doc_content stringlengths 1 386k | doc_id stringlengths 5 188 |
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@test.support.run_with_locale(catstr, *locales)
A decorator for running a function in a different locale, correctly resetting it after it has finished. catstr is the locale category as a string (for example "LC_ALL"). The locales passed will be tried sequentially, and the first valid locale will be used. | python.library.test#test.support.run_with_locale |
@test.support.run_with_tz(tz)
A decorator for running a function in a specific timezone, correctly resetting it after it has finished. | python.library.test#test.support.run_with_tz |
test.support.SAVEDCWD
Set to os.getcwd(). | python.library.test#test.support.SAVEDCWD |
class test.support.SaveSignals
Class to save and restore signal handlers registered by the Python signal handler. | python.library.test#test.support.SaveSignals |
test.support.script_helper.assert_python_failure(*args, **env_vars)
Assert that running the interpreter with args and optional environment variables env_vars fails (rc != 0) and return a (return code,
stdout, stderr) tuple. See assert_python_ok() for more options. Changed in version 3.9: The function no longer strips whitespaces from stderr. | python.library.test#test.support.script_helper.assert_python_failure |
test.support.script_helper.assert_python_ok(*args, **env_vars)
Assert that running the interpreter with args and optional environment variables env_vars succeeds (rc == 0) and return a (return code,
stdout, stderr) tuple. If the __cleanenv keyword is set, env_vars is used as a fresh environment. Python is started in isolated mode (command line option -I), except if the __isolated keyword is set to False. Changed in version 3.9: The function no longer strips whitespaces from stderr. | python.library.test#test.support.script_helper.assert_python_ok |
test.support.script_helper.interpreter_requires_environment()
Return True if sys.executable interpreter requires environment variables in order to be able to run at all. This is designed to be used with @unittest.skipIf() to annotate tests that need to use an assert_python*() function to launch an isolated mode (-I) or no environment mode (-E) sub-interpreter process. A normal build & test does not run into this situation but it can happen when trying to run the standard library test suite from an interpreter that doesn’t have an obvious home with Python’s current home finding logic. Setting PYTHONHOME is one way to get most of the testsuite to run in that situation. PYTHONPATH or PYTHONUSERSITE are other common environment variables that might impact whether or not the interpreter can start. | python.library.test#test.support.script_helper.interpreter_requires_environment |
test.support.script_helper.kill_python(p)
Run the given subprocess.Popen process until completion and return stdout. | python.library.test#test.support.script_helper.kill_python |
test.support.script_helper.make_pkg(pkg_dir, init_source='')
Create a directory named pkg_dir containing an __init__ file with init_source as its contents. | python.library.test#test.support.script_helper.make_pkg |
test.support.script_helper.make_script(script_dir, script_basename, source, omit_suffix=False)
Create script containing source in path script_dir and script_basename. If omit_suffix is False, append .py to the name. Return the full script path. | python.library.test#test.support.script_helper.make_script |
test.support.script_helper.make_zip_pkg(zip_dir, zip_basename, pkg_name, script_basename, source, depth=1, compiled=False)
Create a zip package directory with a path of zip_dir and zip_basename containing an empty __init__ file and a file script_basename containing the source. If compiled is True, both source files will be compiled and added to the zip package. Return a tuple of the full zip path and the archive name for the zip file. | python.library.test#test.support.script_helper.make_zip_pkg |
test.support.script_helper.make_zip_script(zip_dir, zip_basename, script_name, name_in_zip=None)
Create zip file at zip_dir and zip_basename with extension zip which contains the files in script_name. name_in_zip is the archive name. Return a tuple containing (full path, full path of archive name). | python.library.test#test.support.script_helper.make_zip_script |
test.support.script_helper.run_python_until_end(*args, **env_vars)
Set up the environment based on env_vars for running the interpreter in a subprocess. The values can include __isolated, __cleanenv, __cwd, and TERM. Changed in version 3.9: The function no longer strips whitespaces from stderr. | python.library.test#test.support.script_helper.run_python_until_end |
test.support.script_helper.spawn_python(*args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, **kw)
Run a Python subprocess with the given arguments. kw is extra keyword args to pass to subprocess.Popen(). Returns a subprocess.Popen object. | python.library.test#test.support.script_helper.spawn_python |
test.support.setswitchinterval(interval)
Set the sys.setswitchinterval() to the given interval. Defines a minimum interval for Android systems to prevent the system from hanging. | python.library.test#test.support.setswitchinterval |
test.support.set_match_tests(patterns)
Define match test with regular expression patterns. | python.library.test#test.support.set_match_tests |
test.support.set_memlimit(limit)
Set the values for max_memuse and real_max_memuse for big memory tests. | python.library.test#test.support.set_memlimit |
test.support.SHORT_TIMEOUT
Timeout in seconds to mark a test as failed if the test takes “too long”. The timeout value depends on the regrtest --timeout command line option. If a test using SHORT_TIMEOUT starts to fail randomly on slow buildbots, use LONG_TIMEOUT instead. Its default value is 30 seconds. | python.library.test#test.support.SHORT_TIMEOUT |
@test.support.skip_unless_symlink
A decorator for running tests that require support for symbolic links. | python.library.test#test.support.skip_unless_symlink |
@test.support.skip_unless_xattr
A decorator for running tests that require support for xattr. | python.library.test#test.support.skip_unless_xattr |
test.support.SMALLEST
Object that is less than anything (except itself). Used to test mixed type comparison. | python.library.test#test.support.SMALLEST |
test.support.socket_helper.bind_port(sock, host=HOST)
Bind the socket to a free port and return the port number. Relies on ephemeral ports in order to ensure we are using an unbound port. This is important as many tests may be running simultaneously, especially in a buildbot environment. This method raises an exception if the sock.family is AF_INET and sock.type is SOCK_STREAM, and the socket has SO_REUSEADDR or SO_REUSEPORT set on it. Tests should never set these socket options for TCP/IP sockets. The only case for setting these options is testing multicasting via multiple UDP sockets. Additionally, if the SO_EXCLUSIVEADDRUSE socket option is available (i.e. on Windows), it will be set on the socket. This will prevent anyone else from binding to our host/port for the duration of the test. | python.library.test#test.support.socket_helper.bind_port |
test.support.socket_helper.bind_unix_socket(sock, addr)
Bind a unix socket, raising unittest.SkipTest if PermissionError is raised. | python.library.test#test.support.socket_helper.bind_unix_socket |
test.support.socket_helper.find_unused_port(family=socket.AF_INET, socktype=socket.SOCK_STREAM)
Returns an unused port that should be suitable for binding. This is achieved by creating a temporary socket with the same family and type as the sock parameter (default is AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM), and binding it to the specified host address (defaults to 0.0.0.0) with the port set to 0, eliciting an unused ephemeral port from the OS. The temporary socket is then closed and deleted, and the ephemeral port is returned. Either this method or bind_port() should be used for any tests where a server socket needs to be bound to a particular port for the duration of the test. Which one to use depends on whether the calling code is creating a Python socket, or if an unused port needs to be provided in a constructor or passed to an external program (i.e. the -accept argument to openssl’s s_server mode). Always prefer bind_port() over find_unused_port() where possible. Using a hard coded port is discouraged since it can make multiple instances of the test impossible to run simultaneously, which is a problem for buildbots. | python.library.test#test.support.socket_helper.find_unused_port |
test.support.socket_helper.IPV6_ENABLED
Set to True if IPv6 is enabled on this host, False otherwise. | python.library.test#test.support.socket_helper.IPV6_ENABLED |
@test.support.socket_helper.skip_unless_bind_unix_socket
A decorator for running tests that require a functional bind() for Unix sockets. | python.library.test#test.support.socket_helper.skip_unless_bind_unix_socket |
test.support.socket_helper.transient_internet(resource_name, *, timeout=30.0, errnos=())
A context manager that raises ResourceDenied when various issues with the internet connection manifest themselves as exceptions. | python.library.test#test.support.socket_helper.transient_internet |
test.support.SOCK_MAX_SIZE
A constant that is likely larger than the underlying OS socket buffer size, to make writes blocking. | python.library.test#test.support.SOCK_MAX_SIZE |
test.support.sortdict(dict)
Return a repr of dict with keys sorted. | python.library.test#test.support.sortdict |
test.support.start_threads(threads, unlock=None)
Context manager to start threads. It attempts to join the threads upon exit. | python.library.test#test.support.start_threads |
class test.support.SuppressCrashReport
A context manager used to try to prevent crash dialog popups on tests that are expected to crash a subprocess. On Windows, it disables Windows Error Reporting dialogs using SetErrorMode. On UNIX, resource.setrlimit() is used to set resource.RLIMIT_CORE’s soft limit to 0 to prevent coredump file creation. On both platforms, the old value is restored by __exit__(). | python.library.test#test.support.SuppressCrashReport |
test.support.swap_attr(obj, attr, new_val)
Context manager to swap out an attribute with a new object. Usage: with swap_attr(obj, "attr", 5):
...
This will set obj.attr to 5 for the duration of the with block, restoring the old value at the end of the block. If attr doesn’t exist on obj, it will be created and then deleted at the end of the block. The old value (or None if it doesn’t exist) will be assigned to the target of the “as” clause, if there is one. | python.library.test#test.support.swap_attr |
test.support.swap_item(obj, attr, new_val)
Context manager to swap out an item with a new object. Usage: with swap_item(obj, "item", 5):
...
This will set obj["item"] to 5 for the duration of the with block, restoring the old value at the end of the block. If item doesn’t exist on obj, it will be created and then deleted at the end of the block. The old value (or None if it doesn’t exist) will be assigned to the target of the “as” clause, if there is one. | python.library.test#test.support.swap_item |
test.support.system_must_validate_cert(f)
Raise unittest.SkipTest on TLS certification validation failures. | python.library.test#test.support.system_must_validate_cert |
test.support.temp_cwd(name='tempcwd', quiet=False)
A context manager that temporarily creates a new directory and changes the current working directory (CWD). The context manager creates a temporary directory in the current directory with name name before temporarily changing the current working directory. If name is None, the temporary directory is created using tempfile.mkdtemp(). If quiet is False and it is not possible to create or change the CWD, an error is raised. Otherwise, only a warning is raised and the original CWD is used. | python.library.test#test.support.temp_cwd |
test.support.temp_dir(path=None, quiet=False)
A context manager that creates a temporary directory at path and yields the directory. If path is None, the temporary directory is created using tempfile.mkdtemp(). If quiet is False, the context manager raises an exception on error. Otherwise, if path is specified and cannot be created, only a warning is issued. | python.library.test#test.support.temp_dir |
test.support.temp_umask(umask)
A context manager that temporarily sets the process umask. | python.library.test#test.support.temp_umask |
exception test.support.TestFailed
Exception to be raised when a test fails. This is deprecated in favor of unittest-based tests and unittest.TestCase’s assertion methods. | python.library.test#test.support.TestFailed |
test.support.TESTFN
Set to a name that is safe to use as the name of a temporary file. Any temporary file that is created should be closed and unlinked (removed). | python.library.test#test.support.TESTFN |
test.support.TESTFN_ENCODING
Set to sys.getfilesystemencoding(). | python.library.test#test.support.TESTFN_ENCODING |
test.support.TESTFN_NONASCII
Set to a filename containing the FS_NONASCII character. | python.library.test#test.support.TESTFN_NONASCII |
test.support.TESTFN_UNDECODABLE
Set to a filename (bytes type) that should not be able to be decoded by file system encoding in strict mode. It may be None if it’s not possible to generate such a filename. | python.library.test#test.support.TESTFN_UNDECODABLE |
test.support.TESTFN_UNENCODABLE
Set to a filename (str type) that should not be able to be encoded by file system encoding in strict mode. It may be None if it’s not possible to generate such a filename. | python.library.test#test.support.TESTFN_UNENCODABLE |
test.support.TESTFN_UNICODE
Set to a non-ASCII name for a temporary file. | python.library.test#test.support.TESTFN_UNICODE |
test.support.TEST_DATA_DIR
Set to the data directory within the test package. | python.library.test#test.support.TEST_DATA_DIR |
test.support.TEST_HOME_DIR
Set to the top level directory for the test package. | python.library.test#test.support.TEST_HOME_DIR |
test.support.TEST_HTTP_URL
Define the URL of a dedicated HTTP server for the network tests. | python.library.test#test.support.TEST_HTTP_URL |
test.support.TEST_SUPPORT_DIR
Set to the top level directory that contains test.support. | python.library.test#test.support.TEST_SUPPORT_DIR |
test.support.threading_cleanup(*original_values)
Cleanup up threads not specified in original_values. Designed to emit a warning if a test leaves running threads in the background. | python.library.test#test.support.threading_cleanup |
test.support.threading_setup()
Return current thread count and copy of dangling threads. | python.library.test#test.support.threading_setup |
class test.support.TransientResource(exc, **kwargs)
Instances are a context manager that raises ResourceDenied if the specified exception type is raised. Any keyword arguments are treated as attribute/value pairs to be compared against any exception raised within the with statement. Only if all pairs match properly against attributes on the exception is ResourceDenied raised. | python.library.test#test.support.TransientResource |
test.support.unix_shell
Path for shell if not on Windows; otherwise None. | python.library.test#test.support.unix_shell |
test.support.unlink(filename)
Call os.unlink() on filename. On Windows platforms, this is wrapped with a wait loop that checks for the existence fo the file. | python.library.test#test.support.unlink |
test.support.unload(name)
Delete name from sys.modules. | python.library.test#test.support.unload |
test.support.verbose
True when verbose output is enabled. Should be checked when more detailed information is desired about a running test. verbose is set by test.regrtest. | python.library.test#test.support.verbose |
test.support.wait_process(pid, *, exitcode, timeout=None)
Wait until process pid completes and check that the process exit code is exitcode. Raise an AssertionError if the process exit code is not equal to exitcode. If the process runs longer than timeout seconds (SHORT_TIMEOUT by default), kill the process and raise an AssertionError. The timeout feature is not available on Windows. New in version 3.9. | python.library.test#test.support.wait_process |
test.support.wait_threads_exit(timeout=60.0)
Context manager to wait until all threads created in the with statement exit. | python.library.test#test.support.wait_threads_exit |
class test.support.WarningsRecorder
Class used to record warnings for unit tests. See documentation of check_warnings() above for more details. | python.library.test#test.support.WarningsRecorder |
test.support.with_pymalloc()
Return _testcapi.WITH_PYMALLOC. | python.library.test#test.support.with_pymalloc |
textwrap — Text wrapping and filling Source code: Lib/textwrap.py The textwrap module provides some convenience functions, as well as TextWrapper, the class that does all the work. If you’re just wrapping or filling one or two text strings, the convenience functions should be good enough; otherwise, you should use an instance of TextWrapper for efficiency.
textwrap.wrap(text, width=70, **kwargs)
Wraps the single paragraph in text (a string) so every line is at most width characters long. Returns a list of output lines, without final newlines. Optional keyword arguments correspond to the instance attributes of TextWrapper, documented below. width defaults to 70. See the TextWrapper.wrap() method for additional details on how wrap() behaves.
textwrap.fill(text, width=70, **kwargs)
Wraps the single paragraph in text, and returns a single string containing the wrapped paragraph. fill() is shorthand for "\n".join(wrap(text, ...))
In particular, fill() accepts exactly the same keyword arguments as wrap().
textwrap.shorten(text, width, **kwargs)
Collapse and truncate the given text to fit in the given width. First the whitespace in text is collapsed (all whitespace is replaced by single spaces). If the result fits in the width, it is returned. Otherwise, enough words are dropped from the end so that the remaining words plus the placeholder fit within width: >>> textwrap.shorten("Hello world!", width=12)
'Hello world!'
>>> textwrap.shorten("Hello world!", width=11)
'Hello [...]'
>>> textwrap.shorten("Hello world", width=10, placeholder="...")
'Hello...'
Optional keyword arguments correspond to the instance attributes of TextWrapper, documented below. Note that the whitespace is collapsed before the text is passed to the TextWrapper fill() function, so changing the value of tabsize, expand_tabs, drop_whitespace, and replace_whitespace will have no effect. New in version 3.4.
textwrap.dedent(text)
Remove any common leading whitespace from every line in text. This can be used to make triple-quoted strings line up with the left edge of the display, while still presenting them in the source code in indented form. Note that tabs and spaces are both treated as whitespace, but they are not equal: the lines " hello" and "\thello" are considered to have no common leading whitespace. Lines containing only whitespace are ignored in the input and normalized to a single newline character in the output. For example: def test():
# end first line with \ to avoid the empty line!
s = '''\
hello
world
'''
print(repr(s)) # prints ' hello\n world\n '
print(repr(dedent(s))) # prints 'hello\n world\n'
textwrap.indent(text, prefix, predicate=None)
Add prefix to the beginning of selected lines in text. Lines are separated by calling text.splitlines(True). By default, prefix is added to all lines that do not consist solely of whitespace (including any line endings). For example: >>> s = 'hello\n\n \nworld'
>>> indent(s, ' ')
' hello\n\n \n world'
The optional predicate argument can be used to control which lines are indented. For example, it is easy to add prefix to even empty and whitespace-only lines: >>> print(indent(s, '+ ', lambda line: True))
+ hello
+
+
+ world
New in version 3.3.
wrap(), fill() and shorten() work by creating a TextWrapper instance and calling a single method on it. That instance is not reused, so for applications that process many text strings using wrap() and/or fill(), it may be more efficient to create your own TextWrapper object. Text is preferably wrapped on whitespaces and right after the hyphens in hyphenated words; only then will long words be broken if necessary, unless TextWrapper.break_long_words is set to false.
class textwrap.TextWrapper(**kwargs)
The TextWrapper constructor accepts a number of optional keyword arguments. Each keyword argument corresponds to an instance attribute, so for example wrapper = TextWrapper(initial_indent="* ")
is the same as wrapper = TextWrapper()
wrapper.initial_indent = "* "
You can re-use the same TextWrapper object many times, and you can change any of its options through direct assignment to instance attributes between uses. The TextWrapper instance attributes (and keyword arguments to the constructor) are as follows:
width
(default: 70) The maximum length of wrapped lines. As long as there are no individual words in the input text longer than width, TextWrapper guarantees that no output line will be longer than width characters.
expand_tabs
(default: True) If true, then all tab characters in text will be expanded to spaces using the expandtabs() method of text.
tabsize
(default: 8) If expand_tabs is true, then all tab characters in text will be expanded to zero or more spaces, depending on the current column and the given tab size. New in version 3.3.
replace_whitespace
(default: True) If true, after tab expansion but before wrapping, the wrap() method will replace each whitespace character with a single space. The whitespace characters replaced are as follows: tab, newline, vertical tab, formfeed, and carriage return ('\t\n\v\f\r'). Note If expand_tabs is false and replace_whitespace is true, each tab character will be replaced by a single space, which is not the same as tab expansion. Note If replace_whitespace is false, newlines may appear in the middle of a line and cause strange output. For this reason, text should be split into paragraphs (using str.splitlines() or similar) which are wrapped separately.
drop_whitespace
(default: True) If true, whitespace at the beginning and ending of every line (after wrapping but before indenting) is dropped. Whitespace at the beginning of the paragraph, however, is not dropped if non-whitespace follows it. If whitespace being dropped takes up an entire line, the whole line is dropped.
initial_indent
(default: '') String that will be prepended to the first line of wrapped output. Counts towards the length of the first line. The empty string is not indented.
subsequent_indent
(default: '') String that will be prepended to all lines of wrapped output except the first. Counts towards the length of each line except the first.
fix_sentence_endings
(default: False) If true, TextWrapper attempts to detect sentence endings and ensure that sentences are always separated by exactly two spaces. This is generally desired for text in a monospaced font. However, the sentence detection algorithm is imperfect: it assumes that a sentence ending consists of a lowercase letter followed by one of '.', '!', or '?', possibly followed by one of '"' or "'", followed by a space. One problem with this is algorithm is that it is unable to detect the difference between “Dr.” in [...] Dr. Frankenstein's monster [...]
and “Spot.” in [...] See Spot. See Spot run [...]
fix_sentence_endings is false by default. Since the sentence detection algorithm relies on string.lowercase for the definition of “lowercase letter”, and a convention of using two spaces after a period to separate sentences on the same line, it is specific to English-language texts.
break_long_words
(default: True) If true, then words longer than width will be broken in order to ensure that no lines are longer than width. If it is false, long words will not be broken, and some lines may be longer than width. (Long words will be put on a line by themselves, in order to minimize the amount by which width is exceeded.)
break_on_hyphens
(default: True) If true, wrapping will occur preferably on whitespaces and right after hyphens in compound words, as it is customary in English. If false, only whitespaces will be considered as potentially good places for line breaks, but you need to set break_long_words to false if you want truly insecable words. Default behaviour in previous versions was to always allow breaking hyphenated words.
max_lines
(default: None) If not None, then the output will contain at most max_lines lines, with placeholder appearing at the end of the output. New in version 3.4.
placeholder
(default: ' [...]') String that will appear at the end of the output text if it has been truncated. New in version 3.4.
TextWrapper also provides some public methods, analogous to the module-level convenience functions:
wrap(text)
Wraps the single paragraph in text (a string) so every line is at most width characters long. All wrapping options are taken from instance attributes of the TextWrapper instance. Returns a list of output lines, without final newlines. If the wrapped output has no content, the returned list is empty.
fill(text)
Wraps the single paragraph in text, and returns a single string containing the wrapped paragraph. | python.library.textwrap |
textwrap.dedent(text)
Remove any common leading whitespace from every line in text. This can be used to make triple-quoted strings line up with the left edge of the display, while still presenting them in the source code in indented form. Note that tabs and spaces are both treated as whitespace, but they are not equal: the lines " hello" and "\thello" are considered to have no common leading whitespace. Lines containing only whitespace are ignored in the input and normalized to a single newline character in the output. For example: def test():
# end first line with \ to avoid the empty line!
s = '''\
hello
world
'''
print(repr(s)) # prints ' hello\n world\n '
print(repr(dedent(s))) # prints 'hello\n world\n' | python.library.textwrap#textwrap.dedent |
textwrap.fill(text, width=70, **kwargs)
Wraps the single paragraph in text, and returns a single string containing the wrapped paragraph. fill() is shorthand for "\n".join(wrap(text, ...))
In particular, fill() accepts exactly the same keyword arguments as wrap(). | python.library.textwrap#textwrap.fill |
textwrap.indent(text, prefix, predicate=None)
Add prefix to the beginning of selected lines in text. Lines are separated by calling text.splitlines(True). By default, prefix is added to all lines that do not consist solely of whitespace (including any line endings). For example: >>> s = 'hello\n\n \nworld'
>>> indent(s, ' ')
' hello\n\n \n world'
The optional predicate argument can be used to control which lines are indented. For example, it is easy to add prefix to even empty and whitespace-only lines: >>> print(indent(s, '+ ', lambda line: True))
+ hello
+
+
+ world
New in version 3.3. | python.library.textwrap#textwrap.indent |
textwrap.shorten(text, width, **kwargs)
Collapse and truncate the given text to fit in the given width. First the whitespace in text is collapsed (all whitespace is replaced by single spaces). If the result fits in the width, it is returned. Otherwise, enough words are dropped from the end so that the remaining words plus the placeholder fit within width: >>> textwrap.shorten("Hello world!", width=12)
'Hello world!'
>>> textwrap.shorten("Hello world!", width=11)
'Hello [...]'
>>> textwrap.shorten("Hello world", width=10, placeholder="...")
'Hello...'
Optional keyword arguments correspond to the instance attributes of TextWrapper, documented below. Note that the whitespace is collapsed before the text is passed to the TextWrapper fill() function, so changing the value of tabsize, expand_tabs, drop_whitespace, and replace_whitespace will have no effect. New in version 3.4. | python.library.textwrap#textwrap.shorten |
class textwrap.TextWrapper(**kwargs)
The TextWrapper constructor accepts a number of optional keyword arguments. Each keyword argument corresponds to an instance attribute, so for example wrapper = TextWrapper(initial_indent="* ")
is the same as wrapper = TextWrapper()
wrapper.initial_indent = "* "
You can re-use the same TextWrapper object many times, and you can change any of its options through direct assignment to instance attributes between uses. The TextWrapper instance attributes (and keyword arguments to the constructor) are as follows:
width
(default: 70) The maximum length of wrapped lines. As long as there are no individual words in the input text longer than width, TextWrapper guarantees that no output line will be longer than width characters.
expand_tabs
(default: True) If true, then all tab characters in text will be expanded to spaces using the expandtabs() method of text.
tabsize
(default: 8) If expand_tabs is true, then all tab characters in text will be expanded to zero or more spaces, depending on the current column and the given tab size. New in version 3.3.
replace_whitespace
(default: True) If true, after tab expansion but before wrapping, the wrap() method will replace each whitespace character with a single space. The whitespace characters replaced are as follows: tab, newline, vertical tab, formfeed, and carriage return ('\t\n\v\f\r'). Note If expand_tabs is false and replace_whitespace is true, each tab character will be replaced by a single space, which is not the same as tab expansion. Note If replace_whitespace is false, newlines may appear in the middle of a line and cause strange output. For this reason, text should be split into paragraphs (using str.splitlines() or similar) which are wrapped separately.
drop_whitespace
(default: True) If true, whitespace at the beginning and ending of every line (after wrapping but before indenting) is dropped. Whitespace at the beginning of the paragraph, however, is not dropped if non-whitespace follows it. If whitespace being dropped takes up an entire line, the whole line is dropped.
initial_indent
(default: '') String that will be prepended to the first line of wrapped output. Counts towards the length of the first line. The empty string is not indented.
subsequent_indent
(default: '') String that will be prepended to all lines of wrapped output except the first. Counts towards the length of each line except the first.
fix_sentence_endings
(default: False) If true, TextWrapper attempts to detect sentence endings and ensure that sentences are always separated by exactly two spaces. This is generally desired for text in a monospaced font. However, the sentence detection algorithm is imperfect: it assumes that a sentence ending consists of a lowercase letter followed by one of '.', '!', or '?', possibly followed by one of '"' or "'", followed by a space. One problem with this is algorithm is that it is unable to detect the difference between “Dr.” in [...] Dr. Frankenstein's monster [...]
and “Spot.” in [...] See Spot. See Spot run [...]
fix_sentence_endings is false by default. Since the sentence detection algorithm relies on string.lowercase for the definition of “lowercase letter”, and a convention of using two spaces after a period to separate sentences on the same line, it is specific to English-language texts.
break_long_words
(default: True) If true, then words longer than width will be broken in order to ensure that no lines are longer than width. If it is false, long words will not be broken, and some lines may be longer than width. (Long words will be put on a line by themselves, in order to minimize the amount by which width is exceeded.)
break_on_hyphens
(default: True) If true, wrapping will occur preferably on whitespaces and right after hyphens in compound words, as it is customary in English. If false, only whitespaces will be considered as potentially good places for line breaks, but you need to set break_long_words to false if you want truly insecable words. Default behaviour in previous versions was to always allow breaking hyphenated words.
max_lines
(default: None) If not None, then the output will contain at most max_lines lines, with placeholder appearing at the end of the output. New in version 3.4.
placeholder
(default: ' [...]') String that will appear at the end of the output text if it has been truncated. New in version 3.4.
TextWrapper also provides some public methods, analogous to the module-level convenience functions:
wrap(text)
Wraps the single paragraph in text (a string) so every line is at most width characters long. All wrapping options are taken from instance attributes of the TextWrapper instance. Returns a list of output lines, without final newlines. If the wrapped output has no content, the returned list is empty.
fill(text)
Wraps the single paragraph in text, and returns a single string containing the wrapped paragraph. | python.library.textwrap#textwrap.TextWrapper |
break_long_words
(default: True) If true, then words longer than width will be broken in order to ensure that no lines are longer than width. If it is false, long words will not be broken, and some lines may be longer than width. (Long words will be put on a line by themselves, in order to minimize the amount by which width is exceeded.) | python.library.textwrap#textwrap.TextWrapper.break_long_words |
break_on_hyphens
(default: True) If true, wrapping will occur preferably on whitespaces and right after hyphens in compound words, as it is customary in English. If false, only whitespaces will be considered as potentially good places for line breaks, but you need to set break_long_words to false if you want truly insecable words. Default behaviour in previous versions was to always allow breaking hyphenated words. | python.library.textwrap#textwrap.TextWrapper.break_on_hyphens |
drop_whitespace
(default: True) If true, whitespace at the beginning and ending of every line (after wrapping but before indenting) is dropped. Whitespace at the beginning of the paragraph, however, is not dropped if non-whitespace follows it. If whitespace being dropped takes up an entire line, the whole line is dropped. | python.library.textwrap#textwrap.TextWrapper.drop_whitespace |
expand_tabs
(default: True) If true, then all tab characters in text will be expanded to spaces using the expandtabs() method of text. | python.library.textwrap#textwrap.TextWrapper.expand_tabs |
fill(text)
Wraps the single paragraph in text, and returns a single string containing the wrapped paragraph. | python.library.textwrap#textwrap.TextWrapper.fill |
fix_sentence_endings
(default: False) If true, TextWrapper attempts to detect sentence endings and ensure that sentences are always separated by exactly two spaces. This is generally desired for text in a monospaced font. However, the sentence detection algorithm is imperfect: it assumes that a sentence ending consists of a lowercase letter followed by one of '.', '!', or '?', possibly followed by one of '"' or "'", followed by a space. One problem with this is algorithm is that it is unable to detect the difference between “Dr.” in [...] Dr. Frankenstein's monster [...]
and “Spot.” in [...] See Spot. See Spot run [...]
fix_sentence_endings is false by default. Since the sentence detection algorithm relies on string.lowercase for the definition of “lowercase letter”, and a convention of using two spaces after a period to separate sentences on the same line, it is specific to English-language texts. | python.library.textwrap#textwrap.TextWrapper.fix_sentence_endings |
initial_indent
(default: '') String that will be prepended to the first line of wrapped output. Counts towards the length of the first line. The empty string is not indented. | python.library.textwrap#textwrap.TextWrapper.initial_indent |
max_lines
(default: None) If not None, then the output will contain at most max_lines lines, with placeholder appearing at the end of the output. New in version 3.4. | python.library.textwrap#textwrap.TextWrapper.max_lines |
placeholder
(default: ' [...]') String that will appear at the end of the output text if it has been truncated. New in version 3.4. | python.library.textwrap#textwrap.TextWrapper.placeholder |
replace_whitespace
(default: True) If true, after tab expansion but before wrapping, the wrap() method will replace each whitespace character with a single space. The whitespace characters replaced are as follows: tab, newline, vertical tab, formfeed, and carriage return ('\t\n\v\f\r'). Note If expand_tabs is false and replace_whitespace is true, each tab character will be replaced by a single space, which is not the same as tab expansion. Note If replace_whitespace is false, newlines may appear in the middle of a line and cause strange output. For this reason, text should be split into paragraphs (using str.splitlines() or similar) which are wrapped separately. | python.library.textwrap#textwrap.TextWrapper.replace_whitespace |
subsequent_indent
(default: '') String that will be prepended to all lines of wrapped output except the first. Counts towards the length of each line except the first. | python.library.textwrap#textwrap.TextWrapper.subsequent_indent |
tabsize
(default: 8) If expand_tabs is true, then all tab characters in text will be expanded to zero or more spaces, depending on the current column and the given tab size. New in version 3.3. | python.library.textwrap#textwrap.TextWrapper.tabsize |
width
(default: 70) The maximum length of wrapped lines. As long as there are no individual words in the input text longer than width, TextWrapper guarantees that no output line will be longer than width characters. | python.library.textwrap#textwrap.TextWrapper.width |
wrap(text)
Wraps the single paragraph in text (a string) so every line is at most width characters long. All wrapping options are taken from instance attributes of the TextWrapper instance. Returns a list of output lines, without final newlines. If the wrapped output has no content, the returned list is empty. | python.library.textwrap#textwrap.TextWrapper.wrap |
textwrap.wrap(text, width=70, **kwargs)
Wraps the single paragraph in text (a string) so every line is at most width characters long. Returns a list of output lines, without final newlines. Optional keyword arguments correspond to the instance attributes of TextWrapper, documented below. width defaults to 70. See the TextWrapper.wrap() method for additional details on how wrap() behaves. | python.library.textwrap#textwrap.wrap |
threading — Thread-based parallelism Source code: Lib/threading.py This module constructs higher-level threading interfaces on top of the lower level _thread module. See also the queue module. Changed in version 3.7: This module used to be optional, it is now always available. Note While they are not listed below, the camelCase names used for some methods and functions in this module in the Python 2.x series are still supported by this module. CPython implementation detail: In CPython, due to the Global Interpreter Lock, only one thread can execute Python code at once (even though certain performance-oriented libraries might overcome this limitation). If you want your application to make better use of the computational resources of multi-core machines, you are advised to use multiprocessing or concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor. However, threading is still an appropriate model if you want to run multiple I/O-bound tasks simultaneously. This module defines the following functions:
threading.active_count()
Return the number of Thread objects currently alive. The returned count is equal to the length of the list returned by enumerate().
threading.current_thread()
Return the current Thread object, corresponding to the caller’s thread of control. If the caller’s thread of control was not created through the threading module, a dummy thread object with limited functionality is returned.
threading.excepthook(args, /)
Handle uncaught exception raised by Thread.run(). The args argument has the following attributes:
exc_type: Exception type.
exc_value: Exception value, can be None.
exc_traceback: Exception traceback, can be None.
thread: Thread which raised the exception, can be None. If exc_type is SystemExit, the exception is silently ignored. Otherwise, the exception is printed out on sys.stderr. If this function raises an exception, sys.excepthook() is called to handle it. threading.excepthook() can be overridden to control how uncaught exceptions raised by Thread.run() are handled. Storing exc_value using a custom hook can create a reference cycle. It should be cleared explicitly to break the reference cycle when the exception is no longer needed. Storing thread using a custom hook can resurrect it if it is set to an object which is being finalized. Avoid storing thread after the custom hook completes to avoid resurrecting objects. See also sys.excepthook() handles uncaught exceptions. New in version 3.8.
threading.get_ident()
Return the ‘thread identifier’ of the current thread. This is a nonzero integer. Its value has no direct meaning; it is intended as a magic cookie to be used e.g. to index a dictionary of thread-specific data. Thread identifiers may be recycled when a thread exits and another thread is created. New in version 3.3.
threading.get_native_id()
Return the native integral Thread ID of the current thread assigned by the kernel. This is a non-negative integer. Its value may be used to uniquely identify this particular thread system-wide (until the thread terminates, after which the value may be recycled by the OS). Availability: Windows, FreeBSD, Linux, macOS, OpenBSD, NetBSD, AIX. New in version 3.8.
threading.enumerate()
Return a list of all Thread objects currently alive. The list includes daemonic threads, dummy thread objects created by current_thread(), and the main thread. It excludes terminated threads and threads that have not yet been started.
threading.main_thread()
Return the main Thread object. In normal conditions, the main thread is the thread from which the Python interpreter was started. New in version 3.4.
threading.settrace(func)
Set a trace function for all threads started from the threading module. The func will be passed to sys.settrace() for each thread, before its run() method is called.
threading.setprofile(func)
Set a profile function for all threads started from the threading module. The func will be passed to sys.setprofile() for each thread, before its run() method is called.
threading.stack_size([size])
Return the thread stack size used when creating new threads. The optional size argument specifies the stack size to be used for subsequently created threads, and must be 0 (use platform or configured default) or a positive integer value of at least 32,768 (32 KiB). If size is not specified, 0 is used. If changing the thread stack size is unsupported, a RuntimeError is raised. If the specified stack size is invalid, a ValueError is raised and the stack size is unmodified. 32 KiB is currently the minimum supported stack size value to guarantee sufficient stack space for the interpreter itself. Note that some platforms may have particular restrictions on values for the stack size, such as requiring a minimum stack size > 32 KiB or requiring allocation in multiples of the system memory page size - platform documentation should be referred to for more information (4 KiB pages are common; using multiples of 4096 for the stack size is the suggested approach in the absence of more specific information). Availability: Windows, systems with POSIX threads.
This module also defines the following constant:
threading.TIMEOUT_MAX
The maximum value allowed for the timeout parameter of blocking functions (Lock.acquire(), RLock.acquire(), Condition.wait(), etc.). Specifying a timeout greater than this value will raise an OverflowError. New in version 3.2.
This module defines a number of classes, which are detailed in the sections below. The design of this module is loosely based on Java’s threading model. However, where Java makes locks and condition variables basic behavior of every object, they are separate objects in Python. Python’s Thread class supports a subset of the behavior of Java’s Thread class; currently, there are no priorities, no thread groups, and threads cannot be destroyed, stopped, suspended, resumed, or interrupted. The static methods of Java’s Thread class, when implemented, are mapped to module-level functions. All of the methods described below are executed atomically. Thread-Local Data Thread-local data is data whose values are thread specific. To manage thread-local data, just create an instance of local (or a subclass) and store attributes on it: mydata = threading.local()
mydata.x = 1
The instance’s values will be different for separate threads.
class threading.local
A class that represents thread-local data. For more details and extensive examples, see the documentation string of the _threading_local module.
Thread Objects The Thread class represents an activity that is run in a separate thread of control. There are two ways to specify the activity: by passing a callable object to the constructor, or by overriding the run() method in a subclass. No other methods (except for the constructor) should be overridden in a subclass. In other words, only override the __init__() and run() methods of this class. Once a thread object is created, its activity must be started by calling the thread’s start() method. This invokes the run() method in a separate thread of control. Once the thread’s activity is started, the thread is considered ‘alive’. It stops being alive when its run() method terminates – either normally, or by raising an unhandled exception. The is_alive() method tests whether the thread is alive. Other threads can call a thread’s join() method. This blocks the calling thread until the thread whose join() method is called is terminated. A thread has a name. The name can be passed to the constructor, and read or changed through the name attribute. If the run() method raises an exception, threading.excepthook() is called to handle it. By default, threading.excepthook() ignores silently SystemExit. A thread can be flagged as a “daemon thread”. The significance of this flag is that the entire Python program exits when only daemon threads are left. The initial value is inherited from the creating thread. The flag can be set through the daemon property or the daemon constructor argument. Note Daemon threads are abruptly stopped at shutdown. Their resources (such as open files, database transactions, etc.) may not be released properly. If you want your threads to stop gracefully, make them non-daemonic and use a suitable signalling mechanism such as an Event. There is a “main thread” object; this corresponds to the initial thread of control in the Python program. It is not a daemon thread. There is the possibility that “dummy thread objects” are created. These are thread objects corresponding to “alien threads”, which are threads of control started outside the threading module, such as directly from C code. Dummy thread objects have limited functionality; they are always considered alive and daemonic, and cannot be join()ed. They are never deleted, since it is impossible to detect the termination of alien threads.
class threading.Thread(group=None, target=None, name=None, args=(), kwargs={}, *, daemon=None)
This constructor should always be called with keyword arguments. Arguments are: group should be None; reserved for future extension when a ThreadGroup class is implemented. target is the callable object to be invoked by the run() method. Defaults to None, meaning nothing is called. name is the thread name. By default, a unique name is constructed of the form “Thread-N” where N is a small decimal number. args is the argument tuple for the target invocation. Defaults to (). kwargs is a dictionary of keyword arguments for the target invocation. Defaults to {}. If not None, daemon explicitly sets whether the thread is daemonic. If None (the default), the daemonic property is inherited from the current thread. If the subclass overrides the constructor, it must make sure to invoke the base class constructor (Thread.__init__()) before doing anything else to the thread. Changed in version 3.3: Added the daemon argument.
start()
Start the thread’s activity. It must be called at most once per thread object. It arranges for the object’s run() method to be invoked in a separate thread of control. This method will raise a RuntimeError if called more than once on the same thread object.
run()
Method representing the thread’s activity. You may override this method in a subclass. The standard run() method invokes the callable object passed to the object’s constructor as the target argument, if any, with positional and keyword arguments taken from the args and kwargs arguments, respectively.
join(timeout=None)
Wait until the thread terminates. This blocks the calling thread until the thread whose join() method is called terminates – either normally or through an unhandled exception – or until the optional timeout occurs. When the timeout argument is present and not None, it should be a floating point number specifying a timeout for the operation in seconds (or fractions thereof). As join() always returns None, you must call is_alive() after join() to decide whether a timeout happened – if the thread is still alive, the join() call timed out. When the timeout argument is not present or None, the operation will block until the thread terminates. A thread can be join()ed many times. join() raises a RuntimeError if an attempt is made to join the current thread as that would cause a deadlock. It is also an error to join() a thread before it has been started and attempts to do so raise the same exception.
name
A string used for identification purposes only. It has no semantics. Multiple threads may be given the same name. The initial name is set by the constructor.
getName()
setName()
Old getter/setter API for name; use it directly as a property instead.
ident
The ‘thread identifier’ of this thread or None if the thread has not been started. This is a nonzero integer. See the get_ident() function. Thread identifiers may be recycled when a thread exits and another thread is created. The identifier is available even after the thread has exited.
native_id
The native integral thread ID of this thread. This is a non-negative integer, or None if the thread has not been started. See the get_native_id() function. This represents the Thread ID (TID) as assigned to the thread by the OS (kernel). Its value may be used to uniquely identify this particular thread system-wide (until the thread terminates, after which the value may be recycled by the OS). Note Similar to Process IDs, Thread IDs are only valid (guaranteed unique system-wide) from the time the thread is created until the thread has been terminated. Availability: Requires get_native_id() function. New in version 3.8.
is_alive()
Return whether the thread is alive. This method returns True just before the run() method starts until just after the run() method terminates. The module function enumerate() returns a list of all alive threads.
daemon
A boolean value indicating whether this thread is a daemon thread (True) or not (False). This must be set before start() is called, otherwise RuntimeError is raised. Its initial value is inherited from the creating thread; the main thread is not a daemon thread and therefore all threads created in the main thread default to daemon = False. The entire Python program exits when no alive non-daemon threads are left.
isDaemon()
setDaemon()
Old getter/setter API for daemon; use it directly as a property instead.
Lock Objects A primitive lock is a synchronization primitive that is not owned by a particular thread when locked. In Python, it is currently the lowest level synchronization primitive available, implemented directly by the _thread extension module. A primitive lock is in one of two states, “locked” or “unlocked”. It is created in the unlocked state. It has two basic methods, acquire() and release(). When the state is unlocked, acquire() changes the state to locked and returns immediately. When the state is locked, acquire() blocks until a call to release() in another thread changes it to unlocked, then the acquire() call resets it to locked and returns. The release() method should only be called in the locked state; it changes the state to unlocked and returns immediately. If an attempt is made to release an unlocked lock, a RuntimeError will be raised. Locks also support the context management protocol. When more than one thread is blocked in acquire() waiting for the state to turn to unlocked, only one thread proceeds when a release() call resets the state to unlocked; which one of the waiting threads proceeds is not defined, and may vary across implementations. All methods are executed atomically.
class threading.Lock
The class implementing primitive lock objects. Once a thread has acquired a lock, subsequent attempts to acquire it block, until it is released; any thread may release it. Note that Lock is actually a factory function which returns an instance of the most efficient version of the concrete Lock class that is supported by the platform.
acquire(blocking=True, timeout=-1)
Acquire a lock, blocking or non-blocking. When invoked with the blocking argument set to True (the default), block until the lock is unlocked, then set it to locked and return True. When invoked with the blocking argument set to False, do not block. If a call with blocking set to True would block, return False immediately; otherwise, set the lock to locked and return True. When invoked with the floating-point timeout argument set to a positive value, block for at most the number of seconds specified by timeout and as long as the lock cannot be acquired. A timeout argument of -1 specifies an unbounded wait. It is forbidden to specify a timeout when blocking is false. The return value is True if the lock is acquired successfully, False if not (for example if the timeout expired). Changed in version 3.2: The timeout parameter is new. Changed in version 3.2: Lock acquisition can now be interrupted by signals on POSIX if the underlying threading implementation supports it.
release()
Release a lock. This can be called from any thread, not only the thread which has acquired the lock. When the lock is locked, reset it to unlocked, and return. If any other threads are blocked waiting for the lock to become unlocked, allow exactly one of them to proceed. When invoked on an unlocked lock, a RuntimeError is raised. There is no return value.
locked()
Return true if the lock is acquired.
RLock Objects A reentrant lock is a synchronization primitive that may be acquired multiple times by the same thread. Internally, it uses the concepts of “owning thread” and “recursion level” in addition to the locked/unlocked state used by primitive locks. In the locked state, some thread owns the lock; in the unlocked state, no thread owns it. To lock the lock, a thread calls its acquire() method; this returns once the thread owns the lock. To unlock the lock, a thread calls its release() method. acquire()/release() call pairs may be nested; only the final release() (the release() of the outermost pair) resets the lock to unlocked and allows another thread blocked in acquire() to proceed. Reentrant locks also support the context management protocol.
class threading.RLock
This class implements reentrant lock objects. A reentrant lock must be released by the thread that acquired it. Once a thread has acquired a reentrant lock, the same thread may acquire it again without blocking; the thread must release it once for each time it has acquired it. Note that RLock is actually a factory function which returns an instance of the most efficient version of the concrete RLock class that is supported by the platform.
acquire(blocking=True, timeout=-1)
Acquire a lock, blocking or non-blocking. When invoked without arguments: if this thread already owns the lock, increment the recursion level by one, and return immediately. Otherwise, if another thread owns the lock, block until the lock is unlocked. Once the lock is unlocked (not owned by any thread), then grab ownership, set the recursion level to one, and return. If more than one thread is blocked waiting until the lock is unlocked, only one at a time will be able to grab ownership of the lock. There is no return value in this case. When invoked with the blocking argument set to true, do the same thing as when called without arguments, and return True. When invoked with the blocking argument set to false, do not block. If a call without an argument would block, return False immediately; otherwise, do the same thing as when called without arguments, and return True. When invoked with the floating-point timeout argument set to a positive value, block for at most the number of seconds specified by timeout and as long as the lock cannot be acquired. Return True if the lock has been acquired, false if the timeout has elapsed. Changed in version 3.2: The timeout parameter is new.
release()
Release a lock, decrementing the recursion level. If after the decrement it is zero, reset the lock to unlocked (not owned by any thread), and if any other threads are blocked waiting for the lock to become unlocked, allow exactly one of them to proceed. If after the decrement the recursion level is still nonzero, the lock remains locked and owned by the calling thread. Only call this method when the calling thread owns the lock. A RuntimeError is raised if this method is called when the lock is unlocked. There is no return value.
Condition Objects A condition variable is always associated with some kind of lock; this can be passed in or one will be created by default. Passing one in is useful when several condition variables must share the same lock. The lock is part of the condition object: you don’t have to track it separately. A condition variable obeys the context management protocol: using the with statement acquires the associated lock for the duration of the enclosed block. The acquire() and release() methods also call the corresponding methods of the associated lock. Other methods must be called with the associated lock held. The wait() method releases the lock, and then blocks until another thread awakens it by calling notify() or notify_all(). Once awakened, wait() re-acquires the lock and returns. It is also possible to specify a timeout. The notify() method wakes up one of the threads waiting for the condition variable, if any are waiting. The notify_all() method wakes up all threads waiting for the condition variable. Note: the notify() and notify_all() methods don’t release the lock; this means that the thread or threads awakened will not return from their wait() call immediately, but only when the thread that called notify() or notify_all() finally relinquishes ownership of the lock. The typical programming style using condition variables uses the lock to synchronize access to some shared state; threads that are interested in a particular change of state call wait() repeatedly until they see the desired state, while threads that modify the state call notify() or notify_all() when they change the state in such a way that it could possibly be a desired state for one of the waiters. For example, the following code is a generic producer-consumer situation with unlimited buffer capacity: # Consume one item
with cv:
while not an_item_is_available():
cv.wait()
get_an_available_item()
# Produce one item
with cv:
make_an_item_available()
cv.notify()
The while loop checking for the application’s condition is necessary because wait() can return after an arbitrary long time, and the condition which prompted the notify() call may no longer hold true. This is inherent to multi-threaded programming. The wait_for() method can be used to automate the condition checking, and eases the computation of timeouts: # Consume an item
with cv:
cv.wait_for(an_item_is_available)
get_an_available_item()
To choose between notify() and notify_all(), consider whether one state change can be interesting for only one or several waiting threads. E.g. in a typical producer-consumer situation, adding one item to the buffer only needs to wake up one consumer thread.
class threading.Condition(lock=None)
This class implements condition variable objects. A condition variable allows one or more threads to wait until they are notified by another thread. If the lock argument is given and not None, it must be a Lock or RLock object, and it is used as the underlying lock. Otherwise, a new RLock object is created and used as the underlying lock. Changed in version 3.3: changed from a factory function to a class.
acquire(*args)
Acquire the underlying lock. This method calls the corresponding method on the underlying lock; the return value is whatever that method returns.
release()
Release the underlying lock. This method calls the corresponding method on the underlying lock; there is no return value.
wait(timeout=None)
Wait until notified or until a timeout occurs. If the calling thread has not acquired the lock when this method is called, a RuntimeError is raised. This method releases the underlying lock, and then blocks until it is awakened by a notify() or notify_all() call for the same condition variable in another thread, or until the optional timeout occurs. Once awakened or timed out, it re-acquires the lock and returns. When the timeout argument is present and not None, it should be a floating point number specifying a timeout for the operation in seconds (or fractions thereof). When the underlying lock is an RLock, it is not released using its release() method, since this may not actually unlock the lock when it was acquired multiple times recursively. Instead, an internal interface of the RLock class is used, which really unlocks it even when it has been recursively acquired several times. Another internal interface is then used to restore the recursion level when the lock is reacquired. The return value is True unless a given timeout expired, in which case it is False. Changed in version 3.2: Previously, the method always returned None.
wait_for(predicate, timeout=None)
Wait until a condition evaluates to true. predicate should be a callable which result will be interpreted as a boolean value. A timeout may be provided giving the maximum time to wait. This utility method may call wait() repeatedly until the predicate is satisfied, or until a timeout occurs. The return value is the last return value of the predicate and will evaluate to False if the method timed out. Ignoring the timeout feature, calling this method is roughly equivalent to writing: while not predicate():
cv.wait()
Therefore, the same rules apply as with wait(): The lock must be held when called and is re-acquired on return. The predicate is evaluated with the lock held. New in version 3.2.
notify(n=1)
By default, wake up one thread waiting on this condition, if any. If the calling thread has not acquired the lock when this method is called, a RuntimeError is raised. This method wakes up at most n of the threads waiting for the condition variable; it is a no-op if no threads are waiting. The current implementation wakes up exactly n threads, if at least n threads are waiting. However, it’s not safe to rely on this behavior. A future, optimized implementation may occasionally wake up more than n threads. Note: an awakened thread does not actually return from its wait() call until it can reacquire the lock. Since notify() does not release the lock, its caller should.
notify_all()
Wake up all threads waiting on this condition. This method acts like notify(), but wakes up all waiting threads instead of one. If the calling thread has not acquired the lock when this method is called, a RuntimeError is raised.
Semaphore Objects This is one of the oldest synchronization primitives in the history of computer science, invented by the early Dutch computer scientist Edsger W. Dijkstra (he used the names P() and V() instead of acquire() and release()). A semaphore manages an internal counter which is decremented by each acquire() call and incremented by each release() call. The counter can never go below zero; when acquire() finds that it is zero, it blocks, waiting until some other thread calls release(). Semaphores also support the context management protocol.
class threading.Semaphore(value=1)
This class implements semaphore objects. A semaphore manages an atomic counter representing the number of release() calls minus the number of acquire() calls, plus an initial value. The acquire() method blocks if necessary until it can return without making the counter negative. If not given, value defaults to 1. The optional argument gives the initial value for the internal counter; it defaults to 1. If the value given is less than 0, ValueError is raised. Changed in version 3.3: changed from a factory function to a class.
acquire(blocking=True, timeout=None)
Acquire a semaphore. When invoked without arguments: If the internal counter is larger than zero on entry, decrement it by one and return True immediately. If the internal counter is zero on entry, block until awoken by a call to release(). Once awoken (and the counter is greater than 0), decrement the counter by 1 and return True. Exactly one thread will be awoken by each call to release(). The order in which threads are awoken should not be relied on. When invoked with blocking set to false, do not block. If a call without an argument would block, return False immediately; otherwise, do the same thing as when called without arguments, and return True. When invoked with a timeout other than None, it will block for at most timeout seconds. If acquire does not complete successfully in that interval, return False. Return True otherwise. Changed in version 3.2: The timeout parameter is new.
release(n=1)
Release a semaphore, incrementing the internal counter by n. When it was zero on entry and other threads are waiting for it to become larger than zero again, wake up n of those threads. Changed in version 3.9: Added the n parameter to release multiple waiting threads at once.
class threading.BoundedSemaphore(value=1)
Class implementing bounded semaphore objects. A bounded semaphore checks to make sure its current value doesn’t exceed its initial value. If it does, ValueError is raised. In most situations semaphores are used to guard resources with limited capacity. If the semaphore is released too many times it’s a sign of a bug. If not given, value defaults to 1. Changed in version 3.3: changed from a factory function to a class.
Semaphore Example Semaphores are often used to guard resources with limited capacity, for example, a database server. In any situation where the size of the resource is fixed, you should use a bounded semaphore. Before spawning any worker threads, your main thread would initialize the semaphore: maxconnections = 5
# ...
pool_sema = BoundedSemaphore(value=maxconnections)
Once spawned, worker threads call the semaphore’s acquire and release methods when they need to connect to the server: with pool_sema:
conn = connectdb()
try:
# ... use connection ...
finally:
conn.close()
The use of a bounded semaphore reduces the chance that a programming error which causes the semaphore to be released more than it’s acquired will go undetected. Event Objects This is one of the simplest mechanisms for communication between threads: one thread signals an event and other threads wait for it. An event object manages an internal flag that can be set to true with the set() method and reset to false with the clear() method. The wait() method blocks until the flag is true.
class threading.Event
Class implementing event objects. An event manages a flag that can be set to true with the set() method and reset to false with the clear() method. The wait() method blocks until the flag is true. The flag is initially false. Changed in version 3.3: changed from a factory function to a class.
is_set()
Return True if and only if the internal flag is true.
set()
Set the internal flag to true. All threads waiting for it to become true are awakened. Threads that call wait() once the flag is true will not block at all.
clear()
Reset the internal flag to false. Subsequently, threads calling wait() will block until set() is called to set the internal flag to true again.
wait(timeout=None)
Block until the internal flag is true. If the internal flag is true on entry, return immediately. Otherwise, block until another thread calls set() to set the flag to true, or until the optional timeout occurs. When the timeout argument is present and not None, it should be a floating point number specifying a timeout for the operation in seconds (or fractions thereof). This method returns True if and only if the internal flag has been set to true, either before the wait call or after the wait starts, so it will always return True except if a timeout is given and the operation times out. Changed in version 3.1: Previously, the method always returned None.
Timer Objects This class represents an action that should be run only after a certain amount of time has passed — a timer. Timer is a subclass of Thread and as such also functions as an example of creating custom threads. Timers are started, as with threads, by calling their start() method. The timer can be stopped (before its action has begun) by calling the cancel() method. The interval the timer will wait before executing its action may not be exactly the same as the interval specified by the user. For example: def hello():
print("hello, world")
t = Timer(30.0, hello)
t.start() # after 30 seconds, "hello, world" will be printed
class threading.Timer(interval, function, args=None, kwargs=None)
Create a timer that will run function with arguments args and keyword arguments kwargs, after interval seconds have passed. If args is None (the default) then an empty list will be used. If kwargs is None (the default) then an empty dict will be used. Changed in version 3.3: changed from a factory function to a class.
cancel()
Stop the timer, and cancel the execution of the timer’s action. This will only work if the timer is still in its waiting stage.
Barrier Objects New in version 3.2. This class provides a simple synchronization primitive for use by a fixed number of threads that need to wait for each other. Each of the threads tries to pass the barrier by calling the wait() method and will block until all of the threads have made their wait() calls. At this point, the threads are released simultaneously. The barrier can be reused any number of times for the same number of threads. As an example, here is a simple way to synchronize a client and server thread: b = Barrier(2, timeout=5)
def server():
start_server()
b.wait()
while True:
connection = accept_connection()
process_server_connection(connection)
def client():
b.wait()
while True:
connection = make_connection()
process_client_connection(connection)
class threading.Barrier(parties, action=None, timeout=None)
Create a barrier object for parties number of threads. An action, when provided, is a callable to be called by one of the threads when they are released. timeout is the default timeout value if none is specified for the wait() method.
wait(timeout=None)
Pass the barrier. When all the threads party to the barrier have called this function, they are all released simultaneously. If a timeout is provided, it is used in preference to any that was supplied to the class constructor. The return value is an integer in the range 0 to parties – 1, different for each thread. This can be used to select a thread to do some special housekeeping, e.g.: i = barrier.wait()
if i == 0:
# Only one thread needs to print this
print("passed the barrier")
If an action was provided to the constructor, one of the threads will have called it prior to being released. Should this call raise an error, the barrier is put into the broken state. If the call times out, the barrier is put into the broken state. This method may raise a BrokenBarrierError exception if the barrier is broken or reset while a thread is waiting.
reset()
Return the barrier to the default, empty state. Any threads waiting on it will receive the BrokenBarrierError exception. Note that using this function may require some external synchronization if there are other threads whose state is unknown. If a barrier is broken it may be better to just leave it and create a new one.
abort()
Put the barrier into a broken state. This causes any active or future calls to wait() to fail with the BrokenBarrierError. Use this for example if one of the threads needs to abort, to avoid deadlocking the application. It may be preferable to simply create the barrier with a sensible timeout value to automatically guard against one of the threads going awry.
parties
The number of threads required to pass the barrier.
n_waiting
The number of threads currently waiting in the barrier.
broken
A boolean that is True if the barrier is in the broken state.
exception threading.BrokenBarrierError
This exception, a subclass of RuntimeError, is raised when the Barrier object is reset or broken.
Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the with statement All of the objects provided by this module that have acquire() and release() methods can be used as context managers for a with statement. The acquire() method will be called when the block is entered, and release() will be called when the block is exited. Hence, the following snippet: with some_lock:
# do something...
is equivalent to: some_lock.acquire()
try:
# do something...
finally:
some_lock.release()
Currently, Lock, RLock, Condition, Semaphore, and BoundedSemaphore objects may be used as with statement context managers. | python.library.threading |
threading.active_count()
Return the number of Thread objects currently alive. The returned count is equal to the length of the list returned by enumerate(). | python.library.threading#threading.active_count |
class threading.Barrier(parties, action=None, timeout=None)
Create a barrier object for parties number of threads. An action, when provided, is a callable to be called by one of the threads when they are released. timeout is the default timeout value if none is specified for the wait() method.
wait(timeout=None)
Pass the barrier. When all the threads party to the barrier have called this function, they are all released simultaneously. If a timeout is provided, it is used in preference to any that was supplied to the class constructor. The return value is an integer in the range 0 to parties – 1, different for each thread. This can be used to select a thread to do some special housekeeping, e.g.: i = barrier.wait()
if i == 0:
# Only one thread needs to print this
print("passed the barrier")
If an action was provided to the constructor, one of the threads will have called it prior to being released. Should this call raise an error, the barrier is put into the broken state. If the call times out, the barrier is put into the broken state. This method may raise a BrokenBarrierError exception if the barrier is broken or reset while a thread is waiting.
reset()
Return the barrier to the default, empty state. Any threads waiting on it will receive the BrokenBarrierError exception. Note that using this function may require some external synchronization if there are other threads whose state is unknown. If a barrier is broken it may be better to just leave it and create a new one.
abort()
Put the barrier into a broken state. This causes any active or future calls to wait() to fail with the BrokenBarrierError. Use this for example if one of the threads needs to abort, to avoid deadlocking the application. It may be preferable to simply create the barrier with a sensible timeout value to automatically guard against one of the threads going awry.
parties
The number of threads required to pass the barrier.
n_waiting
The number of threads currently waiting in the barrier.
broken
A boolean that is True if the barrier is in the broken state. | python.library.threading#threading.Barrier |
abort()
Put the barrier into a broken state. This causes any active or future calls to wait() to fail with the BrokenBarrierError. Use this for example if one of the threads needs to abort, to avoid deadlocking the application. It may be preferable to simply create the barrier with a sensible timeout value to automatically guard against one of the threads going awry. | python.library.threading#threading.Barrier.abort |
broken
A boolean that is True if the barrier is in the broken state. | python.library.threading#threading.Barrier.broken |
n_waiting
The number of threads currently waiting in the barrier. | python.library.threading#threading.Barrier.n_waiting |
parties
The number of threads required to pass the barrier. | python.library.threading#threading.Barrier.parties |
reset()
Return the barrier to the default, empty state. Any threads waiting on it will receive the BrokenBarrierError exception. Note that using this function may require some external synchronization if there are other threads whose state is unknown. If a barrier is broken it may be better to just leave it and create a new one. | python.library.threading#threading.Barrier.reset |
wait(timeout=None)
Pass the barrier. When all the threads party to the barrier have called this function, they are all released simultaneously. If a timeout is provided, it is used in preference to any that was supplied to the class constructor. The return value is an integer in the range 0 to parties – 1, different for each thread. This can be used to select a thread to do some special housekeeping, e.g.: i = barrier.wait()
if i == 0:
# Only one thread needs to print this
print("passed the barrier")
If an action was provided to the constructor, one of the threads will have called it prior to being released. Should this call raise an error, the barrier is put into the broken state. If the call times out, the barrier is put into the broken state. This method may raise a BrokenBarrierError exception if the barrier is broken or reset while a thread is waiting. | python.library.threading#threading.Barrier.wait |
class threading.BoundedSemaphore(value=1)
Class implementing bounded semaphore objects. A bounded semaphore checks to make sure its current value doesn’t exceed its initial value. If it does, ValueError is raised. In most situations semaphores are used to guard resources with limited capacity. If the semaphore is released too many times it’s a sign of a bug. If not given, value defaults to 1. Changed in version 3.3: changed from a factory function to a class. | python.library.threading#threading.BoundedSemaphore |
exception threading.BrokenBarrierError
This exception, a subclass of RuntimeError, is raised when the Barrier object is reset or broken. | python.library.threading#threading.BrokenBarrierError |
class threading.Condition(lock=None)
This class implements condition variable objects. A condition variable allows one or more threads to wait until they are notified by another thread. If the lock argument is given and not None, it must be a Lock or RLock object, and it is used as the underlying lock. Otherwise, a new RLock object is created and used as the underlying lock. Changed in version 3.3: changed from a factory function to a class.
acquire(*args)
Acquire the underlying lock. This method calls the corresponding method on the underlying lock; the return value is whatever that method returns.
release()
Release the underlying lock. This method calls the corresponding method on the underlying lock; there is no return value.
wait(timeout=None)
Wait until notified or until a timeout occurs. If the calling thread has not acquired the lock when this method is called, a RuntimeError is raised. This method releases the underlying lock, and then blocks until it is awakened by a notify() or notify_all() call for the same condition variable in another thread, or until the optional timeout occurs. Once awakened or timed out, it re-acquires the lock and returns. When the timeout argument is present and not None, it should be a floating point number specifying a timeout for the operation in seconds (or fractions thereof). When the underlying lock is an RLock, it is not released using its release() method, since this may not actually unlock the lock when it was acquired multiple times recursively. Instead, an internal interface of the RLock class is used, which really unlocks it even when it has been recursively acquired several times. Another internal interface is then used to restore the recursion level when the lock is reacquired. The return value is True unless a given timeout expired, in which case it is False. Changed in version 3.2: Previously, the method always returned None.
wait_for(predicate, timeout=None)
Wait until a condition evaluates to true. predicate should be a callable which result will be interpreted as a boolean value. A timeout may be provided giving the maximum time to wait. This utility method may call wait() repeatedly until the predicate is satisfied, or until a timeout occurs. The return value is the last return value of the predicate and will evaluate to False if the method timed out. Ignoring the timeout feature, calling this method is roughly equivalent to writing: while not predicate():
cv.wait()
Therefore, the same rules apply as with wait(): The lock must be held when called and is re-acquired on return. The predicate is evaluated with the lock held. New in version 3.2.
notify(n=1)
By default, wake up one thread waiting on this condition, if any. If the calling thread has not acquired the lock when this method is called, a RuntimeError is raised. This method wakes up at most n of the threads waiting for the condition variable; it is a no-op if no threads are waiting. The current implementation wakes up exactly n threads, if at least n threads are waiting. However, it’s not safe to rely on this behavior. A future, optimized implementation may occasionally wake up more than n threads. Note: an awakened thread does not actually return from its wait() call until it can reacquire the lock. Since notify() does not release the lock, its caller should.
notify_all()
Wake up all threads waiting on this condition. This method acts like notify(), but wakes up all waiting threads instead of one. If the calling thread has not acquired the lock when this method is called, a RuntimeError is raised. | python.library.threading#threading.Condition |
acquire(*args)
Acquire the underlying lock. This method calls the corresponding method on the underlying lock; the return value is whatever that method returns. | python.library.threading#threading.Condition.acquire |
notify(n=1)
By default, wake up one thread waiting on this condition, if any. If the calling thread has not acquired the lock when this method is called, a RuntimeError is raised. This method wakes up at most n of the threads waiting for the condition variable; it is a no-op if no threads are waiting. The current implementation wakes up exactly n threads, if at least n threads are waiting. However, it’s not safe to rely on this behavior. A future, optimized implementation may occasionally wake up more than n threads. Note: an awakened thread does not actually return from its wait() call until it can reacquire the lock. Since notify() does not release the lock, its caller should. | python.library.threading#threading.Condition.notify |
notify_all()
Wake up all threads waiting on this condition. This method acts like notify(), but wakes up all waiting threads instead of one. If the calling thread has not acquired the lock when this method is called, a RuntimeError is raised. | python.library.threading#threading.Condition.notify_all |
release()
Release the underlying lock. This method calls the corresponding method on the underlying lock; there is no return value. | python.library.threading#threading.Condition.release |
wait(timeout=None)
Wait until notified or until a timeout occurs. If the calling thread has not acquired the lock when this method is called, a RuntimeError is raised. This method releases the underlying lock, and then blocks until it is awakened by a notify() or notify_all() call for the same condition variable in another thread, or until the optional timeout occurs. Once awakened or timed out, it re-acquires the lock and returns. When the timeout argument is present and not None, it should be a floating point number specifying a timeout for the operation in seconds (or fractions thereof). When the underlying lock is an RLock, it is not released using its release() method, since this may not actually unlock the lock when it was acquired multiple times recursively. Instead, an internal interface of the RLock class is used, which really unlocks it even when it has been recursively acquired several times. Another internal interface is then used to restore the recursion level when the lock is reacquired. The return value is True unless a given timeout expired, in which case it is False. Changed in version 3.2: Previously, the method always returned None. | python.library.threading#threading.Condition.wait |
wait_for(predicate, timeout=None)
Wait until a condition evaluates to true. predicate should be a callable which result will be interpreted as a boolean value. A timeout may be provided giving the maximum time to wait. This utility method may call wait() repeatedly until the predicate is satisfied, or until a timeout occurs. The return value is the last return value of the predicate and will evaluate to False if the method timed out. Ignoring the timeout feature, calling this method is roughly equivalent to writing: while not predicate():
cv.wait()
Therefore, the same rules apply as with wait(): The lock must be held when called and is re-acquired on return. The predicate is evaluated with the lock held. New in version 3.2. | python.library.threading#threading.Condition.wait_for |
threading.current_thread()
Return the current Thread object, corresponding to the caller’s thread of control. If the caller’s thread of control was not created through the threading module, a dummy thread object with limited functionality is returned. | python.library.threading#threading.current_thread |
threading.enumerate()
Return a list of all Thread objects currently alive. The list includes daemonic threads, dummy thread objects created by current_thread(), and the main thread. It excludes terminated threads and threads that have not yet been started. | python.library.threading#threading.enumerate |
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