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{ "en": "One side analyzes the meanings of “fetal potential” and “potential person,” arguing that it cannot be established that embryos are “full persons in the Kantian sense” and therefore they are “entities with no moral status” .", "es": "Por un lado, se analizan los significados del “potencial fetal” y de “pers...
{ "en": "The other side insists that “moral status” is held throughout all “our existence” because “life begins at conception” and any experiments with embryos “permanently damage human dignity.”", "es": "Por otro lado, se insiste en que el “estatuto moral” se adquiere a través de toda “nuestra existencia” porque “...
{ "en": "In this line of thinking, in the debates about assisted reproduction there are many reflections on the status of “cryopreserved embryos,” which have not been implanted in a uterus and are kept frozen for later implantation or not.", "es": "En esta línea, en los debates sobre la reproducción asistida existe...
{ "en": "Some insist on reflecting on the “moral obligations” towards “emerging life,” on how to determine what or who “has life or is alive” Langstrup, Sommerlund, 2008; , and on the moral unease that embryonic stem cell research generates in society and public opinion Majumder, Cohen, 2009.", "es": "Y, se insiste...
{ "en": "Lastly, some studies discuss the difficulty of drafting public policy on this issue, the rise of a market for human eggs and tissue that needs regulating , and the difficulty of protecting the privacy of data and patenting the results of this research .", "es": "Por último, algunos trabajos relatan la difi...
{ "en": "Another relevant topic which has generated a significant number of articles involves what is known as “prenatal genetic testing” or “genetic screening.”", "es": "Otro de los tópicos de relevancia sobre los que se encuentran una cantidad significativa de artículos se relaciona a los denominados “estudios ge...
{ "en": "In this type of research, developments which make it possible to detect malformations or genetic diseases in embryos have led to reflections about whether it is morally legitimate to select the sex of the child one wishes to conceive , whether couples have a right to sex selection and the implications in ter...
{ "en": "Thus, some writers raise the question of whether it is legitimate to perform prenatal genetic sequencing even though the techniques are available Donley, Chandros Hull, Berkman, 2012, since it goes hand in hand not only with sex selection in embryos but also with reduction of disabilities or diseases, which ...
{ "en": "Some authors maintain that geographic studies have racial and eugenics connotations while others hold that children have “the right to be born free of disabilities and illnesses” , if the techniques allow this, since there is a moral obligation to create children who have the best expectation of enjoying the...
{ "en": "In this line of thinking, some authors have proposed a new principle for bioethics, that of “procreative beneficence,” but others reject it outright, deeming it illegitimate .", "es": "En esta línea algunos autores han propuesto un nuevo principio para la bioética, el de “beneficencia procreativa” que otro...
{ "en": "One of the areas of discussion that has generated the most controversy involves intellectual property issues in pharmacological or genome research, drug testing, patents for the results of that research, the creation of biobanks and ownership of the samples held in them, biopiracy and the creation of a marke...
{ "en": "Regarding drug trials, it has been pointed out that exposing populations to untested drugs implies benefiting from the vulnerability both health-related and social of those who consent to enter a research protocol in the hope of finding a cure for their disease .", "es": "Respecto a la prueba de medicament...
{ "en": "This line of argument critiques the use of placebos, substances with no therapeutic action administered to some of the individual subjects of the study without their being aware that they are being given an inert compound, to contrast with those who are taking the drug as part of the trial, arguing that “dec...
{ "en": "219. Others claim that the figure of informed consent, widely debated in bioethics from the beginning, as a document which those who “voluntarily” enroll in research protocols agree to sign, reflects a fair transactional model among free individuals Miller, Wertheimer, 2011, p.217.", "es": "Desde otras per...
{ "en": "There are manuals on how to handle informed consent that indicate how researchers should offer information and what type of communication models should prevail in these types of “transactions;” in order not to enroll individuals under false expectations, the fundamental values should be “accountability and t...
{ "en": "Rather than questioning the enrolment of individuals to research protocols, an issue which appears to be resolved with the application of informed consent, some commentators reflect on who owns samples of human material acquired for research purposes . point to studies indicating that the diversity of intern...
{ "en": "The authors indicate that there is a gamut of opinion about who ought to be in charge of these banks and thus become the owner of repositories of information .", "es": "Los autores indican que hay diversidad de opiniones acerca de quién debe ser el dueño de estos bancos y por tanto, tener propiedad sobre l...
{ "en": "Some authors indicate that this type of data, which also includes biological material from plants and animals, should be considered the “heritage of humanity” and be administered to guarantee “the common good” and that state sovereignty over the “common inheritance” represented by knowledge about genetic dat...
{ "en": "Lastly, in relation to this topic of discussion, some bioethicists propose the concept of “genomic justice” and predict the growth of new rights movements for exercising “biocitizenship” Plows, Boddington, 2006, to confront the process of commercialization of human material and the creation of bioshares mark...
{ "en": "The developments in law and jurisprudence that accompany advances in life sciences and biomedicine also appear as one of the topics of discussion in bioethics texts , giving rise to a specific field of knowledge: biolaw .", "es": "Los desarrollos legales y del derecho que acompañan los avances de las cienc...
{ "en": "I shall not analyze the specific nature of developments in biolaw, which is intimately related to bioethics and has led to different models of legislation to deal with dilemmas in the field of biomedicine .", "es": "Aquí no analizaremos la especificidad propia de los desarrollos del bioderecho que surgiero...
{ "en": "I will point out briefly that in general it is usually argued that scientific advances are occurring at breakneck speed while the creation of new regulations moves more slowly.", "es": "Señalaremos brevemente que en general suele señalarse que los avances científicos se producen de manera vertiginosa y que...
{ "en": "There are differences between countries, even though agreements have been achieved on an international level, based on the work carried out by Unesco .", "es": "Se marcan las diferencias entre países aunque, se sostiene que a nivel internacional se han logrado consensos a partir del trabajo realizado en la...
{ "en": "Among the issues most discussed in biolaw are regulations for research, genetic exceptionality , cloning , surrogate motherhood and access to artificial reproductive techniques, euthanasia and assisted suicide , and contracts involving the human body, its parts and tissues .", "es": "Entre las cuestiones q...
{ "en": "Also, depending on the development of different regulatory frameworks, some raise the question of whether it is imperative, in moral terms, to obey the law and whether doctors and researchers have a “right to conscience” or a “right to conscientious objection” in the face of new legal frameworks that contrad...
{ "en": "Lastly, leaving aside more philosophical discussions, there is much coverage, although to a lesser extent than on the issues previously discussed, of topics related to the clinical care of patients in hospital settings, such as refusal of treatment, advanced directives, euthanasia, assisted suicide, “death w...
{ "en": "There are reflections on the differing concepts of death held by patients and the decisions made in practice by health care teams in the final stages of life .", "es": "Hay reflexiones sobre las distintas concepciones de muerte que tienen los pacientes y cuáles son las decisiones que toman en la práctica l...
{ "en": "Refusal of treatment, non-resuscitation orders, advance directives and the attitudes of the health care team also constitute an area for discussion.", "es": "El rechazo a tratamientos, el pedido de no resucitación, las directivas anticipadas y las actitudes del equipo de salud también se constituyen como u...
{ "en": "To a lesser extent, on the issue of clinical care in hospitals, there are studies exploring the problems of justice and social inequity in health care access for different populations .", "es": "En menor medida, respecto a la atención clínica en hospitales, se encuentran trabajos que reflexionan sobre los ...
{ "en": "These recurring topics of discussion in contemporary literature on bioethics reflect theoretical, methodological and analytical concepts based on western moral philosophy: Kantian deontology and Utilitarianism .", "es": "Estos temas recurrentes que emergen como áreas de discusión en la literatura bioética ...
{ "en": "This “main branch,” which includes various perspectives on the topics of discussion, takes an approach that marginalizes the interests of women and relegates them to a condition of moral inferiority since, on the one hand, the subject of bioethical analysis generally reflects masculine experience and priorit...
{ "en": "In this sense, the texts analyzed present arguments that do not include women as subjects of bioethical inquiry, even though many of the proposed decisions for solving dilemmas involve them.", "es": "En este sentido, los textos analizados muestran reflexiones que no incluyen a las mujeres como sujetos de l...
{ "en": "In the case of “the” embryo, the unquestioned protagonist of discussions about stem cell research, genetic screening and abortion, there are no references to women as producers of embryos or egg donors, nor to men’s role as sperm donors or their desire to be fathers .", "es": "En el caso de “el” embrión, p...
{ "en": "Few studies provide a gender perspective on the debates about bioethics and biotechnology laws, particularly on reproductive issues or embryonic cell research.", "es": "Son escasos los trabajos que aportan una perspectiva de género en los debates sobre bioética y leyes de biotecnología, en especial en tema...
{ "en": "In these debates, dominant perceptions about gender and the body affect how the role of spermatozoids and eggs in these processes is understood and the same perceptions about gender and the body are established and updated and relayed to society as a whole as the dominant representations .", "es": "En esto...
{ "en": "Since the 1980s and earlier, various women authors belonging to a school of thought called “feminist bioethics,” which itself contains several divergent varieties Luna, Salles, 2008; , have been contributing to the debates from a perspective that focuses on the place of “real life” women in issues relating t...
{ "en": "Within this approach, there are studies highlighting the role of the state in the emergence of “fetal rights” policies which note that courts, at least in the United States, began issuing rulings recognizing fetal rights at the expense of pregnant women around 1950 ; .", "es": "En esta línea hay trabajos q...
{ "en": "This politicization of “fetal rights” has shifted public authorities’ focus of intervention onto pregnancy itself, in particular onto regulating the relationship between the pregnant woman and the fetus through the mediation of biomedicine .", "es": "Esta politización de los “derechos fetales” ha cambiado ...
{ "en": "Likewise, since the late 1990s, embryonic stem cell research and reproductive cloning have led to debates about the moral and legal status of embryos when separate from pregnant women and/or men and women who provide genetic material to be developed in laboratories. , like , argues that debates on stem cells...
{ "en": "The author shows that ideas, images, and symbols relating to these miniscule scraps of human tissue can be positioned as separate from the social elements that led to their production thanks to the work of embryologists, who embarked on a process of collecting and archiving embryo specimens so as to analyze ...
{ "en": "According to , it was the alliance of Catholicism and nineteenth-century embryology under Pope Pius IX, who declared abortion a crime in 1869, that laid the foundation for the concepts about the beginning of life currently seen in the teachings and doctrine of the Catholic church.", "es": "Según fue la ali...
{ "en": "Lastly, a theme that is neglected in reflections about bioethical issues is the relationship between bioethics and religion or theology.", "es": "Para finalizar, un tema que aparece poco en las reflexiones sobre temas de bioética es la relación que tiene esta disciplina con lo religioso o teológico." }
{ "en": "Although some authors argue that “secular and religious” disputes can be detected in the bioethical debates found in specialist journals, and that it is important to spell out the place occupied by different religious ethics, since patients’ beliefs can affect whether they decide to refuse treatment or draw ...
{ "en": "These debates are related to the fact that bioethics should contribute to the pluralism of values in contemporary societies and that in clinical care settings, allowance must be made for the community’s religious beliefs .", "es": "Estos debates se relacionan con el hecho de que la bioética debe ser un apo...
{ "en": "On the other hand, texts often survey the different viewpoints of various religions on a specific topic, such as the beginning of life, showing the diverse concepts on this issue even within Catholicism , or on genetic engineering or the patenting of biological material.", "es": "Por otra parte, suele habe...
{ "en": "Final considerations", "es": "Consideraciones finales" }
{ "en": "So far I have focused on representations of the emergence and consolidation of bioethics as a discipline which is taught in universities and specialized centers, and which boasts numerous publications with systems of peer review and international indexing.", "es": "Hasta aquí hemos trabajado alrededor del ...
{ "en": "My approach does not involve a substantive definition of bioethics, but rather reconstructs the various origin narratives which imply differing concepts of it.", "es": "Hemos planteado un abordaje que no propone una definición sustantiva acerca de lo que la bioética es, sino que hemos reconstruido las dive...
{ "en": "I have focused on the different stories within bioethics in the United States, since that is the main historical referent for the origin of the discipline in Ibero-American contexts -2006; ; .", "es": "Nos hemos focalizado en los diferentes relatos dentro de la bioética norteamericana, porque esta se const...
{ "en": "The reconstruction of these stories, along with analysis of reference publications on the subject, helps illustrate what bioethicists themselves understand about their practices and field of knowledge.", "es": "La reconstrucción de estos relatos junto con el análisis de las publicaciones de referencia en l...
{ "en": "Likewise, I have analyzed how bioethics appeared as a discipline devoid of the religious content present at its inception as a field of inquiry and, with the exception of studies by feminist authors, with no gender perspective.", "es": "Asimismo, hemos analizado cómo la bioética aparece como una disciplina...
{ "en": "All these viewpoints have influenced the development of bioethics as a discipline in Ibero-American contexts, particularly in Latin America, where various authors are currently attempting to provide an epistemological framework appropriate for bioethics in the region -2006; ; .", "es": "Todas estas concept...
{ "en": "The characteristic that bioethics adopted as a discipline and which describes as “neotraditionalist metaphysics” is evident both in the origin narratives and in the issues discussed, as we have seen throughout this article, and also in the practice of bioethics in the use of expertise in parliamentary commis...
{ "en": "These actors use a disciplinary language that appears neutral, based both on developments in biomedicine and in human and social sciences.", "es": "Estos actores utilizan un lenguaje de la disciplina que en apariencia se muestra neutro y está basado tanto en los desarrollos de la biomedicina como en las ci...
{ "en": "It is a discourse that, like religious thinking, demonstrates the abuses of science, the commercialization of the human and the social disintegration produced by modernity .", "es": "Es un discurso que, como las corrientes religiosas, demuestra los abusos de la ciencia, la mercantilización de lo humano y l...
{ "en": "According to , the ideological apparatus used by bioethics in general to limit individual liberties is the notion of “human dignity,” which operates as an imperative principle “imposed on all human beings and to which we must submit.”", "es": "Según el aparato ideológico que utiliza la bioética, en general...
{ "en": "The author argues that this imperative principle underlies and unifies thinking on “the right and the left.”", "es": "El autor sostiene que este principio imperativo atraviesa y unifica pensamientos de “derecha e izquierda”." }
{ "en": "This configuration of the discipline as a kind of “dogmatism” aims, furthermore, to remove a series of issues from political discussion by referring them to the experts to evaluate, issues such as single parenthood, surrogate motherhood, post-mortem insemination and the right to “death with dignity” .", "e...
{ "en": "A common characteristic of the “metaphysical” branches of bioethics is that they consider “freedom to dispose of one’s own self” as necessarily a form of commercialization of the body, a form of slavery .", "es": "Una característica común de las corrientes de bioética “metafísicas” es considerar a la “libr...
{ "en": "This is seen, for example, in the case of surrogate pregnancies, which are always presented as a form of alienation and reification of women’s bodies, and also in therapeutic rationales for limiting access to reproductive technologies ; . argues that this perspective comes from the same place as religious tr...
{ "en": "In this regard, some authors argue that bioethics is a place where the forces of contemporary biopower can be seen ; ; .", "es": "En este sentido, algunos autores sostienen que la bioética es el lugar por donde pasa el ejercicio del biopoder contemporáneo Fassin, Memmi, 2004; ; ." }
{ "en": "The relationship between bioethics, biopower and biopolitics has not been analyzed in this article and remains to be studied in the future.", "es": "La relación entre la bioética, el biopoder y la biopolítica no han sido analizadas en este trabajo y quedarán pendientes para futuras reflexiones." }
{ "en": "My goal was to survey different origin narratives and the multiplicity of topics covered by bioethics in the context seen as foundational the United States, pointing out that even in America there are different views of bioethics’ object and purpose.", "es": "Nos hemos propuesto recopilar las diversas narr...
{ "en": "I believe that this overview provides a contribution to the field of Ibero-American bioethics, which tends to refer to the context of the United States as a homogenous foundational site, and can also help consolidate a field of sociological studies of bioethics.", "es": "Consideramos que esto puede resulta...
{ "en": "As says, we need to advance from sociology within bioethics towards a sociology of bioethics.", "es": "En palabras de avanzar de la sociología en la bioética hacia la sociología de la bioética." }
{ "en": "Many patients with functional digestive disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome IBS complain of bloating, abdominal distention and similar symptoms.", "es": "Muchos pacientes con trastornos funcionales digestivos como el síndrome de intestino irritable SII se quejan de síntomas como el Bloating y la dis...
{ "en": "Until recently these symptoms have been poorly understood, however new research allows us to clarify some aspects of their pathophysiology.", "es": "Si bien han sido síntomas pobremente entendidos, recientes investigaciones nos permiten aclarar algunos conceptos sobre su fisiopatología." }
{ "en": "This review discusses some aspects of these symptoms which are related to intestinal gas and its transit, visceral hypersensitivity, viscerosomatic response and to the intestinal microbiota.", "es": "En esta revisión en particular se tratarán aspectos relacionados con el gas intestinal, su tránsito, la hip...
{ "en": "Among the various types of functional digestive disorders common discomforts such as bloating and abdominal distention which are apparently safe can produce significant alterations to a patient’s quality of life especially when they are within the framework of conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome 1.",...
{ "en": "The Spanish lexicon includes distensión abdominal abdominal distention, but borrows bloating from English without clearly differentiating the meanings of these terms as in English where bloating means the subjective sensation of abdominal distention and \"abdominal distention\" means the visible symptom or o...
{ "en": "The latest edition of the Rome III Diagnostic Criteria for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders FGDs from the Rome Foundation 2, 3 includes \"Functional Bloating\" in C2 of the section on Functional Intestinal Disorders. It defines \"Functional Bloating\" as a condition not associated with other intestinal ...
{ "en": "Now, to perform the official Spanish translation supported by the Translations Committee of the Rome Foundation, the Mexican Gastroenterology magazine translates the term \"C2: Functional Bloating\" as \"C2 Inflamación / Distensión Funcional.\" To the diagnostic criteria they add another word \"Hinchazón\" a...
{ "en": "The result is, at the least, a little confusing because the words inflamación and hinchazón mean \"inflammation and swelling\" which are organic rather than functional.", "es": "Lo cual resulta al menos un poco confuso pues las palabras \"hinchazón\" e \"inflamación\" tienen una acepción de carácter más or...
{ "en": "Abdominal inductance plethysmography and abdominal computed axial tomography have demonstrated convincingly that abdominal distention does occur in IBS patients reaching 4.72 additional inches of abdominal circumference in some patients 5.", "es": "Mediante el uso de pletismografia de inductancia abdominal...
{ "en": "Even though the bloating sensation and visible abdominal distention may occur together, they do not always occur together, for while many IBS patients complain of bloating only about half objectively demonstrate abdominal distention 5, 6.", "es": "Aunque la sensación de Bloating y la distensión abdominal v...
{ "en": "Given these difficulties, the purpose of this review is to check different perspectives addressing the problem from the pathophysiological point of view. Table 1 presents these perspectives without attempting to resolve differences in linguistic terms or in clinical characteristics.", "es": "Ante estas dif...
{ "en": "Functional Bloating is a frequently occurring functional intestinal disorder. It is typically exacerbated by meals, fluctuates in intensity, worsens at the end of the day and may increase in the middle of the night.", "es": "El Bloating / distensión abdominal B/DA, ocurre frecuentemente dentro de los desór...
{ "en": "Population research estimates prevalence from 16% to 30 % 7, but over 90% of IBS patients suffer from abdominal distention, and twice as many women as men suffer from this condition 8.", "es": "Estudios de población estiman una prevalencia del 16 al 30% 7 y en pacientes con síndrome de intestino irritable ...
{ "en": "While it may be present in both IBS subtypes, its prevalence varies from 40% in diarrhea-predominant IBS to 75% in constipation-predominant IBS 9.", "es": "Si bien puede estar presente en ambos subtipos de SII su prevalencia varía en un 75% en SII con predominio de estreñimiento y en 40% en SII con predomi...
{ "en": "While healthy women report changes in their bowel habits during menstruation, 40% to 75% of IBS patients report that abdominal distention is exacerbated prior to menstruation suggesting the possibility of hormonal influence in the symptom’s variability 8.", "es": "Si bien la mujeres sanas informan cambios ...
{ "en": "It is clear that abdominal distention´s symptoms are FGDs with mechanisms similar in pathophysiology including key components in its genesis such as psychosocial factors.", "es": "Es claro que los síntomas de B/DA hacen parte de los trastornos funcionales digestivos y comparte con ellos los mecanismos simi...
{ "en": "In recent years advances in comprehension of FGDs’ pathophysiology have included interesting developments ranging from very significant in childhood psychosocial factors such as trauma and abuse to alterations in neural functioning in the anterior cingulate cortex 10, 11.", "es": "En los últimos años, los ...
{ "en": "Nevertheless, the relation of psychosocial factors to bloating and abdominal distension remains controversial because many patients relate symptoms with stress 8 while symptomatic patients have no clinical anxiety or depression 12.", "es": "Pese a lo anterior, el sustentar los factores psicosociales y su r...
{ "en": "What is most likely involved in these symptoms is dysregulation of management of, and response to, afferent information between the central nervous system and the enteric nervous system secondary to psychosocial factors 11.", "es": "Sin embargo, lo que sí es probable es que el manejo de la información afer...
{ "en": "Many patients with IBS who complain of functional bloating are convinced that this is due to increased abdominal gas content. This could easily occur through fermentation of undigested carbohydrates by colonic bacteria or result from increased swallowing of air 13.", "es": "Muchos pacientes con SII que se ...
{ "en": "Nevertheless, gas washing techniques and CAT scans combined with modern imaging analysis software have shown that this is not the main problem in most patients, but rather defects in distribution and transit of gas are more often the source of problems 14.", "es": "A pesar de esto, técnicas de lavado de ga...
{ "en": "In a study of gas infusion into the jejunum in healthy volunteers and IBS patients, 18 of 20 IBS patients retained gas and developed distention or abdominal symptoms, but these symptoms did not occur in 16 out of 20 volunteers 15. These changes can be increased by adding an enteral lipid infusion which might...
{ "en": "Additional experience evaluating oral-cecal and colonic transit with the use of abdominal inductance plethysmography could establish whether oral-cecal and colonic transit is directly related to abdominal distention among IBS patients, and whether they are inversely rated with stool consistency 17.", "es":...
{ "en": "Similar findings from research using scintigraphic techniques with radioactive xenon were recently published. Patients with constipation predominant IBS showed impaired clearance of a load of gas in the right colon and had increased sensations of bloating plus increased abdominal distension as measured by ab...
{ "en": "It is well established that a great proportion of IBS patients have visceral hypersensitivity which might contribute to bloating 7, especially since normal stimulus or small variations of the gas content inside the bowel can be perceived as bloating by patients with these functional disorders 19, 20.", "es...
{ "en": "Visceral hypersensitivity can be measured by neuroendocrine factors, increased intestinal permeability, alteration in gastrointestinal afferent impulses and by their processing in the central nervous system 19.", "es": "La hipersensibilidad visceral puede ser mediada por factores neuroendocrinos, la permea...
{ "en": "It has also been found that autonomous nervous system modulates visceral hypersensitivity and it is known that increased sympathetic tone increases the levels of perception of intestinal stimuli 21. Since some IBS patients have increased sympathetic activity, this mechanism could play a key role in bloating ...
{ "en": "It is also recognized that IBS patients have increased mental attention to intestinal stimuli hence those presenting bloating pay more attention to their abdomen which is a kind of hyper-vigilance of their abdomen and all that comes from the bowels 22, 23.", "es": "En cuanto a los niveles corticales, tambi...
{ "en": "Clinical experience shows that there is a relation between bloating without objective distention and the presence of visceral hypersensitivity. On the other hand when the abdominal circumference is enlarged during the course of the day it is more often associated with hyposensitivity and constipation-predomi...
{ "en": "This is one of the most recent pathophysiological developments of interest uncovered by groups investigating bloating.", "es": "Este es uno de los aspectos fisiopatológicos de más reciente desarrollo e interés de los grupos que investigan el B/DA." }
{ "en": "Mechanical mechanisms which have been proposed include diaphragmatic depression, hyperlordosis, weakness of the abdominal musculature and protrusion of the abdomen. Voluntary control of the abdominal musculature has also been suggested but its verification has been contested 26.", "es": "Se han propuesto m...
{ "en": "It can be assumed that there is some type of innate reflex of the muscles of the anterior wall that allow adjustment of the bowel to ingestion of meals, to the pregnant uterus, or to change in posture as in standing or sitting.", "es": "Podría asumirse que hay algún tipo de reflejo innato de la musculatura...
{ "en": "It is possible that this reflex is altered or exaggerated in patients with bloating 7, 29.", "es": "Es posible que dicho reflejo esté alterado o exagerado en pacientes que sufren B/DA 7, 29." }
{ "en": "The Barcelona Group used electromyography and sophisticated analysis of CAT scans in a study of volunteers and patients with IBS and/or bloating to show that abdominal adjustment to the load of volume is an active process that involves responses of the abdominal and diaphragm muscles 27.", "es": "El uso de...
{ "en": "Patients with IBS and/or bloating have altered visceral-somatic reflexes with abdominal wall dystonia and failure of tonic contractions of the muscles combined with a paradoxical relaxation of the internal oblique muscles in response to a load of gas 28.", "es": "Y los pacientes con SII y \"Bloating\" tien...