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site — Site-specific configuration hook Source code: Lib/site.py This module is automatically imported during initialization. The automatic import can be suppressed using the interpreter’s -S option. Importing this module will append site-specific paths to the module search path and add a few builtins, unless -S was used. In that case, this module can be safely imported with no automatic modifications to the module search path or additions to the builtins. To explicitly trigger the usual site-specific additions, call the site.main() function. Changed in version 3.3: Importing the module used to trigger paths manipulation even when using -S. It starts by constructing up to four directories from a head and a tail part. For the head part, it uses sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix; empty heads are skipped. For the tail part, it uses the empty string and then lib/site-packages (on Windows) or lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages (on Unix and Macintosh). For each of the distinct head-tail combinations, it sees if it refers to an existing directory, and if so, adds it to sys.path and also inspects the newly added path for configuration files. Changed in version 3.5: Support for the “site-python” directory has been removed. If a file named “pyvenv.cfg” exists one directory above sys.executable, sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix are set to that directory and it is also checked for site-packages (sys.base_prefix and sys.base_exec_prefix will always be the “real” prefixes of the Python installation). If “pyvenv.cfg” (a bootstrap configuration file) contains the key “include-system-site-packages” set to anything other than “true” (case-insensitive), the system-level prefixes will not be searched for site-packages; otherwise they will. A path configuration file is a file whose name has the form name.pth and exists in one of the four directories mentioned above; its contents are additional items (one per line) to be added to sys.path. Non-existing items are never added to sys.path, and no check is made that the item refers to a directory rather than a file. No item is added to sys.path more than once. Blank lines and lines beginning with # are skipped. Lines starting with import (followed by space or tab) are executed. Note An executable line in a .pth file is run at every Python startup, regardless of whether a particular module is actually going to be used. Its impact should thus be kept to a minimum. The primary intended purpose of executable lines is to make the corresponding module(s) importable (load 3rd-party import hooks, adjust PATH etc). Any other initialization is supposed to be done upon a module’s actual import, if and when it happens. Limiting a code chunk to a single line is a deliberate measure to discourage putting anything more complex here. For example, suppose sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix are set to /usr/local. The Python X.Y library is then installed in /usr/local/lib/pythonX.Y. Suppose this has a subdirectory /usr/local/lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages with three subsubdirectories, foo, bar and spam, and two path configuration files, foo.pth and bar.pth. Assume foo.pth contains the following: # foo package configuration
foo
bar
bletch
and bar.pth contains: # bar package configuration
bar
Then the following version-specific directories are added to sys.path, in this order: /usr/local/lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages/bar
/usr/local/lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages/foo
Note that bletch is omitted because it doesn’t exist; the bar directory precedes the foo directory because bar.pth comes alphabetically before foo.pth; and spam is omitted because it is not mentioned in either path configuration file. After these path manipulations, an attempt is made to import a module named sitecustomize, which can perform arbitrary site-specific customizations. It is typically created by a system administrator in the site-packages directory. If this import fails with an ImportError or its subclass exception, and the exception’s name attribute equals to 'sitecustomize', it is silently ignored. If Python is started without output streams available, as with pythonw.exe on Windows (which is used by default to start IDLE), attempted output from sitecustomize is ignored. Any other exception causes a silent and perhaps mysterious failure of the process. After this, an attempt is made to import a module named usercustomize, which can perform arbitrary user-specific customizations, if ENABLE_USER_SITE is true. This file is intended to be created in the user site-packages directory (see below), which is part of sys.path unless disabled by -s. If this import fails with an ImportError or its subclass exception, and the exception’s name attribute equals to 'usercustomize', it is silently ignored. Note that for some non-Unix systems, sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix are empty, and the path manipulations are skipped; however the import of sitecustomize and usercustomize is still attempted. Readline configuration On systems that support readline, this module will also import and configure the rlcompleter module, if Python is started in interactive mode and without the -S option. The default behavior is enable tab-completion and to use ~/.python_history as the history save file. To disable it, delete (or override) the sys.__interactivehook__ attribute in your sitecustomize or usercustomize module or your PYTHONSTARTUP file. Changed in version 3.4: Activation of rlcompleter and history was made automatic. Module contents
site.PREFIXES
A list of prefixes for site-packages directories.
site.ENABLE_USER_SITE
Flag showing the status of the user site-packages directory. True means that it is enabled and was added to sys.path. False means that it was disabled by user request (with -s or PYTHONNOUSERSITE). None means it was disabled for security reasons (mismatch between user or group id and effective id) or by an administrator.
site.USER_SITE
Path to the user site-packages for the running Python. Can be None if getusersitepackages() hasn’t been called yet. Default value is ~/.local/lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages for UNIX and non-framework Mac OS X builds, ~/Library/Python/X.Y/lib/python/site-packages for Mac framework builds, and %APPDATA%\Python\PythonXY\site-packages on Windows. This directory is a site directory, which means that .pth files in it will be processed.
site.USER_BASE
Path to the base directory for the user site-packages. Can be None if getuserbase() hasn’t been called yet. Default value is ~/.local for UNIX and Mac OS X non-framework builds, ~/Library/Python/X.Y for Mac framework builds, and %APPDATA%\Python for Windows. This value is used by Distutils to compute the installation directories for scripts, data files, Python modules, etc. for the user installation scheme. See also PYTHONUSERBASE.
site.main()
Adds all the standard site-specific directories to the module search path. This function is called automatically when this module is imported, unless the Python interpreter was started with the -S flag. Changed in version 3.3: This function used to be called unconditionally.
site.addsitedir(sitedir, known_paths=None)
Add a directory to sys.path and process its .pth files. Typically used in sitecustomize or usercustomize (see above).
site.getsitepackages()
Return a list containing all global site-packages directories. New in version 3.2.
site.getuserbase()
Return the path of the user base directory, USER_BASE. If it is not initialized yet, this function will also set it, respecting PYTHONUSERBASE. New in version 3.2.
site.getusersitepackages()
Return the path of the user-specific site-packages directory, USER_SITE. If it is not initialized yet, this function will also set it, respecting USER_BASE. To determine if the user-specific site-packages was added to sys.path ENABLE_USER_SITE should be used. New in version 3.2.
Command Line Interface The site module also provides a way to get the user directories from the command line: $ python3 -m site --user-site
/home/user/.local/lib/python3.3/site-packages
If it is called without arguments, it will print the contents of sys.path on the standard output, followed by the value of USER_BASE and whether the directory exists, then the same thing for USER_SITE, and finally the value of ENABLE_USER_SITE.
--user-base
Print the path to the user base directory.
--user-site
Print the path to the user site-packages directory.
If both options are given, user base and user site will be printed (always in this order), separated by os.pathsep. If any option is given, the script will exit with one of these values: 0 if the user site-packages directory is enabled, 1 if it was disabled by the user, 2 if it is disabled for security reasons or by an administrator, and a value greater than 2 if there is an error. See also PEP 370 – Per user site-packages directory | python.library.site |
site.addsitedir(sitedir, known_paths=None)
Add a directory to sys.path and process its .pth files. Typically used in sitecustomize or usercustomize (see above). | python.library.site#site.addsitedir |
site.ENABLE_USER_SITE
Flag showing the status of the user site-packages directory. True means that it is enabled and was added to sys.path. False means that it was disabled by user request (with -s or PYTHONNOUSERSITE). None means it was disabled for security reasons (mismatch between user or group id and effective id) or by an administrator. | python.library.site#site.ENABLE_USER_SITE |
site.getsitepackages()
Return a list containing all global site-packages directories. New in version 3.2. | python.library.site#site.getsitepackages |
site.getuserbase()
Return the path of the user base directory, USER_BASE. If it is not initialized yet, this function will also set it, respecting PYTHONUSERBASE. New in version 3.2. | python.library.site#site.getuserbase |
site.getusersitepackages()
Return the path of the user-specific site-packages directory, USER_SITE. If it is not initialized yet, this function will also set it, respecting USER_BASE. To determine if the user-specific site-packages was added to sys.path ENABLE_USER_SITE should be used. New in version 3.2. | python.library.site#site.getusersitepackages |
site.main()
Adds all the standard site-specific directories to the module search path. This function is called automatically when this module is imported, unless the Python interpreter was started with the -S flag. Changed in version 3.3: This function used to be called unconditionally. | python.library.site#site.main |
site.PREFIXES
A list of prefixes for site-packages directories. | python.library.site#site.PREFIXES |
site.USER_BASE
Path to the base directory for the user site-packages. Can be None if getuserbase() hasn’t been called yet. Default value is ~/.local for UNIX and Mac OS X non-framework builds, ~/Library/Python/X.Y for Mac framework builds, and %APPDATA%\Python for Windows. This value is used by Distutils to compute the installation directories for scripts, data files, Python modules, etc. for the user installation scheme. See also PYTHONUSERBASE. | python.library.site#site.USER_BASE |
site.USER_SITE
Path to the user site-packages for the running Python. Can be None if getusersitepackages() hasn’t been called yet. Default value is ~/.local/lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages for UNIX and non-framework Mac OS X builds, ~/Library/Python/X.Y/lib/python/site-packages for Mac framework builds, and %APPDATA%\Python\PythonXY\site-packages on Windows. This directory is a site directory, which means that .pth files in it will be processed. | python.library.site#site.USER_SITE |
class slice(stop)
class slice(start, stop[, step])
Return a slice object representing the set of indices specified by range(start, stop, step). The start and step arguments default to None. Slice objects have read-only data attributes start, stop and step which merely return the argument values (or their default). They have no other explicit functionality; however they are used by Numerical Python and other third party extensions. Slice objects are also generated when extended indexing syntax is used. For example: a[start:stop:step] or a[start:stop, i]. See itertools.islice() for an alternate version that returns an iterator. | python.library.functions#slice |
smtpd — SMTP Server Source code: Lib/smtpd.py This module offers several classes to implement SMTP (email) servers. See also The aiosmtpd package is a recommended replacement for this module. It is based on asyncio and provides a more straightforward API. smtpd should be considered deprecated. Several server implementations are present; one is a generic do-nothing implementation, which can be overridden, while the other two offer specific mail-sending strategies. Additionally the SMTPChannel may be extended to implement very specific interaction behaviour with SMTP clients. The code supports RFC 5321, plus the RFC 1870 SIZE and RFC 6531 SMTPUTF8 extensions. SMTPServer Objects
class smtpd.SMTPServer(localaddr, remoteaddr, data_size_limit=33554432, map=None, enable_SMTPUTF8=False, decode_data=False)
Create a new SMTPServer object, which binds to local address localaddr. It will treat remoteaddr as an upstream SMTP relayer. Both localaddr and remoteaddr should be a (host, port) tuple. The object inherits from asyncore.dispatcher, and so will insert itself into asyncore’s event loop on instantiation. data_size_limit specifies the maximum number of bytes that will be accepted in a DATA command. A value of None or 0 means no limit. map is the socket map to use for connections (an initially empty dictionary is a suitable value). If not specified the asyncore global socket map is used. enable_SMTPUTF8 determines whether the SMTPUTF8 extension (as defined in RFC 6531) should be enabled. The default is False. When True, SMTPUTF8 is accepted as a parameter to the MAIL command and when present is passed to process_message() in the kwargs['mail_options'] list. decode_data and enable_SMTPUTF8 cannot be set to True at the same time. decode_data specifies whether the data portion of the SMTP transaction should be decoded using UTF-8. When decode_data is False (the default), the server advertises the 8BITMIME extension (RFC 6152), accepts the BODY=8BITMIME parameter to the MAIL command, and when present passes it to process_message() in the kwargs['mail_options'] list. decode_data and enable_SMTPUTF8 cannot be set to True at the same time.
process_message(peer, mailfrom, rcpttos, data, **kwargs)
Raise a NotImplementedError exception. Override this in subclasses to do something useful with this message. Whatever was passed in the constructor as remoteaddr will be available as the _remoteaddr attribute. peer is the remote host’s address, mailfrom is the envelope originator, rcpttos are the envelope recipients and data is a string containing the contents of the e-mail (which should be in RFC 5321 format). If the decode_data constructor keyword is set to True, the data argument will be a unicode string. If it is set to False, it will be a bytes object. kwargs is a dictionary containing additional information. It is empty if decode_data=True was given as an init argument, otherwise it contains the following keys:
mail_options:
a list of all received parameters to the MAIL command (the elements are uppercase strings; example: ['BODY=8BITMIME', 'SMTPUTF8']).
rcpt_options:
same as mail_options but for the RCPT command. Currently no RCPT TO options are supported, so for now this will always be an empty list. Implementations of process_message should use the **kwargs signature to accept arbitrary keyword arguments, since future feature enhancements may add keys to the kwargs dictionary. Return None to request a normal 250 Ok response; otherwise return the desired response string in RFC 5321 format.
channel_class
Override this in subclasses to use a custom SMTPChannel for managing SMTP clients.
New in version 3.4: The map constructor argument. Changed in version 3.5: localaddr and remoteaddr may now contain IPv6 addresses. New in version 3.5: The decode_data and enable_SMTPUTF8 constructor parameters, and the kwargs parameter to process_message() when decode_data is False. Changed in version 3.6: decode_data is now False by default.
DebuggingServer Objects
class smtpd.DebuggingServer(localaddr, remoteaddr)
Create a new debugging server. Arguments are as per SMTPServer. Messages will be discarded, and printed on stdout.
PureProxy Objects
class smtpd.PureProxy(localaddr, remoteaddr)
Create a new pure proxy server. Arguments are as per SMTPServer. Everything will be relayed to remoteaddr. Note that running this has a good chance to make you into an open relay, so please be careful.
MailmanProxy Objects
class smtpd.MailmanProxy(localaddr, remoteaddr)
Deprecated since version 3.9, will be removed in version 3.11: MailmanProxy is deprecated, it depends on a Mailman module which no longer exists and therefore is already broken. Create a new pure proxy server. Arguments are as per SMTPServer. Everything will be relayed to remoteaddr, unless local mailman configurations knows about an address, in which case it will be handled via mailman. Note that running this has a good chance to make you into an open relay, so please be careful.
SMTPChannel Objects
class smtpd.SMTPChannel(server, conn, addr, data_size_limit=33554432, map=None, enable_SMTPUTF8=False, decode_data=False)
Create a new SMTPChannel object which manages the communication between the server and a single SMTP client. conn and addr are as per the instance variables described below. data_size_limit specifies the maximum number of bytes that will be accepted in a DATA command. A value of None or 0 means no limit. enable_SMTPUTF8 determines whether the SMTPUTF8 extension (as defined in RFC 6531) should be enabled. The default is False. decode_data and enable_SMTPUTF8 cannot be set to True at the same time. A dictionary can be specified in map to avoid using a global socket map. decode_data specifies whether the data portion of the SMTP transaction should be decoded using UTF-8. The default is False. decode_data and enable_SMTPUTF8 cannot be set to True at the same time. To use a custom SMTPChannel implementation you need to override the SMTPServer.channel_class of your SMTPServer. Changed in version 3.5: The decode_data and enable_SMTPUTF8 parameters were added. Changed in version 3.6: decode_data is now False by default. The SMTPChannel has the following instance variables:
smtp_server
Holds the SMTPServer that spawned this channel.
conn
Holds the socket object connecting to the client.
addr
Holds the address of the client, the second value returned by socket.accept
received_lines
Holds a list of the line strings (decoded using UTF-8) received from the client. The lines have their "\r\n" line ending translated to "\n".
smtp_state
Holds the current state of the channel. This will be either COMMAND initially and then DATA after the client sends a “DATA” line.
seen_greeting
Holds a string containing the greeting sent by the client in its “HELO”.
mailfrom
Holds a string containing the address identified in the “MAIL FROM:” line from the client.
rcpttos
Holds a list of strings containing the addresses identified in the “RCPT TO:” lines from the client.
received_data
Holds a string containing all of the data sent by the client during the DATA state, up to but not including the terminating "\r\n.\r\n".
fqdn
Holds the fully-qualified domain name of the server as returned by socket.getfqdn().
peer
Holds the name of the client peer as returned by conn.getpeername() where conn is conn.
The SMTPChannel operates by invoking methods named smtp_<command> upon reception of a command line from the client. Built into the base SMTPChannel class are methods for handling the following commands (and responding to them appropriately):
Command Action taken
HELO Accepts the greeting from the client and stores it in seen_greeting. Sets server to base command mode.
EHLO Accepts the greeting from the client and stores it in seen_greeting. Sets server to extended command mode.
NOOP Takes no action.
QUIT Closes the connection cleanly.
MAIL Accepts the “MAIL FROM:” syntax and stores the supplied address as mailfrom. In extended command mode, accepts the RFC 1870 SIZE attribute and responds appropriately based on the value of data_size_limit.
RCPT Accepts the “RCPT TO:” syntax and stores the supplied addresses in the rcpttos list.
RSET Resets the mailfrom, rcpttos, and received_data, but not the greeting.
DATA Sets the internal state to DATA and stores remaining lines from the client in received_data until the terminator "\r\n.\r\n" is received.
HELP Returns minimal information on command syntax
VRFY Returns code 252 (the server doesn’t know if the address is valid)
EXPN Reports that the command is not implemented. | python.library.smtpd |
class smtpd.DebuggingServer(localaddr, remoteaddr)
Create a new debugging server. Arguments are as per SMTPServer. Messages will be discarded, and printed on stdout. | python.library.smtpd#smtpd.DebuggingServer |
class smtpd.MailmanProxy(localaddr, remoteaddr)
Deprecated since version 3.9, will be removed in version 3.11: MailmanProxy is deprecated, it depends on a Mailman module which no longer exists and therefore is already broken. Create a new pure proxy server. Arguments are as per SMTPServer. Everything will be relayed to remoteaddr, unless local mailman configurations knows about an address, in which case it will be handled via mailman. Note that running this has a good chance to make you into an open relay, so please be careful. | python.library.smtpd#smtpd.MailmanProxy |
class smtpd.PureProxy(localaddr, remoteaddr)
Create a new pure proxy server. Arguments are as per SMTPServer. Everything will be relayed to remoteaddr. Note that running this has a good chance to make you into an open relay, so please be careful. | python.library.smtpd#smtpd.PureProxy |
class smtpd.SMTPChannel(server, conn, addr, data_size_limit=33554432, map=None, enable_SMTPUTF8=False, decode_data=False)
Create a new SMTPChannel object which manages the communication between the server and a single SMTP client. conn and addr are as per the instance variables described below. data_size_limit specifies the maximum number of bytes that will be accepted in a DATA command. A value of None or 0 means no limit. enable_SMTPUTF8 determines whether the SMTPUTF8 extension (as defined in RFC 6531) should be enabled. The default is False. decode_data and enable_SMTPUTF8 cannot be set to True at the same time. A dictionary can be specified in map to avoid using a global socket map. decode_data specifies whether the data portion of the SMTP transaction should be decoded using UTF-8. The default is False. decode_data and enable_SMTPUTF8 cannot be set to True at the same time. To use a custom SMTPChannel implementation you need to override the SMTPServer.channel_class of your SMTPServer. Changed in version 3.5: The decode_data and enable_SMTPUTF8 parameters were added. Changed in version 3.6: decode_data is now False by default. The SMTPChannel has the following instance variables:
smtp_server
Holds the SMTPServer that spawned this channel.
conn
Holds the socket object connecting to the client.
addr
Holds the address of the client, the second value returned by socket.accept
received_lines
Holds a list of the line strings (decoded using UTF-8) received from the client. The lines have their "\r\n" line ending translated to "\n".
smtp_state
Holds the current state of the channel. This will be either COMMAND initially and then DATA after the client sends a “DATA” line.
seen_greeting
Holds a string containing the greeting sent by the client in its “HELO”.
mailfrom
Holds a string containing the address identified in the “MAIL FROM:” line from the client.
rcpttos
Holds a list of strings containing the addresses identified in the “RCPT TO:” lines from the client.
received_data
Holds a string containing all of the data sent by the client during the DATA state, up to but not including the terminating "\r\n.\r\n".
fqdn
Holds the fully-qualified domain name of the server as returned by socket.getfqdn().
peer
Holds the name of the client peer as returned by conn.getpeername() where conn is conn.
The SMTPChannel operates by invoking methods named smtp_<command> upon reception of a command line from the client. Built into the base SMTPChannel class are methods for handling the following commands (and responding to them appropriately):
Command Action taken
HELO Accepts the greeting from the client and stores it in seen_greeting. Sets server to base command mode.
EHLO Accepts the greeting from the client and stores it in seen_greeting. Sets server to extended command mode.
NOOP Takes no action.
QUIT Closes the connection cleanly.
MAIL Accepts the “MAIL FROM:” syntax and stores the supplied address as mailfrom. In extended command mode, accepts the RFC 1870 SIZE attribute and responds appropriately based on the value of data_size_limit.
RCPT Accepts the “RCPT TO:” syntax and stores the supplied addresses in the rcpttos list.
RSET Resets the mailfrom, rcpttos, and received_data, but not the greeting.
DATA Sets the internal state to DATA and stores remaining lines from the client in received_data until the terminator "\r\n.\r\n" is received.
HELP Returns minimal information on command syntax
VRFY Returns code 252 (the server doesn’t know if the address is valid)
EXPN Reports that the command is not implemented. | python.library.smtpd#smtpd.SMTPChannel |
addr
Holds the address of the client, the second value returned by socket.accept | python.library.smtpd#smtpd.SMTPChannel.addr |
conn
Holds the socket object connecting to the client. | python.library.smtpd#smtpd.SMTPChannel.conn |
fqdn
Holds the fully-qualified domain name of the server as returned by socket.getfqdn(). | python.library.smtpd#smtpd.SMTPChannel.fqdn |
mailfrom
Holds a string containing the address identified in the “MAIL FROM:” line from the client. | python.library.smtpd#smtpd.SMTPChannel.mailfrom |
peer
Holds the name of the client peer as returned by conn.getpeername() where conn is conn. | python.library.smtpd#smtpd.SMTPChannel.peer |
rcpttos
Holds a list of strings containing the addresses identified in the “RCPT TO:” lines from the client. | python.library.smtpd#smtpd.SMTPChannel.rcpttos |
received_data
Holds a string containing all of the data sent by the client during the DATA state, up to but not including the terminating "\r\n.\r\n". | python.library.smtpd#smtpd.SMTPChannel.received_data |
received_lines
Holds a list of the line strings (decoded using UTF-8) received from the client. The lines have their "\r\n" line ending translated to "\n". | python.library.smtpd#smtpd.SMTPChannel.received_lines |
seen_greeting
Holds a string containing the greeting sent by the client in its “HELO”. | python.library.smtpd#smtpd.SMTPChannel.seen_greeting |
smtp_server
Holds the SMTPServer that spawned this channel. | python.library.smtpd#smtpd.SMTPChannel.smtp_server |
smtp_state
Holds the current state of the channel. This will be either COMMAND initially and then DATA after the client sends a “DATA” line. | python.library.smtpd#smtpd.SMTPChannel.smtp_state |
class smtpd.SMTPServer(localaddr, remoteaddr, data_size_limit=33554432, map=None, enable_SMTPUTF8=False, decode_data=False)
Create a new SMTPServer object, which binds to local address localaddr. It will treat remoteaddr as an upstream SMTP relayer. Both localaddr and remoteaddr should be a (host, port) tuple. The object inherits from asyncore.dispatcher, and so will insert itself into asyncore’s event loop on instantiation. data_size_limit specifies the maximum number of bytes that will be accepted in a DATA command. A value of None or 0 means no limit. map is the socket map to use for connections (an initially empty dictionary is a suitable value). If not specified the asyncore global socket map is used. enable_SMTPUTF8 determines whether the SMTPUTF8 extension (as defined in RFC 6531) should be enabled. The default is False. When True, SMTPUTF8 is accepted as a parameter to the MAIL command and when present is passed to process_message() in the kwargs['mail_options'] list. decode_data and enable_SMTPUTF8 cannot be set to True at the same time. decode_data specifies whether the data portion of the SMTP transaction should be decoded using UTF-8. When decode_data is False (the default), the server advertises the 8BITMIME extension (RFC 6152), accepts the BODY=8BITMIME parameter to the MAIL command, and when present passes it to process_message() in the kwargs['mail_options'] list. decode_data and enable_SMTPUTF8 cannot be set to True at the same time.
process_message(peer, mailfrom, rcpttos, data, **kwargs)
Raise a NotImplementedError exception. Override this in subclasses to do something useful with this message. Whatever was passed in the constructor as remoteaddr will be available as the _remoteaddr attribute. peer is the remote host’s address, mailfrom is the envelope originator, rcpttos are the envelope recipients and data is a string containing the contents of the e-mail (which should be in RFC 5321 format). If the decode_data constructor keyword is set to True, the data argument will be a unicode string. If it is set to False, it will be a bytes object. kwargs is a dictionary containing additional information. It is empty if decode_data=True was given as an init argument, otherwise it contains the following keys:
mail_options:
a list of all received parameters to the MAIL command (the elements are uppercase strings; example: ['BODY=8BITMIME', 'SMTPUTF8']).
rcpt_options:
same as mail_options but for the RCPT command. Currently no RCPT TO options are supported, so for now this will always be an empty list. Implementations of process_message should use the **kwargs signature to accept arbitrary keyword arguments, since future feature enhancements may add keys to the kwargs dictionary. Return None to request a normal 250 Ok response; otherwise return the desired response string in RFC 5321 format.
channel_class
Override this in subclasses to use a custom SMTPChannel for managing SMTP clients.
New in version 3.4: The map constructor argument. Changed in version 3.5: localaddr and remoteaddr may now contain IPv6 addresses. New in version 3.5: The decode_data and enable_SMTPUTF8 constructor parameters, and the kwargs parameter to process_message() when decode_data is False. Changed in version 3.6: decode_data is now False by default. | python.library.smtpd#smtpd.SMTPServer |
channel_class
Override this in subclasses to use a custom SMTPChannel for managing SMTP clients. | python.library.smtpd#smtpd.SMTPServer.channel_class |
process_message(peer, mailfrom, rcpttos, data, **kwargs)
Raise a NotImplementedError exception. Override this in subclasses to do something useful with this message. Whatever was passed in the constructor as remoteaddr will be available as the _remoteaddr attribute. peer is the remote host’s address, mailfrom is the envelope originator, rcpttos are the envelope recipients and data is a string containing the contents of the e-mail (which should be in RFC 5321 format). If the decode_data constructor keyword is set to True, the data argument will be a unicode string. If it is set to False, it will be a bytes object. kwargs is a dictionary containing additional information. It is empty if decode_data=True was given as an init argument, otherwise it contains the following keys:
mail_options:
a list of all received parameters to the MAIL command (the elements are uppercase strings; example: ['BODY=8BITMIME', 'SMTPUTF8']).
rcpt_options:
same as mail_options but for the RCPT command. Currently no RCPT TO options are supported, so for now this will always be an empty list. Implementations of process_message should use the **kwargs signature to accept arbitrary keyword arguments, since future feature enhancements may add keys to the kwargs dictionary. Return None to request a normal 250 Ok response; otherwise return the desired response string in RFC 5321 format. | python.library.smtpd#smtpd.SMTPServer.process_message |
smtplib — SMTP protocol client Source code: Lib/smtplib.py The smtplib module defines an SMTP client session object that can be used to send mail to any Internet machine with an SMTP or ESMTP listener daemon. For details of SMTP and ESMTP operation, consult RFC 821 (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and RFC 1869 (SMTP Service Extensions).
class smtplib.SMTP(host='', port=0, local_hostname=None, [timeout, ]source_address=None)
An SMTP instance encapsulates an SMTP connection. It has methods that support a full repertoire of SMTP and ESMTP operations. If the optional host and port parameters are given, the SMTP connect() method is called with those parameters during initialization. If specified, local_hostname is used as the FQDN of the local host in the HELO/EHLO command. Otherwise, the local hostname is found using socket.getfqdn(). If the connect() call returns anything other than a success code, an SMTPConnectError is raised. The optional timeout parameter specifies a timeout in seconds for blocking operations like the connection attempt (if not specified, the global default timeout setting will be used). If the timeout expires, socket.timeout is raised. The optional source_address parameter allows binding to some specific source address in a machine with multiple network interfaces, and/or to some specific source TCP port. It takes a 2-tuple (host, port), for the socket to bind to as its source address before connecting. If omitted (or if host or port are '' and/or 0 respectively) the OS default behavior will be used. For normal use, you should only require the initialization/connect, sendmail(), and SMTP.quit() methods. An example is included below. The SMTP class supports the with statement. When used like this, the SMTP QUIT command is issued automatically when the with statement exits. E.g.: >>> from smtplib import SMTP
>>> with SMTP("domain.org") as smtp:
... smtp.noop()
...
(250, b'Ok')
>>>
All commands will raise an auditing event smtplib.SMTP.send with arguments self and data, where data is the bytes about to be sent to the remote host. Changed in version 3.3: Support for the with statement was added. Changed in version 3.3: source_address argument was added. New in version 3.5: The SMTPUTF8 extension (RFC 6531) is now supported. Changed in version 3.9: If the timeout parameter is set to be zero, it will raise a ValueError to prevent the creation of a non-blocking socket
class smtplib.SMTP_SSL(host='', port=0, local_hostname=None, keyfile=None, certfile=None, [timeout, ]context=None, source_address=None)
An SMTP_SSL instance behaves exactly the same as instances of SMTP. SMTP_SSL should be used for situations where SSL is required from the beginning of the connection and using starttls() is not appropriate. If host is not specified, the local host is used. If port is zero, the standard SMTP-over-SSL port (465) is used. The optional arguments local_hostname, timeout and source_address have the same meaning as they do in the SMTP class. context, also optional, can contain a SSLContext and allows configuring various aspects of the secure connection. Please read Security considerations for best practices. keyfile and certfile are a legacy alternative to context, and can point to a PEM formatted private key and certificate chain file for the SSL connection. Changed in version 3.3: context was added. Changed in version 3.3: source_address argument was added. Changed in version 3.4: The class now supports hostname check with ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname and Server Name Indication (see ssl.HAS_SNI). Deprecated since version 3.6: keyfile and certfile are deprecated in favor of context. Please use ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain() instead, or let ssl.create_default_context() select the system’s trusted CA certificates for you. Changed in version 3.9: If the timeout parameter is set to be zero, it will raise a ValueError to prevent the creation of a non-blocking socket
class smtplib.LMTP(host='', port=LMTP_PORT, local_hostname=None, source_address=None[, timeout])
The LMTP protocol, which is very similar to ESMTP, is heavily based on the standard SMTP client. It’s common to use Unix sockets for LMTP, so our connect() method must support that as well as a regular host:port server. The optional arguments local_hostname and source_address have the same meaning as they do in the SMTP class. To specify a Unix socket, you must use an absolute path for host, starting with a ‘/’. Authentication is supported, using the regular SMTP mechanism. When using a Unix socket, LMTP generally don’t support or require any authentication, but your mileage might vary. Changed in version 3.9: The optional timeout parameter was added.
A nice selection of exceptions is defined as well:
exception smtplib.SMTPException
Subclass of OSError that is the base exception class for all the other exceptions provided by this module. Changed in version 3.4: SMTPException became subclass of OSError
exception smtplib.SMTPServerDisconnected
This exception is raised when the server unexpectedly disconnects, or when an attempt is made to use the SMTP instance before connecting it to a server.
exception smtplib.SMTPResponseException
Base class for all exceptions that include an SMTP error code. These exceptions are generated in some instances when the SMTP server returns an error code. The error code is stored in the smtp_code attribute of the error, and the smtp_error attribute is set to the error message.
exception smtplib.SMTPSenderRefused
Sender address refused. In addition to the attributes set by on all SMTPResponseException exceptions, this sets ‘sender’ to the string that the SMTP server refused.
exception smtplib.SMTPRecipientsRefused
All recipient addresses refused. The errors for each recipient are accessible through the attribute recipients, which is a dictionary of exactly the same sort as SMTP.sendmail() returns.
exception smtplib.SMTPDataError
The SMTP server refused to accept the message data.
exception smtplib.SMTPConnectError
Error occurred during establishment of a connection with the server.
exception smtplib.SMTPHeloError
The server refused our HELO message.
exception smtplib.SMTPNotSupportedError
The command or option attempted is not supported by the server. New in version 3.5.
exception smtplib.SMTPAuthenticationError
SMTP authentication went wrong. Most probably the server didn’t accept the username/password combination provided.
See also
RFC 821 - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Protocol definition for SMTP. This document covers the model, operating procedure, and protocol details for SMTP.
RFC 1869 - SMTP Service Extensions
Definition of the ESMTP extensions for SMTP. This describes a framework for extending SMTP with new commands, supporting dynamic discovery of the commands provided by the server, and defines a few additional commands. SMTP Objects An SMTP instance has the following methods:
SMTP.set_debuglevel(level)
Set the debug output level. A value of 1 or True for level results in debug messages for connection and for all messages sent to and received from the server. A value of 2 for level results in these messages being timestamped. Changed in version 3.5: Added debuglevel 2.
SMTP.docmd(cmd, args='')
Send a command cmd to the server. The optional argument args is simply concatenated to the command, separated by a space. This returns a 2-tuple composed of a numeric response code and the actual response line (multiline responses are joined into one long line.) In normal operation it should not be necessary to call this method explicitly. It is used to implement other methods and may be useful for testing private extensions. If the connection to the server is lost while waiting for the reply, SMTPServerDisconnected will be raised.
SMTP.connect(host='localhost', port=0)
Connect to a host on a given port. The defaults are to connect to the local host at the standard SMTP port (25). If the hostname ends with a colon (':') followed by a number, that suffix will be stripped off and the number interpreted as the port number to use. This method is automatically invoked by the constructor if a host is specified during instantiation. Returns a 2-tuple of the response code and message sent by the server in its connection response. Raises an auditing event smtplib.connect with arguments self, host, port.
SMTP.helo(name='')
Identify yourself to the SMTP server using HELO. The hostname argument defaults to the fully qualified domain name of the local host. The message returned by the server is stored as the helo_resp attribute of the object. In normal operation it should not be necessary to call this method explicitly. It will be implicitly called by the sendmail() when necessary.
SMTP.ehlo(name='')
Identify yourself to an ESMTP server using EHLO. The hostname argument defaults to the fully qualified domain name of the local host. Examine the response for ESMTP option and store them for use by has_extn(). Also sets several informational attributes: the message returned by the server is stored as the ehlo_resp attribute, does_esmtp is set to true or false depending on whether the server supports ESMTP, and esmtp_features will be a dictionary containing the names of the SMTP service extensions this server supports, and their parameters (if any). Unless you wish to use has_extn() before sending mail, it should not be necessary to call this method explicitly. It will be implicitly called by sendmail() when necessary.
SMTP.ehlo_or_helo_if_needed()
This method calls ehlo() and/or helo() if there has been no previous EHLO or HELO command this session. It tries ESMTP EHLO first.
SMTPHeloError
The server didn’t reply properly to the HELO greeting.
SMTP.has_extn(name)
Return True if name is in the set of SMTP service extensions returned by the server, False otherwise. Case is ignored.
SMTP.verify(address)
Check the validity of an address on this server using SMTP VRFY. Returns a tuple consisting of code 250 and a full RFC 822 address (including human name) if the user address is valid. Otherwise returns an SMTP error code of 400 or greater and an error string. Note Many sites disable SMTP VRFY in order to foil spammers.
SMTP.login(user, password, *, initial_response_ok=True)
Log in on an SMTP server that requires authentication. The arguments are the username and the password to authenticate with. If there has been no previous EHLO or HELO command this session, this method tries ESMTP EHLO first. This method will return normally if the authentication was successful, or may raise the following exceptions:
SMTPHeloError
The server didn’t reply properly to the HELO greeting.
SMTPAuthenticationError
The server didn’t accept the username/password combination.
SMTPNotSupportedError
The AUTH command is not supported by the server.
SMTPException
No suitable authentication method was found. Each of the authentication methods supported by smtplib are tried in turn if they are advertised as supported by the server. See auth() for a list of supported authentication methods. initial_response_ok is passed through to auth(). Optional keyword argument initial_response_ok specifies whether, for authentication methods that support it, an “initial response” as specified in RFC 4954 can be sent along with the AUTH command, rather than requiring a challenge/response. Changed in version 3.5: SMTPNotSupportedError may be raised, and the initial_response_ok parameter was added.
SMTP.auth(mechanism, authobject, *, initial_response_ok=True)
Issue an SMTP AUTH command for the specified authentication mechanism, and handle the challenge response via authobject. mechanism specifies which authentication mechanism is to be used as argument to the AUTH command; the valid values are those listed in the auth element of esmtp_features. authobject must be a callable object taking an optional single argument: data = authobject(challenge=None) If optional keyword argument initial_response_ok is true, authobject() will be called first with no argument. It can return the RFC 4954 “initial response” ASCII str which will be encoded and sent with the AUTH command as below. If the authobject() does not support an initial response (e.g. because it requires a challenge), it should return None when called with challenge=None. If initial_response_ok is false, then authobject() will not be called first with None. If the initial response check returns None, or if initial_response_ok is false, authobject() will be called to process the server’s challenge response; the challenge argument it is passed will be a bytes. It should return ASCII str data that will be base64 encoded and sent to the server. The SMTP class provides authobjects for the CRAM-MD5, PLAIN, and LOGIN mechanisms; they are named SMTP.auth_cram_md5, SMTP.auth_plain, and SMTP.auth_login respectively. They all require that the user and password properties of the SMTP instance are set to appropriate values. User code does not normally need to call auth directly, but can instead call the login() method, which will try each of the above mechanisms in turn, in the order listed. auth is exposed to facilitate the implementation of authentication methods not (or not yet) supported directly by smtplib. New in version 3.5.
SMTP.starttls(keyfile=None, certfile=None, context=None)
Put the SMTP connection in TLS (Transport Layer Security) mode. All SMTP commands that follow will be encrypted. You should then call ehlo() again. If keyfile and certfile are provided, they are used to create an ssl.SSLContext. Optional context parameter is an ssl.SSLContext object; This is an alternative to using a keyfile and a certfile and if specified both keyfile and certfile should be None. If there has been no previous EHLO or HELO command this session, this method tries ESMTP EHLO first. Deprecated since version 3.6: keyfile and certfile are deprecated in favor of context. Please use ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain() instead, or let ssl.create_default_context() select the system’s trusted CA certificates for you.
SMTPHeloError
The server didn’t reply properly to the HELO greeting.
SMTPNotSupportedError
The server does not support the STARTTLS extension.
RuntimeError
SSL/TLS support is not available to your Python interpreter. Changed in version 3.3: context was added. Changed in version 3.4: The method now supports hostname check with SSLContext.check_hostname and Server Name Indicator (see HAS_SNI). Changed in version 3.5: The error raised for lack of STARTTLS support is now the SMTPNotSupportedError subclass instead of the base SMTPException.
SMTP.sendmail(from_addr, to_addrs, msg, mail_options=(), rcpt_options=())
Send mail. The required arguments are an RFC 822 from-address string, a list of RFC 822 to-address strings (a bare string will be treated as a list with 1 address), and a message string. The caller may pass a list of ESMTP options (such as 8bitmime) to be used in MAIL FROM commands as mail_options. ESMTP options (such as DSN commands) that should be used with all RCPT commands can be passed as rcpt_options. (If you need to use different ESMTP options to different recipients you have to use the low-level methods such as mail(), rcpt() and data() to send the message.) Note The from_addr and to_addrs parameters are used to construct the message envelope used by the transport agents. sendmail does not modify the message headers in any way. msg may be a string containing characters in the ASCII range, or a byte string. A string is encoded to bytes using the ascii codec, and lone \r and \n characters are converted to \r\n characters. A byte string is not modified. If there has been no previous EHLO or HELO command this session, this method tries ESMTP EHLO first. If the server does ESMTP, message size and each of the specified options will be passed to it (if the option is in the feature set the server advertises). If EHLO fails, HELO will be tried and ESMTP options suppressed. This method will return normally if the mail is accepted for at least one recipient. Otherwise it will raise an exception. That is, if this method does not raise an exception, then someone should get your mail. If this method does not raise an exception, it returns a dictionary, with one entry for each recipient that was refused. Each entry contains a tuple of the SMTP error code and the accompanying error message sent by the server. If SMTPUTF8 is included in mail_options, and the server supports it, from_addr and to_addrs may contain non-ASCII characters. This method may raise the following exceptions:
SMTPRecipientsRefused
All recipients were refused. Nobody got the mail. The recipients attribute of the exception object is a dictionary with information about the refused recipients (like the one returned when at least one recipient was accepted).
SMTPHeloError
The server didn’t reply properly to the HELO greeting.
SMTPSenderRefused
The server didn’t accept the from_addr.
SMTPDataError
The server replied with an unexpected error code (other than a refusal of a recipient).
SMTPNotSupportedError
SMTPUTF8 was given in the mail_options but is not supported by the server. Unless otherwise noted, the connection will be open even after an exception is raised. Changed in version 3.2: msg may be a byte string. Changed in version 3.5: SMTPUTF8 support added, and SMTPNotSupportedError may be raised if SMTPUTF8 is specified but the server does not support it.
SMTP.send_message(msg, from_addr=None, to_addrs=None, mail_options=(), rcpt_options=())
This is a convenience method for calling sendmail() with the message represented by an email.message.Message object. The arguments have the same meaning as for sendmail(), except that msg is a Message object. If from_addr is None or to_addrs is None, send_message fills those arguments with addresses extracted from the headers of msg as specified in RFC 5322: from_addr is set to the Sender field if it is present, and otherwise to the From field. to_addrs combines the values (if any) of the To, Cc, and Bcc fields from msg. If exactly one set of Resent-* headers appear in the message, the regular headers are ignored and the Resent-* headers are used instead. If the message contains more than one set of Resent-* headers, a ValueError is raised, since there is no way to unambiguously detect the most recent set of Resent- headers. send_message serializes msg using BytesGenerator with \r\n as the linesep, and calls sendmail() to transmit the resulting message. Regardless of the values of from_addr and to_addrs, send_message does not transmit any Bcc or Resent-Bcc headers that may appear in msg. If any of the addresses in from_addr and to_addrs contain non-ASCII characters and the server does not advertise SMTPUTF8 support, an SMTPNotSupported error is raised. Otherwise the Message is serialized with a clone of its policy with the utf8 attribute set to True, and SMTPUTF8 and BODY=8BITMIME are added to mail_options. New in version 3.2. New in version 3.5: Support for internationalized addresses (SMTPUTF8).
SMTP.quit()
Terminate the SMTP session and close the connection. Return the result of the SMTP QUIT command.
Low-level methods corresponding to the standard SMTP/ESMTP commands HELP, RSET, NOOP, MAIL, RCPT, and DATA are also supported. Normally these do not need to be called directly, so they are not documented here. For details, consult the module code. SMTP Example This example prompts the user for addresses needed in the message envelope (‘To’ and ‘From’ addresses), and the message to be delivered. Note that the headers to be included with the message must be included in the message as entered; this example doesn’t do any processing of the RFC 822 headers. In particular, the ‘To’ and ‘From’ addresses must be included in the message headers explicitly. import smtplib
def prompt(prompt):
return input(prompt).strip()
fromaddr = prompt("From: ")
toaddrs = prompt("To: ").split()
print("Enter message, end with ^D (Unix) or ^Z (Windows):")
# Add the From: and To: headers at the start!
msg = ("From: %s\r\nTo: %s\r\n\r\n"
% (fromaddr, ", ".join(toaddrs)))
while True:
try:
line = input()
except EOFError:
break
if not line:
break
msg = msg + line
print("Message length is", len(msg))
server = smtplib.SMTP('localhost')
server.set_debuglevel(1)
server.sendmail(fromaddr, toaddrs, msg)
server.quit()
Note In general, you will want to use the email package’s features to construct an email message, which you can then send via send_message(); see email: Examples. | python.library.smtplib |
class smtplib.LMTP(host='', port=LMTP_PORT, local_hostname=None, source_address=None[, timeout])
The LMTP protocol, which is very similar to ESMTP, is heavily based on the standard SMTP client. It’s common to use Unix sockets for LMTP, so our connect() method must support that as well as a regular host:port server. The optional arguments local_hostname and source_address have the same meaning as they do in the SMTP class. To specify a Unix socket, you must use an absolute path for host, starting with a ‘/’. Authentication is supported, using the regular SMTP mechanism. When using a Unix socket, LMTP generally don’t support or require any authentication, but your mileage might vary. Changed in version 3.9: The optional timeout parameter was added. | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.LMTP |
class smtplib.SMTP(host='', port=0, local_hostname=None, [timeout, ]source_address=None)
An SMTP instance encapsulates an SMTP connection. It has methods that support a full repertoire of SMTP and ESMTP operations. If the optional host and port parameters are given, the SMTP connect() method is called with those parameters during initialization. If specified, local_hostname is used as the FQDN of the local host in the HELO/EHLO command. Otherwise, the local hostname is found using socket.getfqdn(). If the connect() call returns anything other than a success code, an SMTPConnectError is raised. The optional timeout parameter specifies a timeout in seconds for blocking operations like the connection attempt (if not specified, the global default timeout setting will be used). If the timeout expires, socket.timeout is raised. The optional source_address parameter allows binding to some specific source address in a machine with multiple network interfaces, and/or to some specific source TCP port. It takes a 2-tuple (host, port), for the socket to bind to as its source address before connecting. If omitted (or if host or port are '' and/or 0 respectively) the OS default behavior will be used. For normal use, you should only require the initialization/connect, sendmail(), and SMTP.quit() methods. An example is included below. The SMTP class supports the with statement. When used like this, the SMTP QUIT command is issued automatically when the with statement exits. E.g.: >>> from smtplib import SMTP
>>> with SMTP("domain.org") as smtp:
... smtp.noop()
...
(250, b'Ok')
>>>
All commands will raise an auditing event smtplib.SMTP.send with arguments self and data, where data is the bytes about to be sent to the remote host. Changed in version 3.3: Support for the with statement was added. Changed in version 3.3: source_address argument was added. New in version 3.5: The SMTPUTF8 extension (RFC 6531) is now supported. Changed in version 3.9: If the timeout parameter is set to be zero, it will raise a ValueError to prevent the creation of a non-blocking socket | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTP |
SMTP.auth(mechanism, authobject, *, initial_response_ok=True)
Issue an SMTP AUTH command for the specified authentication mechanism, and handle the challenge response via authobject. mechanism specifies which authentication mechanism is to be used as argument to the AUTH command; the valid values are those listed in the auth element of esmtp_features. authobject must be a callable object taking an optional single argument: data = authobject(challenge=None) If optional keyword argument initial_response_ok is true, authobject() will be called first with no argument. It can return the RFC 4954 “initial response” ASCII str which will be encoded and sent with the AUTH command as below. If the authobject() does not support an initial response (e.g. because it requires a challenge), it should return None when called with challenge=None. If initial_response_ok is false, then authobject() will not be called first with None. If the initial response check returns None, or if initial_response_ok is false, authobject() will be called to process the server’s challenge response; the challenge argument it is passed will be a bytes. It should return ASCII str data that will be base64 encoded and sent to the server. The SMTP class provides authobjects for the CRAM-MD5, PLAIN, and LOGIN mechanisms; they are named SMTP.auth_cram_md5, SMTP.auth_plain, and SMTP.auth_login respectively. They all require that the user and password properties of the SMTP instance are set to appropriate values. User code does not normally need to call auth directly, but can instead call the login() method, which will try each of the above mechanisms in turn, in the order listed. auth is exposed to facilitate the implementation of authentication methods not (or not yet) supported directly by smtplib. New in version 3.5. | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTP.auth |
SMTP.connect(host='localhost', port=0)
Connect to a host on a given port. The defaults are to connect to the local host at the standard SMTP port (25). If the hostname ends with a colon (':') followed by a number, that suffix will be stripped off and the number interpreted as the port number to use. This method is automatically invoked by the constructor if a host is specified during instantiation. Returns a 2-tuple of the response code and message sent by the server in its connection response. Raises an auditing event smtplib.connect with arguments self, host, port. | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTP.connect |
SMTP.docmd(cmd, args='')
Send a command cmd to the server. The optional argument args is simply concatenated to the command, separated by a space. This returns a 2-tuple composed of a numeric response code and the actual response line (multiline responses are joined into one long line.) In normal operation it should not be necessary to call this method explicitly. It is used to implement other methods and may be useful for testing private extensions. If the connection to the server is lost while waiting for the reply, SMTPServerDisconnected will be raised. | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTP.docmd |
SMTP.ehlo(name='')
Identify yourself to an ESMTP server using EHLO. The hostname argument defaults to the fully qualified domain name of the local host. Examine the response for ESMTP option and store them for use by has_extn(). Also sets several informational attributes: the message returned by the server is stored as the ehlo_resp attribute, does_esmtp is set to true or false depending on whether the server supports ESMTP, and esmtp_features will be a dictionary containing the names of the SMTP service extensions this server supports, and their parameters (if any). Unless you wish to use has_extn() before sending mail, it should not be necessary to call this method explicitly. It will be implicitly called by sendmail() when necessary. | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTP.ehlo |
SMTP.ehlo_or_helo_if_needed()
This method calls ehlo() and/or helo() if there has been no previous EHLO or HELO command this session. It tries ESMTP EHLO first.
SMTPHeloError
The server didn’t reply properly to the HELO greeting. | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTP.ehlo_or_helo_if_needed |
SMTP.has_extn(name)
Return True if name is in the set of SMTP service extensions returned by the server, False otherwise. Case is ignored. | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTP.has_extn |
SMTP.helo(name='')
Identify yourself to the SMTP server using HELO. The hostname argument defaults to the fully qualified domain name of the local host. The message returned by the server is stored as the helo_resp attribute of the object. In normal operation it should not be necessary to call this method explicitly. It will be implicitly called by the sendmail() when necessary. | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTP.helo |
SMTP.login(user, password, *, initial_response_ok=True)
Log in on an SMTP server that requires authentication. The arguments are the username and the password to authenticate with. If there has been no previous EHLO or HELO command this session, this method tries ESMTP EHLO first. This method will return normally if the authentication was successful, or may raise the following exceptions:
SMTPHeloError
The server didn’t reply properly to the HELO greeting.
SMTPAuthenticationError
The server didn’t accept the username/password combination.
SMTPNotSupportedError
The AUTH command is not supported by the server.
SMTPException
No suitable authentication method was found. Each of the authentication methods supported by smtplib are tried in turn if they are advertised as supported by the server. See auth() for a list of supported authentication methods. initial_response_ok is passed through to auth(). Optional keyword argument initial_response_ok specifies whether, for authentication methods that support it, an “initial response” as specified in RFC 4954 can be sent along with the AUTH command, rather than requiring a challenge/response. Changed in version 3.5: SMTPNotSupportedError may be raised, and the initial_response_ok parameter was added. | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTP.login |
SMTP.quit()
Terminate the SMTP session and close the connection. Return the result of the SMTP QUIT command. | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTP.quit |
SMTP.sendmail(from_addr, to_addrs, msg, mail_options=(), rcpt_options=())
Send mail. The required arguments are an RFC 822 from-address string, a list of RFC 822 to-address strings (a bare string will be treated as a list with 1 address), and a message string. The caller may pass a list of ESMTP options (such as 8bitmime) to be used in MAIL FROM commands as mail_options. ESMTP options (such as DSN commands) that should be used with all RCPT commands can be passed as rcpt_options. (If you need to use different ESMTP options to different recipients you have to use the low-level methods such as mail(), rcpt() and data() to send the message.) Note The from_addr and to_addrs parameters are used to construct the message envelope used by the transport agents. sendmail does not modify the message headers in any way. msg may be a string containing characters in the ASCII range, or a byte string. A string is encoded to bytes using the ascii codec, and lone \r and \n characters are converted to \r\n characters. A byte string is not modified. If there has been no previous EHLO or HELO command this session, this method tries ESMTP EHLO first. If the server does ESMTP, message size and each of the specified options will be passed to it (if the option is in the feature set the server advertises). If EHLO fails, HELO will be tried and ESMTP options suppressed. This method will return normally if the mail is accepted for at least one recipient. Otherwise it will raise an exception. That is, if this method does not raise an exception, then someone should get your mail. If this method does not raise an exception, it returns a dictionary, with one entry for each recipient that was refused. Each entry contains a tuple of the SMTP error code and the accompanying error message sent by the server. If SMTPUTF8 is included in mail_options, and the server supports it, from_addr and to_addrs may contain non-ASCII characters. This method may raise the following exceptions:
SMTPRecipientsRefused
All recipients were refused. Nobody got the mail. The recipients attribute of the exception object is a dictionary with information about the refused recipients (like the one returned when at least one recipient was accepted).
SMTPHeloError
The server didn’t reply properly to the HELO greeting.
SMTPSenderRefused
The server didn’t accept the from_addr.
SMTPDataError
The server replied with an unexpected error code (other than a refusal of a recipient).
SMTPNotSupportedError
SMTPUTF8 was given in the mail_options but is not supported by the server. Unless otherwise noted, the connection will be open even after an exception is raised. Changed in version 3.2: msg may be a byte string. Changed in version 3.5: SMTPUTF8 support added, and SMTPNotSupportedError may be raised if SMTPUTF8 is specified but the server does not support it. | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTP.sendmail |
SMTP.send_message(msg, from_addr=None, to_addrs=None, mail_options=(), rcpt_options=())
This is a convenience method for calling sendmail() with the message represented by an email.message.Message object. The arguments have the same meaning as for sendmail(), except that msg is a Message object. If from_addr is None or to_addrs is None, send_message fills those arguments with addresses extracted from the headers of msg as specified in RFC 5322: from_addr is set to the Sender field if it is present, and otherwise to the From field. to_addrs combines the values (if any) of the To, Cc, and Bcc fields from msg. If exactly one set of Resent-* headers appear in the message, the regular headers are ignored and the Resent-* headers are used instead. If the message contains more than one set of Resent-* headers, a ValueError is raised, since there is no way to unambiguously detect the most recent set of Resent- headers. send_message serializes msg using BytesGenerator with \r\n as the linesep, and calls sendmail() to transmit the resulting message. Regardless of the values of from_addr and to_addrs, send_message does not transmit any Bcc or Resent-Bcc headers that may appear in msg. If any of the addresses in from_addr and to_addrs contain non-ASCII characters and the server does not advertise SMTPUTF8 support, an SMTPNotSupported error is raised. Otherwise the Message is serialized with a clone of its policy with the utf8 attribute set to True, and SMTPUTF8 and BODY=8BITMIME are added to mail_options. New in version 3.2. New in version 3.5: Support for internationalized addresses (SMTPUTF8). | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTP.send_message |
SMTP.set_debuglevel(level)
Set the debug output level. A value of 1 or True for level results in debug messages for connection and for all messages sent to and received from the server. A value of 2 for level results in these messages being timestamped. Changed in version 3.5: Added debuglevel 2. | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTP.set_debuglevel |
SMTP.starttls(keyfile=None, certfile=None, context=None)
Put the SMTP connection in TLS (Transport Layer Security) mode. All SMTP commands that follow will be encrypted. You should then call ehlo() again. If keyfile and certfile are provided, they are used to create an ssl.SSLContext. Optional context parameter is an ssl.SSLContext object; This is an alternative to using a keyfile and a certfile and if specified both keyfile and certfile should be None. If there has been no previous EHLO or HELO command this session, this method tries ESMTP EHLO first. Deprecated since version 3.6: keyfile and certfile are deprecated in favor of context. Please use ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain() instead, or let ssl.create_default_context() select the system’s trusted CA certificates for you.
SMTPHeloError
The server didn’t reply properly to the HELO greeting.
SMTPNotSupportedError
The server does not support the STARTTLS extension.
RuntimeError
SSL/TLS support is not available to your Python interpreter. Changed in version 3.3: context was added. Changed in version 3.4: The method now supports hostname check with SSLContext.check_hostname and Server Name Indicator (see HAS_SNI). Changed in version 3.5: The error raised for lack of STARTTLS support is now the SMTPNotSupportedError subclass instead of the base SMTPException. | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTP.starttls |
SMTP.verify(address)
Check the validity of an address on this server using SMTP VRFY. Returns a tuple consisting of code 250 and a full RFC 822 address (including human name) if the user address is valid. Otherwise returns an SMTP error code of 400 or greater and an error string. Note Many sites disable SMTP VRFY in order to foil spammers. | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTP.verify |
exception smtplib.SMTPAuthenticationError
SMTP authentication went wrong. Most probably the server didn’t accept the username/password combination provided. | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTPAuthenticationError |
exception smtplib.SMTPConnectError
Error occurred during establishment of a connection with the server. | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTPConnectError |
exception smtplib.SMTPDataError
The SMTP server refused to accept the message data. | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTPDataError |
exception smtplib.SMTPException
Subclass of OSError that is the base exception class for all the other exceptions provided by this module. Changed in version 3.4: SMTPException became subclass of OSError | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTPException |
exception smtplib.SMTPHeloError
The server refused our HELO message. | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTPHeloError |
exception smtplib.SMTPNotSupportedError
The command or option attempted is not supported by the server. New in version 3.5. | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTPNotSupportedError |
exception smtplib.SMTPRecipientsRefused
All recipient addresses refused. The errors for each recipient are accessible through the attribute recipients, which is a dictionary of exactly the same sort as SMTP.sendmail() returns. | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTPRecipientsRefused |
exception smtplib.SMTPResponseException
Base class for all exceptions that include an SMTP error code. These exceptions are generated in some instances when the SMTP server returns an error code. The error code is stored in the smtp_code attribute of the error, and the smtp_error attribute is set to the error message. | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTPResponseException |
exception smtplib.SMTPSenderRefused
Sender address refused. In addition to the attributes set by on all SMTPResponseException exceptions, this sets ‘sender’ to the string that the SMTP server refused. | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTPSenderRefused |
exception smtplib.SMTPServerDisconnected
This exception is raised when the server unexpectedly disconnects, or when an attempt is made to use the SMTP instance before connecting it to a server. | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTPServerDisconnected |
class smtplib.SMTP_SSL(host='', port=0, local_hostname=None, keyfile=None, certfile=None, [timeout, ]context=None, source_address=None)
An SMTP_SSL instance behaves exactly the same as instances of SMTP. SMTP_SSL should be used for situations where SSL is required from the beginning of the connection and using starttls() is not appropriate. If host is not specified, the local host is used. If port is zero, the standard SMTP-over-SSL port (465) is used. The optional arguments local_hostname, timeout and source_address have the same meaning as they do in the SMTP class. context, also optional, can contain a SSLContext and allows configuring various aspects of the secure connection. Please read Security considerations for best practices. keyfile and certfile are a legacy alternative to context, and can point to a PEM formatted private key and certificate chain file for the SSL connection. Changed in version 3.3: context was added. Changed in version 3.3: source_address argument was added. Changed in version 3.4: The class now supports hostname check with ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname and Server Name Indication (see ssl.HAS_SNI). Deprecated since version 3.6: keyfile and certfile are deprecated in favor of context. Please use ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain() instead, or let ssl.create_default_context() select the system’s trusted CA certificates for you. Changed in version 3.9: If the timeout parameter is set to be zero, it will raise a ValueError to prevent the creation of a non-blocking socket | python.library.smtplib#smtplib.SMTP_SSL |
sndhdr — Determine type of sound file Source code: Lib/sndhdr.py The sndhdr provides utility functions which attempt to determine the type of sound data which is in a file. When these functions are able to determine what type of sound data is stored in a file, they return a namedtuple(), containing five attributes: (filetype, framerate, nchannels, nframes, sampwidth). The value for type indicates the data type and will be one of the strings 'aifc', 'aiff', 'au', 'hcom', 'sndr', 'sndt', 'voc', 'wav', '8svx', 'sb', 'ub', or 'ul'. The sampling_rate will be either the actual value or 0 if unknown or difficult to decode. Similarly, channels will be either the number of channels or 0 if it cannot be determined or if the value is difficult to decode. The value for frames will be either the number of frames or -1. The last item in the tuple, bits_per_sample, will either be the sample size in bits or 'A' for A-LAW or 'U' for u-LAW.
sndhdr.what(filename)
Determines the type of sound data stored in the file filename using whathdr(). If it succeeds, returns a namedtuple as described above, otherwise None is returned. Changed in version 3.5: Result changed from a tuple to a namedtuple.
sndhdr.whathdr(filename)
Determines the type of sound data stored in a file based on the file header. The name of the file is given by filename. This function returns a namedtuple as described above on success, or None. Changed in version 3.5: Result changed from a tuple to a namedtuple. | python.library.sndhdr |
sndhdr.what(filename)
Determines the type of sound data stored in the file filename using whathdr(). If it succeeds, returns a namedtuple as described above, otherwise None is returned. Changed in version 3.5: Result changed from a tuple to a namedtuple. | python.library.sndhdr#sndhdr.what |
sndhdr.whathdr(filename)
Determines the type of sound data stored in a file based on the file header. The name of the file is given by filename. This function returns a namedtuple as described above on success, or None. Changed in version 3.5: Result changed from a tuple to a namedtuple. | python.library.sndhdr#sndhdr.whathdr |
socket — Low-level networking interface Source code: Lib/socket.py This module provides access to the BSD socket interface. It is available on all modern Unix systems, Windows, MacOS, and probably additional platforms. Note Some behavior may be platform dependent, since calls are made to the operating system socket APIs. The Python interface is a straightforward transliteration of the Unix system call and library interface for sockets to Python’s object-oriented style: the socket() function returns a socket object whose methods implement the various socket system calls. Parameter types are somewhat higher-level than in the C interface: as with read() and write() operations on Python files, buffer allocation on receive operations is automatic, and buffer length is implicit on send operations. See also
Module socketserver
Classes that simplify writing network servers.
Module ssl
A TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects. Socket families Depending on the system and the build options, various socket families are supported by this module. The address format required by a particular socket object is automatically selected based on the address family specified when the socket object was created. Socket addresses are represented as follows:
The address of an AF_UNIX socket bound to a file system node is represented as a string, using the file system encoding and the 'surrogateescape' error handler (see PEP 383). An address in Linux’s abstract namespace is returned as a bytes-like object with an initial null byte; note that sockets in this namespace can communicate with normal file system sockets, so programs intended to run on Linux may need to deal with both types of address. A string or bytes-like object can be used for either type of address when passing it as an argument. Changed in version 3.3: Previously, AF_UNIX socket paths were assumed to use UTF-8 encoding. Changed in version 3.5: Writable bytes-like object is now accepted.
A pair (host, port) is used for the AF_INET address family, where host is a string representing either a hostname in Internet domain notation like 'daring.cwi.nl' or an IPv4 address like '100.50.200.5', and port is an integer. For IPv4 addresses, two special forms are accepted instead of a host address: '' represents INADDR_ANY, which is used to bind to all interfaces, and the string '<broadcast>' represents INADDR_BROADCAST. This behavior is not compatible with IPv6, therefore, you may want to avoid these if you intend to support IPv6 with your Python programs.
For AF_INET6 address family, a four-tuple (host, port, flowinfo,
scope_id) is used, where flowinfo and scope_id represent the sin6_flowinfo and sin6_scope_id members in struct sockaddr_in6 in C. For socket module methods, flowinfo and scope_id can be omitted just for backward compatibility. Note, however, omission of scope_id can cause problems in manipulating scoped IPv6 addresses. Changed in version 3.7: For multicast addresses (with scope_id meaningful) address may not contain %scope_id (or zone id) part. This information is superfluous and may be safely omitted (recommended).
AF_NETLINK sockets are represented as pairs (pid, groups).
Linux-only support for TIPC is available using the AF_TIPC address family. TIPC is an open, non-IP based networked protocol designed for use in clustered computer environments. Addresses are represented by a tuple, and the fields depend on the address type. The general tuple form is (addr_type, v1, v2, v3 [, scope]), where:
addr_type is one of TIPC_ADDR_NAMESEQ, TIPC_ADDR_NAME, or TIPC_ADDR_ID.
scope is one of TIPC_ZONE_SCOPE, TIPC_CLUSTER_SCOPE, and TIPC_NODE_SCOPE.
If addr_type is TIPC_ADDR_NAME, then v1 is the server type, v2 is the port identifier, and v3 should be 0. If addr_type is TIPC_ADDR_NAMESEQ, then v1 is the server type, v2 is the lower port number, and v3 is the upper port number. If addr_type is TIPC_ADDR_ID, then v1 is the node, v2 is the reference, and v3 should be set to 0.
A tuple (interface, ) is used for the AF_CAN address family, where interface is a string representing a network interface name like 'can0'. The network interface name '' can be used to receive packets from all network interfaces of this family.
CAN_ISOTP protocol require a tuple (interface, rx_addr, tx_addr) where both additional parameters are unsigned long integer that represent a CAN identifier (standard or extended).
CAN_J1939 protocol require a tuple (interface, name, pgn, addr) where additional parameters are 64-bit unsigned integer representing the ECU name, a 32-bit unsigned integer representing the Parameter Group Number (PGN), and an 8-bit integer representing the address.
A string or a tuple (id, unit) is used for the SYSPROTO_CONTROL protocol of the PF_SYSTEM family. The string is the name of a kernel control using a dynamically-assigned ID. The tuple can be used if ID and unit number of the kernel control are known or if a registered ID is used. New in version 3.3.
AF_BLUETOOTH supports the following protocols and address formats:
BTPROTO_L2CAP accepts (bdaddr, psm) where bdaddr is the Bluetooth address as a string and psm is an integer.
BTPROTO_RFCOMM accepts (bdaddr, channel) where bdaddr is the Bluetooth address as a string and channel is an integer.
BTPROTO_HCI accepts (device_id,) where device_id is either an integer or a string with the Bluetooth address of the interface. (This depends on your OS; NetBSD and DragonFlyBSD expect a Bluetooth address while everything else expects an integer.) Changed in version 3.2: NetBSD and DragonFlyBSD support added.
BTPROTO_SCO accepts bdaddr where bdaddr is a bytes object containing the Bluetooth address in a string format. (ex. b'12:23:34:45:56:67') This protocol is not supported under FreeBSD.
AF_ALG is a Linux-only socket based interface to Kernel cryptography. An algorithm socket is configured with a tuple of two to four elements (type, name [, feat [, mask]]), where:
type is the algorithm type as string, e.g. aead, hash, skcipher or rng.
name is the algorithm name and operation mode as string, e.g. sha256, hmac(sha256), cbc(aes) or drbg_nopr_ctr_aes256.
feat and mask are unsigned 32bit integers. Availability: Linux 2.6.38, some algorithm types require more recent Kernels. New in version 3.6.
AF_VSOCK allows communication between virtual machines and their hosts. The sockets are represented as a (CID, port) tuple where the context ID or CID and port are integers. Availability: Linux >= 4.8 QEMU >= 2.8 ESX >= 4.0 ESX Workstation >= 6.5. New in version 3.7.
AF_PACKET is a low-level interface directly to network devices. The packets are represented by the tuple (ifname, proto[, pkttype[, hatype[, addr]]]) where:
ifname - String specifying the device name.
proto - An in network-byte-order integer specifying the Ethernet protocol number.
pkttype - Optional integer specifying the packet type:
PACKET_HOST (the default) - Packet addressed to the local host.
PACKET_BROADCAST - Physical-layer broadcast packet.
PACKET_MULTIHOST - Packet sent to a physical-layer multicast address.
PACKET_OTHERHOST - Packet to some other host that has been caught by a device driver in promiscuous mode.
PACKET_OUTGOING - Packet originating from the local host that is looped back to a packet socket.
hatype - Optional integer specifying the ARP hardware address type.
addr - Optional bytes-like object specifying the hardware physical address, whose interpretation depends on the device.
AF_QIPCRTR is a Linux-only socket based interface for communicating with services running on co-processors in Qualcomm platforms. The address family is represented as a (node, port) tuple where the node and port are non-negative integers. New in version 3.8.
IPPROTO_UDPLITE is a variant of UDP which allows you to specify what portion of a packet is covered with the checksum. It adds two socket options that you can change. self.setsockopt(IPPROTO_UDPLITE, UDPLITE_SEND_CSCOV, length) will change what portion of outgoing packets are covered by the checksum and self.setsockopt(IPPROTO_UDPLITE, UDPLITE_RECV_CSCOV, length) will filter out packets which cover too little of their data. In both cases length should be in range(8, 2**16, 8). Such a socket should be constructed with socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDPLITE) for IPv4 or socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDPLITE) for IPv6. Availability: Linux >= 2.6.20, FreeBSD >= 10.1-RELEASE New in version 3.9. If you use a hostname in the host portion of IPv4/v6 socket address, the program may show a nondeterministic behavior, as Python uses the first address returned from the DNS resolution. The socket address will be resolved differently into an actual IPv4/v6 address, depending on the results from DNS resolution and/or the host configuration. For deterministic behavior use a numeric address in host portion. All errors raise exceptions. The normal exceptions for invalid argument types and out-of-memory conditions can be raised; starting from Python 3.3, errors related to socket or address semantics raise OSError or one of its subclasses (they used to raise socket.error). Non-blocking mode is supported through setblocking(). A generalization of this based on timeouts is supported through settimeout(). Module contents The module socket exports the following elements. Exceptions
exception socket.error
A deprecated alias of OSError. Changed in version 3.3: Following PEP 3151, this class was made an alias of OSError.
exception socket.herror
A subclass of OSError, this exception is raised for address-related errors, i.e. for functions that use h_errno in the POSIX C API, including gethostbyname_ex() and gethostbyaddr(). The accompanying value is a pair (h_errno, string) representing an error returned by a library call. h_errno is a numeric value, while string represents the description of h_errno, as returned by the hstrerror() C function. Changed in version 3.3: This class was made a subclass of OSError.
exception socket.gaierror
A subclass of OSError, this exception is raised for address-related errors by getaddrinfo() and getnameinfo(). The accompanying value is a pair (error, string) representing an error returned by a library call. string represents the description of error, as returned by the gai_strerror() C function. The numeric error value will match one of the EAI_* constants defined in this module. Changed in version 3.3: This class was made a subclass of OSError.
exception socket.timeout
A subclass of OSError, this exception is raised when a timeout occurs on a socket which has had timeouts enabled via a prior call to settimeout() (or implicitly through setdefaulttimeout()). The accompanying value is a string whose value is currently always “timed out”. Changed in version 3.3: This class was made a subclass of OSError.
Constants The AF_* and SOCK_* constants are now AddressFamily and SocketKind IntEnum collections. New in version 3.4.
socket.AF_UNIX
socket.AF_INET
socket.AF_INET6
These constants represent the address (and protocol) families, used for the first argument to socket(). If the AF_UNIX constant is not defined then this protocol is unsupported. More constants may be available depending on the system.
socket.SOCK_STREAM
socket.SOCK_DGRAM
socket.SOCK_RAW
socket.SOCK_RDM
socket.SOCK_SEQPACKET
These constants represent the socket types, used for the second argument to socket(). More constants may be available depending on the system. (Only SOCK_STREAM and SOCK_DGRAM appear to be generally useful.)
socket.SOCK_CLOEXEC
socket.SOCK_NONBLOCK
These two constants, if defined, can be combined with the socket types and allow you to set some flags atomically (thus avoiding possible race conditions and the need for separate calls). See also Secure File Descriptor Handling for a more thorough explanation. Availability: Linux >= 2.6.27. New in version 3.2.
SO_*
socket.SOMAXCONN
MSG_*
SOL_*
SCM_*
IPPROTO_*
IPPORT_*
INADDR_*
IP_*
IPV6_*
EAI_*
AI_*
NI_*
TCP_*
Many constants of these forms, documented in the Unix documentation on sockets and/or the IP protocol, are also defined in the socket module. They are generally used in arguments to the setsockopt() and getsockopt() methods of socket objects. In most cases, only those symbols that are defined in the Unix header files are defined; for a few symbols, default values are provided. Changed in version 3.6: SO_DOMAIN, SO_PROTOCOL, SO_PEERSEC, SO_PASSSEC, TCP_USER_TIMEOUT, TCP_CONGESTION were added. Changed in version 3.6.5: On Windows, TCP_FASTOPEN, TCP_KEEPCNT appear if run-time Windows supports. Changed in version 3.7: TCP_NOTSENT_LOWAT was added. On Windows, TCP_KEEPIDLE, TCP_KEEPINTVL appear if run-time Windows supports.
socket.AF_CAN
socket.PF_CAN
SOL_CAN_*
CAN_*
Many constants of these forms, documented in the Linux documentation, are also defined in the socket module. Availability: Linux >= 2.6.25. New in version 3.3.
socket.CAN_BCM
CAN_BCM_*
CAN_BCM, in the CAN protocol family, is the broadcast manager (BCM) protocol. Broadcast manager constants, documented in the Linux documentation, are also defined in the socket module. Availability: Linux >= 2.6.25. Note The CAN_BCM_CAN_FD_FRAME flag is only available on Linux >= 4.8. New in version 3.4.
socket.CAN_RAW_FD_FRAMES
Enables CAN FD support in a CAN_RAW socket. This is disabled by default. This allows your application to send both CAN and CAN FD frames; however, you must accept both CAN and CAN FD frames when reading from the socket. This constant is documented in the Linux documentation. Availability: Linux >= 3.6. New in version 3.5.
socket.CAN_RAW_JOIN_FILTERS
Joins the applied CAN filters such that only CAN frames that match all given CAN filters are passed to user space. This constant is documented in the Linux documentation. Availability: Linux >= 4.1. New in version 3.9.
socket.CAN_ISOTP
CAN_ISOTP, in the CAN protocol family, is the ISO-TP (ISO 15765-2) protocol. ISO-TP constants, documented in the Linux documentation. Availability: Linux >= 2.6.25. New in version 3.7.
socket.CAN_J1939
CAN_J1939, in the CAN protocol family, is the SAE J1939 protocol. J1939 constants, documented in the Linux documentation. Availability: Linux >= 5.4. New in version 3.9.
socket.AF_PACKET
socket.PF_PACKET
PACKET_*
Many constants of these forms, documented in the Linux documentation, are also defined in the socket module. Availability: Linux >= 2.2.
socket.AF_RDS
socket.PF_RDS
socket.SOL_RDS
RDS_*
Many constants of these forms, documented in the Linux documentation, are also defined in the socket module. Availability: Linux >= 2.6.30. New in version 3.3.
socket.SIO_RCVALL
socket.SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS
socket.SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH
RCVALL_*
Constants for Windows’ WSAIoctl(). The constants are used as arguments to the ioctl() method of socket objects. Changed in version 3.6: SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH was added.
TIPC_*
TIPC related constants, matching the ones exported by the C socket API. See the TIPC documentation for more information.
socket.AF_ALG
socket.SOL_ALG
ALG_*
Constants for Linux Kernel cryptography. Availability: Linux >= 2.6.38. New in version 3.6.
socket.AF_VSOCK
socket.IOCTL_VM_SOCKETS_GET_LOCAL_CID
VMADDR*
SO_VM*
Constants for Linux host/guest communication. Availability: Linux >= 4.8. New in version 3.7.
socket.AF_LINK
Availability: BSD, OSX. New in version 3.4.
socket.has_ipv6
This constant contains a boolean value which indicates if IPv6 is supported on this platform.
socket.BDADDR_ANY
socket.BDADDR_LOCAL
These are string constants containing Bluetooth addresses with special meanings. For example, BDADDR_ANY can be used to indicate any address when specifying the binding socket with BTPROTO_RFCOMM.
socket.HCI_FILTER
socket.HCI_TIME_STAMP
socket.HCI_DATA_DIR
For use with BTPROTO_HCI. HCI_FILTER is not available for NetBSD or DragonFlyBSD. HCI_TIME_STAMP and HCI_DATA_DIR are not available for FreeBSD, NetBSD, or DragonFlyBSD.
socket.AF_QIPCRTR
Constant for Qualcomm’s IPC router protocol, used to communicate with service providing remote processors. Availability: Linux >= 4.7.
Functions Creating sockets The following functions all create socket objects.
socket.socket(family=AF_INET, type=SOCK_STREAM, proto=0, fileno=None)
Create a new socket using the given address family, socket type and protocol number. The address family should be AF_INET (the default), AF_INET6, AF_UNIX, AF_CAN, AF_PACKET, or AF_RDS. The socket type should be SOCK_STREAM (the default), SOCK_DGRAM, SOCK_RAW or perhaps one of the other SOCK_ constants. The protocol number is usually zero and may be omitted or in the case where the address family is AF_CAN the protocol should be one of CAN_RAW, CAN_BCM, CAN_ISOTP or CAN_J1939. If fileno is specified, the values for family, type, and proto are auto-detected from the specified file descriptor. Auto-detection can be overruled by calling the function with explicit family, type, or proto arguments. This only affects how Python represents e.g. the return value of socket.getpeername() but not the actual OS resource. Unlike socket.fromfd(), fileno will return the same socket and not a duplicate. This may help close a detached socket using socket.close(). The newly created socket is non-inheritable. Raises an auditing event socket.__new__ with arguments self, family, type, protocol. Changed in version 3.3: The AF_CAN family was added. The AF_RDS family was added. Changed in version 3.4: The CAN_BCM protocol was added. Changed in version 3.4: The returned socket is now non-inheritable. Changed in version 3.7: The CAN_ISOTP protocol was added. Changed in version 3.7: When SOCK_NONBLOCK or SOCK_CLOEXEC bit flags are applied to type they are cleared, and socket.type will not reflect them. They are still passed to the underlying system socket() call. Therefore, sock = socket.socket(
socket.AF_INET,
socket.SOCK_STREAM | socket.SOCK_NONBLOCK)
will still create a non-blocking socket on OSes that support SOCK_NONBLOCK, but sock.type will be set to socket.SOCK_STREAM. Changed in version 3.9: The CAN_J1939 protocol was added.
socket.socketpair([family[, type[, proto]]])
Build a pair of connected socket objects using the given address family, socket type, and protocol number. Address family, socket type, and protocol number are as for the socket() function above. The default family is AF_UNIX if defined on the platform; otherwise, the default is AF_INET. The newly created sockets are non-inheritable. Changed in version 3.2: The returned socket objects now support the whole socket API, rather than a subset. Changed in version 3.4: The returned sockets are now non-inheritable. Changed in version 3.5: Windows support added.
socket.create_connection(address[, timeout[, source_address]])
Connect to a TCP service listening on the Internet address (a 2-tuple (host, port)), and return the socket object. This is a higher-level function than socket.connect(): if host is a non-numeric hostname, it will try to resolve it for both AF_INET and AF_INET6, and then try to connect to all possible addresses in turn until a connection succeeds. This makes it easy to write clients that are compatible to both IPv4 and IPv6. Passing the optional timeout parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance before attempting to connect. If no timeout is supplied, the global default timeout setting returned by getdefaulttimeout() is used. If supplied, source_address must be a 2-tuple (host, port) for the socket to bind to as its source address before connecting. If host or port are ‘’ or 0 respectively the OS default behavior will be used. Changed in version 3.2: source_address was added.
socket.create_server(address, *, family=AF_INET, backlog=None, reuse_port=False, dualstack_ipv6=False)
Convenience function which creates a TCP socket bound to address (a 2-tuple (host, port)) and return the socket object. family should be either AF_INET or AF_INET6. backlog is the queue size passed to socket.listen(); when 0 a default reasonable value is chosen. reuse_port dictates whether to set the SO_REUSEPORT socket option. If dualstack_ipv6 is true and the platform supports it the socket will be able to accept both IPv4 and IPv6 connections, else it will raise ValueError. Most POSIX platforms and Windows are supposed to support this functionality. When this functionality is enabled the address returned by socket.getpeername() when an IPv4 connection occurs will be an IPv6 address represented as an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address. If dualstack_ipv6 is false it will explicitly disable this functionality on platforms that enable it by default (e.g. Linux). This parameter can be used in conjunction with has_dualstack_ipv6(): import socket
addr = ("", 8080) # all interfaces, port 8080
if socket.has_dualstack_ipv6():
s = socket.create_server(addr, family=socket.AF_INET6, dualstack_ipv6=True)
else:
s = socket.create_server(addr)
Note On POSIX platforms the SO_REUSEADDR socket option is set in order to immediately reuse previous sockets which were bound on the same address and remained in TIME_WAIT state. New in version 3.8.
socket.has_dualstack_ipv6()
Return True if the platform supports creating a TCP socket which can handle both IPv4 and IPv6 connections. New in version 3.8.
socket.fromfd(fd, family, type, proto=0)
Duplicate the file descriptor fd (an integer as returned by a file object’s fileno() method) and build a socket object from the result. Address family, socket type and protocol number are as for the socket() function above. The file descriptor should refer to a socket, but this is not checked — subsequent operations on the object may fail if the file descriptor is invalid. This function is rarely needed, but can be used to get or set socket options on a socket passed to a program as standard input or output (such as a server started by the Unix inet daemon). The socket is assumed to be in blocking mode. The newly created socket is non-inheritable. Changed in version 3.4: The returned socket is now non-inheritable.
socket.fromshare(data)
Instantiate a socket from data obtained from the socket.share() method. The socket is assumed to be in blocking mode. Availability: Windows. New in version 3.3.
socket.SocketType
This is a Python type object that represents the socket object type. It is the same as type(socket(...)).
Other functions The socket module also offers various network-related services:
socket.close(fd)
Close a socket file descriptor. This is like os.close(), but for sockets. On some platforms (most noticeable Windows) os.close() does not work for socket file descriptors. New in version 3.7.
socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family=0, type=0, proto=0, flags=0)
Translate the host/port argument into a sequence of 5-tuples that contain all the necessary arguments for creating a socket connected to that service. host is a domain name, a string representation of an IPv4/v6 address or None. port is a string service name such as 'http', a numeric port number or None. By passing None as the value of host and port, you can pass NULL to the underlying C API. The family, type and proto arguments can be optionally specified in order to narrow the list of addresses returned. Passing zero as a value for each of these arguments selects the full range of results. The flags argument can be one or several of the AI_* constants, and will influence how results are computed and returned. For example, AI_NUMERICHOST will disable domain name resolution and will raise an error if host is a domain name. The function returns a list of 5-tuples with the following structure: (family, type, proto, canonname, sockaddr) In these tuples, family, type, proto are all integers and are meant to be passed to the socket() function. canonname will be a string representing the canonical name of the host if AI_CANONNAME is part of the flags argument; else canonname will be empty. sockaddr is a tuple describing a socket address, whose format depends on the returned family (a (address, port) 2-tuple for AF_INET, a (address, port, flowinfo, scope_id) 4-tuple for AF_INET6), and is meant to be passed to the socket.connect() method. Raises an auditing event socket.getaddrinfo with arguments host, port, family, type, protocol. The following example fetches address information for a hypothetical TCP connection to example.org on port 80 (results may differ on your system if IPv6 isn’t enabled): >>> socket.getaddrinfo("example.org", 80, proto=socket.IPPROTO_TCP)
[(<AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 10>, <SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>,
6, '', ('2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946', 80, 0, 0)),
(<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, <SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>,
6, '', ('93.184.216.34', 80))]
Changed in version 3.2: parameters can now be passed using keyword arguments. Changed in version 3.7: for IPv6 multicast addresses, string representing an address will not contain %scope_id part.
socket.getfqdn([name])
Return a fully qualified domain name for name. If name is omitted or empty, it is interpreted as the local host. To find the fully qualified name, the hostname returned by gethostbyaddr() is checked, followed by aliases for the host, if available. The first name which includes a period is selected. In case no fully qualified domain name is available, the hostname as returned by gethostname() is returned.
socket.gethostbyname(hostname)
Translate a host name to IPv4 address format. The IPv4 address is returned as a string, such as '100.50.200.5'. If the host name is an IPv4 address itself it is returned unchanged. See gethostbyname_ex() for a more complete interface. gethostbyname() does not support IPv6 name resolution, and getaddrinfo() should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support. Raises an auditing event socket.gethostbyname with argument hostname.
socket.gethostbyname_ex(hostname)
Translate a host name to IPv4 address format, extended interface. Return a triple (hostname, aliaslist, ipaddrlist) where hostname is the primary host name responding to the given ip_address, aliaslist is a (possibly empty) list of alternative host names for the same address, and ipaddrlist is a list of IPv4 addresses for the same interface on the same host (often but not always a single address). gethostbyname_ex() does not support IPv6 name resolution, and getaddrinfo() should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support. Raises an auditing event socket.gethostbyname with argument hostname.
socket.gethostname()
Return a string containing the hostname of the machine where the Python interpreter is currently executing. Raises an auditing event socket.gethostname with no arguments. Note: gethostname() doesn’t always return the fully qualified domain name; use getfqdn() for that.
socket.gethostbyaddr(ip_address)
Return a triple (hostname, aliaslist, ipaddrlist) where hostname is the primary host name responding to the given ip_address, aliaslist is a (possibly empty) list of alternative host names for the same address, and ipaddrlist is a list of IPv4/v6 addresses for the same interface on the same host (most likely containing only a single address). To find the fully qualified domain name, use the function getfqdn(). gethostbyaddr() supports both IPv4 and IPv6. Raises an auditing event socket.gethostbyaddr with argument ip_address.
socket.getnameinfo(sockaddr, flags)
Translate a socket address sockaddr into a 2-tuple (host, port). Depending on the settings of flags, the result can contain a fully-qualified domain name or numeric address representation in host. Similarly, port can contain a string port name or a numeric port number. For IPv6 addresses, %scope_id is appended to the host part if sockaddr contains meaningful scope_id. Usually this happens for multicast addresses. For more information about flags you can consult getnameinfo(3). Raises an auditing event socket.getnameinfo with argument sockaddr.
socket.getprotobyname(protocolname)
Translate an Internet protocol name (for example, 'icmp') to a constant suitable for passing as the (optional) third argument to the socket() function. This is usually only needed for sockets opened in “raw” mode (SOCK_RAW); for the normal socket modes, the correct protocol is chosen automatically if the protocol is omitted or zero.
socket.getservbyname(servicename[, protocolname])
Translate an Internet service name and protocol name to a port number for that service. The optional protocol name, if given, should be 'tcp' or 'udp', otherwise any protocol will match. Raises an auditing event socket.getservbyname with arguments servicename, protocolname.
socket.getservbyport(port[, protocolname])
Translate an Internet port number and protocol name to a service name for that service. The optional protocol name, if given, should be 'tcp' or 'udp', otherwise any protocol will match. Raises an auditing event socket.getservbyport with arguments port, protocolname.
socket.ntohl(x)
Convert 32-bit positive integers from network to host byte order. On machines where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 4-byte swap operation.
socket.ntohs(x)
Convert 16-bit positive integers from network to host byte order. On machines where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap operation. Deprecated since version 3.7: In case x does not fit in 16-bit unsigned integer, but does fit in a positive C int, it is silently truncated to 16-bit unsigned integer. This silent truncation feature is deprecated, and will raise an exception in future versions of Python.
socket.htonl(x)
Convert 32-bit positive integers from host to network byte order. On machines where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 4-byte swap operation.
socket.htons(x)
Convert 16-bit positive integers from host to network byte order. On machines where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap operation. Deprecated since version 3.7: In case x does not fit in 16-bit unsigned integer, but does fit in a positive C int, it is silently truncated to 16-bit unsigned integer. This silent truncation feature is deprecated, and will raise an exception in future versions of Python.
socket.inet_aton(ip_string)
Convert an IPv4 address from dotted-quad string format (for example, ‘123.45.67.89’) to 32-bit packed binary format, as a bytes object four characters in length. This is useful when conversing with a program that uses the standard C library and needs objects of type struct in_addr, which is the C type for the 32-bit packed binary this function returns. inet_aton() also accepts strings with less than three dots; see the Unix manual page inet(3) for details. If the IPv4 address string passed to this function is invalid, OSError will be raised. Note that exactly what is valid depends on the underlying C implementation of inet_aton(). inet_aton() does not support IPv6, and inet_pton() should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support.
socket.inet_ntoa(packed_ip)
Convert a 32-bit packed IPv4 address (a bytes-like object four bytes in length) to its standard dotted-quad string representation (for example, ‘123.45.67.89’). This is useful when conversing with a program that uses the standard C library and needs objects of type struct in_addr, which is the C type for the 32-bit packed binary data this function takes as an argument. If the byte sequence passed to this function is not exactly 4 bytes in length, OSError will be raised. inet_ntoa() does not support IPv6, and inet_ntop() should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support. Changed in version 3.5: Writable bytes-like object is now accepted.
socket.inet_pton(address_family, ip_string)
Convert an IP address from its family-specific string format to a packed, binary format. inet_pton() is useful when a library or network protocol calls for an object of type struct in_addr (similar to inet_aton()) or struct in6_addr. Supported values for address_family are currently AF_INET and AF_INET6. If the IP address string ip_string is invalid, OSError will be raised. Note that exactly what is valid depends on both the value of address_family and the underlying implementation of inet_pton(). Availability: Unix (maybe not all platforms), Windows. Changed in version 3.4: Windows support added
socket.inet_ntop(address_family, packed_ip)
Convert a packed IP address (a bytes-like object of some number of bytes) to its standard, family-specific string representation (for example, '7.10.0.5' or '5aef:2b::8'). inet_ntop() is useful when a library or network protocol returns an object of type struct in_addr (similar to inet_ntoa()) or struct in6_addr. Supported values for address_family are currently AF_INET and AF_INET6. If the bytes object packed_ip is not the correct length for the specified address family, ValueError will be raised. OSError is raised for errors from the call to inet_ntop(). Availability: Unix (maybe not all platforms), Windows. Changed in version 3.4: Windows support added Changed in version 3.5: Writable bytes-like object is now accepted.
socket.CMSG_LEN(length)
Return the total length, without trailing padding, of an ancillary data item with associated data of the given length. This value can often be used as the buffer size for recvmsg() to receive a single item of ancillary data, but RFC 3542 requires portable applications to use CMSG_SPACE() and thus include space for padding, even when the item will be the last in the buffer. Raises OverflowError if length is outside the permissible range of values. Availability: most Unix platforms, possibly others. New in version 3.3.
socket.CMSG_SPACE(length)
Return the buffer size needed for recvmsg() to receive an ancillary data item with associated data of the given length, along with any trailing padding. The buffer space needed to receive multiple items is the sum of the CMSG_SPACE() values for their associated data lengths. Raises OverflowError if length is outside the permissible range of values. Note that some systems might support ancillary data without providing this function. Also note that setting the buffer size using the results of this function may not precisely limit the amount of ancillary data that can be received, since additional data may be able to fit into the padding area. Availability: most Unix platforms, possibly others. New in version 3.3.
socket.getdefaulttimeout()
Return the default timeout in seconds (float) for new socket objects. A value of None indicates that new socket objects have no timeout. When the socket module is first imported, the default is None.
socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)
Set the default timeout in seconds (float) for new socket objects. When the socket module is first imported, the default is None. See settimeout() for possible values and their respective meanings.
socket.sethostname(name)
Set the machine’s hostname to name. This will raise an OSError if you don’t have enough rights. Raises an auditing event socket.sethostname with argument name. Availability: Unix. New in version 3.3.
socket.if_nameindex()
Return a list of network interface information (index int, name string) tuples. OSError if the system call fails. Availability: Unix, Windows. New in version 3.3. Changed in version 3.8: Windows support was added. Note On Windows network interfaces have different names in different contexts (all names are examples): UUID: {FB605B73-AAC2-49A6-9A2F-25416AEA0573}
name: ethernet_32770
friendly name: vEthernet (nat)
description: Hyper-V Virtual Ethernet Adapter
This function returns names of the second form from the list, ethernet_32770 in this example case.
socket.if_nametoindex(if_name)
Return a network interface index number corresponding to an interface name. OSError if no interface with the given name exists. Availability: Unix, Windows. New in version 3.3. Changed in version 3.8: Windows support was added. See also “Interface name” is a name as documented in if_nameindex().
socket.if_indextoname(if_index)
Return a network interface name corresponding to an interface index number. OSError if no interface with the given index exists. Availability: Unix, Windows. New in version 3.3. Changed in version 3.8: Windows support was added. See also “Interface name” is a name as documented in if_nameindex().
socket.send_fds(sock, buffers, fds[, flags[, address]])
Send the list of file descriptors fds over an AF_UNIX socket sock. The fds parameter is a sequence of file descriptors. Consult sendmsg() for the documentation of these parameters. Availability: Unix supporting sendmsg() and SCM_RIGHTS mechanism. New in version 3.9.
socket.recv_fds(sock, bufsize, maxfds[, flags])
Receive up to maxfds file descriptors from an AF_UNIX socket sock. Return (msg, list(fds), flags, addr). Consult recvmsg() for the documentation of these parameters. Availability: Unix supporting recvmsg() and SCM_RIGHTS mechanism. New in version 3.9. Note Any truncated integers at the end of the list of file descriptors.
Socket Objects Socket objects have the following methods. Except for makefile(), these correspond to Unix system calls applicable to sockets. Changed in version 3.2: Support for the context manager protocol was added. Exiting the context manager is equivalent to calling close().
socket.accept()
Accept a connection. The socket must be bound to an address and listening for connections. The return value is a pair (conn, address) where conn is a new socket object usable to send and receive data on the connection, and address is the address bound to the socket on the other end of the connection. The newly created socket is non-inheritable. Changed in version 3.4: The socket is now non-inheritable. Changed in version 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising an InterruptedError exception (see PEP 475 for the rationale).
socket.bind(address)
Bind the socket to address. The socket must not already be bound. (The format of address depends on the address family — see above.) Raises an auditing event socket.bind with arguments self, address.
socket.close()
Mark the socket closed. The underlying system resource (e.g. a file descriptor) is also closed when all file objects from makefile() are closed. Once that happens, all future operations on the socket object will fail. The remote end will receive no more data (after queued data is flushed). Sockets are automatically closed when they are garbage-collected, but it is recommended to close() them explicitly, or to use a with statement around them. Changed in version 3.6: OSError is now raised if an error occurs when the underlying close() call is made. Note close() releases the resource associated with a connection but does not necessarily close the connection immediately. If you want to close the connection in a timely fashion, call shutdown() before close().
socket.connect(address)
Connect to a remote socket at address. (The format of address depends on the address family — see above.) If the connection is interrupted by a signal, the method waits until the connection completes, or raise a socket.timeout on timeout, if the signal handler doesn’t raise an exception and the socket is blocking or has a timeout. For non-blocking sockets, the method raises an InterruptedError exception if the connection is interrupted by a signal (or the exception raised by the signal handler). Raises an auditing event socket.connect with arguments self, address. Changed in version 3.5: The method now waits until the connection completes instead of raising an InterruptedError exception if the connection is interrupted by a signal, the signal handler doesn’t raise an exception and the socket is blocking or has a timeout (see the PEP 475 for the rationale).
socket.connect_ex(address)
Like connect(address), but return an error indicator instead of raising an exception for errors returned by the C-level connect() call (other problems, such as “host not found,” can still raise exceptions). The error indicator is 0 if the operation succeeded, otherwise the value of the errno variable. This is useful to support, for example, asynchronous connects. Raises an auditing event socket.connect with arguments self, address.
socket.detach()
Put the socket object into closed state without actually closing the underlying file descriptor. The file descriptor is returned, and can be reused for other purposes. New in version 3.2.
socket.dup()
Duplicate the socket. The newly created socket is non-inheritable. Changed in version 3.4: The socket is now non-inheritable.
socket.fileno()
Return the socket’s file descriptor (a small integer), or -1 on failure. This is useful with select.select(). Under Windows the small integer returned by this method cannot be used where a file descriptor can be used (such as os.fdopen()). Unix does not have this limitation.
socket.get_inheritable()
Get the inheritable flag of the socket’s file descriptor or socket’s handle: True if the socket can be inherited in child processes, False if it cannot. New in version 3.4.
socket.getpeername()
Return the remote address to which the socket is connected. This is useful to find out the port number of a remote IPv4/v6 socket, for instance. (The format of the address returned depends on the address family — see above.) On some systems this function is not supported.
socket.getsockname()
Return the socket’s own address. This is useful to find out the port number of an IPv4/v6 socket, for instance. (The format of the address returned depends on the address family — see above.)
socket.getsockopt(level, optname[, buflen])
Return the value of the given socket option (see the Unix man page getsockopt(2)). The needed symbolic constants (SO_* etc.) are defined in this module. If buflen is absent, an integer option is assumed and its integer value is returned by the function. If buflen is present, it specifies the maximum length of the buffer used to receive the option in, and this buffer is returned as a bytes object. It is up to the caller to decode the contents of the buffer (see the optional built-in module struct for a way to decode C structures encoded as byte strings).
socket.getblocking()
Return True if socket is in blocking mode, False if in non-blocking. This is equivalent to checking socket.gettimeout() == 0. New in version 3.7.
socket.gettimeout()
Return the timeout in seconds (float) associated with socket operations, or None if no timeout is set. This reflects the last call to setblocking() or settimeout().
socket.ioctl(control, option)
Platform
Windows The ioctl() method is a limited interface to the WSAIoctl system interface. Please refer to the Win32 documentation for more information. On other platforms, the generic fcntl.fcntl() and fcntl.ioctl() functions may be used; they accept a socket object as their first argument. Currently only the following control codes are supported: SIO_RCVALL, SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS, and SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH. Changed in version 3.6: SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH was added.
socket.listen([backlog])
Enable a server to accept connections. If backlog is specified, it must be at least 0 (if it is lower, it is set to 0); it specifies the number of unaccepted connections that the system will allow before refusing new connections. If not specified, a default reasonable value is chosen. Changed in version 3.5: The backlog parameter is now optional.
socket.makefile(mode='r', buffering=None, *, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)
Return a file object associated with the socket. The exact returned type depends on the arguments given to makefile(). These arguments are interpreted the same way as by the built-in open() function, except the only supported mode values are 'r' (default), 'w' and 'b'. The socket must be in blocking mode; it can have a timeout, but the file object’s internal buffer may end up in an inconsistent state if a timeout occurs. Closing the file object returned by makefile() won’t close the original socket unless all other file objects have been closed and socket.close() has been called on the socket object. Note On Windows, the file-like object created by makefile() cannot be used where a file object with a file descriptor is expected, such as the stream arguments of subprocess.Popen().
socket.recv(bufsize[, flags])
Receive data from the socket. The return value is a bytes object representing the data received. The maximum amount of data to be received at once is specified by bufsize. See the Unix manual page recv(2) for the meaning of the optional argument flags; it defaults to zero. Note For best match with hardware and network realities, the value of bufsize should be a relatively small power of 2, for example, 4096. Changed in version 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising an InterruptedError exception (see PEP 475 for the rationale).
socket.recvfrom(bufsize[, flags])
Receive data from the socket. The return value is a pair (bytes, address) where bytes is a bytes object representing the data received and address is the address of the socket sending the data. See the Unix manual page recv(2) for the meaning of the optional argument flags; it defaults to zero. (The format of address depends on the address family — see above.) Changed in version 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising an InterruptedError exception (see PEP 475 for the rationale). Changed in version 3.7: For multicast IPv6 address, first item of address does not contain %scope_id part anymore. In order to get full IPv6 address use getnameinfo().
socket.recvmsg(bufsize[, ancbufsize[, flags]])
Receive normal data (up to bufsize bytes) and ancillary data from the socket. The ancbufsize argument sets the size in bytes of the internal buffer used to receive the ancillary data; it defaults to 0, meaning that no ancillary data will be received. Appropriate buffer sizes for ancillary data can be calculated using CMSG_SPACE() or CMSG_LEN(), and items which do not fit into the buffer might be truncated or discarded. The flags argument defaults to 0 and has the same meaning as for recv(). The return value is a 4-tuple: (data, ancdata, msg_flags,
address). The data item is a bytes object holding the non-ancillary data received. The ancdata item is a list of zero or more tuples (cmsg_level, cmsg_type, cmsg_data) representing the ancillary data (control messages) received: cmsg_level and cmsg_type are integers specifying the protocol level and protocol-specific type respectively, and cmsg_data is a bytes object holding the associated data. The msg_flags item is the bitwise OR of various flags indicating conditions on the received message; see your system documentation for details. If the receiving socket is unconnected, address is the address of the sending socket, if available; otherwise, its value is unspecified. On some systems, sendmsg() and recvmsg() can be used to pass file descriptors between processes over an AF_UNIX socket. When this facility is used (it is often restricted to SOCK_STREAM sockets), recvmsg() will return, in its ancillary data, items of the form (socket.SOL_SOCKET,
socket.SCM_RIGHTS, fds), where fds is a bytes object representing the new file descriptors as a binary array of the native C int type. If recvmsg() raises an exception after the system call returns, it will first attempt to close any file descriptors received via this mechanism. Some systems do not indicate the truncated length of ancillary data items which have been only partially received. If an item appears to extend beyond the end of the buffer, recvmsg() will issue a RuntimeWarning, and will return the part of it which is inside the buffer provided it has not been truncated before the start of its associated data. On systems which support the SCM_RIGHTS mechanism, the following function will receive up to maxfds file descriptors, returning the message data and a list containing the descriptors (while ignoring unexpected conditions such as unrelated control messages being received). See also sendmsg(). import socket, array
def recv_fds(sock, msglen, maxfds):
fds = array.array("i") # Array of ints
msg, ancdata, flags, addr = sock.recvmsg(msglen, socket.CMSG_LEN(maxfds * fds.itemsize))
for cmsg_level, cmsg_type, cmsg_data in ancdata:
if cmsg_level == socket.SOL_SOCKET and cmsg_type == socket.SCM_RIGHTS:
# Append data, ignoring any truncated integers at the end.
fds.frombytes(cmsg_data[:len(cmsg_data) - (len(cmsg_data) % fds.itemsize)])
return msg, list(fds)
Availability: most Unix platforms, possibly others. New in version 3.3. Changed in version 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising an InterruptedError exception (see PEP 475 for the rationale).
socket.recvmsg_into(buffers[, ancbufsize[, flags]])
Receive normal data and ancillary data from the socket, behaving as recvmsg() would, but scatter the non-ancillary data into a series of buffers instead of returning a new bytes object. The buffers argument must be an iterable of objects that export writable buffers (e.g. bytearray objects); these will be filled with successive chunks of the non-ancillary data until it has all been written or there are no more buffers. The operating system may set a limit (sysconf() value SC_IOV_MAX) on the number of buffers that can be used. The ancbufsize and flags arguments have the same meaning as for recvmsg(). The return value is a 4-tuple: (nbytes, ancdata, msg_flags,
address), where nbytes is the total number of bytes of non-ancillary data written into the buffers, and ancdata, msg_flags and address are the same as for recvmsg(). Example: >>> import socket
>>> s1, s2 = socket.socketpair()
>>> b1 = bytearray(b'----')
>>> b2 = bytearray(b'0123456789')
>>> b3 = bytearray(b'--------------')
>>> s1.send(b'Mary had a little lamb')
22
>>> s2.recvmsg_into([b1, memoryview(b2)[2:9], b3])
(22, [], 0, None)
>>> [b1, b2, b3]
[bytearray(b'Mary'), bytearray(b'01 had a 9'), bytearray(b'little lamb---')]
Availability: most Unix platforms, possibly others. New in version 3.3.
socket.recvfrom_into(buffer[, nbytes[, flags]])
Receive data from the socket, writing it into buffer instead of creating a new bytestring. The return value is a pair (nbytes, address) where nbytes is the number of bytes received and address is the address of the socket sending the data. See the Unix manual page recv(2) for the meaning of the optional argument flags; it defaults to zero. (The format of address depends on the address family — see above.)
socket.recv_into(buffer[, nbytes[, flags]])
Receive up to nbytes bytes from the socket, storing the data into a buffer rather than creating a new bytestring. If nbytes is not specified (or 0), receive up to the size available in the given buffer. Returns the number of bytes received. See the Unix manual page recv(2) for the meaning of the optional argument flags; it defaults to zero.
socket.send(bytes[, flags])
Send data to the socket. The socket must be connected to a remote socket. The optional flags argument has the same meaning as for recv() above. Returns the number of bytes sent. Applications are responsible for checking that all data has been sent; if only some of the data was transmitted, the application needs to attempt delivery of the remaining data. For further information on this topic, consult the Socket Programming HOWTO. Changed in version 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising an InterruptedError exception (see PEP 475 for the rationale).
socket.sendall(bytes[, flags])
Send data to the socket. The socket must be connected to a remote socket. The optional flags argument has the same meaning as for recv() above. Unlike send(), this method continues to send data from bytes until either all data has been sent or an error occurs. None is returned on success. On error, an exception is raised, and there is no way to determine how much data, if any, was successfully sent. Changed in version 3.5: The socket timeout is no more reset each time data is sent successfully. The socket timeout is now the maximum total duration to send all data. Changed in version 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising an InterruptedError exception (see PEP 475 for the rationale).
socket.sendto(bytes, address)
socket.sendto(bytes, flags, address)
Send data to the socket. The socket should not be connected to a remote socket, since the destination socket is specified by address. The optional flags argument has the same meaning as for recv() above. Return the number of bytes sent. (The format of address depends on the address family — see above.) Raises an auditing event socket.sendto with arguments self, address. Changed in version 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising an InterruptedError exception (see PEP 475 for the rationale).
socket.sendmsg(buffers[, ancdata[, flags[, address]]])
Send normal and ancillary data to the socket, gathering the non-ancillary data from a series of buffers and concatenating it into a single message. The buffers argument specifies the non-ancillary data as an iterable of bytes-like objects (e.g. bytes objects); the operating system may set a limit (sysconf() value SC_IOV_MAX) on the number of buffers that can be used. The ancdata argument specifies the ancillary data (control messages) as an iterable of zero or more tuples (cmsg_level, cmsg_type, cmsg_data), where cmsg_level and cmsg_type are integers specifying the protocol level and protocol-specific type respectively, and cmsg_data is a bytes-like object holding the associated data. Note that some systems (in particular, systems without CMSG_SPACE()) might support sending only one control message per call. The flags argument defaults to 0 and has the same meaning as for send(). If address is supplied and not None, it sets a destination address for the message. The return value is the number of bytes of non-ancillary data sent. The following function sends the list of file descriptors fds over an AF_UNIX socket, on systems which support the SCM_RIGHTS mechanism. See also recvmsg(). import socket, array
def send_fds(sock, msg, fds):
return sock.sendmsg([msg], [(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SCM_RIGHTS, array.array("i", fds))])
Availability: most Unix platforms, possibly others. Raises an auditing event socket.sendmsg with arguments self, address. New in version 3.3. Changed in version 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising an InterruptedError exception (see PEP 475 for the rationale).
socket.sendmsg_afalg([msg, ]*, op[, iv[, assoclen[, flags]]])
Specialized version of sendmsg() for AF_ALG socket. Set mode, IV, AEAD associated data length and flags for AF_ALG socket. Availability: Linux >= 2.6.38. New in version 3.6.
socket.sendfile(file, offset=0, count=None)
Send a file until EOF is reached by using high-performance os.sendfile and return the total number of bytes which were sent. file must be a regular file object opened in binary mode. If os.sendfile is not available (e.g. Windows) or file is not a regular file send() will be used instead. offset tells from where to start reading the file. If specified, count is the total number of bytes to transmit as opposed to sending the file until EOF is reached. File position is updated on return or also in case of error in which case file.tell() can be used to figure out the number of bytes which were sent. The socket must be of SOCK_STREAM type. Non-blocking sockets are not supported. New in version 3.5.
socket.set_inheritable(inheritable)
Set the inheritable flag of the socket’s file descriptor or socket’s handle. New in version 3.4.
socket.setblocking(flag)
Set blocking or non-blocking mode of the socket: if flag is false, the socket is set to non-blocking, else to blocking mode. This method is a shorthand for certain settimeout() calls:
sock.setblocking(True) is equivalent to sock.settimeout(None)
sock.setblocking(False) is equivalent to sock.settimeout(0.0)
Changed in version 3.7: The method no longer applies SOCK_NONBLOCK flag on socket.type.
socket.settimeout(value)
Set a timeout on blocking socket operations. The value argument can be a nonnegative floating point number expressing seconds, or None. If a non-zero value is given, subsequent socket operations will raise a timeout exception if the timeout period value has elapsed before the operation has completed. If zero is given, the socket is put in non-blocking mode. If None is given, the socket is put in blocking mode. For further information, please consult the notes on socket timeouts. Changed in version 3.7: The method no longer toggles SOCK_NONBLOCK flag on socket.type.
socket.setsockopt(level, optname, value: int)
socket.setsockopt(level, optname, value: buffer)
socket.setsockopt(level, optname, None, optlen: int)
Set the value of the given socket option (see the Unix manual page setsockopt(2)). The needed symbolic constants are defined in the socket module (SO_* etc.). The value can be an integer, None or a bytes-like object representing a buffer. In the later case it is up to the caller to ensure that the bytestring contains the proper bits (see the optional built-in module struct for a way to encode C structures as bytestrings). When value is set to None, optlen argument is required. It’s equivalent to call setsockopt() C function with optval=NULL and optlen=optlen. Changed in version 3.5: Writable bytes-like object is now accepted. Changed in version 3.6: setsockopt(level, optname, None, optlen: int) form added.
socket.shutdown(how)
Shut down one or both halves of the connection. If how is SHUT_RD, further receives are disallowed. If how is SHUT_WR, further sends are disallowed. If how is SHUT_RDWR, further sends and receives are disallowed.
socket.share(process_id)
Duplicate a socket and prepare it for sharing with a target process. The target process must be provided with process_id. The resulting bytes object can then be passed to the target process using some form of interprocess communication and the socket can be recreated there using fromshare(). Once this method has been called, it is safe to close the socket since the operating system has already duplicated it for the target process. Availability: Windows. New in version 3.3.
Note that there are no methods read() or write(); use recv() and send() without flags argument instead. Socket objects also have these (read-only) attributes that correspond to the values given to the socket constructor.
socket.family
The socket family.
socket.type
The socket type.
socket.proto
The socket protocol.
Notes on socket timeouts A socket object can be in one of three modes: blocking, non-blocking, or timeout. Sockets are by default always created in blocking mode, but this can be changed by calling setdefaulttimeout(). In blocking mode, operations block until complete or the system returns an error (such as connection timed out). In non-blocking mode, operations fail (with an error that is unfortunately system-dependent) if they cannot be completed immediately: functions from the select can be used to know when and whether a socket is available for reading or writing. In timeout mode, operations fail if they cannot be completed within the timeout specified for the socket (they raise a timeout exception) or if the system returns an error. Note At the operating system level, sockets in timeout mode are internally set in non-blocking mode. Also, the blocking and timeout modes are shared between file descriptors and socket objects that refer to the same network endpoint. This implementation detail can have visible consequences if e.g. you decide to use the fileno() of a socket. Timeouts and the connect method The connect() operation is also subject to the timeout setting, and in general it is recommended to call settimeout() before calling connect() or pass a timeout parameter to create_connection(). However, the system network stack may also return a connection timeout error of its own regardless of any Python socket timeout setting. Timeouts and the accept method If getdefaulttimeout() is not None, sockets returned by the accept() method inherit that timeout. Otherwise, the behaviour depends on settings of the listening socket: if the listening socket is in blocking mode or in timeout mode, the socket returned by accept() is in blocking mode; if the listening socket is in non-blocking mode, whether the socket returned by accept() is in blocking or non-blocking mode is operating system-dependent. If you want to ensure cross-platform behaviour, it is recommended you manually override this setting. Example Here are four minimal example programs using the TCP/IP protocol: a server that echoes all data that it receives back (servicing only one client), and a client using it. Note that a server must perform the sequence socket(), bind(), listen(), accept() (possibly repeating the accept() to service more than one client), while a client only needs the sequence socket(), connect(). Also note that the server does not sendall()/recv() on the socket it is listening on but on the new socket returned by accept(). The first two examples support IPv4 only. # Echo server program
import socket
HOST = '' # Symbolic name meaning all available interfaces
PORT = 50007 # Arbitrary non-privileged port
with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
s.bind((HOST, PORT))
s.listen(1)
conn, addr = s.accept()
with conn:
print('Connected by', addr)
while True:
data = conn.recv(1024)
if not data: break
conn.sendall(data)
# Echo client program
import socket
HOST = 'daring.cwi.nl' # The remote host
PORT = 50007 # The same port as used by the server
with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
s.connect((HOST, PORT))
s.sendall(b'Hello, world')
data = s.recv(1024)
print('Received', repr(data))
The next two examples are identical to the above two, but support both IPv4 and IPv6. The server side will listen to the first address family available (it should listen to both instead). On most of IPv6-ready systems, IPv6 will take precedence and the server may not accept IPv4 traffic. The client side will try to connect to the all addresses returned as a result of the name resolution, and sends traffic to the first one connected successfully. # Echo server program
import socket
import sys
HOST = None # Symbolic name meaning all available interfaces
PORT = 50007 # Arbitrary non-privileged port
s = None
for res in socket.getaddrinfo(HOST, PORT, socket.AF_UNSPEC,
socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0, socket.AI_PASSIVE):
af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
try:
s = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
except OSError as msg:
s = None
continue
try:
s.bind(sa)
s.listen(1)
except OSError as msg:
s.close()
s = None
continue
break
if s is None:
print('could not open socket')
sys.exit(1)
conn, addr = s.accept()
with conn:
print('Connected by', addr)
while True:
data = conn.recv(1024)
if not data: break
conn.send(data)
# Echo client program
import socket
import sys
HOST = 'daring.cwi.nl' # The remote host
PORT = 50007 # The same port as used by the server
s = None
for res in socket.getaddrinfo(HOST, PORT, socket.AF_UNSPEC, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
try:
s = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
except OSError as msg:
s = None
continue
try:
s.connect(sa)
except OSError as msg:
s.close()
s = None
continue
break
if s is None:
print('could not open socket')
sys.exit(1)
with s:
s.sendall(b'Hello, world')
data = s.recv(1024)
print('Received', repr(data))
The next example shows how to write a very simple network sniffer with raw sockets on Windows. The example requires administrator privileges to modify the interface: import socket
# the public network interface
HOST = socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname())
# create a raw socket and bind it to the public interface
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_RAW, socket.IPPROTO_IP)
s.bind((HOST, 0))
# Include IP headers
s.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_IP, socket.IP_HDRINCL, 1)
# receive all packages
s.ioctl(socket.SIO_RCVALL, socket.RCVALL_ON)
# receive a package
print(s.recvfrom(65565))
# disabled promiscuous mode
s.ioctl(socket.SIO_RCVALL, socket.RCVALL_OFF)
The next example shows how to use the socket interface to communicate to a CAN network using the raw socket protocol. To use CAN with the broadcast manager protocol instead, open a socket with: socket.socket(socket.AF_CAN, socket.SOCK_DGRAM, socket.CAN_BCM)
After binding (CAN_RAW) or connecting (CAN_BCM) the socket, you can use the socket.send(), and the socket.recv() operations (and their counterparts) on the socket object as usual. This last example might require special privileges: import socket
import struct
# CAN frame packing/unpacking (see 'struct can_frame' in <linux/can.h>)
can_frame_fmt = "=IB3x8s"
can_frame_size = struct.calcsize(can_frame_fmt)
def build_can_frame(can_id, data):
can_dlc = len(data)
data = data.ljust(8, b'\x00')
return struct.pack(can_frame_fmt, can_id, can_dlc, data)
def dissect_can_frame(frame):
can_id, can_dlc, data = struct.unpack(can_frame_fmt, frame)
return (can_id, can_dlc, data[:can_dlc])
# create a raw socket and bind it to the 'vcan0' interface
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_CAN, socket.SOCK_RAW, socket.CAN_RAW)
s.bind(('vcan0',))
while True:
cf, addr = s.recvfrom(can_frame_size)
print('Received: can_id=%x, can_dlc=%x, data=%s' % dissect_can_frame(cf))
try:
s.send(cf)
except OSError:
print('Error sending CAN frame')
try:
s.send(build_can_frame(0x01, b'\x01\x02\x03'))
except OSError:
print('Error sending CAN frame')
Running an example several times with too small delay between executions, could lead to this error: OSError: [Errno 98] Address already in use
This is because the previous execution has left the socket in a TIME_WAIT state, and can’t be immediately reused. There is a socket flag to set, in order to prevent this, socket.SO_REUSEADDR: s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
s.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
s.bind((HOST, PORT))
the SO_REUSEADDR flag tells the kernel to reuse a local socket in TIME_WAIT state, without waiting for its natural timeout to expire. See also For an introduction to socket programming (in C), see the following papers:
An Introductory 4.3BSD Interprocess Communication Tutorial, by Stuart Sechrest
An Advanced 4.3BSD Interprocess Communication Tutorial, by Samuel J. Leffler et al, both in the UNIX Programmer’s Manual, Supplementary Documents 1 (sections PS1:7 and PS1:8). The platform-specific reference material for the various socket-related system calls are also a valuable source of information on the details of socket semantics. For Unix, refer to the manual pages; for Windows, see the WinSock (or Winsock 2) specification. For IPv6-ready APIs, readers may want to refer to RFC 3493 titled Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6. | python.library.socket |
socket.AF_ALG
socket.SOL_ALG
ALG_*
Constants for Linux Kernel cryptography. Availability: Linux >= 2.6.38. New in version 3.6. | python.library.socket#socket.AF_ALG |
socket.AF_CAN
socket.PF_CAN
SOL_CAN_*
CAN_*
Many constants of these forms, documented in the Linux documentation, are also defined in the socket module. Availability: Linux >= 2.6.25. New in version 3.3. | python.library.socket#socket.AF_CAN |
socket.AF_UNIX
socket.AF_INET
socket.AF_INET6
These constants represent the address (and protocol) families, used for the first argument to socket(). If the AF_UNIX constant is not defined then this protocol is unsupported. More constants may be available depending on the system. | python.library.socket#socket.AF_INET |
socket.AF_UNIX
socket.AF_INET
socket.AF_INET6
These constants represent the address (and protocol) families, used for the first argument to socket(). If the AF_UNIX constant is not defined then this protocol is unsupported. More constants may be available depending on the system. | python.library.socket#socket.AF_INET6 |
socket.AF_LINK
Availability: BSD, OSX. New in version 3.4. | python.library.socket#socket.AF_LINK |
socket.AF_PACKET
socket.PF_PACKET
PACKET_*
Many constants of these forms, documented in the Linux documentation, are also defined in the socket module. Availability: Linux >= 2.2. | python.library.socket#socket.AF_PACKET |
socket.AF_QIPCRTR
Constant for Qualcomm’s IPC router protocol, used to communicate with service providing remote processors. Availability: Linux >= 4.7. | python.library.socket#socket.AF_QIPCRTR |
socket.AF_RDS
socket.PF_RDS
socket.SOL_RDS
RDS_*
Many constants of these forms, documented in the Linux documentation, are also defined in the socket module. Availability: Linux >= 2.6.30. New in version 3.3. | python.library.socket#socket.AF_RDS |
socket.AF_UNIX
socket.AF_INET
socket.AF_INET6
These constants represent the address (and protocol) families, used for the first argument to socket(). If the AF_UNIX constant is not defined then this protocol is unsupported. More constants may be available depending on the system. | python.library.socket#socket.AF_UNIX |
socket.AF_VSOCK
socket.IOCTL_VM_SOCKETS_GET_LOCAL_CID
VMADDR*
SO_VM*
Constants for Linux host/guest communication. Availability: Linux >= 4.8. New in version 3.7. | python.library.socket#socket.AF_VSOCK |
socket.BDADDR_ANY
socket.BDADDR_LOCAL
These are string constants containing Bluetooth addresses with special meanings. For example, BDADDR_ANY can be used to indicate any address when specifying the binding socket with BTPROTO_RFCOMM. | python.library.socket#socket.BDADDR_ANY |
socket.BDADDR_ANY
socket.BDADDR_LOCAL
These are string constants containing Bluetooth addresses with special meanings. For example, BDADDR_ANY can be used to indicate any address when specifying the binding socket with BTPROTO_RFCOMM. | python.library.socket#socket.BDADDR_LOCAL |
socket.CAN_BCM
CAN_BCM_*
CAN_BCM, in the CAN protocol family, is the broadcast manager (BCM) protocol. Broadcast manager constants, documented in the Linux documentation, are also defined in the socket module. Availability: Linux >= 2.6.25. Note The CAN_BCM_CAN_FD_FRAME flag is only available on Linux >= 4.8. New in version 3.4. | python.library.socket#socket.CAN_BCM |
socket.CAN_ISOTP
CAN_ISOTP, in the CAN protocol family, is the ISO-TP (ISO 15765-2) protocol. ISO-TP constants, documented in the Linux documentation. Availability: Linux >= 2.6.25. New in version 3.7. | python.library.socket#socket.CAN_ISOTP |
socket.CAN_J1939
CAN_J1939, in the CAN protocol family, is the SAE J1939 protocol. J1939 constants, documented in the Linux documentation. Availability: Linux >= 5.4. New in version 3.9. | python.library.socket#socket.CAN_J1939 |
socket.CAN_RAW_FD_FRAMES
Enables CAN FD support in a CAN_RAW socket. This is disabled by default. This allows your application to send both CAN and CAN FD frames; however, you must accept both CAN and CAN FD frames when reading from the socket. This constant is documented in the Linux documentation. Availability: Linux >= 3.6. New in version 3.5. | python.library.socket#socket.CAN_RAW_FD_FRAMES |
socket.CAN_RAW_JOIN_FILTERS
Joins the applied CAN filters such that only CAN frames that match all given CAN filters are passed to user space. This constant is documented in the Linux documentation. Availability: Linux >= 4.1. New in version 3.9. | python.library.socket#socket.CAN_RAW_JOIN_FILTERS |
socket.close(fd)
Close a socket file descriptor. This is like os.close(), but for sockets. On some platforms (most noticeable Windows) os.close() does not work for socket file descriptors. New in version 3.7. | python.library.socket#socket.close |
socket.CMSG_LEN(length)
Return the total length, without trailing padding, of an ancillary data item with associated data of the given length. This value can often be used as the buffer size for recvmsg() to receive a single item of ancillary data, but RFC 3542 requires portable applications to use CMSG_SPACE() and thus include space for padding, even when the item will be the last in the buffer. Raises OverflowError if length is outside the permissible range of values. Availability: most Unix platforms, possibly others. New in version 3.3. | python.library.socket#socket.CMSG_LEN |
socket.CMSG_SPACE(length)
Return the buffer size needed for recvmsg() to receive an ancillary data item with associated data of the given length, along with any trailing padding. The buffer space needed to receive multiple items is the sum of the CMSG_SPACE() values for their associated data lengths. Raises OverflowError if length is outside the permissible range of values. Note that some systems might support ancillary data without providing this function. Also note that setting the buffer size using the results of this function may not precisely limit the amount of ancillary data that can be received, since additional data may be able to fit into the padding area. Availability: most Unix platforms, possibly others. New in version 3.3. | python.library.socket#socket.CMSG_SPACE |
socket.create_connection(address[, timeout[, source_address]])
Connect to a TCP service listening on the Internet address (a 2-tuple (host, port)), and return the socket object. This is a higher-level function than socket.connect(): if host is a non-numeric hostname, it will try to resolve it for both AF_INET and AF_INET6, and then try to connect to all possible addresses in turn until a connection succeeds. This makes it easy to write clients that are compatible to both IPv4 and IPv6. Passing the optional timeout parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance before attempting to connect. If no timeout is supplied, the global default timeout setting returned by getdefaulttimeout() is used. If supplied, source_address must be a 2-tuple (host, port) for the socket to bind to as its source address before connecting. If host or port are ‘’ or 0 respectively the OS default behavior will be used. Changed in version 3.2: source_address was added. | python.library.socket#socket.create_connection |
socket.create_server(address, *, family=AF_INET, backlog=None, reuse_port=False, dualstack_ipv6=False)
Convenience function which creates a TCP socket bound to address (a 2-tuple (host, port)) and return the socket object. family should be either AF_INET or AF_INET6. backlog is the queue size passed to socket.listen(); when 0 a default reasonable value is chosen. reuse_port dictates whether to set the SO_REUSEPORT socket option. If dualstack_ipv6 is true and the platform supports it the socket will be able to accept both IPv4 and IPv6 connections, else it will raise ValueError. Most POSIX platforms and Windows are supposed to support this functionality. When this functionality is enabled the address returned by socket.getpeername() when an IPv4 connection occurs will be an IPv6 address represented as an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address. If dualstack_ipv6 is false it will explicitly disable this functionality on platforms that enable it by default (e.g. Linux). This parameter can be used in conjunction with has_dualstack_ipv6(): import socket
addr = ("", 8080) # all interfaces, port 8080
if socket.has_dualstack_ipv6():
s = socket.create_server(addr, family=socket.AF_INET6, dualstack_ipv6=True)
else:
s = socket.create_server(addr)
Note On POSIX platforms the SO_REUSEADDR socket option is set in order to immediately reuse previous sockets which were bound on the same address and remained in TIME_WAIT state. New in version 3.8. | python.library.socket#socket.create_server |
exception socket.error
A deprecated alias of OSError. Changed in version 3.3: Following PEP 3151, this class was made an alias of OSError. | python.library.socket#socket.error |
socket.fromfd(fd, family, type, proto=0)
Duplicate the file descriptor fd (an integer as returned by a file object’s fileno() method) and build a socket object from the result. Address family, socket type and protocol number are as for the socket() function above. The file descriptor should refer to a socket, but this is not checked — subsequent operations on the object may fail if the file descriptor is invalid. This function is rarely needed, but can be used to get or set socket options on a socket passed to a program as standard input or output (such as a server started by the Unix inet daemon). The socket is assumed to be in blocking mode. The newly created socket is non-inheritable. Changed in version 3.4: The returned socket is now non-inheritable. | python.library.socket#socket.fromfd |
socket.fromshare(data)
Instantiate a socket from data obtained from the socket.share() method. The socket is assumed to be in blocking mode. Availability: Windows. New in version 3.3. | python.library.socket#socket.fromshare |
exception socket.gaierror
A subclass of OSError, this exception is raised for address-related errors by getaddrinfo() and getnameinfo(). The accompanying value is a pair (error, string) representing an error returned by a library call. string represents the description of error, as returned by the gai_strerror() C function. The numeric error value will match one of the EAI_* constants defined in this module. Changed in version 3.3: This class was made a subclass of OSError. | python.library.socket#socket.gaierror |
socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family=0, type=0, proto=0, flags=0)
Translate the host/port argument into a sequence of 5-tuples that contain all the necessary arguments for creating a socket connected to that service. host is a domain name, a string representation of an IPv4/v6 address or None. port is a string service name such as 'http', a numeric port number or None. By passing None as the value of host and port, you can pass NULL to the underlying C API. The family, type and proto arguments can be optionally specified in order to narrow the list of addresses returned. Passing zero as a value for each of these arguments selects the full range of results. The flags argument can be one or several of the AI_* constants, and will influence how results are computed and returned. For example, AI_NUMERICHOST will disable domain name resolution and will raise an error if host is a domain name. The function returns a list of 5-tuples with the following structure: (family, type, proto, canonname, sockaddr) In these tuples, family, type, proto are all integers and are meant to be passed to the socket() function. canonname will be a string representing the canonical name of the host if AI_CANONNAME is part of the flags argument; else canonname will be empty. sockaddr is a tuple describing a socket address, whose format depends on the returned family (a (address, port) 2-tuple for AF_INET, a (address, port, flowinfo, scope_id) 4-tuple for AF_INET6), and is meant to be passed to the socket.connect() method. Raises an auditing event socket.getaddrinfo with arguments host, port, family, type, protocol. The following example fetches address information for a hypothetical TCP connection to example.org on port 80 (results may differ on your system if IPv6 isn’t enabled): >>> socket.getaddrinfo("example.org", 80, proto=socket.IPPROTO_TCP)
[(<AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 10>, <SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>,
6, '', ('2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946', 80, 0, 0)),
(<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, <SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>,
6, '', ('93.184.216.34', 80))]
Changed in version 3.2: parameters can now be passed using keyword arguments. Changed in version 3.7: for IPv6 multicast addresses, string representing an address will not contain %scope_id part. | python.library.socket#socket.getaddrinfo |
socket.getdefaulttimeout()
Return the default timeout in seconds (float) for new socket objects. A value of None indicates that new socket objects have no timeout. When the socket module is first imported, the default is None. | python.library.socket#socket.getdefaulttimeout |
socket.getfqdn([name])
Return a fully qualified domain name for name. If name is omitted or empty, it is interpreted as the local host. To find the fully qualified name, the hostname returned by gethostbyaddr() is checked, followed by aliases for the host, if available. The first name which includes a period is selected. In case no fully qualified domain name is available, the hostname as returned by gethostname() is returned. | python.library.socket#socket.getfqdn |
socket.gethostbyaddr(ip_address)
Return a triple (hostname, aliaslist, ipaddrlist) where hostname is the primary host name responding to the given ip_address, aliaslist is a (possibly empty) list of alternative host names for the same address, and ipaddrlist is a list of IPv4/v6 addresses for the same interface on the same host (most likely containing only a single address). To find the fully qualified domain name, use the function getfqdn(). gethostbyaddr() supports both IPv4 and IPv6. Raises an auditing event socket.gethostbyaddr with argument ip_address. | python.library.socket#socket.gethostbyaddr |
socket.gethostbyname(hostname)
Translate a host name to IPv4 address format. The IPv4 address is returned as a string, such as '100.50.200.5'. If the host name is an IPv4 address itself it is returned unchanged. See gethostbyname_ex() for a more complete interface. gethostbyname() does not support IPv6 name resolution, and getaddrinfo() should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support. Raises an auditing event socket.gethostbyname with argument hostname. | python.library.socket#socket.gethostbyname |
socket.gethostbyname_ex(hostname)
Translate a host name to IPv4 address format, extended interface. Return a triple (hostname, aliaslist, ipaddrlist) where hostname is the primary host name responding to the given ip_address, aliaslist is a (possibly empty) list of alternative host names for the same address, and ipaddrlist is a list of IPv4 addresses for the same interface on the same host (often but not always a single address). gethostbyname_ex() does not support IPv6 name resolution, and getaddrinfo() should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support. Raises an auditing event socket.gethostbyname with argument hostname. | python.library.socket#socket.gethostbyname_ex |
socket.gethostname()
Return a string containing the hostname of the machine where the Python interpreter is currently executing. Raises an auditing event socket.gethostname with no arguments. Note: gethostname() doesn’t always return the fully qualified domain name; use getfqdn() for that. | python.library.socket#socket.gethostname |
socket.getnameinfo(sockaddr, flags)
Translate a socket address sockaddr into a 2-tuple (host, port). Depending on the settings of flags, the result can contain a fully-qualified domain name or numeric address representation in host. Similarly, port can contain a string port name or a numeric port number. For IPv6 addresses, %scope_id is appended to the host part if sockaddr contains meaningful scope_id. Usually this happens for multicast addresses. For more information about flags you can consult getnameinfo(3). Raises an auditing event socket.getnameinfo with argument sockaddr. | python.library.socket#socket.getnameinfo |
socket.getprotobyname(protocolname)
Translate an Internet protocol name (for example, 'icmp') to a constant suitable for passing as the (optional) third argument to the socket() function. This is usually only needed for sockets opened in “raw” mode (SOCK_RAW); for the normal socket modes, the correct protocol is chosen automatically if the protocol is omitted or zero. | python.library.socket#socket.getprotobyname |
socket.getservbyname(servicename[, protocolname])
Translate an Internet service name and protocol name to a port number for that service. The optional protocol name, if given, should be 'tcp' or 'udp', otherwise any protocol will match. Raises an auditing event socket.getservbyname with arguments servicename, protocolname. | python.library.socket#socket.getservbyname |
socket.getservbyport(port[, protocolname])
Translate an Internet port number and protocol name to a service name for that service. The optional protocol name, if given, should be 'tcp' or 'udp', otherwise any protocol will match. Raises an auditing event socket.getservbyport with arguments port, protocolname. | python.library.socket#socket.getservbyport |
socket.has_dualstack_ipv6()
Return True if the platform supports creating a TCP socket which can handle both IPv4 and IPv6 connections. New in version 3.8. | python.library.socket#socket.has_dualstack_ipv6 |
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