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# 1946 Copa del Generalísimo final
The 1946 Copa del Generalísimo Final was the 44th final of the Copa del Rey. The final was played at the Montjuïc, Barcelona, on 9 June 1946, being won by Real Madrid CF, who beat Valencia CF 3–1.
## Details
| Real Madrid | 3–1 | Valencia |
| ----------------------------- | --------------- | -------------------- |
| Barinaga 2' · Pruden 40', 52' | Report[usurped] | Gorostiza 81' (pen.) |
| Real Madrid | Valencia |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| GK | 1 | José Bañón | |
| DF | 2 | Clemente | |
| DF | 3 | José Corona | |
| MF | 4 | Moleiro | |
| MF | 5 | Juan Antonio Ipiña (c) | |
| MF | 6 | Félix Huete | |
| FW | 7 | Antonio Alsúa | |
| FW | 8 | Sabino Barinaga | |
| FW | 9 | Pruden | |
| FW | 10 | Nazario Belmar | |
| FW | 11 | Hermenegildo Elices | |
| Manager: | | | |
| Jacinto Quincoces | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| GK | 1 | Ignacio Eizaguirre | |
| DF | 2 | Álvaro | |
| DF | 3 | Juan Ramón (c) | |
| MF | 4 | Higinio Ortúzar | |
| MF | 5 | Carlos Iturraspe | |
| MF | 6 | Simón Lecue | |
| FW | 7 | Epi | |
| FW | 8 | Vicente Asensi | |
| FW | 9 | Mundo | |
| FW | 10 | Silvestre Igoa | |
| FW | 11 | Guillermo Gorostiza | |
| Manager: | | | |
| Eduardo Cubells | | | |
|
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{{Infobox football match
| title = 1946 Copa del Generalísimo Final
| image =Real Madrid, Estadio, 1946-08-24 (171).jpg
| caption = Real Madrid, champions
| event = [[1946 Copa del Generalísimo]]
| team1 = [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]
| team1score = 3
| team2 = [[Valencia CF|Valencia]]
| team2score = 1
| details =
| date = 9 June 1946
| stadium = [[Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys|Montjuïc]]
| city = [[Barcelona]]
| man_of_the_match1a =
| referee = José Martínez Íñiguez
| attendance = 60,000 <ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20030808023211/http://www.linguasport.com/futbol/nacional/copa/Copa46.htm Copa del Rey 1946]}}</ref>
| weather =
| previous = [[1945 Copa del Generalísimo Final|1945]]
| next = [[1947 Copa del Generalísimo Final|1947]]
}}
{{main|1946 Copa del Generalísimo}}
The '''1946 Copa del Generalísimo Final''' was the 44th final of the [[Copa del Rey]]. The final was played at the [[Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys|Montjuïc]], [[Barcelona]], on 9 June 1946, being won by [[Real Madrid CF]], who beat [[Valencia CF]] 3–1.
{{clear}}
==Details==
{{footballbox
|date=9 June 1946
|time=17:30 [[Central European Time|CET]]
|team1=[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]
|score= 3–1
|report={{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20030808023211/http://www.linguasport.com/futbol/nacional/copa/Copa46.htm Report]}}
|team2=[[Valencia CF|Valencia]]
|goals1=[[Sabino Barinaga|Barinaga]] {{goal|2}} <br/> [[Pruden]] {{goal|40||52}}
|goals2=[[Guillermo Gorostiza|Gorostiza]] {{goal|81|pen.}}
|stadium=[[Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys|Montjuïc]], [[Barcelona]]
|attendance=60,000
|referee=José Martínez Íñiguez
}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _old laced
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so = _whitetop
| leftarm = ffffff
| body = ffffff
| rightarm = ffffff
| shorts = ffffff
| socks = 000000
|title = Real Madrid
}}
{{col-2}}
{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _old laced
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so = _whitetop
| leftarm =CD5C7C
| body = CD5C7C
| rightarm = CD5C7C
| shorts = 000000
| socks = 000000
|title = Valencia
}}
{{col-end}}
{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK ||'''1'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[José Bañón]]
|-
|DF ||'''2'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Clemente Fernández López|Clemente]]
|-
|DF ||'''3'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[José Llopis Corona|José Corona]]
|-
|MF ||'''4'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[José Morales Berriguete|Moleiro]]
|-
|MF ||'''5'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Juan Antonio Ipiña]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|MF ||'''6'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Félix Huete]]
|-
|FW ||'''7'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Antonio Alsúa Alonso|Antonio Alsúa]]
|-
|FW ||'''8'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Sabino Barinaga]]
|-
|FW ||'''9'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Pruden]]
|-
|FW||'''10'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Nazario Belmar]]
|-
|FW||'''11'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[:es:Hermenegildo Elices|Hermenegildo Elices]]
|-
|colspan=4|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Jacinto Quincoces]]
|}
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK ||'''1''' ||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Ignacio Eizaguirre]]
|-
|DF ||'''2'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[:es:Álvaro Pérez Vázquez|Álvaro]]
|-
|DF ||'''3'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[:es:Juan Ramón Santiago|Juan Ramón]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|MF ||'''4'''||{{flagicon|CHI}} [[Higinio Ortúzar]]
|-
|MF ||'''5'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Carlos Iturraspe]]
|-
|MF ||'''6'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Simón Lecue]]
|-
|FW ||'''7'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[:es:Epifanio Fernández|Epi]]
|-
|FW ||'''8'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Vicente Asensi]]
|-
|FW ||'''9'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Edmundo Suárez|Mundo]]
|-
|FW||'''10'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Silvestre Igoa]]
|-
|FW||'''11'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Guillermo Gorostiza]]
|-
|colspan=4|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[:de:Eduardo Cubells|Eduardo Cubells]]
|-
|}
|}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Copa del Rey Finals}}
{{Real Madrid matches}}
{{Valencia CF matches}}
{{Portal bar|Association football|Spain}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Copa Del Generalisimo Final 1946}}
[[Category:Copa del Rey finals|1946]]
[[Category:1945–46 in Spanish football|Copa]]
[[Category:Valencia CF matches]]
[[Category:Real Madrid CF matches]]
[[Category:June 1946 sports events in Europe]]
[[Category:1940s in Barcelona]]
[[Category:1946 in Catalonia]]
[[Category:Football competitions in Barcelona]]
| 1,283,890,600
|
[{"title": "1946 Copa del General\u00edsimo Final", "data": {"Event": "1946 Copa del General\u00edsimo", "Real Madrid": "Valencia", "3": "1", "Date": "9 June 1946", "Venue": "Montju\u00efc, Barcelona", "Referee": "Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ednez \u00cd\u00f1iguez", "Attendance": "60,000"}}]
| false
|
# Eugene P. Sheehy
Eugene P. Sheehy (October 10, 1922 - February 26, 2013) was an American academic librarian, professional researcher, author and editor.
## Career
As a librarian he served as the head of the reference department at Columbia University in New York City from 1967-86. He was editor-in-chief for the Guide to Reference, an exhaustive meta-reference book published by the American Library Association that reviewed periodicals and journals of all disciplines. His version of GRB was widely used in the 1970s and 1980s as an educational tool for library students, as a tool for reference librarians to assist them with difficult searches and as a tool for purchasers for libraries to assist them in choosing which materials to obtain for their library.
## Early life
Born in Elbow Lake, Minnesota, Sheehy was the son of a farmer. He served in the United States Marine Corps from 1942–46, where he became a sergeant. After finishing his military service Sheehy earned a B.A. from Saint John's University in Collegeville, MN in 1950; an M.A. from the University of Minnesota in 1951; and a B.S. in Library Science from the University of Minnesota in 1952. Sheehy then started his career as a librarian. In 1952 Sheehy became an academic librarian at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. After one year, he left there to take a similar position at Columbia University. It was there under the tutelage of Constance Mabel Winchell that he began writing and editing reviews and indexes for reference materials. In 1967 Winchell retired and Sheehy took over as head of the reference department as well as head editor for the Guide to Reference Books.
## Sources
- Cheatham, Bertha M. "Reviews the Book 'Guide to Reference Books' edited by Eugene P. Sheehy." School Library Journal. 33.7. (March, 1987): 88.
- Galvin, Tom. "Review of The Guide to Reference Books by Eugene P. Sheehy." Library Journal. (September 15, 1968): 89.
- Harris, Robert R. "Guide to Reference Books (Book Review)." Library Journal. 101.22. (December 15, 1976): 2560.
- Plotnik, Art. "From Winchell's 8th to Sheehy's 9th." American Libraries. 8.3. (March, 1977): 129-133.
- Kieft, Robert. "When Reference Works Are Not Books: The New Edition of the Guide to Reference Books." Reference and User Services Quarterly. 41.4. (July, 2002): 330-335.
- Rubin, Richard E. Foundations of Library and Information Science. 2nd ed. New York City: Neal-Schuman Publishers, Inc, 2004.
- Sheehy, Eugene P. "Preface." Guide to Reference Books. 10th ed. Ed. Eugene P. Sheehy. Chicago: American Library Association, 1986. ix-xi.
- Washburn, Anne. "Guide to Reference Books (Book Review)." Library Journal. 105.13. (July 1, 1980): 1502.
|
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[[File:EugenePSheehy.png|thumb|Eugene P. Sheehy]]
'''Eugene P. Sheehy''' (October 10, 1922 - February 26, 2013) was an American [[academic librarian]], professional researcher, author and editor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/nytimes/obituary.aspx?pid=163545708|title=EUGENE SHEEHY Obituary|publisher=Legacy.com|accessdate=2013-11-18}}</ref>
==Career==
As a librarian he served as the head of the reference department at [[Columbia University]] in [[New York City]] from 1967-86. He was editor-in-chief for the ''[[Guide to Reference]]'', an exhaustive meta-reference book published by the [[American Library Association]] that reviewed [[periodicals]] and journals of all disciplines. His version of ''GRB'' was widely used in the 1970s and 1980s as an educational tool for library students, as a tool for reference librarians to assist them with difficult searches and as a tool for purchasers for libraries to assist them in choosing which materials to obtain for their library. {{citation needed|date=September 2014}}
==Early life==
Born in [[Elbow Lake, Grant County, Minnesota|Elbow Lake, Minnesota]], Sheehy was the son of a farmer. He served in the [[United States Marine Corps]] from 1942–46, where he became a [[sergeant]]. After finishing his military service Sheehy earned a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] from [[College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University|Saint John's University]] in [[Collegeville, MN]] in 1950; an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] from the [[University of Minnesota]] in 1951; and a [[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]] in Library Science from the University of Minnesota in 1952. Sheehy then started his career as a librarian. In 1952 Sheehy became an academic librarian at [[Georgetown University]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] After one year, he left there to take a similar position at [[Columbia University]]. It was there under the tutelage of [[Constance Mabel Winchell]] that he began writing and editing reviews and indexes for reference materials. In 1967 Winchell retired and Sheehy took over as head of the reference department as well as head editor for the ''Guide to Reference Books''. {{citation needed|date=September 2014}}
==Sources==
* Cheatham, Bertha M. "Reviews the Book 'Guide to Reference Books' edited by Eugene P. Sheehy." ''School Library Journal''. 33.7. (March, 1987): 88.
* Galvin, Tom. "Review of The Guide to Reference Books by Eugene P. Sheehy." ''Library Journal''. (September 15, 1968): 89.
* Harris, Robert R. "Guide to Reference Books (Book Review)." ''Library Journal''. 101.22. (December 15, 1976): 2560.
* [[Art Plotnik|Plotnik, Art]]. "From Winchell's 8th to Sheehy's 9th." ''American Libraries''. 8.3. (March, 1977): 129-133.
* Kieft, Robert. "When Reference Works Are Not Books: The New Edition of the Guide to Reference Books." ''Reference and User Services Quarterly''. 41.4. (July, 2002): 330-335.
* Rubin, Richard E. ''Foundations of Library and Information Science''. 2nd ed. New York City: Neal-Schuman Publishers, Inc, 2004.
* Sheehy, Eugene P. "Preface." ''Guide to Reference Books''. 10th ed. Ed. Eugene P. Sheehy. Chicago: American Library Association, 1986. ix-xi.
* Washburn, Anne. "Guide to Reference Books (Book Review)." ''Library Journal''. 105.13. (July 1, 1980): 1502.
==References==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4079331 Finding aid to Eugene P. Sheehy papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheehy, Eugene}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Minnesota Library School alumni]]
[[Category:American librarians]]
[[Category:College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University alumni]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:People from Elbow Lake, Minnesota]]
[[Category:Columbia University librarians]]
| 1,283,890,869
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[]
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# Nyah nyah nyah nyah nyah nyah
"Nyah nyah nyah nyah nyah nyah" is the lexigraphic representation of a common children's chant. It is a rendering of one common vocalization for a six-note musical figure that is usually associated with children and found in many European-derived cultures, and which is often used in taunting.
The figure comes from a pentatonic scale of A minor, if starting on the pitch of G: G-E-A-G-E. The pentatonic scale is nearly universal in human cultures. It is also within the easiest range for children's voices.
The Korean figure uses the same scale with a different pattern of notes.
## Variations
The tune has many variations on how "nyah-nyah" is vocalized (e.g., "Nuh nuh nuh nuh nuh nuh"), some examples of which include:
- "Nanny nanny boo boo", "Na-na na-na boo-boo", or "Neener neener neener" in the United States[8][9]
- "Fang mich doch du Eierloch" in Germany (meaning "come catch me, you egghole")
- "Du kan ikke fange mig" in Denmark (meaning "you can't catch me")[citation needed] or "æv bæv bussemand, sure tæer i saftevand" [citation needed]
- "Na na na na nère" (also "nanananère") in France[10]
- "Naa na na naa na" in the Netherlands[citation needed]
- "Ña ña ña ña ña ña", "Chincha rabiña" or "A que no me pillas" in Spain[citation needed]
- "Ni ni ni ni" in Arab countries, Morocco, Algeria[citation needed]
- "Naa na banana" in Israel (meaning "mint (and) banana")[citation needed]
- "Läl-läl-läl-läl lie-ru" (a taunt) or "et saa mua kiinni" in Finland (meaning "you can't catch me")
- "Skvallerbytta bing bång" (meaning "tattletale ding dong")[11] or "du kan inte ta mig" (meaning "you can't catch me")[citation needed] in Sweden
- "Ædda bædda buse" in Norway
- "Lero lero" in Mexico
- "La la la la la la" in Turkish
- "Wêla kapela" in Southern Africa
- "Não me pega" in Brazil (meaning "(you) can't catch me" in Portuguese)
- "Non mi hai fatto niente, faccia di serpente" in Italy (meaning "you didn't hurt me, you snake face" in Italian)
The tune is also heard in Canada, Australia, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Serbia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, United Kingdom, and Iceland. Children in Korea use a different figure for teasing, la-so-la-so mi-re-mi-re, with the vocalization 얼레리 꼴레리 (eol-re-ri kkol-re-ri) while a Japanese variant is so-so-mi-mi so-mi-mi and in Mexico a so-la-so-mi, so-la-so-mi figure is found.
The initial taunt is sometimes followed by further verses using the same tune, for instance in America "nanny nanny nanny goat, cannot catch a billy goat" or following "nanny nanny boo boo" with "stick your head in doo-doo". French children might follow "na na na na nère" with "pouette pouette camembert". In Croatia, children sing "ulovi me, ulovi me, kupit ću ti novine. Novine su skupe, poljubi me u dupe"' (which means: "catch me, catch me, [if you do that] I'll buy you a newspaper. Newspapers are pricey, kiss my tushie").
While the word "nyah" is now defined as being in and of itself an expression of contemptuous superiority over another, this is by derivation from the "nyah-nyah..." chant rather than vice versa so the "nyah-nyah..." vocalization version of the chant is, at least in origin, an example of communication entirely by paralanguage. Context-meaningful words are sometimes applied ad hoc, however, such as "Johnny is a sis-sy", "I got the blue one", or "I can see your underwear!". Shirley Jackson referred to it as the "da da, da-da da" or "I know a secret" chant in Life Among the Savages.
## Other uses
Non-taunting uses are also seen, also associated with children. Several playground songs use the "Nyah nyah..." musical figure, including A Tisket, A Tasket; It's Raining, It's Pouring; and some variants of Ring a Ring o' Roses, Bye, baby Bunting and Olly olly oxen free. The tune has been used as an advertising jingle by the confectionery company Haribo.
The figure is used in the Benjamin Britten opera The Rape of Lucretia (1946) for a scene where the Roman and Etruscan generals mock each other.
Descendents centered the song "I Don't Want To Grow Up" around the figure in their 1985 album of the same name.
The tune (in both the "nah" and "nyah" forms) features as the chorus of the theme song 'It's Not Fair' from the 'Horrid Henry' animated TV series on CITV.
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{{Short description|Common children's chant}}
{{distinguish|text = ''nyā'' or ''nyan'', the Japanese [[onomatopoeia]] for [[meowing]]}}
{{for|the song featuring [[Hatsune Miku]]|Nyan cat#Song}}
[[File:Nyah nyah nyah music notation.png|thumb|The nyah-nyah tune features a descending [[minor third]]. {{audio|Taunt-simple.mp3|Play}}]]
"'''Nyah nyah nyah nyah nyah nyah'''" is the lexigraphic representation of a common children's chant. It is a rendering of one common vocalization for a six-note musical figure{{#tag:ref|Sometimes five-note, with the first two notes combined as one long note ("Nyaaahh nyah nyah nyah nyah") or other variations, such as the third note shortened or the fifth note stressed in volume, intonation, or duration, and so forth.|group=note}} that is usually associated with children and found in many European-derived cultures, and which is often used in [[taunting]].<ref name=Unanswered/><ref name=Albright/><ref name=Tsur/><ref name=Earlham/><ref name=Wells2/><ref name=Wells3/>
The figure comes from a [[pentatonic scale]] of A minor, if starting on the pitch of G: G-E-A-G-E. The pentatonic scale is nearly universal in human cultures. It is also within the easiest range for children's voices.
The Korean figure uses the same scale with a different pattern of notes.
==Variations==
The tune has many variations on how "nyah-nyah" is vocalized (e.g., "Nuh nuh nuh nuh nuh nuh"),<ref name=Wells1/> some examples of which include:
*"Nanny nanny boo boo", "Na-na na-na boo-boo", or "Neener neener neener" in the [[United States]]<ref name=HelgelandLund /><ref name=networkworld />
*''"Fang mich doch du Eierloch"'' in Germany (meaning "come catch me, you egghole")
*''"Du kan ikke fange mig"'' in Denmark (meaning "you can't catch me"){{citation needed|date=August 2016}} or ''"æv bæv bussemand, sure tæer i saftevand"'' {{citation needed|date=April 2025}}
*"Na na na na nère" (also "nanananère") in France<ref name=Faygal1999/>
*"Naa na na naa na" in the Netherlands{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}
*"Ña ña ña ña ña ña", "Chincha rabiña" or "A que no me pillas" in [[Spain]]{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
*"Ni ni ni ni" in Arab countries, Morocco, Algeria{{cn|date=November 2024}}
*"Naa na banana" in Israel (meaning "mint (and) banana"){{citation needed|date=August 2016}}
*"Läl-läl-läl-läl lie-ru" (a taunt) or ''"et saa mua kiinni"'' in Finland (meaning "you can't catch me")
*''"Skvallerbytta bing bång"'' (meaning "tattletale ding dong")<ref name=sweden1/> or ''"du kan inte ta mig"'' (meaning "you can't catch me"){{citation needed|date=August 2016}} in Sweden
*''"Ædda bædda buse"'' in Norway
*"Lero lero" in [[Mexico]]
*"La la la la la la" in [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
*''"Wêla kapela"'' in Southern Africa
*''"Não me pega"'' in [[Brazil]] (meaning "(you) can't catch me" in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]])
*''"Non mi hai fatto niente, faccia di serpente"'' in [[Italy]] (meaning "you didn't hurt me, you snake face" in [[Italian language|Italian]])
The tune is also heard in Canada, Australia, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Serbia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, United Kingdom, and Iceland.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} Children in Korea use a different figure for teasing, la-so-la-so mi-re-mi-re, with the vocalization 얼레리 꼴레리 (eol-re-ri kkol-re-ri){{citation needed|date=August 2016}} while a Japanese variant is so-so-mi-mi so-mi-mi{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} and in Mexico a so-la-so-mi, so-la-so-mi figure is found.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}
The initial taunt is sometimes followed by further verses using the same tune, for instance in America "nanny nanny nanny goat, cannot catch a billy goat" or following "nanny nanny boo boo" with "stick your head in [[doo-doo]]". French children might follow ''"na na na na nère"'' with ''"pouette pouette camembert"''. In Croatia, children sing ''"ulovi me, ulovi me, kupit ću ti novine. Novine su skupe, poljubi me u dupe"' (which means: "catch me, catch me, [if you do that] I'll buy you a newspaper. Newspapers are pricey, kiss my tushie").{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}
While the word "nyah" is now defined as being in and of itself an expression of contemptuous superiority over another, this is by derivation from the "nyah-nyah..." chant rather than vice versa<ref name=Oxford/> so the "nyah-nyah..." vocalization version of the chant is, at least in origin, an example of communication entirely by [[paralanguage]].<ref name=Wells1/> Context-meaningful words are sometimes applied ''[[ad hoc]]'', however, such as "Johnny is a sis-sy", "I got the blue one", or "I can see your underwear!".<ref name=Earlham/> [[Shirley Jackson]] referred to it as the "''da'' da, da-''da'' da" or "''I'' know a ''se''cret" chant in ''Life Among the Savages''.<ref>{{cite book |first=Shirley |last=Jackson |title=Life Among the Savages |publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux |date=1963 }}</ref>
==Other uses==
Non-taunting uses are also seen, also associated with children. Several playground songs use the "Nyah nyah..." musical figure, including [[A Tisket, A Tasket]]; [[It's Raining, It's Pouring]];{{cn|date=July 2024}} and some variants of [[Ring a Ring o' Roses]],<ref name=Wells3/> [[Bye, baby Bunting]]<ref name=Albright/><ref name=Wells2/><ref name=Wells3/> and [[Olly olly oxen free]].<ref name=Unanswered/> The tune has been used as an advertising [[jingle]] by the confectionery company [[Haribo]].<ref name=Haribo/>
The figure is used in the [[Benjamin Britten]] opera ''[[The Rape of Lucretia]]'' (1946) for a scene where the Roman and Etruscan generals mock each other.<ref name=Albright/>
[[Descendents]] centered the song "I Don't Want To Grow Up" around the figure in [[I Don't Want to Grow Up|their 1985 album of the same name]].{{fact|date=June 2024}}
The tune (in both the "nah" and "nyah" forms) features as the chorus of the theme song 'It's Not Fair' from the '[[Horrid Henry (TV series)|Horrid Henry]]' animated TV series on [[CITV]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Horrid Henry Theme Lyrics |url=https://www.lyricsondemand.com/tvthemes/horridhenrylyrics.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Lyrics On Demand}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Wiktionary|nyah}}
* [[Children's song]]
* [[Cocking a snook]]
* [[Blowing a raspberry]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=Unanswered>{{cite AV media |people=[[Leonard Bernstein]] |year=1983 |title="Musical Phonology", lecture 1 of ''The Unanswered Question'' lecture series |medium=Lecture |language=en |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3HLqCHO08s |access-date=2016-08-29 |time=27:00 |location=[[Harvard University]], Cambridge, Massachusetts |quote=Research seems to indicate that this exact constellation of two notes [descending minor third], and its three-note variant, is the same all over the world, wherever children tease each other, on every continent and in every culture. In short, we may have here a clear case of a musical-linguistic universal.}}, cited at {{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2016/08/29/the_millennial_whoop_the_simple_wa_oh_ing_melodic_sequence_showing_up_all.html |title=The Millennial Whoop: The Simple Melodic Sequence That's Showing Up All Over Contemporary Pop |first=Patrick |last=Metzger |date=2016-08-29 |work=Browbeat (Slate's Culture Blog) |publisher=Slate |access-date=2016-08-29}}</ref>
<ref name=Albright>{{cite book |last=Albright |first=Daniel |title=Untwisting the Serpent: Modernism in Music, Literature, and Other Arts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8fgDZR_sn0C&pg=PA94 |access-date=2016-08-29 |year=1999 |publisher=University Of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0226012544 |page=94}}</ref>
<ref name=Tsur>{{cite book |last=Tsur |first=Reuven |title=What Makes Sound Patterns Expressive?: The Poetic Mode of Speech Perception |series=Sound & Meaning: The Roman Jakobson Series in Linguistics and Poetics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yh4p69MaI4C&pg=PA48 |access-date=2016-08-30 |year=1992 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn= 0822311704|page=48}}</ref>
<ref name=Earlham>{{cite web |url=http://legacy.earlham.edu/~tobeyfo/musictheory/Book1/FFH1_CH1/1E_PentatonicScale.html |title=A Feeling for Harmony: The 3-Semester Music Theory Course for Earlham College – Chapter 1E - Pentatonic Scale |publisher=Earlham College |access-date=2016-08-29}}</ref>
<ref name=Wells1>{{cite web |url=http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.sg/2011/07/nuh-nuh.html |title=Nuh-nuh |first=John |last=Wells |author-link=John C. Wells |date=2011-07-15 |work=John Wells's Phonetic Blog |access-date=2016-08-29}}</ref>
<ref name=Wells2>{{cite web |url=http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.sg/2011/07/nuh-nuh-2.html |title=Nuh-nuh (2) |first=John |last=Wells |author-link=John C. Wells |date=2011-07-18 |work=John Wells's Phonetic Blog |access-date=2016-08-29}}</ref>
<ref name=Wells3>{{cite web |url=http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.sg/2011/07/nuh-nuh-3.html |title=Nuh-nuh (3) |first=John |last=Wells |author-link=John C. Wells |date=2011-07-25 |work=John Wells's Phonetic Blog |access-date=2016-08-29}}</ref>
<ref name=Oxford>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/nyah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204113427/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/nyah |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-12-04 |title=Definition of nyah in English |work=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=2016-08-30}}</ref>
<ref name=HelgelandLund>{{cite journal |last1=Helgeland |first1=Anne |last2=Lund |first2=Ingrid |title=Children's Voices on Bullying in Kindergarten |journal=Early Childhood Education Journal |date=2016 |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=133–141 |doi=10.1007/s10643-016-0784-z|url=https://uia.brage.unit.no/uia-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2429746/Children%25E2%2580%2599s%2BVoices%2Bon%2BBullying%2Bin%2BKindergarten.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y|hdl=11250/2429746 |s2cid=73584991 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name=networkworld>{{Cite web |url=https://www.networkworld.com/article/2313025/is-storage-archiving-child-s-play-.html |title=Is storage archiving child's play? |date=2005-08-02 |first=Mike |last=Karp |work=NetworkWorld }}</ref>
<ref name=Faygal1999>{{Cite journal |language=fr |first=Zsuzsanna |last=Fagyal |title=Combien de clichés mélodiques? révision de l'inventaire des contours intonatifs stylisés en français |journal=Faits de Langues |volume=7 |date=March 1999 |issue=13 |pages=17–25 |doi=10.3406/flang.1999.1234 |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/flang_1244-5460_1999_num_7_13_1234 |access-date=2017-06-10 }}</ref>
<ref name=sweden1>{{cite web |language=sv|last=Lindström |first=Fredrik |date= November 2007 |url=http://spraktidningen.se/artiklar/2007/10/gammalt-adelsprat |title=Gammalt adelsprat |publisher=Språktidningen |access-date=2018-05-06 |quote=Hon skriver bolet, 'bordet', fälas, 'färdas' och gålen, 'gården'. Den sistnämnda formen är odödliggjord i den här ramsan: "Skvallerbytta Bing-bong/går i alla gålar/slickar alla skålar"; det är alltså inget nödrim!}}</ref>
<ref name=Haribo>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jve4Z6DMM2A?t=15 |title=HARIBO GOLDBÄREN Klassiker: Bärenschau |website=[[YouTube]] |date=2 May 2011 |access-date=2021-11-23}}</ref>
}}
==Bibliography==
* {{cite thesis |last=Liberman |first=Mark Yoffe |date=1978 |title=The Intonational System of English |type=Dissertation |publisher=Indiana University Linguistics Club |oclc= 910372009 }}
==External links==
[[Category:Playground songs]]
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# Yoshinori Tateyama
Yoshinori Tateyama (建山 義紀, Tateyama Yoshinori, born December 26, 1975) is a Japanese former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Texas Rangers, and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters and the Hanshin Tigers.
## Playing career
### Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters
Tateyama began his professional career in 1999 with the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters of Nippon Professional Baseball, pitching for the team through the 2010 season. In 438 appearances for the team mainly in relief, he tossed 661+2⁄3 innings, compiling a 35–43 record and 3.43 ERA with 488 strikeouts.
### Texas Rangers
On November 30, 2010, Tateyama signed as a free agent with the Texas Rangers. After starting 2011 with the Triple–A Round Rock Express, he was called up to the major leagues on May 23, 2011, and made his major league debut the following day. Tateyama struck out Carlos Quentin swinging for his first major league strikeout. On May 28, Tateyama recorded his one and only MLB save during a 10–1 Rangers victory over the Kansas City Royals.
Koji Uehara was his teammate in high school. In that time, Tateyama was an ace pitcher and Uehara was an outfielder. In the 2011–2012 offseason, the Rangers signed Japan's best starting pitcher Yu Darvish to a 5-year deal. Tateyama and Darvish were previously teammates for 5 seasons on the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters. Tateyama made 14 appearances for the Rangers in 2012, struggling to a 9.00 ERA with 18 strikeouts over 17 innings pitched. He became a free agent on October 30, 2012, when the Rangers declined his option for the 2013 season.
On December 20, 2012, Tateyama re–signed with the Rangers on a minor league contract. He was released prior to the season on March 21, 2013, and re–signed with the organization on a minor league contract two days later. In 23 appearances for Triple–A Round Rock, Tateyama compiled a 4.24 ERA with 44 strikeouts across 34 innings of work.
### New York Yankees
On June 21, 2013, Tateyama was traded to the New York Yankees in exchange for future considerations. In 21 games for the Triple–A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders, he worked to a 2–2 record and 1.70 ERA with 42 strikeouts over 42+1⁄3 innings pitched. Tateyama elected free agency following the season on November 4, 2013.
On December 25, 2013, Tateyama re–signed with the Yankees organization on a minor league contract. He made 9 appearances for Scranton in 2014, recording a 6.08 ERA with 17 strikeouts across 13+1⁄3 innings. On May 9, 2014, Tateyama was released by the Yankees organization.
### Hanshin Tigers
Tateyama subsequently returned to Japan to sign with the Hanshin Tigers of Nippon Professional Baseball on June 25, 2014. He made 8 appearances for the Tigers, registering a 3.68 ERA with 3 strikeouts across 7+1⁄3 innings pitched. On November 1, Tateyama announced his retirement from professional baseball.
## Coaching career
After his retirement, Tateyama became Japan national baseball team pitching coach at the 2017 Asia Professional Baseball Championship, 2018 exhibition game against Australia, 2018 U-23 Baseball World Cup and 2018 MLB Japan All-Star Series.
## Pitching style
A sidearm pitcher, Tateyama relied chiefly on a sinking fastball that averaged 87–88 mph and a curveball in the low 70s. He also featured two other off-speed pitches, a changeup (74–78 mph) and a screwball (68–71 mph), that were used mostly against left-handed batters. The screwball is thrown with a "Vulcan" grip. He was one of only two relief pitchers to have thrown even a single screwball in the 2012 MLB season.
While his strikeout totals were average, he got hitters out with his control (career 2.11 BB/9 in NPB).
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{{Short description|Japanese baseball player (born 1975)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox baseball biography
|name = Yoshinori Tateyama
|image = STTX13 Tateyama 021 (8604256268).jpg
|image_size = 250px
|caption = Tateyama with the Texas Rangers in 2013
|team = Chiba Lotte Marines
|number = 71
|position = [[Pitcher]] / [[Coach (baseball)|Coach]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|12|26}}
|birth_place = [[Daitō, Osaka|Daitō]], [[Osaka Prefecture|Osaka]], [[Japan]]
|bats = Right
|throws = Right
|debutleague = NPB
|debutdate = May 3
|debutyear = 1999
|debutteam = Nippon-Ham Fighters
|debut2league = MLB
|debut2date = May 24
|debut2year = 2011
|debut2team = Texas Rangers
|finalleague = NPB
|finaldate = August 14
|finalyear = 2014
|finalteam = Hanshin Tigers
|final2league = MLB
|final2date = September 26
|final2year = 2012
|final2team = Texas Rangers
|statleague = NPB
|stat1label = [[Win–loss record (pitching)|Win–loss record]]
|stat1value = 35–43
|stat2label = [[Earned run average]]
|stat2value = 3.43
|stat3label = [[Strikeout]]s
|stat3value = 491
|stat2league = MLB
|stat21label = [[Win–loss record (pitching)|Win–loss record]]
|stat21value = 3–0
|stat22label = [[Earned run average]]
|stat22value = 5.75
|stat23label = [[Strikeout]]s
|stat23value = 61
|teams =
;As player
* [[Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters|Nippon-Ham Fighters / Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters]] ({{npby|1999}}–{{npby|2010}})
* [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]] ({{mlby|2011}}–{{mlby|2012}})
* [[Hanshin Tigers]] ({{npby|2014}})
;As coach
* [[Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters]] ({{npby|2023}}–{{npby|2024}})
* [[Chiba Lotte Marines]] ({{by|2025}}–present)
|highlights =
}}
{{Nihongo|'''Yoshinori Tateyama'''|建山 義紀|''Tateyama Yoshinori''|born December 26, 1975}} is a [[Japanese people|Japanese]] former professional [[baseball]] [[pitcher]]. He played in [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) for the [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]], and in [[Nippon Professional Baseball]] (NPB) for the [[Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters]] and the [[Hanshin Tigers]].
==Playing career==
===Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters===
Tateyama began his professional career in 1999 with the [[Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters]] of [[Nippon Professional Baseball]], pitching for the team through the 2010 season. In 438 appearances for the team mainly in relief, he tossed {{fraction|661|2|3}} innings, compiling a 35–43 record and 3.43 ERA with 488 strikeouts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rangers ink pitcher Yoshinori Tateyama|url=https://www.espn.com/dallas/mlb/news/story?id=5866752|access-date=September 21, 2024|website=espn.com|language=en}}</ref>
===Texas Rangers===
On November 30, 2010, Tateyama signed as a free agent with the [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]].<ref>Baer, Bill. (November 30, 2010) [http://hardballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/11/30/rangers-sign-japanese-reliever-yoshinori-tateyama/ Rangers sign Japanese reliever Yoshinori Tateyama]. Hardballtalk.nbcsports.com. Retrieved on 2016-10-03.</ref> After starting 2011 with the Triple–A [[Round Rock Express]], he was called up to the major leagues on May 23, 2011, and made his major league debut the following day. Tateyama struck out [[Carlos Quentin]] swinging for his first major league strikeout. On May 28, Tateyama recorded his one and only MLB [[save (baseball)|save]] during a 10–1 Rangers victory over the [[Kansas City Royals]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/TEX/TEX201105280.shtml|title=Kansas City Royals at Texas Rangers Box Score, May 28, 2011}}</ref>
[[Koji Uehara]] was his teammate in high school. In that time, Tateyama was an [[ace (baseball)|ace pitcher]] and Uehara was an outfielder. In the 2011–2012 offseason, the Rangers signed Japan's best starting pitcher [[Yu Darvish]] to a 5-year deal. Tateyama and Darvish were previously teammates for 5 seasons on the [[Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters]]. Tateyama made 14 appearances for the Rangers in 2012, struggling to a 9.00 ERA with 18 strikeouts over 17 innings pitched. He became a free agent on October 30, 2012, when the Rangers declined his option for the 2013 season.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rangers Decline Options For Feldman, Tateyama|url=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2012/10/rangers-decline-options-for-feldman-tateyama.html|access-date=September 21, 2024|website=mlbtraderumors.com|language=en}}</ref>
On December 20, 2012, Tateyama re–signed with the Rangers on a minor league contract.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Minor Moves: Tateyama, Greenberg, Miller|url=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2012/12/minor-moves-corky-miller.html|access-date=September 21, 2024|website=mlbtraderumors.com|language=en}}</ref> He was released prior to the season on March 21, 2013, and re–signed with the organization on a minor league contract two days later.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rangers Re-Sign Yoshinori Tateyama|url=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2013/03/rangers-release-yoshinori-tateyama.html|access-date=September 21, 2024|website=mlbtraderumors.com|language=en}}</ref> In 23 appearances for Triple–A Round Rock, Tateyama compiled a 4.24 ERA with 44 strikeouts across 34 innings of work.
===New York Yankees===
On June 21, 2013, Tateyama was traded to the [[New York Yankees]] in exchange for future considerations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yankees Acquire Yoshinori Tateyama|url=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2013/06/yankees-acquire-yoshinori-tateyama.html|access-date=September 21, 2024|website=mlbtraderumors.com|language=en}}</ref> In 21 games for the Triple–A [[Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders]], he worked to a 2–2 record and 1.70 ERA with 42 strikeouts over {{fraction|42|1|3}} innings pitched. Tateyama elected free agency following the season on November 4, 2013.
On December 25, 2013, Tateyama re–signed with the Yankees organization on a minor league contract.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Minor Moves: Tateyama, Severino, Wimberly, Indians|url=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2014/01/minor-moves-wimberly-tateyama-severino-indians.html|access-date=September 21, 2024|website=mlbtraderumors.com|language=en}}</ref> He made 9 appearances for Scranton in 2014, recording a 6.08 ERA with 17 strikeouts across {{fraction|13|1|3}} innings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Minor Moves: Tateyama, Phipps, Komatsu, Johnson|url=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2014/05/indians-outright-elliot-johnson.html|access-date=September 21, 2024|website=mlbtraderumors.com|language=en}}</ref> On May 9, 2014, Tateyama was released by the Yankees organization.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nj.com/yankees/index.ssf/2014/05/yankees_release_yosihinori_tateyama.html | title = Yankees release Yoshinori Tateyama | website = NJ.com | access-date = October 3, 2016 | last = Kuty | first = Brendan | date = 27 February 2014}}</ref>
===Hanshin Tigers===
Tateyama subsequently returned to Japan to sign with the [[Hanshin Tigers]] of [[Nippon Professional Baseball]] on June 25, 2014.<ref>[http://hanshintigers.jp/news/topics/info_3374.html 建山義紀選手入団会見 (Tateyama signing press conference)]. Hanshintigers.jp. Retrieved on October 3, 2016.</ref> He made 8 appearances for the Tigers, registering a 3.68 ERA with 3 strikeouts across {{fraction|7|1|3}} innings pitched. On November 1, Tateyama announced his retirement from professional baseball.<ref>[http://english.kyodonews.jp/news/2014/11/320288.html Baseball: Tigers right-hander Tateyama to retire] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101193930/http://english.kyodonews.jp/news/2014/11/320288.html |date=November 1, 2014 }}</ref><ref>[http://hanshintigers.jp/data/player/2014/53.html Player Profile: Yoshinori Tateyama]. hanshintigers.jp {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102041134/http://hanshintigers.jp/data/player/2014/53.html |date=November 2, 2014 }}</ref>
==Coaching career==
After his retirement, Tateyama became [[Japan national baseball team]] pitching coach at the [[2017 Asia Professional Baseball Championship]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.japan-baseball.jp/jp/news/press/20170911_6.html | title=「ENEOS アジア プロ野球チャンピオンシップ2017」コーチングスタッフについて | language=ja | work=野球日本代表 侍ジャパン オフィシャルサイト | date=September 11, 2017 | access-date=September 24, 2018 }}</ref> 2018 exhibition game against [[Australia national baseball team|Australia]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.japan-baseball.jp/jp/news/press/20180123_3.html | title=「ENEOS 侍ジャパンシリーズ2018」日本 vs オーストラリアのコーチングスタッフ・出場選手について | language=ja | work=野球日本代表 侍ジャパン オフィシャルサイト | date=January 23, 2018 | access-date=September 24, 2018 }}</ref> [[2018 U-23 Baseball World Cup]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.japan-baseball.jp/jp/news/press/20180423_1.html | title=侍ジャパンU-23代表の監督・コーチが決定 「第2回 WBSC U-23ワールドカップ」に出場 | language=ja | work=野球日本代表 侍ジャパン オフィシャルサイト | date=April 23, 2018 | access-date=September 24, 2018 }}</ref> and [[2018 MLB Japan All-Star Series]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.japan-baseball.jp/jp/news/press/20180820_4.html | title=「2018日米野球」出場選手6名、コーチングスタッフが決定 | work=野球日本代表 侍ジャパン オフィシャルサイト | date=August 20, 2018 | access-date=September 24, 2018 }}</ref>
== Pitching style ==
A [[Sidearm (baseball)|sidearm]] pitcher, Tateyama relied chiefly on a [[sinking fastball]] that averaged 87–88 mph and a curveball in the low 70s. He also featured two other off-speed pitches, a [[changeup]] (74–78 mph) and a [[screwball]] (68–71 mph), that were used mostly against left-handed batters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://brooksbaseball.net/player_cards/player_card.php?player=599899|title=Brooks Baseball · Home of the PitchFX Tool – Player Card: Yoshinori Tateyama|publisher=Brooks Baseball|access-date=September 27, 2012}}</ref> The screwball is thrown with a "[[Vulcan changeup|Vulcan]]" grip.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baseballprospectus.com/article.php?articleid=14269|title=BP Unfiltered: A New Screwballer|last=Fast|first=Mike|date=June 16, 2011|work=Baseball Prospectus|access-date=September 27, 2012}}</ref> He was one of only two relief pitchers to have thrown even a single screwball in the 2012 MLB season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baseballprospectus.com/pitchfx/leaderboards/index.php?hand=&reportType=pfx&prp=RP&month=&year=2012&pitch=SB&ds=velo&lim=0|title=PitchFX Leaderboards|work=Baseball Prospectus|access-date=September 27, 2012}}</ref>
While his strikeout totals were average, he got hitters out with his control (career 2.11 [[BB/9]] in NPB).
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Yoshinori Tateyama}}
{{Portal|Biography|Baseball|Japan}}
{{Baseball stats|mlb=599899|br=t/tateyyo01|brm=tateya001yos}}
*{{Japanese baseball|id=1109}}
*[http://japaneseballplayers.com/en/player.php?id=ytateyama Yoshinori Tateyama, JapaneseBallPlayers.com]
{{Chiba Lotte Marines roster navbox}}
{{Navboxes
| title=Japan national baseball team
| titlestyle = background:#003; color:white;
| list1=
{{Japan roster 2019 WBSC Premier12}}
{{Japan baseball roster 2020 Summer Olympics}}
}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tateyama, Yoshinori}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hanshin Tigers players]]
[[Category:Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters players]]
[[Category:Japanese baseball coaches]]
[[Category:Japanese expatriate baseball players in the United States]]
[[Category:Major League Baseball pitchers]]
[[Category:Major League Baseball players from Japan]]
[[Category:Nippon Ham Fighters players]]
[[Category:Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers]]
[[Category:Round Rock Express players]]
[[Category:Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders players]]
[[Category:People from Daitō, Osaka]]
[[Category:Baseball people from Osaka Prefecture]]
[[Category:Texas Rangers players]]
[[Category:Nippon Professional Baseball coaches]]
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[{"title": "Chiba Lotte Marines \u2013 No. 71", "data": {"Chiba Lotte Marines \u2013 No. 71": ["Pitcher / Coach", "Born: December 26, 1975 \u00b7 Dait\u014d, Osaka, Japan", "Batted: RightThrew: Right"]}}, {"title": "Professional debut", "data": {"Professional debut": ["NPB: May 3, 1999, for the Nippon-Ham Fighters", "MLB: May 24, 2011, for the Texas Rangers"]}}, {"title": "Last appearance", "data": {"Last appearance": ["NPB: August 14, 2014, for the Hanshin Tigers", "MLB: September 26, 2012, for the Texas Rangers"]}}, {"title": "NPB statistics", "data": {"Win\u2013loss record": "35\u201343", "Earned run average": "3.43", "Strikeouts": "491"}}, {"title": "MLB statistics", "data": {"Win\u2013loss record": "3\u20130", "Earned run average": "5.75", "Strikeouts": "61", "MLB statistics": "Stats at Baseball Reference"}}, {"title": "Teams", "data": {"Teams": "As player - Nippon-Ham Fighters / Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters (1999\u20132010) - Texas Rangers (2011\u20132012) - Hanshin Tigers (2014) As coach - Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters (2023\u20132024) - Chiba Lotte Marines (2025\u2013present)"}}]
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# Rape of Bramber
The Rape of Bramber (also known as Bramber Rape) is one of the rapes, the traditional sub-divisions unique to the historic county of Sussex in England. It is the smallest Sussex rape by area. Bramber is a former barony whose original seat was the castle of Bramber and its village, overlooking the river Adur.
## History
Created by William the Conqueror in the late 11th century, the rape of Bramber was separated out of the neighbouring rapes of Arundel and Lewes and entrusted to one of his knights, William de Braose, 1st Lord of Bramber. It was inserted so William de Braose could defend the Adur estuary, and a re-allocation of land to existing rapal owners became necessary. In 1208, King John confiscated the Braose lands, taking them under royal control.
In population terms, the smallest of the three rapes making up Sussex's western division, its population in 1801 was 19,203, rising to 22,777 in 1811 and 30,113 in 1831.
## Location
The rape of Bramber is a strip of territory running northwards from the coast to the border with Surrey in the north. It is bordered by the rape of Arundel to the west and the rape of Lewes to the east. It contains a variety of different landscape areas – coastal plain and the mouth of the river Adur in the south, the South Downs and the Weald north of that, including the westernmost part of the dense Forest Ridge, known in the rape of Bramber as St Leonard's Forest. In the neighbouring rape of Lewes, the Forest Ridge is known as Worth Forest. The rape contains five towns: Horsham, Shoreham-by-Sea, Steyning and most of the borough of Worthing, as well as the westernmost part of the borough of Crawley. Ifield was the parish in the far north-east of Bramber rape, and in its own north-east corner on Lowfield Heath grew the County Oak, which traditionally marked the Sussex–Surrey boundary, as well as the boundary between the rapes of Bramber and Lewes. The oak was cut down in the 1840s and is remembered today in the County Oak Retail Park in Crawley. The highest point in the rape is Chanctonbury Ring at 242 metres (794 ft) tall.
## Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| ---- | ------ | ------ |
| 1801 | 19,203 | — |
| 1811 | 22,777 | +18.6% |
| 1821 | 26,940 | +18.3% |
| 1831 | 30,113 | +11.8% |
## Relationship to West and East Sussex
Until the creation of the rape of Bramber, Sussex had been divided into east and west at the River Adur, at least for the purposes of the church in Sussex (divided from at least the 11th century into the archdeaconry of Chichester and the archdeaconry of Lewes). After the creation of the rape of Bramber, the rape became one of the three rapes traditionally making up the western division of the county of Sussex (known as West Sussex since 1888 when East and West Sussex were given their own County Councils). For around 800 years its eastern boundary with the rape of Lewes formed the boundary between the eastern and western divisions of Sussex. The Mid Sussex district was created following the Local Government Act 1972, which transferred a large part of the rape of Lewes from East Sussex to West Sussex. The rape is now organised into the borough of Worthing and the Adur district in the south, and the Horsham district in the north.
## Sub-divisions
The rape is traditionally divided into the following hundreds:
- Brightford
- Burbeach
- West Grinstead (Grensted in the Domesday Survey) [7]
- Poling (once known as Rieberge)
- Singlecross
- Steyning
- Tarring (a peculier of the Archbishop of Canterbury)
- Tipnoak
as well as 3 half hundreds
- East Easwrith
- Fishersgate
- Wyndham
|
enwiki/23159220
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enwiki
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Rape of Bramber
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_of_Bramber
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2025-04-04T08:10:27Z
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en
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Q7293901
| 66,511
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{{Short description|Traditional geographic subdivision in England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox historic subdivision|
|Name= Rape of Bramber
|Image= [[File:Bramber castle.jpg|160px|Remains of Bramber Castle, the original administrative centre of the Rape]]<br/> Remains of Bramber Castle, the original administrative centre of the Rape
|caption=
|native_name =
|HQ= [[Bramber]]
|Government=
|Origin=
|Status= [[Rape (county subdivision)]]
|Start= 11th century
|End=
|Code=
|CodeName=
|Replace= [[West Sussex|Sussex (western division)]]
|Motto=
|Divisions= [[Hundred (county subdivision)|Hundreds]]
|DivisionsNames= Brightford, Burbeach, West Grinstead, Poling, Singlecross, Steyning, Tarring, Tipnoak, East Easwrith (half hundred), Fishersgate (half hundred), Wyndham (half hundred)
|Map= [[File:The Rape of Bramber - Sussex.svg|250px]]<br>''The Rape of Bramber shown within Sussex''
|Arms=
|Civic=
|PopulationFirst= 19,203
|PopulationFirstYear= 1801
|AreaFirst=
|AreaFirstYear=
|DensityFirst=
|DensityFirstYear=
|PopulationSecond= 22,777
|PopulationSecondYear= 1811
|AreaSecond=
|AreaSecondYear=
|DensitySecond=
|DensitySecondYear=
|PopulationLast= 30,113
|PopulationLastYear= 1831
|AreaLast= {{convert|116650|acre|sqmi km2}}
|AreaLastYear= 1831
|DensityLast= {{convert|0.26|PD/acre|PD/sqmi PD/sqkm}}
|DensityLastYear= 1831
}}
The '''Rape of Bramber''' (also known as '''Bramber Rape''') is one of the [[Rape (county subdivision)|rape]]s, the traditional sub-divisions unique to the [[Historic counties of England|historic county]] of [[Sussex]] in [[England]]. It is the smallest Sussex [[Rape (county subdivision)|rape]] by area. Bramber is a former [[English feudal barony|barony]] whose original seat was the castle of Bramber and its village, overlooking the [[river Adur]].
==History==
{{see also|History of Sussex}}
Created by [[William the Conqueror]] in the late 11th century, the rape of Bramber was separated out of the neighbouring rapes of Arundel and Lewes and entrusted to one of his knights, [[William de Braose, 1st Lord of Bramber]]. It was inserted so William de Braose could defend the Adur estuary, and a re-allocation of land to existing rapal owners became necessary.<ref name="PBSx">{{cite book|last=Brandon|first=Peter|title=Sussex|publisher=Phillimore|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7090-6998-0}}</ref> In 1208, [[John, King of England|King John]] confiscated the Braose lands, taking them under royal control.<ref>Baggs et al. 1980, 'Bramber Rape', pp.1-7.</ref>
In population terms, the smallest of the three rapes making up Sussex's western division,<ref name="HWD">{{cite book|last=Dallaway|first=James|title=A History of the Western Division of the County of Sussex, Volume 1|publisher=T. Bensley|year=1815}}</ref> its population in 1801 was 19,203,<ref name="HWD"/> rising to 22,777 in 1811<ref name="HWD"/> and 30,113 in 1831.<ref name="CGaz">{{cite book|last=Bell|first=James|title=A New and Comprehensive Gazetteer of England and Wales Vol. 1|publisher=A Fullarton & Co.|year=1836}}</ref>
==Location==
[[File:Sussex administrative map 1832.png|right|400px|Location of Bramber within Sussex]]
The rape of Bramber is a strip of territory running northwards from the coast to the border with [[Surrey]] in the north. It is bordered by the [[rape of Arundel]] to the west and the [[rape of Lewes]] to the east. It contains a variety of different landscape areas – coastal plain and the mouth of the river Adur in the south, the [[South Downs]] and the [[Weald]] north of that, including the westernmost part of the dense Forest Ridge, known in the rape of Bramber as [[St Leonard's Forest]]. In the neighbouring rape of Lewes, the Forest Ridge is known as Worth Forest. The rape contains five towns: [[Horsham]], [[Shoreham-by-Sea]], [[Steyning]] and most of the borough of [[Worthing]], as well as the westernmost part of the borough of [[Crawley]]. [[Ifield, West Sussex|Ifield]] was the parish in the far north-east of Bramber rape, and in its own north-east corner on [[Lowfield Heath]] grew the County Oak, which traditionally marked the Sussex–Surrey boundary, as well as the boundary between the rapes of Bramber and Lewes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=18405|title=Ifield | British History Online}}</ref> The oak was cut down in the 1840s and is remembered today in the County Oak Retail Park in Crawley. The highest point in the rape is [[Chanctonbury Ring]] at {{convert|242|m}} tall.
==Historical population==
{{Historical populations|title = Population 1801–1831 |align = none
| percentages =
| 1801|19203
| 1811|22777
| 1821|26940
| 1831|30113
| source =
}}
==Relationship to West and East Sussex==
Until the creation of the rape of Bramber, Sussex had been divided into east and west at the River Adur, at least for the purposes of the church in Sussex<ref name="VCHSxChi">{{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=41682|title=Victoria County History - The rape of Chichester|publisher=British History Online|access-date=31 July 2010}}</ref> (divided from at least the 11th century into the [[Archdeacon of Chichester|archdeaconry of Chichester]] and the [[archdeaconry of Lewes]]). After the creation of the rape of Bramber, the rape became one of the three rapes traditionally making up the western division of the county of Sussex (known as West Sussex since 1888 when [[East Sussex|East]] and [[West Sussex]] were given their own [[County Councils]]). For around 800 years its eastern boundary with the rape of Lewes formed the boundary between the eastern and western divisions of Sussex. The [[Mid Sussex District|Mid Sussex]] district was created following the [[Local Government Act 1972]], which transferred a large part of the rape of Lewes from East Sussex to West Sussex. The rape is now organised into the borough of Worthing and the [[Adur (district)|Adur district]] in the south, and the [[Horsham (district)|Horsham district]] in the north.
==Sub-divisions==
The rape is traditionally divided into the following [[Hundred (country subdivision)|hundreds]]:
* Brightford
* Burbeach
* [[West Grinstead]] (Grensted in the [[Domesday Book|Domesday Survey]]) <ref name="brandon210">Brandon. South Saxons. pp.209-220. The Domesday Record of Sussex</ref>
* [[Poling, West Sussex|Poling]] (once known as Rieberge)
* Singlecross
* [[Steyning]]
* [[Tarring, West Sussex|Tarring]] (a [[Royal Peculiar|peculier]] of the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]])
* Tipnoak
as well as 3 half hundreds
* East Easwrith
* Fishersgate
* Wyndham
==See also==
* [[List of hundreds of England|List of hundreds of England and Wales]]
* [[Bramber Castle]]
* [[Knepp Castle]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==References==
*{{cite book|first1=A P |last1=Baggs|first2=C R J |last2=Currie|first3=C R |last3=Elrington|first4=S M |last4=Keeling|first5=A M |last5=Rowland |date=1980 |editor=T P Hudson|title=Bramber Rape |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/sussex/vol6/pt1/pp1-7 |work=A History of the County of Sussex: Volume 6 Part 1, Bramber Rape (Southern Part) |publisher=Institute of Historical Research}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Brandon|editor-first=Peter|year=1978|title=The South Saxons|publisher=Phillimore|location=Chichester|isbn=0-85033-240-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/southsaxons0000unse}}
==External links==
* [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=18212 The Victoria County History for Sussex - Bramber Rape]
{{Sussex}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rape Of Bramber}}
[[Category:History of Sussex]]
| 1,283,891,097
|
[{"title": "Rape of Bramber", "data": {"\u2022 1831": ["116,650 acres (182.27 sq mi; 472.1 km2)", "30,113", "0.26 inhabitants per acre (170/sq mi; 64/km2)"], "\u2022 1801": "19,203", "\u2022 1811": "22,777", "\u2022 Created": "11th century", "\u2022 Succeeded by": "Sussex (western division)", "Status": "Rape (county subdivision)", "\u2022 HQ": "Bramber", "\u2022 Type": "Hundreds", "\u2022 Units": "Brightford, Burbeach, West Grinstead, Poling, Singlecross, Steyning, Tarring, Tipnoak, East Easwrith (half hundred), Fishersgate (half hundred), Wyndham (half hundred)"}}]
| false
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# 1967 Copa del Generalísimo final
The Copa del Generalísimo 1967 Final was the 65th final of the King's Cup. The final was played at Santiago Bernabéu in Madrid, on 2 July 1967, being won by Valencia CF, who beat Club Atlético de Bilbao 2–1.
## Match details
| Valencia | 2–1 | Atlético Bilbao |
| ---------------------- | --------------- | --------------- |
| Jara 45' · Paquito 55' | Report[usurped] | Argoitia 63' |
| Valencia | Atlético Bilbao |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| GK | 1 | Abelardo | |
| DF | 2 | Juan Sol | |
| DF | 3 | Manuel Mestre | |
| DF | 4 | Tatono | |
| MF | 5 | Paquito | |
| MF | 6 | Roberto (c) | |
| FW | 7 | Poli | |
| FW | 8 | Vicente Guillot | |
| FW | 9 | Waldo | |
| FW | 10 | José Claramunt | |
| FW | 11 | Vicente Jara | |
| Manager: | | | |
| Mundo | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| GK | 1 | José Ángel Iribar | |
| DF | 2 | José Orúe (c) | |
| DF | 3 | Luis María Echeberría | |
| DF | 4 | Jesús Aranguren | |
| MF | 5 | Luis María Zugazaga | |
| MF | 6 | José Larrauri | |
| FW | 7 | Iñaki Sáez | |
| FW | 8 | José Argoitia | |
| FW | 9 | Antón Arieta | |
| FW | 10 | Fidel Uriarte | |
| FW | 11 | Txetxu Rojo | |
| Manager: | | | |
| Agustín Gaínza | | | |
|
enwiki/45643100
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1967 Copa del Generalísimo final
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo_final
|
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|
en
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Q19902136
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{{Infobox football match
| title = Copa del Generalísimo 1967 Final
| image =
| event = [[1967 Copa del Generalísimo]]
| team1 = [[Valencia CF|Valencia]]
| team1score = 2
| team2 = [[Athletic Bilbao|Atlético Bilbao]]
| team2score = 1
| details =
| date = 2 July 1967
| stadium = [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium|Santiago Bernabéu]]
| city = [[Madrid]]
| man_of_the_match1a =
| referee = Jaime Oliva
| attendance = 100,000 <ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615162334/http://www.linguasport.com/futbol/nacional/copa/copa67.htm Copa del Rey 1967]}}</ref>
| weather =
| previous = [[1966 Copa del Generalísimo Final|1966]]
| next = [[1968 Copa del Generalísimo Final|1968]]
}}
{{main|1967 Copa del Generalísimo}}
The '''Copa del Generalísimo 1967 Final''' was the 65th final of the [[Copa del Rey|King's Cup]]. The final was played at [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium|Santiago Bernabéu]] in [[Madrid]], on 2 July 1967, being won by [[Valencia CF]], who beat [[Club Atlético de Bilbao]] 2–1.
{{-}}
==Match details==
{{footballbox
|date=2 July 1967
|time=20:00 [[Central European Time|CET]]
|team1=[[Valencia CF|Valencia]]
|score= 2–1
|report={{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615162334/http://www.linguasport.com/futbol/nacional/copa/copa67.htm Report]}}
|team2=[[Athletic Bilbao|Atlético Bilbao]]
|goals1=[[:es:Vicente Anastasio Jara|Jara]] {{goal|45}} <br/> [[Francisco García Gómez|Paquito]] {{goal|55}}
|goals2=[[José Argoitia|Argoitia]] {{goal|63}}
|stadium=[[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ]], [[Madrid]]
|attendance=100,000
|referee=Jaime Oliva
}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
|pattern_b = _val7677h
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so = _band white
| leftarm = ffffff
| body =ffffff
| rightarm = ffffff
| shorts = ffffff
| socks = 000000
| title = Valencia
}}
{{col-2}}
{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _red stripes
| pattern_b = _red stripes
| pattern_ra = _red stripes
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so = _hoops red
| leftarm = ffffff
| body =ffffff
| rightarm = ffffff
| shorts = 000000
| socks = ffffff
|title = {{nowrap|Atlético Bilbao}}
}}
{{col-end}}
{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK ||'''1''' ||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Abelardo González|Abelardo]]
|-
|DF ||'''2'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Juan Cruz Sol|Juan Sol]]
|-
|DF ||'''3'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Manuel Mestre]]
|-
|DF ||'''4'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[José Antonio García Conesa|Tatono]]
|-
|MF ||'''5'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Francisco García Gómez|Paquito]]
|-
|MF ||'''6'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Roberto Gil (footballer)|Roberto]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|FW ||'''7'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Manuel Polinario|Poli]]
|-
|FW ||'''8'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Vicente Guillot]]
|-
|FW ||'''9'''||{{flagicon|BRA|1960}} [[Waldo Machado|Waldo]]
|-
|FW||'''10'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[José Claramunt]]
|-
|FW||'''11'''||{{flagicon|PAR|1954}} [[Vicente Jara]]
|-
|colspan=4|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Edmundo Suárez|Mundo]]
|}
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK ||'''1''' ||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[José Ángel Iribar]]
|-
|DF ||'''2'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[José Orúe]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|DF ||'''3'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Luis María Echeberría]]
|-
|DF ||'''4'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Jesús Aranguren]]
|-
|MF ||'''5''' ||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Luis María Zugazaga]]
|-
|MF ||'''6''' ||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[José Larrauri]]
|-
|FW ||'''7'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Iñaki Sáez]]
|-
|FW ||'''8'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[José Argoitia]]
|-
|FW ||'''9'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Antón Arieta]]
|-
|FW||'''10'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Fidel Uriarte]]
|-
|FW||'''11'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[José Francisco Rojo|Txetxu Rojo]]
|-
|colspan=4|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Agustín Gaínza]]
|-
|}
|}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Copa del Rey Finals}}
{{Athletic Bilbao matches}}
{{Valencia CF matches}}
{{Portal bar|Association football|Spain}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Copa Del Generalisimo Final 1967}}
[[Category:Copa del Rey finals|1967]]
[[Category:1966–67 in Spanish football|Copa]]
[[Category:Athletic Bilbao matches]]
[[Category:Valencia CF matches]]
[[Category:July 1967 sports events in Europe]]
[[Category:Football competitions in Madrid]]
[[Category:1960s in Madrid]]
| 1,283,891,215
|
[{"title": "Copa del General\u00edsimo 1967 Final", "data": {"Event": "1967 Copa del General\u00edsimo", "Valencia": "Atl\u00e9tico Bilbao", "2": "1", "Date": "2 July 1967", "Venue": "Santiago Bernab\u00e9u, Madrid", "Referee": "Jaime Oliva", "Attendance": "100,000"}}]
| false
|
# Joann Ginal
Joann Ginal is an American politician who serves in the Colorado Senate from the 14th district since 2019, as a member of the Democratic Party. Before her tenure in the state senate she served in the Colorado House of Representatives from the 52nd district from 2013 to 2019.
Ginal was born in Manchester, New Hampshire, and also lived in Florida and Massachusetts. She graduated from the University of New Hampshire, Iowa State University, and Colorado State University during which she moved to Fort Collins, Colorado. In 2012, she was elected to the state house to succeed John Kefalas, who had run for a seat in the state senate, and served until she was selected to replace Kefalas in the state senate in 2018.
## Early life and education
Joann Ginal was born in Manchester, New Hampshire. She lived in Florida and Massachusetts before moving to Fort Collins, Colorado, to continue her college education in 1990. She graduated from the University of New Hampshire with a Bachelor of Science in biology, Iowa State University with a Master of Science in zoology and parasitology, and Colorado State University with a PhD in reproductive endocrinology. Ginal received a honored certification from the Harvard Kennedy School. She planned to marry her partner after the legalization of same-sex civil unions in Colorado.
## State legislature
### Elections
In 2012, John Kefalas, a Democratic member of the Colorado House of Representatives from the 52nd district, chose to run for a seat in the Colorado Senate from the 14th district. Ginal won the Democratic nomination without opposition and defeated Republican nominee Bob Morain in the general election. She defeated Republican nominee Donna Walter in the 2014, 2016, and 2018 elections.
Senator Kefalas was elected to a seat on the county commission in Larimer County during the 2018 election and resigned from the state senate to take the office. Ginal defeated Representative Jennifer Arndt, William Wright, and Michael Thomas in the vote conducted by the vacancy committee on December 16, 2018. Cathy Kipp, a member of the board of directors for the Poudre School district, was selected to replace Ginal in the state house. During the 2020 election she won the Democratic nomination and defeated Republican nominee Hans D. Hochheimer in the general election.
### Tenure
During Ginal's tenure in the state house she served on the Health, Insurance and Environment, Transportation and Energy, and Public Health Care and Human Services committees. She served as chair of the Health, Insurance and Environment committee. She was a member of the LGBTQ Caucus in the state house. Ginal served on the Local Government, Agriculture and Natural Resources, and Health and Human Services committees in the state senate. She served as the chair of the Local Government and vice-chair of the Health and Human Services committee.
## Political positions
In 2015, Ginal and Representative Lois Court introduced legislation to allow for terminally ill people with less than six months left to live to undergo euthanasia. She stated that she created the legislation because of Brittany Maynard, a brain cancer patient, who moved from California to Oregon to end her life. Their legislation failed in the state house, but Colorado Proposition 106, which allowed for assisted suicide, was passed with 64.9% of the popular vote in 2016.
Ginal introduced legislation in 2016, to make rolling coal a Class 2 misdemeanor traffic offense and the legislation was signed into law by Governor John Hickenlooper on June 5, 2017. Ginal was among thirty-seven legislators who endorsed a letter in 2018, calling for Planned Parenthood to allow for their workers to form a union. She sponsored legislation to allow people in Colorado to import prescription drugs from Canada. In 2019, she and Representative Alex Valdez were recognized as the best legislators by the Colorado Voters for Animals, an animal rights organization.
In 2023, she was the only member of her caucus to vote against a major land use reform bill in the Colorado Senate that would have upzoned neighborhoods and enabled more housing construction in Colorado.
## Electoral history
| Primary election | Primary election | Primary election | Primary election | Primary election |
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| ---------------- | ---------------- | ---------------- | ---------------- | ---------------- |
| | Democratic | Joann Ginal | 2,953 | 100.00% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 2,953 | 100.00% |
| General election | | | | |
| | Democratic | Joann Ginal | 24,841 | 56.10% |
| | Republican | Bob Morain | 19,442 | 43.90% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 44,283 | 100.00% |
| Primary election | Primary election | Primary election | Primary election | Primary election |
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| ---------------- | ---------------- | ----------------------- | ---------------- | ---------------- |
| | Democratic | Joann Ginal (incumbent) | 3,498 | 100.00% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 3,498 | 100.00% |
| General election | | | | |
| | Democratic | Joann Ginal (incumbent) | 19,403 | 55.16% |
| | Republican | Donna Walter | 15,774 | 44.84% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 35,177 | 100.00% |
| Primary election | Primary election | Primary election | Primary election | Primary election |
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| ---------------- | ---------------- | ----------------------- | ---------------- | ---------------- |
| | Democratic | Joann Ginal (incumbent) | 4,341 | 100.00% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 4,341 | 100.00% |
| General election | | | | |
| | Democratic | Joann Ginal (incumbent) | 25,876 | 54.70% |
| | Republican | Donna Walter | 21,428 | 45.30% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 47,304 | 100.00% |
| Primary election | Primary election | Primary election | Primary election | Primary election |
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| ---------------- | ---------------- | ----------------------- | ---------------- | ---------------- |
| | Democratic | Joann Ginal (incumbent) | 11,684 | 100.00% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 11,684 | 100.00% |
| General election | | | | |
| | Democratic | Joann Ginal (incumbent) | 29,708 | 64.13% |
| | Republican | Donna Walter | 16,614 | 35.87% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 46,322 | 100.00% |
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| ----------- | ----------- | -------------- | ----- | ------- |
| | Democratic | Joann Ginal | 45 | 50.56% |
| | Democratic | Jennifer Arndt | 42 | 48.31% |
| | Democratic | William Wright | 2 | 2.25% |
| | Democratic | Michael Thomas | 0 | 0.00% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 89 | 100.00% |
| Primary election | Primary election | Primary election | Primary election | Primary election |
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| ---------------- | ---------------- | ----------------------- | ---------------- | ---------------- |
| | Democratic | Joann Ginal (incumbent) | 29,452 | 100.00% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 29,452 | 100.00% |
| General election | | | | |
| | Democratic | Joann Ginal (incumbent) | 63,409 | 66.65% |
| | Republican | Hans D. Hochheimer | 31,724 | 33.35% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 95,133 | 100.00% |
|
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Joann Ginal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joann_Ginal
|
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|
en
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Q6205734
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{{Short description|American politician}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Joann Ginal
|image = Senator_Joann_Ginal.jpg
|state_senate = Colorado
|district = [[Colorado's 14th Senate district|14th]]
|term_start = January 4, 2019
|term_end = January 8, 2025
|predecessor = [[John Kefalas]]
|successor = [[Cathy Kipp]]
|state_house2 = Colorado
|district2 = 52nd
|term_start2 = January 9, 2013
|term_end2 = January 4, 2019
|predecessor2 = [[John Kefalas]]
|successor2 = [[Cathy Kipp]]
|birth_name =
|birth_date =
|birth_place = [[Manchester, New Hampshire]], U.S.
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|spouse =
|children =
|education = [[University of New Hampshire]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]]) <br/> [[Iowa State University]] ([[Master of Science|MS]]) <br/> [[Colorado State University]] ([[PhD]])
|signature =
}}
'''Joann Ginal''' is an American politician who serves in the [[Colorado Senate]] from the [[Colorado's 14th Senate district|14th district]] since 2019, as a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. Before her tenure in the state senate she served in the [[Colorado House of Representatives]] from the 52nd district from 2013 to 2019.
Ginal was born in [[Manchester, New Hampshire]], and also lived in [[Florida]] and [[Massachusetts]]. She graduated from the [[University of New Hampshire]], [[Iowa State University]], and [[Colorado State University]] during which she moved to [[Fort Collins, Colorado]]. In 2012, she was elected to the state house to succeed [[John Kefalas]], who had run for a seat in the state senate, and served until she was selected to replace Kefalas in the state senate in 2018.
==Early life and education==
Joann Ginal was born in [[Manchester, New Hampshire]]. She lived in [[Florida]] and [[Massachusetts]] before moving to [[Fort Collins, Colorado]], to continue her college education in 1990. She graduated from the [[University of New Hampshire]] with a [[Bachelor of Science]] in biology, [[Iowa State University]] with a [[Master of Science]] in zoology and parasitology, and [[Colorado State University]] with a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in reproductive endocrinology. Ginal received a honored certification from the [[Harvard Kennedy School]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2020 |title=Colorado election: Q&A with state Senate candidate Joann Ginal |work=[[Fort Collins Coloradoan]] |url=https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2020/10/09/colorado-election-joann-ginal-candidate-senate-district-14-q-a/3630954001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211202073809/https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2020/10/09/colorado-election-joann-ginal-candidate-senate-district-14-q-a/3630954001/ |archive-date=December 2, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 23, 2003 |title=Joann Ginal |page=57 |work=[[Fort Collins Coloradoan]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90123223/fort-collins-coloradoan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211206104709/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90123223/fort-collins-coloradoan/ |archive-date=December 6, 2021 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> She planned to marry her partner after the legalization of [[Same-sex unions in the United States|same-sex civil unions]] in Colorado.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 13, 2013 |title=Colorado OKs civil unions for gay couples |page=A1 |work=[[Fort Collins Coloradoan]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90175807/fort-collins-coloradoan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211207051326/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90175807/fort-collins-coloradoan/ |archive-date=December 7, 2021 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 13, 2013 |title=Unions: 2 Republicans vote for bill |page=7 |work=[[Fort Collins Coloradoan]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90175802/the-daily-sentinel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211207092828/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90175802/the-daily-sentinel/ |archive-date=December 7, 2021 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
==State legislature==
===Elections===
In 2012, [[John Kefalas]], a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] member of the [[Colorado House of Representatives]] from the 52nd district, chose to run for a seat in the [[Colorado Senate]] from the [[Colorado's 14th Senate district|14th district]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 9, 2011 |title=Ginal announces run for House District 52 |page=3 |work=[[Fort Collins Coloradoan]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90123223/fort-collins-coloradoan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211206105310/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90123259/fort-collins-coloradoan/ |archive-date=December 6, 2021 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Ginal won the Democratic nomination without opposition and defeated [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee Bob Morain in the general election.<ref name="primary 2012">{{Cite news |url=https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/Abstract/2012/primary/democratic/stateReps.html |title=2012 Primary Election Results - Democratic Party Ballot |work=[[Secretary of State of Colorado]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211201073944/https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/Abstract/2012/primary/democratic/stateReps.html |archive-date=December 1, 2021}}</ref><ref name="election 2012">{{Cite news |url=https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/Abstract/2012/general/representatives.html |title=2012 General Election Results |work=[[Secretary of State of Colorado]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211201074009/https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/Abstract/2012/general/representatives.html |archive-date=December 1, 2021}}</ref> She defeated Republican nominee Donna Walter in the 2014, 2016, and 2018 elections.<ref name="primary 2014">{{Cite news |url=https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/Abstract/2014/primary/democratic/stateReps.html |title=2014 Primary Election Results - Democratic Party Ballot |work=[[Secretary of State of Colorado]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211206110046/https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/Abstract/2014/primary/democratic/stateReps.html |archive-date=December 6, 2021}}</ref><ref name="election 2014">{{Cite news |url=https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/Abstract/2014/general/representatives.html |title=2014 General Election Results |work=[[Secretary of State of Colorado]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211206110304/https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/Abstract/2014/general/representatives.html |archive-date=December 6, 2021}}</ref><ref name="primary 2016">{{Cite news |url=https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/Abstract/2016/primary/democratic/stateRepresentatives.html |title=2016 Primary Election Results - Democratic Party Ballot |work=[[Secretary of State of Colorado]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210628000445/https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/Abstract/2016/primary/democratic/stateRepresentatives.html |archive-date=June 28, 2021}}</ref><ref name="election 2016">{{Cite news |url=https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/Abstract/2016/general/stateRepresentatives.html |title=2016 General Election Results |work=[[Secretary of State of Colorado]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210627173423/https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/Abstract/2016/general/stateRepresentatives.html |archive-date=June 27, 2021}}</ref><ref name="primary 2018">{{Cite news |url=https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/Abstract/2018/primary/democratic/stateRepresentatives.html |title=2018 Primary Election Results - Democratic Party Ballot |work=[[Secretary of State of Colorado]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210628000727/https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/Abstract/2018/primary/democratic/stateRepresentatives.html |archive-date=June 28, 2021}}</ref><ref name="election 2018">{{Cite news |url=https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/Abstract/2018/general/stateRepresentatives.html |title=2018 General Election Results |work=[[Secretary of State of Colorado]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210627165455/https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/Abstract/2018/general/stateRepresentatives.html |archive-date=June 27, 2021}}</ref>
Senator Kefalas was elected to a seat on the county commission in [[Larimer County, Colorado|Larimer County]] during the 2018 election and resigned from the state senate to take the office. Ginal defeated Representative [[Jennifer Arndt]], William Wright, and Michael Thomas in the vote conducted by the vacancy committee on December 16, 2018.<ref name="selection 2018">{{Cite news |date=December 16, 2018 |title=Rep. Joann Ginal picked to replace Kefalas as Fort Collins' state senator |work=[[Fort Collins Coloradoan]] |url=https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2018/12/16/joann-ginal-replace-john-kefalas-fort-collins-state-senator/2332741002/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211202073801/https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2018/12/16/joann-ginal-replace-john-kefalas-fort-collins-state-senator/2332741002/ |archive-date=December 2, 2021}}</ref> [[Cathy Kipp]], a member of the board of directors for the Poudre School district, was selected to replace Ginal in the state house.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 5, 2019 |title=Replacement selected for exiting Colorado state Sen. Daniel Kagan |work=Colorado Politics |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/replacement-selected-for-exiting-colorado-state-sen-daniel-kagan/article_66665ffc-112b-11e9-a44a-b3931b61046c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211206103107/https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/replacement-selected-for-exiting-colorado-state-sen-daniel-kagan/article_66665ffc-112b-11e9-a44a-b3931b61046c.html |archive-date=December 6, 2021}}</ref> During the 2020 election she won the Democratic nomination and defeated Republican nominee Hans D. Hochheimer in the general election.<ref name="primary 2020">{{Cite news |url=https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/Abstract/2020/primary/democratic/stateSenate.html |title=2020 Primary Election Results - Democratic Party Ballot |work=[[Secretary of State of Colorado]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211126222920/https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/Abstract/2020/primary/democratic/stateSenate.html |archive-date=November 26, 2021}}</ref><ref name="election 2020">{{Cite news |url=https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/Abstract/2020/general/stateSenate.html |title=2020 General Election Results |work=[[Secretary of State of Colorado]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126223252/https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/Abstract/2020/general/stateSenate.html |archive-date=November 26, 2021}}</ref>
===Tenure===
During Ginal's tenure in the state house she served on the Health, Insurance and Environment, Transportation and Energy, and Public Health Care and Human Services committees. She served as chair of the Health, Insurance and Environment committee.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 1, 2016 |title=House Democrats line up committee leadership |work=Colorado Politics |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/house-democrats-line-up-committee-leadership/article_c7fd76c2-07c2-50d3-bc79-e0d0013331a3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211205073248/https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/house-democrats-line-up-committee-leadership/article_c7fd76c2-07c2-50d3-bc79-e0d0013331a3.html |archive-date=December 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=December 2, 2016 |title=Updated: Legislative committees finalized |work=Colorado Politics |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/updated-legislative-committees-finalized/article_90abfb40-9294-5704-b8d3-1855ea0ff236.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211205073543/https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/updated-legislative-committees-finalized/article_90abfb40-9294-5704-b8d3-1855ea0ff236.html |archive-date=December 5, 2021}}</ref> She was a member of the LGBTQ Caucus in the state house.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 17, 2017 |title='Out Front' LGBTQ lawmakers are showing their pride during PrideFest weekend |work=Colorado Politics |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/hot-sheet/out-front-lgbtq-lawmakers-are-showing-their-pride-during-pridefest-weekend/article_e2ee6db1-ddde-5e6e-8b10-bf23bd99afbc.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211205080142/https://www.coloradopolitics.com/hot-sheet/out-front-lgbtq-lawmakers-are-showing-their-pride-during-pridefest-weekend/article_e2ee6db1-ddde-5e6e-8b10-bf23bd99afbc.html |archive-date=December 5, 2021}}</ref> Ginal served on the Local Government, Agriculture and Natural Resources, and Health and Human Services committees in the state senate. She served as the chair of the Local Government and vice-chair of the Health and Human Services committee.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 10, 2020 |title=House and Senate Democrats announce new committee assignments for 2021 session; Benavidez named Speaker Pro tem |work=Colorado Politics |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/denver-gazette/house-and-senate-democrats-announce-new-committee-assignments-for-2021-session-benavidez-named-speaker-pro/article_bcaa0f5e-3b1c-11eb-a155-232b78e46403.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211206104112/https://www.coloradopolitics.com/denver-gazette/house-and-senate-democrats-announce-new-committee-assignments-for-2021-session-benavidez-named-speaker-pro/article_bcaa0f5e-3b1c-11eb-a155-232b78e46403.html |archive-date=December 6, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=January 16, 2019 |title=Meet the 2019 General Assembly: Colorado State Senate |work=Colorado Politics |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/meet-the-2019-general-assembly-colorado-state-senate/article_a65a5ed9-9990-5f29-8834-bb6375218b79.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211206104304/https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/meet-the-2019-general-assembly-colorado-state-senate/article_a65a5ed9-9990-5f29-8834-bb6375218b79.html |archive-date=December 6, 2021}}</ref>
==Political positions==
In 2015, Ginal and Representative [[Lois Court]] introduced legislation to allow for terminally ill people with less than six months left to live to undergo [[euthanasia]]. She stated that she created the legislation because of Brittany Maynard, a brain cancer patient, who moved from California to Oregon to [[Assisted suicide|end her life]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 9, 2015 |title=Should terminally ill patients be able to end their own lives? |work=Colorado Politics |url=https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2018/12/16/joann-ginal-replace-john-kefalas-fort-collins-state-senator/2332741002/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211204060858/https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/should-terminally-ill-patients-be-able-to-end-their-own-lives/article_b6b091e9-5a9a-5c1a-82b2-adb2514a7f65.html |archive-date=December 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 9, 2015 |title=Strode: Life or death: A right to choose? |work=Colorado Politics |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/strode-life-or-death-a-right-to-choose/article_e53086ef-dfcf-581e-b1bb-1a066b0b4d80.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211204064857/https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/strode-life-or-death-a-right-to-choose/article_e53086ef-dfcf-581e-b1bb-1a066b0b4d80.html |archive-date=December 4, 2021}}</ref> Their legislation failed in the state house, but Colorado Proposition 106, which allowed for assisted suicide, was passed with 64.9% of the popular vote in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 25, 2016 |title=The Hot Sheet, February 25, 2016 |work=Colorado Politics |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/hot-sheet/the-hot-sheet-february-25-2016/article_d55d060c-0640-5ada-8c22-51c6da8a6139.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211204065317/https://www.coloradopolitics.com/hot-sheet/the-hot-sheet-february-25-2016/article_d55d060c-0640-5ada-8c22-51c6da8a6139.html |archive-date=December 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=August 1, 2016 |title=Colorado Proposition 106, Medical Aid in Dying, Results: Approved |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/elections/2016/results/colorado-ballot-measure-106-medical-aid-in-dying |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211204065717/https://www.nytimes.com/elections/2016/results/colorado-ballot-measure-106-medical-aid-in-dying |archive-date=December 4, 2021}}</ref>
Ginal introduced legislation in 2016, to make [[rolling coal]] a Class 2 misdemeanor traffic offense and the legislation was signed into law by Governor [[John Hickenlooper]] on June 5, 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 19, 2016 |title=House Dems seek to stop up soot-spewing 'coal rollers' |work=Colorado Politics |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/house-dems-seek-to-stop-up-soot-spewing-coal-rollers/article_c74c1d9f-8355-5840-aa45-5952b2a78336.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211205074002/https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/house-dems-seek-to-stop-up-soot-spewing-coal-rollers/article_c74c1d9f-8355-5840-aa45-5952b2a78336.html |archive-date=December 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 6, 2017 |title=Governor signs dozens of Colorado bills into law |work=Colorado Politics |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/governor-signs-dozens-of-colorado-bills-into-law/article_a5e54621-9260-58bf-8ae2-9415dd4f4762.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211205075944/https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/governor-signs-dozens-of-colorado-bills-into-law/article_a5e54621-9260-58bf-8ae2-9415dd4f4762.html |archive-date=December 5, 2021}}</ref> Ginal was among thirty-seven legislators who endorsed a letter in 2018, calling for [[Planned Parenthood]] to allow for their workers to form a union.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 13, 2018 |title=Lawmakers back Denver Planned Parenthood workers' union cause |work=Colorado Politics |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/lawmakers-back-denver-planned-parenthood-workers-union-cause/article_5f4df23c-d39a-5e9c-a840-615bfc46a422.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211123022921/https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/lawmakers-back-denver-planned-parenthood-workers-union-cause/article_5f4df23c-d39a-5e9c-a840-615bfc46a422.html |archive-date=November 23, 2021}}</ref> She sponsored legislation to allow people in Colorado to import prescription drugs from [[Canada]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 29, 2019 |title=Bills on drug imports, public health option move through Colorado legislative committees |work=Colorado Politics |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/bills-on-drug-imports-public-health-option-move-through-colorado-legislative-committees/article_eb973068-236c-11e9-9e76-2f347ef0d143.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211206103427/https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/bills-on-drug-imports-public-health-option-move-through-colorado-legislative-committees/article_eb973068-236c-11e9-9e76-2f347ef0d143.html |archive-date=December 6, 2021}}</ref> In 2019, she and Representative [[Alex Valdez]] were recognized as the best legislators by the Colorado Voters for Animals, an animal rights organization.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 28, 2019 |title=Lawmakers Ginal, Valdez honored by animal rights group |work=Colorado Politics |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/quick-hits/lawmakers-ginal-valdez-honored-by-animal-rights-group/article_34a16d92-f783-11e9-8d0e-43ef582f59e4.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211206103740/https://www.coloradopolitics.com/quick-hits/lawmakers-ginal-valdez-honored-by-animal-rights-group/article_34a16d92-f783-11e9-8d0e-43ef582f59e4.html |archive-date=December 6, 2021}}</ref>
In 2023, she was the only member of her caucus to vote against a major land use reform bill in the Colorado Senate that would have upzoned neighborhoods and enabled more housing construction in Colorado.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Sweeping land use proposal backed by Polis dies in last hours of legislative session |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2023/05/08/land-use-colorado-legislature-polis-local-control |website=The Denver Post |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Electoral history==
{{Election box open primary begin no change|title = 2012 Colorado House of Representatives 52nd district election<ref name="primary 2012" /><ref name="election 2012" />}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Joann Ginal
|votes = 2,953
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes = 2,953
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box open primary general election no change}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Joann Ginal
|votes = 24,841
|percentage = 56.10%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Bob Morain
|votes = 19,442
|percentage = 43.90%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes = 44,283
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box open primary begin no change|title = 2014 Colorado House of Representatives 52nd district election<ref name="primary 2014" /><ref name="election 2014" />}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Joann Ginal (incumbent)
|votes = 3,498
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes = 3,498
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box open primary general election no change}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Joann Ginal (incumbent)
|votes = 19,403
|percentage = 55.16%
|change = -0.94%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Donna Walter
|votes = 15,774
|percentage = 44.84%
|change = +0.94%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes = 35,177
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box open primary begin no change|title = 2016 Colorado House of Representatives 52nd district election<ref name="primary 2016" /><ref name="election 2016" />}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Joann Ginal (incumbent)
|votes = 4,341
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes = 4,341
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box open primary general election no change}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Joann Ginal (incumbent)
|votes = 25,876
|percentage = 54.70%
|change = -0.46%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Donna Walter
|votes = 21,428
|percentage = 45.30%
|change = +0.46%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes = 47,304
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box open primary begin no change|title = 2018 Colorado House of Representatives 52nd district election<ref name="primary 2018" /><ref name="election 2018" />}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Joann Ginal (incumbent)
|votes = 11,684
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes = 11,684
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box open primary general election no change}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Joann Ginal (incumbent)
|votes = 29,708
|percentage = 64.13%
|change = +9.43%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Donna Walter
|votes = 16,614
|percentage = 35.87%
|change = -9.43%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes = 46,322
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin no change|title = 2018 Colorado Senate 14th district Democratic selection<ref name="selection 2018" />}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Joann Ginal
|votes = 45
|percentage = 50.56%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = [[Jennifer Arndt]]
|votes = 42
|percentage = 48.31%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = William Wright
|votes = 2
|percentage = 2.25%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Michael Thomas
|votes = 0
|percentage = 0.00%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes = 89
|percentage = 100.00%
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box open primary begin no change|title = 2020 Colorado Senate 14th district election<ref name="primary 2020" /><ref name="election 2020" />}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Joann Ginal (incumbent)
|votes = 29,452
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes = 29,452
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box open primary general election no change}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Joann Ginal (incumbent)
|votes = 63,409
|percentage = 66.65%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Hans D. Hochheimer
|votes = 31,724
|percentage = 33.35%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes = 95,133
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/Joann_Ginal Ballotpedia: Joann Ginal]
* [https://leg.colorado.gov/legislators/joann-ginal Legislative website]
{{Colorado State Senators|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ginal, Joann}}
[[Category:Colorado State University alumni]]
[[Category:Democratic Party members of the Colorado House of Representatives]]
[[Category:LGBTQ state legislators in Colorado]]
[[Category:Politicians from Fort Collins, Colorado]]
[[Category:Iowa State University alumni]]
[[Category:American lesbian politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women state legislators in Colorado]]
[[Category:University of New Hampshire alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Democratic Party Colorado state senators]]
[[Category:21st-century American women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century members of the Colorado General Assembly]]
| 1,283,972,395
|
[{"title": "Member of the Colorado Senate \u00b7 from the 14th district", "data": {"Member of the Colorado Senate \u00b7 from the 14th district": "In office \u00b7 January 4, 2019 \u2013 January 8, 2025", "Preceded by": "John Kefalas", "Succeeded by": "Cathy Kipp"}}, {"title": "Member of the Colorado House of Representatives \u00b7 from the 52nd district", "data": {"Member of the Colorado House of Representatives \u00b7 from the 52nd district": "In office \u00b7 January 9, 2013 \u2013 January 4, 2019", "Preceded by": "John Kefalas", "Succeeded by": "Cathy Kipp"}}, {"title": "Personal details", "data": {"Born": "Manchester, New Hampshire, U.S.", "Political party": "Democratic", "Education": "University of New Hampshire (BS) \u00b7 Iowa State University (MS) \u00b7 Colorado State University (PhD)"}}]
| false
|
# No Retreat... No Surrender... Si Kumander
No Retreat... No Surrender... Si Kumander is a 1987 Filipino action comedy film directed by Pablo Santiago and starring Fernando Poe Jr. and his wife Susan Roces, the latter as the titular commander. Produced by FPJ Productions, the film was released on September 17, 1987. Critic Luciano E. Soriano of the Manila Standard gave Kumander a mildly positive review, commending Poe and Roces' "delightful" performances while deeming the film "mildly amusing" and "an over-extended [TV] sitcom".
## Cast
- Fernando Poe Jr. as Gener, a car dealer[2]
- Susan Roces as Benita, a barangay chairperson and real estate agent[2]
- Sheryl Cruz
- Randy Santiago as Einstein, a scientist[2]
- Paquito Diaz
- Bong Dimayacyac
- Chichay as Lola Baby[2]
- Dencio Padilla as Dennis[2]
- Bayani Casimiro as Lolo Boy[2]
- Tina Loy
- Mely Tagasa as Honorata, Benita's friend[2]
- Tatlong Pinoy
- Bamba
- Max Alvarado
- Janice Jurado
- Joseph Sonora
- Jeffrey Sonora
- Lollibie
- Becky Misa
- Vic Varrion
- Luis Benedicto
- Nonoy de Guzman
- Belo Borja
- Eddie Tuazon
- Jimmy Reyes
- Dennis Padilla[3]
## Release
The film was given a "G" rating by the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB), and was released on September 17, 1987.
### Critical response
Luciano E. Soriano, writing for the Manila Standard, gave Kumander a mildy positive review, stating that the film was a "mildly amusing situation comedy" with varying degrees of success in terms of comedic performances from the actors, though he considers Fernando Poe Jr. and Susan Roces "delightful" in their roles. Soriano also deems it to at least be superior to other local comedies for relying on its situations instead of facial expressions and toilet humor.
|
enwiki/65005983
|
enwiki
| 65,005,983
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No Retreat... No Surrender... Si Kumander
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Retreat..._No_Surrender..._Si_Kumander
|
2025-04-05T17:51:49Z
|
en
|
Q101245048
| 56,817
|
{{short description|1987 Filipino film starring Fernando Poe Jr. and Susan Roces}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = No Retreat... No Surrender...<br />Si Kumander
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Pablo Santiago
| producer = [[Fernando Poe Jr.|FPJ]]
| writer = {{Plainlist|
*[[Pablo S. Gomez|Pablo Gomez]]
*Fred Navarro}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Fernando Poe Jr.]]
*[[Susan Roces]]}}
| music = [[Jaime Fabregas|Jimmy Fabregas]]
| cinematography = Ver P. Reyes
| editing = Augusto Salvador
| studio = FPJ Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1987|9|17}}
| runtime =
| country = [[Philippines]]
| language = [[Filipino language|Filipino]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''No Retreat... No Surrender... Si Kumander''''' is a 1987 Filipino [[Action film#Action-comedy|action comedy film]] directed by Pablo Santiago<ref>{{cite news|url=https://push.abs-cbn.com/2020/6/22/fresh-scoops/santiago-brothers-rowell-randy-raymart-remember-229524|title=Santiago brothers Rowell, Randy, Raymart remember late father on his birthday'|work=[[ABS-CBN News|Push]]|date=June 22, 2020|access-date=January 9, 2023}}</ref> and starring [[Fernando Poe Jr.]] and his wife [[Susan Roces]], the latter as the titular commander. Produced by FPJ Productions, the film was released on September 17, 1987. Critic Luciano E. Soriano of the ''[[Manila Standard]]'' gave ''Kumander'' a mildly positive review, commending Poe and Roces' "delightful" performances while deeming the film "mildly amusing" and "an over-extended [TV] sitcom".
==Plot==
{{No plot|date=November 2023}}
==Cast==
*[[Fernando Poe Jr.]] as Gener, a car dealer<ref name="MSSoriano"/>
*[[Susan Roces]] as Benita, a [[barangay]] chairperson and [[Real estate broker|real estate agent]]<ref name="MSSoriano"/>
*[[Sheryl Cruz]]
*[[Randy Santiago]] as Einstein, a scientist<ref name="MSSoriano"/>
*[[Paquito Diaz]]
*Bong Dimayacyac
*[[Chicháy|Chichay]] as Lola Baby<ref name="MSSoriano"/>
*[[Dencio Padilla]] as Dennis<ref name="MSSoriano"/>
*[[Bayani Casimiro]] as Lolo Boy<ref name="MSSoriano"/>
*Tina Loy
*[[Mely Tagasa]] as Honorata, Benita's friend<ref name="MSSoriano"/>
*Tatlong Pinoy
*[[Bamba (actress)|Bamba]]
*[[Max Alvarado]]
*Janice Jurado
*Joseph Sonora
*Jeffrey Sonora
*Lollibie
*Becky Misa
*Vic Varrion
*Luis Benedicto
*Nonoy de Guzman
*Belo Borja
*Eddie Tuazon
*Jimmy Reyes
*[[Dennis Padilla]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pep.ph/peptionary/155573/dennis-padilla-a716-20201216-lfrm2|title=Dennis Padilla: The comedian who played young FPJ in the movies|publisher=[[GMA New Media|Philippine Entertainment Portal]]|first=Rachel|last=Siazon|date=December 16, 2020|access-date=January 9, 2023}}</ref>
==Release==
The film was given a "G" rating by the [[Movie and Television Review and Classification Board]] (MTRCB),<ref>{{cite news|title=MTRCB Classification Guide for films reviewed 11-18 Sept. 1987|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8cBNEdFwSQkC&dat=19870921&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|accessdate=August 20, 2020|work=[[Manila Standard]]|publisher=Standard Publications, Inc.|date=September 21, 1987|page=14}}</ref> and was released on September 17, 1987.<ref>{{cite news|title=Grand Opening Today|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8cBNEdFwSQkC&dat=19870917&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|accessdate=August 20, 2020|work=[[Manila Standard]]|publisher=Standard Publications, Inc.|date=September 21, 1987|page=9}}</ref>
===Critical response===
Luciano E. Soriano, writing for the ''[[Manila Standard]]'', gave ''Kumander'' a mildy positive review, stating that the film was a "mildly amusing [[situation comedy]]" with varying degrees of success in terms of comedic performances from the actors, though he considers [[Fernando Poe Jr.]] and [[Susan Roces]] "delightful" in their roles. Soriano also deems it to at least be superior to other local comedies for relying on its situations instead of facial expressions and toilet humor.<ref name="MSSoriano">{{cite news|last=Soriano|first=Luciano E.|title=A mildly amusing sitcom|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8cBNEdFwSQkC&dat=19870921&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|accessdate=August 20, 2020|work=[[Manila Standard]]|publisher=Standard Publications, Inc.|date=September 21, 1987|page=14}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1130859}}
{{Pablo Santiago}}
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Filipino-language films]]
[[Category:Films about cults]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Pablo S. Gomez]]
[[Category:Philippine action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pablo Santiago]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jaime Fabregas]]
{{1980s-comedy-film-stub}}
{{1980s-Philippines-film-stub}}
| 1,284,119,094
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[{"title": "No Retreat... No Surrender... \u00b7 Si Kumander", "data": {"Directed by": "Pablo Santiago", "Written by": "- Pablo Gomez - Fred Navarro", "Produced by": "FPJ", "Starring": "- Fernando Poe Jr. - Susan Roces", "Cinematography": "Ver P. Reyes", "Edited by": "Augusto Salvador", "Music by": "Jimmy Fabregas", "Production \u00b7 company": "FPJ Productions", "Release date": "- September 17, 1987", "Country": "Philippines", "Language": "Filipino"}}]
| false
|
# 1943–44 Toronto Maple Leafs season
The 1943–44 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 27th season in the National Hockey League (NHL).
## Regular season
### Final standings
| | | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA | DIFF | Pts |
| - | ------------------- | -- | -- | -- | - | --- | --- | ---- | --- |
| 1 | Montreal Canadiens | 50 | 38 | 5 | 7 | 234 | 109 | +125 | 83 |
| 2 | Detroit Red Wings | 50 | 26 | 18 | 6 | 214 | 177 | +37 | 58 |
| 3 | Toronto Maple Leafs | 50 | 23 | 23 | 4 | 214 | 174 | +40 | 50 |
| 4 | Chicago Black Hawks | 50 | 22 | 23 | 5 | 178 | 187 | −9 | 49 |
| 5 | Boston Bruins | 50 | 19 | 26 | 5 | 223 | 268 | −45 | 43 |
| 6 | New York Rangers | 50 | 6 | 39 | 5 | 162 | 310 | −148 | 17 |
### Record vs. opponents
| Boston | — | 5–5 | 1–7–2 | 3–5–2 | 7–2–1 | 3–7 |
| Chicago | 5–5 | — | 5–5 | 0–8–2 | 7–1–2 | 5–4–1 |
| Detroit | 7–1–2 | 5–5 | — | 0–9–1 | 8–1–1 | 6–2–2 |
| Montreal | 5–3–2 | 8–0–2 | 9–0–1 | — | 9–0–1 | 7–2–1 |
| New York | 2–7–1 | 1–7–2 | 1–8–1 | 0–9–1 | — | 2–8 |
| Toronto | 7–3 | 4–5–1 | 2–6–2 | 2–7–1 | 8–2 | — |
## Schedule and results
| Game | Result | Date | Score | Opponent | Record |
| ---- | ------ | ---------- | ----- | ------------------------------- | ------ |
| 1 | W | October 30 | 5–2 | New York Rangers (1943–44) | 1–0–0 |
| 2 | W | October 31 | 4–1 | @ Chicago Black Hawks (1943–44) | 2–0–0 |
| Game | Result | Date | Score | Opponent | Record |
| ---- | ------ | ----------- | ----- | ------------------------------ | ------ |
| 3 | T | November 4 | 5–5 | @ Detroit Red Wings (1943–44) | 2–0–1 |
| 4 | L | November 6 | 2–5 | Boston Bruins (1943–44) | 2–1–1 |
| 5 | W | November 7 | 7–4 | @ New York Rangers (1943–44) | 3–1–1 |
| 6 | T | November 11 | 2–2 | Detroit Red Wings (1943–44) | 3–1–2 |
| 7 | L | November 13 | 1–4 | Chicago Black Hawks (1943–44) | 3–2–2 |
| 8 | L | November 18 | 2–5 | @ Montreal Canadiens (1943–44) | 3–3–2 |
| 9 | L | November 20 | 2–7 | Montreal Canadiens (1943–44) | 3–4–2 |
| 10 | W | November 21 | 5–2 | @ New York Rangers (1943–44) | 4–4–2 |
| 11 | L | November 23 | 5–8 | @ Boston Bruins (1943–44) | 4–5–2 |
| 12 | W | November 27 | 7–4 | Boston Bruins (1943–44) | 5–5–2 |
| 13 | L | November 28 | 4–6 | @ Detroit Red Wings (1943–44) | 5–6–2 |
| Game | Result | Date | Score | Opponent | Record |
| ---- | ------ | ----------- | ----- | ------------------------------- | ------- |
| 14 | W | December 2 | 6–5 | Detroit Red Wings (1943–44) | 6–6–2 |
| 15 | W | December 4 | 11–4 | New York Rangers (1943–44) | 7–6–2 |
| 16 | W | December 11 | 4–2 | Montreal Canadiens (1943–44) | 8–6–2 |
| 17 | L | December 12 | 2–3 | @ Chicago Black Hawks (1943–44) | 8–7–2 |
| 18 | L | December 16 | 1–4 | Detroit Red Wings (1943–44) | 8–8–2 |
| 19 | W | December 18 | 8–4 | Chicago Black Hawks (1943–44) | 9–8–2 |
| 20 | W | December 19 | 5–2 | @ Chicago Black Hawks (1943–44) | 10–8–2 |
| 21 | L | December 21 | 5–8 | @ Boston Bruins (1943–44) | 10–9–2 |
| 22 | L | December 25 | 3–5 | New York Rangers (1943–44) | 10–10–2 |
| 23 | W | December 31 | 4–0 | @ New York Rangers (1943–44) | 11–10–2 |
| Game | Result | Date | Score | Opponent | Record |
| ---- | ------ | ---------- | ----- | ------------------------------- | ------- |
| 24 | W | January 1 | 5–2 | @ Boston Bruins (1943–44) | 12–10–2 |
| 25 | L | January 4 | 3–6 | @ Montreal Canadiens (1943–44) | 12–11–2 |
| 26 | W | January 6 | 6–1 | Chicago Black Hawks (1943–44) | 13–11–2 |
| 27 | W | January 8 | 12–3 | Boston Bruins (1943–44) | 14–11–2 |
| 28 | W | January 11 | 5–0 | Montreal Canadiens (1943–44) | 15–11–2 |
| 29 | L | January 15 | 4–6 | Detroit Red Wings (1943–44) | 15–12–2 |
| 30 | L | January 16 | 1–4 | @ Detroit Red Wings (1943–44) | 15–13–2 |
| 31 | W | January 18 | 7–2 | @ Boston Bruins (1943–44) | 16–13–2 |
| 32 | L | January 22 | 1–5 | New York Rangers (1943–44) | 16–14–2 |
| 33 | L | January 23 | 3–5 | @ Chicago Black Hawks (1943–44) | 16–15–2 |
| 34 | T | January 27 | 2–2 | @ Montreal Canadiens (1943–44) | 16–15–3 |
| 35 | L | January 29 | 3–4 | Chicago Black Hawks (1943–44) | 16–16–3 |
| Game | Result | Date | Score | Opponent | Record |
| ---- | ------ | ----------- | ----- | ------------------------------- | ------- |
| 36 | W | February 5 | 3–1 | Detroit Red Wings (1943–44) | 17–16–3 |
| 37 | L | February 6 | 2–3 | @ Detroit Red Wings (1943–44) | 17–17–3 |
| 38 | L | February 12 | 2–3 | Montreal Canadiens (1943–44) | 17–18–3 |
| 39 | W | February 13 | 6–3 | @ New York Rangers (1943–44) | 18–18–3 |
| 40 | W | February 19 | 10–4 | Boston Bruins (1943–44) | 19–18–3 |
| 41 | T | February 20 | 0–0 | @ Chicago Black Hawks (1943–44) | 19–18–4 |
| 42 | L | February 24 | 1–3 | @ Montreal Canadiens (1943–44) | 19–19–4 |
| 43 | L | February 26 | 2–3 | Chicago Black Hawks (1943–44) | 19–20–4 |
| 44 | W | February 29 | 7–3 | @ Boston Bruins (1943–44) | 20–20–4 |
| Game | Result | Date | Score | Opponent | Record |
| ---- | ------ | -------- | ----- | ------------------------------ | ------- |
| 45 | L | March 4 | 2–5 | Montreal Canadiens (1943–44) | 20–21–4 |
| 46 | L | March 5 | 3–8 | @ Montreal Canadiens (1943–44) | 20–22–4 |
| 47 | W | March 9 | 8–0 | @ New York Rangers (1943–44) | 21–22–4 |
| 48 | W | March 11 | 5–0 | New York Rangers (1943–44) | 22–22–4 |
| 49 | L | March 12 | 1–4 | @ Detroit Red Wings (1943–44) | 22–23–4 |
| 50 | W | March 18 | 10–2 | Boston Bruins (1943–44) | 23–23–4 |
## Player statistics
### Regular season
Scoring
| Player | Pos | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| ---------------- | ---- | -- | -- | -- | --- | --- |
| Lorne Carr | RW | 50 | 36 | 38 | 74 | 9 |
| Gus Bodnar | C | 50 | 22 | 40 | 62 | 18 |
| Babe Pratt | D | 50 | 17 | 40 | 57 | 30 |
| Ted Kennedy | C | 49 | 26 | 23 | 49 | 2 |
| Bob Davidson | LW | 47 | 19 | 28 | 47 | 21 |
| Jackie Hamilton | C | 49 | 20 | 17 | 37 | 4 |
| George Boothman | C/D | 49 | 16 | 18 | 34 | 14 |
| Moe Morris | D | 50 | 12 | 21 | 33 | 22 |
| Mel Hill | RW | 17 | 9 | 10 | 19 | 6 |
| Jack McLean | C/RW | 32 | 3 | 15 | 18 | 30 |
| Reg Hamilton | D | 39 | 4 | 12 | 16 | 32 |
| Tom O'Neill | RW | 33 | 8 | 7 | 15 | 29 |
| Bud Poile | RW | 11 | 6 | 8 | 14 | 9 |
| Don Webster | LW | 27 | 7 | 6 | 13 | 28 |
| Bucko McDonald | D | 9 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 |
| Johnny Ingoldsby | RW/D | 21 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 15 |
| Ross Johnstone | D | 18 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 6 |
| Red Carr | LW | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Frank Dunlap | W | 15 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Paul Bibeault | G | 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Benny Grant | G | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jean Marois | G | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Eric Prentice | LW | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Goaltending
| Player | MIN | GP | W | L | T | GA | GAA | SO |
| ------------- | ---- | -- | -- | -- | - | --- | ---- | -- |
| Paul Bibeault | 1740 | 29 | 13 | 14 | 2 | 87 | 3.00 | 5 |
| Benny Grant | 1200 | 20 | 9 | 9 | 2 | 83 | 4.15 | 0 |
| Jean Marois | 60 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4.00 | 0 |
| Team: | 3000 | 50 | 23 | 23 | 4 | 174 | 3.48 | 5 |
### Playoffs
Scoring
| Player | Pos | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| --------------- | ---- | -- | - | - | --- | --- |
| George Boothman | C/D | 5 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| Moe Morris | D | 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
| Babe Pratt | D | 5 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
| Ted Kennedy | C | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| Jackie Hamilton | C | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Reg Hamilton | D | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 8 |
| Lorne Carr | RW | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Paul Bibeault | G | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Gus Bodnar | C | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Bob Davidson | LW | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Ross Johnstone | D | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jack McLean | C/RW | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| Tom O'Neill | RW | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| Don Webster | LW | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 |
Goaltending
| Player | MIN | GP | W | L | GA | GAA | SO |
| ------------- | --- | -- | - | - | -- | ---- | -- |
| Paul Bibeault | 300 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 23 | 4.60 | 0 |
| Team: | 300 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 23 | 4.60 | 0 |
Pos = Position; GPI = Games played in; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes; +/- = Plus/minus; PPG = Power-play goals; SHG = Short-handed goals; GWG = Game-winning goals
Min, TOI = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T,T/OT = Ties; OTL = Overtime losses; GA = Goals-against; GAA = Goals-against average; SO = Shutouts; SA = Shots against; SV = Shots saved; SV% = Save percentage;
## Transactions
- September 11, 1943: Acquired Garth Boesch from the Brooklyn Americans in Dispersal Draw
- November 1, 1943: Acquired Red Garrett, Gordon Bell and cash from the New York Rangers for Bucko McDonald
- November 18, 1943: Called up Jean Marois from the Toronto St. Michael's Majors of the OHA
- November 27, 1943: Loaned George Abbott to the Boston Bruins for one game
- December 22, 1943: Loaned Paul Bibeault from the Montreal Canadiens for remainder of the 1943–44 season
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943%E2%80%9344_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season
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|
en
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Q4565342
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{{short description|NHL hockey team season}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox ice hockey team season
|League=NHL
|Season=1943–44
|year=1943
|Team=Toronto Maple Leafs
|Record=23–23–4
|HomeRecord=13–11–1
|RoadRecord=10–12–3
|GoalsFor=214
|GoalsAgainst=174
|LeagueRank=3rd
|GeneralManager=[[Conn Smythe]]
|Coach=[[Hap Day]]
|Captain=[[Bob Davidson (ice hockey)|Bob Davidson]]
|Arena=[[Maple Leaf Gardens]]
|GoalsLeader=[[Lorne Carr]] (36)
|AssistsLeader=[[Gus Bodnar]] (40)<br>[[Babe Pratt]] (40)
|PointsLeader=Lorne Carr (74)
|PIMLeader=[[Reg Hamilton]] (32)
|WinsLeader=[[Paul Bibeault]] (13)
|GAALeader=Paul Bibeault (3.00)
}}
The '''[[1943–44 NHL season|1943–44]] [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] season''' was Toronto's 27th season in the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL).
{{TOC limit|limit=2}}
==Offseason==
{{Empty section|date=January 2011}}
==Regular season==
===Final standings===
{{1943–44 NHL standings |team=TOR}}
===Record vs. opponents===
{{1943–44 NHL Record vs. opponents|team=TOR}}
==Schedule and results==
{{Game log start|style=background:#fff; border-top:#00205B 5px solid; border-bottom:#00205B 5px solid;|title=1943–44 regular season<ref name="Gamelog">{{cite web |title=1943-44 Toronto Maple Leafs Schedule |url=https://www.hockey-reference.com/teams/TOR/1944_games.html |website=Hockey-Reference.com |access-date=April 5, 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Game log section start|hide=y|style=background:#fff; border-top:#00205B 2px solid; border-bottom:#00205B 2px solid;|title=October<!--: 0–0–0 (home: 0–0–0; road: 0–0–0)-->|Game |Result |Date |Score |Opponent |Record}}
|- {{Game-won}}
|1||W||October 30||5–2 || align="left"| [[New York Rangers]] <small>([[1943–44 New York Rangers season|1943–44]])</small> ||1–0–0
|- {{Game-won}}
|2||W||October 31||4–1 || align="left"| @ [[Chicago Blackhawks|Chicago Black Hawks]] <small>([[1943–44 Chicago Black Hawks season|1943–44]])</small> ||2–0–0
|-
{{Game log section end}}
{{Game log section start|hide=y|style=background:#fff; border-top:#00205B 2px solid; border-bottom:#00205B 2px solid;|title=November<!--: 0–0–0 (home: 0–0–0; road: 0–0–0)-->|Game |Result |Date |Score |Opponent |Record}}
|- {{Game-tied}}
|3||T||November 4||5–5 || align="left"| @ [[Detroit Red Wings]] <small>([[1943–44 Detroit Red Wings season|1943–44]])</small> ||2–0–1
|- {{Game-lost}}
|4||L||November 6||2–5 || align="left"| [[Boston Bruins]] <small>([[1943–44 Boston Bruins season|1943–44]])</small> ||2–1–1
|- {{Game-won}}
|5||W||November 7||7–4 || align="left"| @ [[New York Rangers]] <small>([[1943–44 New York Rangers season|1943–44]])</small> ||3–1–1
|- {{Game-tied}}
|6||T||November 11||2–2 || align="left"| [[Detroit Red Wings]] <small>([[1943–44 Detroit Red Wings season|1943–44]])</small> ||3–1–2
|- {{Game-lost}}
|7||L||November 13||1–4 || align="left"| [[Chicago Blackhawks|Chicago Black Hawks]] <small>([[1943–44 Chicago Black Hawks season|1943–44]])</small> ||3–2–2
|- {{Game-lost}}
|8||L||November 18||2–5 || align="left"| @ [[Montreal Canadiens]] <small>([[1943–44 Montreal Canadiens season|1943–44]])</small> ||3–3–2
|- {{Game-lost}}
|9||L||November 20||2–7 || align="left"| [[Montreal Canadiens]] <small>([[1943–44 Montreal Canadiens season|1943–44]])</small> ||3–4–2
|- {{Game-won}}
|10||W||November 21||5–2 || align="left"| @ [[New York Rangers]] <small>([[1943–44 New York Rangers season|1943–44]])</small> ||4–4–2
|- {{Game-lost}}
|11||L||November 23||5–8 || align="left"| @ [[Boston Bruins]] <small>([[1943–44 Boston Bruins season|1943–44]])</small> ||4–5–2
|- {{Game-won}}
|12||W||November 27||7–4 || align="left"| [[Boston Bruins]] <small>([[1943–44 Boston Bruins season|1943–44]])</small> ||5–5–2
|- {{Game-lost}}
|13||L||November 28||4–6 || align="left"| @ [[Detroit Red Wings]] <small>([[1943–44 Detroit Red Wings season|1943–44]])</small> ||5–6–2
|-
{{Game log section end}}
{{Game log section start|hide=y|style=background:#fff; border-top:#00205B 2px solid; border-bottom:#00205B 2px solid;|title=December<!--: 0–0–0 (home: 0–0–0; road: 0–0–0)-->|Game |Result |Date |Score |Opponent |Record}}
|- {{Game-won}}
|14||W||December 2||6–5 || align="left"| [[Detroit Red Wings]] <small>([[1943–44 Detroit Red Wings season|1943–44]])</small> ||6–6–2
|- {{Game-won}}
|15||W||December 4||11–4 || align="left"| [[New York Rangers]] <small>([[1943–44 New York Rangers season|1943–44]])</small> ||7–6–2
|- {{Game-won}}
|16||W||December 11||4–2 || align="left"| [[Montreal Canadiens]] <small>([[1943–44 Montreal Canadiens season|1943–44]])</small> ||8–6–2
|- {{Game-lost}}
|17||L||December 12||2–3 || align="left"| @ [[Chicago Blackhawks|Chicago Black Hawks]] <small>([[1943–44 Chicago Black Hawks season|1943–44]])</small> ||8–7–2
|- {{Game-lost}}
|18||L||December 16||1–4 || align="left"| [[Detroit Red Wings]] <small>([[1943–44 Detroit Red Wings season|1943–44]])</small> ||8–8–2
|- {{Game-won}}
|19||W||December 18||8–4 || align="left"| [[Chicago Blackhawks|Chicago Black Hawks]] <small>([[1943–44 Chicago Black Hawks season|1943–44]])</small> ||9–8–2
|- {{Game-won}}
|20||W||December 19||5–2 || align="left"| @ [[Chicago Blackhawks|Chicago Black Hawks]] <small>([[1943–44 Chicago Black Hawks season|1943–44]])</small> ||10–8–2
|- {{Game-lost}}
|21||L||December 21||5–8 || align="left"| @ [[Boston Bruins]] <small>([[1943–44 Boston Bruins season|1943–44]])</small> ||10–9–2
|- {{Game-lost}}
|22||L||December 25||3–5 || align="left"| [[New York Rangers]] <small>([[1943–44 New York Rangers season|1943–44]])</small> ||10–10–2
|- {{Game-won}}
|23||W||December 31||4–0 || align="left"| @ [[New York Rangers]] <small>([[1943–44 New York Rangers season|1943–44]])</small> ||11–10–2
|-
{{Game log section end}}
{{Game log section start|hide=y|style=background:#fff; border-top:#00205B 2px solid; border-bottom:#00205B 2px solid;|title=January<!--: 0–0–0 (home: 0–0–0; road: 0–0–0)-->|Game |Result |Date |Score |Opponent |Record}}
|- {{Game-won}}
|24||W||January 1||5–2 || align="left"| @ [[Boston Bruins]] <small>([[1943–44 Boston Bruins season|1943–44]])</small> ||12–10–2
|- {{Game-lost}}
|25||L||January 4||3–6 || align="left"| @ [[Montreal Canadiens]] <small>([[1943–44 Montreal Canadiens season|1943–44]])</small> ||12–11–2
|- {{Game-won}}
|26||W||January 6||6–1 || align="left"| [[Chicago Blackhawks|Chicago Black Hawks]] <small>([[1943–44 Chicago Black Hawks season|1943–44]])</small> ||13–11–2
|- {{Game-won}}
|27||W||January 8||12–3 || align="left"| [[Boston Bruins]] <small>([[1943–44 Boston Bruins season|1943–44]])</small> ||14–11–2
|- {{Game-won}}
|28||W||January 11||5–0 || align="left"| [[Montreal Canadiens]] <small>([[1943–44 Montreal Canadiens season|1943–44]])</small> ||15–11–2
|- {{Game-lost}}
|29||L||January 15||4–6 || align="left"| [[Detroit Red Wings]] <small>([[1943–44 Detroit Red Wings season|1943–44]])</small> ||15–12–2
|- {{Game-lost}}
|30||L||January 16||1–4 || align="left"| @ [[Detroit Red Wings]] <small>([[1943–44 Detroit Red Wings season|1943–44]])</small> ||15–13–2
|- {{Game-won}}
|31||W||January 18||7–2 || align="left"| @ [[Boston Bruins]] <small>([[1943–44 Boston Bruins season|1943–44]])</small> ||16–13–2
|- {{Game-lost}}
|32||L||January 22||1–5 || align="left"| [[New York Rangers]] <small>([[1943–44 New York Rangers season|1943–44]])</small> ||16–14–2
|- {{Game-lost}}
|33||L||January 23||3–5 || align="left"| @ [[Chicago Blackhawks|Chicago Black Hawks]] <small>([[1943–44 Chicago Black Hawks season|1943–44]])</small> ||16–15–2
|- {{Game-tied}}
|34||T||January 27||2–2 || align="left"| @ [[Montreal Canadiens]] <small>([[1943–44 Montreal Canadiens season|1943–44]])</small> ||16–15–3
|- {{Game-lost}}
|35||L||January 29||3–4 || align="left"| [[Chicago Blackhawks|Chicago Black Hawks]] <small>([[1943–44 Chicago Black Hawks season|1943–44]])</small> ||16–16–3
|-
{{Game log section end}}
{{Game log section start|hide=y|style=background:#fff; border-top:#00205B 2px solid; border-bottom:#00205B 2px solid;|title=February<!--: 0–0–0 (home: 0–0–0; road: 0–0–0)-->|Game |Result |Date |Score |Opponent |Record}}
|- {{Game-won}}
|36||W||February 5||3–1 || align="left"| [[Detroit Red Wings]] <small>([[1943–44 Detroit Red Wings season|1943–44]])</small> ||17–16–3
|- {{Game-lost}}
|37||L||February 6||2–3 || align="left"| @ [[Detroit Red Wings]] <small>([[1943–44 Detroit Red Wings season|1943–44]])</small> ||17–17–3
|- {{Game-lost}}
|38||L||February 12||2–3 || align="left"| [[Montreal Canadiens]] <small>([[1943–44 Montreal Canadiens season|1943–44]])</small> ||17–18–3
|- {{Game-won}}
|39||W||February 13||6–3 || align="left"| @ [[New York Rangers]] <small>([[1943–44 New York Rangers season|1943–44]])</small> ||18–18–3
|- {{Game-won}}
|40||W||February 19||10–4 || align="left"| [[Boston Bruins]] <small>([[1943–44 Boston Bruins season|1943–44]])</small> ||19–18–3
|- {{Game-tied}}
|41||T||February 20||0–0 || align="left"| @ [[Chicago Blackhawks|Chicago Black Hawks]] <small>([[1943–44 Chicago Black Hawks season|1943–44]])</small> ||19–18–4
|- {{Game-lost}}
|42||L||February 24||1–3 || align="left"| @ [[Montreal Canadiens]] <small>([[1943–44 Montreal Canadiens season|1943–44]])</small> ||19–19–4
|- {{Game-lost}}
|43||L||February 26||2–3 || align="left"| [[Chicago Blackhawks|Chicago Black Hawks]] <small>([[1943–44 Chicago Black Hawks season|1943–44]])</small> ||19–20–4
|- {{Game-won}}
|44||W||February 29||7–3 || align="left"| @ [[Boston Bruins]] <small>([[1943–44 Boston Bruins season|1943–44]])</small> ||20–20–4
|-
{{Game log section end}}
{{Game log section start|hide=y|style=background:#fff; border-top:#00205B 2px solid; border-bottom:#00205B 2px solid;|title=March<!--: 0–0–0 (home: 0–0–0; road: 0–0–0)-->|Game |Result |Date |Score |Opponent |Record}}
|- {{Game-lost}}
|45||L||March 4||2–5 || align="left"| [[Montreal Canadiens]] <small>([[1943–44 Montreal Canadiens season|1943–44]])</small> ||20–21–4
|- {{Game-lost}}
|46||L||March 5||3–8 || align="left"| @ [[Montreal Canadiens]] <small>([[1943–44 Montreal Canadiens season|1943–44]])</small> ||20–22–4
|- {{Game-won}}
|47||W||March 9||8–0 || align="left"| @ [[New York Rangers]] <small>([[1943–44 New York Rangers season|1943–44]])</small> ||21–22–4
|- {{Game-won}}
|48||W||March 11||5–0 || align="left"| [[New York Rangers]] <small>([[1943–44 New York Rangers season|1943–44]])</small> ||22–22–4
|- {{Game-lost}}
|49||L||March 12||1–4 || align="left"| @ [[Detroit Red Wings]] <small>([[1943–44 Detroit Red Wings season|1943–44]])</small> ||22–23–4
|- {{Game-won}}
|50||W||March 18||10–2 || align="left"| [[Boston Bruins]] <small>([[1943–44 Boston Bruins season|1943–44]])</small> ||23–23–4
|-
{{Game log section end}}
|-
|
'''''Legend''''':
{{legend2|#cfc|Win (2 points)|border=1px solid black}}
{{legend2|#fcc|Loss (0 points)|border=1px solid black}}
{{legend2|#ffc|Tie (1 point)|border=1px solid black}}
{{Game log end}}
==Playoffs==
{{Empty section|date=January 2011}}
==Player statistics==
===Regular season===
;Scoring
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="60%"
|- ALIGN="center"
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="10%" | Player
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="3%" title="Position"| Pos
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Games played" | GP
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Goals" | G
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Assists" | A
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Points" | Pts
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Penalties in Minutes" | PIM
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Lorne|Carr}} ||RW ||50 ||36 ||38 ||74 ||9
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Gus|Bodnar}} ||C ||50 ||22 ||40 ||62 ||18
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Babe|Pratt}} ||D ||50 ||17 ||40 ||57 ||30
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Ted|Kennedy|Ted Kennedy (ice hockey)}} ||C ||49 ||26 ||23 ||49 ||2
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Bob|Davidson|Bob Davidson (ice hockey)}} ||LW ||47 ||19 ||28 ||47 ||21
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Jackie|Hamilton|Jackie Hamilton (ice hockey)}} ||C ||49 ||20 ||17 ||37 ||4
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|George|Boothman}} ||C/D ||49 ||16 ||18 ||34 ||14
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Moe|Morris}} ||D ||50 ||12 ||21 ||33 ||22
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Mel|Hill}} ||RW ||17 ||9 ||10 ||19 ||6
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Jack|McLean|dab=ice hockey}} ||C/RW ||32 ||3 ||15 ||18 ||30
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Reg|Hamilton}} ||D ||39 ||4 ||12 ||16 ||32
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Tom|O'Neill|Tom O'Neill (ice hockey)|Oneill, Tom}} ||RW ||33 ||8 ||7 ||15 ||29
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Bud|Poile}} ||RW ||11 ||6 ||8 ||14 ||9
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Don|Webster|dab=ice hockey}} ||LW ||27 ||7 ||6 ||13 ||28
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Bucko|McDonald||Mcdonald, Bucko}} ||D ||9 ||2 ||4 ||6 ||8
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Johnny|Ingoldsby}} ||RW/D ||21 ||5 ||0 ||5 ||15
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Ross|Johnstone}} ||D ||18 ||2 ||0 ||2 ||6
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Red|Carr}} ||LW ||5 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||2
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Frank|Dunlap}} ||W ||15 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||2
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Paul|Bibeault}} ||G ||29 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Benny|Grant}} ||G ||20 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Jean|Marois|Jean Marois (ice hockey)}} ||G ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Eric|Prentice}} ||LW ||5 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||4
|}
;Goaltending
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="60%"
|-
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="10%" | Player
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Minutes played" |MIN
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Games played in"|GP
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Wins"|W
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF"title="Losses"| L
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Ties"|T
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Goals against"|GA
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Goals against average"|GAA
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF"title="Shut-outs"| SO
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Paul|Bibeault}} ||1740 || 29 || 13 || 14 || 2 || 87 || 3.00 || 5
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Benny|Grant}} ||1200 || 20 || 9 || 9 || 2 || 83 || 4.15 || 0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Jean|Marois|Jean Marois (ice hockey)}} ||60 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 4.00 || 0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | '''Team:''' || 3000 || 50 || 23 || 23 || 4 || 174 || 3.48 || 5
|}
===Playoffs===
;Scoring
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="60%"
|- ALIGN="center"
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="10%" | Player
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="3%" title="Position"| Pos
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Games played" | GP
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Goals" | G
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Assists" | A
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Points" | Pts
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Penalties in Minutes" | PIM
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|George|Boothman}} ||C/D ||5 ||2 ||1 ||3 ||2
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Moe|Morris}} ||D ||5 ||1 ||2 ||3 ||2
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Babe|Pratt}} ||D ||5 ||0 ||3 ||3 ||4
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Ted|Kennedy|Ted Kennedy (ice hockey)}} ||C ||5 ||1 ||1 ||2 ||4
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Jackie|Hamilton|Jackie Hamilton (ice hockey)}} ||C ||5 ||1 ||0 ||1 ||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Reg|Hamilton}} ||D ||5 ||1 ||0 ||1 ||8
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Lorne|Carr}} ||RW ||5 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Paul|Bibeault}} ||G ||5 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Gus|Bodnar}} ||C ||5 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Bob|Davidson|Bob Davidson (ice hockey)}} ||LW ||5 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||4
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Ross|Johnstone}} ||D ||3 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Jack|McLean|dab=ice hockey}} ||C/RW ||3 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||6
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Tom|O'Neill|Tom O'Neill (ice hockey)|Oneill, Tom}} ||RW ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||6
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Don|Webster|dab=ice hockey}} ||LW ||5 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||12
|}
;Goaltending
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="60%"
|-
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="10%" | Player
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Minutes played" |MIN
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Games played in"|GP
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Wins"|W
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF"title="Losses"| L
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Goals against"|GA
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Goals against average"|GAA
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Shut-outs"| SO
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Paul|Bibeault}} ||300 || 5 || 1 || 4 || 23 || 4.60 || 0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | '''Team:''' || 300 || 5 || 1 || 4 || 23 || 4.60 || 0
|}
<ref>{{cite web |publisher=hockey-reference.com |accessdate=2009-06-11 |title=1943-44 Toronto Maple Leafs Statistics - Hockey-Reference.com|url=https://www.hockey-reference.com/teams/TOR/1944.html}}</ref>
{{Hockey season stats note}}
==Awards and records==
{{Empty section|date=January 2011}}
==Transactions==
*September 11, 1943: Acquired [[Garth Boesch]] from the [[Brooklyn Americans]] in Dispersal Draw
*November 1, 1943: Acquired [[Red Garrett]], [[Gordon Bell (ice hockey)|Gordon Bell]] and cash from the [[New York Rangers]] for [[Bucko McDonald]]
*November 18, 1943: Called up [[Jean Marois (ice hockey)|Jean Marois]] from the [[Toronto St. Michael's Majors]] of the [[Ontario Hockey Association|OHA]]
*November 27, 1943: Loaned [[George Abbott (ice hockey)|George Abbott]] to the [[Boston Bruins]] for one game
*December 22, 1943: Loaned [[Paul Bibeault]] from the [[Montreal Canadiens]] for remainder of the [[1943–44 NHL season|1943–44]] season
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Toronto Maple Leafs}}
{{Toronto Maple Leafs seasons}}
{{1943–44 NHL season by team}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1943-44 Toronto Maple Leafs season}}
[[Category:Toronto Maple Leafs seasons]]
[[Category:1943–44 NHL season by team|Toronto]]
[[Category:1943–44 in Canadian ice hockey by team|Toronto]]
| 1,284,154,390
|
[{"title": "1943\u201344 Toronto Maple Leafs", "data": {"League": "3rd NHL", "1943\u201344 record": "23\u201323\u20134", "Home record": "13\u201311\u20131", "Road record": "10\u201312\u20133", "Goals for": "214", "Goals against": "174"}}, {"title": "Team information", "data": {"General manager": "Conn Smythe", "Coach": "Hap Day", "Captain": "Bob Davidson", "Arena": "Maple Leaf Gardens"}}, {"title": "Team leaders", "data": {"Goals": "Lorne Carr (36)", "Assists": "Gus Bodnar (40) \u00b7 Babe Pratt (40)", "Points": "Lorne Carr (74)", "Penalty minutes": "Reg Hamilton (32)", "Wins": "Paul Bibeault (13)", "Goals against average": "Paul Bibeault (3.00)"}}]
| false
|
# Biribi (film)
Biribi is a 1922 Austrian silent film directed by Hans Steinhoff and starring Hugo Werner-Kahle.
## Bibliography
Elisabeth Büttner & Christian Dewald. Das tägliche Brennen: eine Geschichte des österreichischen Films von den Anfängen bis 1945, Volume 1. Residenz, 2002.
|
enwiki/49072074
|
enwiki
| 49,072,074
|
Biribi (film)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biribi_(film)
|
2025-04-06T03:37:33Z
|
en
|
Q22969145
| 27,387
|
{{short description|1922 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Biribi
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Hans Steinhoff]]
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Hugo Werner-Kahle]]
| music =
| editing =
| cinematography =
| studio = Volo-Film
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1922}}
| runtime =
| country = Austria
| language = Silent <br> German [[intertitles]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Biribi''''' is a 1922 Austrian [[silent film]] directed by [[Hans Steinhoff]] and starring [[Hugo Werner-Kahle]].<ref>Büttner & Dewald p.439</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
Elisabeth Büttner & Christian Dewald. ''Das tägliche Brennen: eine Geschichte des österreichischen Films von den Anfängen bis 1945, Volume 1''. Residenz, 2002.
==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1660515}}
{{Hans Steinhoff}}
[[Category:1922 films]]
[[Category:Austrian silent feature films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hans Steinhoff]]
[[Category:Austrian black-and-white films]]
{{1920s-Austria-film-stub}}
| 1,284,189,518
|
[{"title": "Biribi", "data": {"Directed by": "Hans Steinhoff", "Starring": "Hugo Werner-Kahle", "Production \u00b7 company": "Volo-Film", "Release date": "- 1922", "Country": "Austria", "Languages": "Silent \u00b7 German intertitles"}}]
| false
|
# Red Hickey
Howard Wayne "Red" Hickey (February 14, 1917 – March 30, 2006) was an American professional football player and coach. He played in the National Football League (NFL) with the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1941 and the Cleveland / Los Angeles Rams from 1945 to 1948. Hickey served as head coach for the NFL's San Francisco 49ers from 1959 to 1963.
Hickey is credited for having devised the shotgun formation in 1960.
## Early life and college
A native of Clarksville, Arkansas, Hickey began playing football what a student at Clarksville High School in that community.
Hickey attended the University of Arkansas, competing as a member of the football and basketball teams, where he won All-Conference accolades in both sports. In 1941, he was a forward on the Razorback team that reached the Final Four teams, although the tournament format was different from today and did not end in a four team final. While at the University of Arkansas, Hickey was a member of Xi chapter of Kappa Sigma fraternity.
## NFL playing career
Hickey was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the sixth round (41st overall) of the 1941 NFL draft. His rights were transferred to the Pittsburgh Steelers due to the events later referred to as the Pennsylvania Polka. He also played for the Cleveland Rams, then missed the next three years while serving as a U.S. Navy gunnery officer during World War II. Upon his return, he was part of the 1945 Rams championship squad, then shifted with the team to Los Angeles to play from 1946 to 1948. During his first season back, he also married his high school sweetheart, Cecelia Surina.
## NFL coaching career
Despite having finished the 1948 NFL season as the team's second-leading receiver with 30 catches for 509 yards and seven touchdowns, Hickey retired and joined the Rams' coaching ranks on April 20, 1949, as ends coach. He remained in that capacity with the team for six seasons until resigning on December 12, 1954, along with his fellow assistants. The departure was the result of continued conflicts with head coach Hamp Pool.
Just over two weeks after leaving the Rams, Hickey was hired as a 49ers assistant under new head coach Red Strader, but after the team struggled during the 1955 season, Strader was replaced in favor of former 49er quarterback Frankie Albert. Hickey stayed as an assistant during the three years Albert handled sideline duties for the team, and in 1957, helped quarterback Y. A. Tittle and wide receiver R.C. Owens develop what became known as the "Alley-Oop" pass. The play was designed to take advantage of Owens's phenomenal leaping abilities and proved to be a success.
When Albert resigned following the 1958 season, citing the constant fan abuse heaped on not only him, but his family, Hickey was promoted to head coach on December 16 and received a three-year contract.
During that first season, the 49ers put up a stiff challenge to the defending champion Baltimore Colts, managing a tie for the Western Conference lead with two games to play. However, on December 5, the Colts broke the deadlock with a 34–14 victory and went on to capture another NFL title.
The following season saw the team battle inconsistency for the first two-thirds of the campaign until Hickey unveiled his innovative new offense on November 27, when the 49ers faced the favored Colts. Hickey sought to find a way to combat the Colts' strong pass rush and reasoned that having the quarterback stand seven yards back behind the line of scrimmage in what he called the "shotgun formation" would give the signal caller more time to throw, as well as force adjustments by Baltimore's defense. The result was a shocking 30–22 upset, with third-string quarterback Bob Waters surprisingly using the formation to aid the team's running game. The team won three of its final four games to again finish 7–5 and seemed ready to challenge for greater things in 1961, with Hickey in place for the expected surge with a new three-year contract.
Hickey then made a dramatic change in the chemistry of the team during the offseason when he traded Tittle. The veteran's absence appeared to make no difference when the season began with the team using the quarterback trio of John Brodie, Waters and rookie Billy Kilmer. After winning four of their first five games, including shutout wins over the Rams and Detroit Lions, the magic disappeared on October 22, when the Chicago Bears blanked the 49ers, 31–0.
The Bears had moved linebacker Bill George from his regular spot up to the line of scrimmage, where he and his teammates were able to develop a strong pass rush, essentially putting an end to the shotgun formation's effectiveness. The absence of a true leader behind center was magnified when Tittle led his new team, the New York Giants, to the first of three consecutive berths in the NFL Championship game.
After the team's 7–6–1 campaign in 1961, the 49ers dropped slightly the following year, finishing 6–8. When the team lost its first three games in 1963, the last coming in a 45–14 thrashing by the Minnesota Vikings, Hickey resigned on September 30, and two weeks later was hired as a Rams' scout for the remainder of the year.
## Scouting and later life
On February 1, 1964, he joined the Cowboys as the offensive end coach, serving for two years under Tom Landry. He had been a strong candidate to become head coach of the expansion Atlanta Falcons, but the post was given to Green Bay assistant Norb Hecker on January 26, 1966. Just six weeks later, Hickey resigned his coaching position and asked to join the Cowboy scouting staff.
Hickey spent the next two decades as a Cowboys scout and watched with pride when his team dusted off his old offense in 1975, using it only in specific situations, but popularizing a strategy that remains to this day. He retired as a scout in 1982.
On an individual level, he was elected to the Arkansas Sports Hall of Fame in 1968, while his son, Mike, followed him into the world of scouting, working for the New England Patriots and New York Jets.
## Head coaching record
### NFL
| Team | Year | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season |
| Team | Year | Won | Lost | Ties | Win % | Finish |
| -------- | -------- | -------------- | -------------- | -------------- | -------------- | ------------------- |
| SF | 1959 | 7 | 5 | 0 | .583 | 3rd NFL Western |
| SF | 1960 | 7 | 5 | 0 | .583 | 3rd NFL Western |
| SF | 1961 | 7 | 6 | 1 | .536 | 5th NFL Western |
| SF | 1962 | 6 | 8 | 0 | .429 | 5th NFL Western |
| SF | 1963 | 0 | 3 | 0 | .000 | Resigned mid-season |
| SF total | SF total | 27 | 27 | 1 | .500 | |
| Total | Total | 27 | 27 | 1 | .500 | |
|
enwiki/4578902
|
enwiki
| 4,578,902
|
Red Hickey
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hickey
|
2025-04-06T13:06:32Z
|
en
|
Q7304256
| 78,968
|
{{Short description|American football player and coach (1917–2006)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox NFL biography
| name = Red Hickey
| image = Red Hickey 1950 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Hickey, circa 1950
| number = 39, 28, 53
| position = [[End (gridiron football)|End]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1917|2|14|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Clarksville, Arkansas]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2006|3|30|1917|2|14|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Aptos, California]], U.S.
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 2
| weight_lbs = 204
| high_school = [[Clarksville High School (Arkansas)|Clarksville]]
| college = [[Arkansas Razorbacks football|Arkansas]]
| draftyear = 1941
| draftround = 6
| draftpick = 41
| pastteams = * [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ({{NFL Year|1941}})
* [[Los Angeles Rams|Cleveland / Los Angeles Rams]] ({{NFL Year|1945|1948}})
| pastcoaching = * Los Angeles Rams ({{NFL Year|1949|1954}})<br>Assistant
* [[San Francisco 49ers]] ({{NFL Year|1955|1958}})<br>Assistant
* San Francisco 49ers ({{NFL Year|1959|1963}})
* [[Dallas Cowboys]] ({{NFL Year|1964|1965}})<br>Offensive end coach
| pastexecutive = * Dallas Cowboys ({{NFL Year|1966|1981}})<br>Scout
| highlights = * 2× [[Super Bowl]] champion ([[Super Bowl VI|VI]], [[Super Bowl XII|XII]])
* [[List of NFL champions (1920–69)|NFL champion]] ([[1945 NFL Championship Game|1945]])
* First-team All-[[Southwest Conference|SWC]] ([[1939 All-Southwest Conference football team|1939]])
* Second-team All-SWC ([[1940 All-Southwest Conference football team|1940]])
| statlabel1 = [[Reception (gridiron football)|Reception]]s
| statvalue1 = 75
| statlabel2 = Receiving yards
| statvalue2 = 1,288
| statlabel3 = [[Touchdown]]s
| statvalue3 = 16
| coachregrecord = {{Winning percentage|27|27|1|record=y}}
| coachplayoffrecord = <!--{{Winning percentage|0|0|record=y}}-->
| coachrecord = <!--{{Winning percentage|27|27|1|record=y}}-->
| pfr = HickRe20
| pfrcoach = HickHo0
}}
'''Howard Wayne''' "'''Red'''" '''Hickey''' (February 14, 1917 – March 30, 2006) was an American professional [[American football|football]] player and coach. He played in the [[National Football League]] (NFL) with the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] in 1941 and the [[Los Angeles Rams|Cleveland / Los Angeles Rams]] from 1945 to 1948. Hickey served as head coach for the NFL's [[San Francisco 49ers]] from 1959 to 1963.
Hickey is credited for having devised the [[shotgun formation]] in 1960.
==Early life and college==
A native of [[Clarksville, Arkansas]], Hickey began playing football what a student at [[Clarksville High School (Arkansas)|Clarksville High School]] in that community.<ref>''San Francisco 49ers 1962 National Football League Press, Radio, and Television Information,'' p. 6.</ref>
Hickey attended the [[University of Arkansas]], competing as a member of the football and [[basketball]] teams, where he won All-Conference accolades in both sports. In 1941, he was a forward on the Razorback team that reached the [[Final Four]] teams, although the tournament format was different from today and did not end in a four team final. While at the University of Arkansas, Hickey was a member of Xi chapter of [[Kappa Sigma]] fraternity.
==NFL playing career==
Hickey was drafted by the [[Philadelphia Eagles]] in the sixth round (41st overall) of the [[1941 NFL draft]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=1941 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1941/draft.htm |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> His rights were transferred to the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] due to the events later referred to as the [[Pennsylvania Polka (American football)|Pennsylvania Polka]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Hickey Easy To Recognize |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lHcbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=b0wEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3613%2C4981857 |access-date=May 20, 2011 |newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Press]]|page=22 |date=August 14, 1941}}</ref> He also played for the [[Cleveland Rams]], then missed the next three years while serving as a [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] gunnery officer during World War II. Upon his return, he was part of the [[1945 Cleveland Rams season|1945 Rams championship squad]], then shifted with the team to Los Angeles to play from 1946 to 1948. During his first season back, he also married his high school sweetheart, Cecelia Surina.
==NFL coaching career==
Despite having finished the [[1948 NFL season]] as the team's second-leading receiver with 30 catches for 509 yards and seven touchdowns, Hickey retired and joined the Rams' coaching ranks on April 20, 1949, as ends coach. He remained in that capacity with the team for six seasons until resigning on December 12, 1954, along with his fellow assistants. The departure was the result of continued conflicts with head coach [[Hamp Pool]].
[[File:Rams-coachingstaff-1953.jpg|thumb|left|280px|Hickey (L) on the staff of the 1953 Los Angeles Rams.]]
Just over two weeks after leaving the Rams, Hickey was hired as a 49ers assistant under new head coach [[Red Strader]], but after the team struggled during the [[1955 San Francisco 49ers season|1955 season]], Strader was replaced in favor of former 49er quarterback [[Frankie Albert]]. Hickey stayed as an assistant during the three years Albert handled sideline duties for the team, and in 1957, helped quarterback [[Y. A. Tittle]] and wide receiver [[R.C. Owens]] develop what became known as the "[[Alley-oop (American football)|Alley-Oop]]" pass. The play was designed to take advantage of Owens's phenomenal leaping abilities and proved to be a success.
When Albert resigned following the [[1958 San Francisco 49ers season|1958 season]], citing the constant fan abuse heaped on not only him, but his family, Hickey was promoted to head coach on December 16 and received a three-year contract.
During that first season, the 49ers put up a stiff challenge to the defending champion [[Baltimore Colts]], managing a tie for the Western Conference lead with two games to play. However, on December 5, the Colts broke the deadlock with a 34–14 victory and went on to capture another NFL title.
The following season saw the team battle inconsistency for the first two-thirds of the campaign until Hickey unveiled his innovative new offense on November 27, when the 49ers faced the favored Colts. Hickey sought to find a way to combat the Colts' strong pass rush and reasoned that having the quarterback stand seven yards back behind the line of scrimmage in what he called the "[[shotgun formation]]" would give the signal caller more time to throw, as well as force adjustments by Baltimore's defense. The result was a shocking 30–22 upset, with third-string quarterback [[Bob Waters]] surprisingly using the formation to aid the team's running game. The team won three of its final four games to again finish 7–5 and seemed ready to challenge for greater things in 1961, with Hickey in place for the expected surge with a new three-year contract.
Hickey then made a dramatic change in the chemistry of the team during the offseason when he traded Tittle. The veteran's absence appeared to make no difference when the season began with the team using the quarterback trio of [[John Brodie]], Waters and rookie [[Billy Kilmer]]. After winning four of their first five games, including shutout wins over the Rams and [[Detroit Lions]], the magic disappeared on October 22, when the [[Chicago Bears]] blanked the 49ers, 31–0.
The Bears had moved linebacker [[Bill George (American football player)|Bill George]] from his regular spot up to the line of scrimmage, where he and his teammates were able to develop a strong pass rush, essentially putting an end to the shotgun formation's effectiveness. The absence of a true leader behind center was magnified when Tittle led his new team, the [[New York Giants]], to the first of three consecutive berths in the NFL Championship game.
After the team's 7–6–1 campaign in [[1961 San Francisco 49ers season|1961]], the 49ers dropped slightly the following year, finishing 6–8. When the team lost its first three games in 1963, the last coming in a 45–14 thrashing by the [[Minnesota Vikings]], Hickey resigned on September 30, and two weeks later was hired as a Rams' scout for the remainder of the year.
==Scouting and later life==
On February 1, 1964, he joined the Cowboys as the offensive end coach, serving for two years under [[Tom Landry]]. He had been a strong candidate to become head coach of the expansion [[Atlanta Falcons]], but the post was given to Green Bay assistant [[Norb Hecker]] on January 26, 1966. Just six weeks later, Hickey resigned his coaching position and asked to join the Cowboy scouting staff.
Hickey spent the next two decades as a Cowboys scout and watched with pride when his team dusted off his old offense in 1975, using it only in specific situations, but popularizing a strategy that remains to this day. He retired as a scout in 1982.
On an individual level, he was elected to the [[Arkansas Sports Hall of Fame]] in 1968, while his son, Mike, followed him into the world of scouting, working for the [[New England Patriots]] and [[New York Jets]].
==Head coaching record==
===NFL===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Team !! rowspan="2"|Year !! colspan="5"|Regular season
|-
! Won !! Lost !! Ties !! Win % !! Finish
|-
! [[1959 San Francisco 49ers season|SF]] || [[1959 NFL season|1959]]
|7||5||0|| {{winpct|7|5|0}} || 3rd NFL Western
|-
! [[1960 San Francisco 49ers season|SF]] || [[1960 NFL season|1960]]
|7||5||0|| {{winpct|7|5|0}} || 3rd NFL Western
|-
! [[1961 San Francisco 49ers season|SF]] || [[1961 NFL season|1961]]
|7||6||1|| {{winpct|7|6|1}} || 5th NFL Western
|-
! [[1962 San Francisco 49ers season|SF]] || [[1962 NFL season|1962]]
|6||8||0|| {{winpct|6|8|0}} || 5th NFL Western
|-
! [[1963 San Francisco 49ers season|SF]] || [[1963 NFL season|1963]]
|0||3||0|| {{winpct|0|3|0}} || Resigned mid-season
|-
! colspan="2"|SF total || 27 || 27 || 1 || {{winpct|27|27|1}} ||
|-
! colspan="2"|Total || 27 || 27 || 1 || {{winpct|27|27|1}} ||
|}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* {{Find a Grave|13891609}}
* [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-mar-31-me-passings31.2-story.html Red Hickey, 89; NFL Player, Coach Invented Shotgun Formation]
{{San Francisco 49ers coach navbox}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Red Hickey—championships, awards, and honors
| list1 =
{{Eagles1941DraftPicks}}
{{1945 Cleveland Rams}}
{{1951 Los Angeles Rams}}
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hickey, Red}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:American football ends]]
[[Category:Arkansas Razorbacks football players]]
[[Category:Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Bainbridge Commodores football players]]
[[Category:Cleveland Rams players]]
[[Category:Dallas Cowboys coaches]]
[[Category:Dallas Cowboys scouts]]
[[Category:Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football players]]
[[Category:Los Angeles Rams coaches]]
[[Category:Los Angeles Rams players]]
[[Category:Los Angeles Rams scouts]]
[[Category:Pittsburgh Steelers players]]
[[Category:San Francisco 49ers coaches]]
[[Category:San Francisco 49ers head coaches]]
[[Category:People from Clarksville, Arkansas]]
[[Category:Players of American football from Arkansas]]
[[Category:Basketball players from Arkansas]]
[[Category:American men's basketball players]]
[[Category:United States Navy personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:20th-century American sportsmen]]
| 1,284,251,035
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[{"title": "No. 39, 28, 53", "data": {"Position": "End"}}, {"title": "Personal information", "data": {"Born": "February 14, 1917 \u00b7 Clarksville, Arkansas, U.S.", "Died": "March 30, 2006 (aged 89) \u00b7 Aptos, California, U.S.", "Height": "6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)", "Weight": "204 lb (93 kg)"}}, {"title": "Career information", "data": {"High school": "Clarksville", "College": "Arkansas", "NFL draft": "1941: 6th round, 41st pick"}}, {"title": "As a player:", "data": {"As a player:": "- Pittsburgh Steelers (1941) - Cleveland / Los Angeles Rams (1945\u20131948)"}}, {"title": "As a coach:", "data": {"As a coach:": "- Los Angeles Rams (1949\u20131954) \u00b7 Assistant - San Francisco 49ers (1955\u20131958) \u00b7 Assistant - San Francisco 49ers (1959\u20131963) - Dallas Cowboys (1964\u20131965) \u00b7 Offensive end coach"}}, {"title": "As a staff member / executive:", "data": {"As a staff member / executive:": "- Dallas Cowboys (1966\u20131981) \u00b7 Scout"}}, {"title": "Career highlights and awards", "data": {"Career highlights and awards": "- 2\u00d7 Super Bowl champion (VI, XII) - NFL champion (1945) - First-team All-SWC (1939) - Second-team All-SWC (1940)"}}, {"title": "Career NFL statistics", "data": {"Receptions": "75", "Receiving yards": "1,288", "Touchdowns": "16"}}, {"title": "Head coaching record", "data": {"Regular season": "27\u201327\u20131 (.500)", "Head coaching record": "Coaching profile at Pro Football Reference"}}]
| false
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# Cousin Joe
Pleasant Joseph, known as Cousin Joe, (December 20, 1907 – October 2, 1989) was a New Orleans blues and jazz singer, famous for his 1940s recordings with Sidney Bechet and Mezz Mezzrow.
## Life
He was born in Wallace, Louisiana, United States, and worked at Whitney Plantation throughout his childhood.
Until 1945, Cousin Joe toured Louisiana; that year he was asked to take part in the King Jazz recording sessions organized by Mezzrow and Bechet.
In the 1970s, Cousin Joe toured extensively throughout the UK and Europe, both individually and as part of the American Blues Legends '74 revue organised by Big Bear Music. He also recorded the albums Gospel-Wailing, Jazz-Playing, Rock'n'Rolling, Soul-Shouting, Tap-Dancing Bluesman From New Orleans for Big Bear.
Cousin Joe died in his sleep from natural causes in New Orleans, at the age of 81. He was survived by his wife Irene Joseph, son Michael and his three grandchildren Rahsaan, Mignonne and Jarrell.
## Autobiography
- Cousin Joe : Blues from New Orleans / Pleasant "Cousin Joe" Joseph and Harriet J. Ottenheimer. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1987. xi, 227 p. : ill. ; 23 cm. ISBN 0-226-41198-2
## Partial discography
- 1971 : Bad Luck Blues (Black & Blue) with Jimmy Dawkins and Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown
- 1973 : Cousin Joe From New Orleans (BluesWay)
- 1974 : Gospel Wailing, Jazz Playing, Soul Shouting, Tap Dancing Bluesman from New Orleans (Big Bear Records)
- 1974 : American Blues Legends '74 (Big Bear Records)
- 1984 : Cousin Joe from New Orleans in his prime (Oldie Blues)
- 1985 : Relaxin' in New Orleans [sound recording] / Cousin Joe. New Orleans, LA : Great Southern Records. 1 sound disc : analog, 331⁄3 rpm ; 12 in.
- 1995 : Jumping at Jubilee [sound recording]. London : Sequel, NEM CD 749
- 1996 : Blues Festival [sound recording]. {Laserlight Records}, NEW CD 17 105
- 2003 : Magic Bostic - Bostic, Earl, 1913–1965 [sound recording] / Earl Bostic. Paris : Jazz Archives
## Filmography
- 2005 : DVD The Blues of Cousin Joe (live - 29 August 1984 in New Orleans) (Storyville Films)
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{{short description|American blues and jazz singer}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Cousin Joe
| image = Best_youngest_image_on_web.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name = Pleasant Joseph
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1907|12|20}}
| birth_place = [[Wallace, Louisiana|Wallace]], [[Louisiana]], United States
| death_date = {{death date and age|1989|10|02|1907|12|20}}
| death_place = [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], United States
| instrument = Piano, vocal
| genre = [[Blues]]
| occupation = [[Pianist]], [[Singing|singer]]
| years_active = Late 1930s – late 1980s
| label = [[Philo Records (rhythm & blues)|Philo]], [[Savoy Records|Savoy]], [[Gotham Records|Gotham]], [[De Luxe Records|De Luxe]], [[Signature Records|Signature]], [[Decca Records|Decca]], [[Imperial Records|Imperial]], [[Flip Records (1950s)|Flip]]
| associated_acts =
| website =
}}
'''Pleasant Joseph''', known as '''Cousin Joe''', (December 20, 1907 – October 2, 1989)<ref name="Dead"/> was a [[New Orleans blues]] and [[jazz]] singer, famous for his 1940s recordings with [[Sidney Bechet]] and [[Mezz Mezzrow]].<ref name="LarkinBlues"/>
==Life==
He was born in [[Wallace, Louisiana]], United States,<ref name="LarkinBlues">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Who's Who of Blues]]|editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]]|publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]]|date=1995|edition=Second|isbn=0-85112-673-1|page=96}}</ref> and worked at [[Whitney Plantation]] throughout his childhood.
Until 1945, Cousin Joe toured Louisiana; that year he was asked to take part in the King Jazz recording sessions organized by Mezzrow and Bechet.<ref>Olderen, Martin van, liner notes ''Cousin Joe from New Orleans in his prime'', OL 8008 (1984).</ref>
In the 1970s, Cousin Joe toured extensively throughout the UK and Europe, both individually and as part of the American Blues Legends '74 revue organised by [[Big Bear Records|Big Bear Music]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Simpson |first1=Jim |title=Don't Worry 'Bout The Bear |date=2019 |publisher=Brewin Books |isbn=978-1-85858-700-4 |pages=113–118}}</ref> He also recorded the albums ''Gospel-Wailing, Jazz-Playing, Rock'n'Rolling, Soul-Shouting, Tap-Dancing Bluesman From New Orleans'' for Big Bear.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wirz |first1=Stefan |title=Illustrated Big Bear Records Discography |url=https://www.wirz.de/music/bigbear.htm |website=Wirz' American Music}}</ref>
Cousin Joe died in his sleep from natural causes in [[New Orleans]], at the age of 81. He was survived by his wife Irene Joseph, son Michael and his three grandchildren Rahsaan, Mignonne and Jarrell.<ref name="Dead">{{cite web|author=Doc Rock |url=http://thedeadrockstarsclub.com/1980.html |title=The 1980s |publisher=The Dead Rock Stars Club |date= |access-date=2014-07-12}}</ref>
==Autobiography==
*''Cousin Joe : Blues from New Orleans'' / Pleasant "Cousin Joe" Joseph and Harriet J. Ottenheimer. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1987. xi, 227 p. : ill. ; 23 cm. {{ISBN|0-226-41198-2}}
==Partial discography==
* 1971 : ''Bad Luck Blues'' ([[Black & Blue Records|Black & Blue]]) with [[Jimmy Dawkins]] and [[Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown]]
* 1973 : ''Cousin Joe From New Orleans'' ([[BluesWay Records|BluesWay]])
* 1974 : ''Gospel Wailing, Jazz Playing, Soul Shouting, Tap Dancing Bluesman from New Orleans'' ([[Big Bear Records]])
* 1974 : ''American Blues Legends '74'' ([[Big Bear Records]])
* 1984 : ''Cousin Joe from New Orleans in his prime'' ([[Oldie Blues]])
* 1985 : ''Relaxin' in New Orleans'' [sound recording] / Cousin Joe. New Orleans, LA : Great Southern Records. 1 sound disc : analog, 33{{fraction|1|3}} rpm ; 12 in.
* 1995 : ''Jumping at Jubilee'' [sound recording]. London : [[Sequel Records|Sequel]], NEM CD 749
* 1996 : ''Blues Festival'' [sound recording]. {Laserlight Records}, NEW CD 17 105
* 2003 : ''Magic Bostic - Bostic, Earl, 1913–1965'' [sound recording] / Earl Bostic. Paris : Jazz Archives
==Filmography==
* 2005 : DVD ''The Blues of Cousin Joe'' (live - 29 August 1984 in [[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]]) (Storyville Films)
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.answers.com/topic/pleasant-joseph Answers.com: Pleasant Joseph]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061231014058/http://www.satchmo.com/cousinjoe/ Satchmo.com/cousinjoe/]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:Jazz musicians from New Orleans]]
[[Category:Blues musicians from Louisiana]]
[[Category:American blues pianists]]
[[Category:American male jazz pianists]]
[[Category:American blues singers]]
[[Category:American jazz pianists]]
[[Category:American jazz singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Louisiana]]
[[Category:Savoy Records artists]]
[[Category:Decca Records artists]]
[[Category:Imperial Records artists]]
[[Category:20th-century American singers]]
[[Category:20th-century American pianists]]
[[Category:People from St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana]]
[[Category:20th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:Black & Blue Records artists]]
{{US-jazz-singer-stub}}
{{US-jazz-pianist-stub}}
| 1,284,034,429
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[{"title": "Background information", "data": {"Birth name": "Pleasant Joseph", "Born": "December 20, 1907 \u00b7 Wallace, Louisiana, United States", "Died": "October 2, 1989 (aged 81) \u00b7 New Orleans, Louisiana, United States", "Genres": "Blues", "Occupation(s)": "Pianist, singer", "Instrument(s)": "Piano, vocal", "Years active": "Late 1930s \u2013 late 1980s", "Labels": "Philo, Savoy, Gotham, De Luxe, Signature, Decca, Imperial, Flip"}}]
| false
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# 1969 Copa del Generalísimo final
The Copa del Generalísimo 1969 Final was the 67th final of the King's Cup. The final was played at Santiago Bernabéu in Madrid, on 15 June 1969, being won by Club Atlético de Bilbao, who beat Elche CF 1–0.
## Match details
| Atlético Bilbao | 1–0 | Elche |
| --------------- | --------------- | ----- |
| Arieta 82' | Report[usurped] | |
| Atlético Bilbao | Elche |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| GK | 1 | José Ángel Iribar | |
| DF | 2 | Iñaki Sáez | |
| DF | 3 | Luis María Echeberría (c) | |
| DF | 4 | Jesús Aranguren | |
| MF | 5 | José María Igartua | |
| MF | 6 | José Larrauri | |
| FW | 7 | José Argoitia | |
| FW | 8 | Fidel Uriarte | |
| FW | 9 | Antón Arieta | |
| FW | 10 | Javier Clemente | |
| FW | 11 | Txetxu Rojo | |
| Manager: | | | |
| Rafael Iriondo | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| GK | 1 | José Araquistáin | |
| DF | 2 | Francisco Ballester | |
| DF | 3 | Vicente Iborra (c) | |
| DF | 4 | Ricardo González | |
| MF | 5 | Juan Carlos Lezcano | |
| MF | 6 | Tomeu Llompart | |
| MF | 7 | Juan Manuel Asensi | |
| FW | 8 | Curro | |
| FW | 9 | Vavá II | |
| FW | 10 | Fernando Serena | |
| FW | 11 | Juan Casco | |
| Manager: | | | |
| Roque Máspoli | | | |
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{{Infobox football match
| title = Copa del Generalísimo 1969 Final
| image =
| event = [[1969 Copa del Generalísimo]]
| team1 = [[Athletic Bilbao|Atlético Bilbao]]
| team1score = 1
| team2 = [[Elche CF|Elche]]
| team2score = 0
| details =
| date = 15 June 1969
| stadium = [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium|Santiago Bernabéu]]
| city = [[Madrid]]
| man_of_the_match1a =
| referee = Antonio Camacho
| attendance = 120,000 <ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20030917233545/http://www.linguasport.com/futbol/nacional/copa/Copa69.htm Copa del Rey 1969]}}</ref>
| weather =
| previous = [[1968 Copa del Generalísimo Final|1968]]
| next = [[1970 Copa del Generalísimo Final|1970]]
}}
{{main|1969 Copa del Generalísimo}}
The '''Copa del Generalísimo 1969 Final''' was the 67th final of the [[Copa del Rey|King's Cup]]. The final was played at [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium|Santiago Bernabéu]] in [[Madrid]], on 15 June 1969, being won by [[Club Atlético de Bilbao]], who beat [[Elche CF]] 1–0.
{{-}}
==Match details==
{{footballbox
|date=15 June 1969
|time=20:00 [[Central European Time|CET]]
|team1=[[Athletic Bilbao|Atlético Bilbao]]
|score= 1–0
|report={{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20030917233545/http://www.linguasport.com/futbol/nacional/copa/Copa69.htm Report]}}
|team2=[[Elche CF|Elche]]
|goals1=[[Antón Arieta|Arieta]] {{goal|82}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium]], [[Madrid]]
|attendance=120,000
|referee=[[Antonio Camacho]]
}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _red stripes
| pattern_b = _red stripes
| pattern_ra = _red stripes
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so = _hoops red
| leftarm = ffffff
| body =ffffff
| rightarm = ffffff
| shorts = 000000
| socks = ffffff
|title = {{nowrap|Atlético Bilbao}}
}}
{{col-2}}
{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _greenhorizontal
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so = _greentop
| leftarm = ffffff
| body = ffffff
| rightarm = ffffff
| shorts = ffffff
| socks = ffffff
|title = Elche
}}
{{col-end}}
{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK ||'''1''' ||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[José Ángel Iribar]]
|-
|DF ||'''2'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Iñaki Sáez]]
|-
|DF ||'''3'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Luis María Echeberría]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|DF ||'''4'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Jesús Aranguren]]
|-
|MF ||'''5'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[José María Igartua]]
|-
|MF ||'''6'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[José Larrauri]]
|-
|FW ||'''7'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[José Argoitia]]
|-
|FW ||'''8'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Fidel Uriarte]]
|-
|FW ||'''9'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Antón Arieta]]
|-
|FW||'''10'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Javier Clemente]]
|-
|FW||'''11'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[José Francisco Rojo|Txetxu Rojo]]
|-
|colspan=4|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Rafael Iriondo]]
|}
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK ||'''1''' ||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[José Araquistáin]]
|-
|DF ||'''2'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Francisco Ballester]]
|-
|DF ||'''3'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Vicente Iborra (footballer, born 1932)|Vicente Iborra]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|DF ||'''4'''||{{flagicon|PAR|1954}} [[Ricardo González (Paraguayan footballer)|Ricardo González]]
|-
|MF ||'''5''' ||{{flagicon|PAR|1954}} [[Juan Carlos Lezcano]]
|-
|MF ||'''6''' ||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Tomeu Llompart]]
|-
|MF ||'''7'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Juan Manuel Asensi]]
|-
|FW ||'''8'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Miguel Gómez Burgos|Curro]]
|-
|FW ||'''9'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Vavá II]]
|-
|FW||'''10'''||{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Fernando Serena]]
|-
|FW||'''11'''||{{flagicon|PAR|1954}} [[Juan Casco]]
|-
|colspan=4|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Roque Máspoli]]
|-
|}
|}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Copa del Rey Finals}}
{{Athletic Bilbao matches}}
{{Elche CF}}
{{Portal bar|Association football|Spain}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Copa Del Generalisimo Final 1969}}
[[Category:Copa del Rey finals|1969]]
[[Category:1968–69 in Spanish football|Copa]]
[[Category:Athletic Bilbao matches]]
[[Category:Elche CF matches]]
[[Category:June 1969 sports events in Europe]]
[[Category:Football competitions in Madrid]]
[[Category:1960s in Madrid]]
| 1,283,891,237
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[{"title": "Copa del General\u00edsimo 1969 Final", "data": {"Event": "1969 Copa del General\u00edsimo", "Atl\u00e9tico Bilbao": "Elche", "1": "0", "Date": "15 June 1969", "Venue": "Santiago Bernab\u00e9u, Madrid", "Referee": "Antonio Camacho", "Attendance": "120,000"}}]
| false
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# Ronald Leon Rakow
Ronald Leon Rakow or Ron Rakow was the head of Grateful Dead Records and Round Records, and was manager of The Grateful Dead.
## Early life
Ron was born in Brooklyn, New York. He studied Economics at New York University where he earned his Bachelor of Science degree. He started his career as a runner on the New York Stock exchange floor and eventually was an arbitrageur and did corporate mergers and acquisitions for various corporations in New York City.
## Grateful Dead
Around 1965 Ron moved to San Francisco and started a small loans business called Guaranteed Factors. Not long after, he loaned money to the Grateful Dead to buy equipment and quickly joined as a photographer and later the band manager. During that time, he lived across from the street from the band at 715 Ashbury street.
In March 1972, Ron came up with the idea for Grateful Dead Records and Round Records and worked with Jerry Garcia to develop the business plan known as the 'So What Papers'. In July 1972, he was invited to Bill Kreutzmann's house to present the initial idea to the band. In April 1973, the plan was finally approved and Grateful Dead Records and Round Records was born. The labels went on to produce four of the bands records between 1973-1976.
## Filmography
Ron was also the executive producer and appears in the 1977 documentary film, The Grateful Dead Movie.
## Legal Troubles
On April 11, 2007, Rakow was sentenced to five years in federal prison for tax evasion of $2.2 million since 1985 from income unrelated to his relationship with The Grateful Dead.' On December 1, 2011, Rakow was released from prison.
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Ronald Leon Rakow
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Leon_Rakow
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Q16968678
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{{Short description|Former band manager of The Grateful Dead}}
'''Ronald Leon Rakow''' or '''Ron Rakow''' was the head of [[Grateful Dead Records]] and Round Records, and was manager of [[The Grateful Dead]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Applegate|first=Jane|date=1985-09-12|title=U.S. Indicts 12 in Cosmetic Scheme $80-Million Culture-Growing Project Had 27,000 Investors|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/64531834.html?dids=64531834:64531834&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+12%2C+1985&author=JANE+APPLEGATE&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=U.S.+Indicts+12+in+Cosmetic+Scheme+%2480-Million+Culture-Growing+Project+Had+27%2C000+Investors&pqatl=google|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023160130/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/64531834.html?dids=64531834:64531834&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+12,+1985&author=JANE+APPLEGATE&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=U.S.+Indicts+12+in+Cosmetic+Scheme+$80-Million+Culture-Growing+Project+Had+27,000+Investors&pqatl=google|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 23, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.slatkinfraud.com/rakow.php|title = Reed Slatkin Media Resource}}</ref>{{Infobox person
| name = Ronald Leon Rakow
| image =
| native_name = Ron Rakow
| other_names = "Cadillac Ron"
| birth_date = Nov 10, 1937
| birth_place = New York City
| education = Bachelor of Science
| alma_mater = New York University
}}
== Early life ==
Ron was born in Brooklyn, New York. He studied Economics at [[New York University]] where he earned his Bachelor of Science degree. He started his career as a runner on the New York Stock exchange floor and eventually was an arbitrageur and did corporate mergers and acquisitions for various corporations in New York City.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=16 Aug 1974, Page 14 - Daily Independent Journal at Newspapers.com|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/74502405/?terms=%22ronald%20rakow%22%20san%20francisco&match=1|access-date=2021-03-27|website=Newspapers.com|language=en}}</ref>
== Grateful Dead ==
<!-- [[File:Ron Rakow on Steps of 710 Ashbury.jpg|thumb|284x284px|Ron Rakow on the steps at 710 Ashbury in San Francisco with Phil Lesh and Jerry Garcia in the background.]] -->Around 1965 Ron moved to San Francisco and started a small loans business called Guaranteed Factors. Not long after, he loaned money to the Grateful Dead to buy equipment and quickly joined as a photographer and later the band manager.<ref name=":0" /> During that time, he lived across from the street from the band at 715 Ashbury street.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sf_daily_photo|date=2016-10-26|title=SAN FRANCISCO DAILY PHOTO: 715 Ashbury St, Haight Ashbury|url=http://sfdailyfoto.blogspot.com/2016/10/715-ashbury-st-haight-ashbury.html|access-date=2021-03-27|website=SAN FRANCISCO DAILY PHOTO}}</ref>
In March 1972, Ron came up with the idea for Grateful Dead Records and Round Records and worked with [[Jerry Garcia]] to develop the business plan known as the 'So What Papers'. In July 1972, he was invited to [[Bill Kreutzmann]]'s house to present the initial idea to the band. In April 1973, the plan was finally approved and Grateful Dead Records and Round Records was born. The labels went on to produce four of the bands records between 1973-1976.
== Filmography ==
Ron was also the executive producer and appears in the 1977 documentary film, [[The Grateful Dead Movie]].
== Legal Troubles ==
On April 11, 2007, Rakow was sentenced to five years in [[federal prison]] for [[tax evasion]] of $2.2 million since 1985 from income unrelated to his relationship with The Grateful Dead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.relix.com/Features/Daily_News/Former_Grateful_Dead_Records_President_Ron_Rakow_Sentenced_For_Tax_Evasion_200704112235.html |title=Relix -The Magazine For Music - Former Grateful Dead Records President Ron Rakow Sentenced For Tax Evasion |website=www.relix.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128131032/http://www.relix.com/Features/Daily_News/Former_Grateful_Dead_Records_President_Ron_Rakow_Sentenced_For_Tax_Evasion_200704112235.html |archive-date=2007-11-28}} </ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/ex-grateful-dead-manager-sentenced | work=Fox News | title=Ex-Grateful Dead Manager Sentenced | date=2007-04-11}}</ref>' On December 1, 2011, Rakow was released from prison.
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{GratefulDead}}
*[http://www.gratefuldeadbooks.com/ Grateful Dead Books]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rakow, Ronald Leon}}
[[Category:Grateful Dead]]
[[de:Grateful Dead Records]]
| 1,284,000,926
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[{"title": "Ronald Leon Rakow", "data": {"Born": "Nov 10, 1937 \u00b7 New York City", "Other names": "\"Cadillac Ron\"", "Education": "Bachelor of Science", "Alma mater": "New York University"}}, {"title": "Grateful Dead", "data": {"Studio albums": "The Grateful Dead Anthem of the Sun Aoxomoxoa Workingman's Dead American Beauty Wake of the Flood From the Mars Hotel Blues for Allah Terrapin Station Shakedown Street Go to Heaven In the Dark Built to Last", "Live albums": "Contemporary Live/Dead Vintage Dead Historic Dead Grateful Dead Europe '72 History of the Grateful Dead, Volume One (Bear's Choice) Steal Your Face Reckoning Dead Set Dylan & the Dead Without a Net Retrospective 1990s One from the Vault Infrared Roses Two from the Vault Grayfolded Hundred Year Hall Dozin' at the Knick Fallout from the Phil Zone Terrapin Station (Limited Edition) Live at the Fillmore East 2-11-69 So Many Roads (1965\u20131995) 2000s Ladies and Gentlemen... the Grateful Dead Nightfall of Diamonds Postcards of the Hanging Steppin' Out with the Grateful Dead: England '72 Go to Nassau Birth of the Dead The Closing of Winterland Rockin' the Rhein with the Grateful Dead The Grateful Dead Movie Soundtrack Rare Cuts and Oddities 1966 Truckin' Up to Buffalo Fillmore West 1969: The Complete Recordings Fillmore West 1969 Live at the Cow Palace Three from the Vault Winterland 1973: The Complete Recordings Rocking the Cradle: Egypt 1978 To Terrapin: Hartford '77 Winterland June 1977: The Complete Recordings 2010s Crimson White & Indigo Formerly the Warlocks Europe '72: The Complete Recordings Europe '72 Volume 2 Dark Star Spring 1990 Spring 1990: So Glad You Made It Winterland: May 30th 1971 May 1977 Sunshine Daydream Family Dog at the Great Highway, San Francisco, CA 4/18/70 Live at Hampton Coliseum Spring 1990 (The Other One) Wake Up to Find Out Houston, Texas 11-18-1972 30 Trips Around the Sun: The Definitive Live Story 1965\u20131995 30 Trips Around the Sun Shrine Exposition Hall, Los Angeles, CA 11/10/1967 Capitol Theatre, Passaic, NJ, 4/25/77 July 1978: The Complete Recordings Red Rocks: 7/8/78 July 29 1966, P.N.E. Garden Aud., Vancouver Canada May 1977: Get Shown the Light Cornell 5/8/77 Robert F. Kennedy Stadium, Washington, D.C., July 12 & 13, 1989 Fillmore West 1969: February 27th Pacific Northwest '73\u2013'74: The Complete Recordings Pacific Northwest '73\u2013'74: Believe It If You Need It Portland Memorial Coliseum, Portland, OR, 5/19/74 Playing in the Band, Seattle, Washington, 5/21/74 The Warfield, San Francisco, California, October 9 & 10, 1980 Fillmore West 1969: February 28th Giants Stadium 1987, 1989, 1991 Saint of Circumstance Ready or Not 2020s June 1976 Fox Theatre, St. Louis, MO 12-10-71 Listen to the River: St. Louis '71 '72 '73 Lyceum '72: The Complete Recordings Lyceum Theatre, London, England 5/26/72 In and Out of the Garden: Madison Square Garden '81, '82, '83 Madison Square Garden, New York, NY 3/9/81 Here Comes Sunshine 1973 RFK Stadium, Washington, D.C. 6/10/73 Friend of the Devils: April 1978 Duke '78 Enjoying the Ride The Music Never Stopped View from the Vault 1 2 3 4 Dick's Picks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Road Trips Vol 1 No 1 Vol 1 No 2 Vol 1 No 3 Vol 1 No 4 Vol 2 No 1 Vol 2 No 2 Vol 2 No 3 Vol 2 No 4 Vol 3 No 1 Vol 3 No 2 Vol 3 No 3 Vol 3 No 4 Vol 4 No 1 Vol 4 No 2 Vol 4 No 3 Vol 4 No 4 Vol 4 No 5 Dave's Picks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Download Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Family Dog at the Great Highway 9 10 11 12 Spectrum 11/5/79 Spectrum 11/6/79", "Compilations": "Skeletons from the Closet: The Best of Grateful Dead What a Long Strange Trip It's Been The Arista Years Selections from the Arista Years The Very Best of Grateful Dead Flashback with the Grateful Dead The Best of the Grateful Dead Long Strange Trip The Best of the Grateful Dead Live Sage & Spirit", "Box sets": "Dead Zone: The Grateful Dead CD Collection (1977\u20131987) The Golden Road (1965\u20131973) Beyond Description (1973\u20131989) The Warner Bros. Studio Albums All the Years Combine: The DVD Collection Grateful Dead Records Collection The Story of the Grateful Dead", "Videos": "The Grateful Dead Movie Dead Ahead So Far Dead Ringers: The Making of Touch of Grey Backstage Pass Infrared Sightings Ticket to New Year's Downhill from Here Anthem to Beauty Sunshine Daydream Long Strange Trip", "Side projects and \u00b7 spin-off bands": "The Other Ones The Dead Furthur Dead & Company 2015 tour Summer 2016 tour Summer 2017 tour Fall 2017 tour Summer 2018 tour Summer 2019 tour Fall Fun Run 2019 Dead Forever: Live at Sphere (2024) Jerry Garcia Band RatDog Phil Lesh and Friends Rhythm Devils Donna Jean Godchaux Band Heart of Gold Band Missing Man Formation New Riders of the Purple Sage Old & In the Way Legion of Mary Reconstruction Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band JGB Kingfish Bobby and the Midnites SerialPod BK3 7 Walkers Billy & the Kids", "Related topics": "Acid Tests Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd. Bob Dylan and the Grateful Dead 1987 Tour Dark Star Orchestra Day of the Dead Deadhead Deadheads for Obama Deadicated: A Tribute to the Grateful Dead Fare Thee Well (album) Fare Thee Well (concert tour) Grateful dead Grateful Dead Archive The Grateful Dead Channel Grateful Dead Comix Grateful Dead discography The Grateful Dead Family Album Grateful Dead Meet-Up at the Movies Grateful Dead Origins Grateful Dead Records Jazz Is Dead List of Grateful Dead members Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions The Music Never Stopped: Roots of the Grateful Dead The Music Never Stopped (film) Pickin' on the Grateful Dead: A Tribute The Planet Earth Rock and Roll Orchestra Relix Reunions of the Grateful Dead Rex Foundation Shakedown Street (vending area) Summer Jam at Watkins Glen Unfinished Grateful Dead album Wall of Sound Wharf Rats", "Related people": "Eric Andersen Bob Bralove Jerilyn Lee Brandelius Candace Brightman Betty Cantor-Jackson Bob Dylan Carolyn Garcia Bill Graham Gerrit Graham Rick Griffin David Grisman Lenny Hart Dan Healy Bruce Hornsby Alton Kelley Steve Kimock Ned Lagin Dick Latvala David Lemieux Branford Marsalis Stanley Mouse Ronald Leon Rakow Merl Saunders Rock Scully Bob Seidemann Laurence Shurtliff Owsley Stanley Howard Wales"}}, {"title": "Contemporary", "data": {"Contemporary": "Live/Dead Vintage Dead Historic Dead Grateful Dead Europe '72 History of the Grateful Dead, Volume One (Bear's Choice) Steal Your Face Reckoning Dead Set Dylan & the Dead Without a Net", "Retrospective": "1990s One from the Vault Infrared Roses Two from the Vault Grayfolded Hundred Year Hall Dozin' at the Knick Fallout from the Phil Zone Terrapin Station (Limited Edition) Live at the Fillmore East 2-11-69 So Many Roads (1965\u20131995) 2000s Ladies and Gentlemen... the Grateful Dead Nightfall of Diamonds Postcards of the Hanging Steppin' Out with the Grateful Dead: England '72 Go to Nassau Birth of the Dead The Closing of Winterland Rockin' the Rhein with the Grateful Dead The Grateful Dead Movie Soundtrack Rare Cuts and Oddities 1966 Truckin' Up to Buffalo Fillmore West 1969: The Complete Recordings Fillmore West 1969 Live at the Cow Palace Three from the Vault Winterland 1973: The Complete Recordings Rocking the Cradle: Egypt 1978 To Terrapin: Hartford '77 Winterland June 1977: The Complete Recordings 2010s Crimson White & Indigo Formerly the Warlocks Europe '72: The Complete Recordings Europe '72 Volume 2 Dark Star Spring 1990 Spring 1990: So Glad You Made It Winterland: May 30th 1971 May 1977 Sunshine Daydream Family Dog at the Great Highway, San Francisco, CA 4/18/70 Live at Hampton Coliseum Spring 1990 (The Other One) Wake Up to Find Out Houston, Texas 11-18-1972 30 Trips Around the Sun: The Definitive Live Story 1965\u20131995 30 Trips Around the Sun Shrine Exposition Hall, Los Angeles, CA 11/10/1967 Capitol Theatre, Passaic, NJ, 4/25/77 July 1978: The Complete Recordings Red Rocks: 7/8/78 July 29 1966, P.N.E. Garden Aud., Vancouver Canada May 1977: Get Shown the Light Cornell 5/8/77 Robert F. Kennedy Stadium, Washington, D.C., July 12 & 13, 1989 Fillmore West 1969: February 27th Pacific Northwest '73\u2013'74: The Complete Recordings Pacific Northwest '73\u2013'74: Believe It If You Need It Portland Memorial Coliseum, Portland, OR, 5/19/74 Playing in the Band, Seattle, Washington, 5/21/74 The Warfield, San Francisco, California, October 9 & 10, 1980 Fillmore West 1969: February 28th Giants Stadium 1987, 1989, 1991 Saint of Circumstance Ready or Not 2020s June 1976 Fox Theatre, St. Louis, MO 12-10-71 Listen to the River: St. Louis '71 '72 '73 Lyceum '72: The Complete Recordings Lyceum Theatre, London, England 5/26/72 In and Out of the Garden: Madison Square Garden '81, '82, '83 Madison Square Garden, New York, NY 3/9/81 Here Comes Sunshine 1973 RFK Stadium, Washington, D.C. 6/10/73 Friend of the Devils: April 1978 Duke '78 Enjoying the Ride The Music Never Stopped View from the Vault 1 2 3 4 Dick's Picks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Road Trips Vol 1 No 1 Vol 1 No 2 Vol 1 No 3 Vol 1 No 4 Vol 2 No 1 Vol 2 No 2 Vol 2 No 3 Vol 2 No 4 Vol 3 No 1 Vol 3 No 2 Vol 3 No 3 Vol 3 No 4 Vol 4 No 1 Vol 4 No 2 Vol 4 No 3 Vol 4 No 4 Vol 4 No 5 Dave's Picks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Download Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Family Dog at the Great Highway 9 10 11 12 Spectrum 11/5/79 Spectrum 11/6/79"}}, {"title": "1990s", "data": {"1990s": "One from the Vault Infrared Roses Two from the Vault Grayfolded Hundred Year Hall Dozin' at the Knick Fallout from the Phil Zone Terrapin Station (Limited Edition) Live at the Fillmore East 2-11-69 So Many Roads (1965\u20131995)", "2000s": "Ladies and Gentlemen... the Grateful Dead Nightfall of Diamonds Postcards of the Hanging Steppin' Out with the Grateful Dead: England '72 Go to Nassau Birth of the Dead The Closing of Winterland Rockin' the Rhein with the Grateful Dead The Grateful Dead Movie Soundtrack Rare Cuts and Oddities 1966 Truckin' Up to Buffalo Fillmore West 1969: The Complete Recordings Fillmore West 1969 Live at the Cow Palace Three from the Vault Winterland 1973: The Complete Recordings Rocking the Cradle: Egypt 1978 To Terrapin: Hartford '77 Winterland June 1977: The Complete Recordings", "2010s": "Crimson White & Indigo Formerly the Warlocks Europe '72: The Complete Recordings Europe '72 Volume 2 Dark Star Spring 1990 Spring 1990: So Glad You Made It Winterland: May 30th 1971 May 1977 Sunshine Daydream Family Dog at the Great Highway, San Francisco, CA 4/18/70 Live at Hampton Coliseum Spring 1990 (The Other One) Wake Up to Find Out Houston, Texas 11-18-1972 30 Trips Around the Sun: The Definitive Live Story 1965\u20131995 30 Trips Around the Sun Shrine Exposition Hall, Los Angeles, CA 11/10/1967 Capitol Theatre, Passaic, NJ, 4/25/77 July 1978: The Complete Recordings Red Rocks: 7/8/78 July 29 1966, P.N.E. Garden Aud., Vancouver Canada May 1977: Get Shown the Light Cornell 5/8/77 Robert F. Kennedy Stadium, Washington, D.C., July 12 & 13, 1989 Fillmore West 1969: February 27th Pacific Northwest '73\u2013'74: The Complete Recordings Pacific Northwest '73\u2013'74: Believe It If You Need It Portland Memorial Coliseum, Portland, OR, 5/19/74 Playing in the Band, Seattle, Washington, 5/21/74 The Warfield, San Francisco, California, October 9 & 10, 1980 Fillmore West 1969: February 28th Giants Stadium 1987, 1989, 1991 Saint of Circumstance Ready or Not", "2020s": "June 1976 Fox Theatre, St. Louis, MO 12-10-71 Listen to the River: St. Louis '71 '72 '73 Lyceum '72: The Complete Recordings Lyceum Theatre, London, England 5/26/72 In and Out of the Garden: Madison Square Garden '81, '82, '83 Madison Square Garden, New York, NY 3/9/81 Here Comes Sunshine 1973 RFK Stadium, Washington, D.C. 6/10/73 Friend of the Devils: April 1978 Duke '78 Enjoying the Ride The Music Never Stopped", "View from \u00b7 the Vault": "1 2 3 4", "Dick's Picks": "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36", "Road Trips": "Vol 1 No 1 Vol 1 No 2 Vol 1 No 3 Vol 1 No 4 Vol 2 No 1 Vol 2 No 2 Vol 2 No 3 Vol 2 No 4 Vol 3 No 1 Vol 3 No 2 Vol 3 No 3 Vol 3 No 4 Vol 4 No 1 Vol 4 No 2 Vol 4 No 3 Vol 4 No 4 Vol 4 No 5", "Dave's Picks": "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53", "Download Series": "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Family Dog at the Great Highway 9 10 11 12 Spectrum 11/5/79 Spectrum 11/6/79"}}]
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# Magnolia, Seattle
Magnolia is the second largest neighborhood of Seattle, Washington by area, located in northwestern Seattle. It occupies a hilly peninsula northwest of downtown. Magnolia has been a part of the city since 1891. A good portion of the peninsula is taken up by Discovery Park, formerly the U.S. Army's Fort Lawton.
Magnolia is isolated from the rest of Seattle, connected by road to the rest of the city by only three bridges over the tracks of the BNSF Railway: W. Emerson Street in the north, W. Dravus Street in the center, and W. Garfield Street (the Magnolia Bridge) in the south — the Salmon Bay Bridge to Ballard is rail-only, no motorized traffic is permitted to cross the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks, and the W. Fort Street bridge over the railroad tracks only affords access to the W. Commodore Way industrial area (traffic to the rest of the city from that area still needs to take the W. Emerson Street bridge).
## Boundaries
Magnolia is bounded on the north by Salmon Bay and Shilshole Bay of the Lake Washington Ship Canal, across which is Ballard; on the west by Puget Sound and Elliott Bay; on the south by Elliott Bay and Smith Cove; and on the east by the BNSF Railway and the Port of Seattle's Terminal 91, beyond which is Interbay.
Although magnolia trees do line W. McGraw Street in the neighborhood's commercial district, Magnolia's naming was a misnomer. It was named by Captain George Davidson of the U.S. Coast Survey in 1856, who reportedly mistook the plentiful madrona trees for magnolias. Groups are actively working to save the remaining madronas on the bluff.
On Magnolia's south end is Magnolia Park, overlooking Puget Sound, Mount Rainier, and the city skyline. It features a picnic area and tennis courts across the street. Also in Magnolia are Smith Cove and its marina. Discovery Park, in the northwest, encompasses 534 acres (2.16 km2) and is Seattle's largest park. Seven miles of trails provide visitors with views of Puget Sound and the Olympic Mountains. Parts of Fort Lawton, such as the officers' homes and other historic buildings, remain in the park, though many are now private residences. Discovery Park has extensive beaches wrapping around West Point, the westernmost point in Seattle, and West Point hosts a lighthouse which guides ships into Seattle's harbor, Elliott Bay.
Adjacent to Discovery Park is West Point, featuring the West Point Lighthouse, which was built in 1881 and is the oldest lighthouse in the area. Walking trails descend from the park to two miles (3 km) of beach and the lighthouse. West Point also contains one of Seattle's sewage treatment facilities, and several archaeological sites.
## Highlights
Another highlight is the local branch of the Seattle Public Library, designed in 1964 by architects Paul Hayden Kirk and Richard Haag, who won top awards for design from the American Library Association. In the children's section is a statue of a young girl titled "Girl Holding Doves," designed by Ebba Rapp McLauchlan. Outside hangs a bronze wall sculpture titled "Activity of Thought," an abstract piece of art designed especially for the library by Glenn Alps. The library is furnished with solid walnut tables and chairs custom designed by George Nakashima.
Magnolia's business district, called "The Village" by locals, is home to many specialty stores, professional services, and restaurants. In the summer, there is a farmers market held on Saturdays in the Magnolia Village.
There are three Seattle Public Schools in Magnolia: Lawton Elementary, Magnolia Elementary, and Catharine Blaine K-8.
## Neighborhoods
According to the Seattle City Clerk's office, Magnolia comprises three neighborhoods (see map):
- Lawton Park – The northern half of Magnolia[4]
- Briarcliff – The southwestern quarter of Magnolia[5]
- Southeast Magnolia – The southeastern quarter of Magnolia[6]
- Map of Magnolia
- BNSF Railway tracks just north of Kiwanis Ravine
- Park in Magnolia
## Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 19,156 people, 9,077 households, and 4,828 families residing in the neighborhood. There are 9,416 housing units. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 87.4% White, 5.8% Asian, 1.6% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 1.0% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.3% of the population.
There were 9,077 households, out of which 20.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.2% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.8% were non-families. 34.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10 and the average family size was 2.73.
In the neighborhood the population was spread out, with 17.0% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 34.8% from 25 to 44, 26.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.2 males.
The median income for a household in the neighborhood was $59,542, and the median income for a family was $79,842. Males had a median income of $51,561 versus $39,107 for females. The per capita income for the neighborhood was $37,754. About 2.3% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.3% of those under age 18 and 5.3% of those age 65 or over.
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{{Short description|Neighborhood in Seattle, Washington, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Magnolia
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Neighborhoods in Seattle|Seattle Neighborhood]]
| image_skyline = Seattle-Columbia-look-north-2319.jpg
| imagesize = 290 px
| image_caption = [[Smith Cove (Washington)|Smith Cove]] and Magnolia seen from [[Columbia Center]]
| image_map = Seattle Map - Magnolia.png
| map_caption = Map of Magnolia's location in Seattle
| mapsize = 250x250px
| coordinates = {{coord|47|39|02|N|122|24|03|W|display=inline,title|type:landmark_region:US-WA}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = United States
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. State|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
|subdivision_type2 = County
|subdivision_name2 = [[King County|King]]
|subdivision_type3 = City
|subdivision_name3 = [[Seattle]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Seattle City Council|City Council]]
|subdivision_name4 = District 6, 7
|postal_code_type = [[Zip Code]]
|postal_code = 98199
|area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area Code]]
|area_code = [[Area code 206|206]]
}}
'''Magnolia''' is the second largest [[List of neighborhoods in Seattle|neighborhood]] of [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]] by area, located in northwestern Seattle. It occupies a hilly peninsula northwest of [[Downtown Seattle|downtown]]. Magnolia has been a part of the city since 1891. A good portion of the peninsula is taken up by [[Discovery Park (Seattle)|Discovery Park]], formerly the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]]'s [[Fort Lawton]].
Magnolia is isolated from the rest of Seattle, connected by road to the rest of the city by only three bridges over the tracks of the [[BNSF Railway]]: W. Emerson Street in the north, W. Dravus Street in the center, and W. Garfield Street (the [[Magnolia Bridge]]) in the south — the [[Salmon Bay Bridge]] to Ballard is rail-only, no motorized traffic is permitted to cross the [[Hiram M. Chittenden Locks]], and the W. Fort Street bridge over the railroad tracks only affords access to the W. Commodore Way industrial area (traffic to the rest of the city from that area still needs to take the W. Emerson Street bridge).
==Boundaries==
Magnolia is bounded on the north by [[Salmon Bay]] and [[Shilshole Bay]] of the [[Lake Washington Ship Canal]], across which is [[Ballard, Seattle, Washington|Ballard]]; on the west by [[Puget Sound]] and [[Elliott Bay]]; on the south by Elliott Bay and [[Smith Cove (Seattle)|Smith Cove]]; and on the east by the BNSF Railway and the [[Port of Seattle]]'s Terminal 91, beyond which is [[Interbay, Seattle|Interbay]].
Although [[magnolia]] trees do line W. McGraw Street in the neighborhood's commercial district, Magnolia's naming was a misnomer. It was named by Captain George Davidson of the U.S. Coast Survey in 1856, who reportedly mistook the plentiful [[Arbutus|madrona trees]] for magnolias.<ref>[[Edmond S. Meany|Meany, Edmond S.]], ''Origins of Washington Historical Names'', Seattle: Univ of Washington Press, 1923, p. 157; Phillips, James W. ''Washington State Place Names'', Seattle: Univ of Washington Press, 1971</ref> Groups are actively working to save the remaining madronas on the bluff.
On Magnolia's south end is [[Magnolia Park (Seattle)|Magnolia Park]], overlooking [[Puget Sound]], [[Mount Rainier]], and the city skyline. It features a picnic area and tennis courts across the street. Also in Magnolia are [[Smith Cove (Seattle)|Smith Cove]] and its marina. [[Discovery Park (Seattle)|Discovery Park]], in the northwest, encompasses {{convert|534|acre|km2}} and is Seattle's largest park. Seven miles of trails provide visitors with views of Puget Sound and the [[Olympic Mountains]]. Parts of [[Fort Lawton]], such as the officers' homes and other historic buildings, remain in the park, though many are now private residences. Discovery Park has extensive beaches wrapping around West Point, the westernmost point in Seattle, and West Point hosts a lighthouse which guides ships into Seattle's harbor, Elliott Bay.
Adjacent to Discovery Park is [[West Point (Seattle)|West Point]], featuring the [[West Point Light]]house, which was built in 1881 and is the oldest lighthouse in the area. Walking trails descend from the park to two miles (3 km) of beach and the lighthouse. West Point also contains one of Seattle's [[sewage treatment]] facilities, and several archaeological sites.
==Highlights==
Another highlight is the local branch of the [[Seattle Public Library]], designed in 1964 by architects [[Paul Hayden Kirk]] and [[Richard Haag]], who won top awards for design from the [[American Library Association]]. In the children's section is a statue of a young girl titled "Girl Holding Doves," designed by [[Ebba Rapp McLauchlan]]. Outside hangs a bronze wall sculpture titled "Activity of Thought," an abstract piece of art designed especially for the library by [[Glenn Alps]]. The library is furnished with solid walnut tables and chairs custom designed by George Nakashima.
Magnolia's business district, called "The Village" by locals, is home to many specialty stores, professional services, and restaurants. In the summer, there is a farmers market held on Saturdays in the Magnolia Village.
There are three [[Seattle Public Schools]] in Magnolia: Lawton Elementary, Magnolia Elementary, and Catharine Blaine K-8.<ref name=SPSMagnolia>{{cite web|url=https://www.seattleschools.org/common/pages/UserFile.aspx?fileId=26914835|title=Seattle Public Schools Boundary Map|publisher=Seattle Public Schools|access-date=2019-10-22}}</ref>
==Neighborhoods==
According to the Seattle City Clerk's office,<ref name=ClerkMagnolia>{{cite web|url=http://clerk.seattle.gov/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1180S.htm|title=Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas – Magnolia|publisher=City of Seattle|access-date=2012-03-25}}</ref> Magnolia comprises three neighborhoods (see map):
*[[Lawton Park, Seattle|Lawton Park]] – The northern half of Magnolia<ref name=ClerkLawtonPark>{{cite web|url=http://clerk.seattle.gov/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1182S.htm|title=Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas – Lawton Park|publisher=City of Seattle|access-date=2012-03-25}}</ref>
*[[Briarcliff, Seattle|Briarcliff]] – The southwestern quarter of Magnolia<ref name=ClerkBriarclif>{{cite web|url=http://clerk.seattle.gov/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1184S.htm|title=Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas – Briarcliff|publisher=City of Seattle|access-date=2012-03-25}}</ref>
*[[Southeast Magnolia, Seattle|Southeast Magnolia]] – The southeastern quarter of Magnolia<ref name=ClerkSoutheastMagnolia>{{cite web|url=http://clerk.seattle.gov/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1186S.htm|title=Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas – Southeast Magnolia|publisher=City of Seattle|access-date=2012-03-25}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Seattle - Magnolia map.jpg|Map of Magnolia
Image:BNSFtracks-kiwanisravine-seattle.jpg|[[BNSF Railway]] tracks just north of [[Kiwanis Ravine]]
File:Magnolia Park, Washington - tree and bench.jpg|Park in Magnolia
</gallery>
{{wide image|Asahel Curtis panorama of Pleasant Valley, Magnolia district, Seattle, 1909.jpg|1000px|Pleasant Valley in 1909, slightly east of Fort Lawton, looking east.}}
==Demographics==
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2008-01-31|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> of 2000, there were 19,156 people, 9,077 households, and 4,828 families residing in the neighborhood. There are 9,416 housing units. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 87.4% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 5.8% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 1.6% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.6% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.3% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 1.0% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 3.2% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 3.3% of the population.
There were 9,077 households, out of which 20.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.2% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.8% were non-families. 34.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10 and the average family size was 2.73.
In the neighborhood the population was spread out, with 17.0% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 34.8% from 25 to 44, 26.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.2 males.
The median income for a household in the neighborhood was $59,542, and the median income for a family was $79,842. Males had a median income of $51,561 versus $39,107 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the neighborhood was $37,754. About 2.3% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the [[Poverty threshold|poverty line]], including 5.3% of those under age 18 and 5.3% of those age 65 or over.
==See also==
*[[Commodore Park]]
*[[Elliott Bay Marina]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Magnolia, Seattle, Washington}}
*[http://clerk.seattle.gov/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1180S.htm Seattle City Clerk: Magnolia]
*[http://www.magnoliachamber.org/ Magnolia Chamber of Commerce]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071009033118/http://www.magnoliacommunityclub.org/ Magnolia Community Club (Magnolia's Community Council)]
*Louis Fiset, [http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3415 Seattle Neighborhoods: Magnolia — Thumbnail History], [[HistoryLink]], June 30, 2001
*Dave Wilma, [http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3874 Magnolia Branch, The Seattle Public Library opens on July 1, 1964], [[HistoryLink]], July 2, 2002.
{{Magnolia, Seattle}}
{{Seattle neighborhoods}}
[[Category:Magnolia, Seattle| ]]
| 1,284,000,993
|
[{"title": "Magnolia", "data": {"Country": "United States", "State": "Washington", "County": "King", "City": "Seattle", "City Council": "District 6, 7", "Zip Code": "98199", "Area Code": "206"}}]
| false
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# Marie-Théophile Griffon du Bellay
Marie-Théophile Griffon du Bellay (14 August 1829 – 10 November 1908) was a French physician, naval surgeon, explorer and ethnobotanist.
## Life
Marie-Théophile was born at Rochefort, the middle child of the three sons of Joseph Jean Baptiste Alexandre Griffon du Bellay and Marie Elisabeth Claire de Nesmond. His father was one of the last remaining survivors of the infamous wreck of the Medusa (upon which he had served as secretary to the then governor of Senegal Colonel Julien-Désiré Schmaltz) and became a commissioner in the French Navy. Qualifying as a naval surgeon at the age of 20 in 1849, Marie-Théophile served on several French naval vessels between 1850 and 1861, his periods of service interspersed with time ashore in the port town of Rochefort. On the eighth of March 1856, he qualified as Doctor of Medicine, his doctoral thesis at the University of Montpellier being entitled Essai sur le Tétanos ("Essay upon Tetanus"). Surgeon first class of the ship Pionnier, under the command of Paul Augustin Serval, he twice attempted to reach the Ogooué River of Gabon in the year 1862. Stranded and unwell at the river delta, in July of that year, he was forced, in December, to give up his attempt and allow his companion to travel on alone up the valley of the river Remboué (now protected as part of Gabon's Pongara National Park).
From 25 December 1867, he was principal physician aboard the Caravane, a Hospital ship stationed in Gabon. During this time he undertook studies of Tabernanthe iboga and also of Griffonia simplicifolia (the genus Griffonia having been named in his honour by fellow physician and botanist Henri Baillon in 1865), and was among the earliest European physicians to describe sleeping sickness*. He wrote, in addition papers concerning the efficacy of quinine sulphate in his successful treatment of cases of malaria.
In 1871 he became director of the health service for the départements of la Vendée, Loire-Atlantique and Morbihan. Thereafter he worked in Guadeloupe from 1868 to 1871, (where he was confronted by an epidemic of yellow fever ) and then in Senegal from 1877 to 1878.
He was for some years a member of the Société des archives historiques de la Saintonge et de l'Aunis. His name features on a monument commemorating the glorious African dead and fallen patriots of AOF in Dakar.
Note* : The French language website Bibliographies de l'Ecole Navale claims that Griffon du Bellay was the first European physician to describe sleeping sickness, but the Wikipedia page African trypanosomiasis does not support this claim, presenting evidence that British naval surgeon John Atkins described the disease on his return from West Africa in 1734, over a century earlier.
## Siblings
Two brothers:
- Frédéric Sylvestre Griffon du Bellay. Commissioner in the French navy. Born 11 October 1826 in Rochefort, Charente-Maritime. Died 27 May 1889 in Nantes (Loire-Atlantique). Officer of the Légion d'honneur.
- Alfred Honoré Ferdinand Griffon du Bellay. Officer of the 2nd infantry regiment of the French navy. Born 7 March 1841 in Martinique.[1]
## Naval career
1849 : enrolled in the medical service of the French navy, with the rank of medical officer, third class.
September the 18th 1853 : promoted to the rank of medical officer, second class.
May the 25th 1861 : promoted to the rank of medical officer, first class.
First of November 1861 : posted to the hospital ship the Caravane moored in the Gabon estuary.
## Ogooué expeditions
In June of the year 1862, by order of the Minister for the Navy, Griffon du Bellay was dispatched, aboard the naval vessel Pionnier and in the company of ship's lieutenant Paul Augustin Serval, to explore the Ogooué delta.
Between July and August 1862 (during which time Griffon du Bellay suffered a debilitating fever) Serval and Griffon du Bellay were able to access the Ogooué via the river Nazaré, but, due to the shallowness of the Ogooué caused by a drop in water levels, they were obliged to moor their vessel and continue their exploration by pirogue (dugout canoe).
Upon reaching the village of Arumba they were forced to abandon their plan to travel farther upstream, owing to the hostility of the villagers. Following this setback, they instead directed their intentions toward Lake Jonanga and its Sacred Isles (Îles sacrées) before pressing onward to Lakes Niogé and Lake Aningué.
In December 1862, the two explorers organised a second expedition, setting off on a whaling boat with the objective of finding a passage between the Gabon estuary and the Ogooué via the river Remboué, in the course of which they were able to reach a village in the neighbourhood of Lambaréné in what is now Moyen-Ogooué Province. Still unwell, since falling ill earlier in the year, Griffon du Bellay was forced to abandon the attempt, while Serval pushed on alone and, with some difficulty was finally able to reach the village of Orongo, inhabited by the Enenga people (a subgroup of the speakers of Myènè), whose King, Rempolé, accorded him, much to his relief, a warm welcome.
## Ethnobotany
In the course of his stay in Gabon, Griffon du Bellay collected 450 plant species, recording ethnobotanical information concerning their various uses. Most notable among these were the powerful stimulant and hallucinogen Tabernanthe iboga (family Apocynaceae), used in the indigenous Bwiti religion, and the legume Griffonia simplicifolia, which is rich in the serotonin precursor 5-HTP. He also encountered the use of Strophanthus hispidus (family Apocynaceae) as an arrow poison. He later displayed his plant collections in an exhibit at the Exposition universelle d'art et d'industrie de 1867, for which he won two medals.
## Works
- Essai sur le Tétanos, ("Essay upon Tetanus" (doctoral thesis)) 1856
- Exploration du fleuve Ogo-Way, côte occidentale d'Afrique (juillet-août 1862) ("Exploration of the River Ogo-Way (Ogooué), on the west coast of Africa (July–August 1862")), Revue maritime et coloniale, (Maritime and Colonial Review) vol. 9, 1863, p. 66-89 et 296-309
- Lettre sur l'Ogooué, ("Letter concerning the (River) Ogooué") Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Bulletin of the Geographical Society), 1864, vol. 7, p. 462-465
- Le Gabon, Le Tour du monde, II, 1865, p. 273-320
## Decorations
Like his father before him, Griffon du Bellay rose to the second degree (officer) in the prestigious Légion d'honneur, France's highest order of merit for military and civil merits, established in 1802 by Napoleon Bonaparte and retained by all later French governments and régimes.
- Awarded first degree: Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, 13 August 1863.
- Awarded second degree: Officier de la Légion d’Honneur, 28 December 1869.[1]
He was also made an Officier d'instruction publique, the second degree (insignia: golden palms) of the Ordre des Palmes académiques, a national order bestowed by the French Republic on distinguished academics and teachers and for valuable service to universities, education and science.
## Gallery
- Map of Gabon, showing river system of Ogooué basin, explored in part by Griffon du Bellay and Serval. Note also Lake Anengué / Aningué nr. Port Gentil.
- Rainforest-clad banks of the Ogooué, Gabon's principal river, the name being rendered Ogo-way in Griffon du Bellay's "Exploration..."
- Fan(g) women and child on the banks of the Ogooué.
- Paul Augustin Serval of the vessel Pionnier: Griffon de Bellay's fellow explorer on the Ogooué expeditions.
- Tabernanthe iboga in flower and fruit: the entheogenic plant the roots of which Griffon de Bellay was the first to collect in order to study their stimulant and hallucinogenic properties.
- Pieces of root bark of Tabernanthe iboga of the type which Griffon du Bellay collected in Cap López while amassing his ethnobotanical collection.
- Strophanthus hispidus (family Apocynaceae), the seeds of which were encountered in use to prepare Gabonese arrow poisons by Griffon du Bellay in the course of his ethnobotanical field work.
- The protist Trypanosoma (the organism responsible for sleeping sickness, studied by Griffon du Bellay) in a human blood smear.
- Sulphate of quinine, the early antimalarial used to advantage to cure Gabonese patients by Griffon du Bellay.
- Bird's-eye view of the Universal Exhibition of 1867 (Paris) at which Griffon du Bellay won 2 medals for his exhibit featuring useful plants of Gabon.
- Insignia of first degree (Chevalier) of Légion d'honneur, awarded to Griffon du Bellay on August 13, 1863. (He was subsequently raised to the second degree of Officier on 25 December 1869).
- Insignia of Commander of the Ordre des Palmes académiques (Griffon du Bellay attained the degree below of Officier in recognition of his contributions to the advancement of science).
- Monument in Dakar, Senegal to the fallen patriots of AOF, featuring also inscription honouring Griffon du Bellay.
### Citations
1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bibliographies de l'Ecole Navale
2. ↑ L. Maurice, Le commandant Serval, Revue d'Ethnologie, May–June 1889, p. 301-302
3. ↑ Pope, Harrison G. Jr., Tabernanthe iboga: an African Narcotic Plant of Social Importance Economic Botany volume 23, pages 174–184 (1969).
4. ↑ Furst, Peter T. (ed.) Flesh of the Gods: The Ritual Use of Hallucinogens, pub. George Allen & Unwin 1972 Copyright 1972 by Praeger Publishers, Inc. (Chapters 6 and 7 copyright 1972 by R. Gordon Wasson), ISBN 0 04 573009 1, Chapter 9, "Tabernanthe iboga: Narcotic Ecstasis and the Work of the Ancestors" by James W. Fernandez, Page 237.
5. ↑ A.D.A.M., Inc. "5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)". University of Maryland Medical Center.
6. ↑ Emanuele, E; Bertona, M; Minoretti, P; Geroldi, D (2010). "An open-label trial of L-5-hydroxytryptophan in subjects with romantic stress". Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 31 (5): 663–6. PMID 21178946.
7. ↑ Les Plantes Utiles du Gabon (with Roger Sillans), Paris, Le Chevalier, 1961, 614 p. (Coll. Encyclopédie biologique, 56).
### Bibliography
- Numa Broc, Dictionnaire des Explorateurs français du XIXe siècle ("Dictionary of 19th-century, French Explorers"), Vol. 1, Africa, CTHS, 1988, p. 168
- Bernard Brisou et Michel Sardou, Dictionnaire des médecins, chirurgiens et pharmaciens de la Marine ("Dictionary of French Naval Doctors, Surgeons and Pharmacists"). Service historique de la défense, 2010. SHD-DMV CC7pha 1081. RBMP. MS.
- M. Sardet, Marie Théophile Griffon du Bellay, chirurgien de la Marine et explorateur de l'Ogooué ("Marie Théophile Griffon du Bellay, French naval surgeon and explorer of the river Ogooué"). Association Santé Navale Outre-Mer 2009, 117, p. 43-46
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{{Short description|French, physician, naval surgeon, explorer and ethnobotanist}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name = Marie-Théophile Griffon du Bellay
| image = Marie Théophile Griffon du Bellay.jpg
| caption = Griffon du Bellay in full dress uniform and decorations, including ''[[Legion of Honour|Legion d'honneur]]'' and ''[[Ordre des Palmes académiques]]''
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1829|8|14}}
| birth_place = [[Rochefort, Charente-Maritime]], [[Nouvelle-Aquitaine]], France
| death_date = {{death date and age |df=y|1908|11|10|1829|8|14}}
| death_place = [[Saint-Nazaire]], [[Loire-Atlantique]], France
| occupation = [[Physician]], [[Naval surgeon]], [[Explorer]], [[Ethnobotanist]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Montpellier|Université de Montpellier]]: Faculté de médecine de Montpellier
| notableworks =
''Essai sur le Tétanos'' 1856
''Exploration du fleuve Ogo-Way'' 1862
''Lettre sur l'Ogooué'' 1864
''Le Gabon'' 1865
| spouse = Laurence Joséphine Valentine Monguy
}}
[[File:Griffonia simplicifolia Faguet 1866.jpg|thumb|''[[Griffonia simplicifolia]]'': the genus ''[[Griffonia]]'', a member of the legume family [[Fabaceae]], is named in honour of Griffon du Bellay, who undertook an early study of the properties and uses of ''G. simplicifolia'' in Gabon.]]
'''Marie-Théophile Griffon du Bellay''' (14 August 1829 – 10 November 1908) was a French physician, naval surgeon, explorer and ethnobotanist.
==Life==
Marie-Théophile was born at [[Rochefort, Charente-Maritime|Rochefort]], the middle child of the three sons of Joseph Jean Baptiste Alexandre Griffon du Bellay and Marie Elisabeth Claire de Nesmond. His father was one of the last remaining survivors of the infamous ''[[French frigate Méduse (1810)|wreck of the Medusa]]'' (upon which he had served as secretary to the then governor of [[Senegal]] [[Julien-Désiré Schmaltz|Colonel Julien-Désiré Schmaltz]]) and became a commissioner in the [[French Navy]]. Qualifying as a [[naval surgeon]] at the age of 20 in 1849, Marie-Théophile served on several French naval vessels between 1850 and 1861, his periods of service interspersed with time ashore in the port town of Rochefort. On the eighth of March 1856, he qualified as [[Doctor of Medicine]], his doctoral [[thesis]] at the [[University of Montpellier]] being entitled ''Essai sur le Tétanos'' ("Essay upon [[Tetanus]]"). Surgeon first class of the ship ''Pionnier'', under the command of [[Paul Augustin Serval]], he twice attempted to reach the [[Ogooué River]] of [[Gabon]] in the year 1862. Stranded and unwell at the river delta, in July of that year, he was forced, in December, to give up his attempt and allow his companion to travel on alone up the valley of the river Remboué (now protected as part of Gabon's [[Pongara National Park]]).
From 25 December 1867, he was principal physician aboard the ''Caravane'', a [[Hospital ship]] stationed in Gabon. During this time he undertook studies of ''[[Tabernanthe iboga]]'' and also of ''[[Griffonia simplicifolia]]'' (the genus ''[[Griffonia]]'' having been named in his honour by fellow physician and botanist [[Henri Ernest Baillon|Henri Baillon]] in 1865), and was among the earliest European physicians to describe [[African trypanosomiasis|sleeping sickness]]*. He wrote, in addition papers concerning the efficacy of [[quinine]] [[sulphate]] in his successful treatment of cases of [[malaria]].
In 1871 he became director of the health service for the ''[[Departments of France|départements]]'' of [[la Vendée]], [[Loire-Atlantique]] and [[Morbihan]]. Thereafter he worked in [[Guadeloupe]] from 1868 to 1871, (where he was confronted by an epidemic of [[yellow fever]] ) and then in Senegal from 1877 to 1878.
He was for some years a member of the ''[[:fr:Société des archives historiques de la Saintonge et de l'Aunis|Société des archives historiques de la Saintonge et de l'Aunis]]''. His name features on a monument commemorating the glorious African dead and fallen patriots of [[French West Africa|AOF]] in [[Dakar]].<ref name= "ecole nav.">[http://ecole.nav.traditions.free.fr/officiers_griffon_theophile.htm Bibliographies de l'Ecole Navale]</ref>
Note* : The French language website ''Bibliographies de l'Ecole Navale'' claims that Griffon du Bellay was the first European physician to describe sleeping sickness, but the Wikipedia page [[African trypanosomiasis]] does not support this claim, presenting evidence that British [[naval surgeon]] [[John Atkins (naval surgeon)|John Atkins]] described the disease on his return from West Africa in 1734, over a century earlier.
==Siblings==
Two brothers:
* Frédéric Sylvestre Griffon du Bellay. Commissioner in the French navy. Born 11 October 1826 in [[Rochefort, Charente-Maritime]]. Died 27 May 1889 in [[Nantes]] ([[Loire-Atlantique]]). Officer of the Légion d'honneur.
* Alfred Honoré Ferdinand Griffon du Bellay. Officer of the 2nd infantry regiment of the French navy. Born 7 March 1841 in [[Martinique]].<ref name= "ecole nav."/>
==Naval career==
1849 : enrolled in the medical service of the French navy, with the rank of medical officer, third class.
September the 18th 1853 : promoted to the rank of medical officer, second class.
May the 25th 1861 : promoted to the rank of medical officer, first class.
First of November 1861 : posted to the hospital ship the ''Caravane'' moored in the [[Gabon Estuary|Gabon estuary]].<ref name= "ecole nav."/>
==Ogooué expeditions==
In June of the year 1862, by order of the Minister for the Navy, Griffon du Bellay was dispatched, aboard the naval vessel ''Pionnier'' and in the company of ship's lieutenant Paul Augustin Serval, to explore the Ogooué [[River delta|delta]].
Between July and August 1862 (during which time Griffon du Bellay suffered a debilitating fever) Serval and Griffon du Bellay were able to access the Ogooué via the river Nazaré, but, due to the shallowness of the Ogooué caused by a drop in water levels, they were obliged to moor their vessel and continue their exploration by [[pirogue]] ([[dugout canoe]]).
Upon reaching the village of [[Arumba]] they were forced to abandon their plan to travel farther upstream, owing to the hostility of the villagers. Following this setback, they instead directed their intentions toward [[Lake Jonanga]] and its Sacred Isles (Îles sacrées) before pressing onward to Lakes [[Lake Niogé|Niogé]] and [[Lake Anengué|Lake Aningué]].
In December 1862, the two explorers organised a second expedition, setting off on a whaling boat with the objective of finding a passage between the Gabon estuary and the Ogooué via the river Remboué, in the course of which they were able to reach a village in the neighbourhood of [[Lambaréné]] in what is now [[Moyen-Ogooué Province]].<ref name= "ecole nav."/> Still unwell, since falling ill earlier in the year, Griffon du Bellay was forced to abandon the attempt, while Serval pushed on alone and, with some difficulty was finally able to reach the village of Orongo, inhabited by the [[Enenga]] people (a subgroup of the speakers of [[Myènè]]), whose King, Rempolé, accorded him, much to his relief, a warm welcome.<ref>L. Maurice, Le commandant Serval, ''Revue d'Ethnologie'', May–June 1889, p. 301-302</ref>
==Ethnobotany==
In the course of his stay in Gabon, Griffon du Bellay collected 450 plant species, recording ethnobotanical information concerning their various uses. Most notable among these were the powerful stimulant and hallucinogen ''Tabernanthe iboga'' (family Apocynaceae),<ref>Pope, Harrison G. Jr., ''Tabernanthe iboga'': an African Narcotic Plant of Social Importance ''Economic Botany'' volume 23, pages 174–184 (1969).</ref> used in the indigenous [[Bwiti]] religion,<ref>Furst, Peter T. (ed.) ''Flesh of the Gods: The Ritual Use of Hallucinogens'', pub. George Allen & Unwin 1972 Copyright 1972 by Praeger Publishers, Inc. (Chapters 6 and 7 copyright 1972 by R. Gordon Wasson), {{ISBN|0 04 573009 1}}, Chapter 9, "Tabernanthe iboga: Narcotic Ecstasis and the Work of the Ancestors" by James W. Fernandez, Page 237.</ref> and the legume ''Griffonia simplicifolia'', which is rich in the [[serotonin]] precursor [[5-hydroxytryptophan|5-HTP]].<ref>{{cite web |title=5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) |publisher=University of Maryland Medical Center |url=http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/5-hydroxytryptophan-000283.htm |author=[[A.D.A.M., Inc.]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=21178946 |year=2010 |last1=Emanuele |first1=E |last2=Bertona |first2=M |last3=Minoretti |first3=P |last4=Geroldi |first4=D |title=An open-label trial of L-5-hydroxytryptophan in subjects with romantic stress |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=663–6 |journal=Neuro Endocrinology Letters}}</ref> He also encountered the use of ''[[Strophanthus hispidus]]'' (family Apocynaceae) as an [[arrow poison]].<ref>''Les Plantes Utiles du Gabon'' (with [[Roger Sillans]]), Paris, Le Chevalier, 1961, 614 p. (Coll. Encyclopédie biologique, 56).</ref> He later displayed his plant collections in an exhibit at the [[Exposition Universelle (1867)|Exposition universelle d'art et d'industrie de 1867]], for which he won two medals.<ref name= "ecole nav."/>
==Works==
* ''Essai sur le Tétanos'', ("Essay upon Tetanus" (doctoral thesis)) 1856
* ''Exploration du fleuve Ogo-Way, côte occidentale d'Afrique (juillet-août 1862)'' ("Exploration of the River Ogo-Way (Ogooué), on the west coast of Africa (July–August 1862")), ''Revue maritime et coloniale'', (Maritime and Colonial Review) vol. 9, 1863, {{p.|66-89}} et 296-309
* ''Lettre sur l'Ogooué'', ("Letter concerning the (River) Ogooué") ''Bulletin de la Société de Géographie'' (Bulletin of the Geographical Society), 1864, vol. 7, {{pp.|462-465}}
* ''Le Gabon'', ''[[Le Tour du monde]]'', II, 1865, {{pp. |273-320}}
==Decorations==
Like his father before him, Griffon du Bellay rose to the second degree (officer) in the prestigious [[Legion of Honour|Légion d'honneur]], France's highest [[order of merit]] for military and civil merits, established in 1802 by [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] and retained by all later French governments and régimes.
* Awarded first degree: Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, 13 August 1863.
* Awarded second degree: Officier de la Légion d’Honneur, 28 December 1869.<ref name= "ecole nav."/>
He was also made an ''Officier d'instruction publique'', the second degree (insignia: golden palms) of the ''[[Ordre des Palmes académiques]]'', a national order bestowed by the French Republic on distinguished academics and teachers and for valuable service to universities, education and science.
<ref name= "ecole nav."/>
==Gallery==
<gallery> File:Bassin versant de l'Ogooué-fr.svg|Map of [[Gabon]], showing river system of [[Ogooué]] basin, explored in part by Griffon du Bellay and Serval. Note also Lake Anengué / Aningué nr. [[Port Gentil]].
File:Ogooué.JPG|Rainforest-clad banks of the Ogooué, Gabon's principal river, the name being rendered ''Ogo-way'' in Griffon du Bellay's '' "Exploration..." ''
File:Fan women and child, banks of the Ogoway.jpg|Fan(g) women and child on the banks of the Ogooué.
File:Paul Serval.jpg|[[Paul Augustin Serval]] of the vessel ''Pionnier'': Griffon de Bellay's fellow explorer on the Ogooué expeditions.
File:Tabernanthe iboga MS 4098.jpg|''[[Tabernanthe iboga]]'' in flower and fruit: the [[entheogen]]ic plant the roots of which Griffon de Bellay was the first to collect in order to study their [[stimulant]] and [[hallucinogen]]ic properties.
File:Tabernanthe iboga bark pieces.jpg|Pieces of root bark of ''Tabernanthe iboga'' of the type which Griffon du Bellay collected in [[Cape Lopez|Cap López]] while amassing his ethnobotanical collection.
File:Strophanthus hispidus - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-131.jpg|''[[Strophanthus hispidus]]'' (family [[Apocynaceae]]), the seeds of which were encountered in use to prepare Gabonese [[arrow poison]]s by Griffon du Bellay in the course of his ethnobotanical field work.
File:Trypanosoma sp. PHIL 613 lores.jpg|The [[protist]] [[Trypanosoma]] (the organism responsible for sleeping sickness, studied by Griffon du Bellay) in a human blood smear.
File:Quinine sulphate bottle, London, England, 1860-1910 Wellcome L0058980.jpg|Sulphate of quinine, the early [[antimalarial]] used to advantage to cure Gabonese patients by Griffon du Bellay.
File:Vue officielle a vol d'oiseau de l'exposition universelle de 1867.jpg|[[Bird's-eye view]] of the [[Exposition Universelle (1867)|Universal Exhibition of 1867]] (Paris) at which Griffon du Bellay won 2 medals for his exhibit featuring useful plants of Gabon.
File:Chevalier légion d'honneur 2.png|Insignia of first degree (Chevalier) of [[Legion of Honour|Légion d'honneur]], awarded to Griffon du Bellay on August 13, 1863. (He was subsequently raised to the second degree of ''Officier'' on 25 December 1869).
File:Commandeur de l'Ordre des Palmes Académiques avers.jpg|Insignia of Commander of the ''Ordre des Palmes académiques'' (Griffon du Bellay attained the degree below of ''Officier'' in recognition of his contributions to the advancement of science).
File:Griffondubellaytheodakar.jpg|Monument in [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]] to the fallen patriots of [[French West Africa|AOF]], featuring also inscription honouring Griffon du Bellay.
</gallery>
==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
===Bibliography===
* [[Numa Broc]], ''Dictionnaire des Explorateurs français du XIXe siècle'' ("Dictionary of 19th-century, French Explorers"), Vol. 1, Africa, CTHS, 1988, {{p.|168}}
* Bernard Brisou et Michel Sardou, ''Dictionnaire des médecins, chirurgiens et pharmaciens de la Marine'' ("Dictionary of French Naval Doctors, Surgeons and Pharmacists"). Service historique de la défense, 2010. SHD-DMV CC7pha 1081. RBMP. MS.
* M. Sardet, ''Marie Théophile Griffon du Bellay, chirurgien de la Marine et explorateur de l'Ogooué'' ("Marie Théophile Griffon du Bellay, French naval surgeon and explorer of the river Ogooué"). Association Santé Navale Outre-Mer 2009, 117, {{p.|43-46}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Griffon Du Bellay, Marie-Theophile}}
[[Category:Naval surgeons]]
[[Category:19th-century French physicians]]
[[Category:19th-century French botanists]]
[[Category:French explorers]]
[[Category:French explorers of Africa]]
[[Category:Knights of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:1829 births]]
[[Category:1908 deaths]]
[[Category:French military doctors]]
| 1,284,001,181
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[{"title": "Marie-Th\u00e9ophile Griffon du Bellay", "data": {"Born": "14 August 1829 \u00b7 Rochefort, Charente-Maritime, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France", "Died": "10 November 1908 (aged 79) \u00b7 Saint-Nazaire, Loire-Atlantique, France", "Occupation": "Physician, Naval surgeon, Explorer, Ethnobotanist", "Alma mater": "Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier: Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine de Montpellier", "Notable works": "Essai sur le T\u00e9tanos 1856 Exploration du fleuve Ogo-Way 1862 Lettre sur l'Ogoou\u00e9 1864 Le Gabon 1865", "Spouse": "Laurence Jos\u00e9phine Valentine Monguy"}}]
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# B.V.S.M.P.
B.V.S.M.P. was an American hip hop group, formed in the 1980s. The band consisted of Percy Rodgers, Calvin Williams and Frederick Byrd.
B.V.S.M.P. (short for Baby Virgo Shocking Mister P) is best remembered for the hit single "I Need You", which became a worldwide hit in the summer of 1988. It spent 12 weeks on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 3 in August 1988. The background music and vocal was also sampled on the hit dance song, "The Electric Slide".
B.V.S.M.P. are also mentioned by name in the track, "Roller Disco" on Goldie Lookin Chain's Greatest Hits album.
## Discography
### Studio albums
- The Best Belong Together (1988)
- Shake That Thang (1993)
### Singles
| 1988 | "I Need You" | 3 | 7 | 32 | 7 | 13 | 3 | 25 | 25 | 14 | The Best Belong Together |
| 1988 | "Be Gentle" | — | — | — | 15 | 28 | 12 | — | — | — | The Best Belong Together |
| 1988 | "Anytime" | 86 | — | — | — | — | 21 | — | 22 | — | The Best Belong Together |
| 1989 | "On and On (Can We Go On)" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | The Best Belong Together |
| 1991 | "Hold Me" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Shake That Thang |
| 1993 | "Dodo Monster" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Shake That Thang |
| 1993 | "I Need You '93" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Shake That Thang |
| 1993 | "I'm in Love" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Shake That Thang |
| 1998 | "98'Er Megamix" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | The Best of B.V.S.M.P. |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released. | | | | | | | | | | | |
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{{short description|American hip hop group}}
{{use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = B.V.S.M.P.
| image_size =
| caption =
| image =
| landscape = No
| origin = [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]], U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Archive-Billboard-IDX/IDX/90s/1991/BB-1991-11-16-OCR-Page-0060.pdf|title=Home Away|date=November 16, 1991|accessdate=April 26, 2019|work=Billboard}}</ref>
| genre = {{hlist|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]|[[Electro music|electro]]|[[new jack swing]]}}
| years_active = {{Start date|1987}}–1994
| label = BCM Records
| associated_acts = [[Stevie B]]
| website =
| current_members = Calvin Williams<br>Frederick Byrd<br>Percy Rodgers<ref name="Betts"/>
}}
'''B.V.S.M.P.''' was an American [[hip hop]] [[band (music)|group]], formed in the 1980s. The band consisted of Percy Rodgers, Calvin Williams and Frederick Byrd.<ref name="Betts">{{cite book|last1=Betts|first1=Graham|title=Complete UK Hit Singles|date=2004|publisher=Collins|isbn=9780007179312|page=120|edition=illustrated}}</ref>
B.V.S.M.P. (short for ''Baby Virgo Shocking Mister P'') is best remembered for the [[hit single]] "I Need You", which became a worldwide hit in the summer of 1988. It spent 12 weeks on the [[UK Singles Chart]], peaking at number 3 in August 1988.<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book|first=David|last=Roberts|year=2006|title=British Hit Singles & Albums|edition=19th|publisher=Guinness World Records Limited|location=London|page=37|isbn=1-904994-10-5}}</ref> The background music and vocal was also [[Sampling (music)|sampled]] on the hit dance song, "[[The Electric Slide]]".
B.V.S.M.P. are also mentioned by name in the [[song|track]], "Roller Disco" on Goldie Lookin Chain's ''[[Greatest Hits (Goldie Lookin Chain album)|Greatest Hits]]'' [[album]].
==Discography==
===Studio albums===
*''The Best Belong Together'' (1988)
*''Shake That Thang'' (1993)
===Singles===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2"| Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:28em;"| Single
! colspan="9"| Peak positions
! rowspan="2"| Album
|-
! width="35"| <small>[[UK Singles Chart|UK]]</small><br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/25025/b-v-s-m-p/|title=B.V.S.M.P. - full Official Chart History|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=2014-05-21}}</ref>
! width="35"| <small>[[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]</small><br>
! width="35"| <small>[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]</small><br><ref>{{cite web|title=Discographie B.V.S.M.P.|url=https://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=B%2EV%2ES%2EM%2EP%2E|website=lescharts.com|access-date=11 July 2022|language=French}}</ref>
! width="35"| <small>[[Dutch Charts|NED]]</small><br><ref>{{cite web|title=Discografie B.V.S.M.P.|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=B%2EV%2ES%2EM%2EP%2E|website=dutchcharts.nl|access-date=11 July 2022|language=Dutch}}</ref>
! width="35"| <small>[[Ultratop|BEL<br>(FLA)]]</small><br><ref>{{cite web|title=Discografie B.V.S.M.P.|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=B%2EV%2ES%2EM%2EP%2E#charts|website=ultratop.be|access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
! width="35"| <small>[[Media Control Charts|GER]]</small><br><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.de/suche.asp?search=B.V.S.M.P.&x=14&y=13&country=de|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140707092059/http://www.officialcharts.de/suche.asp?search=B.V.S.M.P.&x=14&y=13&country=de|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 7, 2014|title=B.V.S.M.P. - German Chart|publisher=charts.de|accessdate=2014-05-21}}</ref>
! width="35"| <small>[[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]</small><br><ref>{{cite web|title=Discographie B.V.S.M.P.|url=https://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=B%2EV%2ES%2EM%2EP%2E|website=austriancharts.at|access-date=11 July 2022|language=German}}</ref>
! width="35"| <small>[[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]</small><br><ref>{{cite web|title=Discographie B.V.S.M.P.|url=https://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=B%2EV%2ES%2EM%2EP%2E#charts|website=hitparade.ch|access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
! width="35"| <small>[[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]</small><br><ref>{{cite web|title=Discography B.V.S.M.P.|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=B%2EV%2ES%2EM%2EP%2E|website=swedishcharts.com|access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|1988
! scope="row"| "I Need You"
| 3 || 7 || 32 || 7 || 13 || 3 || 25 || 25 || 14
| align="left" rowspan="4"| ''The Best Belong Together''
|-
! scope="row"| "Be Gentle"
| — || — || — || 15 || 28 || 12 || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row"| "Anytime"
| 86 || — || — || — || — || 21 || — || 22 || —
|-
| rowspan="1"|1989
! scope="row"| "On and On (Can We Go On)"
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
| rowspan="1"|1991
! scope="row"| "Hold Me"
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| align="left" rowspan="4"| ''Shake That Thang''
|-
| rowspan="3"|1993
! scope="row"| "Dodo Monster"
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row"| "I Need You '93"
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row"| "I'm in Love"
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
| rowspan="1"|1998
! scope="row"| "98'Er Megamix"
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| align="left" rowspan="1"| ''The Best of B.V.S.M.P.''
|-
| align="center" colspan="16" style="font-size:9pt"| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released.
|}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.discogs.com/artist/B.V.S.M.P. B.V.S.M.P. on discogs]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:B V S M P}}
[[Category:American hip-hop musicians]]
{{US-hiphop-band-stub}}
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[{"title": "B.V.S.M.P.", "data": {"Origin": "Fort Lauderdale, Florida, U.S.", "Genres": "Hip hop electro new jack swing", "Years active": "1987\u20131994", "Labels": "BCM Records"}}]
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# Mizgin Ay
Mizgin Ay (born 22 June 2000) is a Kurdish track and field athlete who competes in the 100 m, 200 m and 400 m events for Turkey.
## Early years
Mizgin Ay was born to a Kurdish family in Batman, southeastern Turkey on 22 June 2000.
She started with running already in the primary school years. At age ten, her talent in short-distance running was discovered. Two years later, she participated in athletics competitions. In 2014, she became the holder of six gold medals, winning all the competitions she took part in. At age 16, she joined Fenerbahçe Athletics.
## Career
Ay won the gold medal in the 100 m and the bronze medal in the 200 m event at the 2017 World Youth Championships in Athletics in Nairobi, Kenya. At the 2017 Islamic Solidarity Games in Baku, Azerbaijan, she won the bronze medal in the 100 m, and another bronze medal in the 4 x 400 m event.
In 2018, she took the gold medal in the
60 m event of the 23rd Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships in Istanbul, Turkey. With her time of 7.38, she set a new national record for U20.
She won the gold medal in the 100 m event at the International Sprint and Relay Cup in Erzurum, Turkey in 2019.
In 2020, she took the silver medal in the 60 m event at the 25th Balkan Indoor Athletics Championships in Istanbul, Turkey.
## Personal bests
| Event | Result | Venue | Date |
| ----- | ------------------------ | ------- | ----------- |
| 100 m | 11.57 s (wind: +1.3 m/s) | Nairobi | 13 Jul 2017 |
| 200 m | 23.76 s (wind: -0.7 m/s) | Nairobi | 16 Jul 2017 |
| 400 m | 54.37 s | Ankara | 24 Aug 2016 |
## Competition record
| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Turkey | Representing Turkey | Representing Turkey | Representing Turkey | Representing Turkey | Representing Turkey |
| ------------------- | ---------------------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | ---------------------- |
| 2017 | World Youth Championships | Nairobi, Kenya | 1st | 100 m | 11.62 (wind: +0.5 m/s) |
| 2017 | World Youth Championships | Nairobi, Kenya | 3rd | 200 m | 23.76 (wind: -0.7 m/s) |
| 2017 | Islamic Solidarity Games | Baku, Azerbaijan | 3rd | 100 m | 11.71 PB |
| 2017 | Islamic Solidarity Games | Baku, Azerbaijan | 3rd | 4 x 400 m | 3:41.29 |
| 2018 | Balkan Indoor Championships | Istanbul, Turkey | 1st | 60 m | 7.38 U20 NR |
| 2019 | International Sprint and Relay Cup | Erzurum, Turkey | 1st | 100 m | |
| 2020 | Balkan Indoor Championships | Istanbul, Turkey | 2nd | 60 m | 7.38 |
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{{Short description|Turkish sprinter (born 2000)}}
{{Infobox athlete
| name = Mizgin Ay
| image = Mizgin Ay 20180218 (2) (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Ay on 18 February 2018
| fullname =
| nicknames =
| nationality = {{flag|TUR}}
| sport = [[Running]]
| event = [[100 metres]], [[200 metres]], [[400 metres]]
| club = [[Fenerbahçe Athletics]]
| collegeteam =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|6|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Batman, Turkey|Batman]], Turkey
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| pb =
'''100 m''': 11.53 ([[Bursa]] 2018)<br>
'''200 m''': 23.76 ([[Nairobi, Kenya|Nairobi]] 2017)
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport | Women's [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]}}
{{Medal|Country | {{TUR}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Islamic Solidarity Games]] }}
{{MedalBronze|[[2017 Islamic Solidarity Games|2017 Baku]]|100 m}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2017 Islamic Solidarity Games|2017 Baku]]|4 x 400 m}}
{{MedalCompetition |[[Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships|Balkan Indoor Championships]] }}
{{MedalSilver |[[2020 Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships|2020 Istanbul]]|60 m indoor
{{MedalGold |[[2018 Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships|2018 Istanbul]] |60 m indoor}} |60 m indoor}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[IAAF World Youth Championships in Athletics|World Youth Championships]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[2017 World U18 Championships in Athletics|2017 Nairobi]]|100 m}}
{{MedalBronze | [[2017 World U18 Championships in Athletics|2017 Nairobi]]|200 m}}
}}
'''Mizgin Ay''' (born 22 June 2000) is a Kurdish [[track and field]] athlete who competes in the [[100 metres|100 m]], [[200 metres|200 m]] and [[400 metres|400 m]] events for Turkey.
==Early years==
Mizgin Ay was born to a [[Kurds|Kurdish]] family in [[Batman, Turkey|Batman]], southeastern [[Turkey]] on 22 June 2000.<ref name="hbr7a"/><ref name="es1"/>
She started with running already in the primary school years. At age ten, her talent in short-distance running was discovered. Two years later, she participated in athletics competitions. In 2014, she became the holder of six gold medals, winning all the competitions she took part in. At age 16, she joined [[Fenerbahçe Athletics]].<ref name="ts1"/>
==Career==
Ay won the gold medal in the [[2017 World Youth Championships in Athletics – Girls' 100 metres|100 m]]<ref name="iaaf1"/> and the bronze medal in the [[2017 World Youth Championships in Athletics – Girls' 200 metres|200 m]] event at the [[2017 World Youth Championships in Athletics]] in [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]].<ref name="iaaf2"/> At the [[Athletics at the 2017 Islamic Solidarity Games|2017 Islamic Solidarity Games]] in [[Baku]], Azerbaijan, she won the bronze medal in the 100 m, and another bronze medal in the 4 x 400 m event.<ref name="ts1"/>
In 2018, she took the gold medal in the
60 m event of the [[2018 Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships|23rd Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships]] in [[Istanbul]], Turkey. With her time of 7.38, she set a new national record for U20.<ref name="ts1"/>
She won the gold medal in the 100 m event at the International Sprint and Relay Cup in [[Erzurum]], Turkey in 2019.<ref name="ts2"/>
In 2020, she took the silver medal in the [[60 metres|60 m]] event at the [[2020 Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships|25th Balkan Indoor Athletics Championships]] in [[Istanbul]], Turkey.<ref name="f1"/><ref name="hbr7a"/>
==Personal bests==
{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|-
!Event !! Result !! Venue !! Date
|-
| 100 m || '''11.57 s''' <small>(wind: +1.3 m/s)</small> || {{flagicon|KEN}} [[Nairobi, Kenya|Nairobi]] || 13 Jul 2017
|-
| 200 m || '''23.76 s''' <small>(wind: -0.7 m/s)</small> || {{flagicon|KEN}} [[Nairobi, Kenya|Nairobi]] || 16 Jul 2017
|-
| 400 m || '''54.37 s''' || {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ankara, Turkey|Ankara]] || 24 Aug 2016
|}
==Competition record==
{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size: 90%;}}
|-
!colspan="6"|Representing {{TUR}}
|-
|rowspan=4|2017
|rowspan=2|[[2017 World Youth Championships in Athletics|World Youth Championships]]
|rowspan=2|[[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|100 m
|[[2017 World Youth Championships in Athletics – Girls' 100 metres|11.62]] <small>(wind: +0.5 m/s)</small>
|-
|bgcolor="cc9966"|3rd
|200 m
|[[2017 World Youth Championships in Athletics – Girls' 200 metres|23.76]] <small>(wind: -0.7 m/s)</small>
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[2017 Islamic Solidarity Games|Islamic Solidarity Games]] ||rowspan=2 |[[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] ||bgcolor="cc9966"|3rd ||100 m ||11.71 '''PB'''
|-
|bgcolor="cc9966"|3rd ||4 x 400 m |||3:41.29
|-
|2018 ||[[2018 Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships|Balkan Indoor Championships]] ||[[Istanbul]], [[Turkey ]]||bgcolor=gold |1st||60 m || 7.38 '''U20 NR'''
|-
|2019 ||International Sprint and Relay Cup ||[[Erzurum]], Turkey ||bgcolor=gold |1st ||100 m ||
|-
|2020 ||[[2020 Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships|Balkan Indoor Championships]] ||Istanbul, Turkey ||bgcolor=silver |2nd ||60 m || 7.38
|}
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=iaaf name="iaaf1">{{cite web |url=https://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-u18-championships/iaaf-world-u18-championships-nairobi-2017-5838/news/report/women/100-metres/final |title=Report: Girls' 100m – IAAF World U18 Championships Nairobi 2017 |website=Iaaf.org |date=July 13, 2017 |author=Wesley Botton |accessdate=July 13, 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="iaaf2">{{cite web |url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/world-u18-nairobi-2017-girls-200m |title=Report: Girls' 200m – IAAF World U18 Championships Nairobi 2017 |website=Iaaf.org |date=July 16, 2017 |author=Jon Mulkeen |accessdate=July 16, 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="f1">{{cite news |url=https://www.fanatik.com.tr/milli-atlet-mizgin-aydan-gumus-madalya-2122564 |newspaper=[[Fanatik (Turkey)|Fanatik]] |title=Milli atlet Mizgin Ay'dan gümüş madalya |date=15 February 2020 |language=tr |accessdate=12 August 2021 }}</ref>
<ref name="hbr7a">{{cite news |url=https://www.haber7.com/batman/2940573-mizgin-ay-batmanlilarin-gogsunu-kabartti |newspaper=Haber 7 |title=Mizgin Ay Batmanlıların göğsünü kabarttı |date=6 February 2020 |language=tr |accessdate=13 August 2021 }}</ref>
<ref name="es1">{{cite web |url=https://www.eurosport.com.tr/atletizm/mizgin-ay_prs528355/person.shtml |publisher=Eurosport |title=Mizgin Ay |language=tr |accessdate=13 August 2021 }}</ref>
<ref name="ts1">{{cite news |url=https://www.turksporu.com.tr/sporcu-detay/mizgin-ay |newspaper=Türk Sporu |title=Mizgin Ay |language=tr |accessdate=13 August 2021 }}</ref>
<ref name="ts2">{{cite news |url=https://www.turksporu.com.tr/haber-detay/100-metrede-altin-madalyanin-sahibi:-mizgin-ay- |newspaper=Türk S>poru |title=100 metrede altın madalyanın sahibi: "Mizgin Ay" |date=25 July 2019 |language=tr |accessdate=13 August 2021 }}</ref>
}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Mizgin Ay}}
*{{World Athletics}}
{{Footer IAAF World Youth Champions 100 Metres Women}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ay, Mizgin}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Batman, Turkey]]
[[Category:Turkish female sprinters]]
[[Category:European Games competitors for Turkey]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2019 European Games]]
[[Category:World Youth Championships in Athletics winners]]
[[Category:Fenerbahçe athletes]]
[[Category:21st-century Turkish sportswomen]]
[[Category:Turkish Kurdish women]]
[[Category:Islamic Solidarity Games bronze medalists for Turkey]]
| 1,284,001,242
|
[{"title": "Personal information", "data": {"Nationality": "TUR", "Born": "22 June 2000 \u00b7 Batman, Turkey"}}, {"title": "Sport", "data": {"Sport": "Running", "Event(s)": "100 metres, 200 metres, 400 metres", "Club": "Fenerbah\u00e7e Athletics"}}, {"title": "Achievements and titles", "data": {"Personal best(s)": "100 m: 11.53 (Bursa 2018) \u00b7 200 m: 23.76 (Nairobi 2017)"}}, {"title": "Islamic Solidarity Games", "data": {"Bronze medal \u2013 third place": ["2017 Baku \u00b7 100 m", "2017 Baku \u00b7 4 x 400 m"]}}, {"title": "Balkan Indoor Championships", "data": {"Silver medal \u2013 second place": "2020 Istanbul \u00b7 60 m indoor", "Gold medal \u2013 first place": "2018 Istanbul \u00b7 60 m indoor"}}, {"title": "World Youth Championships", "data": {"Gold medal \u2013 first place": "2017 Nairobi \u00b7 100 m", "Bronze medal \u2013 third place": "2017 Nairobi \u00b7 200 m"}}]
| false
|
# Yengejeh, Torkamanchay
Yengejeh (Persian: ينگجه) is a village in Barvanan-e Gharbi Rural District of the Central District in Torkamanchay County, East Azerbaijan province, Iran.
## Demographics
### Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 334 in 73 households, when it was in Torkamanchay District of Mianeh County. The following census in 2011 counted 225 people in 71 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 208 people in 85 households.
In 2024, the district was separated from the county in the establishment of Torkamanchay County and renamed the Central District.
|
enwiki/40672956
|
enwiki
| 40,672,956
|
Yengejeh, Torkamanchay
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yengejeh,_Torkamanchay
|
2025-04-05T00:09:45Z
|
en
|
Q5625158
| 80,493
|
{{Short description|Village in East Azerbaijan province, Iran}}
{{for|other places with the same name|Yengejeh (disambiguation){{!}}Yengejeh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Yengejeh
|native_name = {{langx|fa|ينگجه}}
|settlement_type = Village
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|pushpin_map = Iran
|mapsize =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[Iran]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Iran|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[East Azerbaijan province|East Azerbaijan]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Counties of Iran|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Torkamanchay County|Torkamanchay]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[Bakhsh|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Central District (Torkamanchay County)|Central]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Rural Districts of Iran|Rural District]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Barvanan-e Gharbi Rural District|Barvanan-e Gharbi]]
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|area_total_km2 =
|area_footnotes =
|population_as_of = 2016
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2016 East Azerbaijan Province"/>
|population_total = 208
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]]
|utc_offset = +3:30
|coordinates = {{coord|37|41|25|N|47|19|04|E|dim:1km|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite map |author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=37.690278&mlon=47.317778&zoom=15#map=15/37.69028/47.31778|website=[[OpenStreetMap]] |title=Yengejeh, Torkamanchay County|date=4 April 2025|access-date=4 April 2025|lang=fa}}</ref>
|elevation_m =
|area_code =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Yengejeh''' ({{langx|fa|ينگجه}}){{efn|Also [[romanize]]d as '''Yengejah'''<ref>{{GEOnet3|-3804351|Yengejeh}}</ref>}} is a village in [[Barvanan-e Gharbi Rural District]] of the [[Central District (Torkamanchay County)|Central District]]{{efn|Formerly [[Central District (Torkamanchay County)|Torkamanchay District]] of [[Mianeh County (Iran)|Mianeh County]]<ref name="Miscellaneous Iran Changes 3"/>}} in [[Torkamanchay County]], [[East Azerbaijan province|East Azerbaijan]] province, [[Iran]].
==Demographics==
===Population===
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 334 in 73 households, when it was in [[Central District (Torkamanchay County)|Torkamanchay District]]{{efn|Renamed the [[Central District (Torkamanchay County)|Central District]] of [[Torkamanchay County]]<ref name="Miscellaneous Iran Changes 3"/>}} of [[Mianeh County (Iran)|Mianeh County]].<ref name="2006 East Azerbaijan Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): East Azerbaijan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/03.xls|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920092432/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/03.xls|format=Excel|archive-date=20 September 2011}}</ref> The following census in 2011 counted 225 people in 71 households.<ref name="2011 East Azerbaijan Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): East Azerbaijan Province|website=irandataportal.syr.edu|via=Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|url=https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/East-Azerbaijan.xls|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116202318/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/East-Azerbaijan.xls|archive-date=16 January 2023|access-date=19 December 2022|format=Excel}}</ref> The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 208 people in 85 households.<ref name="2016 East Azerbaijan Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): East Azerbaijan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_03.xlsx|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113123618/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_03.xlsx|format=Excel|archive-date=13 November 2020}}</ref>
In 2024, the district was separated from the county in the establishment of [[Torkamanchay County]] and renamed the [[Central District (Torkamanchay County)|Central District]].<ref name="Miscellaneous Iran Changes 3">{{cite report|title=Letter of approval regarding country divisions in East Azarbaijan province|language=fa|website=sdil.ac.ir|via=Shahr Danesh Legal Research Institute|url=https://sdil.ac.ir/مصوبات-هیأت-دولت-دهه-دوم-اردیبهشت-۱۴%DB%B0۳/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901192142/https://sdil.ac.ir/مصوبات-هیأت-دولت-دهه-دوم-اردیبهشت-۱۴%DB%B0۳/|publisher=Ministry of the Interior, Council of Ministers|last=Mokhbar|first=Mohammad|archive-date=1 September 2024|orig-date=Approved 2 August 1403|id=Notification 18807/T60375AH|date=22 June 2024|access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal-inline|Iran}}
{{clear}}
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{East Azerbaijan Province|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Populated places in Torkamanchay County]]
{{EastAzerbaijan-geo-stub}}
| 1,284,001,349
|
[{"title": "Yengejeh Persian: \u064a\u0646\u06af\u062c\u0647", "data": {"Country": "Iran", "Province": "East Azerbaijan", "County": "Torkamanchay", "District": "Central", "Rural District": "Barvanan-e Gharbi"}}, {"title": "Population (2016)", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "208", "Time zone": "UTC+3:30 (IRST)"}}]
| false
|
# Calgary Forest Lawn
Calgary Forest Lawn is a former federal electoral district in Alberta, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 2015 to 2025.
Calgary Forest Lawn was created by the 2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution and was defined in the 2013 representation order. It came into effect upon the call of the 42nd Canadian federal election, scheduled for October 2015. It was created out of parts of the electoral districts of Calgary East and Calgary Northeast.
The 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution transferred the northern neighbourhoods of Coral Springs, Monterey Park, Rundle and Prineridge to the new riding of Calgary McKnight. While the remaining portion was transferred to the newly created riding of Calgary East.
It is named after the Calgary neighbourhood of Forest Lawn.
## Demographics
According to the 2011 Canadian census
Languages: 59.1% English, 5.2% Vietnamese, 4.7% Chinese, 4.7% Tagalog, 4.6% Punjabi, 3.8% Arabic, 2.6% Spanish, 1.5% Urdu, 1.4% French, 12.4% Other
Religions: 49.6% Christian, 11.6% Muslim, 6.0% Buddhist, 4.7% Sikh, 2.2% Hindu, 0.7% Other, 25.2% None
Median income: $27,331 (2010)
Average income: $33,458 (2010)
| European | 40,140 | 37.52% | 47,305 | 42.58% | 51,760 | 48.18% |
| Southeast Asian | 20,240 | 18.92% | 18,465 | 16.62% | 15,810 | 14.72% |
| African | 11,595 | 10.84% | 9,285 | 8.36% | 6,550 | 6.1% |
| South Asian | 11,065 | 10.34% | 12,740 | 11.47% | 11,840 | 11.02% |
| Middle Eastern | 9,140 | 8.54% | 7,960 | 7.16% | 6,065 | 5.65% |
| Indigenous | 5,180 | 4.84% | 5,160 | 4.64% | 4,555 | 4.24% |
| East Asian | 3,850 | 3.6% | 4,825 | 4.34% | 5,835 | 5.43% |
| Latin American | 2,525 | 2.36% | 2,775 | 2.5% | 2,755 | 2.56% |
| Other/Multiracial | 3,255 | 3.04% | 2,575 | 2.32% | 2,245 | 2.09% |
| Total responses | 106,985 | 99.12% | 111,100 | 99.35% | 107,425 | 99.3% |
| Total population | 107,939 | 100% | 111,830 | 100% | 108,183 | 100% |
| Notes: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses. Demographics based on 2012 Canadian federal electoral redistribution riding boundaries. | | | | | | |
## Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of the House of Commons of Canada:
| Parliament | Years | Member | Member | Party |
| -------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------ | ------------- | ------------- | ------------ |
| Calgary Forest Lawn Riding created from Calgary East and Calgary Northeast | | | | |
| 42nd | 2015–2019 | | Deepak Obhrai | Conservative |
| 43rd | 2019–2021 | Jasraj Hallan | | Conservative |
| 44th | 2021–present | Jasraj Hallan | | Conservative |
| Riding dissolved into Calgary East and Calgary McKnight | | | | |
The seat became vacant on August 2, 2019 with the death of Deepak Obhrai. Since the vacancy occurred less than nine months before the fixed-date general election of October 21, 2019, no by-election was held.
## Election results
| | Conservative | Jasraj Hallan | 15,434 | 44.5 | -15.1 | $78,534.34 |
| | Liberal | Jordan Stein | 9,608 | 27.7 | +6.0 | $25,462.78 |
| | New Democratic | Keira Gunn | 6,254 | 18.1 | +7.5 | $1,836.99 |
| | People's | Dwayne Holub | 2,468 | 7.1 | +4.4 | $0.00 |
| | Green | Carey Rutherford | 699 | 2.0 | -1.3 | $89.23 |
| | Communist | Jonathan Trautman | 185 | 0.5 | +0.2 | $0.00 |
| Total valid votes/Expense limit | Total valid votes/Expense limit | Total valid votes/Expense limit | 34,648 | 100.0 | – | $107,834.34 |
| Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | 442 | | | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 35,090 | 48.16 | | |
| Eligible voters | Eligible voters | Eligible voters | 72,858 | | | |
| | Conservative hold | Conservative hold | Swing | Swing | -10.55 | |
| Source: Elections Canada | | | | | | |
| | Conservative | Jasraj Hallan | 23,805 | 59.6 | +11.62 | $90,097.72 |
| | Liberal | Jag Anand | 8,690 | 21.7 | -14.62 | none listed |
| | New Democratic | Joe Pimlott | 4,227 | 10.6 | +0.84 | none listed |
| | Green | William Carnegie | 1,318 | 3.3 | +0.31 | $2,962.82 |
| | People's | Dave Levesque | 1,089 | 2.7 | - | none listed |
| | Independent | Brent Nichols | 388 | 1.0 | - | none listed |
| | Christian Heritage | Esther Sutherland | 222 | 0.6 | - | none listed |
| | Communist | Jonathan Trautman | 134 | 0.3 | -0.65 | $476.56 |
| | Veterans Coalition | William James Ryder | 91 | 0.2 | - | none listed |
| Total valid votes/expense limit | Total valid votes/expense limit | Total valid votes/expense limit | 39,964 | 100.0 | | |
| Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | 395 | | | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 40,359 | 53.5 | | |
| Eligible voters | Eligible voters | Eligible voters | 75,376 | | | |
| | Conservative hold | Conservative hold | Swing | Swing | +13.12 | |
| Source: Elections Canada | | | | | | |
| | Conservative | Deepak Obhrai | 19,694 | 47.98 | –15.37 | $94,875.17 |
| | Liberal | Cam Stewart | 14,762 | 35.96 | +18.50 | $22,574.93 |
| | New Democratic | Abdou Souraya | 4,006 | 9.76 | –3.39 | $36,479.40 |
| | Green | Judson Hansell | 1,229 | 2.99 | –2.31 | $2,422.51 |
| | Libertarian | Matt Badura | 832 | 2.03 | – | – |
| | Communist | Jason Devine | 390 | 0.95 | – | – |
| | Democratic Advancement | Max Veress | 134 | 0.33 | – | – |
| Total valid votes/expense limit | Total valid votes/expense limit | Total valid votes/expense limit | 41,047 | 100.00 | | $207,423.03 |
| Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | 345 | 0.83 | – | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 41,392 | 55.47 | – | |
| Eligible voters | Eligible voters | Eligible voters | 74,620 | | | |
| | Conservative hold | Conservative hold | Swing | Swing | –16.93 | |
| Source: Elections Canada | | | | | | |
| 2011 federal election redistributed results | 2011 federal election redistributed results | 2011 federal election redistributed results | 2011 federal election redistributed results |
| Party | Party | Vote | % |
| ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- |
| | Conservative | 19,574 | 63.35 |
| | Liberal | 5,397 | 17.47 |
| | New Democratic | 4,064 | 13.15 |
| | Green | 1,638 | 5.30 |
| | Others | 227 | 0.73 |
## List of EDAs
### Calgary Forest Lawn Federal Liberal Association
Chief Executive Officer: Zachary E.D. Trynacity-Popowich
Financial agent: Lindsay E. Amantea
### Calgary Forest Lawn Conservative Association
Chief Executive Officer: Dilpreet K. Samra
### Calgary Forest Lawn Federal Green Party Association
Chief Executive Officer: K. Diann Duthie
Financial agent: Gerald R. Dumontier
### Calgary Forest Lawn Federal NDP Riding Association
Chief Executive Officer: Maria T. Glavine
Financial agent: Jason J. Nishiyama
### Calgary North PPC Association
Chief Executive Officer: Marc-Antoine P.G. Lebeau
Financial agent: Ernie E. Rawlyck
Director-At-Large: Isaias Nolasco
|
enwiki/24809640
|
enwiki
| 24,809,640
|
Calgary Forest Lawn
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Forest_Lawn
|
2025-04-05T00:10:45Z
|
en
|
Q16850464
| 150,655
|
{{short description|Federal electoral district in Alberta, Canada}}
{{about|the former federal electoral district|the former provincial electoral district|Calgary-Forest Lawn}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox Canada electoral district
| province = Alberta
| image = Calgary Forest Lawn (federal electoral district).svg
| caption = Boundaries of Calgary Forest Lawn as of the 2013 Representation Order
| coordinates =
| coordinates_caption =
| coordinates_date =
| fed-status = defunct
| fed-district-number = 48006
| fed-created = [[2012 Canadian federal electoral redistribution|2013]]
| fed-abolished = [[2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution|2023]]
| fed-election-first = 2015
| fed-election-last = 2021
| fed-rep = Jasraj Hallan
| fed-rep-party = Conservative
| demo-pop-ref = <ref name="ReferenceA">[[#2011fed|Statistics Canada]]: 2011</ref>
| demo-area-ref = <ref name="ReferenceA"/>
| demo-electors-ref =
| demo-census-date = [[Canada 2011 Census|2011]]
| demo-pop = 108251
| demo-electors = 75,376
| demo-electors-date = 2019
| demo-area = 53
| demo-cd = [[Division No. 6, Alberta|Division No. 6]]
| demo-csd = [[Calgary]]
}}
'''Calgary Forest Lawn''' is a former federal [[electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]] in [[Alberta]], Canada, that was represented in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] from 2015 to 2025.
Calgary Forest Lawn was created by the [[Canadian federal electoral redistribution, 2012|2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution]] and was defined in the 2013 representation order. It came into effect upon the call of the [[42nd Canadian federal election]], scheduled for October 2015.<ref name=timeline>{{Citation|url=http://www.redecoupage-federal-redistribution.ca/content.asp?section=info&document=index&dir=overview&lang=e|title=Timeline for the Redistribution of Federal Electoral Districts}}</ref> It was created out of parts of the electoral districts of [[Calgary East]] and [[Calgary Northeast]].<ref name=report>{{Citation|url=http://www.redecoupage-federal-redistribution.ca/content.asp?section=ab&dir=now/reports&document=index&lang=e|title=Report – Alberta}}</ref>
The [[2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution]] transferred the northern neighbourhoods of Coral Springs, Monterey Park, Rundle and Prineridge to the new riding of [[Calgary McKnight (federal electoral district)|Calgary McKnight]]. While the remaining portion was transferred to the newly created riding of [[Calgary East]].<ref>"[https://redecoupage-redistribution-2022.ca/com/ab/med/jul2023_e.aspx New Federal Electoral Map for Alberta]". ''Federal Electoral Districts Redistribution 2022''. July 20, 2023. Retrieved November 18th 2024.</ref>
It is named after the Calgary neighbourhood of [[Forest Lawn, Calgary|Forest Lawn]].
==Demographics==
:''According to the [[2011 Canadian census]]''<ref name="www12.statcan.gc.ca">{{Cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=FED2013&Code1=48006&Data=Count&SearchText=calgary&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1|title=2011 National Household Survey Profile - Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)|date=May 8, 2013}}</ref>
'''Languages:''' 59.1% English, 5.2% Vietnamese, 4.7% Chinese, 4.7% Tagalog, 4.6% Punjabi, 3.8% Arabic, 2.6% Spanish, 1.5% Urdu, 1.4% French, 12.4% Other<br />
'''Religions:''' 49.6% Christian, 11.6% Muslim, 6.0% Buddhist, 4.7% Sikh, 2.2% Hindu, 0.7% Other, 25.2% None<br />
'''Median income:''' $27,331 (2010) <br />
'''Average income:''' $33,458 (2010)
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ [[Panethnicity|Panethnic]] groups in Calgary Forest Lawn (2011−2021)
! rowspan="2" |[[Panethnicity|Panethnic]]<br>group
! colspan="2" |2021<ref name="2021censusB">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Calgary%20Forest%20Lawn&DGUIDlist=2013A000448006&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2016<ref name="2016census">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2021-10-27 |title= Census Profile, 2016 Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=FED&Code1=48006&Geo2=PR&Code2=48&SearchText=Calgary%20Forest%20Lawn&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011<ref name="2011census">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2015-11-27 |title= NHS Profile |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=FED2013&Code1=48006&Data=Count&SearchText=Calgary%20Forest%20Lawn&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[European Canadians|European]]{{efn|Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.|name=euro}}
| 40,140
| {{Percentage | 40140 | 106985 | 2 }}
| 47,305
| {{Percentage | 47305 | 111100 | 2 }}
| 51,760
| {{Percentage | 51760 | 107425 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.|name=SoutheastAsian}}
| 20,240
| {{Percentage | 20240 | 106985 | 2 }}
| 18,465
| {{Percentage | 18465 | 111100 | 2 }}
| 15,810
| {{Percentage | 15810 | 107425 | 2 }}
|-
| [[African-Canadian|African]]
| 11,595
| {{Percentage | 11595 | 106985 | 2 }}
| 9,285
| {{Percentage | 9285 | 111100 | 2 }}
| 6,550
| {{Percentage | 6550 | 107425 | 2 }}
|-
| [[South Asian Canadians|South Asian]]
| 11,065
| {{Percentage | 11065 | 106985 | 2 }}
| 12,740
| {{Percentage | 12740 | 111100 | 2 }}
| 11,840
| {{Percentage | 11840 | 107425 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Middle Eastern Canadians|Middle Eastern]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.|name=MiddleEastern}}
| 9,140
| {{Percentage | 9140 | 106985 | 2 }}
| 7,960
| {{Percentage | 7960 | 111100 | 2 }}
| 6,065
| {{Percentage | 6065 | 107425 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous]]
| 5,180
| {{Percentage | 5180 | 106985 | 2 }}
| 5,160
| {{Percentage | 5160 | 111100 | 2 }}
| 4,555
| {{Percentage | 4555 | 107425 | 2 }}
|-
| [[East Asian Canadians|East Asian]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.|name=EastAsian}}
| 3,850
| {{Percentage | 3850 | 106985 | 2 }}
| 4,825
| {{Percentage | 4825 | 111100 | 2 }}
| 5,835
| {{Percentage | 5835 | 107425 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Latin American Canadians|Latin American]]
| 2,525
| {{Percentage | 2525 | 106985 | 2 }}
| 2,775
| {{Percentage | 2775 | 111100 | 2 }}
| 2,755
| {{Percentage | 2755 | 107425 | 2 }}
|-
| Other/[[Multiracial people|Multiracial]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, {{abbr|n.i.e.|not included elsewhere}}" and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.|name=Other}}
| 3,255
| {{Percentage | 3255 | 106985 | 2 }}
| 2,575
| {{Percentage | 2575 | 111100 | 2 }}
| 2,245
| {{Percentage | 2245 | 107425 | 2 }}
|-
! Total responses
! 106,985
! {{Percentage | 106985 | 107939 | 2 }}
! 111,100
! {{Percentage | 111100 | 111830 | 2 }}
! 107,425
! {{Percentage | 107425 | 108183 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 107,939
! {{Percentage | 107939 | 107939 | 2 }}
! 111,830
! {{Percentage | 111830 | 111830 | 2 }}
! 108,183
! {{Percentage | 108183 | 108183 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="15" |{{small|Notes: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.<br>Demographics based on [[2012 Canadian federal electoral redistribution]] riding boundaries.}}
|}
==Members of Parliament==
This riding has elected the following members of the [[House of Commons of Canada]]:
{{CanMP}}
{{CanMP nodata|Calgary Forest Lawn<br />''Riding created from'' [[Calgary East]] ''and'' [[Calgary Northeast]]}}
{{CanMP row
| FromYr = 2015
| ToYr = 2019
| Assembly# = 42
| CanParty = Conservative
| PartyTerms# = 3
| RepName = Deepak Obhrai
}}
{{CanMP row
| FromYr = 2019
| ToYr = 2021
| Assembly# = 43
| RepName = Jasraj Hallan
| RepTerms# = 2
}}
{{CanMP row
| FromYr = 2021
| ToYr =
| Assembly# = 44
}}
{{CanMP nodata|''Riding dissolved into '' [[Calgary East]] ''and'' [[Calgary McKnight (federal electoral district)|Calgary McKnight]]}}
{{CanMP end}}
The seat became vacant on August 2, 2019 with the death of Deepak Obhrai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/Parliamentarians/en/members/Deepak-Obhrai(1287)/Roles |title=The Honourable Deepak Obhrai - Roles |website=House of Commons of Canada |accessdate=2019-08-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/deepak-obhrai-calgary-1.5235950 |website=CBC News |author=Sarah Rieger |accessdate=2019-08-20 |date=2019-08-03 |title=MP Deepak Obhrai remembered by Calgarians as a 'true statesman' }}</ref> Since the vacancy occurred less than nine months before the fixed-date general election of October 21, 2019, no by-election was held.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=med&document=aug2019&dir=pre&lang=e#top |title=A Federal Seat is Vacant in Calgary Forest Lawn |website=Elections Canada |accessdate=2019-08-20 |date=2019-08-20 }}</ref>
==Election results==
{{Image frame
| content = {{Graph:Chart
| width=400<!--Increase this number after the next election-->
| height=300
| type=line
| xAxisTitle=Year
| yAxisTitle=Vote share
| xAxisMin=2013
| xAxisMax=2021
| yAxisMin=0
| yAxisMax=0.7
| yAxisFormat=%
| legend=Legend
| y1Title=Liberal
| y2Title=Conservative
| y3Title=NDP
| y4Title=Libertarian
| y5Title=Green
| y6Title=People's
| linewidth=2
| x=2011,2015,2019,2021
| y1=0.1747,0.3596,0.217,0.277
| y2=0.6335,0.4798,0.596,0.445
| y3=0.1315,0.0976,0.106,0.181
| y4=,0.0203
| y5=0.0530,0.0299,0.033,0.020
| y6=,,0.027,0.071
| colors=#DC241f,#1c1cff,#FAA61A,#f1ba01,#6AB023,#442d7b
| showSymbols=true }}
| caption=Graph of election results in Calgary Forest Lawn (minor parties that never got 2% of the vote or didn't run consistently are omitted)
| align=center
}}
{{Canadian election result/top|CA|2021|percent=yes|change=yes|expenditures=yes}}
{{CANelec|CA|Conservative|[[Jasraj Hallan]]|15,434|44.5|-15.1|$78,534.34}}
{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|Jordan Stein|9,608|27.7|+6.0|$25,462.78}}
{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Keira Gunn|6,254|18.1|+7.5|$1,836.99}}
{{CANelec|CA|PPC|Dwayne Holub|2,468|7.1|+4.4|$0.00}}
{{CANelec|CA|Green|Carey Rutherford|699|2.0|-1.3|$89.23}}
{{CANelec|CA|Communist|Jonathan Trautman|185|0.5|+0.2|$0.00}}
{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes/Expense limit|34,648|100.0|–|$107,834.34}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Total rejected ballots|442}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Turnout|35,090|48.16}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Eligible voters|72,858}}
{{Canadian election result/hold |CA|Conservative|-10.55}}
{{CANelec/source|Source: [[Elections Canada]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enr.elections.ca/ElectoralDistricts.aspx?lang=e|title = Election Night Results - Electoral Districts}}</ref>}}
{{end}}
{{2019 Canadian federal election/Calgary Forest Lawn}}
{{2015 Canadian federal election/Calgary Forest Lawn}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="4" | [[2011 Canadian federal election|2011 federal election]] redistributed results<ref>[http://www.punditsguide.ca/riding.php?riding=2101 Pundits' Guide to Canadian Elections]</ref>
|-
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="130px" colspan="2" | Party
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="50px" | Vote
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="30px" | %
|-
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative|background}} |
| [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] ||align=right| 19,574 ||align=right| 63.35
|-
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|background}} |
| [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] ||align=right| 5,397 ||align=right| 17.47
|-
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|background}} |
| [[New Democratic Party|New Democratic]] ||align=right| 4,064 ||align=right| 13.15
|-
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Green|background}} |
| [[Green Party of Canada|Green]] ||align=right| 1,638 ||align=right| 5.30
|-
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Independents|background}} |
| Others ||align=right| 227 ||align=right| 0.73
|}
== List of EDAs ==
=== Calgary Forest Lawn Federal Liberal Association ===
Chief Executive Officer: Zachary E.D. Trynacity-Popowich
Financial agent: Lindsay E. Amantea
=== Calgary Forest Lawn Conservative Association ===
Chief Executive Officer: Dilpreet K. Samra
=== Calgary Forest Lawn Federal Green Party Association ===
Chief Executive Officer: K. Diann Duthie
Financial agent: Gerald R. Dumontier
=== Calgary Forest Lawn Federal NDP Riding Association ===
Chief Executive Officer: Maria T. Glavine
Financial agent: Jason J. Nishiyama
=== Calgary North PPC Association ===
Chief Executive Officer: Marc-Antoine P.G. Lebeau
Financial agent: Ernie E. Rawlyck
Director-At-Large: Isaias Nolasco
== See also ==
* [[List of Canadian electoral districts]]
* [[Historical federal electoral districts of Canada]]
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Ridings in Calgary-Edmonton}}
{{Ridings in the Prairies}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Former federal electoral districts of Alberta]]
[[Category:Politics of Calgary]]
[[Category:Canadian federal electoral districts disestablished in 2025]]
[[Category:2025 disestablishments in Alberta]]
| 1,284,001,490
|
[{"title": "Defunct federal electoral district", "data": {"Legislature": "House of Commons", "District created": "2013", "District abolished": "2023", "First contested": "2015", "Last contested": "2021", "District webpage": "profile, map"}}, {"title": "Demographics", "data": {"Population (2011)": "108,251", "Electors (2019)": "75,376", "Area (km\u00b2)": "53", "Census division(s)": "Division No. 6", "Census subdivision(s)": "Calgary"}}]
| false
|
# Brad Oberhousen
Brad A. Oberhousen (born February 22, 1978) is an American Democratic politician. From 2012 to 2016 he served as a member of the Mississippi House of Representatives from the 73rd District, having been elected in 2011.
|
enwiki/46537831
|
enwiki
| 46,537,831
|
Brad Oberhousen
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Oberhousen
|
2025-04-05T00:10:50Z
|
en
|
Q20707978
| 23,269
|
{{Short description|American politician}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Brad Oberhousen
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| state_house = Mississippi
| district = 73rd
| term_start = 2012
| term_end = 2016
| predecessor = [[James Ellington (politician)|James Ellington]]
| successor = [[Cory T. Wilson]]
| prior_term =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|2|22}}
| birth_place = [[Jackson, Mississippi]], United States
| death_date =
| death_place =
| profession =
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
}}
'''Brad A. Oberhousen''' (born February 22, 1978) is an American [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] politician. From 2012 to 2016 he served as a member of the [[Mississippi House of Representatives]] from the 73rd District, having been elected in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brad Overhousen|url=http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/members/house/oberhousen.xml|publisher=Mississippi House of Representatives|accessdate=27 April 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501184244/http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/members/house/oberhousen.xml|archivedate=1 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Brad Overhousen|url=http://ballotpedia.org/Brad_Oberhousen|publisher=[[Ballotpedia]]|accessdate=27 April 2015}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Oberhousen, Brad}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Jackson, Mississippi]]
[[Category:Democratic Party members of the Mississippi House of Representatives]]
[[Category:21st-century members of the Mississippi Legislature]]
{{Mississippi-politician-stub}}
| 1,284,001,499
|
[{"title": "Member of the Mississippi House of Representatives \u00b7 from the 73rd district", "data": {"Member of the Mississippi House of Representatives \u00b7 from the 73rd district": "In office \u00b7 2012\u20132016", "Preceded by": "James Ellington", "Succeeded by": "Cory T. Wilson"}}, {"title": "Personal details", "data": {"Born": "February 22, 1978 \u00b7 Jackson, Mississippi, United States", "Political party": "Democratic"}}]
| false
|
# Granny Pants
"Granny Pants" is the fifth episode in the third season, the 46th episode overall, of the American dramedy series Ugly Betty, which aired on October 23, 2008. The episode was written by Sheila Lawrence and directed by Fred Savage.
## Plot
The story begins at Mode, where Betty finds herself in the middle of a battle between Daniel and Wilhelmina over the Valentine photo shoot, with Daniel insisting on "love is a battlefield" and Willi demanding one about "puppy love." Either way, from Betty and Claire's observation, the idea becomes a mess. Betty and Claire believe that ever since the 50-50 deal was made Daniel has taken his mind off DJ and focused more on work. This concerns the two as Claire confronts Daniel, who admits that he does miss DJ and he wants to settle down and start a family. Later he tells Betty about his plan, so he has compiled an application to submit to a dating service and when Betty sees it, she makes some modifications before he can submit it.
As Betty returned to her desk, she sees Kimmie sitting there. Kimmie then asks for Betty's help in finding a job after she quit her job at Flushing Burger and dumped her boyfriend, saying that she wants to start anew and have the same success that Betty has. Betty initially reluctant to accept her idea, but after Daniel suggests to Betty that she hire a temporary assistant to help her and Kimmie jumps at the opportunity.
Betty then tells Christina about what Kimmie did back in high school, as evidenced in a flashback in which Betty befriends Kimmie at the cafeteria, but as she reached for a drink in the school cooler, Kimmie pulls Betty's skirt down, exposing her unfortunately sized underwear and leading to Betty being called "Granny Pants" for the rest of high school. Christina suggests that Betty turns the tables on Kimmie, as she tells Kimmie to request a receipt and Kimmie accidentally offended Wilhelmina in the process, causing Marc to humiliate her. That move later spurred on by Hilda at Casa Suarez, even though Ignacio thinks Betty should reconsider. But on Kimmie's first day, Betty sees how Kimmie is treated by Marc and Amanda and she comes to her defense. This leads Betty to do a job briefing on Kimmie and over time the transformation is a success.
Over at the Suarez home, Justin is looking forward to making to the lead role in Billy Elliot the Musical, with encouragement from Hilda (who has been taking anger management classes to get over Tony) and Ignacio. However at school, Justin is harassed by bullies, but seems undeterred by them. Later that day at the auditions, Justin is shocked to learn that one of the bullies, a football jock named Randy, has also signed up for the auditions, leading to a dance-off between the two. But in the end both guys lost to a younger boy, and Randy broke down in tears and shoos Justin off while he is trying to cheer him up. However, the two later bond as friends at school.
However, on the night that Kimmie managed to get VIPs to several nightclubs and after she asked Betty to come along as a sign of her gratitude and start of friendship, Amanda befriends Kimmie and suggests a make over. When Betty returns to meet up with her, she is shocked to see Kimmie dressed way better than Betty. Kimmie also tells Betty that she accidentally revealed that they will go clubbing later, and she invited Amanda and Marc to tag along. During the cab ride Betty finds herself riding in the front while the trio are palling around in the backseat, and when they arrive to the club, its Betty who gets left out as Kimmie, Amanda and Marc get in. 45 minutes later, Betty prepares to leave. Kimmie stops her and tells her she only got Amanda and Marc in so that they can bond better. She then convinces Betty to go to three more clubs and an after party, because they really are friends. Betty initially refuses because of their work tomorrow, but upon learning that Daniel and Willi will not be at Mode until noon, she eventually agreed.
Also that same night, Daniel shows up to meet his date on a yacht for a dinner cruise. Unfortunately, the "date" is none other than Wilhelmina. Both are shocked that they used the same matchmaking service and lied about their profiles, but before they can exit the yacht, the yacht has already left the dock. During the evening the two have a civil dinner together but they want to finish their evening early. The two looked at the smoke alarm, and Daniel decided to activate it using a candle, while Wilhelmina assists by spraying perfume so that the flames get closer to the alarm, and the ploy works as the cruise ship had to head back to shore. Later on, the two have a casual conversation about working together even if they can't stand each other, and they decided that they should just have to trust each other as a team. When the two reached their final destination, they went their separate ways, but Wilhelmina had another reason to end their evening, which was to stop by an old acquaintance's apartment for sex.
The following morning, Betty wakes up and discovers that she is going to be late as Daniel calls her to tell her that Kimmie has picked up the slack. As Betty arrived she asked Kimmie why she didn't call her and Kimmie insists she has sent text messages to Betty. Kimmie is later seen at lunch once again palling around with Amanda and Marc, and asked Betty to get water from the cooler. When Betty went to get a drink from the cooler, the memories of the past came back as Kimmie was coming towards her, but instead it backfired as Betty accused her of trying pull the same stunt but it would be Kimmie who would be embarrassed, and as she walked away, the message Kimmie left showed up on Betty's cellphone.
As Betty felt sorry for what has happened to Kimmie, she suggests to Daniel that she give her a better role in the magazine after they got into the clubs. At the meeting room, Wilhelmina announces that she will give way to Daniel's idea for the February issue and apologizes for the previous clashing of opinions. Daniel then announced that Kimmie has been promoted to associate editor. This stuns Betty in a big way and as she witnesses Kimmie reverting to her old ways, so does her flashbacks of that day back at the high school cafeteria.
## Production
On the same day this episode aired, it was announced that Lohan's six episode stint would be reduced to four. This move lead to rumors about Lohan's behavior on the set, especially with America Ferrera, but the producers say that her stint was temporary anyway: "Lindsay wrapped up her arc, and she's done filming. She did a great job, and we enjoyed having her. Viewers can look forward to her episodes tonight and next week."
Despite the riff, both Becki Newton and Vanessa Williams claim that there were no problems on the set. Notes Newton: "I think people love drama, and I think when you watch the show you’ll see the drama was between the characters on screen."
## Ratings
Thanks in part to the 2008 World Series between the Philadelphia Phillies and the Tampa Bay Rays, this episode came in third with a 5.7/9, but at the same time posted its best-since-premiere numbers at the 8PM hour (2.8/8 in 18-49, 8.7 million viewers overall).
## Reception
Lohan's performance was well received, despite the negative feedback from fans. Zap2it states: "Regardless of which side you believe in the Ugly Betty-Lindsay Lohan Breakup 2008, the real loser is the audience. Say what you will about LiLo as a person, but I like her as an actress and am sad her run will be cut short. She seems very natural and doesn't woodenly overact like her peers (sorry Duffster, but you have the sweetness, no rehab thing going for you)."
## Trivia
The person that says "previously on Ugly Betty" is Hilda.
## Also starring
- Lindsay Lohan as Kimmie Keegan
- Max Ehrich as Randy
- Ashley Austin Morris as Harmony
## Guest stars
- Shari Albert as casting associate
|
enwiki/19572917
|
enwiki
| 19,572,917
|
Granny Pants
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granny_Pants
|
2025-04-04T20:20:45Z
|
en
|
Q5596001
| 47,016
|
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox television episode
| series = [[Ugly Betty]]
| season = 3
| episode = 5
| airdate = {{Start date|2008|10|23}}
| production = 305
| writer = [[Sheila Lawrence (writer)|Sheila Lawrence]]
| director = [[Fred Savage]]
| episode_list = List of Ugly Betty episodes
| season_article = Ugly Betty season 3
| image =
| caption =
| prev = [[Betty Suarez Land]]
| next = [[Ugly Berry]]
}}
"'''Granny Pants'''" is the fifth episode in the third season, the 46th episode overall, of the American dramedy series ''[[Ugly Betty]]'', which aired on October 23, 2008. The episode was written by Sheila Lawrence and directed by [[Fred Savage]].
==Plot==
{{long plot|date=April 2019}}
The story begins at ''Mode'', where Betty finds herself in the middle of a battle between Daniel and Wilhelmina over the Valentine photo shoot, with Daniel insisting on "love is a battlefield" and Willi demanding one about "puppy love." Either way, from Betty and Claire's observation, the idea becomes a mess. Betty and Claire believe that ever since the 50-50 deal was made Daniel has taken his mind off DJ and focused more on work. This concerns the two as Claire confronts Daniel, who admits that he does miss DJ and he wants to settle down and start a family. Later he tells Betty about his plan, so he has compiled an application to submit to a dating service and when Betty sees it, she makes some modifications before he can submit it.
As Betty returned to her desk, she sees Kimmie sitting there. Kimmie then asks for Betty's help in finding a job after she quit her job at Flushing Burger and dumped her boyfriend, saying that she wants to start anew and have the same success that Betty has. Betty initially reluctant to accept her idea, but after Daniel suggests to Betty that she hire a temporary assistant to help her and Kimmie jumps at the opportunity.
Betty then tells Christina about what Kimmie did back in high school, as evidenced in a flashback in which Betty befriends Kimmie at the cafeteria, but as she reached for a drink in the school cooler, Kimmie pulls Betty's skirt down, exposing her unfortunately sized underwear and leading to Betty being called "Granny Pants" for the rest of high school. Christina suggests that Betty turns the tables on Kimmie, as she tells Kimmie to request a receipt and Kimmie accidentally offended Wilhelmina in the process, causing Marc to humiliate her. That move later spurred on by Hilda at Casa Suarez, even though Ignacio thinks Betty should reconsider. But on Kimmie's first day, Betty sees how Kimmie is treated by Marc and Amanda and she comes to her defense. This leads Betty to do a job briefing on Kimmie and over time the transformation is a success.
Over at the Suarez home, Justin is looking forward to making to the lead role in ''[[Billy Elliot the Musical]]'', with encouragement from Hilda (who has been taking anger management classes to get over Tony) and Ignacio. However at school, Justin is harassed by bullies, but seems undeterred by them. Later that day at the auditions, Justin is shocked to learn that one of the bullies, a football jock named Randy, has also signed up for the auditions, leading to a dance-off between the two. But in the end both guys lost to a younger boy, and Randy broke down in tears and shoos Justin off while he is trying to cheer him up. However, the two later bond as friends at school.
However, on the night that Kimmie managed to get VIPs to several nightclubs and after she asked Betty to come along as a sign of her gratitude and start of friendship, Amanda befriends Kimmie and suggests a make over. When Betty returns to meet up with her, she is shocked to see Kimmie dressed way better than Betty. Kimmie also{{Clarify|date=May 2016}} tells Betty that she accidentally revealed that they will go clubbing later, and she invited Amanda and Marc to tag along. During the cab ride Betty finds herself riding in the front while the trio are palling around in the backseat, and when they arrive to the club, its Betty who gets left out as Kimmie, Amanda and Marc get in. 45 minutes later, Betty prepares to leave. Kimmie stops her and tells her she only got Amanda and Marc in so that they can bond better. She then convinces Betty to go to three more clubs and an after party, because they really are friends. Betty initially refuses because of their work tomorrow, but upon learning that Daniel and Willi will not be at Mode until noon, she eventually agreed.
Also that same night, Daniel shows up to meet his date on a yacht for a dinner cruise. Unfortunately, the "date" is none other than Wilhelmina. Both are shocked that they used the same matchmaking service and lied about their profiles, but before they can exit the yacht, the yacht has already left the dock. During the evening the two have a civil dinner together but they want to finish their evening early. The two looked at the smoke alarm, and Daniel decided to activate it using a candle, while Wilhelmina assists by spraying perfume so that the flames get closer to the alarm, and the ploy works as the cruise ship had to head back to shore. Later on, the two have a casual conversation about working together even if they can't stand each other, and they decided that they should just have to trust each other as a team. When the two reached their final destination, they went their separate ways, but Wilhelmina had another reason to end their evening, which was to stop by an old acquaintance's apartment for sex.
The following morning, Betty wakes up and discovers that she is going to be late as Daniel calls her to tell her that Kimmie has picked up the slack. As Betty arrived she asked Kimmie why she didn't call her and Kimmie insists she has sent text messages to Betty. Kimmie is later seen at lunch once again palling around with Amanda and Marc, and asked Betty to get water from the cooler. When Betty went to get a drink from the cooler, the memories of the past came back as Kimmie was coming towards her, but instead it backfired as Betty accused her of trying pull the same stunt but it would be Kimmie who would be embarrassed, and as she walked away, the message Kimmie left showed up on Betty's cellphone.
As Betty felt sorry for what has happened to Kimmie, she suggests to Daniel that she give her a better role in the magazine after they got into the clubs. At the meeting room, Wilhelmina announces that she will give way to Daniel's idea for the February issue and apologizes for the previous clashing of opinions. Daniel then announced that Kimmie has been promoted to associate editor. This stuns Betty in a big way and as she witnesses Kimmie reverting to her old ways, so does her flashbacks of that day back at the high school cafeteria.
==Production==
On the same day this episode aired, it was announced that Lohan's six episode stint would be reduced to four. This move lead to rumors about Lohan's behavior on the set, especially with America Ferrera,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081024150015/http://www.zap2it.com/tv/news/zap-lindsaylohanoffuglybetty,0,6409252.story "'Ugly Betty' Loses Lindsay Lohan" From zap2it (October 24, 2008)]</ref> but the producers say that her stint was temporary anyway: "Lindsay wrapped up her arc, and she's done filming. She did a great job, and we enjoyed having her. Viewers can look forward to her episodes tonight and next week.<ref>[http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/watch_with_kristin/b65277_lindsay_lohan_booted_from_betty.html "Lindsay Lohan Booted From Betty" From EOnline (October 23, 2008)]</ref>"
Despite the riff, both Becki Newton and Vanessa Williams claim that there were no problems on the set. Notes Newton: "I think people love drama, and I think when you watch the show you’ll see the drama was between the characters on screen.<ref>[http://www.okmagazine.com/news/view/9885 "Becki Newton: Conflict All On Screen" from OK.com (October 24, 2008)]</ref>"
==Ratings==
Thanks in part to the [[2008 World Series]] between the [[Philadelphia Phillies]] and the [[Tampa Bay Rays]], this episode came in third with a 5.7/9,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081025194122/http://www.zap2it.com/tv/ratings/zap-ratings102308,0,615045.story "TV Ratings: 'CSI,' 'Grey's Anatomy' Beat World Series" From Zap2it.com (October 24, 2008)]</ref> but at the same time posted its best-since-premiere numbers at the 8PM hour (2.8/8 in 18-49, 8.7 million viewers overall).<ref>[https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117994588.html?categoryid=14&cs=1 "CBS tops World Series" From Variety.com (October 24, 2008)]</ref><ref>[https://www.tvguide.com/News/Ratings-CSI-Greys-34652.aspx "Ratings: 'CSI' Resumes its All-Out Killing Spree" From TV Guide (October 24, 2008)]</ref>
==Reception==
Lohan's performance was well received, despite the negative feedback from fans. Zap2it states: "Regardless of which side you believe in the Ugly Betty-Lindsay Lohan Breakup 2008, the real loser is the audience. Say what you will about LiLo as a person, but I like her as an actress and am sad her run will be cut short. She seems very natural and doesn't woodenly overact like her peers (sorry [[Hilary Duff|Duffster]], but you have the sweetness, no rehab thing going for you).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081025015244/http://blog.zap2it.com/ithappenedlastnight/2008/10/ugly-betty-lind.html "'Ugly Betty': Lindsay Lohan rediscovers her inner ''Mean Girl''" From zap2it (October 24, 2008)]</ref>"
==Trivia==
The person that says "previously on ''Ugly Betty''" is Hilda.
==Also starring==
*[[Lindsay Lohan]] as Kimmie Keegan
*[[Max Ehrich]] as Randy
*[[Ashley Austin Morris]] as Harmony
==Guest stars==
*[[Shari Albert]] as casting associate
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==See also==
* [[Ugly Betty]]
* [[Ugly Betty season 3]]
{{Ugly Betty episodes}}
[[Category:Ugly Betty season 3 episodes]]
[[Category:2008 American television episodes]]
| 1,283,972,475
|
[{"title": "\"Granny Pants\"", "data": {"Episode no.": "Season 3 \u00b7 Episode 5", "Directed by": "Fred Savage", "Written by": "Sheila Lawrence", "Production code": "305", "Original air date": "October 23, 2008"}}, {"title": "Episode chronology", "data": {"\u2190 Previous \u00b7 \"Betty Suarez Land\"": "Next \u2192 \u00b7 \"Ugly Berry\""}}]
| false
|
# Cooking Live
Cooking Live is an American television cooking show on Food Network. Hosted by Sara Moulton, the show was broadcast live daily and featured Moulton preparing various dishes and taking calls from viewers.
|
enwiki/12464274
|
enwiki
| 12,464,274
|
Cooking Live
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_Live
|
2025-04-05T17:51:49Z
|
en
|
Q5167138
| 46,675
|
{{More citations needed|date=September 2014}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre =
| creator =
| developer = [[Joe Langhan]]
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter = [[Sara Moulton]]
| starring =
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = United States
| language = English
| num_seasons = <!-- or num_series -->
| num_episodes =
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime =
| company =
| channel = [[Food Network]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|1997|01|01}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2003|01|01}}
| related =
}}
'''''Cooking Live''''' is an American television [[cooking show]] on Food Network. Hosted by [[Sara Moulton]], the show was broadcast live daily and featured Moulton preparing various dishes and taking calls from viewers.
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Food Network series}}
[[Category:Food Network original programming]]
[[Category:1990s American cooking television series]]
[[Category:2000s American cooking television series]]
[[Category:1997 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:2003 American television series endings]]
{{US-nonfiction-tv-prog-stub}}
{{food-tv-prog-stub}}
| 1,284,119,088
|
[{"title": "Cooking Live", "data": {"Developed by": "Joe Langhan", "Presented by": "Sara Moulton", "Country of origin": "United States", "Original language": "English"}}, {"title": "Original release", "data": {"Network": "Food Network", "Release": "January 1, 1997 \u2013 \u00b7 January 1, 2003"}}]
| false
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# Rhipsalis
Rhipsalis is a genus of epiphytic flowering plants in the cactus family, typically known as mistletoe cacti. They are found in parts of Central America, the Caribbean and northern regions of South America. They also inhabit isolated locations in Africa and Asia, and are the only cactus group naturally occurring in the Old World. This is the largest and most widely distributed genus of epiphytic cacti (those which live on other plants without damaging them).
The scientific name Rhipsalis derives from the Ancient Greek term for wickerwork, referring to the plants' morphology.
## Description
The morphology of Rhipsalis is very variable. The plants can grow mostly pendent, few grow more or less upright or sprawling. There are three main stem shapes: terete, angular and flattened. The stems are succulent, but the degree of succulence varies between the species. Some have very thick stems (e.g. Rhipsalis neves-armondii), whereas other have very thin, filiform stems (e.g. Rhipsalis baccifera, Rhipsalis clavata). In the majority of species, spines are missing or occur only in the juvenile stage (this is most prominent in Rhipsalis dissimilis). Rhipsalis pilocarpa has stems and fruits densely covered by bristles, making this species easily distinguishable from all other Rhipsalis.
The flowers are borne lateral or apical and are actinomorphic with a varying number of perianth segments, stamens and carpels. They are small, usually about 1 cm in diameter, white or whitish in most species. Yellowish flowers occur in R. dissimilis and R. elliptica and R. hoelleri is the only Rhipsalis species with red flowers. The fruits are always berries, they are whitish or coloured pink, red or yellow. Vivipary has been observed in R. micrantha and R. baccifera.
## Taxonomy
The genus was described by Joseph Gaertner in 1788. But when he described the plant, he had in fact not realised it was a cactus. Instead, he assumed he had found a new species of Cassytha, a parasitic laurel from a completely different plant family.
### Species
In the taxonomic treatment in The New Cactus Lexicon, 35 species were accepted, divided into five subgenera (Phyllarthrorhipsalis, Rhipsalis, Epallagogonium, Calamorhipsalis, Erythrorhipsalis). A molecular study in 2011 showed the paraphyly of three subgenera as previously circumscribed (Rhipsalis, Calamorhipsalis and Epallagogonium). So a new subgeneric classification of Rhipsalis with only monophyletic subgenera Rhipsalis, Calamorhipsalis and Erythrorhipsalis was proposed. Species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of January 2023 are listed below, with subgeneric placements, where given, based on Calvente (2012).
| Subgenus | Image | Scientific name | Distribution |
| ---------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Calamorhipsalis | Rhipsalis dissimilis forma dissimilis | Rhipsalis dissimilis (G.Lindb.) K.Schum. | Brazil (Paraná, São Paulo) |
| Calamorhipsalis | Rhipsalis floccosa subspecies tucumanensis | Rhipsalis floccosa Salm-Dyck ex Pfeiff. | Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela |
| Calamorhipsalis | Rhipsalis hoelleri | Rhipsalis hoelleri Barthlott & N.P.Taylor | Brazil (Espírito Santo) |
| Calamorhipsalis | Rhipsalis neves-armondii forma neves-armondii (yellow stamen) · Rhipsalis neves-armondii forma neves-armondii (orange stamen) · Rhipsalis neves-armondii forma megalantha | Rhipsalis neves-armondii K.Schum. | Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo) |
| Calamorhipsalis | Rhipsalis pacheco-leonis subspecies pacheco-leonis · Rhipsalis pacheco-leonis subspecies catenulata | Rhipsalis pacheco-leonis Loefgr. | Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) |
| Calamorhipsalis | Rhipsalis paradoxa subspecies septentrionalis · Rhipsalis paradoxa subspecies paradoxa | Rhipsalis paradoxa (Salm-Dyck ex Pfeiff.) Salm-Dyck | Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo) |
| Calamorhipsalis | Rhipsalis puniceodiscus | Rhipsalis puniceodiscus G.Lindb. | Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo) |
| Calamorhipsalis | Rhipsalis trigona | Rhipsalis trigona Pfeiff. | Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo) |
| Erythrorhipsalis | Rhipsalis aurea | Rhipsalis aurea M.F.Freitas & J.M.A.Braga | Brazil (Rio de ]aneiro) |
| Erythrorhipsalis | Rhipsalis burchellii · Rhipsalis burchelii | Rhipsalis burchellii Britton & Rose | Brazil |
| Erythrorhipsalis | Rhipsalis campos-portoana | Rhipsalis campos-portoana Loefgr. | Brazil |
| Erythrorhipsalis | Rhipsalis clavata forma delicatula · Rhipsalis clavata forma clavata | Rhipsalis clavata F.A.C.Weber | Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo) |
| Erythrorhipsalis | Rhipsalis cereuscula | Rhipsalis cereuscula Haw. | Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay |
| Erythrorhipsalis | Rhipsalis juengeri | Rhipsalis juengeri Barthlott & N.P.Taylor | Brazil (São Paulo) |
| Erythrorhipsalis | Rhipsalis ormindoi | Rhipsalis ormindoi N.P.Taylor & Zappi | Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) |
| Erythrorhipsalis | Rhipsalis pilocarpa · Rhipsalis pilocarpa | Rhipsalis pilocarpa Loefgr. | Brazil (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo) |
| Erythrorhipsalis | | Rhipsalis pulchra Loefgr. | Brazil (Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo) |
| Rhipsalis | | Rhipsalis agudoensis N.P.Taylor | Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) |
| Rhipsalis | | Rhipsalis baccifera (J.S.Muell.) Stearn | Madagascar, Seychelles, Mauritius, Reunion, Sri Lanka |
| Rhipsalis | Rhipsalis barthlottii | Rhipsalis barthlottii Ralf Bauer & N.Korotkova | Brazil (Rio de Janeiro; Serra dos Orgãos) |
| Rhipsalis | | Rhipsalis cereoides (Backeb. & Voll) Backeb. | Brazil |
| Rhipsalis | Rhipsalis crispata · Rhipsalis crisptata | Rhipsalis crispata (Haw.) Pfeiff. | Brazil (Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo) |
| Rhipsalis | | Rhipsalis cuneata Britton & Rose | Bolivia |
| Rhipsalis | | Rhipsalis elliptica G.Lindb. ex K.Schum. | Brazil (Minas Gerais, Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo) |
| Rhipsalis | Rhipsalis ewaldiana | Rhipsalis ewaldiana Barthlott & N.P.Taylor | Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) |
| Rhipsalis | Rhipsalis flagelliformis | Rhipsalis flagelliformis N.P.Taylor & Zappi | Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) |
| Rhipsalis | | Rhipsalis goebeliana Backeb. | Bolivia |
| Rhipsalis | Rhipsalis grandiflora | Rhipsalis grandiflora Haw. | Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo) |
| Rhipsalis | | Rhipsalis hileiabaiana (N.P.Taylor & Barthlott) N.Korotkova & Barthlott | Brazil (Bahia) |
| Rhipsalis | | Rhipsalis hylaea F.Ritter | Peru |
| Rhipsalis | Rhipsalis lindbergiana · Rhipsalis lindbergiana | Rhipsalis lindbergiana K.Schum. | Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Sergipe) |
| Rhipsalis | | Rhipsalis mesembryanthemoides Haw. | Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) |
| Rhipsalis | Rhipsalis micrantha forma rauhiorum · Rhipsalis micrantha forma kirbergii · Rhipsalis micrantha forma micrantha | Rhipsalis micrantha (Kunth) DC. | Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela |
| Rhipsalis | | Rhipsalis oblonga Loefgr., syn. Rhipsalis crispimarginata | Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo) |
| Rhipsalis | | Rhipsalis olivifera N.P.Taylor & Zappi | Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) |
| Rhipsalis | | Rhipsalis occidentalis Barthlott & Rauh | Ecuador, Peru, Suriname |
| Rhipsalis | Rhipsalis pachyptera | Rhipsalis pachyptera Pfeiff. | Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo) |
| Rhipsalis | Rhipsalis pentaptera | Rhipsalis pentaptera Pfeiff. ex A.Dietr. | Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) |
| Rhipsalis | Rhipsalis rhombea · Rhipsalis rhombea | Rhipsalis rhombea (Salm-Dyck) Pfeiff. | Southeast Brazil |
| Rhipsalis | | Rhipsalis russellii Britton & Rose | Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais) |
| Rhipsalis | Rhipsalis shaferi | Rhipsalis shaferi Britton & Rose 2011 | Paraguay, southern Bolivia, northern Argentina |
| Rhipsalis | Rhipsalis sulcata · Rhipsalis sulcata | Rhipsalis sulcata F.A.C.Weber | Brazil (Espírito Santo) |
| Rhipsalis | Rhipsalis teres · Rhipsalis teres forma teres · Rhipsalis teres forma capilliformis · Rhipsalis teres forma heteroclada · Rhipsalis teres forma prismatica | Rhipsalis teres (Vell.) Steud. | Brazil |
| Rhipsalis | | Rhipsalis triangularis Werderm. | Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) |
| Unplaced | | Rhipsalis trigonoides (Doweld) N.Korotkova | Brazil (São Paulo) |
## Distribution and habitat
Rhipsalis is found as pendulous epiphyte in tropical rainforests, some species may also grow epilithic or, rarely, terrestrial. The genus is found widely in Central America, parts of the Caribbean and a great part of northern and central South America. The center of diversity of Rhipsalis lies in the rainforests of the Mata Atlantica in southeastern Brazil. It is found throughout the New World, and additionally in tropical Africa, Madagascar and Sri Lanka. It is the only cactus with a natural occurrence outside the New World.
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{{Short description|Genus of cacti}}
{{hatnote|For the algae, see [[Halimeda]]. "Mistletoe cactus" redirects here. This may also mean specifically ''[[Rhipsalis baccifera]]'' or generally other [[Rhipsalideae]]; it is not to be confused with [[Cactus mistletoe]]. }}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Rhipsalis cereuscula1PAKAL.jpg
| image_caption = Flowering ''[[Rhipsalis cereuscula]]''
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Rhipsalis
| authority = [[Joseph Gaertner|Gaertn.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = Numerous, see text
| synonyms =
* ''Erythrorhipsalis'' <small>[[A.Berger]]</small><!-- syn. of Rhipsalis s str -->
}}
'''''Rhipsalis''''' is a [[genus]] of [[epiphytic]] [[flowering plant]]s in the [[cactus]] family, typically known as '''mistletoe cacti'''. They are found in parts of Central America, the Caribbean and northern regions of South America. They also inhabit isolated locations in Africa and Asia, and are the only cactus group naturally occurring in the [[Old World]]. This is the largest and most widely distributed genus of epiphytic cacti<ref name=Calvente2012 /> (those which live on other plants without damaging them).
The [[scientific name]] ''Rhipsalis'' derives from the [[Ancient Greek]] term for [[wickerwork]],<ref name="harvp|Anderson|2001|p=612">{{harvp|Anderson|2001|p=612}}</ref><ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Rhipsalis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306184250/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Rhipsalis |url-status=dead |archive-date=2022-03-06 |title=Rhipsalis |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> referring to the plants' [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]].
==Description==
The morphology of ''Rhipsalis'' is very variable. The plants can grow mostly pendent, few grow more or less upright or sprawling. There are three main stem shapes: terete, angular and flattened. The stems are [[succulent]], but the degree of succulence varies between the species. Some have very thick stems (e.g. ''[[Rhipsalis neves-armondii]]''), whereas other have very thin, filiform stems (e.g. ''[[Rhipsalis baccifera]]'', ''[[Rhipsalis clavata]]''). In the majority of species, [[spine (botany)|spine]]s are missing or occur only in the juvenile stage (this is most prominent in ''[[Rhipsalis dissimilis]]''). ''[[Rhipsalis pilocarpa]]'' has stems and fruits densely covered by bristles, making this species easily distinguishable from all other ''Rhipsalis''.
The [[flowers]] are borne lateral or apical and are [[actinomorphic]] with a varying number of [[perianth]] segments, [[stamens]] and [[carpels]]. They are small, usually about 1 cm in diameter, white or whitish in most species. Yellowish flowers occur in ''R. dissimilis'' and ''R. elliptica'' and ''R. hoelleri'' is the only ''Rhipsalis'' species with red flowers. The fruits are always berries, they are whitish or coloured pink, red or yellow. [[Vivipary]] has been observed in ''R. micrantha'' and ''R. baccifera''.<ref>{{Citation |last=Cota-Sánchez |first=J. Hugo |title=Vivipary in the Cactaceae: Its taxonomic occurrence and biological significance |journal=Flora |volume=199 |issue=6 |pages=481–490 |year=2004 |doi=10.1078/0367-2530-00175|bibcode=2004FMDFE.199..481C }}</ref>
==Taxonomy==
{{See also|Rhipsalideae#Taxonomy}}
The genus was described by Joseph Gaertner in 1788.<ref>{{Citation |last=Gaertner |first=Joseph |title=Rhipsalis |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37174121 |journal=Fruct. Sem. Pl. |year=1788 |volume=i |page=137 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.53838|doi-access=free }}</ref> But when he described the plant, he had in fact not realised it was a cactus. Instead, he assumed he had found a new species of ''[[Cassytha]]'',<ref group=Note>The original spelling in publication is ''cassutha'', but this is presumably a typographical error.</ref> a parasitic [[Lauraceae|laurel]] from a completely different plant family.
===Species===
In the taxonomic treatment in ''The New Cactus Lexicon'', 35 species were accepted, divided into five subgenera (''Phyllarthrorhipsalis'', ''Rhipsalis'', ''Epallagogonium'', ''Calamorhipsalis'', ''Erythrorhipsalis'').<ref>{{harvp|Hunt|2006|pp=253–257}}</ref> A molecular study in 2011 showed the [[paraphyly]] of three subgenera as previously circumscribed (''Rhipsalis'', ''Calamorhipsalis'' and ''Epallagogonium'').<ref name=Calvente2011 /> So a new subgeneric classification of ''Rhipsalis'' with only [[monophyly|monophyletic]] subgenera ''Rhipsalis'', ''Calamorhipsalis'' and ''Erythrorhipsalis'' was proposed.<ref name=Calvente2012>{{Citation |last=Calvente |first=A. |title=A New Subgeneric Classification of ''Rhipsalis'' (Cactoideae, Cactaceae) |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=983–988 |year=2012 |doi=10.1600/036364412X656455|s2cid=84206266 }}</ref> Species accepted by [[Plants of the World Online]] {{as of|2023|January|lc=yes}} are listed below,<ref name=POWO_331903-2>{{cite web |title=''Rhipsalis'' Gaertn. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331903-2 |access-date=2023-01-25 }}</ref> with subgeneric placements, where given, based on Calvente (2012).<ref name=Calvente2012/>
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|-
! Subgenus
! Image
! Scientific name
! Distribution
|-
!rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;"| ''Calamorhipsalis''
|[[File:RhipsalisDissimilis.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis dissimilis forma dissimilis|left|thumb|120x120px|R. dissimilis f. dissimilis]]
| ''[[Rhipsalis dissimilis]]'' <small>(G.Lindb.) K.Schum.</small>
| Brazil (Paraná, São Paulo)
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisFloccosaTucumanensis.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis floccosa subspecies tucumanensis|none|thumb|120x120px|R. floccosa ssp. tucumanensis]][[File:Rhipsalis floccosa.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Rhipsalis floccosa]]'' <small>[[Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck|Salm-Dyck]] ex [[Pfeiff.]]</small>
| Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisHoelleri.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis hoelleri|none|thumb|120x120px|R. hoelleri]]
| ''[[Rhipsalis hoelleri]]'' <small>[[Barthlott]] & [[N.P.Taylor]]</small>
| Brazil (Espírito Santo)
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisNevesArmondii.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis neves-armondii forma neves-armondii (yellow stamen)|none|thumb|120x120px|R. neves-armondii f. neves-armondii (yellow stamen)]][[File:RhipsalisNevesArmondii2.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis neves-armondii forma neves-armondii (orange stamen)|none|thumb|120x120px|R. neves-armondii f. neves-armondii (orange stamen)]][[File:RhiopsalisNevesArmondiiMegalantha.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis neves-armondii forma megalantha|none|thumb|120x120px|R. neves-armondii f. megalantha]][[File:Rhipsalis neves-armondii - Botanischer Garten - Heidelberg, Germany - DSC01363.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Rhipsalis neves-armondii]]'' <small>[[K.Schum.]]</small>
| Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisPachecoLeonis.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis pacheco-leonis subspecies pacheco-leonis|left|thumb|120x120px|R. pacheco-leonis ssp. pacheco-leonis]][[File:RhipsalisPachecoLeonisCatenulata.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis pacheco-leonis subspecies catenulata|left|thumb|120x120px|R. pacheco-leonis ssp. catenulata]]
|''[[Rhipsalis pacheco-leonis]]'' <small>[[Loefgr.]]</small>
| Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisParadoxaSeptentrionalis.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis paradoxa subspecies septentrionalis|left|thumb|120x120px|R. paradoxa ssp. septentrionalis]][[File:RhipsalisParadoxa.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis paradoxa subspecies paradoxa|left|thumb|160x160px|R. paradoxa ssp. paradoxa]][[File:Rhipsalis paradoxa.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Rhipsalis paradoxa]]'' <small>(Salm-Dyck ex Pfeiff.) Salm-Dyck</small>
| Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisPuniceodiscus.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis puniceodiscus|left|thumb|120x120px|R. puniceodiscus]]
|''[[Rhipsalis puniceodiscus]]'' <small>[[G.Lindb.]]</small>
| Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisTrigona.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis trigona|left|thumb|120x120px|Rhipsalis trigona]]
|''[[Rhipsalis trigona]]'' <small>[[Pfeiff.]]</small>
| Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
|-
!rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;"| ''Erythrorhipsalis''
|[[File:RhipsalisAurea.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis aurea|left|thumb|120x120px|R. aurea]]
|''[[Rhipsalis aurea]]'' <small>M.F.Freitas & J.M.A.Braga</small>
| Brazil (Rio de ]aneiro)
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisBurchellii.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis burchellii|left|thumb|120x120px|R. burchellii]][[File:Rhipsalis_burchellii_01_ies.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis burchelii|left|thumb|120x120px|R. burchellii]]
|''[[Rhipsalis burchellii]]'' <small>[[Britton & Rose]]</small>
| Brazil
|-
|[[File:Rhipsalis_campos-portoana（13）.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis campos-portoana|left|thumb|181x181px|R. campos-portoana]]
| ''[[Rhipsalis campos-portoana]]'' <small>[[Loefgr.]]</small>
| Brazil
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisClavataDelicatula.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis clavata forma delicatula|left|thumb|120x120px|R. clavata f. delicatula]][[File:RhipsalisClavata.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis clavata forma clavata|left|thumb|120x120px|R. clavata f. clavata]]
|''[[Rhipsalis clavata]]'' <small>[[F.A.C.Weber]]</small>
| Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo)
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisCereuscula.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis cereuscula|left|thumb|120x120px|R. cereuscula]]
|''[[Rhipsalis cereuscula]]'' <small>[[Adrian Hardy Haworth|Haw.]]</small>
| Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisJuengeri.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis juengeri|left|thumb|120x120px|R. juengeri]]
|''[[Rhipsalis juengeri]]'' <small>[[Barthlott]] & [[N.P.Taylor]]</small>
| Brazil (São Paulo)
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisOrmindoi.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis ormindoi|left|thumb|120x120px|R. ormindoi]]
|''[[Rhipsalis ormindoi]]'' <small>[[N.P.Taylor]] & [[Daniela Cristina Zappi|Zappi]]</small>
| Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
|-
|[[File:RhiopsalisPilocarpa.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis pilocarpa|left|thumb|120x120px|R. pilocarpa]][[File:Rhipsalis_pilocarpa_pm_1.JPG|alt=Rhipsalis pilocarpa|left|thumb|180x180px|R. pilocarpa]]
|''[[Rhipsalis pilocarpa]]'' <small>[[Loefgr.]]</small>
| Brazil (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo)
|-
|
|''[[Rhipsalis pulchra]]'' <small>[[Loefgr.]]</small>
| Brazil (Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo)
|-
!rowspan="27" style="text-align:center;"| ''Rhipsalis''
|
| ''[[Rhipsalis agudoensis]]'' <small>[[N.P.Taylor]]</small>
| Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul)
|-
|[[File:Rhipsalis baccifera subsp. baccifera.JPG|120px]]
|''[[Rhipsalis baccifera]]'' <small>[[(J.S.Muell.) Stearn]]</small>
| Madagascar, Seychelles, Mauritius, Reunion, Sri Lanka
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisBarthlottii.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis barthlottii|left|thumb|120x120px|R. barthlottii]]
|''[[Rhipsalis barthlottii]]'' <small>Ralf Bauer & N.Korotkova</small>
| Brazil (Rio de Janeiro; Serra dos Orgãos)<ref name="Taylor Olsthoorn Zappi Khew pp. 2–12">{{cite journal | last1=Taylor | first1=Nigel | last2=Olsthoorn | first2=Gerardus | last3=Zappi | first3=Daniela | last4=Khew | first4=Gillian | last5=Quandt | first5=Dietmar | title=A remarkable new Rhipsalis (Cactaceae) from eastern Brazil | journal=Bradleya | publisher=British Cactus and Succulent Society | volume=32 | issue=32 | date=2014-11-20 | issn=0265-086X | doi=10.25223/brad.n32.2014.a12 | pages=2–12| s2cid=90932884 }}</ref>
|-
|
|''[[Rhipsalis cereoides]]'' <small>(Backeb. & Voll) Backeb.</small>
| Brazil
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisCrispata.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis crispata|left|thumb|120x120px|R. crispata]][[File:Rhipsalis_crispata_2019-04-16_0889.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis crisptata|left|thumb|160x160px|R. crispata]]
|''[[Rhipsalis crispata]]'' <small>(Haw.) Pfeiff.</small>
|Brazil (Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo)
|-
|
|''[[Rhipsalis cuneata]]'' <small>[[Britton & Rose]]</small>
| Bolivia
|-
|[[File:Rhipsalis elliptica.jpg|120px]]
| ''[[Rhipsalis elliptica]]'' <small>[[G.Lindb]]. ex [[K.Schum.]]</small>
| Brazil (Minas Gerais, Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisEwaldiana.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis ewaldiana|left|thumb|120x120px|R. ewladiana]]
|''[[Rhipsalis ewaldiana]]'' <small>[[Barthlott]] & [[N.P.Taylor]]</small>
| Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisFlagelliformis.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis flagelliformis|left|thumb|120x120px|R. flagelliformis]]
|''[[Rhipsalis flagelliformis]]'' <small>N.P.Taylor & Zappi</small>
| Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)<ref name="Taylor Olsthoorn Zappi Khew pp. 2–12">{{cite journal | last1=Taylor | first1=Nigel | last2=Olsthoorn | first2=Gerardus | last3=Zappi | first3=Daniela | last4=Khew | first4=Gillian | last5=Quandt | first5=Dietmar | title=A remarkable new Rhipsalis (Cactaceae) from eastern Brazil | journal=Bradleya | publisher=British Cactus and Succulent Society | volume=32 | issue=32 | date=2014-11-20 | issn=0265-086X | doi=10.25223/brad.n32.2014.a12 | pages=2–12| s2cid=90932884 }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Rhipsalis goebeliana.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Rhipsalis goebeliana]]'' <small>[[Backeb.]]</small>
| Bolivia
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisGrandiflora.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis grandiflora|left|thumb|120x120px|R. grandiflora]]
|''[[Rhipsalis grandiflora]]'' <small>[[Adrian Hardy Haworth|Haw.]] </small>
| Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
|-
|
|''[[Rhipsalis hileiabaiana]]'' <small>(N.P.Taylor & Barthlott) N.Korotkova & Barthlott</small>
| Brazil (Bahia)
|-
|
|''[[Rhipsalis hylaea]]'' <small>F.Ritter</small>
| Peru
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisLindbergiana.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis lindbergiana|left|thumb|160x160px|R. lindbergiana]][[File:RhipsalisLindbergianaBloom.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis lindbergiana|left|thumb|120x120px|R. lindbergiana]]
|''[[Rhipsalis lindbergiana]]'' <small>[[K.Schum.]]</small>
| Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Sergipe)
|-
|[[File:Rhipsalis mesembryanthoides 1zz.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Rhipsalis mesembryanthemoides]]'' <small>[[Adrian Hardy Haworth|Haw.]]</small>
| Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
|-
|[[File:Rhipsalis_micrantha_01.JPG|alt=Rhipsalis micrantha forma rauhiorum|left|thumb|224x224px|R. micrantha f. rauhiorum]][[File:RhipsalisMicranthaKirbergii.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis micrantha forma kirbergii|left|thumb|180x180px|R. micrantha f. kirbergii]][[File:RhipsalisMicrantha.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis micrantha forma micrantha|left|thumb|120x120px|R. micrantha f. micrantha]]
| ''[[Rhipsalis micrantha]]'' <small>(Kunth) DC.</small>
| Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela
|-
|[[File:Rhipsalis oblonga (11153268233).jpg|120px]]
|''[[Rhipsalis oblonga]]'' <small>[[Loefgr.]]</small>, syn. ''Rhipsalis crispimarginata''
| Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo)
|-
|
|''[[Rhipsalis olivifera]]'' <small>[[N.P.Taylor]] & [[Daniela Cristina Zappi|Zappi]]</small>
| Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
|-
|
|''[[Rhipsalis occidentalis]]'' <small>[[Barthlott]] & [[Werner Rauh|Rauh]]</small>
| Ecuador, Peru, Suriname
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisPachyptera.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis pachyptera|left|thumb|120x120px|R. pachyptera]][[File:Rhipsalis pachyptera kz1.JPG|120px]]
|''[[Rhipsalis pachyptera]]'' <small>[[Pfeiff.]]</small>
| Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
|-
|[[File:Rhipsalis_pentaptera_flw.JPG|alt=Rhipsalis pentaptera|left|thumb|149x149px|R. pentaptera]]
|''[[Rhipsalis pentaptera]]'' <small>Pfeiff. ex A.Dietr.</small>
| Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisRhombea.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis rhombea|left|thumb|120x120px|R. rhombea]][[File:RhipsalisRhombea2.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis rhombea|left|thumb|120x120px|R. rhombea]]
|''[[Rhipsalis rhombea]]'' <small>(Salm-Dyck) Pfeiff.</small>
| Southeast Brazil<ref name="Bauer Korotkova p. ">{{cite journal | last1=Bauer | first1=Ralf | last2=Korotkova | first2=Nadja | title=Neotypification of Rhipsalis rhombea (Rhipsalideae, Cactaceae) and Its Taxonomic History | journal=Haseltonia | publisher=Cactus and Succulent Society of America | volume=27 | issue=1 | date=2021-03-01 | issn=1070-0048 | doi=10.2985/026.027.0111 | page=| s2cid=232081075 }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Rhipsalis russellii Br. & R. Bahia Brasil.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Rhipsalis russellii]]'' <small>[[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Britton]] & [[Joseph Nelson Rose|Rose]]</small>
| Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais)
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisShaferi.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis shaferi|left|thumb|120x120px|R. shaferi]]
|''[[Rhipsalis shaferi]]'' <small>Britton & Rose 2011</small>
|Paraguay, southern Bolivia, northern Argentina
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisSulcata.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis sulcata|left|thumb|120x120px|R. sulcata]][[File:RhipsalisSulcata2.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis sulcata|left|thumb|120x120px|R. sulcata]]
|''[[Rhipsalis sulcata]]'' <small>[[F.A.C.Weber]]</small>
| Brazil (Espírito Santo)
|-
|[[File:Rhipsalis_teres_01_ies.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis teres|left|thumb|120x120px|R. teres]][[File:RhipsalisTeres.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis teres forma teres|left|thumb|120x120px|R. teres forma teres]][[File:RhipsalisTeresCapilliformis.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis teres forma capilliformis|left|thumb|180x180px|R. teres f. capilliformis]][[File:RhipsalisTeresHeteroclada.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis teres forma heteroclada|left|thumb|120x120px|R. teres f. heteroclada]][[File:RhipsalisTeresPrismatica.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis teres forma prismatica|left|thumb|120x120px|R. teres f. prismatica]]
|''[[Rhipsalis teres]]'' <small>(Vell.) Steud.</small>
| Brazil
|-
|
|''[[Rhipsalis triangularis]]'' <small>[[Werderm.]]</small>
| Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
|-
!style="text-align:center;"| Unplaced
|
|''[[Rhipsalis trigonoides]]'' <small>(Doweld) N.Korotkova</small>
| Brazil (São Paulo)
|}
== Distribution and habitat ==
''Rhipsalis'' is found as pendulous [[epiphyte]] in [[tropical rainforests]], some species may also grow [[Lithophyte|epilithic]] or, rarely, terrestrial.<ref>{{harvp|Anderson|2001|pp=22–24}}</ref><ref name=Korotkova2011>{{Citation |last=Korotkova |first=Nadja |title=Phylogeny and evolution of the epiphytic Rhipsalideae (Cactaceae) |year=2011 |type=PhD thesis |place=Bonn |url=http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/2011/2703/2703.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Calvente2011>{{Citation |last1=Calvente |first1=A. |last2=Zappi |first2=D.C. |last3=Forest |first3=F. |last4=Lohmann |first4=L.G. |title=Molecular Phylogeny, Evolution, and Biogeography of South American Epiphytic Cacti |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=172 |issue=7 |year=2011 |pages=902–914 |doi=10.1086/660881|s2cid=85110148 }}</ref> The genus is found widely in [[Central America]], parts of the [[Caribbean]] and a great part of northern and central [[South America]].<ref name="harvp|Anderson|2001|p=612"/> The center of diversity of ''Rhipsalis'' lies in the rainforests of the [[Mata Atlantica]] in southeastern [[Brazil]].<ref name=Korotkova2011 /> It is found throughout the [[New World]], and additionally in tropical [[Africa]], [[Madagascar]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Barthlott |first=Wilhelm |title=Biogeography and Evolution in Neo- and Paleotropical Rhipsalinae (Cactaceae) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262002083 |journal=Sonderb. Naturwiss. Vereins Hamburg |year=1983 |volume=7 |pages=241–248}}</ref><ref name=Calvente2011 /> It is the only cactus with a natural occurrence outside the New World.<ref>{{harvp|Anderson|2001|p=18}}</ref>
[[Image:Rhipsalis pilocarpa10.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Rhipsalis pilocarpa]]'' fruit]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Literature==
*{{Citation |last=Anderson |first=Edward F. |title=The Cactus Family |year=2001 |location=Portland, Oregon |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=0-88192-498-9}}
*{{Citation |editor-last=Hunt |editor-first=D.R. |title=The New Cactus Lexicon ''Text'' |year=2006 |location=Milborne Port |publisher=dh books |isbn=0-9538134-5-2}}
*{{Citation |last1=Barthlott |first1=W. |last2=Taylor |first2=N.P. |title=Notes towards a Monograph of Rhipsalideae (Cactaceae) |journal=Bradleya |year=1995 |volume=13 |issue=13 |pages=43–79 |doi=10.25223/brad.n13.1995.a7|s2cid=89883634 }}
*{{Commons category-inline}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q132296}}
[[Category:Rhipsalis| ]]
[[Category:Epiphytes]]
[[Category:Cacti of South America]]
[[Category:Cacti of North America]]
[[Category:Cactoideae genera]]
| 1,284,154,473
|
[{"title": "Scientific classification", "data": {"Kingdom": "Plantae", "Clade": ["Tracheophytes", "Angiosperms", "Eudicots"], "Order": "Caryophyllales", "Family": "Cactaceae", "Subfamily": "Cactoideae", "Tribe": "Rhipsalideae", "Genus": "Rhipsalis \u00b7 Gaertn."}}, {"title": "Species", "data": {"Species": "Numerous, see text"}}, {"title": "Synonyms", "data": {"Synonyms": "- Erythrorhipsalis A.Berger"}}]
| false
|
# Cie Frazier
Josiah "Cie" Frazier (February 23, 1904 – January 10, 1985) was an American jazz drummer.
Frazier studied drums under several New Orleans jazz musicians, including Louis Cottrell, Sr., James William “Red Happy” Bolton, and Face-O Woods. He joined the Golden Rule Band with cousin Lawrence Marrero in 1921, and played in Marrero's Young Tuxedo Orchestra in the 1920s. He recorded with Papa Celestin's Tuxedo Brass Band in 1927 and played with A.J. Piron and Sidney Desvigne in the late 1920s and early 1930s. During the Great Depression Frazier played in WPA bands and in Navy dance bands. In 1945, he recorded with Wooden Joe Nicholas, and worked in the 1950s with Celestin, Percy Humphrey, George Williams, and the Eureka Brass Band. He played in the Preservation Hall Jazz Band in the 1960s, working there into the 1980s, and recorded in his last few decades with Kid Howard, De De Burke, George Lewis, Emile Barnes, Captain John Handy, and Don Ewell. He appears in the Steve McQueen film The Cincinnati Kid and even drummed on one session for Helen Reddy.
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enwiki
| 16,781,083
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Cie Frazier
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cie_Frazier
|
2025-04-05T04:50:38Z
|
en
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Q1287751
| 17,108
|
{{short description|American jazz musician}}
'''Josiah "Cie" Frazier''' (February 23, 1904 – January 10, 1985) was an American [[jazz]] drummer.
Frazier studied drums under several [[Dixieland|New Orleans jazz]] musicians, including [[Louis Cottrell, Sr.]], James William “Red Happy” Bolton, and Face-O Woods. He joined the [[Golden Rule Band]] with cousin [[Lawrence Marrero]] in 1921, and played in Marrero's [[Young Tuxedo Orchestra]] in the 1920s. He recorded with [[Papa Celestin]]'s [[Tuxedo Brass Band]] in 1927 and played with [[A.J. Piron]] and [[Sidney Desvigne]] in the late 1920s and early 1930s. During the [[Great Depression]] Frazier played in [[Works Progress Administration|WPA]] bands and in [[U.S. Navy|Navy]] dance bands. In 1945, he recorded with [[Wooden Joe Nicholas]], and worked in the 1950s with Celestin, [[Percy Humphrey]], [[George Williams (musician)|George Williams]], and the [[Eureka Brass Band]]. He played in the [[Preservation Hall Jazz Band]] in the 1960s, working there into the 1980s, and recorded in his last few decades with [[Kid Howard]], [[De De Burke]], [[George Lewis (clarinetist)|George Lewis]], [[Emile Barnes]], [[Captain John Handy]], and [[Don Ewell]]. He appears in the [[Steve McQueen]] film ''[[The Cincinnati Kid]]'' and even drummed on one session for [[Helen Reddy]].
==References==
*[{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p77625/biography|pure_url=yes}} Cie Frazier] at [[Allmusic]]
*[https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/13/us/cie-frazier-dead-at-81-new-orleans-musician.html Obituary], ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 13, 1985
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Frazier, Cie}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:American jazz drummers]]
[[Category:Jazz musicians from New Orleans]]
[[Category:20th-century American drummers]]
[[Category:American male drummers]]
[[Category:20th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:American male jazz musicians]]
[[Category:Preservation Hall Jazz Band members]]
[[Category:Eureka Brass Band members]]
[[Category:Drummers from New Orleans]]
| 1,284,034,626
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[]
| false
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# Telluride School District
Telluride School District (TSD) is a public school system in San Miguel County in southwest Colorado. It consists of four schools, Telluride Elementary, Intermediate, Middle and High.
## History
Kyle Schumacher became superintendent in 2011.
On June 30, 2015, he left his post so he could become a superintendent of the LaGrange Elementary School District 102 in the Chicago area, in Illinois.
|
enwiki/42879465
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enwiki
| 42,879,465
|
Telluride School District
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluride_School_District
|
2025-04-06T03:37:48Z
|
en
|
Q17059381
| 106,696
|
{{Short description|Public school system in Colorado}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox school district
|name = Telluride School District R-1
|logo =
|motto =
|type = Public
|grades = PreK–12
|established = <!-- {{Start date|}} -->
|closed =
|region = [[San Miguel County, Colorado]]
|country = United States
|location =
|coordinates = {{Coord|37.9412|N|107.8195|W|dim:250_type:edu_region:US-CO|display=inline,title}}
|president =
|vice-president =
|superintendent =
|asst_superintendent =
|schools = 4
|budget =
|us_nces_district_id = {{NCES District ID|0806870|district_name=Telluride School District NO. R-1|access_date=May 29, 2014}}
|students = 752<ref name="nces_dist" />
|teachers = 62.05 (on [[full-time equivalent|FTE]] basis)<ref name="nces_dist" />
|staff =
|ratio = 12.12:1<ref name="nces_dist" />
|conference =
|website = {{URL|tellurideschool.org}}
}}
'''Telluride School District''' ('''TSD''') is a public school system in [[San Miguel County, Colorado|San Miguel County]] in southwest [[Colorado]]. It consists of four schools, Telluride Elementary, Intermediate, Middle and High.
==History==
{{expand section|date=July 2021}}
Kyle Schumacher became superintendent in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|last=Beaudin|first=Matthew|url=https://www.telluridenews.com/news/article_53e14fdb-d031-566c-a802-3ba5af868c6b.html|title=Schumacher takes the helm|newspaper=[[Telluride Daily Planet]]|date=2011-08-09|accessdate=2021-07-06}}</ref>
On June 30, 2015, he left his post so he could become a superintendent of the [[LaGrange Elementary School District 102]] in the Chicago area, in Illinois.<ref>{{cite web|last=Slosson|first=Mary|url=https://www.telluridenews.com/news/article_3e995057-c1ea-5c4c-8331-a5c138b69fe4.html|title=Telluride Superintendent Kyle Schumacher resigns|newspaper=[[Telluride Daily Planet]]|date=2014-12-21|accessdate=2021-07-06}}</ref>
==References==
<references />
*http://tellurideschool.org/
{{Colorado West Central region schools}}
{{School districts in Colorado}}
[[Category:San Miguel County, Colorado]]
[[Category:School districts in Colorado]]
{{Colorado-school-stub}}
| 1,284,189,543
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[{"title": "Location", "data": {"Location": "San Miguel County, Colorado United States", "Coordinates": "37\u00b056\u203228\u2033N 107\u00b049\u203210\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff37.9412\u00b0N 107.8195\u00b0W"}}, {"title": "District information", "data": {"Type": "Public", "Grades": "PreK\u201312", "Schools": "4", "NCES District ID": "0806870"}}, {"title": "Students and staff", "data": {"Students": "752", "Teachers": "62.05 (on FTE basis)", "Student\u2013teacher ratio": "12.12:1"}}, {"title": "Other information", "data": {"Website": "tellurideschool.org"}}]
| false
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# Jianjiapo
Jianjiapo Township (simplified Chinese: 蹇家坡乡; traditional Chinese: 蹇家坡鄉; pinyin: Jianjiapo Xiang) is a rural township in Sangzhi County, Zhangjiajie, Hunan Province, China.
## Administrative divisions
The township is divided into 13 villages, which include the following areas: Xipaohe Village, Leijiapo Village, Wangjiata Village, Xiaoqichi Village, Jianjiapo Village, Nanmenpo Village, Lumaoping Village, Yaochang Village, Lijia Village, Yanluojie Village, Yanyuan Village, Lao Village, and Zhaojiata Village (洗泡河村、雷家坡村、王家塔村、宵淇池村、蹇家坡村、南门坡村、芦茅坪村、药厂村、李家村、燕落界村、茶园村民委员会、老村、赵家塔村).
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| 40,543,062
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Jianjiapo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jianjiapo
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2025-04-06T13:06:35Z
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en
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Q14261604
| 41,018
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{{Infobox settlement
|name = Jianjiapo Township
|translit_lang1 = [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
|translit_lang1_type = [[Simplified Chinese character|Simplified]]
|translit_lang1_info = 蹇家坡乡
|translit_lang1_type1= [[Traditional Chinese character|Traditional]]
|translit_lang1_info1= 蹇家坡鄉
|translit_lang1_type2= [[Pinyin]]
|translit_lang1_info2= Jianjiapo Xiang
|settlement_type = township
|image_skyline = <!-- 照片 -->
|image_map =
|map_caption = Location of the county
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[China]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Province (China)|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Hunan]]
|subdivision_type2 = city <!-- 或[[Prefecture (China)|Prefecture]] -->
|subdivision_name2 = [[Zhangjiajie]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[County (People's Republic of China)|County]]<!-- 或 [[County-level city]] -->
|subdivision_name3 = [[Sangzhi County]]
|area_total_km2 = <!--总面积只需写数字，无需加单位-->
|population = <!--总人口-->
|population_as_of =
|population_density_km2= auto
|coordinates = {{coord|29|33|19|N|109|57|20|E|display=inline,title}}
|pushpin_map = China
|pushpin_label_position = top
|pushpin_map_caption= Location in China
|elevation_m = <!-- 海拔 -->
|timezone = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
|utc_offset = +8
|postal_code_type= [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
|postal_code = 427110
|area_code = 0744
|website =
}}
'''Jianjiapo Township''' ({{zh|s=蹇家坡乡|t=蹇家坡鄉|p=Jianjiapo Xiang}}) is a rural township in [[Sangzhi County]], [[Zhangjiajie]], [[Hunan Province]], [[China]].<ref name="fish">{{cite web|url=http://www.jiajienet.org/zjjgk/g/2010/01/13/220105793.html |script-title=zh:桑植县行政区划 |accessdate=2010-01-13 |publisher=张家界网 |language=Chinese |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923013638/http://www.jiajienet.org/zjjgk/g/2010/01/13/220105793.html |archivedate=2013-09-23 }}</ref>
==Administrative divisions==
The township is divided into 13 [[Villages of the People's Republic of China|village]]s, which include the following areas: Xipaohe Village, Leijiapo Village, Wangjiata Village, Xiaoqichi Village, Jianjiapo Village, Nanmenpo Village, Lumaoping Village, Yaochang Village, Lijia Village, Yanluojie Village, Yanyuan Village, Lao Village, and Zhaojiata Village (洗泡河村、雷家坡村、王家塔村、宵淇池村、蹇家坡村、南门坡村、芦茅坪村、药厂村、李家村、燕落界村、茶园村民委员会、老村、赵家塔村).<ref name="fish" />
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Hunan Sangzhi County divisions}}
[[Category:Former towns and townships of Sangzhi County]]
| 1,284,251,042
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[{"title": "Chinese transcription(s)", "data": {"\u2022 Simplified": "\u8e47\u5bb6\u5761\u4e61", "\u2022 Traditional": "\u8e47\u5bb6\u5761\u9109", "\u2022 Pinyin": "Jianjiapo Xiang", "Chinese transcription(s)": ["Jianjiapo TownshipLocation in China", "Coordinates: 29\u00b033\u203219\u2033N 109\u00b057\u203220\u2033E\ufeff / \ufeff29.55528\u00b0N 109.95556\u00b0E"], "Country": "China", "Province": "Hunan", "city": "Zhangjiajie", "County": "Sangzhi County", "Time zone": "UTC+8 (China Standard)", "Postal code": "427110", "Area code": "0744"}}]
| false
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# Alfredo De Vido
Alfredo De Vido (March 19, 1932 – March 19, 2025) was an architect and author in New York City. He is known for his residential projects, mostly constructed on the East Coast of the United States.
Born in Brooklyn to Edoardo and Maria De Vido, who had immigrated from Italy several years previously, De Vido studied at Carnegie Tech and Princeton University, including under Buckminster Fuller. His education was interrupted by service in the U.S. Navy, stationed at Atsugi Naval Air Station in Japan, and after completing his graduate degree, he worked for Walter Gropius in Rome, before returning to New York to join MacFadyen and Knowles. Eventually, that partnership split up, and De Vido joined MacFadyen as a partner. When MacFadyen retired, the firm continued as Alfredo De Vido & Associates.
His work also includes the 1993 renovation of the Queens Theatre in the Park, the theater that is now Filene Center at Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C., and the Mann Center for the Performing Arts (formerly Robin Hood Dell West) in Philadelphia.
Musician Mitch Miller hired him for the Green Briar development in the town of Somers, New York. De Vido's design work was part of the Weekend Utopia: The Modern Beach House on Eastern Long Island, 1960-1973, exhibition at Guild Hall in East Hampton. The book Alfredo De Vido (Ten Houses) by Michael J. Crosbie, Richard J. Wertheimer highlights some of his residential work.
De Vido was the architect for the renovation of the circular Theaterama at Queens Theatre in Park, originally part of Philip Johnson's New York State Pavilion for the 1964 World's Fair. The theatre was once decorated with the artworks including those of Andy Warhol and Robert Indiana. The circular theater was converted according to De Vido's plans into the 476-seat Queens Theater in the Park, a wonderful success according to Borough President Claire Shulman of Queens, who said she was an attendee at the 1939 World's Fair (held at the same site) as a little girl.
De Vido's addition of four floors to the Brinckerhoff Carriage House in 1992, a victorian architecture building, was somewhat controversial for destroying the mansard roof. The work was done for the Allen-Stevenson School.
## Projects
- Green Briar, a 237 home development in the town of Somers, New York, in Westchester[6][7]
- House in Delhi, New York[6]
- 54 Willow Street (design), a four-story residence[8]
- Sametz House in Garrison, New York[9]
- Solar House Plan No. 3[10]
- Community Church of Astoria addition, with David Cook
- Silver Sands Park renovation plan
- Minton House (1982/1983) [11]
- Wirth House (1975)
- Aksen House (1978/1979) Stamford, CT (11)
- Matthews House (East Hampton) (1967), East Hampton
- Duffy House, Wainscott New York (1991)
- De Vido House (1997), East Hampton
- Ross House (East Hampton) (1961), East Hampton for Hal Ross
- 3 White Pine Road (1986), East Hampton
- Ferguson House (Pound Ridge) (1983), Pound Ridge
- Boyle House (1982), Bernardsville, New Jersey
- David Allan House (1992), Saddle River, New Jersey
- Jonathan's Landing design (1985) Brooklyn, New York
- Haldinger House (1973) Winhall, Vermont
- Rafferty House (1973)
- Columbia County House (1978)
- Megerle House (1978) North Castle, New York, for Karl Mergerle
## Publications
- Alfredo De Vido: Selected and Current Works by Alfredo De Vido, Stephen Dobney Images Publishing, 1998 – 256 pages
A collection of residential projects that is part of the 'Master Architect Series'.
- Alfredo De Vido: Designing Your Client's House: An Architect's Guide to Meeting Design Goals and Budgets, Watson-Guptill, 1990 – 208 pages
- Alfredo De Vido: Innovative Management Techniques: For Architectural Design and Construction, Whitney Library of Design, 1984 – 207 pages
Features 45 richly illustrated, well-researched case studies of houses, stores, and public buildings, each chosen to provide a valuable example of skillful management.
- Alfredo De Vido: House Design : Art and Practice, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996 – 256 pages
House Design: Art and Practice is a step-by-step overview of all the nuts-and-bolts, human factors, and numerous intangibles that must be successfully orchestrated to produce a good house.
- Alfredo De Vido: Ten Houses, Rockport Publishers, 1998 – 108 pages
The Ten Houses series makes the most important elements of architectural design available to a large and varied audience. Each infinitely useful volume presents one of the world's foremost architects and features 10 of his or her finest residential works-including presentation, drawings, sketches, and working drawings.
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Alfredo De Vido
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_De_Vido
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2025-04-07T19:51:58Z
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en
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Q4723754
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'''Alfredo De Vido''' (March 19, 1932 – March 19, 2025) was an architect and author in [[New York City]].<ref>Karen Odom
[Going green: Smart design + smart construction = smart...] Jun 7, 2008 Page: G.1
Journal News (White Plains)</ref> He is known for his residential projects, mostly constructed on the East Coast of the United States.
Born in Brooklyn to Edoardo and Maria De Vido, who had immigrated from Italy several years previously, De Vido studied at Carnegie Tech and Princeton University, including under Buckminster Fuller. His education was interrupted by service in the U.S. Navy, stationed at Atsugi Naval Air Station in Japan, and after completing his graduate degree, he worked for Walter Gropius in Rome, before returning to New York to join MacFadyen and Knowles. Eventually, that partnership split up, and De Vido joined MacFadyen as a partner. When MacFadyen retired, the firm continued as Alfredo De Vido & Associates.
His work also includes the 1993 renovation of the [[Queens Theatre in the Park]], the theater that is now Filene Center at Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C., and the Mann Center for the Performing Arts (formerly Robin Hood Dell West) in Philadelphia.<ref>{{cite news|first=David W. |last=Dunlap |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/26/realestate/a-queens-park-s-past-shapes-its-future.html |title=A Queens Park's Past Shapes Its Future |date=August 26, 2001 |page=RS1 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 29, 2023}}</ref>
Musician [[Mitch Miller]] hired him for the [[Green Briar]] development in the town of [[Somers, New York]]. De Vido's design work was part of the ''Weekend Utopia: The Modern Beach House on Eastern Long Island, 1960-1973,'' exhibition at Guild Hall in East Hampton.<ref>{{cite news|first=Barbara |last=Delatiner |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/20/nyregion/when-beach-houses-changed-east-end.html |title=When Beach Houses Changed East End |date=June 20, 1999 |page=LI11 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 29, 2023}}</ref> The book ''Alfredo De Vido (Ten Houses)'' by Michael J. Crosbie, Richard J. Wertheimer highlights some of his residential work.
De Vido was the architect for the renovation of the circular Theaterama at Queens Theatre in Park, originally part of [[Philip Johnson]]'s [[New York State Pavilion]] for the [[1964 World's Fair]]. The theatre was once decorated with the artworks including those of [[Andy Warhol]] and [[Robert Indiana]]. The circular theater was converted according to De Vido's plans into the 476-seat Queens Theater in the Park, a ''wonderful success'' according to Borough President [[Claire Shulman]] of Queens, who said she was an attendee at the [[1939 World's Fair]] (held at the same site) as a little girl.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/26/realestate/a-queens-park-s-past-shapes-its-future.html?pagewanted=3&src=pm A Queens Park's Past Shapes Its Future] August 26, 2001 New York Times</ref>
De Vido's addition of four floors to the [[Brinckerhoff Carriage House]] in 1992, a [[victorian architecture]] building, was somewhat controversial for destroying the [[mansard roof]]. The work was done for the [[Allen-Stevenson School]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/29/realestate/streetscapes-the-brinckerhoff-carriage-house-the-end-for-a-victorian-gem.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm Streetscapes: The Brinckerhoff Carriage House; The End for a Victorian Gem] November 29, 1992 New York Times</ref>
==Projects==
*[[Green Briar]], a 237 home development in the town of [[Somers, New York]], in [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester]]<ref name=green>{{cite news|first=Alan S. |last=Oser |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/18/business/real-estate-builders-plan-237-homes-in-northern-westchester.html |title=Builders Plan 237 Homes in Northern Westchester |date=September 18, 1981 |page=B8 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 29, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Betsy |last=Brown |title=1,200 Town Houses Proposed for Cortlandt – County May Put In Roads or Sewers to Assist Project |date=March 25, 1984 |page=RS10 |work=The New York Times }}</ref>
* House in [[Delhi (town), New York|Delhi, New York]]<ref name=green/>
* 54 Willow Street (design), a four-story residence<ref>{{cite news|first=Shawn G. |last=Kennedy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/13/realestate/postings-new-echoes-old.html |title=New Echoes Old |date=May 13, 1984 |page=RS1 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 29, 2023}}</ref>
* [[Sametz House]] in [[Garrison, New York]]<ref>Awards Announced Sep 21, 1980 New York Times</ref>
* Solar House Plan No. 3<ref>Margaret Tuck [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zx0fAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IacEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2772,7936942&dq=alfredo+de+vido&hl=en A beautiful, practical book on living with solar energy] June 27, 1981, page D2 Anchorage Daily News</ref>
*Community Church of Astoria addition, with [[David Cook (architect)|David Cook]]
*[[Silver Sands Park]] renovation plan
*[[Minton House]] (1982/1983) <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lMtqMnaafXoC&pg=PA252 Alfredo De Vido]</ref>
*[[Wirth House]] (1975)
*Aksen House (1978/1979) Stamford, CT (11)
*[[Matthews House (East Hampton)]] (1967), East Hampton
*[[Duffy House]], [[Wainscott New York]] (1991)
*[[De Vido House]] (1997), East Hampton
*[[Ross House (East Hampton)]] (1961), East Hampton for [[Hal Ross]]
*3 White Pine Road (1986), East Hampton
*[[Ferguson House (Pound Ridge)]] (1983), [[Pound Ridge]]
*[[Boyle House]] (1982), [[Bernardsville]], New Jersey
*[[David Allan House]] (1992), [[Saddle River, New Jersey]]
*Jonathan's Landing design (1985) Brooklyn, New York
*[[Haldinger House]] (1973) [[Winhall, Vermont]]
*[[Rafferty House]] (1973)
*[[Columbia County House]] (1978)
*[[Megerle House]] (1978) [[North Castle, New York]], for [[Karl Mergerle]]
==Publications==
*Alfredo De Vido: Selected and Current Works by Alfredo De Vido, Stephen Dobney Images Publishing, 1998 – 256 pages
A collection of residential projects that is part of the 'Master Architect Series'.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lMtqMnaafXoC&pg=PA252 Alfredo De Vido]</ref>
* Alfredo De Vido: Designing Your Client's House: An Architect's Guide to Meeting Design Goals and Budgets, Watson-Guptill, 1990 – 208 pages
* Alfredo De Vido: Innovative Management Techniques: For Architectural Design and Construction, Whitney Library of Design, 1984 – 207 pages
Features 45 richly illustrated, well-researched case studies of houses, stores, and public buildings, each chosen to provide a valuable example of skillful management.
* Alfredo De Vido: House Design : Art and Practice, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996 – 256 pages
House Design: Art and Practice is a step-by-step overview of all the nuts-and-bolts, human factors, and numerous intangibles that must be successfully orchestrated to produce a good house.
* Alfredo De Vido: Ten Houses, Rockport Publishers, 1998 – 108 pages
The Ten Houses series makes the most important elements of architectural design available to a large and varied audience. Each infinitely useful volume presents one of the world's foremost architects and features 10 of his or her finest residential works-including presentation, drawings, sketches, and working drawings.
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:De Vido, Alfredo}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Architects from New York City]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
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# Fall of Turbessel
The Fall of Turbessel occurred in 1151 when the Turks seized Turbessel as well as other possessions that Joscelin II had just ceded to the Byzantines.
Following the fall of Edessa, Joscelin I] made Turbessel his new capital. He was taken captive by Nur ad-Din Zengi in 1150 and his wife, Beatrice de Saone took over; however, she was forced to cede Turbessel and other possessions to the Byzantines.
In the spring of 1151 Nur ad-Din allied with Mesud and invaded the Byzantine territories, joined by Timurtash and Kara Arslan. The Byzantine garrisons were unable to resist the attacks and as a result Timurtash now ruled in Bira, Samosata, Cafersoud, Khourous and Qal’at ar-Rum, Mesud in Aintab and Duluk and Nur ad-Din in Azaz, Cyrrhus, Krak des Chevaliers, Tall-Khalid, Ravendan, Hisn Kerzin and Nahr al-Djauz. As well as Turbessel, Burj-ar-risas and Kafarlatha also fell to the Turks.
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{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Fall of Turbessel
| image =
| caption =
| partof =
| date = 1151
| place = [[Turbessel]]
| result = Muslim victory
| combatant1 = [[Zengid dynasty|Zengids]]<br>[[Sultanate of Rum]]<br>[[Artuqids]]
| combatant2 = [[Byzantine Empire]]
| commander1 = [[Nur ad-Din Zengi]]<br>[[Mesud I]]<br>[[Kara Arslan]]
| commander2 = [[Manuel I Komnenos]]
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown
}}
{{Campaignbox Byzantine-Seljuk War}}
{{Campaignbox Zengid-Crusader War}}
The '''Fall of Turbessel''' occurred in 1151 when the Turks seized [[Turbessel]] as well as other possessions that [[Joscelin II, Count of Edessa|Joscelin II]] had just ceded to the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]].<ref name=Nicholson>Nicholson, Robert Lawrence. [https://books.google.com/books?id=R9QUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA26 Joscelyn III and the Fall of the Crusader States 1134-1199.] Netherlands: Brill, 1973.</ref><ref name=Eydoux>Eydoux, Henri Paul. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/bulmo_0007-473x_1981_num_139_4_6014 "Le château franc de Turbessel."] Bulletin Monumental 139, no. 4 (1981): 229-232.</ref>
Following the fall of Edessa, Joscelin I] made Turbessel his new capital.<ref name=Eydoux /> He was taken captive by [[Nur ad-Din (died 1174)|Nur ad-Din Zengi]] in 1150 and his wife, Beatrice de Saone took over; however, she was forced to cede Turbessel and other possessions to the Byzantines.<ref name=Eydoux /><ref>Altan, Ebru. [https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/102244 "Nur Al-Din Mahmud B. Zangi (1146-1174): One Of The Prominent Leaders Of The Struggle Against The Crusaders."] Tarih Dergisi 59 (2014): 57-78.</ref>
In the spring of 1151 Nur ad-Din allied with [[Mesud I|Mesud]] and invaded the Byzantine territories, joined by Timurtash and [[Kara Arslan]].<ref name=Nicholson /> The Byzantine garrisons were unable to resist the attacks and as a result Timurtash now ruled in Bira, Samosata, Cafersoud, Khourous and Qal’at ar-Rum, Mesud in Aintab and Duluk and Nur ad-Din in Azaz, Cyrrhus, Krak des Chevaliers, Tall-Khalid, Ravendan, Hisn Kerzin and Nahr al-Djauz.<ref name=Nicholson /> As well as Turbessel, Burj-ar-risas and Kafarlatha also fell to the Turks.<ref name=Nicholson />
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Battles involving the Seljuk Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Zengid dynasty]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Sultanate of Rum]]
| 1,283,891,327
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[{"title": "Fall of Turbessel", "data": {"Date": "1151", "Location": "Turbessel", "Result": "Muslim victory"}}, {"title": "Belligerents", "data": {"Zengids \u00b7 Sultanate of Rum \u00b7 Artuqids": "Byzantine Empire"}}, {"title": "Commanders and leaders", "data": {"Nur ad-Din Zengi \u00b7 Mesud I \u00b7 Kara Arslan": "Manuel I Komnenos"}}, {"title": "Strength", "data": {"Unknown": "Unknown"}}, {"title": "Casualties and losses", "data": {"Unknown": "Unknown"}}]
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# Conservation in Uganda
Conservation in Uganda is the protection and sustainable use of the country's rich natural resources. It became a significant movement during the British colonial period in the early 20th century and continues to play a major role in Uganda's political economy, as it underpins the tourism industry which accounts for 23.5% of the country's exports.
Uganda's 60 conservation protected areas harbor populations of numerous critically endangered species.
## History of conservation
### British Protectorate (1894–1962)
Active concerted management of wildlife in the Uganda Protectorate began in 1923 with the formation of the Elephant Control Department. The object of this organization was to reduce the damage to peasant agriculture by limiting the size and range of elephant populations. Culling programs killed an average of 1,000 elephants per year.
## National organizations
### Pro-Biodiversity Conservationists in Uganda
Pro-Biodiversity Conservationists in Uganda (PROBICOU) (founded in 1999 and registered in November 2000) is a Uganda based not for profit organization which aims at environmental preservation and protection, biodiversity conservation and implementation of sustainable development principles in the country. PROBICOU was incorporated on 14 December 2007, under the Companies Act, Laws of Uganda as a Public Limited Company without Share Capital.
## International agencies
### Wildlife Conservation Society
In 2015, the published results of the "Great Elephant Census", an aerial survey undertaken by the WCS along with the UWA, indicated that the number of African bush elephants has increased by almost 600 percent from a low of 700 to 800 individuals in the 1980s up to 5,000 individuals. The survey was conducted in Queen Elizabeth National Park (2,913 elephants), Murchison Falls National Park (1,330 elephants), and Kidepo Valley National Park (656 elephants). The survey did not include protected areas with elephant populations like Kibale National Park, Rwenzori Mountains National Park, Semliki National Park, and the Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve as well as closed canopy areas like the Maramagambo forest within Queen Elizabeth National Park and the Kaniyo Pabidi forest within Murchison Falls National Park.
## Wildlife
Uganda is home to a vast number of species, including a population of mountain gorillas in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, gorillas and golden monkeys in the Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, and hippos in the Murchison Falls National Park.
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{{Short description|none}}
[[File:USAID Measuring Impact Conservation Enterprise Retrospective (Uganda; International Gorilla Conservation Program) (38483701840).jpg|thumb|Signage for a cultural tourism walk, near the [[International Gorilla Conservation Programme]]]]
'''Conservation in Uganda''' is the protection and sustainable use of the country's rich natural resources. It became a significant movement during the [[Uganda Protectorate|British colonial period]] in the early 20th century and continues to play a major role in Uganda's political economy, as it underpins the tourism industry which accounts for 23.5% of the country's exports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Tourism? |url=https://www.tourism.go.ug/why-tourism |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=tourismuganda |language=en}}</ref>
[[Uganda]]'s 60 [[List of Protected Areas in Uganda|conservation protected areas]] harbor populations of numerous [[Critically Endangered|critically endangered species]].
==History of conservation==
=== British Protectorate (1894–1962) ===
Active concerted management of wildlife in the Uganda Protectorate began in 1923 with the formation of the Elephant Control Department. The object of this organization was to reduce the damage to peasant agriculture by limiting the size and range of elephant populations. Culling programs killed an average of 1,000 elephants per year.{{sfn|Meredith|2009|page=126}}
==National organizations==
===Pro-Biodiversity Conservationists in Uganda===
Pro-Biodiversity Conservationists in Uganda (PROBICOU) (founded in 1999 and registered in November 2000) is a [[Uganda]] based [[Nonprofit organization|not for profit organization]] which aims at [[environmental preservation]] and protection, [[biodiversity]] conservation and implementation of sustainable development principles in the country.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=.::PROBICOU::. |url=https://probicou.org/about.html |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=probicou.org}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Pro-biodiversity Conservationists in Uganda (PROBICOU) {{!}} GivingWay |url=https://www.givingway.com/organization/probiodiversity-conservationists-in-ugandaprobicou |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=www.givingway.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Schwarte 2008 p. 24">{{cite book | last=Schwarte | first=C. | title=Access to Environmental Information in Uganda | publisher=FIELD | year=2008 | isbn=978-1-84369-708-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-8KF-xv4iZUC&pg=PA24 | access-date=2022-09-29 | page=24}}</ref> PROBICOU was incorporated on 14 December 2007, under the Companies Act, Laws of Uganda as a Public Limited Company without Share Capital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro-Biodiversity Conservationists in Uganda (PROBICOU) {{!}} PCLG |url=https://www.povertyandconservation.info/en/org/o0367#:~:text=PROBICOU%20is%20a%20non-profit,governmental%20organisation%27s%201998%20registration%20statute. |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.povertyandconservation.info}}</ref>
==International agencies==
===Wildlife Conservation Society===
[[Image:Gorill3.jpg|thumb|250px|An endangered [[mountain gorilla]]]]
[[File:Flower - Uganda 07.jpg|thumb|Flower specie in Uganda]]
In 2015, the published results of the "[[Great Elephant Census]]", an aerial survey undertaken by the WCS along with the UWA, indicated that the number of [[African bush elephants]] has increased by almost 600 percent from a low of 700 to 800 individuals in the 1980s up to 5,000 individuals. The survey was conducted in [[Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (2,913 elephants), [[Murchison Falls National Park]] (1,330 elephants), and [[Kidepo Valley National Park]] (656 elephants). The survey did not include protected areas with elephant populations like [[Kibale National Park]], [[Rwenzori Mountains National Park]], [[Semliki National Park]], and the [[Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve]] as well as closed canopy areas like the [[Maramagambo Forest|Maramagambo forest]] within Queen Elizabeth National Park and the Kaniyo Pabidi forest within Murchison Falls National Park.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uganda’s Elephants Increasing in Number |url=https://newsroom.wcs.org/News-Releases/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/6761/Ugandas-Elephants-Increasing-in-Number.aspx |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=newsroom.wcs.org |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Wildlife==
Uganda is home to a vast number of species, including a population of [[mountain gorillas]] in the [[Bwindi Impenetrable National Park]], gorillas and [[golden monkey]]s in the [[Mgahinga Gorilla National Park]], and [[hippo]]s in the Murchison Falls National Park.<ref>{{cite book|title=Watching Wildlife: East Africa, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda|year=2009|publisher=Lonely Planet}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[List of Protected Areas in Uganda]]
* [[National Cultural Sites of Uganda]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book
| publisher = PublicAffairs
| isbn = 9780786728381
| last = Meredith
| first = Martin
| title = Elephant Destiny: Biography of an Endangered Species in Africa
| date = 2009-04-27
}}
*{{Cite web
| author = Wildlife Conservation Society
| title = Uganda
| year = 2012
| access-date = 2012-08-05
| url = http://www.wcs.org/international/Africa/uganda
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090207134947/http://www.wcs.org/international/Africa/uganda
| archive-date = 2009-02-07
| url-status = dead
}}
*{{Cite web
| author = International Trade Centre
| title = Trade Map
| year = 2011
| access-date = 2012-08-05
| url = http://www.trademap.org/tradestat/Service_SelCountry_TS.aspx
}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
* James Kalema; Henk Beentje. (2012). ''Conservation checklist of the trees of Uganda.'' Richmond, Surrey, UK : Kew Pub. {{ISBN|9781842463772}}
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070520063432/http://www.wcs.org/international/Africa/uganda www.wcs.org]
{{Protected Areas of Uganda}}
{{Uganda topics}}
{{World topic|prefix=Conservation in|title=Conservation by country|link_Thailand=Thailand#Biodiversity_and_conservation|noredlinks=y}}{{conservation of species|state=expanded}}
[[Category:Nature conservation in Uganda| ]]
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# Obscure (video game)
Obscure (stylized as ObsCure) is a survival horror video game developed by Hydravision Entertainment and published by DreamCatcher Interactive in North America, Ubisoft in China and MC2-Microïds in other territories for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2 and Xbox. It was released on September 30, 2004, in Australia, October 1, 2004, in Europe, and on April 6, 2005 in North America.
## Synopsis
### Characters and setting
Obscure follows five students of Leafmore High School as they investigate strange happenings, with players being able to control one at a time while the others are controlled by a computer or second player. The playable students are Josh Carter (voiced by Sam Riegel), a shy and reserved reporter for the school paper who can determine if there are unfinished tasks in an area; Stanley "Stan" Jones (voiced by Scott Haze); a drug addict, thief, and hacker as well as a friend of Josh and Kenny who can pick locks and break into rooms more easily than the other characters; varsity athlete Kenny Matthews (voiced by Liam O'Brien); Shannon Matthews (voiced by Stephanie Sheh), Kenny's intelligent younger sister who provides tips to solve puzzles more quickly, heal the others, and recover more health with normal health items; and Ashley Thompson (voiced by Tara Platt), Kenny's cheerleader girlfriend who is more proficient with weaponry than the others. While investigating Leafmore, the students encounter Principal Herbert Friedman, who kidnaps students to turn them into monsters; Dan, a student and one of his test subjects; school nurse and Friedman's accomplice Elisabeth Wickson; teacher Professor Walden; and Herbert's mutated twin brother and Elisabeth's husband Leonard.
### Plot
Upon learning their friend Kenny has gone missing, Josh, Stan, Shannon, and Ashley set out to find him. However, their search leads to them being locked in Leafmore High overnight. While searching the campus, they are attacked by photosensitive monsters that can be weakened with flashlights and killed by direct sunlight. Meanwhile, Kenny encounters a fellow student named Dan. They attempt to escape together, but Dan is killed by one of the monsters.
The students eventually discover a conspiracy surrounding Principal Friedman, who has been kidnapping students and infecting them with spores derived from a rare African plant called Mortifilia under the belief that it will allow them to live forever. Additionally, they learn that Herbert and his accomplice Elisabeth are over 100 years old despite appearing in their 60s after successfully experimenting on each other. Along the way, the students become exposed to the spores while Herbert is killed by Professor Walden, who seeks to cure himself of his infection. Upon seeing this, Herbert's brother Leonard grows enraged, kills Walden, and mutates into a large, monstrous form, only to be defeated by the students. The group return to the gym to inject themselves with a cure. Though Leonard returns to attack them, they defeat him once more and leave him to die in the sunlight.
## Gameplay
Obscure has a two-player cooperative mode that allows the player to complete the campaign with a friend. The game also allows players to combine items, for example taping a flashlight to any firearm. Some critics, including X-Play, have stated that this was the only redeeming quality, and mocked id's Doom 3 for not implementing such a concept.
While each character has special abilities, none of them are necessary to complete the game. Each character can perform the same physical acts even if it takes some characters longer and/or more effort than others. If any characters die during the adventure, the player may simply continue with those remaining.
## Reception
| Aggregator | Score | Score | Score |
| Aggregator | PC | PS2 | Xbox |
| ---------- | ------ | ------ | ------ |
| Metacritic | 63/100 | 65/100 | 66/100 |
| Publication | Score | Score | Score |
| Publication | PC | PS2 | Xbox |
| ---------------------------------- | ------ | ------ | ------ |
| Eurogamer | N/A | N/A | 7/10 |
| Game Informer | N/A | 6/10 | 6/10 |
| GameSpot | 6.1/10 | 6.4/10 | 6.4/10 |
| GameSpy | N/A | [ 10 ] | [ 11 ] |
| GameZone | 6.7/10 | 6/10 | 6.7/10 |
| IGN | N/A | 7.6/10 | 7.6/10 |
| Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine | N/A | [ 16 ] | N/A |
| Official Xbox Magazine (US) | N/A | N/A | 5.5/10 |
| PC Gamer (US) | 78% | N/A | N/A |
| Detroit Free Press | N/A | [ 19 ] | N/A |
| The Sydney Morning Herald | [ 20 ] | [ 20 ] | [ 20 ] |
The game received "mixed or average reviews" on all platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.
## Sequels and future
Obscure II takes place two years later. The kids who survived are now at college living normal lives. They discover a strange plant on campus and things start going awry. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, Wii and PlayStation Portable. The franchise was abruptly halted due to the closure of Hydravision Entertainment, who had intended to do a sequel and possibly a prequel.
A third entry was announced in 2011. However, the following year, its developer, Hydravision Entertainment closed. While a group of developers formed a new company, Mighty Rocket Studio, decided to continue work on the game, the change of direction to more non-horror action-oriented gameplay caused them rename the game to Final Exam (2013).
In 2014, a high definition remaster of Obscure and its sequel was re-released on Steam featuring Steam achievements, leaderboards and community support. This version of Obscure removed music from Sum 41 due to the rights being lost.
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{{Short description|2004 video game}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Obscure
| image = Obscure cover.jpg
| caption = North American PC cover art
| developer = Hydravision Entertainment
| publisher = {{Video game release|EU|[[MC2-Microïds]]|NA|[[DreamCatcher Interactive]]}}
| designer = Emmanuel Horrent
| programmer = Lionel Fumery
| artist = Anthony Lejeune
| composer = [[Olivier Deriviere]]
| engine = [[RenderWare]]
| platforms = {{Unbulleted list|[[PlayStation 2]]|[[Windows]]|[[Xbox (console)|Xbox]]}}
| released = {{Video game release|AU|September 30, 2004<ref>{{Cite web |last=van Leuveren |first=Luke |date=September 27, 2004 |title=Updated Australian Release List - 27/09/04 |url=http://www.palgn.com.au/article.php?id=1601 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060910155450/http://www.palgn.com.au/article.php?id=1601 |archive-date=September 10, 2006 |access-date=July 23, 2024 |website=PALGN}}</ref>|EU|October 1, 2004|NA|April 6, 2005}}
| genre = [[Survival horror]]
| modes = [[Single-player]], [[multiplayer]]
}}
'''''Obscure''''' (stylized as '''''ObsCure''''') is a [[survival horror]] [[video game]] developed by Hydravision Entertainment and published by [[DreamCatcher Interactive]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.gamespot.com/news/6121776.html |title=DreamCatcher Ships Obscure in North America |publisher=[[GameSpot]] |date=April 6, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930095842/http://uk.gamespot.com/news/6121776.html |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |url-status=dead |access-date=December 3, 2016}}</ref> in North America, [[Ubisoft]] in China and [[MC2-Microïds]] in other territories for [[Microsoft Windows]], [[PlayStation 2]] and [[Xbox (console)|Xbox]]. It was released on September 30, 2004, in Australia, October 1, 2004, in Europe, and on April 6, 2005 in North America.
==Synopsis==
===Characters and setting===
''Obscure'' follows five students of Leafmore High School as they investigate strange happenings, with players being able to control one at a time while the others are controlled by a computer or second player. The playable students are '''Josh Carter''' (voiced by [[Sam Riegel]]), a shy and reserved reporter for the school paper who can determine if there are unfinished tasks in an area; '''Stanley "Stan" Jones''' (voiced by [[Scott Haze]]); a drug addict, thief, and hacker as well as a friend of Josh and Kenny who can pick locks and break into rooms more easily than the other characters; varsity athlete '''Kenny Matthews''' (voiced by [[Liam O'Brien]]); '''Shannon Matthews''' (voiced by [[Stephanie Sheh]]), Kenny's intelligent younger sister who provides tips to solve puzzles more quickly, heal the others, and recover more health with normal health items; and '''Ashley Thompson''' (voiced by [[Tara Platt]]), Kenny's cheerleader girlfriend who is more proficient with weaponry than the others. While investigating Leafmore, the students encounter Principal Herbert Friedman, who kidnaps students to turn them into monsters; '''Dan''', a student and one of his test subjects; school nurse and Friedman's accomplice Elisabeth Wickson; teacher Professor Walden; and Herbert's mutated twin brother and Elisabeth's husband Leonard.
===Plot===
Upon learning their friend Kenny has gone missing, Josh, Stan, Shannon, and Ashley set out to find him. However, their search leads to them being locked in Leafmore High overnight. While searching the campus, they are attacked by photosensitive monsters that can be weakened with flashlights and killed by direct sunlight. Meanwhile, Kenny encounters a fellow student named Dan. They attempt to escape together, but Dan is killed by one of the monsters.
The students eventually discover a conspiracy surrounding Principal Friedman, who has been kidnapping students and infecting them with spores derived from a rare African plant called Mortifilia under the belief that it will allow them to live forever. Additionally, they learn that Herbert and his accomplice Elisabeth are over 100 years old despite appearing in their 60s after successfully experimenting on each other. Along the way, the students become exposed to the spores while Herbert is killed by Professor Walden, who seeks to cure himself of his infection. Upon seeing this, Herbert's brother Leonard grows enraged, kills Walden, and mutates into a large, monstrous form, only to be defeated by the students. The group return to the gym to inject themselves with a cure. Though Leonard returns to attack them, they defeat him once more and leave him to die in the sunlight.
==Gameplay==
''Obscure'' has a two-player cooperative mode that allows the player to complete the campaign with a friend. The game also allows players to combine items, for example taping a [[flashlight]] to any [[firearm]]. Some critics, including ''[[X-Play]]'', have stated that this was the only redeeming quality, and mocked [[id Software|id]]'s ''[[Doom 3]]'' for not implementing such a concept.
While each character has special abilities, none of them are necessary to complete the game. Each character can perform the same physical acts even if it takes some characters longer and/or more effort than others. If any characters die during the adventure, the player may simply continue with those remaining.
==Reception==
{{Video game reviews
| PC = true
| PS2 = true
| XBOX = true
| na = true
| CWG_PC = {{Rating|2.5|5}}<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Cook |first=Denice |url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/issues/cgw_253.pdf |title=Obscure |magazine=[[Computer Gaming World]] |issue=253 |date=July–August 2005 |page=88 |access-date=December 3, 2016 |archive-date=October 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002232705/http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/issues/cgw_253.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| EuroG_XBOX = 7/10<ref>{{cite web |last=Reed |first=Kristan |date=September 29, 2004 |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_obscure_x |title=Obscure (Xbox) |publisher=[[Eurogamer]] |access-date=December 3, 2016 |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220042905/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_obscure_x |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GI_PS2 = 6/10<ref name=GI>{{cite magazine |last=Mason |first=Lisa |url=http://www.gameinformer.com/NR/exeres/05665907-0964-46FA-9F1F-46C0A7425CBF.htm? |title=Obscure (PS2, Xbox) |magazine=[[Game Informer]] |issue=146 |date=June 2005 |page=127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409183809/http://www.gameinformer.com/NR/exeres/05665907-0964-46FA-9F1F-46C0A7425CBF.htm |archive-date=April 9, 2008 |url-status=dead |access-date=December 3, 2016 }}</ref>
| GI_XBOX = 6/10<ref name=GI/>
| GSpot_PC = 6.1/10<ref>{{cite news |last=Todd |first=Brett |date=April 19, 2005 |url=http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/obscure-review/1900-6122538/ |title=Obscure Review (PC) |newspaper=GameSpot |access-date=December 3, 2016}}</ref>
| GSpot_PS2 = 6.4/10<ref name=GSpot>{{cite web |last=Todd |first=Brett |date=April 19, 2005 |url=http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/obscure-review/1900-6122542/ |title=Obscure Review (PS2, Xbox) |publisher=GameSpot |access-date=December 3, 2016 |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409005219/http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/obscure-review/1900-6122542/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GSpot_XBOX = 6.4/10<ref name=GSpot/>
| GSpy_PS2 = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Hodgson |first=David |date=March 28, 2005 |url=http://ps2.gamespy.com/playstation-2/obscure/599342p1.html |title=GameSpy: Obscure (PS2) |publisher=[[GameSpy]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051216060443/http://ps2.gamespy.com/playstation-2/obscure/599342p1.html |archive-date=December 16, 2005 |url-status=dead |access-date=December 3, 2016}}</ref>
| GSpy_XBOX = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Hodgson |first=David |date=March 28, 2005 |url=http://xbox.gamespy.com/xbox/obscure/599344p1.html |title=GameSpy: Obscure (Xbox) |publisher=GameSpy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051218075733/http://xbox.gamespy.com/xbox/obscure/599344p1.html |archive-date=December 18, 2005 |url-status=dead |access-date=December 3, 2016}}</ref>
| GameZone_PC = 6.7/10<ref>{{cite web |author=Aceinet |date=April 17, 2005 |url=http://www.gamezone.com/reviews/obscure_pc_review |title=Obscure - PC - Review |publisher=GameZone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002085323/http://pc.gamezone.com/gzreviews/r25611.htm |archive-date=October 2, 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=December 3, 2016}}</ref>
| GameZone_PS2 = 6/10<ref>{{cite web |last=Bedigian |first=Louis |date=April 24, 2005 |url=http://www.gamezone.com/reviews/obscure_ps2_review |title=Obscure - PS2 - Review |publisher=GameZone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005182534/http://ps2.gamezone.com/gzreviews/r25611.htm |archive-date=October 5, 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=December 3, 2016}}</ref>
| GameZone_XBOX = 6.7/10<ref>{{cite web |last=David |first=Mike |date=April 13, 2005 |url=http://www.gamezone.com/reviews/obscure_xb_review |title=Obscure - XB - Review |publisher=GameZone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513232841/http://xbox.gamezone.com/gzreviews/r25611.htm |archive-date=May 13, 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=December 3, 2016}}</ref>
| IGN_PS2 = 7.6/10<ref name=IGN>{{cite web |last=Dunham |first=Jeremy |date=April 6, 2005 |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2005/04/07/obscure |title=Obscure (PS2, Xbox) |publisher=[[IGN]] |access-date=December 3, 2016 |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220214820/http://www.ign.com/articles/2005/04/07/obscure |url-status=live }}</ref>
| IGN_XBOX = 7.6/10<ref name=IGN/>
| OPM_PS2 = {{Rating|2|5}}<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Obscure |magazine=[[Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine]] |date=June 2005 |page=95}}</ref>
| OXM_XBOX = 5.5/10<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Obscure |magazine=[[Official Xbox Magazine]] |date=June 2005 |page=81}}</ref>
| PCGUS_PC = 78%<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Obscure |magazine=[[PC Gamer]] |date=July 2005 |page=62}}</ref>
| rev1 = ''[[Detroit Free Press]]''
| rev1_PS2 = {{Rating|2|4}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Huschka |first1=Ryan |last2=Newman |first2=Heather |last3=Gardner |first3=Omari |date=May 15, 2005 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/436569739 |title=RECENT VIDEO GAME RELEASES |newspaper=[[Detroit Free Press]] |access-date=December 3, 2016 |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220070701/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/doc/436569739.html |id={{ProQuest|436569739}} |url-status=live }}</ref>
| rev2 = ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]''
| rev2_PC = {{Rating|3.5|5}}<ref name=Sydney>{{cite news |last=Ring |first=Bennett |date=November 6, 2004 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/Games/Great-concept/2004/11/05/1099547379887.html |title=Great concept |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |access-date=December 3, 2016}}</ref>
| rev2_PS2 = {{Rating|3.5|5}}<ref name=Sydney/>
| rev2_XBOX = {{Rating|3.5|5}}<ref name=Sydney/>
| MC_PC = 63/100<ref name=MCPC>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/obscure-2005/critic-reviews/?platform=pc |title=Obscure for PC Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=December 3, 2016 |archive-date=March 22, 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250322153522/https://www.metacritic.com/game/obscure-2005/critic-reviews/?platform=pc |url-status=live }}</ref>
| MC_PS2 = 65/100<ref name=MCPS2>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/obscure-2005/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-2 |title=Obscure for PlayStation 2 Reviews |publisher=Metacritic |access-date=December 3, 2016 |archive-date=March 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250322153525/https://www.metacritic.com/game/obscure-2005/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| MC_XBOX = 66/100<ref name=MCXB>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/obscure-2005/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox |title=Obscure for Xbox Reviews |publisher=Metacritic |access-date=December 3, 2016}}</ref>
}}
The game received "mixed or average reviews" on all platforms according to the [[Review aggregator|review aggregation]] website [[Metacritic]].<ref name=MCPC/><ref name=MCPS2/><ref name=MCXB/>
{{clear}}
==Sequels and future==
{{Main|Obscure II}}
''Obscure II'' takes place two years later. The kids who survived are now at college living normal lives. They discover a strange plant on campus and things start going awry. The game was released for [[Microsoft Windows]], [[PlayStation 2]], [[Wii]] and [[PlayStation Portable]]. The franchise was abruptly halted due to the closure of Hydravision Entertainment, who had intended to do a sequel and possibly a prequel.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
A third entry was announced in 2011. However, the following year, its developer, Hydravision Entertainment closed. While a group of developers formed a new company, Mighty Rocket Studio, decided to continue work on the game, the change of direction to more non-horror action-oriented gameplay caused them rename the game to ''[[Final Exam (video game)|Final Exam]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://gamerant.com/canceled-3ds-games/#obscure-d | title=10 Canceled 3DS Games You Forgot Existed | date=6 November 2020 | access-date=16 October 2023 | archive-date=1 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701123716/https://gamerant.com/canceled-3ds-games/#obscure-d | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gamereactor.eu/the-story-of-final-exam-obscure-wasnt-a-good-name-any-more/ | title=The story of Final Exam: "Obscure wasn't a good name any more" | date=21 October 2013 | access-date=16 October 2023 | archive-date=19 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019160324/https://www.gamereactor.eu/the-story-of-final-exam-obscure-wasnt-a-good-name-any-more/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2014, a high definition remaster of Obscure and its sequel was re-released on Steam featuring Steam achievements, leaderboards and community support. This version of ''Obscure'' removed music from [[Sum 41]] due to the rights being lost.{{CN|date=October 2023}}{{clarification needed|The article doesn't even mention they were in the game to begin with, and then out of the blue mention they've been removed?|date=October 2023}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Portal||Video games|Horror|2000s}}
* {{official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20110526054328/http://www.microids.com/en/catalogue/34/obscure.html}} at [[MC2-Microïds|Microids]]<small> (archived from the [http://www.microids.com/en/catalogue/34/obscure.html original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526054328/http://www.microids.com/en/catalogue/34/obscure.html |date=2011-05-26 }})</small>
* {{MobyGames|id=/obscure}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Obscure (Video Game)}}
[[Category:2000s horror video games]]
[[Category:2004 video games]]
[[Category:Cooperative video games]]
[[Category:DreamCatcher Interactive games]]
[[Category:High school-themed video games]]
[[Category:Hydravision Entertainment games]]
[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 2 games]]
[[Category:RenderWare games]]
[[Category:Survival horror video games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in France]]
[[Category:Video games featuring female protagonists]]
[[Category:Video games scored by Olivier Deriviere]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Xbox games]]
| 1,284,119,429
|
[{"title": "Obscure", "data": {"Developer(s)": "Hydravision Entertainment", "Publisher(s)": "- EU: MC2-Micro\u00efds - NA: DreamCatcher Interactive", "Director(s)": "- Desmond Oku", "Designer(s)": "Emmanuel Horrent", "Programmer(s)": "Lionel Fumery", "Artist(s)": "Anthony Lejeune", "Composer(s)": "Olivier Deriviere", "Engine": "RenderWare", "Platform(s)": "- PlayStation 2 - Windows - Xbox", "Release": "- AU: September 30, 2004 - EU: October 1, 2004 - NA: April 6, 2005", "Genre(s)": "Survival horror", "Mode(s)": "Single-player, multiplayer"}}]
| false
|
# Mexico at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Mexico competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
## Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
| Sport | Men | Women | Total |
| -------------------- | --- | ----- | ----- |
| Alpine skiing | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| Bobsleigh | 4 | – | 4 |
| Cross-country skiing | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Figure skating | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Total | 10 | 1 | 11 |
## Alpine skiing
Men
| Athlete | Event | Race 1 | Race 2 | Total | Total |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Time | Time | Rank |
| -------------------------------------- | ------------ | ------- | ------- | ------- | ----- |
| Hubertus von Fürstenberg-von Hohenlohe | Downhill | | | 2:12.58 | 43 |
| Patrice Martell | Super-G | | | 2:10.69 | 53 |
| Alex Christian Benoit | Super-G | | | 2:05.80 | 49 |
| Hubertus von Fürstenberg-von Hohenlohe | Super-G | | | 1:56.03 | 42 |
| Carlos Pruneda | Giant Slalom | DNF | – | DNF | – |
| Patrice Martell | Giant Slalom | n/a | DNF | DNF | – |
| Alex Christian Benoit | Giant Slalom | 1:22.35 | 1:19.10 | 2:41.45 | 57 |
| Hubertus von Fürstenberg-von Hohenlohe | Giant Slalom | 1:18.86 | 1:15.71 | 2:34.57 | 52 |
| Carlos Pruneda | Slalom | 1:41.94 | DNF | DNF | – |
| Alex Christian Benoit | Slalom | 1:18.77 | 1:04.38 | 2:23.15 | 37 |
| Hubertus von Fürstenberg-von Hohenlohe | Slalom | 1:07.36 | 1:00.57 | 2:07.93 | 30 |
Men's combined
| Athlete | Downhill | Slalom | Slalom | Total | Total |
| Athlete | Time | Time 1 | Time 2 | Points | Rank |
| -------------------------------------- | -------- | ------ | ------ | ------ | ----- |
| Hubertus von Fürstenberg-von Hohenlohe | 1:57.42 | DSQ | – | DSQ | – |
## Bobsleigh
| Sled | Athletes | Event | Run 1 | Run 1 | Run 2 | Run 2 | Run 3 | Run 3 | Run 4 | Run 4 | Total | Total |
| Sled | Athletes | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| ----- | ------------------------------- | ------- | ------- | ----- | ------- | ----- | ------- | ----- | ------- | ----- | ------- | ----- |
| MEX-1 | Jorge Tamés José Tamés | Two-man | 1:01.58 | 40 | 1:02.39 | 38 | 1:03.44 | 37 | 1:02.67 | 36 | 4:10.08 | 36 |
| MEX-2 | Roberto Tamés Luis Adrián Tamés | Two-man | 1:01.56 | 39 | 1:01.84 | 37 | 1:03.76 | 38 | 1:02.93 | 38 | 4:10.09 | 37 |
## Cross-country skiing
Men
| Event | Athlete | Race | Race |
| Event | Athlete | Time | Rank |
| ------- | --------------- | --------- | ---- |
| 15 km C | Roberto Alvárez | 1'01:26.4 | 84 |
| 30 km C | Roberto Alvárez | 2'09:34.8 | 85 |
| 50 km F | Roberto Alvárez | 3'22:25.1 | 61 |
C = Classical style, F = Freestyle
## Figure skating
Men
| Athlete | CF | SP | FS | TFP | Rank |
| ------------------------- | -- | -- | --- | --- | ---- |
| Walbe Olavarrieta Navarro | 28 | 26 | DNQ | DNF | – |
Women
| Athlete | CF | SP | FS | TFP | Rank |
| ------------- | -- | -- | --- | --- | ---- |
| Diana Encinas | 28 | 31 | DNQ | DNF | – |
|
enwiki/7698027
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enwiki
| 7,698,027
|
Mexico at the 1988 Winter Olympics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics
|
2025-04-05T22:00:41Z
|
en
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Q639451
| 61,495
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{{infobox country at games
| NOC = MEX
| NOCname = [[Mexican Olympic Committee]]
| games = Winter Olympics
| year = 1988
| flagcaption =
| oldcode =
| website = {{url|www.com.org.mx}} {{in lang|es}}
| location = [[Calgary]]
| competitors = 11 (10 men, 1 woman)
| sports = 4
| flagbearer = [[Ricardo Olvarrieta]] (figure skating)
| rank =
| gold = 0
| silver = 0
| bronze = 0
| officials =
| appearances = auto
| app_begin_year = 1928
| app_end_year =
| summerappearances =
| winterappearances =
| seealso =
}}
[[Mexico]] competed at the [[1988 Winter Olympics]] in [[Calgary|Calgary, Alberta]], Canada.
==Competitors==
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/countries/MEX/editions/43 Mexico at the 1988 Winter Olympics]</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! width=180|Sport
! width=55|Men
! width=55|Women
! width=55|Total
|-
| align=left|[[Alpine skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics|Alpine skiing]]
| 4 || 0 || 4
|-
| align=left|[[Bobsleigh at the 1988 Winter Olympics|Bobsleigh]]
| 4 || – || 4
|-
| align=left|[[Cross-country skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics|Cross-country skiing]]
| 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| align=left|[[Figure skating at the 1988 Winter Olympics|Figure skating]]
| 1 || 1 || 2
|-
! Total || 10 || 1 || 11
|}
==Alpine skiing==
{{main article|Alpine skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics}}
;Men
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!Race 1
!Race 2
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Time
!Time
!Time
!Rank
|-
|[[Hubertus von Fürstenberg-von Hohenlohe]]
|Downhill
|colspan="2" bgcolor="wheat"|
|align="center"|2:12.58
|align="center"|43
|-
|[[Patrice Martell]]
|rowspan="3"|Super-G
|colspan="2" bgcolor="wheat"|
|align="center"|2:10.69
|align="center"|53
|-
|[[Alex Christian Benoit]]
|colspan="2" bgcolor="wheat"|
|align="center"|2:05.80
|align="center"|49
|-
|[[Hubertus von Fürstenberg-von Hohenlohe]]
|colspan="2" bgcolor="wheat"|
|align="center"|1:56.03
|align="center"|42
|-
|[[Carlos Pruneda]]
|rowspan="4"|Giant Slalom
|align="center"|DNF
|align="center"|–
|align="center"|DNF
|align="center"|–
|-
|[[Patrice Martell]]
|align="center"|n/a
|align="center"|DNF
|align="center"|DNF
|align="center"|–
|-
|[[Alex Christian Benoit]]
|align="center"|1:22.35
|align="center"|1:19.10
|align="center"|2:41.45
|align="center"|57
|-
|[[Hubertus von Fürstenberg-von Hohenlohe]]
|align="center"|1:18.86
|align="center"|1:15.71
|align="center"|2:34.57
|align="center"|52
|-
|[[Carlos Pruneda]]
|rowspan="3"|Slalom
|align="center"|1:41.94
|align="center"|DNF
|align="center"|DNF
|align="center"|–
|-
|[[Alex Christian Benoit]]
|align="center"|1:18.77
|align="center"|1:04.38
|align="center"|2:23.15
|align="center"|37
|-
|[[Hubertus von Fürstenberg-von Hohenlohe]]
|align="center"|1:07.36
|align="center"|1:00.57
|align="center"|2:07.93
|align="center"|30
|}
'''Men's combined'''
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!Downhill
!colspan="2"|Slalom
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Time
!Time 1
!Time 2
!Points
!Rank
|-
|[[Hubertus von Fürstenberg-von Hohenlohe]]
|align="center"|1:57.42
|align="center"|DSQ
|align="center"|–
|align="center"|DSQ
|align="center"|–
|}
== Bobsleigh==
{{main article|Bobsleigh at the 1988 Winter Olympics}}
{|class="wikitable" border="1" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Sled
!rowspan="2"|Athletes
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Run 1
!colspan="2"|Run 2
!colspan="2"|Run 3
!colspan="2"|Run 4
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|-
|align="center"|MEX-1
|[[Jorge Tamés]]<br />[[José Tamés]]
|Two-man
|align="center"|1:01.58
|align="center"|40
|align="center"|1:02.39
|align="center"|38
|align="center"|1:03.44
|align="center"|37
|align="center"|1:02.67
|align="center"|36
|align="center"|4:10.08
|align="center"|36
|-
|align="center"|MEX-2
|[[Roberto Tamés]]<br />[[Luis Adrián Tamés]]
|Two-man
|align="center"|1:01.56
|align="center"|39
|align="center"|1:01.84
|align="center"|37
|align="center"|1:03.76
|align="center"|38
|align="center"|1:02.93
|align="center"|38
|align="center"|4:10.09
|align="center"|37
|}
==Cross-country skiing==
{{main article|Cross-country skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics}}
;Men
{|class="wikitable" border="1" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Event
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!colspan=2|Race
|-
!Time
!Rank
|-
|15 km <br> C
|[[Roberto Alvárez]]
|align=center|1'01:26.4
|align=center|84
|-
|30 km <br> C
|[[Roberto Alvárez]]
|align=center|2'09:34.8
|align=center|85
|-
|50 km <br> F
|[[Roberto Alvárez]]
|align=center|3'22:25.1
|align=center|61
|}
<small>C = Classical style, F = Freestyle</small>
==Figure skating==
{{main article|Figure skating at the 1988 Winter Olympics}}
;Men
{|class="wikitable" border="1" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!Athlete
!CF
!SP
!FS
!TFP
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left| [[Walbe Olavarrieta Navarro]]
|28
|26
|DNQ
|DNF
|–
|}
;Women
{|class="wikitable" border="1" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!Athlete
!CF
!SP
!FS
!TFP
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left| [[Diana Encinas]]
|28
|31
|DNQ
|DNF
|–
|}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622162855/http://www.la84foundation.org/5va/reports_frmst.htm Official Olympic Reports]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200417042619/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1988/ Olympic Winter Games 1988, full results by sports-reference.com]
{{Nations at the 1988 Winter Olympics}}
{{Country at games navbox|Mexico|Olympics}}
[[Category:Nations at the 1988 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Mexico at the Winter Olympics by year|1988]]
[[Category:1988 in Mexican sports]]
{{Mexico-sport-stub}}
{{1988-winter-Olympic-stub}}
| 1,284,152,953
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[{"title": "Mexico at the \u00b7 1988 Winter Olympics", "data": {"IOC code": "MEX", "NOC": "Mexican Olympic Committee", "Website": "www.com.org.mx (in Spanish)"}}, {"title": "in Calgary", "data": {"Competitors": "11 (10 men, 1 woman) in 4 sports", "Flag bearer": "Ricardo Olvarrieta (figure skating)", "Medals": "Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0"}}, {"title": "Winter Olympics appearances (overview)", "data": {"Winter Olympics appearances (overview)": "1928 1932\u20131980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030"}}]
| false
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# Preston Jackson
James Preston McDonald, better known by his stage name Preston Jackson (January 3, 1902 – November 12, 1983) was an American jazz trombonist.
## Biography
Jackson was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, and moved to Chicago, Illinois, in 1917, but did not pick up trombone until 1920; within nine months he began playing professionally. Among his teachers in the early 1920s were Roy Palmer and Honore Dutrey. He sometimes deputized for Dutrey in King Oliver's band. In the 1920s, he played with Tig Chambers, Al Simone, Eli Rice, and Art Sims, and recorded with Bernie Young and his Creole Jazz Band at the Marsh Laboratories (1923) and Richard M. Jones. He notably played for the reception of Louis Armstrong and Lil Hardin Armstrong in Chicago.
In the 1930s, he played with Dave Peyton (1930), Erskine Tate, Louis Armstrong (1931–32), Half Pint Jaxon (1933), Carroll Dickerson, Jimmie Noone, Roy Eldridge, Walter Barnes, Johnny Long (1939), and Zilner Randolph's W.P.A. Band. He also played on Johnny Dodds's last recordings in 1940.
In the 1940s, he began playing less often, but his career saw a resurgence late in the 1950s, playing with Lil Armstrong.
Moving back to his childhood home of New Orleans in the 1960s, he began playing at Preservation Hall where he would continue to be featured for the rest of his life. He played with Little Brother Montgomery in 1969 and with Kid Thomas's New Orleans Joymakers in Europe in 1973-74.
In addition to many recordings made as a side man, Jackson recorded as a leader in 1926 and 1946, then issued his own album in 1972 and a split album with Benny Waters the following year.
Jackson died in Blytheville, Arkansas, in November 1983.
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Preston Jackson
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Jackson
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2025-04-05T04:51:54Z
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en
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Q290129
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{{short description|American musician}}
{{about|the musician|the sculptor|Preston Eugene Jackson}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{infobox musical artist
| name = Preston Jackson
| image = Preston Jackson.jpg
| caption = Preston Jackson (1975)
| birth_name = James Preston McDonald
| birth_place = [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], United States
| birth_date = {{birth date|1902|01|03}}
| death_place = [[Blytheville, Arkansas]], United States
| death_date = {{death date and age|1983|11|12|1902|01|03}}
| occupation = Musician
| instrument = Trombone
| genre = Jazz
}}
'''James Preston McDonald''', better known by his [[stage name]] '''Preston Jackson''' (January 3, 1902 – November 12, 1983)<ref name="LarkinGE">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]]|publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]]|date=1992|edition=First|isbn=0-85112-939-0|pages=1251/2}}</ref> was an American [[jazz]] [[trombone|trombonist]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thedeadrockstarsclub.com/1980.html|title=The Dead Rock Stars Club - The 1980s|website=Thedeadrockstarsclub.com|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>
==Biography==
Jackson was born in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], United States, and moved to [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], in 1917, but did not pick up trombone until 1920;<ref name="LarkinGE"/> within nine months he began playing professionally. Among his teachers in the early 1920s were [[Roy Palmer (musician)|Roy Palmer]] and [[Honore Dutrey]]. He sometimes deputized for Dutrey in [[King Oliver]]'s band. In the 1920s, he played with [[Tig Chambers]], [[Al Simone (musician)|Al Simone]], [[Eli Rice]], and [[Art Sims]], and recorded with [[Bernie Young]] and his Creole Jazz Band at the [[Autograph Records|Marsh Laboratories]] (1923) and [[Richard M. Jones]]. He notably played for the reception of Louis Armstrong and Lil Hardin Armstrong in Chicago.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brothers|first=Thomas|title=Louis Armstrong: Master of Modernism|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2014|isbn=978-0-393-06582-4|location=New York, NY|pages=113}}</ref>
In the 1930s, he played with [[Dave Peyton]] (1930), [[Erskine Tate]], [[Louis Armstrong]] (1931–32), [[Half Pint Jaxon]] (1933), [[Carroll Dickerson]], [[Jimmie Noone]], [[Roy Eldridge]], [[Walter Barnes (musician)|Walter Barnes]], [[Johnny Long (musician)|Johnny Long]] (1939), and [[Zilner Randolph]]'s W.P.A. Band.<ref name="LarkinGE"/> He also played on [[Johnny Dodds]]'s last recordings in 1940.<ref name="LarkinGE"/>
In the 1940s, he began playing less often, but his career saw a resurgence late in the 1950s, playing with [[Lil Armstrong]].<ref name="LarkinGE"/>
Moving back to his childhood home of New Orleans in the 1960s, he began playing at [[Preservation Hall]] where he would continue to be featured for the rest of his life. He played with [[Little Brother Montgomery]] in 1969 and with [[Kid Thomas Valentine|Kid Thomas]]'s New Orleans Joymakers in Europe in 1973-74.<ref name="LarkinGE"/>
In addition to many recordings made as a side man, Jackson recorded as a leader in 1926 and 1946, then issued his own album in 1972 and a split album with [[Benny Waters]] the following year.
Jackson died in [[Blytheville, Arkansas]], in November 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/jackson-prestonoriginally-mcdonald-james-preston|title=Jackson, Preston(originally, McDonald, James Preston) |website=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>
==References==
;Footnotes
{{Reflist}}
;General references
*[[Scott Yanow]], [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p89809/biography|pure_url=yes}} Preston Jackson] at [[AllMusic]]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jackson, Preston}}
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:American jazz trombonists]]
[[Category:American male trombonists]]
[[Category:Jazz musicians from New Orleans]]
[[Category:Vee-Jay Records artists]]
[[Category:20th-century American trombonists]]
[[Category:20th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:American male jazz musicians]]
| 1,284,034,810
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[{"title": "Background information", "data": {"Birth name": "James Preston McDonald", "Born": "January 3, 1902 \u00b7 New Orleans, Louisiana, United States", "Died": "November 12, 1983 (aged 81) \u00b7 Blytheville, Arkansas, United States", "Genres": "Jazz", "Occupation": "Musician", "Instrument": "Trombone"}}]
| false
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# Stade Raoul-Barrière
Stade Raoul-Barrière (French pronunciation: [stad ʁaul baʁjɛʁ]), formerly Stade de la Méditerranée ([stad də la meditɛʁane]), is a multi-purpose stadium in Béziers, France. The stadium is able to hold 18,555 (16,110 seated) people and was built in 1989. It is currently used mostly for rugby union matches and is the home stadium of AS Béziers Hérault.
On October 4, 1991, it hosted a 1991 Rugby World Cup Pool 4 match between France and Romania with France winning 30 - 3.
It hosted the first two Pool C matches of the 1999 Rugby World Cup. On October 1, it hosted Fiji versus Namibia with Fiji winning 67 - 18. The following day, it hosted quin-hosts France versus Canada with France winning 33. - 20.
In addition to AS Béziers Hérault matches, the stadium has hosted Castres Olympique rugby union matches versus Toulouse in August 2010, and versus Stade Français in August 2014.
On 9 March, 2018, it hosted Six Nations Under 20s Championship between France and England with France losing 6–22.
The stadium is also used to host Rugby league Internationals. On December 4, 1994, France hosted Australia in Béziers. In Mal Meninga's last match, 8,000 people saw the Kangaroos run out 74-0 winners. More recently, Stade de la Méditerranée has been used as the home ground for the France-based Moroccan national team.
On 15 August 2009 Stade de la Méditerranée hosted another Rugby league game in which Catalans Dragons hosted Hull F.C. in front of 6,500 fans. Catalans Dragons ran out winners with an 18 - 6 win over Hull FC.
In May 2019, the stadium was renamed the Raoul-Barrière Stadium in honor of the Grand Béziers coach two months after his death.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Raoul-Barri%C3%A8re
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2025-04-06T03:37:51Z
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en
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Q3496024
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{{Short description|Rugby stadium in Béziers, France}}
{{Infobox stadium
| name = Stade Raoul-Barrière
| nickname =
| logo_image = Toit Stade Raoul-Barrière Béziers.jpg
| logo_caption =
| image =
| caption =
| fullname =
| former_names =
| location = [[Béziers]], [[France]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|43|20|5|N|3|15|58|E|type:landmark_scale:2000|display=inline,title}}
| broke_ground =
| built = 1989
| opened = 1990
| renovated = 2003 to 2007
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = City of [[Béziers]]
| operator =
| surface = Grass
| scoreboard =
| cost =
| architect =
| project_manager =
| structural engineer =
| services engineer =
| general_contractor =
| main_contractors =
| capacity = 18,555
| suites =
| record_attendance =
| dimensions =
| acreage =
| tenants = [[AS Béziers Hérault]] (1989–present)<br/> [[AS Béziers (2007)|Béziers]] (2018–present)
| embedded =
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
}}
'''Stade Raoul-Barrière''' ({{IPA|fr|stad ʁaul baʁjɛʁ}}), formerly '''Stade de la Méditerranée''' ({{IPA|fr|stad də la meditɛʁane|}}), is a [[multi-purpose stadium]] in [[Béziers]], [[France]]. The stadium is able to hold 18,555 (16,110 seated)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asbh.net/stade-mediterranee/index.cfm |title=Site Officiel du Club de Rugby de Béziers - Association Sportive Béziers Hérault - Rugby Pro D2 |publisher=ASBH |date= |accessdate=2011-10-14}}</ref> people and was built in 1989. It is currently used mostly for [[rugby union]] matches and is the home stadium of [[AS Béziers Hérault]].
On October 4, 1991, it hosted a [[1991 Rugby World Cup]] Pool 4 match between France and [[Romania national rugby union team|Romania]] with France winning 30 - 3.
It hosted the first two Pool C matches of the [[1999 Rugby World Cup]]. On October 1, it hosted [[Fiji national rugby union team|Fiji]] versus [[Namibia national rugby union team|Namibia]] with Fiji winning 67 - 18. The following day, it hosted quin-hosts France versus [[Canada national rugby union team|Canada]] with France winning 33. - 20.
In addition to AS Béziers Hérault matches, the stadium has hosted [[Castres Olympique]] rugby union matches versus Toulouse in August 2010, and versus Stade Français in August 2014.
On 9 March, 2018, it hosted [[Six Nations Under 20s Championship]] between [[France national under-20 rugby union team|France]] and [[England national under-20 rugby union team|England]] with France losing 6–22.
The stadium is also used to host [[Rugby league]] Internationals. On December 4, 1994, [[France national rugby league team|France]] hosted [[Australian national rugby league team|Australia]] in Béziers. In [[Mal Meninga]]'s last match, 8,000 people saw the Kangaroos run out 74-0 winners. More recently, Stade de la Méditerranée has been used as the home ground for the France-based [[Morocco national rugby league team|Moroccan national team]].
On 15 August 2009 Stade de la Méditerranée hosted another [[Rugby league]] game in which [[Catalans Dragons]] hosted [[Hull F.C.]] in front of 6,500 fans. Catalans Dragons ran out winners with an 18 - 6 win over Hull FC.
In May 2019, the stadium was renamed the Raoul-Barrière Stadium in honor of the Grand Béziers coach two months after his death.<ref>{{cite web|language=fr|url=https://www.rugbyrama.fr/rugby/pro-d2/2018-2019/pro-d2-l-asbh-renomme-son-stade-stade-raoul-barriere_sto7313679/story.shtml|title=L'ASBH renomme son stade "Stade Raoul Barrière"|website=www.rugbyrama.fr|publisher=[[Rugbyrama]]|date=4 June 2019|accessdate=4 June 2019}}.</ref>
==References==
{{Commonscat}}
<references />
{{Rugby Pro D2 Venues}}
{{1991 Rugby World Cup Venues}}
{{1999 Rugby World Cup Venues}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Stade De La Mediterranee}}
[[Category:Rugby union stadiums in France|Mediteranee]]
[[Category:Multi-purpose stadiums in France]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Hérault]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1990]]
[[Category:Sport in Béziers]]
{{France-sports-venue-stub}}
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[{"title": "Stade Raoul-Barri\u00e8re", "data": {"Location": "B\u00e9ziers, France", "Coordinates": "43\u00b020\u20325\u2033N 3\u00b015\u203258\u2033E\ufeff / \ufeff43.33472\u00b0N 3.26611\u00b0E", "Owner": "City of B\u00e9ziers", "Capacity": "18,555", "Surface": "Grass"}}, {"title": "Construction", "data": {"Built": "1989", "Opened": "1990", "Renovated": "2003 to 2007"}}, {"title": "Tenants", "data": {"Tenants": "AS B\u00e9ziers H\u00e9rault (1989\u2013present) \u00b7 B\u00e9ziers (2018\u2013present)"}}]
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# Matthias Norberg
Matthias Norberg (1747–1826) was a Swedish professor of Greek and Oriental languages at Lund University.
## Life
He was born in 1747 in Nätra, Ångermanland in northern Sweden.
Matthias Norberg belonged to a very wealthy northern farming family descended from his grandfather Mats Isaksson in Norrtjärn in Nätra parish in Ångermanland. Matthias Norberg's father Matthias Matsson Norberg (1694–1764) was the crown sheriff and director of the linen industry in the North.
He died on 11 January 1826 in Uppsala, Sweden.
## Career
Norberg became a student in Uppsala University in 1768, receiving his Master of Arts in 1773 and became an associate professor of the Greek language in 1774. In 1777 he undertook, with royal support, a trip through Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, England, France and Italy.
In Paris, he encountered Mandaean manuscripts, as well as several Syriac manuscripts. This sparked his interest in Oriental studies.
In 1780, he was appointed a professor of Oriental languages and Greek at Lund University.
From 1815 to 1816, Norberg published a Latin translation of the Ginza Rabba, titled Codex Nasaraeus liber Adami appellatus (3 volumes). The original Mandaic text, transcribed in Syriac script, was also printed alongside the Latin translation.
Norberg was elected in 1821 as a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
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Matthias Norberg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Norberg
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2025-04-06T13:06:50Z
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en
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Q1527706
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{{Short description|Swedish orientalist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Matthias Norberg
| image = Norberg, Matthias (bearbetad utan ram med autokontrast).jpg
| alt = Matthias Norberg
| caption = Matthias Norberg
| other_names =
| occupation = Swedish professor of Greek and Oriental languages at [[Lund University]]
| birth_date = 1747
| birth_place = [[Nätra]], [[Ångermanland]], [[Sweden]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1826|||1747|||df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Uppsala, Sweden]]
}}
'''Matthias Norberg''' (1747–1826) was a Swedish professor of Greek and Oriental languages at [[Lund University]].
== Life ==
He was born in 1747 in [[Nätra]], [[Ångermanland]] in northern [[Sweden]].
Matthias Norberg belonged to a very wealthy northern farming family descended from his grandfather Mats Isaksson in Norrtjärn in Nätra parish in Ångermanland. Matthias Norberg's father Matthias Matsson Norberg (1694–1764) was the crown sheriff and director of the linen industry in the North.
He died on 11 January 1826 in [[Uppsala, Sweden]].
== Career ==
Norberg became a student in [[Uppsala University]] in 1768, receiving his Master of Arts in 1773 and became an associate professor of the Greek language in 1774. In 1777 he undertook, with royal support, a trip through Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, England, France and Italy.
In Paris, he encountered [[Mandaean manuscripts]], as well as several [[Syriac language|Syriac]] manuscripts. This sparked his interest in Oriental studies.
In 1780, he was appointed a professor of Oriental languages and Greek at [[Lund University]].
From 1815 to 1816, Norberg published a Latin translation of the [[Ginza Rabba]], titled ''Codex Nasaraeus liber Adami appellatus'' (3 volumes). The original [[Mandaic language|Mandaic]] text, transcribed in [[Syriac script]], was also printed alongside the Latin translation.<ref name="Norberg">Norberg, Matthias. ''Codex Nasaræus Liber Adami appellatus''. 3 vols. Lund, 1815–16.</ref>
Norberg was elected in 1821 as a member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]].
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.geni.com/people/Matthias-Norberg/4645549628490033039|title=Matthias Norberg (1694 - 1764) - Genealogy|publisher=geni.com|accessdate=2014-01-31}}
*{{cite web|url=http://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=8175|title=Matthias Norberg - Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon|publisher=sok.riksarkivet.se|accessdate=2014-01-31}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Norberg, Matthias}}
[[Category:1747 births]]
[[Category:1826 deaths]]
[[Category:Swedish orientalists]]
[[Category:People from Örnsköldsvik Municipality]]
[[Category:Uppsala University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Uppsala University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Lund University]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Burials at Uppsala old cemetery]]
[[Category:Scholars of Mandaeism]]
[[Category:Translators from Mandaic]]
[[Category:Translators of the Ginza Rabba]]
{{Sweden-academic-bio-stub}}
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[{"title": "Matthias Norberg", "data": {"Born": "1747 \u00b7 N\u00e4tra, \u00c5ngermanland, Sweden", "Died": "1826 (aged 78\u201379) \u00b7 Uppsala, Sweden", "Occupation(s)": "Swedish professor of Greek and Oriental languages at Lund University"}}]
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# Emilio Ambasz
Emilio Ambasz (born 1943) is an Argentinian-American architect and industrial designer. Ambasz has been called "the father, poet, and prophet" of green architecture by Japanese architect Tadao Ando. His style is characterised by a combination of buildings and gardens, which he describes as "green over grey". He bucked the trends of the 1970s, hiding his buildings under gardens and grass or putting them on boats.
Ambasz reconciles "technology and primitivism" (Terence Riley, former director of the Department of Architecture at MoMA, NY), is "creator of sophisticated earthly paradises" (A. Mendini), and his poetic research merges the natural and artificial: "It is an ethical obligation: to demonstrate that another future is possible. To affirm a different model of life to avoid perpetuating the present."
From 1969 to 1976 he was Curator of Design at the Museum of Modern Art, in New York.
The MOMA was established in 2020 at the Emilio Ambasz Institute for the Joint Study of the Built and the Natural Environment. Curator, writer, and educator, Carson Chan was appointed as its first director.
## Life and education
Born in Argentina (13 June 1943, Resistencia, Chaco), Ambasz is also a citizen of Spain by Royal Grant. At Princeton University he within two years received bachelor's and master's degrees in architecture. Kenneth Frampton said that Ambasz was briefly his student, "but I hardly can [say that] ... there wasn't very much I could contribute".
## Career
Ambasz served as Curator of Design at the Museum of Modern Art, in New York (1969–76), where he directed and installed numerous exhibits on architecture and industrial design, among them Italy: The New Domestic Landscape in 1972; The Architecture of Luis Barragan in 1974; and The Taxi Project in 1976; and authored their publications.
Ambasz was a two-term President of the Architectural League (1981–85). He taught at Princeton University's School of Architecture, and was visiting professor at the Hochschule für Gestaltung in Ulm, Germany.
Among his architectural projects are the Grand Rapids Art Museum in Michigan, winner of the 1976 Progressive Architecture Award; a house for a couple in Cordoba, Spain, winner of the 1980 Progressive Architecture Award; and the Conservatory at the San Antonio Botanical Center in Texas, winner of the 1985 Progressive Architecture Award, the 1988 National Glass Association Award for Excellence in Commercial Design, and the 1990 Quaternario Award.
He also won the First Prize and Gold Medal ex aequo in the competition to design the Master Plan for the Universal Exhibition of 1992, which took place in Seville, Spain, to celebrate the 500th anniversary of America's discovery.
The headquarters designed for the Financial Guaranty Insurance Company of New York won the Grand Prize of the 1987 International Interior Design Award of the United Kingdom, as well as the 1986 IDEA Award from the Industrial Designers Society of America. He won the First Prize in the 1986 competition for the Urban Plan for the Eschenheimer Tower in Frankfurt, Germany. His Banque Bruxelles Lambert in Lausanne, Switzerland, received the 1983 Annual Interiors Award.
Ambasz represented the United States at the 1976 Venice Biennale. In 2021, the Italian Pavilion at the Biennale paid tribute to Ambasz's creations as an inspiration for modern-era sustainable architecture.
Since 1980 until 2008 Ambasz has been the Chief Design Consultant for the Cummins Engine Co. He holds 220 industrial and mechanical design patents, and his Vertebrax chair is included in the Design Collections of the Museum of Modern Art and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. The MOMA has also included in its Design Collection his 1967 3-D Poster Geigy Graphics and his Flashlight, among more than 20 other pieces.
Ambasz is the author of several books on architecture and design, among them Natural Architecture, Artificial Design, first published by Electa in 2001 and re-published four times since in expanded versions. "I detest writing theories. I prefer writing fables," he said in 2017. Domus magazine has published some of those fables, including this one:
"Italy has remained a federation of city-states. There are museum-cities and factory-cities. There is a city whose streets are made of water, and another where all streets are hollowed walls. There is one city where all its inhabitants work on the manufacture of equipment for amusement parks; a second where everybody makes shoes; and a third where all its dwellers build baroque furniture. There are many cities where they still make a living by baking bread and bottling wine, and one where they continue to package faith and transact with guilt. Naturally, there is also one city inhabited solely by architects and designers. This city is laid out on a grid, its blocks are square, and each is totally occupied by a cubic building. Its wails are blind, without windows or doors.
The inhabitants of this city pride themselves on being radically different from each other. Visitors to the city claim, however, that all inhabitants have one common trait; they are all unhappy with the city they inherited and moreover, concur that it is possible to divide the citizens into several distinct groups. The members of one of the groups live inside the building blocks. Conscious of the impossibility of communicating with others, each of them, in the isolation of his own block, builds and demolishes every day, a new physical setting. To these constructions they sometimes give forms which they recover from their private memories; on other occasions, these constructs are intended to represent what they envision communal life may be on the outside.
Another group dwells in the streets. Both as individuals and as members of often conflicting sub-groups, they have one common goal: to destroy the blocks that define the streets. For that purpose they march along chanting invocations, or write on the walls words and symbols which they believe are endowed with the power to bring about their will. There is one group whose members sit on top of the buildings. There they await the emergence of the first blade of grass from the roof that will announce the arrival of the Millennium. As of late, rumors have been circulating that some members of the group dwelling in the streets have climbed up to the buildings' roof-tops, hoping that from this vantage point they could be able to see whether the legendary people of the countryside have begun their much predicted march against the city, or whether they have opted to build a new city beyond the boundaries of the old one."
In the winter of 2011–12, Ambasz architectural, industrial, and graphic design work was exhibited at the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid, in a comprehensive major retrospective of his complete works. In 2017, Lars Mueller Publishers issued a much improved version in English (Emerging Nature: Precursor of Architecture and Design) of the book issued on the occasion of that exhibition.
The American Institute of Architects admitted him to Honorary Fellowship in recognition of distinguished achievement in the profession of architecture in May 2007. He is also an Honorary International Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects.
Ambasz is also known for his multifaceted interests and fields of action in the design world, boasting over 220 industrial and mechanical patents: from high-efficiency engines to modular furniture, from street lamps to interior spotlights, from flexible pens to expandable briefcases, from ergonomic handles to wrist computers, from sinuous water containers to folding notebooks, dental hygiene systems, billfold TV, accessories and watercolor sets.
His inventions in the world of seating are fundamental, including Vertebra in 1975 ([Compasso d'Oro prize in 1981, a multi-award-winning product worldwide and present in the permanent collections of the Museum of Modern Art and the Metropolitan Museum in New York), the world's first automatic ergonomic chair, developed with G. Piretti. Or the Qualis models (Compasso d'Oro, 1991) and Stacker (Gold Award at the International Forum for Design, 2003).
In June, 2021, Ambasz was awarded an honorary degree in Building Engineering and Architecture by the University of Bologna (Italy) as a "trailblazer" for green architecture. In September 2020, Emilio Ambasz won his fourth Compasso d'Oro, for his outstanding career "as a pioneer of the relationship between buildings and nature."
Precursor to the debate on the relationship between humans and the environment, Ambasz was recently the protagonist of Emerging Ecologies: the first exhibition of works (150) that examined the relationship between architecture and the environmental movement in the United States organized by the MoMA in New York.
## Exhibitions of works
- 1983 Emilio Ambasz: 10 Years of Architecture, Graphic and Industrial Design, a circulating show presented in Milan, Madrid, and Zurich
- 1985 Emilio Ambasz, The Axis Design and Architecture Gallery, Tokyo
- 1986 Emilio Ambasz, Institute of Contemporary Art of Geneva at HaIle Sud, Switzerland
- 1987 Emilio Ambasz, Arc-en- Ciel Gallery at the Center of Contemporary Art, Bordeaux, France
- 1989 Emilio Ambasz: Architecture, one-man show at The Museum of Modern Art, New York
- 1989 Emilio Ambasz: Architecture, Exhibition, Industrial and Graphic Design, a circulating one man show presented in San Diego Museum of Contemporary Art, the Musée des Arts Décoratifs de Montreal, the Akron Art Museum in Ohio, the Art Institute of Chicago in Illinois, and the Laumeier Sculpture Park in St. Louis
- 1993 Emilio Ambasz, one-man show, Tokyo Station Contemporary Center, Japan
- 1994 Emilio Ambasz, Architecture and Design, one-man show at the Centro Cultural Arte Contemporáneo in Mexico City.
- 2005–2006 In-Depth: The House of Spiritual Retreat by Emilio Ambasz, at The Museum of Modern Art, New York.
- 2009 In Situ:Architecture and Landscape, a group show at The Museum of Modern Art, New York
- 2010 Green over Gray, one-man show at the Grimaldi Forum, Monaco
- 2011–2012 Emilio Ambasz: Inventions – Architecture and Design; a comprehensive major retrospective, at the Centro Nacional de Arte Contemporáneo Reina Sofia, Madrid, Spain
## Publications by Ambasz
- 1972 Ambasz, Emilio, ed.: Italy: The New Domestic Landscape: Achievements and Problems of Italian Design. The Museum of Modern Art, New York.
- 1976 Ambasz, Emilio, ed.: The Taxi Project: Realistic Solutions for Today. The Museum of Modern Art, New York.
- 1976 Ambasz, Emilio: The architecture of Luis Barragàn. The Museum of Modern Art, New York.
- 1999 Ambasz, Emilio: Shigeru Ban. Lawrence King Publishing, London.
- 2004 Ambasz, Emilio: Analyzing Ambasz. The Monacelli Press, New York.
- 2006 Ambasz, Emilio, ed.: The Universitas Project: Solutions for a Post-Technological Society. The Museum of Modern Art, New York.
## Publications about Ambasz
- 1989 Emilio Ambasz: The Poetics of the Pragmatic: Architecture, Exhibit, Industrial and Graphic Design. Rizzoli International Publications, New York.
- 1993 Emilio Ambasz: Inventions: The Reality of the ldeal. Rizzoli International Publications, New York.
- 1999 Architettura e Natura: Emilio Ambasz – Progetti & Oggetti. Electa, Milan
- 2001 Emilio Ambasz: Natural Architecture, Artificial Design. Electa, Milan.
- 2005 Emilio Ambasz: A Technological Arcadia, by Fulvio Irace. Electa, Milan.
- 2005 Emilio Ambasz: Casa de Retiro Espiritual, by Peter Buchanan and Michele Alassio. Electa, Milan.
- 2010 Emilio Ambasz: Architecture & Nature, Design & Artifice / Architecture & Nature, Design & Artifice. Electa Mondador, Milan.
- 2011 Emilio Ambasz. Invenciones: arquitectura y diseño. Museo Reina Sofía, Madrid.
- 2011 Maestros de la Arquitectura. Emilio Ambasz, by Mónica Colombo. Editorial Salvat, Barcelona.
- 2017 Emerging Nature – Emilio Ambasz: Precursor of Architecture and Design, Lars Muller Publishers, Zurich, Switzerland.
- 2021 Emilio Ambasz: Green Architecture & Design Tales / Architettura verde & favole di design, curated by Fulvio Irace. Corraini Edizione, Mantova.
- 2022 Emilio Ambasz: Curating a New Nature, by Barry Bergdoll. Rizzoli, New York.
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{{Short description|Argentinian architect}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
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{{Infobox person/Wikidata|fetchwikidata=ALL|noicon=on|caption=Ambasz speaking at the [[Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation]] (2016)|suppressfields=employer}}
[[File:ACROS Fukuoka 2011.jpg|thumb|ACROS building with roof garden, Fukuoka, Japan (1995)]]
[[File:Ambasz SABG.JPG|thumb|Lucile Halsell Conservatory, [[San Antonio Botanical Garden]] (1988)]]
[[File:San Antonio Botanical Garden Overlook View.jpg|thumb|San Antonio Botanical Garden]]
[[File:Vertabrae Chair Emilio Ambasz Krueger- Austin Calhoon Photograph.jpg|thumb|Vertebra Chair Emilio Ambasz Krueger]]
[[File:Vertabrae Chair Emilio Ambasz - Austin Calhoon Photograph.jpg|thumb|Vertebra Chair Emilio Ambasz]]
'''Emilio Ambasz''' (born 1943) is an Argentinian-American architect and industrial designer. Ambasz has been called "the father, poet, and prophet" of [[green architecture]] by Japanese architect [[Tadao Ando]]. His style is characterised by a combination of buildings and gardens, which he describes as "green over grey".<ref name="Green over gray">{{cite news|last=LaBarre|first=Suzanne|date=13 September 2009|title=Green Over Gray|newspaper=Metropolis Magazine|url=http://www.metropolismag.com/story/20090913/green-over-gray|url-status=dead|access-date=1 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108133330/http://www.metropolismag.com/story/20090913/green-over-gray|archive-date=8 January 2013}}</ref> He bucked the trends of the 1970s, hiding his buildings under gardens and grass or putting them on boats.<ref name="Green over gray" />
Ambasz reconciles "technology and primitivism<ref>{{Cite web |last=Welch |first=Adrian |date=10 June 2021 |title=Italian Pavilion Venice Biennale 2021 |url=https://www.e-architect.com/venice/italian-pavilion-venice-biennale-2021 |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=e-architect |language=en-gb}}</ref>" (Terence Riley, former director of the Department of Architecture at MoMA, NY), is "creator of sophisticated earthly paradises<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=11 October 2020 |title=Emilio Ambasz |url=https://www.alainelkanninterviews.com/emilio-ambasz/ |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=Alain Elkann Interviews |language=en-US}}</ref>" (A. Mendini), and his poetic research merges the natural and artificial: "It is an ethical obligation: to demonstrate that another future is possible. To affirm a different model of life to avoid perpetuating the present.<ref>{{Cite web |last=world |first=STIR |title=ACROS Fukuoka Prefectural International Hall by Emilio Ambasz turns 25 |url=https://www.stirworld.com/think-columns-acros-fukuoka-prefectural-international-hall-by-emilio-ambasz-turns-25 |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=www.stirworld.com |language=English}}</ref>"
From 1969 to 1976 he was Curator of Design at the [[Museum of Modern Art]], in New York.{{cn|date=January 2025}}
The MOMA was established in 2020 at the Emilio Ambasz Institute for the Joint Study of the Built and the Natural Environment.<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Museum of Modern Art |title=THE MUSEUM OF MODERN ART ANNOUNCES MAJOR GIFT FROM THE LEGACY EMILIO AMBASZ FOUNDATION (LEAF) TO ESTABLISH A RESEARCH INSTITUTE |url=https://press.moma.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/MoMA_AmbaszInstitute_PressRelease_FINAL.pdf |website=MoMA |access-date=1 March 2025 |date=17 November 2020}}</ref> Curator, writer, and educator, Carson Chan was appointed as its first director.
==Life and education==
Born in [[Argentine|Argentina]] (13 June 1943, [[Resistencia, Chaco]]), Ambasz is also a citizen of [[Spain]] by Royal Grant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2003-17910|title=BOE.es – Documento BOE-A-2003-17910|website=www.boe.es|language=es|access-date=2017-05-19}}</ref> At [[Princeton University]] he within two years received bachelor's and master's degrees in architecture. [[Kenneth Frampton]] said that Ambasz was briefly his student, "but I hardly can [say that] ... there wasn't very much I could contribute".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.architectmagazine.com/design/the-elusive-mr-ambasz_o|title=The Elusive Mr. Ambasz|date=31 July 2007|work=Architect|access-date=19 May 2017|language=en}}</ref>
==Career==
Ambasz served as Curator of Design at the [[Museum of Modern Art]], in [[New York City|New York]] (1969–76), where he directed and installed numerous exhibits on architecture and industrial design, among them ''Italy: The New Domestic Landscape'' in 1972; ''The Architecture of Luis Barragan'' in 1974; and ''The Taxi Project'' in 1976; and authored their publications.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Museum of Modern Art |title=Emilio Ambasz |url=https://www.moma.org/artists/141-emilio-ambasz |website=Museum of Modern Art |access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref>
Ambasz was a two-term President of the [[Architectural League of New York|Architectural League]] (1981–85). He taught at Princeton University's School of Architecture, and was visiting professor at the [[Hochschule für Gestaltung]] in [[Ulm]], [[Germany]].
Among his architectural projects are the [[Grand Rapids Art Museum]] in Michigan, winner of the 1976 [[Progressive Architecture Award]]; a house for a couple in Cordoba, Spain, winner of the ''1''980 [[Progressive Architecture Award]]; and the Conservatory at the San Antonio Botanical Center in Texas, winner of the 1985 [[Progressive Architecture Award]], the 1988 [[National Glass Association]] Award for Excellence in Commercial Design, and the 1990 Quaternario Award.
He also won the First Prize and Gold Medal ''ex aequo'' in the competition to design the Master Plan for the [[Universal Exhibition]] of 1992, which took place in [[Seville]], Spain, to celebrate the 500th anniversary of America's discovery.
The headquarters designed for the [[Financial Guaranty Insurance Company]] of New York won the Grand Prize of the 1987 International Interior Design Award of the United Kingdom, as well as the 1986 IDEA Award from the [[Industrial Designers Society of America]]. He won the First Prize in the 1986 competition for the Urban Plan for the Eschenheimer Tower in [[Frankfurt]], Germany. His [[Bank Brussels Lambert|Banque Bruxelles Lambert]] in [[Lausanne]], Switzerland, received the 1983 Annual Interiors Award.
Ambasz represented the United States at the 1976 [[Venice Biennale]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opvy1zGI2EcC&q=1976+venice+biennale+ambasz&pg=PA42|title=Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Architecture|last=Sennott|first=Stephen|date=2004-01-01|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781579584337|language=en}}</ref> In 2021, the Italian Pavilion at the Biennale paid tribute to Ambasz's creations as an inspiration for modern-era sustainable architecture.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ferdinando |first1=Crespi |title=The Italian Pavilion at the Venice Biennale of Architecture Celebrates the Maestro Emilio Ambasz |url=https://www.greenroofs.com/2021/05/25/the-italian-pavilion-at-the-venice-biennale-of-architecture-celebrates-the-maestro-emilio-ambasz/ |website=Greenroofs.com |access-date=1 March 2025 |date=25 May 2021}}</ref>
Since 1980 until 2008 Ambasz has been the Chief Design Consultant for the [[Cummins Engine Co.|Cummins Engine Co]]. He holds 220 industrial and mechanical [[design patent]]s, and his Vertebrax chair is included in the Design Collections of the Museum of Modern Art<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/3354?locale=en|title=Emilio Ambasz, Giancarlo Piretti. Vertebra Operational Chair. 1975 {{!}} MoMA|website=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en|access-date=2017-05-19}}</ref> and the Metropolitan Museum of Art,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1989.48/|title="Vertebra" Armchair {{!}} Emilio Ambasz, Giancarlo Piretti {{!}} 1989.48 {{!}} Work of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art|website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History|access-date=2017-05-19}}</ref> New York. The MOMA has also included in its Design Collection his 1967 3-D Poster Geigy Graphics and his Flashlight,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/2592|title=Emilio Ambasz. Flashlights. 1983 {{!}} MoMA|website=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en|access-date=2017-05-19}}</ref> among more than 20 other pieces.
Ambasz is the author of several books on architecture and design, among them ''Natural Architecture, Artificial Design'', first published by Electa in 2001 and re-published four times since in expanded versions. "I detest writing theories. I prefer writing fables," he said in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.archdaily.com/803830/emilio-ambasz-i-detest-writing-theories-i-prefer-writing-fables|title=Emilio Ambasz: "I Detest Writing Theories, I Prefer Writing Fables"|date=2017-01-24|work=ArchDaily|access-date=2017-05-22|language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Domus (magazine)|Domus]]'' magazine has published some of those fables,<ref>{{cite web |title=Domus 1013 on newsstands |url=https://www.domusweb.it/en/news/2017/05/08/domus_1013_on_newsstands.html |website=Domus |access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref> including this one:<blockquote><small>''"Italy has remained a federation of city-states. There are museum-cities and factory-cities. There is a city whose streets are made of water, and another where all streets are hollowed walls. There is one city where all its inhabitants work on the manufacture of equipment for amusement parks; a second where everybody makes shoes; and a third where all its dwellers build baroque furniture. There are many cities where they still make a living by baking bread and bottling wine, and one where they continue to package faith and transact with guilt. Naturally, there is also one city inhabited solely by architects and designers. This city is laid out on a grid, its blocks are square, and each is totally occupied by a cubic building. Its wails are blind, without windows or doors.''</small></blockquote><blockquote><small>''The inhabitants of this city pride themselves on being radically different from each other. Visitors to the city claim, however, that all inhabitants have one common trait; they are all unhappy with the city they inherited and moreover, concur that it is possible to divide the citizens into several distinct groups. The members of one of the groups live inside the building blocks. Conscious of the impossibility of communicating with others, each of them, in the isolation of his own block, builds and demolishes every day, a new physical setting. To these constructions they sometimes give forms which they recover from their private memories; on other occasions, these constructs are intended to represent what they envision communal life may be on the outside.''</small></blockquote><blockquote><small>''Another group dwells in the streets. Both as individuals and as members of often conflicting sub-groups, they have one common goal: to destroy the blocks that define the streets. For that purpose they march along chanting invocations, or write on the walls words and symbols which they believe are endowed with the power to bring about their will. There is one group whose members sit on top of the buildings. There they await the emergence of the first blade of grass from the roof that will announce the arrival of the Millennium. As of late, rumors have been circulating that some members of the group dwelling in the streets have climbed up to the buildings' roof-tops, hoping that from this vantage point they could be able to see whether the legendary people of the countryside have begun their much predicted march against the city, or whether they have opted to build a new city beyond the boundaries of the old one."''</small></blockquote>In the winter of 2011–12, Ambasz architectural, industrial, and graphic design work was exhibited at the [[Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía]], Madrid, in a comprehensive major retrospective of his complete works.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.museoreinasofia.es/exposiciones/emilio-ambasz-invenciones-arquitectura-diseno|title=Emilio Ambasz {{!}} Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía|website=www.museoreinasofia.es|language=es|access-date=2017-05-20}}</ref> In 2017, Lars Mueller Publishers issued a much improved version in English (''Emerging Nature: Precursor of Architecture and Design'') of the book issued on the occasion of that exhibition.
The American Institute of Architects admitted him to Honorary Fellowship in recognition of distinguished achievement in the profession of architecture in May 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=Members: Italy |url=https://www.aiaeurope.org/members-italy |website=AIA Europe |access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref>{{acn|date=March 2025}} He is also an Honorary International Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dunton |first1=Jim |title=RIBA names 2015 international fellows |url=https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/riba-names-2015-international-fellows |website=Architect's Journal |access-date=1 March 2025 |date=24 September 2014}}</ref>
Ambasz is also known for his multifaceted interests and fields of action in the design world, boasting over 220 industrial and mechanical patents:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crespi |first=Ferdinando |date=2023-04-27 |title=Architecture, New York: A Prestigious New Accolade for Emilio Ambasz |url=https://www.greenroofs.com/2023/04/27/architecture-new-york-a-prestigious-new-accolade-for-emilio-ambasz/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Greenroofs.com |language=en}}</ref> from high-efficiency engines to modular furniture, from street lamps to interior spotlights, from flexible pens to expandable briefcases, from ergonomic handles to wrist computers, from sinuous water containers to folding notebooks, dental hygiene systems, billfold TV, accessories and watercolor sets.{{cn|date=March 2025|reason=There used to be external links to entries on a non-independent website for each patent. This needs a secondary source, possibly the list should be removed entirely.}}
His inventions in the world of seating are fundamental, including '' Vertebra'' in 1975 ([Compasso d'Oro prize in 1981, a multi-award-winning product worldwide and present in the permanent collections of the Museum of Modern Art and the Metropolitan Museum in New York), the world's first automatic ergonomic chair, developed with G. Piretti. Or the Qualis models (Compasso d'Oro, 1991) and Stacker (Gold Award at the International Forum for Design, 2003).{{cn|date=March 2025}}
In June, 2021, Ambasz was awarded an honorary degree in Building Engineering and Architecture by the University of Bologna (Italy) as a "trailblazer" for green architecture. In September 2020, Emilio Ambasz won his fourth [[Compasso d'Oro]], for his outstanding career "as a pioneer of the relationship between buildings and nature."<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Career Award 2020, 26th edition |url=https://www.adidesignmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Emilio-Ambasz-2020-@-Heads-Collective.jpg |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=[[ADI Design Museum]]}}</ref>
Precursor to the debate on the relationship between humans and the environment, Ambasz was recently the protagonist of ''Emerging Ecologies'': the first exhibition of works (150) that examined the relationship between architecture and the environmental movement in the United States organized by the MoMA in New York.
==Exhibitions of works==
* 1983 ''Emilio Ambasz: 10 Years of Architecture, Graphic and Industrial Design'', a circulating show presented in Milan, Madrid, and Zurich
* 1985 ''Emilio Ambasz'', The Axis Design and Architecture Gallery, Tokyo
* 1986 ''Emilio Ambasz'', Institute of Contemporary Art of Geneva at HaIle Sud, Switzerland
* 1987 ''Emilio Ambasz'', Arc-en- Ciel Gallery at the Center of Contemporary Art, Bordeaux, France
* 1989 ''Emilio Ambasz: Architecture'', one-man show at The Museum of Modern Art, New York
* 1989 ''Emilio Ambasz: Architecture, Exhibition, Industrial and Graphic Design'', a circulating one man show presented in San Diego Museum of Contemporary Art, the Musée des Arts Décoratifs de Montreal, the Akron Art Museum in Ohio, the Art Institute of Chicago in Illinois, and the Laumeier Sculpture Park in St. Louis
* 1993 ''Emilio Ambasz'', one-man show, Tokyo Station Contemporary Center, Japan
* 1994 ''Emilio Ambasz, Architecture and Design'', one-man show at the Centro Cultural Arte Contemporáneo in Mexico City.
*2005–2006 ''In-Depth: The House of Spiritual Retreat by Emilio Ambasz,'' at The Museum of Modern Art, New York.
* 2009 ''In Situ:Architecture and Landscape'', a group show at The Museum of Modern Art, New York
* 2010 ''Green over Gray'', one-man show at the Grimaldi Forum, Monaco
* 2011–2012 ''Emilio Ambasz: Inventions – Architecture and Design''; a comprehensive major retrospective, at the Centro Nacional de Arte Contemporáneo Reina Sofia, Madrid, Spain
==Publications by Ambasz==
* 1972 Ambasz, Emilio, ed.: ''Italy: The New Domestic Landscape: Achievements and Problems of Italian Design''. The Museum of Modern Art, New York.
* 1976 Ambasz, Emilio, ed.: ''The Taxi Project: Realistic Solutions for Today''. The Museum of Modern Art, New York.
* 1976 Ambasz, Emilio: ''The architecture of Luis Barragàn''. The Museum of Modern Art, New York.
* 1999 Ambasz, Emilio: ''Shigeru Ban''. Lawrence King Publishing, London.
* 2004 Ambasz, Emilio: ''Analyzing Ambasz''. The Monacelli Press, New York.
* 2006 Ambasz, Emilio, ed.: ''The Universitas Project: Solutions for a Post-Technological Society.'' The Museum of Modern Art, New York.
==Publications about Ambasz==
* 1989 ''Emilio Ambasz: The Poetics of the Pragmatic: Architecture, Exhibit, Industrial and Graphic Design''. Rizzoli International Publications, New York.
* 1993 ''Emilio Ambasz: Inventions: The Reality of the ldeal''. Rizzoli International Publications, New York.
* 1999 ''Architettura e Natura: Emilio Ambasz – Progetti & Oggetti''. Electa, Milan
* 2001 ''Emilio Ambasz: Natural Architecture, Artificial Design''. Electa, Milan.
* 2005 ''Emilio Ambasz: A Technological Arcadia'', by Fulvio Irace. Electa, Milan.
* 2005 ''Emilio Ambasz: Casa de Retiro Espiritual'', by Peter Buchanan and Michele Alassio. Electa, Milan.
* 2010 ''Emilio Ambasz: Architecture & Nature, Design & Artifice / Architecture & Nature, Design & Artifice''. Electa Mondador, Milan.
* 2011 ''Emilio Ambasz. Invenciones: arquitectura y diseño''. [[Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía|Museo Reina Sofía]], Madrid.
* 2011 ''Maestros de la Arquitectura. Emilio Ambasz'', by Mónica Colombo. Editorial Salvat, Barcelona.
* 2017 ''Emerging Nature – Emilio Ambasz: Precursor of Architecture and Design'', Lars Muller Publishers, Zurich, Switzerland.
* 2021 ''Emilio Ambasz: Green Architecture & Design Tales / Architettura verde & favole di design'', curated by Fulvio Irace. Corraini Edizione, Mantova.
* 2022 ''Emilio Ambasz: Curating a New Nature'', by [[Barry Bergdoll]]. Rizzoli, New York.
==References==
{{reflist}}
* Pile, John F., ed.: "Ambasz, Emilio." The Grove Dictionary of Art, http://www.groveart.com/ (March, 2000).
* Rafael Ordóñez: [http://culturacolectiva.com/emilio-ambasz-un-genio-desconocido/ Emilio Ambasz: un genio desconocido].
==Further reading==
*[[Mario Bellini]], [[Alessandro Mendini]], [[Michael Sorkin]], [[Ettore Sottsass]]: ''Emilio Ambasz: The Poetics of the Pragmatic'', Rizzoli, 1989
*Emilio Ambasz, [[Michael Sorkin]]: ''Analyzing Ambasz'', The Monacelli Press, 2004
*{{cite book|title=Design of the 20th Century|first1=Charlotte|last1=Fiell|first2=Peter|last2=Fiell|publisher=Taschen|location=Köln|edition=25th anniversary|year=2005|page=37|isbn=9783822840788|oclc=809539744}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://ambasz.com/}}
* [http://emilioambaszandassociates.com/ Emilio Ambasz & Associates, Inc.]
* [http://emilioambasz.com/ Emilio Ambasz, Industrial Design]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ambasz, Emilio}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Argentine architects]]
[[Category:Argentine expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Princeton University School of Architecture alumni]]
[[Category:Compasso d'Oro Award recipients]]
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[{"title": "Emilio Ambasz", "data": {"Born": "13 June 1943", "Occupation": "Architect, designer", "Website": "https://www.ambasz.com"}}]
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# Hatfields & McCoys (miniseries)
Hatfields & McCoys is a 2012 American three-part Western television miniseries based on the Hatfield–McCoy feud produced by History Channel. The two-hour episodes aired on May 28, 29, and 30, 2012.
## Premise
The miniseries recounts the famous feud between the Hatfields and McCoys (as well as the allies to both families), starting during the Civil War in 1863 and extending into the early years of The Reconstruction.
## Cast and characters
### Main
- Kevin Costner as William Anderson "Devil Anse" Hatfield
- Bill Paxton as Randolph "Randall" McCoy
- Matt Barr as Johnson "Johnse" Hatfield
- Tom Berenger as Jim Vance
- Powers Boothe as Judge Valentine "Wall" Hatfield
- Andrew Howard as "Bad" Frank Phillips
- Jena Malone as Nancy McCoy
- Sarah Parish as Levicy Hatfield
- Lindsay Pulsipher as Roseanna McCoy
- Ronan Vibert as Perry Cline
- Noel Fisher as Ellison "Cotton Top" Mounts
- Joe Absolom as Selkirk McCoy
- Boyd Holbrook as William "Cap" Hatfield
- Tom McKay as Jim McCoy
- Sam Reid as Tolbert McCoy
- Jilon VanOver as Ransom Bray
- Mare Winningham as Sally McCoy
### Recurring
- Damian O'Hare as Ellison Hatfield
- Greg Patmore as Elias "Good 'Lias" Hatfield
- Andy Gathergood as Skunkhair Tom Wallace
- Noah Taylor as Lark Varney
- John Bell as Billy "Audie" Bempsey
- Max Deacon as Calvin McCoy
- Jack Laskey as Sam McCoy
- Jonathan Fredrick as Jefferson McCoy
- Michael Jibson as Phamer McCoy
- Chad Hugghins as Harmon McCoy
- Tyler F. Jackson as Bud McCoy
- Katie Griffiths as Alifair McCoy
- Rebecca Calder as Martha McCoy
- Nick Dunning as Reverend Garrett
- Alixandra Fuchs as Kate Schoonover
- Michael Woods as Cat Miller
- Robert Moran as John B. Floyd
- Joy McBrinn as Betty Blankenship
- Jon Bloch as TC Crawford
## Production
The miniseries was History's first aired scripted drama (the network had previously produced a scripted miniseries in 2011, The Kennedys, but decided against airing it in the United States).
Although the story is set in the Appalachians in West Virginia and Kentucky, the miniseries was shot in Romania, just outside Brașov with the Carpathians standing in for the Appalachians.
### Music
The score for the series was composed by John Debney and Tony Morales, with additional music by Kevin Costner and Modern West. The soundtrack features vocals performed by Lisbeth Scott on The Long Road Down.
## Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an approval rating of 71% based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 7.34/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Hatfields and McCoys is a violent and gritty spectacle that perhaps takes itself too seriously." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 68 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Linda Stasi of the New York Post commented:
When I first heard about it, my thought was: Why? But that was before I sat through all six hours of this intense saga. Most miniseries this long tend to lose steam somewhere between the beginning of Night 1 and the middle of Night 2. Not this one...The miniseries is full of stand-out performances from great actors... But it's the guys you may not know who will blow you away.
Entertainment Weekly's Ken Tucker gave the series a B+, stating: "In stretching the tale over three nights, the pacing sags at times, and recriminations can get repetitive. It also doesn't help that Reynolds shot the miniseries in that perpetual sepia tone that gives everything a faux-antique look. But overall, Hatfields & McCoys is engrossing, and enlightening about a feud that proves to be a lot more than the bumpkin brawl of pop legend." Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times wrote:
Although deftly nailed into its time and place with sets and costumes so vivid you can smell the blue wood smoke and the stink of moonshine sweat, Hatfields & McCoys transcends the confines of its age by revealing the feud's posturing, resentments and callous violence that mirror the dynamics of modern urban gangs... It isn't a perfect piece—when faced with a choice between historic detail and story, Hatfields & McCoys errs on the side of detail, which is both the series' greatest strength and weakness.
Among the negative critics was Verne Gay of Newsday who called the series "violent and dull", adding:
What's not to like about Hatfields & McCoys? Simple: the story. It's an uninteresting one, peopled with almost criminally bland characters. In fact, as portrayed here—quite possibly accurately—they're a bunch of bibulous knuckleheads who shoot at each other year after year—or on TV, hour after hour—and have no real idea why. It's an interminable eye-for-eye, tooth-for-tooth narrative.
Washington Post's Hank Stuever also gave a negative review:
The point of the entire saga, it seems, is to make you lose track of what the feudin' was about, and how it managed to burn out of control. It will always be tempting to view their story through any modern analogy of one's choosing—such as partisan political stalemates or the red-blue socioeconomic divide. But maybe the story of the Hatfields and McCoys doesn't amount to anything at all. Maybe, since it also doesn't make much of miniseries, it was meant to be a footnote and nothing more.
### Ratings
Part one drew the largest ever ratings for a History program and one of the biggest in cable TV history. 13.9 million viewers tuned into the first of three parts, making it the most-watched single broadcast on ad-supported cable ever, excluding sports. Demographic numbers were high as well, with 4.8 million viewers in the adults 18–49 demographic and 5.8 million viewers among adults 24–54. Part two was watched by 13.13 million viewers with an adult 18–49 rating of 3.7, the highest rated programming on cable of the night. Part three was watched by 14.29 million viewers with an adult 18-49 rating of 4.0, making it the number-one program of the night.
### Accolades
Hatfields & McCoys received 16 nominations at the 64th Primetime Emmy Awards, the most since the History Channel began operations.
| Year | Award | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref. |
| ---- | ------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------- | ------ |
| 2012 | Artios Awards | Outstanding Achievement in Casting – Television Movie/Mini Series | Fern Champion and Amy Hubbard | Nominated | [ 17 ] |
| 2012 | Critics' Choice Television Awards | Best Actor in a Movie/Miniseries | Kevin Costner | Nominated | [ 18 ] |
| 2012 | Golden Eagle Awards | Entertainment – Drama | Leslie Greif, Nancy Dubuc, Dirk Hoogstra, Barry Berg, Kevin Costner, Darrell Fetty, Herb Nanas, and Vlad Paunescu | Won | [ 19 ] |
| 2012 | Hollywood Post Alliance Awards | Outstanding Color Grading – Television | Lorraine Grant (for "Part 2") | Nominated | [ 20 ] |
| 2012 | Hollywood Post Alliance Awards | Outstanding Sound – Television | Christian Cooke and Brad Zoern (for "Part 3") | Nominated | [ 20 ] |
| 2012 | Online Film & Television Association Awards | Best Motion Picture or Miniseries | Best Motion Picture or Miniseries | Nominated | [ 21 ] |
| 2012 | Online Film & Television Association Awards | Best Actor in a Motion Picture or Miniseries | Kevin Costner | Nominated | [ 21 ] |
| 2012 | Online Film & Television Association Awards | Best Actor in a Motion Picture or Miniseries | Bill Paxton | Nominated | [ 21 ] |
| 2012 | Online Film & Television Association Awards | Best Direction of a Motion Picture or Miniseries | Kevin Reynolds | Nominated | [ 21 ] |
| 2012 | Online Film & Television Association Awards | Best Writing of a Motion Picture or Miniseries | Ted Mann, Ronald Parker, and Bill Kerby | Nominated | [ 21 ] |
| 2012 | Online Film & Television Association Awards | Best Ensemble in a Motion Picture or Miniseries | Best Ensemble in a Motion Picture or Miniseries | Nominated | [ 21 ] |
| 2012 | Online Film & Television Association Awards | Best Cinematography in a Non-Series | Best Cinematography in a Non-Series | Nominated | [ 21 ] |
| 2012 | Online Film & Television Association Awards | Best Costume Design in a Non-Series | Best Costume Design in a Non-Series | Nominated | [ 21 ] |
| 2012 | Online Film & Television Association Awards | Best Editing in a Non-Series | Best Editing in a Non-Series | Nominated | [ 21 ] |
| 2012 | Online Film & Television Association Awards | Best Makeup/Hairstyling in a Non-Series | Best Makeup/Hairstyling in a Non-Series | Nominated | [ 21 ] |
| 2012 | Online Film & Television Association Awards | Best Music in a Non-Series | Best Music in a Non-Series | Nominated | [ 21 ] |
| 2012 | Online Film & Television Association Awards | Best Production Design in a Non-Series | Best Production Design in a Non-Series | Won | [ 21 ] |
| 2012 | Online Film & Television Association Awards | Best Sound in a Non-Series | Best Sound in a Non-Series | Nominated | [ 21 ] |
| 2012 | Primetime Emmy Awards | Outstanding Miniseries or Movie | Leslie Greif, Nancy Dubuc, Dirk Hoogstra, Barry Berg, Kevin Costner, Darrell Fetty, Herb Nanas, and Vlad Paunescu | Nominated | [ 22 ] |
| 2012 | Primetime Emmy Awards | Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie | Kevin Costner | Won | [ 22 ] |
| 2012 | Primetime Emmy Awards | Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie | Bill Paxton | Nominated | [ 22 ] |
| 2012 | Primetime Emmy Awards | Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie | Tom Berenger | Won | [ 22 ] |
| 2012 | Primetime Emmy Awards | Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie | Mare Winningham | Nominated | [ 22 ] |
| 2012 | Primetime Emmy Awards | Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special | Kevin Reynolds | Nominated | [ 22 ] |
| 2012 | Primetime Emmy Awards | Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special | Ted Mann, Ronald Parker, and Bill Kerby (for "Part 2") | Nominated | [ 22 ] |
| 2012 | Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards | Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries or Movie | Derek R. Hill, Serban Porupca, John B. Vertrees, and Sally Black | Nominated | [ 22 ] |
| 2012 | Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards | Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special | Fern Champion and Amy Hubbard | Nominated | [ 22 ] |
| 2012 | Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards | Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special | Karri Hutchinson and Adina Bucur (for "Part 1") | Nominated | [ 22 ] |
| 2012 | Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards | Outstanding Hairstyling for a Miniseries or a Movie | Giorgio Gregorini, Peter Nicastro, and Gabriele Gregorini | Nominated | [ 22 ] |
| 2012 | Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards | Outstanding Makeup for a Miniseries or a Movie (Non-Prosthetic) | Mario Michisanti and Francesca Tampieri | Won | [ 22 ] |
| 2012 | Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards | Outstanding Music Composition for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special (Original Dramatic Score) | John Debney and Tony Morales (for "Part 1") | Nominated | [ 22 ] |
| 2012 | Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards | Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries or a Movie | Don Cassidy (for "Part 2") | Won | [ 22 ] |
| 2012 | Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards | Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special | Tom Bjelic, John Laing, John Douglas Smith, Mark Dejczak, Michael Mancuso, Dermain Finlayson, Kevin Banks, Darrell Hall, Alex Bullick, Nathan Robitaille, Dan Kiener, Emilie Boucek, and Steve Baine (for "Part 1") | Nominated | [ 22 ] |
| 2012 | Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards | Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or a Movie | Dragos Stanomir, Christian T. Cooke, and Brad Zoern (for "Part 1") | Won | [ 22 ] |
| 2012 | Satellite Awards | Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television | Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television | Won | [ 23 ] |
| 2012 | Satellite Awards | Best Actor in a Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made for Television | Kevin Costner | Nominated | [ 23 ] |
| 2012 | Satellite Awards | Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series, Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television | Mare Winningham | Nominated | [ 23 ] |
| 2012 | Television Critics Association Awards | Outstanding Achievement in Movies, Miniseries, and Specials | Outstanding Achievement in Movies, Miniseries, and Specials | Nominated | [ 24 ] |
| 2013 | American Cinema Editors Awards | Best Edited Miniseries or Motion Picture for Television | Don Cassidy (for "Part 1") | Nominated | [ 25 ] |
| 2013 | American Society of Cinematographers Awards | Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Motion Picture/Miniseries | Arthur Reinhart | Nominated | [ 26 ] |
| 2013 | Art Directors Guild Awards | Excellence in Production Design Award – Television Movie or Mini-Series | Derek R. Hill, Serban Porupca, John B. Vertrees, Vlad Roseanu, Grigore Puscariu, Elena Ioana, Ellen King, Sally Black, Aniela Ban, and Radu Ciocanau | Nominated | [ 27 ] |
| 2013 | ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards | Top Television Series | John Debney | Won | [ 28 ] |
| 2013 | BMI Film & TV Awards | Cable Mini-Series Award | Tony Morales | Won | [ 29 ] |
| 2013 | Cinema Audio Society Awards | Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Movies and Mini-Series | Dragos Stanomir, Christian Cooke, Brad Zoern, Jeff Vaughn, Eric Apps, and Peter Persaud | Won | [ 30 ] |
| 2013 | Costume Designers Guild Awards | Outstanding Made for Television Movie or Miniseries | Karri Hutchinson | Nominated | [ 31 ] |
| 2013 | Directors Guild of America Awards | Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Movies for Television and Miniseries | Kevin Reynolds | Nominated | [ 32 ] |
| 2013 | Golden Globe Awards | Best Miniseries or Television Film | Best Miniseries or Television Film | Nominated | [ 33 ] |
| 2013 | Golden Globe Awards | Best Actor in a Miniseries or Television Film | Kevin Costner | Won | [ 33 ] |
| 2013 | Golden Nymph Awards | Outstanding Actor – Mini-Series | Kevin Costner | Nominated | [ 34 ] |
| 2013 | Golden Nymph Awards | Outstanding Actor – Mini-Series | Bill Paxton | Nominated | [ 34 ] |
| 2013 | Golden Reel Awards | Best Sound Editing – Long Form Music in Television | Kevin Banks and Darrell Hall (for "Part 2") | Nominated | [ 35 ] |
| 2013 | Producers Guild of America Awards | David L. Wolper Award for Outstanding Producer of Long-Form Television | Barry M. Berg, Kevin Costner, Darrell Fetty, Leslie Greif, and Herb Nanas | Nominated | [ 36 ] |
| 2013 | Screen Actors Guild Awards | Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie | Kevin Costner | Won | [ 37 ] |
| 2013 | Screen Actors Guild Awards | Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie | Bill Paxton | Nominated | [ 37 ] |
| 2013 | Western Heritage Awards | Western Documentary | Western Documentary | Won | [ 38 ] |
| 2013 | Western Writers of America Awards | Best Western Drama Script (Fiction) | Ted Mann, Ronald Parker, and Bill Kerby | Nominated | [ 39 ] |
| 2013 | Writers Guild of America Awards | Long Form – Original | Ted Mann, Ronald Parker, and Bill Kerby | Won | [ 40 ] |
## Home video release
The series was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc formats on July 31, 2012. The bonus material includes a music video of "I Know These Hills" from Kevin Costner and Modern West from their album Famous for Killing Each Other: Music From and Inspired By Hatfields & McCoys.
## Effect on tourism
According to WYMT-TV in Hazard, Kentucky, the series has generated an increase in tourism to the area from people wanting to know about the feud. Pike County Tourism Vice Chair Reed Potter said,
It's been beyond our expectations. We've been getting requests for brochures that tell about the feud sites and places people can visit at a rate today last I checked of about two per minute.
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Hatfields & McCoys (miniseries)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatfields_%26_McCoys_(miniseries)
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{{Short description|2012 American miniseries}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Hatfieldsmccoys2.jpg
| caption = Poster
| genre = [[Docudrama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer =
| director = [[Kevin Reynolds (director)|Kevin Reynolds]]
| starring = {{Plainlist |
* [[Kevin Costner]]
* [[Bill Paxton]]
* [[Tom Berenger]]
* [[Mare Winningham]]
* [[Jena Malone]]
* [[Boyd Holbrook]]
* [[Powers Boothe]]
}}
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer = [[John Debney]]<br />Tony Morales
| country = United States
| language = English
| num_episodes = 3
| producer = [[Kevin Costner]]<br />Darrell Fetty<br />Herb Nanas
| cinematography = [[Arthur Reinhart]]
| editor = Don Cassidy
| runtime = 290 minutes
| company = [[History (American TV channel)|History]]<br />ThinkFactory Media<br />[[Sony Pictures Television]]
| network = [[History Channel]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2012|05|28}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2012|05|30}}
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| screenplay = [[Ted Mann (writer)|Ted Mann]]<br />[[Ronald Parker]]
| story = [[Bill Kerby]]<br />Ted Mann
| budget =
}}
'''''Hatfields & McCoys''''' is a 2012 American three-part [[Western (genre)|Western]] television [[miniseries]] based on the [[Hatfield–McCoy feud]] produced by [[History (American TV channel)|History Channel]]. The two-hour episodes aired on May 28, 29, and 30, 2012.<ref name="Production">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/story/2012-05-24/hatfields-and-mccoys-costner-paxton/55193902/1 |title=Hatfields & McCoys |work=[[History (U.S. TV channel)|History]] |access-date=May 30, 2012 |date=May 24, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528110633/http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/story/2012-05-24/hatfields-and-mccoys-costner-paxton/55193902/1 |archive-date=May 28, 2012 }}</ref>
==Premise==
The miniseries recounts the famous feud between [[Hatfield–McCoy feud|the Hatfields and McCoys]] (as well as the allies to both families), starting during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] in 1863 and extending into the early years of [[Reconstruction era|The Reconstruction]].
==Cast and characters==
===Main===
{{cast listing|
* [[Kevin Costner]] as [[Devil Anse Hatfield|William Anderson "Devil Anse" Hatfield]]
* [[Bill Paxton]] as [[Randolph McCoy|Randolph "Randall" McCoy]]
* [[Matt Barr]] as Johnson "Johnse" Hatfield
* [[Tom Berenger]] as Jim Vance
* [[Powers Boothe]] as Judge Valentine "Wall" Hatfield
* [[Andrew Howard]] as "Bad" Frank Phillips
* [[Jena Malone]] as Nancy McCoy
* [[Sarah Parish]] as Levicy Hatfield
* [[Lindsay Pulsipher]] as Roseanna McCoy
* [[Ronan Vibert]] as Perry Cline
* [[Noel Fisher]] as Ellison "Cotton Top" Mounts
* [[Joe Absolom]] as Selkirk McCoy
* [[Boyd Holbrook]] as William "Cap" Hatfield
* Tom McKay as Jim McCoy
* [[Sam Reid (actor)|Sam Reid]] as Tolbert McCoy
* [[Jilon VanOver]] as Ransom Bray
* [[Mare Winningham]] as Sally McCoy
}}
===Recurring===
{{cast listing|
* [[Damian O'Hare]] as Ellison Hatfield
* Greg Patmore as Elias "Good 'Lias" Hatfield
* Andy Gathergood as Skunkhair Tom Wallace
* [[Noah Taylor]] as Lark Varney
* [[John Bell (Scottish actor)|John Bell]] as Billy "Audie" Bempsey
* Max Deacon as Calvin McCoy
* [[Jack Laskey]] as Sam McCoy
* Jonathan Fredrick as Jefferson McCoy
* [[Michael Jibson]] as Phamer McCoy
* Chad Hugghins as Harmon McCoy
* Tyler F. Jackson as Bud McCoy
* [[Katie Griffiths]] as Alifair McCoy
* [[Rebecca Calder]] as Martha McCoy
* [[Nick Dunning]] as Reverend Garrett
* Alixandra Fuchs as Kate Schoonover
* Michael Woods as Cat Miller
* [[Rob Moran|Robert Moran]] as John B. Floyd
* Joy McBrinn as Betty Blankenship
* Jon Bloch as TC Crawford
}}
==Production==
The miniseries was ''History'''s first aired scripted drama<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/story/2012-05-24/hatfields-and-mccoys-costner-paxton/55193902/1 |title=History comes out shooting with 'Hatfields & McCoys' |last=Memmott |first=Carol |date=May 24, 2012 |work=[[USA Today]] |access-date=May 28, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528065904/http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/story/2012-05-24/hatfields-and-mccoys-costner-paxton/55193902/1 |archive-date=May 28, 2012 }}</ref> (the network had previously produced a scripted miniseries in 2011, ''[[The Kennedys (miniseries)|The Kennedys]]'', but decided against airing it in the United States).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/history-channel-pulls-kennedys-last-69529 |title=EXCLUSIVE: History Channel Pulls 'The Kennedys'; Says Controversial Miniseries 'Not a Fit' |last=Belloni |first=Matthew |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=January 7, 2010 |access-date=7 January 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108115449/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/history-channel-pulls-kennedys-last-69529 |archive-date=8 January 2011 }}</ref>
Although the story is set in the [[Appalachians]] in West Virginia and Kentucky, the miniseries was shot in [[Romania]], just outside [[Brașov]] with the [[Carpathians]] standing in for the Appalachians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/shows/hatfields-and-mccoys/videos/romania-becomes-appalachia#romania-becomes-appalachia |title=Hatfields & McCoys: Romania Becomes Appalachia |work=[[History (U.S. TV channel)|History Channel]] |access-date=June 21, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026173311/http://www.history.com/shows/hatfields-and-mccoys/videos/romania-becomes-appalachia |archive-date=October 26, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sWwtQsB4mJ0 |title=Interview with Kevin Costner on the set of 'Hatfields & McCoys' in Romania |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=June 21, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524012112/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sWwtQsB4mJ0&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=May 24, 2012 }}</ref>
===Music===
The score for the series was composed by [[John Debney]] and Tony Morales, with additional music by [[Kevin Costner and Modern West]].<ref name="Production" /> The soundtrack features vocals performed by [[Lisbeth Scott]] on ''The Long Road Down''.
==Reception==
On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the series holds an approval rating of 71% based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 7.34/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "''Hatfields and McCoys'' is a violent and gritty spectacle that perhaps takes itself too seriously."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/hatfields-mccoys|title=Hatfield and McCoys: Season 1 (2010)|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media]]|access-date=May 10, 2020}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a weighted average score of 68 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/tv/hatfields-mccoys/season-1/critic-reviews |title=Hatfields & McCoys |work=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=2012-05-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530074035/http://www.metacritic.com/tv/hatfields-mccoys/season-1/critic-reviews |archive-date=2012-05-30 }}</ref>
Linda Stasi of the ''[[New York Post]]'' commented:
{{cquote|When I first heard about it, my thought was: Why? But that was before I sat through all six hours of this intense saga. Most miniseries this long tend to lose steam somewhere between the beginning of Night 1 and the middle of Night 2. Not this one...The miniseries is full of stand-out performances from great actors... But it's the guys you may not know who will blow you away.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/tv/loathe_thy_neighbor_YZZZY2nRJKFcJz69Jc0N8J |title=Loathe thy neighbor. 'Hatfields & McCoys' no hillbilly joke. |last=Stasi |first=Linda |date=May 27, 2012 |work=[[New York Post]] |access-date=May 31, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529053559/http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/tv/loathe_thy_neighbor_YZZZY2nRJKFcJz69Jc0N8J |archive-date=May 29, 2012 }}</ref>}}
''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''{{'s}} Ken Tucker gave the series a B+, stating: "In stretching the tale over three nights, the pacing sags at times, and recriminations can get repetitive. It also doesn't help that [[Kevin Reynolds (director)|Reynolds]] shot the miniseries in that perpetual sepia tone that gives everything a faux-antique look. But overall, ''Hatfields & McCoys'' is engrossing, and enlightening about a feud that proves to be a lot more than the [[Yokel|bumpkin]] brawl of pop legend."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20596214,00.html |title=TV Review – Hatfields & Mccoys (2012) |last=Tucker |first=Ken |date=May 25, 2012 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=May 31, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531214326/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C20596214%2C00.html |archive-date=May 31, 2012 }}</ref> Mary McNamara of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' wrote:
{{cquote|Although deftly nailed into its time and place with sets and costumes so vivid you can smell the blue wood smoke and the stink of moonshine sweat, ''Hatfields & McCoys'' transcends the confines of its age by revealing the feud's posturing, resentments and callous violence that mirror the dynamics of modern urban gangs... It isn't a perfect piece{{mdash}}when faced with a choice between historic detail and story, ''Hatfields & McCoys'' errs on the side of detail, which is both the series' greatest strength and weakness.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-hatfields-20120528,0,3652904.story |title=Review: 'Hatfields & McCoys' has vivid detail, fine acting |last=McNamara |first=Mary |date=May 28, 2012 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=May 31, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531082108/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-hatfields-20120528%2C0%2C3652904.story |archive-date=May 31, 2012 }}</ref>}}
Among the negative critics was Verne Gay of ''[[Newsday]]'' who called the series "violent and dull", adding:
{{cquote|What's not to like about ''Hatfields & McCoys?'' Simple: the story. It's an uninteresting one, peopled with almost criminally bland characters. In fact, as portrayed here{{mdash}}quite possibly accurately{{mdash}}they're a bunch of bibulous knuckleheads who shoot at each other year after year{{mdash}}or on TV, hour after hour{{mdash}}and have no real idea why. It's an interminable eye-for-eye, tooth-for-tooth narrative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/tv/hatfields-and-mccoys-it-s-a-bland-feud-1.3741579 |title="Hatfields and McCoys": It's a bland feud |last=Gay |first=Verne |date=May 25, 2012 |work=[[Newsday]] |access-date=May 31, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531120654/http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/tv/hatfields-and-mccoys-it-s-a-bland-feud-1.3741579 |archive-date=May 31, 2012 }}</ref>}}
''[[Washington Post]]''{{'}}s Hank Stuever also gave a negative review:
{{cquote|The point of the entire saga, it seems, is to make you lose track of what the feudin' was about, and how it managed to burn out of control. It will always be tempting to view their story through any modern analogy of one's choosing{{mdash}}such as partisan political stalemates or the red-blue socioeconomic divide. But maybe the story of the Hatfields and McCoys doesn't amount to anything at all. Maybe, since it also doesn't make much of miniseries, it was meant to be a footnote and nothing more.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/tv/hatfields-and-mccoys-brawlers-in-the-holler/2012/05/24/gJQAxF9gpU_story.html |title="Hatfields & McCoys": Brawlers in the holler |last=Stuever |first=Hank |date=May 25, 2012 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |access-date=May 31, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531215440/http://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/tv/hatfields-and-mccoys-brawlers-in-the-holler/2012/05/24/gJQAxF9gpU_story.html |archive-date=May 31, 2012 }}</ref>}}
===Ratings===
Part one drew the largest ever ratings for a ''History'' program and one of the biggest in cable TV history. 13.9 million viewers tuned into the first of three parts, making it the most-watched single broadcast on ad-supported cable ever, excluding sports. Demographic numbers were high as well, with 4.8 million viewers in the adults 18–49 demographic and 5.8 million viewers among adults 24–54.<ref>{{cite web|last=Porter |first=Rick |url=http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2012/05/hatfields-and-mccoys-makes-ratings-history-for-history-channel.html |title=''Hatfields & McCoys'' makes ratings history for History Channel |publisher=Zap2it |date=29 May 2012 |access-date=30 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530223252/http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2012/05/hatfields-and-mccoys-makes-ratings-history-for-history-channel.html |archive-date=30 May 2012 }}</ref> Part two was watched by 13.13 million viewers with an adult 18–49 rating of 3.7, the highest rated programming on cable of the night.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/05/31/tuesday-cable-ratings-hatfields-mccoys-wins-night-nba-playoffs-tosh-0-deadliest-catch-workaholics-real-housewives-more/136322/ |title=Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Hatfields & McCoys' Wins Night, NBA Playoffs, 'Tosh.0', 'Deadliest Catch', 'Workaholics', 'Real Housewives' & More |last=Bibel |first=Sara |date=May 31, 2012 |work=[[TV by the Numbers]] |access-date=May 31, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601173248/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/05/31/tuesday-cable-ratings-hatfields-mccoys-wins-night-nba-playoffs-tosh-0-deadliest-catch-workaholics-real-housewives-more/136322/ |archive-date=June 1, 2012 }}</ref> Part three was watched by 14.29 million viewers with an adult 18-49 rating of 4.0, making it the number-one program of the night.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/05/31/wednesday-cable-ratings-hatfields-mccoys-nba-playoffs-hardcore-history-restaurant-impossible-melissa-joey-daily-show-more/136370/ |title=Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Hatfields & McCoys' Wins Night, NBA Playoffs, 'Hardcore History', 'Restaurant Impossible', 'Melissa & Joey' 'Daily Show' & More |last=Bibel |first=Sara |date=May 31, 2012 |work=TV by the Numbers |access-date=May 31, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603035356/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/05/31/wednesday-cable-ratings-hatfields-mccoys-nba-playoffs-hardcore-history-restaurant-impossible-melissa-joey-daily-show-more/136370/ |archive-date=June 3, 2012 }}</ref>
===Accolades===
''Hatfields & McCoys'' received 16 nominations at the [[64th Primetime Emmy Awards]], the most since the History Channel began operations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/emmys/la-et-st-emmys-hatfields-mccoys-20120720,0,6354479.story |title=Emmys: 'Hatfields & McCoys' feud draws 16 nominations |last=Braxton |first=Greg |date=July 19, 2012 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=July 20, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720050922/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/emmys/la-et-st-emmys-hatfields-mccoys-20120720%2C0%2C6354479.story |archive-date=July 20, 2012 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominee(s)
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="38"| {{center|2012}}
| [[Casting Society of America#Artios Awards|Artios Awards]]
| Outstanding Achievement in Casting – Television Movie/Mini Series
| Fern Champion and Amy Hubbard
| {{nom}}
| align="center"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.castingsociety.com/awards/artios/2012 |title=2012 Artios Awards |access-date=October 29, 2012 |website=www.castingsociety.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[2nd Critics' Choice Television Awards|Critics' Choice Television Awards]]
| [[Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Movie/Miniseries|Best Actor in a Movie/Miniseries]]
| [[Kevin Costner]]
| {{nom}}
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Critics' Choice TV Awards: 'Homeland', 'Community' & 'Sherlock' Double Winners|url=https://deadline.com/2012/06/critics-choice-television-awards-2012-winners-288293/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=June 19, 2012|date=June 18, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[CINE|Golden Eagle Awards]]
| Entertainment – Drama
| [[Leslie Greif]], [[Nancy Dubuc]], Dirk Hoogstra, <br> Barry Berg, Kevin Costner, [[Darrell Fetty]], <br> Herb Nanas, and Vlad Paunescu
| {{won}}
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Hatfields & McCoys |url=http://www.cine.org/fall-2012-golden-eagle-award-recipients/professional-telecast-fiction-division/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210055707/http://www.cine.org/fall-2012-golden-eagle-award-recipients/professional-telecast-fiction-division/ |archive-date=2013-02-10 |website=[[CINE]] |access-date=June 19, 2012 |date=June 18, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Hollywood Professional Association|Hollywood Post Alliance Awards]]
| [[Hollywood Post Alliance Award for Outstanding Color Grading – Television|Outstanding Color Grading – Television]]
| Lorraine Grant {{small|(for "Part 2")}}
| {{nom}}
| align="center" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://hpaonline.com/nominees-and-winners/2012-hpa-awards/ |title=2012 HPA Awards |website=[[Hollywood Professional Association]] |access-date=September 8, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hollywood Post Alliance Award for Outstanding Sound – Television|Outstanding Sound – Television]]
| [[Christian Cooke (sound engineer)|Christian Cooke]] and [[Brad Zoern]] {{small|(for "Part 3")}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="13"| Online Film & Television Association Awards
| colspan="2"| Best Motion Picture or Miniseries
| {{nom}}
| align="center" rowspan="13"| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/16th-annual-tv-awards-2011-12/ |title=16th Annual TV Awards (2011-12) |website=Online Film & Television Association |access-date=May 15, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| Best Actor in a Motion Picture or Miniseries
| Kevin Costner
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Bill Paxton]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Direction of a Motion Picture or Miniseries
| [[Kevin Reynolds (director)|Kevin Reynolds]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Writing of a Motion Picture or Miniseries
| [[Ted Mann (writer)|Ted Mann]], [[Ronald Parker]], and [[Bill Kerby]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| colspan="2"| Best Ensemble in a Motion Picture or Miniseries
| {{nom}}
|-
| colspan="2"| Best Cinematography in a Non-Series
| {{nom}}
|-
| colspan="2"| Best Costume Design in a Non-Series
| {{nom}}
|-
| colspan="2"| Best Editing in a Non-Series
| {{nom}}
|-
| colspan="2"| Best Makeup/Hairstyling in a Non-Series
| {{nom}}
|-
| colspan="2"| Best Music in a Non-Series
| {{nom}}
|-
| colspan="2"| Best Production Design in a Non-Series
| {{won}}
|-
| colspan="2"| Best Sound in a Non-Series
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="7"| [[64th Primetime Emmy Awards|Primetime Emmy Awards]]
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited or Anthology Series|Outstanding Miniseries or Movie]]
| Leslie Greif, Nancy Dubuc, Dirk Hoogstra, <br> Barry Berg, Kevin Costner, Darrell Fetty, <br> Herb Nanas, and Vlad Paunescu
| {{nom}}
| align="center" rowspan="16"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.emmys.com/shows/hatfields-mccoys |title=Hatfields & McCoys |website=Emmys.com |publisher=[[Academy of Television Arts & Sciences]] |access-date=July 19, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie|Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie]]
| Kevin Costner
| {{won}}
|-
| Bill Paxton
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie|Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie]]
| [[Tom Berenger]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie|Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie]]
| [[Mare Winningham]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie|Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special]]
| Kevin Reynolds
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie|Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special]]
| Ted Mann, Ronald Parker, and Bill Kerby <br> {{small|(for "Part 2")}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="9"| [[64th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards|Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards]]
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries or Movie|Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries or Movie]]
| [[Derek R. Hill]], Serban Porupca, <br> John B. Vertrees, and Sally Black
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Casting for a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie|Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special]]
| Fern Champion and Amy Hubbard
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries, Movie, or Special|Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special]]
| Karri Hutchinson and Adina Bucur {{small|(for "Part 1")}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series or Movie|Outstanding Hairstyling for a Miniseries or a Movie]]
| Giorgio Gregorini, Peter Nicastro, <br> and Gabriele Gregorini
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Makeup (Non-Prosthetic)|Outstanding Makeup for a Miniseries or a Movie (Non-Prosthetic)]]
| Mario Michisanti and Francesca Tampieri
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Limited or Anthology Series, Movie or Special|Outstanding Music Composition for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special <br> (Original Dramatic Score)]]
| [[John Debney]] and Tony Morales {{small|(for "Part 1")}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie|Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries or a Movie]]
| Don Cassidy {{small|(for "Part 2")}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Limited or Anthology Series, Movie or Special|Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special]]
| Tom Bjelic, John Laing, John Douglas Smith, <br> Mark Dejczak, Michael Mancuso, <br> Dermain Finlayson, [[Kevin Banks]], Darrell Hall, <br> Alex Bullick, Nathan Robitaille, Dan Kiener, <br> Emilie Boucek, and Steve Baine {{small|(for "Part 1")}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie|Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or a Movie]]
| Dragos Stanomir, Christian T. Cooke, and <br> Brad Zoern {{small|(for "Part 1")}}
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[17th Satellite Awards|Satellite Awards]]
| colspan="2"| [[Satellite Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film|Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television]]
| {{won}}
| align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pressacademy.com/award_cat/2012/ |title=2012 Satellite Awards |work=[[Satellite Awards]] |publisher=[[International Press Academy]] |access-date=July 10, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Satellite Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film|Best Actor in a Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made for Television]]
| Kevin Costner
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film|Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series, Miniseries or <br> Motion Picture Made for Television]]
| Mare Winningham
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[28th TCA Awards|Television Critics Association Awards]]
| colspan="2"| [[TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Movies, Miniseries and Specials|Outstanding Achievement in Movies, Miniseries, and Specials]]
| {{nom}}
| align="center"| <ref name="The Television Critics Association Announces 2012 TCA Award Nominees">{{cite web|url=http://tvcritics.org/2012/06/07/the-television-critics-association-announces-2012-tca-award-nominees/ |title=The Television Critics Association Announces 2012 TCA Award Nominees |publisher=[[Television Critics Association]] |date=June 7, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818190945/http://tvcritics.org/2012/06/07/the-television-critics-association-announces-2012-tca-award-nominees/ |archivedate=August 18, 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="19"| {{center|2013}}
| [[American Cinema Editors Awards 2013|American Cinema Editors Awards]]
| [[American Cinema Editors Award for Best Edited Miniseries or Motion Picture for Television|Best Edited Miniseries or Motion Picture for Television]]
| Don Cassidy {{small|(for "Part 1")}}
| {{nom}}
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/american-cinema-editors-announce-63rd-411244 | title=American Cinema Editors Announce 63rd Annual Eddie Award Nominees | work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=January 11, 2013 | accessdate=January 6, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[2012 American Society of Cinematographers Awards|American Society of Cinematographers Awards]]
| [[American Society of Cinematographers Award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Motion Picture, Limited Series, or Pilot Made for Television|Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Motion Picture/Miniseries]]
| [[Arthur Reinhart]]
| {{nom}}
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=ASC Awards: 'Skyfall's Roger Deakins Wins Feature Film Honor; TV Winners Include 'Great Expectations', 'Game Of Thrones', 'Wilfred', 'Hunted'|url=https://deadline.com/2013/02/cinematographer-awards-2013-asc-winners-list-426875/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=11 February 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Art Directors Guild Awards 2012|Art Directors Guild Awards]]
| [[Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Television Movie or Limited Series|Excellence in Production Design Award – Television Movie or Mini-Series]]
| Derek R. Hill, Serban Porupca, <br> John B. Vertrees, Vlad Roseanu, <br> Grigore Puscariu, Elena Ioana, <br> Ellen King, Sally Black, Aniela Ban, <br> and Radu Ciocanau
| {{nom}}
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://adg.org/awards/adg/winners/2013/ |title=Nominees/Winners |publisher=[[Art Directors Guild]] |accessdate=July 29, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers|ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards]]
| Top Television Series
| John Debney
| {{won}}
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/ascap-honor-patrick-doyle-at-564205/ |title=ASCAP To Honor Composer Patrick Doyle at Film & TV Music Awards | work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=June 3, 2013 |access-date=January 6, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[BMI Film & TV Awards]]
| Cable Mini-Series Award
| Tony Morales
| {{won}}
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bmi.com/news/entry/cliff_martinez_and_top_composers_honored_at_the_2013_bmi_film_tv_awards |title=Cliff Martinez and Top Composers Honored at the 2013 BMI Film & TV Awards |website=[[Broadcast Music, Inc.]] |date=16 May 2013 |access-date=May 16, 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[Cinema Audio Society Awards]]
| [[Cinema Audio Society Award for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Movie or Limited Series|Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Movies and Mini-Series]]
| Dragos Stanomir, Christian Cooke, Brad Zoern, <br> Jeff Vaughn, Eric Apps, and Peter Persaud
| {{won}}
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/cinema-audio-society-nominations-announced-409643 |title=Cinema Audio Society Nominations Announced |date=8 January 2013 |publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |accessdate=May 9, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[15th Costume Designers Guild Awards|Costume Designers Guild Awards]]
| [[Costume Designers Guild Award for Outstanding Made for Television Movie or Miniseries|Outstanding Made for Television Movie or Miniseries]]
| Karri Hutchinson
| {{nom}}
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.costumedesignersguild.com/awards-archives/15th-cdga-2013/ |title=15th Costume Designers Guild Awards |work=[[Costume Designers Guild]] |access-date=May 21, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[65th Directors Guild of America Awards|Directors Guild of America Awards]]
| [[Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Miniseries or TV Film|Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Movies for Television and Miniseries]]
| Kevin Reynolds
| {{nom}}
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dga.org/Awards/History/2010s/2012.aspx?value=2012 |title=65th DGA Awards |website=[[Directors Guild of America Awards]] |access-date=July 5, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[70th Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Awards]]
| colspan="2"| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film|Best Miniseries or Television Film]]
| {{nom}}
| align="center" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/tv-show/hatfields-mccoys |title=Hatfields & McCoys – Golden Globes |website=[[HFPA]] |access-date=July 5, 2021 |ref={{harvid|HFPA|2013}}}}</ref>
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film|Best Actor in a Miniseries or Television Film]]
| rowspan="2"| Kevin Costner
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Golden Nymph Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| Outstanding Actor – Mini-Series
| {{nom}}
| align="center" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tvfestival.com/img/history/documents/2013/2013_palmares.pdf |title=2013 Gracies Golden Nymph Awards Winners |website=[[Golden Nymph Awards]] |access-date=June 14, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| Bill Paxton
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Motion Picture Sound Editors#Golden Reel Awards|Golden Reel Awards]]
| [[Golden Reel Award for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Music Score and Musical for Episodic Long Form Broadcast Media|Best Sound Editing – Long Form Music in Television]]
| Kevin Banks and Darrell Hall {{small|(for "Part 2")}}
| {{nom}}
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/life-pi-wins-pair-sound-422045 |title='Life Of Pi' Wins Pair of Sound Editors' Awards |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |accessdate= June 20, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[24th Producers Guild of America Awards|Producers Guild of America Awards]]
| [[Producers Guild of America Award for Best Long-Form Television|David L. Wolper Award for Outstanding Producer of Long-Form Television]]
| Barry M. Berg, Kevin Costner, Darrell Fetty, <br> Leslie Greif, and Herb Nanas
| {{nom}}
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2013/01/producers-guild-2013-awards-winners-list-413781/ |title=Producers Guild 2013 Award Winners: 'Argo', 'Homeland', 'Searching For Sugar Man', 'Wreck-It Ralph', 'Game Change', 'Modern Family', 'Amazing Race', 'Colbert Report' |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=January 26, 2012 |author=Finke, Nikke |access-date=January 27, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[19th Screen Actors Guild Awards|Screen Actors Guild Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie|Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie]]
| Kevin Costner
| {{won}}
| align="center" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/19th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |title=The 19th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |work=[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]] |access-date=May 21, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| Bill Paxton
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Bronze Wrangler|Western Heritage Awards]]
| colspan="2"| Western Documentary
| {{won}}
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://nationalcowboymuseum.org/collections/awards/wha/634no-title/ |title=Hatfields & McCoys |website=National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum |access-date=May 15, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Western Writers of America|Western Writers of America Awards]]
| Best Western Drama Script (Fiction)
| rowspan="2"| Ted Mann, Ronald Parker, and Bill Kerby
| {{nom}}
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://westernwriters.org/winners/#a2013 |title=Winners – Western Writers of America |website=[[Western Writers of America]] |date=12 May 2012 |access-date=May 15, 2021 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204024706/https://westernwriters.org/winners/#a2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[65th Writers Guild of America Awards|Writers Guild of America Awards]]
| [[Writers Guild of America Award for Television: Long Form – Original|Long Form – Original]]
| {{won}}
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web| title = Previous Nominees & Winners: 2012 Awards Winners| publisher = Writers Guild Awards| url = http://www.wga.org/wga-awards/previous-nominees-winners.aspx| access-date = 2014-05-07| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150512181500/http://www.wga.org/wga-awards/previous-nominees-winners.aspx| archive-date = 2015-05-12| url-status = dead}}</ref>
|}
==Home video release==
The series was released on [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray Disc]] formats on July 31, 2012. The bonus material includes a music video of "I Know These Hills" from [[Kevin Costner and Modern West]] from their album ''Famous for Killing Each Other: Music From and Inspired By Hatfields & McCoys''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Hatfields-McCoys-Press-Release/17031 |title=Hatfields and McCoys (mini-series) — Sony's Official Press Release for the Just-Aired History Channel Series |last=Lambert |first=David |date=June 1, 2012 |work=[[TVShowsOnDVD.com]] |access-date=June 8, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604001211/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Hatfields-McCoys-Press-Release/17031 |archive-date=June 4, 2012 }}</ref>
==Effect on tourism==
According to [[WYMT-TV]] in [[Hazard, Kentucky]], the series has generated an increase in tourism to the area from people wanting to know about the feud. [[Pike County, Kentucky|Pike County]] Tourism Vice Chair Reed Potter said, {{cquote|It's been beyond our expectations. We've been getting requests for brochures that tell about the feud sites and places people can visit at a rate today last I checked of about two per minute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wkyt.com/wymt/home/headlines/Tourism_increases_after_Hatfield-McCoy_mini-series_156017795.html|title=Tourism increases after Hatfield-McCoy mini-series|last=Burks|first=Whitney|date=May 31, 2012|work=[[WYMT-TV]]|access-date=June 1, 2012}}</ref>}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.history.com/shows/hatfields-and-mccoys}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121029192252/http://www.thestoryofthemccoys.com/ The Story of the McCoys] Barry McCoy Author, Hatfield McCoy Feud Historian and Official Spokesperson for the McCoy Family. The Story of the McCoys {{ISBN|978-0-615-67030-0}}
* {{IMDb title|1985443|Hatfields & McCoys}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120601233227/http://www.wvgazette.com/Entertainment/201205250244 TV series on Hatfield-McCoy feud aims for accuracy]
{{Kevin Reynolds}}
{{Satellite Award Best Miniseries or Television Film}}
{{History films}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hatfields and McCoys (miniseries)}}
[[Category:2012 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:2012 American television series endings]]
[[Category:2010s American drama television miniseries]]
[[Category:American biographical series]]
[[Category:History (American TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Primetime Emmy Award–winning television series]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in Romania]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Kentucky]]
[[Category:Television shows set in West Virginia]]
[[Category:Works about feuds]]
| 1,283,972,653
|
[{"title": "Hatfields & McCoys", "data": {"Genre": "Docudrama", "Screenplay by": "Ted Mann \u00b7 Ronald Parker", "Story by": "Bill Kerby \u00b7 Ted Mann", "Directed by": "Kevin Reynolds", "Starring": "- Kevin Costner - Bill Paxton - Tom Berenger - Mare Winningham - Jena Malone - Boyd Holbrook - Powers Boothe", "Theme music composer": "John Debney \u00b7 Tony Morales", "Country of origin": "United States", "Original language": "English", "No. of episodes": "3"}}, {"title": "Production", "data": {"Producers": "Kevin Costner \u00b7 Darrell Fetty \u00b7 Herb Nanas", "Cinematography": "Arthur Reinhart", "Editor": "Don Cassidy", "Running time": "290 minutes", "Production companies": "History \u00b7 ThinkFactory Media \u00b7 Sony Pictures Television"}}, {"title": "Original release", "data": {"Network": "History Channel", "Release": "May 28 \u2013 \u00b7 May 30, 2012"}}]
| false
|
# Beaumont-le-Hareng
Beaumont-le-Hareng (French pronunciation: [bomɔ̃ lə aʁɑ̃]) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.
## Geography
Beaumont-le-Hareng is a small farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 20 miles (32 km) south of Dieppe, at the junction of the N29 with the D15, D97 and D225 roads.
## Population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| ------------- | ---- | ------- |
| 1968 | 183 | — |
| 1975 | 173 | −0.80% |
| 1982 | 168 | −0.42% |
| 1990 | 192 | +1.68% |
| 1999 | 190 | −0.12% |
| 2007 | 199 | +0.58% |
| 2012 | 243 | +4.08% |
| 2017 | 265 | +1.75% |
| Source: INSEE | | |
## Places of interest
- Traces of a Merovingian fort.
- The church of St.Pierre, dating from the twelfth century.
- The church of St. Denis, dating from the eighteenth century.
|
enwiki/15917781
|
enwiki
| 15,917,781
|
Beaumont-le-Hareng
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumont-le-Hareng
|
2025-04-05T17:54:14Z
|
en
|
Q644445
| 137,874
|
{{No inline|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox French commune
|name = Beaumont-le-Hareng
|commune status = [[Communes of France|Commune]]
|image coat of arms = Blason ville fr Beaumont-le-Hareng (Seine-Maritime).svg
|arrondissement = Rouen
|canton = Neufchâtel-en-Bray
|INSEE = 76062
|postal code = 76850
|mayor = Béatrice Fourneaux<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=16 December 2022|language=fr}}</ref>
|term = 2020–2026
|intercommunality = Inter-Caux-Vexin
|coordinates = {{coord|49.6708|1.2231|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|elevation m = 169
|elevation min m = 100
|elevation max m = 169
|area km2 = 5.74
|population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
|population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
|population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
}}
'''Beaumont-le-Hareng''' ({{IPA|fr|bomɔ̃ lə aʁɑ̃}}) is a [[Communes of France|commune]] in the [[Seine-Maritime]] [[Departments of France|department]] in the [[Normandy (administrative region)|Normandy]] [[Regions of France|region]] in northern [[France]].
==Geography==
Beaumont-le-Hareng is a small farming village in the [[Pays de Caux]], situated some {{convert|20|mi|km}} south of [[Dieppe]], at the junction of the [[route nationale 29|N29]] with the D15, D97 and D225 roads.
==Population==
{{Historical populations
|source = INSEE<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-76062#ancre-POP_T1 Population en historique depuis 1968], INSEE</ref>
|percentages = pagr
|align = none
|1968 |183
|1975 |173
|1982 |168
|1990 |192
|1999 |190
|2007 |199
|2012 |243
|2017 |265
}}
==Places of interest==
* Traces of a [[Merovingian]] fort.
* The church of St.Pierre, dating from the twelfth century.
* The church of St. Denis, dating from the eighteenth century.
==See also==
*[[Communes of the Seine-Maritime department]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{commons category|Beaumont-le-Hareng}}
{{Seine-Maritime communes}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Beaumontlehareng}}
[[Category:Communes of Seine-Maritime]]
{{Dieppe-geo-stub}}
| 1,284,119,474
|
[{"title": "Beaumont-le-Hareng", "data": {"Country": "France", "Region": "Normandy", "Department": "Seine-Maritime", "Arrondissement": "Rouen", "Canton": "Neufch\u00e2tel-en-Bray", "Intercommunality": "Inter-Caux-Vexin"}}, {"title": "Government", "data": {"\u2022 Mayor (2020\u20132026)": "B\u00e9atrice Fourneaux", "Area1": "5.74 km2 (2.22 sq mi)", "Population (2022)": "259", "\u2022 Density": "45/km2 (120/sq mi)", "Time zone": "UTC+01:00 (CET)", "\u2022 Summer (DST)": "UTC+02:00 (CEST)", "INSEE/Postal code": "76062 /76850", "Elevation": "100\u2013169 m (328\u2013554 ft) \u00b7 (avg. 169 m or 554 ft)"}}]
| false
|
# Hugh O'Neill, 3rd Baron Rathcavan
Hugh Detmar Torrens O'Neill, 3rd Baron Rathcavan (born 14 June 1939), is a British hereditary peer and businessman who sat as a crossbencher in the House of Lords from 1994 until 1999.
He was educated at Eton College.
O'Neill ran Lamont, a textile company in Northern Ireland, in the 1980s and was chairman of the Northern Ireland Tourist Board before taking on the Brasserie St Quentin in Knightsbridge in 2002.
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Hugh O'Neill, 3rd Baron Rathcavan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_3rd_Baron_Rathcavan
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en
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{{short description|British peer (born 1939)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Lord Rathcavan
| office = Member of the [[House of Lords]]
| status = Lord Temporal
| term_label = as a [[hereditary peer]]
| term_start = 30 December 1994
| predecessor = [[Phelim O'Neill, 2nd Baron Rathcavan|The 2nd Baron Rathcavan]]
| term_end = 11 November 1999
| successor = ''Seat abolished''{{thin space|{{efn|Pursuant to the [[House of Lords Act 1999]].}}}}
| birth_name = Hugh Detmar Torrens O'Neill
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1939|6|14|df=y}}
| occupation = Businessman, peer, politician
}}
'''Hugh Detmar Torrens O'Neill, 3rd Baron Rathcavan''' (born 14 June 1939), is a British [[hereditary peer]] and businessman who sat as a [[crossbencher]] in the [[House of Lords]] from 1994 until 1999.
He was educated at [[Eton College]].<ref>‘RATHCAVAN’, Who's Who 2014, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 2014.</ref>
O'Neill ran Lamont, a textile company in [[Northern Ireland]], in the 1980s and was chairman of the [[Northern Ireland Tourist Board]] before taking on the Brasserie St Quentin in [[Knightsbridge]] in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecaterer.com/archive/knightsbridge-revisited|title=Knightsbridge revisited|date=10 July 2002|website=The Caterer|access-date=1 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182400/https://www.thecaterer.com/archive/knightsbridge-revisited|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
== External links ==
* [http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/o/2319/Hugh+Detmar.aspx Debrett's People of Today]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Phelim O'Neill, 2nd Baron Rathcavan|Phelim O'Neill]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Baron Rathcavan]]|years=1994–present|lords=1994–1999}}
{{s-inc|heir=Hon. François O'Neill|heir-type=Heir apparent}}
{{s-end}}
{{Current barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathcavan, Hugh Oneill, 3rd Baron}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:Barons Rathcavan|3]]
[[Category:High sheriffs of Antrim]]
[[Category:Crossbench hereditary peers]]
[[Category:Hereditary peers removed under the House of Lords Act 1999|Rathcavan]]
[[Category:O'Neill dynasty]]
{{UK-baron-stub}}
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[{"title": "Member of the House of Lords", "data": {"Member of the House of Lords": ["Lord Temporal", "as a hereditary peer \u00b7 30 December 1994 \u2013 11 November 1999"], "Preceded by": "The 2nd Baron Rathcavan", "Succeeded by": "Seat abolished"}}, {"title": "Personal details", "data": {"Born": "Hugh Detmar Torrens O'Neill \u00b7 14 June 1939", "Occupation": "Businessman, peer, politician"}}]
| false
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# Lonnie Johnson (musician)
Alonzo "Lonnie" Johnson (February 8, 1899 – June 16, 1970) was an American blues and jazz singer, guitarist, violinist and songwriter. He was a pioneer of jazz guitar and jazz violin and is recognized as the first to play an electrically amplified violin.
## Biography
### Early career
Johnson was born in New Orleans, Louisiana and raised in a family of musicians. He studied violin, piano and guitar as a child and learned to play various other instruments, including the mandolin, but he concentrated on the guitar throughout his professional career. "There was music all around us," he recalled, "and in my family you'd better play something, even if you just banged on a tin can."
In 1917, Johnson joined a revue that toured England, returning home in 1919 to find that all of his family, except his brother James, had died in the 1918 influenza epidemic.
He and his brother settled in St. Louis in 1921, where they performed as a duo. Lonnie also worked on riverboats and in the orchestra of Charlie Creath. He was good friends with Fate Marable but never performed with him.
In 1925, Johnson married, and his wife, Mary, soon began a blues career of her own, performing as Mary Johnson and pursuing a recording career from 1929 to 1936. (She is not to be confused with the later soul and gospel singer of the same name.)
As with many other early blues artists, information on Mary Johnson is often contradictory and confusing. Various online sources give her name before marriage as Mary Smith and state that she began performing in her teens. However, the writer James Sallis gave her original name as Mary Williams and stated that her interest in writing and performing blues began when she started helping Lonnie write songs and developed from there. The two never recorded together. They had six children before their divorce in 1932.
### Success in the 1920s and 1930s
In 1925, Johnson entered and won a blues contest at the Booker T. Washington Theatre in St. Louis, the prize being a recording contract with Okeh Records. Between 1925 and 1932 he made about 130 recordings for Okeh, many of which sold well (making him one of the most popular OKeh artists). He was called to New York to record with the leading blues singers of the day, including Victoria Spivey and the country blues singer Alger "Texas" Alexander. He also toured with Bessie Smith, a top attraction of the Theater Owners Booking Association.
Okeh used the images of Louis Armstrong and Johnson in ads for the Defender. In December 1927, Johnson recorded in Chicago as a guest artist with Louis Armstrong and His Hot Five, paired with the banjoist Johnny St. Cyr. He played on the sides "I'm Not Rough", "Savoy Blues", and "Hotter Than That". The most famous of the three sides, "Hotter than That," encompassed the New Orleans traditions of polymetric tension, scar, dialogue, collective improvisation, and timbral diversity. In an unusual move, Johnson was invited to sit in with many OKeh jazz groups. In 1928, he recorded "Hot and Bothered", "Move Over", and "The Mooche" with Duke Ellington for Okeh. He also recorded with a group called the Chocolate Dandies (in this case, McKinney's Cotton Pickers). He pioneered the guitar solo on the 1927 track "6/88 Glide", and on many of his early recordings he played 12-string guitar solos in a style that influenced such future jazz guitarists as George Barnes, Charlie Christian and Django Reinhardt giving the instrument new meaning as a jazz voice. He excelled in purely instrumental pieces, some of which he recorded with the white jazz guitarist Eddie Lang, with whom he teamed in 1929.
Much of Johnson's music featured experimental improvisations that would now be categorized as jazz rather than blues. According to the blues historian Gérard Herzhaft, Johnson was "undeniably the creator of the guitar solo played note by note with a pick, which has become the standard in jazz, blues, country, and rock". Johnson's style reached both the Delta bluesmen and urban players who would adapt and develop his one-string solos into the modern electric blues style. However, the writer Elijah Wald declared that in the 1920s and 1930s Johnson was best known as a sophisticated and urbane singer rather than an instrumentalist: "Of the forty ads for his records that appeared in the Chicago Defender between 1926 and 1931, not one even mentioned that he played guitar."
Johnson's compositions often depicted the social conditions confronting urban African Americans ("Racketeers' Blues", "Hard Times Ain't Gone Nowhere", "Fine Booze and Heavy Dues"). In his lyrics he captured the nuances of male-female love relationships in a way that went beyond Tin Pan Alley sentimentalism. His songs displayed an ability to understand the heartaches of others, which Johnson saw as the essence of his blues.
After touring with Bessie Smith in 1929, Johnson moved to Chicago and recorded for Okeh with the stride pianist James P. Johnson. However, with the temporary demise of the recording industry in the Great Depression, he was compelled to make a living outside music, working at one point in a steel mill in Peoria, Illinois. In 1932 he moved again, to Cleveland, Ohio, where he lived for the rest of the decade. There he performed on radio programs and intermittently played with the band backing the singer Putney Dandridge.
By the late 1930s, he was recording and performing in Chicago for Decca Records, working with Roosevelt Sykes and Blind John Davis, among others. In 1939, during a session for Bluebird Records with the pianist Joshua Altheimer, Johnson used an electric guitar for the first time. He recorded 34 tracks for Bluebird over the next five years, including the hits "He's a Jelly Roll Baker" and "In Love Again".
### Later career
After World War II, Johnson made the transition to rhythm and blues, recording for King in Cincinnati and having a hit in 1948 with "Tomorrow Night" written by Sam Coslow and Will Grosz. The song topped the Billboard Race Records chart for seven weeks and reached number 19 on the pop chart with sales of three million copies. A blues ballad with piano accompaniment and background singers, the song bore little resemblance to much of Johnson's earlier blues and jazz material. The follow-ups "Pleasing You", "So Tired", and "Confused" were also R&B hits.
In 1952 Johnson toured England. Tony Donegan, a British musician who played on the same bill, paid tribute to Johnson by changing his name to Lonnie Donegan. Johnson's performances are thought to have been received poorly by British audiences; this may have been due to organizational problems with the tour.
After returning to the United States, Johnson moved to Philadelphia. He worked in a steel foundry and as a janitor. In 1959 he was working at the Benjamin Franklin Hotel in Philadelphia when WHAT-FM disc jockey Chris Albertson located him and produced Blues by Lonnie Johnson for Bluesville Records. This was followed by other Prestige albums, including one (Blues & Ballads) with the former Ellington boss Elmer Snowden, who had helped Albertson locate Johnson. Snowden had been the original bandleader of the Washingtonians, which Ellington took over after Snowden vacated the position and made into the famous Ellington orchestra. There followed a Chicago engagement for Johnson at the Playboy Club. This succession of events placed him back on the music scene at a fortuitous time: young audiences were embracing folk music, and many veteran performers were stepping out of obscurity. Johnson was reunited with Duke Ellington and appeared as a guest at an all-star folk concert.
In 1961, Johnson was reunited with his Okeh recording partner Victoria Spivey for another Prestige album, Idle Hours, and the two singers performed at Gerdes Folk City. In 1963 he toured Europe as part of the American Folk Blues Festival with Muddy Waters and others, and recorded an album with Otis Spann in Denmark.
In May 1965, he performed at a club in Toronto before an audience of four people. Two weeks later, his shows at a different club attracted a larger audience, and Johnson, encouraged by Toronto's relative racial harmony, decided to move to the city. He opened his club, Home of the Blues, on Toronto's Yorkville Avenue in 1966, but it was a business failure, and Johnson was fired by the man who became owner. Through the rest of the decade, he recorded, played clubs in Canada, and embarked on several regional tours.
In 1993, Smithsonian Folkways released The Complete Folkways Recordings, an anthology of Johnson's music, on Folkways Records. He had been featured on several compilation blues albums from Folkways, beginning in the 1960s, but never released a solo album on the label in his lifetime.
## Injury
In March 1969 he was hit by a car while walking on a sidewalk in Toronto. He was seriously injured, suffering a broken hip and kidney injuries. A benefit concert was held on May 4, 1969, with two dozen acts that included Ian and Sylvia Tyson, John Lee Hooker, and Hagood Hardy. He never fully recovered from his injuries and suffered what was described as a stroke. He was able to return to the stage for one performance at Massey Hall on February 23, 1970, walking with the aid of a cane, to sing a couple of songs with Buddy Guy; Johnson received a standing ovation.
## Death
Johnson died on June 16, 1970. A funeral was held at Mount Hope Cemetery in Toronto by his friends and fellow musicians, but his family members insisted on transferring the body to Philadelphia where he was buried. He was "virtually broke." The Killer Blues Headstone project, a nonprofit organization that places headstones on unmarked graves of blues musicians, purchased a headstone for Johnson around 2014.
## Influence
Johnson's early recordings are the first guitar recordings that display a single-note soloing style with string bending and vibrato. Johnson pioneered this style of guitar playing on records, and his influence is obvious in the playing of Django Reinhardt, T-Bone Walker and virtually all electric blues guitarists.
One of Elvis Presley's earliest recordings was a version of Johnson's blues ballad "Tomorrow Night", written by Sam Coslow and Will Grosz. Presley's vocal phrasing mimics Johnson's, and many of Presley's signature vibrato and baritone sounds can be heard in development. "Tomorrow Night" was also recorded by LaVern Baker and (in 1957) by Jerry Lee Lewis.
In the liner notes for the album Biograph, Bob Dylan described his encounters with Johnson in New York City. "I was lucky to meet Lonnie Johnson at the same club I was working and I must say he greatly influenced me. You can hear it in that first record. I mean Corrina, Corrina...that's pretty much Lonnie Johnson. I used to watch him every chance I got and sometimes he'd let me play with him. I think he and Tampa Red and of course Scrapper Blackwell, that's my favorite style of guitar playing." In his autobiography, Chronicles, Vol. 1, Dylan wrote about the performing method he learned from Lonnie Johnson and remarked that Robert Johnson had learned a lot from Lonnie Johnson. Some of Robert Johnson's songs, such as "Malted Milk," are seen as new versions of songs recorded by Lonnie Johnson.
## Discography
### As leader
- Lonesome Road (King, 1958)
- Blues by Lonnie Johnson (Prestige Bluesville, 1960)
- Blues & Ballads (Prestige Bluesville, 1960)
- Losing Game (Prestige Bluesville, 1961)
- Another Night to Cry (Prestige Bluesville, 1962)
- Idle Hours (Prestige Bluesville, 1962)
- Swingin' the Blues (Xtra, 1966)
- Eddie Lang & Lonnie Johnson Vol. 1 (Swaggie, 1967)
- Eddie Lang & Lonnie Johnson Vol. 2 (Swaggie, 1970)
- Mr. Trouble (Folkways, 1982)
- Tears Don't Fall No More (Folkways, 1982)
- Blues, Ballads, and Jumpin' Jazz Vol. 2 (Prestige Bluesville, 1990)
- The Unsung Blues Legend (Blues Magnet, 2000)
### As sideman
- Victoria Spivey, Woman Blues (Prestige Bluesville, 1962)
- Victoria Spivey, The Queen and Her Knights (Spivey 1965)
## Relevant literature
- Simon, Julia. The Inconvenient Lonnie Johnson: Blues, Race, Identity. Penn State University Press, 2022.
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{{Short description|American blues and jazz musician (1899–1970)}}
{{other uses|Lonnie Johnson (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Lonnie Johnson
| image = LonnieJohnsonByRussellLee1941Crop.jpg
| image_size =
| landscape =
| caption = Johnson in Chicago, 1941
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Alonzo Johnson
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1899|2|8}}
| birth_place = New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1970|6|16|1899|2|8|mf=yes}}
| death_place = Toronto, Canada
| genre = [[Jazz]], [[blues]]
| occupation = Musician
| instrument = Guitar, violin, vocals
| years_active =
| label = {{Flatlist|
*[[Okeh Records|Okeh]]
*[[Bluebird Records|Bluebird]]
*[[King Records (USA)|King]]
*[[Bluesville Records|Bluesville]]
}}
}}
'''Alonzo "Lonnie" Johnson''' (February 8, 1899<ref>There is some dispute over the year of his birth; 1894 is given on his passport. Some other sources give 1889.</ref><ref>Big Bill Broonzy remembered that "Lonnie told me he was born in New Orleans in 1894..." Source also references 1894 as birth date. Sallis, James (1982). ''The Guitar Players One Instrument and Its Masters in American Music''. p. 33</ref> – June 16, 1970) was an American [[blues]] and [[jazz]] singer, guitarist, violinist and songwriter. He was a pioneer of [[jazz guitar]] and [[jazz violin]] and is recognized as the first to play an electrically amplified violin.<ref name=Herzhaft>Herzhaft, Gérard (1979). ''Encyclopedia of the Blues''</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://delmark.com/delmark.history.htm |title=Delmark History |publisher=Delmark.com |access-date=August 30, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606051337/http://delmark.com/delmark.history.htm |archive-date=June 6, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Biography==
===Early career===
Johnson was born in New Orleans, Louisiana and raised in a family of musicians. He studied violin, piano and guitar as a child and learned to play various other instruments, including the mandolin, but he concentrated on the guitar throughout his professional career. "There was music all around us," he recalled, "and in my family you'd better play something, even if you just banged on a tin can."<ref>Welding, Pete; Byron, Toby, eds. (1991). "Conversation with Chris Albertson". ''Bluesland''. Dutton; {{ISBN|0-525-93375-1}}</ref>
In 1917, Johnson joined a revue that toured England, returning home in 1919 to find that all of his family, except his brother James, had died in the [[1918 influenza epidemic]].<ref name="LarkinBlues">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Who's Who of Blues]]|editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]]|publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]]|date=1995|edition=Second|isbn=0-85112-673-1|pages=203–204}}</ref>
He and his brother settled in [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] in 1921, where they performed as a duo. Lonnie also worked on [[riverboat]]s and in the orchestra of [[Charlie Creath]]. He was good friends with [[Fate Marable]] but never performed with him.
In 1925, Johnson married, and his wife, Mary, soon began a blues career of her own,<ref name="Devil">{{cite book|title=The Devil's Music|author=Giles Oakley|publisher=[[Da Capo Press]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/devilsmusichisto00oakl_0/page/162 162/7]|isbn=978-0-306-80743-5|date=1997|url=https://archive.org/details/devilsmusichisto00oakl_0/page/162}}</ref> performing as [[Mary Johnson (singer)|Mary Johnson]] and pursuing a recording career from 1929 to 1936.<ref name="Complete"/> (She is not to be confused with the later [[soul music|soul]] and [[gospel music|gospel]] singer of the same name.)
As with many other early blues artists, information on Mary Johnson is often contradictory and confusing. Various online sources give her name before marriage as Mary Smith and state that she began performing in her teens. However, the writer [[James Sallis]]<ref>Sallis, James (1982). ''The Guitar Players''. Bison Books. University of Nebraska</ref> gave her original name as Mary Williams and stated that her interest in writing and performing blues began when she started helping Lonnie write songs and developed from there. The two never recorded together. They had six children before their divorce in 1932.<ref name="Complete">{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r250739/review|pure_url=yes}} |title=Mary Johnson, ''Complete Works in Chronological Order, 1929–1936'': Review|publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref>
===Success in the 1920s and 1930s===
In 1925, Johnson entered and won a blues contest at the Booker T. Washington Theatre in St. Louis, the prize being a recording contract with [[Okeh Records]].<ref name= barlow>Barlow, William (1989). ''"Looking Up at Down": The Emergence of Blues Culture''. Temple University Press. pp. 259–63. {{ISBN|0-87722-583-4}}</ref> Between 1925 and 1932 he made about 130 recordings for Okeh, many of which sold well (making him one of the most popular OKeh artists). He was called to New York to record with the leading blues singers of the day, including [[Victoria Spivey]] and the [[country blues]] singer [[Alger "Texas" Alexander]]. He also toured with [[Bessie Smith]], a top attraction of the [[Theater Owners Booking Association]].<ref name=barlow/>
[[File:Lonnie Johnson circa 1926.jpg|thumb|left|Johnson {{circa|1926}}]]
Okeh used the images of Louis Armstrong and Johnson in ads for the ''Defender.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brothers|first=Thomas|title=Louis Armstrong: Master of Modernism|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2014|isbn=978-0-393-06582-4|location=New York, NY|pages=216}}</ref>'' In December 1927, Johnson recorded in Chicago as a guest artist with [[Louis Armstrong and His Hot Five]], paired with the banjoist [[Johnny St. Cyr]]. He played on the sides "I'm Not Rough", "Savoy Blues", and "Hotter Than That". The most famous of the three sides, "Hotter than That," encompassed the New Orleans traditions of polymetric tension, scar, dialogue, collective improvisation, and timbral diversity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brothers|first=Thomas|title=Louis Armstrong: Master of Modernism|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2014|isbn=978-0-393-06582-4|location=New York City|pages=284}}</ref> In an unusual move, Johnson was invited to sit in with many OKeh jazz groups. In 1928, he recorded "Hot and Bothered", "Move Over", and "The Mooche" with [[Duke Ellington]] for Okeh. He also recorded with a group called the Chocolate Dandies (in this case, McKinney's Cotton Pickers). He pioneered the guitar solo on the 1927 track "6/88 Glide", and on many of his early recordings he played [[12-string guitar]] solos in a style that influenced such future jazz guitarists as [[George Barnes (musician)|George Barnes]], [[Charlie Christian]] and [[Django Reinhardt]] giving the instrument new meaning as a jazz voice. He excelled in purely instrumental pieces, some of which he recorded with the white jazz guitarist [[Eddie Lang]], with whom he teamed in 1929.
Much of Johnson's music featured experimental improvisations that would now be categorized as jazz rather than blues. According to the blues historian Gérard Herzhaft,<ref name="Herzhaft"/> Johnson was "undeniably the creator of the guitar solo played note by note with a pick, which has become the standard in jazz, blues, country, and rock". Johnson's style reached both the [[Delta blues]]men and urban players who would adapt and develop his one-string solos into the modern electric blues style. However, the writer [[Elijah Wald]]<ref>Wald, Elijah (2004). ''Escaping the Delta: Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues''. {{ISBN|978-0-06-052427-2}}</ref> declared that in the 1920s and 1930s Johnson was best known as a sophisticated and urbane singer rather than an instrumentalist: "Of the forty ads for his records that appeared in the ''[[Chicago Defender]]'' between 1926 and 1931, not one even mentioned that he played guitar."
Johnson's compositions often depicted the social conditions confronting urban African Americans ("Racketeers' Blues", "Hard Times Ain't Gone Nowhere", "Fine Booze and Heavy Dues").<ref name="Devil"/> In his lyrics he captured the nuances of male-female love relationships in a way that went beyond [[Tin Pan Alley]] sentimentalism.<ref name="Devil"/> His songs displayed an ability to understand the heartaches of others, which Johnson saw as the essence of his blues.<ref name=barlow/>
After touring with [[Bessie Smith]] in 1929, Johnson moved to Chicago and recorded for Okeh with the stride pianist [[James P. Johnson]]. However, with the temporary demise of the recording industry in the [[Great Depression]], he was compelled to make a living outside music, working at one point in a steel mill in [[Peoria, Illinois]].<ref name="Devil"/> In 1932 he moved again, to [[Cleveland]], Ohio, where he lived for the rest of the decade. There he performed on radio programs and intermittently played with the band backing the singer Putney Dandridge.
By the late 1930s, he was recording and performing in Chicago for [[Decca Records]], working with [[Roosevelt Sykes]] and [[Blind John Davis]], among others. In 1939, during a session for [[Bluebird Records]] with the pianist [[Joshua Altheimer]], Johnson used an electric guitar for the first time. He recorded 34 tracks for Bluebird over the next five years, including the hits "He's a Jelly Roll Baker"<ref name="Russell">{{cite book|first=Tony|last=Russell|year=1997|title=The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray|publisher=Carlton Books|location=Dubai|page=13|isbn=1-85868-255-X}}</ref> and "In Love Again".
===Later career===
[[File:Lonnie Johnson at my place 1960.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Lonnie Johnson posing with his guitar|Johnson in 1960]]
After World War II, Johnson made the transition to [[rhythm and blues]], recording for [[King Records (USA)|King]] in Cincinnati and having a hit in 1948 with "[[Tomorrow Night (Coslow and Grosz song)|Tomorrow Night]]" written by [[Sam Coslow]] and [[Wilhelm Grosz|Will Grosz]]. The song topped the ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|Race Records]] chart for seven weeks and reached number 19 on the pop chart with sales of three million copies.<ref name="The Book of Golden Discs">{{cite book
| first= Joseph
| last= Murrells
| year= 1978
| title= The Book of Golden Discs
| edition= 2nd
| publisher= Barrie and Jenkins Ltd
| location= London
| page= [https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/44 44]
| isbn= 0-214-20512-6
| url-access= registration
| url= https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/44
}}</ref> A [[blues ballad]] with piano accompaniment and background singers, the song bore little resemblance to much of Johnson's earlier blues and jazz material. The follow-ups "Pleasing You", "So Tired", and "Confused" were also R&B hits.
In 1952 Johnson toured England.<ref name="The Book of Golden Discs"/> Tony Donegan, a British musician who played on the same bill, paid tribute to Johnson by changing his name to [[Lonnie Donegan]]. Johnson's performances are thought to have been received poorly by British audiences; this may have been due to organizational problems with the tour.<ref>{{cite web| title = On a Kind of Vacation: Re-examining African American Blues Musicians' Visits to Britain, 1950–58| first = Lawrence| last = Davies| publisher = allthirteenkeys.com| year = 2014| url = http://allthirteenkeys.wordpress.com/2014/06/22/on-a-kind-of-vacation-reexamining-african-american-blues-musicians-visits-to-britain-1950-58/| access-date = October 10, 2014}}</ref>
After returning to the United States, Johnson moved to Philadelphia. He worked in a steel foundry and as a janitor. In 1959 he was working at the Benjamin Franklin Hotel in Philadelphia when WHAT-FM disc jockey [[Chris Albertson]] located him and produced ''[[Blues by Lonnie Johnson]]'' for [[Bluesville Records]]. This was followed by other Prestige albums, including one (''[[Blues & Ballads]]'') with the former Ellington boss [[Elmer Snowden]], who had helped Albertson locate Johnson. Snowden had been the original bandleader of the Washingtonians, which Ellington took over after Snowden vacated the position and made into the famous Ellington orchestra. There followed a Chicago engagement for Johnson at the Playboy Club. This succession of events placed him back on the music scene at a fortuitous time: young audiences were embracing folk music, and many veteran performers were stepping out of obscurity. Johnson was reunited with Duke Ellington and appeared as a guest at an all-star folk concert.
In 1961, Johnson was reunited with his Okeh recording partner Victoria Spivey for another Prestige album, ''Idle Hours'', and the two singers performed at [[Gerdes Folk City]]. In 1963 he toured Europe as part of the [[American Folk Blues Festival]] with [[Muddy Waters]] and others,<ref name="The Book of Golden Discs"/> and recorded an album with [[Otis Spann]] in Denmark.
In May 1965, he performed at a club in Toronto before an audience of four people.<ref name=obit>Campbell, Richard, "A Legend of Jazz World, Lonnie Johnson Dies". ''[[Toronto Star]]''. June 17, 1970. p. 50</ref> Two weeks later, his shows at a different club attracted a larger audience, and Johnson, encouraged by Toronto's relative racial harmony, decided to move to the city. He opened his club, Home of the Blues, on Toronto's [[Yorkville, Toronto|Yorkville Avenue]] in 1966, but it was a business failure, and Johnson was fired by the man who became owner.<ref name=obit/> Through the rest of the decade, he recorded, played clubs in Canada, and embarked on several regional tours.
In 1993, [[Smithsonian Folkways]] released ''The Complete Folkways Recordings,'' an anthology of Johnson's music, on [[Folkways Records]]. He had been featured on several compilation blues albums from Folkways, beginning in the 1960s, but never released a solo album on the label in his lifetime.
==Injury==
In March 1969 he was hit by a car while walking on a sidewalk in Toronto.<ref>"Jazzman Johnson Injured in Crash". ''[[Toronto Star]]''. March 14, 1969. p. 26</ref> He was seriously injured, suffering a broken hip and kidney injuries. A benefit concert was held on May 4, 1969, with two dozen acts that included [[Ian and Sylvia]] Tyson, [[John Lee Hooker]], and [[Hagood Hardy]].<ref>Rubin, Don. "One of the Best Jazz Shows Ever." ''Toronto Star''. May 5, 1969. p. 28</ref> He never fully recovered from his injuries and suffered what was described as a stroke. He was able to return to the stage for one performance at [[Massey Hall]] on February 23, 1970, walking with the aid of a cane, to sing a couple of songs with [[Buddy Guy]]; Johnson received a standing ovation.<ref>McCracken, Melinda. "Blues Show Turns Them On." ''[[The Globe and Mail]]''. February 24, 1970. p. 13</ref>
==Death==
Johnson died on June 16, 1970. A funeral was held at [[Mount Hope Catholic Cemetery|Mount Hope Cemetery]] in Toronto by his friends and fellow musicians, but his family members insisted on transferring the body to Philadelphia where he was buried.<ref name=obit/><ref>Miller, Mark (2011). ''Way Down That Lonesome Road: Lonnie Johnson in Toronto 1965–1970''. Mercury Press & Teksteditions. pp. 129, 145</ref> He was "virtually broke."<ref name=obit/> The Killer Blues Headstone project, a nonprofit organization that places headstones on unmarked graves of blues musicians, purchased a headstone for Johnson around 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Non-Profit to Help Bluesman with Unmarked Graves|website=Killer Blues|publisher=Killer Blues Headstone Project. Killerblues.net |url=http://www.killerblues.net/Headstones-Placed.html|access-date=July 30, 2016}}</ref>
==Influence==
Johnson's early recordings are the first guitar recordings that display a single-note soloing style with string bending and vibrato. Johnson pioneered this style of guitar playing on records, and his influence is obvious in the playing of [[Django Reinhardt]], [[T-Bone Walker]] and virtually all electric blues guitarists.
One of [[Elvis Presley]]'s earliest recordings was a version of Johnson's [[blues ballad]] "Tomorrow Night", written by Sam Coslow and Will Grosz. Presley's vocal phrasing mimics Johnson's, and many of Presley's signature vibrato and baritone sounds can be heard in development. "Tomorrow Night" was also recorded by [[LaVern Baker]] and (in 1957) by [[Jerry Lee Lewis]].
In the liner notes for the album ''[[Biograph (album)|Biograph]]'', [[Bob Dylan]] described his encounters with Johnson in New York City. "I was lucky to meet Lonnie Johnson at the same club I was working and I must say he greatly influenced me. You can hear it in that first record. I mean ''Corrina, Corrina''...that's pretty much Lonnie Johnson. I used to watch him every chance I got and sometimes he'd let me play with him. I think he and [[Tampa Red]] and of course [[Scrapper Blackwell]], that's my favorite style of guitar playing."<ref>Crowe, Cameron (1985). Liner notes, ''Biograph''. Columbia Records. p. 10</ref> In his autobiography, ''[[Chronicles, Vol. 1]]'', Dylan wrote about the performing method he learned from Lonnie Johnson and remarked that Robert Johnson had learned a lot from Lonnie Johnson. Some of Robert Johnson's songs, such as "Malted Milk," are seen as new versions of songs recorded by Lonnie Johnson.
==Discography==
===As leader===
* ''Lonesome Road'' (King, 1958)
* ''[[Blues by Lonnie Johnson]]'' (Prestige Bluesville, 1960)
* ''[[Blues & Ballads]]'' (Prestige Bluesville, 1960)
* ''[[Losing Game]]'' (Prestige Bluesville, 1961)
* ''Another Night to Cry'' (Prestige Bluesville, 1962)
* ''[[Idle Hours (album)|Idle Hours]]'' (Prestige Bluesville, 1962)
* ''Swingin' the Blues'' (Xtra, 1966)
* ''Eddie Lang & Lonnie Johnson Vol. 1'' (Swaggie, 1967)
* ''Eddie Lang & Lonnie Johnson Vol. 2'' (Swaggie, 1970)
* ''Mr. Trouble'' (Folkways, 1982)
* ''Tears Don't Fall No More'' (Folkways, 1982)
* ''Blues, Ballads, and Jumpin' Jazz Vol. 2'' (Prestige Bluesville, 1990)
* ''The Unsung Blues Legend'' (Blues Magnet, 2000)
===As sideman===
* [[Victoria Spivey]], ''Woman Blues'' (Prestige Bluesville, 1962)
* Victoria Spivey, ''The Queen and Her Knights'' (Spivey 1965)
==See also==
*[[List of blues musicians]]
*[[List of jazz musicians]]
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
== Relevant literature ==
*Simon, Julia. ''The Inconvenient Lonnie Johnson: Blues, Race, Identity''. Penn State University Press, 2022.
==External links==
{{Commons category|Lonnie Johnson (musician)}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170608004914/http://redhotjazz.com/ljohnson.html Discography and brief biography]
*[https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb3080-poaaam/poaaam/3/1/1/42 1960 interview with Paul Oliver]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Johnson, Lonnie}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:Guitarists from Louisiana]]
[[Category:Singers from Louisiana]]
[[Category:Jazz musicians from New Orleans]]
[[Category:Blues musicians from New Orleans]]
[[Category:20th-century American guitarists]]
[[Category:20th-century American violinists]]
[[Category:African-American jazz guitarists]]
[[Category:American blues guitarists]]
[[Category:American blues singers]]
[[Category:American jazz guitarists]]
[[Category:American jazz violinists]]
[[Category:American male guitarists]]
[[Category:American male violinists]]
[[Category:Blues revival musicians]]
[[Category:Country blues musicians]]
[[Category:Jazz-blues guitarists]]
[[Category:Louis Armstrong and His Hot Five members]]
[[Category:American male jazz musicians]]
[[Category:Gennett Records artists]]
[[Category:Okeh Records artists]]
[[Category:Piedmont blues musicians]]
[[Category:St. Louis blues musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century American male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century American singers]]
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[{"title": "Background information", "data": {"Birth name": "Alonzo Johnson", "Born": "February 8, 1899 \u00b7 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.", "Died": "June 16, 1970 (aged 71) \u00b7 Toronto, Canada", "Genres": "Jazz, blues", "Occupation": "Musician", "Instrument(s)": "Guitar, violin, vocals", "Labels": "Okeh Bluebird King Bluesville"}}]
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# Grand Junction High School
Grand Junction High School (GJHS) is a public high school located in Grand Junction, Colorado, United States. It is part of the Mesa County Valley School District 51. It is one of four high schools located within the Grand Valley.
## History
Originally founded in 1891, the school has been located at its current site on Fifth St. since 1956. After two years of construction, in 2024 the original school complex was replaced by an entirely new, modern school building on the same property.
As of 2021, the student-teacher ratio was approximately 17:1.
## Athletics
Grand Junction's chosen athletic rival is Fruita Monument High School. Some of the sports Grand Junction offers are:
- Baseball (boys')
- Basketball (boys' and girls')
- Cheerleading
- Cross country (boys' and girls')
- Football (boys')
- Golf (boys' and girls')
- Lacrosse (boys' and girls')
- Pom Squad
- Soccer (boys' and girls')
- Softball (girls')
- Swimming (boys' and girls')
- Tennis (boys' and girls')
- Track (boys' and girls')
- Volleyball (girls')
- Wrestling (boys')
## Student publications
The school publishes a newspaper, The Orange and Black, as well as a yearbook, The Tiger.
## Notable alumni
- Paul Briggs - NFL tackle for the Detroit Lions
- Chuck Cottier - major league baseball player, scout, and coach
- Marques Harris - NFL linebacker for the San Diego Chargers
- Monica Marquez - Associate Justice of the Colorado Supreme Court
- Dean Withers - live streamer and political commentator
- Bill Musgrave - NFL quarterback and coach
- Josh Penry - politician
- Michael Strobl - author and USMC Officer
- Dalton Trumbo - author and Hollywood screenwriter
- Andrew Walter - NFL quarterback for the Oakland Raiders
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{{Short description|Public school in Colorado, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Grand Junction High School
| logo = Grand Junction High School logo.png
| address = 1400 North Fifth Street
| city = [[Grand Junction, Colorado|Grand Junction]]
| state = Colorado <!-- Do not link per [[WP:SEAOFBLUE]] -->
| zipcode = 81501
| country = United States <!-- Do not link per [[MOS:OL]] -->
| coordinates = {{coord|39|4|49|N|108|33|47|W|display=inline,title}}
| schooltype = Public [[high school]]
| established = 1891
| district = [[Mesa County Valley School District 51|Mesa County Valley 51]]
| ceeb = 060695
| us_nces_school_id = {{NCES School ID|080435000612|school_name=GRAND JUNCTION HIGH SCHOOL|access_date=December 10, 2024|ref_name=NCES}}
| principal = Jory Sorensen <ref>{{cite web|url=https://gjhs.d51schools.org/staff|title=Staff - Grand Junction High School|publisher=Mesa County Valley School District 51|access-date=October 20, 2024}}</ref>
| teaching_staff = 83.71 (FTE)<ref name="NCES"/>
| grades = [[Ninth grade|9]]–[[Twelfth grade|12]]
| enrollment = 1,590 (2023-2024)<ref name="NCES"/>
| ratio = 18.99<ref name="NCES"/>
| colors = Orange and black <br> {{color box|#cf6300|border=silver}}{{color box|#000000|border=silver}}
| athletics_conference = [[Colorado High School Activities Association|CHSAA]]
| mascot = Tiger
| website = {{URL|https://gjhs.d51schools.org}}
}}
'''Grand Junction High School''' ('''GJHS''') is a public [[high school]] located in [[Grand Junction, Colorado]], United States. It is part of the [[Mesa County Valley School District 51]]. It is one of four high schools located within the [[Grand Valley (Colorado-Utah)|Grand Valley]].
==History==
Originally founded in 1891, the school has been located at its current site on Fifth St. since 1956.<ref>{{cite web |title=GJHS Building Info |url=https://d51schools.org/about_us/g_j_h_s_building_info |website=Mesa County Valley School District 51 |access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref> After two years of construction,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lynn |first1=Natasha |title=Design of new Grand Junction High School nearing completion |url=https://www.nbc11news.com/2022/04/20/design-new-grand-junction-high-school-nearing-completion/ |access-date=8 July 2022 |publisher=KKCO 11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Guevara |first=Christopher |date=2023-07-14 |title=Construction continues for new Grand Junction High School |url=https://www.nbc11news.com/2023/07/14/construction-continues-new-grand-junction-high-school/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=www.nbc11news.com |language=en}}</ref> in 2024 the original school complex was replaced by an entirely new, modern school building on the same property.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-31 |title=GJHS ribbon cutting to be held Saturday |url=https://www.westernslopenow.com/news/gjhs-ribbon-cutting-to-be-held-saturday/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=WesternSlopeNow.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=New look inside the brand new Grand Junction High School |url=https://www.kjct8.com/2024/01/25/new-look-inside-brand-new-grand-junction-high-school/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-03 |title=A look at the new Grand Junction High School |url=https://www.gjsentinel.com/lifestyle/a-look-at-the-new-grand-junction-high-school/collection_2913ec30-4e85-11ef-87a0-bfbe4ebdb6c8.html |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=The Grand Junction Daily Sentinel |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hinkle |first=Jeffrey |date=2024-08-04 |title=Cutting the ribbon to the new Grand Junction High School |url=https://www.kkco11news.com/2024/08/04/cutting-ribbon-new-grand-junction-high-school/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |language=en}}</ref>
As of 2021, the student-teacher ratio was approximately 17:1.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grand Junction High School |url=https://www.niche.com/k12/grand-junction-high-school-grand-junction-co/ |website=Niche.com |access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref>
==Athletics==
Grand Junction's chosen athletic rival is [[Fruita Monument High School]]. Some of the sports Grand Junction offers are:
{{div col}}
* [[Baseball]] (boys')
* [[Basketball]] (boys' and girls')
* [[Cheerleading]]
* [[Cross country running|Cross country]] (boys' and girls')
* [[American Football|Football]] (boys')
* [[Golf]] (boys' and girls')
* [[Lacrosse]] (boys' and girls')
* [[Pom Squad]]
* [[Soccer]] (boys' and girls')
* [[Softball]] (girls')
* [[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]] (boys' and girls')
* [[Tennis]] (boys' and girls')
* [[Track and field|Track]] (boys' and girls')
* [[Volleyball]] (girls')
* [[Scholastic wrestling|Wrestling]] (boys')
{{div col end}}
==Student publications==
The school publishes a newspaper, ''The Orange and Black,''<ref>{{cite web |title=Orange & Black |url=https://oandbnews.com/ |access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref> as well as a yearbook, ''The Tiger.''
==Notable alumni==
* [[Paul Briggs (American football)|Paul Briggs]] - [[NFL]] tackle for the [[Detroit Lions]]
* [[Chuck Cottier]] - major league baseball player, scout, and coach
* [[Marques Harris]] - [[NFL]] linebacker for the [[San Diego Chargers]]
* [[Monica Marquez]] - Associate Justice of the [[Colorado Supreme Court]]
* [[Dean Withers]] - live streamer and political commentator
* [[Bill Musgrave]] - NFL quarterback and coach
* [[Josh Penry]] - politician
* [[Michael Strobl]] - author and [[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] Officer
* [[Dalton Trumbo]] - author and [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] [[screenwriter]]
* [[Andrew Walter]] - NFL quarterback for the [[Oakland Raiders]]
==See also==
* [[List of high schools in Colorado]]
* [[List of high schools in Colorado#Mesa County|List of high schools in Mesa County, Colorado]]
==References==
{{reflist|22em}}
==External links==
* {{Official website|https://gjhs.d51schools.org}}
* [http://www.mesa.k12.co.us/ Mesa County Valley School District official website]
{{Colorado West Central region schools}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Public high schools in Colorado]]
[[Category:Grand Junction, Colorado]]
[[Category:Schools in Mesa County, Colorado]]
| 1,284,189,656
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[{"title": "Address", "data": {"Address": "1400 North Fifth Street \u00b7 Grand Junction, Colorado 81501 \u00b7 United States", "Coordinates": "39\u00b04\u203249\u2033N 108\u00b033\u203247\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff39.08028\u00b0N 108.56306\u00b0W"}}, {"title": "Information", "data": {"School type": "Public high school", "Established": "1891", "School district": "Mesa County Valley 51", "CEEB code": "060695", "NCES School ID": "080435000612", "Principal": "Jory Sorensen", "Teaching staff": "83.71 (FTE)", "Grades": "9\u201312", "Enrollment": "1,590 (2023-2024)", "Student to teacher ratio": "18.99", "Color(s)": "Orange and black", "Athletics conference": "CHSAA", "Mascot": "Tiger", "Website": "gjhs.d51schools.org"}}]
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# Albert Hybart
Albert Hybart JP (1865 – 28 January 1945) was a Welsh rugby union forward who played club rugby for Canton Wanderers RFC, Canton RFC, Cardiff and international rugby for Wales.
## Early life
Hybart was born in Cardiff to Frederick and Mary in 1865. Frederick was a timber broker, who was originally from Bristol. He moved to Cardiff in the mid-1870s, settling in Llandaff. When Hybart was 15 years old, he was already working in the family business as a timber broker clerk. In 1893 Hybart married Elizabeth Joan Evans. He later became a Justice of the Peace.
## Rugby career
Hybart was first selected to play for the Welsh national team as part of the 1887 Home Nations Championship in their opening game against England. The team was captained by Newport's Charlie Newman and Hybart was one of four new captains, alongside teammates OJ Evans and Alexander Bland. The match was played at the cricket ground near Stradey Park in Llanelli after the Stradey ground was deemed unplayable. The game was a nil-nil draw, the best result Wales had achieved against England, but Hybart was not re-selected for the next international when he was replaced by fellow Cardiff player William Williams.
### International games played
Wales
- England 1887
## Bibliography
- Godwin, Terry (1984). The International Rugby Championship 1883-1983. Grafton Street, London: Willow Books. ISBN 0-00-218060-X.
- Griffiths, Terry (1987). The Phoenix Book of International Rugby Records. London: Phoenix House. ISBN 0-460-07003-7.
- Jenkins, John M.; et al. (1991). Who's Who of Welsh International Rugby Players. Wrexham: Bridge Books. ISBN 1-872424-10-4.
- Smith, David; Williams, Gareth (1980). Fields of Praise: The Official History of The Welsh Rugby Union. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-0766-3.
- Budd, Terry (2017). That Great Little Team On The Other Side Of The Bridge:The 140 Year History of Canton RFC (Cardiff) Season 1876-77 to 2016-17. Penarth, Glamorgan: Beacon Printers Ltd.
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox rugby biography
| name = Albert Hybart
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Albert John Hybart
| birth_place = [[Cardiff]], [[Wales]]
| death_place = [[Cardiff]], [[Wales]]
| height =
| weight =
| position = [[Rugby union positions#Forwards|Forward]]
| amatyears1 = 1880–1882
| amatyears2 = 1882–1886
| amatyears3 = 1887–?
| amatteam1 = [[Canton Wanderers RFC]]
| amatteam2 = [[Canton RFC]]
| amatteam3 = [[Cardiff RFC]]
| ru_amclubcaps =
| ru_amclubpoints =
| ru_amupdate =
| repteam1 = [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]]<ref>[https://archive.today/20110526171209/http://www.wru.co.uk/12750_14256.php?player=31741&includeref=dynamic WRU player profile]</ref>
| repyears1 = 1887
| repcaps1 = 1
| reppoints1 = 0
| ru_ntupdate =
| coachteams1 =
| coachyears1 =
| ru_coachupdate =
}}
'''Albert Hybart''' [[Justice of the Peace|JP]] (1865 – 28 January 1945) was a [[Wales|Welsh]] [[rugby union]] forward who played club rugby for [[Canton Wanderers RFC]], [[Canton RFC]], [[Cardiff RFC|Cardiff]] and international rugby for [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]].
==Early life==
Hybart was born in [[Cardiff]] to Frederick and Mary in 1865. Frederick was a timber broker, who was originally from [[Bristol]]. He moved to Cardiff in the mid-1870s, settling in [[Llandaff]]. When Hybart was 15 years old, he was already working in the family business as a timber broker clerk.<ref>[http://www.worldvitalrecords.com/SingleIndexIndView.aspx?ix=uk1881census&hpp=1&rf=*,z*&qt=i&zdocid=24669808 1881 census data]</ref> In 1893 Hybart married Elizabeth Joan Evans.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://homepages.nildram.co.uk/~emdebee/f575.htm | title=Family Group Sheet }}</ref> He later became a Justice of the Peace.<ref name="Jenkins77">Jenkins (1991), pg 77.</ref>
==Rugby career==
Hybart was first selected to play for the Welsh national team as part of the [[1887 Home Nations Championship]] in their opening game against England. The team was captained by [[Newport RFC|Newport's]] [[Charlie Newman]] and Hybart was one of four new captains, alongside teammates [[Jem Evans|OJ Evans]] and [[Alexander Bland]]. The match was played at the cricket ground near [[Stradey Park]] in [[Llanelli]] after the Stradey ground was deemed unplayable. The game was a nil-nil draw, the best result Wales had achieved against England, but Hybart was not re-selected for the next international when he was replaced by fellow Cardiff player [[William Williams (rugby union)|William Williams]].
===International games played===
'''Wales'''<ref name="Smith467">Smith (1980), pg 467.</ref>
* {{ru|ENG}} 1887
==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Godwin |first=Terry |title=The International Rugby Championship 1883-1983 |year=1984 |publisher=Willow Books |location=Grafton Street, London |isbn=0-00-218060-X}}
* {{cite book |last=Griffiths |first=Terry |title=The Phoenix Book of International Rugby Records |year=1987 |publisher=Phoenix House |location=London |isbn=0-460-07003-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=John M. |title=Who's Who of Welsh International Rugby Players |year=1991 |publisher=Bridge Books |location=Wrexham |isbn=1-872424-10-4|display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=David |author2=Williams, Gareth |title=Fields of Praise: The Official History of The Welsh Rugby Union |year=1980 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |isbn=0-7083-0766-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Budd|first=Terry|title=That Great Little Team On The Other Side Of The Bridge:The 140 Year History of Canton RFC (Cardiff) Season 1876-77 to 2016-17|year=2017|publisher=Beacon Printers Ltd|location=Penarth, Glamorgan}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hybart, Albert}}
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:Rugby union forwards]]
[[Category:Canton RFC players]]
[[Category:Rugby union players from Cardiff]]
[[Category:Cardiff RFC players]]
[[Category:Wales international rugby union players]]
[[Category:Welsh rugby union players]]
| 1,284,251,167
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[{"title": "Albert Hybart", "data": {"Birth name": "Albert John Hybart", "Place of birth": "Cardiff, Wales", "Place of death": "Cardiff, Wales"}}, {"title": "Rugby union career", "data": {"Position(s)": "Forward", "Years": "Team \u00b7 Apps \u00b7 (Points)", "1880\u20131882": "Canton Wanderers RFC \u00b7 ()", "1882\u20131886": "Canton RFC \u00b7 ()", "1887\u2013?": "Cardiff RFC \u00b7 ()", "1887": "Wales \u00b7 1 \u00b7 (0)"}}]
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# Patrick Gauchat
Patrick Gauchat (22 May 1968) is a Swiss General Officer. He is the first Swiss to lead a UN Mission.
## Military career
### Training and first command
Promotions
- 1997 Captain
- 2004 Major
- 2006 Lieutenant Colonel
- 2009 Colonel
- 2017 Major General
After training, Gauchat took command of a mountain fusilier company (1997).
### Service as a staff officer
As a staff officer, he performed various commanding duties, including commander of a mountain infantry battalion (from 2006), deputy commander of the Tenth Mountain Infantry Brigade 10 (2014–2015) and deputy commander of Territorial Division 1 (2016–2017).
### Service in the rank of general
In 2017, he was appointed head of the Swiss delegation to the Neutral Monitoring Commission for the Armistice between the Two Koreas (NNSC).
### Overseas assignments
- 2000 UN Military Observer, UNTSO, Middle East[1]
- 2004 Deputy Head of the Swiss Delegation NNSC, Korea[1]
- 2009 Head of Peacebuilding MONUSCO, later: MONUSCO, Congo und Somalia[1]
- 2011 Deputy Head of Mission UNTSO in Jerusalem[1]
- 2013 Commander Sector North (JRD-N) at NATO's KFOR-Mission in Kosovo[1]
- 2014 Senior Officer Middle East and Asia, HQ at UN, New York City[1]
- 2017 Head of the Swiss delegation to the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC) (Korea)[1]
- 2021 Head of Mission/Chief of Staff UNTSO[2]
## Private life
Gauchat holds and engineering degree from the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and is fluent in German, English, French, and Spanish.
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<!-- schweizbezogen -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
[[File:Major_General_Patrick_Gauchat.jpg | thumb | right]]
'''Patrick Gauchat''' (22 May 1968) is a Swiss General Officer.<ref name="vita">[https://www.vtg.admin.ch/content/vtg-internet/de/die-schweizer-armee/hoehere-stabsoffiziere/hso/gauchat-patrick/_jcr_content/infotabs/items/downloads/tabPar/downloadlist/downloadItems/159_1461155026523.download/180101%20Gauchat_d.pdf ''Divisionär Patrick Gauchat. Chef der Schweizer Delegation NNSC.''] [[Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport]], 1. Januar 2018 (PDF; 268 kB).</ref> He is the first Swiss to lead a UN Mission.<ref name="tagblatt.ch">[https://www.tagblatt.ch/news-service/inland-schweiz/armee-ein-schweizer-uebernimmt-erstmals-das-kommando-ueber-uno-friedensmission-ld.2207641 ''Erstmals übernimmt ein Schweizer das Kommando über eine UNO-Friedensmission.''] In: ''[[St. Galler Tagblatt]].'' 29. Oktober 2021.</ref>
== Military career ==
=== Training and first command ===
<div style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0em; padding: 1em; border: solid darkgray 1px; font-size: 85%; background: #F5F5F5; max-width: 33%;">
'''Promotions'''<ref name="vita" />
* 1997 Captain
* 2004 [[Major (rank)|Major]]
* 2006 [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
* 2009 [[Colonel]]
* 2017 [[Major General]]
</div>
After training, Gauchat took command of a mountain fusilier [[Company (military unit)|company]] (1997).
=== Service as a staff officer ===
As a staff officer, he performed various commanding duties, including commander of a mountain infantry battalion (from 2006), deputy commander of the Tenth Mountain Infantry Brigade 10 (2014–2015)<ref name="un.org" /> and deputy commander of Territorial Division 1 (2016–2017).<ref name="un.org" />
=== Service in the rank of general ===
In 2017, he was appointed head of the Swiss delegation to the Neutral Monitoring Commission for the Armistice between the Two Koreas (NNSC).
=== Overseas assignments===
* 2000 UN Military Observer, [[UNTSO]], Middle East<ref name="vita" />
* 2004 Deputy Head of the Swiss Delegation NNSC, Korea<ref name="vita" />
* 2009 Head of Peacebuilding [[MONUSCO]], later: [[MONUSCO]], [[Democratic Republic of Congo|Congo]] und [[Somalia]]<ref name="vita" />
* 2011 Deputy Head of Mission [[UNTSO]] in [[Jerusalem]]<ref name="vita" />
* 2013 Commander Sector North (JRD-N) at [[NATO]]'s [[Kosovo Force|KFOR]]-Mission in [[Kosovo]]<ref name="vita" />
* 2014 Senior Officer Middle East and Asia, HQ at UN, New York City<ref name="vita" />
* 2017 Head of the Swiss delegation to the [[Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission]] (NNSC) ([[Korea]])<ref name="vita" />
* 2021 Head of Mission/Chief of Staff [[United Nations Truce Supervision Organization|UNTSO]]<ref name="tagblatt.ch" />
== Private life ==
Gauchat holds and engineering degree from the [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]]<ref name="vita" /><ref name="un.org">[https://www.un.org/sg/en/node/260390 ''Major General Patrick Gauchat of Switzerland – Head of Mission and Chief of Staff of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization.''] [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]], 28. Oktober 2021.</ref> and is fluent in German, English, French, and Spanish.<ref name="un.org" />
== References ==
<references />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gauchat, Patrick}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Swiss generals]]
[[Category:United Nations military personnel]]
[[Category:Living people]]
| 1,284,471,520
|
[]
| false
|
# Calgary-Varsity
Calgary-Varsity is a provincial electoral district in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The district was created in 1993 and returns a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta.
It comprises the communities of Varsity, Dalhousie, Brentwood, Banff Trail, University Heights, Parkdale, Point Mckay, and Charleswood (part of the Triwood community which also includes Collingwood west of 19th St NW).
## History
The electoral district was created in the 1993 boundary redistribution out of parts of three electoral districts. They were Calgary-Foothills, Calgary-North Hill and Calgary-North West.
The 2010 boundary redistribution saw the district only slightly altered. It picked up some land from Calgary-Bow and Calgary-Mountain View when the south boundary was moved south to run completely along the Bow River and it also picked up a few blocks of houses from Calgary-North Hill when the east boundary between 17th Ave NW and 24 Ave NW was moved one block over to 18 Street NW
### Boundary history
| 23 Calgary-Varsity 2003 boundaries | 23 Calgary-Varsity 2003 boundaries | 23 Calgary-Varsity 2003 boundaries | 23 Calgary-Varsity 2003 boundaries |
| Bordering districts | Bordering districts | Bordering districts | Bordering districts |
| North | East | West | South |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- |
| Calgary-Foothills and Calgary-Nose Hill | Calgary-North Hill | Calgary-Bow and Calgary-North West | Calgary-Mountain View |
| riding map goes here | | | |
| Legal description from the Statutes of Alberta 2003, Electoral Divisions Act. | | | |
| Starting at the intersection of Sarcee Trail NW with John Laurie Boulevard NW; then 1. southeast along John Laurie Boulevard NW to 19 Street NW; 2. south along 19 Street NW to 16 Avenue NW; 3. west along 16 Avenue NW to Shaganappi Trail NW; 4. north along Shaganappi Trail NW to 32 Avenue NW; 5. west along 32 Avenue NW and its westerly extension to the right bank of the Bow River; 6. north along the right bank of the Bow River to the southerly extension of Silver Springs Boulevard NW; 7. north along the extension and Silver Springs Boulevard NW to Silver Springs Gate NW; 8. east and north along Silver Springs Gate NW to Sarcee Trail NW; 9. north along Sarcee Trail NW to the starting point. | | | |
| Note: | | | |
| 26 Calgary-Varsity 2010 boundaries | 26 Calgary-Varsity 2010 boundaries | 26 Calgary-Varsity 2010 boundaries | 26 Calgary-Varsity 2010 boundaries |
| Bordering districts | Bordering districts | Bordering districts | Bordering districts |
| North | East | West | South |
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------- |
| Calgary-Foothills and Calgary-Mackay-Nose Hill | Calgary-Klein | Calgary-Bow and Calgary-Hawkwood | Calgary-Currie and Calgary-Mountain View |
| | | | |
| Legal description from the Statutes of Alberta 2010, Electoral Divisions Act. | | | |
| | | | |
| Note: | | | |
### Representation history
| Members of the Legislative Assembly for Calgary-Varsity | Members of the Legislative Assembly for Calgary-Varsity | Members of the Legislative Assembly for Calgary-Varsity | Members of the Legislative Assembly for Calgary-Varsity | Members of the Legislative Assembly for Calgary-Varsity |
| Assembly | Years | Member | Member | Party |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------- |
| See Calgary-Foothills and Calgary-North Hill 1971-1993, Calgary-North West 1979-1993 | | | | |
| 23rd | 1993–1997 | | Murray Smith | Progressive Conservative |
| 24th | 1997–2001 | | Murray Smith | Progressive Conservative |
| 25th | 2001–2004 | | Murray Smith | Progressive Conservative |
| 26th | 2004–2008 | | Harry Chase | Liberal |
| 27th | 2008–2012 | | Harry Chase | Liberal |
| 28th | 2012–2014 | | Donna Kennedy-Glans | Progressive Conservative |
| 28th | 2014 | | Donna Kennedy-Glans | Independent |
| 28th | 2014–2015 | | Donna Kennedy-Glans | Progressive Conservative |
| 29th | 2015–2019 | | Stephanie McLean | New Democratic |
| 29th | 2019 | | Vacant | Vacant |
| 30th | 2019–2023 | | Jason Copping | United Conservative |
| 31st | 2023–present | | Luanne Metz | New Democratic |
The electoral district was created in 1993 and comprised land that had existed in three electoral districts. The region at that era had returned a mixture of Liberal and Progressive Conservative representatives.
In the first election in the district held in 1993, the district saw a closely contested race between Progressive Conservative candidate Murray Smith and Liberal candidate Carrol Jaques. Smith would win with a plurality of 47%. Premier Ralph Klein appointed Smith to his first cabinet post as Minister of Economic Development and Tourism in 1994. He would be shuffled to the Labour portfolio in 1996.
Smith and Jaques faced each other again in the 1997 election with both candidates losing popular vote. Smith however won his second term by taking a majority of the ballots cast. After the election Smith kept his Labour portfolio until 1999 when he was shuffled to be the Minister of Gaming.
The 2001 election would see Jaques and Smith face each other for the third time. The result would be a near landslide in Smith's favour. After the election Smith would once again change cabinet portfolios this time becoming Minister of Energy until he retired at dissolution of the assembly in 2004.
Liberal candidate Harry Chase was elected as the second representative of the riding in the 2004 election with nearly 45% of the vote. He won his second term in 2008 with a slightly larger plurality.
In 2012 Progressive Conservative candidate Donna Kennedy-Glans was elected with 46% of the vote. She briefly sat as an independent in protest of Alison Redford's leadership.
In 2015 New Democrat candidate Stephanie McLean was elected with 44% of the vote. After serving in the cabinet of Rachel Notley, she stepped down as MLA shortly before the 2019 election.
In 2019 despite the NDP attracting a star candidate to run in Calgary-Varsity, Anne McGrath, she was defeated by United Conservative candidate Jason Copping.
In 2023 NDP candidate Luanne Metz - a clinical neurologist and researcher - defeated the incumbent Minister of Health, Jason Copping.
## Legislative election results
### 2023
| | New Democratic | Luanne Metz | 13,449 | 58.27 | +14.83 |
| | United Conservative | Jason Copping | 9,377 | 40.63 | -5.53 |
| | Wildrose Loyalty Coalition | Oaklan Davidsen | 141 | 0.61 | – |
| | Solidarity Movement | Kent Liang | 112 | 0.49 | – |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 23,079 | 98.96 | – |
| Rejected and declined | Rejected and declined | Rejected and declined | 243 | 1.04 | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 23,322 | 70.65 | |
| Eligible electors | Eligible electors | Eligible electors | 33,010 | | |
| | New Democratic gain from United Conservative | New Democratic gain from United Conservative | Swing | Swing | +10.18 |
| Source(s) Source: Elections Alberta | | | | | |
### Elections in the 2010s
| | United Conservative | Jason Copping | 10,853 | 46.16 | +1.90 |
| | New Democratic | Anne McGrath | 10,215 | 43.44 | +3.29 |
| | Alberta Party | Beth Barberree | 1,687 | 7.17 | +6.05 |
| | Liberal | Ryan Campbell | 383 | 1.63 | -10.48 |
| | Green | Cheryle Chagnon-Greyeyes | 274 | 1.17 | -1.04 |
| | Independence | Chris McAndrew | 101 | 0.43 | New |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 23,513 | 99.89 | |
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | Rejected, spoiled and declined | Rejected, spoiled and declined | 264 | 1.11 | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 23,777 | 73.34 | |
| Eligible electors | Eligible electors | Eligible electors | 32,422 | | |
| | United Conservative notional hold | United Conservative notional hold | Swing | Swing | -0.69 |
| Source(s) "2019 Provincial General Election Results". Elections Alberta. Retrieved April 30, 2019. | | | | | |
| | New Democratic | Stephanie McLean | 8,297 | 43.94 | +39.31 |
| | Progressive Conservative | Susan Billington | 5,700 | 30.19 | -15.71 |
| | Wildrose | Sharon Polsky | 2,598 | 13.76 | -12.45 |
| | Liberal | Pete Helfrich | 1,862 | 9.86 | -10.62 |
| | Green | Carl Svoboda | 424 | 2.25 | +0.92 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 18,881 | 99.33 | +0.03 |
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | Rejected, spoiled and declined | Rejected, spoiled and declined | 127 | 0.67 | -0.03 |
| Eligible voters / turnout | Eligible voters / turnout | Eligible voters / turnout | 32,467 | 58.55 | -1.30 |
| | New Democratic gain from Progressive Conservative | New Democratic gain from Progressive Conservative | Swing | Swing | +27.51 |
| Source(s) "2015 Provincial General Election Results". Elections Alberta. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved August 1, 2017. | | | | | |
| | New Democratic | 8,322 | 40.16 |
| | Progressive Conservative | 6,137 | 29.61 |
| | Wildrose | 3,034 | 14.64 |
| | Liberal | 2,510 | 12.11 |
| | Green | 456 | 2.20 |
| | Alberta Party | 233 | 1.12 |
| | Social Credit | 32 | 0.15 |
| Source(s) Source: Ridingbuilder | | | |
| | Progressive Conservative | Donna Kennedy-Glans | 8,099 | 45.90 | +9.22 |
| | Wildrose | Rob Solinger | 4,624 | 26.21 | +19.06 |
| | Liberal | Bruce Payne | 3,614 | 20.48 | -26.85 |
| | New Democratic | Jackie Seidel | 817 | 4.63 | +1.00 |
| | Alberta Party | Alex McBrien | 255 | 1.45 | |
| | Evergreen | Carl Svoboda | 234 | 1.33 | -3.87 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 17,643 | 99.30 | -0.11 |
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | Rejected, spoiled and declined | Rejected, spoiled and declined | 124 | 0.70 | +0.11 |
| Eligible electors / turnout | Eligible electors / turnout | Eligible electors / turnout | 29,688 | 59.85 | +15.21 |
| | Progressive Conservative gain from Liberal | Progressive Conservative gain from Liberal | Swing | Swing | +18.04 |
| Source(s) Elections Alberta. "Electoral Division Results: Calgary-Varsity". Retrieved June 13, 2018. | | | | | |
### Elections in the 2000s
| | Liberal | Harry Chase | 6,907 | 47.34 | +2.70 |
| | Progressive Conservative | Jennifer Diakiw | 5,353 | 36.69 | -2.63 |
| | Wildrose Alliance | Brennan Lytle | 1,043 | 7.15 | +1.77 |
| | Greens | Sean Maw | 758 | 5.19 | -0.16 |
| | New Democratic | Tim Stock-Bateman | 530 | 3.63 | -0.85 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 14,591 | 99.41 | -0.07 |
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | Rejected, spoiled and declined | Rejected, spoiled and declined | 87 | 0.59 | +0.07 |
| Eligible electors / Turnout | Eligible electors / Turnout | Eligible electors / Turnout | 32,883 | 44.64 | -9.67 |
| | Liberal hold | Liberal hold | Swing | Swing | +2.67 |
| Source(s) The Report on the March 3, 2008 Provincial General Election of the Twenty-seventh Legislative Assembly. Elections Alberta. July 28, 2008. pp. 260–263. | | | | | |
| | Liberal | Harry Chase | 6,347 | 44.64 | +16.01 |
| | Progressive Conservative | Michael Smyth | 5,591 | 39.32 | -20.10 |
| | Alberta Alliance | Ronald Beniger | 765 | 5.38 | New |
| | Greens | Richard Larson | 761 | 5.35 | +2.92 |
| | New Democratic | Mark Gabruch | 637 | 4.48 | -5.04 |
| | Social Credit | Len Skowronski | 118 | 0.83 | New |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 14,219 | 99.48 | +0.01 |
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | Rejected, spoiled and declined | Rejected, spoiled and declined | 75 | 0.52 | -0.01 |
| Eligible electors / Turnout | Eligible electors / Turnout | Eligible electors / Turnout | 26,318 | 54.31 | -5.14 |
| | Liberal gain from Progressive Conservative | Liberal gain from Progressive Conservative | Swing | Swing | +18.06 |
| Source(s) "Calgary-Varsity Statement of Official Results 2004 Alberta general election" (PDF). Elections Alberta. Retrieved March 3, 2012. | | | | | |
| | Progressive Conservative | Murray Smith | 8,173 | 59.42 | +8.00 |
| | Liberal | Carrol Jaques | 3,938 | 28.63 | -9.87 |
| | New Democratic | Susan Scott | 1,309 | 9.52 | +4.97 |
| | Greens | Tavis Du Preez | 334 | 2.43 | +1.49 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 13,754 | 99.47 | -0.37 |
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | Rejected, spoiled and declined | Rejected, spoiled and declined | 73 | 0.53 | +0.37 |
| Eligible electors / Turnout | Eligible electors / Turnout | Eligible electors / Turnout | 23,260 | 59.45 | +0.24 |
| | Progressive Conservative hold | Progressive Conservative hold | Swing | Swing | +8.94 |
| Source(s) "Calgary-Varsity Official Results 2001 Alberta general election" (PDF). Elections Alberta. Retrieved March 27, 2010. | | | | | |
### Elections in the 1990s
| | Progressive Conservative | Murray Smith | 7,232 | 51.42 | +3.54 |
| | Liberal | Carrol Jaques | 5,414 | 38.50 | -0.05 |
| | Social Credit | Mike Bressers | 646 | 4.59 | New |
| | New Democratic | Dirk Huysman | 640 | 4.55 | -5.48 |
| | Greens | Joel Ashworth | 132 | 0.94 | -2.04 |
| Total | Total | Total | 14,064 | 99.84 | +0.10 |
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | Rejected, spoiled and declined | Rejected, spoiled and declined | 23 | 0.16 | -0.10 |
| Eligible electors / Turnout | Eligible electors / Turnout | Eligible electors / Turnout | 23,792 | 59.21 | -5.53 |
| | Progressive Conservative hold | Progressive Conservative hold | Swing | Swing | +1.80 |
| Source(s) "1997 General Election". Elections Alberta. Archived from the original on February 14, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2012. | | | | | |
| 1993 Alberta general election | 1993 Alberta general election | 1993 Alberta general election | 1993 Alberta general election | 1993 Alberta general election | 1993 Alberta general election | 1993 Alberta general election | 1993 Alberta general election | 1993 Alberta general election |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | | | | | |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------ | ----------------------------- | ----------------------------- | ----------------------------- | ----------------------------- | ----------------------------- | ----------------------------- |
| | Progressive Conservative | Murray Smith | 8,520 | 47.88 | | | | |
| | Liberal | Carrol Jaques | 6,860 | 38.55 | | | | |
| | New Democratic | Sharon Kimmel | 1,785 | 10.03 | | | | |
| | Greens | Mike Sawyer | 531 | 2.98 | | | | |
| | Natural Law | Santo Esposito | 99 | 0.56 | | | | |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 17,795 | 99.74 | | | | |
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | Rejected, spoiled and declined | Rejected, spoiled and declined | 47 | 0.26 | | | | |
| Eligible electors / Turnout | Eligible electors / Turnout | Eligible electors / Turnout | 27,560 | 64.74 | | | | |
| | Progressive Conservative pickup new district. | | | | | | | |
| Source(s) "Calgary-Varsity results 1993 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Archived from the original on December 8, 2010. Retrieved March 15, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) | | | | | | | | |
## Senate nominee election results
| 2004 Senate nominee election results: Calgary-Varsity | 2004 Senate nominee election results: Calgary-Varsity | 2004 Senate nominee election results: Calgary-Varsity | 2004 Senate nominee election results: Calgary-Varsity | 2004 Senate nominee election results: Calgary-Varsity | Turnout 54.44% | Turnout 54.44% |
| | Affiliation | Votes | % votes | % ballots | Rank | |
| | Progressive Conservative | Bert Brown | 5,387 | 16.92% | 49.83% | 1 |
| | Progressive Conservative | Jim Silye | 4,891 | 15.36% | 45.25% | 5 |
| | Progressive Conservative | Betty Unger | 4,072 | 12.79% | 37.67% | 2 |
| | Independent | Link Byfield | 3,812 | 11.97% | 35.26% | 4 |
| | Independent | Tom Sindlinger | 2,920 | 9.17% | 27.01% | 9 |
| | Progressive Conservative | David Usherwood | 2,682 | 8.42% | 24.81% | 6 |
| | Progressive Conservative | Cliff Breitkreuz | 2,536 | 7.96% | 23.46% | 3 |
| | Alberta Alliance | Vance Gough | 2,105 | 6.61% | 19.47% | 8 |
| | Alberta Alliance | Michael Roth | 1,895 | 5.95% | 17.53% | 7 |
| | Alberta Alliance | Gary Horan | 1,547 | 4.61% | 14.31% | 10 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 31,847 | 100% | 100% | 100% |
| Total ballots | Total ballots | Total ballots | 10,810 | 2.95 votes per ballot | 2.95 votes per ballot | 2.95 votes per ballot |
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | Rejected, spoiled and declined | Rejected, spoiled and declined | 3,517 | 3,517 | 3,517 | 3,517 |
Voters had the option of selecting four candidates on the ballot
## Student vote results
| Participating schools |
| ---------------------------------- |
| Banff Trail School |
| Brentwood Elementary |
| Ecole Varsity Acres School |
| F. E. Osborne Junior High School |
| H.D. Cartwright Junior High School |
| Jerry Potts Elementary |
| Sir William Van Horne High School |
| William Aberhart High School |
On November 19, 2004, a student vote was conducted at participating Alberta schools to parallel the 2004 Alberta general election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. The vote was conducted in 80 of the 83 provincial electoral districts with students voting for actual election candidates. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district then where they were physically located.
| 2004 Alberta student vote results | | | | |
| | Affiliation | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Liberal | Harry Chase | 424 | 30.44% |
| | Progressive Conservative | Michael Smyth | 373 | 26.78% |
| | Green | Richard Larson | 282 | 20.24% |
| | NDP | Mark Gabruch | 203 | 14.57% |
| | Alberta Alliance | Ronald Beniger | 60 | 4.31% |
| | Social Credit | Len Skowronski | 51 | 3.66% |
| Total | Total | Total | 1,393 | 100% |
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | Rejected, spoiled and declined | Rejected, spoiled and declined | 95 | 95 |
|
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{{short description|Provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox Canada electoral district
| name =Calgary-Varsity
| province =Alberta
| image =Calgary-Varsity 2017.svg
| caption =Calgary-Varsity within the [[Calgary|City of Calgary]], 2017 boundaries
| prov-rep = [[Luanne Metz]]
| prov-rep-party = NDP
| prov-rep-party-link =
| prov-status =active
| prov-created =1993
| prov-abolished =
| prov-created2 =
| prov-election-first =1993
| prov-election-last =2023
}}
'''Calgary-Varsity''' is a [[Provinces and territories of Canada|provincial]] [[electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]] in [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], Canada. The district was created in 1993 and returns a single member to the [[Legislative Assembly of Alberta]].
It comprises the communities of [[Varsity, Calgary|Varsity]], [[Dalhousie, Calgary|Dalhousie]], [[Brentwood, Calgary|Brentwood]], [[Banff Trail, Calgary|Banff Trail]], [[University Heights, Calgary|University Heights]], [[Parkdale, Calgary|Parkdale]], [[Point Mckay, Calgary|Point Mckay]], and [[Charleswood, Calgary|Charleswood]] (part of the [[Triwood, Calgary|Triwood]] community which also includes [[Collingwood, Calgary|Collingwood]] west of 19th St NW).
==History==
The electoral district was created in the 1993 boundary redistribution out of parts of three electoral districts. They were Calgary-Foothills, Calgary-North Hill and Calgary-North West.
The 2010 boundary redistribution saw the district only slightly altered. It picked up some land from [[Calgary-Bow]] and [[Calgary-Mountain View]] when the south boundary was moved south to run completely along the [[Bow River]] and it also picked up a few blocks of houses from [[Calgary-North Hill]] when the east boundary between 17th Ave NW and 24 Ave NW was moved one block over to 18 Street NW
===Boundary history===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;"
!colspan=4|23 Calgary-Varsity 2003 boundaries<ref name="2003bound">{{cite book|title=Statutes of the Province of Alberta|chapter=E‑4.1|url=http://www.qp.alberta.ca/574.cfm?page=E04P1.cfm&leg_type=Acts&isbncln=0779738748|publisher=Government of Alberta|year=2003|page=15}}</ref>
|-
!colspan=4|Bordering districts
|-
!North
!East
!West
!South
|-
|[[Calgary-Foothills]] and [[Calgary-Nose Hill (provincial electoral district)|Calgary-Nose Hill]]
|[[Calgary-North Hill]]
|[[Calgary-Bow]] and [[Calgary-North West]]
|[[Calgary-Mountain View]]
|-
|colspan=2 align=center|''riding map goes here''
|colspan=2 align=center|[[File:Calgary Provincial Riding - Calgary Varsity.svg]]
|-
!colspan=4|Legal description from the Statutes of Alberta 2003, Electoral Divisions Act.
|-
|colspan=4|Starting at the intersection of Sarcee Trail NW with John Laurie Boulevard NW; then 1. southeast along John Laurie Boulevard NW to 19 Street NW; 2. south along 19 Street NW to 16 Avenue NW; 3. west along 16 Avenue NW to Shaganappi Trail NW; 4. north along Shaganappi Trail NW to 32 Avenue NW; 5. west along 32 Avenue NW and its westerly extension to the right bank of the Bow River; 6. north along the right bank of the Bow River to the southerly extension of Silver Springs Boulevard NW; 7. north along the extension and Silver Springs Boulevard NW to Silver
Springs Gate NW; 8. east and north along Silver Springs Gate NW to Sarcee Trail NW; 9. north along Sarcee Trail NW to the starting point.
|-
|colspan=4|'''Note:'''
|}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;"
!colspan=4|26 Calgary-Varsity 2010 boundaries
|-
!colspan=4|Bordering districts
|-
!North
!East
!West
!South
|-
|[[Calgary-Foothills]] and [[Calgary-Mackay-Nose Hill]]
|[[Calgary-Klein]]
|[[Calgary-Bow]] and [[Calgary-Hawkwood]]
|[[Calgary-Currie]] and [[Calgary-Mountain View]]
|-
|colspan=2 align=center|[[File:CalgaryVarsity electoral district 2010.jpg|200px]]
|colspan=2 align=center|[[File:CalgaryVarsity in Calgary.jpg|200px]]
|-
!colspan=4|Legal description from the Statutes of Alberta 2010, Electoral Divisions Act.
|-
|colspan=4|
|-
|colspan=4|'''Note:'''
|}
===Representation history===
{| class="wikitable" align=right
!colspan=5|Members of the Legislative Assembly for Calgary-Varsity
|-
!Assembly
!Years
!colspan="2"|Member
!Party
|-
|align="center" colspan=5|''See [[Calgary-Foothills]] and [[Calgary-North Hill]] 1971-1993,<br /> [[Calgary-North West]] 1979-1993''
|-
|[[23rd Alberta Legislative Assembly|23rd]]
|[[1993 Alberta general election|1993]]–1997
|rowspan=3 {{Canadian party colour|AB|PC|background}}|
|rowspan=3|[[Murray Smith (Alberta politician)|Murray Smith]]
|rowspan=3|[[Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta|Progressive Conservative]]
|-
|[[24th Alberta Legislative Assembly|24th]]
|[[1997 Alberta general election|1997]]–2001
|-
|[[25th Alberta Legislative Assembly|25th]]
|[[2001 Alberta general election|2001]]–2004
|-
|[[26th Alberta Legislative Assembly|26th]]
|[[2004 Alberta general election|2004]]–2008
|rowspan=2 {{Canadian party colour|AB|Liberal|background}}|
|rowspan=2|[[Harry B. Chase|Harry Chase]]
|rowspan=2|[[Alberta Liberal Party|Liberal]]
|-
|[[27th Alberta Legislative Assembly|27th]]
|[[2008 Alberta general election|2008]]–2012
|-
|rowspan=3|[[28th Alberta Legislative Assembly|28th]]
|[[2012 Alberta general election|2012]]–2014
|{{Canadian party colour|AB|PC|background}}|
|rowspan=3|[[Donna Kennedy-Glans]]
|Progressive Conservative
|-
|2014
|{{Canadian party colour|AB|Independent|background}}|
|Independent
|-
|2014–2015
|{{Canadian party colour|AB|PC|background}}|
|Progressive Conservative
|-
|rowspan=2|[[29th Alberta Legislative Assembly|29th]]
|[[2015 Alberta general election|2015]]–2019
|{{Canadian party colour|AB|NDP|background}}|
|[[Stephanie McLean (politician)|Stephanie McLean]]
|[[Alberta New Democratic Party|New Democratic]]
|-
|2019
|{{Canadian party colour|AB|Vacant|background}}|
|colspan=2|Vacant
|-
|[[30th Alberta Legislative Assembly|30th]]
|[[2019 Alberta general election|2019]]–2023
|{{Canadian party colour|AB|UCP|background}}|
|[[Jason Copping]]
|[[United Conservative Party|United Conservative]]
|-
|[[31st Alberta Legislative Assembly|31st]]
|[[2023 Alberta general election|2023]]–present
|{{Canadian party colour|AB|NDP|background}}|
|[[Luanne Metz]]
|[[Alberta New Democratic Party|New Democratic]]
|}
The electoral district was created in 1993 and comprised land that had existed in three electoral districts. The region at that era had returned a mixture of Liberal and Progressive Conservative representatives.
In the first election in the district held in 1993, the district saw a closely contested race between Progressive Conservative candidate Murray Smith and Liberal candidate Carrol Jaques. Smith would win with a plurality of 47%. Premier Ralph Klein appointed Smith to his first cabinet post as Minister of Economic Development and Tourism in 1994. He would be shuffled to the Labour portfolio in 1996.
Smith and Jaques faced each other again in the 1997 election with both candidates losing popular vote. Smith however won his second term by taking a majority of the ballots cast. After the election Smith kept his Labour portfolio until 1999 when he was shuffled to be the Minister of Gaming.
The 2001 election would see Jaques and Smith face each other for the third time. The result would be a near landslide in Smith's favour. After the election Smith would once again change cabinet portfolios this time becoming Minister of Energy until he retired at dissolution of the assembly in 2004.
Liberal candidate Harry Chase was elected as the second representative of the riding in the 2004 election with nearly 45% of the vote. He won his second term in 2008 with a slightly larger plurality.
In 2012 Progressive Conservative candidate Donna Kennedy-Glans was elected with 46% of the vote. She briefly sat as an independent in protest of [[Alison Redford]]'s leadership.
In 2015 New Democrat candidate Stephanie McLean was elected with 44% of the vote. After serving in the cabinet of [[Rachel Notley]], she stepped down as MLA shortly before the 2019 election.
In 2019 despite the NDP attracting a star candidate to run in Calgary-Varsity, [[Anne McGrath]], she was defeated by [[United Conservative Party|United Conservative]] candidate [[Jason Copping]].
In 2023 NDP candidate [[Luanne Metz]] - a clinical neurologist and researcher - defeated the incumbent Minister of Health, [[Jason Copping]].
==Legislative election results==
===2023===
{{2023 Alberta general election/Calgary-Varsity}}
===Elections in the 2010s===
{{2019 Alberta general election/Calgary-Varsity}}
{{2015 Alberta general election/Calgary-Varsity}}
{|class=wikitable
!colspan=4|[[2015 Alberta general election]] redistributed results
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Votes
!%
{{Canadian party colour|AB|NDP|row-name}}
|align=right|8,322
|align=right|40.16
{{Canadian party colour|AB|PC|row-name}}
|align=right|6,137
|align=right|29.61
{{Canadian party colour|AB|Wildrose|row-name}}
|align=right|3,034
|align=right|14.64
{{Canadian party colour|AB|Liberal|row-name}}
|align=right|2,510
|align=right|12.11
{{Canadian party colour|AB|Green|row-name}}
|align=right|456
|align=right|2.20
{{Canadian party colour|AB|Alberta|row-name}}
|align=right|233
|align=right|1.12
{{Canadian party colour|AB|Social Credit|row-name}}
|align=right|32
|align=right|0.15
{{CANelec/source|hide=Source: [https://election-atlas.ca/ridingbuilder/rb.php?prov=48 Ridingbuilder]}}
|}
{{2012 Alberta general election/Calgary-Varsity}}
===Elections in the 2000s===
{{CANelec/top|AB|2008|Calgary-Varsity|percent=yes|change=yes}}
{{CANelec|AB|Liberal|[[Harry B. Chase|Harry Chase]]|6,907|47.34| +2.70}}
{{CANelec|AB|PC|Jennifer Diakiw|5,353|36.69|-2.63}}
{{CANelec|AB|Wildrose Alliance|Brennan Lytle|1,043|7.15| +1.77}}
{{CANelec|AB|Greens|Sean Maw|758|5.19|-0.16}}
{{CANelec|AB|NDP|Tim Stock-Bateman|530|3.63|-0.85}}
{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|14,591|99.41|-0.07}}
{{CANelec/total|Rejected, spoiled and declined|87|0.59| +0.07}}
{{CANelec/total|Eligible electors / Turnout|32,883|44.64|-9.67}}
{{CANelec/hold|AB|Liberal| +2.67}}
{{CANelec/source|hide={{cite book|title=The Report on the March 3, 2008 Provincial General Election of the Twenty-seventh Legislative Assembly|url=https://archive.org/details/reportonmarch3202008elec|publisher=Elections Alberta|date=July 28, 2008 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/reportonmarch3202008elec/page/260 260–263]}}}}
|}
{{CANelec/top|AB|2004|Calgary-Varsity|percent=yes|change=yes}}
{{CANelec|AB|Liberal|[[Harry B. Chase|Harry Chase]]|6,347|44.64| +16.01}}
{{CANelec|AB|PC|Michael Smyth|5,591|39.32|-20.10}}
{{CANelec|AB|Alliance|Ronald Beniger|765|5.38|''New''}}
{{CANelec|AB|Greens|Richard Larson|761|5.35| +2.92}}
{{CANelec|AB|NDP|Mark Gabruch|637|4.48|-5.04}}
{{CANelec|AB|Social Credit|[[Len Skowronski]]|118|0.83|''New''}}
{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|14,219|99.48| +0.01}}
{{CANelec/total|Rejected, spoiled and declined|75|0.52|-0.01}}
{{CANelec/total|Eligible electors / Turnout|26,318|54.31|-5.14}}
{{CANelec/gain|AB|Liberal|PC| +18.06}}
{{CANelec/source|hide={{cite web|url=http://www.elections.ab.ca/Public%20Website/files/Statements/23.pdf |title=Calgary-Varsity Statement of Official Results 2004 Alberta general election | publisher=Elections Alberta | access-date=March 3, 2012}}}}
|}
{{CANelec/top|AB|2001|Calgary-Varsity|percent=yes|change=yes}}
{{CANelec|AB|PC|[[Murray Smith (Alberta politician)|Murray Smith]]|8,173|59.42| +8.00}}
{{CANelec|AB|Liberal|Carrol Jaques|3,938|28.63|-9.87}}
{{CANelec|AB|NDP|Susan Scott|1,309|9.52| +4.97}}
{{CANelec|AB|Greens|Tavis Du Preez|334|2.43| +1.49}}
{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|13,754|99.47|-0.37}}
{{CANelec/total|Rejected, spoiled and declined|73|0.53| +0.37}}
{{CANelec/total|Eligible electors / Turnout|23,260|59.45| +0.24}}
{{CANelec/hold|AB|PC| +8.94}}
{{CANelec/source|hide={{cite web|url=http://www.electionsalberta.ab.ca/Public%20Website/files/2001StatmentOfResults/2001_SOR_22.pdf| title=Calgary-Varsity Official Results 2001 Alberta general election | publisher=Elections Alberta | access-date=March 27, 2010}}}}
|}
===Elections in the 1990s===
{{CANelec/top|AB|1997|Calgary-Varsity|percent=yes|change=yes}}
{{CANelec|AB|PC|[[Murray Smith (Alberta politician)|Murray Smith]]|7,232|51.42| +3.54}}
{{CANelec|AB|Liberal|Carrol Jaques|5,414|38.50|-0.05}}
{{CANelec|AB|Social Credit|Mike Bressers|646|4.59|''New''}}
{{CANelec|AB|NDP|Dirk Huysman|640|4.55|-5.48}}
{{CANelec|AB|Greens|Joel Ashworth|132|0.94|-2.04}}
{{CANelec/total|Total|14,064|99.84| +0.10}}
{{CANelec/total|Rejected, spoiled and declined|23|0.16|-0.10}}
{{CANelec/total|Eligible electors / Turnout|23,792|59.21| -5.53}}
{{CANelec/hold|AB|PC| +1.80}}
{{CANelec/source|hide={{cite web| url=http://www.elections.ab.ca/Public%20Website/758.htm| title=1997 General Election| publisher=Elections Alberta| access-date=January 26, 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214035402/http://www.elections.ab.ca/Public%20Website/758.htm| archive-date=2012-02-14| url-status=dead}}}}
|}
{{CANelec/top|AB|1993|Calgary-Varsity|percent=yes}}
{{CANelec|AB|PC|[[Murray Smith (Alberta politician)|Murray Smith]]|8,520|47.88}}
{{CANelec|AB|Liberal|Carrol Jaques|6,860|38.55}}
{{CANelec|AB|NDP|Sharon Kimmel|1,785|10.03}}
{{CANelec|AB|Greens|Mike Sawyer|531|2.98}}
{{CANelec|AB|Natural Law|Santo Esposito|99|0.56}}
{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|17,795|99.74}}
{{CANelec/total|Rejected, spoiled and declined|47|0.26}}
{{CANelec/total|Eligible electors / Turnout|27,560| 64.74}}
{{CANelec/pickup|AB|PC}}
{{CANelec/source|hide={{cite web | url=http://www.abheritage.ca/abpolitics/administration/maps_choice.php?Year=1993&Constit=Calgary-Varsity | title=Calgary-Varsity results 1993 Alberta general election | publisher=Alberta Heritage Community Foundation | access-date=March 15, 2010 | url-status=bot: unknown | archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/2217/20101208200702/http://www.abheritage.ca/abpolitics/administration/maps_choice.php?Year=1993&Constit=Calgary-Varsity | archive-date=December 8, 2010 }}}}
|}
==Senate nominee election results==
{| class="wikitable"
|colspan="5" align=center|'''[[2004 Alberta Senate nominee election|2004 Senate nominee election results]]: Calgary-Varsity'''<ref name="senresults2004">{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.ab.ca/Public%20Website/files/Reports/SN_snetabulation.pdf |title=Senate Nominee Election 2004 Tabulation of Official Results |publisher=Elections Alberta |access-date=March 1, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704143923/http://www.elections.ab.ca/Public%20Website/files/Reports/SN_snetabulation.pdf |archive-date=July 4, 2009 }}</ref>
| colspan="2"|'''Turnout 54.44%'''
|-
!style="width: 10px;"|
|'''Affiliation'''
|'''Votes'''
|'''% votes'''
|'''% ballots'''
|'''Rank'''
{{CANelec|AB|PC|[[Bert Brown]]|5,387|16.92%|49.83%|1}}
{{CANelec|AB|PC|[[Jim Silye]]|4,891|15.36%|45.25%|5}}
{{CANelec|AB|PC|[[Betty Unger]]|4,072|12.79%|37.67%|2}}
{{Canadian party colour|AB|Independent|row}}
|Independent
|[[Link Byfield]]
|3,812
|11.97%
|35.26%
|4
{{Canadian party colour|AB|Independent|row}}
|Independent
|[[Tom Sindlinger]]
|2,920
|9.17%
|27.01%
|9
{{CANelec|AB|PC|David Usherwood|2,682|8.42%|24.81%|6}}
{{CANelec|AB|PC|[[Cliff Breitkreuz]]|2,536|7.96%|23.46%|3}}
{{Canadian party colour|AB|Alliance|row-name}}
|Vance Gough
|2,105
|6.61%
|19.47%
|8
{{Canadian party colour|AB|Alliance|row-name}}
|Michael Roth
|1,895
|5.95%
|17.53%
|7
{{Canadian party colour|AB|Alliance|row-name}}
|Gary Horan
|1,547
|4.61%
|14.31%
|10
|-
|colspan="3" align="right"|'''Total votes'''
|'''31,847'''
|colspan="3"|'''100%'''
|-
|colspan="3" align="right"|'''Total ballots'''
|'''10,810'''
|colspan="3"|'''2.95 votes per ballot'''
|-
|colspan="3" align="right"|'''Rejected, spoiled and declined'''
|colspan="4"|'''3,517'''
|}
''Voters had the option of selecting four candidates on the ballot''
==Student vote results==
{| class="wikitable" align=right
!Participating schools<ref name="school">{{cite web|url=http://www.studentvote.ca/admin/election/Schools.htm |title=School by School results |publisher=Student Vote Canada |access-date=2008-04-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005211819/http://www.studentvote.ca/admin/election/Schools.htm |archive-date=October 5, 2007 }}</ref>
|-
|Banff Trail School
|-
|Brentwood Elementary
|-
|Ecole Varsity Acres School
|-
|[[F. E. Osborne Junior High School]]
|-
|H.D. Cartwright Junior High School
|-
|Jerry Potts Elementary
|-
|Sir William Van Horne High School
|-
|[[William Aberhart High School]]
|-
|}
On November 19, 2004, a student vote was conducted at participating Alberta schools to parallel the 2004 Alberta general election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. The vote was conducted in 80 of the 83 provincial electoral districts with students voting for actual election candidates. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district then where they were physically located.
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="5" align="center"|'''2004 Alberta student vote results'''<ref name="stu2004">{{cite web|url=http://www.studentvote.ca/admin/election/Candidate.htm |title=Riding by Riding Results - the Candidates |publisher=Student Vote Canada |access-date=2008-04-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006095842/http://www.studentvote.ca/admin/election/Candidate.htm |archive-date=October 6, 2007 }}</ref>
|-
!style="width: 10px;"|
|'''Affiliation'''
|'''Candidate'''
|'''Votes'''
|'''%'''
{{Canadian party colour|AB|Liberal|row}}
|[[Alberta Liberal Party|Liberal]]
|[[Harry B. Chase|Harry Chase]]
|424
|30.44%
{{CANelec|AB|PC|Michael Smyth|373|26.78%}}
{{Canadian party colour|AB|Green|row-name}}
|Richard Larson
|282
|20.24%
{{Canadian party colour|AB|NDP|row}}
|[[Alberta New Democratic Party|NDP]]
|Mark Gabruch
|203
|14.57%
{{CANelec|AB|Alliance|Ronald Beniger|60|4.31%}}
{{CANelec|AB|Social Credit|[[Len Skowronski]]|51|3.66%}}
|-
|colspan="3" align="right"|'''Total'''
|'''1,393'''
|'''100%'''
|-
|colspan="3" align="right"|'''Rejected, spoiled and declined'''
|colspan="2"|'''95'''
|}
== See also ==
* [[List of Alberta provincial electoral districts]]
* [[Canadian provincial electoral districts]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
*[https://www.assembly.ab.ca/ The Legislative Assembly of Alberta]
{{AB-ED}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord |51.09|N|114.14|W|display=title}}
[[Category:Alberta provincial electoral districts]]
[[Category:Politics of Calgary]]
| 1,283,891,372
|
[{"title": "Provincial electoral district", "data": {"Legislature": "Legislative Assembly of Alberta", "MLA": "| | | Luanne Metz \u00b7 New Democratic", "District created": "1993", "First contested": "1993", "Last contested": "2023"}}]
| false
|
# Hell Week (Scream Queens)
"Hell Week" is the second episode of the horror black comedy series Scream Queens. It premiered on September 22, 2015, along with the "Pilot", as the special two hour premiere on Fox. The series focuses on a college that is rocked by a serial killer in a Red Devil costume. The episode was directed by Brad Falchuk, and was written by Falchuk with co-creators Ryan Murphy, and Ian Brennan.
The episode, along with the "Pilot", was watched by 4.04 million viewers and received mixed reviews from critics.
## Plot
Kappa Kappa Tau's "Hell Week" continues, as it welcomes Detective Chisolm (Jim Clock) and Denise Hemphill (Niecy Nash), the latter is a security guard hired by Gigi Caldwell (Nasim Pedrad) who has odd methods to protect the girls from the killer, and the former is an incompetent police detective who has a history with the dean. The Chanels still don't know what to do with Chanel #2 (Ariana Grande)'s body, and are worried that they will be blamed if someone finds it. Chanel #3 (Billie Lourd) and Chanel #5 (Abigail Breslin) propose to feed the body to pigs. Then, Hester (Lea Michele) walks in and suggests to put her in a food processor or to bone her, disturbing the others with her obsession with death. Chanel rejects all the ideas and decides to put the body in the same freezer where they put Ms. Bean (Jan Hoag)'s body. Hester promises to keep the secret of Number 2's death only if she can call Chanel "Mom". Grace (Skyler Samuels) is in the house basement, where she finds a mysterious locked door and tries to open it but Chanel #5 catches her and says that only Chanel has the key to that door. Grace tells Pete (Diego Boneta) about the secret door, who says that people have been said for years that the Kappa house has a really dark secret. This makes him think that Dean Cathy Munsch (Jamie Lee Curtis)'s office may have some archives that can explain that secret, so they both think at the same time that they will have to break in. They start kissing passionately but Grace stops him, saying that they can't kiss if there is a killer on the campus of Wallace University. They both agree that she will break into that secret door at Kappa house and he will break into the dean's office.
Media attention descends on Wallace University after the murder of a Kappa pledge, Tiffany, so Cathy's job is at risk. This problem increases when Grace's father, Wes Gardner (Oliver Hudson), wants to remove Grace from the school, because he fears that something could happen to her. A seductive Munsch convinces him to keep his daughter at school, but Wes demands to be hired as a professor so that he can keep an eye on her. After Grace breaks into the secret room in basement of the Kappa house, Chanel interrupts her and tells her that the room keeps Kappa's darkest secrets. Chanel proceeds to tell that a legend says that 20 years ago a girl died in a bathtub giving birth, that is now in that basement. She also reveals that Dean Munsch was supposedly the Dean in the story who knew about the death, but decided to cover it up to keep it from ruining her career. Despite Grace's comment that the story could be both real and the motive for the recent deaths, Chanel insists that it is nothing more than a scary story. After Chanel leaves, Grace asks herself who the baby is.
After having sex, Chanel realizes that her boyfriend Chad (Glen Powell) doesn't really love her so she breaks up with him. He furiously returns to his dormitory, with his roommate Boone (Nick Jonas). Boone says that he is scared because of the killer, so Chad lets him sleep with him, since they are best friends but clarifies that Boone will not try to touch him at night like in the past. Chanel, regretful, enters the room to fix her relationship with Chad, but walks in on them sharing a bed together and assumes that Chad is gay. After he explains that Boone was scared and nobody knows that Boone is gay, Chad breaks up with her for being too homophobic. Meanwhile, Pete got caught by the Red Devil during his break into Dean Munsch's office. He is tied up outside the building the next morning with a note "Mind Your Own Business", but still has the note that he found that read '1995 bathtub incident', followed by a list of names. Grace finds a Red Devil costume in his room and thinks Pete is the killer, but he explains that he has the costume because he is the school's mascot.
Boone tells Chanel that she doesn't have to tell everyone about his sexuality, because he wants to come out soon. He proposes that after he comes out, they accept him into Kappa, and Chanel likes the idea because that would give her a good reputation as the first girl who accepts a gay man in her sorority. Chanel #5 disagrees, and madly tells him off, but Boone leaves knowing that they will consider his idea. At night, after Denise and her friend Shondell (Deneen Tyler) fall asleep in their car outside of the Kappa house, Chanel gets attacked by the Red Devil but escapes. Denise hears her screams and runs to the house. The girls go upstairs to investigate, much to Denise's disapproval. Denise goes back to her car and finds Shondell dead. As Denise pushes Shondell's body out of the car and drives away, the girls find a message written on the wall that says "SLUTS WILL DIE". Inside the Dickie Dollar Scholars house, its members find a dead Boone laying on the dinner table with his throat cut. Chad and Denise interrupt the last dinner of Hell Week at Kappa, to announce that Shondell's body has disappeared and that Boone is dead. At the end of the episode, the Red Devil goes to the mortuary and opens a drawer which Boone's body is in. Boone opens his eyes and takes off the fake skin used to make his throat seem cut, revealing that he is an ally to the Red Devil.
## Production
On October 20, 2014, Fox Broadcasting Company announced that it had ordered a 15-episode season of Scream Queens, created by Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan who also co-created Glee. In December 2014, it was reported that Emma Roberts and Jamie Lee Curtis would be featured as series regulars. In January 2015, Lea Michele, Joe Manganiello, Keke Palmer, and Abigail Breslin joined the series' main cast, as well as actress/singer Ariana Grande in a recurring capacity. Later that month, The Hollywood Reporter confirmed that Nick Jonas would recur throughout the first season. In February 2015, newcomer Billie Lourd and Skyler Samuels joined the series' main cast. Later in the month, Niecy Nash joined the recurring cast as Denise, a kick-butt security guard; and British actor Lucien Laviscount, Diego Boneta and Glen Powell were confirmed as regulars. In March, Nasim Pedrad was cast as a series regular. On March 13, 2015, previously cast Manganiello was forced to depart the series, due to publicity obligations for his film Magic Mike XXL. Oliver Hudson was hired as his replacement.
The series began principal photography on March 12, 2015, in New Orleans, Louisiana. Exterior campus scenes were shot at Tulane University. The show completed filming of the pilot episode in April 2015, with filming for the remaining first season installments commencing in early June 2015. Murphy, Brennan, and Falchuk were said to be the first season's sole directors; however, this was not true.
## Reception
### Ratings
Along with "Pilot" as the two-hour series premiere, the episode was watched live by 4.04 million U.S. viewers and got a 1.7 rating/5 share in the adult 18-49 demographic.
### Critical reception
"Hell Week", along with "Pilot", received mixed reviews from critics. Terri Schwartz from IGN stated that "Ryan Murphy has worked his TV magic again with a killer start to Scream Queens. From the acting to the costuming to the writing, everything about this concept and execution works. Scream Queens is as funny and self-aware as it needs to be to not bore audiences, but also offers up enough mystery and intrigue to keep even the biggest skeptic entertained," giving the episodes 9.7 out of 10. Melissa Maerz from Entertainment Weekly thought that "Scream Queens is flawed, but it’s worth watching, simply because there’s nothing easy about it. The casual brutality takes just as much work to think about as it does to watch. In a negative review, Ben Travers from Indiewire gave the two-hour premiere a C+ and added, "Scream Queens will be lucky if it survives its first season. Murphy may not be able to tell the difference, but modern TV audiences know how to spot a fake."
|
enwiki/47906746
|
enwiki
| 47,906,746
|
Hell Week (Scream Queens)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_Week_(Scream_Queens)
|
2025-04-04T20:22:43Z
|
en
|
Q21686063
| 97,604
|
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox television episode
| series = [[Scream Queens (2015 TV series)|Scream Queens]]
| image =
| caption =
| season = 1
| production = 1AYD02
| episode = 2
| airdate = {{start date|2015|9|22}}
| director = [[Brad Falchuk]]
| writer = {{ubl|[[Ryan Murphy (producer)|Ryan Murphy]]|[[Brad Falchuk]]|[[Ian Brennan (writer)|Ian Brennan]]}}
| guests =
* [[Ariana Grande]] as Chanel #2
* [[Nick Jonas]] as Boone
* [[Niecy Nash]] as Denise Hemphill
* [[Jan Hoag]] as Ms. Bean
* Breezy Eslin as Jennifer "Candle Vlogger"
* Chelsea Ricketts as Amy
* Anna Grace Barlow as Bethany
* [[Grace Phipps]] as Mandy Greenwell
* [[McKaley Miller]] as Sophia
* Jeanna Han as Sam "Predatory Lez"
* [[Anna Margaret Collins|Anna Margaret]] as Coco
* Jim Clock as Detective Chisolm
* Deneen Tyler as Shondell
* Evan Paley as Caulfield
* Aaron Rhodes as Roger
* Austin Rhodes as Dodger
| music = {{ubl|"If You Were Here" by [[Thompson Twins]]}}
| runtime = 41 minutes
| episode_list =
| prev = [[Pilot (Scream Queens)|Pilot]]
| next = [[Chainsaw (Scream Queens)|Chainsaw]]
}}
"'''Hell Week'''" is the second episode of the [[comedy horror|horror black comedy]] series ''[[Scream Queens (2015 TV series)|Scream Queens]]''. It premiered on September 22, 2015, along with the "[[Pilot (Scream Queens)|Pilot]]", as the special two hour premiere on [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]. The series focuses on a college that is rocked by a serial killer in a Red Devil costume. The episode was directed by [[Brad Falchuk]], and was written by Falchuk with co-creators [[Ryan Murphy (producer)|Ryan Murphy]], and [[Ian Brennan (writer)|Ian Brennan]].
The episode, along with the "Pilot", was watched by 4.04 million viewers and received mixed reviews from critics.
{{Plot|film|date=February 2025}}
==Plot==
<!-- Per [[MOS:FILMPLOT]], plot summaries for feature films should be between 400 to 700 words. -->Kappa Kappa Tau's "Hell Week" continues, as it welcomes Detective Chisolm (Jim Clock) and Denise Hemphill ([[Niecy Nash]]), the latter is a security guard hired by Gigi Caldwell ([[Nasim Pedrad]]) who has odd methods to protect the girls from the killer, and the former is an incompetent police detective who has a history with the dean. The Chanels still don't know what to do with Chanel #2 ([[Ariana Grande]])'s body, and are worried that they will be blamed if someone finds it. Chanel #3 ([[Billie Lourd]]) and Chanel #5 ([[Abigail Breslin]]) propose to feed the body to pigs. Then, Hester ([[Lea Michele]]) walks in and suggests to put her in a food processor or to bone her, disturbing the others with her obsession with death. Chanel rejects all the ideas and decides to put the body in the same freezer where they put Ms. Bean ([[Jan Hoag]])'s body. Hester promises to keep the secret of Number 2's death only if she can call Chanel "Mom". Grace ([[Skyler Samuels]]) is in the house basement, where she finds a mysterious locked door and tries to open it but Chanel #5 catches her and says that only Chanel has the key to that door. Grace tells Pete ([[Diego Boneta]]) about the secret door, who says that people have been said for years that the Kappa house has a really dark secret. This makes him think that Dean Cathy Munsch ([[Jamie Lee Curtis]])'s office may have some archives that can explain that secret, so they both think at the same time that they will have to break in. They start kissing passionately but Grace stops him, saying that they can't kiss if there is a killer on the campus of Wallace University. They both agree that she will break into that secret door at Kappa house and he will break into the dean's office.
Media attention descends on Wallace University after the murder of a Kappa pledge, Tiffany, so Cathy's job is at risk. This problem increases when Grace's father, Wes Gardner ([[Oliver Hudson]]), wants to remove Grace from the school, because he fears that something could happen to her. A seductive Munsch convinces him to keep his daughter at school, but Wes demands to be hired as a professor so that he can keep an eye on her. After Grace breaks into the secret room in basement of the Kappa house, Chanel interrupts her and tells her that the room keeps Kappa's darkest secrets. Chanel proceeds to tell that a legend says that 20 years ago a girl died in a bathtub giving birth, that is now in that basement. She also reveals that Dean Munsch was supposedly the Dean in the story who knew about the death, but decided to cover it up to keep it from ruining her career. Despite Grace's comment that the story could be both real and the motive for the recent deaths, Chanel insists that it is nothing more than a scary story. After Chanel leaves, Grace asks herself who the baby is.
After having sex, Chanel realizes that her boyfriend Chad ([[Glen Powell]]) doesn't really love her so she breaks up with him. He furiously returns to his dormitory, with his roommate Boone ([[Nick Jonas]]). Boone says that he is scared because of the killer, so Chad lets him sleep with him, since they are best friends but clarifies that Boone will not try to touch him at night like in the past. Chanel, regretful, enters the room to fix her relationship with Chad, but walks in on them sharing a bed together and assumes that Chad is gay. After he explains that Boone was scared and nobody knows that Boone is gay, Chad breaks up with her for being too homophobic. Meanwhile, Pete got caught by the Red Devil during his break into Dean Munsch's office. He is tied up outside the building the next morning with a note "Mind Your Own Business", but still has the note that he found that read '1995 bathtub incident', followed by a list of names. Grace finds a Red Devil costume in his room and thinks Pete is the killer, but he explains that he has the costume because he is the school's mascot.
Boone tells Chanel that she doesn't have to tell everyone about his sexuality, because he wants to come out soon. He proposes that after he comes out, they accept him into Kappa, and Chanel likes the idea because that would give her a good reputation as the first girl who accepts a gay man in her sorority. Chanel #5 disagrees, and madly tells him off, but Boone leaves knowing that they will consider his idea. At night, after Denise and her friend Shondell (Deneen Tyler) fall asleep in their car outside of the Kappa house, Chanel gets attacked by the Red Devil but escapes. Denise hears her screams and runs to the house. The girls go upstairs to investigate, much to Denise's disapproval. Denise goes back to her car and finds Shondell dead. As Denise pushes Shondell's body out of the car and drives away, the girls find a message written on the wall that says "SLUTS WILL DIE". Inside the Dickie Dollar Scholars house, its members find a dead Boone laying on the dinner table with his throat cut. Chad and Denise interrupt the last dinner of Hell Week at Kappa, to announce that Shondell's body has disappeared and that Boone is dead. At the end of the episode, the Red Devil goes to the mortuary and opens a drawer which Boone's body is in. Boone opens his eyes and takes off the fake skin used to make his throat seem cut, revealing that he is an ally to the Red Devil.
==Production==
On October 20, 2014, Fox Broadcasting Company announced that it had ordered a 15-episode season of Scream Queens, created by Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan who also co-created Glee. In December 2014, it was reported that [[Emma Roberts]] and [[Jamie Lee Curtis]] would be featured as series regulars.<ref name="RobertsCurtis1">{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/emma-roberts-jamie-lee-curtis-754844|title=Emma Roberts, Jamie Lee Curtis to Star in Ryan Murphy's Fox Horror-Comedy Series|date=December 8, 2014|accessdate=May 11, 2015|first=Lesley|last=Goldberg|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> In January 2015, [[Lea Michele]], [[Joe Manganiello]], [[Keke Palmer]], and [[Abigail Breslin]] joined the series' main cast, as well as actress/singer [[Ariana Grande]] in a recurring capacity.<ref name="Casting2">{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/lea-michele-joe-manganiello-more-764537|title=Lea Michele, Joe Manganiello, More Join Ryan Murphy's 'Scream Queens'|date=January 17, 2015|accessdate=May 11, 2015|first=Lesley|last=Goldberg|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Later that month, ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' confirmed that [[Nick Jonas]] would recur throughout the first season.<ref name="Jonas1">{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/nick-jonas-boards-foxs-ryan-767413|title=Nick Jonas Boards Fox's Ryan Murphy Comedy 'Scream Queens' (Exclusive)|date=January 26, 2015|accessdate=May 11, 2015|first=Lesley|last=Goldberg|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> In February 2015, newcomer [[Billie Lourd]] and [[Skyler Samuels]] joined the series' main cast.<ref name="Lourd1">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2015/02/billie-lourd-cast-scream-queens-fox-1201365095/|title=Billie Lourd Joins Fox's 'Scream Queens'|date=February 2, 2015|accessdate=May 11, 2015|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref><ref name="Samuels1">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/scream-queens-skyler-samuels-fox-cast-1201431383/|title='Scream Queens': Skyler Samuels Cast as Series Regular|date=February 11, 2015|accessdate=May 11, 2015|first=Elizabeth|last=Wagmeister|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> Later in the month, [[Niecy Nash]] joined the recurring cast as Denise, a kick-butt security guard;<ref name="Nash1">{{cite web|url=http://au.eonline.com/news/628684/niecy-nash-joins-scream-queens-and-she-s-going-to-kick-butt|title=Niecy Nash Joins Scream Queens and She's Going to Kick Butt|date=April 23, 2015|accessdate=February 23, 2015|first=Chris|last=Harnick|work=E! Online}}</ref> and British actor [[Lucien Laviscount]], [[Diego Boneta]] and [[Glen Powell]] were confirmed as regulars.<ref name="Laviscount1">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2015/02/lucien-laviscount-cast-scream-queens-ryan-murphy-glee-fox-1201380015/|title=Lucien Laviscount Joins Fox's 'Scream Queens'|date=February 23, 2015|accessdate=May 11, 2015|first=Denise|last=Petski|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archive-date=April 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429233028/http://deadline.com/2015/02/lucien-laviscount-cast-scream-queens-ryan-murphy-glee-fox-1201380015/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="BonetaPowell1">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2015/02/diego-boneta-cast-scream-queens-glen-powell-series-fox-1201381546/|title=Diego Boneta To Co-Star In Fox Series 'Scream Queens'; Glen Powell Also Cast|date=February 25, 2015|accessdate=May 11, 2015|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> In March, [[Nasim Pedrad]] was cast as a series regular.<ref name="Pedrad1">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2015/03/nasim-pedrad-cast-scream-queens-fox-series-ryan-murphy-1201389939/|title=Nasim Pedrad Joins 'Scream Queens'|date=March 10, 2015|accessdate=May 11, 2015|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> On March 13, 2015, previously cast Manganiello was forced to depart the series, due to publicity obligations for his film ''[[Magic Mike XXL]]''. [[Oliver Hudson]] was hired as his replacement.<ref name="Hudson1">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2015/03/oliver-hudson-cast-scream-queens-joe-manganiello-replacement-1201392394/|title=Oliver Hudson Joins 'Scream Queens' As Joe Manganiello Has To Pull Out|date=March 13, 2015|accessdate=May 11, 2015|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>
The series began [[principal photography]] on March 12, 2015, in [[New Orleans, Louisiana]].<ref name="Casting3">{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/01/17/joe-manganiello-lea-michelle-abagail-breslin-keke-palmer-join-foxs-scream-queens/351492/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118075542/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/01/17/joe-manganiello-lea-michelle-abagail-breslin-keke-palmer-join-foxs-scream-queens/351492/|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 18, 2015|title=Joe Manganiello, Lea Michele, Abigail Breslin & Keke Palmer Join FOX's 'Scream Queens'|date=January 17, 2015|accessdate=January 18, 2015|work=[[TV by the Numbers]]}}</ref><ref name="Filming1">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MichaelGoi/status/576012133508345856|title=Rode the trolley to the set of the first day filming for @ScreamQueens this morning. Let the screaming start...|date=March 12, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2015|work=[[Twitter]]|first=Michael|last=Goi}}</ref> Exterior campus scenes were shot at [[Tulane University]]. The show completed filming of [[Pilot (Scream Queens)|the pilot episode]] in April 2015, with filming for the remaining first season installments commencing in early June 2015.<ref name="Filming3">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/yoabbaabba/status/591901276541059074|title=.missin dat @ScreamQueens life rn|date=April 25, 2015|accessdate=April 27, 2015|work=[[Twitter]]|first=Breslin|last=Abigail}}</ref> Murphy, Brennan, and Falchuk were said to be the first season's sole directors;<ref name="Castlist">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2015/05/fox-fall-schedule-2015-upfronts-new-shows-minority-report-new-girl-1201424272/|title=Fox Fall 2015 Schedule: 'Minority Report' On Monday, 'New Girl' Held For Midseason|date=May 11, 2015|accessdate=May 11, 2015|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva}}</ref> however, this was not true.
==Reception==
===Ratings===
Along with "[[Pilot (Scream Queens)|Pilot]]" as the two-hour series premiere, the episode was watched live by 4.04 million U.S. viewers and got a 1.7 rating/5 share in the adult 18-49 demographic.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/09/23/tuesday-final-ratings-the-voice-ncis-limitless-best-time-ever-adjusted-down/470718/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925083229/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/09/23/tuesday-final-ratings-the-voice-ncis-limitless-best-time-ever-adjusted-down/470718/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-09-25 |title=Tuesday Final Ratings: 'The Voice', 'NCIS', 'Limitless' & 'The Muppets' Adjusted Up; 'Best Time Ever' Adjusted Down | TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com |publisher=Zap2it |date=2015-09-23 |access-date=2015-11-26}}</ref>
===Critical reception===
"Hell Week", along with "[[Pilot (Scream Queens)|Pilot]]", received mixed reviews from critics. Terri Schwartz from [[IGN]] stated that "Ryan Murphy has worked his TV magic again with a killer start to ''Scream Queens''. From the acting to the costuming to the writing, everything about this concept and execution works. ''Scream Queens'' is as funny and self-aware as it needs to be to not bore audiences, but also offers up enough mystery and intrigue to keep even the biggest skeptic entertained," giving the episodes 9.7 out of 10.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2015/09/19/scream-queens-pilot-hell-week-review|title=''Scream Queens'': "Pilot/Hell Week" Review|publisher=IGN|author=Terri Schwartz|date=September 19, 2015|accessdate=September 21, 2015}}</ref> Melissa Maerz from ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' thought that "Scream Queens is flawed, but it’s worth watching, simply because there’s nothing easy about it. The casual brutality takes just as much work to think about as it does to watch.<ref>{{cite web|last=Maerz |first=Melissa |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/09/22/scream-queens-ew-review |title=Scream Queens EW review: Flawed, but worth watching, simply because there's nothing easy about it |publisher=EW.com |date=2015-09-22 |accessdate=2015-11-26}}</ref> In a negative review, Ben Travers from [[Indiewire]] gave the two-hour premiere a C+ and added, "''Scream Queens'' will be lucky if it survives its first season. Murphy may not be able to tell the difference, but modern TV audiences know how to spot a fake."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/article/review-scream-queens-ryan-murphy-struggle-with-more-glee-than-horror-in-anthology-series-20150922 |title=Review: 'Scream Queens' Struggles to Balance Ryan Murphy |publisher=Indiewire |date=2014-08-28 |accessdate=2015-11-26}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Scream Queens}}
{{Portal bar|Comedy|Speculative fiction/Horror|Television}}
[[Category:2015 American television episodes]]
[[Category:Scream Queens (2015 TV series) episodes]]
[[Category:Television episodes written by Brad Falchuk]]
[[Category:Television episodes written by Ryan Murphy (producer)]]
| 1,283,972,774
|
[{"title": "\"Hell Week\"", "data": {"Episode no.": "Season 1 \u00b7 Episode 2", "Directed by": "Brad Falchuk", "Written by": "- Ryan Murphy - Brad Falchuk - Ian Brennan", "Featured music": "- \"If You Were Here\" by Thompson Twins", "Production code": "1AYD02", "Original air date": "September 22, 2015", "Running time": "41 minutes"}}, {"title": "Guest appearances", "data": {"Guest appearances": "- Ariana Grande as Chanel #2 - Nick Jonas as Boone - Niecy Nash as Denise Hemphill - Jan Hoag as Ms. Bean - Breezy Eslin as Jennifer \"Candle Vlogger\" - Chelsea Ricketts as Amy - Anna Grace Barlow as Bethany - Grace Phipps as Mandy Greenwell - McKaley Miller as Sophia - Jeanna Han as Sam \"Predatory Lez\" - Anna Margaret as Coco - Jim Clock as Detective Chisolm - Deneen Tyler as Shondell - Evan Paley as Caulfield - Aaron Rhodes as Roger - Austin Rhodes as Dodger"}}, {"title": "Episode chronology", "data": {"\u2190 Previous \u00b7 \"Pilot\"": "Next \u2192 \u00b7 \"Chainsaw\""}}]
| false
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# Melvin Lastie
Melvin Clarke Lastie, Sr. (November 18, 1930 – December 4, 1972) was an American R&B trumpeter, flugelhornist, and cornetist. He also played jazz and was a session musician on many soul and rock records of the 1960s.
Lastie was born in New Orleans, Louisiana to Frank and Alice Hill Lastie. Melvin's four brothers were Chester, David, Joseph, and Walter, and his sister was Betty Ann.
Lastie played with Paul Barbarin and Fats Domino while he was still a teenager. He served in the military during the Korean War, then formed a group with his brother David Lastie, which backed Big Joe Turner on tour throughout North America. He worked as a studio musician in the 1950s, including on recordings by Roy Brown, and played in a band led by Clarence Samuels alongside Ornette Coleman. In 1961, he co-founded AFO Records and worked with them as a producer and studio player both in New Orleans and after the company moved to Los Angeles. He played extensively on soul and jazz recordings, including by Sam Cooke, Hank Crawford, Lou Donaldson (Alligator Bogaloo, 1967), Dr. John, Aretha Franklin ("(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman"), Barbara George, Eddie Harris, Little Sonny Jones, Herbie Mann, David "Fathead" Newman, Dave Pike and The Rascals. Lastie was also active as an arranger, and played and arranged for several years in the 1960s for Willie Bobo. The song "Fried Neck Bones and Some Homefries" from the album Uno Dos Tres 1•2•3, written by Lastie and Bobo, was performed by Santana at Woodstock.
Lastie died from cancer in New Orleans in December 1972, at the age of 42.
## Other sources
- Val Wilmer, "Melvin Lastie". The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. 2nd edition, ed. Barry Kernfeld.
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enwiki
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Melvin Lastie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Lastie
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2025-04-05T04:52:07Z
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en
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Q1919779
| 39,963
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{{short description|American jazz musician}}
{{More footnotes|date=January 2020}}
'''Melvin Clarke Lastie, Sr.''' (November 18, 1930 – December 4, 1972) was an American [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] trumpeter, [[flugelhorn]]ist, and [[cornet]]ist.<ref name="AMG">{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/melvin-lastie-mn0000661230/credits|title=Melvin Lastie | Credits|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=January 30, 2020}}</ref> He also played [[jazz]] and was a [[session musician]] on many soul and rock records of the 1960s.
Lastie was born in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]]<ref name="AMG"/> to Frank and Alice Hill Lastie. Melvin's four brothers were Chester, [[David Lastie| David]], Joseph, and [[Walter "Popee" Lastie| Walter]], and his sister was Betty Ann.<ref name=rhodes>{{cite web |title=rhodesfuneral.com- Betty Ann Lastie Williams August 7, 2017 |url=https://www.rhodesfuneral.com/obituaries/Betty-Williams-55/#!/Obituary |access-date=14 December 2021 |language=en-us |archive-date=18 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618195420/https://www.rhodesfuneral.com/obituaries/Betty-Williams-55/#!/Obituary |url-status=live }}</ref>
Lastie played with [[Paul Barbarin]] and [[Fats Domino]] while he was still a teenager. He served in the military during the [[Korean War]], then formed a group with his brother David Lastie, which backed [[Big Joe Turner]] on tour throughout North America. He worked as a studio musician in the 1950s, including on recordings by [[Roy Brown (blues musician)|Roy Brown]], and played in a band led by [[Clarence Samuels]] alongside [[Ornette Coleman]]. In 1961, he co-founded [[AFO Records]]<ref name="AFO">{{Cite web|url=https://www.afofoundation.org/musicians/|title=The AFO Foundation|website=Afofoundation.org|access-date=January 30, 2020}}</ref> and worked with them as a producer and studio player both in New Orleans and after the company moved to Los Angeles. He played extensively on soul and jazz recordings, including by [[Sam Cooke]], [[Hank Crawford]], [[Lou Donaldson]] (''[[Alligator Bogaloo]]'', 1967), [[Dr. John]], [[Aretha Franklin]] ("[[(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman]]"), [[Barbara George]], [[Eddie Harris]], [[Little Sonny Jones]], [[Herbie Mann]], [[David "Fathead" Newman]], [[Dave Pike]] and [[The Rascals]].<ref name="AMG"/> Lastie was also active as an arranger, and played and arranged for several years in the 1960s for [[Willie Bobo]].<ref name="AFO"/> The song "Fried Neck Bones and Some Homefries" from the album ''[[Uno Dos Tres 1•2•3]]'', written by Lastie and Bobo, was performed by [[Santana (band)|Santana]] at [[Woodstock]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ultimatesantana.com/music-video/woodstock-set/|title=Woodstock Set|website=Ultimatesantana.com|access-date=January 30, 2020}}</ref>
Lastie died from cancer in New Orleans in December 1972, at the age of 42.<ref name="AMG"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.offbeat.com/articles/and-the-beat-goes-on/|title=And the Beat Goes On: The Legacy and Future of AFO Records|first=Roger|last=Hahn|website=OffBeat.com|date=October 1998 |access-date=January 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scholarworks.uno.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.co.uk/&httpsredir=1&article=1004&context=wavelength|title=Wavelength|website=Scholarworks.uno.edu|access-date=January 30, 2020}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Other sources==
*Val Wilmer, "Melvin Lastie". ''[[The New Grove|The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz]]''. 2nd edition, ed. [[Barry Kernfeld]].
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lastie, Melvin}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:Jazz musicians from New Orleans]]
[[Category:American jazz trumpeters]]
[[Category:American male trumpeters]]
[[Category:American jazz cornetists]]
[[Category:20th-century American trumpeters]]
[[Category:20th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:American male jazz musicians]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Louisiana]]
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[]
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# Chris McNair
Jewell Christopher McNair (November 22, 1925 – May 8, 2019) was an American politician and businessman.
## Biography
McNair was born in Fordyce, Arkansas. He met his future wife Maxine Pippen when both were attending the Tuskegee Institute in 1945. That same year, he served in the United States Army during World War II. He received his degree in agronomy from Tuskegee University in 1949. A year later, McNair married Pippen and moved closer to her mother's home in Birmingham, Alabama. Their oldest daughter Carol Denise was born in 1951. McNair served as a teacher at A. H. Parker High School and opened a photography business in Titusville in 1962.
On September 15, 1963, his daughter Denise McNair and three other children were killed in the bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church. A year after Denise was killed, the couple had their second daughter, Lisa, and four years later, their third daughter Kimberly was born.
## Career
As a Democrat, McNair served in the Alabama House of Representatives from 1973 to 1981. He then served on the Jefferson County Commission from 1986 until 2001. In April 2006, McNair was convicted on bribery charges linked to a $3 billion sewer project in Jefferson County. He was sentenced to five years in prison and ordered to pay more than $850,000 in restitution for his conviction. After the conviction, he remained free on appeal while waiting for the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals ruling. After his appeals were rejected, he began serving his prison sentence in 2011. He was released in 2013 based on compassionate grounds.
## Death
On May 8, 2019, McNair died at his home in Birmingham, Alabama, at the age of 93.
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enwiki
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Chris McNair
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_McNair
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2025-04-05T04:52:47Z
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en
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Q110402825
| 43,073
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{{Short description|American politician and businessman (1925–2019)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chris McNair
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office1 = [[Jefferson County, Alabama|Jefferson County]] Commission
| term1 = 1986 - 2001
| office2 = [[Alabama House of Representatives]]
| term2 = 1973 - 1981
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| birth_name = Jewell Christopher McNair
| birth_date = {{birth date|1925|11|22}}
| birth_place = [[Fordyce, Arkansas]], USA
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|05|08|1925|11|22}}
| death_place = [[Birmingham, Alabama]], USA
| education = [[Tuskegee University]]
| spouse = Maxine Pippen
| children = 3
}}
'''Jewell Christopher McNair''' (November 22, 1925 – May 8, 2019) was an American politician and businessman.
==Biography==
McNair was born in [[Fordyce, Arkansas]]. He met his future wife Maxine Pippen when both were attending the [[Tuskegee Institute]] in 1945. That same year, he served in the [[United States Army]] during [[World War II]].<ref name="60sSurvivors">{{cite web |url=http://sixtiessurvivors.org/McNair.html |title=Photographer Chris McNair |website=60s Survivors |access-date=November 2, 2023}}</ref> He received his degree in [[agronomy]] from [[Tuskegee University]] in 1949. A year later, McNair married Pippen and moved closer to her mother's home in [[Birmingham, Alabama]]. Their oldest daughter Carol Denise was born in 1951. McNair served as a teacher at [[A. H. Parker High School]] and opened a photography business in [[Titusville (Birmingham)|Titusville]] in 1962.<ref name="60sSurvivors" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://birminghamtimes.com/2019/05/celebrating-chris-mcnair-father-friend-husband-and-legend/ |title=Celebrating Chris McNair Father, Friend, Husband and Legend |website=Birmingham Times |date=May 18, 2019}}</ref>
On September 15, 1963, his daughter Denise McNair and three other children were killed in the [[16th Street Baptist Church bombing|bombing]] of the [[16th Street Baptist Church]].<ref name="TheWashingtonPost">{{cite news |last=Langer |first=Emily |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/chris-mcnair-father-of-16th-street-baptist-church-bombing-victim-dies-at-93/2019/05/10/9f914aaa-727c-11e9-9f06-5fc2ee80027a_story.html |title=Chris McNair, father of 16th Street Baptist Bombing Victim, dies at 93 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=May 10, 2019}}</ref> A year after Denise was killed, the couple had their second daughter, Lisa, and four years later, their third daughter Kimberly was born.<ref name="60sSurvivors" />
==Career==
As a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], McNair served in the [[Alabama House of Representatives]] from 1973 to 1981. He then served on the [[Jefferson County, Alabama|Jefferson County]] Commission from 1986 until 2001. In April 2006, McNair was convicted on bribery charges linked to a $3 billion sewer project in Jefferson County. He was sentenced to five years in prison and ordered to pay more than $850,000 in restitution for his conviction.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.gadsdentimes.com/story/lifestyle/2007/09/20/mcnair-sentenced/32245858007/ |title=McNair sentenced |work=[[The Gadsden Times]] |date=September 20, 2007}}</ref> After the conviction, he remained free on appeal while waiting for the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit|11th Circuit Court of Appeals]] ruling.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wright |first=Barrett |url=https://www.al.com/spotnews/2010/05/federal_convictions_upheld_for.html |title=Federal convictions upheld for Jefferson County's Chris McNair, former county official Jack Swann |work=[[Alabama.com]] |date=May 12, 2010}}</ref> After his appeals were rejected, he began serving his prison sentence in 2011. He was released in 2013 based on [[Compassionate release|compassionate grounds]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Campbell |first=Charlie |url=https://nation.time.com/2013/08/30/klan-bombing-victims-dad-freed-from-jail/ |title=Klan Bombing Victim's Dad Freed From Jail |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=August 30, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Martin |first=Virginia |url=https://birminghamwatch.org/chris-mcnair-former-local-official-father-one-4-little-girls-dies-93/ |title=Chris McNair, Former Local Official and Father of one of the '4 Little Girls,' Dies at 93 |work=BirminghamWatch |date=May 9, 2019}}</ref>
==Death==
On May 8, 2019, McNair died at his home in Birmingham, Alabama, at the age of 93.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wbrc.com/2019/05/08/former-jefferson-county-commissioner-chris-mcnair-dies/ |title=Former Jefferson County Commissioner Chris McNair dies |work=[[WBRC]] |date=May 8, 2019}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:McNair, Chris}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American people]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American people]]
[[Category:African-American photographers]]
[[Category:African-American state legislators in Alabama]]
[[Category:Alabama politicians convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:American photographers]]
[[Category:American politicians convicted of bribery]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Birmingham, Alabama]]
[[Category:County commissioners in Alabama]]
[[Category:Democratic Party members of the Alabama House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Arkansas]]
[[Category:Tuskegee University alumni]]
[[Category:Politicians from Birmingham, Alabama]]
[[Category:People from Fordyce, Arkansas]]
[[Category:20th-century members of the Alabama Legislature]]
{{Alabama-politician-stub}}
| 1,284,034,942
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[{"title": "Jefferson County Commission", "data": {"Jefferson County Commission": "In office \u00b7 1986 - 2001"}}, {"title": "Alabama House of Representatives", "data": {"Alabama House of Representatives": "In office \u00b7 1973 - 1981"}}, {"title": "Personal details", "data": {"Born": "Jewell Christopher McNair \u00b7 November 22, 1925 \u00b7 Fordyce, Arkansas, USA", "Died": "May 8, 2019 (aged 93) \u00b7 Birmingham, Alabama, USA", "Political party": "Democratic", "Spouse": "Maxine Pippen", "Children": "3", "Education": "Tuskegee University"}}]
| false
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# Roy Palmer (musician)
Roy Palmer (April 2, 1887 – December 22, 1963) was an American jazz trombonist.
## Career
Palmer began his career in 1906 in New Orleans as a guitarist with the Rozelle Orchestra. He played trumpet and then trombone with Richard M. Jones, Freddie Keppard, Willie Hightower, Tuxedo Brass Band, and Onward Brass Band. In 1917 he left New Orleans and moved to Chicago, where he worked with King Oliver, Lawrence Duhe, and Doc Cook.
Palmer recorded with Johnny Dodds, Jelly Roll Morton, Ida Cox, the Alabama Rascals, and the State Street Ramblers. In the 1930s, he was a factory worker and music teacher.
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enwiki
| 339,198
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Roy Palmer (musician)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Palmer_(musician)
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2025-04-05T04:53:03Z
|
en
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Q1685379
| 33,911
|
{{short description|American jazz musician}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Roy Palmer
| birth_date = April 2, 1887
| birth_place = [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], U.S.
| death_date = December 22, 1963 (aged 76)
| death_place = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], U.S.
| genre = [[Jazz]]
| instruments = [[Trombone]]
}}
'''Roy Palmer''' (April 2, 1887 – December 22, 1963)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/roy-palmer-mn0001581505|title=Roy Palmer Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=October 3, 2021}}</ref> was an American [[jazz]] trombonist.
==Career==
Palmer began his career in 1906 in New Orleans as a guitarist with the Rozelle Orchestra.<ref name="New Grove">{{cite book |last1=Russell |first1=Bill |last2=Kernfeld |first2=Barryl |editor1-last=Kernfeld |editor1-first=Barry |title=The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz |date=2002 |publisher=Grove's Dictionaries |location=New York |isbn=1-56159-284-6 |page=220|volume=3 |edition=2 }}</ref><ref name="Classic">{{cite book |last1=Yanow |first1=Scott |title=Classic Jazz |date=2001 |publisher=Backbeat Books |location=San Francisco |isbn=0-87930-659-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/classicjazz00yano/page/185 185–186] |url=https://archive.org/details/classicjazz00yano/page/185 }}</ref> He played trumpet and then trombone with [[Richard M. Jones]], [[Freddie Keppard]], [[Willie Hightower]], [[Tuxedo Brass Band]], and [[Onward Brass Band]].<ref name="New Grove" /><ref name="Classic" /> In 1917 he left New Orleans and moved to Chicago,<ref name="Classic" /> where he worked with [[King Oliver]], [[Lawrence Duhe]], and [[Doc Cook]].<ref name="New Grove" />
Palmer recorded with [[Johnny Dodds]], [[Jelly Roll Morton]], [[Ida Cox]], the Alabama Rascals, and the State Street Ramblers.<ref name="New Grove" /><ref name="Classic" /> In the 1930s, he was a factory worker and music teacher.<ref name="New Grove" /><ref name="Classic" />
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Palmer, Roy}}
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:Jazz musicians from New Orleans]]
[[Category:20th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century American trombonists]]
[[Category:African-American jazz musicians]]
[[Category:American jazz trombonists]]
[[Category:American male jazz musicians]]
[[Category:American male trombonists]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American musicians]]
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[{"title": "Roy Palmer", "data": {"Born": "April 2, 1887 \u00b7 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.", "Died": "December 22, 1963 (aged 76) \u00b7 Chicago, Illinois, U.S.", "Genres": "Jazz", "Instruments": "Trombone"}}]
| false
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# Chris Monson
Chris Monson was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, elected in 1910. Other positions he held include town clerk of Akan, Wisconsin, postmaster of Five Points, Richland County, Wisconsin and justice of the peace. He was a Republican. Monson was born in Akan on August 25, 1875.
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Chris Monson
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Monson
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2025-04-05T04:53:04Z
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en
|
Q24963153
| 17,324
|
{{short description|American politician}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}}
'''Chris Monson''' was a member of the [[Wisconsin State Assembly]], elected in 1910.<ref>{{cite book|title=THE BLUE BOOK OF THE STATE OF WISCONSIN|location=Madison|year=1911|page=777}}</ref> Other positions he held include town clerk of [[Akan, Wisconsin]], postmaster of [[Five Points, Richland County, Wisconsin]] and justice of the peace. He was a [[Republican Party of Wisconsin|Republican]]. Monson was born in Akan on August 25, 1875.
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Monson, Chris}}
[[Category:Politicians from Richland County, Wisconsin]]
[[Category:City and town clerks]]
[[Category:Wisconsin postmasters]]
[[Category:American justices of the peace]]
[[Category:Republican Party members of the Wisconsin State Assembly]]
[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Leaders of the American Society of Equity]]
[[Category:20th-century members of the Wisconsin Legislature]]
{{Wisconsin-WIAssembly-Republican-1870s-stub}}
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[]
| false
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# Joe Robichaux
Joseph Robichaux (March 8, 1900 – January 17, 1965) was an American jazz pianist. He was the nephew of John Robichaux.
## Life and career
Robichaux was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, and played piano from a young age and studied at New Orleans University. After working in the O.J. Beatty Carnival, he played with Tig Chambers briefly in 1918. He then returned to New Orleans and played with Oscar Celestin, Earl Humphrey, Lee Collins, and The Black Eagles (1922–23).
He arranged for the Jones-Collins Astoria Hot Eight in 1929 and also recorded with them; he also accompanied Christina Gray on record that year. In 1931, he formed his own ensemble, which featured Eugene Ware on trumpet, Alfred Guichard on clarinet and alto saxophone, Gene Porter on tenor sax, and Ward Crosby on drums.
They journeyed to New York City to record for Vocalion in August 1933, laying down 22 mostly stomping, uptempo sides and two alternate takes in a marathon five day recording schedule, which included Rene Hall on tenor banjo. Vocalion issued 10 records over the next year and two tracks with Chick Bullock vocals were issued under his name on Banner, Domino, Oriole, Perfect, and Romeo.
Problems with the musicians' union in New York prevented them from being able to play live there, and they returned to New Orleans not long after recording. Robichaux expanded the size of his ensemble over the course of the 1930s; Earl Bostic was among those who joined its ranks. They toured Cuba in the mid-1930s.
The band also recorded for Decca Records in 1936, recording four sides in New Orleans, but these were all rejected.
In 1939, Robichaux's ensemble disbanded, and he found work performing solo, mostly in New Orleans. He recorded as an accompanist on R&B recordings in the 1950s, and played with Lizzie Miles.
Late in his life he played with George Lewis (1957–64) and Peter Bocage (1962); he also performed at Preservation Hall.
He died of a heart attack, in New Orleans, at the age of 64 in 1965.
## Discography
### As leader
- The Complete Robichaux (Blue-Disc, 1980)
### As sideman
With George Lewis
- Dr. Jazz (Verve, 1957)
- George Lewis & Turk Murphy at Newport (Verve, 1957)
- The Perennial George Lewis (Verve, 1958)
- Oh, Didn't He Ramble! (Verve, 1959)
- Blues from the Bayou (Verve, 1959)
- George Lewis in Tokyo 1964 (King, 1964)
- Plays Hymns (Milneburg, 1965)
- George Lewis & His New Orleans All-Stars (Catalyst, 1976)
- Live at Club Hangover (Dawn Club, 1983)
- George Lewis in Japan (G.H.B., 1994)
With others
- Peter Bocage, New Orleans Legends Live Volume 23 (Jazzology, 1982)
- Louis Nelson, Louis Nelson Big Four (G.H.B., 1996)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Robichaux
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2025-04-05T04:53:09Z
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en
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Q1691564
| 38,089
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{{Short description|American jazz pianist (1900–1965)}}
'''Joseph Robichaux''' (March 8, 1900 – January 17, 1965)<ref name="LarkinGE">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]]|publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]]|date=1992|edition=First|isbn=0-85112-939-0|pages=2106/7}}</ref> was an American [[jazz]] pianist. He was the nephew of [[John Robichaux]].
==Life and career==
Robichaux was born in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], United States,<ref name="LarkinGE"/> and played piano from a young age and studied at [[New Orleans University]]. After working in the O.J. Beatty Carnival, he played with [[Tig Chambers]] briefly in 1918. He then returned to New Orleans and played with [[Oscar Celestin]], [[Earl Humphrey]], [[Lee Collins (musician)|Lee Collins]], and [[The Black Eagles]] (1922–23).<ref name="LarkinGE"/>
He arranged for the [[Jones-Collins Astoria Hot Eight]] in 1929 and also recorded with them;<ref name="LarkinGE"/> he also accompanied [[Christina Gray]] on record that year. In 1931, he formed his own ensemble, which featured [[Eugene Ware]] on trumpet, [[Alfred Guichard]] on clarinet and alto saxophone, [[Gene Porter]] on tenor sax, and [[Ward Crosby]] on drums.
They journeyed to [[New York City]] to record for [[Vocalion Records|Vocalion]] in August 1933, laying down 22 mostly stomping, uptempo sides and two alternate takes in a marathon five day recording schedule, which included [[Rene Hall]] on tenor banjo. Vocalion issued 10 records over the next year and two tracks with [[Chick Bullock]] vocals were issued under his name on Banner, Domino, Oriole, Perfect, and Romeo.
Problems with the musicians' union in New York prevented them from being able to play live there, and they returned to New Orleans not long after recording. Robichaux expanded the size of his ensemble over the course of the 1930s; [[Earl Bostic]] was among those who joined its ranks. They toured Cuba in the mid-1930s.
The band also recorded for [[Decca Records]] in 1936, recording four sides in New Orleans, but these were all rejected.
In 1939, Robichaux's ensemble disbanded, and he found work performing solo, mostly in New Orleans.<ref name="LarkinGE"/> He recorded as an accompanist on [[R&B]] recordings in the 1950s, and played with [[Lizzie Miles]].<ref name="LarkinGE"/>
Late in his life he played with [[George Lewis (clarinetist)|George Lewis]] (1957–64)<ref name="LarkinGE"/> and [[Peter Bocage]] (1962); he also performed at [[Preservation Hall]].<ref name="All">{{Cite web|url=https://www.allaboutjazz.com/musicians/joe-robichaux|title=Joe Robichaux music|website=Allaboutjazz.com|access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref>
He died of a heart attack, in New Orleans, at the age of 64 in 1965.<ref name="All"/>
==Discography==
===As leader===
* ''The Complete Robichaux'' (Blue-Disc, 1980)
===As sideman===
'''With [[George Lewis (clarinetist)|George Lewis]]'''
* ''Dr. Jazz'' (Verve, 1957)
* ''[[George Lewis & Turk Murphy at Newport]]'' (Verve, 1957)
* ''The Perennial George Lewis'' (Verve, 1958)
* ''Oh, Didn't He Ramble!'' (Verve, 1959)
* ''Blues from the Bayou'' (Verve, 1959)
* ''George Lewis in Tokyo 1964'' (King, 1964)
* ''Plays Hymns'' (Milneburg, 1965)
* ''George Lewis & His New Orleans All-Stars'' (Catalyst, 1976)
* ''Live at Club Hangover'' (Dawn Club, 1983)
* ''George Lewis in Japan'' (G.H.B., 1994)
'''With others'''
* [[Peter Bocage]], ''New Orleans Legends Live Volume 23'' (Jazzology, 1982)
* [[Louis Nelson (trombonist)|Louis Nelson]], ''Louis Nelson Big Four'' (G.H.B., 1996)
==References==
;Footnotes
{{Reflist}}
;General references
*[[Scott Yanow]], [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p119070/biography|pure_url=yes}} Joe Robichaux] at [[AllMusic]]
== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Feather |editor-first1=Leonard |editor-link1=Leonard Feather |editor-last2=Gitler |editor-first2=Ira |editor-link2=Ira Gitler |chapter=Robichaux, Joe (Joseph) |title=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Jazz |page=562 |date=1999 |language=en |isbn=978-0-19-507418-5 |publisher=Oxford University Press |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/biographicalency00feat/page/562/mode/1up |df=mdy-all }}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Hazeldine |first1=Mike |title=Robichaux, Joseph(, Jr.) [Joe] |encyclopedia=[[Oxford Music Online]] |date=2003 |language=en |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.J382300 |df=mdy-all }}
{{Refend}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Robichaux, Joe}}
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:American jazz pianists]]
[[Category:American male jazz pianists]]
[[Category:American jazz bandleaders]]
[[Category:Jazz musicians from New Orleans]]
[[Category:20th-century American pianists]]
[[Category:20th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:Preservation Hall Jazz Band members]]
[[Category:Jones & Collins Astoria Hot Eight members]]
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[]
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# Tony Sbarbaro
Antonio Sparbaro, known professionally as Tony Sbarbaro or Tony Spargo (June 27, 1897 – October 30, 1969) was an American jazz drummer associated with New Orleans jazz. He was the Original Dixieland Jazz Band drummer for over 50 years.
## Background
Sbarbaro was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, to an immigrant Genoa/Genovese family. Early in his career he played with the Frayle Brothers Band (possibly as early as 1911) and the Reliance Band of Papa Jack Laine. He did side work with Merritt Brunies and Carl Randall. He joined the Original Dixieland Jazz Band for their initial recordings in 1917; he became its leader in 1925 and remained a member of the ensemble until its dissolution in the 1960s, being the only founding member still in the group at that time. Sbarbaro also composed for the group, writing the tune "Mourning Blues" among others. He remained a fixture of Dixieland jazz performance for most of his life, playing later in life in New Orleans with Miff Mole, Big Chief Moore, Pee Wee Erwin, and Eddie Condon. He played at the New York World's Fair in 1941 and with Connee Boswell in the 1950s. He left music in the 1960s due to the popularity of rock and roll, and died in October 1969, in New York City, at the age of 72.
## Drumming techniques
Sbarbaro's drum set had a number of nonstandard qualities. He employed wood blocks, cowbells, and Chinese tom-toms, and used a custom arrangement for his bass and snare drum. He used the technique known as "double-drumming", hitting the bass drum with the butt end of the drum stick. Sbarbaro even put stuffed animals inside drums to change their sound. He also had a kazoo attached to his set, providing some of the band's sound effects.
## Grammy Hall of Fame
"Darktown Strutters' Ball" (1917) by Original Dixieland Jass Band was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2006
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Sbarbaro
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2025-04-05T04:54:13Z
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en
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Q38632
| 46,152
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{{short description|American drummer}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Tony Sbarbaro
| image = File:Tony Sbarbaro (page 1 crop).jpg
| caption = Tony Sbarbaro on printed sheet music
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1897|6|27}}
| birth_place = [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age |1969|10|30 |1897|6|27 |mf=yes}}
| death_place = New York City, U.S.
| genre = [[Jazz]]
| occupation = Musician
| instrument = Drummer
| associated_acts = [[Original Dixieland Jazz Band]]
}}
'''Antonio Sparbaro''', known professionally as '''Tony Sbarbaro''' or '''Tony Spargo''' (June 27, 1897 – October 30, 1969)<ref name="LarkinGE">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]]|publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]]|date=1992|edition=First|isbn=0-85112-939-0|page=2199}}</ref> was an American [[jazz]] drummer associated with [[Dixieland|New Orleans jazz]]. He was the [[Original Dixieland Jazz Band]] drummer for over 50 years.
==Background==
Sbarbaro was born in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], United States,<ref name="LarkinGE"/> to an [[immigrant]] [[Genoa/Genovese]] family. Early in his career he played with the [[Frayle Brothers Band]] (possibly as early as 1911)<ref name="AM">{{cite web|title =Tony Sbarbaro: Biography |last=Chadbourne |first=Eugene |website=[[AllMusic]]| url ={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p122379/biography|pure_url=yes}} | access-date =2010-04-06}}</ref> and the Reliance Band of [[Papa Jack Laine]]. He did side work with [[Merritt Brunies]] and [[Carl Randall (musician)|Carl Randall]]. He joined the [[Original Dixieland Jazz Band]] for their initial recordings in 1917;<ref name="AM" /> he became its leader in 1925 and remained a member of the ensemble until its dissolution in the 1960s, being the only founding member still in the group at that time.<ref name="LarkinGE"/> Sbarbaro also composed for the group, writing the tune "Mourning Blues" among others. He remained a fixture of [[Dixieland jazz]] performance for most of his life, playing later in life in New Orleans with [[Miff Mole]], [[Big Chief Moore]], [[Pee Wee Erwin]], and [[Eddie Condon]]. He played at the [[1939 New York World's Fair|New York World's Fair]] in 1941 and with [[Connee Boswell]] in the 1950s. He left music in the 1960s due to the popularity of [[rock and roll]], and died in October 1969, in [[New York City]], at the age of 72.<ref name="LarkinGE"/>
==Drumming techniques==
[[File:Oriental Jazz ODJB Aeolian Vocalion.jpg|thumb|"Oriental Jazz" released on Aeolian Vocalion in 1919]]
Sbarbaro's drum set had a number of nonstandard qualities. He employed wood blocks, cowbells, and Chinese tom-toms, and used a custom arrangement for his bass and snare drum. He used the technique known as "double-drumming",<ref name="AM" /> hitting the bass drum with the butt end of the drum stick. Sbarbaro even put stuffed animals inside drums to change their sound. He also had a kazoo attached to his set, providing some of the band's sound effects.
==Grammy Hall of Fame==
"[[Darktown Strutters' Ball]]" (1917) by Original Dixieland Jass Band was inducted into the [[Grammy Hall of Fame]] in 2006
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal|Jazz|Music}}
{{Original Dixieland Jass Band}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sbarbaro, Tony}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:American jazz drummers]]
[[Category:American people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Jazz musicians from New Orleans]]
[[Category:American jazz musicians]]
[[Category:Original Dixieland Jass Band members]]
[[Category:20th-century American drummers]]
[[Category:American male drummers]]
[[Category:20th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:American male jazz musicians]]
[[Category:Drummers from New Orleans]]
| 1,284,035,165
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[{"title": "Background information", "data": {"Born": "June 27, 1897 \u00b7 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.", "Died": "October 30, 1969 (aged 72) \u00b7 New York City, U.S.", "Genres": "Jazz", "Occupation": "Musician", "Instrument": "Drummer"}}, {"title": "Original Dixieland Jass Band", "data": {"Compositions": "\" Dixieland Jazz Band One-Step \" (1917) \" Livery Stable Blues \" (1917) \" Ostrich Walk \" (1917) \" At the Jazz Band Ball \" (1917) \" Tiger Rag \" (1917) \" Reisenweber Rag\" (1917) \"Look At 'Em Doing It!\" (1917) \" Sensation Rag \" (1918) \" Clarinet Marmalade \" (1918) \"Mournin' Blues (1918) \"Skeleton Jangle\" (1918) \"Bluin' the Blues\" (1918) \"Fidgety Feet\" (1918) \"Lazy Daddy\" (1918) \"Lasses Candy (1919) \"Satanic Blues\" (1919) \" Margie \" (1920) \" Singin' the Blues \" (1920) \" Palesteena \" (1920) \"Toddlin' Blues\" (1923) \"Old Joe Blade\" (1936)"}}]
| false
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# Clarence Acox Jr.
Clarence Acox is an American band director and jazz drummer. He is a native of New Orleans, and has been heard in a variety of settings in the Pacific Northwest.
He is the former director of jazz bands at Garfield High School, where he has taught since arriving from Southern University in Baton Rouge in 1971, initially hired to rejuvenate the school's marching bands. Under his tutelage since 1979, the Garfield Jazz Ensemble has won every major competition on the West Coast, including competitions in Nevada, California, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. He retired from Garfield High School in June, 2019.
Acox was named Educator of the Year by Down Beat magazine in 2001. In 2004 the Seattle Music Educators Association recognized him as its Outstanding Music Educator. In 2007 he was presented the Mayor's Arts Award by Seattle mayor Greg Nickels. In 2008 Seattle Metropolitan magazine named him one of the 50 most influential musicians in the history of Seattle music. In 2010, he and Roosevelt High School's Scott Brown shared the Impact Award at Seattle's second annual City of Music Awards. In May 2016 Acox was awarded an Honorary Doctorate in Fine Arts from Cornish College of the Arts.
Acox is a regular on the club scene in the Seattle area. He has performed with the Floyd Standifer Quartet (now Legacy Quartet) at the New Orleans Creole Restaurant since 1986. His drum style also drives the Seattle Repertory Jazz Orchestra, which he co-founded in 1995 with University of Washington saxophone instructor Michael Brockman.
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Clarence Acox Jr.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Acox_Jr.
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2025-04-05T04:57:15Z
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en
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Q5126369
| 44,894
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{{Short description|American band director and jazz drummer}}
{{COI|date=August 2010}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Clarence Acox
| image = Clarence Acox, Jr..jpg
| caption = Acox in 2014
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| origin = [[New Orleans, Louisiana]]
| instrument = [[Drums]], [[Piano]]
| genre = [[Jazz]]
| occupation = Band director, jazz drummer
| years_active = <!-- YYYY–YYYY -->
| label =
| associated_acts =
}}
'''Clarence Acox''' is an American band director and jazz drummer. He is a native of [[New Orleans]], and has been heard in a variety of settings in the Pacific Northwest.
He is the former director of jazz bands at [[Garfield High School (Seattle, Washington)|Garfield High School]],<ref name=Garfield>[http://www.garfieldjazz.org/acox.html Garfield High School Jazz: Clarence Acox Jr.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122142610/http://www.garfieldjazz.org/acox.html |date=2009-01-22 }}, Garfield High School. Accessed online 2 February 2009.</ref> where he has taught since arriving from [[Southern University]] in Baton Rouge in 1971, initially hired to rejuvenate the school's [[marching band]]s.<ref name=Wiecking>Steve Wiecking, "Clarence Acox Jr.", ''Seattle Metropolitan'', December 2008, p. 62.</ref><ref name=Denn>Rebekah Denn, [http://www.seattlepi.com/pop/acox15.shtml Meet conductor Clarence Acox], ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'', May 15, 2000. Accessed online 2 February 2009.</ref> Under his tutelage since 1979, the [[Garfield High School (Seattle, Washington)#Jazz|Garfield Jazz Ensemble]] has won every major competition on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]], including competitions in [[Nevada]], [[California]], [[Oregon]], [[Idaho]], and Washington.<ref name=Wiecking/> He retired from Garfield High School in June, 2019.
Acox was named Educator of the Year by ''[[Down Beat]]'' magazine in 2001.<ref name=Garfield /><ref name=Wiecking /><ref name=journalists>[http://www.jazzjournalists.org/clarence-acox Jazz Journalists Association]</ref> In 2004 the Seattle Music Educators Association recognized him as its Outstanding Music Educator.<ref>[http://www.origin-records.com/artists/artist.php?Artist_ID=146 Clarence Acox], Origin Records. Accessed online 2010-01-30.</ref> In 2007 he was presented the Mayor's Arts Award by Seattle mayor [[Greg Nickels]].<ref name=Garfield /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.seattle.gov/Arts/news/news.asp?articleID=3 |title=Office of Arts & Cultural Affairs "2007 Mayor's Arts Awards announced" |access-date=2010-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629125137/http://www.seattle.gov/Arts/news/news.asp?articleID=3 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2008 ''[[Seattle Metropolitan]]'' magazine named him one of the 50 most influential musicians in the history of Seattle music.<ref name=Wiecking /> In 2010, he and Roosevelt High School's Scott Brown shared the Impact Award at Seattle's second annual City of Music Awards.<ref>Seattle Times staff, [http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/musicnightlife/2012950861_cityofmusic22.html Carlile, Schwarz, school jazz bandleaders honored by City of Music Awards], ''Seattle Times'', 2010-09-20. Retrieved 2010-09-27.</ref> In May 2016 Acox was awarded an Honorary Doctorate in Fine Arts from [[Cornish College of the Arts]].
Acox is a regular on the club scene in the Seattle area. He has performed with the [[Floyd Standifer]] Quartet (now Legacy Quartet) at the New Orleans Creole Restaurant since 1986.<ref name=Garfield /><ref name=Denn /><ref>[http://www.neworleanscreolerestaurant.com/legacyquartet.html New Orleans Creole Restaurant: LEGACY QUARTET with CLARENCE ACOX]</ref> His drum style also drives the [[Seattle Repertory Jazz Orchestra]], which he co-founded in 1995 with [[University of Washington]] [[saxophone]] instructor [[Michael Brockman]].<ref name=Denn /><ref>[http://www.srjo.org/ArtisticDirectors.htm Seattle Repertory Jazz Orchestra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420060121/http://www.srjo.org/ArtisticDirectors.htm |date=2010-04-20 }}, Artistic directors</ref><ref name="AAJ">{{cite web|title =CD/LP Review: SRJO Live |publisher=All About Jazz |first=Jack|last=Bowers | url =http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=10267 |date =2002-08-01 |accessdate =2010-06-20}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Acox, Clarence}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American drummers]]
[[Category:American jazz drummers]]
[[Category:African-American schoolteachers]]
[[Category:Schoolteachers from Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Southern University alumni]]
[[Category:Drummers from Seattle]]
[[Category:Jazz musicians from New Orleans]]
[[Category:21st-century American drummers]]
[[Category:African-American drummers]]
[[Category:American male drummers]]
[[Category:Educators from Louisiana]]
[[Category:20th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:American male jazz musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American musicians]]
[[Category:Drummers from New Orleans]]
| 1,284,035,564
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[{"title": "Background information", "data": {"Origin": "New Orleans, Louisiana", "Genres": "Jazz", "Occupation(s)": "Band director, jazz drummer", "Instrument(s)": "Drums, Piano"}}]
| false
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# Harold Battiste
Harold Raymond Battiste Jr. (October 28, 1931 – June 19, 2015) was an American music composer, arranger, performer, and teacher. A native of, and later community leader in, New Orleans, he is best known for his work as an arranger on records by Barbara George, Sam Cooke, Joe Jones, Lee Dorsey, Sonny and Cher, Dr. John, and others.
## Biography
Born in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, he grew up in the Magnolia Projects. He attended Dillard University, earning a B.S. in music in 1953 and becoming a proficient saxophonist, pianist, and arranger. He formed his first group, with Alvin Batiste (clarinet) and Edward Blackwell (drums) while at university.
His first success as a studio arranger was with Sam Cooke’s "You Send Me" in 1957. In 1961, he initiated the first African American musician-owned record label in the American South, All For One, better known as AFO Records. Within a few months, they produced a million-selling hit single, Barbara George’s "I Know (You Don't Love Me No More)" (AFO#302). The label also released the first album by Ellis Marsalis, The Monkey Puzzle. Battiste's other professional contributions as a producer and arranger for studio, film, stage and television include Joe Jones' "You Talk Too Much", Lee Dorsey's "Ya Ya", and Sonny and Cher's "I Got You Babe". Battiste introduced audiences to New Orleans artist Mac Rebennack as Dr. John, and produced his earliest albums.
Battiste spent 30 years in Los Angeles, including 15 years with Sonny and Cher, earning six gold records, and acting as musical director on their TV series. He also played piano for Tom Waits's songs "Whistlin' Past The Graveyard" and "A Sweet Little Bullet from a Pretty Blue Gun" on Blue Valentine (1978), and baritone saxophone on Gram Parson's 1973 album, GP.
Battiste was also a lecturer at several colleges, and in 1989, he joined Ellis Marsalis Jr. on the Jazz Studies faculty of the University of New Orleans. He established the AFO Foundation, a non-profit service and educational organization, dedicated to recognizing, perpetuating and documenting the heritage of New Orleans music, and the people who make the music.
Battiste remained active in the community, and served as a board member of the Congo Square Cultural Collective, the Louisiana State Music Commission, New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Foundation, Louisiana Jazz Federation, the African Cultural Endowment and numerous other cultural organizations. He received the Beau Arts Award, the Mayor's Arts Award, the Governor's Arts Lifetime Achievement Award and many others. In 1998, the City of New Orleans proclaimed his birthday as Harold Battiste Day. In 2010 the Historic New Orleans Collection published his autobiography Unfinished Blues.
Battiste died on June 19, 2015, aged 83, after a period of declining health.
## Bibliography
- Battiste, Harold Jr. (2010). Unfinished Blues...Memories of a New Orleans Music Man. The Historic New Orleans Collection. ISBN 978-0917860553.
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Q1327228
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{{Short description|American musical artist (1931–2015)}}
{{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians -->
| name = Harold Battiste
| image = Harold Battiste Satchmo SummerFest 2012.jpg
| caption = Battiste in 2012
| image_size =
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name = Harold Raymond Battiste Jr.
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1931|10|28|mf=y}}
| birth_place =[[New Orleans]], Louisiana, U.S.
| death_date ={{death date and age|2015|6|19|1931|10|28}}
| death_place = New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
| instrument = [[Saxophone]], [[piano]]
| genre = [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[jazz]]
| occupation = [[Musician]], [[arrangement|arranger]], [[record producer]]
| years_active = 1957–2015
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
}}
'''Harold Raymond Battiste Jr.''' (October 28, 1931 – June 19, 2015)<ref name=nyt>{{cite news|last1=Roberts|first1=Sam|title= Harold Battiste, Musician, Mentor and Arranger, Dies at 83|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/26/arts/music/harold-battiste-musician-mentor-and-arranger-dies-at-83.html |access-date=February 5, 2016|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 25, 2015}}</ref> was an American [[Composer|music composer]], arranger, performer, and teacher. A native of, and later community leader in, [[New Orleans]], he is best known for his work as an arranger on records by Barbara George, [[Sam Cooke]], [[Joe Jones (singer)|Joe Jones]], [[Lee Dorsey]], [[Sonny and Cher]], [[Dr. John]], and others.
==Biography==
Born in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], United States,<ref name=nyt/> he grew up in the [[Magnolia Projects]]. He attended [[Dillard University]], earning a B.S. in music in 1953 and becoming a proficient saxophonist, pianist, and arranger. He formed his first group, with [[Alvin Batiste]] (clarinet) and [[Ed Blackwell|Edward Blackwell]] (drums) while at university.<ref name=sinclair>{{cite web |url=http://johnsinclair.us/writings/20-features/751-harold-battiste-prophet-with-honor-in-his-own-land.html |first=John |last=Sinclair |authorlink=John Sinclair (poet) |title=Harold Battiste: Prophet with Honor in His Own Land |work=Radio Free Amsterdam |date=April 1994 |access-date=2015-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620024457/http://johnsinclair.us/writings/20-features/751-harold-battiste-prophet-with-honor-in-his-own-land.html |archive-date=2015-06-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
His first success as a studio arranger was with [[Sam Cooke]]’s "[[You Send Me]]"<ref name="aaj">{{cite magazine |title=A Brief History of Modern Jazz in New Orleans |first=Tod |last=Smith |magazine=[[All About Jazz]] |url =http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=780 |date=2 November 2003}}</ref> in 1957. In 1961, he initiated the first African American musician-owned record label in the American South, All For One, better known as [[AFO Records]].<ref name=tp62008>{{cite news |title=Tribute scheduled for Harold Battiste Jr. |url=http://blog.nola.com/mollyreid/2008/06/a_living_legend.html |newspaper=[[The Times-Picayune]] |first=Molly |last=Reid |date=20 June 2008 |access-date=6 February 2011 |archive-date=19 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619203837/http://blog.nola.com/mollyreid/2008/06/a_living_legend.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Within a few months, they produced a million-selling hit single, [[Barbara George]]’s "[[I Know (You Don't Love Me No More)]]" (AFO#302).<ref name=allmusic>{{cite web |url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=harold-battiste-jr-mn0000669385 |tab=biography |pure_url=yes}} |title=Harold Battiste, Jr. Biography |first=Richard |last=Skelly |website=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=June 22, 2015}}</ref> The label also released the first album by [[Ellis Marsalis Sr.|Ellis Marsalis]], ''The Monkey Puzzle''. Battiste's other professional contributions as a producer and arranger for studio, film, stage and television include [[Joe Jones (singer)|Joe Jones]]' "[[You Talk Too Much (Joe Jones song)|You Talk Too Much]]", [[Lee Dorsey]]'s "[[Ya Ya (Lee Dorsey song)|Ya Ya]]", and [[Sonny and Cher]]'s "[[I Got You Babe]]".<ref name="aaj" /> Battiste introduced audiences to New Orleans artist Mac Rebennack as [[Dr. John]], and produced his earliest albums.<ref name=tp62008/>
Battiste spent 30 years in [[Los Angeles]], including 15 years with Sonny and Cher, earning six gold records, and acting as [[musical director]] on their TV series. He also played [[piano]] for [[Tom Waits]]'s songs "Whistlin' Past The Graveyard" and "A Sweet Little Bullet from a Pretty Blue Gun" on ''[[Blue Valentine (album)|Blue Valentine]]'' (1978),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/blue-valentine-mw0000203442/credits|title=Blue Valentine - Tom Waits | Credits |website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=August 14, 2021}}</ref> and baritone saxophone on [[Gram Parson]]'s 1973 album, ''[[GP (album)|GP]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/gp-mw0000470760/credits|title=GP - Gram Parsons | Credits |website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=August 14, 2021}}</ref>
Battiste was also a lecturer at several colleges, and in 1989, he joined [[Ellis Marsalis Jr.]] on the Jazz Studies faculty of the [[University of New Orleans]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Undergraduate/Graduate Catalog 2005-2006 |publisher=[[University of New Orleans]] |url=http://www.uno.edu/registrar/registrar-docs/0506catalog.pdf |volume=41 |issue=1 |page=12 |date=August 2005}}</ref> He established the AFO Foundation, a non-profit service and educational organization, dedicated to recognizing, perpetuating and documenting the heritage of New Orleans music, and the people who make the music.<ref name=allmusic/>
Battiste remained active in the community, and served as a board member of the Congo Square Cultural Collective, the Louisiana State Music Commission, New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Foundation, Louisiana Jazz Federation, the African Cultural Endowment and numerous other cultural organizations. He received the Beau Arts Award, the Mayor's Arts Award, the Governor's Arts Lifetime Achievement Award and many others. In 1998, the City of New Orleans proclaimed his birthday as Harold Battiste Day. In 2010 the Historic New Orleans Collection published his autobiography ''Unfinished Blues''.<ref name=allmusic/>
Battiste died on June 19, 2015, aged 83, after a period of declining health.<ref name=nolaobit>{{cite news |url=http://www.nola.com/music/index.ssf/2015/06/harold_battiste_dies.html |title=Harold Battiste, New Orleans saxophonist, composer and educator, dies at 83 |first=Keith |last=Spera |newspaper=[[The Times-Picayune]] |date=19 June 2015}}</ref>
==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |title=Unfinished Blues...Memories of a New Orleans Music Man |first=Harold Jr. |last=Battiste |year=2010 |publisher=[[The Historic New Orleans Collection]] |isbn=978-0917860553}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://www.bsnpubs.com/nyc/sue/afo.html A.F.O. Album Discography]
* {{Discogs artist|292367-Harold-Battiste}}
* {{IMDb name|0061448}}
* [http://hnoc.minisisinc.com/thnoc/catalog/3/9080 Harold R. Battiste Papers] at [https://www.hnoc.org/ The Historic New Orleans Collection]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Battiste, Harold}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:American jazz composers]]
[[Category:American male jazz composers]]
[[Category:Jazz musicians from New Orleans]]
[[Category:Dillard University alumni]]
[[Category:Batiste family]]
| 1,284,035,576
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[{"title": "Background information", "data": {"Birth name": "Harold Raymond Battiste Jr.", "Born": "October 28, 1931 \u00b7 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.", "Died": "June 19, 2015 (aged 83) \u00b7 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.", "Genres": "R&B, jazz", "Occupation(s)": "Musician, arranger, record producer", "Instrument(s)": "Saxophone, piano", "Years active": "1957\u20132015"}}]
| false
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# Rick Bogart (musician)
Rick Bogart is a jazz musician. Early in his career he played clarinet and piano, but he eventually focused solely on clarinet and later added vocals. He also composed throughout his career for clarinet.
Rick Bogart worked in New Orleans during the "heyday" of the French Quarter during the mid 1970s within the first five blocks of Bourbon Street. At that time, there were fifteen full-time Jazz bands along those blocks. During this time he played in the bands of Snookum Russell and Wallace Davenport at the Paddock Lounge, and with June Gardner, Nick Gagliardi, Milton Ziedrich and Thomas Jefferson at the Famous Door.
Bogart later moved to New York City to refine and broaden his style. He played in Atlantic City, Cleveland, New York City, Miami, and touring the world headlining on cruise ships for decades. He has written songs for major movies produced for HBO and is the subject of the documentary When the Clarinet Swings.
He is most closely aligned with his New Orleans and Swing-style background. However, he has broadened his style over the course of his career by living and working in New York, and working with many musicians of varying styles around the world.
## Early life
Rick Bogart was born to Carlos Hernàndez (from Madrid, Spain) and mother Audrey Bogart McBride on February 10, 1951. Rick Bogart's father changed his last name to Hardeman upon immigration to the United States, thus Rick Bogart was born Charles Richard Hernàndez Hardeman. He later changed his name to Rick Bogart (which was his mother's maiden name). His mother was herself an artist, clarinetist, and singer. Rick began piano studies at the age of 8, and clarinet at age 11. His clarinet studies were first with a retired big band musician, "Mr. Reader." According to Bogart, He had the distinct honor of meeting and having a private session with Jazz clarinetist Pete Fountain. Fountain let him play his clarinet and gave Rick Bogart advice about playing the clarinet. He attended Philadelphia's Curtis Institute of Music's High School Preparatory School, studying classical piano and clarinet. He went on to graduate from North Texas State University with his Bachelor of Music with a concentration in piano, clarinet (with Leon Russianoff, Kalmen Opperman, Gervase dePeyer), and voice (with Eugene Conley of the Metropolitan Opera).
## Career
Directly out of school, Bogart became the youngest union musician to lead a band at the Famous Door in New Orleans, a popular jazz club on Bourbon Street. He would lead a band called "The Basin Street Five" for a year and continued to perform at the Famous Door from 1976 to 1980. With Thomas Jefferson, Bogart played during the day-time slot at the Famous Door from noon to five, six days a week, for 14 months. Jefferson's music greatly influenced Bogart, especially his singing, and the latter developed an appreciation for musicians who could sing and play an instrument. He also played alongside Snookum Russell, Wallace Davenport, June Gardner, Nick Gagliardi, Milton Ziedrich, and occasionally Al Hirt. In 1975, he began voice study with Louis Panzeri, who had a voice studio on Bourbon Street. He was a noted voice teacher and singer in New Orleans.
He decided to move to New York in December 1980. Concurrently, he was offered a long-term contract to play at the Theatrical Grill in Cleveland, Ohio. He therefore began commuting for months at a time to Cleveland. It was there that he was discovered by Public Relations Executive Ron Watt who scheduled a number of television spots on the NBC affiliate station. He auditioned for Blake Cumbers, entertainment director at Atlantic City's Harrah's Casino in 1983 and was hired to headline on the spot. He would play there 18–24 weeks a year from 1983–1994.
After the entertainment industry changed in Atlantic City, Bogart began teaching English at Park West High School in Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan from 1997 to 99. At the time Hell's Kitchen was a notoriously dangerous neighborhood and the school was restructuring. While teaching, he continued to play locally in New York City, but held his steady job for two years as a teacher. This momentary side-step from his music career was quickly recovered when he began attracting attention from the agency of Bramson Entertainment. Bramson Entertainment connected him with several major cruise ships and landed him a headliner position on Holland America, Renaissance Cruises, Crystal Harmony, Crystal Symphony, and the Asuka. He went on to perform as a headliner on cruise ships from 1999 to 2011, performing 2 one-hour shows a week in over 72 countries. He was approached by manager Gerrard W. Purcell known as "Jerry Purcell", who decided to take on Bogart. Jerry Purcell discovered such well-known artists as Al Hirt, Maya Angelou, Eddy Arnold, and Jay Leno. Jerry Purcell helped Bogart achieve his goal of composing songs, culminating in Bogart's recording of Jazz Ballet for Solo Clarinet written by Bogart and produced by Arabesque Records. Bogart has a CD on the New Orleans Record Company, entitled Rick Bogart. He maintains a long-standing contract with Arabesque Records in New York since 2008.
Bogart also recorded music for films including the 1999 made for HBO TV movie Earthly Possessions and Love in the Time of Money. Bogart was the feature of a documentary produced by Jim Markovic entitled When the clarinet swings, which is played in television markets worldwide. He was also featured in the documentary entitled Sandy Jordan's World of Jazz and Cabaret. Bogart was featured in the 2013 documentary Mr. Jazz: Louis Armstrong by Italian filmmaker Michele Cinque, produced by MRF5 in collaboration with Louis Armstrong House Archive in New York.
Bogart began collaborating with the Amy Winehouse Foundation and Amy Winehouse's father Mitch Winehouse. Mitch Winehouse makes regular appearances with the Rick Bogart Trio in New York, and Bogart also performs with that same trio. Bogart performed for the University of Donetsk, in Ukraine, and the Kyiv Opera House sponsored by the AMS Corporation. Bogart was the featured performer of a major charity event in December 2010 for Arts and Tourism at the Plaza Hotel. The event was sponsored by NYC & Company and George Fertitta and co-chairman Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg honoring Terry Lundgren, Diane von Furstenberg, and Anna Wintour. Additionally, he has performed at a concert at the headquarters of the United Nations, with a special question & answer session with the U.N. Society Jazz Band.
## Discography
### Solo
- 2005: Rick Bogart (Jazzology)[9]
- 2007: Rick Bogart (Arabesque)
- 2008: New York Rhythm (Arabesque)
- 2011: Jazz Ballet for Clarinet (Arabesque)
- 2014: My Dog Loves Your Dog [Arabesque)
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{{orphan|date=November 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Rick Bogart
| image = Rick Bogart Clarinetist.gif
| caption = Rick Bogart, New York, 1998
| image_size =
| birth_name = Rick Bogart
| birth_place = [[New Orleans]], Louisiana, United States
| instrument = [[Clarinet]], piano, voice
| genre = [[Jazz]], [[Swing (jazz performance style)|swing]], classical
| occupation = [[Clarinetist]], pianist, voice, composer
| years_active = 1970–present
| label = [[Arabesque Records]], [[Jazzology]]
| associated_acts = Snookum Russell, Wallace Davenport, June Gardner, Nick Gagliardi, Milton Ziedrich, and Thomas Jefferson
| website = {{URL|rickbogart.net/}}
}}
'''Rick Bogart''' is a [[jazz]] musician. Early in his career he played [[clarinet]] and piano, but he eventually focused solely on clarinet and later added vocals.<ref name=cabaret>{{cite web|last=Breyer-Grell|first=Melody|title=The Rick Bogart Trio|url=http://www.cabaretscenes.org/cabaret_reviews/2012/dec12/bogart_rick_12-12.html|work=Cabaret Scenes|accessdate=November 21, 2013|date=December 14, 2012}}</ref> He also composed throughout his career for [[clarinet]].
Rick Bogart worked in New Orleans during the "heyday" of the French Quarter during the mid 1970s within the first five blocks of Bourbon Street. At that time, there were fifteen full-time Jazz bands along those blocks. During this time he played in the bands of [[Snookum Russell]] and [[Wallace Davenport]] at the Paddock Lounge, and with June Gardner, Nick Gagliardi, Milton Ziedrich and Thomas Jefferson at the Famous Door.
Bogart later moved to New York City to refine and broaden his style. He played in Atlantic City, Cleveland, New York City,<ref name=cabaret /> Miami, and touring the world headlining on cruise ships for decades. He has written songs for major movies produced for HBO and is the subject of the documentary ''When the Clarinet Swings''.
He is most closely aligned with his New Orleans and [[Swing music|Swing]]-style background. However, he has broadened his style over the course of his career by living and working in New York,<ref name=cabaret /> and working with many musicians of varying styles around the world.<ref>{{cite web|last=animusical|title=Rick Bogart "I Love Manhattan"|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uv7HuaQvSn8|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=November 21, 2013|date=October 3, 2009}}</ref>
== Early life ==
Rick Bogart was born to Carlos Hernàndez (from [[Madrid, Spain]]) and mother Audrey Bogart McBride on February 10, 1951. Rick Bogart's father changed his last name to Hardeman upon immigration to the United States, thus Rick Bogart was born Charles Richard Hernàndez Hardeman. He later changed his name to Rick Bogart (which was his mother's maiden name). His mother was herself an artist, clarinetist, and singer. Rick began piano studies at the age of 8, and clarinet at age 11. His clarinet studies were first with a retired big band musician, "Mr. Reader." According to Bogart, He had the distinct honor of meeting and having a private session with Jazz clarinetist Pete Fountain. Fountain let him play his clarinet and gave Rick Bogart advice about playing the clarinet. He attended Philadelphia's [[Curtis Institute of Music]]'s High School Preparatory School, studying classical piano and clarinet. He went on to graduate from [[North Texas State University]] with his Bachelor of Music with a concentration in piano, clarinet (with Leon Russianoff, [[Kalmen Opperman]], Gervase dePeyer), and voice (with [[Eugene Conley]] of the [[Metropolitan Opera]]).
== Career ==
Directly out of school, Bogart became the youngest union musician to lead a band at the Famous Door in [[New Orleans]], a popular jazz club on Bourbon Street. He would lead a band called "The Basin Street Five" for a year and continued to perform at the Famous Door from 1976 to 1980. With [[Thomas Jefferson (musician)|Thomas Jefferson]], Bogart played during the day-time slot at the Famous Door from noon to five, six days a week, for 14 months. Jefferson's music greatly influenced Bogart, especially his singing, and the latter developed an appreciation for musicians who could sing and play an instrument. He also played alongside [[Snookum Russell]], [[Wallace Davenport]], June Gardner, Nick Gagliardi, Milton Ziedrich, and occasionally [[Al Hirt]]. In 1975, he began voice study with Louis Panzeri, who had a voice studio on Bourbon Street. He was a noted voice teacher and singer in New Orleans.
He decided to move to New York in December 1980. Concurrently, he was offered a long-term contract to play at the Theatrical Grill in [[Cleveland, Ohio]]. He therefore began commuting for months at a time to Cleveland. It was there that he was discovered by Public Relations Executive [[Ron Watt]] who scheduled a number of television spots on the [[NBC]] affiliate station.<ref>{{cite web|last=Markovic|first=Jim|title=Back Home Again in Indiana: Rick Bogart Quartet WKYC TV 3|date=January 25, 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODOkU8hxSlY|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=November 21, 2013}}</ref> He auditioned for Blake Cumbers, entertainment director at [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]]'s Harrah's Casino in 1983 and was hired to headline on the spot. He would play there 18–24 weeks a year from 1983–1994.
After the entertainment industry changed in Atlantic City, Bogart began teaching English at Park West High School in [[Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan]] from 1997 to 99. At the time Hell's Kitchen was a notoriously dangerous neighborhood and the school was restructuring. While teaching, he continued to play locally in [[New York City]], but held his steady job for two years as a teacher. This momentary side-step from his music career was quickly recovered when he began attracting attention from the agency of Bramson Entertainment. Bramson Entertainment connected him with several major cruise ships and landed him a headliner position on [[Holland America]], [[Renaissance Cruises]], [[Crystal Harmony]], [[Crystal Symphony]], and the Asuka. He went on to perform as a headliner on cruise ships from 1999 to 2011, performing 2 one-hour shows a week in over 72 countries. He was approached by manager Gerrard W. Purcell known as "Jerry Purcell", who decided to take on Bogart. Jerry Purcell discovered such well-known artists as [[Al Hirt]], [[Maya Angelou]], [[Eddy Arnold]], and [[Jay Leno]]. Jerry Purcell helped Bogart achieve his goal of composing songs, culminating in Bogart's recording of Jazz Ballet for Solo Clarinet written by Bogart and produced by [[Arabesque Records]]. Bogart has a CD on the New Orleans Record Company, entitled Rick Bogart. He maintains a long-standing contract with [[Arabesque Records]] in New York since 2008.
Bogart also recorded music for films including the 1999 made for [[HBO]] TV movie ''[[Earthly Possessions (film)|Earthly Possessions]]'' and ''Love in the Time of Money''. Bogart was the feature of a documentary produced by Jim Markovic entitled ''When the clarinet swings'',<ref>{{cite AV media
| people = Markovic, Jim (Director)
| url = http://syndicado.com/when-the-clarinet-swings-yesterday-today/
| title = When the clarinet swings
| publisher = Rainbow Distribution
| location = US
| date = 2006
| access-date = July 2, 2013
| archive-date = February 6, 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140206140819/http://syndicado.com/when-the-clarinet-swings-yesterday-today/
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> which is played in television markets worldwide. He was also featured in the documentary entitled ''Sandy Jordan's World of Jazz and Cabaret''.<ref>{{cite AV media
| people = Capurso, David (Director)
| url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2375481/
| title = Sandy Jordan's World of Jazz and Cabaret
| publisher = New Apple Productions
| location = US
| date = 2013 }}</ref> Bogart was featured in the 2013 documentary ''Mr. Jazz: Louis Armstrong'' by Italian filmmaker Michele Cinque, produced by MRF5 in collaboration with Louis Armstrong House Archive in New York.<ref>{{cite AV media | url=http://www.mrf5.it/video.html | title=Mr. Jazz | publisher=Lazy Film and MRF5 for Rai Storia | date=2013 | people=Cinque, Michele (Director) | location=USA}}</ref>
Bogart began collaborating with the [[Amy Winehouse Foundation]] and [[Amy Winehouse]]'s father Mitch Winehouse. Mitch Winehouse makes regular appearances with the Rick Bogart Trio in New York, and Bogart also performs with that same trio.<ref>{{Cite web
| last = Bowling
| first = Susannah
| title = Times Square Chronicles
| url=http://www.t2conline.com/rick-bogart-trio-calling-all-singers-do-i-have-a-place-for-you/
| accessdate = July 2, 2013
}}</ref> Bogart performed for the University of Donetsk, in Ukraine, and the Kyiv Opera House sponsored by the AMS Corporation. Bogart was the featured performer of a major charity event in December 2010 for Arts and Tourism at the Plaza Hotel.<ref>{{cite web|last=Markovic|first=Jim|title=Rick Bogart Trio at the Plaza Hotel, NYC|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWqTK2EROaE|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=November 21, 2013|date=February 8, 2011}}</ref> The event was sponsored by [[NYC & Company]] and George Fertitta and co-chairman Mayor [[Michael R. Bloomberg]] honoring [[Terry Lundgren]], [[Diane von Furstenberg]], and [[Anna Wintour]]. Additionally, he has performed at a concert at the [[headquarters of the United Nations]], with a special question & answer session with the U.N. Society Jazz Band.
== Discography ==
=== Solo ===
*2005: ''Rick Bogart'' ([[Jazzology Records|Jazzology]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Rick Bogart – Rick Bogart|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/rick-bogart-mw0000781508|work=Allmusic|accessdate=November 21, 2013}}</ref>
*2007: ''Rick Bogart'' ([[Arabesque Records|Arabesque]])
*2008: ''New York Rhythm'' (Arabesque)
*2011: ''Jazz Ballet for Clarinet'' (Arabesque)
*2014: ''My Dog Loves Your Dog'' [Arabesque)
==References==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
*{{official website|http://www.rickbogart.net}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bogart, Rick}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dixieland clarinetists]]
[[Category:Swing clarinetists]]
[[Category:Mainstream jazz clarinetists]]
[[Category:American jazz clarinetists]]
[[Category:Jazz musicians from New Orleans]]
[[Category:Arabesque Records artists]]
[[Category:21st-century clarinetists]]
| 1,284,035,587
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[{"title": "Background information", "data": {"Birth name": "Rick Bogart", "Born": "New Orleans, Louisiana, United States", "Genres": "Jazz, swing, classical", "Occupation(s)": "Clarinetist, pianist, voice, composer", "Instrument(s)": "Clarinet, piano, voice", "Years active": "1970\u2013present", "Labels": "Arabesque Records, Jazzology"}}]
| false
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# Charles Joseph (musician)
Charles Joseph is an American jazz trombone player from New Orleans, Louisiana.
## Career
The son of trombonist Waldren Joseph, Joseph has played with the Majestic Band and Hurricane Brass Band, and was one of the founding members of the Dirty Dozen Brass Band.
He has also appeared on an Elvis Costello album and performed with his brother, sousaphonist Kirk Joseph, in Kirk Joseph's Backyard Groove band.
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Charles Joseph (musician)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Joseph_(musician)
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|
en
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Q5079598
| 25,960
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{{short description|American jazz musician}}{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Charles Joseph
| origin = [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], U.S.
| genre = [[Jazz]]
| instruments = [[Trombone]]
| past_member_of = [[Dirty Dozen Brass Band]]
| module = {{infobox person
| embed = yes
| father = [[Waldren Joseph]]
| relations = [[Kirk Joseph]] (brother)
}}
}}
'''Charles Joseph''' is an American [[jazz]] trombone player from New Orleans, Louisiana.<ref>Burns 2006, p. 16.</ref>
== Career ==
The son of trombonist [[Waldren Joseph]],<ref>{{cite news|title =Waldren 'Frog' Joseph |last=Vacher |first=Peter |publisher=guardian.co.uk| url =https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/oct/16/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries | accessdate =2011-01-01 |location=London |date=2004-10-15}}</ref> Joseph has played with the [[Majestic Band]] and [[Hurricane Brass Band]],<ref>Burns 2006, p. 26.</ref> and was one of the founding members of the [[Dirty Dozen Brass Band]].<ref name="AM">{{cite web|title =The Dirty Dozen Brass Band |last=Yanow |first=Scott |publisher=Allmusic| url ={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p66288/biography|pure_url=yes}} | accessdate =2010-04-09}}</ref><ref>Burns 2006, p. 70, 86.</ref>
He has also appeared on an [[Elvis Costello]] album and performed with his brother, [[sousaphone|sousaphonist]] [[Kirk Joseph]], in [[Kirk Joseph's Backyard Groove]] band.
==References==
{{Reflist}}{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Joseph, Charles}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American jazz trombonists]]
[[Category:American male trombonists]]
[[Category:Dirty Dozen Brass Band members]]
[[Category:21st-century American trombonists]]
[[Category:21st-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:American male jazz musicians]]
[[Category:Jazz musicians from New Orleans]]
[[Category:Musicians from Louisiana]]
[[Category:Fairview Baptist Church Marching Band members]]
{{US-jazz-trombonist-stub}}
| 1,284,035,762
|
[{"title": "Charles Joseph", "data": {"Origin": "New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.", "Genres": "Jazz", "Instruments": "Trombone", "Formerly of": "Dirty Dozen Brass Band"}}]
| false
|
# Spirit Camera
Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir is a 2012 survival horror video game developed by Tecmo Koei Games and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 3DS as a spin-off of the Fatal Frame series. Following the player as they investigate a diary which steals readers' faces, the gameplay focuses on the player using the 3DS's camera and augmented reality (AR) functions to solve puzzles, with the 3DS becoming the recurring Camera Obscura to fight hostile ghosts.
Series co-creator Keisuke Kikuchi led development on the title with a team of series veterans, as both Kikuchi and Nintendo staff felt the 3DS would be a good platform for a horror experience. Originally planned as the port of an earlier Fatal Frame, it was reworked into an original title with a theme of alternating between real and spirit worlds similar to Fatal Frame III: The Tormented (2005). Reception from journalists was mixed to negative, with its lack of content and issues with its AR elements frequently highlighted.
## Gameplay
Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir is a survival horror in which players take on the role of an unnamed protagonist exploring the cursed "Diary of Faces". Gameplay relies on the Nintendo 3DS's camera and augmented reality (AR) functions, with an enclosed booklet being necessary to play. The game modes are split between the story mode with an unlockable harder difficulty, and two different sets of minigames based on either finding ghosts in the booklet, fighting story battles, or using the AR functions to take photos which generate a random ghost. The top screen shows the immediate or in-game environment, and the bottom screen shows in-game hints.
During gameplay, the 3DS functions as the Fatal Frame series' recurring Camera Obscura, with different color-coded lenses used for puzzle solving, finding spirits, and fighting hostile ghosts. These puzzles are introduced by the in-game character Maya, who also drives the main plot. Combat has the player facing ghosts that can appear in the real environment through the AR function: the ghost's health is displayed on the top screen, and a gem displays its location. The player must keep the ghost in focus, charging up the camera's power to deliver damage. Higher damage is dealt if the shot is taken during an attack. If the player takes a shot when the ghosts hits, they will block the attack. Clearing the story unlocks a harder mode, with clearing this unlocking costumes for Maya.
## Synopsis
The protagonist receives the "Diary of Faces", a cursed book that steals the faces of those who read from it. After falling victim to the curse, the protagonist uses a Camera Obscura to enter an ancient shrine contained within the book. There they encounter Maya, a friendly amnesiac spirit who warns that the shrine houses the Woman in Black, a hostile ghost responsible for the curse. To access the Woman in Black and lift the curse, the protagonists confronts ghosts trapped within the Diary of Faces, gradually revealing Maya's memories and backstory.
The protagonist learns that Maya was a shrine maiden chosen for a brutal ritual where she would have her eyes and mouth sewn shut and become a host for the gods. The Diary of Faces was given to her to record her thoughts. When the ritual was performed, Maya's attachment to the world caused the gods to abandon her, and her soul split in two; the Woman in Black is Maya's memories and darkness. Confronting the Woman in Black, the protagonist defeats her, allowing Maya to reunite with her and dispel the curse. The spirits are released, and the protagonist is sent a final message of thanks.
## Development and release
The concept for Spirit Camera was created by series co-creator Keisuke Kikuchi after Nintendo presented the 3DS to Tecmo Koei Games. Toshiharu Izuno, who had worked with Kikuchi on Fatal Frame: Mask of the Lunar Eclipse (2008), saw the potential for creating a horror game with the 3DS. The original pitch was porting an earlier Fatal Frame to the 3DS, but this was vetoed by then-president Satoru Iwata who wanted something more original. When considering creating new ways of frightening people, the team decided to make an original title built around the 3DS's camera and AR functions.
Kikuchi and Izuno worked as co-producers with Kozo Makino, who also created the AR book and was a self-described "on the ground" contact between Nintendo and Tecmo Koei. The scenario was co-written by Tsuyoshi Iuchi and Masayuki Nagamine; Iuchi had previously scripted the first three Fatal Frame titles. The series title was not used so as to broaden the game's potential audience. Kikuchi originally wanted to call the game Dr Asou's Spirit Camera, referencing the Camera Obscura's creator, but felt the reference was too obscure for most players. Izuno came up with the final title as a reference to the game's content.
The concept was for a horror experience alternating between reality and a dream-like world, which Kikuchi directly compared to Fatal Frame III: The Tormented (2005). The early plan was for everyday objects to act as triggers for the game's AR events, but this proved unworkable and the AR booklet was created instead. Kikuchi was worried about the cost, but after Nintendo suggested it independently, he agreed. The basic gameplay was kept similar to the main series, but Kikuchi described the game's structure as "totally changed".
Spirit Camera was announced in August 2011. It has been described by both journalists and officially as a spin-off. It released across all regions in 2012 by Nintendo. The game was released on January 12 in Japan, on April 13 in North America, and on June 29 in Europe alongside the Wii remake of Fatal Frame II: Crimson Butterfly. In Japan, a six-part supplementary story dubbed "Another Story" was published in six parts on the game's website, and a live action short was released online.
## Reception
| Aggregator | Score |
| ---------- | ------ |
| Metacritic | 54/100 |
| Publication | Score |
| -------------------------- | ------ |
| 1Up.com | C- |
| Destructoid | 1/10 |
| Famitsu | 35/40 |
| Game Informer | 5/10 |
| GamesRadar+ | 2.5/5 |
| IGN | 5.5/10 |
| Nintendo Life | 3/10 |
| Nintendo World Report | 4/10 |
| Official Nintendo Magazine | 58% |
| Pocket Gamer | 2.5/5 |
| VentureBeat | 59/100 |
During its first week in Japan, Spirit Camera sold over 16,300 units. It had a sell-through rage of over 74%, indicating that it sold out in many stores. By the end of 2012, the game had sold over 39,400 units. Spirit Camera saw a "mixed or average" reception from critics, with review aggregation website Metacritic giving it a score of 54 out of 100 based on 35 reviews. The concept behind the game saw positive acknowledgement, though the necessity of playing the game in a well-lit area to ensure the AR booklet worked properly was a recurring complaint.
Japanese game magazine Famitsu praised the implementation of AR into its horror and recurring Fatal Frame mechanics, and felt the story's shortness worked within its limited scale. Audrey Drake of IGN described the game's use of the 3DS hardware as "innovative" and praised the audio design, but disliked the controls and faulted its short length. 1Up.com's Bob Mackey enjoyed the combat for its implementation and creepy elements, and praised the AR-based puzzles, but found the overall experience too shallow for prolonged enjoyment. VentureBeat's D. F. Smith positively noted the story, and felt the strong gameplay concepts were let down with poor technology and the game was overpriced for the amount of content offered. Bryan Vore of Game Informer praised the boss encounters and puzzles, but noted a large number of technical issues and hardware limitations undermined the game's potential.
Tom Worthington of Pocket Gamer praised the use of AR in its puzzles, but otherwise disliked its gameplay design necessitating constant movement from the player. Fran Paccio of GamesRadar called the short length "both a curse and a blessing", feeling that the lack of content or gameplay variety undermined the game's potential. Chris Scullion, writing for Official Nintendo Magazine, faulted the short length once again, and noted that the requirement for an AR booklet meant it was unlikely to release digitally at a more reasonable price for its content. Zachary Miller of Nintendo World Report felt the ghost fights were the best part of the game, otherwise finding its puzzle design awkward or frustrating and calling its story "predictable J-horror fare". Nintendo Life's Philip J. Reed praised the concept and premise of the game, but was otherwise critical of its narrative and gameplay elements, additionally faulting frequent technical issues with the 3DS camera. James Stephanie Sterling of Destructoid was highly negative, conceding the idea behind the game was sound, but otherwise found its visuals and gameplay lacking depth or polish.
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enwiki
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Spirit Camera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_Camera
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Q956903
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{{Short description|2012 video game}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir
| image = SpiritCamera.jpg
| caption = North American cover art
| developer = [[Koei Tecmo|Tecmo Koei Games]]
| publisher = [[Nintendo]]
| director = Manabu Nagasaki
| producer = Keisuke Kikuchi<br />Kozo Makino<br />Toshiharu Izuno<br />Toru Osawa
| designer = Hiroyuki Aoyagi<br />Makoto Kikuchi<br />Nozomu Yamagishi
| writer = Tsuyoshi Iuchi<br />Masayuki Nagamine
| composer = Ayako Toyoda
| series = ''[[Fatal Frame]]''
| platforms = [[Nintendo 3DS]]
| released = {{vgrelease|JP|January 12, 2012|NA|April 13, 2012|EU|June 29, 2012}}
| genre = [[Survival horror]]
| modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]]
}}
{{Nihongo foot|'''''Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir'''''|心霊カメラ 〜憑いてる手帳〜|Shinrei Camera ~Tsuiteru Techou~|{{lit}} ''Spirit Camera: The Possessed Notebook''|lead=yes|group=lower-alpha}} is a 2012 [[survival horror]] video game developed by [[Koei Tecmo|Tecmo Koei Games]] and published by [[Nintendo]] for the [[Nintendo 3DS]] as a spin-off of the ''[[Fatal Frame]]'' series. Following the player as they investigate a diary which steals readers' faces, the gameplay focuses on the player using the 3DS's camera and [[augmented reality]] (AR) functions to solve puzzles, with the 3DS becoming the recurring Camera Obscura to fight hostile ghosts.
Series co-creator Keisuke Kikuchi led development on the title with a team of series veterans, as both Kikuchi and Nintendo staff felt the 3DS would be a good platform for a horror experience. Originally planned as the port of an earlier ''Fatal Frame'', it was reworked into an original title with a theme of alternating between real and spirit worlds similar to ''[[Fatal Frame III: The Tormented]]'' (2005). Reception from journalists was mixed to negative, with its lack of content and issues with its AR elements frequently highlighted.
==Gameplay==
[[File:Spirit Camera The Cursed Memoir gameplay - Vanquish.jpg|250px|left|thumb|A combat encounter in ''Spirit Camera'']]
''Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir'' is a [[survival horror]] in which players take on the role of an unnamed protagonist exploring the cursed "Diary of Faces".<ref name="SpiritManual"/><ref name="EuroPreview"/> Gameplay relies on the [[Nintendo 3DS]]'s camera and [[augmented reality]] (AR) functions, with an enclosed booklet being necessary to play.<ref name="NWRreview"/> The game modes are split between the story mode with an unlockable harder difficulty, and two different sets of minigames based on either finding ghosts in the booklet, fighting story battles, or using the AR functions to take photos which generate a random ghost.<ref name="SpiritManual"/><ref name="IGNreview"/><ref name="NLifeReview"/> The top screen shows the immediate or in-game environment, and the bottom screen shows in-game hints.<ref name="SpiritManual"/>
During gameplay, the 3DS functions as the ''[[Fatal Frame]]'' series' recurring Camera Obscura, with different color-coded lenses used for puzzle solving, finding spirits, and fighting hostile ghosts.<ref name="IGNreview"/><ref name="EuroPreview"/> These puzzles are introduced by the in-game character Maya, who also drives the main plot.<ref name="1UPreview"/> Combat has the player facing ghosts that can appear in the real environment through the AR function: the ghost's health is displayed on the top screen, and a gem displays its location. The player must keep the ghost in focus, charging up the camera's power to deliver damage. Higher damage is dealt if the shot is taken during an attack. If the player takes a shot when the ghosts hits, they will block the attack.<ref name="SpiritManual"/><ref name="NWRreview"/><ref name="NLifeReview"/> Clearing the story unlocks a harder mode, with clearing this unlocking costumes for Maya.<ref name="1UPreview"/>
==Synopsis==
The protagonist receives the "Diary of Faces", a cursed book that steals the faces of those who read from it. After falling victim to the curse, the protagonist uses a Camera Obscura to enter an ancient shrine contained within the book. There they encounter Maya, a friendly amnesiac spirit who warns that the shrine houses the Woman in Black, a hostile ghost responsible for the curse. To access the Woman in Black and lift the curse, the protagonists confronts ghosts trapped within the Diary of Faces, gradually revealing Maya's memories and backstory.
The protagonist learns that Maya was a shrine maiden chosen for a brutal ritual where she would have her eyes and mouth sewn shut and become a host for the gods. The Diary of Faces was given to her to record her thoughts. When the ritual was performed, Maya's attachment to the world caused the gods to abandon her, and her soul split in two; the Woman in Black is Maya's memories and darkness. Confronting the Woman in Black, the protagonist defeats her, allowing Maya to reunite with her and dispel the curse. The spirits are released, and the protagonist is sent a final message of thanks.
==Development and release==
The concept for ''Spirit Camera'' was created by series co-creator Keisuke Kikuchi after [[Nintendo]] presented the 3DS to [[Koei Tecmo|Tecmo Koei Games]]. Toshiharu Izuno, who had worked with Kikuchi on ''[[Fatal Frame: Mask of the Lunar Eclipse]]'' (2008), saw the potential for creating a horror game with the 3DS. The original pitch was porting an earlier ''Fatal Frame'' to the 3DS, but this was vetoed by then-president [[Satoru Iwata]] who wanted something more original. When considering creating new ways of frightening people, the team decided to make an original title built around the 3DS's camera and AR functions.{{sfn|Iwata|2012|p=2}}
Kikuchi and Izuno worked as co-producers with Kozo Makino, who also created the AR book and was a self-described "on the ground" contact between Nintendo and Tecmo Koei.{{sfn|Iwata|2012|p=1}} The scenario was co-written by Tsuyoshi Iuchi and Masayuki Nagamine;<ref name="Credits3DS"/> Iuchi had previously scripted the first three ''Fatal Frame'' titles.<ref name="FFwriter"/> The series title was not used so as to broaden the game's potential audience. Kikuchi originally wanted to call the game ''Dr Asou's Spirit Camera'', referencing the Camera Obscura's creator, but felt the reference was too obscure for most players. Izuno came up with the final title as a reference to the game's content.{{sfn|Iwata|2012|p=3}}
The concept was for a horror experience alternating between reality and a dream-like world, which Kikuchi directly compared to ''[[Fatal Frame III: The Tormented]]'' (2005).{{sfn|Iwata|2012|p=1}} The early plan was for everyday objects to act as triggers for the game's AR events, but this proved unworkable and the AR booklet was created instead. Kikuchi was worried about the cost, but after Nintendo suggested it independently, he agreed.{{sfn|Iwata|2012|p=3}} The basic gameplay was kept similar to the main series, but Kikuchi described the game's structure as "totally changed".{{sfn|Iwata|2012|p=4}}
''Spirit Camera'' was announced in August 2011.<ref name="SpiritAnnounced"/> It has been described by both journalists and officially as a spin-off.<ref name="EuroPreview"/><ref name="DengRetro"/> It released across all regions in 2012 by Nintendo. The game was released on January 12 in Japan,<ref name="JPdate"/> on April 13 in North America,<ref name="NAdate"/> and on June 29 in Europe alongside the [[Project Zero 2: Wii Edition|Wii remake]] of ''[[Fatal Frame II: Crimson Butterfly]]''.<ref name="ProjectZeroWii3DS"/> In Japan, a six-part supplementary story dubbed "Another Story" was published in six parts on the game's website,<ref name="SpiritAfter"/> and a live action short was released online.<ref name="SpiritLive"/>
==Reception==
{{Video game reviews
| MC = 54/100<ref name="Meta"/>
| 1UP = C-<ref name="1UPreview"/>
| Destruct = 1/10<ref name="DestructReview"/>
| Fam = 35/40<ref name="FamReview"/>
| IGN = 5.5/10<ref name="IGNreview"/>
| GI = 5/10<ref name="GIreview"/>
| GRadar = 2.5/5<ref name="GRreview"/>
| NLife = 3/10<ref name="NLifeReview"/>
| NWR = 4/10<ref name="NWRreview"/>
| ONM = 58%<ref name="ONMreview"/>
| PG = 2.5/5<ref name="PGreview"/>
| VB = 59/100<ref name="VBreview"/>
}}
During its first week in Japan, ''Spirit Camera'' sold over 16,300 units. It had a sell-through rage of over 74%, indicating that it sold out in many stores.<ref name="SalesA"/> By the end of 2012, the game had sold over 39,400 units.<ref name="SalesB"/> ''Spirit Camera'' saw a "mixed or average" reception from critics, with review aggregation website ''[[Metacritic]]'' giving it a score of 54 out of 100 based on 35 reviews.<ref name="Meta"/> The concept behind the game saw positive acknowledgement,<ref name="NLifeReview"/><ref name="1UPreview"/><ref name="DestructReview"/><ref name="GRreview"/> though the necessity of playing the game in a well-lit area to ensure the AR booklet worked properly was a recurring complaint.<ref name="NWRreview"/><ref name="IGNreview"/><ref name="DestructReview"/><ref name="GIreview"/><ref name="PGreview"/>
Japanese game magazine ''[[Famitsu]]'' praised the implementation of AR into its horror and recurring ''Fatal Frame'' mechanics, and felt the story's shortness worked within its limited scale.<ref name="FamReview"/> Audrey Drake of ''[[IGN]]'' described the game's use of the 3DS hardware as "innovative" and praised the audio design, but disliked the controls and faulted its short length.<ref name="IGNreview"/> ''[[1Up.com]]''{{'s}} Bob Mackey enjoyed the combat for its implementation and creepy elements, and praised the AR-based puzzles, but found the overall experience too shallow for prolonged enjoyment.<ref name="1UPreview"/> ''[[VentureBeat]]''{{'s}} D. F. Smith positively noted the story, and felt the strong gameplay concepts were let down with poor technology and the game was overpriced for the amount of content offered.<ref name="VBreview"/> Bryan Vore of ''[[Game Informer]]'' praised the boss encounters and puzzles, but noted a large number of technical issues and hardware limitations undermined the game's potential.<ref name="GIreview"/>
Tom Worthington of ''[[Pocket Gamer]]'' praised the use of AR in its puzzles, but otherwise disliked its gameplay design necessitating constant movement from the player.<ref name="PGreview"/> Fran Paccio of ''[[GamesRadar]]'' called the short length "both a curse and a blessing", feeling that the lack of content or gameplay variety undermined the game's potential.<ref name="GRreview"/> Chris Scullion, writing for ''[[Official Nintendo Magazine]]'', faulted the short length once again, and noted that the requirement for an AR booklet meant it was unlikely to release digitally at a more reasonable price for its content.<ref name="ONMreview"/> Zachary Miller of ''Nintendo World Report'' felt the ghost fights were the best part of the game, otherwise finding its puzzle design awkward or frustrating and calling its story "predictable J-horror fare".<ref name="NWRreview"/> ''Nintendo Life''{{'s}} Philip J. Reed praised the concept and premise of the game, but was otherwise critical of its narrative and gameplay elements, additionally faulting frequent technical issues with the 3DS camera.<ref name="NLifeReview"/> [[James Stephanie Sterling]] of ''[[Destructoid]]'' was highly negative, conceding the idea behind the game was sound, but otherwise found its visuals and gameplay lacking depth or polish.<ref name="DestructReview"/>
{{-}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="SpiritManual">{{cite book|url=https://csassets.nintendo.com/noaext/image/private/t_KA_PDF/manual-3DS-spirit-camera-the-cursed-memoir-en|title=Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir|date=2003-12-02|publisher=[[Nintendo]]|edition=North American|type=Instruction manual|archive-date=2024-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111214615/https://csassets.nintendo.com/noaext/image/private/t_KA_PDF/manual-3DS-spirit-camera-the-cursed-memoir-en|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EuroPreview">{{cite web|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/spirit-camera-the-cursed-memoir-preview|title=Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir Preview|author=Donlan, Christian|website=[[Eurogamer]]|date=2012-04-06|access-date=2024-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128132902/https://www.eurogamer.net/spirit-camera-the-cursed-memoir-preview|archive-date=2023-01-28|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Credits3DS">{{cite video game|title=Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir|developer=[[Koei Tecmo|Tecmo Koei Games]]|publisher=[[Nintendo]]|date=13 April 2012|platform=[[Nintendo 3DS]]|scene=Credits}}</ref>
<ref name="FFwriter">{{cite web|url=https://www.4gamer.net/news/history/2007.08/20070822153114detail.html|script-title=ja:シリーズ生誕から10年。ゲームポットとテクモのキーマンに聞く，「モンスターファームオンライン」の目指すものとは？|language=ja|website=[[4Gamer.net]]|date=22 August 2007|access-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504002545/https://www.4gamer.net/news/history/2007.08/20070822153114detail.html|archive-date=4 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="SpiritAnnounced">{{cite web|url=http://www.1up.com/news/fatal-frame-team-reveals-shinrei|title=Fatal Frame Team Reveals Shinrei Camera|author=Brown, Andrew|website=[[1Up.com]]|date=2011-08-30|access-date=2024-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025132533/http://www.1up.com/news/fatal-frame-team-reveals-shinrei|archive-date=2011-10-25|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="DengRetro">{{cite web|url=https://dengekionline.com/articles/93961/|script-title=ja:シリーズ20周年を控える和風ホラーの名作『零』を紹介。菊地P、柴田Dがタイトルの思い出を振り返る|language=ja|website=[[ASCII Media Works|Dengeki Online]]|date=2021-09-01|access-date=2024-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901090325/https://dengekionline.com/articles/93961/|archive-date=2021-09-01|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="JPdate">{{cite web|url=http://andriasang.com/comzdw/ghost_camera_screens/|title=Screens Of the 3DS Fatal Frame Spinoff Ghost Camera|website=Andriasang.com|date=2011-12-16|access-date=2013-03-29|archive-date=2012-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225064500/http://andriasang.com/comzdw/ghost_camera_screens/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="NAdate">{{cite web|first=JC |last=Fletcher |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2012/01/17/fatal-frame-spinoff-spirit-camera-the-cursed-memoir-chills-3ds/ |title=Fatal Frame spinoff Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir chills 3DS in April |website=[[Joystiq]] |date=2012-01-17 |access-date=2013-03-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201051921/http://www.joystiq.com/2012/01/17/fatal-frame-spinoff-spirit-camera-the-cursed-memoir-chills-3ds/ |archive-date=2015-02-01 }}</ref>
<ref name="ProjectZeroWii3DS">{{cite web|url=https://www.nintendo.com/en-gb/News/2012/In-shops-now-Project-Zero-2-Wii-Edition-and-Spirit-Camera-The-Cursed-Memoir-647865.html|title=In shops now: Project Zero 2: Wii Edition and Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir|publisher=[[Nintendo|Nintendo UK]]|date=2012-06-29|access-date=2024-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109225038/https://www.nintendo.com/en-gb/News/2012/In-shops-now-Project-Zero-2-Wii-Edition-and-Spirit-Camera-The-Cursed-Memoir-647865.html|archive-date=2024-11-09|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="SpiritLive">{{cite web|url=http://www.siliconera.com/2012/03/19/a-live-action-horror-short-to-promote-spirit-camera-the-3ds-fatal-frame-spin-off/|title=A Live-Action Horror Short To Promote Spirit Camera, The 3DS Fatal Frame Spin-Off|author=Sahdev, Ishaan|website=Siliconera|date=2012-03-19|access-date=2024-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529101413/http://www.siliconera.com/2012/03/19/a-live-action-horror-short-to-promote-spirit-camera-the-3ds-fatal-frame-spin-off/|archive-date=2013-05-29|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="SpiritAfter">{{cite web|url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/3ds/alcj/productionnote/anotherstory.html|script-title=ja:心霊カメラ 〜憑いてる手帳〜：プロダクションノート - もう一つのストーリー|language=ja|publisher=Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir website|date=2012|access-date=2024-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101144509/http://www.nintendo.co.jp/3ds/alcj/productionnote/anotherstory.html|archive-date=2012-11-01|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="SalesA">{{cite web|url=http://www.siliconera.com/2012/01/19/spirit-camera-the-cursed-memoir-escapes-the-sales-curse/|title=Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir Escapes The Sales Curse|author=Sahdev, Ishaan|website=Siliconera|date=2012-01-19|access-date=2024-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601023108/http://www.siliconera.com/2012/01/19/spirit-camera-the-cursed-memoir-escapes-the-sales-curse/|archive-date=2013-06-01|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="SalesB">{{cite web|url=http://geimin.net/da/db/2012_ne_mc/index.php|script-title=ja:2012年テレビゲームソフト売り上げTOP1000（メディアクリエイト版）|language=ja|website=Geimin.net|access-date=10 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726151525/http://geimin.net/da/db/2012_ne_mc/index.php|archive-date=2016-07-26|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Meta">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/spirit-camera-the-cursed-memoir/critic-reviews/?platform=3ds |title=Spirit Camera for 3DS Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=2021-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110143608/https://www.metacritic.com/game/spirit-camera-the-cursed-memoir/|archive-date=2024-11-10|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="1UPreview">{{cite web|url=http://www.1up.com/reviews/spirit-camera-review-3ds|title=Spirit Camera Review: A Lack of Focus|author=Mackey, Bob|website=[[1Up.com]]|date=2012-04-13|access-date=2024-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601144604/http://www.1up.com/reviews/spirit-camera-review-3ds|archive-date=2016-06-01|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="DestructReview">{{cite web |last1=Sterling |first1=Jim |title=Review: Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir |url=https://www.destructoid.com/reviews/review-spirit-camera-the-cursed-memoir/ |website=[[Destructoid]] |date=13 April 2012 |access-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924224429/https://www.destructoid.com/reviews/review-spirit-camera-the-cursed-memoir/|archive-date=2021-09-24|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="FamReview">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.famitsu.com/game/title/24499/reviews|script-title=ja:心霊カメラ 〜憑いてる手帳〜(3DS)のレビュー・評価・感想情報|language=ja|magazine=[[Famitsu]]|access-date=2024-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116213915/https://www.famitsu.com/game/title/24499/reviews|archive-date=2024-11-16|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="IGNreview">{{cite web |last1=Drake |first1=Audrey |title=Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2012/04/13/spirit-camera-the-cursed-memoir-review |website=[[IGN]] |date=13 April 2012 |access-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009235202/https://www.ign.com/articles/2012/04/13/spirit-camera-the-cursed-memoir-review|archive-date=2012-10-09|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="GIreview">{{cite magazine |last1=Vore |first1=Bryan |title=Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir Review - Spiritual Successor To Fatal Frame Horrifies For All The Wrong Reasons |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/games/spirit_camera_the_cursed_memoir/b/3ds/archive/2012/04/12/spiritual-successor-to-fatal-frame-horrifies-for-all-the-wrong-reasons.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414030618/http://www.gameinformer.com/games/spirit_camera_the_cursed_memoir/b/3ds/archive/2012/04/12/spiritual-successor-to-fatal-frame-horrifies-for-all-the-wrong-reasons.aspx |url-status=live |archive-date=April 14, 2012 |magazine=[[Game Informer]] |date=12 April 2012 |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>
<ref name="NWRreview">{{cite web |last1=Miller |first1=Zachary |title=Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir Review |url=http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/review/29825/spirit-camera-the-cursed-memoir-nintendo-3ds |website=Nintendo World Report |date=16 April 2012 |access-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115021924/http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/review/29825/spirit-camera-the-cursed-memoir-nintendo-3ds|archive-date=2018-11-15|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="PGreview">{{cite web |last1=Worthington |first1=Tom |title=Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir Review |url=https://www.pocketgamer.com/articles/043169/spirit-camera-the-cursed-memoir/ |website=[[Pocket Gamer]] |date=20 July 2012 |access-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722172921/http://www.pocketgamer.co.uk/r/3DS/Spirit+Camera%3A+The+Cursed+Memoir/review.asp?c=43169|archive-date=2012-07-22|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="NLifeReview">{{cite web |last1=J Reed |first1=Philip |title=Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir Review (3DS) |url=https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/3ds/spirit_camera_the_cursed_memoir |website=[[Nintendo Life]] |date=23 April 2012 |access-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110235549/https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/3ds/spirit_camera_the_cursed_memoir|archive-date=2024-11-10|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="VBreview">{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=DF |title=Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir is creepy enough while it lasts (review) |url=https://venturebeat.com/2012/04/11/spirit-camera-review/ |website=[[VentureBeat]] |date=11 April 2012 |access-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110150942/https://venturebeat.com/games/spirit-camera-review/|archive-date=2024-11-10|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="GRreview">{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=Franpaccio |title=Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir review |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/spirit-camera-the-cursed-memoir-review/ |website=[[GamesRadar]] |date=20 April 2012 |access-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809091419/https://www.gamesradar.com/spirit-camera-the-cursed-memoir-review/|archive-date=2020-08-09|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ONMreview">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialnintendomagazine.co.uk/39707/spirt-camera-the-cursed-memoir-review/|title=Spirt Camera: The Cursed Memoir review|author=Scullion, Chris|website=[[Official Nintendo Magazine]]|date=27 June 2012|access-date=2024-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629062111/http://www.officialnintendomagazine.co.uk/39707/spirt-camera-the-cursed-memoir-review/|archive-date=2012-06-29|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
*{{cite web|url=https://iwataasks.nintendo.com/interviews/3ds/spiritcamera/0/0/|title=Iwata Asks: Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir|publisher=[[Nintendo]]|date=2012|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328002429/https://iwataasks.nintendo.com/interviews/3ds/spiritcamera/0/0/|archive-date=2023-03-28|url-status=live|ref={{harvid|Iwata|2012}}}}
== Notes==
{{notelist}}
==External links==
{{Portal|Video games|Speculative fiction/Horror}}
{{Wikiquote|Fatal Frame (video game series)}}
* [http://www.nintendo.co.jp/3ds/alcj/index.html Official website (Japan)]
* [http://spiritcamera.nintendo.com Official website (America)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020043802/http://spiritcamera.nintendo.com/ |date=2015-10-20 }}
* [http://www.nintendo.co.uk/Games/Nintendo-3DS/Spirit-Camera-The-Cursed-Memoir-274842.html Official website (Europe)]
* [http://www.mobygames.com/game/3ds/spirit-camera-the-cursed-memoir ''Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir''] at [[MobyGames]]
{{Fatal Frame}}
[[Category:2012 video games]]
[[Category:2010s horror video games]]
[[Category:Augmented reality]]
[[Category:Fatal Frame games]]
[[Category:First-person adventure games]]
[[Category:Koei Tecmo games]]
[[Category:Nintendo 3DS games]]
[[Category:Nintendo 3DS-only games]]
[[Category:Nintendo games]]
[[Category:Psychological horror games]]
[[Category:Fiction about sacrifices]]
[[Category:Single-player video games]]
[[Category:Video game spinoffs]]
[[Category:Video games about amnesia]]
[[Category:Video games about revenge]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Japan]]
| 1,284,035,892
|
[{"title": "Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir", "data": {"Developer(s)": "Tecmo Koei Games", "Publisher(s)": "Nintendo", "Director(s)": "Manabu Nagasaki", "Producer(s)": "Keisuke Kikuchi \u00b7 Kozo Makino \u00b7 Toshiharu Izuno \u00b7 Toru Osawa", "Designer(s)": "Hiroyuki Aoyagi \u00b7 Makoto Kikuchi \u00b7 Nozomu Yamagishi", "Writer(s)": "Tsuyoshi Iuchi \u00b7 Masayuki Nagamine", "Composer(s)": "Ayako Toyoda", "Series": "Fatal Frame", "Platform(s)": "Nintendo 3DS", "Release": "- JP: January 12, 2012 - NA: April 13, 2012 - EU: June 29, 2012", "Genre(s)": "Survival horror", "Mode(s)": "Single-player"}}]
| false
|
# 2021–22 Frauen-Bundesliga
The 2021–22 season of the Frauen-Bundesliga was the 32nd season of Germany's premier women's football league. It ran from 27 August 2021 to 15 May 2022.
The fixtures were announced on 6 July 2021.
## Teams
### Team changes
| Promoted from 2020–21 2. Bundesliga | Relegated from 2020–21 Bundesliga |
| ----------------------------------- | --------------------------------- |
| 1. FC Köln Carl Zeiss Jena | SV Meppen MSV Duisburg |
### Stadiums
| Team | Home city | Home ground | Capacity |
| ------------------- | ---------- | ------------------------ | -------- |
| Werder Bremen | Bremen | Weserstadion Platz 11 | 5,500 |
| SGS Essen | Essen | Stadion Essen | 20,650 |
| Eintracht Frankfurt | Frankfurt | Stadion am Brentanobad | 5,650 |
| SC Freiburg | Freiburg | Dreisamstadion | 24,000 |
| 1899 Hoffenheim | Hoffenheim | Dietmar-Hopp-Stadion | 6,350 |
| Carl Zeiss Jena | Jena | Ernst-Abbe-Sportfeld | 10,445 |
| 1. FC Köln | Cologne | Franz-Kremer-Stadion | 5,457 |
| Bayer Leverkusen | Leverkusen | Ulrich-Haberland-Stadion | 3,200 |
| Bayern Munich | Munich | FC Bayern Campus | 2,500 |
| Turbine Potsdam | Potsdam | Karl-Liebknecht-Stadion | 10,787 |
| SC Sand | Willstätt | Kühnmatt Stadion | 2,000 |
| VfL Wolfsburg | Wolfsburg | AOK Stadium | 5,200 |
## League table
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | ------------------- | --- | -- | - | -- | -- | -- | --- | --- | ----------------------------------------------- |
| 1 | VfL Wolfsburg (C) | 22 | 19 | 2 | 1 | 82 | 16 | +66 | 59 | Qualification for Champions League group stage |
| 2 | Bayern Munich | 22 | 18 | 1 | 3 | 78 | 18 | +60 | 55 | Qualification for Champions League second round |
| 3 | Eintracht Frankfurt | 22 | 15 | 1 | 6 | 49 | 26 | +23 | 46 | Qualification for Champions League first round |
| 4 | Turbine Potsdam | 22 | 13 | 4 | 5 | 52 | 29 | +23 | 43 | |
| 5 | 1899 Hoffenheim | 22 | 12 | 5 | 5 | 56 | 32 | +24 | 41 | |
| 6 | SC Freiburg | 22 | 9 | 5 | 8 | 40 | 31 | +9 | 32 | |
| 7 | Bayer Leverkusen | 22 | 6 | 4 | 12 | 31 | 50 | −19 | 22 | |
| 8 | 1. FC Köln | 22 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 22 | 45 | −23 | 22 | |
| 9 | Werder Bremen | 22 | 4 | 6 | 12 | 9 | 46 | −37 | 18 | |
| 10 | SGS Essen | 22 | 4 | 5 | 13 | 23 | 41 | −18 | 17 | |
| 11 | SC Sand (R) | 22 | 3 | 4 | 15 | 16 | 45 | −29 | 13 | Relegation to 2. Bundesliga |
| 12 | Carl Zeiss Jena (R) | 22 | 1 | 2 | 19 | 9 | 88 | −79 | 5 | Relegation to 2. Bundesliga |
## Results
| Home \ Away | BRE | ESS | FRA | FRE | HOF | JEN | KÖL | LEV | MUN | POT | SAN | WOL |
| ------------------- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---- |
| Werder Bremen | — | 1–0 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 0–3 | 0–2 | 0–5 | 1–0 | 0–2 |
| SGS Essen | 0–0 | — | 0–2 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 3–0 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 0–5 | 4–1 | 1–5 |
| Eintracht Frankfurt | 4–0 | 1–0 | — | 1–2 | 3–2 | 6–0 | 4–0 | 2–1 | 3–2 | 3–3 | 2–1 | 1–4 |
| SC Freiburg | 1–0 | 3–0 | 0–1 | — | 1–3 | 7–1 | 2–2 | 1–2 | 0–3 | 0–0 | 7–1 | 2–2 |
| 1899 Hoffenheim | 7–1 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 2–1 | — | 6–0 | 1–1 | 7–1 | 2–4 | 1–2 | 3–3 | 2–1 |
| Carl Zeiss Jena | 1–1 | 0–4 | 0–4 | 1–5 | 1–5 | — | 1–3 | 0–3 | 0–4 | 0–6 | 1–4 | 1–10 |
| 1. FC Köln | 1–1 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 1–2 | 2–0 | — | 1–1 | 0–6 | 1–3 | 1–0 | 1–5 |
| Bayer Leverkusen | 1–1 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 2–3 | 0–3 | 2–0 | 3–4 | — | 0–3 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 1–1 |
| Bayern Munich | 8–0 | 4–0 | 4–2 | 4–0 | 3–1 | 3–0 | 6–0 | 7–1 | — | 5–0 | 4–0 | 0–1 |
| Turbine Potsdam | 5–0 | 3–2 | 0–2 | 2–1 | 3–3 | 5–0 | 2–0 | 4–2 | 1–1 | — | 2–0 | 0–3 |
| SC Sand | 0–1 | 1–1 | 0–2 | 0–2 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 0–3 | 0–1 | — | 1–2 |
| VfL Wolfsburg | 3–1 | 5–1 | 3–2 | 4–1 | 3–0 | 5–0 | 3–0 | 7–1 | 6–0 | 3–0 | 4–0 | — |
## Top scorers
| Rank | Player | Club | Goals |
| ---- | ---------------- | ------------------- | ----- |
| 1 | Lea Schüller | Bayern Munich | 16 |
| 2 | Selina Cerci | Turbine Potsdam | 13 |
| 2 | Tabea Waßmuth | VfL Wolfsburg | 13 |
| 4 | Nicole Billa | 1899 Hoffenheim | 12 |
| 4 | Laura Freigang | Eintracht Frankfurt | 12 |
| 4 | Chantal Hagel | 1899 Hoffenheim | 12 |
| 7 | Hasret Kayikçi | SC Freiburg | 11 |
| 7 | Lara Prašnikar | Eintracht Frankfurt | 11 |
| 9 | Melissa Kössler | Turbine Potsdam | 10 |
| 9 | Maximiliane Rall | Bayern Munich | 10 |
| 9 | Jill Roord | VfL Wolfsburg | 10 |
|
enwiki/67023415
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enwiki
| 67,023,415
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2021–22 Frauen-Bundesliga
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Frauen-Bundesliga
|
2025-04-05T04:59:57Z
|
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Q106091462
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[Frauen-Bundesliga]]
| season = [[2021–22 in German football|2021–22]]
| dates = {{nowrap|27 August 2021 – 15 May 2022}}
| winners = [[VfL Wolfsburg (women)|VfL Wolfsburg]]
| relegated = [[SC Sand]]<br>[[FC Carl Zeiss Jena (women)|Carl Zeiss Jena]]
| continentalcup1 = [[2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League|Champions League]]
| continentalcup1 qualifiers = VfL Wolfsburg<br>[[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]]<br>[[Eintracht Frankfurt (women)|Eintracht Frankfurt]]
| biggest home win = Munich 8–0 [[SV Werder Bremen (women)|Bremen]]
| biggest away win = Jena 1–10 Wolfsburg
| highest scoring = Jena 1–10 Wolfsburg
| matches = 132
| total goals = 459
| longest wins = 5 games<br>Munich
| longest unbeaten = 6 games<br>Wolfsburg
| longest winless = 13 games<br>Jena<br>Sand
| longest losses = 8 games<br>Jena
| league topscorer = [[Lea Schüller]]<br>(16 goals)
| attendancecalc = 106174
| attendance note = {{efn|Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Germany]], each local [[health department]] allows a different number of spectators.}}
| prevseason = [[2020–21 Frauen-Bundesliga|2020–21]]
| nextseason = [[2022–23 Frauen-Bundesliga|2022–23]]
}}
The '''2021–22 season of the [[Frauen-Bundesliga]]''' was the 32nd season of Germany's premier women's [[Association football|football]] league. It ran from 27 August 2021 to 15 May 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dfb.de/news/detail/rahmenterminkalender-20212022-der-frauen-verabschiedet-223914/ |title=Rahmenterminkalender 2021/2022 der Frauen verabschiedet |website=DFB.de |publisher=[[German Football Association]] |date=29 January 2021 |access-date=6 March 2021 |language=de}}</ref>
The fixtures were announced on 6 July 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dfb.de/news/detail/vfl-wolfsburg-und-turbine-potsdam-eroeffnen-saison-20212022-229653/|title=VfL Wolfsburg und Turbine Potsdam eröffnen Saison 2021/2022|website=DFB.de |publisher=[[German Football Association]] |date=6 July 2021 |access-date=6 July 2021 |language=de}}</ref>
==Teams==
{{Location map+|Germany|width=350|float=right|caption=Locations of teams in the '''2021–22 Frauen-Bundesliga'''|places=
{{Location map~|Germany|lat=53.083333|long=8.837628|label=[[SV Werder Bremen (women)|Bremen]]}}
{{Location map~|Germany|lat=51.450833|long=7.013056|label=[[SGS Essen|Essen]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~|Germany|lat=50.069206|long=8.644234|label=[[Eintracht Frankfurt (women)|Frankfurt]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~|Germany|lat=47.983886|long=7.881081|label=[[SC Freiburg (women)|Freiburg]]}}
{{Location map~|Germany|lat=49.161667|long= 8.508333|label=[[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (women)|Hoffenheim]]}}
{{Location map~|Germany|lat=50.927222|long=11.586111|label=[[FC Carl Zeiss Jena (women)|Jena]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~|Germany|lat=50.933611|long= 6.874697|label=[[1. FC Köln (women)|Köln]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~|Germany|lat=51.038056|long=7.001944|label=[[Bayer 04 Leverkusen (women)|Leverkusen]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~|Germany|lat=48.218773|long=11.624760|label=[[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Munich]]}}
{{Location map~|Germany|lat=52.4|long=13.066667|label=[[1. FFC Turbine Potsdam|Potsdam]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~|Germany|lat=48.5333|long=7.8833|label=[[SC Sand|Sand]]}}
{{Location map~|Germany|lat=52.421923|long=10.784980|label=[[VfL Wolfsburg (women)|Wolfsburg]]}}
}}
===Team changes===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Promoted from [[2020–21 2. Frauen-Bundesliga|2020–21 2. Bundesliga]] !! Relegated from [[2020–21 Frauen-Bundesliga|2020–21 Bundesliga]]
|-
| [[1. FC Köln (women)|1. FC Köln]]<br>[[FC Carl Zeiss Jena (women)|Carl Zeiss Jena]] || [[SV Meppen (women)|SV Meppen]]<br>[[MSV Duisburg (women)|MSV Duisburg]]
|}
===Stadiums===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team
! Home city
! Home ground
! Capacity
|-
| data-sort-value="Bremen" | [[SV Werder Bremen (women)|Werder Bremen]] || [[Bremen]] || [[Weserstadion Platz 11]] || 5,500
|-
| data-sort-value="Essen" | [[SGS Essen]] || [[Essen]] || [[Stadion Essen]] || 20,650
|-
| data-sort-value="Frankfurt" | [[Eintracht Frankfurt (women)|Eintracht Frankfurt]] || [[Frankfurt]] || [[Stadion am Brentanobad]] || 5,650
|-
| data-sort-value="Freiburg" | [[SC Freiburg (women)|SC Freiburg]] || [[Freiburg im Breisgau|Freiburg]]|| [[Dreisamstadion]]|| 24,000
|-
| data-sort-value="Hoffenheim" | [[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (women)|1899 Hoffenheim]] || [[Hoffenheim]] || [[Dietmar-Hopp-Stadion]] || 6,350
|-
| data-sort-value="Jena" | [[FC Carl Zeiss Jena (women)|Carl Zeiss Jena]] || [[Jena]] || [[Ernst-Abbe-Sportfeld]] || 10,445
|-
| data-sort-value="Köln" | [[1. FC Köln (women)|1. FC Köln]] || [[Cologne]] || Franz-Kremer-Stadion || 5,457
|-
| data-sort-value="Leverkusen" | [[Bayer 04 Leverkusen (women)|Bayer Leverkusen]] || [[Leverkusen]] || Ulrich-Haberland-Stadion || 3,200
|-
| data-sort-value="Munich" | [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]] || [[Munich]]|| [[FC Bayern Campus]] || 2,500
|-
| data-sort-value="Potsdam" | [[1. FFC Turbine Potsdam|Turbine Potsdam]] || [[Potsdam]] || [[Karl-Liebknecht-Stadion]] || 10,787
|-
| data-sort-value="Sand" | [[SC Sand]] || [[Willstätt]] || Kühnmatt Stadion || 2,000
|-
| data-sort-value="Wolfsburg" | [[VfL Wolfsburg (women)|VfL Wolfsburg]] || [[Wolfsburg]] || AOK Stadium || 5,200
|}
==League table==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=[https://www.dfb.de/flyeralarm-frauen-bundesliga/spieltagtabelle/?no_cache=1&spieledb_path=%2Fdatencenter%2Fflyeralarm-frauen-bundesliga%2F2021-22%2Fcurrent DFB]
<!--Update team positions here-->
|team_order=WOL, MUN, FRA, POT, HOF, FRE, LEV, KÖL, BRE, ESS, SAN, JEN
<!--Update team qualifications here (defined below)-->
|result1=CL1 |result2=CL2 |result3=CL3 |result11=R |result12=R
<!--Update team results here and then (if needed) positions above. Don't forget to update the date (update parameter).-->
|update=complete
|win_BRE=4 |draw_BRE=6 |loss_BRE=12|gf_BRE=9 |ga_BRE=46<!-- Werder Bremen-->
|win_ESS=4 |draw_ESS=5 |loss_ESS=13|gf_ESS=23|ga_ESS=41<!-- SGS Essen -->
|win_FRA=15|draw_FRA=1 |loss_FRA=6 |gf_FRA=49|ga_FRA=26<!-- 1. FFC Frankfurt -->
|win_FRE=9 |draw_FRE=5 |loss_FRE=8 |gf_FRE=40|ga_FRE=31<!-- SC Freiburg -->
|win_HOF=12|draw_HOF=5 |loss_HOF=5 |gf_HOF=56|ga_HOF=32<!-- 1899 Hoffenheim -->
|win_JEN=1 |draw_JEN=2 |loss_JEN=19|gf_JEN=9 |ga_JEN=88<!-- Carl Zeiss Jena -->
|win_KÖL=5 |draw_KÖL=7 |loss_KÖL=10|gf_KÖL=22|ga_KÖL=45<!-- 1. FC Köln -->
|win_LEV=6 |draw_LEV=4 |loss_LEV=12|gf_LEV=31|ga_LEV=50<!-- Bayer Leverkusen -->
|win_MUN=18|draw_MUN=1 |loss_MUN=3 |gf_MUN=78|ga_MUN=18<!-- Bayern Munich -->
|win_POT=13|draw_POT=4 |loss_POT=5 |gf_POT=52|ga_POT=29<!-- Turbine Potsdam -->
|win_SAN=3 |draw_SAN=4 |loss_SAN=15|gf_SAN=16|ga_SAN=45<!-- SC Sand -->
|win_WOL=19|draw_WOL=2 |loss_WOL=1 |gf_WOL=82|ga_WOL=16<!-- VfL Wolfsburg -->
|status_JEN=R
|status_SAN=R
|status_WOL=C
<!--Team definitions (wikilinks in table)-->
|name_BRE=[[SV Werder Bremen (women)|Werder Bremen]]
|name_ESS=[[SGS Essen]]
|name_FRA=[[Eintracht Frankfurt (women)|Eintracht Frankfurt]]
|name_FRE=[[SC Freiburg (women)|SC Freiburg]]
|name_HOF=[[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (women)|1899 Hoffenheim]]
|name_JEN=[[FC Carl Zeiss Jena (women)|Carl Zeiss Jena]]
|name_KÖL=[[1. FC Köln (women)|1. FC Köln]]
|name_LEV=[[Bayer 04 Leverkusen (women)|Bayer Leverkusen]]
|name_MUN=[[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]]
|name_POT=[[1. FFC Turbine Potsdam|Turbine Potsdam]]
|name_SAN=[[SC Sand]]
|name_WOL=[[VfL Wolfsburg (women)|VfL Wolfsburg]]
<!--Table settings and rules-->
|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head points; 5) Head-to-head goal difference; 6) Head-to-head goals scored; 7) Head-to-head away goals scored; 8) Away goals scored; 9) Play-off.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dfb.de/fileadmin/_dfbdam/172836-07_Spielordnung.pdf |title=Spielordnung |trans-title=Match rules |website=DFB.de |publisher=[[German Football Association]] |pages=56–57 |access-date=27 July 2018 |language=German}}</ref>
<!--Qualification and relegation column definitions-->
|res_col_header=QR
|col_CL1=green1 |text_CL1=Qualification for [[2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League#Group stage|Champions League group stage]]
|col_CL2=green2 |text_CL2=Qualification for [[2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League#Second round|Champions League second round]]
|col_CL3=green3 |text_CL3=Qualification for [[2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League#First round|Champions League first round]]
|col_R=red1 |text_R=Relegation to [[2022–23 2. Frauen-Bundesliga|2. Bundesliga]]
}}</onlyinclude>
==Results==
{{#invoke:Sports results|main
| source = [https://www.dfb.de/flyeralarm-frauen-bundesliga/spieltagtabelle/?no_cache=1&spieledb_path=%2Fdatencenter%2Fflyeralarm-frauen-bundesliga%2F2021-22%2Fcurrent DFB]
| update = complete
| matches_style = FBR
|team_order=BRE, ESS, FRA, FRE, HOF, JEN, KÖL, LEV, MUN, POT, SAN, WOL
|name_BRE=[[SV Werder Bremen (women)|Werder Bremen]]
|name_ESS=[[SGS Essen]]
|name_FRA=[[Eintracht Frankfurt (women)|Eintracht Frankfurt]]
|name_FRE=[[SC Freiburg (women)|SC Freiburg]]
|name_HOF=[[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (women)|1899 Hoffenheim]]
|name_JEN=[[FC Carl Zeiss Jena (women)|Carl Zeiss Jena]]
|name_KÖL=[[1. FC Köln (women)|1. FC Köln]]
|name_LEV=[[Bayer 04 Leverkusen (women)|Bayer Leverkusen]]
|name_MUN=[[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]]
|name_POT=[[1. FFC Turbine Potsdam|Turbine Potsdam]]
|name_SAN=[[SC Sand]]
|name_WOL=[[VfL Wolfsburg (women)|VfL Wolfsburg]]
| match_BRE_ESS = 1–0
| match_BRE_FRA = 1–0
| match_BRE_FRE = 0–0
| match_BRE_HOF = 0–1
| match_BRE_JEN = 0–2
| match_BRE_KÖL = 0–0
| match_BRE_LEV = 0–3
| match_BRE_MUN = 0–2
| match_BRE_POT = 0–5
| match_BRE_SAN = 1–0
| match_BRE_WOL = 0–2
| match_ESS_BRE = 0–0
| match_ESS_FRA = 0–2
| match_ESS_FRE = 0–1
| match_ESS_HOF = 0–0
| match_ESS_JEN = 3–0
| match_ESS_KÖL = 1–1
| match_ESS_LEV = 1–1
| match_ESS_MUN = 1–2
| match_ESS_POT = 0–5
| match_ESS_SAN = 4–1
| match_ESS_WOL = 1–5
| match_FRA_BRE = 4–0
| match_FRA_ESS = 1–0
| match_FRA_FRE = 1–2
| match_FRA_HOF = 3–2
| match_FRA_JEN = 6–0
| match_FRA_KÖL = 4–0
| match_FRA_LEV = 2–1
| match_FRA_MUN = 3–2
| match_FRA_POT = 3–3
| match_FRA_SAN = 2–1
| match_FRA_WOL = 1–4
| match_FRE_BRE = 1–0
| match_FRE_ESS = 3–0
| match_FRE_FRA = 0–1
| match_FRE_HOF = 1–3
| match_FRE_JEN = 7–1
| match_FRE_KÖL = 2–2
| match_FRE_LEV = 1–2
| match_FRE_MUN = 0–3
| match_FRE_POT = 0–0
| match_FRE_SAN = 7–1
| match_FRE_WOL = 2–2
| match_HOF_BRE = 7–1
| match_HOF_ESS = 2–1
| match_HOF_FRA = 2–1
| match_HOF_FRE = 2–1
| match_HOF_JEN = 6–0
| match_HOF_KÖL = 1–1
| match_HOF_LEV = 7–1
| match_HOF_MUN = 2–4
| match_HOF_POT = 1–2
| match_HOF_SAN = 3–3
| match_HOF_WOL = 2–1
| match_JEN_BRE = 1–1
| match_JEN_ESS = 0–4
| match_JEN_FRA = 0–4
| match_JEN_FRE = 1–5
| match_JEN_HOF = 1–5
| match_JEN_KÖL = 1–3
| match_JEN_LEV = 0–3
| match_JEN_MUN = 0–4
| match_JEN_POT = 0–6
| match_JEN_SAN = 1–4
| match_JEN_WOL = 1–10
| match_KÖL_BRE = 1–1
| match_KÖL_ESS = 2–1
| match_KÖL_FRA = 1–2
| match_KÖL_FRE = 0–0
| match_KÖL_HOF = 1–2
| match_KÖL_JEN = 2–0
| match_KÖL_LEV = 1–1
| match_KÖL_MUN = 0–6
| match_KÖL_POT = 1–3
| match_KÖL_SAN = 1–0
| match_KÖL_WOL = 1–5
| match_LEV_BRE = 1–1
| match_LEV_ESS = 1–2
| match_LEV_FRA = 0–1
| match_LEV_FRE = 2–3
| match_LEV_HOF = 0–3
| match_LEV_JEN = 2–0
| match_LEV_KÖL = 3–4
| match_LEV_MUN = 0–3
| match_LEV_POT = 2–0
| match_LEV_SAN = 2–0
| match_LEV_WOL = 1–1
| match_MUN_BRE = 8–0
| match_MUN_ESS = 4–0
| match_MUN_FRA = 4–2
| match_MUN_FRE = 4–0
| match_MUN_HOF = 3–1
| match_MUN_JEN = 3–0
| match_MUN_KÖL = 6–0
| match_MUN_LEV = 7–1
| match_MUN_POT = 5–0
| match_MUN_SAN = 4–0
| match_MUN_WOL = 0–1
| match_POT_BRE = 5–0
| match_POT_ESS = 3–2
| match_POT_FRA = 0–2
| match_POT_FRE = 2–1
| match_POT_HOF = 3–3
| match_POT_JEN = 5–0
| match_POT_KÖL = 2–0
| match_POT_LEV = 4–2
| match_POT_MUN = 1–1
| match_POT_SAN = 2–0
| match_POT_WOL = 0–3
| match_SAN_BRE = 0–1
| match_SAN_ESS = 1–1
| match_SAN_FRA = 0–2
| match_SAN_FRE = 0–2
| match_SAN_HOF = 1–1
| match_SAN_JEN = 0–0
| match_SAN_KÖL = 1-0
| match_SAN_LEV = 2–1
| match_SAN_MUN = 0–3
| match_SAN_POT = 0–1
| match_SAN_WOL = 1–2
| match_WOL_BRE = 3–1
| match_WOL_ESS = 5–1
| match_WOL_FRA = 3–2
| match_WOL_FRE = 4–1
| match_WOL_HOF = 3–0
| match_WOL_JEN = 5–0
| match_WOL_KÖL = 3–0
| match_WOL_LEV = 7–1
| match_WOL_MUN = 6–0
| match_WOL_POT = 3–0
| match_WOL_SAN = 4–0
}}
==Top scorers==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Rank
! Player
! Club
! Goals<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dfb.de/flyeralarm-frauen-bundesliga/torjaegerinnen//|title=Goalscorers |website=dfb.de |access-date=15 May 2022|language=de}}</ref>
|-
| 1
| align="left"|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Lea Schüller]]
| align="left"|[[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]]
| 16
|-
| rowspan=2|2
| align="left"|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Selina Cerci]]
| align="left"|[[1. FFC Turbine Potsdam|Turbine Potsdam]]
| rowspan=2|13
|-
| align="left"|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Tabea Waßmuth]]
| align="left"|[[VfL Wolfsburg (women)|VfL Wolfsburg]]
|-
| rowspan=3|4
| align="left"|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Nicole Billa]]
| align="left"|[[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (women)|1899 Hoffenheim]]
| rowspan=3|12
|-
| align="left"|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Laura Freigang]]
| align="left"|[[Eintracht Frankfurt (women)|Eintracht Frankfurt]]
|-
| align="left"|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Chantal Hagel]]
| align="left"|1899 Hoffenheim
|-
| rowspan=2|7
| align="left"|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Hasret Kayikçi]]
| align="left"|[[SC Freiburg (women)|SC Freiburg]]
| rowspan=2|11
|-
| align="left"|{{flagicon|SVN}} [[Lara Prašnikar]]
| align="left"|Eintracht Frankfurt
|-
| rowspan=3|9
| align="left"|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Melissa Kössler]]
| align="left"|Turbine Potsdam
| rowspan=3|10
|-
| align="left"|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Maximiliane Rall]]
| align="left"|Bayern Munich
|-
| align="left"|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Jill Roord]]
| align="left"|VfL Wolfsburg
|}
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[https://www.dfb.de/flyeralarm-frauen-bundesliga/start/ DFB.de]
{{Frauen-Bundesliga}}
{{2021–22 in German football}}
{{2021–22 in European women's football (UEFA)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:2021-22 Frauen-Bundesliga}}
[[Category:Frauen-Bundesliga seasons]]
[[Category:2021–22 in German women's football leagues|1]]
| 1,284,035,912
|
[{"title": "Frauen-Bundesliga", "data": {"Season": "2021\u201322", "Dates": "27 August 2021 \u2013 15 May 2022", "Champions": "VfL Wolfsburg", "Relegated": "SC Sand \u00b7 Carl Zeiss Jena", "Champions League": "VfL Wolfsburg \u00b7 Bayern Munich \u00b7 Eintracht Frankfurt", "Matches played": "132", "Goals scored": "459 (3.48 per match)", "Top goalscorer": "Lea Sch\u00fcller \u00b7 (16 goals)", "Biggest home win": "Munich 8\u20130 Bremen", "Biggest away win": "Jena 1\u201310 Wolfsburg", "Highest scoring": "Jena 1\u201310 Wolfsburg", "Longest winning run": "5 games \u00b7 Munich", "Longest unbeaten run": "6 games \u00b7 Wolfsburg", "Longest winless run": "13 games \u00b7 Jena \u00b7 Sand", "Longest losing run": "8 games \u00b7 Jena", "Attendance": "106,174 (804 per match)"}}]
| false
|
# Dinerral Shavers
Dinerral Jevone "Dick" Shavers (March 19, 1981 — December 28, 2006) was an American jazz drummer and educator from New Orleans, Louisiana, who was best known as a member of the Hot 8 Brass Band.
## Career
Shavers was a founding member of the Hot 8 Brass Band. He also taught music at L.E. Rabouin Career Magnet High School and created music programs for disadvantaged local youths. He appeared in the 2006 Spike Lee documentary film When the Levees Broke discussing the devastation of his family home in the Lower 9th Ward following Hurricane Katrina.
## Death
Shavers was fatally shot at around 5:30 p.m. on December 28, 2006. He had been driving his family in a black Chevrolet Malibu in the 2200 block of Dumaine Street. Although critically wounded, he continued driving four blocks up Dumaine before stopping. By 6 p.m., Shavers lay motionless on his back in the middle of the street just outside the open driver's side door. Although he was taken to a hospital he died within an hour.
It was later revealed in the Times-Picayune that Shavers was not the intended target. New Orleans Police said the teenager who shot him actually meant to kill Shavers' 15-year-old stepson in a dispute stemming from a neighborhood feud. Shavers' murder, along with a spate of other violent crimes in New Orleans within the same week (including the murder of local filmmaker Helen Hill), sparked a massive protest march on New Orleans City Hall on January 11, 2007.
## In popular culture
Shavers' murder by a teenager was discussed in Spike Lee's sequel documentary film If God Is Willing and Da Creek Don't Rise (2010), and it was included in the HBO series Treme, in season 2, episodes 4 and 5.
|
enwiki/8960333
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enwiki
| 8,960,333
|
Dinerral Shavers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinerral_Shavers
|
2025-04-05T05:00:02Z
|
en
|
Q5278053
| 35,557
|
{{short description|American brass band drummer and educator}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Dinerral Shavers
| image = Dick Shavers Europe Myspace.jpg
| image_size =
| landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank -->
| alt =
| caption = Shavers while in Europe with the Hot 8 Brass Band
| birth_name = Dinerral Jevone Shavers
| alias = Dick Shavers
| birth_date = {{birth date|1981|3|19}}
| birth_place = [[New Orleans]], Louisiana, U.S.
| origin =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2006|12|28|1981|3|19}}
| death_place = [[New Orleans]], Louisiana
| genre = [[Jazz]]
| occupation = Musician, educator
| instrument =
| years_active = <!-- YYYY–YYYY (or –present) -->
| label =
| associated_acts = [[Hot 8 Brass Band]]
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
}}
[[Image:NOLACrimeMarchEnoughWhy.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A New Orleanian holds a banner remembering Shavers and filmmaker [[Helen Hill]] at the anti-violence march on City Hall]]
'''Dinerral Jevone "Dick" Shavers''' (March 19, 1981 — December 28, 2006) was an American [[Jazz drumming|jazz drummer]] and [[educator]] from [[New Orleans, Louisiana]], who was best known as a member of the [[Hot 8 Brass Band]].
==Career==
Shavers was a founding member of the Hot 8 Brass Band. He also taught music at [[International High School of New Orleans|L.E. Rabouin Career Magnet]] [[Secondary school|High School]] and created music programs for disadvantaged local youths. He appeared in the 2006 [[Spike Lee]] documentary film ''[[When the Levees Broke]]'' discussing the devastation of his family home in the [[Lower 9th Ward]] following [[Hurricane Katrina]].
==Death==
Shavers was fatally shot at around 5:30 p.m. on December 28, 2006. He had been driving his family in a black [[Chevrolet Malibu]] in the 2200 block of Dumaine Street. Although critically wounded, he continued driving four blocks up Dumaine before stopping. By 6 p.m., Shavers lay motionless on his back in the middle of the street just outside the open driver's side door. Although he was taken to a hospital he died within an hour.<ref>{{cite news|title=Two die in New Orleans shootings|url=http://www.nola.com/search/index.ssf?/base/news-18/116737610147820.xml?NZNPMT&coll=1|work=Times-Picayune|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704134856/http://www.nola.com/search/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-18%2F116737610147820.xml%3FNZNPMT&coll=1|archivedate=2007-07-04}}</ref>
It was later revealed in the ''[[New Orleans Times-Picayune|Times-Picayune]]'' that Shavers was not the intended target. New Orleans Police said the teenager who shot him actually meant to kill Shavers' 15-year-old stepson in a dispute stemming from a neighborhood feud.<ref name="Spera">{{cite news |last=Spera |first=Keith |date=January 1, 2007 |title=Drumbeat of violence claims Dinerral Shavers |url=https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/music/drumbeat-of-violence-claims-dinerral-shavers/article_c38c9139-c17b-510a-9c4d-4362512391cb.html |work=Times-Picayune |location=New Orleans, Louisiana |access-date=December 28, 2024}}</ref> Shavers' murder, along with a spate of other violent crimes in [[New Orleans]] within the same week (including the murder of local filmmaker [[Helen Hill]]), sparked a massive protest march on New Orleans City Hall on January 11, 2007.<ref name="Maggi">{{cite news |last=Maggi |first=Laura |date=January 12, 2008 |title=Gathering pays tribute to murder victims |url=https://www.nola.com/news/gathering-pays-tribute-to-murder-victims/article_70d983e7-5e59-570a-a297-e78808320553.html |work=Times-Picayune |location=New Orleans, Louisiana |access-date=December 28, 2024}}</ref>
==In popular culture==
Shavers' murder by a teenager was discussed in [[Spike Lee]]'s sequel documentary film ''[[If God Is Willing and Da Creek Don't Rise]]'' (2010), and it was included in the HBO series ''[[Treme (TV series)|Treme]]'', in season 2, episodes 4 and 5.
{{Commons category|Dinerral Shavers}}
==References==
<references/>
==External links==
* [http://www.louisianaweekly.com/weekly/news/articlegate.pl?20070101n ''Louisiana Weekly'' article on Shaver's death]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930182549/http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/metro/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-19%2F1167462335258450.xml&coll=1 ''Times-Picayune'' article on the arrest of his murderer]
* [http://blog.nola.com/times-picayune/2007/09/seven_months_after_his_murder.html ''Times-Picayune'' article on Shaver's family seven months after his murder]
* [https://vimeo.com/94576449 Hot 8 Documentary]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=3iWcBAAAQBAJ Drummer Boy: A Glimpse Into The Life of Dinerral Shavers]
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shavers, Dinerral}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:2006 murders in the United States]]
[[Category:20th-century American drummers]]
[[Category:20th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:American jazz drummers]]
[[Category:American male drummers]]
[[Category:American male jazz musicians]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Louisiana]]
[[Category:Jazz musicians from New Orleans]]
[[Category:Murdered African-American people]]
[[Category:People murdered in Louisiana]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American musicians]]
[[Category:Hot 8 Brass Band members]]
[[Category:Drummers from New Orleans]]
| 1,284,035,921
|
[{"title": "Background information", "data": {"Birth name": "Dinerral Jevone Shavers", "Also known as": "Dick Shavers", "Born": "March 19, 1981 \u00b7 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.", "Died": "December 28, 2006 (aged 25) \u00b7 New Orleans, Louisiana", "Genres": "Jazz", "Occupation(s)": "Musician, educator"}}]
| false
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# Jerry Zigmont
Jerry Zigmont (born Gerald George Zigmont on February 24, 1958) is a New Orleans-style jazz trombonist. While growing up in Connecticut, Jerry began his musical studies at the age of 12. He performed in a variety of marching bands, drum corps, jazz bands, brass quintets, classical orchestras, and later earned degrees in Performance and Music Education at the University of Connecticut.
Beginning in the early 1980s, Zigmont "cut his teeth" playing club dates and concerts in regional jazz groups throughout New England. In 1987 he began an association with the celebrated British clarinetist, Sammy Rimington which resulted in a series of recordings and tours. Jerry's rousing style has been featured with many noted New Orleans jazz musicians including Doc Cheatham, Percy Humphrey and Arvell Shaw.
Jerry Zigmont is a regular member of Woody Allen and his New Orleans Jazz Band which plays every Monday evening at Manhattan's Carlyle Hotel. His trombone playing is steeped in the classic New Orleans tradition, with its trademark raw power and "straight from the heart" approach. He appears on the soundtrack of the documentary film Wild Man Blues (directed by Barbara Kopple) which documents a 1996 European tour by Allen and his band. Zigmont has performed extensively with the group in Europe, South America, Turkey and Greece.
## Gallery
- Woody Allen with Jerry Zigmont and Simon Wettenhall performing at Vienne Jazz Festival, Vienne, France.
|
enwiki/7840207
|
enwiki
| 7,840,207
|
Jerry Zigmont
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Zigmont
|
2025-04-05T05:00:11Z
|
en
|
Q6184705
| 20,872
|
{{Short description|American jazz trombonist}}
{{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians -->
| name = Jerry Zigmont
| image = JerryZigmont.jpg
| birth_name = Gerald George Zigmont
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|2|24}}
|birth_place =[[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| instrument = [[Trombone]]
| genre = [[jazz]]
| occupation = [[trombonist]]
| years_active = 1980–''present''
| label = [[Sony BMG|Sony]]
| current_member_of = Woody Allen & His New Orleans Jazz Band
| website = [http://www.jerryzigmont.com/ www.JerryZigmont.com]
}}
'''Jerry Zigmont''' (born Gerald George Zigmont on February 24, 1958) is a New Orleans-style [[jazz]] [[trombonist]]. While growing up in Connecticut, Jerry began his musical studies at the age of 12. He performed in a variety of marching bands, drum corps, jazz bands, brass quintets, classical orchestras, and later earned degrees in Performance and Music Education at the [[University of Connecticut]].
Beginning in the early 1980s, Zigmont "cut his teeth" playing club dates and concerts in regional jazz groups throughout New England. In 1987 he began an association with the celebrated British clarinetist, [[Sammy Rimington]] which resulted in a series of recordings and tours. Jerry's rousing style has been featured with many noted New Orleans jazz musicians including [[Doc Cheatham]], [[Percy Humphrey]] and [[Arvell Shaw]].
Jerry Zigmont is a regular member of [https://web.archive.org/web/20080202051058/http://www.woodyallenband.com/ Woody Allen and his New Orleans Jazz Band] which plays every Monday evening at [[Manhattan]]'s [[Carlyle Hotel]]. His trombone playing is steeped in the classic New Orleans tradition, with its trademark raw power and "straight from the heart" approach. He appears on the soundtrack of the [[documentary film]] ''[[Wild Man Blues]]'' (directed by [[Barbara Kopple]]) which documents a 1996 European tour by [[Woody Allen|Allen]] and his band. Zigmont has performed extensively with the group in Europe, South America, Turkey and Greece.
==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Woody.Allen.band.jpg|[[Woody Allen]] with Jerry Zigmont and Simon Wettenhall performing at Vienne Jazz Festival, [[Vienne, Isère|Vienne, France]].
</gallery>
==External links==
*Artist Webpage: http://www.jerryzigmont.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313052609/http://www.jerryzigmont.com/ |date=2009-03-13 }}
*Woody Allen & His New Orleans Jazz Band: https://web.archive.org/web/20080202051058/http://www.woodyallenband.com/
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zigmont, Jerry}}
[[Category:American jazz trombonists]]
[[Category:American male trombonists]]
[[Category:Jazz musicians from New Orleans]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:21st-century American trombonists]]
[[Category:21st-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:American male jazz musicians]]
| 1,284,035,956
|
[{"title": "Background information", "data": {"Birth name": "Gerald George Zigmont", "Born": "February 24, 1958 \u00b7 Bridgeport, Connecticut, U.S.", "Genres": "jazz", "Occupation": "trombonist", "Instrument": "Trombone", "Years active": "1980\u2013present", "Labels": "Sony", "Member of": "Woody Allen & His New Orleans Jazz Band"}}]
| false
|
# Sports Champions
Sports Champions is a 2010 sports video game developed by San Diego Studio and Zindagi Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 3. It utilizes the PlayStation Move controller. The game is a collection of modern and medieval sports minigames. It was officially unveiled at the 2010 Game Developers Conference in San Francisco as a launch game for the PlayStation Move which would be bundled with the controller in several regions.
## Gameplay
The game involves the player taking part in six unique sports games. However unlike Wii Sports, a similar collection of sports games for the Wii, the game consists of a series of modern as well as medieval sports. The game deviates from the norm by including uncommon sports such as Disc Golf and Bocce.
Unlike Wii Sports, Wii Sports Resort and Kinect Sports, players can't make their own avatar. Players can choose to participate as one of ten athletes in the various events. The game features three gameplay modes, Free Play, Challenge Mode and Champion Cup mode. In Free Play mode, players can play practice matches with their choice of gameplay options. Challenge mode allows players to compete in a series of events to increase their high scores. In Champion Cup mode, players compete against ten other athletes in an Olympic-like event to become the ultimate champion. Players can also take part in the various modes along with up to three other friends in the game's multiplayer mode.
### Sports
- Table tennis
In Table Tennis, players use a Move controller accurately as a paddle which allows players to volley very precisely, perform heavy spins, lobs and slams. The PlayStation Eye also monitors the player's body location to see how the player is positioned to adjust their character's orientation as well as position from the table. The precision of the Move also allows players to serve slices and spins accurately.
- Beach Volleyball
With this sport, the player has no direct control over where the on screen character starts the match or stands. Instead of focusing on the placement of the character, the player is meant to concentrate on bumping, setting and spiking the ball. All of these three motions are not complicated, but the key to playing this game is timing. A coloured circle appears around the ball when it is coming to the player, and the size and colour of it lets the player know when it is best to make a motion and deliver a strike. This game is playable with both one or two Move controllers. It has Tatupu's beach volleyball medal gold, silver and bronze.
- Gladiator Duel
This sport allows players to use one or two Move controllers. When using two controllers, one controls a weapon such as a giant Mallet, or various swords like a short sword, or a katana and the other controls a Buckler which resembles a shield that becomes smaller when the opponent hits it. When using one controller the T button is used to present the buckler. Players can fill up a power meter to unleash a three-hit combo on their opponent. Other controls include players putting their hands on their hips to taunt the enemy as well as holding down the trigger and swinging the controller up to jump. The game will feature a wide array of enemies as well as a large assortment of unlockable weapons including some unusually strange weapons.
- Disc golf
In this game the player's objective is to throw a Frisbee down a golf-like course and try to get their Frisbee into the bucket before the opponent does. The Move detects the angle of the Frisbee, the power of the throw and the snap of the release, making it a very realistic experience.
- Bocce
In Bocce, two people take turns throwing wooden balls at a similar looking, albeit smaller wooden ball located down the field from the players. The person who gets their ball(s) closer to the smaller ball wins the point (or, if they have multiple balls that are the closest to the smaller ball, they can win multiple points). The player can also hit an opponent's ball so it rolls in any given direction, either further away or closer to the target ball. The Move detects the weight, spin and release of each throw, and then translates that into the direction and movement of the ball.
- Archery
This is another sport in the game that allows a player to use either one or two Move controllers. When using two, the player hold one Move controller as if it were a bow, and the other as if it were an arrow. The player must reach back behind them and press and hold the T button to pull an arrow out of their quiver, nock the arrow by putting the two Move controllers next to each other, pull back with the Move that is controlling the arrow, and finally once the player has the desired tension, they must release the T button to fire the arrow. Depending on how far back you pull the arrow; the further it goes. When using one controller you reach back the same way, but to knock you simply point the Move controller straight out towards the screen.
## Sequel
Sports Champions 2 was announced on May 31, 2012 on PlayStation Blog by a trailer. The trailer included skiing, boxing and many more sports for the user to play.
## Reception
| Aggregator | Score |
| ---------- | ------ |
| Metacritic | 76/100 |
| Publication | Score |
| ---------------------------------- | ------- |
| Edge | 6/10 |
| Eurogamer | 7/10 |
| Famitsu | 31/40 |
| Game Informer | 7.75/10 |
| GameRevolution | B |
| GameSpot | 7.5/10 |
| GameTrailers | 6.8/10 |
| GameZone | 7.5/10 |
| Giant Bomb | [ 15 ] |
| IGN | 7.5/10 |
| Joystiq | [ 17 ] |
| PlayStation: The Official Magazine | 8/10 |
| Push Square | [ 19 ] |
| The Telegraph | 7/10 |
| Metro | 7/10 |
The game received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, where the game was ported for release on October 21, 2010, Famitsu gave it a score of 31 out of 40.
Joystiq said: "Sports Champions is a great pack-in for Move and well worth buying on its own if you go the a la carte route with the hardware." Game Informer said: "Despite some missteps, Sports Champions is a solid offering for gamers, provided you can accept the shallow nature of a compilation such as this." IGN said: "Sports Champions is fun, but it's rough around the edges. The gameplay is solid for the most part and will provide you with some good times." GameSpot said: "Sports Champions is undoubtedly one of the strongest launch offerings for the PlayStation Move hardware. This isn't a game that you're likely to play solo for any serious amount of time, but it's certainly one that you'll keep coming back to in short bursts and anytime you have interested friends or relatives visiting."
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enwiki/27382024
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enwiki
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Sports Champions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Champions
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2025-04-05T05:00:12Z
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en
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Q384137
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{{Short description|2010 video game}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}{{Infobox video game
|title=Sports Champions
|image = Sports Champions.png
|caption = North American cover art
|developer=[[San Diego Studio]]<br/>Zindagi Games
|publisher=[[Sony Interactive Entertainment|Sony Computer Entertainment]]
|designer= Sean Levantino<br>Greg Wondra
|series=
|released= {{vgrelease|EU|September 15, 2010|AUS|September 16, 2010|[[North America|NA]]/[[United Kingdom|UK]]|September 17, 2010}}
|genre= [[Sports game|Sports]]
|modes= [[Single-player]], [[Multiplayer]]
|platforms=[[PlayStation 3]]
}}
'''''Sports Champions''''' is a 2010 [[Sports game|sports]] [[video game]] developed by [[San Diego Studio]] and Zindagi Games and published by [[Sony Interactive Entertainment|Sony Computer Entertainment]] for the [[PlayStation 3]]. It utilizes the [[PlayStation Move]] controller.<ref name="Announcement">{{cite web |url=https://blog.playstation.com/archive/2010/03/10/introducing-playstation-move/ |title=Introducing PlayStation Move |author=Mark Hardy |date=March 10, 2010 |website=PlayStation Blog |publisher=[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] |accessdate=March 27, 2023}}</ref> The game is a collection of modern and medieval sports minigames. It was officially unveiled at the 2010 [[Game Developers Conference]] in [[San Francisco]]<ref name="Announcement"/> as a launch game for the PlayStation Move which would be bundled with the controller in several regions.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 16, 2010 |title=PlayStation Move motion controller to hit worldwide market starting this September |url=http://www.scei.co.jp/corporate/release/100616be.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001080538/http://www.scei.co.jp/corporate/release/100616be.html |archivedate=October 1, 2010 |accessdate=March 27, 2023 |website=[[Sony Interactive Entertainment|SCEI]]}}</ref>
==Gameplay==
[[File:Sports Champions Gameplay.jpg|left|thumb|Gameplay of the Gladiator Duel event of the game]]
The game involves the player taking part in six unique [[sports game]]s. However unlike ''[[Wii Sports]]'', a similar collection of sports games for the [[Wii]], the game consists of a series of modern as well as medieval sports. The game deviates from the norm by including uncommon sports such as [[Disc Golf]] and [[Bocce]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.esrb.org/ratings/29120/sports-champions/ |title=Sports Champions |website=[[Entertainment Software Rating Board]] |accessdate=March 27, 2023}}</ref>
Unlike ''[[Wii Sports]]'', ''[[Wii Sports Resort]]'' and ''[[Kinect Sports]]'', players can't make their own [[Avatar (computing)|avatar]]. Players can choose to participate as one of ten athletes in the various events. The game features three gameplay modes, Free Play, Challenge Mode and Champion Cup mode. In Free Play mode, players can play practice matches with their choice of gameplay options. Challenge mode allows players to compete in a series of events to increase their high scores. In Champion Cup mode, players compete against ten other athletes in an [[Olympic Games|Olympic-like]] event to become the ultimate champion. Players can also take part in the various modes along with up to three other friends in the game's multiplayer mode.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
===Sports===
*[[Table tennis]]
:In Table Tennis, players use a Move controller accurately as a paddle which allows players to volley very precisely, perform heavy spins, lobs and slams. The [[PlayStation Eye]] also monitors the player's body location to see how the player is positioned to adjust their character's orientation as well as position from the table. The precision of the Move also allows players to serve slices and spins accurately.<ref name="Kotaku Hands-on"/>
*[[Beach Volleyball]]
:With this sport, the player has no direct control over where the on screen character starts the match or stands. Instead of focusing on the placement of the character, the player is meant to concentrate on bumping, setting and spiking the ball. All of these three motions are not complicated, but the key to playing this game is timing. A coloured circle appears around the ball when it is coming to the player, and the size and colour of it lets the player know when it is best to make a motion and deliver a strike. This game is playable with both one or two Move controllers.<ref name="Kotaku review">{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/move-sports-champions-review-a-cut-a-spike-a-toss-ab-5626493 |title=Move Sports Champions Review: A Cut, A Spike, A Toss Above the Rest |author=Brian Crecente |date=September 1, 2010 |website=Kotaku |publisher=G/O Media |accessdate=March 27, 2023}}</ref> It has Tatupu's beach volleyball medal gold, silver and bronze.
*[[Gladiator]] Duel
:This sport allows players to use one or two Move controllers. When using two controllers, one controls a weapon such as a giant [[Mallet]], or various swords like a [[short sword]], or a [[katana]] and the other controls a [[Buckler]] which resembles a [[shield]] that becomes smaller when the opponent hits it. When using one controller the T button is used to present the buckler. Players can fill up a power meter to unleash a three-hit combo on their opponent. Other controls include players putting their hands on their hips to taunt the enemy as well as holding down the trigger and swinging the controller up to jump. The game will feature a wide array of enemies as well as a large assortment of unlockable weapons including some unusually strange weapons.<ref name="Kotaku Hands-on">{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/hands-on-with-playstation-moves-wii-sports-resort-5490575 |title=Hands-On With PlayStation Move's Wii Sports Resort |author=Brian Crecente |date=March 10, 2010 |website=[[Kotaku]] |publisher=[[G/O Media]] |accessdate=March 27, 2023}}</ref>
*[[Disc golf]]
:In this game the player's objective is to throw a [[Frisbee]] down a [[golf]]-like course and try to get their Frisbee into the bucket before the opponent does. The Move detects the angle of the Frisbee, the power of the throw and the snap of the release, making it a very realistic experience.<ref name="Kotaku review"/>
*[[Bocce]]
:In Bocce, two people take turns throwing wooden balls at a similar looking, albeit smaller wooden ball located down the field from the players. The person who gets their ball(s) closer to the smaller ball wins the point (or, if they have multiple balls that are the closest to the smaller ball, they can win multiple points). The player can also hit an opponent's ball so it rolls in any given direction, either further away or closer to the target ball. The Move detects the weight, spin and release of each throw, and then translates that into the direction and movement of the ball.<ref name="Kotaku review"/>
*[[Archery]]
:This is another sport in the game that allows a player to use either one or two Move controllers. When using two, the player hold one Move controller as if it were a bow, and the other as if it were an arrow. The player must reach back behind them and press and hold the T button to pull an arrow out of their quiver, nock the arrow by putting the two Move controllers next to each other, pull back with the Move that is controlling the arrow, and finally once the player has the desired tension, they must release the T button to fire the arrow. Depending on how far back you pull the arrow; the further it goes. When using one controller you reach back the same way, but to knock you simply point the Move controller straight out towards the screen.<ref name="Kotaku review"/>
==Sequel==
''[[Sports Champions 2]]'' was announced on May 31, 2012 on ''PlayStation Blog'' by a trailer. The trailer included [[skiing]], [[boxing]] and many more sports for the user to play.
==Reception==
{{Video game reviews
| MC = 76/100<ref name="MC">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/sports-champions/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-3 |title=Sports Champions for PlayStation 3 Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[Fandom (website)|Fandom]] |access-date=March 27, 2023}}</ref>
| Edge = 6/10<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Sports Champions |author=Edge staff |magazine=[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]] |publisher=[[Future plc]] |issue=220 |date=November 2010 |page=92}}</ref>
| EuroG = 7/10<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/sports-champions-review |title=Sports Champions Review [date mislabeled as "January 6, 2011"] |author=Ellie Gibson |date=September 1, 2010 |website=[[Eurogamer]] |publisher=[[Gamer Network]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808104502/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2010-09-01-sports-champions-review |archivedate=August 8, 2014 |url-status=live |accessdate=March 27, 2023}}</ref>
| Fam = 31/40<ref name="Fam">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=14298&redirect=no |title=スポーツチャンピオン |language=ja |magazine=[[Famitsu]] |publisher=[[Enterbrain]] |accessdate=March 27, 2023}}</ref>
| GI = 7.75/10<ref name="GI Review">{{cite magazine |url=https://gameinformer.com/games/sports_champions/b/ps3/archive/2010/09/01/sports-champions-outplays-wii-sports-in-every-way.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905033441/http://gameinformer.com/games/sports_champions/b/ps3/archive/2010/09/01/sports-champions-outplays-wii-sports-in-every-way.aspx |url-status=live |archive-date=September 5, 2010 |title=Sports Champions Review |author=Jeff Marchiafava |date=September 1, 2010 |magazine=[[Game Informer]] |publisher=[[GameStop]] |access-date=September 12, 2010}}</ref>
| GameRev = B<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamerevolution.com/review/48566-sports-champions-review |title=Sports Champions Review |author=Daniel R. Bischoff |date=October 23, 2010 |website=[[GameRevolution]] |publisher=[[CraveOnline]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908054545/http://www.gamerevolution.com/review/sports-champions |archivedate=September 8, 2015 |url-status=live |accessdate=March 27, 2023}}</ref>
| GSpot = 7.5/10<ref name="GSpot Review">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/sports-champions-review/1900-6274958/ |title=Sports Champions Review |author=Justin Calvert |date=September 2, 2010 |website=[[GameSpot]] |publisher=Fandom |accessdate=March 27, 2023}}</ref>
| GT = 6.8/10<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gametrailers.com/reviews/tgw3fn/sports-champions-review |title=Sports Champions |date=September 1, 2010 |website=[[GameTrailers]] |publisher=[[Viacom (2005–2019)|Viacom]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022223638/http://www.gametrailers.com/reviews/tgw3fn/sports-champions-review |archivedate=October 22, 2012 |accessdate=March 27, 2023}}</ref>
| GameZone = 7.5/10<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamezone.com/reviews/sports_champions_review_playstation_3/ |title=Sports Champions Review |author=Robert Workman |date=October 7, 2010 |website=GameZone |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202073534/http://ps3.gamezone.com/reviews/item/sports_champions_review_playstation_3/ |archivedate=February 2, 2011 |url-status=live |accessdate=March 27, 2023}}</ref>
| GB = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.giantbomb.com/reviews/sports-champions-review/1900-316/ |title=Sports Champions Review |author=[[Jeff Gerstmann]] |date=September 15, 2010 |website=[[Giant Bomb]] |publisher=Fandom |accessdate=March 27, 2023}}</ref>
| IGN = 7.5/10<ref name="IGN Review">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2010/09/01/sports-champions-review |title=Sports Champions Review |author=Greg Miller |date=September 1, 2010 |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |accessdate=March 27, 2023}}</ref>
| Joystiq = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref name="Joystiq Review">{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2010-09-01-sports-champions-review.html |title=PlayStation Move review: Sports Champions |author=Randy Nelson |date=September 1, 2010 |website=[[Engadget]] ([[Joystiq]]) |publisher=[[Yahoo (2017–present)|Yahoo]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904082027/http://www.joystiq.com/2010/09/01/sports-champions-review/ |archivedate=September 4, 2010 |url-status=live |accessdate=March 27, 2023}}</ref>
| PSM = 8/10<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Review: Sports Champions |magazine=[[PlayStation: The Official Magazine]] |publisher=Future plc |issue=38 |date=November 2010 |page=68}}</ref>
| PSQ = {{Rating|7|10}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pushsquare.com/reviews/2010/09/sports_champions_ps3 |title=Sports Champions Review |author=Corbie Dillard |date=September 20, 2010 |website=Push Square |publisher=Gamer Network |accessdate=March 27, 2023}}</ref>
| TELE = 7/10<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/video-games/7986878/PS-Move-launch-titles-review.html |title=PS Move launch video games review |author=Tom Hoggins |date=September 7, 2010 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909155311/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/video-games/7986878/PS-Move-launch-titles-review.html |archivedate=September 9, 2010 |url-status=live |accessdate=March 27, 2023}}{{subscription required}}</ref>
| rev1 = ''[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]''
| rev1Score = 7/10<ref>{{cite news |url=https://metro.co.uk/2010/09/14/games-review-sports-champions-511910/ |title=Games review – Sports Champions puts PlayStation Move to the test |author=David Jenkins |date=September 14, 2010 |newspaper=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]] |publisher=[[DMG Media]] |accessdate=March 27, 2023}}</ref>
}}
The game received "generally favorable reviews" according to the [[Review aggregator|review aggregation]] website [[Metacritic]].<ref name="MC"/> In Japan, where the game was ported for release on October 21, 2010, ''[[Famitsu]]'' gave it a score of 31 out of 40.<ref name="Fam"/>
''[[Joystiq]]'' said: "''Sports Champions'' is a great pack-in for Move and well worth buying on its own if you go the a la carte route with the hardware."<ref name="Joystiq Review"/> ''[[Game Informer]]'' said: "Despite some missteps, ''Sports Champions'' is a solid offering for gamers, provided you can accept the shallow nature of a compilation such as this."<ref name="GI Review"/> ''[[IGN]]'' said: "''Sports Champions'' is fun, but it's rough around the edges. The gameplay is solid for the most part and will provide you with some good times."<ref name="IGN Review"/> ''[[GameSpot]]'' said: "''Sports Champions'' is undoubtedly one of the strongest launch offerings for the PlayStation Move hardware. This isn't a game that you're likely to play solo for any serious amount of time, but it's certainly one that you'll keep coming back to in short bursts and anytime you have interested friends or relatives visiting."<ref name="GSpot Review"/>
{{clear}}
==See also==
*''[[Wii Sports]]''
*''[[Wii Sports Resort]]''
*''[[Kinect Sports]]''
*''[[Sports Champions 2]]''
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{moby game|id=/48315/sports-champions/}}
[[Category:2010 video games]]
[[Category:Beach volleyball video games]]
[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]
[[Category:Multiple-sport video games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 3 games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 3-only games]]
[[Category:PlayStation Move-compatible games]]
[[Category:PlayStation Move-only games]]
[[Category:San Diego Studio games]]
[[Category:Sony Interactive Entertainment games]]
[[Category:Sony Interactive Entertainment franchises]]
[[Category:Table tennis video games]]
[[Category:Video games about gladiatorial combat]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United States]]
| 1,284,035,960
|
[{"title": "Sports Champions", "data": {"Developer(s)": "San Diego Studio \u00b7 Zindagi Games", "Publisher(s)": "Sony Computer Entertainment", "Designer(s)": "Sean Levantino \u00b7 Greg Wondra", "Platform(s)": "PlayStation 3", "Release": "- EU: September 15, 2010 - AU: September 16, 2010 - NA/UK: September 17, 2010", "Genre(s)": "Sports", "Mode(s)": "Single-player, Multiplayer"}}]
| false
|
# George Washington Dixon
George Washington Dixon (1801? – March 2, 1861) was an American singer, stage actor, and newspaper editor. He rose to prominence as a blackface performer (possibly the first American to do so) after performing "Coal Black Rose", "Zip Coon", and similar songs. He later turned to a career in journalism, during which he earned the enmity of members of the upper class for his frequent allegations against them.
At age 15, Dixon joined the circus, where he quickly established himself as a singer. In 1829, he began performing "Coal Black Rose" in blackface; this and similar songs would propel him to stardom. In contrast to his contemporary Thomas D. Rice, Dixon was primarily a singer rather than a dancer. He was by all accounts a gifted vocalist, and much of his material was quite challenging. "Zip Coon" became his trademark song.
By 1835, Dixon considered journalism to be his primary vocation. His first major paper was Dixon's Daily Review, which he published from Lowell, Massachusetts, in 1835. He followed this in 1836 with Dixon's Saturday Night Express, published in Boston. By this point, he had taken to using his paper to expose what he considered the misdeeds of the upper classes. These stories earned him many enemies, and Dixon was taken to court on several occasions. His most successful paper was the Polyanthos, which he began publishing in 1838 from New York City. Under its masthead, he challenged some of his greatest adversaries, including Thomas S. Hamblin, Reverend Francis L. Hawks, and Madame Restell. After a brief foray into hypnotism, "pedestrianism" (long-distance walking), and other pursuits, he retired to New Orleans, Louisiana.
## Childhood, adolescence and young manhood
Details about Dixon's childhood are scarce. The record suggests that he was born in Richmond, Virginia, probably in 1801, to a working-class family. He may have been educated at a charity school. Fairly detailed descriptions and portraits of Dixon survive; he had a swarthy complexion and a "splendid head of hair". However, the question of whether he was white or black is an open one. His enemies sometimes called him a "mulatto", a "Negro", or referred to him as "Zip Coon", the name of the black character in one of his songs. However, the weight of evidence suggests that if Dixon did have black ancestry, it was fairly remote.
A newspaper story from 1841 claims that at age 15, Dixon's singing caught the attention of a circus proprietor named West. The man convinced Dixon to join his traveling circus as a stablehand and errand boy. Dixon traveled with this and other circuses for a time, and he appears as a singer and reciter of poems on bills dated from as early as February 1824. By early 1829, he had taken on the epithet "The American Buffo Singer".
Over three days in late July 1829, Dixon performed "Coal Black Rose" in blackface at the Bowery, Chatham Garden, and Park theatres in New York City. The Flash characterized his audience as "crowded galleries and scantily filled boxes"; that is, mostly working-class. On September 24 at the Bowery, Dixon performed Love in a Cloud, a dramatic interpretation of the events described in "Coal Black Rose" and possibly the first blackface farce. These performances proved a hit, and Dixon rose to celebrity, perhaps before any other American blackface performer had done so. On December 14, Dixon's benefit at the Albany Theatre grossed $155.87, the largest take there since the opening night earlier that year.
Dixon performed through 1834, most frequently at New York's three major theatres. In addition to blackface song-and-dance numbers, he did whiteface songs and scenes from popular plays; much of his material was quite challenging. Dixon's fame allowed him to pepper his material with satire and political commentary. On November 25, 1830, he sang before a crowd of 120,000 in Washington, D.C., in support of the July Revolution in France. He began selling a collection of songs and skits he had popularized called Dixon's Oddities in 1830; the book remained in print long after. Dixon mostly played to a working-class audience, including in his repertoire such songs as "The New York Fireman", which compared firefighters to the American Founding Fathers. Oratory made up another facet of his act; on December 4, 1832, the Baltimore Patriot reported that Dixon would read an address from the President at the Front Street Theatre.
In 1833, he started a small newspaper called the Stonington Cannon. However, the publication saw little success, and by January 1834, he was performing again, now with new talents, such as ventriloquism. Dixon seemed untarnished by his yearlong hiatus. Reviews said that "his voice seems formed of the music itself— 'it thrills, it animates' ..." The Telegraph wrote,
Few Melodists have gained more celebrity or been so universally admired, ... The many effusions from the pen of this gentleman independent of his vocal powers, is sufficient proof of his being a man of considerable talent and originality—you should hear him sing his national air "on a wing that beamed in glory" [and it would be] unnecessary for us to enlarge on his merits as a vocalist—for his Melodies display a feeling of Patriotism which attracts the attention of every beholder.
In March, Dixon performed "Zip Coon" for the first time. Although Dixon had previously sung "Long Tail Blue", another racist tale about a black "dandy" trying to fit into Northern white society, "Zip Coon" garnered acclaim and quickly became an audience favorite and Dixon's trademark tune. He later claimed to have written the song, although others performed it before him, so this seems unlikely. Dixon accompanied his singing with an earthy jig.
On July 7, the Farren Riots erupted. Young men in New York City targeted the homes, businesses, churches, and institutions of black New Yorkers and abolitionists. On the night of July 9, the mob stormed the Bowery Theatre. Manager Thomas S. Hamblin failed to quell them, and actor Edwin Forrest did not meet their expectations when they ordered him to perform. According to the New York Sun:
Mr. Dixon, the singer (an American,) now made his appearance. "Let us have Zip Coon," exclaimed a thousand voices. The singer gave them their favorite song, amidst peals of laughter,—and his Honor the Mayor, who as the old woman said of her husband, is a "good-natured, easy fellow," made his appearance, delivered a short speech, made a low bow, and went out. Dixon, who had produced such amazing good nature with "Zip Coon," next addressed them—and they soon quietly dispersed.
## Dixon the editor
In early 1835, Dixon moved to Lowell, Massachusetts, a small town growing out of the Industrial Revolution. By April, he had taken the epithet "The National Melodist" and was editing Dixon's Daily Review. The paper took as motto "Knowledge—Liberty—Utility—Representation—Responsibility" and championed the Whig Party, Radical Republicanism, and the working class. Dixon's Daily Review also explored morality and women's place in the rapidly changing society of the urban North.
Dixon's criticism of his colleagues did not win him any friends, and in June, the Boston Post reported that he had "flogged one of the editors of the Lowell Castigator, and was hunting after the other." By the next month, Dixon had sold his paper, and the new publishers were eager to point out that Dixon no longer had anything to do with its production. By August, rumors were circulating that Dixon had started up another paper called the News Letter and was selling it in Lowell and Boston. If he did, no copies are known to have survived.
By February 1836, Dixon was touring again. He played many well-attended shows in Boston that month and did a play at the Tremont Theatre. His recent forays into publishing had soured his image in the popular press, however, and The New York Times satirized his lower-class audience:
Tremont Teatre. At this classical establishment, Mr Dixon, "the American Buffo singer," is at present the star. His third night is announced! Will some of the enlightened citizens of the emporium favor us with their opinion of his performance? Is his Zip Coon as thrilling as Mr Wood's "Still so gently o'er me stealing?"
On 16 and April 30, Dixon played the Masonic Temple in Boston. There he included material to appeal to his lower-class audience, such as a popular tune that he had adapted with lyrics about the Boston Fire Department. Nevertheless, he also reached out to a richer, middle-class patronage. For example, he played alongside a classically trained pianist, and he billed the performance as a "concert", a word typically reserved for high-class, non-blackface entertainment. Dixon earned a third of the gross from this engagement: $23.50. He still owed money to the printer of Dixon's Daily Review, so these earnings were put in trust for the conductor of the orchestra to pick up at a later date. Dixon and the printer grew impatient and presented a forged note to the trustee to collect early. Within a few days, Dixon was arrested and jailed in Boston. The press took the opportunity to castigate him again: "George Washington Dixon, now cormorant of Boston jail, and ex-publisher, ex-editor, ex-broker, ex-melodist, &c., is quite out of tune." The Boston Courier called Dixon "the most miserable apology for a vocalist that ever bored the public ear."
At the trial, held in mid-June, character witnesses testified that Dixon was "a harmless, inoffensive man, but destitute of business capacity" and "in reply to the question whether Dixon was non compos mentis, I consider him as being on the frontier line—sometimes on one side, and sometimes on the other, just as the breeze of fortune happens to blow." In the end, he was found not guilty when the prosecution failed to satisfy that he had known the document to be a forgery. Dixon took the opportunity to give a speech to the public outside. He then returned to the stage, earning a considerable $527.50 in late July.
Dixon was still guilty in the eyes of the press, however, and his letters to clear his name only made things worse:
Mister Zip Coon is at his old tricks again. So far from possessing the ability to write a letter Miss Nancy-Coal-Black-Rose Dixon cannot begin to write ten consecutive words of the English language, and he must have encountered "the Schoolmaster abroad" in the Athenian city that teaches "penmanship in six lessons," and that lately too if he can sign his name.
By the end of 1836, Dixon had moved to Boston and started a new paper, the Bostonian; or, Dixon's Saturday Night Express. The paper focused on working-class issues, religious values, and opposition to abortion. It followed the lead of the Daily Review in exposing allegedly immoral affairs of well known Bostonians. One story told of two personalities eloping. Other Boston papers called the story false, and the Boston Herald labeled Dixon a "knave". Dixon fired back, depicting the paper's editor, Henry F. Harrington, as a monkey.
In early 1837, Dixon was again in legal trouble. Harrington accused Dixon of stealing half a ream of paper from the Morning Post, the principal competition to Harrington's Herald. The judge eventually dismissed the case, agreeing that the paper had been taken, but ruling that no proof pointed to Dixon as the one who had taken it. Dixon gave another post-trial speech, followed by a stage show on February 4.
Not ten days after the end of the Harrington case, Dixon was charged with forging a signature on a bail bond pertaining to his previous debt from July 1835. He was sent to Lowell and jailed. The press responded with its usual glee: "George has been a great eulogist, the defender of the Constitution! But he cannot defend himself." At his hearing on February 15, bail was set at $1000, an unheard of amount for the time. Unable to pay, he was transferred to a jail in Concord, Massachusetts.
Dixon's March 16 trial ended in conviction. His appeal to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court on April 17 resulted in a hung jury, and his prosecutors dropped the charges against him. He gave another of his by now trademark post-trial addresses. The Boston Post wrote: "I begin to think that the Melodist bears a charmed life—and as was often said to be done in olden time, has made a bargain with the Being of Darkness for a certain term of years, during which he may defy the majesty of the law, and the wrath of his enemies."
Another stage tour followed, with concerts in Lowell, New England, and Maine. This was an apparent success, with one reviewer saying that Dixon had "a voice which all unite in pronouncing to be of remarkable richness and compass." That Fall, he may have contemplated a tour with James Salisbury, a black musician and dancer well known in lower-class districts of Boston such as Ann Street. Instead, he appeared on December 6 at the upper-class Opera Saloon, singing selections from popular operas. His fame (or notoriety) served to get him listed as a candidate for the Boston mayoral race in December. Dixon won nine votes, despite his polite refusal to serve should he be elected.
## ThePolyanthos
Dixon performed in Boston through the end of February 1838. That spring, he moved to New York City, where he re-entered the publishing business with a newspaper called the Polyanthos and Fire Department Album. Dixon again championed the lower class and aimed to expose the sordid affairs of the rich, especially those who preyed upon lower-class women.
An early Polyanthos alleged that Thomas Hamblin, manager of the Bowery Theatre, was engaging in an affair with Miss Missouri, a teen-aged performer there. Within ten days of publication, Miss Missouri turned up dead, reportedly killed by "inflammation of the brain caused by the violent misconduct of Miss Missouri's mother and the publication of an abusive article in The Polyanthos." On July 28, Hamblin accosted Dixon. Another assault in August prompted Dixon to start carrying a pistol. Undaunted, Dixon continued his attacks on Hamblin and others in the Polyanthos. He exposed another alleged affair, this between a merchant named Rowland R. Minturn and the wife of a shipmaker named James H. Roome. Twelve days after the publication, Roome killed himself.
Another article alleged that Francis L. Hawks, an Episcopalian rector and reverend at the St. Thomas Church of New York, had been engaging in illicit sexual behavior. On December 31, Dixon was in court, charged with libel. Dixon spent a week in jail, then paid the $2000 bail. However, before he could even leave the jailhouse, he was arrested for a charge leveled by Rowland Minturn's brothers that Dixon's article had resulted in the man's death.
Bail was raised to $9000, an enormous amount, which Dixon protested. The prosecution argued that "The accused is a criminal of the blackest dye, and by his infamous publication is morally guilty of no less than three murders, and I hope the court will not diminish the amount of bail one iota!" It did not. Nevertheless, a notorious New York madam named Adeline Miller paid it, and Dixon walked free. Only a month later, though, she had sent Dixon back to jail for unknown reasons. Facing seven counts (four from Hawks and three from the Minturns), the singer and editor remained incarcerated for two months while he awaited trial.
The Minturn case came first, on April 15, 1839. After three days, the jury came back unable to reach a verdict, and the Minturn brothers dropped the charges. Dixon returned to jail, but Hawks dropped his charges from four to three. The judge lowered bail to $900 on April 20, and Dixon walked free.
The press renewed their attacks on him:
To those who know the true character, and something of the personal history of this imbecile vagrant, the exuberance of indignation with which he is pursued, appears truly ridiculous. That he is disgusting, a nuisance, and a bore, we know—and so is a spider. Nobody would dream, however, of extinguishing the latter insect with a park of artillery; though all the city seem to have fancied that George Washington Dixon could be conquered with no less. The truth of him is, that he is a most unmitigated fool; and as to his pursuing any person with malice, he is not capable of any sentiment requiring the appreciation of real or fancied injury. If he were kicked down stairs, he could not decide, until told by some one else, whether the kick was the result of accident or design, and if design, whether it was intended as a compliment or an insult.
Dixon fought back in the Polyanthos by defending himself and his motives, and to some degree, he seems to have succeeded. The Herald for one admitted that his trial had exposed an unsavory facet of the upper class. Nevertheless, on May 10, Dixon changed his plea to guilty regarding one count, and the next day did the same for the other two. He was sentenced to six months of hard labor at the New York State Penitentiary at Blackwell's Island. Dixon reportedly responded, "This is a pretty situation for an editor." He would later claim that Hawks had paid him $1000 to change his plea.
The press reacted with its usual fervor:
Dixon is a mulatto, and was, not many years ago, employed in this city, in an oyster house to open oysters and empty the shells into the carts before they were carried away. He is an impudent scoundrel, aspires to every thing, and was fit to be any body's fool. Somebody used his name (such as he called himself, for negroes have, by right, no surnames) as the publisher of a newspaper, in which every body, almost, was libelled. He is now caged, and, we may hope, will, when he comes out of prison, go to opening oysters, or some other employment appropriate to his habits and color.
Dixon served out his sentence then returned to New York. He resumed the Polyanthos, emerging as the leader of a cadre of like-minded editors interested in exposing immorality. Dixon now focused his efforts on Austrian dancer Fanny Elssler, whom he accused of sexual misconduct. On August 21, 1840, he went so far as to rally a riot against her and then published the inciting speech in the Polyanthos. He then targeted men who seduced young, working-class women, boarders who cheated their landlords, dysfunctional banks, and so-called British agents who were supposedly stirring up anti-American sentiment among American Indians and black slaves. Dixon claimed to be "a battering-ram against vice and folly in every shape", writing:
The Polyanthos cannot die. The protecting Providence that watches over the safety of the just, and defeats the machinations of the wicked, will make it bloom ... We prophesy that the latest descendant of the youngest newsboy will animate his hearers with the desire to emulate the enviable fame of DIXON! Our name will be handed down to the end of time as one of the most independent men of the nineteenth century! Our very hat will become a relic.
On February 16, 1841, Dixon turned to a crusade against a New York abortionist known as Madame Restell. He vowed to reprint an anti-Restell editorial every week until the authorities took notice or Restell stopped running newspaper ads for her abortion services. As for abortion itself, Dixon claimed that it subverted marriage by inhibiting procreation and encouraged female infidelity.
Dixon kept his word, illustrating the editorial in later runs with woodcuts of Restell carrying a skull-and-crossbones emblem. When the March 17 New York Courier quoted the New York grand jury as saying "We earnestly pray that if there is no law that will reach this [Madame Restell], which we present as a public nuisance, the court will take measures for procuring the passage of such a law", Dixon responded with the March 20 headline "Restell caught at last!" On March 22, Ann Lohman, part of the husband-and-wife team behind the Restell name, was arrested. Dixon claimed vindication and covered the trial over several issues of the Polyanthos. After her conviction on July 20, he wrote, "the monster in human shape ... has ... been convicted of one of the most hellish acts ever perpetrated in a Christian land!"
On September 12, a man in the street struck Dixon in the head with an ax, which prompted some of the only positive press Dixon ever enjoyed that was not related to his singing. The Uncle Sam praised his editing and writing: "Go on martyr of virtue, go on and prosper! Go on getting out extras, and defending the sacredness of the marriage institution. Go on through malice, opposition, fiery trials, persecutions and assassinations—posterity will do thee justice ... !"
Even with positive press, Dixon's troubles with the courts were not over. Around September 16, he allegedly assaulted Peter D. Formal, who was taking down bills that Dixon had posted. Dixon failed to appear for his October court date, and he skipped later dates on 1 and November 11. On November 19, he again was placed under arrest for obscenity as part of a citywide campaign by the district attorney to fight yellow journalism. On January 13, 1842, Dixon was indicted for the charges in absentia. A warrant was issued for his arrest on April 13. By this time, he had handed the Polyanthos to Louse Leah, and the charges were eventually dropped.
In late 1841, Dixon had gotten into another row with a colleague. William Joseph Snelling obtained a warrant against him, and Dixon countersued. Snelling wrote anonymously in the Flash:
We know him for a greedy, sordid, unscrupulous knave, of old; ... We are aware that men are judged by the company they keep and that we shall be blamed for having had anything to do with Dixon. Be it so.—We deserve rebuke, we have suffered for our folly and, if that is not enough, we are content to sit down in sackcloth and ashes; the meet attire of fools who trust to a person so vile that the English language cannot express his unmitigated baseness.
In keeping with sexual morality at the time, Dixon and his colleagues sometimes checked bordellos for cleanliness, friendliness, and other factors. Snelling drew from this, linking Dixon to organized prostitution and alleging that he had connections to a madam named Julia Brown. Eventually, another editor named George B. Wooldridge joined with Dixon for a few issues of the True Flash, but they did not sell well. Rumors circulated at this time that Dixon was to be married, but sources disagreed over the identity of the fiancée; one said she was a Congressman's daughter, another that she was a madam. The Flash published a story that Brown and a prostitute named Phoebe Doty had been seen fighting over the Melodist. If Dixon did marry, no record survives of it.
## Later career
Beginning in 1842, Dixon took on a number of new occupations, including animal magnetist and spiritualist specializing in clairvoyance. A fad for public competitions and feats of endurance served as another vehicle for him to keep his name in the public eye; he became a "pedestrian", a long-distance sport walker. The participation of Dixon, a blackface singer and dancer, in these contests presaged the challenge dances of performers such as Master Juba and John Diamond in the next few years.
In February, he competed to win $4,000 by walking 48 hours without stopping. When the prize failed to materialize, Dixon charged admission to watch him. Later that month, Dixon tried to break this record by walking 50 hours. His publicity was, as usual, bad. Brother Jonathan gave this advice: "walk in one direction all the time, from this part of the compass, till ocean fetches him up, and then see how far he can swim." He walked for 60 hours that summer in Richmond, then did 30 miles (48 km) in five hours and 35 minutes in Washington, D.C. Dixon tried many other feats of endurance. For example, in late August, he stood on a plank for three days and two nights with no sleep. In September, he paced for 76 hours on a 15-foot-long (five-meter) platform.
Meanwhile, he did not give up his singing career. In early 1843, Dixon (now called "Pedestrian and Melodist") appeared at least once more at the Bowery Theatre, and he played on bills with Richard Pelham and Billy Whitlock. On January 29, he performed at a benefit for Dan Emmett. These concerts would be his last.
Despite these excursions into athletics and entertainment, Dixon still considered himself an editor. He started a new paper called Dixon's Regulator by March, and he renewed his public crusade in New York. On February 22, 1846, he posted handbills around the city publicizing a meeting to protest further activities by Madame Restell. At the rally the next day, several hundred people listened to Dixon speak against the abortionist, calling for her neighbors to demand her eviction or else to take matters into their own hands. The crowd then walked to her residence three blocks away to shout threats but eventually dispersed. Restell responded with a letter to the New York Tribune and New York Herald alleging that Dixon was simply trying to extort money from her in return for an end to his agitation:
Again and again have I been applied to by his emissaries for money, and as often have they been refused; and, as a consequence, I have been vilified and abused without stint or measure, which, of course, I expected, and, of the two, would prefer to his praise.
During the Mexican–American War, Dixon added some timely political references to "Zip Coon" and briefly returned to the public eye. Another crusade seems to have drawn Dixon away from New York in 1847. He was probably one of the first Radical Republicans to entrench himself as a filibuster in the Yucatán in a bid to annex more territory for the United States.
Dixon retired to New Orleans, Louisiana, sometime before 1848. A city directory gives his address as "Literary Tent", and his obituary in the Baton Rouge Daily Gazette and Comet states that the Poydras Market "by night and day, was the home of this waif upon society ... The 'General' was not without friends who contributed an odd 'five' to him when too frail to move about." He came down with pulmonary tuberculosis sometime in mid-1860. On February 27, 1861, he checked into the New Orleans Charity Hospital, noting his occupation as "editor". Dixon died on March 2.
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George Washington Dixon
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{{short description|American entertainer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = George Washington Dixon
| image = George Washington Dixon CL.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 1801<ref name="birth">Many biographies list his birth year as 1808, but Cockrell, ''Demons of Disorder'', 189, argues that 1801 is the correct date. This is based on Dixon's records at a New Orleans hospital, which list him as 60 years old in 1861, and a December 11, 1841 article in the ''Flash'' that says he was born "some forty years ago".</ref>
| birth_place = [[Richmond, Virginia]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1861|3|2|1801}}
| death_place =
}}
'''George Washington Dixon''' (1801?<ref name="birth">Many biographies list his birth year as 1808, but Cockrell, ''Demons of Disorder'', 189, argues that 1801 is the correct date. This is based on Dixon's records at a New Orleans hospital, which list him as 60 years old in 1861, and a December 11, 1841 article in the ''Flash'' that says he was born "some forty years ago".</ref> – March 2, 1861) was an American singer, stage actor, and newspaper [[editing|editor]]. He rose to prominence as a [[blackface]] performer (possibly the first American to do so) after performing "[[Coal Black Rose]]", "[[Zip Coon]]", and similar songs. He later turned to a career in journalism, during which he earned the enmity of members of the upper class for his frequent allegations against them.
At age 15, Dixon joined the [[circus]], where he quickly established himself as a singer. In 1829, he began performing "Coal Black Rose" in blackface; this and similar songs would propel him to stardom. In contrast to his contemporary [[Thomas D. Rice]], Dixon was primarily a singer rather than a dancer. He was by all accounts a gifted vocalist, and much of his material was quite challenging. "Zip Coon" became his trademark song.
By 1835, Dixon considered journalism to be his primary vocation. His first major paper was ''Dixon's Daily Review'', which he published from [[Lowell, Massachusetts]], in 1835. He followed this in 1836 with ''Dixon's Saturday Night Express'', published in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]. By this point, he had taken to using his paper to expose what he considered the misdeeds of the upper classes. These stories earned him many enemies, and Dixon was taken to court on several occasions. His most successful paper was the ''Polyanthos'', which he began publishing in 1838 from New York City. Under its masthead, he challenged some of his greatest adversaries, including [[Thomas S. Hamblin]], Reverend [[Francis L. Hawks]], and [[Madame Restell]]. After a brief foray into hypnotism, "pedestrianism" (long-distance walking), and other pursuits, he retired to [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]].
==Childhood, adolescence and young manhood==
[[File:Zip Coon sheet music.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Sheet music cover for "Zip Coon", 1830s]]
Details about Dixon's childhood are scarce. The record suggests that he was born in [[Richmond, Virginia]], probably in 1801, to a [[working class|working-class]] family.<ref name="birth"/> He may have been educated at a [[charity school]].<ref name="Cockrell 96">Cockrell, ''Demons'', 96.</ref> Fairly detailed descriptions and portraits of Dixon survive; he had a swarthy complexion and a "splendid head of hair".<ref>September 19, 1841 ''Sunday Mercury''. Quoted in Cockrell, ''Demons'', 129.</ref> However, the question of whether he was white or black is an open one. His enemies sometimes called him a "[[mulatto]]", a "[[Negro]]", or referred to him as "Zip Coon", the name of the black character in one of his songs. However, the weight of evidence suggests that if Dixon did have black ancestry, it was fairly remote.<ref>Cockrell, ''Demons'', 193 note 112.</ref>
A newspaper story from 1841 claims that at age 15, Dixon's singing caught the attention of a circus proprietor named West. The man convinced Dixon to join his traveling circus as a stablehand and errand boy.<ref>December 11, 1841 ''Flash''. Paraphrased in Cockrell 96.</ref> Dixon traveled with this and other circuses for a time, and he appears as a singer and reciter of poems on bills dated from as early as February 1824.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} By early 1829, he had taken on the epithet "The American [[opera buffa|Buffo]] Singer".{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
Over three days in late July 1829, Dixon performed "[[Coal Black Rose]]" in [[blackface]] at the [[Bowery Theatre|Bowery]], [[Chatham Garden Theatre|Chatham Garden]], and [[Park Theatre (Manhattan)|Park]] theatres in New York City. The ''[[Flash (magazine)|Flash]]'' characterized his audience as "crowded galleries and scantily filled boxes";<ref>December 11, 1841, ''Flash''. Quoted in Cockrell, ''Demons'', 96.</ref> that is, mostly working-class. On September 24 at the Bowery, Dixon performed ''Love in a Cloud'', a dramatic interpretation of the events described in "Coal Black Rose" and possibly the first blackface [[farce]].<ref name="Cockrell 96"/> These performances proved a hit, and Dixon rose to celebrity, perhaps before any other American blackface performer had done so.<ref name="Watkins 84">Watkins 84.</ref> On December 14, Dixon's benefit at the [[Albany Theatre]] grossed $155.87, the largest take there since the opening night earlier that year.<ref name="Cockrell 96"/>
[[File:Dixon's Oddities.png|thumb|upright|Cover to the 1842 edition of ''Dixon's Oddities'']]
Dixon performed through 1834, most frequently at New York's three major theatres. In addition to blackface song-and-dance numbers, he did whiteface songs and scenes from popular plays; much of his material was quite challenging.<ref>Cockrell, ''Demons'', 113.</ref> Dixon's fame allowed him to pepper his material with satire and political commentary.<ref>Knowles 76.</ref> On November 25, 1830, he sang before a crowd of 120,000 in Washington, D.C., in support of the [[July Revolution]] in France. He began selling a collection of songs and skits he had popularized called ''Dixon's Oddities'' in 1830; the book remained in print long after. Dixon mostly played to a working-class audience, including in his repertoire such songs as "The New York Fireman", which compared firefighters to the American Founding Fathers. [[Public speaking|Oratory]] made up another facet of his act; on December 4, 1832, the ''[[Baltimore Patriot]]'' reported that Dixon would read an address from the President at the [[Front Street Theatre]].<ref>Cockrell, ''Demons'', 97.</ref>
In 1833, he started a small newspaper called the [[Stonington, Connecticut|Stonington]] ''Cannon''. However, the publication saw little success, and by January 1834, he was performing again, now with new talents, such as [[ventriloquism]]. Dixon seemed untarnished by his yearlong hiatus. Reviews said that "his voice seems formed of the music itself—'' 'it thrills'', it animates' ..."<ref>''Bedford Enquirer'', quoted on January 18, 1834 ''Harrisburg Pennsylvania Telegraph''. Quoted in Cockrell, ''Demons'', 113. Emphasis in original.</ref> The ''Telegraph'' wrote,
<blockquote>Few Melodists have gained more celebrity or been so universally admired, ... The many effusions from the pen of this gentleman independent of his vocal powers, is sufficient proof of his being a man of considerable talent and originality—you should hear him sing his national air "on a wing that beamed in glory" [and it would be] unnecessary for us to enlarge on his merits as a vocalist—for his Melodies display a feeling of Patriotism which attracts the attention of every beholder.<ref>''Bedford Enquirer'', quoted in the January 18, 1834''Harrisburg Pennsylvania Telegraph''. Quoted in Cockrell, ''Demons'', 98.</ref></blockquote>
In March, Dixon performed "[[Zip Coon]]" for the first time. Although Dixon had previously sung "[[Long Tail Blue]]", another racist tale about a black "[[dandy]]" trying to fit into Northern white society,<ref>Damon, S. Foster (1936). ''Series of Old American Songs''. Providence: Brown University Library. Quoted in Lewis 257.</ref> "Zip Coon" garnered acclaim and quickly became an audience favorite and Dixon's trademark tune. He later claimed to have written the song, although others performed it before him, so this seems unlikely.<ref name="Watkins 84"/> Dixon accompanied his singing with an earthy [[jig]].<ref>Knowles 76–7.</ref>
On July 7, the [[Anti-abolitionist riots (1834)|Farren Riots]] erupted. Young men in New York City targeted the homes, businesses, churches, and institutions of black New Yorkers and [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionists]]. On the night of July 9, the mob stormed the Bowery Theatre. Manager [[Thomas S. Hamblin]] failed to quell them, and actor [[Edwin Forrest]] did not meet their expectations when they ordered him to perform. According to the ''[[New York Sun (historical)|New York Sun]]'':
<blockquote>Mr. Dixon, the singer (an American,) now made his appearance. "Let us have Zip Coon," exclaimed a thousand voices. The singer gave them their favorite song, amidst peals of laughter,—and his Honor the Mayor, who as the old woman said of her husband, is a "good-natured, easy fellow," made his appearance, delivered a short speech, made a low bow, and went out. Dixon, who had produced such amazing good nature with "Zip Coon," next addressed them—and they soon quietly dispersed.<ref>July 11, 1834 ''[[New York Sun (historical)|New York Sun]]''. Quoted in Cockrell, ''Demons'', 100.</ref></blockquote>
==Dixon the editor==
In early 1835, Dixon moved to [[Lowell, Massachusetts]], a small town growing out of the Industrial Revolution. By April, he had taken the epithet "The National Melodist" and was editing ''Dixon's Daily Review''. The paper took as motto "Knowledge—Liberty—Utility—Representation—Responsibility"<ref>Cockrell, ''Demons'', 101.</ref> and championed the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]], [[Radical Republicans|Radical Republicanism]], and the working class.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} ''Dixon's Daily Review'' also explored [[morality]] and women's place in the rapidly changing society of the urban North.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
Dixon's criticism of his colleagues did not win him any friends, and in June, the ''[[Boston Post]]'' reported that he had "flogged one of the editors of the ''[[Lowell Castigator]]'', and was hunting after the other."<ref>June 11, 1835 ''[[Boston Post]]''. Quoted in Cockrell, ''Demons'', 102.</ref> By the next month, Dixon had sold his paper, and the new publishers were eager to point out that Dixon no longer had anything to do with its production. By August, rumors were circulating that Dixon had started up another paper called the ''News Letter'' and was selling it in Lowell and [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]. If he did, no copies are known to have survived.<ref>Cockrell, ''Demons'', 103.</ref>
By February 1836, Dixon was touring again. He played many well-attended shows in Boston that month and did a play at the [[Tremont Theatre, Boston|Tremont Theatre]]. His recent forays into publishing had soured his image in the popular press, however, and ''[[The New York Times]]'' satirized his lower-class audience:
<blockquote>''Tremont Teatre.'' At this classical establishment, Mr Dixon, "the American Buffo singer," is at present the star. His ''third'' night is announced! Will some of the enlightened citizens of the emporium favor us with their opinion of his performance? Is his Zip Coon as thrilling as Mr Wood's "Still so gently o'er me stealing?"<ref>March 11, 1836. ''[[The New York Times]]''. Quoted in Cockrell, ''Demons'', 103. Emphasis in original.</ref></blockquote>
On 16 and April 30, Dixon played the Masonic Temple in Boston. There he included material to appeal to his lower-class audience, such as a popular tune that he had adapted with lyrics about the [[Boston Fire Department]]. Nevertheless, he also reached out to a richer, middle-class patronage. For example, he played alongside a classically trained pianist, and he billed the performance as a "concert", a word typically reserved for high-class, non-blackface entertainment.<ref>Cockrell, ''Demons'', 103–4.</ref> Dixon earned a third of the gross from this engagement: $23.50.<ref>Cockrell, ''Demons'', 104.</ref> He still owed money to the printer of ''Dixon's Daily Review'', so these earnings were put in trust for the conductor of the orchestra to pick up at a later date. Dixon and the printer grew impatient and presented a [[forgery|forged]] note to the trustee to collect early. Within a few days, Dixon was arrested and jailed in Boston. The press took the opportunity to castigate him again: "''George Washington Dixon'', now cormorant of [[Leverett Street Jail|Boston jail]], and ex-publisher, ex-editor, ex-broker, ex-melodist, &c., is quite out of tune."<ref>June 2, 1836 ''New York Transcript''. Quoted in Cockrell, ''Demons'', 104.</ref> The ''[[Boston Courier]]'' called Dixon "the most miserable apology for a vocalist that ever bored the public ear."<ref>May 1836 ''Boston Courier'', quoted in Leonard, William Torber (1986). ''Masquerade in Black''. Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press, p. 210; Quoted in Knowles 77.</ref>
At the trial, held in mid-June, character witnesses testified that Dixon was "a harmless, inoffensive man, but destitute of business capacity" and "in reply to the question whether Dixon was ''[[non compos mentis]],'' I consider him as being on the frontier line—sometimes on one side, and sometimes on the other, just as the breeze of fortune happens to blow."<ref>Quoted in Cockrell, ''Demons'', 104, 106.</ref> In the end, he was found not guilty when the prosecution failed to satisfy that he had known the document to be a forgery. Dixon took the opportunity to give a speech to the public outside. He then returned to the stage, earning a considerable $527.50 in late July.<ref>Cockrell, ''Demons'', 106.</ref>
Dixon was still guilty in the eyes of the press, however, and his letters to clear his name only made things worse:
<blockquote>Mister Zip Coon is at his old tricks again. So far from possessing the ability to write a letter Miss Nancy-Coal-Black-Rose Dixon cannot begin to write ten consecutive words of the English language, and he must have encountered "the Schoolmaster abroad" in the Athenian city that teaches "penmanship in six lessons," and that lately too if he can sign his name.<ref>July 2, 1836 ''[[Spirit of the Times]]''. Quoted in Cockrell, ''Demons'', 106.</ref></blockquote>
By the end of 1836, Dixon had moved to Boston and started a new paper, the ''Bostonian; or, Dixon's Saturday Night Express''. The paper focused on working-class issues, religious values, and opposition to [[abortion]]. It followed the lead of the ''Daily Review'' in exposing allegedly immoral affairs of well known Bostonians. One story told of two personalities eloping. Other Boston papers called the story false, and the ''[[Boston Herald]]'' labeled Dixon a "knave". Dixon fired back, depicting the paper's editor, [[Henry F. Harrington]], as a monkey.<ref>Cockrell, ''Demons'', 107.</ref>
In early 1837, Dixon was again in legal trouble. Harrington accused Dixon of stealing half a ream of paper from the ''[[Boston Morning Post|Morning Post]]'', the principal competition to Harrington's ''Herald''. The judge eventually dismissed the case, agreeing that the paper had been taken, but ruling that no proof pointed to Dixon as the one who had taken it. Dixon gave another post-trial speech, followed by a stage show on February 4.<ref>Cockrell, ''Demons'', 108–110.</ref>
Not ten days after the end of the Harrington case, Dixon was charged with forging a signature on a bail bond pertaining to his previous debt from July 1835. He was sent to Lowell and jailed. The press responded with its usual glee: "George has been a great eulogist, the defender of the Constitution! But he cannot defend himself."<ref>February 13, 1837 ''Lowell Advertiser''. Quoted in Cockrell, ''Demons'', 110.</ref> At his hearing on February 15, bail was set at $1000, an unheard of amount for the time.<ref>Cockrell, ''Demons'', 110.</ref> Unable to pay, he was transferred to a jail in [[Concord, Massachusetts]].
Dixon's March 16 trial ended in conviction. His appeal to the [[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court]] on April 17 resulted in a hung jury, and his prosecutors dropped the charges against him. He gave another of his by now trademark post-trial addresses. The ''Boston Post'' wrote: "I begin to think that the Melodist bears a charmed life—and as was often said to be done in olden time, has made a bargain with the Being of Darkness for a certain term of years, during which he may defy the majesty of the law, and the wrath of his enemies."<ref>April 18, 1837 ''Boston Post''. Quoted in Cockrell, ''Demons'', 111.</ref>
Another stage tour followed, with concerts in Lowell, New England, and Maine. This was an apparent success, with one reviewer saying that Dixon had "a voice which ''all'' unite in pronouncing to be of remarkable richness and compass."<ref>August 5, 1837 ''Portland Eastern Argus''. Quoted in Cockrell, ''Demons'', 113. Emphasis in original.</ref> That Fall, he may have contemplated a tour with [[James Salisbury (entertainer)|James Salisbury]], a black musician and dancer well known in lower-class districts of Boston such as [[Ann Street, Boston|Ann Street]]. Instead, he appeared on December 6 at the upper-class [[Opera Saloon]], singing selections from popular operas. His fame (or notoriety) served to get him listed as a candidate for the Boston mayoral race in December. Dixon won nine votes, despite his polite refusal to serve should he be elected.<ref>Cockrell, ''Demons'', 113–4.</ref>
==The ''Polyanthos''==
Dixon performed in Boston through the end of February 1838. That spring, he moved to New York City, where he re-entered the publishing business with a newspaper called the ''Polyanthos and Fire Department Album''. Dixon again championed the lower class and aimed to expose the sordid affairs of the rich, especially those who preyed upon lower-class women.<ref>Cockrell, ''Demons'', 114–5.</ref>
An early ''Polyanthos'' alleged that Thomas Hamblin, manager of the Bowery Theatre, was engaging in an affair with Miss Missouri, a teen-aged performer there. Within ten days of publication, Miss Missouri turned up dead, reportedly killed by "inflammation of the brain caused by the violent misconduct of Miss Missouri's mother and the publication of an abusive article in ''The Polyanthos''."<ref>June 20, 1838 ''Boston Post''. Quoted in Cockrell, ''Demons'', 115.</ref> On July 28, Hamblin accosted Dixon. Another assault in August prompted Dixon to start carrying a pistol. Undaunted, Dixon continued his attacks on Hamblin and others in the ''Polyanthos''. He exposed another alleged affair, this between a merchant named Rowland R. Minturn and the wife of a shipmaker named James H. Roome. Twelve days after the publication, Roome killed himself.
Another article alleged that [[Francis L. Hawks]], an Episcopalian rector and reverend at the St. Thomas Church of New York, had been engaging in illicit sexual behavior. On December 31, Dixon was in court, charged with [[slander and libel|libel]]. Dixon spent a week in jail, then paid the $2000 bail. However, before he could even leave the jailhouse, he was arrested for a charge leveled by Rowland Minturn's brothers that Dixon's article had resulted in the man's death.
Bail was raised to $9000, an enormous amount, which Dixon protested. The prosecution argued that "The accused is a ''criminal of the blackest dye'', and by his infamous publication is morally guilty of no less than three murders, and I hope the court will not diminish the amount of bail one iota!"<ref>April 20, 1839 ''[[New York Herald]]''. Emphasis in original. Quoted in Cockrell, ''Demons'', 118.</ref> It did not. Nevertheless, a notorious New York madam named [[Adeline Miller]] paid it, and Dixon walked free. Only a month later, though, she had sent Dixon back to jail for unknown reasons. Facing seven counts (four from Hawks and three from the Minturns), the singer and editor remained incarcerated for two months while he awaited trial.
The Minturn case came first, on April 15, 1839. After three days, the jury came back unable to reach a verdict, and the Minturn brothers dropped the charges. Dixon returned to jail, but Hawks dropped his charges from four to three. The judge lowered bail to $900 on April 20, and Dixon walked free.
The press renewed their attacks on him:
<blockquote>To those who know the true character, and something of the personal history of this imbecile vagrant, the exuberance of indignation with which he is pursued, appears truly ridiculous. That he is disgusting, a nuisance, and a bore, we know—and so is a spider. Nobody would dream, however, of extinguishing the latter insect with a park of artillery; though all the city seem to have fancied that George Washington Dixon could be conquered with no less. The truth of him is, that he is a most unmitigated fool; and as to his pursuing any person with malice, he is not capable of any sentiment requiring the appreciation of real or fancied injury. If he were kicked down stairs, he could not decide, until told by some one else, whether the kick was the result of accident or design, and if design, whether it was intended as a compliment or an insult.<ref>''New York Dispatch'' quoted on April 23, 1839 ''Boston Post''. Quoted in Cockrell, ''Demons'', 120.</ref></blockquote>
Dixon fought back in the ''Polyanthos'' by defending himself and his motives, and to some degree, he seems to have succeeded. The ''Herald'' for one admitted that his trial had exposed an unsavory facet of the upper class.<ref>April 19, 1839 ''New York Herald''. Quoted in Cockrell, ''Demons'', 121.</ref> Nevertheless, on May 10, Dixon changed his plea to guilty regarding one count, and the next day did the same for the other two. He was sentenced to six months of hard labor at the New York State Penitentiary at [[Roosevelt Island|Blackwell's Island]]. Dixon reportedly responded, "This is a pretty situation for an editor."<ref>May 20, 1839 ''Boston Post''. Quoted in Cockrell, ''Demons'', 126.</ref> He would later claim that Hawks had paid him $1000 to change his plea.<ref>Cockrell, ''Demons'', 127.</ref>
[[File:Blackwell's Island prison.jpg|thumb|The prison at Blackwell's Island, where Dixon served a six-month sentence for libel]]
The press reacted with its usual fervor:
<blockquote>Dixon is a mulatto, and was, not many years ago, employed in this city, in an oyster house to open oysters and empty the shells into the carts before they were carried away. He is an impudent scoundrel, aspires to every thing, and was fit to be any body's fool. Somebody used his name (such as he called himself, for negroes have, by right, no surnames) as the publisher of a newspaper, in which every body, almost, was libelled. He is now caged, and, we may hope, will, when he comes out of prison, go to opening oysters, or some other employment appropriate to his habits and color.<ref>''[[Baltimore Chronicle]]'', quoted on November 11, 1843 ''New York Herald''. Quoted in Cockrell, ''Demons'', 127.</ref></blockquote>
Dixon served out his sentence then returned to New York. He resumed the ''Polyanthos'', emerging as the leader of a cadre of like-minded editors interested in exposing immorality.<ref name="ANB 645">Cockrell, ''ANB'', 645.</ref> Dixon now focused his efforts on Austrian dancer [[Fanny Elssler]], whom he accused of sexual misconduct. On August 21, 1840, he went so far as to rally a riot against her and then published the inciting speech in the ''Polyanthos''.<ref name="Cockrell 128">Cockrell, ''Demons'', 128.</ref> He then targeted men who seduced young, working-class women, boarders who cheated their landlords, dysfunctional banks, and so-called British agents who were supposedly stirring up anti-American sentiment among American Indians and black slaves.<ref>Browder 25.</ref> Dixon claimed to be "a battering-ram against vice and folly in every shape",<ref>June 19, 1841 ''Polyanthos''. Quoted in Browder 25.</ref> writing:
<blockquote>''The Polyanthos'' cannot die. The protecting Providence that watches over the safety of the just, and defeats the machinations of the wicked, will make it bloom ... We prophesy that the latest descendant of the youngest newsboy will animate his hearers with the desire to emulate the enviable fame of DIXON! Our name will be handed down to the end of time as one of the most independent men of the nineteenth century! Our ''very hat'' will become a relic.<ref>January 17, 1841 ''Polyanthos''. Emphasis in original. Quoted in Cockrell, ''Demons'', 128.</ref></blockquote>
[[File:National Police Gazette Restell.jpg|thumb|left|[[Penny press]] depiction of Madame Restell]]
On February 16, 1841, Dixon turned to a crusade against a New York [[abortion]]ist known as [[Madame Restell]]. He vowed to reprint an anti-Restell editorial every week until the authorities took notice or Restell stopped running newspaper ads for her abortion services. As for abortion itself, Dixon claimed that it subverted marriage by inhibiting procreation and encouraged female infidelity.<ref name="Cockrell 128"/>
Dixon kept his word, illustrating the editorial in later runs with woodcuts of Restell carrying a skull-and-crossbones emblem. When the March 17 ''[[New York Courier]]'' quoted the New York grand jury as saying "We earnestly pray that if there is no law that will reach this [Madame Restell], which we present as a ''public nuisance'', the court will take measures for procuring the passage of such a law",<ref>March 17, 1841 ''Courier''. Quoted in Browder 29. Emphasis in original.</ref> Dixon responded with the March 20 headline "Restell caught at last!"<ref>March 20, 1841 ''Polyanthos''. Quoted in Browder 29.</ref> On March 22, Ann Lohman, part of the husband-and-wife team behind the Restell name, was arrested. Dixon claimed vindication and covered the trial over several issues of the ''Polyanthos''. After her conviction on July 20, he wrote, "the monster in human shape ... has ... been convicted of one of the most hellish acts ever perpetrated in a Christian land!"<ref>July 21, 1841 ''Polyanthos''. Quoted in Browder 44.</ref>
On September 12, a man in the street struck Dixon in the head with an ax, which prompted some of the only positive press Dixon ever enjoyed that was not related to his singing. The ''Uncle Sam'' praised his editing and writing: "Go on martyr of virtue, go on and prosper! Go on getting out extras, and defending the sacredness of the marriage institution. Go on through malice, opposition, fiery trials, persecutions and assassinations—posterity will do thee justice ... !"<ref>September 18, 1841. The ''Uncle Sam''. Quoted in Cockrell, ''Demons'', 130.</ref>
Even with positive press, Dixon's troubles with the courts were not over. Around September 16, he allegedly assaulted Peter D. Formal, who was taking down bills that Dixon had posted. Dixon failed to appear for his October court date, and he skipped later dates on 1 and November 11. On November 19, he again was placed under arrest for [[obscenity]] as part of a citywide campaign by the district attorney to fight [[yellow journalism]]. On January 13, 1842, Dixon was indicted for the charges ''in absentia''. A warrant was issued for his arrest on April 13. By this time, he had handed the ''Polyanthos'' to [[Louse Leah]], and the charges were eventually dropped.
In late 1841, Dixon had gotten into another row with a colleague. [[William Joseph Snelling]] obtained a warrant against him, and Dixon countersued. Snelling wrote anonymously in the ''Flash'':
<blockquote>We know him for a greedy, sordid, unscrupulous knave, of old; ... We are aware that men are judged by the company they keep and that we shall be blamed for having had anything to do with Dixon. Be it so.—We deserve rebuke, we have suffered for our folly and, if that is not enough, we are content to sit down in sackcloth and ashes; the meet attire of fools who trust to a person so vile that the English language cannot express his unmitigated baseness.<ref>11 or December 18, 1841 ''Flash''. Quoted in Cockrell, ''Demons'', 131.</ref></blockquote>
In keeping with sexual morality at the time, Dixon and his colleagues sometimes checked bordellos for cleanliness, friendliness, and other factors.<ref name="ANB 645"/> Snelling drew from this, linking Dixon to organized prostitution and alleging that he had connections to a madam named [[Julia Brown (prostitute)|Julia Brown]].<ref>Cockrell, ''Demons'', 135.</ref> Eventually, another editor named [[George B. Wooldridge]] joined with Dixon for a few issues of the ''True Flash'', but they did not sell well. Rumors circulated at this time that Dixon was to be married, but sources disagreed over the identity of the fiancée; one said she was a Congressman's daughter, another that she was a madam. The ''Flash'' published a story that Brown and a prostitute named [[Phoebe Doty]] had been seen fighting over the Melodist. If Dixon did marry, no record survives of it.<ref>Cockrell, ''Demons'', 136.</ref>
==Later career==
Beginning in 1842, Dixon took on a number of new occupations, including [[animal magnetism|animal magnetist]] and [[Spiritualism (religious movement)|spiritualist]] specializing in [[clairvoyance]]. A fad for public competitions and feats of endurance served as another vehicle for him to keep his name in the public eye; he became a "pedestrian", a long-distance sport [[race walking|walker]]. The participation of Dixon, a blackface singer and dancer, in these contests presaged the challenge dances of performers such as [[Master Juba]] and [[John Diamond (dancer)|John Diamond]] in the next few years.<ref name="Knowles 77">Knowles 77.</ref>
In February, he competed to win $4,000 by walking 48 hours without stopping. When the prize failed to materialize, Dixon charged admission to watch him. Later that month, Dixon tried to break this record by walking 50 hours. His publicity was, as usual, bad. ''[[Brother Jonathan]]'' gave this advice: "walk in one direction all the time, from this part of the compass, till ocean fetches him up, and then see how far he can swim."<ref>July 19, 1842 ''Brother Jonathan''. Quoted in the ''[[Lowell Courier]]''. Quoted in Cockrell, ''Demons'', 137.</ref> He walked for 60 hours that summer in Richmond, then did {{convert|30|mi|km}} in five hours and 35 minutes in Washington, D.C.<ref>Cockrell, ''Demons'', 137.</ref> Dixon tried many other feats of endurance. For example, in late August, he stood on a plank for three days and two nights with no sleep. In September, he paced for 76 hours on a 15-foot-long (five-meter) platform.<ref>Cockrell, ''Demons'', 138.</ref>
Meanwhile, he did not give up his singing career. In early 1843, Dixon (now called "Pedestrian and Melodist") appeared at least once more at the Bowery Theatre, and he played on bills with [[Richard Pelham]] and [[Billy Whitlock]]. On January 29, he performed at a benefit for [[Dan Emmett]]. These concerts would be his last.
Despite these excursions into athletics and entertainment, Dixon still considered himself an editor. He started a new paper called ''Dixon's Regulator'' by March, and he renewed his public crusade in New York. On February 22, 1846, he posted handbills around the city publicizing a meeting to protest further activities by Madame Restell. At the rally the next day, several hundred people listened to Dixon speak against the abortionist, calling for her neighbors to demand her eviction or else to take matters into their own hands. The crowd then walked to her residence three blocks away to shout threats but eventually dispersed.<ref>Browder 64–5.</ref> Restell responded with a letter to the ''[[New York Tribune]]'' and ''[[New York Herald]]'' alleging that Dixon was simply trying to extort money from her in return for an end to his agitation:
<blockquote>Again and again have I been applied to by his emissaries for money, and as often have they been refused; and, as a consequence, I have been vilified and abused without stint or measure, which, of course, I expected, and, of the two, would prefer to his praise.<ref>February 25, 1846 ''Herald''. Quoted in Browder 66.</ref></blockquote>
During the [[Mexican–American War]], Dixon added some timely political references to "Zip Coon" and briefly returned to the public eye.<ref name="Knowles 77"/> Another crusade seems to have drawn Dixon away from New York in 1847. He was probably one of the first Radical Republicans to entrench himself as a [[Filibuster (military)|filibuster]] in the [[Yucatán Peninsula|Yucatán]] in a bid to annex more territory for the United States.<ref>Cockrell, ''Demons'', 196 note 190.</ref>
Dixon retired to [[New Orleans, Louisiana]], sometime before 1848. A city directory gives his address as "Literary Tent",<ref>Cockrell, ''ANB'', 646.</ref> and his obituary in the ''[[Baton Rouge Daily Gazette and Comet]]'' states that the [[Poydras Market]] "by night and day, was the home of this waif upon society ... The 'General' was not without friends who contributed an odd 'five' to him when too frail to move about."<ref>Obituary, March 23, 1861, ''Baton Rouge Daily Gazette and Comet''. Quoted in Cockrell, ''Demons'', 196 note 190.</ref> He came down with pulmonary [[tuberculosis]] sometime in mid-1860. On February 27, 1861, he checked into the [[New Orleans Charity Hospital]], noting his occupation as "editor". Dixon died on March 2.
==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}
==References==
{{refbegin}}
* Browder, Clifford (1988). ''The Wickedest Woman in New York: Madame Restell, the Abortionist''. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books. {{ISBN|978-0-208-02183-0}}
* Cockrell, Dale (1997). ''Demons of Disorder: Early Blackface Minstrels and Their World''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-56828-9}}
* Cockrell, Dale (1999). "Dixon, George Washington". ''American National Biography'', Vol. 24 or 6. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-520635-7}}
* Knowles, Mark (2002). ''Tap Roots: The Early History of Tap Dancing''. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. {{ISBN|978-0-786-41267-9}}
* Toll, Robert C. (1974). ''Blacking Up: The Minstrel Show in Nineteenth-century America''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-501820-2}}
* Watkins, Mel (1994). ''On the Real Side: Laughing, Lying, and Signifying—The Underground Tradition of African-American Humor that Transformed American Culture, from Slavery to Richard Pryor''. New York: Simon & Schuster. {{ISBN|978-0-671-68982-7}}
* Wilmeth, Don B. and Bigsby, C. W. E., eds. (1998). ''The Cambridge History of American Theatre: Beginnings to 1870''. New York: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-78092-6}}
{{refend}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dixon, George Washington}}
[[Category:1800s births]]
[[Category:1861 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century American newspaper editors]]
[[Category:19th-century American male singers]]
[[Category:19th-century American singers]]
[[Category:American male dancers]]
[[Category:American male race walkers]]
[[Category:American male stage actors]]
[[Category:Blackface minstrel performers]]
[[Category:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in Louisiana]]
[[Category:American mercenaries]]
[[Category:Musicians from Boston]]
[[Category:Musicians from Lowell, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Musicians from New Orleans]]
[[Category:Musicians from Richmond, Virginia]]
[[Category:People from Roosevelt Island]]
[[Category:Ventriloquists]]
[[Category:American circus performers]]
[[Category:Male actors from New Orleans]]
[[Category:19th-century American dancers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Lowell, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Male actors from Boston]]
[[Category:American male journalists]]
[[Category:19th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:19th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:Singers from Louisiana]]
[[Category:Journalists from Virginia]]
[[Category:Male actors from Richmond, Virginia]]
[[Category:Singers from New Orleans]]
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[{"title": "George Washington Dixon", "data": {"Born": "1801 \u00b7 Richmond, Virginia, U.S.", "Died": "March 2, 1861 (aged 59\u201360)"}}]
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# Ben Raimondi
Benjamin Louis Raimondi (January 23, 1925 – April 16, 2020) was a professional American football player for the All-America Football Conference (AAFC)'s New York Yankees. He played quarterback in seven games during the 1947 season. Raimondi played college football at William & Mary and then Indiana.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Raimondi
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{{Short description|American football player (1925–2020)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox NFL player
| name = Ben Raimondi
| number = 88, 31
| position = [[Quarterback]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1925|1|23}}
| birth_place = [[Brooklyn, New York]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|4|16|1925|1|23}}<ref name="Obituary">[https://obits.silive.com/obituaries/siadvance/obituary.aspx?n=benjamin-raimondi&pid=196142865&fhid=9320 Ben Raimondi's obituary]</ref>
| height_ft = 5
| height_in = 10
| weight_lb = 175
| high_school = [[Erasmus Hall High School|Erasmus Hall]]<br/>(Brooklyn, New York)
| college = [[William & Mary Tribe football|William & Mary]]<br>[[Indiana Hoosiers football|Indiana]]
| draftyear = 1947
| draftround = 6
| draftpick = 41
| pastteams =
* [[New York Yankees (AAFC)|New York Yankees]] ([[1947 AAFC season|1947]])
* [[Richmond Rebels (American Football League)|Richmond Rebels]] (1948-1949)
| highlights =
* Second-team [[College Football All-America Team|All-American]] ([[1946 College Football All-America Team|1946]])
* First-team [[List of All-Big Ten Conference football teams|All-Big Nine]] ([[1946 All-Big Nine Conference football team|1946]])
| statleague = AAFC
| statlabel1 = Passing yards
| statvalue1 = 54
| statlabel2 = [[Touchdown|TD]]–[[Interception|INT]]
| statvalue2 = 0–0
| statlabel3 = [[Passer rating]]
| statvalue3 = 42.1
| pfr = RaimBe20
}}
'''Benjamin Louis Raimondi''' (January 23, 1925 – April 16, 2020) was a professional [[American football]] player for the [[All-America Football Conference]] (AAFC)'s [[New York Yankees (AAFC)|New York Yankees]]. He played [[quarterback]] in seven games during the [[1947 New York Yankees (AAFC) season|1947 season]]. Raimondi played college football at [[William & Mary Tribe football|William & Mary]] and then [[Indiana Hoosiers football|Indiana]].<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/R/RaimBe20.htm Ben Raimondi] @ pro-football-reference.com. Retrieved September 6, 2013.</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/archivesphotos/results/item.do?itemId=P0021640 Photograph] of Raimondi while at Indiana
{{Eagles1946DraftPicks}}
{{Chicago Cardinals 1947 draft navbox}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Raimondi, Ben}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:American football quarterbacks]]
[[Category:Erasmus Hall High School alumni]]
[[Category:Indiana Hoosiers football players]]
[[Category:New York Yankees (AAFC) players]]
[[Category:Players of American football from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:William & Mary Tribe football players]]
{{quarterback-1920s-stub}}
| 1,284,036,008
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[{"title": "Ben Raimondi", "data": {"Position": "Quarterback"}}, {"title": "Personal information", "data": {"Born": "January 23, 1925 \u00b7 Brooklyn, New York, U.S.", "Died": "April 16, 2020 (aged 95)", "Height": "5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)", "Weight": "175 lb (79 kg)"}}, {"title": "Career information", "data": {"High school": "Erasmus Hall \u00b7 (Brooklyn, New York)", "College": "William & Mary \u00b7 Indiana", "NFL draft": "1947: 6th round, 41st pick"}}, {"title": "Career history", "data": {"Career history": "- New York Yankees (1947) - Richmond Rebels (1948-1949)"}}, {"title": "Career highlights and awards", "data": {"Career highlights and awards": "- Second-team All-American (1946) - First-team All-Big Nine (1946)"}}, {"title": "Career AAFC statistics", "data": {"Passing yards": "54", "TD\u2013INT": "0\u20130", "Passer rating": "42.1"}}]
| false
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# 2023–24 Frauen-Bundesliga
The 2023–24 season of the Frauen-Bundesliga was the 34th season of Germany's premier women's football league. It ran from 15 September 2023 to 20 May 2024.
The fixtures were announced on 14 July 2023.
## Teams
### Team changes
| Promoted from 2022–23 2. Bundesliga | Relegated from 2022–23 Bundesliga |
| ----------------------------------- | --------------------------------- |
| RB Leipzig 1. FC Nürnberg | SV Meppen Turbine Potsdam |
### Stadiums
| Team | Home city | Home ground | Capacity |
| ------------------- | ---------- | ------------------------ | -------- |
| Werder Bremen | Bremen | Weserstadion Platz 11 | 5,500 |
| MSV Duisburg | Duisburg | PCC-Stadion | 3,000 |
| SGS Essen | Essen | Stadion Essen | 20,650 |
| Eintracht Frankfurt | Frankfurt | Stadion am Brentanobad | 5,650 |
| SC Freiburg | Freiburg | Dreisamstadion | 24,000 |
| TSG Hoffenheim | Hoffenheim | Dietmar-Hopp-Stadion | 6,350 |
| 1. FC Köln | Cologne | Franz-Kremer-Stadion | 5,457 |
| RB Leipzig | Leipzig | Sportanlage Gontardweg | 1,300 |
| Bayer Leverkusen | Leverkusen | Ulrich-Haberland-Stadion | 3,200 |
| Bayern Munich | Munich | FC Bayern Campus | 2,500 |
| 1. FC Nürnberg | Nuremberg | Max-Morlock-Stadion | 50,000 |
| VfL Wolfsburg | Wolfsburg | AOK Stadium | 5,200 |
### Personnel and kits
| Team | Manager | Captain | Kit manufacturer | Shirt sponsors (front) | Shirt sponsors (back) | Shirt sponsors (sleeve) |
| ------------------- | ----------------- | ------------------------- | ---------------- | ----------------------- | ---------------------- | ----------------------- |
| Werder Bremen | Thomas Horsch | Lina Hausicke | Hummel | Ammerländer | ELEMENTS Ausstellungen | CONTACT Software |
| MSV Duisburg | Thomas Gerstner | Yvonne Zielinski | Capelli | 28 BLACK | None | Kununu |
| SGS Essen | Markus Högner | Jacqueline Meißner | Puma | Die Wohnkompanie | Visit Essen | ifm |
| Eintracht Frankfurt | Niko Arnautis | Tanja Pawollek | Nike | Indeed | None | Elotrans reload |
| SC Freiburg | Theresa Merk | Hasret Kayikçi | Nike | Badenova | None | JobRad |
| TSG Hoffenheim | Stephan Lerch | Fabienne Dongus | Joma | syNeo | None | Union Investment |
| 1. FC Köln | Daniel Weber | Sharon Beck | Hummel | Deutsche Telekom | Schaebens | SAP |
| RB Leipzig | Şaban Uzun | Victoria Krug | Nike | Red Bull | None | AOC Die Stadtentwickler |
| Bayer Leverkusen | Robert de Pauw | Elisa Senß | Castore | Barmenia | Früh | s2-Software |
| Bayern Munich | Alexander Straus | Glódís Perla Viggósdóttir | Adidas | Allianz | None | Deutsche Telekom |
| 1. FC Nürnberg | Thomas Oostendorp | Lea Paulick | Adidas | Nürnberger Versicherung | Autohaus Kummich | Edeka App |
| VfL Wolfsburg | Tommy Stroot | Alexandra Popp | Nike | Volkswagen | None | Dermaroller |
## League table
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | ------------------- | --- | -- | - | -- | -- | -- | --- | --- | ----------------------------------------------- |
| 1 | Bayern Munich (C) | 22 | 19 | 3 | 0 | 60 | 8 | +52 | 60 | Qualification for Champions League group stage |
| 2 | VfL Wolfsburg | 22 | 17 | 2 | 3 | 67 | 19 | +48 | 53 | Qualification for Champions League second round |
| 3 | Eintracht Frankfurt | 22 | 14 | 2 | 6 | 42 | 25 | +17 | 44 | Qualification for Champions League first round |
| 4 | SGS Essen | 22 | 10 | 5 | 7 | 33 | 26 | +7 | 35 | |
| 5 | TSG Hoffenheim | 22 | 10 | 4 | 8 | 43 | 35 | +8 | 34 | |
| 6 | Bayer Leverkusen | 22 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 34 | 25 | +9 | 31 | |
| 7 | Werder Bremen | 22 | 8 | 4 | 10 | 34 | 31 | +3 | 28 | |
| 8 | RB Leipzig | 22 | 7 | 5 | 10 | 26 | 41 | −15 | 26 | |
| 9 | SC Freiburg | 22 | 6 | 6 | 10 | 26 | 44 | −18 | 24 | |
| 10 | 1. FC Köln | 22 | 5 | 3 | 14 | 25 | 43 | −18 | 18 | |
| 11 | 1. FC Nürnberg (R) | 22 | 4 | 3 | 15 | 16 | 61 | −45 | 15 | Relegation to 2. Bundesliga |
| 12 | MSV Duisburg (R) | 22 | 0 | 4 | 18 | 16 | 64 | −48 | 4 | Demotion to Regionalliga |
## Results
| Home \ Away | BRE | DUI | ESS | FRA | FRE | HOF | KÖL | LEI | LEV | MUN | NÜR | WOL |
| ------------------- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Werder Bremen | — | 4–2 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 0–3 | 1–3 | 3–0 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 0–2 | 4–0 | 0–3 |
| MSV Duisburg | 0–2 | — | 0–1 | 1–2 | 2–2 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 1–3 | 1–5 | 1–2 | 1–4 |
| SGS Essen | 1–1 | 4–1 | — | 2–0 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 4–4 | 0–0 | 0–2 | 5–0 | 1–3 |
| Eintracht Frankfurt | 2–0 | 5–1 | 1–0 | — | 4–2 | 3–1 | 1–0 | 3–1 | 2–2 | 1–2 | 4–1 | 2–4 |
| SC Freiburg | 2–1 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 0–4 | — | 2–4 | 3–3 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 2–2 | 0–2 | 1–4 |
| TSG Hoffenheim | 1–1 | 9–0 | 0–3 | 1–3 | 2–3 | — | 1–1 | 2–1 | 2–2 | 1–4 | 2–0 | 2–1 |
| 1. FC Köln | 2–1 | 4–1 | 0–1 | 0–1 | 2–0 | 1–2 | — | 2–1 | 0–1 | 0–5 | 3–4 | 1–4 |
| RB Leipzig | 0–5 | 3–0 | 3–2 | 2–1 | 0–2 | 3–0 | 2–1 | — | 1–0 | 0–3 | 0–0 | 0–2 |
| Bayer Leverkusen | 2–3 | 4–1 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 3–0 | 1–2 | 2–0 | 1–1 | — | 1–2 | 6–0 | 1–1 |
| Bayern Munich | 3–0 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 4–0 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 5–0 | 3–0 | — | 4–0 | 2–1 |
| 1. FC Nürnberg | 1–5 | 2–1 | 0–4 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 0–3 | 1–3 | 0–1 | 1–2 | 1–1 | — | 1–9 |
| VfL Wolfsburg | 1–0 | 2–0 | 6–0 | 3–0 | 4–0 | 2–2 | 5–1 | 4–0 | 3–0 | 0–4 | 1–0 | — |
## Statistics
### Top scorers
| Rank | Player | Club | Goals |
| ---- | ------------------ | ------------------- | ----- |
| 1 | Ewa Pajor | VfL Wolfsburg | 18 |
| 2 | Nicole Anyomi | Eintracht Frankfurt | 11 |
| 2 | Lea Schüller | Bayern Munich | 11 |
| 4 | Vanessa Fudalla | RB Leipzig | 10 |
| 4 | Nikola Karczewska | Bayer Leverkusen | 10 |
| 6 | Vivien Endemann | VfL Wolfsburg | 9 |
| 6 | Laura Freigang | Eintracht Frankfurt | 9 |
| 6 | Pernille Harder | Bayern Munich | 9 |
| 9 | Jovana Damnjanović | Bayern Munich | 8 |
| 9 | Sophie Weidauer | Werder Bremen | 8 |
### Hat-tricks
| Player | Club | Against | Result | Date |
| ----------------- | ---------------- | -------------- | ------- | ----------------- |
| Melissa Kössler | TSG Hoffenheim | MSV Duisburg | 9–0 (H) | 16 September 2023 |
| Nikola Karczewska | Bayer Leverkusen | 1. FC Nürnberg | 6–0 (H) | 30 September 2023 |
| Sophie Weidauer | Werder Bremen | RB Leipzig | 5–0 (A) | 11 November 2023 |
| Ewa Pajor4 | VfL Wolfsburg | 1. FC Nürnberg | 9–1 (A) | 17 February 2024 |
| Pernille Harder | Bayern Munich | 1. FC Nürnberg | 4–0 (H) | 12 May 2024 |
| Ewa Pajor | VfL Wolfsburg | SGS Essen | 6–0 (H) | 20 May 2024 |
4 Player scored four goals.
### Clean sheets
| Rank | Player | Club | Clean sheets |
| ---- | ----------------- | ------------------- | ------------ |
| 1 | Maria Luisa Grohs | Bayern Munich | 14 |
| 2 | Sophia Winkler | SGS Essen | 10 |
| 3 | Merle Frohms | VfL Wolfsburg | 9 |
| 4 | Friederike Repohl | Bayer Leverkusen | 8 |
| 5 | Stina Johannes | Eintracht Frankfurt | 7 |
| 6 | Rafaela Borggräfe | SC Freiburg | 5 |
| 6 | Elvira Herzog | RB Leipzig | 5 |
| 6 | Livia Peng | Werder Bremen | 5 |
| 9 | Martina Tufekovic | TSG Hoffenheim | 4 |
| 10 | Kristin Krammer | 1. FC Nürnberg | 2 |
## Attendances
| # | Football club | Average attendance |
| -- | ------------------- | ------------------ |
| 1 | VfL Wolfsburg | 5,691 |
| 2 | 1. FC Köln | 4,914 |
| 3 | Bayern München | 3,964 |
| 4 | Eintracht Frankfurt | 3,736 |
| 5 | SC Freiburg | 3,571 |
| 6 | Werder Bremen | 3,361 |
| 7 | SGS Essen | 2,134 |
| 8 | RB Leipzig | 2,011 |
| 9 | 1. FC Nürnberg | 1,819 |
| 10 | 1899 Hoffenheim | 1,315 |
| 11 | Bayer Leverkusen | 1,010 |
| 12 | MSV Duisburg | 991 |
|
enwiki/73319009
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enwiki
| 73,319,009
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2023–24 Frauen-Bundesliga
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Frauen-Bundesliga
|
2025-04-05T05:03:19Z
|
en
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Q114323988
| 238,502
|
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[Frauen-Bundesliga]]
| season = [[2023–24 in German football|2023–24]]
| dates = {{nowrap|15 September 2023 – 20 May 2024}}
| winners = [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]]
| relegated = [[1. FC Nürnberg (women)|1. FC Nürnberg]]<br>[[MSV Duisburg (women)|MSV Duisburg]]
| continentalcup1 = [[2024–25 UEFA Women's Champions League|Champions League]]
| continentalcup1 qualifiers = Bayern Munich<br>[[VfL Wolfsburg (women)|VfL Wolfsburg]]<br>[[Eintracht Frankfurt (women)|Eintracht Frankfurt]]
| biggest home win = [[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (women)|Hoffenheim]] 9–0 Duisburg
| biggest away win = Nürnberg 1–9 Wolfsburg
| highest scoring = Nürnberg 1–9 Wolfsburg
| matches = 132
| total goals = 422
| longest wins = 10 games<br>Munich
| longest unbeaten = 22 games<br>Munich
| longest winless = 22 games<br>Duisburg
| longest losses = 5 games<br>Duisburg
| league topscorer = [[Ewa Pajor]]<br>(18 goals)
| attendancecalc = 379686
| prevseason = [[2022–23 Frauen-Bundesliga|2022–23]]
| nextseason = [[2024–25 Frauen-Bundesliga|2024–25]]
}}
The '''2023–24 season of the [[Frauen-Bundesliga]]''' was the 34th season of Germany's premier women's [[Association football|football]] league. It ran from 15 September 2023 to 20 May 2024.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dfb.de/frauen-im-fussball/news-detail/rahmenterminkalender-der-frauen-20232024-verabschiedet-249163/|title=Rahmenterminkalender der Frauen 2023/2024 verabschiedet|website=DFB.de |publisher=[[German Football Association]] |date=17 March 2023 |access-date=17 March 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
The fixtures were announced on 14 July 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dfb.de/news/detail/spielplan-steht-freiburg-und-muenchen-eroeffnen-saison-253322/|title=Spielplan steht: Freiburg und München eröffnen Saison|website=dfb.de|date=14 July 2023|access-date=14 July 2023|language=de}}</ref>
==Teams==
{{Location map+|Germany|width=350|float=right|caption=Locations of teams in the '''2023–24 Frauen-Bundesliga'''|places=
{{Location map~|Germany|lat=53.083333|long=8.837628|label=[[SV Werder Bremen (women)|Bremen]]}}
{{Location map~|Germany|lat=51.435147|long= 6.762692|label=[[MSV Duisburg (women)|Duisburg]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~|Germany|lat=51.450833|long=7.013056|label=[[SGS Essen|Essen]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~|Germany|lat=50.069206|long=8.644234|label=[[Eintracht Frankfurt (women)|Frankfurt]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~|Germany|lat=47.983886|long=7.881081|label=[[SC Freiburg (women)|Freiburg]]}}
{{Location map~|Germany|lat=49.161667|long= 8.508333|label=[[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (women)|Hoffenheim]]}}
{{Location map~|Germany|lat=50.933611|long= 6.874697|label=[[1. FC Köln (women)|Köln]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~|Germany|lat=51.33962 |long=12.37129 |label=[[RB Leipzig (women)|Leipzig]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~|Germany|lat=51.038056|long=7.001944|label=[[Bayer 04 Leverkusen (women)|Leverkusen]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~|Germany|lat=48.218773|long=11.624760|label=[[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Munich]]}}
{{Location map~|Germany|lat=49.435931|long=11.13101|label=[[1. FC Nürnberg (women)|Nürnberg]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~|Germany|lat=52.421923|long=10.784980|label=[[VfL Wolfsburg (women)|Wolfsburg]]}}
}}
===Team changes===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Promoted from [[2022–23 2. Frauen-Bundesliga|2022–23 2. Bundesliga]] !! Relegated from [[2022–23 Frauen-Bundesliga|2022–23 Bundesliga]]
|-
| [[RB Leipzig (women)|RB Leipzig]]<br>[[1. FC Nürnberg (women)|1. FC Nürnberg]] || [[SV Meppen (women)|SV Meppen]]<br>[[1. FFC Turbine Potsdam|Turbine Potsdam]]
|}
===Stadiums===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team
! Home city
! Home ground
! Capacity
|-
| data-sort-value="Bremen" | [[SV Werder Bremen (women)|Werder Bremen]] || [[Bremen]] || [[Weserstadion Platz 11]] || 5,500
|-
| data-sort-value="Duisburg" | [[MSV Duisburg (women)|MSV Duisburg]] || [[Duisburg]] || [[PCC-Stadion]] || 3,000
|-
| data-sort-value="Essen" | [[SGS Essen]] || [[Essen]] || [[Stadion Essen]] || 20,650
|-
| data-sort-value="Frankfurt" | [[Eintracht Frankfurt (women)|Eintracht Frankfurt]] || [[Frankfurt]] || [[Stadion am Brentanobad]] || 5,650
|-
| data-sort-value="Freiburg" | [[SC Freiburg (women)|SC Freiburg]] || [[Freiburg im Breisgau|Freiburg]]|| [[Dreisamstadion]]|| 24,000
|-
| data-sort-value="Hoffenheim" | [[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (women)|TSG Hoffenheim]] || [[Hoffenheim]] || [[Dietmar-Hopp-Stadion]] || 6,350
|-
| data-sort-value="Köln" | [[1. FC Köln (women)|1. FC Köln]] || [[Cologne]] || Franz-Kremer-Stadion || 5,457
|-
| data-sort-value="Leipzig" | [[RB Leipzig (women)|RB Leipzig]] || [[Leipzig]] || Sportanlage Gontardweg || 1,300
|-
| data-sort-value="Leverkusen" | [[Bayer 04 Leverkusen (women)|Bayer Leverkusen]] || [[Leverkusen]] || Ulrich-Haberland-Stadion || 3,200
|-
| data-sort-value="Munich" | [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]] || [[Munich]]|| [[FC Bayern Campus]] || 2,500
|-
| data-sort-value="Nurnberg" | [[1. FC Nürnberg (women)|1. FC Nürnberg]] || [[Nuremberg]] || [[Max-Morlock-Stadion]] || 50,000
|-
| data-sort-value="Wolfsburg" | [[VfL Wolfsburg (women)|VfL Wolfsburg]] || [[Wolfsburg]] || AOK Stadium || 5,200
|}
===Personnel and kits===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Team
!Manager
!Captain
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsors (front)
!Shirt sponsors (back)
!Shirt sponsors (sleeve)
|-
|[[SV Werder Bremen (women)|Werder Bremen]]
|{{flagicon|GER}} Thomas Horsch
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Lina Hausicke]]
|[[Hummel International|Hummel]]
|Ammerländer
|ELEMENTS Ausstellungen
|CONTACT Software
|-
|[[MSV Duisburg (women)|MSV Duisburg]]
|{{flagicon|GER}} Thomas Gerstner
|{{flagicon|GER}} Yvonne Zielinski
|[[Capelli Sport|Capelli]]
|28 BLACK
|''None''
|Kununu
|-
|[[SGS Essen]]
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Markus Högner]]
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Jacqueline Meißner]]
|[[Puma (brand)|Puma]]
|Die Wohnkompanie
|[[Essen|Visit Essen]]
|ifm
|-
|[[Eintracht Frankfurt (women)|Eintracht Frankfurt]]
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Niko Arnautis]]
|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Tanja Pawollek]]
|[[Nike, Inc.|Nike]]
|[[Indeed]]
|''None''
|[[Stada Arzneimittel|Elotrans reload]]
|-
|[[SC Freiburg (women)|SC Freiburg]]
|{{flagicon|GER}} Theresa Merk
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Hasret Kayikçi]]
|[[Nike, Inc.|Nike]]
|Badenova
|''None''
|JobRad
|-
|[[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (women)|TSG Hoffenheim]]
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Stephan Lerch]]
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Fabienne Dongus]]
|[[Joma]]
|syNeo
|''None''
|[[Union Investment]]
|-
|[[1. FC Köln (women)|1. FC Köln]]
|{{flagicon|GER}} Daniel Weber
|{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Sharon Beck]]
|[[Hummel International|Hummel]]
|[[Deutsche Telekom]]
|Schaebens
|[[SAP]]
|-
|[[RB Leipzig (women)|RB Leipzig]]
|{{flagicon|GER}} Şaban Uzun
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Victoria Krug]]
|[[Nike, Inc.|Nike]]
|[[Red Bull]]
|''None''
|AOC Die Stadtentwickler
|-
|[[Bayer 04 Leverkusen (women)|Bayer Leverkusen]]
|{{flagicon|NED}} Robert de Pauw
|{{flagicon|GER}} Elisa Senß
|[[Castore]]
|Barmenia
|[[Cölner Hofbräu Früh|Früh]]
|s2-Software
|-
|[[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]]
|{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Alexander Straus]]
|{{flagicon|ISL}} [[Glódís Perla Viggósdóttir]]
|[[Adidas]]
|[[Allianz]]
|''None''
|[[Deutsche Telekom]]
|-
|[[1. FC Nürnberg (women)|1. FC Nürnberg]]
|{{flagicon|NED}} Thomas Oostendorp
|{{flagicon|GER}} Lea Paulick
|[[Adidas]]
|[[Nürnberger Versicherung]]
|Autohaus Kummich
|[[Edeka|Edeka App]]
|-
|[[VfL Wolfsburg (women)|VfL Wolfsburg]]
|{{flagicon|GER}} Tommy Stroot
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Alexandra Popp]]
|[[Nike, Inc.|Nike]]
|[[Volkswagen]]
|''None''
|Dermaroller
|}
==League table==
{{2023–24 Frauen-Bundesliga table}}
==Results==
{{#invoke:Sports results|main
| source = [https://www.dfb.de/google-pixel-frauen-bundesliga/spieltagtabelle/?no_cache=1&spieledb_path=%2Fdatencenter%2Fgoogle-pixel-frauen-bundesliga%2Fgoogle-pixel-frauen-bundesliga%2Fcurrent DFB]
| update = complete
| matches_style = FBR
|team_order=BRE, DUI, ESS, FRA, FRE, HOF, KÖL, LEI, LEV, MUN, NÜR, WOL
|name_BRE=[[SV Werder Bremen (women)|Werder Bremen]]
|name_DUI=[[MSV Duisburg (women)|MSV Duisburg]]
|name_ESS=[[SGS Essen]]
|name_FRA=[[Eintracht Frankfurt (women)|Eintracht Frankfurt]]
|name_FRE=[[SC Freiburg (women)|SC Freiburg]]
|name_HOF=[[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (women)|TSG Hoffenheim]]
|name_KÖL=[[1. FC Köln (women)|1. FC Köln]]
|name_LEI=[[RB Leipzig (women)|RB Leipzig]]
|name_LEV=[[Bayer 04 Leverkusen (women)|Bayer Leverkusen]]
|name_MUN=[[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]]
|name_NÜR=[[1. FC Nürnberg (women)|1. FC Nürnberg]]
|name_WOL=[[VfL Wolfsburg (women)|VfL Wolfsburg]]
| match_BRE_DUI = 4–2
| match_BRE_ESS = 0–0
| match_BRE_FRA = 0–1
| match_BRE_FRE = 0–3
| match_BRE_HOF = 1–3
| match_BRE_KÖL = 3–0
| match_BRE_LEI = 1–1
| match_BRE_LEV = 2–1
| match_BRE_MUN = 0–2
| match_BRE_NÜR = 4–0
| match_BRE_WOL = 0–3
| match_DUI_BRE = 0–2
| match_DUI_ESS = 0–1
| match_DUI_FRA = 1–2
| match_DUI_FRE = 2–2
| match_DUI_HOF = 0–2
| match_DUI_KÖL = 0–0
| match_DUI_LEI = 1–1
| match_DUI_LEV = 1–3
| match_DUI_MUN = 1–5
| match_DUI_NÜR = 1–2
| match_DUI_WOL = 1–4
| match_ESS_BRE = 1–1
| match_ESS_DUI = 4–1
| match_ESS_FRA = 2–0
| match_ESS_FRE = 0–1
| match_ESS_HOF = 2–1
| match_ESS_KÖL = 2–1
| match_ESS_LEI = 4–4
| match_ESS_LEV = 0–0
| match_ESS_MUN = 0–2
| match_ESS_NÜR = 5–0
| match_ESS_WOL = 1–3
| match_FRA_BRE = 2–0
| match_FRA_DUI = 5–1
| match_FRA_ESS = 1–0
| match_FRA_FRE = 4–2
| match_FRA_HOF = 3–1
| match_FRA_KÖL = 1–0
| match_FRA_LEI = 3–1
| match_FRA_LEV = 2–2
| match_FRA_MUN = 1–2
| match_FRA_NÜR = 4–1
| match_FRA_WOL = 2–4
| match_FRE_BRE = 2–1
| match_FRE_DUI = 1–1
| match_FRE_ESS = 0–1
| match_FRE_FRA = 0–4
| match_FRE_HOF = 2–4
| match_FRE_KÖL = 3–3
| match_FRE_LEI = 2–1
| match_FRE_LEV = 0–0
| match_FRE_MUN = 2–2
| match_FRE_NÜR = 0–2
| match_FRE_WOL = 1–4
| match_HOF_BRE = 1–1
| match_HOF_DUI = 9–0
| match_HOF_ESS = 0–3
| match_HOF_FRA = 1–3
| match_HOF_FRE = 2–3
| match_HOF_KÖL = 1–1
| match_HOF_LEI = 2–1
| match_HOF_LEV = 2–2
| match_HOF_MUN = 1–4
| match_HOF_NÜR = 2–0
| match_HOF_WOL = 2–1
| match_KÖL_BRE = 2–1
| match_KÖL_DUI = 4–1
| match_KÖL_ESS = 0–1
| match_KÖL_FRA = 0–1
| match_KÖL_FRE = 2–0
| match_KÖL_HOF = 1–2
| match_KÖL_LEI = 2–1
| match_KÖL_LEV = 0–1
| match_KÖL_MUN = 0–5
| match_KÖL_NÜR = 3–4
| match_KÖL_WOL = 1–4
| match_LEI_BRE = 0–5
| match_LEI_DUI = 3–0
| match_LEI_ESS = 3–2
| match_LEI_FRA = 2–1
| match_LEI_FRE = 0–2
| match_LEI_HOF = 3–0
| match_LEI_KÖL = 2–1
| match_LEI_LEV = 1–0
| match_LEI_MUN = 0–3
| match_LEI_NÜR = 0–0
| match_LEI_WOL = 0–2
| match_LEV_BRE = 2–3
| match_LEV_DUI = 4–1
| match_LEV_ESS = 0–0
| match_LEV_FRA = 2–0
| match_LEV_FRE = 3–0
| match_LEV_HOF = 1–2
| match_LEV_KÖL = 2–0
| match_LEV_LEI = 1–1
| match_LEV_MUN = 1–2
| match_LEV_NÜR = 6–0
| match_LEV_WOL = 1–1
| match_MUN_BRE = 3–0
| match_MUN_DUI = 2–0
| match_MUN_ESS = 2–0
| match_MUN_FRA = 0–0
| match_MUN_FRE = 4–0
| match_MUN_HOF = 1–0
| match_MUN_KÖL = 2–0
| match_MUN_LEI = 5–0
| match_MUN_LEV = 3–0
| match_MUN_NÜR = 4–0
| match_MUN_WOL = 2–1
| match_NÜR_BRE = 1–5
| match_NÜR_DUI = 2–1
| match_NÜR_ESS = 0–4
| match_NÜR_FRA = 0–2
| match_NÜR_FRE = 0–0
| match_NÜR_HOF = 0–3
| match_NÜR_KÖL = 1–3
| match_NÜR_LEI = 0–1
| match_NÜR_LEV = 1–2
| match_NÜR_MUN = 1–1
| match_NÜR_WOL = 1–9
| match_WOL_BRE = 1–0
| match_WOL_DUI = 2–0
| match_WOL_ESS = 6–0
| match_WOL_FRA = 3–0
| match_WOL_FRE = 4–0
| match_WOL_HOF = 2–2
| match_WOL_KÖL = 5–1
| match_WOL_LEI = 4–0
| match_WOL_LEV = 3–0
| match_WOL_MUN = 0–4
| match_WOL_NÜR = 1–0
}}
==Statistics==
===Top scorers===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top scorers |url=https://www.kicker.de/frauen-bundesliga/torjaeger/2023-24|access-date=17 September 2023 |website=[[Kicker (magazine)|Kicker]] |language=de}}</ref>
|-
|1
|align="left"|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Ewa Pajor]]
|align="left"|[[VfL Wolfsburg (women)|VfL Wolfsburg]]
|18
|-
|rowspan=2|2
|align="left"|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Nicole Anyomi]]
|align="left"|[[Eintracht Frankfurt (women)|Eintracht Frankfurt]]
|rowspan=2|11
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Lea Schüller]]
|align="left"|[[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]]
|-
|rowspan=2|4
|align="left"|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Vanessa Fudalla]]
|align="left"|[[RB Leipzig (women)|RB Leipzig]]
|rowspan=2|10
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Nikola Karczewska]]
|align="left"|[[Bayer 04 Leverkusen (women)|Bayer Leverkusen]]
|-
|rowspan=3|6
|align="left"|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Vivien Endemann]]
|align="left"|VfL Wolfsburg
|rowspan=3|9
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Laura Freigang]]
|align="left"|Eintracht Frankfurt
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Pernille Harder]]
|align="left"|Bayern Munich
|-
|rowspan=2|9
|align="left"|{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Jovana Damnjanović]]
|align="left"|Bayern Munich
|rowspan=2|8
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Sophie Weidauer]]
|align="left"|[[SV Werder Bremen (women)|Werder Bremen]]
|}
===Hat-tricks===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Player
! Club
! Against
! style="text-align:center" | Result
! Date
|-
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Melissa Kössler]]
| [[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (women)|TSG Hoffenheim]]
| [[MSV Duisburg (women)|MSV Duisburg]]
| style="text-align:center"|[https://www.dfb.de/google-pixel-frauen-bundesliga/spieltagtabelle/?no_cache=1&spieledb_path=%2Fdatencenter%2Fgoogle-pixel-frauen-bundesliga%2Fgoogle-pixel-frauen-bundesliga%2F1-spieltag%2Ftsg-hoffenheim-msv-duisburg-2360706 9–0 (H)]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2023|9|16}}
|-
| {{flagicon|POL}} [[Nikola Karczewska]]
| [[Bayer 04 Leverkusen (women)|Bayer Leverkusen]]
| [[1. FC Nürnberg (women)|1. FC Nürnberg]]
| style="text-align:center"|[https://www.dfb.de/google-pixel-frauen-bundesliga/spieltagtabelle/?no_cache=1&spieledb_path=%2Fdatencenter%2Fgoogle-pixel-frauen-bundesliga%2Fgoogle-pixel-frauen-bundesliga%2F2-spieltag%2Fbayer-04-leverkusen-1-fc-nuernberg-2360714 6–0 (H)]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2023|9|30}}
|-
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Sophie Weidauer]]
| [[SV Werder Bremen (women)|Werder Bremen]]
| [[RB Leipzig (women)|RB Leipzig]]
| style="text-align:center"|[https://www.dfb.de/google-pixel-frauen-bundesliga/spieltagtabelle/?no_cache=1&spieledb_path=%2Fdatencenter%2Fgoogle-pixel-frauen-bundesliga%2Fgoogle-pixel-frauen-bundesliga%2F7-spieltag%2Frb-leipzig-sv-werder-bremen-2360742 5–0 (A)]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2023|11|11}}
|-
| {{flagicon|POL}} [[Ewa Pajor]]<sup>4</sup>
| [[VfL Wolfsburg (women)|VfL Wolfsburg]]
| 1. FC Nürnberg
| style="text-align:center"|[https://www.dfb.de/google-pixel-frauen-bundesliga/spieltagtabelle/?no_cache=1&spieledb_path=%2Fdatencenter%2Fgoogle-pixel-frauen-bundesliga%2Fgoogle-pixel-frauen-bundesliga%2F14-spieltag%2F1-fc-nuernberg-vfl-wolfsburg-2360781 9–1 (A)]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2024|2|17}}
|-
| {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Pernille Harder]]
| [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]]
| 1. FC Nürnberg
| style="text-align:center"|[https://www.dfb.de/google-pixel-frauen-bundesliga/spieltagtabelle/?no_cache=1&spieledb_path=%2Fdatencenter%2Fgoogle-pixel-frauen-bundesliga%2Fgoogle-pixel-frauen-bundesliga%2F21-spieltag%2Fbayern-muenchen-1-fc-nuernberg-2360827 4–0 (H)]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2024|5|12}}
|-
| {{flagicon|POL}} Ewa Pajor
| VfL Wolfsburg
| [[SGS Essen]]
| style="text-align:center"|[https://www.dfb.de/google-pixel-frauen-bundesliga/spieltagtabelle/?no_cache=1&spieledb_path=%2Fdatencenter%2Fgoogle-pixel-frauen-bundesliga%2Fgoogle-pixel-frauen-bundesliga%2F22-spieltag%2Fvfl-wolfsburg-sgs-essen-2360834 6–0 (H)]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2024|5|20}}
|}
<sup>4</sup> Player scored four goals.
===Clean sheets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Clean<br>sheets<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clean sheets |url=https://www.kicker.de/frauen-bundesliga/torhueter/2023-24|access-date=17 September 2023 |website=[[Kicker (magazine)|Kicker]] |language=de}}</ref>
|-
|1
|align="left"|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Maria Luisa Grohs]]
|align="left"|[[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]]
|14
|-
|2
|align="left"|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Sophia Winkler]]
|align="left"|[[SGS Essen]]
|10
|-
|3
|align="left"|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Merle Frohms]]
|align="left"|[[VfL Wolfsburg (women)|VfL Wolfsburg]]
|9
|-
|4
|align="left"|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Friederike Repohl]]
|align="left"|[[Bayer 04 Leverkusen (women)|Bayer Leverkusen]]
|8
|-
|5
|align="left"|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Stina Johannes]]
|align="left"|[[Eintracht Frankfurt (women)|Eintracht Frankfurt]]
|7
|-
|rowspan=3|6
|align="left"|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Rafaela Borggräfe]]
|align="left"|[[SC Freiburg (women)|SC Freiburg]]
|rowspan=3|5
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Elvira Herzog]]
|align="left"|[[RB Leipzig (women)|RB Leipzig]]
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Livia Peng]]
|align="left"|[[SV Werder Bremen (women)|Werder Bremen]]
|-
|9
|align="left"|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Martina Tufekovic]]
|align="left"|[[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (women)|TSG Hoffenheim]]
|4
|-
|10
|align="left"|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Kristin Krammer]]
|align="left"|[[1. FC Nürnberg (women)|1. FC Nürnberg]]
|2
|}
==Attendances==
{{row counter|{| class{{=}}"wikitable sortable"
!#!!Football club!!Average attendance<ref>https://www.worldfootball.net/attendance/frauen-bundesliga-2023-2024/1/</ref>
|-
| style{{=}}"text-align:center;"| _row_count || [[VfL Wolfsburg (women)|VfL Wolfsburg]] || 5,691
|-
| style{{=}}"text-align:center;"| _row_count || [[1. FC Köln (women)|1. FC Köln]] || 4,914
|-
| style{{=}}"text-align:center;"| _row_count || [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern München]] || 3,964
|-
| style{{=}}"text-align:center;"| _row_count || [[Eintracht Frankfurt (women)|Eintracht Frankfurt]] || 3,736
|-
| style{{=}}"text-align:center;"| _row_count || [[SC Freiburg (women)|SC Freiburg]] || 3,571
|-
| style{{=}}"text-align:center;"| _row_count || [[SV Werder Bremen (women)|Werder Bremen]] || 3,361
|-
| style{{=}}"text-align:center;"| _row_count || [[SGS Essen]] || 2,134
|-
| style{{=}}"text-align:center;"| _row_count || [[RB Leipzig (women)|RB Leipzig]] || 2,011
|-
| style{{=}}"text-align:center;"| _row_count || [[1. FC Nürnberg (women)|1. FC Nürnberg]] || 1,819
|-
| style{{=}}"text-align:center;"| _row_count || [[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (women)|1899 Hoffenheim]] || 1,315
|-
| style{{=}}"text-align:center;"| _row_count || [[Bayer 04 Leverkusen (women)|Bayer Leverkusen]] || 1,010
|-
| style{{=}}"text-align:center;"| _row_count || [[MSV Duisburg (women)|MSV Duisburg]] || 991
|-
|} }}
==See also==
* [[2023–24 DFB-Pokal Frauen]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[https://www.dfb.de/flyeralarm-frauen-bundesliga/start/ DFB.de]
{{Frauen-Bundesliga}}
{{2023–24 in German football}}
{{2023–24 in European women's football (UEFA)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:2023-24 Frauen-Bundesliga}}
[[Category:Frauen-Bundesliga seasons]]
[[Category:2023–24 in German women's football leagues|1]]
| 1,284,036,343
|
[{"title": "Frauen-Bundesliga", "data": {"Season": "2023\u201324", "Dates": "15 September 2023 \u2013 20 May 2024", "Champions": "Bayern Munich", "Relegated": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg \u00b7 MSV Duisburg", "Champions League": "Bayern Munich \u00b7 VfL Wolfsburg \u00b7 Eintracht Frankfurt", "Matches played": "132", "Goals scored": "422 (3.2 per match)", "Top goalscorer": "Ewa Pajor \u00b7 (18 goals)", "Biggest home win": "Hoffenheim 9\u20130 Duisburg", "Biggest away win": "N\u00fcrnberg 1\u20139 Wolfsburg", "Highest scoring": "N\u00fcrnberg 1\u20139 Wolfsburg", "Longest winning run": "10 games \u00b7 Munich", "Longest unbeaten run": "22 games \u00b7 Munich", "Longest winless run": "22 games \u00b7 Duisburg", "Longest losing run": "5 games \u00b7 Duisburg", "Attendance": "379,686 (2,876 per match)"}}]
| false
|
# Men Against the Stars
Men Against the Stars is a 1950 anthology of science fiction short stories edited by Martin Greenberg, originally published in hardcover by Gnome Press. A British hardcover was issued by Grayson & Grayson in 1951. Pyramid Books published several abridged paperback versions in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
It was the first “theme” anthology in science fiction, where all stories are about a common idea, setting, or concept. All the stories, save one, had originally appeared in the magazine Astounding SF. The other story, "When Shadows Fall", first appeared in Startling Stories.
## Contents
- Foreword, by Martin Greenberg
- Introduction, by Willy Ley
- "Trends", by Isaac Asimov
- "Men Against the Stars", by Manly Wade Wellman
- "The Red Death of Mars", by Robert Moore Williams
- "Locked Out", by H. B. Fyfe
- "The Iron Standard", by Lewis Padgett
- "Schedule", by Harry Walton
- "Far Centaurus", by A. E. van Vogt
- "Cold Front", by Hal Clement
- "The Plants", by Murray Leinster
- "Competition", by E. Mayne Hull
- "Bridle and Saddle", by Isaac Asimov
- "When Shadows Fall", by L. Ron Hubbard
## Reception
Fletcher Pratt, writing in The New York Times, reported that editor Greenberg "has done an extremely good job of choosing his entries". Anthony Boucher praised the volume as "a pioneer among 'patterned' anthologies [and] an outstanding collection." P. Schuyler Miller called it "one of the best science fiction anthologies to date” [in 1950], praising the consistent selection of "stories of human problems and human values."
## Sources
- Chalker, Jack L.; Mark Owings (1998). The Science-Fantasy Publishers: A Bibliographic History, 1923-1998. Westminster, MD and Baltimore: Mirage Press, Ltd. p. 298.
- Contento, William G. "Index to Science Fiction Anthologies and Collections". Retrieved 2008-02-23.
|
enwiki/15917078
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enwiki
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Men Against the Stars
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_Against_the_Stars
|
2025-04-05T05:04:15Z
|
en
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Q17113706
| 24,323
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{{Short description|Short fiction anthology by Martin Greenberg}}
{{Infobox book | <!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels]] or [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Books]] -->
| name = Men Against the Stars
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = Men against the stars.jpg
| caption = Dust-jacket from the first edition
| editor= [[Martin Greenberg (publisher)|Martin Greenberg]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist = [[Edd Cartier]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| series =
| genre = [[Science fiction]] [[Short stories]]
| publisher = [[Gnome Press]]
| release_date = 1950
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Print (hardback)
| pages = 351
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''Men Against the Stars''''' is a [[1950 in literature|1950]] anthology of [[science fiction]] short stories edited by [[Martin Greenberg (publisher)|Martin Greenberg]], originally published in hardcover by [[Gnome Press]]. A British hardcover was issued by Grayson & Grayson in 1951. [[Pyramid Books]] published several abridged paperback versions in the late 1950s and early 1960s.<ref>[http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?34255 ISFDB publishing history]</ref>
It was the first “theme” anthology in science fiction, where all stories are about a common idea, setting, or concept.<ref>{{cite book | last=Chalker | first=Jack L. | authorlink=Jack L. Chalker |author2=Mark Owings | title=The Science-Fantasy Publishers: A Bibliographic History, 1923-1998 | location=Westminster, MD and Baltimore | publisher=Mirage Press, Ltd.| pages=298 | year=1998}}</ref> All the stories, save one, had originally appeared in the magazine ''[[Astounding SF]]''. The other story, "When Shadows Fall", first appeared in ''[[Startling Stories]]''.
==Contents==
* Foreword, by [[Martin Greenberg (publisher)|Martin Greenberg]]
* Introduction, by [[Willy Ley]]
* "[[Trends (short story)|Trends]]", by [[Isaac Asimov]]
* "Men Against the Stars", by [[Manly Wade Wellman]]
* "The Red Death of Mars", by [[Robert Moore Williams]]
* "Locked Out", by H. B. Fyfe
* "The Iron Standard", by [[Lewis Padgett]]
* "Schedule", by Harry Walton
* "Far Centaurus", by [[A. E. van Vogt]]
* "Cold Front", by [[Hal Clement]]
* "The Plants", by [[Murray Leinster]]
* "Competition", by E. Mayne Hull
* "Bridle and Saddle", by [[Isaac Asimov]]
* "When Shadows Fall", by [[L. Ron Hubbard]]
==Reception==
[[Fletcher Pratt]], writing in ''[[The New York Times]]'', reported that editor Greenberg "has done an extremely good job of choosing his entries".<ref>"In the Realm of the Spacemen: Star Rovers", ''[[The New York Times Book Review]]'', July 2, 1950</ref> [[Anthony Boucher]] praised the volume as "a pioneer among 'patterned' anthologies [and] an outstanding collection."<ref>"Recommended Reading," ''[[The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction|F&SF]]'', May 1957, p.77.</ref> [[P. Schuyler Miller]] called it "one of the best science fiction anthologies to date” [''in 1950''], praising the consistent selection of "stories of human problems and human values."<ref>"Book Reviews", [[Astounding Science Fiction|Astounding]], November 1950, p.93-94</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Sources==
*{{cite book | last=Chalker | first=Jack L. | authorlink=Jack L. Chalker |author2=Mark Owings | title=The Science-Fantasy Publishers: A Bibliographic History, 1923-1998 | location=Westminster, MD and Baltimore | publisher=Mirage Press, Ltd.| pages=298 | year=1998}}
*{{cite web
| last = Contento
| first = William G.
| authorlink =
| title = Index to Science Fiction Anthologies and Collections
| publisher =
| url = http://www.philsp.com/homeville/ISFAC/t48.htm#A1028
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2008-02-23 }}
[[Category:1950 anthologies]]
[[Category:Science fiction anthologies]]
[[Category:Gnome Press books]]
| 1,284,036,428
|
[{"title": "Men Against the Stars", "data": {"Editor": "Martin Greenberg", "Cover artist": "Edd Cartier", "Language": "English", "Genre": "Science fiction Short stories", "Publisher": "Gnome Press", "Publication date": "1950", "Publication place": "United States", "Media type": "Print (hardback)", "Pages": "351"}}]
| false
|
# SteamWorld Quest
SteamWorld Quest: Hand of Gilgamech is a turn-based role-playing game and deck-building game hybrid that is part of the SteamWorld series of video games. It was developed by Image & Form and published by Thunderful Publishing. The game was released for Nintendo Switch on April 25, 2019, for Windows, macOS, and Linux on May 31, 2019, for Stadia on March 3, 2020, and for Amazon Luna on October 20, 2020.
The game follows a team of sentient steam-powered humanoid robots as they travel across a steampunk fantasy world fighting evil. It received generally positive reviews, with critics citing the graphics and gameplay as strong points.
## Plot
SteamWorld Quest is presented as a fairy tale told within the otherwise science fiction universe of SteamWorld Heist and is not directly linked story-wise to the previous games. It follows Armilly and Copernica, two friends who set out on a journey that spirals into a much larger one.
## Gameplay
SteamWorld Quest is a side-scrolling video game and is separated into small explorable areas that the player is encouraged to loot for treasure. The player may encounter enemies and become engaged in battle. Attacks are performed by collecting punch cards that the robots can use to execute programs. The game uses role-playing game elements, with steam pressure representing mana. The player must build their own deck of attacks using character-specific cards.
## Reception
| Aggregator | Score |
| ---------- | ---------- |
| Metacritic | NS: 81/100 |
| Publication | Score |
| --------------------- | ------ |
| Destructoid | 8/10 |
| Edge | 9/10 |
| Game Informer | 8/10 |
| IGN | 8.6/10 |
| Nintendo Life | 8/10 |
| Nintendo World Report | 9/10 |
| TouchArcade | [ 11 ] |
| USgamer | 4/5 |
SteamWorld Quest received an aggregate score of 81 on Metacritic. Matt Masem of RPGamer rated the game 4.5/5, calling it an "excellent adventure" with "beautiful" animation, and calling the story "wonderfully executed" despite being "standard RPG fare". Tom Marks of IGN gave the game 8.6/10, saying the combat system offers an "insane amount of choice". Nadia Oxford of USgamer rated the game 4/5, criticizing the game as "light on character and worldbuilding" but calling it a "fun, airy RPG".
|
enwiki/59948156
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enwiki
| 59,948,156
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SteamWorld Quest
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SteamWorld_Quest
|
2025-04-05T05:04:36Z
|
en
|
Q65028470
| 68,250
|
{{Infobox video game
| title = SteamWorld Quest: Hand of Gilgamech
| developer = [[Image & Form]]
| publisher = [[Thunderful Publishing]]
| series = ''[[SteamWorld]]''
| platforms = {{ubl|[[Nintendo Switch]]|[[Windows]]|[[macOS]]|[[Linux]]|[[Google Stadia|Stadia]]|[[Amazon Luna]]}}
| released = '''Nintendo Switch'''<br/>April 25, 2019<br/>'''Windows, macOS, Linux'''<br/>May 31, 2019<br/>'''Stadia'''<br/>March 3, 2020<br/>'''Amazon Luna'''<br/>October 20, 2020
| genre = [[Role-playing video game|Role-playing]], [[deck-building game|deck-building]]
| modes = [[Single-player]]
| image = [[File:SteamWorld_Quest_Cover.jpg|250px]]
}}
'''''SteamWorld Quest: Hand of Gilgamech''''' is a [[Role-playing video game|turn-based role-playing game]] and [[deck-building game]] hybrid that is part of the ''[[SteamWorld]]'' series of [[video game]]s. It was developed by [[Image & Form]] and published by [[Thunderful Publishing]]. The game was released for [[Nintendo Switch]] on April 25, 2019, for [[Windows]], [[macOS]], and [[Linux]] on May 31, 2019, for [[Google Stadia|Stadia]] on March 3, 2020, and for [[Amazon Luna]] on October 20, 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last=Aguilos |first=Pia |title=Two SteamWorld Games Are Now Available On Stadia |url=https://whatoplay.com/news/two-steamworld-games-are-now-available-on-stadia/|work=[[whatoplay]] |date=March 3, 2020 |accessdate=March 3, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gartenberg |first=Chaim |date=2020-10-20 |title=Hands-on with Amazon's Luna game streaming service |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/20/21525339/amazon-luna-hands-on-cloud-gaming-streaming-early-access-price-games |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref>
The game follows a team of sentient [[Steam engine|steam-powered]] [[humanoid robot]]s as they travel across a [[steampunk]] [[fantasy]] world fighting evil.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://rpgamer.com/review/steamworld-quest-review/|title=SteamWorld Quest Review|last=Masem|first=Matt|website=RPGamer|date=23 April 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-19}}</ref> It received generally positive reviews, with critics citing the graphics and gameplay as strong points.
== Plot ==
''SteamWorld Quest'' is presented as a [[fairy tale]] told within the otherwise [[science fiction]] [[Fictional universe|universe]] of ''[[SteamWorld Heist]]'' and is not directly linked story-wise to the previous games.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usgamer.net/articles/steamworld-quest-hand-of-gilgamech-review|title=SteamWorld Quest: Hand of Gilgamech Review|last=Oxford|first=Nadia|date=2019-04-23|website=USgamer|language=en|access-date=2019-05-19|archive-date=2022-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203021747/https://www.usgamer.net/articles/steamworld-quest-hand-of-gilgamech-review|url-status=dead}}</ref> It follows Armilly and Copernica, two friends who set out on a journey that spirals into a much larger one.<ref name=":1" />
== Gameplay ==
''SteamWorld Quest'' is a [[Side-scrolling video game|side-scrolling]] [[video game]] and is separated into small explorable areas that the player is encouraged to loot for treasure. The player may encounter enemies and become engaged in battle. Attacks are performed by collecting [[punched card|punch card]]s that the robots can use to execute [[Computer program|programs]]. The game uses role-playing game elements, with steam pressure representing [[Magic (gaming)|mana]]. The player must build their own deck of attacks using character-specific cards.<ref name=":1" />
== Reception ==
{{Video game reviews
| MC = NS: 81/100<ref name="MC_NS">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/steamworld-quest-hand-of-gilgamech/critic-reviews/?platform=nintendo-switch |title=SteamWorld Quest: Hand of Gilgamech for Switch Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=2020-03-24}}</ref>
| TA = {{rating|4.5|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://toucharcade.com/2021/01/20/steamworld-quest-ios-review-icloud-controller-support-nintendo-switch-version-price/ |title='SteamWorld Quest: Hand of Gilgamech' Review – Essential but Not Flawless |last=Madnani |first=Mikhail |date=2021-01-20 |website=[[TouchArcade]] |access-date=2021-01-26}}</ref>
| Edge = 9/10
| NWR = 9/10<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nintendoworldreport.com/review/50339/steamworld-quest-hand-of-gilgamech-switch-review |title=SteamWorld Quest: Hand of Gilgamech (Switch) Review|last=Rudek |first=Jordan |date=2019-04-23 |website=Nintendo World Report |access-date=2021-05-24}}</ref>
| GI = 8/10<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/review/steamworld-quest-hand-of-gilgamech/streamlined-strategic-deck-building|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428162155/https://www.gameinformer.com/review/steamworld-quest-hand-of-gilgamech/streamlined-strategic-deck-building|url-status=live|archive-date=April 28, 2019|title=SteamWorld Quest: Hand of Gilgamech Streamlined Strategic Deck-building|last=Tack |first=Daniel |date=2019-04-23 |magazine=[[Game Informer]] |access-date=2021-05-24}}</ref>
| Destruct = 8/10<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.destructoid.com/review-steamworld-quest-549945.phtml|title=Review: SteamWorld Quest|last=Carter |first=Chris |date=2019-04-28 |website=[[Destructoid]] |access-date=2021-05-24}}</ref>
| IGN = 8.6/10<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/04/23/steamworld-quest-review |title=SteamWorld Quest Review
|last=Marks |first=Tom |date=2019-04-23 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=2021-05-24}}</ref>
| USG = 4/5<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usgamer.net/articles/steamworld-quest-hand-of-gilgamech-review|title=SteamWorld Quest: Hand of Gilgamech Review|last=Oxford|first=Nadia|date=2019-04-23|website=[[USgamer]]|access-date=2021-05-24|archive-date=2022-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203021747/https://www.usgamer.net/articles/steamworld-quest-hand-of-gilgamech-review|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| NLife = 8/10<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/switch-eshop/steamworld_quest_hand_of_gilgamech |title=SteamWorld Quest: Hand of Gilgamech Review (Switch eShop)|last=Lane |first=Gavin |date=2019-04-23 |website=[[Nintendo Life]] |access-date=2021-05-24}}</ref>
}}
''SteamWorld Quest'' received an aggregate score of 81 on [[Metacritic]].<ref name="MC_NS" /> Matt Masem of ''RPGamer'' rated the game 4.5/5, calling it an "excellent adventure" with "beautiful" animation, and calling the story "wonderfully executed" despite being "standard RPG fare".<ref name=":1" /> Tom Marks of ''[[IGN]]'' gave the game 8.6/10, saying the combat system offers an "insane amount of choice".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/04/23/steamworld-quest-review|title=SteamWorld Quest Review|last=Marks|first=Tom|date=2019-04-23|website=IGN|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-19}}</ref> Nadia Oxford of ''[[USgamer]]'' rated the game 4/5, criticizing the game as "light on character and worldbuilding" but calling it a "fun, airy RPG".<ref name=":2" />
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://imageform.se/game/steamworld-quest/}}
{{SteamWorld}}
[[Category:2019 video games]]
[[Category:Digital collectible card games]]
[[Category:Fantasy games]]
[[Category:Indie games]]
[[Category:IOS games]]
[[Category:Linux games]]
[[Category:macOS games]]
[[Category:Nintendo Switch games]]
[[Category:Side-scrolling role-playing video games]]
[[Category:Stadia games]]
[[Category:Steampunk video games]]
[[Category:SteamWorld]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Sweden]]
[[Category:Video games set on fictional planets]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Thunderful games]]
| 1,284,036,466
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[{"title": "SteamWorld Quest: Hand of Gilgamech", "data": {"Developer(s)": "Image & Form", "Publisher(s)": "Thunderful Publishing", "Series": "SteamWorld", "Platform(s)": "- Nintendo Switch - Windows - macOS - Linux - Stadia - Amazon Luna", "Release": "Nintendo Switch \u00b7 April 25, 2019 \u00b7 Windows, macOS, Linux \u00b7 May 31, 2019 \u00b7 Stadia \u00b7 March 3, 2020 \u00b7 Amazon Luna \u00b7 October 20, 2020", "Genre(s)": "Role-playing, deck-building", "Mode(s)": "Single-player"}}]
| false
|
# Stoked (video game)
Stoked is a snowboarding video game developed by Austrian-based Bongfish GmbH released for the Xbox 360 in 2009. It is the latest entry in the Stoked Rider snowboard game series. In 2009 an updated version, Stoked: Big Air Edition, which was also released for Xbox 360, and a Microsoft Windows version was released only for the PAL region in 2011.
It is the first game in the series to feature multiple mountains and real life sponsors. It also has real weather experience gameplay.
## Gameplay
Stoked features an adaptive system where the game recognizes "stylish" riding versus "hucker" riding; this affects the player's score if they are known for riding in one way. The original game features five different open mountains: Almirante Nieto, Mount Fuji, Diablerets, Mount Shuksan, and Alaska. Originally, the mountains are only ventured through set waypoints of a helicopter, but upon achieving a score of 50,000 points on a single run, the player will gain the helicopter license for that particular mountain, allowing them to designate their own drop points.
## Reception
| Aggregator | Score |
| ---------- | ------ |
| Metacritic | 68/100 |
| Publication | Score |
| --------------------------- | ------ |
| Famitsu | 26/40 |
| Game Informer | 7.5/10 |
| GameSpot | 7.5/10 |
| GamesRadar+ | [ 7 ] |
| GamesTM | 4/10 |
| GameZone | 7.5/10 |
| IGN | 6.9/10 |
| Official Xbox Magazine (UK) | 6/10 |
| Official Xbox Magazine (US) | 7.5/10 |
| TeamXbox | 7.1/10 |
| 411Mania | 8.8/10 |
| The A.V. Club | B |
The game received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. GameSpot noted "occasional unpredictable physics" but Stoked said it was "blast, and considering that this wealth of content is going for a bargain price, it's an easy choice for boarders looking for a virtual outlet for their shredding fantasies." IGN said that "touches like snazzy weather effects, cool challenges online and (eventually) in single-player [would] please the diehard boarders out there." In Japan, where the game was ported for release and published by Russel on January 28, 2010, Famitsu gave it a score of one six, two sevens, and one six for a total of 26 out of 40.
## Big Air Edition
After the success of the original Stoked and the release of the game in European markets, Bongfish released an expanded version of the title called Stoked: Big Air Edition. Big Air Edition adds two new mountains, Laax and K2, to the original roster of five as well as including an upgraded frame rate and enhanced snow particles. The game also includes marked paths down the mountain and brand new racing events that will pit riders against each other, in addition to groomed terrain park area. It was also announced that brand new 2010 gear and clothing would be included from major brands. The PAL version and Microsoft Windows release also include bonus video features from Absinthe Films.
### Reception
| Aggregator | Score |
| ---------- | ------ |
| Metacritic | 72/100 |
| Publication | Score |
| --------------------------- | ------ |
| 1Up.com | A− |
| Famitsu | 26/40 |
| GamePro | [ 20 ] |
| GamesRadar+ | [ 21 ] |
| GameZone | 8/10 |
| IGN | 7.8/10 |
| Official Xbox Magazine (US) | 8/10 |
| TeamXbox | 7.4/10 |
The Xbox 360 version received "average" reviews, albeit a bit more positive than the original Stoked, according to Metacritic. In Japan, where the same console version was also ported for release and published by Russel on January 13, 2011, Famitsu also gave it a score of 26 out of 40.
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enwiki/31567105
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enwiki
| 31,567,105
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Stoked (video game)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoked_(video_game)
|
2025-04-05T05:05:16Z
|
en
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Q7618504
| 102,010
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{{Short description|2009 video game}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Stoked
| image = Stoked.jpg
| caption =
| developer = [[Bongfish]]
| publisher = [[Destineer]]<br />'''Big Air Edition'''{{vgrelease|NA|Destineer <small>(X360)</small>|PAL|[[Bandai Namco Entertainment]]}}
| series = ''Stoked Rider''
| engine =
| released = '''Xbox 360'''{{vgrelease|NA|February 24, 2009<ref>{{Cite web |author=I. G. N. Staff |date=2009-02-24 |title=Stoked Has Shipped |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/02/24/stoked-has-shipped |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=IGN |language=en}}</ref>|EU|October 2, 2009|AUS|November 9, 2009}}'''''Big Air Edition'''''{{vgrelease|NA|November 24, 2009<small> (X360)<ref>{{Cite web |author=I. G. N. Staff |date=2009-11-24 |title=Destineer Announces 'Stoked: Big Air Edition' for Xbox 360 Has Shipped to Stores |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/11/24/destineer-announces-stoked-big-air-edition-for-xbox-360-has-shipped-to-stores |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=IGN |language=en}}</ref></small>|EU|March 11, 2011|AUS|June 2, 2011}}
| genre = [[Snowboarding video game|Snowboarding]]
| modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]
| platforms = [[Xbox 360]], [[Windows]]
}}
'''''Stoked''''' is a [[snowboarding]] [[video game]] developed by Austrian-based [[Bongfish|Bongfish GmbH]] released for the [[Xbox 360]] in 2009. It is the latest entry in the ''Stoked Rider'' snowboard game series. In 2009 an updated version, '''''Stoked: Big Air Edition''''', which was also released for Xbox 360, and a [[Microsoft Windows]] version was released only for the PAL region in 2011.
It is the first game in the series to feature multiple mountains and real life sponsors. It also has real weather experience gameplay.
==Gameplay==
''Stoked'' features an adaptive system where the game recognizes "stylish" riding versus "hucker" riding; this affects the player's score if they are known for riding in one way. The original game features five different open mountains: Almirante Nieto, [[Mount Fuji]], [[Diablerets]], [[Mount Shuksan]], and [[Alaska]]. Originally, the mountains are only ventured through set waypoints of a helicopter, but upon achieving a score of 50,000 points on a single run, the player will gain the helicopter license for that particular mountain, allowing them to designate their own drop points.
==Reception==
{{Video game reviews
| title = Stoked
| MC = 68/100<ref name=MC1>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/stoked/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-360 |title=Stoked for Xbox 360 Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |accessdate=July 18, 2018 |archive-date=August 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804101925/http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-360/stoked |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Fam = 26/40<ref name=Fam1>{{cite web |url=http://nintendoeverything.review/famitsu-review-scores-75/ |title=Famitsu review scores |author=Brian |date=January 19, 2010 |website=Nintendo Everything |accessdate=July 18, 2018 |archive-date=July 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718083925/http://nintendoeverything.review/famitsu-review-scores-75/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GI = 7.5/10<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/games/stoked/b/xbox360/archive/2009/09/22/review.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718174811/https://www.gameinformer.com/games/stoked/b/xbox360/archive/2009/09/22/review.aspx |url-status=live |archive-date=July 18, 2018 |title=Stoked: A Solid Game Hampered by Bugs |first=Nick |last=Ahrens |magazine=[[Game Informer]] |publisher=[[GameStop]] |issue=191 |date=March 2009 |page=89 |access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>
| GSpot = 7.5/10<ref name=GSpot>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/stoked-review/1900-6205675/ |title=Stoked Review |first=Tom |last=McShea |date=March 5, 2009 |website=[[GameSpot]] |publisher=CBS Interactive |accessdate=July 18, 2018 |archive-date=July 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718055126/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/stoked-review/1900-6205675/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GRadar = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/stoked-review/ |title=Stoked review |first=Andrew |last=Hayward |date=March 4, 2009 |website=[[GamesRadar+]] |publisher=[[Future plc]] |accessdate=July 18, 2018 |archive-date=July 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718205056/https://www.gamesradar.com/stoked-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GTM = 4/10<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Stoked |magazine=[[GamesTM]] |publisher=Future plc |date=November 2009 |page=112}}</ref>
| GameZone = 7.5/10<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamezone.com/reviews/stoked_360_review/ |title=Stoked - 360 - Review |first=Nick |last=Valentino |date=March 10, 2009 |website=GameZone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312235349/http://xbox360.gamezone.com/gzreviews/r36330.htm |archive-date=March 12, 2009 |url-status=live |access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>
| IGN = 6.9/10<ref name=IGN>{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/02/24/stoked-review |title=Stoked Review |first=Nate |last=Ahearn |date=February 24, 2009 |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |accessdate=July 18, 2018 |archive-date=July 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718055604/http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/02/24/stoked-review |url-status=live }}</ref>
| OXM = 7.5/10<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.oxmonline.com/article/reviews/xbox-360/s-z/stoked |title=Stoked |first=Paul |last=Curthoys |magazine=[[Official Xbox Magazine]] |publisher=[[Future US]] |date=March 2009 |page=82 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228124351/http://www.oxmonline.com/article/reviews/xbox-360/s-z/stoked |archive-date=February 28, 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>
| OXMUK = 6/10<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.oxm.co.uk/article.php?id=14261 |title=Stoked |first=Ben |last=Talbot |magazine=[[Official Xbox Magazine|Official Xbox Magazine UK]] |publisher=Future plc |date=November 2009 |page=95 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104182251/http://www.oxm.co.uk/article.php?id=14261 |archive-date=January 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>
| TX = 7.1/10<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reviews.teamxbox.com/xbox-360/1662/Stoked/p1/ |title=Stoked Review (Xbox 360) |first=Dale |last=Nardozzi |date=February 27, 2009 |website=[[TeamXbox]] |publisher=IGN Entertainment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113113017/http://reviews.teamxbox.com/xbox-360/1662/Stoked/p1/ |archive-date=January 13, 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>
| rev1 = 411Mania
| rev1Score = 8.8/10<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.411mania.com/games/reviews/99829/Stoked-(Xbox-360)-Review.htm |title=Stoked (Xbox 360) Review |first=Chris |last=Lansdell |date=March 21, 2009 |website=411Mania |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102043655/http://www.411mania.com/games/reviews/99829/Stoked-(Xbox-360)-Review.htm |archive-date=January 2, 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>
| rev2 = ''[[The A.V. Club]]''
| rev2Score = B<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.avclub.com/stoked-1798216048 |title=Stoked |first=Gus |last=Mastrapa |date=March 23, 2009 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |publisher=[[The Onion]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106013205/http://www.avclub.com/articles/stoked,25484/ |archive-date=January 6, 2010 |url-status=live |access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>
}}
The game received "average" reviews according to the [[Review aggregator|review aggregation]] website [[Metacritic]].<ref name=MC1/> [[GameSpot]] noted "occasional unpredictable physics" but Stoked said it was "blast, and considering that this wealth of content is going for a bargain price, it's an easy choice for boarders looking for a virtual outlet for their shredding fantasies."<ref name=GSpot/> [[IGN]] said that "touches like snazzy weather effects, cool challenges online and (eventually) in single-player [would] please the diehard boarders out there."<ref name=IGN/> In Japan, where the game was ported for release and published by Russel on January 28, 2010,{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} ''[[Famitsu]]'' gave it a score of one six, two sevens, and one six for a total of 26 out of 40.<ref name=Fam1/>
==Big Air Edition==
After the success of the original Stoked and the release of the game in European markets, Bongfish released an expanded version of the title called ''Stoked: Big Air Edition''. ''Big Air Edition'' adds two new mountains, [[Laax]] and [[K2]], to the original roster of five as well as including an upgraded frame rate and enhanced snow particles. The game also includes marked paths down the mountain and brand new racing events that will pit riders against each other, in addition to groomed [[terrain park]] area. It was also announced that brand new 2010 gear and clothing would be included from major brands. The PAL version and [[Microsoft Windows]] release also include bonus video features from Absinthe Films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uk.namcobandaigames.eu/product/stoked-big-air-edition/pc |title=Stoked: Big Air Edition for PC |website=[[Bandai Namco Entertainment|Namco Bandai Games Europe]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720165642/http://www.uk.namcobandaigames.eu/product/stoked-big-air-edition/pc |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>
===Reception===
{{Video game reviews
| title = Stoked: Big Air Edition
| MC = 72/100<ref name=MC2>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/stoked-big-air-edition/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-360 |title=Stoked: Big Air Edition for Xbox 360 Reviews |website=Metacritic |publisher=CBS Interactive |accessdate=July 18, 2018 |archive-date=August 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817114817/http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-360/stoked-big-air-edition |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 1UP = A−<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/reviews/stoked-big-air-edition-review |title=Stoked: Big Air Edition Review |first=Gary |last=Lu |date=November 17, 2009 |website=[[1UP.com]] |publisher=Ziff Davis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606063904/http://www.1up.com/reviews/stoked-big-air-edition-review |archive-date=June 6, 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>
| Fam = 26/40<ref name=Fam2>{{cite magazine |title=New Game Cross Review - ストークト: ビッグエアーエディション |language=Japanese |magazine=[[Famitsu]] |publisher=[[Enterbrain]] |volume=1153 |date=January 20, 2011 |page=39}}</ref>
| GamePro = {{Rating|4.5|5}}<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.gamepro.com/article/reviews/213089/stoked-big-air-edition/ |title=Stoked: Big Air Edition |first=Matt |last=Cabral |date=November 30, 2009 |magazine=[[GamePro]] |publisher=GamePro Media |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324015002/http://www.gamepro.com/article/reviews/213089/stoked-big-air-edition/ |archive-date=March 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>
| GRadar = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/stoked-big-air-edition-review/ |title=Stoked: Big Air Edition review |first=Andrew |last=Hayward |date=December 3, 2009 |website=GamesRadar+ |publisher=Future plc |accessdate=July 18, 2018 |archive-date=July 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719054204/https://www.gamesradar.com/stoked-big-air-edition-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GameZone = 8/10<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamezone.com/reviews/stoked-big-air-edition-360-review/ |title=Stoked: Big Air Edition - 360 - Review |first=Angelina |last=Sandoval |date=December 3, 2009 |website=GameZone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207065937/http://xbox360.gamezone.com/gzreviews/r39243.htm |archive-date=December 7, 2009 |url-status=live |access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>
| IGN = 7.8/10<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/11/25/stoked-big-air-edition-review |title=Stoked: Big Air Edition Review |first=Nate |last=Ahearn |date=November 25, 2009 |website=IGN |publisher=Ziff Davis |accessdate=July 18, 2018 |archive-date=July 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718055643/http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/11/25/stoked-big-air-edition-review |url-status=live }}</ref>
| OXM = 8/10<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.oxmonline.com/article/xbox-soapbox/stoked-big-air-edition |title=Stoked: Big Air Edition |first=Taylor |last=Cocke |date=November 10, 2009 |magazine=Official Xbox Magazine |publisher=Future US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115104550/http://www.oxmonline.com/article/xbox-soapbox/stoked-big-air-edition |archive-date=November 15, 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>
| TX = 7.4/10<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reviews.teamxbox.com/xbox-360/1821/Stoked-Big-Air-Edition/p1/ |title=Stoked: Big Air Edition Review (Xbox 360) |first=Tom |last=Price |date=December 1, 2009 |website=TeamXbox |publisher=IGN Entertainment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315015717/http://reviews.teamxbox.com/xbox-360/1821/Stoked-Big-Air-Edition/p1/ |archive-date=March 15, 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>
}}
The Xbox 360 version received "average" reviews, albeit a bit more positive than the original ''Stoked'', according to Metacritic.<ref name=MC2/> In Japan, where the same console version was also ported for release and published by Russel on January 13, 2011,{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} ''Famitsu'' also gave it a score of 26 out of 40.<ref name=Fam2/>
{{Clear}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.gettingstoked.com}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Stoked (Video Game)}}
[[Category:2009 video games]]
[[Category:Bongfish games]]
[[Category:Destineer games]]
[[Category:Microsoft games]]
[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]
[[Category:Snowboarding video games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Austria]]
[[Category:Video games set in Alaska]]
[[Category:Video games set in Chile]]
[[Category:Video games set in Japan]]
[[Category:Video games set in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Xbox 360 games]]
| 1,284,036,541
|
[{"title": "Stoked", "data": {"Developer(s)": "Bongfish", "Publisher(s)": "Destineer \u00b7 Big Air Edition- NA: Destineer (X360) - PAL: Bandai Namco Entertainment", "Series": "Stoked Rider", "Platform(s)": "Xbox 360, Windows", "Release": "Xbox 360- NA: February 24, 2009 - EU: October 2, 2009 - AU: November 9, 2009 Big Air Edition- NA: November 24, 2009 (X360) - EU: March 11, 2011 - AU: June 2, 2011", "Genre(s)": "Snowboarding", "Mode(s)": "Single-player, multiplayer"}}]
| false
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# Jaswant Singh Bishnoi
Jaswant Singh Bishnoi (born 1 August 1958) was a member of 13th and 14th Lok Sabha from Jodhpur. He is senior leader of Bharatiya Janata Party in Rajasthan.
## Early life
He was born in Khawa gotra village Guda Vishnoiyan in Jodhpur district and was educated at Jai Narain Vyas University at Jodhpur.
## Political life
He is senior leader of Bharatiya Janata Party in Rajasthan.
He lost to Ashok Gehlot in the 1998 by narrow margin in Lok Sabha election but won 1999 and 2004 Lok Sabha elections. In 2009 he lost to Chandresh Kumari in Lok Sabha election. He is a former minister of Government of Rajasthan during Bhairon Singh Shekhawat's government. He defeated Ramsingh Bishnoi in the 1993 MLA election from Luni constituency and held Minister of State, Environment and Forests, Lottery, Small Savings, State Insurance, Public Health and Engineering Department in Government of Rajasthan under Chief Ministership of Bhairon Singh Shekhawat. Since August 2014 he has been Chairman of the Central Wool Development Board. In May 2018 he became chairman of Khadi Gramodhyog board of Rajasthan and after a few days was declared cabinet minister of Rajasthan government by Governor of Rajasthan Shri Kalyan Singh.
|
enwiki/6549337
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enwiki
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Jaswant Singh Bishnoi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaswant_Singh_Bishnoi
|
2025-04-05T05:09:15Z
|
en
|
Q6164361
| 43,734
|
{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jaswant Singh Bishnoi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|8|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| residence = Sector 7 Extension, [[Jodhpur]] -342 001
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency1 = [[Luni (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Luni]]
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor1 = Ram Singh Bishnoi
| successor1 = Ram Singh Bishnoi
|term_start1= 1993
|term_end1=1998
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term = 1999 – 2009
| predecessor = [[Ashok Gehlot]]
| successor = [[Chandresh Kumari Katoch]]
| constituency = [[Jodhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jodhpur]]
| office2 = Minister of Forest and Environment, Govt of Rajasthan
| term2 = 1993 to 1998
|office3=Chairman, Central Wool Development Board
|term3=2014 to 2018
|office4= [[Chairman]] of [[Rajasthan Khadi and Village Industries Board]]
|term4=2018
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Sita Devi Bishnoi|1977}}
| children = 2 sons and 2 daughters
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]], [[LL.B]]
| alma_mater = [[Jai Narain Vyas University]], Jodhpur
| occupation = [[Advocate]], [[Agriculturist]], Businessperson
| country = India
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 14 September
| year = 2006
| source = http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=59
}}
'''Jaswant Singh Bishnoi''' (born 1 August 1958) was a member of [[13th Lok Sabha|13th]] and [[14th Lok Sabha]] from [[Jodhpur]]. He is senior leader of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members: Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=59&lastls=14|access-date=2021-02-07|website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=May 2, 2009|title=Jaswant Singh Bisnoi|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/election-news/key-contestants/story/jaswant-singh-bisnoi-46292-2009-05-02|access-date=2021-02-07|website=India Today}}</ref>
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
==Early life==
He was born in Khawa gotra village Guda Vishnoiyan in [[Jodhpur district]] and was educated at [[Jai Narain Vyas University]] at Jodhpur.
==Political life==
He is senior leader of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in [[Rajasthan]].
He lost to [[Ashok Gehlot]] in the 1998 by narrow margin in [[Lok Sabha]] election but won 1999 and 2004 Lok Sabha elections. In 2009 he lost to [[Chandresh Kumari]] in Lok Sabha election. He is a former minister of Government of Rajasthan during [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]'s government. He defeated Ramsingh Bishnoi in the 1993 MLA election from [[Luni, Rajasthan|Luni]] constituency and held Minister of State, Environment and Forests, Lottery, Small Savings, State Insurance, Public Health and Engineering Department in Government of Rajasthan under Chief Ministership of Bhairon Singh Shekhawat. Since August 2014 he has been [[Chairman]] of the Central Wool Development Board. In May 2018 he became chairman of Khadi Gramodhyog board of Rajasthan and after a few days was declared cabinet minister of Rajasthan government by Governor of Rajasthan Shri Kalyan Singh.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Politics|border=no}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bishnoi, Jaswant Singh}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:People from Jodhpur district]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}
| 1,284,036,946
|
[{"title": "Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha", "data": {"Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha": "In office \u00b7 1999 \u2013 2009", "Preceded by": "Ashok Gehlot", "Succeeded by": "Chandresh Kumari Katoch", "Constituency": "Jodhpur"}}, {"title": "Member of the Legislative Assembly", "data": {"Member of the Legislative Assembly": "In office \u00b7 1993\u20131998", "Preceded by": "Ram Singh Bishnoi", "Succeeded by": "Ram Singh Bishnoi", "Constituency": "Luni"}}, {"title": "Minister of Forest and Environment, Govt of Rajasthan", "data": {"Minister of Forest and Environment, Govt of Rajasthan": "In office \u00b7 1993 to 1998"}}, {"title": "Chairman, Central Wool Development Board", "data": {"Chairman, Central Wool Development Board": "In office \u00b7 2014 to 2018"}}, {"title": "Chairman of Rajasthan Khadi and Village Industries Board", "data": {"Chairman of Rajasthan Khadi and Village Industries Board": "In office \u00b7 2018"}}, {"title": "Personal details", "data": {"Born": "1 August 1958 \u00b7 Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India", "Political party": "Bharatiya Janata Party", "Spouse": "Sita Devi Bishnoi \u200b(m. 1977)\u200b", "Children": "2 sons and 2 daughters", "Residence(s)": "Sector 7 Extension, Jodhpur -342 001", "Education": "B.A., LL.B", "Alma mater": "Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur", "Occupation": "Advocate, Agriculturist, Businessperson"}}]
| false
|
# Jabrayil FK
Jabrayil FK (Azerbaijani: Cəbrayıl Futbol Klubu) is an Azerbaijani football club from Jabrayil but based in Baku.
## History
The club was founded in 2021 and participates in the Azerbaijan Second League.
Jabrayil won Azerbaijan Regional League in 2022 and advance to 2023 UEFA Regions' Cup.
## Current squad
As of 2 October 2024
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| --- | ---- | ------ | ------------------------ |
| 1 | GK | AZE | Akpar Valiyev |
| 5 | DF | AZE | Vusal Safarov |
| 7 | MF | AZE | Polad Ibrahimov |
| 8 | MF | AZE | Zeynaddin Abdurahmanov |
| 9 | FW | AZE | Ibrahim Ismayilov |
| 10 | FW | AZE | Tapdig Ahmadov (captain) |
| 11 | MF | AZE | Samir Maharramli |
| 13 | MF | AZE | Elshad Aliyev |
| 14 | DF | AZE | Ravil Gafarov |
| 17 | MF | AZE | Nurlan Guliyev |
| 19 | DF | AZE | Maharram Orujov |
| 20 | MF | AZE | Ashraf Zeynalli |
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| --- | ---- | ------ | ----------------- |
| 21 | FW | AZE | Bilal Ismayilov |
| 22 | MF | AZE | Ali Najafli |
| 31 | GK | AZE | Ulvi Mehraliyev |
| 32 | MF | AZE | Rahim Jafarli |
| 34 | FW | AZE | Taleh Garayev |
| 36 | GK | AZE | Amrah Mammadli |
| 44 | MF | AZE | Samir Ibrahimov |
| 52 | DF | AZE | Emil Bayramov |
| 77 | MF | AZE | Zahir Mirzazade |
| 79 | MF | AZE | Mirmovsum Janiyev |
| 99 | MF | AZE | Okan Tahmazli |
## Managers
- Javid Huseynov (2021 September–2022 July)
- Azer Nasirov (2022 July–2023 July)
- Javid Huseynov (2023 August–2024 June)
- Elhad Naziri (2024 July–present)
|
enwiki/74823615
|
enwiki
| 74,823,615
|
Jabrayil FK
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabrayil_FK
|
2025-04-05T05:11:16Z
|
en
|
Q122863858
| 81,163
|
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Jabrayil FK
| current =
| image =
| image_size =
| fullname = Cəbrayıl Futbol Klubu
| nickname =
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2021 September}}
| dissolved =
| ground = [[Bayil Arena|ASCO Arena]],<br />[[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]]
| capacity = 3,200
| owner =
| chrtitle = President
| chairman = Shahin Mammadov
| manager = [[Elhad Naziri]]
| league = [[Azerbaijan First League]]
| season = [[2023–24 Azerbaijan Second League|2023–24]]
| position = 2nd
| website =
| pattern_la1 = _adidasregista20yw
| pattern_b1 = _adidasregista20yw
| pattern_ra1 = _adidasregista20yw
| pattern_sh1 = _adidaswhite
| pattern_so1 = _color_3_stripes_white
| leftarm1 = FFEE00
| body1 = FFEE00
| rightarm1 = FFEE00
| shorts1 = FFEE00
| socks1 = FFEE00
| pattern_la2 = _adidascondivo22bw
| pattern_b2 = _adidascondivo22bw
| pattern_ra2 = _adidascondivo22bw
| pattern_sh2 = _adidascondivo22bw
| pattern_so2 = _3_stripes_white
| leftarm2 = 000000
| body2 = 000000
| rightarm2 = 000000
| shorts2 = 000000
| socks2 = 000000
}}
'''Jabrayil FK''' ({{langx|az|Cəbrayıl Futbol Klubu}}) is an [[Azerbaijan]]i [[association football|football]] club from [[Jabrayil]] but based in [[Baku]].
== History ==
The club was founded in 2021<ref>{{cite web|title=Cavid Hüseynov "Cəbrayıl" futbol klubu yaratdı|url=https://qafqazinfo.az/news/detail/cavid-huseynov-cebrayil-futbol-klubu-yaratdi-336415|website=www.qafqazinfo.az|publisher=qafqazinfo|access-date=14 September 2023|language=az|date=17 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Azərbaycanda yeni futbol klubu yaradıldı|url=https://publika.az/news/idman/369509.html|website=www.publika.az|publisher=publika|access-date=14 September 2023|language=az|date=18 September 2021}}</ref> and participates in the [[Azerbaijan Second League]].
Jabrayil won [[Azerbaijan Regional League]] in 2022<ref>{{cite web|title="Cəbrayıl" Futbol Klubu Region Liqasında qalib gələrək Çempion oldu|url=http://cabrail-ih.gov.az/az/news/cebrayil-futbol-klubu-region-liqasinda-qalib-gelerek-cempion-oldu.html|website=www.cabrail-ih.gov.az|publisher=cabrail-ih|access-date=14 September 2023|language=az|date=21 May 2022}}</ref> and advance to [[2023 UEFA Regions' Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|title="Kolos" Cherven (BLR) - Jabrayil (AZE)|url=https://www.uefa.com/regionscup/match/2033951--kolos-cherven-vs-jabrayil-fc/|website=[[UEFA]]|publisher=UEFA|access-date=14 September 2023|language=az|date=24 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jabrayil (AZE) - "Kolos" Cherven (BLR)|url=https://www.uefa.com/regionscup/match/2033952--jabrayil-fc-vs-kolos-cherven/|website=[[UEFA]]|publisher=UEFA|access-date=14 September 2023|language=az|date=26 June 2022}}</ref>
==Current squad==
{{updated|2 October 2024}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no= 1|pos=GK|nat=AZE|name=Akpar Valiyev}}
{{Fs player|no= 5|pos=DF|nat=AZE|name=Vusal Safarov}}
{{Fs player|no= 7|pos=MF|nat=AZE|name=Polad Ibrahimov}}
{{Fs player|no= 8|pos=MF|nat=AZE|name=Zeynaddin Abdurahmanov}}
{{Fs player|no= 9|pos=FW|nat=AZE|name=Ibrahim Ismayilov}}
{{Fs player|no=10|pos=FW|nat=AZE|name=Tapdig Ahmadov}}''([[Captain (association football)|captain]])''
{{Fs player|no=11|pos=MF|nat=AZE|name=Samir Maharramli}}
{{Fs player|no=13|pos=MF|nat=AZE|name=Elshad Aliyev}}
{{Fs player|no=14|pos=DF|nat=AZE|name=Ravil Gafarov}}
{{Fs player|no=17|pos=MF|nat=AZE|name=Nurlan Guliyev}}
{{Fs player|no=19|pos=DF|nat=AZE|name=Maharram Orujov}}
{{Fs player|no=20|pos=MF|nat=AZE|name=Ashraf Zeynalli}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=21|pos=FW|nat=AZE|name=Bilal Ismayilov}}
{{Fs player|no=22|pos=MF|nat=AZE|name=Ali Najafli}}
{{Fs player|no=31|pos=GK|nat=AZE|name=Ulvi Mehraliyev}}
{{Fs player|no=32|pos=MF|nat=AZE|name=Rahim Jafarli}}
{{Fs player|no=34|pos=FW|nat=AZE|name=Taleh Garayev}}
{{Fs player|no=36|pos=GK|nat=AZE|name=Amrah Mammadli}}
{{Fs player|no=44|pos=MF|nat=AZE|name=Samir Ibrahimov}}
{{Fs player|no=52|pos=DF|nat=AZE|name=Emil Bayramov}}
{{Fs player|no=77|pos=MF|nat=AZE|name=Zahir Mirzazade}}
{{Fs player|no=79|pos=MF|nat=AZE|name=Mirmovsum Janiyev}}
{{Fs player|no=99|pos=MF|nat=AZE|name=Okan Tahmazli}}
{{Fs end}}
==Managers==
*{{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Javid Huseynov]] (2021 September–2022 July)
*{{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} Azer Nasirov (2022 July–2023 July)
*{{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Javid Huseynov]] (2023 August–2024 June)
*{{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Elhad Naziri]] (2024 July–present)
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://pfl.az PFL]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jabrayil FK}}
[[Category:Football clubs in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Azerbaijan]]
{{Azerbaijan-footyclub-stub}}
| 1,284,037,161
|
[{"title": "Jabrayil FK", "data": {"Full name": "C\u0259bray\u0131l Futbol Klubu", "Founded": "2021 September", "Ground": "ASCO Arena, \u00b7 Baku, Azerbaijan", "Capacity": "3,200", "President": "Shahin Mammadov", "Manager": "Elhad Naziri", "League": "Azerbaijan First League", "2023\u201324": "2nd", "Home colours": "Away colours"}}]
| false
|
# Hernandia cubensis
Hernandia cubensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Hernandiaceae. It is endemic to Cuba. It is threatened by habitat loss.
|
enwiki/12881937
|
enwiki
| 12,881,937
|
Hernandia cubensis
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernandia_cubensis
|
2025-04-05T05:12:07Z
|
en
|
Q5485666
| 33,671
|
{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{speciesbox
|status = CR
|status_system = IUCN2.3
|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Areces-Mallea, A.E. |date=1998 |title=''Hernandia cubensis'' |volume=1998 |page=e.T31620A9646998 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T31620A9646998.en |access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>
|genus = Hernandia
|species = cubensis
|authority = [[August Grisebach|Griseb.]]
}}
'''''Hernandia cubensis''''' is a species of [[flowering plant]] in the family ''[[Hernandiaceae]]''.<ref name=POWO>{{cite web |url= https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:464645-1 |title= Hernandia cubensis Griseb. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=n.d. |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=June 9, 2024}}</ref><ref name=COL>{{cite web |url= https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3L2GP |title= Hernandia cubensis Griseb. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=n.d. |website=Catalogue of Life |publisher=Species 2000 |access-date=June 9, 2024}}</ref> It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Cuba]]. It is threatened by [[habitat loss]].
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5485666}}
[[Category:Endemic flora of Cuba]]
[[Category:Hernandiaceae]]
[[Category:Critically endangered plants]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Taxa named by August Grisebach]]
{{Laurales-stub}}
| 1,284,037,254
|
[{"title": "Conservation status", "data": {"Conservation status": "\u00b7 Critically Endangered (IUCN 2.3)"}}, {"title": "Scientific classification", "data": {"Kingdom": "Plantae", "Clade": ["Tracheophytes", "Angiosperms", "Magnoliids"], "Order": "Laurales", "Family": "Hernandiaceae", "Genus": "Hernandia", "Species": "H. cubensis"}}, {"title": "Binomial name", "data": {"Binomial name": "Hernandia cubensis \u00b7 Griseb."}}]
| false
|
# Every Little Thing (Delirious? song)
"Every Little Thing" is a song written and performed by English Christian rock band Delirious?. The song was the second radio single released to the German market from the band's 2003 studio album, World Service. The song features guest backing vocals by Daniel Bedingfield. The single peaked at #2 on the Südwestrundfunk, which is the southwest region broadcasting's singles chart.
## Track listing
1. "Every Little Thing" (Radio Hit Mix)
2. "Every Little Thing" (Radio Ballad Mix)
3. "Every Little Thing" (Radio Remix)
4. "Every Little Thing" (Album Version)
5. "Free"
## Daniel Bedingfield Release
Daniel Bedingfield released his own version of "Every Little Thing" on his EP Stop the Traffik – Secret Fear on 5 July 2013, featuring several lyric changes. Bedingfield performed the song on the New Zealand edition of The X Factor on 8 July 2013, and on the X Factor Around the World special in Indonesia on 24 August 2013.
|
enwiki/16150798
|
enwiki
| 16,150,798
|
Every Little Thing (Delirious? song)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Every_Little_Thing_(Delirious%3F_song)
|
2025-04-05T05:13:21Z
|
en
|
Q5417529
| 49,042
|
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Every Little Thing
| cover = Delirious_everylittlething.jpg
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Delirious?]]
| album = [[World Service (Delirious? album)|World Service]]
| released = 14 September 2004
| recorded = 2003
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Rock music|Rock]]
| length = 4:35
| label = [[Furious? Records|Furious?]]
| writer = {{hlist|[[Stuart Garrard]]|[[Martin Smith (English musician)|Martin Smith]]}}
| producer = {{hlist|[[Julian Kindred]]|Delirious?}}
| prev_title = [[Inside Outside (Delirious? song)|Inside Outside]]
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title = [[Paint the Town Red (Delirious? song)|Paint The Town Red]]
| next_year = 2005
}}
'''"Every Little Thing"''' is a song written and performed by English [[Christian rock]] band [[Delirious?]]. The song was the second [[radio single]] released to the German market from the band's 2003 [[studio album]], ''[[World Service (Delirious? album)|World Service]]''. The song features guest backing vocals by [[Daniel Bedingfield]]. The single peaked at #2 on the [[Südwestrundfunk]], which is the southwest region broadcasting's singles chart.
==Track listing==
#"Every Little Thing" (Radio Hit Mix)
#"Every Little Thing" (Radio Ballad Mix)
#"Every Little Thing" (Radio Remix)
#"Every Little Thing" (Album Version)
#"Free"
{{clear}}
==Daniel Bedingfield Release==
{{Infobox song
| name = Every Little Thing
| cover =
| alt =
| type =
| artist = [[Daniel Bedingfield]]
| EP = [[Stop the Traffik – Secret Fear]]
| released =
| recorded =
| studio =
| venue =
| genre =
| length = {{plainlist|
*{{duration|m=4|s=27}} (album version)
*{{duration|m=3|s=35}} (radio edit)
| Writer = [[Daniel Bedingfield]], [[Delirious?|Martin Smith]], [[Delirious?|Stuart Garrard]]
}}
| label =
| writer = [[Stuart Garrard]] <br> [[Martin Smith (songwriter)|Martin Smith]]<br>[[Daniel Bedingfield]]
| producer =
}}
Daniel Bedingfield released his own version of '''"Every Little Thing"''' on his EP [[Stop the Traffik – Secret Fear]] on 5 July 2013,<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://music.apple.com/gb/album/stop-traffik-secret-fear-special/668737784?ign-mpt=uo%3D4|title = iTunes – Music – Stop the Traffik – Secret Fear (Special Edition) by Daniel Bedingfield}}</ref> featuring several lyric changes. Bedingfield performed the song on the New Zealand edition of [[The X Factor (New Zealand TV series)|The X Factor]] on 8 July 2013,<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8P66c-VWWm8|title = Daniel Bedingfield 'Every Little Thing' – The X Factor NZ results show 8 – Youtube}}</ref> and on the [[X Factor Around the World]] special in Indonesia on 24 August 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPu28j0E2tM|title = DANIEL BEDINGFIELD – EVERY LITTLE THING – X Factor Around the World – Youtube}}</ref>
{{clear}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}
{{Delirious?}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:2004 singles]]
[[Category:Delirious? songs]]
[[Category:2003 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Stu G]]
[[Category:Songs written by Martin Smith (English musician)]]
| 1,284,037,436
|
[{"title": "from the album World Service", "data": {"Released": "14 September 2004", "Recorded": "2003", "Genre": "Rock", "Length": "4:35", "Label": "Furious?", "Songwriter(s)": "Stuart Garrard Martin Smith", "Producer(s)": "Julian Kindred Delirious?"}}, {"title": "Delirious? singles chronology", "data": {"\"Inside Outside\" \u00b7 (2004)": "\"Every Little Thing\" \u00b7 (2004) \u00b7 \"Paint The Town Red\" \u00b7 (2005)"}}, {"title": "from the EP Stop the Traffik \u2013 Secret Fear", "data": {"Length": "- 4:27 (album version) - 3:35 (radio edit)", "Songwriter(s)": "Stuart Garrard \u00b7 Martin Smith \u00b7 Daniel Bedingfield"}}, {"title": "Delirious?", "data": {"Albums": "Studio Cutting Edge (1993\u20131995) King of Fools (1997) Mezzamorphis (1999) Glo (2000) Audio Lessonover? (2001) Touch (2002) World Service (2003) The Mission Bell (2005) Kingdom of Comfort (2008) Live Live & In the Can (1996) d:tour (1998) Access:D (2002) Now Is the Time (2006) My Soul Sings (2009) Farewell Show: Live in London (2010) Compilation Deeper (2002) Libertad (2002) History Makers (2009) Live collaboration UP: Unified Praise (2004)", "UK singles": "1990s \" White Ribbon Day \" (1997) \" Deeper \" (1997) \" Promise \" (1997) \" DeEPer EP \" (1997) \" See the Star \" (1999) 2000s \" It's OK \" (2000) \" Waiting for the Summer \" (2001) \" I Could Sing of Your Love Forever \" (2001) \" Paint the Town Red \" (2005) \" Love Will Find a Way \" (2008) 2010s \" History Maker \" (2010)", "International singles": "\" Inside Outside \" (2004, Germany) \" Every Little Thing \" (2004, Germany) \" Rain Down \" (2005, Germany and US)", "Other notable songs": "\" August 30th \" (1997)", "Related articles": "Discography CompassionArt Have You Heard? (1995) In the Name of Love (2004)"}}, {"title": "Studio", "data": {"Studio": "Cutting Edge (1993\u20131995) King of Fools (1997) Mezzamorphis (1999) Glo (2000) Audio Lessonover? (2001) Touch (2002) World Service (2003) The Mission Bell (2005) Kingdom of Comfort (2008)", "Live": "Live & In the Can (1996) d:tour (1998) Access:D (2002) Now Is the Time (2006) My Soul Sings (2009) Farewell Show: Live in London (2010)", "Compilation": "Deeper (2002) Libertad (2002) History Makers (2009)", "Live collaboration": "UP: Unified Praise (2004)"}}, {"title": "1990s", "data": {"1990s": "\" White Ribbon Day \" (1997) \" Deeper \" (1997) \" Promise \" (1997) \" DeEPer EP \" (1997) \" See the Star \" (1999)", "2000s": "\" It's OK \" (2000) \" Waiting for the Summer \" (2001) \" I Could Sing of Your Love Forever \" (2001) \" Paint the Town Red \" (2005) \" Love Will Find a Way \" (2008)", "2010s": "\" History Maker \" (2010)"}}]
| false
|
# The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile
The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile is a 2D side-scrolling beat 'em up video game. It was developed by Ska Studios and released for the Xbox 360 via XBLA on April 6, 2011, and for the Microsoft Windows, Linux and macOS on May 12, 2017. It is the sequel to The Dishwasher: Dead Samurai, released in 2009. Players assume the roles of The Dishwasher and his stepsister Yuki, in two separate solo campaigns, as they battle through legions of enemies and try to unravel the secrets of their pasts. The main story revolves around The Dishwasher's quest for universal freedom and Yuki's quest for revenge against the three marks of power that robbed her of her life.
## Plot
The game begins with a playable flashback segment of the first game where the player leads The Dishwasher through the Grace Chapel, building up to the boss fight against Yuki. The Dishwasher emerges victorious from this battle and Yuki dies in his hands.
It is revealed that after the events of the first game, The Dishwasher and Chef destroyed the world after it became uninhabitable. This crime was pinned on Yuki however, who was witnessed escaping the scene, having mysteriously been reanimated. During her time in the Iffenhaus prison ship she experiences recurring nightmares caused by an entity known as The Creeper, and wakes up to the image of her slaughtering a prison guard. With her newfound powers she breaks out of the prison and stows herself away in an escape pod shortly after getting her arm cut off in battle.
She crashes onto the Moon and wakes up, only to find herself with a chainsaw implant where her arm used to be. She then and there decides to pursue a quest for revenge against the three figures of power known as The Banker, General and Judge, all of whom were responsible for her incarceration. During this time The Dishwasher who has relocated himself to the moon finds himself searching for the heart of the new Cyborg movement, following Yuki's blood trail of revenge. The game is broken up into two solo campaigns that largely run in tandem with each other. They break off midway into separate stories once the two protagonists meet each other for the first time, however.
In Yuki's storyline, she finds herself in another hallucination where she finds a knife and uses it to kill who she believes is her manipulator, The Creeper. However she regains conscious and finds out that she inadvertently has stabbed The Dishwasher with it. Yuki becomes distressed but is reassured by him that he's okay with it, as it's only fair she repays him the favor for having killed her once. The Dishwasher rips the knife out of his body and dies. The Creeper then appears before Yuki and is killed by her in a fit of rage and hate. Chef then arrives to the scene, explaining to her that killing The Dishwasher shouldn't be possible as the Chef, Dishwasher and Yuki all share the same inhuman blood that makes them unkillable through normal means. He tells Yuki that the knife she extracted from her nightmares should be taken back and used to murder her inner demon who is driving her to the brink of insanity. Yuki succeeds, and proceeds to kill her final mark, the Judge, who has become a symbiont for The Fallen Engineer. In the end after facing the fact that the world is still in chaos and that her stepbrother is dead, her only care in the world is that she's finally free.
In The Dishwasher's storyline, Chef confronts him, explaining to him that Yuki is being manipulated by The Creeper, who must die if Yuki is to have her freedom. The Dishwasher finds Yuki being manipulated by The Creeper, but quickly kills The Creeper so as to not having to resort to killing Yuki again. Yuki regains conscious and finds The Dishwasher standing over The Creeper's dead body. The two then reconcile, however Yuki remains convinced that her mission for revenge is one that she must carry out alone. The Dishwasher leaves her to her mission, as he continues his search for the source of Cyborgs. He eventually reaches the Judge's tower where Yuki prepares to exact her revenge, however through an accursed mask the Judge manages to act as a symbiont for The Fallen Engineer, the true antagonist of the plot, and he partakes with The Dishwasher and Yuki in a battle. The Engineer manages to enter the depths of The Dishwasher's stagnant nightmare and tries to kill him from the inside. The Dishwasher overpowers him however, and ultimately kills him.
## Gameplay
Gameplay remains largely similar to that of its predecessor. The game is a side-scrolling beat 'em up where the player must violently dispense of enemies with the help of numerous weapons. Recurring elements from the original include Dish Magic and Shop Bots where one can buy upgrades and items with money received through defeating enemies. The biggest addition is a new playable character, Yuki, who controls differently from The Dishwasher in combat. Co-op has also been fully integrated into the story-mode allowing for an exclusive campaign. There are five new weapons in the game, including a large syringe dubbed The Painkiller and an oversized pair of scissors titled The Guillotine. Combat revisions have been made: now the player can stock up to four weapons at once with the help of two sets of load outs that can be interchanged at all times. Guns are now automatically mapped to function on the right trigger, and normal enemies no longer have exclusive executions as they are all down to weaponry. A new gameplay feature is the addition of collectible Beads that can be equipped to give various status effects such as improved strength against specific enemies or attacks draining health. The guitar minigame also makes a return; however, the Psycho Picks that were granted in the original game for finishing them do not.
## Development and release
The game was showcased at the PAX East 2010 convention.
## Reception
| Aggregator | Score |
| ---------- | ------ |
| Metacritic | 81/100 |
| Publication | Score |
| --------------------------- | ------ |
| The A.V. Club | B+ |
| Destructoid | 6.5/10 |
| Edge | 7/10 |
| Eurogamer | 6/10 |
| Game Informer | 8.5/10 |
| GameSpot | 9/10 |
| GameTrailers | 8.5/10 |
| IGN | 7.5/10 |
| Joystiq | [ 11 ] |
| Official Xbox Magazine (US) | 9/10 |
| 411Mania | 8.2/10 |
The Xbox 360 version received "favorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. GameSpot's Kevin VanOrd said that the game was "grimly gorgeous and violently entertaining" and went on to say that it "is one of the finest games released so far this year." Destructoid, by contrast, praised the game's goofy violence, character design, bleak aesthetic, and tightly-designed combat while criticizing its convoluted story and inability to engage the player to the end. Game Informer recommended the game, writing, "[The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile's] grim style is accompanied by some of the tightest 2D action around. While the challenge and dark subject matter could be a turn-off for some, most players will find a deep and rewarding action title that is more than worth a download." IGN said, "This is a refined version of the first title, with better dodging, more varied and entertaining enemies, and the same over-the-top violence...The repetitive level design can become mind-numbing in any sort of prolonged session, but the excellent combat is enough to make it worth playing..." VideoGamer.com commended its intense combat but took issue with its fiddly controls and punishing difficulty.
|
enwiki/26759821
|
enwiki
| 26,759,821
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The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dishwasher:_Vampire_Smile
|
2025-04-05T05:16:25Z
|
en
|
Q7730332
| 72,288
|
{{Short description|2011 video game}}
{{Infobox video game
| title=The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile
| image=Thedishwashervampiresmile box xbox360.jpg
| caption=
| developer=[[Ska Studios]]
| publisher=[[Xbox Game Studios|Microsoft Game Studios]] ([[Xbox 360|X360]])<br />Ska Studios ([[Personal computer|PC]])
|designer= James Silva
| series=''[[The Dishwasher: Dead Samurai|The Dishwasher]]''
| engine=[[Microsoft XNA]]
| released='''Xbox 360'''<br />April 6, 2011<br />'''Windows''', '''Linux''', '''macOS'''<br />May 12, 2017
| genre= [[Side-scrolling video game|Side-scroller]], [[beat 'em up]], [[hack and slash]]
| modes = [[Single-player]], [[Multiplayer]]
| platforms = [[Xbox 360]] ([[Xbox Live Arcade|XBLA]])<br />[[Microsoft Windows]]<br />[[Linux]]<br />[[macOS]]
}}
'''''The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile''''' is a [[2D computer graphics|2D]] [[Side-scrolling video game|side-scrolling]] [[beat 'em up]] video game. It was developed by [[Ska Studios]] and released for the Xbox 360 via [[XBLA]] on April 6, 2011, and for the Microsoft Windows, Linux and macOS on May 12, 2017. It is the sequel to ''[[The Dishwasher: Dead Samurai]]'', released in 2009. Players assume the roles of The Dishwasher and his stepsister Yuki, in two separate solo campaigns, as they battle through legions of enemies and try to unravel the secrets of their pasts. The main story revolves around The Dishwasher's quest for universal freedom and Yuki's quest for revenge against the three marks of power that robbed her of her life.
== Plot ==
The game begins with a playable flashback segment of the first game where the player leads The Dishwasher through the Grace Chapel, building up to the boss fight against Yuki. The Dishwasher emerges victorious from this battle and Yuki dies in his hands.
It is revealed that after the events of the first game, The Dishwasher and Chef destroyed the world after it became uninhabitable. This crime was pinned on Yuki however, who was witnessed escaping the scene, having mysteriously been reanimated. During her time in the Iffenhaus prison ship she experiences recurring nightmares caused by an entity known as The Creeper, and wakes up to the image of her slaughtering a prison guard. With her newfound powers she breaks out of the prison and stows herself away in an escape pod shortly after getting her arm cut off in battle.
She crashes onto the [[Moon]] and wakes up, only to find herself with a chainsaw implant where her arm used to be. She then and there decides to pursue a quest for revenge against the three figures of power known as The Banker, General and Judge, all of whom were responsible for her incarceration. During this time The Dishwasher who has relocated himself to the moon finds himself searching for the heart of the new Cyborg movement, following Yuki's blood trail of revenge. The game is broken up into two solo campaigns that largely run in tandem with each other. They break off midway into separate stories once the two protagonists meet each other for the first time, however.
In '''Yuki's storyline''', she finds herself in another hallucination where she finds a knife and uses it to kill who she believes is her manipulator, The Creeper. However she regains conscious and finds out that she inadvertently has stabbed The Dishwasher with it. Yuki becomes distressed but is reassured by him that he's okay with it, as it's only fair she repays him the favor for having killed her once. The Dishwasher rips the knife out of his body and dies. The Creeper then appears before Yuki and is killed by her in a fit of rage and hate. Chef then arrives to the scene, explaining to her that killing The Dishwasher shouldn't be possible as the Chef, Dishwasher and Yuki all share the same inhuman blood that makes them unkillable through normal means. He tells Yuki that the knife she extracted from her nightmares should be taken back and used to murder her inner demon who is driving her to the brink of insanity. Yuki succeeds, and proceeds to kill her final mark, the Judge, who has become a symbiont for The Fallen Engineer. In the end after facing the fact that the world is still in chaos and that her stepbrother is dead, her only care in the world is that she's finally free.
In '''The Dishwasher's storyline''', Chef confronts him, explaining to him that Yuki is being manipulated by The Creeper, who must die if Yuki is to have her freedom. The Dishwasher finds Yuki being manipulated by The Creeper, but quickly kills The Creeper so as to not having to resort to killing Yuki again. Yuki regains conscious and finds The Dishwasher standing over The Creeper's dead body. The two then reconcile, however Yuki remains convinced that her mission for revenge is one that she must carry out alone. The Dishwasher leaves her to her mission, as he continues his search for the source of Cyborgs. He eventually reaches the Judge's tower where Yuki prepares to exact her revenge, however through an accursed mask the Judge manages to act as a symbiont for The Fallen Engineer, the true antagonist of the plot, and he partakes with The Dishwasher and Yuki in a battle. The Engineer manages to enter the depths of The Dishwasher's stagnant nightmare and tries to kill him from the inside. The Dishwasher overpowers him however, and ultimately kills him.
== Gameplay ==
Gameplay remains largely similar to [[The Dishwasher: Dead Samurai#Gameplay|that of its predecessor]]. The game is a [[Side-scrolling video game|side-scrolling]] [[beat 'em up]] where the player must violently dispense of enemies with the help of numerous weapons. Recurring elements from the original include Dish Magic and Shop Bots where one can buy upgrades and items with money received through defeating enemies. The biggest addition is a new playable character, Yuki, who controls differently from The Dishwasher in combat. Co-op has also been fully integrated into the story-mode allowing for an exclusive campaign. There are five new weapons in the game, including a large syringe dubbed ''The Painkiller'' and an oversized pair of scissors titled ''The Guillotine''. Combat revisions have been made: now the player can stock up to four weapons at once with the help of two sets of load outs that can be interchanged at all times. Guns are now automatically mapped to function on the right trigger, and normal enemies no longer have exclusive executions as they are all down to weaponry. A new gameplay feature is the addition of collectible [[Bead]]s that can be equipped to give various status effects such as improved strength against specific enemies or attacks draining health. The guitar minigame also makes a return; however, the Psycho Picks that were granted in the original game for finishing them do not.
== Development and release ==
The game was showcased at the [[Penny Arcade Expo|PAX East 2010]] convention.<ref>{{cite web |author=BrainLazyVideos |date=April 2, 2010 |title=Ska Studios - James Silva Interview PAX EAST 2010 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GjKXoEWjjWM |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Google]] |access-date=February 28, 2023}}</ref>
== Reception ==
{{Video game reviews
| MC = 81/100<ref name="MC">{{cite web |title=The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile for Xbox 360 Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/the-dishwasher-vampire-smile/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-360 |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[Fandom (website)|Fandom]] |access-date=April 18, 2020}}</ref>
| AVC = B+<ref>{{cite web |last=Wolinsky |first=David |date=April 18, 2011 |title=The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile (X360) |url=https://www.avclub.com/the-dishwasher-vampire-smile-1798225098 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |publisher=[[G/O Media]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420173205/http://www.avclub.com/articles/the-dishwasher-vampire-smile,54684/ |archive-date=April 20, 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=March 1, 2023}}</ref>
| Destruct = 6.5/10<ref name="Destruct">{{cite web |last=Leray |first=Joseph |date=April 6, 2011 |title=Review: The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile (X360) |url=https://www.destructoid.com/reviews/review-the-dishwasher-vampire-smile/ |website=[[Destructoid]] |publisher=[[Gamurs]] |access-date=April 5, 2022}}</ref>
| Edge = 7/10<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Edge staff |title=The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile (X360) |magazine=[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]] |publisher=[[Future plc]] |issue=228 |date=June 2011 |page=102}}</ref>
| EuroG = 6/10<ref>{{cite web |last=Reed |first=Kristan |date=April 8, 2011 |title=Download Games Roundup (Page 3) |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/download-games-roundup-review?page=3 |website=[[Eurogamer]] |publisher=[[Gamer Network]] |access-date=March 1, 2023}}</ref>
| GI = 8.5/10<ref name="GI">{{cite magazine |last=Miller |first=Matt |date=April 7, 2011 |title=The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile Review (X360) |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/games/the_dishwasher_vampire_smile/b/xbox360/archive/2011/04/07/the-dishwasher-vampire-smile-review.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410123153/http://www.gameinformer.com/games/the_dishwasher_vampire_smile/b/xbox360/archive/2011/04/07/the-dishwasher-vampire-smile-review.aspx |url-status=live |archive-date=April 10, 2011 |magazine=[[Game Informer]] |publisher=[[GameStop]] |access-date=April 5, 2022}}</ref>
| GSpot = 9/10<ref name="GSpot">{{cite web |last=VanOrd |first=Kevin |date=April 5, 2011 |title=The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile Review (X360) |url=https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/the-dishwasher-vampire-smile-review/1900-6307231/ |website=[[GameSpot]] |publisher=Fandom |access-date=April 5, 2022}}</ref>
| GT = 8.5/10<ref>{{cite web |date=April 9, 2011 |title=The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile Review |url=http://www.gametrailers.com/gamereview.php?id=12770 |website=[[GameTrailers]] |publisher=[[Viacom (2005–2019)|Viacom]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412050731/http://www.gametrailers.com/gamereview.php?id=12770 |archive-date=April 12, 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=March 1, 2023}}</ref>
| IGN = 7.5/10<ref name="IGN">{{cite web |last=Gallegos |first=Anthony |date=April 4, 2011 |title=The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile Review (Xbox 360) |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2011/04/04/the-dishwasher-vampire-smile-review |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |access-date=April 5, 2022}}</ref>
| Joystiq = {{Rating|4.5|5}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Hamilton |first=Kirk |date=April 4, 2011 |title=The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile review: Fangs a lot (X360) [author mislabeled as "Justin McElroy"] |url=https://www.engadget.com/2011-04-04-the-dishwasher-vampire-smile-review.html |website=[[Engadget]] ([[Joystiq]]) |publisher=[[Yahoo (2017–present)|Yahoo]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406173701/http://www.joystiq.com/2011/04/04/the-dishwasher-vampire-smile-review/ |archive-date=April 6, 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=March 1, 2023}}</ref>
| OXM = 9/10<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Dyer |first=Mitch |title=The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile |url=http://www.oxmonline.com/article/reviews/xbox-live-arcade/a-f/dishwasher-vampire-smile |magazine=[[Official Xbox Magazine]] |publisher=[[Future US]] |date=May 2011 |page=80 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415095125/http://www.oxmonline.com/article/reviews/xbox-live-arcade/a-f/dishwasher-vampire-smile |archive-date=April 15, 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=March 1, 2023}}</ref>
| rev1 = ''411Mania''
| rev1Score = 8.2/10<ref>{{cite web |last=Chavez |first=Jimmy |date=April 27, 2011 |title=The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile (XBLA) Review |url=http://www.411mania.com/games/reviews/183749 |website=411Mania |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429200838/http://www.411mania.com/games/reviews/183749 |archive-date=April 29, 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=March 1, 2023}}</ref>
}}
The Xbox 360 version received "favorable" reviews according to the [[Review aggregator|review aggregation]] website [[Metacritic]].<ref name="MC" /> ''[[GameSpot]]''{{'}}s Kevin VanOrd said that the game was "grimly gorgeous and violently entertaining" and went on to say that it "is one of the finest games released so far this year."<ref name="GSpot"/> ''[[Destructoid]]'', by contrast, praised the game's goofy violence, character design, bleak aesthetic, and tightly-designed combat while criticizing its convoluted story and inability to engage the player to the end.<ref name="Destruct"/> ''[[Game Informer]]'' recommended the game, writing, "[''The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile''{{'}}s] grim style is accompanied by some of the tightest 2D action around. While the challenge and dark subject matter could be a turn-off for some, most players will find a deep and rewarding action title that is more than worth a download."<ref name="GI"/> ''[[IGN]]'' said, "This is a refined version of the first title, with better dodging, more varied and entertaining enemies, and the same over-the-top violence...The repetitive level design can become mind-numbing in any sort of prolonged session, but the excellent combat is enough to make it worth playing..."<ref name="IGN"/> ''VideoGamer.com'' commended its intense combat but took issue with its fiddly controls and punishing difficulty.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gaston |first=Martin |date=April 4, 2011 |title=The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile Review (X360) |url=https://www.videogamer.com/reviews/the-dishwasher-vampire-smile-review/ |website=VideoGamer.com |publisher=Resero Network |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406005911/https://www.videogamer.com/reviews/the-dishwasher-vampire-smile-review/ |archive-date=April 6, 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=March 1, 2023}}</ref>
{{clear}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*{{Official website|https://ska-studios.com/games/the-dishwasher-vampire-smile/}}
*{{moby game|id=/65398/the-dishwasher-vampire-smile/}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dishwasher: Vampire Smile}}
[[Category:2011 video games]]
[[Category:Beat 'em ups]]
[[Category:Cooperative video games]]
[[Category:Hack and slash games]]
[[Category:Indie games]]
[[Category:Linux games]]
[[Category:MacOS games]]
[[Category:Microsoft games]]
[[Category:Microsoft XNA games]]
[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]
[[Category:Psychological horror games]]
[[Category:Side-scrolling video games]]
[[Category:Ska Studios games]]
[[Category:Video game sequels]]
[[Category:Video games about ninja]]
[[Category:Video games about samurai]]
[[Category:Video games about vampires]]
[[Category:Video games about zombies]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United States]]
[[Category:Video games featuring female protagonists]]
[[Category:Video games set on the Moon]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Xbox 360 Live Arcade games]]
| 1,284,037,824
|
[{"title": "The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile", "data": {"Developer(s)": "Ska Studios", "Publisher(s)": "Microsoft Game Studios (X360) \u00b7 Ska Studios (PC)", "Designer(s)": "James Silva", "Series": "The Dishwasher", "Engine": "Microsoft XNA", "Platform(s)": "Xbox 360 (XBLA) \u00b7 Microsoft Windows \u00b7 Linux \u00b7 macOS", "Release": "Xbox 360 \u00b7 April 6, 2011 \u00b7 Windows, Linux, macOS \u00b7 May 12, 2017", "Genre(s)": "Side-scroller, beat 'em up, hack and slash", "Mode(s)": "Single-player, Multiplayer"}}]
| false
|
# Pimenta adenoclada
Pimenta adenoclada is a species of plant in the family Myrtaceae (Myrtle). It is endemic to Cuba. It is threatened by habitat loss.
|
enwiki/12906248
|
enwiki
| 12,906,248
|
Pimenta adenoclada
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimenta_adenoclada
|
2025-04-05T05:16:52Z
|
en
|
Q5462067
| 31,114
|
{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{speciesbox
|status = VU
|status_system = IUCN2.3
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Areces-Mallea, A.E. |date=1998 |title=''Pimenta adenoclada'' |volume=1998 |page=e.T35747A9955638 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T35747A9955638.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
|genus = Pimenta
|species = adenoclada
|authority = (Urban) Burret
}}
'''''Pimenta adenoclada''''' is a [[species]] of [[plant]] in the family [[Myrtaceae]] (Myrtle). It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Cuba]]. It is threatened by [[habitat loss]].
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5462067}}
[[Category:Pimenta (genus)|adenoclada]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of Cuba]]
[[Category:Vulnerable plants]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
{{Myrtaceae-stub}}
| 1,284,037,863
|
[{"title": "Conservation status", "data": {"Conservation status": "\u00b7 Vulnerable (IUCN 2.3)"}}, {"title": "Scientific classification", "data": {"Kingdom": "Plantae", "Clade": ["Tracheophytes", "Angiosperms", "Eudicots", "Rosids"], "Order": "Myrtales", "Family": "Myrtaceae", "Genus": "Pimenta", "Species": "P. adenoclada"}}, {"title": "Binomial name", "data": {"Binomial name": "Pimenta adenoclada \u00b7 (Urban) Burret"}}]
| false
|
# The Eternal Castle Remastered
The Eternal Castle Remastered is an adventure, platform game, cinematic platform game developed by Leonard Menchiari and released in 2019. It was released for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and PlayStation 5. Set in a far future, the game follows a colonist whose ship crashes on Earth during an attempt to flee the planet. The game is a faux remaster of a non-existent 1987 game, The Eternal Castle.
## Reception
| Aggregator | Score |
| ---------- | ------------------------- |
| Metacritic | PC: 73/100 Switch: 73/100 |
| Publication | Score |
| ------------- | ------ |
| Game Informer | 6.5/10 |
| GameSpot | 8/10 |
| Gamezebo | [ 9 ] |
| Nintendo Life | [ 10 ] |
The Eternal Castle received generally positive reviews.
|
enwiki/70911017
|
enwiki
| 70,911,017
|
The Eternal Castle Remastered
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eternal_Castle_Remastered
|
2025-04-05T05:16:57Z
|
en
|
Q112234849
| 60,930
|
{{short description|2019 video game}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = The Eternal Castle Remastered
| image = The Eternal Castle.png
| caption =
| developer = Leonard Menchiari <br> Daniele Vicinanzo <br> Giulio Perrone
| publisher = SEVERED PRESS PTY LTD
| series =
| engine =
| platforms = [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]],<ref name="MC PC">{{cite web |title=THE ETERNAL CASTLE REMASTERED |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/the-eternal-castle-remastered/critic-reviews/?platform=pc |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref> [[Nintendo Switch|Switch]],<ref name="MC S">{{cite web |title=THE ETERNAL CASTLE REMASTERED |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/the-eternal-castle-remastered/critic-reviews/?platform=nintendo-switch |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref> [[PlayStation 4]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/the-eternal-castle-remastered/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4 |title=THE ETERNAL CASTLE REMASTERED |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref> [[PlayStation 5]]<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Eternal Castle Remastered |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/product/the-eternal-castle-remastered |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711063338/https://www.gameinformer.com/product/the-eternal-castle-remastered |url-status=live |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |magazine=Game Informer |access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref>
| released = '''Windows'''<br>5 January 2019<br>'''Switch'''<br>15 May 2020<br>'''PS4''', '''PS5'''<br>24 June 2021
| genre = [[Adventure game|Adventure]], [[Platform game|platform]]
| modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]]
| director =
| producer =
| designer =
| programmer =
| artist =
| writer =
| composer =
}}
'''''The Eternal Castle Remastered''''' is an [[Adventure game|adventure]], [[platform game]], [[cinematic platform game]] developed by Leonard Menchiari and released in 2019. It was released for [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Nintendo Switch]], [[PlayStation 4]], and [[PlayStation 5]]. Set in a far future, the game follows a colonist whose ship crashes on Earth during an attempt to flee the planet. The game is a faux [[Video game remaster|remaster]] of a non-existent 1987 game, ''The Eternal Castle''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Greer |first=Sam |date=2019-02-13 |title=Video game history is the future in The Eternal Castle |language=en-gb |work=Eurogamer |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/video-game-history-is-the-future-in-the-eternal-castle |access-date=2022-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramos |first=Jeff |date=2019-01-09 |title=The Eternal Castle: Remastered is a remake of a game that never existed |url=https://www.polygon.com/2019/1/9/18173739/eternal-castle-remastered-fake-history |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
== Reception ==
{{Video game reviews
| MC = PC: 73/100<ref name="MC PC"/> <br/> Switch: 73/100<ref name="MC S"/>
| GI = 6.5/10<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gwaltney |first1=Javy |title=The Eternal Castle Remastered Review |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/review/the-eternal-castle-remastered/stumbling-into-the-past |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116034424/https://www.gameinformer.com/review/the-eternal-castle-remastered/stumbling-into-the-past |url-status=live |archive-date=January 16, 2019 |access-date=30 May 2022 |agency=[[Game Informer]] |date=15 January 2019}}</ref>
| GSpot = 8/10<ref name="GS">{{cite web |title=The Eternal Castle Remastered |url=https://www.gamespot.com/games/the-eternal-castle-remastered/ |website=[[GameSpot]] |date=7 January 2019 |access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref>
| Gamezebo = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref name="GZeboRev">{{cite web |last1=Alexander |first1=Maria |title=The Eternal Castle Remastered [Switch] Review - Tower of Power? |url=https://www.gamezebo.com/reviews/the-eternal-castle-remastered-switch-review-tower-of-power/ |website=[[Gamezebo]] |access-date=2 June 2022 |date=26 August 2020}}</ref>
| NLife = {{Rating|9|10}}<ref name="NLifeRev">{{cite web |last1=Lopes |first1=Gonçalo |title=Review: The Eternal Castle [Remastered] - The Cinematic Platformer Reimagined In Dazzling Style |url=https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/switch-eshop/eternal_castle_remastered |website=[[Nintendo Life]] |access-date=2 June 2022 |date=21 August 2020}}</ref>
}}
''The Eternal Castle'' received generally positive reviews.<ref name="MC PC" /><ref name="GS" /><ref name="GZeboRev" />
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://www.theeternalcastle.net/ Official website]
* {{cite web |last=Romano |first=Sal |date=8 June 2021 |title=The Eternal Castle [Remastered] coming to PS4 on June 24 |url=https://www.gematsu.com/2021/06/the-eternal-castle-remastered-coming-to-ps4-on-june-2 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=[[Famitsu]]}}
* {{cite news |last=Peeples |first=Jeremy |date=3 January 2019 |title=The Eternal Castle Remastered Set for Release on January 5 |publisher=Hardcore Gamer |url=https://hardcoregamer.com/news/the-eternal-castle-remastered-set-for-release-on-january-5/321601/}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Eternal Castle Remastered}}
[[Category:2019 video games]]
[[Category:Indie games]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:MacOS games]]
[[Category:Linux games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 4 games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 5 games]]
[[Category:Nintendo Switch games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Italy]]
[[Category:Single-player video games]]
[[Category:Cinematic platformers]]
{{Action-adventure-videogame-stub}}
| 1,284,037,868
|
[{"title": "The Eternal Castle Remastered", "data": {"Developer(s)": "Leonard Menchiari \u00b7 Daniele Vicinanzo \u00b7 Giulio Perrone", "Publisher(s)": "SEVERED PRESS PTY LTD", "Platform(s)": "Windows, Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5", "Release": "Windows \u00b7 5 January 2019 \u00b7 Switch \u00b7 15 May 2020 \u00b7 PS4, PS5 \u00b7 24 June 2021", "Genre(s)": "Adventure, platform", "Mode(s)": "Single-player"}}]
| false
|
# 390th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade
The 390th Independent Guards Naval Infantry Brigade (Kazakh: 390-шы жеке гвардиялық теңіз жаяу әскерлері бригадасы, romanized: 390-şy jeke gvardiialyq teñız jaiau äskerlerı brigadasy; Russian: 390-я отдельная гвардейская бригада морской пехоты), also known as the Military Unit 25744 is a naval infantry brigade of the Kazakh Ground Forces. The brigade is the only naval infantry formation in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
## History
The brigade was formed in 1941 as the 892nd Infantry Regiment of the Red Army's 298th Rifle Division. When reforming the 80th Guards Training Motor Rifle Division, the brigade unit was created, being located offsite from the Otar Military Base. The brigade was formed on the basis of the 55th Guards Motorized Rifle Regiment, which relocated from the village of Gvardeisky in Guryev, from which all regalia and honorary titles were located. It was originally formed on 12 June 2002 in Atyrau as the 2nd Independent Guards Motorized Rifle Brigade of the Western Regional Command. In August 2004, the brigade was reorganized into the 390th Independent Guard Brigade of the Coastal Defense. On 9 January 2006, Deputy Defense Minister Lieutenant General Nikolai Pospelov unveiled a marine facility in the Karakiya district about 20 kilometers from the Port of Aktau, which provided new living quarters for Kazakh marines, having already cost an around 4 billion tenges ($30 million USD). In 2009, the brigade was relocated to Aktau.
On 17 March 2011, by decree of the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, the brigade was given its current name. A short while later, members of the brigade were sent to the United States to train at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island with servicemen of the United States Marine Corps. With all the reorganizations, the military unit number had always remained the same. During a military parade on Constitution Day in Astana's Independence Square, Kazakh marines marched for the first time. During the Zhanaozen massacre, there were reports of 1,500 marines being sent to Zhanaozen to "restore order". In July 2015, the brigade opened the contest "Caspian Sea-2015".
## Composition
The brigade has the following composition:
- 1st Marine Corps Battalion
- 2nd Marine Corps Battalion
- 3rd Marine Corps Battalion
- 1st Tank Battalion
- 2nd Tank Battalion
- Artillery Division
- Anti-Aircraft Missile and Artillery Division
- Combat and Rear Support Units
## Honours
The title of "Guards" was awarded in 1943 for its service during the Siege of Stalingrad. Later, the regiment was awarded the honorary title of Vienna, as well as the Order of Alexander Nevsky and the Order of Kutuzov in the 3rd degree.
|
enwiki/64554589
|
enwiki
| 64,554,589
|
390th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/390th_Guards_Naval_Infantry_Brigade
|
2025-04-05T05:17:55Z
|
en
|
Q97453065
| 67,726
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{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 390th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade
| image =
| caption =
| dates = 1941–present
| country = {{flag|USSR}}<br />{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| branch = {{army|USSR|1941}}<br />{{army|Kazakhstan}}
| type = [[Naval infantry]]
| role = [[Amphibious warfare]]<br>[[Anti-aircraft warfare]]<br>[[Anti-tank warfare]]<br>[[Armoured warfare]]<br>[[Bomb disposal]]<br>[[Close-quarters combat]]<br>[[Desert warfare]]<br>[[Fire support]]<br>[[Force protection]]<br>[[HUMINT]]<br>[[Indirect fire]]<br>[[Maneuver warfare]]<br>[[Raid (military)|Raiding]]<br>[[Reconnaissance]]<br>[[Urban warfare]]
|size = Brigade
| command_structure = Regional Command "West"
| garrison = [[Aktau]]
| battles = [[Battle of Stalingrad]]<br />[[Soviet invasion of Manchuria]]
| decorations = [[Order of Alexander Nevsky]]<br />[[Order of Kutuzov]] in the 3rd degree
| battle_honours = ''Vienna''
| equipment = [[BTR-82]], [[T-72]]
| commander1 =
| notable_commanders = Lieutenant Colonel Mereke Kuchikbaev
| native_name = 390-шы жеке гвардиялық теңіз жаяу әскерлері бригадасы<br />390-я отдельная гвардейская бригада морской пехоты
}}
The '''390th Independent Guards Naval Infantry Brigade''' ({{Langx|kk|390-шы жеке гвардиялық теңіз жаяу әскерлері бригадасы|390-şy jeke gvardiialyq teñız jaiau äskerlerı brigadasy }}; {{Langx|ru|390-я отдельная гвардейская бригада морской пехоты}}), also known as the '''Military Unit 25744''' is a naval infantry brigade of the [[Kazakh Ground Forces]]. The brigade is the only naval infantry formation in the [[Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Қара беретті кім киеді?|url=https://el.kz/amp/news/archive/ara_beretti_kim_kiedi/|access-date=2021-01-23|website=el.kz}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2016-02-16|title="Батыстағы" бригада|url=https://sarbaz.kz/army/16461459-batystaghy-brigada/|access-date=2021-01-23|website=Сарбаз – әскери портал|language=kk}}</ref>
== History ==
The brigade was formed in 1941 as the 892nd Infantry Regiment of the [[Red Army]]'s [[298th Rifle Division]]. When reforming the [[80th Guards Training Motor Rifle Division]], the brigade unit was created, being located offsite from the [[Otar Military Base]]. The brigade was formed on the basis of the 55th Guards Motorized Rifle Regiment, which relocated from the village of Gvardeisky in [[Atyrau|Guryev]], from which all regalia and honorary titles were located. It was originally formed on 12 June 2002 in Atyrau as the 2nd Independent Guards Motorized Rifle Brigade of the Western Regional Command. In August 2004, the brigade was reorganized into the 390th Independent Guard Brigade of the Coastal Defense. On 9 January 2006, Deputy Defense Minister Lieutenant General Nikolai Pospelov unveiled a marine facility in the Karakiya district about 20 kilometers from the Port of Aktau, which provided new living quarters for Kazakh marines, having already cost an around 4 billion [[tenge]]s ($30 million [[USD]]).<ref>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/centralasia/kazak-naval-infantry.htm |title=Kazakhstan Naval Infantry / Kazakh Marines |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date= |accessdate=2022-05-07}}</ref> In 2009, the brigade was relocated to Aktau.<ref name="морпехи">{{cite web|access-date = 2019-01-14|title =Кто такой морской пехотинец в Казахстане?|url =http://sarbaz.kz/ru/army/kto-takoy-morskoy-pehotinets-v-kazahstane-162371708/| publisher =www.sarbaz.kz}}</ref>
On 17 March 2011, by decree of the [[President of Kazakhstan]] [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], the brigade was given its current name. A short while later, members of the brigade were sent to the United States to train at [[Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island]] with servicemen of the [[United States Marine Corps]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/72672/kazakhstan-military-officials-learn-marines-made|title=Kazakhstan military officials learn how Marines are made|website=DVIDS}}</ref> With all the reorganizations, the [[Military Unit Number|military unit number]] had always remained the same. During a [[military parade]] on [[Constitution Day (Kazakhstan)|Constitution Day]] in [[Astana]]'s [[Independence Square, Nur-Sultan|Independence Square]], Kazakh marines marched for the first time. During the [[Zhanaozen massacre]], there were reports of 1,500 marines being sent to [[Zhanaozen]] to "restore order". In July 2015, the brigade opened the contest "Caspian Sea-2015".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://strategy2050.kz/en/news/24330/ |title=Kazakhstan Marines to start "Caspian Sea-2015" contest (PHOTO) – 01.01.1970 | Strategy2050.kz – обзорно-аналитический портал Казахстана |publisher=Strategy2050.kz |date= |accessdate=2022-05-07}}</ref><ref>[http://eng.mil.ru/en/structure/forces/navy/news/more.htm?id=12046675@egNews Marines of Russia, China and Kazakhstan actively preparing for the international contest “Caspian derby – 2015”] Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation 28 July 2015</ref>
==Composition==
The brigade has the following composition:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://i-news.kz/news/2011/07/15/5930631-my_morskaya_pehota.html |title=390-я огбрбо. Мы – морская пехота |access-date=2014-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023003228/http://i-news.kz/news/2011/07/15/5930631-my_morskaya_pehota.html |archive-date=2014-10-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://today.kz/news/kazakhstan/2012-12-29/79364/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023003228/http://today.kz/news/kazakhstan/2012-12-29/79364/|url-status=dead|title=Казахстанские морские пехотинцы получили БТР-82А|archive-date=October 23, 2014}}</ref>
*1st Marine Corps Battalion
*2nd Marine Corps Battalion
*3rd Marine Corps Battalion
*1st Tank Battalion
*2nd Tank Battalion
*Artillery Division
*Anti-Aircraft Missile and Artillery Division
*Combat and Rear Support Units
== Honours ==
The title of "Guards" was awarded in 1943 for its service during the [[Siege of Stalingrad]]. Later, the regiment was awarded the honorary title of ''Vienna'', as well as the [[Order of Alexander Nevsky]] and the [[Order of Kutuzov]] in the 3rd degree.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inform.kz/ru/article/2556908|title=В Актау парад Победы начался с "Залпа Памяти", произведенного 10 стрелками близ монумента "Вечный огонь"|date=May 9, 2013|website=www.inform.kz}}</ref>
== See also ==
*[[336th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade]]
*[[2nd Guards Motor Rifle Brigade]]
*[[Ukrainian Naval Infantry]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Kazakh Armed Forces}}
[[Category:Kazakh Naval Forces]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Marines]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 2002]]
| 1,284,037,970
|
[{"title": "390th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade", "data": {"Active": "1941\u2013present", "Country": "Soviet Union \u00b7 Kazakhstan", "Branch": "Soviet Army \u00b7 Kazakh Ground Forces", "Type": "Naval infantry", "Role": "Amphibious warfare \u00b7 Anti-aircraft warfare \u00b7 Anti-tank warfare \u00b7 Armoured warfare \u00b7 Bomb disposal \u00b7 Close-quarters combat \u00b7 Desert warfare \u00b7 Fire support \u00b7 Force protection \u00b7 HUMINT \u00b7 Indirect fire \u00b7 Maneuver warfare \u00b7 Raiding \u00b7 Reconnaissance \u00b7 Urban warfare", "Size": "Brigade", "Part of": "Regional Command \"West\"", "Garrison/HQ": "Aktau", "Equipment": "BTR-82, T-72", "Engagements": "Battle of Stalingrad \u00b7 Soviet invasion of Manchuria", "Decorations": "Order of Alexander Nevsky \u00b7 Order of Kutuzov in the 3rd degree", "Battle honours": "Vienna"}}, {"title": "Commanders", "data": {"Notable \u00b7 commanders": "Lieutenant Colonel Mereke Kuchikbaev"}}]
| false
|
# İlker Başbuğ
Mehmet İlker Başbuğ (Turkish: [ˈilceɾ ˈbaʃbuː]; born 29 April 1943) is a Turkish former general who served as the 26th Chief of the General Staff of Turkey. He was charged with contravention of Articles 309, 310, and 311 of the Turkish Penal Code. In August 2013, he was convicted on charges of "establishing and leading a terrorist organization" and "attempting to destroy the Turkish government or attempting to partially or completely prevent its functioning" and sentenced to life imprisonment as part of the Ergenekon trials. However, the Constitutional Court of Turkey determined that Başbuğ's legal rights were violated and overturned his conviction; he was released on 7 March 2014.
## Biography
İlker Başbuğ was born in Afyonkarahisar, a city in western Turkey, in 1943. He graduated from the Turkish Military Academy in 1962 and the Infantry School in 1963.
He served as Platoon Leader and Company Commander in various units subordinate to the Turkish Land Forces until 1971. Having graduated from the War College as staff officer in 1973, he held a wide variety of command and staff positions as staff officer at Plans and Operations Department at Turkish General Staff, Lecturer at the Army War College, Action Officer at the Intelligence Department at NATO Headquarters in Brussels-Belgium, Chief of Defense Research Branch of Plans and Policy Department at Turkish Land Forces Headquarters and as the commander of the 247th Infantry Regiment, 51st Division.
Before being promoted to brigadier general in 1989, he had completed his education at the United Kingdom Army Staff College and NATO Defense College. In this rank, he served as the Chief of Logistics and Infrastructure Department at SHAPE (Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe) in Mons-Belgium and as the commander of the 1st Armored Brigade in Istanbul. He was promoted to major general in 1993. As major general, he served as the deputy commander in Gendarmerie Security Command in Diyarbakır-Turkey and then as the Turkish National Military Representative (NMR) at SHAPE and was promoted to lieutenant general in 1996. In this rank, he served as the Commander of 2nd Corps and as the Deputy of the Secretary General of the National Security Council of the Republic of Turkey, respectively.
In 2002, he was promoted to the rank of general. As General, he held a variety of positions such as the Chief of Staff of the Turkish Land Forces, the Deputy Chief of the Turkish General Staff, the Commander of the First Army, and the Commander of the Turkish Land Forces. He was appointed as commander of the Turkish Armed Forces on 30 August 2008 and served until 27 August 2010.
After retirement, he wrote a book titled The End of Terrorist Organizations. He completed his second book The Greatest Leader of the 20th Century: Mustafa Kemal, covering the period between 1881 and 1923, in prison. The book became the bestseller in Turkey during the month it was published. His third book, The Greatest Leader of the 20th Century: Atatürk and covering the period between 1923 and 1938, was intended as a continuation of his previous work and was published in November 2012. Basbug continued writing: Truths Against Accusations (2014, Kaynak Publications), What Kind of Turkey (2015, Kaynak Publications), Armenian Accusations and the Truths (2015, Remzi Bookstore) and Forgotten Island Cyprus (2016, Kırmızı Kedi).
İlker Başbuğ is married to Sevil Başbuğ with two children. He speaks English. In an interview he gave in 2020 after his retirement, he said that his greatest wish in life was the unification of Turkey and Azerbaijan.
## Internet Memorandum case
17 months after retiring, on 2 January 2012 an investigation started for Başbuğ in the Internet Memorandum case in which he was expected to appear as a witness. In just four days, on 6 January 2012, he was arrested on terror charges after giving his testimony.
Başbuğ made a statement after the court ordered his arrest, saying, "The 26th chief of the General Staff of the Turkish Republic has been arrested on charges of forming and leading a terrorist organization. The judgment rests with the Turkish people." Başbuğ denied all accusations in his defense and said it was "tragicomic" that the chief one of the world's most powerful armies had been accused of leading a terrorist organization.
To accuse the former Chief of the General Staff of being a "terrorist" appears to be an exercise in “reductio ad absurdum,” because it means a "terrorist" – with access to the most secret and sacred of state intelligence – was running the Turkish military. Even Eric Edelman, former U.S. Ambassador to Turkey (2003–2005), was "flabbergasted".
According to Gareth Jenkins, "For many, the arrest of Başbuğ on terrorist charges will be regarded not so much as demonstrating that the General staff is no longer untouchable but that the Gülen movement has the power to imprison whoever it likes, regardless of the law, due process or the absurdity of the allegations; and further proof that in today's Turkey it is not the military but the Gülen Movement that people need to fear."
Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, on a TV program on 5 August 2012, said Başbuğ should be tried without imprisonment, and that he has never believed the charges directed against Başbuğ: "I have never found the charges directed against İlker Pasha correct. I think claims that he is a member of a terrorist organization are very ugly."
In the European Commission's "Turkey 2012 Progress Report", Başbuğ's detention was mentioned twice and it was reported that "concerns persisted over the rights of the defence, lengthy pre-trial detention and excessively long and catch-all indictments, leading to significantly enhanced public scrutiny of the legitimacy of these trials." ("Democracy and the rule of law". Turkey 2012 Progress Report (PDF) (Report). European Commission. 10 October 2012. p. 7.)
On 5 August 2013, Başbuğ was sentenced to life imprisonment on charges of "establishing and leading a terrorist organization" and "attempting to destroy the Turkish government or to attempting to partially or completely prevent its functioning."
After being sentenced to life imprisonment, Başbuğ made a statement saying "If in a country, people question the independence of judges, suspect whether the judgements given are in accordance with the Constitution and the law, then one can not claim that there is supremacy of law in that country. For those who have been tried under these circumstances, the final say is the people’s say. And the people are never wrong and are never deceived. Those who have always stood beside the right and righteous people, beside justice, have a clear conscience. I am one of those people."
According to a research by Gezici Research Company, 67.8% of people find the verdict given to Başbuğ was wrong.
### Overturning of conviction
On 6 March 2014, the Constitutional Court of Turkey overturned Başbuğ's conviction and ordered his release, ruling in favor of a complaint filed by Başbuğ on the grounds that his legal rights had been violated. The next day, on 7 March, the Istanbul 20th Heavy Penal Court complied with the supreme court's decision and overturned Başbuğ's conviction. He was released to cheering crowds later that day, with President Abdullah Gül saying that he considered the overturning of Başbuğ's conviction "a very precious decision" and Deputy Prime Minister Bülent Arınç echoing his sentiments.
On 3 May 2016, The Supreme Court of Appeals overturned all of the local court's verdicts and convictions. The court also determined that Başbuğ's situation should be handled by the Supreme Council.
## Decorations
- Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Distinguished Courage and Self-Sacrifice
- Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Distinguished Service
- Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Honor
- Order of Distinction of Pakistan (Nishan-e-Imtiaz)
- Golden Medal of the Eagle of the Republic of Albania, awarded by President Bamir Topi on 19 June 2009[19]
## Footnotes
1. 1 2 "Biography: General İlker Başbuğ, Commander of the Turkish Armed Forces". NATO. 24 February 2009.
2. ↑ "Coup plot conviction deepens secularist-Islamist rift in Turkey". The Hindu. 5 August 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
3. 1 2 3 "Turkey's former Chief of Staff İlker Başbuğ released from jail after top court ruling". Hürriyet Daily News. 7 March 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
4. ↑ "Bestsellers: Turkey". NTV History. 42: 94. July 2012.
5. ↑ "Remzi Kitapevi".
6. ↑ İlker Başbuğ Official Website, 14 May 2016, Books
7. ↑ "Başbuğ açıkladı: Benim en büyük hayalim Türkiye ile Azerbaycan'ı tek devlet olarak görmek" (in Turkish). Sözcü. 23 October 2020. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
8. ↑ "Turkey's ex-army chief arrested on terror charges". Hürriyet Daily News. 6 January 2012.
9. ↑ "Ex-head of NATO's 2nd-largest army accused of 'forming and directing a terrorist group'". MSNBC news services. 6 January 2012. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012.
10. ↑ Idiz, Semih (10 January 2012). "Something not right in Başbuğ's detention". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
11. ↑ Jenkins, Gareth H. (9 January 2012). "The Changing Object of Fear: The Arrest of Ilker Basbug". Turkey Analysts.
12. ↑ "Başbuğ thanks Erdoğan for his support". Today's Zaman. 6 August 2012.
13. ↑ Today's Zaman, 5 August 2013, Long sentences for Ergenekon suspects, life for ex-army chief Archived 6 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine
14. ↑ İlker Başbuğ Official Website, 5 August 2013, Final Say Is The People’s Say
15. ↑ Sözcü, 28 August 2013, This survey will really make PM cry
16. ↑ "Former army chief's jailing a rights violation: Top Turkish court". Hürriyet Daily News. 6 March 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
17. ↑ İlker Başbuğ'a sevgi seli [Flood of love for İlker Başbuğ]. 7 March 2014.
18. ↑ İlker Başbuğ Official Website, 5 May 2016, About
19. ↑ "Office of the President of Albania" (in Albanian). Archived from the original on 31 May 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2009.
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{{Short description|26th Chief of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces from 2008 to 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = İlker Başbuğ
|image = Ilker Basbug.jpg
|order = 26th
|title = [[Chief of the General Staff (Turkey)|Chief of the General Staff of Turkey]]
|term_start = 28 August 2008
|term_end = 27 August 2010
|predecessor = [[Yaşar Büyükanıt]]
|successor = [[Işık Koşaner]]
|president = [[Abdullah Gül]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1943|04|29|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Afyonkarahisar]], Turkey
|spouse = Sevil Başbuğ
|children = 2
|allegiance = {{flag|Turkey}}
|branch = {{army|Turkey}}
|serviceyears = 1963–2010
|rank = General
|commands = [[Chief of the General Staff (Turkey)|Chief of the General Staff]]
|website = [http://www.ilkerbasbug.com/ www.ilkerbasbug.com]
|battles =
}}
'''Mehmet İlker Başbuğ''' ({{IPA|tr|ˈilceɾ ˈbaʃbuː|lang}}; born 29 April 1943)<ref name=tdnbio>{{cite news|url=http://www.nato.int/cps/ru/SID-7EFC54D3-99AC1947/natolive/who_is_who_50455.htm
|title=Biography: General İlker Başbuğ, Commander of the Turkish Armed Forces
|publisher=[[NATO]]
|date=24 February 2009
}}</ref> is a Turkish former general who served as the [[List of Chiefs of the Turkish General Staff|26th Chief of the General Staff of Turkey]]. He was charged with contravention of Articles 309, 310, and 311 of the Turkish Penal Code. In August 2013, he was convicted on charges of "establishing and leading a terrorist organization" and "attempting to destroy the Turkish government or attempting to partially or completely prevent its functioning" and sentenced to life imprisonment as part of the [[Ergenekon trials]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Coup plot conviction deepens secularist-Islamist rift in Turkey|date = 5 August 2013|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/coup-plot-conviction-deepens-secularistislamist-rift-in-turkey/article4992951.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|accessdate = 6 August 2013}}</ref> However, the [[Constitutional Court of Turkey]] determined that Başbuğ's legal rights were violated and overturned his conviction; he was released on 7 March 2014.<ref name= "Release7March2014-Hurriyet">{{cite news | url = http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-former-chief-of-staff-ilker-basbug-to-be-released-from-jail-after-top-court-ruling.aspx?pageID=238&nID=63321&NewsCatID=338 | title = Turkey's former Chief of Staff İlker Başbuğ released from jail after top court ruling | date = 7 March 2014 | accessdate = 7 March 2014 | newspaper = [[Hürriyet Daily News]] }}</ref>
==Biography==
İlker Başbuğ was born in [[Afyonkarahisar]], a city in western [[Turkey]], in 1943. He graduated from the [[Turkish Military Academy]] in 1962 and the [[Infantry]] School in 1963.
He served as [[Platoon]] Leader and Company Commander in various units subordinate to the Turkish Land Forces until 1971. Having graduated from the [[Kara Harp Akademisi|War College]] as staff officer in 1973, he held a wide variety of command and staff positions as staff officer at Plans and Operations Department at Turkish General Staff, Lecturer at the Army War College, Action Officer at the Intelligence Department at NATO Headquarters in Brussels-Belgium, Chief of Defense Research Branch of Plans and Policy Department at Turkish Land Forces Headquarters and as the commander of the 247th Infantry Regiment, 51st Division.
Before being promoted to brigadier general in 1989, he had completed his education at the United Kingdom Army Staff College and NATO Defense College. In this rank, he served as the Chief of Logistics and Infrastructure Department at SHAPE (Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe) in Mons-Belgium and as the commander of the 1st Armored Brigade in Istanbul. He was promoted to major general in 1993. As major general, he served as the deputy commander in Gendarmerie Security Command in Diyarbakır-Turkey and then as the Turkish National Military Representative (NMR) at SHAPE and was promoted to lieutenant general in 1996. In this rank, he served as the Commander of 2nd Corps and as the Deputy of the Secretary General of the [[National Security Council (Turkey)|National Security Council]] of the [[Republic of Turkey]], respectively.
In 2002, he was promoted to the rank of general. As General, he held a variety of positions such as the Chief of Staff of the [[Turkish Land Forces]], the Deputy Chief of the Turkish General Staff, the [[List of Commanders of the First Army of Turkey|Commander of the First Army]], and the [[List of Commanders of the Turkish Land Forces|Commander of the Turkish Land Forces]]. He was appointed as commander of the Turkish Armed Forces on 30 August 2008 and served until 27 August 2010.
After retirement, he wrote a book titled ''The End of Terrorist Organizations''. He completed his second book ''The Greatest Leader of the 20th Century: Mustafa Kemal'', covering the period between 1881 and 1923, in prison. The book became the bestseller in Turkey during the month it was published.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Bestsellers: Turkey|journal=NTV History|volume=42|date=July 2012|page=94}}</ref> His third book, ''The Greatest Leader of the 20th Century: Atatürk'' and covering the period between 1923 and 1938, was intended as a continuation of his previous work and was published in November 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Remzi Kitapevi|url=http://www.remzi.com.tr/kitap.asp?kitapId=3480&anakategori=51&kategori=114}}</ref> Basbug continued writing: ''Truths Against Accusations'' (2014, Kaynak Publications), ''What Kind of Turkey'' (2015, Kaynak Publications), ''Armenian Accusations and the Truths'' (2015, Remzi Bookstore) and ''Forgotten Island Cyprus'' (2016, Kırmızı Kedi).<ref>[http://www.ilkerbasbug.com İlker Başbuğ Official Website], 14 May 2016, [http://www.ilkerbasbug.com.tr/?page_id=1026&lang=EN Books]</ref>
İlker Başbuğ is married to Sevil Başbuğ with two children. He speaks English.<ref name=tdnbio/> In an interview he gave in 2020 after his retirement, he said that his greatest wish in life was the unification of [[Turkey]] and [[Azerbaijan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Başbuğ açıkladı: Benim en büyük hayalim Türkiye ile Azerbaycan'ı tek devlet olarak görmek|url=https://www.sozcu.com.tr/tsknin-26-genelkurmay-baskani-emekli-orgeneral-ilker-basbug-acikladi-benim-en-buyuk-hayalim-turkiye-ile-azerbaycani-tek-devlet-olarak-gormek-wp6093860|publisher=[[Sözcü]]|date=23 October 2020|access-date=4 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526080219/https://www.sozcu.com.tr/tsknin-26-genelkurmay-baskani-emekli-orgeneral-ilker-basbug-acikladi-benim-en-buyuk-hayalim-turkiye-ile-azerbaycani-tek-devlet-olarak-gormek-wp6093860|archive-date=26 May 2024|language=tr}}</ref>
== Internet Memorandum case ==
{{main|Ergenekon trials#The "Internet memorandum"}}
17 months after retiring, on 2 January 2012 an investigation started for Başbuğ in the Internet Memorandum case in which he was expected to appear as a witness. In just four days, on 6 January 2012, he was arrested on terror charges after giving his testimony.
Başbuğ made a statement after the court ordered his arrest, saying, "The 26th chief of the General Staff of the Turkish Republic has been arrested on charges of forming and leading a terrorist organization. The judgment rests with the Turkish people." Başbuğ denied all accusations in his defense and said it was "tragicomic" that the chief one of the world's most powerful armies had been accused of leading a terrorist organization.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey's ex-army chief arrested on terror charges|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-ex-army-chief-arrested-on-terror-charges--.aspx?pageID=238&nID=10884&NewsCatID=338|newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News|date=6 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ex-head of NATO's 2nd-largest army accused of 'forming and directing a terrorist group'|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna45896740|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120107032729/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45896740/ns/world_news-europe/t/ex-head-natos-nd-largest-army-accused-forming-directing-terrorist-group/#.T28T_zHzt2A|archive-date=7 January 2012|url-status=live|publisher=MSNBC news services|date=6 January 2012}}</ref>
To accuse the former [[Chief of the Turkish General Staff|Chief of the General Staff]] of being a "terrorist" appears to be an exercise in “[[reductio ad absurdum]],” because it means a "terrorist" – with access to the most secret and sacred of state intelligence – was running the [[Turkish Army|Turkish military]]. Even [[Eric S. Edelman|Eric Edelman]], former U.S. Ambassador to Turkey (2003–2005), was "flabbergasted".<ref>{{cite news|last=Idiz|first=Semih|title=Something not right in Başbuğ's detention|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/something-not-right-in-basbugs-detention-.aspx?pageID=449&nID=11090&NewsCatID=416|accessdate=10 January 2012|newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News|date=10 January 2012}}</ref>
According to Gareth Jenkins, "For many, the arrest of Başbuğ on terrorist charges will be regarded not so much as demonstrating that the General staff is no longer untouchable but that the [[Gülen movement]] has the power to imprison whoever it likes, regardless of the law, due process or the absurdity of the allegations; and further proof that in today's Turkey it is not the military but the Gülen Movement that people need to fear."<ref>{{cite news|last=Jenkins|first=Gareth H.|title=The Changing Object of Fear: The Arrest of Ilker Basbug|url=http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/turkey/2012/120109A.html|publisher=Turkey Analysts|date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], on a TV program on 5 August 2012, said Başbuğ should be tried without imprisonment, and that he has never believed the charges directed against Başbuğ: "I have never found the charges directed against İlker Pasha correct. I think claims that he is a member of a terrorist organization are very ugly."<ref>{{cite news|title=Başbuğ thanks Erdoğan for his support|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-288775-basbug-thanks-erdogan-for-his-support.html|newspaper=Today's Zaman|date=6 August 2012}}</ref>
In the European Commission's "Turkey 2012 Progress Report", Başbuğ's detention was mentioned twice and it was reported that "concerns persisted over the rights of the defence, lengthy pre-trial detention and excessively long and catch-all indictments, leading to significantly enhanced public scrutiny of the legitimacy of these trials." ({{Cite report |publisher=European Commission |date=10 October 2012 |title=Turkey 2012 Progress Report |url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2012/package/tr_rapport_2012_en.pdf |page=7 |section=Democracy and the rule of law}})
On 5 August 2013, Başbuğ was sentenced to life imprisonment on charges of "establishing and leading a terrorist organization" and "attempting to destroy the Turkish government or to attempting to partially or completely prevent its functioning."<ref>[[Today's Zaman]], 5 August 2013, [http://todayszaman.com/news-322781-long-sentences-for-ergenekon-suspects-life-for-ex-army-chief.html Long sentences for Ergenekon suspects, life for ex-army chief] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806033514/http://todayszaman.com/news-322781-long-sentences-for-ergenekon-suspects-life-for-ex-army-chief.html |date=6 August 2013 }}</ref>
After being sentenced to life imprisonment, Başbuğ made a statement saying "If in a country, people question the independence of judges, suspect whether the judgements given are in accordance with the Constitution and the law, then one can not claim that there is supremacy of law in that country. For those who have been tried under these circumstances, the final say is the people’s say. And the people are never wrong and are never deceived. Those who have always stood beside the right and righteous people, beside justice, have a clear conscience. I am one of those people."<ref>[http://www.ilkerbasbug.com İlker Başbuğ Official Website], 5 August 2013, [http://www.ilkerbasbug.com.tr/?p=1942&lang=EN Final Say Is The People’s Say]</ref>
According to a research by Gezici Research Company, 67.8% of people find the verdict given to Başbuğ was wrong.<ref>[[Sözcü]], 28 August 2013, [http://sozcu.com.tr/2013/yazarlar/ugur-dundar/bu-anket-basbakani-gercekten-aglatacak-362019 This survey will really make PM cry]</ref>
===Overturning of conviction===
On 6 March 2014, the [[Constitutional Court of Turkey]] overturned Başbuğ's conviction and ordered his release, ruling in favor of a complaint filed by Başbuğ on the grounds that his legal rights had been violated.<ref name="Release6March2014-Hurriyet">{{cite news | url = http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/former-army-chiefs-jailing-a-rights-violation-top-turkish-court.aspx?pageID=238&nID=63271&NewsCatID=338 | title = Former army chief's jailing a rights violation: Top Turkish court | date = 6 March 2014 | accessdate = 7 March 2014 | newspaper = [[Hürriyet Daily News]] }}</ref> The next day, on 7 March, the Istanbul 20th Heavy Penal Court complied with the supreme court's decision and overturned Başbuğ's conviction.<ref name="Release7March2014-Hurriyet" /> He was released to cheering crowds later that day,<ref>{{cite video | url = https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=661534540569638 | title = İlker Başbuğ'a sevgi seli |trans-title= Flood of love for İlker Başbuğ | date = 7 March 2014 }}</ref> with President [[Abdullah Gül]] saying that he considered the overturning of Başbuğ's conviction "a very precious decision" and Deputy Prime Minister [[Bülent Arınç]] echoing his sentiments.<ref name="Release7March2014-Hurriyet" />
On 3 May 2016, The Supreme Court of Appeals overturned all of the local court's verdicts and convictions. The court also determined that Başbuğ's situation should be handled by the Supreme Council.<ref>[http://www.ilkerbasbug.com İlker Başbuğ Official Website], 5 May 2016, [http://www.ilkerbasbug.com.tr/?page_id=134&lang=EN About]</ref>
== Decorations ==
* [[Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Distinguished Courage and Self-Sacrifice]]
* [[Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Distinguished Service]]
* [[Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Honor]]
* [[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|Order of Distinction of Pakistan]] (''Nishan-e-Imtiaz'')
* [[Golden Medal of the Eagle]] of the [[Republic of Albania]], awarded by President [[Bamir Topi]] on 19 June 2009<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.president.al/shqip/info.asp?id=5212|accessdate=19 June 2009|title=Office of the President of Albania|language=Albanian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531152723/http://www.president.al/shqip/info.asp?id=5212|archive-date=31 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[List of chiefs of the Turkish General Staff]]
==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
* [http://www.nato.int/cps/ru/SID-7EFC54D3-99AC1947/natolive/who_is_who_50455.htm Commander of the Turkish Armed Forces] Official biography.
== External links ==
* {{official website|http://www.ilkerbasbug.com}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111219002257/http://www.tsk.tr/1_TSK_HAKKINDA/1_2_Genelkurmay_Baskanlari/konular/ilker_basbug.htm Commander of Turkish Armed Forces]. Official biography (in Turkish).
{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box |
before= Hurşit Tolon |
title=[[List of Commanders of the First Army of Turkey|Commander of the Turkish First Army]] |
years=19 August 2005 – 17 August 2006 |
after=Fethi Remzi Tuncel
}}
{{succession box |
before= [[Yaşar Büyükanıt]] |
title=[[List of Commanders of the Turkish Land Forces|Commander of the Turkish Land Forces]] |
years=30 August 2006 – 28 August 2008 |
after=[[Işık Koşaner]]
}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Yaşar Büyükanıt]] |
title=[[List of Chiefs of the Turkish General Staff|Chief of the General Staff of Turkey]] |
years=28 August 2008 – 27 August 2010 |
after=[[Işık Koşaner]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Chiefs of the General Staff of Turkey}}
{{Commanders of the Turkish Land Forces}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Basbug, Ilker}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:People from Afyonkarahisar]]
[[Category:Turkish Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Army War College (Turkey) alumni]]
[[Category:Turkish Army generals]]
[[Category:Deputy chiefs of the Turkish General Staff]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Turkish Land Forces]]
[[Category:Chiefs of the Turkish General Staff]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]]
[[Category:People convicted in the Ergenekon trials]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Turkey]]
| 1,284,038,077
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[{"title": "26th Chief of the General Staff of Turkey", "data": {"26th Chief of the General Staff of Turkey": "In office \u00b7 28 August 2008 \u2013 27 August 2010", "President": "Abdullah G\u00fcl", "Preceded by": "Ya\u015far B\u00fcy\u00fckan\u0131t", "Succeeded by": "I\u015f\u0131k Ko\u015faner"}}, {"title": "Personal details", "data": {"Born": "29 April 1943 \u00b7 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey", "Spouse": "Sevil Ba\u015fbu\u011f", "Children": "2", "Website": "www.ilkerbasbug.com"}}, {"title": "Military service", "data": {"Allegiance": "Turkey", "Branch/service": "Turkish Land Forces", "Years of service": "1963\u20132010", "Rank": "General", "Commands": "Chief of the General Staff"}}]
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# HMS Euphrates (1813)
HMS Euphrates was a 36-gun Scamander-class frigate of the Royal Navy. Constructed in response to the start of the War of 1812, Euphrates was commissioned in August 1814 under Captain Robert Foulis Preston. The frigate spent her wartime service in the English Channel and unsuccessfully hunting for American privateers off the Azores. Kept on in the post-Napoleonic Wars peace, the ship was sent to serve in the Mediterranean Fleet.
Euphrates was stationed at Corfu with orders to combat pirates, until Admiral Lord Exmouth arrived in the Mediterranean for operations against Algiers. Taken off her regular duties for this, Euphrates missed the Bombardment of Algiers when Preston chose not to pass on the despatch announcing Exmouth's arrival to his commanding officer, Rear-Admiral Sir Charles Penrose. Early in the following year the frigate was ordered home. Preston, whose mental health had been deteriorating, slit his throat after Euphrates had departed from Gibraltar, and died rabidly insane three days later. The frigate saw no more service after returning to England, and was sold in 1818.
## Design
Euphrates was a 36-gun, 18-pounder fifth-rate Scamander-class frigate. The class was constructed as part of the reaction of Lord Melville's Admiralty to the beginning of the War of 1812. This new theatre of operations, with the Napoleonic Wars ongoing, was expected to put a strain on the existing fleet of Royal Navy frigates. Designed by the Surveyor of the Navy, Sir William Rule, the Scamander class was put into construction to fill this need. The class was a variant of the existing Apollo-class frigate, which had been the standard design for 36-gun frigates in the Royal Navy for over a decade. The class was particularly copied from the lines of the 36-gun frigate HMS Euryalus.
The war was expected to only be a short affair, and so ships built specifically for it were not designed for long service lives. As such Euphrates's class was ordered to be constructed out of the soft but easily available "fir". This meant the use of red and yellow pine. Using pine for construction meant that the usually long period of time between keel laying and launching could be dramatically decreased to as little as three months. Pine-built ships could usually be differentiated from those of oak by their flat "square tuck" stern, but as copies of oak-built ships the Scamander class did not have this feature. The naval historian Robert Gardiner describes the class as an "austerity" version of the Apollos.
Pine was a lighter material than oak which allowed the ships to often sail faster than those built of the heavier wood, but this in turn meant that the ships required more ballast than usual to ensure that they sat at their designated waterline. Based on an oak-built design but with more ballast than that design was expected to carry, Euphrates and her class were designed with a distinctly shallower depth in the hold. This ensured that the frigates were not aversely affected by the excess ballast, which could cause them to sail overly rigidly and without much give.
## Construction
The first seven ships of the Scamander class, six of which were ordered in May before the war had begun, were built with red pine. Euphrates was one of theses. The final three received yellow pine. All ships of the class were ordered to commercial shipyards rather than Royal Navy Dockyards, with the navy providing the pine for their construction from its own stocks. Euphrates was ordered on 12 October 1812, to be built by the shipwright John King at Upnor. She was initially ordered under the name Greyhound, but this was changed on 11 December for her namesake the Euphrates. The frigate was laid down in January the following year, and launched on 8 November 1813 with the following dimensions: 143 feet 3+1⁄2 inches (43.7 m) along the upper deck, 120 feet 2+1⁄4 inches (36.6 m) at the keel, with a beam of 38 feet 5 inches (11.7 m) and a depth of hold of 12 feet 4 inches (3.8 m). The ship had a draught of 8 feet 5 inches (2.6 m) forward and 12 feet 8 inches (3.9 m) aft, and measured 943 tons burthen.
The fitting out process for Euphrates was completed at Chatham Dockyard on 24 September 1814. The frigate originally had a crew complement of 274, but this was increased to 284 for the entire class on 26 January 1813, while she was under construction. Euphrates held twenty-six 18-pounder long guns on her upper deck. Complimenting this armament were twelve 32-pounder carronades on the quarterdeck, with two 9-pounder long guns and two additional 32-pounder carronades on the forecastle.
## Service
Euphrates was commissioned under Captain Robert Foulis Preston in August 1814. Initially at Portsmouth, the ship moved down to St Helens on the Isle of Wight on 20 October. She sailed from Plymouth to patrol the English Channel alongside the 18-gun sloop HMS Pheasant on 27 October. With American privateers frequently attacking British shipping, the two ships were then sent to the Azores to deter them. Arriving on 11 November at São Miguel Island, by 22 November Preston had seen only one privateer, the 12-gun Hero, which as soon as it saw the British ships sailed away from the islands.
Euphrates spent five months stationed in the area, coming across only five ships as she patrolled. She returned to England in February 1815, stopping at Madeira on 17 February before reaching Portsmouth on 10 March. After Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo Euphrates was one of a number of ships sent out from Portsmouth on 1 July to prevent any attempt by him to flee to America. They were ordered to detain any suspicious vessel they came across that had sailed from a French port. On 23 July Euphrates was sailing off Cherbourg with the 18-gun brig-sloop HMS Despatch when the Bonapartist military commandant raised the white flag and surrendered the port. Preston took the two ships into the harbour where they anchored as a sign of good faith before dining with the governor, on which a newspaper reported:
"The passing events, however, did not appear to be a favourite topic of conversation."
### Peacetime
With the wars coming to an end, in mid-August Euphrates returned to Portsmouth to sail upriver to be paid off. Soon afterwards this decision was reversed, and the frigate was kept on as part of the Royal Navy's peace establishment with an expectation of three years service. While at Sheerness Dockyard in September she was assigned to join the Mediterranean Fleet. Needing volunteers to fill a peacetime crew, it took Preston seven months to recruit enough men to bring the ship to operational levels. She sailed on 12 April 1816, arriving at Gibraltar on 25 May before sailing on with despatches for the commander of the Mediterranean Fleet, Admiral Lord Exmouth, three days later.
Euphrates came under the orders of the second-in-command of the fleet, Rear-Admiral Sir Charles Penrose, who assigned the ship to pirate hunting duties in July. Throughout this period the ship was based at Corfu under the Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Maitland. The crew spent time riding, playing cricket, and conversing with the army regiments stationed there in a mostly relaxed atmosphere.
### Algiers controversy
In August, Exmouth began bringing the fleet together for operations against Algiers; Euphrates was one of the ships taken off her regular duties by Penrose to support what became the Bombardment of Algiers.
Euphrates was at Livorno when Exmouth arrived off Algiers. Preston was the first to receive the news, but ignored it, questioning "what have I to do with fleets and admirals?", and did not inform Penrose. One of Euphrates's officers, Lieutenant Frederick Chamier, believed that this was not an act of cowardice on Preston's part, but instead because he had fallen in love with a woman on Corfu. This resulted in Preston neglecting his command of the ship, only briefly visiting Euphrates every few weeks.
Ten days after receiving the first despatch from Exmouth, Preston received another. This time the captain acceded and set forth in Euphrates; however soon afterwards he ordered the frigate to change course for Marseille, where Preston intended to fulfil previous orders to meet with Maitland. The crew, worried about his state of mind, attempted but failed to change course again. Euphrates was still anchored at Marseille when it received word of Exmouth's successful attack on Algiers, which took place on 27 August. The frigate afterwards returned to service at Corfu.
### Death of Preston
In early 1817 Euphrates was painted by the artist Nicolas Cammillieri as she sailed past Valletta. The ship was ordered to return from the Mediterranean in May, one of several frigates expected to be paid off. As the ship journeyed through the Mediterranean, Preston's mental health deteriorated. He frequently referenced his Corfu lover, believed the crew were hatching conspiracies against him, and that he could see the Devil. On 14 May Euphrates had just left Gibraltar when Preston, dining in his cabin, cut his throat with his breakfast knife. The wound was superficial, and Preston fell asleep, with the frigate's first lieutenant taking over command. The captain awoke in the evening in what Chamier described as "a perfect state of insanity", and was secured in a straitjacket. The captain raved loudly, alternately screaming about being a victim of the Spanish Inquisition and imitating a pig. Preston died while Euphrates was sailing off Cape Finisterre on 16 May, with his body placed in a cask of alcohol for the rest of the journey to England.
After a period of quarantine Euphrates reached Spithead on 27 May, where Preston's body was taken ashore and buried at the Garrison Church. Subsequently, the ship was one of four of her class under consideration to be sent as reinforcements to the South America Station, but she stayed in England and was laid up at Deptford Dockyard. Her service at an end, Euphrates was put up for sale at Deptford on 13 January 1818, and was sold to W. Thomas on 29 January for £2,679.
## Citations
1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Winfield (2008), p. 174.
2. 1 2 3 4 Winfield (2008), p. 173.
3. 1 2 Gardiner (1999), p. 48.
4. 1 2 Gardiner (2001), p. 57.
5. 1 2 3 Gardiner (1999), p. 52.
6. ↑ Winfield (2008), pp. 173–174.
7. ↑ Manning & Walker (1959), p. 186.
8. ↑ "Ship news". The Morning Post. London. 22 October 1814. p. 4.
9. ↑ "Plymouth". Hampshire Telegraph. Portsmouth. 31 October 1814. p. 4.
10. ↑ "Shipping Intelligence from Lloyd's". The Caledonian Mercury. Edinburgh. 22 December 1814. p. 3.
11. ↑ "Portsmouth". Hampshire Telegraph. Portsmouth. 13 March 1815. p. 4.
12. ↑ "Arrivals and Sailings". Hampshire Telegraph. Portsmouth. 3 July 1815. p. 4.
13. ↑ "London". The Caledonian Mercury. Edinburgh. 8 July 1815. p. 2.
14. ↑ "Miscellaneous Intelligence". Leicester Chronicle. Leicester. 29 July 1815. p. 3.
15. ↑ "Arrivals and Sailings". Hampshire Telegraph. Portsmouth. 14 August 1815. p. 4.
16. ↑ "The Navy". The Hull Packet. Hull. 12 September 1815. p. 1.
17. 1 2 "Shipping Intelligence". The Royal Cornwall Gazette. Truro. 1 June 1816. p. 4.
18. ↑ "Portsmouth". Hampshire Telegraph. Portsmouth. 1 April 1816. p. 4.
19. ↑ "Portsmouth". Hampshire Telegraph. Portsmouth. 15 April 1816. p. 4.
20. ↑ "Mediterranean Pirates". Jackson's Oxford Journal. Oxford. 14 September 1816. p. 1.
21. ↑ Chamier (1832), p. 185.
22. 1 2 3 Van der Voort (1972), p. 37.
23. ↑ Chamier (1832), p. 198.
24. ↑ "Shipping Intelligence". The Royal Cornwall Gazette. Truro. 10 August 1816. p. 4.
25. ↑ Chamier (1832), p. 226.
26. ↑ Chamier (1832), pp. 233–234.
27. ↑ Chamier (1832), p. 228.
28. ↑ Chamier (1832), p. 230.
29. ↑ Chamier (1832), pp. 235–237.
30. 1 2 3 Van der Voort (1972), p. 38.
31. ↑ Chamier (1832), p. 237.
32. ↑ Rodriguez (1993), p. 150.
33. ↑ "Portsmouth". Hampshire Telegraph. Portsmouth. 2 June 1817. p. 4.
34. ↑ Chamier (1832), p. 245.
35. ↑ Chamier (1832), pp. 246–248.
36. ↑ Chamier (1832), pp. 248–249.
37. ↑ Chamier (1832), p. 249.
38. ↑ "Portsmouth". Hampshire Telegraph. Portsmouth. 2 June 1817. p. 4.
39. ↑ "No. 17322". The London Gazette. 13 January 1818. p. 108.
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HMS Euphrates (1813)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Euphrates_(1813)
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{{good article}}
{{Short description|Royal Navy fifth-rate frigate}}
{{otherships|HMS Euphrates}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2023}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image=GRANICUS 1813 RMG J7705.png
| Ship image size=
|Ship caption=Plan of the ''Scamander''-class frigates
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Kingdom of Great Britain|naval}}
|Ship name=''Euphrates''
|Ship namesake=[[Euphrates]]
|Ship ordered=12 October 1812
|Ship awarded=
|Ship designer=
|Ship original cost=
|Ship laid down=January 1813
|Ship launched=8 November 1813
|Ship christened=
|Ship completed=24 September 1814
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned=August 1814
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship out of service=1817
|Ship homeport=
|Ship motto=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Sold 29 January 1818
|Ship notes=
|Ship badge=
|Ship builder=John King, [[Upnor]]
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption={{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=174}}
|Ship class= [[Fifth-rate]] [[Scamander-class frigate|''Scamander''-class]] [[frigate]]
|Ship tons burthen=943 ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
|Ship length=*{{convert|143|ft|3+1/2|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (upper deck)
* {{convert|120|ft|2+1/4|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (keel)
|Ship beam= {{convert|38|ft|5|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
|Ship height=
|Ship draught=*{{convert|8|ft|5|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (forward)
* {{convert|12|ft|8|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (aft)
|Ship depth=
|Ship hold depth= {{convert|12|ft|4|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
|Ship decks=
|Ship deck clearance=
|Ship propulsion= Sails
|Ship sail plan=
|Ship speed=
|Ship range=
|Ship boats=
|Ship capacity=
|Ship troops=
|Ship complement=284
|Ship armament=
* [[Deck (ship)#Upper deck|UD]]: 26 × [[18-pounder long gun|18-pounder]] guns
* [[Quarterdeck|QD]]: 12 × 32-pounder [[carronade]]s
* [[Forecastle|Fc]]: 2 × 9-pounder guns + 2 × 32-pounder carronades
|Ship notes=
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Euphrates''''' was a 36-gun [[Scamander-class frigate|''Scamander''-class]] [[frigate]] of the [[Royal Navy]]. Constructed in response to the start of the [[War of 1812]], ''Euphrates'' was [[ship commissioning|commissioned]] in August 1814 under [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] Robert Foulis Preston. The frigate spent her wartime service in the [[English Channel]] and unsuccessfully hunting for American [[privateer]]s off the [[Azores]]. Kept on in the post-[[Napoleonic Wars]] peace, the ship was sent to serve in the [[Mediterranean Fleet]].
''Euphrates'' was stationed at [[Corfu]] with orders to combat pirates, until [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]] [[Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth|Lord Exmouth]] arrived in the Mediterranean for operations against [[Algiers]]. Taken off her regular duties for this, ''Euphrates'' missed the [[Bombardment of Algiers (1816)|Bombardment of Algiers]] when Preston chose not to pass on the despatch announcing Exmouth's arrival to his commanding officer, [[Rear admiral (Royal Navy)|Rear-Admiral]] [[Charles Penrose (Royal Navy officer)|Sir Charles Penrose]]. Early in the following year the frigate was ordered home. Preston, whose mental health had been deteriorating, slit his throat after ''Euphrates'' had departed from [[Gibraltar]], and died rabidly insane three days later. The frigate saw no more service after returning to England, and was sold in 1818.
==Design==
''Euphrates'' was a 36-gun, [[18-pounder long gun|18-pounder]] [[fifth-rate]] [[Scamander-class frigate|''Scamander''-class]] [[frigate]]. The class was constructed as part of the reaction of [[Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville|Lord Melville's]] [[Admiralty (United Kingdom)|Admiralty]] to the beginning of the [[War of 1812]]. This new theatre of operations, with the [[Napoleonic Wars]] ongoing, was expected to put a strain on the existing fleet of [[Royal Navy]] frigates. Designed by the [[Surveyor of the Navy]], [[William Rule (Surveyor of the Navy)|Sir William Rule]], the ''Scamander'' class was put into construction to fill this need.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=173}} The class was a variant of the existing [[Apollo-class frigate|''Apollo''-class frigate]], which had been the standard design for 36-gun frigates in the Royal Navy for over a decade.{{sfnp|Gardiner|1999|p=48}}{{sfnp|Gardiner|2001|p=57}} The class was particularly copied from the lines of the 36-gun frigate [[HMS Euryalus (1803)|HMS ''Euryalus'']].{{sfnp|Gardiner|1999|p=52}}
The war was expected to only be a short affair, and so ships built specifically for it were not designed for long service lives. As such ''Euphrates''{{'}}s class was ordered to be constructed out of the soft but easily available "fir". This meant the use of [[red pine|red]] and [[yellow pine]].{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=173}} Using pine for construction meant that the usually long period of time between [[keel laying]] and launching could be dramatically decreased to as little as three months. Pine-built ships could usually be differentiated from those of [[oak]] by their flat "square tuck" stern, but as copies of oak-built ships the ''Scamander'' class did not have this feature.{{sfnp|Gardiner|1999|p=52}} The naval historian Robert Gardiner describes the class as an "austerity" version of the ''Apollo''s.{{sfnp|Gardiner|1999|p=48}}{{sfnp|Gardiner|2001|p=57}}
Pine was a lighter material than oak which allowed the ships to often sail faster than those built of the heavier wood, but this in turn meant that the ships required more [[ballast]] than usual to ensure that they sat at their designated [[waterline]]. Based on an oak-built design but with more ballast than that design was expected to carry, ''Euphrates'' and her class were designed with a distinctly shallower depth in the hold. This ensured that the frigates were not aversely affected by the excess ballast, which could cause them to sail overly rigidly and without much give.{{sfnp|Gardiner|1999|p=52}}
==Construction==
The first seven ships of the ''Scamander'' class, six of which were ordered in May before the war had begun, were built with red pine. ''Euphrates'' was one of theses. The final three received yellow pine. All ships of the class were ordered to commercial shipyards rather than [[Royal Navy Dockyard]]s, with the navy providing the pine for their construction from its own stocks.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=173}} ''Euphrates'' was ordered on 12 October 1812, to be built by the [[shipwright]] John King at [[Upnor]]. She was initially ordered under the name ''Greyhound'', but this was changed on 11 December for her namesake the [[Euphrates]].{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|pp=173–174}}{{sfnp|Manning|Walker|1959|p=186}} The frigate was laid down in January the following year, and launched on 8 November 1813 with the following dimensions: {{convert|143|ft|3+1/2|in|m|1}} along the [[Deck (ship)#Upper deck|upper deck]], {{convert|120|ft|2+1/4|in|m|1}} at the [[keel#structural keels|keel]], with a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|38|ft|5|in|m|1}} and a [[depth of hold]] of {{convert|12|ft|4|in|m|1}}. The ship had a [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|8|ft|5|in|m|1}} forward and {{convert|12|ft|8|in|m|1}} aft, and measured 943 [[tons burthen]].{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=174}}
The [[fitting out]] process for ''Euphrates'' was completed at [[Chatham Dockyard]] on 24 September 1814.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=174}} The frigate originally had a crew complement of 274, but this was increased to 284 for the entire class on 26 January 1813, while she was under construction. ''Euphrates'' held twenty-six 18-pounder long guns on her upper deck. Complimenting this armament were twelve 32-pounder [[carronade]]s on the [[quarterdeck]], with two 9-pounder long guns and two additional 32-pounder carronades on the [[forecastle]].{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=173}}
==Service==
''Euphrates'' was [[ship commissioning|commissioned]] under [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] Robert Foulis Preston in August 1814.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=174}} Initially at [[Portsmouth]], the ship moved down to [[St Helens, Isle of Wight|St Helens]] on the [[Isle of Wight]] on 20 October.<ref>{{cite news|date=22 October 1814|page=4|work=The Morning Post|location=London|title=Ship news}}</ref> She sailed from [[Plymouth]] to patrol the [[English Channel]] alongside the 18-gun [[sloop]] [[HMS Pheasant (1798)|HMS ''Pheasant'']] on 27 October.<ref>{{cite news|date=31 October 1814|page=4|work=Hampshire Telegraph|location=Portsmouth|title=Plymouth}}</ref> With American [[privateer]]s frequently attacking British shipping, the two ships were then sent to the [[Azores]] to deter them. Arriving on 11 November at [[São Miguel Island]], by 22 November Preston had seen only one privateer, the 12-gun ''Hero'', which as soon as it saw the British ships sailed away from the islands.<ref>{{cite news|date=22 December 1814|page=3|work=The Caledonian Mercury|location=Edinburgh|title=Shipping Intelligence from Lloyd's}}</ref>
''Euphrates'' spent five months stationed in the area, coming across only five ships as she patrolled. She returned to England in February 1815, stopping at [[Madeira]] on 17 February before reaching Portsmouth on 10 March.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 March 1815|page=4|work=Hampshire Telegraph|location=Portsmouth|title=Portsmouth}}</ref> After [[Napoleon]]'s defeat at the [[Battle of Waterloo]] ''Euphrates'' was one of a number of ships sent out from Portsmouth on 1 July to prevent any attempt by him to flee to America.<ref>{{cite news|date=3 July 1815|page=4|work=Hampshire Telegraph|location=Portsmouth|title=Arrivals and Sailings}}</ref> They were ordered to detain any suspicious vessel they came across that had sailed from a French port.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 July 1815|page=2|work=The Caledonian Mercury|location=Edinburgh|title=London}}</ref> On 23 July ''Euphrates'' was sailing off [[Cherbourg]] with the 18-gun [[brig-sloop]] [[HMS Despatch (1812)|HMS ''Despatch'']] when the Bonapartist military commandant raised the white flag and surrendered the port. Preston took the two ships into the harbour where they anchored as a sign of good faith before dining with the governor, on which a newspaper reported: {{blockquote|"The passing events, however, did not appear to be a favourite topic of conversation."<ref>{{cite news|date=29 July 1815|page=3|work=Leicester Chronicle|location=Leicester|title=Miscellaneous Intelligence}}</ref>}}
[[File:Sir Charles Vinicombe Penrose (1759–1830).jpg|thumb|[[Charles Penrose (Royal Navy officer)|Sir Charles Penrose]], under whose orders ''Euphrates'' served in the Mediterranean]]
===Peacetime===
With the wars coming to an end, in mid-August ''Euphrates'' returned to Portsmouth to sail upriver to be [[paid off]].<ref>{{cite news|date=14 August 1815|page=4|work=Hampshire Telegraph|location=Portsmouth|title=Arrivals and Sailings}}</ref> Soon afterwards this decision was reversed, and the frigate was kept on as part of the Royal Navy's peace establishment with an expectation of three years service. While at [[Sheerness Dockyard]] in September she was assigned to join the [[Mediterranean Fleet]].<ref>{{cite news|date=12 September 1815|page=1|work=The Hull Packet|location=Hull|title=The Navy}}</ref><ref name="News1"/> Needing volunteers to fill a peacetime crew, it took Preston seven months to recruit enough men to bring the ship to operational levels.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 April 1816|page=4|work=Hampshire Telegraph|location=Portsmouth|title=Portsmouth}}</ref> She sailed on 12 April 1816, arriving at [[Gibraltar]] on 25 May before sailing on with [[Military communications|despatches]] for the commander of the Mediterranean Fleet, [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]] [[Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth|Lord Exmouth]], three days later.<ref name="News1">{{cite news|date=1 June 1816|page=4|work=The Royal Cornwall Gazette|location=Truro|title=Shipping Intelligence}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=15 April 1816|page=4|work=Hampshire Telegraph|location=Portsmouth|title=Portsmouth}}</ref>
''Euphrates'' came under the orders of the second-in-command of the fleet, [[Rear admiral (Royal Navy)|Rear-Admiral]] [[Charles Penrose (Royal Navy officer)|Sir Charles Penrose]], who assigned the ship to pirate hunting duties in July.<ref>{{cite news|date=14 September 1816|page=1|work=Jackson's Oxford Journal|location=Oxford|title=Mediterranean Pirates}}</ref> Throughout this period the ship was based at [[Corfu]] under the [[List of lord high commissioners of the Ionian Islands|Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands]], [[Lieutenant General (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] [[Thomas Maitland (British Army officer)|Sir Thomas Maitland]].{{sfnp|Chamier|1832|p=185}}{{sfnp|Van der Voort|1972|p=37}} The crew spent time riding, playing cricket, and conversing with the army regiments stationed there in a mostly relaxed atmosphere.{{sfnp|Chamier|1832|p=198}}{{sfnp|Van der Voort|1972|p=37}}
===Algiers controversy===
In August, Exmouth began bringing the fleet together for operations against [[Algiers]]; ''Euphrates'' was one of the ships taken off her regular duties by Penrose to support what became the [[Bombardment of Algiers (1816)|Bombardment of Algiers]].<ref>{{cite news|date=10 August 1816|page=4|work=The Royal Cornwall Gazette|location=Truro|title=Shipping Intelligence}}</ref>
''Euphrates'' was at [[Livorno]] when Exmouth arrived off Algiers.{{sfnp|Chamier|1832|p=226}} Preston was the first to receive the news, but ignored it, questioning "what have I to do with fleets and admirals?", and did not inform Penrose.{{sfnp|Van der Voort|1972|p=37}}{{sfnp|Chamier|1832|pp=233–234}} One of ''Euphrates''{{'}}s officers, [[Lieutenant (Royal Navy)|Lieutenant]] [[Frederick Chamier]], believed that this was not an act of cowardice on Preston's part, but instead because he had fallen in love with a woman on Corfu.{{sfnp|Chamier|1832|p=228}} This resulted in Preston neglecting his command of the ship, only briefly visiting ''Euphrates'' every few weeks.{{sfnp|Chamier|1832|p=230}}
[[File:Bombardment of Algiers 1816 by Chambers.jpg|The [[Bombardment of Algiers (1816)|Bombardment of Algiers]], which ''Euphrates'' missed after her captain failed to pass on despatches about it|thumb]]
Ten days after receiving the first despatch from Exmouth, Preston received another. This time the captain acceded and set forth in ''Euphrates''; however soon afterwards he ordered the frigate to change course for [[Marseille]], where Preston intended to fulfil previous orders to meet with Maitland.{{sfnp|Chamier|1832|pp=235–237}}{{sfnp|Van der Voort|1972|p=38}} The crew, worried about his state of mind, attempted but failed to change course again. ''Euphrates'' was still anchored at Marseille when it received word of Exmouth's successful attack on Algiers, which took place on 27 August. The frigate afterwards returned to service at Corfu.{{sfnp|Chamier|1832|p=237}}{{sfnp|Van der Voort|1972|p=38}}
===Death of Preston===
In early 1817 ''Euphrates'' was painted by the artist [[Nicolas Cammillieri]] as she sailed past [[Valletta]].{{sfnp|Rodriguez|1993|p=150}} The ship was ordered to return from the Mediterranean in May, one of several frigates expected to be paid off.<ref>{{cite news|date=2 June 1817|page=4|work=Hampshire Telegraph|location=Portsmouth|title=Portsmouth}}</ref> As the ship journeyed through the Mediterranean, Preston's mental health deteriorated. He frequently referenced his Corfu lover, believed the crew were hatching conspiracies against him, and that he could see the Devil.{{sfnp|Chamier|1832|p=245}} On 14 May ''Euphrates'' had just left Gibraltar when Preston, dining in his cabin, cut his throat with his breakfast knife. The wound was superficial, and Preston fell asleep, with the frigate's [[First lieutenant#Royal Navy|first lieutenant]] taking over command.{{sfnp|Van der Voort|1972|p=38}}{{sfnp|Chamier|1832|pp=246–248}} The captain awoke in the evening in what Chamier described as "a perfect state of insanity", and was secured in a [[straitjacket]]. The captain raved loudly, alternately screaming about being a victim of the [[Spanish Inquisition]] and imitating a pig.{{sfnp|Chamier|1832|pp=248–249}} Preston died while ''Euphrates'' was sailing off [[Cape Finisterre]] on 16 May, with his body placed in a cask of alcohol for the rest of the journey to England.{{sfnp|Chamier|1832|p=249}}
After a period of quarantine ''Euphrates'' reached [[Spithead]] on 27 May, where Preston's body was taken ashore and buried at the [[Domus Dei|Garrison Church]]. Subsequently, the ship was one of four of her class under consideration to be sent as reinforcements to the [[South America Station]], but she stayed in England and was laid up at [[Deptford Dockyard]].{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=174}}<ref>{{cite news|date=2 June 1817|page=4|work=Hampshire Telegraph|location=Portsmouth|title=Portsmouth}}</ref> Her service at an end, ''Euphrates'' was put up for sale at Deptford on 13 January 1818, and was sold to W. Thomas on 29 January for £2,679.{{sfnp|Winfield|2008|p=174}}<ref>{{London Gazette|page=108|issue=17322|date=13 January 1818}}</ref>
==Citations==
{{reflist}}
==References==
*{{cite book|last=Chamier|first=Frederick|author-link=Frederick Chamier|year=1832|title=The Life of a Sailor|volume=2|location=London|publisher=Richard Bentley|oclc=156112917}}
*{{cite book|last=Gardiner|first=Robert|year=1999|title=Warships of the Napoleonic Era|location=London|publisher=Chatham|isbn=1-86176-117-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Gardiner|first=Robert|editor=Robert Gardiner|year=2001|chapter=Ships of the Royal Navy: The 18pdr Frigate|title=Fleet Battle and Blockade|location=London|publisher=Caxton Editions|isbn=184067-363X}}
*{{cite book|last1=Manning|first1=T. D.|last2=Walker|first2=C. F.|year=1959|title=British Warship Names|location=London|publisher=Putnam|oclc=213798232}}
*{{cite journal|last=Rodriguez|first=Antonio Espinosa|year=1993|title=Nicola Camilleri alias Nicolas Cammillieri a Maltese ship-painter|journal=Melita Historica|volume=11|issue=3}}
*{{cite book|last=Van der Voort|first=P. J.|year=1972|title=The Pen and the Quarter-Deck|location=Leiden|publisher=Leiden University Press|isbn=90-6021-153-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Winfield|first=Rif|year=2008|title=British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates |location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire|publisher=Seaforth|isbn=978-1-78346-926-0}}
{{Scamander class frigate}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Euphrates (1813)}}
[[Category:1813 ships]]
[[Category:Fifth-rate frigates of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Scamander-class frigates]]
| 1,284,038,385
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[{"title": "United Kingdom", "data": {"Name": "Euphrates", "Namesake": "Euphrates", "Ordered": "12 October 1812", "Builder": "John King, Upnor", "Laid down": "January 1813", "Launched": "8 November 1813", "Completed": "24 September 1814", "Commissioned": "August 1814", "Out of service": "1817", "Fate": "Sold 29 January 1818"}}, {"title": "General characteristics", "data": {"Class and type": "Fifth-rate Scamander-class frigate", "Tons burthen": "943 (bm)", "Length": "- 143 ft 3+1\u20442 in (43.7 m) (upper deck) - 120 ft 2+1\u20444 in (36.6 m) (keel)", "Beam": "38 ft 5 in (11.7 m)", "Draught": "- 8 ft 5 in (2.6 m) (forward) - 12 ft 8 in (3.9 m) (aft)", "Depth of hold": "12 ft 4 in (3.8 m)", "Propulsion": "Sails", "Complement": "284", "Armament": "- UD: 26 \u00d7 18-pounder guns - QD: 12 \u00d7 32-pounder carronades - Fc: 2 \u00d7 9-pounder guns + 2 \u00d7 32-pounder carronades"}}]
| false
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