert D. Borges; Mitchell Browen; Lennart Chevallier; Swintha Danielsen; Sinoël Dohlen; Luise Dorenbusch; Ella Dorn; Marie Duhamel; Farah El Haj Ali; John Elliott; Giada Falcone; Anna-Maria Fehn; Jana Fischer; Yustinus Ghanggo Ate; Hannah Gibson; Hans-Philipp Göbel; Jemima A. Goodall; Victoria Gruner; Andrew Harvey; Rebekah Hayes; Leonard Heer; Roberto E. Herrera Miranda; Nataliia Hübler; Biu H. Huntington-Rainey; Guglielmo Inglese; Jessica K. Ivani; Marilen Johns; Erika Just; Ivan Kapitonov; Eri Kashima; Carolina Kipf; Janina V. Klingenberg; Nikita König; Aikaterina Koti; Richard G. A. Kowalik; Olga Krasnoukhova; Kate Lynn Lindsey; Nora L. M. Lindvall; Mandy Lorenzen; Hannah Lutzenberger; Alexandra Marley; Tânia R. A. Martins; Celia Mata German; Suzanne van der Meer; Jaime Montoya; Michael Müller; Saliha Muradoglu; HunterGatherer; David Nash; Kelsey Neely; Johanna Nickel; Miina Norvik; Bruno Olsson; Cheryl Akinyi Oluoch; David Osgarby; Jesse Peacock; India O.C. Pearey; Naomi Peck; Jana Peter; Stephanie Petit; Sören Pieper; Mariana Poblete; Daniel Prestipino; Linda Raabe; Amna Raja; Janis Reimringer; Sydney C. Rey; Julia Rizaew; Eloisa Ruppert; Kim K. Salmon; Jill Sammet; Rhiannon Schembri; Lars Schlabbach; Frederick W. P. Schmidt; Dineke Schokkin; Jeff Siegel; Amalia Skilton; Hilário de Sousa; Kristin Sverredal; Daniel Valle; Javier Vera; Judith Voß; Daniel Wikalier Smith; Tim Witte; Henry Wu; Stephanie Yam; Jingting Ye 葉婧婷; Maisie Yong; Tessa Yuditha; Roberto Zariquiey; Robert Forkel; Nicholas Evans; Stephen C. Levinson; Martin Haspelmath; Simon J. Greenhill; Quentin D. Atkinson; Russell D. Gray (2023) Grambank v1.0 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7740140

The Grambank Consortium (eds.). 2022. Grambank 1.0. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://grambank.clld.org.