markdown stringlengths 0 37k | code stringlengths 1 33.3k | path stringlengths 8 215 | repo_name stringlengths 6 77 | license stringclasses 15
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Welp. Seems like that trip identification code is a little too basic. Let's try to investigate what might be the problem: | sql = '''WITH trips AS(SELECT lineid, trip_id, EXTRACT('minutes' FROM MAX(estimated_arrival) - MIN(estimated_arrival)) as trip_duration
FROM test_day_final
GROUP BY lineid, trip_id)
SELECT *
FROM trips
ORDER BY trip_duration
LIMIT 10'''
pandasql.read_sql(sql, con)
sql = '''WITH one_stop_trips AS(SELECT lineid, trip_id... | doc/filtering_observed_arrivals.ipynb | CivicTechTO/ttc_subway_times | gpl-3.0 |
So for the most part we seem to have issues with identifying trip start/end at the termini.
|Line | One stop Trips at Termini|
|-----|--------------------------:|
|1 | 766|
|2 | 481|
| 4 | 791|
So approximately half of "extra trips" are one stop trips at termini. Let's see the overall distribution of number ... | sql = '''WITH inferred_trips AS(SELECT lineid, trip_id, COUNT(1) as stops
FROM test_day_final
GROUP BY lineid, trip_id
),
inferred_trip_length AS( SELECT lineid, stops, COUNT(trip_id) as obs_trips
FROM inferred_trips
GROUP BY lineid, stops)
,
gtfs_trip_lengths AS(SELECT route_short_name::INT AS lineid, trip_id, COUNT(1... | doc/filtering_observed_arrivals.ipynb | CivicTechTO/ttc_subway_times | gpl-3.0 |
So we are certainly getting 1, 2, and 3 stop trips that shouldn't exist and undercounting the more appropriate number of trips.
The one-stop trips are primarily at termini. What is happening with the 2, 3 stop trips...? | sql_2_3 = '''SELECT stops, COUNT(1)
FROM (
SELECT array_agg(station_char ORDER BY estimated_arrival) AS stops
FROM test_day_final
WHERE lineid = 1
GROUP BY trip_id
HAVING COUNT(1) =2 OR COUNT(1) = 3
)grou... | doc/filtering_observed_arrivals.ipynb | CivicTechTO/ttc_subway_times | gpl-3.0 |
The top "trips" are from Bloor-Spadina to Yonge via St. George and vice-versa, but these are the stations on line 2...
Trying to group arrival-departure times first
Assuming a maximum time for any given train to dwell at a station, we will test this procedure on lines 1-2 first. | sql = ''' CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW test_day_stop_arrival AS
SELECT trainid, lineid, traindirection, stationid, station_char,
MIN(create_date + timint * interval '1 minute') AS expected_arrival, timint, train_message,
FROM test_day
WHERE (timint < 1 OR tr... | doc/filtering_observed_arrivals.ipynb | CivicTechTO/ttc_subway_times | gpl-3.0 |
The actual conversion is done with rawpy and Pillow which are imported below. | import rawpy
import PIL | simple-convert/simple-convert.ipynb | neothemachine/rawpy-notebooks | unlicense |
Opening the RAW image
Opening a RAW image is as simple as calling rawpy.imread. | raw = rawpy.imread('../images/RAW_NIKON_D3X.NEF') | simple-convert/simple-convert.ipynb | neothemachine/rawpy-notebooks | unlicense |
Note that imread() behaves similar to Python's built-in open() function, meaning that the opened file has to be closed again later on.
Processing the RAW image
When processing RAW images we have to decide how to handle the white balance.
A common option is to just use the white balance values that are stored in the RAW... | rgb = raw.postprocess(use_camera_wb=True) | simple-convert/simple-convert.ipynb | neothemachine/rawpy-notebooks | unlicense |
The return value of postprocess() is a numpy array which we can display with matplotlib's imshow() function. | print(rgb.dtype, rgb.shape)
imshow(rgb) | simple-convert/simple-convert.ipynb | neothemachine/rawpy-notebooks | unlicense |
If the camera white balance does not look right, then it can also be estimated from the image itself with the use_auto_wb parameter. | rgb2 = raw.postprocess(use_auto_wb=True)
imshow(rgb2) | simple-convert/simple-convert.ipynb | neothemachine/rawpy-notebooks | unlicense |
In this example the white balance values stored from the camera look more natural, so we will use the first version.
Saving the processed image
Saving the processed image (a numpy array) in a standard format is easily done with Pillow. | PIL.Image.fromarray(rgb).save('image.jpg', quality=90, optimize=True)
PIL.Image.fromarray(rgb).save('image.tiff') | simple-convert/simple-convert.ipynb | neothemachine/rawpy-notebooks | unlicense |
Closing the RAW image
It is important to close the RAW image again after we are done with processing. | raw.close() | simple-convert/simple-convert.ipynb | neothemachine/rawpy-notebooks | unlicense |
Using context managers
rawpy also supports context managers for opening/closing RAW images. In that case, the conversion code would look like below. | with rawpy.imread('../images/RAW_NIKON_D3X.NEF') as raw:
rgb = raw.postprocess(use_camera_wb=True)
PIL.Image.fromarray(rgb).save('image.jpg') | simple-convert/simple-convert.ipynb | neothemachine/rawpy-notebooks | unlicense |
Pytorch Introduction
```bash
installation on a mac
for more information on installation refer to
the following link:
http://pytorch.org/
conda install pytorch torchvision -c pytorch
```
At its core, PyTorch provides two main features:
An n-dimensional Tensor, similar to numpy array but can run on GPUs. PyTorch provid... | # make up some trainig data and specify the type to be float, i.e. np.float32
# We DO not recommend double, i.e. np.float64, especially on the GPU. GPUs have bad
# double precision performance since they are optimized for float32
X_train = np.asarray([3.3, 4.4, 5.5, 6.71, 6.93, 4.168, 9.779, 6.182, 7.59,
... | deep_learning/rnn/1_pytorch_rnn.ipynb | ethen8181/machine-learning | mit |
Here we start defining the linear regression model, recall that in linear regression, we are optimizing for the squared loss.
\begin{align}
L = \frac{1}{2}(y-(Xw + b))^2
\end{align} | # with linear regression, we apply a linear transformation
# to the incoming data, i.e. y = Xw + b, here we only have a 1
# dimensional data, thus the feature size will be 1
model = nn.Linear(in_features=1, out_features=1)
# although we can write our own loss function, the nn module
# also contains definitions of popu... | deep_learning/rnn/1_pytorch_rnn.ipynb | ethen8181/machine-learning | mit |
Linear Regression Version 2
A better way of defining our model is to inherit the nn.Module class, to use it all we need to do is define our model's forward pass and the nn.Module will automatically define the backward method for us, where the gradients will be computed using autograd. | class LinearRegression(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, in_features, out_features):
super().__init__() # boilerplate call
self.in_features = in_features
self.out_features = out_features
self.linear = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)
def forward(self, x):
out = self... | deep_learning/rnn/1_pytorch_rnn.ipynb | ethen8181/machine-learning | mit |
After training our model, we can also save the model's parameter and load it back into the model in the future | checkpoint_path = 'model.pkl'
torch.save(model.state_dict(), checkpoint_path)
model.load_state_dict(torch.load(checkpoint_path))
y_pred = model(X).detach().numpy()
plt.plot(X_train, y_train, 'ro', label='Original data')
plt.plot(X_train, y_pred, label='Fitted line')
plt.legend()
plt.show() | deep_learning/rnn/1_pytorch_rnn.ipynb | ethen8181/machine-learning | mit |
Logistic Regression
Let's now look at a classification example, here we'll define a logistic regression that takes in a bag of words representation of some text and predicts over two labels "English" and "Spanish". | # define some toy dataset
train_data = [
('me gusta comer en la cafeteria'.split(), 'SPANISH'),
('Give it to me'.split(), 'ENGLISH'),
('No creo que sea una buena idea'.split(), 'SPANISH'),
('No it is not a good idea to get lost at sea'.split(), 'ENGLISH')
]
test_data = [
('Yo creo que si'.split(), ... | deep_learning/rnn/1_pytorch_rnn.ipynb | ethen8181/machine-learning | mit |
The next code chunk create words to index mappings. To build our bag of words (BoW) representation, we need to assign each word in our vocabulary an unique index. Let's say our entire corpus only consists of two words "hello" and "world", with "hello" corresponding to index 0 and "world" to index 1. Then the BoW vector... | idx_to_label = ['SPANISH', 'ENGLISH']
label_to_idx = {"SPANISH": 0, "ENGLISH": 1}
word_to_idx = {}
for sent, _ in train_data + test_data:
for word in sent:
if word not in word_to_idx:
word_to_idx[word] = len(word_to_idx)
print(word_to_idx)
VOCAB_SIZE = len(word_to_idx)
NUM_LABELS = len(label_t... | deep_learning/rnn/1_pytorch_rnn.ipynb | ethen8181/machine-learning | mit |
Next we define our model using the inherenting from nn.Module approach and also two helper functions to convert our data to torch Tensors so we can use to during training. | class BoWClassifier(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, vocab_size, num_labels):
super().__init__()
self.linear = nn.Linear(vocab_size, num_labels)
def forward(self, bow_vector):
"""
When we're performing a classification, after passing
through the linear layer or also known... | deep_learning/rnn/1_pytorch_rnn.ipynb | ethen8181/machine-learning | mit |
We are now ready to train this! | model = BoWClassifier(VOCAB_SIZE, NUM_LABELS)
# note that instead of using NLLLoss (negative log likelihood),
# we could have used CrossEntropyLoss and remove the log_softmax
# function call in our forward method. The CrossEntropyLoss docstring
# explicitly states that this criterion combines `LogSoftMax` and
# `NLLLo... | deep_learning/rnn/1_pytorch_rnn.ipynb | ethen8181/machine-learning | mit |
Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)
The idea behind RNN is to make use of sequential information that exists in our dataset. In feedforward neural network, we assume that all inputs and outputs are independent of each other. But for some tasks, this might not be the best way to tackle the problem. For example, in Natural La... | torch.manual_seed(777)
# suppose we have a
# one hot encoding for each char in 'hello'
# and the sequence length for the word 'hello' is 5
seq_len = 5
h = [1, 0, 0, 0]
e = [0, 1, 0, 0]
l = [0, 0, 1, 0]
o = [0, 0, 0, 1]
# here we specify a single RNN cell with the property of
# input_dim (4) -> output_dim (2)
# batch_... | deep_learning/rnn/1_pytorch_rnn.ipynb | ethen8181/machine-learning | mit |
In the next section, we'll teach our RNN to produce "ihello" from "hihell". | # create an index to character mapping
idx2char = ['h', 'i', 'e', 'l', 'o']
# Teach hihell -> ihello
x_data = [[0, 1, 0, 2, 3, 3]] # hihell
x_one_hot = [[[1, 0, 0, 0, 0], # h 0
[0, 1, 0, 0, 0], # i 1
[1, 0, 0, 0, 0], # h 0
[0, 0, 1, 0, 0], # e 2
[0, 0,... | deep_learning/rnn/1_pytorch_rnn.ipynb | ethen8181/machine-learning | mit |
LSTM
The example below uses an LSTM to generate part of speech tags. The usage of LSTM API is essentially the same as the RNN we were using in the last section. Expect in this example, we will prepare the word to index mapping ourselves and as for the modeling part, we will add an embedding layer before the LSTM layer,... | # These will usually be more like 32 or 64 dimensional.
# We will keep them small for this toy example
EMBEDDING_SIZE = 6
HIDDEN_SIZE = 6
training_data = [
("The dog ate the apple".split(), ["DET", "NN", "V", "DET", "NN"]),
("Everybody read that book".split(), ["NN", "V", "DET", "NN"])
]
idx_to_tag = ['DET', ... | deep_learning/rnn/1_pytorch_rnn.ipynb | ethen8181/machine-learning | mit |
Start with MTBLS315, the malaria vs fever dataset. Could get ~0.85 AUC for whole dataset. | # Get the data
### Subdivide the data into a feature table
local_path = '/home/irockafe/Dropbox (MIT)/Alm_Lab/projects/'
data_path = local_path + '/revo_healthcare/data/processed/MTBLS315/'\
'uhplc_pos/xcms_camera_results.csv'
## Import the data and remove extraneous columns
df = pd.read_csv(data_path, index_col=0)
df... | notebooks/Effects_of_retention_time_on_classification/retention_time_regions_and_classifiiability.ipynb | irockafe/revo_healthcare | mit |
Almost everything is below 30sec rt-window | # Show me a scatterplot of m/z rt dots
# distribution along mass-axis and rt axist
plt.scatter(df['mz'], df['rt'], s=normalized_intensities*100,)
plt.xlabel('mz')
plt.ylabel('rt')
plt.title('mz vs. rt')
plt.show()
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.ticker import NullFormatter
def pl... | notebooks/Effects_of_retention_time_on_classification/retention_time_regions_and_classifiiability.ipynb | irockafe/revo_healthcare | mit |
<h2> Show me the distribution of features from alzheimers dataset </h2> | ### Subdivide the data into a feature table
local_path = '/home/irockafe/Dropbox (MIT)/Alm_Lab/'\
'projects'
data_path = local_path + '/revo_healthcare/data/processed/MTBLS72/positive_mode/'\
'mtbls_no_retcor_bw2.csv'
## Import the data and remove extraneous columns
df = pd.read_csv(data_path, index_col=0)
df.shape
df.... | notebooks/Effects_of_retention_time_on_classification/retention_time_regions_and_classifiiability.ipynb | irockafe/revo_healthcare | mit |
1ª Questão:
Carregando o Dataset (Glass) | # Carregando o Wine Dataset (https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Wine)
data = pd.read_csv("wine.data")
X = data.iloc[:,1:].values
y = data.iloc[:,0].values
# Pre-processing the data (for PCA)
X = (X - X.mean(axis=0)) / X.std(axis=0) | 2017/09-clustering/cl_otacilio_bezerra.ipynb | abevieiramota/data-science-cookbook | mit |
Visualização dos Dados | # Plotando uma visualização 3-Dimensional dos Dados
# Podemos observar que os dados (em 3-Dimensões) são extremamente superpostos
pcaData = PCA(n_components=3).fit_transform(X)
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
ax.scatter(pcaData[:,0], pcaData[:,1], pcaData[:,2], c=y, cmap=plt.cm.Dark2)
plt... | 2017/09-clustering/cl_otacilio_bezerra.ipynb | abevieiramota/data-science-cookbook | mit |
Aplicação do K-Means | # Criamos o objeto da classe KMeans
kmeans = KMeans(n_clusters=2, random_state=0)
# Realizamos a Clusterização
kmeans.fit(X)
clts = kmeans.predict(X)
# Plotando uma visualização 3-Dimensional dos Dados, agora com os clusteres designados pelo K-Means
# Compare a visualização com o gráfico da celula de cima
fig = plt.f... | 2017/09-clustering/cl_otacilio_bezerra.ipynb | abevieiramota/data-science-cookbook | mit |
Métricas de Avaliação | # Utilizamos três métricas de avaliação dos Clusteres, com base nos dados já classificados:
# -> Homogeneity: porcentagem relativa ao objetivo de ter, em cada cluster, apenas membros de uma mesma classe
# -> Completeness: porcentagem relativa ao objetivo de ter todos os membros de uma classe no mesmo cluster
# -> V-Me... | 2017/09-clustering/cl_otacilio_bezerra.ipynb | abevieiramota/data-science-cookbook | mit |
2ª Questão
Implementando o Método do Cotovelo | # Método do Cotevelo baseado na Inertia (Soma Quadrática da Distância Intra-Cluster de cada Ponto)
numK = np.arange(1,10); inertias = []
for i in numK:
print(".", end="")
kmeans.n_clusters = i
kmeans.fit(X)
inertias.append(kmeans.inertia_)
# Plotagens
plt.figure()
plt.title("Elbow Method")
plt... | 2017/09-clustering/cl_otacilio_bezerra.ipynb | abevieiramota/data-science-cookbook | mit |
Questão 3 | # Realizamos a Clusterização, agora com um número selecionado de Clusteres
kmeans.n_clusters = 3
kmeans.fit(X)
clts = kmeans.predict(X)
# Visualização das Métricas de Avaliação
homoScore = metrics.homogeneity_score(y, clts)
complScore = metrics.completeness_score(y, clts)
vMeasureScore = metrics.v_measure_score(y, c... | 2017/09-clustering/cl_otacilio_bezerra.ipynb | abevieiramota/data-science-cookbook | mit |
Load Protein Interactions
Select columns of interest and drop empty rows. | url1 = 'https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/graphistry.demo.data/BIOGRID-ALL-3.3.123.tab2.txt.gz'
rawdata = pandas.read_table(url1, na_values=['-'], engine='c', compression='gzip')
# If using local data, comment the two lines above and uncomment the line below
# pandas.read_table('./data/BIOGRID-ALL-3.3.123.tab2.txt', ... | demos/demos_by_use_case/bio/BiogridDemo.ipynb | graphistry/pygraphistry | bsd-3-clause |
Let's have a quick peak at the data
Bind the columns storing the source/destination of each edge. This is the bare minimum to create a visualization. | g = graphistry.bind(source="BioGRID ID Interactor A", destination="BioGRID ID Interactor B")
g.plot(interactions.sample(10000)) | demos/demos_by_use_case/bio/BiogridDemo.ipynb | graphistry/pygraphistry | bsd-3-clause |
A Fancier Visualization With Custom Labels and Colors
Let's lookup the name and organism of each protein in the BioGrid indentification DB. | # This downloads 170 MB, it might take some time.
url2 = 'https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/graphistry.demo.data/BIOGRID-IDENTIFIERS-3.3.123.tab.txt.gz'
raw_proteins = pandas.read_table(url2, na_values=['-'], engine='c', compression='gzip')
# If using local data, comment the two lines above and uncomment the line bel... | demos/demos_by_use_case/bio/BiogridDemo.ipynb | graphistry/pygraphistry | bsd-3-clause |
We extract the proteins referenced as either sources or targets of interactions. | source_proteins = interactions[["BioGRID ID Interactor A", "Official Symbol Interactor A"]].copy() \
.rename(columns={'BioGRID ID Interactor A': 'BIOGRID_ID',
'Official Symbol Interactor A': 'SYMBOL'})
target_proteins = interactions[["BioGRI... | demos/demos_by_use_case/bio/BiogridDemo.ipynb | graphistry/pygraphistry | bsd-3-clause |
We join on the indentification DB to get the organism in which each protein belongs. | protein_labels = pandas.merge(all_proteins, protein_ids, how='left', left_on='BIOGRID_ID', right_on='BIOGRID_ID')
protein_labels[:3] | demos/demos_by_use_case/bio/BiogridDemo.ipynb | graphistry/pygraphistry | bsd-3-clause |
We assign colors to proteins based on their organism. | colors = protein_labels.ORGANISM.unique().tolist()
protein_labels['Color'] = protein_labels.ORGANISM.map(lambda x: colors.index(x)) | demos/demos_by_use_case/bio/BiogridDemo.ipynb | graphistry/pygraphistry | bsd-3-clause |
For convenience, let's add links to PubMed and RCSB. | def makeRcsbLink(id):
if isinstance(id, str):
url = 'http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/gene/' + id.upper()
return '<a target="_blank" href="%s">%s</a>' % (url, id.upper())
else:
return 'n/a'
protein_labels.SYMBOL = protein_labels.SYMBOL.map(makeRcsbLink)
protein_labels[:3]
def makePubmedLink... | demos/demos_by_use_case/bio/BiogridDemo.ipynb | graphistry/pygraphistry | bsd-3-clause |
Plotting
We bind columns to labels and colors and we are good to go. | # This will upload ~10MB of data, be patient!
g2 = g.bind(node='BIOGRID_ID', edge_title='Author', point_title='SYMBOL', point_color='Color')
g2.plot(interactions, protein_labels) | demos/demos_by_use_case/bio/BiogridDemo.ipynb | graphistry/pygraphistry | bsd-3-clause |
Intro to Sparse Data and Embeddings
Learning Objectives:
* Convert movie-review string data to a sparse feature vector
* Implement a sentiment-analysis linear model using a sparse feature vector
* Implement a sentiment-analysis DNN model using an embedding that projects data into two dimensions
* Visualize the embeddin... | from __future__ import print_function
import collections
import io
import math
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import tensorflow as tf
from IPython import display
from sklearn import metrics
tf.logging.set_verbosity(tf.logging.ERROR)
train_url = 'https://download.mlcc.google.co... | intro_to_sparse_data_and_embeddings_ipynb.ipynb | takasawada/tarsh | gpl-2.0 |
Building a Sentiment Analysis Model
Let's train a sentiment-analysis model on this data that predicts if a review is generally favorable (label of 1) or unfavorable (label of 0).
To do so, we'll turn our string-value terms into feature vectors by using a vocabulary, a list of each term we expect to see in our data. For... | def _parse_function(record):
"""Extracts features and labels.
Args:
record: File path to a TFRecord file
Returns:
A `tuple` `(labels, features)`:
features: A dict of tensors representing the features
labels: A tensor with the corresponding labels.
"""
features = {
"terms": tf.Va... | intro_to_sparse_data_and_embeddings_ipynb.ipynb | takasawada/tarsh | gpl-2.0 |
To confirm our function is working as expected, let's construct a TFRecordDataset for the training data, and map the data to features and labels using the function above. | # Create the Dataset object.
ds = tf.data.TFRecordDataset(train_path)
# Map features and labels with the parse function.
ds = ds.map(_parse_function)
ds | intro_to_sparse_data_and_embeddings_ipynb.ipynb | takasawada/tarsh | gpl-2.0 |
Run the following cell to retrieve the first example from the training data set. | n = ds.make_one_shot_iterator().get_next()
sess = tf.Session()
sess.run(n) | intro_to_sparse_data_and_embeddings_ipynb.ipynb | takasawada/tarsh | gpl-2.0 |
Now, let's build a formal input function that we can pass to the train() method of a TensorFlow Estimator object. | # Create an input_fn that parses the tf.Examples from the given files,
# and split them into features and targets.
def _input_fn(input_filenames, num_epochs=None, shuffle=True):
# Same code as above; create a dataset and map features and labels.
ds = tf.data.TFRecordDataset(input_filenames)
ds = ds.map(_parse_... | intro_to_sparse_data_and_embeddings_ipynb.ipynb | takasawada/tarsh | gpl-2.0 |
Task 1: Use a Linear Model with Sparse Inputs and an Explicit Vocabulary
For our first model, we'll build a LinearClassifier model using 50 informative terms; always start simple!
The following code constructs the feature column for our terms. The categorical_column_with_vocabulary_list function creates a feature colum... | # 50 informative terms that compose our model vocabulary
informative_terms = ("bad", "great", "best", "worst", "fun", "beautiful",
"excellent", "poor", "boring", "awful", "terrible",
"definitely", "perfect", "liked", "worse", "waste",
"entertaining", "love... | intro_to_sparse_data_and_embeddings_ipynb.ipynb | takasawada/tarsh | gpl-2.0 |
Next, we'll construct the LinearClassifier, train it on the training set, and evaluate it on the evaluation set. After you read through the code, run it and see how you do. | my_optimizer = tf.train.AdagradOptimizer(learning_rate=0.1)
my_optimizer = tf.contrib.estimator.clip_gradients_by_norm(my_optimizer, 5.0)
feature_columns = [ terms_feature_column ]
classifier = tf.estimator.LinearClassifier(
feature_columns=feature_columns,
optimizer=my_optimizer,
)
classifier.train(
input_fn... | intro_to_sparse_data_and_embeddings_ipynb.ipynb | takasawada/tarsh | gpl-2.0 |
Task 2: Use a Deep Neural Network (DNN) Model
The above model is a linear model. It works quite well. But can we do better with a DNN model?
Let's swap in a DNNClassifier for the LinearClassifier. Run the following cell, and see how you do. | ##################### Here's what we changed ##################################
classifier = tf.estimator.DNNClassifier( #
feature_columns=[tf.feature_column.indicator_column(terms_feature_column)], #
hidden_units=[20,20], #
... | intro_to_sparse_data_and_embeddings_ipynb.ipynb | takasawada/tarsh | gpl-2.0 |
Task 3: Use an Embedding with a DNN Model
In this task, we'll implement our DNN model using an embedding column. An embedding column takes sparse data as input and returns a lower-dimensional dense vector as output.
NOTE: An embedding_column is usually the computationally most efficient option to use for training a mod... | # Here's a example code snippet you might use to define the feature columns:
terms_embedding_column = tf.feature_column.embedding_column(terms_feature_column, dimension=2)
feature_columns = [ terms_embedding_column ] | intro_to_sparse_data_and_embeddings_ipynb.ipynb | takasawada/tarsh | gpl-2.0 |
Complete the Code Below | ########################## YOUR CODE HERE ######################################
terms_embedding_column = # Define the embedding column
feature_columns = # Define the feature columns
classifier = # Define the DNNClassifier
################################################################################
classifier.tra... | intro_to_sparse_data_and_embeddings_ipynb.ipynb | takasawada/tarsh | gpl-2.0 |
Solution
Click below for a solution. | ########################## SOLUTION CODE ########################################
terms_embedding_column = tf.feature_column.embedding_column(terms_feature_column, dimension=2)
feature_columns = [ terms_embedding_column ]
my_optimizer = tf.train.AdagradOptimizer(learning_rate=0.1)
my_optimizer = tf.contrib.estimator.c... | intro_to_sparse_data_and_embeddings_ipynb.ipynb | takasawada/tarsh | gpl-2.0 |
Task 4: Convince yourself there's actually an embedding in there
The above model used an embedding_column, and it seemed to work, but this doesn't tell us much about what's going on internally. How can we check that the model is actually using an embedding inside?
To start, let's look at the tensors in the model: | classifier.get_variable_names() | intro_to_sparse_data_and_embeddings_ipynb.ipynb | takasawada/tarsh | gpl-2.0 |
Okay, we can see that there is an embedding layer in there: 'dnn/input_from_feature_columns/input_layer/terms_embedding/...'. (What's interesting here, by the way, is that this layer is trainable along with the rest of the model just as any hidden layer is.)
Is the embedding layer the correct shape? Run the following c... | classifier.get_variable_value('dnn/input_from_feature_columns/input_layer/terms_embedding/embedding_weights').shape | intro_to_sparse_data_and_embeddings_ipynb.ipynb | takasawada/tarsh | gpl-2.0 |
Spend some time manually checking the various layers and shapes to make sure everything is connected the way you would expect it would be.
Task 5: Examine the Embedding
Let's now take a look at the actual embedding space, and see where the terms end up in it. Do the following:
1. Run the following code to see the embed... | import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
embedding_matrix = classifier.get_variable_value('dnn/input_from_feature_columns/input_layer/terms_embedding/embedding_weights')
for term_index in range(len(informative_terms)):
# Create a one-hot encoding for our term. It has 0s everywhere, except for
# a single... | intro_to_sparse_data_and_embeddings_ipynb.ipynb | takasawada/tarsh | gpl-2.0 |
Task 6: Try to improve the model's performance
See if you can refine the model to improve performance. A couple things you may want to try:
Changing hyperparameters, or using a different optimizer like Adam (you may only gain one or two accuracy percentage points following these strategies).
Adding additional terms t... | # Download the vocabulary file.
terms_url = 'https://download.mlcc.google.com/mledu-datasets/sparse-data-embedding/terms.txt'
terms_path = tf.keras.utils.get_file(terms_url.split('/')[-1], terms_url)
# Create a feature column from "terms", using a full vocabulary file.
informative_terms = None
with io.open(terms_path,... | intro_to_sparse_data_and_embeddings_ipynb.ipynb | takasawada/tarsh | gpl-2.0 |
Include D3 script: | %%d3
<script src="https://d3js.org/d3.v3.js"></script> | visualization/day46-embed-d3.ipynb | csiu/100daysofcode | mit |
Example 01: Hello world | %%d3
<div></div>
<script>
d3.select("div").text("Hello world")
</script> | visualization/day46-embed-d3.ipynb | csiu/100daysofcode | mit |
Example 02: Simple rectangle | %%d3
<g></g>
<script>
d3.select("g").append("svg").append("rect")
.attr("x", 150)
.attr("y", 50)
.attr("width", 50)
.attr("height", 140);
</script> | visualization/day46-embed-d3.ipynb | csiu/100daysofcode | mit |
Example 03: Functions, style, and polygons | %%d3
<g></g>
<script>
function CalculateStarPoints(centerX, centerY, arms, outerRadius, innerRadius) {
var results = "";
var angle = Math.PI / arms * 2;
for (var i = 0; i < 2 * arms; i++) {
var r = (i & 1) == 0 ? outerRadius : innerRadius;
var pointX = centerX + Math.cos(i * angle) * r;
var pointY ... | visualization/day46-embed-d3.ipynb | csiu/100daysofcode | mit |
Kink with using Jupyter Notebook
When I load the Collision Detection example by Mike Bostock in the Jupyter Notebook, it doesn't work. Nothing is rendered (see following). However, this is not an issue with JSFiddle. | %%d3
<script src="https://d3js.org/d3.v3.js"></script>
This example is modified from <a href="https://bl.ocks.org/mbostock/3231298">https://bl.ocks.org/mbostock/3231298</a>
<body></body>
<script>
var width = 500,
height = 500;
var nodes = d3.range(200).map(function() {
return {
radius: Math.random() * ... | visualization/day46-embed-d3.ipynb | csiu/100daysofcode | mit |
If the regular expression r that is defined below is written in the style of the lecture notes, it reads:
$$(\texttt{a}\cdot\texttt{b} + \texttt{b}\cdot\texttt{a})^*$$ | r = parse('(ab + ba)*')
r
converter = RegExp2NFA({'a', 'b'}) | Python/Test-Regexp-2-NFA.ipynb | Danghor/Formal-Languages | gpl-2.0 |
We use converter to create a non-deterministic <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Fsm</span> nfa that accepts the language
described by the regular expression r. | nfa = converter.toNFA(r)
nfa
%run FSM-2-Dot.ipynb | Python/Test-Regexp-2-NFA.ipynb | Danghor/Formal-Languages | gpl-2.0 |
I have to use the method render below, because somehow the method displayis buggy and
cuts of parts of the graph. | d = nfa2dot(nfa)
d.render(view=True) | Python/Test-Regexp-2-NFA.ipynb | Danghor/Formal-Languages | gpl-2.0 |
Python 基礎
iPython (or jupyter) のヘルプテクニック
これを見ている人は jupyter notebook を使っていると思うが、次のコードを動かしてみてほしい。 | np.array? | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
iPython では ? をつけて実行することで、 Docstring （各プログラムの説明文） を簡単に参照することができる。
もし「関数はしってるんだけど、引数が分からない」という場合に試してみよう。
なお Python スクリプトにおける Docstring の書き方は
Python
def hogehoge():
""" docstring here! """
return 0
である。（試しに次も実行してみよう） | def hogehoge():
""" docstring here! """
return 0
hogehoge? | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
初めてのオブジェクト指向言語
Python は オブジェクト指向言語 かつ ライブラリを使う上で必須の知識 のため、簡単におさらいする。
class を簡単に言えば「C言語における構造体の発展させ、変数だけでなく関数も内包できて、引き継ぎもできるやつ」である
メモリ付き電卓を例に、以下のようなクラスを用意した。 | class memory_sum:
c = None
def __init__(self, a):
self.a = a
print("run __init__ ")
def __call__(self, b):
self.c = b + self.a
print("__call__\t:", b, "+", self.a, "=", self.c)
def show_sum(self):
print("showsum()\t:", self.c) | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
クラスは一種の 枠組み なので 実体を用意(インスタンス) する
このとき コンストラクタ と呼ばれる、インスタンスの初期化関数 def __init__() が実行される | A = memory_sum(15) | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
インスタンスは特に関数を呼び出されない場合 def __call__() が実行される | A(30) | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
もちろん関数を呼び出すこともできる | A.show_sum() | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
またインスタンス内の変数へ、直接アクセスできる | A.c | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
クラスの引き継ぎ（継承）とは、すでに定義済みのクラスを引用することである。
例として memory_sum を引きついで、引き算機能もつけた場合以下のようになる。 | class sum_sub(memory_sum):
def sum(self, a, b):
self.a = a
self.b = b
self.c = a + b
print(self.c)
def sub(self, a, b):
self.a = a
self.b = b
self.c = a - b
print(self.c)
def show_result(self):
print(self.c)
B = sum_s... | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
sum_sub は memory_sum を継承しているため、 memory_sum で定義した関数も利用できる | B.show_sum() | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
これだけ知っていれば Chainer のコードも多少は読めるようになる。
オブジェクト指向に興味が湧いた場合は、
Python 公式チュートリアル
平澤 章 著『オブジェクト指向でなぜつくるのか』
中山 清喬, 国本 大悟 著『スッキリわかるJava入門』
がおすすめである（特にオブジェクト指向とJavaの結びつきは強いので、言語違いとは言わず読んでみてほしい）
Chainer
活性化関数の確認
chainer.functions では活性化関数や損失関数など基本的な関数が定義されている
ReLU (ランプ関数)
隠れ層の活性化関数として、今日用いられている関数。
入力値が $0$ 以下なら $0$ を返し、$0$ 以上な... | arr = np.arange(-10, 10, 0.1)
arr1 = F.relu(arr, use_cudnn=False)
plt.plot(arr, arr1.data) | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
Sigmoid 関数
みんな大好きシグモイド関数
$$ sigmoid(x)= \frac{1}{1 + \exp(-x)} $$ | arr = np.arange(-10, 10, 0.1)
arr2 = F.sigmoid(arr, use_cudnn=False)
plt.plot(arr, arr2.data) | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
softmax 関数
softmax は正規化指数関数とも言われ、値を確率にすることができる。
$$ softmax(x_i) = \frac{exp(x_i)}{\sum_j exp(x_j)} $$
また損失関数として交差エントロピーと組み合わせることで、多クラス分類を行なうことができる。
chainer.links.Classifier() における実装において、デフォルトが softmax_cross_entropy である | arr = chainer.Variable(np.array([[-5.0, 0.5, 6.0, 10.0]], dtype=np.float32))
plt.plot(F.softmax(arr).data[0])
print("softmax適用後の値: ", F.softmax(arr).data[0])
print("総和: ", sum(F.softmax(arr).data[0])) | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
Variable クラスについて
chainer においては、通常の配列や numpy配列 や cupy配列 をそのまま使うのではなく、 Variable というクラスを利用する
（chianer 1.1 以降は自動的に Variable クラスにラッピングされるらしい）
Variable クラスではデータアクセスや勾配計算などを容易に行える。
順伝搬 | x1 = chainer.Variable(np.array([1]).astype(np.float32))
x2 = chainer.Variable(np.array([2]).astype(np.float32))
x3 = chainer.Variable(np.array([3]).astype(np.float32)) | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
試しに下式を計算する（順方向の計算）
$$ y = (x_1 - 2 x_2 - 1)^2 + (x_2 x_3 - 1)^2 + 1 $$
各パラメータを当てはめると
$$ y = (1 - 2 \times 2 - 1)^2 + (2 \times 3 - 1)^2 + 1 = (-4)^2 + 5^2 + 1 = 42$$ | y = (x1 - 2 * x2 - 1)**2 + (x2 * x3 - 1)**2 + 1
y.data | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
逆伝搬
では今度は y の微分値を求める（逆方向の計算） | y.backward() | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
$$ \frac{\delta y}{\delta x_1} = 2(x_1 - 2 x_2 - 1) = 2(1 - 2 \times 2 - 1) = -8$$ | x1.grad | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
$$ \frac{\delta y}{\delta x_2} = -4 (x_1 - 2 x_2 - 1) + 2 x_3 ( x_2 x_3 - 1) = -4 (1 - 2 \times 2 - 1) + 2 \times 3 ( 2 \times 3 - 1) = 46 $$ | x2.grad | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
$$ \frac{\delta y}{\delta x_3} = 2 x_2 ( x_2 x_3 - 1) = 2 \times 2 (2 \times 3 - 1) = 20$$ | x3.grad | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
links クラスについて
chainer.links は chainer.Variable のサブセットのような存在
ニューラルネットにおいて、ある層から次の層へデータを変換する（線形作用素）関数は
$$ \boldsymbol{y} = W \boldsymbol{x} + \boldsymbol{b} $$
として表現でき、Chainer においては次のように表される。 | l = L.Linear(2, 3)
l.W.data
l.b.data
x = chainer.Variable(np.array(range(4)).astype(np.float32).reshape(2,2))
y = l(x)
y.data | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
$$ \boldsymbol{y} = W \boldsymbol{x} + \boldsymbol{b} $$
に当てはめ、確認すると同一であることがわかる | x.data.dot(l.W.data.T) + l.b.data # bias は 0 なので足しても足さなくとも同じ | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
データセットの読み込み | train, test = chainer.datasets.get_mnist() | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
train と test の型を確認する | type(train) | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
chainer.datasets.tuple_dataset.TupleDataset ということがわかる
（実は chainer.datasets.get_mnist() を確認すれば自明である）
では train の中身はどうか | print(len(train[0][0]))
print(type(train[0][0]))
print(train[0][1])
print(type(train[0][1])) | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
単純に 画像データ と 正解ラベル がセットになっている
なので画像データの方を reshape(28, 28) することで、画像として表示することも可能である
（ただし 0 - 255 の値ではなく 0.0 - 1.0 になっているので注意）
また chainer.datasets.get_mnist(ndim=2) とした場合は reshape 不要になる | plt.imshow(train[0][0].reshape(28,28))
plt.gray() # gray scale にする
plt.grid()
train_iter = chainer.iterators.SerialIterator(train, 100)
np.shape(train_iter.dataset) | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
出力ファイルの処理
```Python
# Dump a computational graph from 'loss' variable at the first iteration
# The "main" refers to the target link of the "main" optimizer.
trainer.extend(extensions.dump_graph('main/loss'))
# Write a log of evaluation statistics for each epoch
trainer.extend(extensions.LogReport())
``
で出力... | log = pd.read_json('./result/log') | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
とするだけで json ファイルの読み込みは完了である。
次に log のテーブルを見てみると、 | log | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
Python
# Print selected entries of the log to stdout
# Here "main" refers to the target link of the "main" optimizer again, and
# "validation" refers to the default name of the Evaluator extension.
# Entries other than 'epoch' are reported by the Classifier link, called by
# either the updater or th... | epoch = log['epoch']
plt.plot(epoch, log['main/accuracy'])
plt.plot(epoch, log['validation/main/accuracy'])
plt.xlabel('epoch')
plt.ylabel('accuracy')
plt.legend(loc='best') | ニューラルネット入門_補足資料.ipynb | akinorihomma/Computer-Science-2 | unlicense |
Before running any queries using BigQuery, you need to first authenticate yourself by running the following cell. If you are running it for the first time, it will ask you to follow a link to log in using your Gmail account, and accept the data access requests to your profile. Once this is done, it will generate a stri... | auth.authenticate_user() | datathon/anzics18/tutorial.ipynb | GoogleCloudPlatform/healthcare | apache-2.0 |
Querying the MIMIC-III Demo Dataset
Now we are ready to actually start following the "Cohort Selection" exercise adapted from the MIMIC cohort selection tutorial on GitHub. Because all datasets related to this Datathon are hosted on Google Cloud, there is no need to set up a local database or bring up a local Jupyter i... | client = bigquery.Client(project='datathon-datasets')
datasets = client.list_datasets()
for dataset in datasets:
did = dataset.dataset_id
print('Dataset "%s" has the following tables:' % did)
for table in client.list_tables(client.dataset(did)):
print(' ' + table.table_id) | datathon/anzics18/tutorial.ipynb | GoogleCloudPlatform/healthcare | apache-2.0 |
Another way to list all BigQuery tables in a Google Cloud Project is to go to the BigQuery site directly, e.g. https://bigquery.cloud.google.com/welcome/datathon-datasets. On the left panel, you will see the mimic_demo dataset, under which you will see the table names as above once you click and expand on the link.
To ... | #@title Setting default project ID (you may need to create your own) {display-mode:"both"}
project_id='datathon-client-00' # @param
os.environ["GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT"]=project_id | datathon/anzics18/tutorial.ipynb | GoogleCloudPlatform/healthcare | apache-2.0 |
Let's now run some queries adapted from the MIMIC cohort selection tutorial.
First, let's preview the subject_id, hadm_id, and icustay_id columns of the icustays table. | def run_query(query):
return pd.io.gbq.read_gbq(query, project_id=project_id, verbose=False, configuration={'query':{'useLegacySql': False}})
run_query('''
SELECT
subject_id,
hadm_id,
icustay_id
FROM
`datathon-datasets.mimic_demo.icustays`
LIMIT 10
''') | datathon/anzics18/tutorial.ipynb | GoogleCloudPlatform/healthcare | apache-2.0 |
The LIMIT 10 clause in the query is handy for limiting the size of the output frame during query writing for easier viewing, and we can drop this clause once the query is finalized to run over the whole dataset. One thing to note is that even with the LIMIT clause, running a query may still incur a cost, up to the full... | df = run_query('''
SELECT
subject_id,
hadm_id,
icustay_id,
intime,
outtime,
TIMESTAMP_DIFF(outtime, intime, HOUR) as icu_stay_hours
FROM `datathon-datasets.mimic_demo.icustays`
LIMIT 10
''')
df.head() | datathon/anzics18/tutorial.ipynb | GoogleCloudPlatform/healthcare | apache-2.0 |
Here is the BigQuery query to list some patients whose ICU stay is at least 2 days. Note that you can use AS in the SELECT clause to rename a field in the output, and you can omit the table prefix if there is no ambiguity. | run_query('''
WITH co AS (
SELECT
subject_id,
hadm_id,
icustay_id,
TIMESTAMP_DIFF(outtime, intime, DAY) AS icu_length_of_stay
FROM `datathon-datasets.mimic_demo.icustays`
LIMIT 10)
SELECT
subject_id,
co.hadm_id AS hadm_ID,
co.icustay_id,
co.icu_length_of_stay
FROM co
WHERE icu_length_of_st... | datathon/anzics18/tutorial.ipynb | GoogleCloudPlatform/healthcare | apache-2.0 |
Now, instead of filtering out ICU stays of length 1 day or less, let's label all the ICU stays with an integer, either 1 for stays of length 2 days or more, or 0 for stays shorter than 2 days. The resulting table is called a "cohort table" in the original MIMIC-III tutorial. | run_query('''
WITH co AS (
SELECT
subject_id,
hadm_id,
icustay_id,
TIMESTAMP_DIFF(outtime, intime, DAY) AS icu_length_of_stay
FROM `datathon-datasets.mimic_demo.icustays`
LIMIT 10)
SELECT
subject_id,
hadm_id,
icustay_id,
icu_length_of_stay,
IF(icu_length_of_stay < 2, 1, 0) AS exclusion_l... | datathon/anzics18/tutorial.ipynb | GoogleCloudPlatform/healthcare | apache-2.0 |
Let's now try a query that requires table joining: include the patient's age at the time of ICU admittance. This is computed by the date difference in years between the ICU intime and the patient's date of birth. The former is available in the icustays table, and the latter resides in the dob column of the patients tab... | run_query('''
WITH co AS (
SELECT
icu.subject_id,
icu.hadm_id,
icu.icustay_id,
pat.dob,
TIMESTAMP_DIFF(icu.outtime, icu.intime, DAY) AS icu_length_of_stay,
DATE_DIFF(DATE(icu.intime), DATE(pat.dob), YEAR) AS age
FROM `datathon-datasets.mimic_demo.icustays` AS icu
INNER JOIN `datathon-datas... | datathon/anzics18/tutorial.ipynb | GoogleCloudPlatform/healthcare | apache-2.0 |
It is somewhat surprising to see a patient whose age is 300! This raises the question whether the age distribution of all patients is sane. We can verify this by querying the quantiles of patients' ages. Notice that we have removed the LIMIT 10 clause in the inner query, but the result is only one row, containing an ar... | run_query('''
WITH co AS (
SELECT
DATE_DIFF(DATE(icu.intime), DATE(pat.dob), YEAR) AS age
FROM `datathon-datasets.mimic_demo.icustays` AS icu
INNER JOIN `datathon-datasets.mimic_demo.patients` AS pat
ON icu.subject_id = pat.subject_id)
SELECT
APPROX_QUANTILES(age, 10) AS age_quantiles
FROM co
''') | datathon/anzics18/tutorial.ipynb | GoogleCloudPlatform/healthcare | apache-2.0 |
The result says that the minimum age (0th percentile) is 17, the 10th percentile is 49, the 20th percentile is 62, and so on, and 300 is the maximum (100-th percentile). The distribution looks good, and 300 could be an outlier caused by inaccurate data collection. | run_query('''
SELECT
DATE_DIFF(DATE(icu.intime), DATE(pat.dob), YEAR) AS age
FROM `datathon-datasets.mimic_demo.icustays` AS icu
INNER JOIN `datathon-datasets.mimic_demo.patients` AS pat
ON icu.subject_id = pat.subject_id
ORDER BY age DESC
LIMIT 10
''')
| datathon/anzics18/tutorial.ipynb | GoogleCloudPlatform/healthcare | apache-2.0 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.