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train · 34k rows

doc_content stringlengths 1 386k	doc_id stringlengths 5 188
os.MFD_CLOEXEC os.MFD_ALLOW_SEALING os.MFD_HUGETLB os.MFD_HUGE_SHIFT os.MFD_HUGE_MASK os.MFD_HUGE_64KB os.MFD_HUGE_512KB os.MFD_HUGE_1MB os.MFD_HUGE_2MB os.MFD_HUGE_8MB os.MFD_HUGE_16MB os.MFD_HUGE_32MB os.MFD_HUGE_256MB os.MFD_HUGE_512MB os.MFD_HUGE_1GB os.MFD_HUGE_2GB os.MFD_HUGE_16GB These flags can be passed to memfd_create(). Availability: Linux 3.17 or newer with glibc 2.27 or newer. The MFD_HUGE* flags are only available since Linux 4.14. New in version 3.8.	python.library.os#os.MFD_HUGETLB
os.MFD_CLOEXEC os.MFD_ALLOW_SEALING os.MFD_HUGETLB os.MFD_HUGE_SHIFT os.MFD_HUGE_MASK os.MFD_HUGE_64KB os.MFD_HUGE_512KB os.MFD_HUGE_1MB os.MFD_HUGE_2MB os.MFD_HUGE_8MB os.MFD_HUGE_16MB os.MFD_HUGE_32MB os.MFD_HUGE_256MB os.MFD_HUGE_512MB os.MFD_HUGE_1GB os.MFD_HUGE_2GB os.MFD_HUGE_16GB These flags can be passed to memfd_create(). Availability: Linux 3.17 or newer with glibc 2.27 or newer. The MFD_HUGE* flags are only available since Linux 4.14. New in version 3.8.	python.library.os#os.MFD_HUGE_16GB
os.MFD_CLOEXEC os.MFD_ALLOW_SEALING os.MFD_HUGETLB os.MFD_HUGE_SHIFT os.MFD_HUGE_MASK os.MFD_HUGE_64KB os.MFD_HUGE_512KB os.MFD_HUGE_1MB os.MFD_HUGE_2MB os.MFD_HUGE_8MB os.MFD_HUGE_16MB os.MFD_HUGE_32MB os.MFD_HUGE_256MB os.MFD_HUGE_512MB os.MFD_HUGE_1GB os.MFD_HUGE_2GB os.MFD_HUGE_16GB These flags can be passed to memfd_create(). Availability: Linux 3.17 or newer with glibc 2.27 or newer. The MFD_HUGE* flags are only available since Linux 4.14. New in version 3.8.	python.library.os#os.MFD_HUGE_16MB
os.MFD_CLOEXEC os.MFD_ALLOW_SEALING os.MFD_HUGETLB os.MFD_HUGE_SHIFT os.MFD_HUGE_MASK os.MFD_HUGE_64KB os.MFD_HUGE_512KB os.MFD_HUGE_1MB os.MFD_HUGE_2MB os.MFD_HUGE_8MB os.MFD_HUGE_16MB os.MFD_HUGE_32MB os.MFD_HUGE_256MB os.MFD_HUGE_512MB os.MFD_HUGE_1GB os.MFD_HUGE_2GB os.MFD_HUGE_16GB These flags can be passed to memfd_create(). Availability: Linux 3.17 or newer with glibc 2.27 or newer. The MFD_HUGE* flags are only available since Linux 4.14. New in version 3.8.	python.library.os#os.MFD_HUGE_1GB
os.MFD_CLOEXEC os.MFD_ALLOW_SEALING os.MFD_HUGETLB os.MFD_HUGE_SHIFT os.MFD_HUGE_MASK os.MFD_HUGE_64KB os.MFD_HUGE_512KB os.MFD_HUGE_1MB os.MFD_HUGE_2MB os.MFD_HUGE_8MB os.MFD_HUGE_16MB os.MFD_HUGE_32MB os.MFD_HUGE_256MB os.MFD_HUGE_512MB os.MFD_HUGE_1GB os.MFD_HUGE_2GB os.MFD_HUGE_16GB These flags can be passed to memfd_create(). Availability: Linux 3.17 or newer with glibc 2.27 or newer. The MFD_HUGE* flags are only available since Linux 4.14. New in version 3.8.	python.library.os#os.MFD_HUGE_1MB
os.MFD_CLOEXEC os.MFD_ALLOW_SEALING os.MFD_HUGETLB os.MFD_HUGE_SHIFT os.MFD_HUGE_MASK os.MFD_HUGE_64KB os.MFD_HUGE_512KB os.MFD_HUGE_1MB os.MFD_HUGE_2MB os.MFD_HUGE_8MB os.MFD_HUGE_16MB os.MFD_HUGE_32MB os.MFD_HUGE_256MB os.MFD_HUGE_512MB os.MFD_HUGE_1GB os.MFD_HUGE_2GB os.MFD_HUGE_16GB These flags can be passed to memfd_create(). Availability: Linux 3.17 or newer with glibc 2.27 or newer. The MFD_HUGE* flags are only available since Linux 4.14. New in version 3.8.	python.library.os#os.MFD_HUGE_256MB
os.MFD_CLOEXEC os.MFD_ALLOW_SEALING os.MFD_HUGETLB os.MFD_HUGE_SHIFT os.MFD_HUGE_MASK os.MFD_HUGE_64KB os.MFD_HUGE_512KB os.MFD_HUGE_1MB os.MFD_HUGE_2MB os.MFD_HUGE_8MB os.MFD_HUGE_16MB os.MFD_HUGE_32MB os.MFD_HUGE_256MB os.MFD_HUGE_512MB os.MFD_HUGE_1GB os.MFD_HUGE_2GB os.MFD_HUGE_16GB These flags can be passed to memfd_create(). Availability: Linux 3.17 or newer with glibc 2.27 or newer. The MFD_HUGE* flags are only available since Linux 4.14. New in version 3.8.	python.library.os#os.MFD_HUGE_2GB
os.MFD_CLOEXEC os.MFD_ALLOW_SEALING os.MFD_HUGETLB os.MFD_HUGE_SHIFT os.MFD_HUGE_MASK os.MFD_HUGE_64KB os.MFD_HUGE_512KB os.MFD_HUGE_1MB os.MFD_HUGE_2MB os.MFD_HUGE_8MB os.MFD_HUGE_16MB os.MFD_HUGE_32MB os.MFD_HUGE_256MB os.MFD_HUGE_512MB os.MFD_HUGE_1GB os.MFD_HUGE_2GB os.MFD_HUGE_16GB These flags can be passed to memfd_create(). Availability: Linux 3.17 or newer with glibc 2.27 or newer. The MFD_HUGE* flags are only available since Linux 4.14. New in version 3.8.	python.library.os#os.MFD_HUGE_2MB
os.MFD_CLOEXEC os.MFD_ALLOW_SEALING os.MFD_HUGETLB os.MFD_HUGE_SHIFT os.MFD_HUGE_MASK os.MFD_HUGE_64KB os.MFD_HUGE_512KB os.MFD_HUGE_1MB os.MFD_HUGE_2MB os.MFD_HUGE_8MB os.MFD_HUGE_16MB os.MFD_HUGE_32MB os.MFD_HUGE_256MB os.MFD_HUGE_512MB os.MFD_HUGE_1GB os.MFD_HUGE_2GB os.MFD_HUGE_16GB These flags can be passed to memfd_create(). Availability: Linux 3.17 or newer with glibc 2.27 or newer. The MFD_HUGE* flags are only available since Linux 4.14. New in version 3.8.	python.library.os#os.MFD_HUGE_32MB
os.MFD_CLOEXEC os.MFD_ALLOW_SEALING os.MFD_HUGETLB os.MFD_HUGE_SHIFT os.MFD_HUGE_MASK os.MFD_HUGE_64KB os.MFD_HUGE_512KB os.MFD_HUGE_1MB os.MFD_HUGE_2MB os.MFD_HUGE_8MB os.MFD_HUGE_16MB os.MFD_HUGE_32MB os.MFD_HUGE_256MB os.MFD_HUGE_512MB os.MFD_HUGE_1GB os.MFD_HUGE_2GB os.MFD_HUGE_16GB These flags can be passed to memfd_create(). Availability: Linux 3.17 or newer with glibc 2.27 or newer. The MFD_HUGE* flags are only available since Linux 4.14. New in version 3.8.	python.library.os#os.MFD_HUGE_512KB
os.MFD_CLOEXEC os.MFD_ALLOW_SEALING os.MFD_HUGETLB os.MFD_HUGE_SHIFT os.MFD_HUGE_MASK os.MFD_HUGE_64KB os.MFD_HUGE_512KB os.MFD_HUGE_1MB os.MFD_HUGE_2MB os.MFD_HUGE_8MB os.MFD_HUGE_16MB os.MFD_HUGE_32MB os.MFD_HUGE_256MB os.MFD_HUGE_512MB os.MFD_HUGE_1GB os.MFD_HUGE_2GB os.MFD_HUGE_16GB These flags can be passed to memfd_create(). Availability: Linux 3.17 or newer with glibc 2.27 or newer. The MFD_HUGE* flags are only available since Linux 4.14. New in version 3.8.	python.library.os#os.MFD_HUGE_512MB
os.MFD_CLOEXEC os.MFD_ALLOW_SEALING os.MFD_HUGETLB os.MFD_HUGE_SHIFT os.MFD_HUGE_MASK os.MFD_HUGE_64KB os.MFD_HUGE_512KB os.MFD_HUGE_1MB os.MFD_HUGE_2MB os.MFD_HUGE_8MB os.MFD_HUGE_16MB os.MFD_HUGE_32MB os.MFD_HUGE_256MB os.MFD_HUGE_512MB os.MFD_HUGE_1GB os.MFD_HUGE_2GB os.MFD_HUGE_16GB These flags can be passed to memfd_create(). Availability: Linux 3.17 or newer with glibc 2.27 or newer. The MFD_HUGE* flags are only available since Linux 4.14. New in version 3.8.	python.library.os#os.MFD_HUGE_64KB
os.MFD_CLOEXEC os.MFD_ALLOW_SEALING os.MFD_HUGETLB os.MFD_HUGE_SHIFT os.MFD_HUGE_MASK os.MFD_HUGE_64KB os.MFD_HUGE_512KB os.MFD_HUGE_1MB os.MFD_HUGE_2MB os.MFD_HUGE_8MB os.MFD_HUGE_16MB os.MFD_HUGE_32MB os.MFD_HUGE_256MB os.MFD_HUGE_512MB os.MFD_HUGE_1GB os.MFD_HUGE_2GB os.MFD_HUGE_16GB These flags can be passed to memfd_create(). Availability: Linux 3.17 or newer with glibc 2.27 or newer. The MFD_HUGE* flags are only available since Linux 4.14. New in version 3.8.	python.library.os#os.MFD_HUGE_8MB
os.MFD_CLOEXEC os.MFD_ALLOW_SEALING os.MFD_HUGETLB os.MFD_HUGE_SHIFT os.MFD_HUGE_MASK os.MFD_HUGE_64KB os.MFD_HUGE_512KB os.MFD_HUGE_1MB os.MFD_HUGE_2MB os.MFD_HUGE_8MB os.MFD_HUGE_16MB os.MFD_HUGE_32MB os.MFD_HUGE_256MB os.MFD_HUGE_512MB os.MFD_HUGE_1GB os.MFD_HUGE_2GB os.MFD_HUGE_16GB These flags can be passed to memfd_create(). Availability: Linux 3.17 or newer with glibc 2.27 or newer. The MFD_HUGE* flags are only available since Linux 4.14. New in version 3.8.	python.library.os#os.MFD_HUGE_MASK
os.MFD_CLOEXEC os.MFD_ALLOW_SEALING os.MFD_HUGETLB os.MFD_HUGE_SHIFT os.MFD_HUGE_MASK os.MFD_HUGE_64KB os.MFD_HUGE_512KB os.MFD_HUGE_1MB os.MFD_HUGE_2MB os.MFD_HUGE_8MB os.MFD_HUGE_16MB os.MFD_HUGE_32MB os.MFD_HUGE_256MB os.MFD_HUGE_512MB os.MFD_HUGE_1GB os.MFD_HUGE_2GB os.MFD_HUGE_16GB These flags can be passed to memfd_create(). Availability: Linux 3.17 or newer with glibc 2.27 or newer. The MFD_HUGE* flags are only available since Linux 4.14. New in version 3.8.	python.library.os#os.MFD_HUGE_SHIFT
os.minor(device) Extract the device minor number from a raw device number (usually the st_dev or st_rdev field from stat).	python.library.os#os.minor
os.mkdir(path, mode=0o777, *, dir_fd=None) Create a directory named path with numeric mode mode. If the directory already exists, FileExistsError is raised. On some systems, mode is ignored. Where it is used, the current umask value is first masked out. If bits other than the last 9 (i.e. the last 3 digits of the octal representation of the mode) are set, their meaning is platform-dependent. On some platforms, they are ignored and you should call chmod() explicitly to set them. This function can also support paths relative to directory descriptors. It is also possible to create temporary directories; see the tempfile module’s tempfile.mkdtemp() function. Raises an auditing event os.mkdir with arguments path, mode, dir_fd. New in version 3.3: The dir_fd argument. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os#os.mkdir
os.mkfifo(path, mode=0o666, *, dir_fd=None) Create a FIFO (a named pipe) named path with numeric mode mode. The current umask value is first masked out from the mode. This function can also support paths relative to directory descriptors. FIFOs are pipes that can be accessed like regular files. FIFOs exist until they are deleted (for example with os.unlink()). Generally, FIFOs are used as rendezvous between “client” and “server” type processes: the server opens the FIFO for reading, and the client opens it for writing. Note that mkfifo() doesn’t open the FIFO — it just creates the rendezvous point. Availability: Unix. New in version 3.3: The dir_fd argument. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os#os.mkfifo
os.mknod(path, mode=0o600, device=0, *, dir_fd=None) Create a filesystem node (file, device special file or named pipe) named path. mode specifies both the permissions to use and the type of node to be created, being combined (bitwise OR) with one of stat.S_IFREG, stat.S_IFCHR, stat.S_IFBLK, and stat.S_IFIFO (those constants are available in stat). For stat.S_IFCHR and stat.S_IFBLK, device defines the newly created device special file (probably using os.makedev()), otherwise it is ignored. This function can also support paths relative to directory descriptors. Availability: Unix. New in version 3.3: The dir_fd argument. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os#os.mknod
os.name The name of the operating system dependent module imported. The following names have currently been registered: 'posix', 'nt', 'java'. See also sys.platform has a finer granularity. os.uname() gives system-dependent version information. The platform module provides detailed checks for the system’s identity.	python.library.os#os.name
os.nice(increment) Add increment to the process’s “niceness”. Return the new niceness. Availability: Unix.	python.library.os#os.nice
os.open(path, flags, mode=0o777, *, dir_fd=None) Open the file path and set various flags according to flags and possibly its mode according to mode. When computing mode, the current umask value is first masked out. Return the file descriptor for the newly opened file. The new file descriptor is non-inheritable. For a description of the flag and mode values, see the C run-time documentation; flag constants (like O_RDONLY and O_WRONLY) are defined in the os module. In particular, on Windows adding O_BINARY is needed to open files in binary mode. This function can support paths relative to directory descriptors with the dir_fd parameter. Raises an auditing event open with arguments path, mode, flags. Changed in version 3.4: The new file descriptor is now non-inheritable. Note This function is intended for low-level I/O. For normal usage, use the built-in function open(), which returns a file object with read() and write() methods (and many more). To wrap a file descriptor in a file object, use fdopen(). New in version 3.3: The dir_fd argument. Changed in version 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise an exception, the function now retries the system call instead of raising an InterruptedError exception (see PEP 475 for the rationale). Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os#os.open
os.openpty() Open a new pseudo-terminal pair. Return a pair of file descriptors (master, slave) for the pty and the tty, respectively. The new file descriptors are non-inheritable. For a (slightly) more portable approach, use the pty module. Availability: some flavors of Unix. Changed in version 3.4: The new file descriptors are now non-inheritable.	python.library.os#os.openpty
os.O_RDONLY os.O_WRONLY os.O_RDWR os.O_APPEND os.O_CREAT os.O_EXCL os.O_TRUNC The above constants are available on Unix and Windows.	python.library.os#os.O_APPEND
os.O_ASYNC os.O_DIRECT os.O_DIRECTORY os.O_NOFOLLOW os.O_NOATIME os.O_PATH os.O_TMPFILE os.O_SHLOCK os.O_EXLOCK The above constants are extensions and not present if they are not defined by the C library. Changed in version 3.4: Add O_PATH on systems that support it. Add O_TMPFILE, only available on Linux Kernel 3.11 or newer.	python.library.os#os.O_ASYNC
os.O_BINARY os.O_NOINHERIT os.O_SHORT_LIVED os.O_TEMPORARY os.O_RANDOM os.O_SEQUENTIAL os.O_TEXT The above constants are only available on Windows.	python.library.os#os.O_BINARY
os.O_DSYNC os.O_RSYNC os.O_SYNC os.O_NDELAY os.O_NONBLOCK os.O_NOCTTY os.O_CLOEXEC The above constants are only available on Unix. Changed in version 3.3: Add O_CLOEXEC constant.	python.library.os#os.O_CLOEXEC
os.O_RDONLY os.O_WRONLY os.O_RDWR os.O_APPEND os.O_CREAT os.O_EXCL os.O_TRUNC The above constants are available on Unix and Windows.	python.library.os#os.O_CREAT
os.O_ASYNC os.O_DIRECT os.O_DIRECTORY os.O_NOFOLLOW os.O_NOATIME os.O_PATH os.O_TMPFILE os.O_SHLOCK os.O_EXLOCK The above constants are extensions and not present if they are not defined by the C library. Changed in version 3.4: Add O_PATH on systems that support it. Add O_TMPFILE, only available on Linux Kernel 3.11 or newer.	python.library.os#os.O_DIRECT
os.O_ASYNC os.O_DIRECT os.O_DIRECTORY os.O_NOFOLLOW os.O_NOATIME os.O_PATH os.O_TMPFILE os.O_SHLOCK os.O_EXLOCK The above constants are extensions and not present if they are not defined by the C library. Changed in version 3.4: Add O_PATH on systems that support it. Add O_TMPFILE, only available on Linux Kernel 3.11 or newer.	python.library.os#os.O_DIRECTORY
os.O_DSYNC os.O_RSYNC os.O_SYNC os.O_NDELAY os.O_NONBLOCK os.O_NOCTTY os.O_CLOEXEC The above constants are only available on Unix. Changed in version 3.3: Add O_CLOEXEC constant.	python.library.os#os.O_DSYNC
os.O_RDONLY os.O_WRONLY os.O_RDWR os.O_APPEND os.O_CREAT os.O_EXCL os.O_TRUNC The above constants are available on Unix and Windows.	python.library.os#os.O_EXCL
os.O_ASYNC os.O_DIRECT os.O_DIRECTORY os.O_NOFOLLOW os.O_NOATIME os.O_PATH os.O_TMPFILE os.O_SHLOCK os.O_EXLOCK The above constants are extensions and not present if they are not defined by the C library. Changed in version 3.4: Add O_PATH on systems that support it. Add O_TMPFILE, only available on Linux Kernel 3.11 or newer.	python.library.os#os.O_EXLOCK
os.O_DSYNC os.O_RSYNC os.O_SYNC os.O_NDELAY os.O_NONBLOCK os.O_NOCTTY os.O_CLOEXEC The above constants are only available on Unix. Changed in version 3.3: Add O_CLOEXEC constant.	python.library.os#os.O_NDELAY
os.O_ASYNC os.O_DIRECT os.O_DIRECTORY os.O_NOFOLLOW os.O_NOATIME os.O_PATH os.O_TMPFILE os.O_SHLOCK os.O_EXLOCK The above constants are extensions and not present if they are not defined by the C library. Changed in version 3.4: Add O_PATH on systems that support it. Add O_TMPFILE, only available on Linux Kernel 3.11 or newer.	python.library.os#os.O_NOATIME
os.O_DSYNC os.O_RSYNC os.O_SYNC os.O_NDELAY os.O_NONBLOCK os.O_NOCTTY os.O_CLOEXEC The above constants are only available on Unix. Changed in version 3.3: Add O_CLOEXEC constant.	python.library.os#os.O_NOCTTY
os.O_ASYNC os.O_DIRECT os.O_DIRECTORY os.O_NOFOLLOW os.O_NOATIME os.O_PATH os.O_TMPFILE os.O_SHLOCK os.O_EXLOCK The above constants are extensions and not present if they are not defined by the C library. Changed in version 3.4: Add O_PATH on systems that support it. Add O_TMPFILE, only available on Linux Kernel 3.11 or newer.	python.library.os#os.O_NOFOLLOW
os.O_BINARY os.O_NOINHERIT os.O_SHORT_LIVED os.O_TEMPORARY os.O_RANDOM os.O_SEQUENTIAL os.O_TEXT The above constants are only available on Windows.	python.library.os#os.O_NOINHERIT
os.O_DSYNC os.O_RSYNC os.O_SYNC os.O_NDELAY os.O_NONBLOCK os.O_NOCTTY os.O_CLOEXEC The above constants are only available on Unix. Changed in version 3.3: Add O_CLOEXEC constant.	python.library.os#os.O_NONBLOCK
os.O_ASYNC os.O_DIRECT os.O_DIRECTORY os.O_NOFOLLOW os.O_NOATIME os.O_PATH os.O_TMPFILE os.O_SHLOCK os.O_EXLOCK The above constants are extensions and not present if they are not defined by the C library. Changed in version 3.4: Add O_PATH on systems that support it. Add O_TMPFILE, only available on Linux Kernel 3.11 or newer.	python.library.os#os.O_PATH
os.O_BINARY os.O_NOINHERIT os.O_SHORT_LIVED os.O_TEMPORARY os.O_RANDOM os.O_SEQUENTIAL os.O_TEXT The above constants are only available on Windows.	python.library.os#os.O_RANDOM
os.O_RDONLY os.O_WRONLY os.O_RDWR os.O_APPEND os.O_CREAT os.O_EXCL os.O_TRUNC The above constants are available on Unix and Windows.	python.library.os#os.O_RDONLY
os.O_RDONLY os.O_WRONLY os.O_RDWR os.O_APPEND os.O_CREAT os.O_EXCL os.O_TRUNC The above constants are available on Unix and Windows.	python.library.os#os.O_RDWR
os.O_DSYNC os.O_RSYNC os.O_SYNC os.O_NDELAY os.O_NONBLOCK os.O_NOCTTY os.O_CLOEXEC The above constants are only available on Unix. Changed in version 3.3: Add O_CLOEXEC constant.	python.library.os#os.O_RSYNC
os.O_BINARY os.O_NOINHERIT os.O_SHORT_LIVED os.O_TEMPORARY os.O_RANDOM os.O_SEQUENTIAL os.O_TEXT The above constants are only available on Windows.	python.library.os#os.O_SEQUENTIAL
os.O_ASYNC os.O_DIRECT os.O_DIRECTORY os.O_NOFOLLOW os.O_NOATIME os.O_PATH os.O_TMPFILE os.O_SHLOCK os.O_EXLOCK The above constants are extensions and not present if they are not defined by the C library. Changed in version 3.4: Add O_PATH on systems that support it. Add O_TMPFILE, only available on Linux Kernel 3.11 or newer.	python.library.os#os.O_SHLOCK
os.O_BINARY os.O_NOINHERIT os.O_SHORT_LIVED os.O_TEMPORARY os.O_RANDOM os.O_SEQUENTIAL os.O_TEXT The above constants are only available on Windows.	python.library.os#os.O_SHORT_LIVED
os.O_DSYNC os.O_RSYNC os.O_SYNC os.O_NDELAY os.O_NONBLOCK os.O_NOCTTY os.O_CLOEXEC The above constants are only available on Unix. Changed in version 3.3: Add O_CLOEXEC constant.	python.library.os#os.O_SYNC
os.O_BINARY os.O_NOINHERIT os.O_SHORT_LIVED os.O_TEMPORARY os.O_RANDOM os.O_SEQUENTIAL os.O_TEXT The above constants are only available on Windows.	python.library.os#os.O_TEMPORARY
os.O_BINARY os.O_NOINHERIT os.O_SHORT_LIVED os.O_TEMPORARY os.O_RANDOM os.O_SEQUENTIAL os.O_TEXT The above constants are only available on Windows.	python.library.os#os.O_TEXT
os.O_ASYNC os.O_DIRECT os.O_DIRECTORY os.O_NOFOLLOW os.O_NOATIME os.O_PATH os.O_TMPFILE os.O_SHLOCK os.O_EXLOCK The above constants are extensions and not present if they are not defined by the C library. Changed in version 3.4: Add O_PATH on systems that support it. Add O_TMPFILE, only available on Linux Kernel 3.11 or newer.	python.library.os#os.O_TMPFILE
os.O_RDONLY os.O_WRONLY os.O_RDWR os.O_APPEND os.O_CREAT os.O_EXCL os.O_TRUNC The above constants are available on Unix and Windows.	python.library.os#os.O_TRUNC
os.O_RDONLY os.O_WRONLY os.O_RDWR os.O_APPEND os.O_CREAT os.O_EXCL os.O_TRUNC The above constants are available on Unix and Windows.	python.library.os#os.O_WRONLY
os.pardir The constant string used by the operating system to refer to the parent directory. This is '..' for Windows and POSIX. Also available via os.path.	python.library.os#os.pardir
os.path — Common pathname manipulations Source code: Lib/posixpath.py (for POSIX) and Lib/ntpath.py (for Windows NT). This module implements some useful functions on pathnames. To read or write files see open(), and for accessing the filesystem see the os module. The path parameters can be passed as either strings, or bytes. Applications are encouraged to represent file names as (Unicode) character strings. Unfortunately, some file names may not be representable as strings on Unix, so applications that need to support arbitrary file names on Unix should use bytes objects to represent path names. Vice versa, using bytes objects cannot represent all file names on Windows (in the standard mbcs encoding), hence Windows applications should use string objects to access all files. Unlike a unix shell, Python does not do any automatic path expansions. Functions such as expanduser() and expandvars() can be invoked explicitly when an application desires shell-like path expansion. (See also the glob module.) See also The pathlib module offers high-level path objects. Note All of these functions accept either only bytes or only string objects as their parameters. The result is an object of the same type, if a path or file name is returned. Note Since different operating systems have different path name conventions, there are several versions of this module in the standard library. The os.path module is always the path module suitable for the operating system Python is running on, and therefore usable for local paths. However, you can also import and use the individual modules if you want to manipulate a path that is always in one of the different formats. They all have the same interface: posixpath for UNIX-style paths ntpath for Windows paths Changed in version 3.8: exists(), lexists(), isdir(), isfile(), islink(), and ismount() now return False instead of raising an exception for paths that contain characters or bytes unrepresentable at the OS level. os.path.abspath(path) Return a normalized absolutized version of the pathname path. On most platforms, this is equivalent to calling the function normpath() as follows: normpath(join(os.getcwd(), path)). Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. os.path.basename(path) Return the base name of pathname path. This is the second element of the pair returned by passing path to the function split(). Note that the result of this function is different from the Unix basename program; where basename for '/foo/bar/' returns 'bar', the basename() function returns an empty string (''). Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. os.path.commonpath(paths) Return the longest common sub-path of each pathname in the sequence paths. Raise ValueError if paths contain both absolute and relative pathnames, the paths are on the different drives or if paths is empty. Unlike commonprefix(), this returns a valid path. Availability: Unix, Windows. New in version 3.5. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a sequence of path-like objects. os.path.commonprefix(list) Return the longest path prefix (taken character-by-character) that is a prefix of all paths in list. If list is empty, return the empty string (''). Note This function may return invalid paths because it works a character at a time. To obtain a valid path, see commonpath(). >>> os.path.commonprefix(['/usr/lib', '/usr/local/lib']) '/usr/l' >>> os.path.commonpath(['/usr/lib', '/usr/local/lib']) '/usr' Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. os.path.dirname(path) Return the directory name of pathname path. This is the first element of the pair returned by passing path to the function split(). Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. os.path.exists(path) Return True if path refers to an existing path or an open file descriptor. Returns False for broken symbolic links. On some platforms, this function may return False if permission is not granted to execute os.stat() on the requested file, even if the path physically exists. Changed in version 3.3: path can now be an integer: True is returned if it is an open file descriptor, False otherwise. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. os.path.lexists(path) Return True if path refers to an existing path. Returns True for broken symbolic links. Equivalent to exists() on platforms lacking os.lstat(). Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. os.path.expanduser(path) On Unix and Windows, return the argument with an initial component of ~ or ~user replaced by that user’s home directory. On Unix, an initial ~ is replaced by the environment variable HOME if it is set; otherwise the current user’s home directory is looked up in the password directory through the built-in module pwd. An initial ~user is looked up directly in the password directory. On Windows, USERPROFILE will be used if set, otherwise a combination of HOMEPATH and HOMEDRIVE will be used. An initial ~user is handled by stripping the last directory component from the created user path derived above. If the expansion fails or if the path does not begin with a tilde, the path is returned unchanged. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. Changed in version 3.8: No longer uses HOME on Windows. os.path.expandvars(path) Return the argument with environment variables expanded. Substrings of the form $name or ${name} are replaced by the value of environment variable name. Malformed variable names and references to non-existing variables are left unchanged. On Windows, %name% expansions are supported in addition to $name and ${name}. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. os.path.getatime(path) Return the time of last access of path. The return value is a floating point number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the time module). Raise OSError if the file does not exist or is inaccessible. os.path.getmtime(path) Return the time of last modification of path. The return value is a floating point number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the time module). Raise OSError if the file does not exist or is inaccessible. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. os.path.getctime(path) Return the system’s ctime which, on some systems (like Unix) is the time of the last metadata change, and, on others (like Windows), is the creation time for path. The return value is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the time module). Raise OSError if the file does not exist or is inaccessible. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. os.path.getsize(path) Return the size, in bytes, of path. Raise OSError if the file does not exist or is inaccessible. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. os.path.isabs(path) Return True if path is an absolute pathname. On Unix, that means it begins with a slash, on Windows that it begins with a (back)slash after chopping off a potential drive letter. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. os.path.isfile(path) Return True if path is an existing regular file. This follows symbolic links, so both islink() and isfile() can be true for the same path. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. os.path.isdir(path) Return True if path is an existing directory. This follows symbolic links, so both islink() and isdir() can be true for the same path. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. os.path.islink(path) Return True if path refers to an existing directory entry that is a symbolic link. Always False if symbolic links are not supported by the Python runtime. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. os.path.ismount(path) Return True if pathname path is a mount point: a point in a file system where a different file system has been mounted. On POSIX, the function checks whether path’s parent, path/.., is on a different device than path, or whether path/.. and path point to the same i-node on the same device — this should detect mount points for all Unix and POSIX variants. It is not able to reliably detect bind mounts on the same filesystem. On Windows, a drive letter root and a share UNC are always mount points, and for any other path GetVolumePathName is called to see if it is different from the input path. New in version 3.4: Support for detecting non-root mount points on Windows. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. os.path.join(path, paths) Join one or more path components intelligently. The return value is the concatenation of path and any members of paths with exactly one directory separator following each non-empty part except the last, meaning that the result will only end in a separator if the last part is empty. If a component is an absolute path, all previous components are thrown away and joining continues from the absolute path component. On Windows, the drive letter is not reset when an absolute path component (e.g., r'\foo') is encountered. If a component contains a drive letter, all previous components are thrown away and the drive letter is reset. Note that since there is a current directory for each drive, os.path.join("c:", "foo") represents a path relative to the current directory on drive C: (c:foo), not c:\foo. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object for path and paths. os.path.normcase(path) Normalize the case of a pathname. On Windows, convert all characters in the pathname to lowercase, and also convert forward slashes to backward slashes. On other operating systems, return the path unchanged. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. os.path.normpath(path) Normalize a pathname by collapsing redundant separators and up-level references so that A//B, A/B/, A/./B and A/foo/../B all become A/B. This string manipulation may change the meaning of a path that contains symbolic links. On Windows, it converts forward slashes to backward slashes. To normalize case, use normcase(). Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. os.path.realpath(path) Return the canonical path of the specified filename, eliminating any symbolic links encountered in the path (if they are supported by the operating system). Note When symbolic link cycles occur, the returned path will be one member of the cycle, but no guarantee is made about which member that will be. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. Changed in version 3.8: Symbolic links and junctions are now resolved on Windows. os.path.relpath(path, start=os.curdir) Return a relative filepath to path either from the current directory or from an optional start directory. This is a path computation: the filesystem is not accessed to confirm the existence or nature of path or start. On Windows, ValueError is raised when path and start are on different drives. start defaults to os.curdir. Availability: Unix, Windows. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. os.path.samefile(path1, path2) Return True if both pathname arguments refer to the same file or directory. This is determined by the device number and i-node number and raises an exception if an os.stat() call on either pathname fails. Availability: Unix, Windows. Changed in version 3.2: Added Windows support. Changed in version 3.4: Windows now uses the same implementation as all other platforms. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. os.path.sameopenfile(fp1, fp2) Return True if the file descriptors fp1 and fp2 refer to the same file. Availability: Unix, Windows. Changed in version 3.2: Added Windows support. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. os.path.samestat(stat1, stat2) Return True if the stat tuples stat1 and stat2 refer to the same file. These structures may have been returned by os.fstat(), os.lstat(), or os.stat(). This function implements the underlying comparison used by samefile() and sameopenfile(). Availability: Unix, Windows. Changed in version 3.4: Added Windows support. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. os.path.split(path) Split the pathname path into a pair, (head, tail) where tail is the last pathname component and head is everything leading up to that. The tail part will never contain a slash; if path ends in a slash, tail will be empty. If there is no slash in path, head will be empty. If path is empty, both head and tail are empty. Trailing slashes are stripped from head unless it is the root (one or more slashes only). In all cases, join(head, tail) returns a path to the same location as path (but the strings may differ). Also see the functions dirname() and basename(). Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. os.path.splitdrive(path) Split the pathname path into a pair (drive, tail) where drive is either a mount point or the empty string. On systems which do not use drive specifications, drive will always be the empty string. In all cases, drive + tail will be the same as path. On Windows, splits a pathname into drive/UNC sharepoint and relative path. If the path contains a drive letter, drive will contain everything up to and including the colon. e.g. splitdrive("c:/dir") returns ("c:", "/dir") If the path contains a UNC path, drive will contain the host name and share, up to but not including the fourth separator. e.g. splitdrive("//host/computer/dir") returns ("//host/computer", "/dir") Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. os.path.splitext(path) Split the pathname path into a pair (root, ext) such that root + ext == path, and ext is empty or begins with a period and contains at most one period. Leading periods on the basename are ignored; splitext('.cshrc') returns ('.cshrc', ''). Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. os.path.supports_unicode_filenames True if arbitrary Unicode strings can be used as file names (within limitations imposed by the file system).	python.library.os.path
os.path.abspath(path) Return a normalized absolutized version of the pathname path. On most platforms, this is equivalent to calling the function normpath() as follows: normpath(join(os.getcwd(), path)). Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os.path#os.path.abspath
os.path.basename(path) Return the base name of pathname path. This is the second element of the pair returned by passing path to the function split(). Note that the result of this function is different from the Unix basename program; where basename for '/foo/bar/' returns 'bar', the basename() function returns an empty string (''). Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os.path#os.path.basename
os.path.commonpath(paths) Return the longest common sub-path of each pathname in the sequence paths. Raise ValueError if paths contain both absolute and relative pathnames, the paths are on the different drives or if paths is empty. Unlike commonprefix(), this returns a valid path. Availability: Unix, Windows. New in version 3.5. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a sequence of path-like objects.	python.library.os.path#os.path.commonpath
os.path.commonprefix(list) Return the longest path prefix (taken character-by-character) that is a prefix of all paths in list. If list is empty, return the empty string (''). Note This function may return invalid paths because it works a character at a time. To obtain a valid path, see commonpath(). >>> os.path.commonprefix(['/usr/lib', '/usr/local/lib']) '/usr/l' >>> os.path.commonpath(['/usr/lib', '/usr/local/lib']) '/usr' Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os.path#os.path.commonprefix
os.path.dirname(path) Return the directory name of pathname path. This is the first element of the pair returned by passing path to the function split(). Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os.path#os.path.dirname
os.path.exists(path) Return True if path refers to an existing path or an open file descriptor. Returns False for broken symbolic links. On some platforms, this function may return False if permission is not granted to execute os.stat() on the requested file, even if the path physically exists. Changed in version 3.3: path can now be an integer: True is returned if it is an open file descriptor, False otherwise. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os.path#os.path.exists
os.path.expanduser(path) On Unix and Windows, return the argument with an initial component of ~ or ~user replaced by that user’s home directory. On Unix, an initial ~ is replaced by the environment variable HOME if it is set; otherwise the current user’s home directory is looked up in the password directory through the built-in module pwd. An initial ~user is looked up directly in the password directory. On Windows, USERPROFILE will be used if set, otherwise a combination of HOMEPATH and HOMEDRIVE will be used. An initial ~user is handled by stripping the last directory component from the created user path derived above. If the expansion fails or if the path does not begin with a tilde, the path is returned unchanged. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. Changed in version 3.8: No longer uses HOME on Windows.	python.library.os.path#os.path.expanduser
os.path.expandvars(path) Return the argument with environment variables expanded. Substrings of the form $name or ${name} are replaced by the value of environment variable name. Malformed variable names and references to non-existing variables are left unchanged. On Windows, %name% expansions are supported in addition to $name and ${name}. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os.path#os.path.expandvars
os.path.getatime(path) Return the time of last access of path. The return value is a floating point number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the time module). Raise OSError if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.	python.library.os.path#os.path.getatime
os.path.getctime(path) Return the system’s ctime which, on some systems (like Unix) is the time of the last metadata change, and, on others (like Windows), is the creation time for path. The return value is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the time module). Raise OSError if the file does not exist or is inaccessible. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os.path#os.path.getctime
os.path.getmtime(path) Return the time of last modification of path. The return value is a floating point number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the time module). Raise OSError if the file does not exist or is inaccessible. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os.path#os.path.getmtime
os.path.getsize(path) Return the size, in bytes, of path. Raise OSError if the file does not exist or is inaccessible. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os.path#os.path.getsize
os.path.isabs(path) Return True if path is an absolute pathname. On Unix, that means it begins with a slash, on Windows that it begins with a (back)slash after chopping off a potential drive letter. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os.path#os.path.isabs
os.path.isdir(path) Return True if path is an existing directory. This follows symbolic links, so both islink() and isdir() can be true for the same path. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os.path#os.path.isdir
os.path.isfile(path) Return True if path is an existing regular file. This follows symbolic links, so both islink() and isfile() can be true for the same path. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os.path#os.path.isfile
os.path.islink(path) Return True if path refers to an existing directory entry that is a symbolic link. Always False if symbolic links are not supported by the Python runtime. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os.path#os.path.islink
os.path.ismount(path) Return True if pathname path is a mount point: a point in a file system where a different file system has been mounted. On POSIX, the function checks whether path’s parent, path/.., is on a different device than path, or whether path/.. and path point to the same i-node on the same device — this should detect mount points for all Unix and POSIX variants. It is not able to reliably detect bind mounts on the same filesystem. On Windows, a drive letter root and a share UNC are always mount points, and for any other path GetVolumePathName is called to see if it is different from the input path. New in version 3.4: Support for detecting non-root mount points on Windows. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os.path#os.path.ismount
os.path.join(path, paths) Join one or more path components intelligently. The return value is the concatenation of path and any members of paths with exactly one directory separator following each non-empty part except the last, meaning that the result will only end in a separator if the last part is empty. If a component is an absolute path, all previous components are thrown away and joining continues from the absolute path component. On Windows, the drive letter is not reset when an absolute path component (e.g., r'\foo') is encountered. If a component contains a drive letter, all previous components are thrown away and the drive letter is reset. Note that since there is a current directory for each drive, os.path.join("c:", "foo") represents a path relative to the current directory on drive C: (c:foo), not c:\foo. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object for path and paths.	python.library.os.path#os.path.join
os.path.lexists(path) Return True if path refers to an existing path. Returns True for broken symbolic links. Equivalent to exists() on platforms lacking os.lstat(). Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os.path#os.path.lexists
os.path.normcase(path) Normalize the case of a pathname. On Windows, convert all characters in the pathname to lowercase, and also convert forward slashes to backward slashes. On other operating systems, return the path unchanged. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os.path#os.path.normcase
os.path.normpath(path) Normalize a pathname by collapsing redundant separators and up-level references so that A//B, A/B/, A/./B and A/foo/../B all become A/B. This string manipulation may change the meaning of a path that contains symbolic links. On Windows, it converts forward slashes to backward slashes. To normalize case, use normcase(). Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os.path#os.path.normpath
os.path.realpath(path) Return the canonical path of the specified filename, eliminating any symbolic links encountered in the path (if they are supported by the operating system). Note When symbolic link cycles occur, the returned path will be one member of the cycle, but no guarantee is made about which member that will be. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object. Changed in version 3.8: Symbolic links and junctions are now resolved on Windows.	python.library.os.path#os.path.realpath
os.path.relpath(path, start=os.curdir) Return a relative filepath to path either from the current directory or from an optional start directory. This is a path computation: the filesystem is not accessed to confirm the existence or nature of path or start. On Windows, ValueError is raised when path and start are on different drives. start defaults to os.curdir. Availability: Unix, Windows. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os.path#os.path.relpath
os.path.samefile(path1, path2) Return True if both pathname arguments refer to the same file or directory. This is determined by the device number and i-node number and raises an exception if an os.stat() call on either pathname fails. Availability: Unix, Windows. Changed in version 3.2: Added Windows support. Changed in version 3.4: Windows now uses the same implementation as all other platforms. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os.path#os.path.samefile
os.path.sameopenfile(fp1, fp2) Return True if the file descriptors fp1 and fp2 refer to the same file. Availability: Unix, Windows. Changed in version 3.2: Added Windows support. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os.path#os.path.sameopenfile
os.path.samestat(stat1, stat2) Return True if the stat tuples stat1 and stat2 refer to the same file. These structures may have been returned by os.fstat(), os.lstat(), or os.stat(). This function implements the underlying comparison used by samefile() and sameopenfile(). Availability: Unix, Windows. Changed in version 3.4: Added Windows support. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os.path#os.path.samestat
os.path.split(path) Split the pathname path into a pair, (head, tail) where tail is the last pathname component and head is everything leading up to that. The tail part will never contain a slash; if path ends in a slash, tail will be empty. If there is no slash in path, head will be empty. If path is empty, both head and tail are empty. Trailing slashes are stripped from head unless it is the root (one or more slashes only). In all cases, join(head, tail) returns a path to the same location as path (but the strings may differ). Also see the functions dirname() and basename(). Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os.path#os.path.split
os.path.splitdrive(path) Split the pathname path into a pair (drive, tail) where drive is either a mount point or the empty string. On systems which do not use drive specifications, drive will always be the empty string. In all cases, drive + tail will be the same as path. On Windows, splits a pathname into drive/UNC sharepoint and relative path. If the path contains a drive letter, drive will contain everything up to and including the colon. e.g. splitdrive("c:/dir") returns ("c:", "/dir") If the path contains a UNC path, drive will contain the host name and share, up to but not including the fourth separator. e.g. splitdrive("//host/computer/dir") returns ("//host/computer", "/dir") Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os.path#os.path.splitdrive
os.path.splitext(path) Split the pathname path into a pair (root, ext) such that root + ext == path, and ext is empty or begins with a period and contains at most one period. Leading periods on the basename are ignored; splitext('.cshrc') returns ('.cshrc', ''). Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os.path#os.path.splitext
os.path.supports_unicode_filenames True if arbitrary Unicode strings can be used as file names (within limitations imposed by the file system).	python.library.os.path#os.path.supports_unicode_filenames
os.pathconf(path, name) Return system configuration information relevant to a named file. name specifies the configuration value to retrieve; it may be a string which is the name of a defined system value; these names are specified in a number of standards (POSIX.1, Unix 95, Unix 98, and others). Some platforms define additional names as well. The names known to the host operating system are given in the pathconf_names dictionary. For configuration variables not included in that mapping, passing an integer for name is also accepted. If name is a string and is not known, ValueError is raised. If a specific value for name is not supported by the host system, even if it is included in pathconf_names, an OSError is raised with errno.EINVAL for the error number. This function can support specifying a file descriptor. Availability: Unix. Changed in version 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.	python.library.os#os.pathconf
os.pathconf_names Dictionary mapping names accepted by pathconf() and fpathconf() to the integer values defined for those names by the host operating system. This can be used to determine the set of names known to the system. Availability: Unix.	python.library.os#os.pathconf_names
class os.PathLike An abstract base class for objects representing a file system path, e.g. pathlib.PurePath. New in version 3.6. abstractmethod __fspath__() Return the file system path representation of the object. The method should only return a str or bytes object, with the preference being for str.	python.library.os#os.PathLike
abstractmethod __fspath__() Return the file system path representation of the object. The method should only return a str or bytes object, with the preference being for str.	python.library.os#os.PathLike.__fspath__
os.pathsep The character conventionally used by the operating system to separate search path components (as in PATH), such as ':' for POSIX or ';' for Windows. Also available via os.path.	python.library.os#os.pathsep
os.pidfd_open(pid, flags=0) Return a file descriptor referring to the process pid. This descriptor can be used to perform process management without races and signals. The flags argument is provided for future extensions; no flag values are currently defined. See the pidfd_open(2) man page for more details. Availability: Linux 5.3+ New in version 3.9.	python.library.os#os.pidfd_open
os.pipe() Create a pipe. Return a pair of file descriptors (r, w) usable for reading and writing, respectively. The new file descriptor is non-inheritable. Availability: Unix, Windows. Changed in version 3.4: The new file descriptors are now non-inheritable.	python.library.os#os.pipe
os.pipe2(flags) Create a pipe with flags set atomically. flags can be constructed by ORing together one or more of these values: O_NONBLOCK, O_CLOEXEC. Return a pair of file descriptors (r, w) usable for reading and writing, respectively. Availability: some flavors of Unix. New in version 3.3.	python.library.os#os.pipe2
os.plock(op) Lock program segments into memory. The value of op (defined in <sys/lock.h>) determines which segments are locked. Availability: Unix.	python.library.os#os.plock
os.popen(cmd, mode='r', buffering=-1) Open a pipe to or from command cmd. The return value is an open file object connected to the pipe, which can be read or written depending on whether mode is 'r' (default) or 'w'. The buffering argument has the same meaning as the corresponding argument to the built-in open() function. The returned file object reads or writes text strings rather than bytes. The close method returns None if the subprocess exited successfully, or the subprocess’s return code if there was an error. On POSIX systems, if the return code is positive it represents the return value of the process left-shifted by one byte. If the return code is negative, the process was terminated by the signal given by the negated value of the return code. (For example, the return value might be - signal.SIGKILL if the subprocess was killed.) On Windows systems, the return value contains the signed integer return code from the child process. On Unix, waitstatus_to_exitcode() can be used to convert the close method result (exit status) into an exit code if it is not None. On Windows, the close method result is directly the exit code (or None). This is implemented using subprocess.Popen; see that class’s documentation for more powerful ways to manage and communicate with subprocesses.	python.library.os#os.popen
os.posix_fadvise(fd, offset, len, advice) Announces an intention to access data in a specific pattern thus allowing the kernel to make optimizations. The advice applies to the region of the file specified by fd starting at offset and continuing for len bytes. advice is one of POSIX_FADV_NORMAL, POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL, POSIX_FADV_RANDOM, POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE, POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED or POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED. Availability: Unix. New in version 3.3.	python.library.os#os.posix_fadvise
os.POSIX_FADV_NORMAL os.POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL os.POSIX_FADV_RANDOM os.POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE os.POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED os.POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED Flags that can be used in advice in posix_fadvise() that specify the access pattern that is likely to be used. Availability: Unix. New in version 3.3.	python.library.os#os.POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED
os.POSIX_FADV_NORMAL os.POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL os.POSIX_FADV_RANDOM os.POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE os.POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED os.POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED Flags that can be used in advice in posix_fadvise() that specify the access pattern that is likely to be used. Availability: Unix. New in version 3.3.	python.library.os#os.POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE
os.POSIX_FADV_NORMAL os.POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL os.POSIX_FADV_RANDOM os.POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE os.POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED os.POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED Flags that can be used in advice in posix_fadvise() that specify the access pattern that is likely to be used. Availability: Unix. New in version 3.3.	python.library.os#os.POSIX_FADV_NORMAL
os.POSIX_FADV_NORMAL os.POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL os.POSIX_FADV_RANDOM os.POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE os.POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED os.POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED Flags that can be used in advice in posix_fadvise() that specify the access pattern that is likely to be used. Availability: Unix. New in version 3.3.	python.library.os#os.POSIX_FADV_RANDOM

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