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Allianz to Become Worldwide Olympic Insurance Partner
Nkechi Naeche September 20, 2018
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) and Allianz has announced that the insurer will join the "Worldwide Olympic Partner" (TOP) Programme in 2021.
Through this sponsorship agreement, Allianz will work with the IOC to provide innovative and integrated insurance solutions to support the Olympic Movement, including the Organising Committees of the Olympic Games, with the ambition of providing those insurance solutions to the National Olympic Committees around the world and their Olympic teams and athletes.
The support will include existing products, such as fleet and property & casualty insurance, but also insurance solutions for future products and services, driven by technological changes. The partnership will run from 2021 through to 2028.
The ambition of both partners is to use the power of sport to connect with new audiences via digital channels, including the Olympic Channel. Engaging with the next generation in their preferred way gives Allianz the opportunity to cover their insurance needs. Having supported the International Paralympic Committee since 2006, most recently as an international partner, Allianz will also become a "Worldwide Paralympic Partner" from 2021 as part of this agreement.
IOC President Thomas Bach said: "This new partnership demonstrates the global appeal and strength of the Olympic Movement, and we are delighted to be working together in the long term with Allianz to support sport around the world. Allianz has built a global business founded on trust. With this partnership, together we are building a foundation based on mutual trust.
Allianz also has a strong sporting heritage and, in line with the Olympic Agenda 2020, we share a digital ambition of connecting with young people around the world to promote the Olympic values and the power of sport." Allianz CEO Oliver Bäte said:
"I am thrilled that we are joining a global community of athletes and people enthusiastic about sport and team work – in addition to our existing strong partnership with the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). Through the IOC's digital and social channels, we can connect with more people than ever before and offer them our expertise in insurance. We believe the world is a better place when people have the courage to leave differences behind and stand together to achieve better outcomes for themselves and for the societies they live in."
Tsunekazu Takeda, the IOC's Marketing Commission Chair, said: "We are delighted to announce this new partnership with one of the world's leading companies in its field, and we look forward to beginning a new, exciting journey together."
Jean-Marc Pailhol, Head of Group Market Management and Distribution at Allianz SE, added: "As a world-leading insurer, Allianz is directly embedded in all the great events which make and transform our global society. That is why becoming the Worldwide TOP Partner in the insurance category of the IOC and the IPC is important for us. We will work together to take both teams to the next level – digitally, commercially and globally. We're excited about the opportunity to move Allianz into new markets, as well as strengthening our position in existing territories. Together with the IOC and the IPC, this is a perfect way to share our passion for sport and the social, physical and mental benefits it brings to humanity."
The sponsorship period will cover the Olympic Winter Games Beijing 2022, the Olympic Games Paris 2024, the Olympic Winter Games 2026 and the Olympic Games LA 2028. In China, France and Spain, Allianz will already have marketing rights from 2019 onwards.
In March 2018, the IOC and IPC established a long-term partnership between the two organisations through to 2032. As part of this agreement, from 2021 onwards all Worldwide TOP Partners will also be Partners of the IPC and the Paralympic Games.
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Nkechi Naeche
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Explore a world of creativity at this year's Annapolis Film Festival, coming up March 26-29. The fest features 70+ films and celeb guests.
Throughout the four-day festival, you'll interact with industry guests, filmmakers and actors, and will have the chance to check out panel discussions, parties and movie premieres.
Highlights of this year's festival include appearance by Rory Cul<|fim_middle|> on all 70+ films here.
Annapolis is located about an hour from downtown D.C. | kin, star of "Gabriel," a movie about a troubled man now aware of his mental illness. The premiere will then be followed by a Q&A sessions with Culkin and writer/director Lou Howe.
The opening night film is "The Rewrite," starring Hugh Grant as an actor turned screenwriting professor.
Special events during the festival include a comedy workshop, an opening night after-party and a party Saturday night that is sure to be a place for good networking.
Find out more | 96 |
In its day the 1931 Bentley Blower 4.5L LeMans was a head-turner. A beautiful, rare state-of-the-art automotive design that exemplified grace, craftsmanship and precision.
Nine decades later, it is still a head-turner. Only this time the Bentley Blower is reborn as a 1:5 scale model created by modern<|fim_middle|> 2012 issue.
Casting for critical components of this miniature masterpiece was undertaken by Horbach GmbH based from models created on Solidscape rapid prototyping machines. Precision was of paramount importance for the model's many moving parts such as workable brakes, clutch, choke, and adjustable ignition.
Horbach GmbH offers one of Europe's premier casting services and is based in Idar-Oberstein, Germany.
Misko Models creates precision car models for discerning collectors with a passion for perfection. | Misko Models craftsmen utilizing state-of-the-art CAD design and the precision of a Solidscape 3D printer from one of the leaders of 3D printer companies in the industry.
Read TCT Magazine's coverage of this story from their April | 51 |
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Explore the remote dunes of the barren Wahiba Sands, the soaring Hajar Mountains and the sweeping Omani coastline, all by private mobile tented safari. Discover the old dhow making village of Sur or the vibrant Nizwa cattle market with our expert guides and drivers who can show off their off-road driving skills whilst passing through wadis and along sand ridges.
Combines With
Oman's rolling sand dunes, rugged mountain ranges and extensive coastlines are interspersed with forts, villages and wadis. Luxury hotels and camps have now sprung up around the country making this beautiful scenery more accessible to the discerning traveller.
Muscat is an intriguing Capital, with bustling souks, interesting architecture and a natural harbour. From here you can easily take day trips to reveal the extraordinary interior or simply relax on the nearby<|fim_middle|> stories behind the Grand Mosque, Royal Opera House, Natural History Museum, morning fish market and teach you to haggle your way through the Muttrah souk. From Muscat we have some experienced driver-guides to accompany you on a day trip to Nizwa, the Al Hoota Cave, the Hajar Mountains or the Wahiba Sands.
Both Sri Lankan Airlines and Oman Air fly directly between Colombo and Muscat giving the perfect contrast between the copper colours of the desert and the lush green vibrancy of the tea plantations.
Nepal and Oman offer equally dramatic landscapes and are a great combination for those with a love of the outdoors. Nepal also offers some incredible safari experiences in Chitwan and Karnali National Parks.
Muscat operates over 10 flight routes into some of India's main cities allowing you to inject some ancient Hindu culture in to your holiday with incredible temples, opulent palaces and delicious cuisine.
This small diverse country is easily accessible from north, south, east and west. It is the perfect destination for private parties in the desert, the mountains or along the coast. Glamping is all the rage and allows us to access remote locations in comfort for up to 100 overnight guests with live entertainment, cocktail receptions on top of the highest dunes and champagne breakfasts in the low lying wadis.
We have relationships with the best guides in the country, safe drivers and luxury 4×4's to ensure any experience in Oman with Wix Squared is unforgettable.
Find out more about Events by Wix Squared
Best visited October-April, though it can get a little cooler in December-January.
June-August can be unbearably hot in the north but lush and foggy in the south.
You might experience some rain at the start of the month when the weather is unpredictable and the hotels still charge peak rates after New Year's Eve, but it will certainly be a lot warmer than Europe.
February has more guaranteed sunshine than January. Feel free to partake in the Muscat Festival celebrations which last all month. Alternatively head to the Wahiba Sands Desert where we can set up a private campsite for you.
March is a popular month to be in Oman with beautiful sunny days when the roses in the Jebel Akhdar Mountains come into bloom creating the perfect backdrop for your private tented camp that we can set-up with dramatic views.
With temperatures climbing you might want to avoid the desert towards the end of the month, but the roses are still in full bloom in the mountains and the Nizwa Friday cattle market makes an interesting stop-off point between Muscat and Jebel Shams.
For guaranteed sunshine, May is a great month to travel to Oman. Consider chartering a boat for a couple of nights to explore the Daymaniyat islands and enjoy the sea breeze as you go in search for loggerhead turtles.
The weather conditions in Oman tend to be hot and humid in June. This is the start of the monsoon in the south when the locals escape the heat by flocking to Salalah for the summer.
Although turtle hatching can be witnessed year round, this is the prime time (July-October) when thousands can be seen at Ras al Jinz. Excursions are best in the cooler hours of the mornings and evenings and en route you could stop at the dhow making village of Sur.
Another scorching month with high humidity, hence we recommend relaxing beachside or sheltering from the sunshine in the covered souks of Muscat.
September is still nice and toasty and more pleasant than July/August. It is the end of the breeding season for turtles at Ras al Jinz and Salalah experiences slightly more manageable temperatures. This is a great time of year for birdwatching with our resident ornithologist.
October is a peak month for tourists to visit Oman with a warm climate making it easy to explore the mountains, the desert and the coast in all their glory with one of our knowledgeable accompanying guides.
November is an excellent time of year for Oman. For the more adventurous we can arrange paragliding, microlighting, paramotoring, deep sea fishing and cliff jumping. Alternatively relax in a luxurious spa, set sail aboard an extravagant yacht or go shopping in the souks.
Due to it being the festive period, hotel rates are at an all-time high, though for more guaranteed weather, we suggest flying further east.
Alex Wix 2020-09-02T09:37:44+00:00
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Fly south to Salalah and the Empty Quarter or charter a boat through the Daymaniyat Islands and up to the Musandam Peninsula for even more striking panoramas.
Wix Squared has some exceptional guides to get you under the skin of the country including:
An ornithologist for birdwatching around Muscat
Skilled dune and wadi-bashing drivers
Bedouin trekking guides
Personal masseuses
Skippers to navigate the Daymaniyat Islands
Qualified instructors in microlighting, paragliding and via ferrata
An astrologer, to stargaze with, in the Hajar Mountains
Itinerary Starting Price
From £1,500 per person, for 7 days including accommodation, private guiding, entrance fees and private transfers (not including flights).
Most of the houses in Oman are painted white because special permission must be given to use other colours.
The Muscat Festival (January/February) lasts for 3 weeks. It focuses on arts and culture in the capital. Salalah holds a similar festival during the summer.
Dates from Al Khalas are believed to be of the highest quality. They are often washed down with a glass of strong Arabic, Kahwa coffee.
'The Feathermen' by Sir Ranulph Fiennes. A secret organisation traces the assassins of 4 British soldiers killed over a 17 year period.
Frankincense is produced from the resin of the Boswellia tree found in abundance in the Dhofar region. It is commonly used in incense.
Hajar Mountains
The Alila Jabal Akhdar hotel is built from local stone and offers mesmerising mountain views with the highest level of luxury. The Anantara Al Jabal Al Akhdar Resort is a slightly cheaper option with equally dramatic scenery, lots of children's activities and a more modern style. We can also arrange private camps in remote locations for just 2 guests or up to 100 guests.
Desert Dunes
There are numerous desert camps to choose from in the Wahiba sands, where we tend to recommend Desert Nights Camp or 1000 Nights Camp. For a more exclusive experience, we can arrange a private glamping setup either in the Wahiba Sands or further south in the Rub' al Khali desert (the world's largest contiguous sand desert).
The best hotels in Muscat, are located on the seafront. The Al Bustan has wonderful facilities and a Six Senses spa, whilst the Shangri-La is in effect 3 hotels in 1, with a great beach and plenty of dining options. A little closer to the airport is the low-rise and more stylish Chedi Muscat, run by GHM, with Arabian touches and stunning grounds.
Remote Beaches
Fly from Muscat to Salalah to stay at the Al Baleed Resort by Anantara, the only luxury hotel along Dhofar's south coast. We can also set-up private campsites near Mirbat or close to Muscat and access secluded beaches by boat in the Daymaniyat Islands. For the ultimate barefoot luxury retreat, you can't beat Six Senses Zighy Bay in the Musandam Peninsula.
See Oman from a bird's eye view by paraglide, microlight or via ferrata. Wadi bash and trek your way to a private camp in the middle of nowhere or let us charter you a boat in the Gulf of Oman, to reach uninhabited desert islands. We can also arrange incredible diving, snorkelling, jet skiing, water skiing, deep sea fishing and paddle boarding in crystal clear waters. For a more tranquil experience, discover mindfulness with sunrise yoga and meditation, play a round of golf or watch your favourite film in an outdoor cinema under the stars in the Hajar Mountains.
The endless undulating dunes in the Wahiba Sands desert, close to Muscat, are a wonderful playground for quad biking, sand boarding and dune bashing. More authentic experiences can incorporate a camel ride to an exclusive camp from where you can visit local Bedouin villages and learn desert survival skills. We also operate a private mobile tented camp in the Empty Quarter where you can sleep in comfort under a canopy of stars with no light pollution for miles. The desert is best avoided in the summer months from June-September.
Sinbad the Sailor
Oman overlooks the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea, stretching 3,000km from the Strait of Hormuz to the edge of Yemen. Trace the adventures of Sinbad the Sailor along rugged parts of this coastline or where sand dunes flow into beaches. Charter a yacht or dhow through the Daymaniyat islands with incredible diving opportunities and private campsite set-ups. Alternatively visit the dhow building yard in Sur or follow the Frankincense trail in Salalah with a local guide.
Omani Wildlife
You might be fortunate enough to stumble across an Arabian Oryx, an Arabian gazelle, desert foxes or wild cats in the desert. For a more guaranteed wildlife experience, head to Raas al Haad between July-October when thousands of green turtles lay their eggs which then hatch on the beach. Further out to sea, you will find 22 species of dolphin and whale, best viewed from one of our luxury boats or with a qualified dive instructor. There is also an abundance of coastal birdlife identified by our resident ornithologist including kingfishers, flamingos, pelicans, ospreys and eagles, most easily observed from Kalouf Beach.
Craggy Mountains
The journey from Nizwa to the Hajar Mountains is an adventure in itself. We can coincide the drive with the Nizwa morning cattle market, arrange a picnic lunch and cool off in Wadi Ghul (Oman's Grand Canyon), then stop-off at the ancient mud brick village of Al Hamra before reaching your destination. We also work with local trekking and mountain bike guides to navigate barely trodden paths in these dramatic landscapes. Jebel Akhdar is best visited in April/May when the Damask roses are in full bloom and you can learn how to harvest the petals into rose water at a traditional distillery.
Magical Muscat
Muscat is made up of a string of towns scattered along the coast, forming a traditional Arabian city. The real 'wow' factor of Muscat is the Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque which houses the largest single piece of hand-woven carpet in the world as well as the largest chandelier made from 8.5 tonnes of Swarovski crystal. Let your personal guide unravel the | 1,359 |
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Photo Credit: Screen shot taken via Twitter / @GirlsWhoCode
Dr. Tarika Barrett, COO of Girls Who Code, Joins McGraw Hill's Board of Directors
Njera Perkins. Sep 15, 2020.
McGraw Hill — the well-known educational company teaching youth about science and technology — is taking steps toward a digitally-focused future.
To help make this happen, the learning science company has announced a new addition to their board of directors, Dr. Tarika Barrett — Chief Operating Officer at Girls Who Code — according to a news release.
"Tarika brings extensive leadership experience and a record of achievement in the education sector," said Larry Berg — a senior partner at Apollo Global Management and Chairman of the board of McGraw Hill — in a statement. "She will work closely with me, Simon Allen, and the company's other board members to provide counsel on numerous strategic, and operational matters that will help position McGraw Hill for continued success."
As a newly appointed<|fim_middle|> the education sector and her strong background in the use of technology in the classroom will be of great benefit to us as we continue our digital transformation," said McGraw Hill CEO, Simon Allen, in a statement. "She shares our values and sense of purpose, and I look forward to working with her as we continue to improve student outcomes through a focus on the science of learning."
As COO of Girls Who Code — the international nonprofit closing the gender gap in the tech space for aspiring young women — Barrett has advised the organization's free Summer Immersion Program and after-school Clubs Program, which have reached over 300,000 girls around the world, a press release reports.
Additionally, she's responsible for the nonprofit's International Expansion, Alumni Programming, and People & Culture teams.
Barrett also sits on the board of Eskolta — a nonprofit dedicated to helping urban public schools re-engage at-risk teenagers — alongside other teachers, professors, business executives, and directors.
board of directorsMcGraw HillTarika Barrett | board member, Barrett will support the company's mission while also providing counsel to assist in developing world-class content for its digital learning platforms, according to a press release.
"I have long admired McGraw Hill for the quality of its products and its purpose-driven culture," Dr. Barrett said in a press statement. "I am honored to join the board and look forward to working with Larry, Simon and the other directors to continue to drive innovation that will benefit students and educators."
McGraw Hill's board is eager to work with Barrett in this new capacity and looks forward to seeing how her contributions will help transform the company.
"Tarika's deep knowledge of | 131 |
Lynn's Mayoral Contenders Clash Over Housing, Growth
By Claire Wallace
Central Square in Lynn. Photo by Wikimedia Commons user Kcboling, licensed under Creative Commons BY-SA-4.0.
This fall, a mayoral race in the city of Lynn will be a referendum over the city's future, and affordable housing has emerged as a key issue in debates between the two final candidates.
Lynn is a mid-sized gateway city with excellent transit connections to Boston (and more bus and rail improvements for the city are in the works).
But like other former mill cities across Massachusetts, Lynn also struggles with aging public infrastructure, a difficult city budget, and increasing development pressure from Boston.
Jared Nicholson
Mayor Tom McGee, who has been a persistent advocate for electrifying and lowering fares on Lynn's commuter rail line, has decided not to seek re-election after just one term in office. Three-term School Committee member Jared Nicholson and City Council President Darren Cyr, who won Lynn's September preliminary election with 3,220 and 2,593 votes respectively, are now competing to take his place.
As a School Committee member, Nicholson is particularly passionate about improving Lynn's growing public school system and plans to make it his top priority if elected mayor.
"We need new schools," Nicholson said. "About half of our schools are 100 or more years old, and we have experienced a lot of growth in our student population. Schools are in unacceptable condition, but we also need more space and more classrooms."
Darren Cyr
In addition to school improvements, Nicholson says that his other top priorities include the rising cost of housing in Lynn and improving city infrastructure.
Housing costs in Lynn have risen 6.7 percent in the last year alone, making it harder for individuals and families to move into the community.
"It's harder than ever to buy a new home, and there's a lot we can do as a community to lower the cost of housing and build development that is smart and inclusive," said Nicholson.
State Agencies Seek to Transform the Lynnway With New Bike Path and Bus Rapid Transit
While<|fim_middle|> Newburyport/Rockport commuter rail line, which makes stops in Lynn, calling the move "imperative for both the community and the region."
He does not yet have concrete plans to help Lynn meet Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker's 2050 Net Zero emissions goals, but if elected he plans to take the city through a "comprehensive future planning process" that will "absolutely be keeping those goals in mind as we set a plan for the city around development and opportunities for redevelopment."
"I think we're lucky to be in a community that has some great momentum on transportation issues and some great advocates that care deeply about making good jobs and more opportunities accessible to so many people," said Nicholson. "We have some great momentum that I am excited to build on."
Claire Wallace is a graduate student studying in the School of Journalism at Northeastern University. She enjoys writing freelance pieces regarding politics, lifestyle, travel, and the environment.
Filed Under: Elections and Politics, Lynn | Nicholson would not definitively answer if he plans to change zoning laws to allow for more housing construction, he is a strong proponent of the Metropolitan Area Planning Council's Housing Lynn plan, which sets goals and strategies to create affordable housing for the city.
His opponent Darren Cyr, whose team declined to comment for this article by citing a "busy campaigning schedule," feels differently.
In May, Cyr criticized the Housing Lynn committee's work with complaints that they did not consult enough members of the City Council or the School Department.
"I, as Council president, requested that all relevant municipal department head stakeholders — including the superintendent of schools, city solicitor and chief financial officer — review the plan and submit written findings and recommendations to the full City Council," wrote Cyr in a May op-ed in the Lynn Daily Item. "No viable housing production plan can realistically be considered without an in-depth analysis into the effect the plan would have on our aging and overcrowded public-school system."
Cyr also argued that Lynn should not make room for new families to live in the city before it addresses the issues of overcrowding in its school system.
"Only through improved educational opportunities will Lynn break its cycle of poverty and dependency upon social services. To that end, a careful, thorough review process where all voices are heard is required," wrote Cyr.
In a subsequent rebuttal, Nicholson and a number of other local leaders involved in the Housing Lynn plan called Cyr's column "misguided both on the factual record concerning the Housing Lynn process and on the appropriate policy response to this important issue."
"The Housing Lynn team met with department heads and municipal staff, also in February of 2020. They, like the City Council, Planning Board and general public, were invited to attend in-person and digital events, complete surveys, and provide comment on draft material, including the first iteration of the Housing Lynn plan," they wrote.
They also noted that the Housing Lynn plan did, in fact, include an in-depth analysis of school enrollment and its relationship to housing (see pages 71-75).
"We need smart growth," Nicholson told StreetsblogMASS. "We need to plan for development that will benefit the city… I served on the steering committee of (the Housing Lynn) plan, and I think it's absolutely the right next step. It has a lot of specific recommendations for how we can plan for inclusive growth."
Nicholson also wants to continue building on the work that Mayor McGee has done with MassDOT's Complete Streets program.
"Making the city more walkable is a top priority when we think about infrastructure improvements," he said. "We have a lot of senior housing downtown and we hear a lot of issues of folks wanting to get around and not feeling safe because of the speed of cars going around and a lack of improvements to the sidewalks. Walkability is helpful for those older folks, it's helpful for community business, and it activates neighborhoods. That has been a priority of the current administration that I am excited to build on."
Travel Guide: Riding the New Northern Strand Trail to Lynn
Nicholson expressed support for the proposed electrification of the | 630 |
The race was held on April 8. Although that is very early in the season for me, and given the winter weather in my home region of Metropolitan New York, I would have little, if any, time outdoors on the bike. Given that the course is of moderate difficulty, I figured that I could manage it. And so, I started my regular 12-week training program on time, doing my "fast" walking outdoors and my spinning biking on the exercise bike that I am lucky enough to have in my basement.
My training was going well. Then, as it happened, starting in mid-March I began to feel a bit sluggish. I have had similar episodes like that from time-to-time during the winter, which turned out to be from nothing more than a mild viral infection. Since I have always been able to just push through them, I chalked that one up to a virus and kept up with my training. Mentally, I was feeling good and feeling good about the race. For this one, to make sure that I could deal with any hills on the course, rather than renting a bike locally (which I have been doing for the past couple of years), I was going to take my brand-new Trek Domane 400, a birthday present for my 80th the previous year, tricked out with some very low gearing. And I bought a new, very easy-to-pack bike box, a soft-sided Scicon Aerocomfort Road 3.0 TSA, to make it easy to take with me.
But then, the night before my planned air departure on the Thursday before the race, I had a massive gastro-intestinal "event" (which turned out not to be viral). It became very clear very quickly that I was not going to be able to go to the race. (And man, was I happy that the "event<|fim_middle|> Greenville again next year, regardless of where the 2020 Worlds are? You betcha! | " occurred the night before my planned departure, not the night after I would have gotten there. For then I could have thought of nothing other than "how am I going to get home, feeling the way I do.") I was "out" for that weekend, had to go on antibiotics, and had an overall recovery period that lasted for about three weeks.
And so, how to deal with the disappointment of not being able to go to race to which I had been looking forward for close to a year? First of all, it was not a race for which I previously had had to have qualified. That would have made it very tough to handle. But, even if that had been the case, getting down doesn't help anything. A short-term feeling of disappointment, sure. But compared to the things that can go wrong in life, missing a race, plus because of that missing one next year too, doesn't rank very high. Further, for me there were no long-term health consequences, so I could count myself lucky in that regard. Next, there is always another race, from local to Nationals to the Worlds.
The most important thing to be able to do in cases like this is keep everything in perspective. For me, and for you who are reading this column, we are amateurs. Our lives and livelihoods don't depend on how many races we get to and how we do in them. Keeping everything in context is what will help you get through a similar situation. For me, for this particular race, it happens that I was able to apply for an Athlete Hardship Waiver (due to illness), to be placed on the Team for Pontevedra. I am waiting to hear from the Athlete Hardship Review Committee. If I make it, great! If I don't, I'm sure that there will have been a good reason for denial, and I will take my own advice. Keep the outcome in context.
Finally, will I plan to go to | 402 |
Elgin ready to lift ban that keeps businesses from selling alcohol near schools, churches
Elgin ready to lift ban…
Mike DanaheyThe Courier-News
Restrictions that prevent bars, liquor stores or restaurants that serve alcohol from opening near churches, schools or hospitals may soon be a thing of the past in Elgin.
The Elgin City Council, acting its role as the city's Liquor Control Commission, unanimously agreed Wednesday to amend its liquor code to remove provisions included in the state's Liquor Control Act of 1934.
inRead invented by Teads
The state recently modified the statute, which prohibited businesses from obtaining a liquor license if they were within 100 feet of a school, church, or some other facilities<|fim_middle|>.
"There is a lot more flexibility (with the change), and that can be seen as progress in this area," Cogley said.
Commission members can still refuse to grant a liquor license "as long as you have a rational basis," Cogley said. The city already caps the number of liquor licenses it issues, he said.
"This is a great thing," Councilman Terry Gavin said. "It sounds like we have 100 percent discretion."
"It makes it easier on us, too," Mayor Dave Kaptain said.
Cogley said an ordinance amending the liquor code to remove the distance regulations will be presented to the Elgin City Council at its Sept. 26 meeting. It would go into effect upon approval.
The change should be a good thing for downtown Elgin, Downtown Neighborhood Association Executive Director Jennifer Fukala said Thursday.
A trend for religious organizations has been moving into nontraditional building spaces, and the restrictions can pose issues for businesses such as bars, restaurants, grocery stores and event and entertainment venues, which were prevented from opening within 100 feet of them, she said.
"It is important to understand that when competing with other communities for businesses that we give consideration to any barriers that may no longer be in the best interest of our community," Fukala said.
"Elgin also has a strong tradition as a community of faith, so it is important to ensure that businesses selling liquor within our downtown are good neighbors to them as well."
The Chicago Tribune contributed.
mdanahey@tribpub.com
PreviousPrevious post:TTB ON THE SKOKIE DEAL: EXPECT MORE SUCH NEWSNextNext post:Retailers unhappy with swipe fees settlement, saying it doesn't go far enough | , Elgin Corporate Counsel Bill Cogley told the commission. Under the change, it will be up to the municipality to decide the type of restrictions it wants to have in place an places that serve alcohol, he said.
Previously, the only way a business could get around the restriction was to obtain an exemption from the General Assembly that had to be signed by the governor | 74 |
<|fim_middle|>, 2016 | From Representationalism to Pragmatism: Muhammad Iqbal's Reading of Religion in Modernity
Faizi, Mian Muhammad Nauman, Religious Studies - Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia
Ochs, Peter, Department of Religious Studies, University of Virginia
This project examines Muhammad Iqbal's (d. 1938) "The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam," one of the most significant texts of modernist Islamic philosophy. I argue that The Reconstruction's project of reconciling pre-modern scriptural texts with modern philosophy and science displays two interwoven, deeply conflicting epistemological tendencies, which I call Iqbal's "representationalist" and "pragmatic" tendencies. I argue that, on the one hand, Iqbal attempts to secure the capacity of religious claims to bear rationality and truth by arguing that both pre-modern religious claims and modern science offer identical and non-competing representations of reality. The Reconstruction argues that both religion and science make claims that obey the principle of non-contradiction; therefore, both practices of reasoning are "at home" in the epistemological and cultural universe constituted by modernity. On the other hand, Iqbal's pragmatic tendency seeks to demonstrate that the function of knowledge claims is to diagnose and correct the problematic practices of reasoning in which those claims are situated. The "truth" of practices of inquiry, whether philosophic, scientific, or scriptural, is a function of their capacity to address and repair broken practices of reasoning. According to Iqbal's pragmatic tendency, knowledge-claims are verified with respect to their capacity to resolve the problems that afflict an epistemological context, rather than in their capacity to accurately describe reality. This project identifies and clarifies the various ways that The Reconstruction wrestles with representationalist and pragmatic models of inquiry in its attempt to articulate the meaning of philosophic frameworks, religious practice, scientific claims, and the authority of scriptural claims for modern Muslim subjects.
Iqbal, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, Islamic Philosophy
https://doi.org/10.18130/V3WP6J
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Nauman_Faizi_2016_PHD.pdf
Uploaded:December 01 | 472 |
The SCK•CEN Academy is based on the site of the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK•CEN in Mol, Belgium. The regions of the municipality of Mol and the adjacent municipality of Dessel have a historical concentration of nuclear activities dating back over more than half a century, hosting research, nuclear fuel fabrication and waste treatment and storage.
The lectures take place in the Lakehouse of the SCK•CEN, located near the lagoon and right next to the site of the nuclear research centre itself. Course participants who prefer to stay overnight can make use of the hotel hosted in the same building.
The Lakehouse is part of a coherent architectonic entity that includes also the technical buildings, social service buildings and the residential quarter with its houses, studio flats and apartments of the SCK•CEN. This complex dates back to 1953 and is a typical and officially recognised representative of the late<|fim_middle|> research, the decontamination wing of the medical services, the laboratories for antropogammametry (a means of assessing radioactive internal contamination) and low-level alpha, beta and gamma measurements, the laboratories of the radiation biology, -ecology and microbiology groups, the dosimetry and nuclear calibrations laboratory, and more. For some of the installations, permission to enter requires passport or ID registration several weeks prior to the visit.
On request, the course lectures can also be organised in the SCK•CEN offices in Brussels, or at the venue of the customer, eventually completed with technical visits to laboratories and installations on the technical domain of SCK•CEN in Mol. | modernist style.
Within the course programmes, lectures, technical visits enable trainees to enrich and illustrate their acquired knowledge with the practice of real-life situations. SCK•CEN facilities that can be visited include: three operating research reactors (BR1, BR2 and VENUS), one research reactor in dismantling phase (BR3), hot cells, the HADES underground laboratory for waste disposal | 81 |
Regional Reviews: Albuquerque/Santa Fe
New Mexico Shakespeare Festival
Review by Dean Yannias
Caroline Toby Graham and Peter Shea Kierst
Photo by Jason Ponic
King Lear is one of the bleakest plays ever, but also one of the most exhilarating to experience in person. The gorgeousness of Shakespeare's writing when well-acted makes it so. As Aristotle said, there is a cathartic pleasure to be had from watching a tragedy, and there are few stories more tragic than that of Lear and his daughters. This play is currently being presented at the New Mexico Shakespeare Festival.
The play contains one of my favorite Shakespeare lines, spoken by Gloucester after he has been blinded: "As flies to wanton boys are we to the gods. They kill us for their sport." In this play, though, pagan deities are not responsible for the catastrophes that befall most of the characters. It is the hideousness of human behavior, one toward another, that brings about the suffering and death of almost all of the major characters. We, the audience, may be dismayed or disgusted or horrified by what we see happening, but we are in a sense relieved when it's over and we realize that at least our lives aren't as bad as all that.
The story is set in motion in the first few minutes of the play. Lear, a vain old king of pre-Christian England, decides to step down from running the kingdom, although he wants to retain the title of king and keep his retinue of a hundred knights. His intention is to settle the succession to the throne while he is still alive rather than risk civil war after his death.
He plans to divide the kingdom into three parts, giving one part to each of his three daughters. But his good intentions go awry quickly when he demands that his daughters tell him how much they love him. Goneril and Regan flatter him shamelessly, but Cordelia tells him the truth, that she loves him only as much as a daughter should love her father. In a rage, he disowns Cordelia, and this rash act sets in motion the destruction of all concerned. Ah, the perils of having grown older but not wiser.
From this point on, the play moves quickly, clocking in at about two hours 20 minutes in total, including a lengthy intermission. I assume that the script was trimmed by Peter Shea Kierst, who is the best abridger of Shakespeare that I know of. The production is very ably directed by Debi Kierst, who keeps the action moving apace. The blinding of Gloucester by Cornwall and Regan is especially well staged, gruesome though it is.
There are only a couple flaws, one technical, one in casting. Since it's an outdoor performance, the actors each wear a microphone, so the sound comes from speakers on the sides of the stage. On opening night, the microphones kept malfunctioning, often turning off and back on, even in the space of a single sentence. It was a distraction, to say the least, both to the audience and to<|fim_middle|> King Lear has such a daunting reputation, considered by some to be unstageable. In this production, it is a completely compelling play that held my attention throughout. For this, credit goes to Shakespeare, of course, and to the Kiersts and everyone involved. We are lucky to have such a fine production of this classic play in Albuquerque, and for free.
King Lear, presented as part of the New Mexico Shakespeare Festival and Vortex Theatre, runs through September 3, 2022, at the New Mexico Veterans Memorial Park, 1100 Louisiana Blvd SE, Albuquerque AZ. Performances are Thursdays through Sundays at 7:30. King Lear runs in repertory with As You Like It. All performances are free. The schedule can be found at newmexicoshakespearefest.org. | the actors. Ideally, microphones wouldn't be needed, but not everyone can project their voices through the open air to the audience's ears. I hope the glitchy sound system has been fixed for subsequent performances.
All of the roles are well cast except that of Edmund, the illegitimate son of Gloucester and a major villain in the play. Owen Reid Callis, possessed of a rich voice, is a fine actor in the right role. But there is nothing in his appearance or acting here to suggest that he would be capable of seducing both Goneril and Regan so successfully that they would kill for him. The character of Edmund is a smooth operator extraordinaire, but I didn't get any hint of that from this performance.
The other actors all do excellent work. They make Elizabethan English sound like natural dialogue, not stilted or studied. Pride of place goes to Peter Shea Kierst, who has always been a superb Shakespearean and now is finally the right age for Lear. When he's mad, as in the first scenes, you feel it. And later in the play, when he's afraid that he is literally going mad, you feel that too.
Caroline Toby Graham is wonderful as both Cordelia and Lear's Fool. Rachel Foster is appropriately haughty as Goneril. Aleah Montano is vicious when urging her husband to pluck out Gloucester's other eye, and she swoons convincingly when she is poisoned. Joe Dallacqua is downright scary as Cornwall. Chris Black is earnest as Kent, which is how the role should be played. Ed Chavez is deliciously officious as Goneril's attendant Oswald; in this play, the messenger gets killed, too. Carl Savering does a good job as Gloucester; I feel he is cheated by Shakespeare in that he doesn't get an on-stage death scene, he just sort of disappears from the play. Vincent Kirby as Edgar has to spend much of his time on stage pretending to be Poor Tom, a barely clothed madman, and he pulls it off very well. The other players with significant speaking parts (William Berg, Graydon Clarke, Owen Dana Martin, and Elizabeth Olton) are all also very good.
I don't know why | 460 |
Showing 1 - 25 of 491 Records
KN-C22126. White House Schoolchildren on the South Lawn
Students and teachers from the White House school pose on the South Lawn. Caroline Kennedy sits on seesaw (fifth from left); all others are unidentified. Kennedy family dog, Charlie, sits at left. White House, Washington, D.C.
KN-20761. Rose Garden Construction in Progress
Unidentified workers at the Rose Garden construction site, along the West Wing Colonnade of the White House. Kennedy family dog Pushinka stands in the background at right. Washington, D.C.
Four unidentified persons with shovels (lower right) work at the Rose Garden construction site. Kennedy family dogs Pushinka (left) and Charlie (right) walk in the background at right; all others unidentified. White House, Washington, D.C.
ST-C127-3-62. First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy and the Empress Farah with John F. Kennedy, Jr.
First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy and the Empress Farah Pahlavi, wife of the Shahanshah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (center right, holding bouquet of daffodils), visit with John F. Kennedy, Jr. (in baby carriage), as they tour the White House grounds. Mrs. Kennedy holds the reins of Caroline Kennedy's pony Macaroni (standing between the Empress and the First Lady); an unidentified man stands at left. South Lawn, White House, Washington, D.C.
ST-127-4-62. First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy and the Empress Farah of Iran with John F. Kennedy, Jr.
First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy and the Empress Farah Pahlavi, wife of the Shahanshah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (center, holding bouquet of daffodils<|fim_middle|>United States Naval Academy. Choir (2)
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Fried, Lawrence L., 1926-1983 (1)
Hawkins, Marshall P., 1910-1988 (1) | ), visit with John F. Kennedy, Jr. (in baby carriage), as they tour the White House grounds. Mrs. Kennedy holds the reins of Caroline Kennedy's pony Macaroni (standing at center right); an unidentified man stands at far left; an unidentified woman (wearing sunglasses) stands with First Lady's Press Secretary Pamela Turnure (right of the Empress) in the background. South Lawn, White House, Washington, D.C.
First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy adjusts the hood on John F. Kennedy, Jr.'s carriage as she takes the Empress Farah Pahlavi, wife of the Shahanshah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (left of Mrs. Kennedy), on a tour of the White House grounds. Mrs. Kennedy holds the reins of Caroline Kennedy's pony Macaroni (standing at right); an unidentified man and woman (mostly hidden behind the horse) stand with First Lady's Press Secretary Pamela Turnure (far right) in the background. South Lawn, White House, Washington, D.C.
First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy and the Empress Farah Pahlavi, wife of the Shahanshah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (center, holding bouquet of daffodils), visit with John F. Kennedy, Jr. (in baby carriage), as they tour the White House grounds. Mrs. Kennedy holds the reins of Caroline Kennedy's pony Macaroni (standing at center right); an unidentified man stands in the background at left. South Lawn, White House, Washington, D.C.
First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy and the Empress Farah Pahlavi, wife of the Shahanshah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (center, holding bouquet of daffodils), visit with John F. Kennedy, Jr. (in baby carriage), as they tour the White House grounds. Mrs. Kennedy holds the reins of Caroline Kennedy's pony Macaroni (standing at far right); an unidentified man stands at far left. South Lawn, White House, Washington, D.C.
KN-21249. Caroline Kennedy's Ponies, Macaroni and Tex, on South Lawn
Caroline Kennedy's ponies, Macaroni (right) and Tex, stand beneath a tree on the South Lawn of the White House, Washington, D.C.
Caroline Kennedy's ponies, Macaroni (left) and Tex, stand beneath a tree on the South Lawn of the White House, Washington, D.C.
AR7185-N. President John F. Kennedy and Prime Minister of Great Britain, Harold Macmillan, with Ponies on White House Lawn
JFKWHP-AR7185-N
President John F. Kennedy, Prime Minister Harold Macmillan of Great Britain, and others stand with Kennedy family ponies on the South Lawn of the White House, Washington, D.C. Standing at left (L-R): Prime Minister Macmillan; President Kennedy; Ambassador of Great Britain, Sir David Ormsby-Gore; First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy; and the Ambassador's wife, Sylvia Thomas Ormsby-Gore. Caroline Kennedy's ponies, Macaroni (left) and Tex, stand at right. Prime Minister Macmillan, Ambassador Ormsby-Gore, and Mrs. Ormsby-Gore visited the White House to attend a private luncheon.
AR7185-M. President John F. Kennedy and Prime Minister of Great Britain, Harold Macmillan, with Ponies on White House Lawn
JFKWHP-AR7185-M
President John F. Kennedy, Prime Minister Harold Macmillan of Great Britain, and others stand with Kennedy family ponies on the South Lawn of the White House, Washington, D.C. Standing at left (L-R): Prime Minister Macmillan; President Kennedy; Ambassador of Great Britain, Sir David Ormsby-Gore; First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy; and the Ambassador's wife, Sylvia Thomas Ormsby-Gore. Caroline Kennedy's ponies, Macaroni (left, in front) and Tex, stand at right. Prime Minister Macmillan, Ambassador Ormsby-Gore, and Mrs. Ormsby-Gore visited the White House to attend a private luncheon.
AR7185-L. President John F. Kennedy and Prime Minister of Great Britain, Harold Macmillan, with Ponies on White House Lawn
JFKWHP-AR7185-L
President John F. Kennedy, Prime Minister Harold Macmillan of Great Britain, and others stand with Kennedy family ponies on the South Lawn of the White House, Washington, D.C. Standing at left (L-R): Prime Minister Macmillan; President Kennedy; Ambassador of Great Britain, Sir David Ormsby-Gore; First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy; and the Ambassador's wife, Sylvia Thomas Ormsby-Gore. Caroline Kennedy's ponies, Macaroni (left, facing camera) and Tex, stand at right. Prime Minister Macmillan, Ambassador Ormsby-Gore, and Mrs. Ormsby-Gore visited the White House to attend a private luncheon.
ST-A15-9-62. First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy with Horse, Sardar, at Fort Myer Stables in Virginia
JFKWHP-ST-A15-9-62
First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy visits with her horse, "Sardar," given as a gift from Pakistani President, Mohammad Ayub Khan, during her trip to Pakistan. Mrs. Kennedy (back to camera) watches as an unidentified Pakistani military officer leads the horse across the riding field. Fort Myer stables, Arlington, Virginia.
First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy visits with her horse, "Sardar," given as a gift from Pakistani President, Mohammad Ayub Khan, during her trip to Pakistan. Mrs. Kennedy (center right, with back to camera) watches as an unidentified Pakistani military officer leads the horse across the riding field. The Pakistani military officer at left is unidentified. Fort Myer stables, Arlington, Virginia.
ST-A15-7-62. First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy and Caroline Kennedy with Horse, Sardar, at Fort Myer Stables in Virginia
First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy (center left, with back to camera) visits with her horse, "Sardar," given as a gift from Pakistani President, Mohammad Ayub Khan. Also pictured: Caroline Kennedy (bottom left, with back to camera); two unidentified Pakistani military personnel. Fort Myer stables, Arlington, Virginia.
First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy (center right, with back to camera) visits with her horse, "Sardar," given as a gift from Pakistani President, Mohammad Ayub Khan, during her trip to Pakistan. Also pictured: Caroline Kennedy (center, with back to camera); two unidentified Pakistani military personnel; unidentified woman (back to camera). Fort Myer stables, Arlington, Virginia.
First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy visits with her horse, "Sardar," given as a gift from Pakistani President, Mohammad Ayub Khan, during her trip to Pakistan. Mrs. Kennedy stands at right with an unidentified woman; an unidentified Pakistani military officer stands in center. Fort Myer stables, Arlington, Virginia.
First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy visits with her horse, "Sardar," given as a gift from Pakistani President, Mohammad Ayub Khan, during her trip to Pakistan. An unidentified Pakistani military officer stands in center. Fort Myer stables, Arlington, Virginia.
First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy visits with her horse, "Sardar," given as a gift from Pakistani President, Mohammad Ayub Khan, during her trip to Pakistan. Also pictured: Caroline Kennedy (feeding the horse); two unidentified Pakistani military personnel. Fort Myer stables, Arlington, Virginia.
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Skylar Mycroft | , 1000 Central Winds Dr | 9 |
The website's search bar isn't very helpful, but otherwise this website is straightforward and easy to use. The menu and its various subtopics can be managed easily. Navigation is consistent on every page, links are prominent and functional, and related information is grouped together clearly.
This website has a professional but forgettable design. There's a noticeable<|fim_middle|>. | lack of images and other forms of multimedia that might otherwise engage readers. Most pages are stripped of anything eye-catching other than the main navigation bar and site logo.
The content available on this website is intended to give a broad look at caregiving in the U.S. These materials are more academic and research-focused than many general readers will find practical. The quality of materials is high, but the usefulness for the average caregiver may be limited.
The website is clear about its Board of Directors, all of whom are qualified authorities in the field. The same goes for the authors of reports and papers available online. Most informational content features publication dates, but most are older than two years. Overall, visitors can expect to find highly credible materials here | 146 |
How to Conduct a Content Audit
By Michael Bibla
What if you found out that, of the 10 million pieces of content on your company website, 3 million of them were going completely unread? That's what the Microsoft Office Online content team discovered.
Your business might not be Microsoft, but imagine how many resources are wasted creating content that isn't even being seen.
Content marketing can be very effective, but it comes at a cost. If you're going to invest in content marketing, you will want to make sure that your content is performing and driving quality traffic and leads.
How can you ensure that your content delivers results? One important process to adopt is the content audit.
Identify what kinds of content you should be creating to meet your goals by downloading our .
Once Microsoft performed a content audit, it was able to start removing irrelevant content, repurposing existing content, and restructuring its site. The result was that people were able to find the content they were looking for more easily, and Microsoft was able to identify the information and resources its audience was really looking for.
Performing a content audit can help your business improve its content marketing performance. So, what is a content audit, and how can your marketing team conduct one?
Measure the performance of your content effectively by .
What Is a Content Audit?
A content audit involves taking inventory of your existing content, analyzing the corresponding engagement data on that content, and then taking action to improve performance.
After auditing your content, you can focus on updating existing content that is underperforming as well as adapting your content strategy for future content creation.
Any marketing team can conduct a content audit in four simple steps: develop a content inventory, analyze the data, decide on action steps, and adapt the content strategy for the future. But before you dive into a content audit, you need to understand how it can benefit you.
What's the Objective?
Conducting a content audit will enable you to:
1. Improve and Update Existing Content
Updating old content can generate more leads and improve SEO results. For example, let's say that you created a list of 20 SEO tools a few years ago, but some of the tools are no longer available. People who come to this page might leave<|fim_middle|> you are creating a lot of content, you may want to increase the frequency to once a quarter.
Content audits help you identify opportunities for future content, monitor and improve the performance of your existing content, and overhaul your content strategy so that the content you create in the future will drive better results to your business.
Performing periodic content audits will enable you to continuously improve your content marketing performance over time.
Perform your own content audit by downloading our Content Marketing Assessment. It identifies what content you need to be creating, how to measure success, and the tools necessary to pull it all off.
About Michael Bibla
Michael is the Content Strategist at Atomic Reach, a content intelligence platform used by marketers to generate more leads from their text-based content. He is on a mission to empower marketers with actionable data so they can make more informed decisions about their content strategy. | quickly once they realize that the content is not up-to-date, and search engines might also start to rank it lower when they discover other articles that are more recent.
Updating your previously published content is an effective method of ensuring your content stays current while retaining your search engine rankings.
2. Identify High-Performing Content
A content audit can also help you discover which content is performing well so you can use that data to optimize your content strategy for future content creation.
For example, let's say that some of your content is 1,200 words in length, and those articles ended up generating more traffic and leads than other pieces. Or maybe you discover that content that you wrote on certain topics generates more leads and sales than other topics do.
An in-depth content audit allows you to see what types of content are helping you achieve your goals. This will tell you which topics to create content around moving forward.
3. Assess Content Performance
Finally, a content audit helps businesses assess the performance of their content marketing and make decisions for future optimizations.
Depending on your situation, you may have other goals for doing a content audit, including:
Removing duplicate content or content that is no longer relevant
Identifying content gaps or ideas for new content
Figuring out which pages on your site perform the best and determining how to leverage those assets
Organizing content so that it is easier for users to discover
Conducting a content audit can seem like a big undertaking. But if you break it down and tackle the project one at a time you'll have a fully audited site in no time.
1. Develop a Content Inventory
The first step in conducting a content audit is to develop an inventory. You can use a spreadsheet to do this, including the URL and title of each piece of content in separate rows. You can create separate columns for other important data, including things like average monthly traffic, total comments and social shares, or any other data that might be important.
Add a status column where you can state what action you will take with each piece of content. You might choose to leave some articles alone, make minor adjustments to others, or completely update some articles.
This can be a daunting process depending on the volume of previously published content. That is where a content audit platform like Atomic Reach can help.
2. Analyze the Data
Once you've developed a content inventory, you are now ready to analyze the data. The way you do this depends on what your objectives are.
If increasing visibility and traffic through SEO is your goal, you can look at what content is driving traffic to your site. Aside from traffic, some businesses also like to measure conversion rates.
The folks at Kissmetrics, which offers a high-end analytics solution to small and medium-sized businesses, used to have a blog when the company was owned by Neil Patel. They found that when they wrote about how to grow a blog, the content didn't attract the right visitors. So they shifted their content strategy to focus on topics like content marketing and conversion optimization for businesses, which significantly improved their results.
3. Decide on Action Steps
Once you've analyzed your data, you can decide on what actions to take next. Action steps can include updating, consolidating, or even archiving old content, as well as revising your content strategy moving forward.
Be sure to break everything down into very specific action steps that you can execute to improve your results.
4. Adapt Your Content Strategy for the Future
One of the best parts of an in-depth content audit is being able to adapt your content strategy so that it can produce better results in the future.
You can prioritize the updating of high-traffic and high-performing articles to maintain a great visitor experience and retain your high SEO rankings. Moreover, you can make strategic adjustments to your content creation strategy so that you are crafting content that drives more leads for your business and not expending resources on content that doesn't perform well.
Download our to ensure you're including all the necessary components in your documented content strategy.
Why a Content Audit Is Key
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Cleared for landing: $20M in new art<|fim_middle|>ists say funding would be better directed toward fighting youth incarceration.
/ April 4
Electric Coffin wants to zap art into the Seattle cityscape
The local artist collective makes a case for adding "wonderment" to the everyday.
Brangien Davis
/ June 13
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Margo Vansynghel is a reporter at Crosscut focused on arts and culture. Find her on Twitter @Margo_vs or email at Margo.Vansynghel@crosscut.com.
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Things to do in Seattle: Nov. 21 - 27
Fantastic fungi on film, a new take on Cabaret, Gloria Steinem and a gorgeous graphic novel about a 17th century painter.
Misha Berson &
Will the last person to leave Northgate Mall turn out the lights?
Over piroshky and pink socks, a Seattle writer ponders the death of America's first mall.
In losing Pike Place Market's iconic newsstand, Seattle loses a place for connection
After 40 years, the stand's 'father figure' owner closes up shop.
Laura Kaufman | installations at Sea-Tac
Amid the hectic holiday travel season, the airport's art collection offers a visual breather.
Matt M. McKnight
On a recent afternoon in Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, two pilots in uniform and hat sat down on a bench, backs impeccably straight, casually chatting while travelers zoomed by. From that perch, they could see Gate A6 at left and, on the right, an $8 million painting.
"York Factory A," a 27-foot-wide seminal work by acclaimed abstract-minimalist painter Frank Stella, features interlocking curves of hot and pastel pink, yellow, brown and green that trip over each other until they bounce off the frame. Like rainbows, the colorful arches never really find a definitive endpoint.
Asked what they thought about the painting, the pilots said they hadn't noticed it.
It's hard to make time to look at art when you are rushing to make a flight or dragging shrieking children or deciding on whether to get another pack of gum. Travelers might be too busy craning their necks to see if the security line is actually moving to realize that a shimmering, golden and yellow mosaic column by the celebrated color-field painter Sam Gilliam is standing right in front of them.
The mosaic artwork, titled "Yellow Fog," is just one of many dozens of installations, sculptures and paintings by local and national artists dispersed across seemingly all corners of Sea-Tac Airport, totaling an estimated value of roughly $35 million.
Frank Stella's "York Factory A" hangs in Concourse A at Sea-Tac Airport. (Matt M. McKnight/Crosscut)
Despite that impressive visual arts cred, the airport is probably better known for its music program, which features Seattle-based buskers and locally sourced overhead music.
Sea-Tac is counting on people slowing down to look, however, with a new plan to spend $20 million on public art by 2025, doubling its current spending. The Port of Seattle, which operates the airport, voted in November to reinstate an earlier policy mandating that 1% of capital projects costs go toward purchasing and commissioning artwork. Initially established in 2000, the Port's "one percent for art" program had been whittled down to 0.5% during the 2008 recession.
The newly expanded budget will also help to increase the airport's public art programming. The Port also plans to expand art commissions to its new cruise terminal near Terminal 46.
In charge of much of the plan is Tommy Gregory, the Port's senior art manager and curator. Gregory is as passionate as one gets about airport art. He truly believes that it "reminds us that we're human beings … not just a number on a ticket."
Visitors this holiday season can already see Sea-Tac's renewed art strategy in progress. In the North Satellite, which is currently undergoing a facelift and expansion, the yellow branches of "Cathedral" tangle up in a Rorschach-like pattern on the glass panels of an elevator shaft. The installation, by British Columbia-based artist duo Jacqueline Metz and Nancy Chew, debuted this spring.
"Cascadia," Sea-Tac's most recent artistic addition, honors the ecology of the Pacific Northwest with magnificent painted glass panels wrapping around visitors going up and down — this time on escalators. Though already visible in all its glory, the installation, by Seattle artist Cable Griffith, should officially open for the holidays. By then, the bodies of people on the escalators will refract the light in constantly changing patterns through Griffith's pixelated patchwork of shimmering greens and blues.
Not everything is as shiny and brand new. Sea-Tac was somewhat of a trendsetter when it became the nation's first public airport to start an art collection in the late 1960s. Some artworks have been around since the '70s and require cleaning or conservation and restoration, says Gregory. The airport has allotted a $300,000 budget for the conservation and maintenance of artworks next year.
But Gregory, who came on board a year ago, has already been working to dust off the collection. Literally.
Airports, Gregory says, are incredibly dusty places. Just imagine the enormous flow of people, all taking off and putting on their coats and shoes, opening their bags, rushing through, spilling drinks, leaving crumbs and dead skin flakes everywhere. For comparison: the Louvre, the most visited museum in the world, welcomed 10.2 million people in 2018, Sea-Tac saw 49.8 million. "The dust that generates from such a massive traffic flow through here, it gets caught in things like art," Gregory says.
When Gregory noticed that Larry Kirkland's 1992 hanging wooden and glass canoe "hadn't been dusted for years," he got certified to use the scissor lift and, along with an art handler, cleaned the piece himself.
"Those [glass] elements that were once kind of foggy are [now] clean," Gregory says of the canoe's glass cutouts of plants and animals. "When the light hits it right, you see the sun reflect those elements on the ground — which is what the artist intended."
Gregory hopes to dust off the collection in the figurative sense, too. Like most other art institutions, the airport's collection skews toward white and male artists. "Red Sand Project: Border US-MX," the airport's first-ever temporary exterior installation, was a step in that direction, he says. The installation, conceived by New York-based artist Molly Gochman, can be seen by plane passengers and light rail commuters until early February 2020.
Mostly, Gregory wants to convince more people that the airport is a space to experience art. He might be facing an uphill battle. In the roughly five minutes we've been standing in front of "York Factory A," part of Stella's seminal Protractor series and one of the crown jewels of the airport's art collection, at least two dozen travelers, in varying states of rush, have walked by without even a glance toward it.
Across the airport, in Concourse C, "Star Quarters I-IV," by midcentury pre-pop-art mastermind Robert Rauschenberg, features four mirrored panels adorned with a wide-winged hawk soaring, a fish diving, a gymnast flying, and a giant snail gliding by. Though the bright colors and reflective surface encourage people to take a look, no one pays attention to this piece either.
Nearby, a man dressed in all black gets his shoes shined at Lucky Shiners ($10 for boots, $5 for sneakers). If this Rauschenberg hung in the Museum of Modern Art in New York (like some of his other works), people would likely stare at it in deferential amazement. The man with the freshened up shoes doesn't look up.
At least one artwork has caught people's attention. "High Wire," by Michael Fajans, might be one of Sea-Tac's most polarizing works. Consensus among online naysayers seems to be that the 1993 nine-panel painting, featuring a hyperrealistically painted magician and assistant performing a magic trick, is "creepy." A Reddit thread dedicated to the painting renamed it "The creepy guys at D Gate."
The artwork has further gained somewhat of a cult status, thanks to a 1999 stand-up comedy show by David Cross (taped live at the Showbox in Seattle) wherein the comedian pokes fun at airports as maybe the worst place of all for art, specifically calling out Fajans' painting: "Magic is already boring when it's right in front of you."
By relocating this artwork higher up on the wall in another location next year, plus lighting it better, Gregory hopes to bring skeptics around. For one, people will finally get to see all the panels at once. "You'll really get to see what the magic trick is," Gregory says. "Maybe David Cross will do another skit."
One of five sculptures in progress by Marela Zacarías, who is working with a team of local artists in a studio in Georgetown. The completed works will grace Sea-Tac's new international arrivals hall. (Port of Seattle)
While he admits airports are "not an easy place to put art," Gregory remains optimistic. Sure, maybe not everyone notices the art. Perhaps they feel it: some unexpected movement, a dash of color here, a streak of light there. Gregory hopes to increase the chances of this by placing and "re-siting" works strategically, in "natural sightlines."
After all, "We do have a captive audience," Gregory says.
That audience is likely to grow in the coming years, thanks to the opening of a new 450,000-square-foot international arrivals facility, which will boost the number of international flights the airport can handle.
As of now, workers still buzz around the construction site of the new facility, particleboard still covers the floors and the teeth of unfinished luggage carousels punctuate the air like dinosaur skeletons.
In mid-2020, when the facility should open, massive undulating sculptures suspended on posts will appear in the heart of the carousels. It'll look like a heavenly creature has dropped five giant ruffled and geometrically painted handkerchiefs from above — except that they are actually sculptures, built on a skeleton of window screens and joint compound by artist Marela Zacarías and a team of 15 to 20 local artists working in a studio in Georgetown. In addition, hanging from the ceiling, Ned Kahn's lily-white twisted fishbone-shaped mobiles will spin on their axes.
John Grade's massive "Boundary" sculpture will be a striking showpiece in the North Satellite when it opens in 2021. (Rendering courtesy Port of Seattle)
It's not just the visual arts experience getting an upgrade: Starting next year, the airport will be putting musicians even more center stage with two new permanent performance stages in the Central Terminal and Concourse A. A third stage for live performances will debut in the North Satellite when it opens in 2021.
But the facility's showpiece will undoubtedly be John Grade's massive, suspended wooden sculpture of a tree trunk and root structure. Like Grade's monumental "Middlefork" sculpture hanging in the lobby of the Seattle Art Museum, the new sculpture's shape follows the outlines of a plaster-cast old-growth tree, this time an Alaskan Yellow Cedar, which Grade and his team carefully rebuilt with small pieces of reclaimed wood.
Unlike "Middlefork," "Boundary" will not be returned to the woods to disintegrate — it's meant to last forever. And here, the tree won't lie on its side but reach toward the ceiling, with the radiating root structure acting as a canopy for the humans below, suddenly tiny in the face of nature's great complexity. At 43 feet tall and 80 feet wide, the artwork will embody the definition of an unmissable, stop-your-roller-bag-in-its-tracks eye-catcher.
At Sea-Tac airport, a red border made of sand draws attention to human trafficking
The Border US-MX installation can be viewed by plane passengers overhead and light rail commuters.
/ July 31 /
Seattle artists resist call to display work in new youth jail
Art | 2,362 |
Working in the environmental sector, I am aware of the plight of our native bees and the vital role that honey bees play in pollination and food production. With my adopted Canadian eyes, seduced by the first decent day of summer and by Mike and Sue's enthusiasm, I wanted to learn more. More out of curiosity than a sudden commitment to bee keeping I signed up for the course.
On a dark February evening, I found myself at the first class, surrounded by people who had given this a great deal more thought than I – people who had allotments and huge gardens on which to place new api<|fim_middle|>0 new furry guests. My new-found patience only goes so far. I can't wait! | aries. People who owned bee suits and hives.
And yet, a year later, course completed, I am hooked. I have found my own site, I have a second-hand hive ready for its new inhabitants and I have discovered a local community of bee keepers – wonderful people who are passionate about their subject and generous with their knowledge – keen to pass the bee keeping baton on to new enthusiasts. I too have passed on the bug to friends and neighbours, some of whom have just completed the same course, others who are as excited as I about my bees imminent arrival.
That hum of summer is addictive. Sitting in an apiary and watching the bees head out and back to the hive laden with nectar and with pollen is like a form of meditation. Bee keeping teaches a new level of patience. As one of my bee-keeping mentors says, the bees seem to have read all the same books. They know what to do and when. Everything happens in its own time and the bees will not be rushed. We are guided by them.
I have learned patience too in other areas. Not just from handling bees, but from the long slow process of finding a suitable site where the powers that be understand the importance of bees, make you welcome and do their best to find a suitable spot. If a terrifying lecture on bee diseases and integrated pest management didn't put me off, nothing will.
My Canadian visitor has long gone, but I am about to play host to up to 70,00 | 305 |
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What is Hadoop? It's a relatively new open source data platform with what appears to me to be a new flush of energy (still 99:1 male to female ratio, which says to me that there is something new and nerdy about it).
CEOs and engineers and a few PR people, trailing like jet streams behind them are walking the yellow floor, reminiscent of the yellow brick road.This year, the show is covered by SiliconANGLE's theCUBE, with a second studio and floor discussions intended as 1-to-1 interviews.
So what is the promise of open source data?
If you ask VMware, they will show you how to virtualize the Haddop platform.
If you ask<|fim_middle|>, technology. Bookmark the permalink. | the Open Knowledge Foundation, they will offer you a helpful Open Data Handbook.
If you ask Jessie Lichtenstein at Wired Magazine, they will warn that open data may "simply empower the empowered" and more aspects need to be taken into consideration.
If you ask Hortonworks, who yesterday announced "enterprise-ready features built on the most stable Apache Hadoop distribution to date", and also the sponsor of the Hadoop Summit 2012, they'll make an argument just by showing you testimonials from customers in their partner programs.
If you ask Cloudera, a company who has been around since the clouds were just forming, they will give you their ideas about Hadoop, I found this helpful.
And, if you ask me, I'm pleased that there are multiple data storage platforms in the game. Competition sometimes relieves entropy, a characteristic ever-more frequent in the economy. Hadoop at first glance, looks flexible and current.
Which open data platforms compute in your mind?
This entry was posted in new media, software, technology and tagged apache, cloudera, hadoop, open data, software | 224 |
First Listen: Eleanor Friedberger, 'Last Summer' The solo debut from the Fiery Furnaces singer is full of sepia-toned summertime pop. Hear it in its entirety until its release.
Hear upcoming albums in their entirety
First Listen: Eleanor Friedberger, 'Last Summer'
July 3, 201111:04 PM ET
David D. Brown
Eleanor Friedberger's solo debut, Last Summer, comes out July 12. Michael Rubenstein/Courtesy of the artist hide caption
Michael Rubenstein/Courtesy of the artist
Eleanor Friedberger's solo debut, Last Summer, comes out July 12.
Audio for this feature is no longer available.
Songs can get better with age, but only after a first listen. That's what makes Last Summer, Eleanor Friedberger's solo debut, so curious. Recorded, yes, last summer, these 10 songs by the Fiery Furnaces singer were polished up and quietly stashed away for release this July. Fans of her main project will surely consider<|fim_middle|>"Saw a picture of a girl with the same hair, and I posed next to her, copying her smile," Friedberger confesses in the disco-tinged "Roosevelt Island." "Made a great photo, but I never thought I'd see her again ... Didn't really want to ever see her again." Maybe so, but the throwback beats and the heavy scent of nostalgia that permeates Last Summer indicate that Friedberger's got her tongue planted in her cheek. As a lyricist, Friedberger doesn't tell stories so much as re-create moods and a sense of place — mostly the New York and L.A. of some indeterminate "ago."
Last Summer incorporates plenty of production effects and spare, often stark arrangements, aimed at rattling both heart and head. The album opens with "My Mistakes," a recollection of a car crash backed by thin instrumentation, which suddenly thickens, becoming more "real" and no longer lingering on yesterday. "Inn of the Seventh Ray" follows, and it's a wistful, echoey meditation on "what might have been" at a Topanga Canyon restaurant Friedberger never made it to. "Heaven" then plays like a memory of an AM radio sounding in the distance on a sunny afternoon, anchored by some occasionally dissonant bubblegum piano chords.
One of the album's most striking tracks, "Glitter Gold Year" — "It's a glitter gold year, two thousand and ten / I want to erase her" — plays like a teenage diary entry, as it self-consciously communicates with a future present. Halfway through the song, amid the playful upper-register bass noodlings, you find yourself thinking about happiness in the here and now, pleased for your own sake that Friedberger failed to "erase" last summer.
But analysis is beside the point here. Last Summer is an album to let wash over you in repeated sittings, rather than pick apart track by track. It's best to drop the top, turn up the volume, soak in the moment and try to imagine what these songs will sound like next summer, and the one after.
The Fiery Furnaces | it worth the wait, but there's also plenty here for the unconverted. Last Summer sounds more intimate and accessible than any of her band's nine albums; it's a perfect soundtrack for an afternoon spent sifting through a box of old Polaroids.
| 51 |
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The National Registry of Exonerations Quickly Reaches 1,000 Milestone
Posted on October 27, 2012 by Nancy Petro | 4 Comments
When the University of Michigan Law and Northwestern Law School announced their joint project—the National Registry of Exonerations (here)—earlier this year on May 21, the initial tally of exonerations in the United States since 1989 was 891. Today, five months later, the number of exonerated in the registry is 1,000. No one knows how high the number will go. The only certainty is that this milestone will soon be surpassed.
Accompanying the Registry was a comprehensive report, "Exonerations in the United States, 1989-2012" (here) by Samuel R. Gross and Michael Shaffer. The writers expressly welcomed information about exonerations not yet included in the Registry: "One important conclusion of the report is that there are many more exonerations that have not yet occurred and old ones that we do not know about. We hope that readers and visitors to the site will let us know about cases that we have missed…"
The report underscores the writers' views that these cases are still the tip of the iceberg. "These cases merely point to a much larger number of tragedies that we do not know about," they wrote.
The rapid growth in the tally supports this belief shared by many who have been involved in innocence work.
The Innocence Project's tally of DNA-proven exonerations recently topped the milestone number of 300 (today it is 301). The Registry includes these but also exoneration cases that did not have DNA as their proof of innocence.
The report defines "exoneration" as a legal concept. "It means that a defendant who was convicted of a crime was later relieved of all legal consequences of that conviction through a decision by a prosecutor, a governor or a court, after new evidence of his or her innocence was discovered." The Registry does not include cases in which the defendant is innocent of the conviction but played some role in the crime or cases in which the conviction was reversed on legal error—even if the conviction was reversed for insufficient evidence to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt."
The National Registry is more than a listing of known exonerations. It includes details about the cases in a searchable database, an unprecedented tool for researching known wrongful convictions. The database documents important demographic, geographic, and other details about the exonerated person, including name, age, and race as well as details about the crime, the state location, the sentence, conviction year, exoneration year, and whether or not DNA was involved in the exoneration.
Known contributors are attributed to each case. These include mistaken eyewitness identification, false confession, perjury or false accusation, false or misleading forensic evidence, official<|fim_middle|> not compound these tragedies by stubbornness or arrogance or, worst of all, indifference.
The National Registry of Exonerations is the largest database of its kind ever assembled. We have already learned a great deal from it. In particular, it is now clear that false convictions are not one sort of problem but several, and that the solutions that might prevent them vary drastically from one context to another: For homicides, the biggest problem is perjury and false accusation, most often by supposed eyewitnesses, with official misconduct a close second. False convictions in adult rape cases, on the other hand, are primarily based on eyewitness mistakes – more often than not, mistakes by white victims falsely identifying black defendants. Most false convictions in child sex abuse cases, by contrast, are for fabricated crimes that never occurred. And so forth.
We will learn more as the Registry matures and we gather data about a larger number of exonerations across a wider range of settings. The more we learn about false convictions the better able we will be to prevent them, or failing that, to identify and correct them after the fact."
The nation is indebted to Samuel Gross, Michael Shaffer, both University of Michigan and Northwestern law schools and many individuals, especially Rob Warden of the Center on Wrongful Convictions at Northwestern School of Law, law students and graduates, and others who made important contributions as indicated in the report's acknowledgements, including the organizations that supported this project.
The National Registry of Exonerations is sober reading. It documents tragic stumbles of the justice system. The transparency it seeks to provide, however, will be an invaluable tool in the effort to advance our criminal justice system toward its true and full promise.
This entry was posted in Editorials/Opinion, Exonerations and tagged National Registry of Exonerations. Bookmark the permalink.
4 responses to "The National Registry of Exonerations Quickly Reaches 1,000 Milestone"
Docile Jim Brady – Columbus OH 43209 | October 27, 2012 at 11:45 am | Reply
There is an easy fix, albeit probably highly illegal, for the evil of bearing such an intentionally false witness against another .
The fix has horrifically dreadful components , but after a few occurrences , the numbers would decrease .
For homicides, the biggest problem is perjury and false accusation, most often by supposed eyewitnesses, with official misconduct a close second. False convictions in adult rape cases, on the other hand, are primarily based on eyewitness mistakes – more often than not, mistakes by white victims falsely identifying black defendants. Most false convictions in child sex abuse cases, by contrast, are for fabricated crimes that never occurred.
Phil Locke | October 27, 2012 at 1:00 pm | Reply
One of the major stumbling blocks the innocence movement has faced is the lack of real data to present to the public and to lawmakers. This registry is substantial, indisputable, cold, hard DATA. Thank you, thank you, thank you. And in light of data like this, how can a rational person not advocate to fix the root causes of the problems?
arkansastruthseeker | October 27, 2012 at 1:07 pm | Reply
Reblogged this on Upside Down.
Exoneration Registry (@exonerationlist) | October 28, 2012 at 4:58 pm | Reply
Thanks for this excellent piece on our 1,000 exonerations milestone. As you point out, these 1,000 individuals are certainly just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to wrongful convictions. We hope that our ongoing research into patterns of wrongful conviction will ultimately help us learn to better prevent them. | misconduct, and inadequate legal defense.
Tags enable the viewer to search the body of wrongful convictions by, for example, gender (65 of the exonerated are female). Other tags include Co-Defendent Confessed, Child Sex Abuse Hysteria case, Federal case, No Crime case, Guilty Plea case, Posthumous exoneration, Shaken Baby Syndrome.
The National Registry will continue to not only document exonerations but to shed light on how wrongful convictions happen and how we can reduce their tragic and costly occurrence.
The report's conclusions are noteworthy:
"The most important thing we know about false convictions is that they happen and on a regular basis. We don't know how often they occur or what types of cases are most common. Most false convictions never see the light of day. We know only about the rare ones that are discovered and corrected (at least in part) by exoneration – and we miss many cases in which innocent defendants are exonerated, probably most. We do know that the more we look, the more exonerations we find, and the more varied they are.
The most important goal of the criminal justice system is accuracy: to identify and condemn the guilty, and to clear the innocent. The most effective way to do so is by careful, honest and open- minded work before conviction, in the investigation and prosecution of criminal charges.
The next most important task is to remain open minded after conviction about the possibility of error. The overwhelming majority of convicted defendants are guilty. Most never dispute their guilt and few ever present substantial post-conviction evidence of innocence. When that does happen, however, it should be taken seriously. We know of many exonerated defendants who were imprisoned for years, even decades after they presented strong evidence of their innocence. We cannot prevent all false convictions, but we must | 372 |
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Home Columns Kilos Cantina: There's a new Club in Town
Week 01/18 - 01/24 2018
Kilos Cantina: There's a new Club in Town
By Kristen Elaine
Accomplished. A Master of One's destiny. Felipe Oros, at age 28 can be considered a man living the American dream. Felipe had a vision since his early 20's to open a restaurant and nightclub. He began to plant the seeds to make his dream come true, and on February 24th, 2014 the doors to Mundo's Mexican Grill (now Kilo's Cantina) opened for the first time.
As we approach the 4yr anniversary to the grand opening of Kilo's Cantina, Felipe looks back fondly to February 24th, 2014. After nearly 3yrs of going back and forth with the county to secure the proper permits, he was finally able to see the fruits of this labor. Friends and family gathered at Kilos Cantina to celebrate not only the grand opening, but Felipe's birthday as well. In many ways Felipe was reborn that day. At 24yrs old he couldn't be happier. "I was still so overwhelmed with the business side of things, but it was still a very exciting moment for me to see everyone there, having a good time, enjoying the space we worked so hard on. "Felipe continues, "All we ever wish for as business owners and entertainers is to have that base of friends that are there to come out and look at you do what you love to do. That was one of my happiest moments."
For the first 3 1/2 years Kilo's Cantina functioned only as Mundo's Mexican Grill, serving great authentic Mexican food. After Felipe graciously provided me with a sample plater of tacos, I was convinced I was in heaven. "We're really family based in the sense that my mom is one of the head cooks. There are some plates that can only be found here; special recipes that my mom has from Mendoza, Guanajuato; a small town in Mexico." Felipe prides himself on the quality of food as "<|fim_middle|> relied on in terms of networking with the night life. He's a professional, much like myself." Felipe credits their love of music for their continued friendship. "Now we're older and are seeing the business side of what we love, hip hop and music." Felipe continues to say, "None of this would have been possible without a strong team. My brother Edmundo works hard behind the bar, busting 20 hour shifts right next to me and there's my best friend Omar Ruiz; he's been my right hand man, a great business partner, DJ, photographer and sound engineer. Omar and I run Sleepwalkers Ent., an entertainment company focused on producing outdoor festivals."
Since the opening of Kilos, the nightclub has seen a steady increase of patrons making their way down for American music on Fridays and/or Banda nights on Saturdays. While this is a hip hop rooted nightclub you can still find rock, punk, EDM, corridos and more on Felipe's stage. Kilos Cantina even has a green room located behind the stage for the entertainer's privacy. With a variety of entertainment, prestige lighting and sound, like a fire, word is spreading about Kilos Cantina. You can expect to see some large acts come through the nightclub in the near future.
Felipe is now focused on remodeling the outside of the building hopefully by the years' end. With a background in Architecture and Carpentry, Felipe will be taking on the task of renovating the cantina. Felipe hopes to draw more attention to the building as it's located on the outskirts of 1000 Palms. Much like you don't want to judge a book by its cover, the outer appearance doesn't do justice for what you'll find on the inside. Love, friendship, family, soul, unity, hospitality, good food, drink specials and more can be found at 72390 Ramon Road 1000 Palms, Ca 92276. For Bottle Service and private event hosting, you can contact the cantina at 760-835-1363. And/or follow them on both Instagram and Facebook under "Kilos Cantina".
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Next articleLOCAL MUSICIAN SPOTLIGHT: Armando "Mondo" Flores | it may be the same plate but it definitely has its own flavor with momma's home-style cooking."
On October 20, 2017, the nightclub debuted with the help of childhood friend and fellow rapper Carlos Cruz, known as 2Toxic. "He has been one of the people I've | 65 |
Baz Luhrmann's The Get Down focuses on 1970s New York – broken down and beaten up, violent, cash strapped – dying.
Consigned to rubble, a rag-tag crew of<|fim_middle|> on August 12th. | teenagers are nothings and nobodies with no one to shelter them – except each other, armed only with verbal games, improvised dance steps, some magic markers and spray cans.
From Bronx tenements, to the SoHo art scene; from CBGB to Studio 54 and even the glass towers of the just-built World Trade Center, The Get Down shows how New York at the brink of bankruptcy gave birth to hip-hop, punk and disco – as told through the lives and music of the South Bronx kids who changed the city and the world…forever.
The Get Down stars Justice Smith (Ezekiel "Books" Figueroa), Shameik Moore (Shaolin Fantastic), Herizen Guardiola (Mylene Cruz), Tremaine Brown Jr. (Miles "Boo-Boo" Kipling), Skylan Brooks (Ronald "Ra-Ra" Kipling), Jaden Smith (Dizzee Kipling), Yahya Abdul-Mateen II (Cadillac), Jimmy Smits (Francisco "Papa Fuerte" Cruz), Shyrley Rodriguez (Regina), Stefanee Martin (Yolanda Kipling) and Giancarlo Esposito (Pastor Ramon Cruz).
The Get Down is produced by Sony Pictures Television and premieres on Netflix | 265 |
Posted on March 22, 2016 by admin Leave a comment
■ BRAYTON CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS-TURBINE ENGINES
The Brayton cycle was first proposed by George Brayton for use in the reciprocating oil-burning engine that he developed around 1870. Today, it is used for gas turbines only where both the compression and expansion processes take place in rotating machinery. Gas turbines usually operate on an open cycle, as shown in Fig. 8–25. Fresh air at ambient conditions is drawn into the compressor, where its temperature and pressure are raised. The high-pressure air proceeds into the combustion chamber, where the fuel is burned at constant pressure. The resulting high-temperature gases then enter the turbine, where they expand to the atmospheric pressure, thus producing power. The exhaust gases leaving the turbine are thrown out (not recirculated), causing the cycle to be classified as an open cycle.
The open gas-turbine cycle just described can be modeled as a closed cycle, as shown in Fig. 8–26, by utilizing the air-standard assumptions. Here the
compression and expansion processes remain the same, but the combustion process is replaced by a constant-pressure heat-addition process from an external source, and the exhaust process is replaced by a constant-pressure heat- rejection process to the ambient air. The ideal cycle that the working fluid undergoes in this closed loop is the Brayton cycle, which is made up of four internally reversible processes:
1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor)
2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition
Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection
is the pressure ratio and k is the specific heat ratio. Equation 8–16 shows that under the cold-air-standard assumptions, the thermal efficiency of an ideal Brayton cycle depends on the pressure ratio of the gas turbine and the specific heat ratio of the working fluid. The thermal efficiency increases with both of these parameters, which is also the case for actual gas turbines. A plot of thermal efficiency versus the pressure ratio is given in Fig. 8–28 for k = 1.4, which is the specific heat ratio value of air at room temperature.
The highest temperature in the cycle occurs at the end of the combustion process (state 3), and it is limited by the maximum temperature that the turbine blades can withstand. This also limits the pressure ratios that can be used in the cycle. For a fixed turbine inlet temperature T3, the net work output per cycle in- creases with the pressure ratio, reaches a maximum, and then starts to decrease, as shown in Fig. 8–29. Therefore, there should be a compromise between the pressure ratio (thus the thermal efficiency) and the net work output. With less work output per cycle, a larger mass flow rate (thus a larger system) is needed to maintain the same power output which may not be economical. In most common designs, the pressure ratio of gas turbines ranges from about 11 to 16. The air in gas turbines performs two important functions: It supplies the necessary oxidant for the combustion of the fuel, and it serves as a coolant to keep the temperature of various components within safe limits. The second function is accomplished by drawing in more air than is needed for the complete combustion of the fuel. In gas turbines, an air–fuel mass ratio of 50 or above is not uncommon. Therefore, in a cycle analysis, treating the combustion gases as air will not cause any appreciable error. Also, the mass flow rate through the turbine will be greater than that through the compressor, the difference being equal<|fim_middle|> ratio is only a few percent. This is not surprising, however, since a liquid is compressed in steam power plants instead of a gas, and the reversible steady-flow work is proportional to the specific volume of the working fluid. A power plant with a high back work ratio requires a larger turbine to pro- vide the additional power requirements of the compressor. Therefore, the turbines used in gas-turbine power plants are larger than those used in steam power plants of the same net power output.
Development of Gas Turbines
The gas turbine has experienced phenomenal progress and growth since its first successful development in the 1930s. The early gas turbines built in the 1940s and even 1950s had simple-cycle efficiencies of about 17 percent be- cause of the low compressor and turbine efficiencies and low turbine inlet temperatures due to metallurgical limitations of those times. Therefore, gas turbines found only limited use despite their versatility and their ability to burn a variety of fuels. The efforts to improve the cycle efficiency was concentrated in three areas:
1. Increasing the turbine inlet (or firing) temperatures This has been the primary approach taken to improve gas-turbine efficiency. The turbine inlet temperatures have increased steadily from about 540˚C (1000˚F) in the 1940s to 1425˚C (2600˚F) today. These increases were made possible by the development of new materials and the innovative cooling techniques for the critical components such as coating the turbine blades with ceramic layers and cooling the blades with the discharge air from the compressor. Maintaining high turbine inlet temperatures with air-cooling technique requires the combustion temperature to be higher to compensate for the cooling effect of the cooling air. However, higher combustion temperatures increase the amount of nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are responsible for the formation of ozone at ground level and smog. Using steam as the coolant allowed an increase in the turbine inlet temperatures by 200˚F without an increase in the combustion temperature. Steam is also a much more effective heat transfer medium than air.
2. Increasing the efficiencies of turbomachinery components The performance of early turbines suffered greatly from the inefficiencies of tur- bines and compressors. However, the advent of computers and advanced tech- niques for computer-aided design made it possible to design these components aerodynamically with minimal losses. The increased efficiencies of the tur- bines and compressors resulted in a significant increase in the cycle efficiency.
3. Adding modifications to the basic cycle The simple-cycle efficiencies of early gas turbines were practically doubled by incorporating intercooling, regeneration (or recuperation), and reheating, discussed in Sections 8–8 and 8–9. These improvements, of course, come at the expense of increased initial and operation costs, and they cannot be justified unless the decrease in fuel costs offsets the increase in other costs. The relatively low fuel prices, the general desire in the industry to minimize installation costs, and the tremendous increase in the simple-cycle efficiency to about 40 percent left little desire for opting for these modifications.
The first gas turbine for an electric utility was installed in 1949 in Oklahoma as part of a combined-cycle power plant. It was built by General Electric and produced 3.5 MW of power. Gas turbines installed until the mid-1970s suffered from low efficiency and poor reliability. In the past, the base-load electric power generation was dominated by large coal and nuclear power plants. However, there has been a historic shift toward natural gas– fired gas turbines because of their higher efficiencies, lower capital costs, shorter installation times, and better emission characteristics, and the abundance of natural gas supplies, and more and more electric utilities are using gas turbines for base-load power production as well as for peaking. The construction costs for gas-turbine power plants are roughly half that of comparable conventional fossil-fuel steam power plants, which were the primary base-load power plants until the early 1980s. More than half of all power plants to be installed in the foreseeable future are forecast to be gas-turbine or combined gas–steam turbine types.
A gas turbine manufactured by General Electric in the early 1990s had a pressure ratio of 13.5 and generated 135.7 MW of net power at a thermal efficiency of 33 percent in simple-cycle operation. A more recent gas turbine manufactured by General Electric uses a turbine inlet temperature of 1425˚C (2600˚F) and produces up to 282 MW while achieving a thermal efficiency of 39.5 percent in the simple-cycle mode. A 1.3-ton small-scale gas turbine la- beled OP-16, built by the Dutch firm Opra Optimal Radial Turbine, can run on gas or liquid fuel and can replace a 16-ton diesel engine. It has a pressure ratio of 6.5 and produces up to 2 MW of power. Its efficiency is 26 percent in the simple-cycle operation, which rises to 37 percent when equipped with a regenerator.
Deviation of Actual Gas-Turbine Cycles from Idealized Ones
The actual gas-turbine cycle differs from the ideal Brayton cycle on several accounts. For one thing, some pressure drop during the heat-addition and heatrejection processes is inevitable. More importantly, the actual work input to the compressor will be more, and the actual work output from the turbine will be T less because of irreversibilities. The deviation of actual compressor and turbine behavior from the idealized isentropic behavior can be accurately accounted for by utilizing the isentropic efficiencies of the turbine and compressor as
where states 2a and 4a are the actual exit states of the compressor and the turbine, respectively, and 2s and 4s are the corresponding states for the isentropic case, as illustrated in Fig. 8–32. The effect of the turbine and compressor efficiencies on the thermal efficiency of the gas-turbine engines is illustrated below with an example.
open air refrigeration cycle
open and closed air refrigeration cycle
brayton cycle
brayton refrigeration cycle
gas turbine power plant
open cycle gas turbine photos
Case studies:Variable speed drives on a paper stock transfer pump
Benefits, drawbacks and operational issues:Motordesign
Benefits, drawbacks and operational issues:Tangible benefits to the user
Motors:Alternative electrical designs of motors
CONTROL VALVES:Globe Valves
First approximation design methods:Methods presented
Air flow rate evaluation:The influence of temperature and Conveyed material influences.
Pipelines and valves:Wall thickness
Review of pneumatic conveying systems:Material property influences
Review of pneumatic conveying systems:System types,Open systems and Positive pressure systems.
Hydraulic accessories:Types of filters.
ACTUATORS:MULTIPLE CYLINDER CIRCUITS AND CYLINDER AIR CONSUMPTION
Hydraulic coolers and heat exchangers.
Service units.
SUMMARY OF PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
« RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER:THE VIEW FACTOR
NATURAL CONVECTION:PHYSICAL MECHANISM OF NATURAL CONVECTION » | to the mass flow rate of the fuel. Thus, assuming a constant mass flow rate throughout the cycle will yield conservative results for open-loop gas-turbine engines.
The two major application areas of gas-turbine engines are aircraft propulsion and electric power generation. When it is used for aircraft propulsion, the gas turbine produces just enough power to drive the compressor and a small generator to power the auxiliary equipment. The high-velocity exhaust gases are responsible for producing the necessary thrust to propel the aircraft. Gas turbines are also used as stationary power plants to generate electricity as stand- alone units or in conjunction with steam power plants on the high-temperature side. In these plants, the exhaust gases of the gas turbine serve as the heat source for the steam. The gas-turbine cycle can also be executed as a closed cycle for use in nuclear power plants. This time the working fluid is not limited to air, and a gas with more desirable characteristics (such as helium) can be used. The majority of the Western world's naval fleets already use gas-turbine engines for propulsion and electric power generation. The General Electric LM2500 gas turbines used to power ships have a simple-cycle thermal efficiency of 37 percent. The General Electric WR-21 gas turbines equipped with intercooling and regeneration have a thermal efficiency of 43 percent and produce 21.6 MW (29,040 hp). The regeneration also reduces the exhaust temperature from 600˚C (1100˚F) to 350˚C (650˚F). Air is compressed to 3 atm before it enters the intercooler. Compared to steam-turbine and diesel-propulsion systems, the gas turbine offers greater power for a given size and weight, high reliability, long life, and more convenient operation. The engine start-up time has been reduced from 4 h required for a typical steam-propulsion system to less than 2 min for a gas turbine. Many modern marine propulsion systems use gas turbines together with diesel engines because of the high fuel consumption of simple-cycle gas-turbine engines. In combined diesel and gas-turbine systems, diesel is used to provide for efficient low-power and cruise operation, and gas turbine is used when high speeds are needed.
In gas-turbine power plants, the ratio of the compressor work to the turbine work, called the back work ratio, is very high (Fig. 8–30). Usually more than
one-half of the turbine work output is used to drive the compressor. The situation is even worse when the isentropic efficiencies of the compressor and the turbine are low. This is quite in contrast to steam power plants, where the back work | 557 |
On Fridays I join many others to write for five minutes on a word given by the gypsy mama.
writing with freedom and abandon.
Brave is the opposite of what I normally write in this space. I write a lot about fear and overcoming it.
Maybe brave is what I need to start focusing on. Maybe brave is what I need to start repeating to myself when I wake up in the morning.
Like David in the wilderness, I have to be brave. He had crazy people chasing after him all the time, even at a young age. But in his fear, he stopped and cried out<|fim_middle|> Why is it easier to write about fears? | to God and kept going.
I can't be brave in my own strength. It's not about me.
It's about God being the essence of brave.
He did it all so that in those times when I don't feel brave, I know I have it.
do not fear. for I am the Lord your God. I am the Holy One of Israel. Your Savior.
do not be anxious about anything, but in everything claim His name and His peace will come.
I think I need to stop focusing on my fears, too. Great reminder! | 112 |
Santa Maria Sun / Cover Story
The following article was posted on July 17th, 2019, in the Santa Maria Sun - Volume 20, Issue 20 [ Submit a Story ]
The following articles were printed from Santa Maria Sun [santamariasun.com] - Volume 20, Issue 20
New Santa Maria cultural and art center makes a home for the Latino community and artists everywhere
By BY KERRY MAIN ALLER
At the heart of the city, on Broadway and Main Street heading west, there is a building that reminds one of a bygone era. Entering the site under a distinctive black awning, visitors are greeted by a two-tiered staircase with intricate molding and craftsmanship.
The heart of the village
To see the upcoming exhibits and performances, visit Corazón del Pueblo Cultural and Creative Arts Center of the Santa Maria Valley on Facebook at facebook.com/corazondelpueblosm/. In collaboration with Cal Poly's Robert E. Kennedy Library, the cultural center will be hosting a hip-hop exhibition with an opening reception on Friday, Aug. 16, from 5 to 9 pm. The exhibit focuses on the elements of the hip-hop culture and addresses truth and social injustice. Corazón del Pueblo is located at 124 W. Main St., suite E, in Santa Maria.
Local artist Ruben Espinoza designed the logo for the Corazón del Pueblo Cultural and Creative Art Center of the Santa Maria Valley.
IMAGE COURTESY OF RUBEN ESPINOZA
Corazón del Pueblo Cultural and Creative Arts Center of the Santa Maria Valley has found a long-awaited home here. The new center at 124 W. Main St., suite E—in the historic W. A. Haslam & Co. building, established in 1906—will serve as a cultural hub that addresses a multitude of concerns and needs expressed by Santa Maria's Latino community for more than three decades.
Corazón del Pueblo Executive Director Alma Hernandez said she's excited for the future of the Latino community and the people of the region as a whole.
"It was a need that was expressed 35 years ago by youth in our city to have a place to celebrate and embrace their heritage. Corazón del Pueblo is not going to be a service-only nonprofit. The cultural center is for people of all ages to bring their gifts and talents to share with everyone besides the artists and professionals we bring in," she said. "We want the community members to be able to connect and share their stories."
The cultural center's vision is to serve as a sanctuary for locals to discover and experience arts and culture. Hernandez's first step was to seek out Ruben Espinoza, a local artist, community advocate, and business owner of Chingon Design Company, known for his love of murals and working with underserved youth throughout Santa Maria.
Espinoza, who received his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree with an emphasis in animation from CSU Fullerton, now serves on the local center's board. He also works as the event and exhibit coordinator, working to secure funding as well as bring in artists and their works for display.
Espinoza also designed the artwork for the center's mural to represent and embrace the heritage and traditions of the Latino community.
"Our culture will be celebrated at Corazón del Pueblo, and we also want everyone to be exposed to art in general and all the talent and expression we have here on the Central Coast," Espinoza said. "It is more than tradition. We want everything and everyone to be included, and we need to bring people together and not let hate and frustration drive them apart.
Poet Laureate Juan Felipe Herrera from the Central Valley spoke and answered questions at the cultural center's official opening on March 31, 2019.
PHOTO COURTESY OF CRAIG WOOD
"Art does that," he said.
Poet Laureate Juan Felipe Herrera from the Central Valley spoke and answered questions at the cultural center's official opening on March 31. Herrera—the nation's 21st poet laureate, serving from 2015 to 2017—was the first Latino to receive that distinction. He's known for his autobiographical poems on immigration, the Chicano identity, and his life in California. During the Santa Maira cultural<|fim_middle|> Espinoza envisions that the cultural center will be open daily and will host a number of events, artistic endeavors, and opportunities, with something for everyone. Since they've received their nonprofit status, all that's required now is funding and development through grants and donations.
The programming list includes: exhibitions, live music, wood printing, life drawing, artist talks, an art festival, and workshops featuring industry professionals sharing their tips and career opportunities in numerous design professions.
Espinoza said that for now the community can go to the cultural center's Facebook page to see current and upcoming events.
Everyone has a gift
Retired Santa Barbara County Superior Court Judge Rogelio Flores is among the local residents excited about the possibilities that an arts and cultural center can bring to Santa Maria. However, Flores said he also recognizes the challenge of reaching out and getting the Latino community involved.
BE WOKE
Corazón del Pueblo will host an opening reception in August for its upcoming Hip-Hop exhibit, with artwork on loan from Cal Poly's Robert E. Kennedy Library.
PHOTO COURTESY OF HANNAH TRAVIS/KENNEDY LIBRARY
"The cultural center is something we have needed for a very long time. The Latino community especially, and the Mexican community. We have many communities here," Flores said. "The Mexican-American community, the Latino-American community, Italian-Swiss, and the Oaxacan and Philippine communities, and we're still growing."
Flores, an advocate for the cultural center, said he has always recognized the necessity of a gathering place for youth and for all people.
"I think young people are the reason we are doing this, they are doing this, and I help where I can. The young people that we have in Santa Maria, for example, they connect with other young adults and with each other and it is not necessarily the healthiest environment," he said.
Flores said he's witnessed the growing gang problem in every city, including in Santa Maria.
"A lot of the problem, I believe, is because they don't understand. They feel like they don't fit. They're lost. Young Latinos and Latinas who are growing up, they tend to turn to each other because they are looking for community," he said, "and their community has to be other people who are really confused about their culture."
Jovany Medina-Contreras,19, an artist and sophomore at Allan Hancock College, is one of the youngest board members at the cultural center. He agrees with Flores and said it's hard to watch parents struggle for their own identity and to be ignored for the contributions they made to their own community for generations.
He laughs with joy at the idea of being able to show his art at an exhibition one day and believes this will bring all people closer together.
"To be told not to speak your native language and to have to adapt to everything for someone else to meet their expectations takes something away from you. It is hard not to be seen or heard like the rest of the kids," Medina-Contreras said. "It makes it hard not to be confused about who we are and where we belong. It can stop us from believing in ourselves, from reaching our potential."
Medina-Contreras said he's hopeful that the center will help break the cultural and generational barriers through communication and art. He believes the cultural center will benefit everyone in the community and is excited to see a place where he can be himself and create his art.
Flores knows from experience that it's important to reach out to young Latinos when they are children. He said he's disheartened by the growing hatred and division in the country, which has seemingly been taking steps forward for so many years but is now taking one extremely large step backward.
"[To] let them know they are being listened to, and let them know they have a responsibility to themselves and their community," Flores said, "no matter what anyone says, they can do anything with some guidance—sometimes firm—and love.
"We must stop the hatred and create a place for the young people to feel safe and to be challenged and rewarded for the good things they do," he continued.
¡Sí, se puede! Yes, we can!
"Sí, se puede"—generally translated from Spanish as, "Yes, we can"—are bright and inspirational words on the mural Espinoza has designed for the cultural center, and he is looking for a wall to paint it on in the downtown area. The words were the United Farm Workers of America slogan and rallying cry in the early 1970s, with Cesar Chavez and his co-worker Delores Huerta, and the phrase has been used over the decades to inspire and motivate the Latino culture.
Espinoza, who was born and raised in Santa Maria, heard this phrase throughout his childhood from his family and friends.
"'Sí, se puede' have always been positive words of affirmation for me, and it is a reflection of what Corazón del Pueblo will be for everyone," Espinoza said.
Hernandez, Espinoza, and other cultural center board members wanted to make sure all voices from the Latino community are represented in the mural, and they took several steps to ensure everyone was heard.
"We held four workshops and had a diverse group of people ranging in ages, gender, ethnicity, and professions," Espinoza said.
He also noticed that many women attended the meetings in a continual pursuit of being seen and heard. From the conversations and feelings shared at the workshops, Espinoza's creative artistry began to take shape. He blended into the design motif flowers from the intricately detailed embroidery of Oaxacan dresses and Victorian swirls to capture the essence of Latino history and then the cherished words of his culture, "Sí, se puede."
Espinoza said that throughout his life, he's been constantly reminded of the inner strength existing in all people and the power of words. He said he looks forward to the community members celebrating their heritage, hearing their voices, and seeing the phrase in the mural that kept so many people going when they thought they could not.
Espinoza is currently working with Corazón del Pueblo to bring in a variety of artistic works, in line with the cultural center's mission statement of promoting creative expression and communication through performance, visual, and literary arts.
"We want to bring in unique and thought-provoking exhibits and talent and to expose everyone to the beauty and freedom that comes with creating art," Espinoza said. "Working with Alma [Hernandez] and the board members and talking with the community and seeing the cultural center evolve is the best thing possible."
Hernandez said she looks forward to seeing the doors open daily by this coming fall, if not sooner. A gallery space inside the center is filled with natural lighting from large windows facing Main Street. There's a meeting room where people come together for events and receptions, and outside is a secluded courtyard for people to gather and enjoy sculptures and the sunshine.
"In five years from now, we hope to be a cornerstone in the downtown area, where it is vibrant and people are walking in on a daily basis," Hernandez said. "The cultural center will always be a place people can come and express themselves emotionally or artistically and find community."
Hernandez said she is grateful to the many people who are coming together to create this cultural center and make it sustainable.
"We have received so much support from the community already, and we will keep going," she said. "The cultural center has already received support from various organizations, including a number of pieces created by sculptor Morris Squire from The Squire Foundation on display in the courtyard. We have acquired funding from the Fund for Santa Barbara and the Santa Barbara County Office of Arts and Culture."
Hernandez said she acknowledges and embraces the challenges inherent to nonprofits and even more so to those of the Latino community and children.
"It is a challenge, and we must work together and communicate and listen, and art is one of the best ways to learn about people and their heritage," Hernandez said. "That is what the Corazón del Pueblo is all about: Embracing who we are and all we can accomplish.
"'Sí se puede,' it is true," she continued. "The cultural center will continue to grow and help revitalize our community and bring people together, and Corazón del Pueblo will be their home away from home."
Contact contributing writer Kerry Main Aller through the editor at clanham@santamariasun.com.
Arts: SMV Strawberry Festival | center's opening, Herrera spoke of heritage, tradition, and pride and of his challenges and experiences while growing up.
Espinoza, beyond helping to bring Herrera and his poems to the city, said that in collaboration with Cal Poly's Robert E. Kennedy Library, the cultural center will be hosting a hip-hop exhibition in August. The exhibit focuses on the elements and traditions of the hip-hop culture and addresses truth and social injustice, he said.
In 2017, Hernandez began working on the cultural center's plans after hearing ongoing concerns about the youth in the Latino community, including losing friends to gangs, worrying about their future, and where they belong in it.
Through her professional and leadership studies, she created a step-by-step plan to start a nonprofit that would provide a space for the Latino community to connect with one another and find a cultural identity built around expression through art and defining their own individuality.
Hernandez said that at the beginning of the project, there was an enormous amount of paperwork, deadlines, and details to take care of, and one of her first priorities was enlisting a diverse board—representing different ages, races, and genders.
"The need had been voiced, and no one was listening," Hernandez said. "[Youth] are a part of our community, an invaluable voice that we want to listen to and let them know, this time they are being heard.
"Their voice will be listened to," she said, "and the cultural center is not going to disappear or be taken away. It will be their home away from home."
La concepción: The conception
After a surge in teen and gang violence in 2016, the youth leadership programs of the area joined together for the Just Community Summit to get to the heart of the frustration that was growing among Santa Maria youth. What was needed? What was missing? These were just some of the questions needed to be answered.
A gallery space inside Corazón del Pueblo is filled with natural lighting from large windows facing Main Street. It has a meeting room where people come together for events and receptions, and outside is a secluded courtyard for people to gather and enjoy sculptures and the sunshine.
PHOTO COURTESY OF CORAZÓN DEL PUEBLO
Local nonprofits and their youth representatives were invited to speak during the summit and said they felt displaced and like they didn't have a voice or recognition within their own community. Speakers told the city and local nonprofits that they needed a center, a safe place for them to exchange ideas and open up communication. Hernandez said their message was clear: They wanted to be listened to and heard and to talk openly without judgement. They wanted to ask questions, be told the truth, and share their feelings and thoughts with friends and family.
The results of the 2016 summit helped fuel Hernandez's passion for addressing the need for the cultural center. Through her work with the Santa Barbara Foundation's Leading from Within course, she decided it was time to take action. Using stories she heard from her own children and their friends as motivation, in addition to what she had learned from the summit, Hernandez wrote the proposal for the cultural center to county officials, prospective donors, and community advocates.
"This is a dream that needed to come true," Hernandez said as she looked around the cultural center and smiled, touching her hand to her heart. "Everything is a team effort here. We have much to do and so many wonderful people on our diverse board and from the community. It will eventually all come to fruition."
Currently, the team behind the cultural center is working on a wish list and is coming up with a number of performers and artists to schedule throughout the year. Each artist and event can cost anywhere from $2,000 to $3,000, and the center needs funding to bring those to the community.
The cultural center received its nonprofit status in June, and Espinoza has already started seeking funding for numerous projects with input from the board members and their communities. He said he is glad to have collected a vast network of artists and galleries to draw upon.
Currently, the center's doors are closed to the public unless there is an event or exhibit or some type of art being introduced and shared. Eventually, | 862 |
The Pohoda Festival aims to reduce the impact on the environment by separating plastics, paper, metal, and biowaste. We therefore ask you for your active engagement again this year. All waste containers will be marked with distinctive inscriptions. This year, biowaste from food stands will be separated in special containers. All meals at the festival will be served in/with decomposable containers and cutlery, which you can throw into containers marked BIO after use. This waste will be composted.
In the tent camp, "each tent" will receive two bags: one for separate collection, and the other for other waste. Yellow bags are for empty plastic cups and bottles (with no drink leftovers, ideally also compressed), clean sacks, bags, foils, all kinds of paper, and cans. Everything else goes into black bags for municipal waste. When leaving, please tie all the bags and leave them on<|fim_middle|> and call our infoline (available only during the festival): +421 800 500 090. | spot. Waste collected in bags and larger containers for separate collection will be further sorted and then recycled. Specially designated waste patrols can provide you with additional information.
We would be grateful if you let us know during the festival about overfilled containers or contaminated sites | 51 |
Coronavirus news and updates about the Charlotte region, the Carolinas and beyond.
Belmont Keeps Christmas Traditions Live Even In Coronavirus Hot Spot
Published December 2, 2020 at 6:33 AM EST
Dozens gathered outside Belmont City Hall on Monday for the annual tree-lighting ceremony.
Across the country, many cities and towns have resorted to virtual parades and festivities to avoid crowds where the coronavirus could spread.
But when the mayor of Belmont flipped the switch to light the Christmas tree outside City Hall on Monday, he wasn't doing it for an online audience.
The city of about 12,500 people on Gaston County's eastern edge blocked the street and invited people to come in person. And they did, forming a crowd that one police officer estimated at 100 to 150 — well over Gov. Roy<|fim_middle|> Stuff': Gaston County Among 10 NC Coronavirus 'Hot Spots' | Cooper's mandate to keep outside gatherings under 50 people.
"This is one of the largest crowds I've ever seen, you know? It's amazing. Amazing," Mayor Charlie Martin said.
Singers from Mount Holly's CORE Church perform Christmas carols from the steps of Belmont City Hall on Monday.
A small choir from CORE Church in nearby Mount Holly sang Christmas carols.
Speakers reminded people about COVID-19 safety rules. Most people did wear masks and kept some distance between their group and others. But it was up to individuals to decide how — or whether — to cover their face and how close to stand to others.
"I forgot that we were supposed to wear masks," Jocelyn McCarn said. She and her husband, Tim McCarn, are founding pastors of CORE Church. They said they brought their three kids — and their unmasked singers — without worrying about contagion.
"Not so much of a worry about COVID. A lot of faith, you know?" Tim McCarn said.
The McCarns said their church has a coded bracelet system that lets everyone select their own risk level.
"Green means 'I'm OK with the hug,' " Jocelyn McCarn explained. "Yellow means 'I'm still keeping my distance' and red means 'Please stay away.' So it's been nice — everybody has a bracelet on so we can kind of look and know how everyone wants to communicate."
Lord's Going To Take Care
Belmont is a town that loves its holiday traditions. But it's also located in a county that the state has designated a COVID-19 hot spot. The latest tally has Gaston County at 578 cases per 100,000 people over 14 days. That's almost three times the level that state health officials consider critical community spread.
Mayor Martin said the most important thing is to celebrate the birth of Jesus, while taking reasonable precautions against the coronavirus.
"Long as people are wearing masks and social distancing, I don't have a problem with that," he said after the ceremony. "It's outside, too. If it was inside and stuff like that I'd be worried. I'm not worried about it. Lord's going to take care of us."
Cruise-Thru Christmas
Belmont's "Cruise-Thru Christmas" parade had stationary floats with vehicles driving past.
On Tuesday afternoon, Belmont held its annual Christmas parade — in person, but with a twist.
Local businesses and elected officials waved and greeted people from floats. But instead of moving along Main Street with crowds jamming the sidewalks, the floats were parked in the northbound lane while spectators drove by in the southbound lane.
Santa Claus waves as vehicles reach the end of Belmont's drive-by Christmas parade.
The "Cruise-Thru Christmas" parade was definitely scaled back: No marching bands, no Shriners hot-dogging in miniature vehicles, no one tossing candy to kids. But in a season where the Macy's Thanksgiving parade allowed no spectators and Charlotte merely televised highlight clips of previous Carousel parades, Belmont's real-life event drew heavy traffic. Vehicles that came to the suggested access point off Wilkinson Boulevard at the 3:30 p.m. start time spent more than 45 minutes inching seven-tenths of a mile to the first floats.
In addition to celebrating Christmas, both the parade and the tree-lighting ceremonies served as opportunities for the Montcross Area Chamber of Commerce to urge people to patronize downtown Belmont's shops and restaurants.
Christmas Town Scales Back
Meanwhile, just a few miles west, McAdenville launched its famous Christmas Town USA light display Tuesday night. But in that Gaston County town, the tree-lighting ceremony was canceled this year, and the lake that's normally a focal point of the display will remain dark to discourage pedestrian traffic.
HealthChristmasGaston CountyBelmont
'Maybe We Have To Close Some | 796 |
Paul Pierce makes the expected official, will opt out of contract to become free agent
By Kurt HelinJun 27, 2015, 2:00 PM EDT
This has been expected for a while — even the Washington Wizards admitted this was coming — but on Saturday Paul Pierce made it official, he is becoming a free agent.
.@paulpierce34 has informed<|fim_middle|> Kevin Love on coming to Boston (well, for Pierce back to Boston).
Of course, money will play a factor. The Wizards can offer up to $5.5 million to Pierce (the max raise they can give under the CBA), and other teams will need to be at least in that ballpark or higher. | The Players' Tribune that he is opting out of his contract to be a free agent. pic.twitter.com/k9j2Qls6TP
— The Players' Tribune (@PlayersTribune) June 27, 2015
Pierce retweeted this from the Players Tribune.
Pierce will turn 38 next season, but his "old man at the Y" crafty game still gets the job done — he averaged 11.9 points a game and shot 38.9 percent from three. He has thrived more as a small four the last few seasons.
Teams are going to be lined up to land him.
The Wizards want to bring him back, to start. Here is what GM Ernie Grunfeld told J. Michael at CSNWashington.com.
"We want Paul back obviously. I think he had a good year here," said Grunfeld on Friday after the team introduced first-round draft pick Kelly Oubre at Verizon Center. "He enjoyed his teammates. He enjoyed the city. He enjoyed the environment in the city.
"He's going to be a free agent. It's his call but if you ask me if we want him back — absolutely."
However, the front runners to land Pierce, if you ask around the league, are the Los Angeles Clippers. They are looking for a new starting three (they traded Matt Barnes, but want to bring Lance Stephenson off the bench) and someone with playoff experience to help them over the hump in the West. Plus they are coached by Pierce's old friend Doc Rivers.
The Celtics are interested as well, trying to pitch Pierce and | 334 |
Transcript written on 14th February 1999.
it begins to irritate Frasier.
Daphne and Martin enter through the front door, with good news.
called for you a little earlier.
Daphne: Did he sound British?
Daphne: I bet he will!
Martin: Oh, boy! [sitting down:] I can't wait to see the old gang!
Frasier: Well, by my count, two of us get to be lucky!
Daphne: And I have my friend Megan's birthday party.
Frasier: Oh, please let that be Megan needing a clown for her party!
tonight. Well, maybe just a drink then. Say, 6:30? Me too.
Bye. [phone down:] Oh, hell!
Niles: So who is this Clive?
and had the most gorgeous eyes you ever saw!
Daph<|fim_middle|> eats. She eats a biscuit and offers one to Niles.
He takes his tweezers and puts the unwanted bits into his sherry glass. | ne: Oh yes, that too! I just couldn't see a future with him.
I mean, the man was a total layabout. No ambition, no drive!
Mercedes, he wouldn't have given me Horst.
He leaves to the kitchen.
Well, what do I say to him?
Frasier: Well, be honest, tell him what you feel.
Daphne: And break the poor thing's heart all over again!
Martin: Well, that's fine. There'll be other reunions.
just had his third bypass. But I'll see him this June.
Frasier: [getting up] Off to work!
Martin: Unless I go first!
Frasier: All right, I'll drive you to your stupid reunion!
about Stinky needing a ride.
applying for that air traffic control position. This is Dr.
Frasier Crane, KACL, 780 AM.
Gil Chesterton enters Frasier's booth.
Gil: Brilliant show, Frasier. Chock full of pithy insight.
so do back me up.
Frasier: Well, I'm sorry, I can't!
Gil: But you've got to. Have you any idea how vile her food is?
The local raccoons have posted warning signs on her trash bin!
father off to escape her Labour Day clambake.
He leaves, whilst Roz enters from her booth.
that bodybuilder that moved in across the street.
while you're trying to watch The Magic Flute!
Later, Frasier is playing the piano in his apartment.
Daphne: [o.s.] Dr. Crane, I need your opinion on this outfit.
Frasier: Well, short of a cactus corsage, I think you've captured it.
the poor thing again is more than I can bear.
Daphne: Oh dear, it's him. Anything between my teeth?
Daphne: Is there any spinach in the fridge?
Frasier: Just answer the door!
Daphne opens the door to a grinning Niles, ready to intervene.
Daphne: Oh, Dr. Crane, I was afraid you were Clive!
Niles: [acting:] Oh, Clive? Clive? [he "realises":] Oh, Clive.
Frasier: I'm sure Daphne doesn't want us horning in on her reunion.
Frasier: [takes the jigsaw away] I'm getting my jacket!
The doorbell goes again. Daphne answers it, while Niles watches.
Frasier: Niles, for God's sake, will you give them some privacy?
Clive: Look at you, you look wonderful.
They hug, but Clive makes a hotch potch.
Clive: Oh my God! I've got a spot of axle grease on your sweater.
Daphne: Oh, it's all right, really. It's just a ratty old thing.
Please, come in. [he does] Same old Clive, I see.
Daphne: So, what brings you to Seattle?
Clive: [turns around] My undying love for you. Oh, damn!
I meant to lead up to that, sorry.
Clive: Super. Anyway, I remember what you told me five years ago.
I thought my feelings might change, five years is a long time.
Niles drops the bowl with a clatter.
Daphne: [putting her arm through Niles's] Yes, six months next week.
Niles gives a giddy little laugh.
Clive: Six months? Well, you two are practically newlyweds.
Niles: Revolting! [kisses her back] Positively stomach turning!
Clive: I should be going.
Niles: No! I mean, we are so enjoying having you here.
Daphne: I did promise you a drink.
Clive: Oh. Well, I suppose I could stay for a bit.
Niles follows her in, where she starts to pour drinks.
him down. I didn't mean to put you in an awkward position.
face to face with her backside] too awkward.
Frasier enters the living room, meeting Clive.
Frasier: Oh hello, you must be Clive.
Clive: Yeah, and you are?
Frasier: Yes. You met Niles?
Clive: Just now. Though I used to know his wife quite well.
Frasier: Really, you know his wife?
Clive: She's one of a kind, that one.
Clive: Certainly can light up a room.
Frasier: Oh yes, usually by leaving it!
Daphne: Clive! I see you've met my husband's brother.
Clive: Yes. I'm not intruding on some family occasion, am I?
Daphne: [now in Niles's arms again] Oh, no! Frasier lives here.
Niles: Had a spat with his wife... Maris.
Clive: Sorry to hear that.
me again where we keep the wine?
Daphne drags Frasier to the kitchen.
Niles: [to Clive, giddy] Can you stay for dinner?
Meanwhile, Frasier is arguing with Daphne in the kitchen.
Frasier: I told you to be honest! But would you listen? No!
Now instead you subject us to this ridiculous charade.
Daphne: Play along, please. I swear, one drink and he's out the door.
Niles: [entering:] He's staying for dinner.
Daphne: Well, how did that happen?
keep these signs of affection as realistic as possible.
Daphne: Oh, what will I serve? Do we still have that lasagna?
you want, name it. Anything, it's yours.
Daphne: [realizing, turns around] Except Rattlesnake Ridge!
Frasier: [shrugs and calls] Oh, Clive!
Daphne: [whispering] All right, I'll take him!
Frasier: Lasagna all right for dinner?
Martin: [o.s.] Oh, I see we've got company!
Martin, emerging from his room, looks confused.
Daphne: Clive, I'd like you to meet my new husband's father.
Daphne: Oh yes, quite right! This is the living room.
Niles: No, I think he'll be more interested in the master bathroom.
Niles: Oh, you forgot to pay the toll.
Frasier: [to Martin] Now go away!
Martin: What the hell for? What's going on here?
down easily, by pretending to be married to Niles.
because he's separated from Maris.
Martin: [to Frasier] You couldn't stand her either, huh?
Martin & Frasier laugh, while Niles looks miffed.
Martin: Do I still live here?
Martin: Oh, I never used any of those skills as an undercover cop.
said I've got oatmeal for brains.
Daphne and Clive enter with yet more complications.
Clive: So, Daphne tells me that you two are both psychiatrists.
Clive: Fascinating. Are you a psychiatrist as well, Marty?
Martin: Me? No, I'm retired.
Clive: What did you do?
Martin: [looking evily at the Crane boys] I was an astronaut.
This causes Niles and Daphne to nearly faint onto the couch.
Frasier turns round in sudden disbelief.
Clive: Really! And you actually flew space missions?
know who it's going to be.
Roz: [o.s.] Open up, Frasier, it's me.
Martin: What do you know, it's Maris!
Niles and Daphne turn on Martin with faces of mixed fury and panic.
He just smiles at them. Frasier slowly opens the door.
glasses. Are we friends again?
He throws his arms around Roz and and kisses her cheek.
Frasier: [whispering in her ear] You're Maris!
Frasier: [whispering in her other ear] We're married!
Clive: Well, their little tiff's over.
Frasier: Maris Crane, this is Mr. Clive Roddy.
will you be in Seattle?
we could do with a moment alone. Come with me, darling.
Roz and Frasier go out onto the balcony.
Niles: So, now you've met the whole Crane clan!
Martin: I remember the first time I ever drove a moon crane.
I nearly rolled it into the Sea of Tranquillity.
his hand on her knee.
Niles: So Clive, what do you do?
Daphne gives a horrified look, Niles is more horrified.
Clive: Well, you know, "get a job you lazy git," that sort of thing.
sporting goods shop. Next thing you know I had three of them.
All these years I've nagged him to make something of himself.
of industry, and still as handsome as ever.
Niles: Yes, well, send in the clowns!
Roz and Frasier enter from the balcony.
Niles: Don't bother, they're here.
Martin: Oh, forget about your engagement, Maris. Stay for dinner!
Roz: [broad smile:] I'd love to.
Clive: Lovely, we can celebrate you two being reconciled.
Roz: That is still tentative, it could go either way.
Daphne looks appalled at Roz, as if to say "leave off!"
Eddie runs in and jumps onto a chair.
Clive: Hello there, what's his name?
stories from his bank of fairy tales.
on this big pickaxe we used for moon rocks!
but Clive is completely taken in.
Clive: And you still walk with a cane.
Martin: Que Sera Sera. I better turn in, boys.
Frasier: Don't forget your warm glass of Tang.
Clive: It was an honour meeting you, Commander.
Martin: Yeah, I had fun too. Goodnight, all!
Can't remember the last time I ate so much.
Roz: Well, that explains your fantastic physique.
Yes, and that little tummy.
Roz: Do you work out?
Clive: When I can. Actually, my shops keep me pretty busy.
Daphne: I'll give you a hand.
round ready for a tough journey.
forgotten she is a married woman?
harder, you'd blow out the candles!
Daphne: You get rid of her now, or it's Rattlesnake Ridge for you.
Clive's palm, until Frasier intervenes.
Frasier: Maris, I don't know about you, but I'm exhausted!
Roz: See you at home. More wine, please.
Niles drops the cookie plate, while Daphne looks furious.
here, what with my sister-in-law being barren and all.
Frasier just doesn't care anymore.
Clive enters the powder room.
Frasier: Have you all taken leave of your senses?
Daphne: Well, she started it, hanging all over him.
doing this is because you wanted to give him the brush-off.
Daphne: Well, I changed my mind! Didn't you see my signals?
Niles: Wait, wait, wait, there's no need to fight, I'll flip a coin.
[does, quickly] Oh, good news, Roz!
Daphne: [to Niles] Oh, sod off!
at least leave one for me.
Roz: Dozens? [to Frasier:] Did you tell her that?
Frasier: Well, forgive me for keeping track!
charm of a cricket bat!
Roz: You're right. You know what, Daphne? You can have him.
You can have him, he's yours!
She sees Clive and they all turn round in panic.
Clive: No, thank you. I really should be going.
You breaking up with your wife over a pair of opera glasses.
with Frasier, [to Daphne:] and you carrying Niles's baby.
swilling Sodom and lets it change her like it's changed you.
Frasier: No, the truth is we've been lying to you all night!
biscuit, which he | 2,641 |
CONTACT US ABOUT NIGHTLY AND WEEKEND RENTALS!
Our beach house is less than 200 yards from the beach,<|fim_middle|> and cookware. Second floor balcony with an ocean view was great!
We love the house, three living levels, three bathrooms. Ideal for our families. The location is great too.
A great vacation rental. Had everything we needed. Lots of space for everyone. Very close to beach, restaurants, and General Store!
Great views of the ocean, walk to beach, restaurants and shops. House was adequately stocked. We didn't really cook any meals though. We ate out every night. Stone's Throw was so close. Laundry on main level was a great convenience. Beds were very comfortable. 3 bathrooms was a total plus! The house is very nice and so much bigger than it looks in the pictures.
The house was perfectly located to the beach. It was well equipped with essentials. It is in good repair. We did have to change some light bulbs and batteries to the smoke alarms but they were there to change. We would consider renting again.
Thank you very much, and we are so happy that we were able to accommodate you and your friends for your special weekend even though the time your group required was less than our a six-night minimum stay. We do leave supplies there for the tenants, and we are glad you were able to find the bulbs and batteries! We will be posting the 2017 schedule and rates in the upcoming weeks, so if you are interested in a spot for next summer check back here on the site and get yourself booked!
Beach house with ocean views from second floor balcony located only 200 yards from the beach, as well as walking distance to multiple restaurants and shops. Flat sandy beach, very child friendly. Kayaking, surfing, sailing, paddle boarding, hiking, horseback riding and more. | with an ocean view from second-floor balcony. Bedrooms are on first and third floors, and the kitchen and living room, with a balcony, are on the second floor. The house sleeps up to 10 people comfortably. You can walk to restaurants, shops and York's Wild Kingdom. Surfing, kayaking, paddle boarding, hiking and horseback riding are all within 10 -mile radius. The house is a short drive to outlet shopping, malls and movie theaters.
4th year staying at Stones Throw. Always perfect!
We love Stones Throw!!!! Thanks for a lovely time as always!
The house was clean, neat and comfortable. Close walk to beach, York Dairy Bar and Long Sands General Store. My family enjoyed our time and the rental was exactly as promised! Kitchen was supplied with ample dining | 163 |
Tilt or turn iPod nano on its side, and you'll listen, watch, and play in new ways. You can flip through your album art with cover flow. Or, vertically speaking, see more albums and artists on the screen at one time. Pull hundreds of photos from your pocket and share them wherever you go. Hold iPod nano upright and see your photos in portrait view. Turn it on its side to see them in landscape. Your photos look beautiful in their proper aspect ratio on the vibrant display. Sometimes, people could all use a little unpredictability. And now you can shake to shuffle your music. Just give iPod nano a<|fim_middle|>.
Refurbished *May not include original box.
A one year warranty is issued as standard on all brand new iPod Nanos. For further information, please visit the Warranty Pages. | shake and it shuffles to a different song in your music library. You'll always be surprised by what you'll hear.
Song, album and artist information can also be displayed in Bulgarian, Serbian, Slovenian, Ukrainian and Vietnamese. For Arabic and Hebrew language support, some UI elements are not right to left.
May not include original box - however iPod is brand new | 74 |
Jheri Curl June: Grace Jones' "I'm Not Perfect (But I'm Perfect for You)"
For our second day of JCJ Ladies' Week, we'll be looking at a mid-'80s track by Grace Jones. The Jamaican-born style icon is probably best known for her androgynous looks and outlandish behavior, but she is in fact a prolific model, actor, and musical artist.
"I'm Not Perfect (But I'm Perfect for You)," from Jones' 1986 album Inside Story, was produced by ex-Chic frontman Nile Rodgers and is easily her most accessible song. Musically, it conforms to the now-mainstream sound that jheri curl music had brought to the pop market. But Jones' signature, commanding contralto voice still sets it apart as distinctly her own.
Also typical of Grace Jones, the video basically looks like an ad for art school, and includes cameo appearances by prominent New York art scene figures Andy Warhol and Keith Haring, as well as Nile Rodgers himself. Now, please enjoy this photograph of Jones wearing the 60-foot-tall dress Haring is shown creating in the video:
Grace Jones in her Keith Haring-designed dress; © WireImage
And then, enjoy our Spotify playlist:
<|fim_middle|> Can't Wait" | Tagged andy warhol, chic, grace jones, keith haring, nile rodgers
Jheri Curl June: Teena Marie's "Lovergirl"
Jheri Curl June: Nu Shooz' "I | 51 |
Heartworm disease is a very serious and potentially fatal disease of dogs and cats. It is caused by a parasitic worm that lives in the heart and lungs of infected animals. The disease is spread by mosquitoes and has been recorded in all mainland states of Australia. Once a dog is infected with heartworm disease, treatment is difficult and costly. Fortunately the disease can be easily prevented with the administration of a once a month heartworm preventative.
Heartgard tablets (which is also commonly misspelled as Heartguard) were the first once a month heartworm preventative commercially available. The tablets contained the active ingredient Ivermectin. Shortly after the manufacturer brought out Heartgard in a meaty chewable version and Heartgard Plus which contained Ivermectin and Pyrantel. Heartgard Plus controls heartworm, and two of the gastro-intestinal worms - hookworms and roundworms.
Unfortunately it does not treat other gastro-intestinal worms such as whipworm or tapeworms, so most vets recommended treating with a separate gastro-intestinal wormer every 3 months to control these other worms.
In the last few years,<|fim_middle|>, once a month heartworm preventative.
These generic versions cost a lot less than the leading brand name product. A generic drug is the same as a brand-name drug in dosage, safety, strength, how it is taken, quality, performance and intended use. Well made generic medications from reputable manufacturers are every bit as good as the brand counterpart.
Fir example Nuheart tablets are an alternative to Heartgard tablets. Nuheart is manufactured by a large and reputable Australian company called Pharmachem in a GMP licensed facility. All products they manufacture must comply with stringent requirements imposed by APVMA or the Australian Pesticides Veterinary Medicines Authority which is the Australian government authority responsible for the assessment and registration of pesticides and veterinary medicines. Pharmachem must ensure that the generic medications they produce have the same active ingredients as the brand name and works the same way in the body, in the same amount of time.
The cost of preventing heartworm for a year in a small dog with Nuheart tablets is $34.62 compared to $64.53 when using Heartgard Plus chewables, saving nearly $30.00 a year. For a large dog the savings are even greater.
Nuheart tablets contain Ivermectin, the same active ingredient as is found in the Heartgard tablets, but does not contain Pyrantel, which is found in the Heartgard Plus. When using Nuheart, we recommend worming with an all wormer which treats all of the gastro-intestinal worms, such as the economical Drontal tablets, once every 3 months. | the worldwide patent for Ivermectin expired allowing many other pharmacuetical companies to manufacture their own versions of Ivermectin | 28 |
This quality limited edition art print is made from an original painting by Malcolm Abbott.
The modern colour palette will suit modern homes and make any room more livable. Each print is a unique and collectable art work.
Malcolm is an Australian artist, sculptor and designer living in Melbourne.
His approach to painting involves combinations of pattern and loose flowing fluid brush strokes – varying from simplistic washes of paint to complex patterning and layers.
<|fim_middle|> detail.
A framing service is available. Ideal if you want your art work ready to hang the minute you open it.
Each art work is inspected prior to sending to ensure the quality of print and ensure there are no imperfections.
Your print is very delicate and should be removed from the packaging carefully.
If you don't choose our framing option it is recommended that you have it handled and framed by a professional framer to ensure the best outcome possible for your purchase. | Malcolm uses a combination of experience and intuition to fill each canvas with beautiful layers of colour.
Professionally printed and made in Australia for superior craftsmanship and artistic quality.
Giclee printing process for exceptional colour and | 43 |
Being overweight is on the rise inside the America, and those that undergo from this affliction typically experience overwhelmed in relation to losing their excessive kilos. Many individuals are turning to dietary supplements to aid of their initiatives health supplement product . Various dietary supplements are providing men and women a boost of energy and soar starting off the body fat burning approach. Hence offering the determination to forge ahead.
By definition a dietary nutritional supplement is a thing you try to eat or drink, and could come in capsule, capsule, pill or liquid kind. They are really typically natural vitamins, herbs or minerals, and are available as prescriptions, online, in well being food items retailers,<|fim_middle|>ant seed, this omega-6 fatty acid forces extra fat cells to release excessive unwanted fat from the entire body.
Irrespective of how successful these supplements are, they may be not a magic overcome for weight problems. Persons need to do their component too to achieve their weightloss goals. This involves exercising. Common physical exercise, which might contain 45 to 60 minutes of strolling, swimming, biking or dancing five times per week, helps burn up calories and body fat, ultimately shedding excess weight. To melt away unwanted fat even quicker, two to a few instances per 7 days an individual should really toughness teach. This can involve lifting totally free weights, working out with a residence fitness center or executing abdominal physical exercises.
Dropping pounds will take time, inspiration and perseverance. However, anyone may make it easier on by themselves by introducing a dietary health supplement to their regime. Opt for very carefully depending on each have to have. Additionally, somebody should always look at with their health care provider to verify any medicines or wellness conditions is not going to interfere with their chosen dietary supplement.
Charles Fitzgerald Butler, can be a authentic estate professional and marketing and advertising entrepreneur who struggled with being obese the vast majority of his lifestyle. He was diagnosed with Type II Diabetes when he turned 30 a long time previous. Over the last various a long time Charles has managed to shed body weight and put his diabetic issues in remission. | malls, grocery suppliers or pharmacies. These are generally not controlled from the Fda, and despite the fact that brands are certainly not permitted to point out their products can deal with or reduce an ailment or illness, these are permitted to mention that their supplements can provide to your person's health and fitness and well-being. Even so, most energetic elements have already been used for hundreds of years to treatment health issues.
Individuals hoping to get rid of excess weight and manage ideal wellbeing have a myriad of decisions with regards to dietary supplements. You will discover thermogenic fat burners, stimulant-free thermogenics, urge for food suppressants, and thyroid regulators. Most are obtainable over-the-counter, however, if somebody is dangerously overweight, their health care provider may well pick out to prescribe a nutritional complement in conjunction with nutritional alterations and an exercising regime.
Alli, an over-the-counter variation in the prescription treatment Orlistat, aids decrease the volume of excess fat one's body absorbs from the foodstuff you take in.
CLA can help decrease entire body unwanted fat even though expanding lean muscle mass. The muscle mass you have got the greater fat you burn up for a for a longer time period, even even though you sleep.
Hydroxycitric acid helps prevent your entire body from storing carbohydrates as fat, and suppresses appetite at the same time. It originates from the fruit garcinia cambogia, which is similar to the citrus found in other fruits this sort of as oranges.
Using the spice cayenne, or the compound capsicin assists suppress starvation and melt away fats concurrently.
Consuming environmentally friendly tea per helps equally burn fat and increase metabolic process because of the polyphenols it's got. They're plant substances derived from vegetation containing antioxidants–these serve to shield the body from cell damage and free of charge radicals dependable for cancer.
Dr. Oz would be the world's most well-known fat reduction advocate and cardiologist, advocating for People in america to obtain balanced and shed pounds. His goal is for everyone to consume wholesome and have transferring. He does, having said that, use a specific list of dietary dietary supplements he thinks can help in the weight-loss system. If a dietary supplement can make the Dr. Oz listing, you understand it is actually don't just protected, but productive in addition.
His 1st preference is Calcium Pyruvate. Whilst he explains that calcium is naturally occurring while in the system, he believes incorporating an additional 1,000 mg daily in nutritional supplement variety prior to foods expedites the body fat burning procedure. The calcium enhances the pyruvate, serving to it enter extra fat cells swiftly, than firing up the cells to burn fats more successfully and speedily.
Following on his record is chitosan, a spinoff with the exoskeleton of shellfish. Chitosan stops fats from coming into the intestines, enabling only nutritious food to enter.
Last but not least he suggests Gamma-Linolenic Acid. Found in primrose and black curr | 617 |
HERITAGE ACTION PLAYING IT BOTH WAYS? Heritage Action regularly rails on the coziness of Washington — the group blasted an email out Wednesday that focused on the coziness of Washington and business. "Special interests have spent decades perfecting the art of navigating the expansive government industrial complex. The result? Lobbyists in Washington frequently have more influence than constituents back home," the email read. But just as they were blasting K Street — the group and The Heritage Foundation had been wooing corporate lobbyists to attend their "Business Professionals" reception the same night aimed at bringing downtowners and Heritage Foundation President Jim DeMint and Needham together. "No big speeches or anything, just a casual happy hour to hear what you're thinking about and working on these days," wrote a Heritage staffer in an email trying to get K-Streeters to attend the event. The groups have caught the ire of many corporate lobbyists in the wake of the government shutdown, according to one PI tipster, who flagged the two emails. "One email bashes on lobbyists, the other wants lobbyists to come meet them and schmooze with them," the tipster wrote. But Heritage Action's Dan Holler said they often talk with people who may not agree with them on every issue. "We place a high value on engaging in honest, fact-based conversations with folks on and off the hill, especially those we frequently disagree with on policy," Holler said.
SCOOPLET ... TECHAMERICA LANDS HOUSE HOMELAND SECURITY'S SPIERTO: The technology trade association TechAmerica has hired Michael Spierto as its new director of cybersecurity policy. Spierto comes from the House Homeland Security Subcommittee on Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and Security Technologies. He previously worked in Chairman Pat Meehan's personal office as a legislative assistant handling homeland security, defense, education and telecommunications issues.
GOOD FRIDAY AFTERNOON. It's been 246 years since Philip Astley staged the first modern circus in London, and just 50 years since The Beatles occupied the top five positions on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Byron returns Monday<|fim_middle|> with an emphasis on staff that moved between congressional offices and lobbying firms quadrupling in that same span.
Balch & Bingham: Kruger, Inc.
Blank Rome Government Relations: STS International, Inc.
The Ingram Group: Rogers Group Inc.
Van Scoyoc Associates: The St. Petersburg Downtown Partnership, Inc. | , with pictures to share from Belfast! Andrea is closing out the week and collecting your tips in the meantime to help Byron transition back from vacation mode: adrusch@politico.com.
S-3 PARTIES DOWN: Shockey Scofield Ference Solutions packed Capitol Hill watering hole Hawk and Dove to capacity for its third anniversary party Thursday night. Featuring "Marty Margaritas" and a custom show car displayed with the S-3 Group logo — the event drew several lawmakers and K-Streeters alike. Members in attendance included: Reps. Eric Cantor, Steny Hoyer, Fred Upton, Greg Walden, Patrick McHenry, among several others. Spotted: Adam Peterman with T-Mobile; Josh Mendelsohn with Engine Advocacy; Nicole Petrosino with MasterCard; Craig Nixon, CEO of Academi; Bob Emmett of UTC; Brian Wilson of Northrop Grumman; John Shank of Boeing; Brian Henneberry of Koch; Teresa Gaines of General Dynamics; Shimmy Stein of Blank Rome Government Relations and Katie Beck of Podesta Group.
HOME DEPOT PAC ADDS McDONALD TO GRASS-ROOTS PROGRAM: Home Depot's Sarah McDonald has been appointed to run Home Depot's PAC and grass-roots program, Orangevoice, as senior manager of political programs. McDonald has been with Home Depot since 2009, and has held several government relations roles, including representing Home Depot on the Hill for issues such as e-fairness, data security and energy efficiency. In her new role, she will run the Annual PAC Campaign and seek out ways to put Home Depot associates in touch with their elected representatives.
CONNOLLY OPENS D.C. OFFICE, NAMES GOVERNMENT RELATIONS OFFICER: The health care recovery audit firm Connolly has hired Faith Cristol to open a new D.C. office and serve as vice president of government affairs. Cristol comes from Quest Diagnostics, where she served as director of federal government affairs, specializing in issues related to reimbursement, health IT and Affordable Care Act implementation. She is also a former vice president of public policy for the Retail Industry Leaders Association, and worked as a counsel to Sen. Jim Talent.
INSURANCE AGENTS HOST LEGISLATIVE CONFERENCE: Independent Insurance Agents & Brokers of America will send more than a thousand agents to D.C. for its Big "I" conference April 9 through 11. They're planning to meet with lawmakers to discuss a range of issues from Obamacare to the National Flood Insurance Program. House Majority Whip Kevin McCarthy will address the group Thursday and Rep. Cathy McMorris Rodgers will keynote the association's Large Agent/Broker and CEO dinner that night. Rep. Steve Stivers will speak to the Young Agents & InsurPac State Chairpersons Legislative Luncheon on April 9, and political commentators Paul Begala and Tucker Carlson will headline a political panel April 11.
DRUMMOND JOINS BETTER MARKETS: The nonprofit organization for public interest in the financial markets has added seasoned communications strategist Daniel F. Drummond as its communications director. Drummond comes to Better Markets from the nonprofit Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards, where he was the director of public relations. He's also worked for Powell Tate and Burson-Marsteller, served on Capitol Hill and was a newspaper reporter.
SICKLE CELL ADVOCATES HIT THE HILL: Advocates from the Sickle Cell Disease Association of America traveled to Capitol Hill on Thursday to advocate for the reauthorization of the Sickle Cell Treatment Act. The advocates met with the founding members of the newly created Congressional Sickle Cell Caucus: Sen. Tim Scott, Rep. Charles Rangel, Rep. Danny Davis, as well as Reps. Michael Burgess, Sheila Jackson Lee, Donna Edwards, Chaka Fattah and Del. Donna Christensen .
STOCK YOUR SOCIAL CALENDAR: It's not too early to start thinking about your WHCD plans. The entrepreneur group StartUp RockOn will host 2.0: The New Media Party to celebrate the centennial White House Correspondents Dinner Friday, May 2. The party touts a guest list of D.C., Hollywood, tech, media and entrepreneurs at The Carnegie Library. Invitations will go out in the coming weeks; readers can request one by emailing info@startuprockon.com.
REPORT: NATIONAL RESTAURANT ASSOCIATION DOUBLING DOWN ON LOBBYING: A report by the ROC United and Alliance for a Just Society looks into "insider influence" at the National Restaurant Association. The report slams the NRA and its Fortune 500 members for their opposition to the federal minimum wage increase. Highlights of the report include the NRA doubling its registered lobbyist count from 15 in 2008 to 37 in 2013, | 993 |
The four year MESci course at Cardiff involves hypothesis testing, critical analysis and problem solving whilst learning about the process and outcomes of research.
Environmental Geography is the study of the interaction between humans and the natural environment. Using their distinctive skills set, environmental geographers are able to explain how Earth functions as a system, one with a long history, an ever-changing present and a future affected by our actions.
The MESci builds upon the equivalent BSc course by means of a fourth year that provides specialist training in hypothesis testing, critical analysis and problem solving, whilst learning about the process and outcomes of research. You will undertake a specialist research project in a subject area of your choice, working with a member of staff in their area of expertise, and undertake research in the field during the MESci Field Course. The MESci is designed for students who might aim to pursue a research career in academia, government or industry.
The skills and understanding of environmental geographers make them uniquely placed to solve complex and wide-ranging environmental problems that arise in the landscape. This degree will help you to develop these skills and perspectives by providing opportunities for conducting fieldwork in a range of exciting environments and for conducting cutting-edge research with leading scientists in environmental geography.
For students interested in professional research careers in Geography, the four-year MESci provides a strong basis for investigation and research in this subject.
We<|fim_middle|> six months of graduation, with others taking time out to travel.
Typical jobs for graduates include engineering geologist, environmental consultant, hydrogeologist, geotechnical engineer, exploration geologist, hydrographic surveyor and scientific diver.
Employers included local government plus companies and organisations such as the Environment Agency, BAM Construct UK, Airbus and Wales and West Utilities. | currently offer two overseas fieldtrips on each programme with travel and accommodation costs covered by your tuition fees. Plenty of fieldwork is also carried out locally in South Wales and the UK.
South Wales is a fascinating area in which to explore environmental geography. From the mountains in the north to the great tidal estuary in the south, the area encompasses a huge range of natural environments and consequently provides us with abundant practical study opportunities.
A major summer project between years two and three actively encourages you to devise and design your own independent research.
In year four you will complete a master's research dissertation, working on a topic of your choice, which provides a range of skills beyond that provided by the BSc, and can widen your career opportunities.
ABB, including two sciences (from Chemistry, Physics, Biology,Geography, Geology, Mathematics, Applied Science, Environmental Studies, Archaeology, Computing, ICT, Physical Education (PE), Psychology, or Sports Science) and, where applicable, a pass in the practical element of the science A level. Please note, General Studies will not be accepted.
Fieldwork is free but you may be asked to make a small contribution if food is provided.
This is a full-time four-year programme which follows the BSc route with the equivalent title for the first three years, but with additional small-group teaching on the methodology and philosophy of research. In year four you will undertake a major research project as well as taking specialised modules.
The programme structure is very flexible. All of our Earth and Ocean Science degree programmes share a common first semester. This is designed to give you a sound foundation in Earth Sciences upon which to build. In total you will earn 120 credits for the year, through a mixture of 10-credit and 20-credit modules.
At the end of your first semester you will decide whether to continue with your original degree choice or choose another of our Earth Science degrees.
You will be given the framework for explaining the functioning of the Earth system, including the controls on global climate. You will also learn about anthropogenic issues such as pollution, including its causes, assessment, monitoring and clean-up.
You will study the basics of Earth science necessary for your degree as well as an introduction to maps, topological work and geomorphology. Your first year will also include modules in environmental chemistry and biological systems.
In year two the modules you will take are chosen to provide a wide knowledge base and transferable skills base to make you as employable as possible in a competitive job market. In total you will earn 120 credits for the year, through a mixture of 10-credit and 20-credit modules.
You will study a wide variety of modules that include basic terrestrial and marine ecology, soils, biogeochemistry and landscape evolution. There is an emphasis on skills in sampling, data collection and analysis, and much of this is field-based.
Other important training includes the use of Geographical Information Systems and the planning, execution and reporting of project work. Local fieldwork in the spring will bring many of these skills together in preparation for your main degree project.
In the third year, you will complete your project work, presenting it in the form of a professional report. There are a few compulsory modules, but most are optional, allowing you to follow your own interests and aspirations within environmental geography.
As in previous years, the final year consists of a mixture of taught knowledge and skills. In this final part of your degree, the emphasis is on synthesis, bringing together the separate strands, skills and interests to encourage a more holistic understanding of the subject.
Optional third-year modules will vary from year to year and there are sometimes restrictions in availability due to lack of demand, oversubscription, timetable clashes or the need for you to have taken certain other modules first. Examples might include e.g., Groundwater Science, Evolutionary Geoecology, Global Geomorphology, Glaciology, Environmental Management Science and Policy.
The MESci research tutorial module demonstrates how research is initiated, funded and executed.
You will complete a master's research dissertation in any geographically related topic that can be supervised in the School. You will work one-to-one with a research supervisor and may interact with a research group.
Since the School is large and of international research standard, this means you have a wide choice of dissertation topic. Many students develop their own topics and contact a researcher to see if they can supervise it. Alternatively a list of projects is published each year for you to choose from.
In consultation with staff, you may seek to publish the principal results of your research project in the scientific literature.
In addition the Research Project module, you will take the year four field course, where you design and carry out a field study, learn how computer modelling can be used in Earth Sciences, and participate in a student-led module on the science and impacts of climate change.
The School of Earth and Ocean Sciences has an excellent tradition of teaching, delivered by lecturers who are experts in their field. In addition the School is able to maintain a friendly and informal approach brought about by staff-student interactions during fieldwork.
Students undertake a major summer project between years two and three, which involves independent research to develop knowledge and understanding of the physical, biological, and chemical controls on the environment.
The School offers a number of different potential projects from which you can choose, but students are actively encouraged to devise and design their own projects. Students often choose or devise projects that relate to the environment close to their homes, but some choose projects that take them abroad to the Mediterranean, Africa or the USA.
All students are assigned a personal tutor who will hold timetabled tutorials: fortnightly in year one and monthly during other years. Your tutor will be a specialist in your degree course and will advise you on both academic and pastoral matters.
Personal and professional attributes consistent with a research career in academia, industry or government.
Based on responses from the 2016-17 Destinations of Leavers from Higher Education (DLHE) survey 90% of Earth and ocean science graduates were in employment or engaged in further study within | 1,244 |
<|fim_middle|> referral process
September 12, 2021 Concrete News
Source: RMC Research & Education Foundation, Alexandria, Va. The... | 3D concrete printing specialist closes $200 million-plus funding round
August 30, 2021 August 30, 2021 Concrete News
Source: ICON, Austin, Texas
Construction technologies company ICON has completed a $207 million series B round of financing led by venture and growth equity investment firm Norwest Venture Partners. The investment brings ICON's total funding since launching its revolutionary 3D printing technology in 2018 to $266 million.
"We want to turn up the velocity in a major way and are ready to scale," says Jason Ballard, co-founder and CEO of ICON. "With the support of the very best of venture capital, strategic capital and industry partners, this round of funding will help us do just that: faster R&D, manufacturing and expansion to the people and places that need this technology."
"ICON's groundbreaking technology has created a new paradigm for homebuilding that fundamentally changes how housing is constructed," adds Jeff Crowe, managing partner at Norwest Venture Partners, and newest member to ICON's board of directors. "The company is already building everything from single family homes for the homeless all the way to structures for habitation on the moon and Mars. But we are particularly excited about the opportunity for ICON to collaborate with home builders and massively impact the housing shortage currently plaguing the U.S. We're thrilled to add ICON to our portfolio of innovative prop tech leaders and look forward to partnering with the team in the years ahead."
To date, ICON has delivered more than two dozen 3D-printed homes and structures across the U.S. and Mexico—more than any other construction tech company, the company contends. ICON broke into the mainstream housing market earlier this year with the first 3D-printed homes for sale in America for developer 3Strands. Most recently, it unveiled its next generation Vulcan construction system, which can 3D print homes and structures up to 3,000 square feet, and debuted its new Exploration Series of homes to cooperatively develop new design languages and architectural vernaculars with world-class architects.
ICON's co-founders pose in front of the company's latest Vulcan construction system.
Concrete Currents3D printing, funding, ICON
LafargeHolcim applies ready mixed delivery tech tools to cement
Patents recognize TopCure sheet's pH-modifying, anti-skid results
Purdue hosts 3D printing research for offshore wind energy installations
A National Science Foundation Phase I Small Business Technology...
ICON, Lennar partner on largest 3D-printed community
November 2, 2021 Concrete News
Source: Lennar Corp., Miami Construction technologies company ICON and...
Foundation, NRMCA ease research proposal | 565 |
VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA--Consolidated Magna Ventures Ltd., is pleased to announce that the Company has completed final arrangements with Data Fortress<|fim_middle|> as an overall increase in efficiency and lower production costs. | Technologies Ltd. to house Magna's Web-Based SkinnyScript(TM) Servers and Image Portal Servers and to provide three on-ramps to their fibre optic loop in downtown Vancouver. The completed system will be coming on line Dec. 1, 2001. Data Fortress is a premier Tier1 data centre and ISP that operates a co-location centre and data storage facility in downtown Vancouver. The company recently announced a reverse takeover through which it will be acquired by iaNett International Systems Ltd. Being on Data Fortress's fibre optic loop will enable Magna to transfer files to and from its servers without incurring Internet bandwidth limitations and charges. Any client with an Internet connection on Shaw Cable's BIG PIPE network, including Shaw's cable modem subscribers, will enjoy single hop connections to the SkinnyScript(TM) Web services. Magna now has the infrastructure in place to connect Colour and Black & White copier center as well as high-end printers with Designers and Publishers through the Web-enabled Skinny Technology platform. This will include a complete Web-enabled image and print page storage and retrieval service and can be combined with Web-enabled prepress services including Trapping, Colour Correction, Imposition and Proofing. In addition, the Company will offer a complete Print On Demand solution for most print requirements. As the SkinnyScript(TM) Web-enabled workflow isn't just the work order alone, but the actual prepress file with the work order attached, most of the time and cost of couriers can now be removed from the equation. Clients will enjoy further benefits of faster file transfer rates, enhanced image storage and retrieval capabilities and lower file storage costs, as well | 328 |
Online Games – Eight Reasons For Students To Buy Them
Oct 11, 2019 adminGeneral
Our pointers and also advice will certainly keep you up-to-date with the most popular on-line games, aid you decide what's suitable for your youngster – as well as help them play safely. Video gaming can be a wonderful method for youngsters to loosen up, hang out with their buddies as well as enjoy. Children can use games consoles, apps or websites, and also conversation to other players or watch them play with live-streaming. PvE is a term used in on the internet games, especially MMORPGs as well as various other role-playing computer game, to describe fighting computer-controlled challengers.
From free-to-play<|fim_middle|> been one of one of the most anticipated video games to be released (fingers crossed) in the West.
Possibly that's why Snowstorm made a decision to transform Starcraft II to the free-to-play business model. Regardless of going free-to-play, the game's core framework remains the same. It's a game of humans vs. zombies … err, beasts, a new spin on a beloved activity. A group of four players, called seekers, is matched up versus a single monster, with each hunter provided their own class.
It may be an old veterinarian in gaming terms, however absolutely nothing deals such crazy fun as Group Fortress 2. Unlike many shooters of its age, players in this video game are still there to enjoy instead of spitting insults at novices.
League of Legends' automatic matchmaking, varied actors of characters as well as beautiful maps have actually made it a multiplayer leviathan over these last few years, and also among the very best totally free video games 2019 has that will absolutely stand the examination of time. One more on the internet game you can use your PC, Fortnite is a large survival co-op game that includes an excellent fight royale setting. | Fight Royale video games like Fortnite to on-line CCGs like Hearthstone, the very best cost-free video games cover a variety of designs as well as styles. We have actually สมัครเว็บ SBOBET put one of the most popular titles via their rates, and also handpicked the very best cost-free video games 2019 has on deal so you can attempt them on for size.
It may be in-game material or produced by other players. That's where we can aid.
You can still involve with various other gamers in piracy, manufacturing, trading, battle, mining as well as exploration, yet there are restrictions such as specific skills that are off restrictions. If you don't want to limit your accessibility to some of the video game's most lumbering ships, you can constantly select the Omega subscription. Or else, the game won't set you back a penny, which is why it makes for one of the very best free video games to elegance the gaming globe. The first of its kind to readily do well with a 3D game engine, Everquest was launched in 1999 as an MMORPG (greatly multiplayer online role-playing game) and also has actually since been recorded as one of one of the most essential video games in the medium's history. Pick a champ and head right into battle in this groundbreaking free-to-play video game from the creators of the Warcraft III mod, Dota.
It's a massive, entirely free-to-play multiplayer online role-playing game– amongst the best totally free video games, in fact– originally developed by the Sega-owned Three Rings Design.
You'll get to experience all the thrills of the classic anime collection while you go on quests as well as assemble groups of ninjas to fight along with you.
The game is old, having released in 2003, however it's still well worthy of getting on this checklist.
Are you a lover of tank-fights?
This extensive, immersive multiplayer parlor game coming from South Korea has actually | 411 |
There are so many things this island has to offer, especially when it comes to a culinary journey to tempt your tastebuds. If you are looking for an around the clock culinary experience in one place, make sure to step in into W Retreat & Spa Bali – Seminyak. Providing 8 different venues in W style, here are 3 of our favorites.
SEE ALSO: 10 breathtaking views of restaurants in Seminyak you have to see to believe.
Take your tasteb<|fim_middle|>irty cocktails you won't be able to find anywhere else. For those who want to know how it feels behind the bar, you are welcomed to join Mix It Up class with WOOBAR mixologist, Arey Barker who's named to be one of the best mixologist in Indonesia. Bring up your swimwear because complimentary access to the pool is provided for WOOBAR guests.
The post Around the Clock at W Bali – Gastronomic Experience at It's Finest appeared first on Qraved Journal. | uds on a journey through Asia and get ready to experience an unexpected presentation with unmatched views. Presented by three 2014 Gault & Millau Sydney chef, Matthew McCool, this beach front restaurant will always amplify your culinary experience. One thing not to be missed from Starfish Bloo is their famous Sunday Champagne Brunch. Are you a lobster or crab fan? Check out their Crazy Crab or Lobster Deluxe offer on Friday and Saturday nights featuring a multi course menu showcasing the chef's twist on our favorites.
They are ready to fire up the grill anytime. Featuring the best-in-class prime meats and seafood, this open-kitchen restaurant is a dramatic display of gastronomy experience. Chef Jack Yoss takes his inspiration from street food to Michelin restaurants, bringing rich flavor to FIRE. It's a place for the meat lover! Feel like brunch? Try on their Hawker Brunch, which combining street food with luxury, flirty W way.
The hippest bar in the island! Woobar is the perfect spot for the stylish sunset worshippers, daytime lounging and tapas-style bites. Expect a rotation of international DJ's for sunset session, pumping late night session and also fl | 241 |
I used to dream about becoming a writer, and at that time, I was thinking about writing books for young adults and children. Since I started making art, I've thought at times about maybe writing and illustrating my own books for children. I'm not sure that's my calling, but a friend encouraged me months ago to give the illustrations a try by copying the work of an artist I admire.
I inked this with the fine-nibbed 01 Micron pen. In hindsight, the next size up would have made the job quicker, and still would have given a fine enough line. Anyway, I have to say I am really happy with this drawing. I did this in bed (why do I do my best drawing in bed, between 10-11 at night? no clue) and it took me about a half hour, as I didn't do it in pencil first, just went right in with ink. I think I'd like to draw more of the illustrations in this book, perhaps while listening to the audio! 😀 I've not read this since I was very young, so it'd be that much more fun.
Are illustrations in my future? What do you think? To be fair, copying an illustration vs. coming up with something out of my own head (which I struggle with in drawing) are two very different things, but I'm happy with this attempt, anyway. It's a start!
Have a wonderful spring weekend. I wish you lots of time to create, read, relax, and just…be. We need more 'be' time, don't you think? Peace.
You never know until you try! Go for it!
I LOVE LOVE LOVE "Charlotte's Web" – the book that sparked my love for reading<|fim_middle|> a great job. Also, copying a book you admire is a wonderful way to explore children's book illustration. I think you could do anything you were passionate about!
Thank you! I'm searching, but I've always wanted to write a book for kids….never thought I could possibly illustrate one, too. But it a lot of fun, drawing this image.
Looks good. You might as well start out emulating the best, and Garth Williams is one of them.
Thank you! Any other illustrators come to mind? Maybe Winnie the Pooh would be a good one to try (I've never really thought beyond authors' names; for all I know, Milne wrote and illustrated those books)?
Yes I love Pooh too. Who was it wrote "Cherries and Cherry Pits"? I'll have to look it up. Her work is colorful. I just packed up all the kids books I saved or I would look through.
I'll have to check that one out, I don't think I've heard of it.
Aww thanks for the link! This looks like a great series to check out!
So cute! Brings back memories. | and writing. So glad you decided to draw sweet Wilbur. I actually re-read it several months ago and might have loved it even more!
Great job on the proportions, especially considering you committed yourself in ink!
Thanks, Rebecca! Drawing with ink is always a bit spooky, but it worked out with this one, I think. Maybe because it was so late at night. It puts in me in a "here goes nothing" mood, which usually helps in my artwork. I'm glad you liked it.
Thanks, Teresa. I appreciate your advice. I definitely think you have the gift (including the one where you make up characters and illustrations, vs. copying someone else's(!)). I'm just going to keep trying things until something really resonates. So far, the only thing that really sings loudly is portraits in colored pencil, but that's not so much relaxation and fun like some of the other things I've tried.
I love that book too. Tissues out every time.
I think… You should also write something every day. Even if it's just 5 or 10 minutes, just to build up that muscle, and set the groundwork for story inspiration. Write anything… lists, thoughts, freeflowing ideas, mini-stories, memories… Anything.
I can totally picture you writing & illustrating books!
Aww thanks Cat! I appreciate your encouragement.
I'm so impressed that you did this going straight to ink~ very nice! I think that if you were meant to illustrate books you'd feel strongly pulled in that direction. I know what you mean, though. I feel sort of inclined to one thing or another with my art from time to time. Recently I sold a piece that was where my heart truly is, and the collector commented on how she could tell that I was "in" the painting. That told me that my heart has been trying to guide me in the studio all the time~ I just don't always listen.
Boy, I struggle with the shoulds all the time, Melissa! Wow. Some powerful advice there. Thank you very much. So interesting that your client saw you in that painting you felt so deeply. Very cool. Thanks again for your comment. Always appreciated.
I love Charlotte's Web. It's such a heartwarming and hearbreaking book at the same time.
Thank you so much, squirrelwriter!
Thank you, Heather; Wilbur has a special place in my heart.
My favorite book of all time. Sure wish you lived in LA. Would love to work with you on my children's book as the illustrator.
So kind of you to say that, Julie! I had no idea you were writing a children's book! Wow, you're a terrific writer; I'm so glad you're doing this!
Thank you so much, Evelyn. I don't think it's my dream job, but I used to dream of being a writer of young adult books….now I feel art is pulling me much harder….yet, to combine the two? Who knows. We'll see how this plays out as I continue to experiment. Thanks so much for your thoughts; as you know, I really admire your work & talent.
I love Charlotte's Web was one of my favourites as well and now I want to re-read it. Might actually make it the next book I sit and read with my children.
Wonderful picture and I think you should definitely give it a go. You never know what you might achieve if you don't try. I hope to have a children's book published one day, have some written and still working on some as well, that would be my dream and always has been :-).
I'm so glad to hear of others with similar dreams; children really need books and pictures that speak to and inspire them. I wish you so much success! Thanks for your comment and encouragement, too.
I agree, children do need books and not on kindles or similar either but proper books they can hold and turn the pages of. My children love books. They love reading, being read to and making up their own stories as well as adding their own pictures.
I totally agree re: paper books. There is such a thing as too many electronics (IMO), particularly where our kids are concerned. Let's just let them be kids. It's sad to see a family when everyone is staring at their electronic devices.
My kids have a restriction on screens. None during the working week they only have access at the weekends. Obviously we are often busy at the weekends so they don't watch TV or play screen games for long at all.
Thanks, CocoBee! I will check out that link. I appreciate it!
This is really impressive. I'm amazed that you were able to capture it so accurately going straight to ink. As for copying versus coming up with illustrations yourself, there's definitely a difference but it's not as big as you might think. This is definitely still the first step. Even pros use reference pictures. They just add a touch of imagination to the copying ;).
Sounds like fun. All of the times I've tried that it's turned out horrible. Hopefully you have better luck than I did :).
LOL, I'm envisioning similar results, trust me! hehe. Isn't it amazing what we don't even try because we just feel like we know we'll fail? Very limiting. We must fling joy at those beliefs until they go away, lol.
Lol, that's a very good attitude. I should definitely practice failing more :P.
This is a really great drawing!
Thank you so much! I'd like to do more, maybe from my imagination…..but I think to draw more actual animals before I could probably even attempt it.
I have the same problem when I draw, I'm just not quite ready to not have a reference yet.
Ok, here's to smashing that barrier!! 🙂 Glad I'm not alone.
This is fantastic! Yes, you should definitely consider illustrating children's books! Illustrating children's books is my life dream, so the last few years I have been researching, collecting books, and watching teaching series on illustrating. It is a whole other world (with a lot of work), but it is definitely worth the search. Whether you ever decide to illustrate or not, I don't think you would regret the knowledge built. It is so fascinating!
Thanks BB! Oh, you must!! You're a wizard with those pens!!
I love it!!!! I think you did an amazing job.
lol, yeah, I don't really have a choice at this point. I'm glad you like little Wilbur. Have you read the book, Ann?
LOL 😄 You´re so funny! Thank you, Laura!!!
By the way, that's impressive!!!
One of my fave books as a child 🙂 you've done | 1,390 |
LPT ANNOUNCES LEAD SINGLE FROM THEIR UPCOMING ALBUM
Article Contributed by Press Junkie PR | Published on Tuesday, December 10, 2019
LPT, the fast-rising 10-piece orchestra out of Jacksonville, FL, are quickly becoming the ambassadors of Salsa and Afro-C<|fim_middle|>ACROSS THE OCEANS"
MARCUS GAD MEETS TAMAL ON NEW ALBUM BRAVE NEW WORLD
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The Late Ones Drops New Single "Feeling Myself"
Fortunate Youth Drops 'Sunlight' Today Ahead New Album | uban music in the Southeast. Their high energy and thought-provoking take on Salsa Dura (Hard Salsa) is captured on their upcoming debut album Sin Parar, due out in January 2020. Their new single "Sin Parar," which is also the title track is set for release on November 29th.
LPT came together with the mission of keeping legit 'Descarga' salsa alive. Formed in 2015, the crew realized that playing salsa music was a way to share the diversity of the area with a new, young audience, while still giving the seasoned salsa veterans a taste of that old school.
The lead single "Sin Parar," which translates to "non-stop" aims to not only move the dancers, but also encourages its listeners to contemplate and critically think of what's going on around them. Lead vocalist Josué A. Cruz says, "The inspiration for the single is the feeling we all get from the machine. 'The Machine' as a metaphor for life, work, tech, and family going non-stop." He adds, "As a band we decided that if the machine is going to march on without stopping then so are we. It's almost innate in the metaphor that you have to keep marching on if the machine is marching on. It's the only way to deal with the grinding of the gears and nerves."
The high energy of the song is complemented by the frantic and agitated lyrics of Cruz who expresses that, "nothing is more frenetic than modern-day living and I composed the lyrics to complement the madness of the music."
In the spirit of similar genre-pushing groups like Grupo Fantasma and Bio Ritmo, LPT aims to bring thought-provoking lyrics and topics to a genre of music not normally associated with it. The band concludes, "Salsa music, and Latin music as a whole, is easily characterized as simple party music with whimsical lyrics, and there is a place for that. Yet, there is a rich tradition of music with substance in our genre. Music created on the street is going to have something to say about said street. We hope to humbly add our fingerprint to the thought-provoking canon."
"SIN PARAR" IS OUT NOW
Milan Algood – Timbales, Vox
Josué A. Cruz – Lead Vox
Angel Garcia – Keys, Vox
Mike Emmert – Baritone Sax
Bryant Patterson – Trombone
Jonah Pierre – Bongo & Bell
Stan Piper – Bass
Juan Carlos Rollan – Tenor Sax, Vox
JP Salvat – Congas
Steve Strawley – Trumpet
Groundation Drop "Original Riddim" Feat. Israel Vibration & The Abyssinians
SLIGHTLY STOOPID RELEASES "EVERYDAY PEOPLE (REMIX)"
Fri, 12/10/2021 - 12:59 pm
MAMAK KHADEM RELEASES NEW SINGLE " | 617 |
Series: Charlie Kaufman Director: Spike Jonze
Many people consider 1999 to be one of the great years in cinema. Countless great movies released that year, and one of those was Spike Jonze's fantasy comedy about a man who discovers a portal into John Malkovich's head and the two women in his life.
Episode Hosts: Andy Nelson, Pete Wright
Subscribe to The Next Reel in Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or anywhere else you find your favorite podcasts!
Support The Next Reel Family of Film Podcasts • Learn More or Subscribe Now: One-Reeler $1<|fim_middle|> connect.
When the movie ends, our conversation begins.
We love movies. We've been talking about them, one movie a week, since 2011. It's a lot of movies, that's true, but we're passionate about origins and performance, directors and actors, themes and genres, and so much more. So join the community and let's hear about your favorite movies, too.
Andy Nelson
← Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
Adaptation. →
December 9, 2011|1990s, 1999, Charlie Kaufman, Spike Jonze | /mo or Two-Reeler $5/mo
"There's a tiny door in my office, Maxine. It's a portal and it takes you inside John Malkovich. You see the world through John Malkovich's eyes... and then after about 15 minutes, you're spit out... into a ditch on the side of the New Jersey Turnpike."
Many people consider 1999 to be one of the great years in cinema. Countless great movies released that year, and one of those was Spike Jonze's fantasy comedy about a man who discovers a portal into John Malkovich's head and the two women in his life. It's truly one of the strangest films but also one that is absolutely fantastic and introduced the world to the crazy stories by screenwriter Charlie Kaufman. Join us — Pete Wright and Andy Nelson — in our new series about Charlie Kaufman.
We talk about the quirky fantasy nature of this film and how it reflects the characters fantasies in conflict with their identities. We also talk about the obsession and control exhibited in John Cusack's character, Craig Schwartz. We discuss how the film can be construed as a feminist film, particularly when looking at the relationship between Catherine Keener's and Cameron Diaz's characters, Maxine and Lotte. And we chat about the brilliant idea to bring the real John Malkovich into the story and how it creates a real world in the film that still has plenty of crazy, as exhibited in the 7 1/2th floor in the building holding the portal. It's one heck of a wild ride and one we love chatting about. Listen in!
Film Sundries
Watch this film: iTunes • Amazon
Original theatrical trailer
Original poster artwork
BeingCharlieKaufman.com
Mission Impossible: Ghost Protocol
Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace 3D
Also in Charlie Kaufman:
A show about movies and how they | 390 |
Hamburger Bah<|fim_middle|>ká nádraží
Externí odkazy
Hamburger
Železniční stanice otevřené v roce 1846
Hamburger Bahnhof
Zaniklé železniční stanice | nhof (Hamburské nádraží) je koncové nádraží v Berlíně; do provozu bylo uvedeno v letech 1846–1847, později zde byl provoz zrušen.
Nádraží, které koncipoval v neoklasicistickém stylu Friedrich Neuhaus a Ferdinand Wilhelm Holz, patří k nejstarším nádražím v Německu. Spojovalo Berlín s Hamburkem. V letech 1911 až 1916 byla přistavěna dvě křídla.
Osobní doprava byla pozastavena již roku 1884, po 37 letech provozu (vzhledem ke konkurenci v blízkosti se nacházejícího Lehrtského nádraží), ale až do 80. let 20. století bylo nádraží v malém měřítku používáno pro nákladní dopravu.
Roku 1906 zde bylo otevřeno stavební a dopravní muzeum (předchůdce dnešního technického muzea). Po druhé světové válce nebylo nádraží přístupné, až v letech 1984–1987 došlo k obsáhlé obnově a přestavbě. V listopadu 1996 zde bylo otevřeno dnes úspěšné Muzeum pro současné umění (k jeho stálým exponátům patří např. díla Josepha Beuyse).
Související články
Berlíns | 459 |
Rodolfo Borrell warns Liverpool FC reserves against complacency in NextGen Series game with Wolfsburg
RODOLFO BORRELL has warned his Liverpool youngsters not to underestimate Wolfsburg.
The Reds play their third NextGen Series match<|fim_middle|> says the side's spirit has been lifted following the win over Molde but reckons the thought of playing at Anfield again would have been enough to motivate the players.
"Winning is always important for the morale of the players and the squad so that was an important victory for us in Molde," added the Spaniard.
"The win has also helped in training because everyone is happier and looking forward to this game.
"We put in a great performance overall and it was good to see us score four goals.
"Anfield is a magnificent stadium with a lot of history and it's fantastic for us to play there once again.
"For our lads I know what it means to them to play at this stadium.
" It's an unbelievable experience for them and hopefully we can play our normal game." | at Anfield tonight (7pm kick-off) against the winless German outfit.
Liverpool head into the fixture on a high after beating Norwegian side Molde 4-0 last week, earning their first win of the Champions League-style competition and moving up to second in the Group Two table.
Manager Borrell was delighted with Toni Silva's double, and further strikes from Conor Coady and Raheem Sterling in their thumping victory, but the head coach says they cannot expect to breeze past Wolfsburg.
Although pointless and bottom of the standings, Borrell says Wolfsburg are sure to come out fighting and insists they played well in their last game, a 2-1 loss at leaders Sporting Lisbon.
A bumper crowd is expected tonight and tickets cost £5 adults or £2 concession and are available on the gate.
"This is going to be a tough season for us because we do have a very young side as everyone knows," said Borrell
"We are facing in the reserve league teams who are a lot older than us and Wolfsburg have some experienced players in their squad.
"Wolfsburg have absolutely everything to play for. They might have lost their first two games but they played very well against Sporting Lisbon in their last game before they lost 2-1.
"We know last season they won everything at this level in Germany. They have had some players performing in their first team that will come to play against us. They are well organised and have quality.
"German sides feature usually quite big players and they are good at set-pieces.
"We must try to hold them and not concede from set pieces.
"It is going to be tough and a good test but we need to be ready and be confident after our performance against Molde.
"We must keep our philosophy of playing in the right way and try and be successful. If we can play like we know we can then that will be a key to this game."
Borrell | 394 |
UVic
Single tickets
Charitable Requests
A musical fable of Broadway based on a Story and Characters by Damon Runyon.
Music and Lyrics by Frank Loesser
Book by Jo Swerling
Since its premiere in 1950, Guys and Dolls can lay claim to being one of Broadway's longest running musicals and a perennial favourite among lovers of musical theatre. And it's no wonder. The antics of Nathan Detroit and his "oldest established permanent floating crap game in New York" are irresistibly timeless. His world of gamblers and their "dolls" comes vividly to life with more than a dozen toe-tapping songs including "Luck Be a Lady", "Marry the Man Today" and "Sit Down, You're Rockin' the Boat".
"This show has lots of soul."
– Robert Mitchell (CBC Radio)
"Neither of us were disappointed. In fact, the play was so absorbing that I only noticed my right leg had fallen asleep when I stood up for intermission. The lively song-and-dance numbers were seamlessly interwoven into a plot filled with tough-talking gamblers, righteous missionaries and humorously dysfunctional relationships. Though the play's overt gender wars may have been retro enough to enrage a few die-hard feminists, the story is undeniably charming, as it fuses edgy humour with traditional values."
– Michelle Martin (The Martlet)
"While not an outstanding success, this production boasted a number of fine moments on Thursday night. Some scenes are terribly clever—the best example being the whirlwind trip to Cuba, complete with wittily conceived<|fim_middle|>. | silhouettes (dancers, airplane, Christopher Columbus), hoofers who actually know how to dance, and a sharply executed night-club brawl.
Credit goes to choreographer Gwen Dobie, who also has a leading hand in other stand-out scenes. The Hot Box Dolls look like a million bucks during Act II's 'Take Back Your Mink' number, in which the chorus doffs its minks and gowns."
– Adrian Chamberlain (Times Colonist)
"From splashy background scenes to snappy, humorous characters, Guys and Dolls is a passionate musical that definitely deserves a loud applause."
– Andrea Clark (Nexus)
Held over until November 27
Previews: Nov. 2 & 3 at 8 pm ($5 after 5 pm)
Evening performances: Nov. 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 at 8 pm
Matinee: Nov. 20 at 2 pm
Pre-Show Lecture: Nov. 5 at 7 pm (Free to the public)
HOLD OVER PERFORMANCES: Nov. 24 at 8 pm, Nov. 25 at 8 pm, Nov. 26 at 8 pm and Nov. 27 at 2 pm
Cast & Creative
Director: Brian Richmond (Chair)
Musical Director: Don Horsburgh (Guest Artist)
Set and Costume Designer: Ed Kotanen (Guest Artist)
Lighting Designer: Michael J. Whitfield (Guest Artist)
Choreographer: Gwen Dobie (Guest Instructor, replacing Scott Malcolm on leave)
Dialect Coach: Ned Vukovic (Faculty)
Stage Manager: Jen Braem
Assistant Lighting Designer: Eugene Mendelev
Assistant Director: Alistair Newton
Featuring: Cameron Anderson, Sebastien Archibald, Melissa Bates, Anne-Marie de la Giroday, Victor Dolhai, John Ellingson, Mack Gordon, Trevor Hinton, Katie Hood, Leah James, James Kot, Eva Markvoort, Kathlene McGuinness, Jason Moldowan, Alistair Newton, Kaitlyn Regehr, Kate Richard, Karen Taylor, David Ward, Kholby Wardell, Kassia Warshawski, Chris Wilson, Colby Wilson, and Jesse Young | 507 |
Home ♦ Build ♦ The Ram Rebel Is Here!
In this day and age most people buy a car based on fuel economy and practicality. As luck would have it Dodge has been delivering just that, sort of…on the practicality side.
For example you want a car to blast across the county with? Challenger Hellcat of course! "But I have a family," I hear you say. No worries, just get a Charger Hellcat – four doors and 707 hp because you need to be able to get places in a timely manner.
Great question, glad you asked! Because your truck has just entered production.
Today has marked the first day of production of the Ram Rebel at the Warren Truck Assembly Plant in Michigan. After seeing how well the Ford Raptor has been received over the years, Dodge has decided to take a stab at the market with its own off-road ready truck. The Rebel has taken a lot of the same cues as the Raptor, such as large 33″ tires, higher ride height and under-body skid plates. None of which is a bad thing, guys have been modifying their trucks like this for years to help them perform better off-road. The Rebel also sports a different exterior look when compared to the standard Ram 1500 with a new grille and bumpers.
Engine-wise there are two choices the 3.6L Pentastar V6 with 305 hp/269 lb.-ft of torque or the 5.7L Hemi which is putting out 395 hp/410 lb.-ft of torque. Both of the engines are mated to Dodge's eight-speed automatic transmission. Of course I'm a bit<|fim_middle|> Its nice to see that manufactures still care about building cars that have the sole propose of being fun, not fuel economy or because they think the world needs another silver four-door sedan Camry competitor. | sad they haven't just gone completely nuts and suffed the Hellcat engine in the Rebel. After all there will be a Hellcat powered Jeep Cherokee!
But nit-picking aside I think the fact the Dodge (or are they called Ram now?), is building this thing is cool. Of course, I can't really judge the Rebel unless I get the chance to drive it (wink-wink Dodge). | 82 |
One of the most desirable travel images can be the trickiest to get right. Follow these step-by-step tips for capturing sunsets that will live up to the moment you remember.
While light is always an important factor in taking a photograph, with a sunset light isthefactor. You want a richly saturated image, one that accurately captures the colors in front of you. Your job as the photographer is to let the camera know what to look at in order to record those colors properly.
The first step is to turn off your flash. Since your flash will often be triggered automatically in low light—creating a blast of bright cold light—turning it off will allow the warm natural light to dominate the picture. If you have to use the flash (some cameras will not allow you to turn the function off), opt for the "fill flash" or "night photo" setting to reduce the power of the flash. These settings can be found by cycling through your flash options, usually symbolized by a lightning bolt icon.
The second and more important preparatory step is to fill the camera frame with the sky. Point the center of the frame above the horizon line and fill the frame with as much of the color and light you want captured. This is how you tell the camera's light meter what needs to be properly exposed.
Once you have filled the frame with sky, push the shutter button half way down to lock in the exposure and the focus; you can recompose the shot, if need be. As long as you keep the shutter button pressed halfway down, the exposure and focusing point will remain the same (for up to 30 seconds on most cameras). When you're ready, press the shutter all the way to take the picture. This technique works with all auto-focus cameras, both film and digital. A side effect of recomposing and setting the exposure value to very bright light is that objects like trees and buildings will lose some detail and be silhouetted.
Be Prepared: Take your camera with you! You never know when the perfect sunset will occur. And if you know you'll be out all day, pack an extra battery. You may also want to note the exact time of the sunset (check a local paper or a weather-oriented website). Arrive an hour beforehand to set up your shot. Once you're ready, begin photographing and keep shooting as the intensity of the light changes. Don't stop just because the sun goes down. The 10 to 15 minutes of diminishing light just after sunset can yield some of the best results.
Set Your Own Film Speed: Most modern cameras, film or digital, set the film speed (ASA/ISO) automatically. But checking it manually will ensure better results. Rather<|fim_middle|> perfect the image. Be sure that everything you want to capture is clearly in the frame and remove any extraneous or distracting objects from the composition. What qualifies? It's up to you to determine what seems distracting, but as a general rule, less is more with a sunset photo—let nature put on its show.
Compose Off Center: Centering objects in the frame can make for a static composition. Try placing the sun to the left or right. Use objects such as trees or buildings to help frame the image and give it depth (see fig.1). If you are photographing near the water, you may want to incorporate it into the image to show the sunset's reflection on the surface (see fig.2). Clouds are another element that can add texture and pattern to the image.
Early Riser?While these tips have been designed with the sunset in mind, they will also work very well for a sunrise. The key difference is that you won't be able to shoot into the sun at all because of its blinding early-morning intensity. Instead, keep the sun at your back and focus on the light as it falls in front of you. | than use an ASA/ISO of 50 or 100 (good for bright daylight), use a faster speed like 400 or 800 ASA/ISO that is designed to be used at sunset and in other low-light conditions.
When It Comes to Resolution, Aim High: If you're using a digital camera, choose the highest resolution your camera will allow, usually a "fine" or "super fine" JPEG (A JPEG is a standard, highly compressed image file). Access to these settings can usually be found by pressing the Menu or Function key on your camera. If your camera has a "raw" or "TIFF" mode, try it. These modes will compress the image less than a JPEG and will ultimately yield a bigger file and a richer image. While the files may take up more room on your memory card, the inconvenience will be worth it once you see the sunset prints, particularly if you enlarge the prints beyond five by seven inches.
Visualize in Advance: Try to envision the picture before you even bring the camera to your eye. Then take a few extra seconds to | 226 |
The cerebrovascular disease unit at Hospital de L'Aliança in Barcelona (1990)
A. Arboix, J. Massons, M. Oliveres, M. Balcells
Cerebrovascular<|fim_middle|> stroke registry | Disease Unit, Department of Neurology. Hospital Universitari del Sagrat Cor, Barcelona, Spain.
In memory of Professor Josep Lluís Martí i Vilalta, a pioneer in the systematic, protocolised study of cerebrovascular diseases.
Introduction. The purpose of this study is to analyse training and care provided by the cerebrovascular disease unit at Hospital de L'Aliança in Barcelona. Additionally, we will analyse the role played by this unit in Spain to determine whether it served as a prototype for current stroke units.
Methods. We conducted a literature search in the library of Hospital Universitari del Sagrat Cor and the authors' private documents to gather information on the creation and opening of the cerebrovascular disease unit at Hospital de L'Aliança.
Results. The cerebrovascular disease unit at Hospital de L'Aliança was created in January 1990 and opened its doors on 5 October 1994. This unit formed part of the neurology department, and it created a stroke registry published in 1993, which included 1000 consecutive patients admitted to hospital between 1986 and 1991. The cerebrovascular disease unit held clinical sessions twice monthly with experts from other institutions.
Conclusions. The cerebrovascular disease unit at Hospital de L'Aliança made systematic and protocolised use of a stroke registry to analyse and study clinical data associated with acute cerebrovascular disease. This unit may be regarded as the first stroke unit in Catalonia and Spain, and one of the pioneer institutions in stroke management along with the stroke units at Hospital Clínico San Carlos (1991) and Hospital Universitario La Paz (1995).
Stroke unit, cerebrovascular disease unit, history, cerebrovascular disease, | 371 |
From the 22nd of February, we have had three days of heavy snow falling in our area and the Great Blue Heron Nature Reserve was turned into a winter wonderland. The sun finally came out on the 25th and the birds started singing as if it were Spring.
Bufflehead Ducks were seen floating through the falling snow.
Black-capped Chickadees were relieved when it finally stopped snowing.
Double-crested Cormorants didn't seem to mind the snow or icy snow-covered logs.
The resident Bald Eagles were not bothered by the snow and sat patiently near the Heronry on the Great Blue Herons' first<|fim_middle|>on Nature Reserve. Roughly 50 Great Blue Herons returned to their nests on the 27th but the weather turned again becoming very windy and cold so they again retreated to the sheltered areas of the marshes. We have a separate journal of the Great Blue Herons on their nests on the 27th.
Dark-eyed Juncos found a few interesting things to eat in a mossy spot under an evergreen tree which sheltered them from the snow as well.
Steller's Jays were seen after the snow in the sunny forested areas.
Song Sparrows are residents and they can take sun or snow without complaint.
A Wood Duck floated past a snow-covered bank with a Song Sparrow standing nearby.
Spotted Towhees are another resident bird taking the weather in their stride.
Varied Thrushes were seen visiting our area from the snow-covered mountains.
A Eurasian Wigeon was found on the South Lagoon one morning.
A white-striped White-throated Sparrow hunted for food under an evergreen tree near the edge of the path in the forest.
We visited the Rotary Interpretive Centre Gift Shop and enjoyed chatting with Val, Barb, Bev, Jean, Janet, Alice, Norm, Ann and Janet; we also enjoyed visits with Yonase, John, Rod, Dean, Leon, Ed, William, Mark and Dave on the trails.
Varied Thrushes and Canvasback Ducks were the highlights on a drive to Harrison Lake. | day back at their nests.
A Northern Flicker sat pondering its next move in the falling snow.
After the snow, we saw several Gadwalls in different areas of the Great Blue Heron Nature Reserve.
Here is a female Mallard for comparison with the female Gadwall.
The Great Blue Herons took refuge from the snow and wind in the marshy areas of the Great Blue Her | 79 |
Our Finance for Non-Finance Managers course is ideal for managers who want to have a better understanding of how the financial aspects of an organisation are managed. On this basic accounts course you will learn elementary accounting principles, understand how the balance sheet, profit and loss account and cash flow statements interact.
By the end of the course you will have an understanding of<|fim_middle|> to spot some indicators of the financial health of a company. | basic accounting terminology. We will show you how to use Ratios to gain a better understanding of how a business is faring financially to help you make financially informed management decisions.
This course takes place at our Exeter training suite, lunch and refreshments throughout the day are provided. Our workshop sizes are kept to a maximum of 12 delegates to ensure our experienced trainers have time to help individuals understand any complex points.
Anyone who is in a role where they need to understand how their business is managed financially. This training course is ideal for people who feel baffled by a set of accounts and want to feel more confident when using accounts and gain a basic understanding of financial management.
You will learn accounting terminology. Why certain things are recorded in a set of accounts and why some things are sometimes left out. You will learn how to use Ratios to gain a better understanding of a company's profitability, liquidity, and solvency and understand how these ratios can help you make investment decisions. You will look at the importance of managing working capital and cash flow, budgeting and looking for trends.
……able to navigate your way through a set of account, understand the terminology and be able | 237 |
Digging in to win against all odds
The Roughyeds' 15-14 win at London Skolars wasn't pretty . . . but for guts, determination and an iron will to overcome misfortune it took some beating.
The team would normally arrive for an away game about 90 minutes before kick-off to allow for routine preparation both inside the dressing room and out on the pitch.
This time, due to a coach breakdown, they didn't arrive at the Skolars ground in north London until 2.30pm or thereabouts and even though referee Liam Staveley agreed to delay the kick-off from 3pm until 3.15pm the inevitable rush and shortage of time available to go through normal pre-match routines was a major obstacle which all concerned had to overcome.
The players were told to regard the first few minutes and the first few sets as part of what they would normally do in pre-game warm-up.
In the event their first set on receipt of the kick-off in their own in-goal area was a fantastic start that ended with Dave Hewitt drilling the ball into touch on the Skolars 10-metre line.
The way Roughyeds reacted to all this in what was their first game for three weeks, combined with the loss of Jack Spencer with a hip injury in the first half, never to return, was stirring stuff despite countless mistakes in possession and poor execution with ball in hand while attacking the Skolars line.
On top of all that, two of the four subs, Ed Smith and Jimmy Beckett, were in the side for the first time and they were faced by a big, athletic, strong and fast Skolars side that desperately needed the two points for play-off qualification purposes.
A lot was asked of the new boys, especially in view of Spencer's early departure, and both came through with flying colours.
Smith did marvellously well considering it was his first game after two major reconstructions on the same knee, a two-year absence from the sport and extensive rehab of six months or more.
Not wishing to get too excited about his comeback game, he said: "I got a couple of knocks on the knee but I think I came through okay.
"I'll be checking it out with the physio again on Tuesday, by which time I'll know whether or not I've had any reaction."
With no such problems to concern him, on-loan Beckett, a 20-year-old fresher, had a blinder at prop, constantly driving the ball strongly, making the hard yards and coming ever so close to scoring his first Oldham try with one enormous drive only to be held up over the Skolars line.
There were many imperfections in Oldham's all-round performance, which will have to improve significantly in the 'Awesome August' home games against Newcastle and Doncaster, but Skolars are no easy-beats these days, especially at home, and there was no doubting Roughyeds deserved their triumph.
They led from minute 3 to minute 80 and although the sides were split by only one point at the finish, Dave Hewitt's drop goal early in the second half gave Roughyeds a seven-point cushion which they defended until the game's last minute.
During that time there were numerous occasions when, with better finishing, Oldham could and should have extended their lead but hopefully we can put that down to rustiness after a three-week lay-off and we can expect better in next Sunday's big clash with second-placed Newcastle.
Both sides defended heroically, but well though the visitors stood up to the undoubted strength and power of the Skolars forwards, they slipped up twice wide out to allow home speed merchants IIiess Macani and Omari Caro to each go 80 or 90 metres after slipping one-on-one tackles.
Roughyeds were 12-0 up inside 17 minutes before, in the 23rd minute, full-back Mac<|fim_middle|> then cut back inside and just made it to the line thanks to his twinkle toes and nifty change of direction.
One was left with the lasting impression that both Hewitt and Brook could do worse than take on defences more often.
Not all defences will be as full of vigour and intensity as this one.
Oldham scorers: drop goal, Hewitt; goals, Hewitt 3/3; tries, Leeming, Hewitt.
Skolars: Macani; Agoro, Caro, Jennings, Yates; Wilkinson, Coleman; J Greenhalgh, Thorman, M Greenhalgh, Tuliatu, Williams, MBaraga. Subs: Davies, Ross, Scott, Bryan.
Oldham: Hawkyard; Aaronson, McComb, Leeming, Kershaw; Brook, Hewitt; Joy, Owen, Spencer, Bridge, Langtree, Bent. Subs: Law, Wilkinson, Smith, Beckett.
Referee: Liam Staveley; Att: 355.
Hewitt shines as Oldham clinch narrow victory
Player focus . . . Ben Davies | ani scored a try out of the blue and against the run of play to bust open Oldham's right flank and go the distance.
It wouldn't happen again surely. But it did almost on the hooter, when Hewitt, not for the first time, used the last tackle to find a good touch close to the home try line.
This time centre Caro broke free up the short side from the scrum — punishing Oldham's left flank in much the same way that Macani had bust open the right side — and went nearly the full length.
Neil Thorman's angled goal cut the visitors' lead to one point, but two tackles later it was all over over and Roughyeds were deservedly home and dry.
Individually, all 17 contributed significantly, some more than others.
Wingers Harry Aaronson and Lee Kershaw worked hard to make life easier for their forwards, but none did better in the outside backs than centre Cam Leeming, who finished strongly in the corner to score Oldham's opening try in the third minute and then went from strength to strength.
Scrum-half Hewitt was the most influential player on the pitch, but don't overlook the good work of his half-back partner Adam Brook, who was one of the busiest players on view.
In the pack we saw splendid front-row driving by Phil Joy, Scott Law and young Beckett, while Gareth Owen and Matty Wilkinson both had useful games at hooker in their different styles.
Danny Bridge and Danny Langtree are marked men in every game, Bridge having the better time in this one while 'Langers' had one of those frustrating afternoons when little went right for him.
The main man was Hewitt, who scored 11 of his side's 15 points with a drop goal, two conversions, a long-range penalty and a 17th-minute try when he shaped to pass left but | 389 |
Biography of
Heinrich Schütz
8 oct 1585 (Köstritz ad Elster) - 6 nov 1672 (Dresden)
Buy sheetmusic from Schutz at SheetMusicPlus
Heinrich Schütz, c. 1650-1660 (Leipzig), by Christoph Spetner
Heinrich Schütz (October 8 (JC), 1585 - November 6, 1672) was a German composer and organist, generally regarded as the most important German composer before Johann Sebastian Bach and often considered to be one of the most important composers of the 17th century along with Claudio Monteverdi. He wrote what is thought to be the first German opera, Dafne, performed at Torgau in 1627, of which the music has since been lost. He is commemorated as a musician in the Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran Church on July 28 with Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel. He was buried in the Dresden Frauenkirche but his tomb has since been destroyed.
He was born in Köstritz, the eldest son of Christoph Schütz and Euphrosyne Bieger. In 1590 the family moved to Weißenfels, where his father Christoph managed the inn "Zum Ring". When Schutz was staying at the inn, his musical talents were discovered by Moritz von Hessen-Kassel in 1599. After being a choir-boy he went on to study law at Marburg before going to Venice from 1609–1612 to study music with Giovanni Gabrieli. He subsequently had a short stint as organist at Kassel before moving to Dresden in 1615 to work as court composer to the Elector of Saxony. In 1619 Schütz married Magdalena Wildeck who had been born in 1601. She produced two daughters before her death in 1625: Anna Justina born in 1621 and Euphrosyne born in 1623.
In Dresden Schutz sowed the seeds of what is now the Sächsische Staatskapelle Dresden, but left there on several occasions; in 1628 he went to Venice again, most likely meeting Claudio Monteverdi there - he may have studied with him. In 1633 he was invited to Copenhagen to compose the music for wedding festivities there, eventually returning to Dresden in 1635. He again conducted an extended visit to Denmark in 1641. In 1655, the year that his daughter Euphrosyne died, he accepted an ex officio post as Kapellmeister at Wolfenbüttel.
Schutz died in Dresden from a stroke in 1672 at the age of 87.[1]
Schütz's compositions show the influence of his teacher Gabrieli (displayed most notably with Schütz's use of resplendent polychoral and concertato styles) and of Monteverdi. Additionally, the influence of the Netherlandish composers of the 16th century is prominent in his work. His best known works are in the field of sacred music, ranging from solo voice with instrumental accompaniment to a cappella choral music. Representative works include his three books of Symphoniae sacrae, the Psalms of David (Psalmen Davids), the Sieben Worte Jesu Christi am Kreuz (the Seven Last Words on the Cross) and his three Passion settings. Schütz's music, while starting off in the most progressive styles early in his career, eventually grows into a style that is simple and almost austere, culminating with his late Passion settings. Practical considerations were certainly responsible for part of this change: the Thirty Years' War had devastated the musical infrastructure of Germany, and it was no longer practical or even possible to put on the gigantic works in the Venetian style which marked his earlier period.
Schütz was one of the last composers to write in a modal style. His harmonies often result from the contrapuntal alignment of voices rather than from any sense of "harmonic motion"; contrastingly, much of his music shows a strong tonal pull when approaching cadences. His music includes a great deal of imitation, but structured in such a way that the successive voices do not necessarily enter after the same number of beats or at predictable intervallic distances. Schütz's writing often includes intense dissonances caused by the contrapuntal motion of voices moving<|fim_middle|>48)
Zwölf geistliche Gesänge (Dresden, 1657)
Psalmen Davids (revision of Book 2) (Dresden, 1661)
Weihnachts-Oratorium (Christmas Oratorio) (Dresden, 1664)
Manfred Bukofzer, Music in the Baroque Era. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1947. ISBN 0393097455
Wolfram Steude, Zum gegenwärtigen Stand der Schütz-Ikonographie., in: Schütz-Jahrbuch 1985/86. Kassel, Bärenreiter, 1986, p. 50-61. ISBN 3-7618-0778-3
Basil Smallman: Heinrich Schütz, The Master Musicians, 2000.
Tamsin (née T.D.) Jones, "Passions in Perspective: An Analytical Discussion of the Three Passions of Heinrich Schütz (1585–1672) against their Historical and Stylistic Backgrounds" (Ph. D. thesis, University of Birmingham, 2000)
Heinrich Schütz: "Geistliche Chor-Music, Op. 11." Edited by Andrew Thomas Kuster. Ann Arbor, MI, 2005. ISBN 1411642430.
Heinrich Schutz. O Jesu nomen dulce http://www.realmusic.ru/songs/418947/
^ Heinrich Schütz 1585-1672
^ cf. Steude 1986, p. 58-61
Free scores by Heinrich Schütz in the International Music Score Library Project
Germany Fed. Rep. 1972 stamp devoted to Heinrich Schütz
Free scores by Heinrich Schütz in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
Free scores by Heinrich Schütz in the Werner Icking Music Archive (WIMA)
"Schütz, Heinrich". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
NAME Schutz, Heinrich
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Heinrich Schütz. Allthough most Wikipedia articles provide accurate information accuracy can not be guaranteed.
Barber, S.
Adagio for Strings
Modern Strings
Chopin, F.
Nocturnes Op. 9 (pour Madame Pleyel)
Sergio Calligaris
Toccata and Fugue in d minor
Henrik Behrens
Handel, G.F.
Concerto grosso in D major op. 6 no. 5
Boyd Neel Orchestra | in correct individual linear motion, but resulting in startling harmonic tension. Above all, his music displays extreme sensitivity to the accents and meaning of the text, which is often conveyed using special technical figures drawn from musica poetica, themselves drawn from or created in analogy to the verbal figures of classical rhetoric.
Almost no secular music by Schütz has survived, save for a few domestic songs (arien) and no purely instrumental music at all (unless one counts the short instrumental movement entitled "sinfonia" that encloses the dialogue of Die sieben Worte), even though he had a reputation as one of the finest organists in Germany.
Schütz was of great importance in bringing new musical ideas to Germany from Italy, and as such had a large influence on the German music which was to follow. The style of the north German organ school derives largely from Schütz (as well as from the Dutchman Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck); a century later this music was to culminate in the work of J.S. Bach.
Main article: List of compositions by Heinrich Schütz
Rembrandt: Portrait of an anonymous musician, 1633 (Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.). In Schütz-research regarded as inauthentic and not portraying Heinrich Schütz.[2]
The following are published works. Most of these contain multiple pieces of music; there are over 500 total surviving individual pieces by Schütz.
Il primo libro de madrigali (first book of madrigals) (Venice, 1611)
Psalmen Davids (Book 1) (Dresden, 1619)
Historia der frölichen und siegreichen Aufferstehung ... (History of the joyful and victorious Resurrection of Jesus) (Dresden, 1623)
Cantiones sacrae (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1625)
Psalmen Davids (Book 2) (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1628)
Symphoniae sacrae (Book 1) (Venice, 1629)
Musikalische Exequien (Dresden, 1636)
Kleine geistliche Konzerte (Book 1) (Leipzig, 1636)
Symphoniae sacrae (Book 2) (Dresden, 1647)
Geistliche Chor-Music (Dresden, 16 | 533 |
The popular Eagle's View Trail is rightly considered one of the region's "top trails". It remains the only established trail in the Darling Range near Perth that offers bushwalkers a day's circuit walk of good length and quality scenery. The walk covers varied terrain, partly along stream valleys and partly along the top of the Darling<|fim_middle|>21.
"Travellers guide to the Parks & Reserves of Western Australia", Simon Nevill, 4th Edn. 2011, pp. 44-45 (Simon Nevill Publications) – Includes a summary of the Park.
"South West WA 25K Scale Topo Maps", Greg Harewood & Landgate, 2015. – Digital raster; ECW format on 16GB USB. See tiles #320-2134-III-SW and #318-2134-III-NW for relevant map coverage.
No, it's sole use for walkers only. Check out Kalamunda Trails network and other Mountain Bike Trails on Trails WA site for the 'official' trails.
Track re-alignment: A part of the original trail in the southwest has recently (2017) been re-aligned, now bypassing a partly degraded and Watsonia weed-infested section along Jane Brook below National Park Falls, plus a steepish climb to the ridge in the west. The re-aligned trail now incorporates part of the lesser known 'Ridge Walk Trail' and passes through more interesting bushland. The WalkGPS map has not yet been updated.
View toward Perth through balgas and wandoo trees on hilltop east of Christmas Tree Creek.
Tranquil pool along Jane Brook 'promenade'.
Bushland along north bank of Jane Brook.
National Park Falls on Jane Brook.
Massive granite boulders ('tors') near Christmas Tree Creek.
Hovea Falls (after heavy rainfall).
View across Hovea Falls (mid-spring, low flow).
Youngster enjoys the natural water slide at Hovea Falls.
Christmas Tree Creek cutting through rock ledge.
View toward Perth through wandoo trees. | Scarp, past granite tors, and across laterite plateaus. There are impressive views across the Swan Coastal Plain to Perth and across the local valleys. The track also passes through varied vegetation types, including heathlands, open wandoo woodlands and mixed jarrah-marri-wandoo forest.
This popular established trail within John Forrest National Park was constructed by the Perth Bushwalkers Club during 1993-98. The Trail was selected by DSR and DEC in late 2008 to be promoted as Trails WA "Top Trails". It gives access to the less known northern area of the Park as well as the familiar Jane Brook area, including the National Park Falls and Hovea Falls. The walk covers varied terrain (including moderately steep in places), partly along stream valleys and partly along the top of the Darling Scarp, past granite tors, and across laterite plateaus. There are impressive views across the Swan Coastal Plain to distant Perth and across the stream valleys. The track also passes through varied vegetation types, including heathlands, open wandoo woodlands and mixed jarrah-marri-wandoo forest.
Some of the streamsides in the Park, especially along Jane Brook, are severely infested with Watsonia, an introduced pink- to red-flowering weed, which chokes out the native heathland. DBCA and volunteers are now using a selective herbicide 2-2DPA ('Dalapon') to destroy the weed with encouraging results so far, including re-emergence of native heathland plants. Efforts by community groups to locally control this highly invasive weed elsewhere along the Darling Scarp, and at Piesse Brook, also appear to have had some local success.
Sections of this trail (about 1/3 of the walk length) are also incorporated into the WalkGPS Northern John Forrest National Park Walk on this site. This additional walk provides for some off-track heathland and forest walking.
Most key turning points on the trail are indicated by yellow eagle emblem markers and provided you have a map in hand, GPS navigation is certainly not required.
From the Start point below the carpark (at waypoint 'START') cross the footbridge to '1' on the north side of Jane Brook. Turn left to follow the Trail west (in downstream direction), initially passing under the old iron railway bridge at '1-1'. Follow the Trail down the valley. It shouldn't be necessary to refer to the waypoints as the Trail is quite well marked with an Eagle symbol on a yellow background. Make a short diversion to National Park Falls (at '4') but rejoin the track at '5' and take the trail which is signed to the 'Eagle's View Lookout' and heads initially northward and around the hillside. After crossing a gully at '7' the track climb westward, with good views southward across Jane Brook to the Railway Heritage Trail. The track veers around the ridge top after '9' and reaches large boulders at a lookout point at '10', at the top of the Darling Scarp. There are excellent views across the coastal plain to Perth. Follow the track northward and meet a brief section of vehicle track which crosses a stream course to a T-junction at '13'. Turn left to '14'; then leave the vehicle track to follow the Trail as a foot-track which climbs quite steeply towards a ridge and then turns eastward at '15' to follow the valley of Christmas Tree Creek upstream (via '16') away from the Scarp through heathlands and past granite tors. Meet a vehicle track at '17'. Veer left to follow it initially eastward and then northward, crossing the Creek at '18' and passing small rapids hidden just to the right (east) of the track (see '18-1′). When the vehicle track meets a wide W-E vehicle track (at '19'; along a former park boundary), the Trail continues north as a foot-track and begins rising away from Christmas Tree Creek through open wandoo woodlands. (NOTE: For a shorter walk, you can turn right at '19' to follow the vehicle track eastward for 2km to rejoin the track at '27-1′, reducing the total walk by about 3km, but missing the very pleasant northern section. Alternatively, for an even shorter walk, follow the marked Christmas Tree Creek Trail which veers southward after about 800m after leaving '19'). After '19' the Trail continues northward and soon rises more steeply to traverse a laterite ' breakaway' slope and reach a laterite plateau and jarrah forest '20'. The track follows the edge of the plateau/valley rim and provides some excellent views across this secluded northern valley. Turn right at '22' onto a vehicle track which heads generally eastward before curving southward and descending to cross a tributary of Christmas Tree Creek at '24'. Cross another sidestream at '25' and then immediately cross the intersecting vehicle track on the south side of the stream to locate the foot-track which rises quite steeply SW through very picturesque open wandoo woodland to reach another laterite-capped ridge . From near '26' there are good views across the valley and Scarp toward Perth. Veer ESE to follow the Trail along the edge of the laterite surface. At '27-1' the foot-track meets a vehicle track (an old park boundary track) which leads to a T-intersection at '28'. Turn right and follow the vehicle track SW, descending toward Jane Brook valley. At '31' locate a sidetrack for a short diversion off the Trail via '32' to visit Hovea Falls, and descend a further 50m to the foot-bridge right at the top of the falls if you wish. Then head SW across the large granite outcrop to rejoin the vehicle track at '33' and follow it down to '34' where it meets the Railway Reserves Historic Trail (the path of the former railway). Then at '35' descend to Jane Brook and follow the north bank via '36' alongside the small weir to then re-cross the Brook via the footbridge to get back to the carpark and Start point.
Turn left into John Forrest National Park off Great Eastern Hwy and follow the sealed road to the main carpark/picnic area. A park entry fee applies.
Walkers should register at the Ranger's office both prior to commencing the walk and on return.
In the north, follow vehicle tracks to Toodyay Road.
In the south, return to the main carpark.
"John Forrest National Park Management Plan", CALM, 1994. -This also includes summaries of the flora & fauna, geology, history, future park plans, etc.
"John Forrest National Park: A Place of Beauty", article by George Duxbury, in Landscope magazine (CALM), Vol.11, No.4, Winter 1996, pp.16- | 1,479 |
I must admit to zero experience with the Northern Pike as a child and not much more as an adult. As a casual angler, I've typically been more focused on species like salmon and halibut, and more rarely, on Grayling and trout. In my "middle youth", I've decided to approach angling a little more seriously and when I heard stories of a decent population of pike in a nearby lake…I knew I had to figure it out.
After seeing photos of these fine specimen on social media (Like the one below from Drifterz Paradise), the decision was made.
For those not familiar, Northern Pike (Esox lucius) are a relatively large predatory fish that inhabits northern latitudes. While Northern Pike tend to average somewhere in the 16-22 inch range, much larger fish are out there.
The North American pike record is a 52-inch fish that tipped the scales at 49 pounds and pike in Europe tend to be considerably larger on average with a 69 pound pike caught in pre-war Leningrad in 1930. Fish over 40 inches or 15 pounds, while not exactly common, occur regularly and represents the minimum for a "Catch and Release" Trophy Certificate from Alaska Fish and Game.
Our friend Rachel Conner caught one in the Susitna River system in the winter that was in this category, as the photo below shows.
Northern Pike tend to display a well-defined sexual dimorphism with females being significantly larger than males. Researchers report that any pike over 18 pounds is almost certainly a female and if pike conservation is a concern, should be released unharmed.
In some lakes, Northern Pike have been illegally introduced and ADFG mandates that those pike are killed upon landing and not returned to the water so reading and understanding the regulations for your water are important.
Pike have one of the highest rates of egg production with one of the lowest rates of fry survival. Pike spawn in spring, just after ice out and it represents the most productive time for anglers to target pike. Males will typically arrive at the shallow breeding areas first and will remain after spawned females retreat to deeper waters.
Once the water temperature reaches 43F, the spawn will begin and last approximately two to three weeks. Pike will return to the shallows in high summer, after the lily pads mature, but as solitary hunters rather than in a school.
It was during this spring spawning season that we pursued our local pike. It took several trips to find the pike and find the spawning area, but after we did…the pike did not disappoint. Pike are aggressive natured fish and will pursue almost anything smaller than they are. Productive baits were spinner baits, pixies, and soft swim baits that mimicked small fish.
As a lateral line equipped apex predator, lures that are loud and flashy tend to encourage the most action in the spring season. Territorial and aggressive, pike tend to hit first and figure out what it is later.
While pike are almost exclusively predatory on other fish, in high summer they hunt among lily pad fields and eat frogs, mice, and even ducklings that they find at the edges. An acquaintance of mine has a favorite mouse lure that he swears is deadly on large pike on hot days. He simply pitches it onto a l<|fim_middle|> at the end of your line, thrashing for all its worth- a far different experience from folks used to seeing "nibbles" at a bait and a slow take. Pike are capable, fast and strong and the effect was like hooking into a torpedo.
A lot of folks misunderstand pike anatomy and they have a reputation as a difficult fish to filet. Part of it is well deserved. Unlike a salmonid, they have a "Y-bone" structure and it results in conventional filets with a number of fine bones in them.
A number of pike preparations, such as pickled pike, just turn the bones soft enough to eat. A number of filet techniques can yield boneless pieces, just be aware that it can be a bit fiddly. I found a good technique demonstrated on YouTube and it worked well for a rank amateur.
Pike have a firm, white, flaky flesh that is incredibly mild flavored. From hearing reports, I expected a strong game fish taste but instead got a fish that tasted milder than any halibut I've had.
I'm sure pike can be fixed in any number of preparations, but for ours we chose a typical "fish and chips" style meal. We simply beer battered and deep fried them in peanut oil and served them with French fried potatoes and hushpuppies. The thin pieces cooked fast and the breading had the characteristic crunch while maintaining a moist interior. With some malt vinegar, I don't know that I've ever had a better fish dinner in my life.
I'm already looking forward to July and creeping among the lily pads in my kayak in pursuit of these prehistoric predators. | ily pad and pulls it off into the water.
For the fly fisherman, a "baby bird" fly or top-water popper is the go-too tackle. Since pike have a mouth full of razor sharp teeth, a stout leader of wire or heavy mono is essential and a release device is a good idea for unhooking fish. A pike would have no qualms about closing on your finger and extracting a chunk.
Once we found the pike area, we pitched spinners and pixies on wire leaders on medium heavy spinning gear backed with 30lb braid- a fairly normal salmon rig. While it was overkill for the "hammer handles" we caught, it was well advised on the larger fish.
We caught several mid sized fish in the 25 inch range we believed to be females that we released and retained several males that were destined for a fish fry. Pike did not disappoint when they struck a lure, the strike was hard and fast with no time to set the hook. It was as if you suddenly found yourself with a 10 pound fish | 220 |
Learn more about the importance of keeping up with your vehicle's scheduled maintenance at Morganton Honda in Morganton, NC, serving customers from Hickory, Asheville and Marion.
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If you look at your vehicle's manual, you'll see a<|fim_middle|> and should be able to address it without much trouble. This help you avoid spending time and money later if your vehicle develops a serious problem because it went undetected and requires extensive repairs.
The first line of defense in your vehicle's maintenance is that you keep to its recommended service schedule. The schedule serves you as a guide that tells you what work your car needs and when it needs to be done. If you have any more questions about your vehicle's service needs, feel free to consult our service manager.
We're here to help you keep your vehicle running like new. If you have any other concerns about your vehicle's service, don't hesitate to contact us or stop by our dealership at 1600 Burkemont Ave, Morganton, NC 28655. We look forward to serving customers from Hickory, Asheville and Marion. | section about incremental maintenance. This is where you'll find the manufacturer's recommended maintenance schedule. It suggests services that you should have done for your vehicle over time, such as when you reach 50,000, 75,000 and 100,000 miles. Keeping up with this schedule helps to ensure that your vehicle stays at peak performance.
On the surface, bringing your vehicle in for a few hours every few months (more or less, depending on how much you drive) sounds like a hassle. But it's nothing if you consider how you're helping yourself in the long run. Our expert technicians might notice a problem at an early stage | 139 |
A grand total of three students showed up for last night's open forum with Student Government President Greg Nance and Vice President for Campus Life Kim Goff-Crews, yet another sign of the problematic relationship many students have with SG. Simply put, the popular view is that SG is ineffective and lacks meaningful power. Every year, new candidates run on the promise of making SG more effectual and responsive to student opinion, and still the problems persist. The lack of trust in SG could also be seen in the most recent elections, in which all three candidates for Class of 2011 Representative who were officially on the ballot won by default, and a fourth write-in candidate was elected with 33 votes. This relationship with SG ultimately has negative consequences for the entire student body, and it is something that all U of C students should work to fix. Rather than expecting SG to improve on its own, or assuming it can't ever improve, we should all take interest in SG, and thus empower it to bring about the changes we hope to see on campus.
No organization on campus is better suited than SG to express student concerns and enact the reforms that we desire. Contrary to popular belief, SG can change things. They have the manpower, some control of funding, and most importantly, an official working relationship with the administration. But SG can only be effective in persuading the administration to do anything if it is seen as the authentic voice of the entire student body. If participation in<|fim_middle|> a position or simply piping up at an open forum—SG will genuinely represent student opinion, and it will finally function as a bridge between our wishes and the realities of student life.
The Maroon thus encourages students to become involved with SG. Virtually everyone has concerns and needs that SG can voice and potentially fulfill—whether it's about the U-Pass, more options for fulfilling the art/music/drama requirement, or changing the relationship between the U of C police and the student body. But the onus is not on SG to seek us out, find out what we want, and work for those changes—it is on us to create a SG that represents us all, to put our full faith in our representatives, and to empower them to create the campus community that we want.
Too many students see SG as mere résumé fodder for future politicians. But SG is created by our votes, by our involvement, and by our aspirations for it; if we only see SG as another line on a résumé, that's all it will be. Addressing SG's weaknesses is the duty not only of its elected members, but of all us as U of C students, and only when we take collective responsibility for SG's successes and failures will it ever be the force we want it to be.
The Maroon Editorial Board includes the Editor-in-Chief and the Viewpoints Editors. | student government is limited to a small group of representatives and the minority of students who vote in elections, why would the administration take SG's decisions seriously?
No matter how lightly administrators regard SG, their disregard can't possibly be as severe as most students'. There is a widespread perception that SG is just another student group, and frequently students working for changes in the University choose not to seek SG's assistance. This is categorically the wrong approach: SG is the chief mechanism the student body has to bring about change on campus. With enough student participation—be it running for | 113 |
<|fim_middle|> Main Highway. | Veteran of the Greenwich Village folk scene Rod MacDonald performs on the Barnacle estate veranda, Saturday, December 8 at 7 pm. – part of the monthly "Under Moonlight Concert" series at The Barnacle.
A regular on the Florida music scene since the 1990s, previously, MacDonald was a constant presence at many of New York's most prestigious folk clubs including Gerdes Folk City and the Bottom Line. Today, in addition to performing all across the Florida, he teaches Music Americana at Florida Atlantic University.
MacDonald plays a rhythmic style of acoustic guitar and sings in a clear tenor. He has considerable experience playing with bands as well – currently the lead singer in the local rock band, Big Brass Bed, which performs mostly Bob Dylan songs.
Admission at the gate, is $10 (adults), $8 (Society members), $3 (kids 6 to 9), and free (under 6). Picnics, blankets, and lawn chairs are welcome. No pets, please. Gates open at 6 p.m., one hour before show time.
For information, call 305-442-6866 or visit www.thebarnacle.org.
The Barnacle is located at 3485 | 265 |
It's twelve midday and here I am in the middle of nowhere with my thoughts pretty much vaguely collecting my thoughts and it hit me how engrossed I have been at looking for the perfect time to do this and that. Is there such thing as a perfect time to do a thing I thought to myself? Finally regrouping my thoughts. To a large extent I suppose so. However, life as I see it presents windows and doors for us to walk through or jump through and it doesn't take too much to lose yourself amidst all that is going on around you.
I am looking through this glass pane window. The house positioned rightly in front of the paraded manicured lawns. Sweet scented wild flowers saturating the atmosphere. Through the glass pane window from where I stood almost feeling like a dream I let myself go walking through the manic<|fim_middle|> was unattainable.
You are invited to take part in a family life survey. Click on the link below to go to the survey page.
Till next time enjoy being you. | ured gardens and at every point picked up a flower. At the end of my walk I had a bouquet of the most colourful and sweet scented flowers I had ever come across. Amusingly, looking at the bouquet I realised gifts and talents are like flowers planted in the fertile soil of discovery. For every gift or talent you allow to go to waste today because you are engrossed in one worry or another or some sort of insecurity or inferiority complex or superiority complex you rob the whole family of humanity of what you were sent here to do. It can be tricky and just as well adventurous if we will take the high road God has paved for us. I found out we can be engrossed so much in a thing and end up missing the whole point of life.
We all being a part of a nuclear family as well as extended families, we all owe to ourselves and to each other to play our designated roles to make this place a better place. What are you engrossed with? Take a step back relax, breathe and take that peaceful walk picking up the most important food to train your spirit and soul so you will be able to give back to others what you thought | 239 |
All-American Apocalypse
Jericho is a show that nationalists, fundamentalists, and libertarians can enjoy together.
Feb 12, 20082:45 PM
There are manifold mysteries at play on the end-of-days action show Jericho (CBS, Tuesdays at 10 p.m. ET), foremost among them the matter of its reappearance<|fim_middle|> excessive clarity, and these ambiguities—a militaristic bent that sits besides skepticism about authority, an inspiring civic-minded cheerfulness that doesn't conceal pessimism about human nature—give it a Rorschach-blot quality. You can imagine John McCain nationalists, Mike Huckabee fundamentalists, and Ron Paul Libertarians all getting behind the show and its singular imagining an all-American post-apocalypse. | for a sophomore season. When CBS moved to cancel it last spring, the show's fans rose up in numbers enough to win it a stay of execution. In a particularly press-savvy move, the faithful sent 40,000 pounds of peanuts to the network's offices, which was either an attempt to play off a line of dialogue recapitulating Gen. McAuliffe's message to the Germans at the Battle of the Bulge—"Nuts!"—or an attempt to trigger anaphylactic shock among programming executives. Either way, you've got to admire that kind of passion. You've also got to scrunch your face up and wonder what inspires it.
The series unfolds in the town of Jericho, Kan., and though the prairie land looks an awful lot like the hills of Southern California, the heartland values are plain to see. The women of Jericho are wholesomely pretty and reliably tough, and it falls to them to keep their mates' impulsiveness in check. The men are stout and rugged, with the notable exception of the protagonist, Jake Green, who, as played by Skeet Ulrich, scurries through the show with puppy-dog eyes and stray-cat everything else. Jake began the pilot episode as a prodigal son slouching back into town after a long and shadowy absence, but—this being a realm abounding in red herrings, false leads, and quick reversals—he soon emerged a gold-hearted hero—saving busloads of children from imminent peril, rallying the populace in a time of fear, and all that. He's an Everydude in a bowl cut and denim jacket.
The post-9/11 nightmare animating the show involves the annihilation of a couple dozen of your favorite American cities. The government is telling the citizenry that this is the work of Iran and North Korea, but then the government isn't what it used to be. (All is divided into three parts: Lands east of the Mississippi are governed from Columbus, Ohio; a new president seated in Cheyenne, Wyo., flies a Bizarro-World Stars and Stripes over the West and declares the emergence of the Allied States of America; then, as ever, there's the Republic of Texas.) Jake's new neighbor Robert Hawkins, who professes to be an undercover CIA agent, holds that the bombs were detonated by a coalition of extremists. From week to week, the matters of rogue states, looses nukes, and hairy conspiracies fall by the wayside as Jericho concerns itself with emergency-management plotlines and militia fantasies and love stories gently developing behind gingham-print curtains.
Whom can you trust? What can you do? Where the hell is this going? Like Alias or The X-Files, Jericho has enough wheel-within-wheels, double agents, and ad hoc alliances to draw in viewers who love a long-playing puzzle. Like Lost, it is never in danger of achieving | 608 |
Webcam from Screamen Eagle to Marina Motel. Click image above for more Inlet area webcams.
After 4 weekends in a row I have to say Jamie and Henry have to be one of the best host in the ADK area! Nice place to stay with VERY nice people. Stay here and relax, know you will be taken care of.
Thank yo so much for another wonderful weekend! See you next Summer!!
Always enjoy our stay at the Marina Motel – very gracious hosts!
We had a great time in Inlet and at the Marina Motel. The motel is wonderful being so close to town and the rooms are everything one needs. We will stay again and recommend anyone to stay as well.
What a great find! Really enjoyed your gracious hospitality! Looking forward to a Thursday guided ride. Many thanks!
Thanks so much for making my stay this last weekend one that I will never forget. Both you and Henry make the stay at the Marina special. You guys are the best!
Once again a good time had by all! Thanks so much for the hospitality. No other place compares. See you next year!
Thank you for a great stay and the great hospitality. We really appreciate the help you gave us with our car. We will recommend the Marina Motel to all our friends. Thank you again!
What a great place to stay! Everything is so clean and tidy. We appreciate all the work you have put into fixing up the place. So enjoyed the lakes to fish and canoe – we'll come again and highly recommend your kind hospitality to others.
We are so very impressed with how well run, clean and organized the whole motel is! Renting a boat and keeping it at the marina right next door is the way to go! A beautiful place – good luck!
We're so glad we found you on the internet. We're already planning to come back next year. Your hotel is so comfortable and so clean – the landscaping is beautiful! We love the breakfast too. Thank you!
Glad to finally stay with you. Everything was so perfect, felt like<|fim_middle|> – 100+ miles to Brantingham. Visited last Summer too for our kayaking trip through the chain. Love it here – you make it special. We'll be back!
Our favorite place to come snowmobiling! Thanks for all you do Jamie and Henry!
This place is GREAT! Wonderful amenities, great staff. We will recommend this place to everybody, even those that normally stay in Old Forge with their families, we'll tell them to come here instead!
So happy to be back at the "Marina Motel!" You have done a wonderful job of making this a lovely place to stay.
This was our first time to the Adirondack Mountains and we could not have stopped at a better motel. With no prior reservations the host took us in, being cheerful & curtious. Completely not knowing the area, the hostess was very helpful in recommending a wonderful dinner cruise. I will recommend to all my friends. Thank You & see you next year. | we were at home. Look forward to seeing you same time next year!
We're so glad we chose this place! It's got everything one needs! Very clean, comfy beds, nice bath, etc. We really enjoyed our evening – a meal at the Red Dog and then we sat in the Adirondack chairs and enjoyed the fire with a bottle of wine (thanks for the glasses Jamie). We even had entertainment – live music from the tavern below! Jamie and Henry were so nice and full of information and recommendations. Lounge/Breakfast was great. Terrific place – we will be back!
Had a great ride | 126 |
Welcome to the Music and Performing Arts Prof<|fim_middle|> go over program expectations, and to discuss your Academic Plan and progress towards your degree. A comprehensive outline of all MPAP doctoral policies and procedures is outlined in our Doctoral Handbook.
I am available to address your questions and concerns. | essions website for current doctoral students.
Our current doctoral offerings comprise four programs in Educational Theatre, Music Performance and Composition, Music Education/Therapy, and Music Technology. The MPAP doctoral community is unique and vibrant, and the environment we offer supports rich interdisciplinary work. Dedicated faculty advisers and mentors are committed to helping you do your best.
This website outlines the requirements for each program and clarifies benchmarks that will help you navigate your doctoral study. You are encouraged to meet regularly with your academic advisers and mentors, to | 103 |
HMS Colossus (1787-179<|fim_middle|> site. The virtual trail has been designed to work on smartphones as well as on conventional computers.
Alison James, Maritime Archaeologist at Historic England said: "The Colossus virtual discovery trail has been designed to provide a better experience for visiting divers and enable them to provide feedback on their visit to the site. We hope they will share their photographs and video and that these can be incorporated into the new virtual trail."
Alison James continued: "Protected wreck sites are as much part of our national heritage as castles and country houses but are not as widely accessible! This new virtual dive trail opens up our underwater heritage to many more people and encourages greater understanding and recognition of England's historic wrecks."
The virtual discovery trail was produced for Historic England by independent archaeologists Kevin Camidge and Tom Goskar. Project Manager Kevin Camidge said: "The new virtual dive trail brings the site alive and includes a 'diver's eye view' video of the whole dive trail, which gives the non-diver a pretty good idea of what it's like to dive the site."
Posted on June 23, 2016 Categories Press Releases | 8) Virtual Wreck Discovery Trail
For the first time, divers and non-divers alike can experience and explore the protected historic wreck site HMS Colossus without getting wet! Historic England has commissioned a virtual wreck discovery trail for HMS Colossus – a 74 gun warship which sank off the Isles of Scilly in 1798.
The virtual trail mirrors the underwater dive trail that was created for HMS Colossus in 2009, where more than 2,300 licensed divers have explored the wreck by following a map of 12 numbered dive stations.
The interactive dive trail includes a 3D site plan, video of the underwater dive trail and plans and photographs of the wreck site. There are also facilities for visiting divers to leave comments, photographs and video of their visits on the | 169 |
Fritz Beckert Biography
Fritz Beckert
See a list of available inventory for Fritz Beckert
Painter and printmaker Fritz Beckert was born in Leipzig, Germany, in 1877. He attended the Academy of Visual Arts, Leipzig from <|fim_middle|> a part of the Dresden Secession, opening its first show in 1909. In 1908 he began his teaching career as a lecturer at the Dresden Academy, eventually becming a professor of architectural painting from 1925 to 1945. He became known especially for his images of Baroque and Rococo Bavarian cities and villages, and for his style of lithography which often echoed the foundational style of early 20th century European color woodcuts: bold outlines, strong colors, and even a woodgrain-like quality to his textures.
Beckert died in Dresden in 1962. | 1894 to 1896, followed by the Dresden Academy. There he studied under Friedrich Preller the Younger and Gotthard Kuehl from 1900 to 1902, graduating with top marks which earned him a gold medal.
Beginning in 1901 Beckert traveled regularly to the Swiss Alps, Bavaria, Austria, and Italy on study tours. He helped found the Elbier group of artists, which was | 98 |
Jasmin Kurtic gave Fiorentina their first Serie A win of the season, surprising Atalanta in Bergamo.
The Viola beat Guingamp 3-0 on Thursday in the Europa League, but were without a point or a goal so far in Serie A. Mario Gomez was above all eager to break his drought, while Borja Valero was not fit enough to start. The Orobici were unbeaten so far with four points, but had lost the previous two editions of this fixture 2-0.
Josip Ilicic forced a save from Marco Sportiello after just 90 seconds, but Atalanta had a fantastic scoring opportunity when Richmond Boakye ran on to a Marco D'Alessandro assist and lost his footing, scuffing the angled drive. It still would've gone in had Neto not stuck out a foot to get the decisive deflection.
Marcos Alonso's strike swerved in the air, forcing Sportiello into a tricky save, and from that corner the defender aimed a free header off target.
Neto<|fim_middle|> to stop Boakye's cheeky finish squirming in at the near post from the tightest of angles.
The Brazilian was also alert to top Kurtic accidentally scoring an own goal with his deflection on Carlos Carmona's shot heading under the bar. Deep into stoppages, Boakye had the chance to tap in, but a deflection off a last-ditch tackle put it out for a corner. | got down to block a Luca Cigarini free kick and Marcelo Estigarribia's curler flashed just wide with the goalkeeper rooted to the spot.
Jasmin Kurtic came off the bench and immediately made the difference, scoring his first goal in a Viola jersey. He ran on to a Mati Fernandez assist and placed a daisy-cutter in off the inside of the far post from the edge of the box.
An Ilicic solo effort skimmed the far top corner and Neto got behind Zappacosta and Benalouane snapshots. Micah Richards made his Serie A debut, coming off the bench for Manuel Pasqual.
Ex-Catania striker Alejandro Gomez unleashed a strike that surprised Neto, but the goalkeeper still managed to parry with his face.
Neto used a more traditional part of his body – his foot – | 175 |
No seriously it's called 'Gorgeous'.
Taylor Swift is here to save your weekend.
Releasing her third single off her upcoming album 'Reputation', Swift dropped 'Gorgeous' at midnight in the U.S. (which was perfectly convenient for anyone pretending to still be working on a Friday afternoon).
Swift teased the single on her Instagram where she also previewed the catchy synth backing and cute intro before letting everyone know when it would be dropping.
Despite the harder previous tracks, 'Look What You Made Me Do' and '...Ready For It?', 'Gorgeous' is a poppy ode to someone that's making Swift very bubbly and happy in love.
The chorus repeats, "You're so gorgeous / I can't say anything to your face / 'Cause look at your face / And i'm so furious at you<|fim_middle|> relatable Taytay.
The song has been rumoured to be about her current beau, British actor Joe Alwyn, despite their relationship being kept pretty hush-hush it's been all but confirmed by fans who were invited to a secret listening party at Taylor's Rhode Island residence where she played tracks from 'Reputation'.
"Ocean blue eyes. Looking in mine. I feel like I might sink + drown + die"
Taylor Swift #Gorgeous lyrics: "I guess I'll stumble on home to my cats🐱" | for making me feel this way / But what can I say? / You're gorgeous". Later she breaks it down, saying "You make me so happy it turns back to sad" before she laments stumbling home to her cats alone. Sad cat lady vibes? Very | 54 |
You have to start this journey for YOU! Do it for YOU!
Make sure you consult your doctor about diet and exercise. With your weight, health, and meds this is very important. I talked with and see my doctor regularly.
Make sure you know it is a journey and not a point A to point B destination of diet and exercise. It is a lifestyle change and from where I stand, well worth it.
Without knowing you I would suggest you start with Moving More. Walk more and be active. That is what I did the first 6 weeks of my journey> walked the dogs, walked the park, took the steps, and so on). Maybe Start with half hour periods and move up to an hour per day.
Start your day with HAW> Honesty, Attitude, Water. Be honest with yourself about what you are doing well and not so well. Choose a good Attitude each morning. I make good choices when I have a good attitude, and I promise I make bad choices when I have a bad attitude. I drink 1/2 ounce of Water per pound of weight per day.
Eat at least 5 times a day, no more than 4 hours apart. Eat breakfast.
I gave up sugar for<|fim_middle|>? What are the things that will keep you on track? What are the things that will knock you for a loop?
If you are looking for a quality nutrition system to get you going and keep you on track, contact ME below. It is helping me!
START YOUR JOURNEY TODAY AND FIND YOUR WAY "OUT OF THE FIRE"! ALSO CHECK OUT WHEN "SOMEONE SAVED MY LIFE TONIGHT"!
TheFatGuy is PULLING for YOU!! | a year! I may give it up for life. You need to be honest with yourself here!! If you have demons you cannot manage or fight then give them up, don't fight them!
You need to apply everything you learn with a certain amount of thought on your part. What fits your life? What will and won't work for you | 69 |
We've taken our popular<|fim_middle|>ered components. The Victor family also includes cocktail, end, console and various dining tables. | Victor series and reconfigured it as a premier work environment, whether for your home office or your corner office. Never has high style had so much function. All your power access and wire management needs are addressed— we've included a prewired power strip with surge protector and phone jack, and cat 5 internet hookup. Just open either magnetically-latched fold-down access panel, make your connections, and simply close the panel— no tools needed. You can run all your cables through either of the access grommets on the generous desktop. The tempered glass desk top features a show-stopping acid-etched Sable glass "blotter" which covers a brushed stainless-fronted pencil drawer. The tapered chevron-shaped body, clad in brushed stainless panels and rich walnut veneer, conceals all wiring and connectors—leaving only pure style. There's also a rolling file cart which cleverly plays off the reverse hourglass shape of the desktop with contrasting brushed stainless and walnut drawer fronts. Victor desk, file cart, and a matching credenza are available in any Elite powder-coat finish. Choose the perfect finish for the walnut vene | 231 |
For decades, Nashville has been a port to welcome refugees from around the world. Some were fleeing political or ethnic persecution. Some were tortured. Some lost members of their family. All have lost their home.
Whether they are coming to the United States directly from a country at war or they've spent years<|fim_middle|>uma, the other presenter for the workshop. Violence plants the seed of poor health that can blossom into debilitating diseases, he said.
He discussed several methods of screening clients to help identify health issues they may be facing, including both mental and physical health, so treatment can be arranged, Lavelle said. | in a refugee camp, all refugees "have experienced the trauma of a disruption in their life," said Kellye Branson, the director of refugee and immigration services for Catholic Charities of Tennessee.
She and her staff joined others who work regularly with refugees at a two-day workshop to help them understand how to help refugees who have been victims of torture and trauma. The workshop, put on by the Refugee Services National Partnership for Community Training, was hosted by the Tennessee Office for Refugees at the Catholic Pastoral Center on July 22-23.
"I want to learn more about the trauma experienced by some of our clients and how to be more effective in helping them," said Branson, whose staff expects to help resettle about 500 refugees this year and another 500 next year.
She encouraged all of her staff to attend the workshop, which drew more than 140 people from throughout Tennessee, Kentucky and even Florida, including the support staff who also interact with refugees regularly. It helps the support staff "to understand that with clients who are demanding and difficult, there are experiences behind that," Branson said.
"The nature of torture is really intended to destroy a person's humanity," said Melodie Kinet, executive director of the National Partnership for Community Training.
Studies have found that anywhere between 5 percent and 35 percent of refugees resettled in the United States are victims of torture, Kinet said. Their experiences can lead to a variety of mental and physical health problems, including depression and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, drug and alcohol additions, chronic illnesses and physical limitations stemming from injuries suffered as a torture victim, she added.
A refugee's traumatic experiences can affect more than the individual, Kinet said, but also how they interact with their family and the rest of the community.
"That person's traumatic experience is in the room with you… particularly if it's something they haven't been able to get treatment for or to get past," said Kate Porterfield of the Bellevue/NYU Program for Survivors of Torture, one of the presenters at the workshop.
The trauma experienced by refugees affects their ability to process information, talk about memories, relate to others, think about the future, and their feelings about the world and themselves, Porterfield said.
To help refugees heal, those who work with them first must build trust, Porterfield said.
In one of her presentations, Porterfield discussed strategies that case managers, counselors, therapists and others who work with refugees can use to build trust with their clients.
The most effective strategy for helping a traumatized person is to humanize them, Porterfield said.
The prevalence of chronic disease among people who have been traumatized is high, said James Lavelle, of the Harvard Program for Refugee Tra | 563 |
UCS teams with top schools to widen student opportunities
Lauren Mogannam
From the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco to Merrill Lynch in New York City, students from eight universities will find a variety of new career opportunities as part of a newly launched internship consortium.
Northwestern has teamed up with New York University, Georgetown University, Rice University, Stanford University, Yale University, the University of Pennsylvania and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to create iNET, a new collaboration that will allow students to access a wider range of college internship resources.
"Education is really important, but nothing can replace experiences outside of a school setting," Medill freshman Grace Weitz said. "I think iNET will give as many people as possible that opportunity."
Students can choose possible internships by major and industry and employers who wish to recruit from a wider applicant pool can do so with iNET. The service, which launched at the beginning of Winter Quarter, can be accessed with a valid Northwestern e-mail address through the Career Services Web site.
Weitz, who said she is interested in the service, thinks it is important to make connections out of one's school community.
"iNET will be combining people from all over the nation, making a really diverse environment where there can be a lot of (professional) interaction," she said.
In the past, finding internship opportunities away from the Chicago area has been difficult for some students.
"One of the reasons that we wanted to do it is that it gives geographical diversity<|fim_middle|>," Dunlap said. "So with a greater range of employers, Northwestern students will see new listings that they wouldn't normally see." | for our students," said Lonnie Dunlap, director of University Career Services. "Stanford will open up wonderful internship opportunities from the West Coast to NU students."
The consortium came about easily because the eight universities use the same search engine, Simplicity, Dunlap said.
Weinberg sophomore Daniel Jonas said he searched for an internship on his own this year because he was unsuccessful last year. According to Jonas, CareerCat, NU's own system for finding internship and employment opportunities, did not provide what he needed.
"I wanted something in Phoenix and CareerCat didn't have what I needed in Arizona," he said.
According to Dunlap, with universities participating from all regions of the country, students will have more options for the summer. On iNET, there are internships across all academic areas in a full range of industries from coast to coast, she said.
Kenny Chandrasekera, a Yale student, said he thinks the consortium will be a great addition to Yale's private internship program.
"It is a good opportunity for those students who don't have the resources to spend a summer away from home," the freshman biomedical engineer said. "If a student from California is on the east coast, but needs an internship near home, Stanford's participation will give that student that many more options."
Although participation in the program is still small, Dunlap said she is hopeful that students will now be able to find internships that fit all of their criteria.
"Most employers who post (on iNET) are connected with these schools | 309 |
Seventeen years ago when comedy troupe Broken Lizard, made up of Jay Chandrasekhar, Steve Lemme, Kevin Heffernan, Paul Soter, and Erik Stolhanske, released their now cult hit Super Troopers, very few thought it would ever beget a sequel, especially as time wore on. In fact, Broken Lizard, who went on to release films such as Club Dread, Beerfest, and The Slammin' Salmon, has been relatively quiet in the current decade, which makes this film even more a curiosity. But with the efforts of crowdfunding from the original film's passionate fan base, the group was able to get back together to make this sequel. And while its existence is entirely unnecessary, those who really wanted it are the ones who will really enjoy it. If you sat there in 2001 hoping it would never receive a sequel, then stay the hell away. What would you even be thinking trying to check this out?
When we left the Vermont Highway Patrol, they had just busted the Burbury local PD in a drug bust, but as the film quickly informs us, they were soon thereafter dispatched from their post after an unfortunate ride along with actor Fred Savage. Flash forward to today, and Vermont is on the precipice of gobbling up a Canadian border town thanks to a surverying snafu that went unnoticed until now. So now the gang is tasked with returning to duty to ease the transition of the town to its true American roots, which involves dealing with Canadian mounties (Will Sasso, Hayes MacArthur, Tyler Labine), the<|fim_middle|> as though they were never gone from the roles, stepping right back into their pranks.
The film certainly takes many of its laughs from making light of Canadians, mostly in loving ways. I think the setup of the film affords plenty of scenarios which play to the strengths of the troupe. They know this, we know this. There is nothing surprising or overwhelming here, but they do what they do well enough to elicit the standard number of laughs to make this film a success in the eyes of this fan. It's not a great comedy, but the laughs are there for those with an affinity for stupid comedy. I really still don't see the point of this movie. It has a very limited audience, but that audience shouldn't be disappointed with the finished product, and I guess that is about the best thing I can say about the film. Very few movies will be as cut and dry as this one. If you liked the first and think you might enjoy more. If not, then stay away. Simple as that. | town's mayor (Rob Lowe), and a pretty Canadian government lackey (Emmanuelle Chriqui). But in easing the transition, the crew once again find themselves in the middle of a drug smuggling operation.
As I said in my opening, Super Troopers 2 is a film that doesn't need to exist, but exist it does, so fans of the film should embrace it as such. As any fan serving sequel should be, Troopers 2 is merely a rehash of the first, complete with recycled jokes and shtick. While that may sound like an indictment upon the 17 year sequel, it's in fact its very strength. It doesn't take chances, it basically recycles its plot of a drug smuggling ring, but it is just different enough to make it enjoyable, while also being extremely faithful to the elements that made the first film successful. I was a fan of the original, while I am sure many others dismissed it as stupid (it is, but stupid funny). But to reiterate, Super Troopers 2 only exists for the fans. We're not reinventing the wheel here, just trying for a few laughs.
And the film accomplishes just that. It's a comedy film with a very low ceiling, but relatively high floor. It plays it safe and that's just fine because there are plenty of moments and setups throughout to entertain with the occasional laugh and well earned belly buster. Perhaps more than most great comedies, Super Troopers 2 has its fair share of misses too, but it throws enough at the wall that what manages to stick is plenty to satiate the appetite for more Vermont Highway Patrol hijinx. One great benefit is that the cast fits right back into their uniforms quite naturally. It's | 357 |
The weekend came and went in a blur. A good blur, but a blur. Work at the part-time job Saturday was busy due to a staff member calling in sick, then a slumber party (that's right, a slumber party), and then work at the part-time job Sunday with one and a half less staff than is normal for that day of the week. Crazy. Good times, in general, as the people around me were pretty fantastic, but I was wiped out from it all.
About that slumber party… (this ties directly into the title of this post). So three of us from work decided to get together at Naomi's place for an overnight. To say she lives in the middle of nowhere is almost an understatement, even in a country where it's actually difficult to be anywhere more than 5 miles away from a pub. Surrounded by a beautiful forest, we ate junk food, laughed and went out to the porch to roast marshmallows over candle flames. (We didn't have a campfire, but made do.) The woods made their wood<|fim_middle|>Previous Post1939 Ensign Ful-Vue: Through the ViewfinderNext PostRevamping regularjen
7 thoughts on "Beyond the Sea"
I don't know why, but under the circumstances, that would creep me out, too.
Forgot to ask…did any of you actually sleep after that?
Yup, we managed to sleep, but it was an hour or two of giggling girliness later.
While we were outside it was like a horror movie coming to life when the tune played — any moment a murderer would appear! — but once inside we forgot about it completely.
Did the fact that song was in an X-Files episode make it more creepy? You remember…Scully kept hearing that song, I think the episode may have been called 'Beyond the Sea'. (Am I being a major geek by pointing that out?)
I did think about that episode! Hooray! Geeks always! 🙂
It was actually majorly creepy and no, Jen's mum, I did not have an easy time getting to sleep! My constant questions about the Blair Witch and the fact that a bird made the psycho noise did not help. Spoooooky……..
Pingback: Bookmarks about Silly | sy noises, we giggled and listened and told stories. Cathy and I went into the yard and did our best horror movie screams. Many marshmallows and a glass of wine later we heard it:
Somewhere, beyond the sea… Somewhere waiting for me…
Somewhere, beyond the trees, Bobby Darin was playing. We sat there in the dim light of three candles, wide-eyed and stunned by the creepiness of it. I think just about any other song would have been acceptable, but for some reason that song whispering in the pitch-black distance was just about the spookiest thing three girls alone in a house in the middle of the woods could hear.
We went inside not long after. If you ask any of us, it's probably because it was getting chilly out. Honest.
Technorati Tags: friends, regularjen, silly, weird
| 177 |
\subsection*{Acknowledgments}
We are grateful to Jacqueline Gills and Michelle Bosher for their help in the
organization of the workshop.
We thank Rodolfo Sassot and Jacob Ethier for providing us with the
DSSV14 predictions in Table~\ref{tab:polgmom} and with the JAM17 predictions in
Tables~\ref{tab:polPDFmoms},~\ref{tab:polHmoms} and~\ref{tab:polgmom}.
The workshop was partly supported by the European Research Council (ERC) via
the Starting Grant {\it PDF4BSM - Parton Distributions in the Higgs Boson Era}.
We also thank the Department of Energy's (DoE) Institute of Nuclear Theory
(INT) at the University of Washington in Seattle for partial support during
the completion of this work.
This work was also partially funded by the U.S. DoE contract
No.~DE-AC05-06OR23177, under which Jefferson Science Associates,
LLC operates Jefferson Lab.
H.-W.L. is supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) under Grant
PHY 1653405; E.R.N. by the U.K. Science and Technology Facilities Council
(STFC) via the Rutherford Grant ST/M003787/1 and the Consolidated Grant
ST/P000630/1; K.O. by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under U.S.
DoE contract No.~DE-AC05-06OR23177,
by U.S. DoE under Grant No.~DE-FG02-04ER41302,
and by STFC via the Consolidated Grant ST/P000681/1;
F.I.O. and P.M.N. by the U.S.
DoE under Grant No.~DE-SC0010129; J.R. by the ERC via the Starting
Grant {\it PDF4BSM - Parton Distributions in the Higgs Boson Era} and by the
Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) under Grant N0.~680-91-105;
A.A. acknowledges support by the U.S. DoE under contract No.~DE-SC008791;
A.B. and G.B. by the ERC via the Consolidator Grant {\it 3DSPIN - Mapping the
proton in 3D};
J.-W.C. partly by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan,
under Grant No. 105-2112-M-002-017-MY3 and the Kenda Foundation;
S.C. by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft via the SFB/TRR 55 project;
M.C. by the U.S. DoE, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics, within the
framework of the TMD Topical Collaboration, as well as by the NSF under Grant
No.~PHY-1714407;
L.D.D. by the Royal Society, Wolfson Research Merit Award,
Grant No. WM140078:
M.E. by the U.S. DoE, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics through
Grant DE-FG02-96ER40965 as well as through the TMD Topical Collaboration;
R.G. by the U.S. DoE, Office of Science of High Energy Physics,
under Contract No.~DE-KA-1401020;
L.A.H.-L. and R.S.T. by the STFC via Grant awards ST/L000377/1 and ST/P000274/1;
S.L. by the U.S. DoE through Grant No.~DE-SC0016286;
C.J.M. by the U.S. DoE through Grant No.~DE-FG02-00ER41132;
T.I. by Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality
(Grants No.~16DZ2260200) and in part by the DoE, Laboratory Directed Research
and Development (LDRD) funding of BNL, under contract No.~DE-EC0012704;
C.-P.Y. by the NSF under Grant No.~PHY-1417326.
\section{Definition of the PDF moments}
\label{app:notation}
In this appendix, we summarize the conventions adopted in this paper to denote
the moments of relevant unpolarized and polarized PDF combinations.
We focus on the quantities which can be presently computed in lattice QCD,
although those used for benchmarks in Sec.~\ref{sec:benchmarking} are only
a subset of them.
In the equations below, we use the shorthand notation
\begin{equation}
q^\pm \equiv q\pm\bar{q}\,
\quad\text{ and }\quad
\Delta q^\pm \equiv \Delta q\pm\Delta\bar{q}\,
,\qquad q=u,d,s,c \,,
\end{equation}
for unpolarized and polarized PDFs respectively.
We identify $\mu$ with the QCD factorization scale and $Q$ with the
characteristic scale of a given hard-scattering process.
The use of the following notation is strongly recommended for any comparison
between lattice-QCD computations and global-fit determinations of
PDF moments.
\begin{itemize}
\item Unpolarized moments.
\begin{enumerate}
\item The first moment of the total $u^+-d^+$ PDF combination
\begin{equation}
\left.\langle x\rangle_{u^+-d^+}(\mu^2)\right|_{\mu^2=Q^2}
=
\int_0^1 dx\, x\left\{u(x,Q^2)+\bar{u}(x,Q^2)-d(x,Q^2)-\bar{d}(x,Q^2)\right\} \, .
\label{eq:unpfmumdtot}
\end{equation}
\item The second moment of the valence $u^--d^-$ PDF combination
\begin{equation}
\left.\langle x^2\rangle_{u^--d^-}(\mu^2)\right|_{\mu^2=Q^2}
=
\int_0^1 dx\, x^2\left\{u(x,Q^2)-\bar{u}(x,Q^2)-d(x,Q^2)+\bar{d}(x,Q^2)\right\} \, .
\label{eq:unpsmumdval}
\end{equation}
\item The first moment of the individual quark $q^+$ total PDF combination
\begin{equation}
\left.\langle x\rangle_{q^+=u^+,d^+,s^+,c^+}(\mu^2)\right|_{\mu^2=Q^2}
=
\int_0^1 dx\, x\left\{q(x,Q^2)+\bar{q}(x,Q^2)\right\} \, .
\label{eq:unpfmiqtot}
\end{equation}
\item The second moment of the individual quark $q^-$ valence PDF combination
\begin{equation}
\left.\langle x^2\rangle_{q^-=u^-,d^-,s^-,c^-}(\mu^2)\right|_{\mu^2=Q^2}
=
\int_0^1 dx\, x^2\left\{q(x,Q^2)-\bar{q}(x,Q^2)\right\} \, .
\label{eq:unpsmiqval}
\end{equation}
\item The first moment of the gluon PDF
\begin{equation}
\left.\langle x \rangle_g(\mu^2)\right|_{\mu^2=Q^2}
=
\int_0^1 dx\, x\, g(x,Q^2) \, .
\label{eq:unpfmg}
\end{equation}
\end{enumerate}
\item Polarized moments.
\begin{enumerate}
\item The zeroth moment of the total $u^+-d^+$ PDF combination
\begin{equation}
\left.\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta u^+-\Delta d^+}(\mu^2)\right|_{\mu^2=Q^2}
=
\int_0^1 dx \left\{\Delta u(x,Q^2)+\Delta\bar{u}(x,Q^2)
-\Delta d(x,Q^2)-\Delta\bar{d}(x,Q^2)\right\} \, .
\label{eq:polzmumdtot}
\end{equation}
\item The first moment of the valence $u^--d^-$ PDF combination
\begin{equation}
\left.\langle x\rangle_{\Delta u^--\Delta d^-}(\mu^2)\right|_{\mu^2=Q^2}
=
\int_0^1 dx\, x\left\{\Delta u(x,Q^2)-\Delta\bar{u}(x,Q^2)-\Delta d(x,Q^2)+\Delta \bar{d}(x,Q^2)\right\}
\label{eq:polfmumdval}
\end{equation}
\item The zeroth moment of the individual quark $q^+$ total PDF combination
\begin{equation}
\left.\langle 1\rangle_{q^+=\Delta u^+,\Delta d^+,\Delta s^+,\Delta c^+}(\mu^2)\right|_{\mu^2=Q^2}
=
\int_0^1 dx \left\{\Delta q(x,Q^2)+\Delta\bar{q}(x,Q^2)\right\} \, .
\label{eq:polzmiqtot}
\end{equation}
\item The first moment of the individual quark $q^-$ valence PDF combination
\begin{equation}
\left.\langle x\rangle_{\Delta q^-=\Delta u^-,\Delta d^-,\Delta s^-,\Delta c^-}(\mu^2)\right|_{\mu^2=Q^2}
=
\int_0^1 dx\, x\left\{\Delta q(x,Q^2)-\Delta\bar{q}(x,Q^2)\right\} \, .
\label{eq:polfmiqval}
\end{equation}
\end{enumerate}
\end{itemize}
Some of these moments have a direct physical interpretation, see
Sec.~\ref{Sec:IntroPDFs}.
For instance, Eq.~\eqref{eq:unpfmiqtot} and Eq.~\eqref{eq:polzmiqtot}
correspond respectively to the proton's momentum and spin fractions carried
by a given quark flavor (and its corresponding antiquark) at the scale
$\mu^2=Q^2$.
Higher moments and/or moments of other flavor combinations are readily
computable from any phenomenological PDF set.
We do not consider them though, as the corresponding lattice-QCD
computations are outside the current reach.
\section{PDF moments from lattice QCD}
\label{sec:LQCDtables}
In this appendix, we summarize additional results for the moments of
unpolarized and polarized PDFs from lattice QCD that were not discussed in
Sec.~\ref{subsubsec:BClQCD}, either because the calculations were
performed in the quenched approximation, or because they were not extrapolated
to the physical pion mass.
\begin{itemize}
\item In Table~\ref{tab:unpolLQCDstatus1B}, we show the first moments of
unpolarized PDFs $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$, $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{q^+}$ and $\left\langle x\right\rangle_g$
that were not included in Table~\ref{tab:unpolLQCDstatus1}.
\item In Table~\ref{tab:unpolLQCDstatus2B}, we show the second moments of
unpolarized PDFs $\left\langle x^2\right\rangle_{u^--d^-}$, $\left\langle x^2\right\rangle_{u^-}$ and $\left\langle x^2\right\rangle_{d^-}$.
\item In Table~\ref{tab:polLQCDstatus1B}, we show the zeroth moments of
polarized PDFs $\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta u^+}$, $\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta d^+}$ and
$\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta s^+}$ that were not included in Table~\ref{tab:polLQCDstatus0}.
\item In Table~\ref{tab:polLQCDstatus2B}, we show the first moments of
polarized PDFs $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{\Delta u^--\Delta d^-}$, $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{\Delta u^-}$ and
$\left\langle x\right\rangle_{\Delta d^-}$ that were not included in Table~\ref{tab:polLQCDstatus1}.
\end{itemize}
All results are displayed at $\mu^2=4$~GeV$^2$.
The characterization of each source of systematic uncertainty follows the
conventions delineated in Sec.~\ref{subsubsec:BClQCD}, to which the reader
is referred for the meaning of each symbol in
Tables~\ref{tab:unpolLQCDstatus1B}--\ref{tab:polLQCDstatus2B}.
Moments are denoted according to the notation introduced in
Appendix~\ref{app:notation}.
\begin{table}[!t]
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\centering
\footnotesize
\begin{threeparttable}
\begin{tabular}{llcllccccccl}
\toprule
Mom. & Collab. & Ref. & $N_f$ & Status & Disc~[fm] & QM & FV & Ren & ES & & \\
\midrule
$\langle x\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$
& ETMC\,15
& \cite{Abdel-Rehim:2015owa}
& 2+1+1
& P
& 0.06,0.08
& ---
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}},{\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$},{\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}},{\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
&
& Fig.~\ref{fig:latt_res}~(a) \\
& ETMC\,15
& \cite{Abdel-Rehim:2015owa}
& 2
& P
& 0.06--0.09
& ---
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
&
& Fig.~\ref{fig:latt_res}~(a) \\
& RQCD\,14
& \cite{Bali:2014gha}
& 2
& P
& 0.06--0.08
& ---
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
&
& Fig.~\ref{fig:latt_res}~(a) \\
\midrule
$\langle x\rangle_{q^+}$
& ETMC\,13
& \cite{Abdel-Rehim:2013wlz}
& 2+1+1
& P
& 0.08
& ---
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& $\&$
& Fig.~\ref{fig:latt_res}~(b) \\
& $\chi$QCD\,13
& \cite{Deka:2013zha}
& 0
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& $\dagger\ddag$
& $\langle x\rangle_{u^+}=0.451(37)$,\\
& $\chi$QCD\,13
& \cite{Deka:2013zha}
& 0
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& $\dagger\ddag$
& $\langle x\rangle_{d^+}=0.188(20)$,\\
& $\chi$QCD\,13
& \cite{Deka:2013zha}
& 0
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& $\dagger\ddag$
& $\langle x\rangle_{s^+}=0.024(6)$\\
\midrule
$\langle x\rangle_{g}$
& ETMC\,13
& \cite{Alexandrou:2016ekb}
& 2+1+1
& P
& 0.08
& ---
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
&
& Fig.~\ref{fig:latt_res}~(c) \\
& $\chi$QCD\,13
& \cite{Deka:2013zha}
& 0
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& $\ddag$ & 0.334(55) \\
& QCDSF\,12
& \cite{Horsley:2012pz}
& 0
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& ---
& $\dagger$ & 0.43(7)(5) \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}
\scriptsize
\item[$\&$] Nonsinglet renormalization is applied.
\item[$\dagger$] The lightest $m_\pi$ has $Lm_\pi\ge 4.0$, however,
$L\sim 1.6$~fm.
\item[$\ddag$] The connected contribution is only evaluated at one $t_{sep}$.
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\caption{\small Status of current lattice-QCD calculations of the first
moments of unpolarized PDFs.
All results are quoted at $\mu^2=4\mbox{ GeV}^2$.
We use the abbreviations Disc (discretization), QM (quark mass),
FV (finite volume), Ren (renormalization) and ES (excited states)
to denote the corresponding sources of uncertainty.}
\label{tab:unpolLQCDstatus1B}
\end{table}
\begin{table}[!t]
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\centering
\footnotesize
\begin{threeparttable}
\begin{tabular}{llcllccccccl}
\toprule
Mom. & Collab. & Ref. & $N_f$ & Status & Disc & QM & FV & Ren & ES & & \\
\midrule
$\langle x^2\rangle_{u^--d^-}$
& LHPC and SESAM\,02
& \cite{Dolgov:2002zm}
& 2
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
&
& 0.145(69)\\
& QCDSF\,05
&\cite{Gockeler:2004wp}
& 0
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
&
& 0.083(17)\\
& LHPC and SESAM\,02
&\cite{Dolgov:2002zm}
& 0
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
&
& 0.090(68)\\
\midrule
$\langle x^2\rangle_{u^-}$
& $\chi$QCD\,09
& \cite{Deka:2008xr}
& 0
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& $\ast$
& $0.117(18)$ \\
\midrule
$\langle x^2\rangle_{d^-}$
& $\chi$QCD\,09
& \cite{Deka:2008xr}
& 0
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& $\ast$
& $0.052(9)$\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}
\scriptsize
\item[$\ast$] Only the connected contribution is included.
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\caption{\small Same as Table~\ref{tab:unpolLQCDstatus1B}, but for
second moments of unpolarized PDFs.}
\label{tab:unpolLQCDstatus2B}
\end{table}
\begin{table}[!t]
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\centering
\footnotesize
\begin{threeparttable}
\begin{tabular}{llcllccccccl}
\toprule
Mom. & Collab. & Ref. & $N_f$ & Status & Disc~[fm] & QM & FV & Ren & ES & & \\
\midrule
$\langle 1\rangle_{\Delta u^+, \Delta d^+}$
& ETMC\,13
&\cite{Abdel-Rehim:2013wlz}
& 2+1+1
& P
& 0.08
& ---
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& $\&$
& Fig.~\ref{fig:latt_res}~(e)\\
& LHPC\,17
& \cite{Green:2017keo}
& 2+1
& P
& 0.11
& ---
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
&
& Fig.~\ref{fig:latt_res}~(e)\\
& QCDSF/CSSM\,15
& \cite{Chambers:2015bka}
& 2+1
& P
& 0.07
& ---
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
&
& Fig.~\ref{fig:latt_res}~(e) \\
& QCDSF\,11
& \cite{QCDSF:2011aa}
& 2
& P
& 0.07
& ---
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
&
& Fig.~\ref{fig:latt_res}~(e)\\
\midrule
$\langle 1\rangle_{\Delta s^+}$
& ETMC\,13
& \cite{Abdel-Rehim:2013wlz}
& 2+1+1
& P
& 0.08
& ---
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& $\&$
& Fig.~\ref{fig:latt_res}~(d)\\
& LHPC\,17
& \cite{Green:2017keo}
& 2+1
& P
& 0.11
& ---
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
&
& Fig.~\ref{fig:latt_res}~(d) \\
& QCDSF/CSSM\,15
&\cite{Chambers:2015bka}
& 2+1
& P
& 0.07
& ---
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
&
& Fig.~\ref{fig:latt_res}~(d) \\
& QCDSF\,11
& \cite{QCDSF:2011aa}
& 2
& P
& 0.07
& ---
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
&
& Fig.~\ref{fig:latt_res}~(d) \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}
\scriptsize
\item[$\&$] Nonsinglet renormalization is applied.
excited state analysis for $\langle x\rangle_g$ is considered.
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\caption{\small Same as Table~\ref{tab:unpolLQCDstatus1B}, but for
zeroth moments of polarized PDFs.}
\label{tab:polLQCDstatus1B}
\end{table}
\begin{table}[!t]
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\centering
\footnotesize
\begin{threeparttable}
\begin{tabular}{llcllccccccl}
\toprule
Mom. & Collab. & Ref. & $N_f$ & Status &
Disc~[fm] & QM & FV & Ren & ES & & \\
\midrule
$\langle x\rangle_{\Delta u^--\Delta d^-}$
& ETMC\,15
& \cite{Abdel-Rehim:2015owa}
& 2+1+1
& P
& 0.06,0.08
& ---
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}},{\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$},{\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}},{\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
&
& Fig.~\ref{fig:latt_res}~(f) \\
& ETMC\,15
& \cite{Abdel-Rehim:2015owa}
& 2
& P
& 0.06--0.09
& ---
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
&
& Fig.~\ref{fig:latt_res}~(f) \\
\midrule
$\langle x\rangle_{\Delta u^-}$
& ETMC\,13
&\cite{Abdel-Rehim:2013wlz}
& 2+1+1
& P
& 0.08
& $373$~MeV
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& $\&$
& $0.214(11)$\\
\midrule
$\langle x\rangle_{\Delta d^-}$
& ETMC\,13
& \cite{Abdel-Rehim:2013wlz}
& 2+1+1
& P
& 0.08
& $373$~MeV
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& $\&$
& $0.083(11)$\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}
\scriptsize
\item[$\&$] Nonsinglet renormalization is applied.
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\caption{\small Same as Table~\ref{tab:unpolLQCDstatus1B}, but for
first moments of polarized PDFs.}
\label{tab:polLQCDstatus2B}
\end{table}
We also provide tables with full bibliographic details.
\begin{itemize}
\item In Table~\ref{tab:latticebibfirst}, for the axial coupling
$g_A\equiv\langle 1\rangle_{\Delta u^+-\Delta d^+}$.
We do not include quenched results, perturbatively renormalized results,
and conference proceedings results.
\item In Table~\ref{tablenonisovectorquarkspins}, for the non-isovector quark
spins.
\item In Table~\ref{tab:unpolarizedisotriplet}, for $\langle x\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$.
We omit quenched and non-renormalized results.
\item In Table~\ref{tab:nonisovectormomfrac}, for the non-isovector momentum
fractions.
\item In Table~\ref{tab:nonisopolcase}, for
$\langle x\rangle_{\Delta u^--\Delta d^-}$.
\item In Table~\ref{tab:latticebiblast} for higher moments of unpolarized
and polarized PDFs.
\end{itemize}
\begin{table}[!t]
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\centering
\footnotesize
\begin{threeparttable}
\begin{tabular}{llllll}
\toprule
Ref. & Sea quarks & Valence quarks & Renormalization &
$N_{\Delta t}$ & $m_\pi$ (MeV)\\
\midrule
Mainz '17b* \cite{Capitani:2017qpc} &
2 clover & clover & Schr\"odinger functional & 4--6 & 193--473\\
ETMC '17b \cite{Alexandrou:2017hac} &
2 clover-TM & clover-TM & Rome-Southampton & 3 & 131\\
CalLat '17b \cite{Berkowitz:2017gql} &
2+1+1 staggered & domain wall & Rome-Southampton & all & 131--313 \\
LHPC '17 \cite{Green:2017keo} &
2+1 clover & clover & Rome-Southampton & 5 & 317 \\
NME '17 \cite{Yoon:2016jzj} &
2+1 clover & clover & Rome-Southampton & 1**,4--5 & 172--285 \\
Mainz '17a \cite{vonHippel:2016wid} &
2 clover & clover & Schr\"odinger functional & 4--6 & 193--456\\
Dragos et al.\ '16 \cite{Dragos:2016rtx} &
3 clover & clover & Rome-Southampton & 1,2**,5 & 460 \\
PNDME '16 \cite{Bhattacharya:2016zcn} &
2+1+1 staggered & clover & Rome-Southampton & 3--5 & 128--319\\
$\chi$QCD '16 \cite{Yang:2015zja} &
2+1 domain wall & overlap & $Z_A/Z_V=1$ & 3 & 330 \\
ETMC '15b \cite{Abdel-Rehim:2015owa} &
2 clover-TM & \multicolumn{4}{l}{superseded by ETMC '17} \\
& 2 twisted mass & twisted mass & Rome-Southampton & 1 & 262--470\\
& 2+1+1 twisted mass & twisted mass & & 1, 4 & 213, 373\\
RQCD '15 \cite{Bali:2014nma} &
2 clover & clover & Rome-Southampton & 1--5 & 150--490\\
PNDME '14 \cite{Bhattacharya:2013ehc} &
\multicolumn{5}{l}{superseded by PNDME '16} \\
QCDSF '14 \cite{Horsley:2013ayv} &
2 clover & clover & $g_A/f_\pi \times f_\pi^\text{phys}$ & 1,5 & 157--1591 \\
LHPC '14 \cite{Green:2012ud} &
2+1 clover & clover & Rome-Southampton & 3 & 149--356\\
ETMC '13 \cite{Alexandrou:2013joa} &
\multicolumn{5}{l}{superseded by ETMC '15b} \\
CSSM '13 \cite{Owen:2012ts} &
2+1 clover & clover & Schr\"odinger functional & 1**$^\dagger$ & 290 \\
Mainz '12 \cite{Capitani:2012gj} &
\multicolumn{5}{l}{superseded by Mainz '17b} \\
ETMC '11 \cite{Alexandrou:2011nr} &
\multicolumn{5}{l}{superseded by ETMC '15b} \\
LHPC '10 \cite{Bratt:2010jn} &
2+1 staggered & domain wall & $A_\mu/\mathcal{A}_\mu$ ratio & 1--2 & 293--758 \\
RBC-UKQCD '09 \cite{Yamazaki:2009zq} &
2+1 domain wall & domain wall & $Z_A/Z_V=1$ & 1 & 329--668 \\
RBC-UKQCD '08 \cite{Yamazaki:2008py} &
\multicolumn{5}{l}{superseded by RBC-UKQCD '09} \\
RBC '08 \cite{Lin:2008uz} &
2 domain wall & domain wall & $Z_A/Z_V=1$ & 1--2 & 493--695 \\
LHPC '08 \cite{Hagler:2007xi} &
\multicolumn{5}{l}{superseded by LHPC '10} \\
Alexandrou et al.\ '07 \cite{Alexandrou:2007xj} &
2 Wilson & Wilson & Rome-Southampton & 1 & 384--691 \\
LHPC '06 \cite{Edwards:2005ym} &
\multicolumn{5}{l}{superseded by LHPC '10} \\
QCDSF '06 \cite{Khan:2006de} &
\multicolumn{5}{l}{superseded by QCDSF '14} \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}
\scriptsize
\item[$*$] Preprint.
\item[$**$] A variationally optimized interpolating operator is employed.
\item[$\dagger$] Carried out with a single fixed source-operator separation
and all source-sink separations.
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\caption{\small Full details of lattice-QCD calculations of the axial
coupling $g_A\equiv\langle 1\rangle_{\Delta u^+-\Delta d^+}$.
We omit quenched results, perturbatively renormalized results, and conference
proceedings.}
\label{tab:latticebibfirst}
\end{table}
\begin{table}[!t]
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\centering
\footnotesize
\begin{threeparttable}
\begin{tabular}{lllll}
\toprule
Ref. & Flavors & Sea quarks & Valence quarks & Renormalization \\
\midrule
ETMC '17b \cite{Alexandrou:2017hac} &
$u,d,s,c$ & 2 clover-TM & clover-TM & Rome-Southampton \\
ETMC '17c \cite{Alexandrou:2017oeh} &
$u,d,s$ & 2 clover-TM & clover-TM & Rome-Southampton \\
$\chi$QCD '17b \cite{Gong:2015iir} &
$s,c$ & 2+1 domain wall & overlap & single-flavor anomalous WI \\
LHPC '17 \cite{Green:2017keo} &
$u,d,s$ & 2+1 clover & clover & Rome-Southampton \\
CSSM and &
$u+d+s$ &
2+1, 3 clover & clover & Rome-Southampton \\
QCDSF/UKQCD '15 \cite{Chambers:2015bka} & conn.\ / disc. & & & \\
ETMC '14 \cite{Abdel-Rehim:2013wlz} &
$u+d,s$ & 2+1+1 twisted mass & twisted mass & nonsinglet Rome-Southampton\\
Engelhardt '12 \cite{Engelhardt:2012gd} &
$s$ & 2+1 staggered & domain wall & nonsinglet $A_\mu/\mathcal{A}_\mu$ ratio \\
QCDSF '12 \cite{QCDSF:2011aa} &
$u,d,s$ & 2 clover & clover & nonsinglet Rome-Southampton \\
& & & &+ two-loop singlet-nonsinglet\\
Babich et al.\ '10 \cite{Babich:2010at} &
$s$ & 2 aniso-clover & aniso-clover & none \\
SESAM '99 \cite{Gusken:1999as} &
$u,d,s$ & 2 Wilson & Wilson & one loop \\
$\chi$QCD '95 \cite{Dong:1995rx} &
$u,d,s$ & quenched & Wilson & one loop \\
Fukugita et al.\ '95 \cite{Fukugita:1994fh} &
$u,d,s$ & quenched & Wilson & one loop \\
Gupta and Mandula '94 \cite{Gupta:1994qw} &
singlet* & quenched & Wilson & anomalous Ward identity \\
Allés et al.\ '94 \cite{Alles:1994ss} &
singlet* & quenched & Wilson & anomalous Ward identity \\
Altmeyer et al.\ '94 \cite{Altmeyer:1992nt} &
singlet & 4 staggered & staggered & anomalous Ward identity \\
Mandula and Ogilvie '93 \cite{Mandula:1992bc} &
$s$* & quenched & Wilson & none \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}
\scriptsize
\item[$*$] No signal available.
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\caption{\small Full details of lattice-QCD calculations of the non-isovector
quark spins.
The earliest results are summarized in Ref.~\cite{Liu:1995kb}.}
\label{tablenonisovectorquarkspins}
\end{table}
\begin{table}[!t]
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\centering
\footnotesize
\begin{threeparttable}
\begin{tabular}{llllll}
\toprule
Ref. & Sea quarks & Valence quarks & Renormalization
& $N_{\Delta t}$ & $m_\pi$ (MeV)\\
\midrule
$\chi$QCD '16 \cite{Yang:2015zja} &
2+1 domain wall & overlap & one loop & 3 & 330 \\
ETMC '15b \cite{Abdel-Rehim:2015owa} &
2 clover-TM & clover-TM & Rome-Southampton & 3 & 131 \\
& 2 twisted mass & twisted mass & & 1 & 262--470\\
& 2+1+1 twisted mass & twisted mass & & 1, 5 & 213, 373\\
ETMC '15a \cite{Alexandrou:2015qia} &
2+1+1 twisted mass & twisted mass & Rome-Southampton & 1 & 302--466 \\
RQCD '14 \cite{Bali:2014gha} &
2 clover & clover & Rome-Southampton & 1--6 & 149--490 \\
LHPC '14 \cite{Green:2012ud} &
2+1 clover & clover & Rome-Southampton & 3 & 149--356\\
ETMC '13 \cite{Alexandrou:2013joa} &
\multicolumn{5}{l}{superseded by ETMC '15b} \\
RQCD '12 \cite{Bali:2012av} &
\multicolumn{5}{l}{superseded by RQCD '14} \\
ETMC '11 \cite{Alexandrou:2011nr} &
\multicolumn{5}{l}{superseded by ETMC '15b} \\
QCDSF/UKQCD '11* \cite{Pleiter:2011gw} &
2 clover & clover & Rome-Southampton & 1 & 170--670 \\
LHPC '11* \cite{Syritsyn:2011vk} &
2+1 domain wall & domain wall & Rome-Southampton & 1 & 297--403 \\
LHPC '10 \cite{Bratt:2010jn} &
2+1 staggered & domain wall & one-loop $Z_\mathcal{O}/Z_A$ & 1--2 & 293--758 \\
RBC-UKQCD '10 \cite{Aoki:2010xg} &
2+1 domain wall & domain wall & Rome-Southampton & 1 & 329--668 \\
RBC '08 \cite{Lin:2008uz} &
2 domain wall & domain wall & Rome-Southampton & 1--2 & 493--695 \\
LHPC '08 \cite{Hagler:2007xi} &
\multicolumn{5}{l}{superseded by LHPC '10} \\
LHPC and &
2 Wilson & Wilson & one loop & 1--2 & 490\\
SESAM '02 \cite{Dolgov:2002zm} &
and quenched & & & \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}
\scriptsize
\item[$*$] Conference proceedings.
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\caption{\small Full details of lattice-QCD calculations of
$\langle x\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$. We omit quenched and non-renormalized results.}
\label{tab:unpolarizedisotriplet}
\end{table}
\begin{table}[!t]
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\centering
\footnotesize
\begin{threeparttable}
\begin{tabular}{lllll}
\toprule
Ref. & Flavors & Sea quarks & Valence quarks & Renormalization \\
\midrule
ETMC '17a \cite{Alexandrou:2016ekb} & $g$
& 2+1+1 twisted mass & twisted mass & one loop \\
& & 2 clover-TM & clover-TM & \\
ETMC '17c \cite{Alexandrou:2017oeh} & $u,d,s,g$
& 2 clover-TM & clover-TM & Rome-Southampton ($q$)\\
& & & & one-loop ($g$)\\
ETMC '15a \cite{Alexandrou:2015qia} &
$u+d-2s$ & 2+1+1 twisted mass & twisted mass & Rome-Southampton \\
ETMC '14 \cite{Abdel-Rehim:2013wlz} &
$u+d$ & 2+1+1 twisted mass & twisted mass & nonsinglet\\
& & & & Rome-Southampton\\
$\chi$QCD '15 \cite{Deka:2013zha} &
$u,d,s,g$ & quenched & Wilson & sum rule + one-loop \\
QCDSF-UKQCD '12 \cite{Horsley:2012pz} &
$g$ & quenched & clover & nonperturbative \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{threeparttable}
\caption{\small Full details of lattice-QCD calculations of the non-isovector
momentum fractions.}
\label{tab:nonisovectormomfrac}
\end{table}
\begin{table}[!t]
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\centering
\footnotesize
\begin{threeparttable}
\begin{tabular}{lllll}
\toprule
Ref. & Sea quarks & Valence quarks & Renormalization & $N_{\Delta t}$ \\
\midrule
ETMC '15b \cite{Abdel-Rehim:2015owa} &
2 clover-TM & clover-TM & Rome-Southampton & 3 \\
& 2 twisted mass & twisted mass & & 1 \\
& 2+1+1 twisted mass & twisted mass & & 1 or 4 \\
ETMC '13 \cite{Alexandrou:2013joa} &
\multicolumn{4}{l}{superseded by ETMC '15b} \\
ETMC '11 \cite{Alexandrou:2011nr} &
\multicolumn{4}{l}{superseded by ETMC '15b} \\
QCDSF/UKQCD '11* \cite{Pleiter:2011gw} &
2 clover & clover & Rome-Southampton & 1 \\
LHPC '10 \cite{Bratt:2010jn} &
2+1 staggered & domain wall & one-loop $Z_\mathcal{O}/Z_A$ & 1--2 \\
RBC-UKQCD '10 \cite{Aoki:2010xg} &
2+1 domain wall & domain wall & Rome-Southampton & 1 \\
RBC '08 \cite{Lin:2008uz} &
2 domain wall & domain wall & Rome-Southampton & 1--2 \\
LHPC '08 \cite{Hagler:2007xi} &
\multicolumn{4}{l}{superseded by LHPC '10} \\
LHPC and &
2 Wilson & Wilson & one loop & 1--2 \\
SESAM '02 \cite{Dolgov:2002zm} &
and quenched & & & \\
QCDSF '97 \cite{Gockeler:1997zr} &
quenched & Wilson & one loop & 1 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}
\scriptsize
\item[$*$] Conference proceedings.
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\caption{\small Full details of lattice-QCD calculations of
$\langle x\rangle_{\Delta u^--\Delta d^-}$.}
\label{tab:nonisopolcase}
\end{table}
\begin{table}[!t]
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\centering
\footnotesize
\begin{threeparttable}
\begin{tabular}{lllll}
\toprule
Ref. & Observables & Sea quarks & Valence quarks & Renormalization \\
\midrule
LHPC '10$^{\dagger}$
\cite{Bratt:2010jn} &
$\langle x\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$,
$\langle x^2\rangle_{u^--d^-}$, &
2+1 staggered &
domain wall &
one-loop $Z_\mathcal{O}/Z_A$ \\
& $g_A$,
$\langle x\rangle_{\Delta u^--\Delta d^-}$,
$\langle x^2\rangle_{\Delta u^+-\Delta d^+}$ & & & \\
$\chi$QCD '09 \cite{Deka:2008xr} &
$\langle x\rangle_{u^+,d^+,s^+}$ (superseded by $\chi$QCD '15), &
quenched &
Wilson &
one loop \\
& $\langle x^2 \rangle_{u^-,d^-,s^-}$ & & &\\
LHPC '08 \cite{Hagler:2007xi} &
superseded by LHPC '10 & & &\\
QCDSF '05c \cite{Gockeler:2005vw} &
$\langle x^2\rangle_{\Delta u^+-\Delta d^+}$ &
2 clover & clover & Rome-Southampton \\
QCDSF '05b \cite{Gockeler:2004wp} &
$\langle x\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$,
$\langle x^2\rangle_{u^--d^-}$,
$\langle x^3\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$ &
quenched &
clover &
Rome-Southampton \\
QCDSF '05a* \cite{Gockeler:2004vx} &
$\langle x\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$,
$\langle x^2\rangle_{u^--d^-}$,
$\langle x^3\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$ &
2 clover & clover & one loop \\
LHPC and &
$\langle x\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$,
$\langle x^2\rangle_{u^--d^-}$,
$\langle x^3\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$, &
2 Wilson & Wilson & one loop \\
SESAM '02 \cite{Dolgov:2002zm} &
$g_A$,
$\langle x\rangle_{\Delta u^--\Delta d^-}$,
$\langle x^2\rangle_{\Delta u^+-\Delta d^+}$ &
and quenched & & \\
QCDSF '01 \cite{Gockeler:2000ja} &
$\langle x^2\rangle_{\Delta u^+-\Delta d^+}$ &
quenched & clover & Rome-Southampton \\
QCDSF '96 \cite{Gockeler:1995wg} &
$\langle x\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$,
$\langle x^2\rangle_{u^--d^-}$,
$\langle x^3\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$, &
quenched & Wilson & one loop \\
& $g_A$,
$\langle x^2\rangle_{\Delta u^+-\Delta d^+}$ & & &\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}
\scriptsize
\item[$*$] Conference proceedings.
\item[$\dagger$] The moment $\langle x^2\rangle_{u-d}=A_{30}^{u-d}(0)$ is plotted
in the ratio of form factors $A_{30}(t)/A_{10}(t)$, where we can use
$A_{10}^{u-d}(0)=1$.
The moment $\langle x^2\rangle_{\Delta u-\Delta d}=\tilde A_{30}^{u-d}(0)$ is plotted
in the ratio of form factors $\tilde A_{30}(t)/\tilde A_{10}(t)$ and we can use
$\tilde A_{10}^{u-d}(0)=g_A$.
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\caption{\small Full details of lattice-QCD calculations of higher moments of
unpolarized and polarized PDFs.}
\label{tab:latticebiblast}
\end{table}
A representative subset of the results contained in
Tables~\ref{tab:unpolLQCDstatus1}, \ref{tab:polLQCDstatus0},
\ref{tab:polLQCDstatus1}, \ref{tab:unpolLQCDstatus1B},
\ref{tab:polLQCDstatus1B} and \ref{tab:polLQCDstatus2B}
is displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig:latt_res}.
Specifically, we show from left to right and from top to bottom
results for $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$, $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{q^+}$, $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{g}$,
$\left\langle 1 \right\rangle_{\Delta s^+}$, $\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta q^+}$ and
$\left\langle x\right\rangle_{\Delta u^- - \Delta d^-}$;
see the corresponding entries of each table for details.
\begin{figure}[!p]
\begin{center}
\centerline{
\subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{plots/x_world.pdf}}
\subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth]{plots/xq_world_ud.pdf}}
}
\centerline{
\subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{plots/xg_world.pdf}}
\subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{plots/ga_world_strange.pdf}}
}
\centerline{
\subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{plots/ga_world_ud.pdf}}
\ \
\subfloat[]{\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{plots/xdeltaq_isovector.pdf}}
}
\end{center}
\caption{\small Comparison of lattice-QCD results for
the zeroth and first moments
of unpolarized and polarized PDFs.
%
From left to right and from top to bottom, we show
results for $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$, $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{q^+}$, $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{g}$,
$\left\langle 1 \right\rangle_{\Delta s^+}$, $\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta q^+}$ and
$\left\langle x\right\rangle_{\Delta u^- - \Delta d^-}$;
see Tables~\ref{tab:unpolLQCDstatus1}, \ref{tab:polLQCDstatus0},
\ref{tab:polLQCDstatus1}, \ref{tab:unpolLQCDstatus1B},
\ref{tab:polLQCDstatus1B} and \ref{tab:polLQCDstatus2B}
for details.
}
\label{fig:latt_res}
\end{figure}
\section{PDF fit results for higher moments }
\label{app:Hmoms}
In this appendix, we summarize the current values of the higher moments of
unpolarized and polarized PDFs from global fits, not previously
listed in Sec.~\ref{subsubsec:GPDFfits}.
Even though these moments were not selected for the benchmark exercise
performed in Sec.~\ref{subsec:BN}, we find it useful to collect them
here for future reference.
\begin{itemize}
\item In Table~\ref{tab:unpHmoms} we display the values of the second moments
of the unpolarized quark valence distributions $\langle x^2\rangle_{u^-}$,
$\langle x^2\rangle_{d^-}$, $\langle x^2\rangle_{s^-}$ and
$\langle x^2\rangle_{u^--d^-}$.
\item In Table~\ref{tab:polHmoms} we display the values of the first moments
of the polarized quark valence distributions $\langle x\rangle_{\Delta u^-}$,
$\langle x\rangle_{\Delta d^-}$ and $\langle x\rangle_{\Delta s^-}$.
\item In Table~\ref{tab:polgmom} we display the value of the zeroth moment
of the polarized gluon PDF truncated in the region $[x_{\rm min}, x_{\rm max}]$,
$\langle 1\rangle_{\Delta g}^{[x_{\rm min}, x_{\rm max}]}=\int_{x_{\rm min}}^{x_{\rm max}}dx\,\Delta g(x,Q^2)$.
The truncated moment is shown instead of the full moment
because the latter is potentially affected by a large extrapolation
uncertainty difficult to quantify (see Sec.~\ref{sec:polPDFs}).
Three different truncated ranges are considered: $[10^{-5},1]$, $[10^{-3},1]$
and $[10^{-2},1]$.
\end{itemize}
All values in Tables~\ref{tab:unpHmoms}--\ref{tab:polgmom} are computed at
$\mu^2=Q^2=4$~GeV$^2$.
For the description of the corresponding PDF sets and their uncertainties, see
Secs.~\ref{sec:unpPDFs}, \ref{sec:polPDFs} and \ref{subsubsec:GPDFfits}.
\begin{table}[!t]
\centering
\small
\begin{tabular}{lccccccc}
\toprule
Mom. & NNPDF3.1 & CT14 & MMHT14 & ABMP16 & CJ15 & HERAPDF2.0 & PDF4LHC15 \\
\midrule
$\langle x^2\rangle_{u^-}$
& 0.0851(27) & 0.0841(13) & 0.0831(14)
& 0.0845(8) & 0.0853(3) & 0.0886(29) & 0.0833(15) \\
$\langle x^2\rangle_{d^-}$
& 0.0284(27) & 0.0295(10) & 0.0305(11)
& 0.0267(7) & 0.0305(3) & 0.0334(18) & 0.0305(17) \\
$\langle x^2\rangle_{s^-}$
& 0.0010(31) & --- & 0.0006(8)\ \,
& --- & --- & --- & 0.0011(11) \\
$\langle x^2\rangle_{u^--d^-}$
& 0.0571(27) & 0.0546(19) & 0.0526(19)
& 0.0578(9) & 0.0548(3) & 0.0553(17) & 0.0530(24) \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{\small Second moments of unpolarized valence PDFs from
global PDF fits at $\mu^2=Q^2=4$~GeV$^2$.}
\label{tab:unpHmoms}
\end{table}
\begin{table}[!t]
\centering
\footnotesize
\begin{tabular}{lccc}
\toprule
Mom. & NNPDFpol1.1 & DSSV08 & JAM17\\
\midrule
$\langle x\rangle_{\Delta u^-}$
& \ 0.1493(85) & \ 0.1624(56) & \ 0.181(14)\\
$\langle x\rangle_{\Delta d^-}$
& $-0.0468(79)$ & $-0.0410(55)$ & $-0.060(18)$\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{\small First moments of polarized valence PDFs from global
PDF fits at $\mu^2=Q^2=4$~GeV$^2$.}
\label{tab:polHmoms}
\end{table}
\begin{table}[!t]
\centering
\footnotesize
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}
\toprule
Mom. & NNPDFpol1.1 & DSSV14 & JAM15 & JAM17\\
\midrule
$\langle 1\rangle_{\Delta g}^{[10^{-5},1]}$
& $-0.1(1.7)$ & $0.27(^{+1.72}_{-1.44})$ & 1.08(87) & 0.18(28)\\
$\langle 1\rangle_{\Delta g}^{[10^{-3},1]}$
& 0.14(78) & $0.27(^{+0.63}_{-0.54})$ & 0.74(40) & 0.20(24)\\
$\langle 1\rangle_{\Delta g}^{[10^{-2},1]}$
& 0.23(24) & $0.24(^{+0.23}_{-0.15})$ & 0.52(19) & 0.18(20)\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{\small Truncated zeroth moments of the polarized gluon PDF from
global fits at $\mu^2=Q^2=4$~GeV$^2$.}
\label{tab:polgmom}
\end{table}
\section{Benchmarking PDF moments}
\label{sec:benchmarking}
In this section we provide a quantitative comparison between
current lattice-QCD and global-fit results of the lowest
moments of unpolarized and polarized PDFs.
To this purpose, we identify benchmark quantities
and define the criteria to appraise the determinations
available in the literature.
For each benchmark quantity, we specify a prescription to
select and combine lattice-QCD calculations and global-fit determinations.
We present our benchmark numbers from each side and compare them.
\subsection{Benchmark criteria}
\label{subsec:BC}
We start by describing our benchmark criteria, which include the definition
of the benchmark quantities and the determination of their reference values,
based on a careful assessment of the lattice-QCD and global-fit results
available in the literature.
\subsubsection{Benchmark quantities}
\label{subsubsec:BQ}
We identify our benchmark quantities with the following moments of unpolarized
and polarized PDFs, or of PDF quark flavor combinations.
\begin{itemize}
\item
$\langle x\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$, $\langle x \rangle_{u^+}$, $\langle x \rangle_{d^+}$,
$\langle x \rangle_{s^+}$ and $\langle x \rangle_{g}$ in the unpolarized case;
\item $g_A\equiv\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta u^+ - \Delta d ^+}$,
$\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta u^+}$, $\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta d^+}$,
$\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta s^+}$ and $\langle x \rangle_{\Delta u^- - \Delta d^-}$
in the polarized case.
\end{itemize}
We adopt the conventional notation described in Appendix~\ref{app:notation}.
We focus on the above quantities because current lattice
calculations of higher moments and moments of other PDF
combinations are not sufficiently controlled to allow for a meaningful
comparison between lattice-QCD and global-fit results.
\subsubsection{Appraising lattice-QCD calculations}
\label{subsubsec:BClQCD}
To accurately assess current lattice-QCD calculations
available in the literature, we follow a procedure inspired by the review of
low-energy mesons undertaken by the Flavor Lattice Averaging Group
(FLAG)~\cite{Aoki:2016frl}.
For each lattice calculation, we characterize each source of
uncertainty outlined in Sec.~\ref{Sec:IntroLQCD}.
We use a rating system inspired by FLAG, awarding a blue star ({\color{blue}$\bigstar$}) for
sources of uncertainty that are well controlled or very conservatively
estimated, a blue circle (\raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}) for sources of uncertainty that have been
controlled or estimated to some extent, and a red square ({\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}) for
uncertainties that have not met our criteria or for which no estimate is given.
Specifically, the rating system works as follows.
\begin{itemize}
\item {\bfseries Discretization effects and the continuum limit.}
We assume that the lattice actions are ${\cal O}(a)$-improved, {\it i.e.},
that the discretization errors vanish quadratically with the lattice spacing.
For unimproved actions, an additional lattice spacing is required.
These criteria must be satisfied in each case for at
least one pion mass below 300~MeV.
\begin{itemize}
\item[{\color{blue}$\bigstar$}] At least three lattice spacings with at least two lattice
spacings below 0.1~fm and a range of lattice spacings that satisfies
$[a_{\mathrm{max}}/a_{\mathrm{min}}]^2 \geq 2$.
\item[\raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}] At least two lattice spacings with at least one point below
0.1~fm and a range of lattice spacings that satisfy
$[a_{\mathrm{max}}/a_{\mathrm{min}}]^2 \geq 1.4$.
\end{itemize}
To receive a {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}~or \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}~either a continuum extrapolation must be
performed, or the results must demonstrate no significant discretization
effects over the appropriate range of lattice spacings.
\item {\bfseries Unphysical pion masses.}
We define a physical pion mass ensemble to be one with $M_\pi=135\pm 10$~MeV
for the following criteria.
\begin{itemize}
\item[{\color{blue}$\bigstar$}] One ensemble with a physical pion mass \emph{or} a chiral
extrapolation with three or more pion masses, with at least two pion masses
below 250~MeV and at least one below 200~MeV.
\item[\raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}] A chiral extrapolation with three or more pion masses, two of
which are below 300~MeV.
\end{itemize}
\item {\bfseries Finite-volume effects.}
\begin{itemize}
\item[{\color{blue}$\bigstar$}] Ensembles with $M_{\pi,\mathrm{min}}L\geq 4$, \emph{or} at least
three volumes with spatial extent $L>2.5$~fm.
\item[\raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}] Ensembles with $M_{\pi,\mathrm{min}}L \geq 3.4$, \emph{or} at least
two volumes with spatial extent $L>2.5$~fm.
\end{itemize}
For calculations that use a mixed-action approach, {\it i.e.},
with different lattice actions for the valence and sea quarks,
we apply these criteria to the valence quarks. $M_{\pi,\mathrm{min}}$ is
the lightest pion mass employed in the calculation.
\item {\bfseries Excited-state contamination.}
\begin{itemize}
\item[{\color{blue}$\bigstar$}] At least three source-sink separations or a variational method
to optimize the operator derived from at least a $3\times 3$ correlator matrix,
at every pion mass and lattice spacing.
\item[\raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}] Two source-sink separations at every pion mass and lattice
spacing, or three or more source-sink separations at one pion mass below
300~MeV.
For the variational method, an optimized operator derived from a $2\times 2$
correlator matrix at every pion mass and lattice spacing, or a $3\times 3$
correlator matrix for one pion mass below 300~MeV.
\end{itemize}
\item {\bfseries Renormalization.}
\begin{itemize}
\item[{\color{blue}$\bigstar$}] Nonperturbative renormalization.
\item[\raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}] Perturbative renormalization.
\end{itemize}
For $g_A$ we also award a {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}~for calculations that use fermion actions
for which $Z_A/Z_V=1$ or employ combinations of quantities for which the
renormalization is unity by construction.
\item {\bfseries Lattice-spacing determination.}
For lattice-QCD calculations of nucleons, the lattice-spacing determination is
generally sufficiently precise that it is a very small or negligible source
of systematic uncertainty.
Therefore we do not include an assessment of the lattice-spacing
determination in our criteria.
\end{itemize}
Another important parameter in lattice-QCD calculations is the number of sea
quark flavors, $N_f$.
Following the approach used by FLAG, we prefer to avoid combining calculations
with differing $N_f$; for more discussion of this issue, see the FLAG
review~\cite{Aoki:2016frl}.
We now summarize the current status of lattice-QCD calculations of
our benchmark moments of unpolarized and polarized PDFs respectively.
Following FLAG, we consider only those results that are published in
peer-reviewed journals or that have appeared as preprints.
Where recent results are a clear update of previously published work, we do
not include earlier results.
A bibliographical compilation of the results available in the literature
is given for completeness in Appendix~\ref{sec:LQCDtables},
Tables~\ref{tab:latticebibfirst}--\ref{tab:latticebiblast}.
We characterize the results according to the criteria
described above, and provide a prescription to combine those results that
satisfy the criteria into a single benchmark value.
Our criteria and the corresponding ratings are chosen to provide as fair an assessment of the relative merits of various calculations as possible.
Where lattice-QCD results do not meet these standards, we hope that the lattice community will work towards improved calculations and greater precision.
Modifications to this rating system will occur as the lattice-QCD results evolve.
\paragraph{Unpolarized parton distributions.}
We summarize the current status of lattice-QCD calculations of the benchmark
moments of unpolarized PDFs listed in Sec.~\ref{subsubsec:BQ} in
Table~\ref{tab:unpolLQCDstatus1}.
We indicate: the computed moment in the first column; the collaboration who
performed the computation in the second column; the corresponding reference
in the third column; the number of sea quark flavors, $N_f$, in the fourth
column.
We show whether the calculation has been published~(P)
or has appeared as a preprint~(PreP) in the fifth column.
In the following five columns, we assess each source of systematic uncertainty
according to the criteria listed above.
In the last column, we report the computed value at $\mu^2=4\mbox{ GeV}^2$
in the $\overline{{\rm MS}}$ scheme.
We refer the reader to the corresponding references for details on the
meaning of the errors reported in parentheses.
We do not list results that have not been extrapolated to the physical pion
mass, nor do we include quenched results in Table~\ref{tab:unpolLQCDstatus1}.
For completeness, we report these results in Appendix~\ref{sec:LQCDtables},
Table~\ref{tab:unpolLQCDstatus1B}.
\begin{table}[!t]
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\centering
\begin{threeparttable}
\begin{tabular}{llcllccccccl}
\toprule
Mom. & Collab. & Ref. & $N_f$ & Status &
Disc &
QM &
FV &
Ren &
ES &
& Value\\
\midrule
$\langle x\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$
& LHPC\,14
& \cite{Green:2012ud}
& 2+1
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
&
& 0.140(21)\\
& ETMC 17
& \cite{Alexandrou:2017oeh}
& 2
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& $^*$
& 0.194(9)(11)\\
& RQCD 14
& \cite{Bali:2014gha}
& 2
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& $^{**}$
& 0.217(9)\\
\midrule
$\langle x\rangle_{u^+}$
& ETMC 17
& \cite{Alexandrou:2017oeh}
& 2
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& $^{*\triangleright}$
& $0.453(57)(48)$\\
\midrule
$\langle x\rangle_{d^+}$
& ETMC 17
& \cite{Alexandrou:2017oeh}
& 2
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& $^{*\triangleright}$
& $0.259(57)(47)$\\
\midrule
$\langle x\rangle_{s^+}$
& ETMC 17
& \cite{Alexandrou:2017oeh}
& 2
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& $^{*\triangleright}$ & $0.092(41)(0)$\\
\midrule
$\langle x\rangle_{g}$
& ETMC 17
& \cite{Alexandrou:2017oeh}
& 2
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& $^*$
& 0.267(22)(27)\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}
\footnotesize
\item[$\ \,*$] Study employing a single physical pion mass ensemble.
\item[$**$] Study employing a single ensemble with $m_\pi=150$~MeV.
\item[$\ \,\triangleright$] Nonsinglet renormalization is applied.
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\caption{\small Status of current lattice-QCD calculations of the benchmark
first moments of unpolarized PDFs listed in Sec.~\ref{subsubsec:BQ}.
A detailed description of each entry, including the symbols used to
characterize the various sources of systematics, is provided in the text.
Values are shown at $\mu^2=4\mbox{ GeV}^2$.
We refer the reader to the corresponding references for details on the
errors reported in parentheses.
To denote the various sources of systematic uncertainty,
we use the abbreviations Disc (discretization),
QM (quark mass), FV (finite volume),
Ren (renormalization) and ES (excited states).
}
\label{tab:unpolLQCDstatus1}
\end{table}
As is apparent from Table~\ref{tab:unpolLQCDstatus1}, there are no lattice
calculations of the considered first moments for which all systematics
have been fully explored and controlled.
In the case of $\langle x\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$ three different results are available
in the literature.
We present the lattice-QCD benchmark value for this quantity
as a best-estimate band.
This band extends from the mean of the smallest result minus its error
to the mean of the largest result plus its error, and includes all results
listed in Table~\ref{tab:unpolLQCDstatus1} with two or more sea
quark flavors.
Current studies are not sufficiently precise to distinguish between
results with different numbers of sea quark flavors.
In the case of $\langle x \rangle_{u^+}$, $\langle x \rangle_{d^+}$,
$\langle x \rangle_{s^+}$ and $\langle x \rangle_g$, there is only one
lattice result available in the literature:
for these quantities, our lattice-QCD benchmark value is the single result;
however, it should be noted that these results may underestimate some sources
of uncertainty.
The lattice-QCD benchmark numbers for $\langle x\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$,
$\langle x \rangle_{u^+}$, $\langle x \rangle_{d^+}$,
$\langle x \rangle_{s^+}$ and $\langle x \rangle_g$ will be further
commented below, where they will be collected together with their
global-fit counterparts in Table~\ref{tab:BMunp}.
Finally, we summarize the current status of lattice-QCD calculations of the
second moment of the unpolarized valence-quark PDFs,
$\langle x^2 \rangle_{u^-}$, $\langle x^2 \rangle_{d^-}$ and
$\langle x^2\rangle_{u^--d^-}$ in Appendix~\ref{sec:LQCDtables},
Table~\ref{tab:unpolLQCDstatus2B}.
The study of these moments is not sufficiently mature to provide benchmark
values and we only list the results for completeness.
\paragraph{Polarized parton distributions.}
The zeroth moment of the isotriplet polarized PDF combination is related to the
axial charge of the nucleon, $g_A\equiv \langle 1\rangle_{\Delta u^+-\Delta d^+}$.
This quantity is of central importance to nucleon physics and has long been
considered an important benchmark for lattice calculations.
Historically, lattice-QCD calculations of the axial charge have underestimated
the experimental value $g_A^{\mathrm{exp}} = 1.2723(23)$~\cite{Olive:2016xmw}
(see also Eq.~\eqref{eq:a3}),
which is most precisely determined from neutron weak decays.
Thus, the axial charge has been the single most-studied moment in lattice QCD.
We summarize the current status of these calculations in
Table~\ref{tab:gAstatus} using the same format as in
Table~\ref{tab:unpolLQCDstatus1}.
All results are quoted at $\mu^2=4\mbox{ GeV}^2$.
\begin{table}[!t]
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\centering
\begin{threeparttable}
\begin{tabular}{llcllccccccl}
\toprule
Mom. & Collab. & Ref. & $N_f$ & Status &
Disc &
QM &
FV &
Ren &
ES &
& Value \\
\midrule
$g_A$
& CalLat\,17
& \cite{Berkowitz:2017gql}
& 2+1+1
& PreP
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
&
& 1.278(21)(26) \\
& PNDME\,16
& \cite{Bhattacharya:2016zcn}
& 2+1+1
& P
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
&
& 1.195(33)(20)\\
& LHPC\,14
& \cite{Green:2012ud}
& 2+1
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$} & & 0.97(8)\\
& Mainz\,17
& \cite{Capitani:2017qpc}
& 2
& PreP
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
&
& $1.278(68)({}^{+0}_{-0.087})$\\
& ETMC\,17
& \cite{Alexandrou:2017hac}
& 2
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& $^*$
& 1.212(33)(22)\\
& RQCD\,15
& \cite{Bali:2014nma}
& 2
& P
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& $^\ddag$
& 1.280(44)(46) \\
& QCDSF\,14
& \cite{Horsley:2013ayv}
& 2
& P
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& $^\ddag$
& 1.29(5)(3) \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}
\footnotesize
\item[$*$] Study employing a single physical pion mass ensemble.
\item[$^\ddag$] $g_A$ is determined via the ratio $g_A/f_\pi$, employing the
physical value for $f_\pi$.
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\caption{\small Same as Table~\ref{tab:unpolLQCDstatus1}, but for the axial
coupling, $g_A\equiv \langle 1\rangle_{\Delta u^+-\Delta d^+}$.
Studies with three or more red squares are omitted from this table.
Values are shown at $\mu^2=4\mbox{ GeV}^2$.
}
\label{tab:gAstatus}
\end{table}
As is apparent from Table~\ref{tab:gAstatus}, we consider
only three calculations of $g_A$ to have all systematics
sufficiently controlled to obtain a blue circle or star.
One of them~\cite{Bhattacharya:2016zcn} is for $N_f=2+1+1$, while two of
them~\cite{Capitani:2017qpc,Bali:2014nma} are for $N_f=2$.
In the former case, our benchmark value corresponds to the single calculation;
in the latter case, our benchmark value corresponds to a weighted average
of \cite{Capitani:2017qpc} and \cite{Bali:2014nma}, assuming correlations
between the results, and applying the procedure of \cite{Schmelling:1994pz}.
In summary, our benchmark values are
\begin{equation}\label{eq:gAcriteria}
g_A^{N_f=2+1+1} = 1.195(33)(20)
\,,\qquad \mathrm{and}\qquad
g_A^{N_f=2} = 1.279(50)\,.
\end{equation}
We observe that the result of~\cite{Berkowitz:2017gql}, although it does
not fulfill all our requirements on systematic uncertainties, uses the same
gauge configurations as those of \cite{Bhattacharya:2016zcn}.
Therefore, we also carry out a simultaneous fit to the two results for
completeness.
We use a fit function of the form
\begin{eqnarray}
g_A^{\mathrm{fit}}
&=&
c_0 +
f(a) +
c_3M_\pi^2 +
c_4M_\pi^2 \exp(-M_\pi L) +
c_5M_\pi^2 \log\left(\frac{M_\pi^2}{\Lambda_{\chi \mathrm{PT}}^2}\right)\,,
\\
f(a) &=&
\begin{cases}
c_1a & \qquad \text{Ref.~\cite{Bhattacharya:2016zcn}} \\
c_2a^2 & \qquad \text{Ref.~\cite{Berkowitz:2017gql}}\\
\end{cases}
\qquad .
\end{eqnarray}
The coefficient $c_1$ captures ${\cal O}(a)$ effects present in the
valence-quark action of~\cite{Bhattacharya:2016zcn}, while~\cite{Berkowitz:2017gql}
has discretization effects starting at ${\cal O}(a^2)$.
The term proportional to $c_4$ captures the leading finite-volume effects, and
$c_3$ and $c_5$ represent chiral-extrapolation terms.
Modifications to this fit form, including setting $c_5=0$, have a negligible
effect on the fit results within extrapolation uncertainties, and the final
result is in very good agreement with a weighted average of the two
calculations, assuming 100\% correlations, which is
$g_A^{N_f=2+1+1,\mathrm{avg}} = 1.243(36)$.
Based on this fit, we find the best-estimate band of
\begin{equation}\label{eq:gAfit}
g_A^{N_f=2+1+1,\mathrm{fit}} = \numrange{1.22}{1.28}\,.
\end{equation}
We plot all lattice results for the axial coupling, listed in
Table~\ref{tab:gAstatus}, in Fig.~\ref{fig:gaLQCDstatus}.
We show the world-average experimental value as a vertical black line.
The light gray bands for $N_f=2+1+1$ and $N_f=2$ represent the benchmark
results of Eq.~\eqref{eq:gAcriteria}, and the dashed gray band for
$N_f=2+1+1$ is the combined fit band given in Eq.~\eqref{eq:gAfit}.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{plots/ga_summary.pdf}\\
\caption{\small Summary of the current status of lattice-QCD calculations of
the axial charge, $g_A\equiv \langle 1\rangle_{\Delta u^+-\Delta d^+}$.
The vertical black line represents the current experimental world average
$g_A^{\mathrm{exp}} = 1.2723(23)$~\cite{Olive:2016xmw}.
The light gray bands for $N_f=2+1+1$ and $N_f=2$ represent the benchmark
results of Eq.~\eqref{eq:gAcriteria}, and the dashed gray band for
$N_f=2+1+1$ is the fit band of Eq.~\eqref{eq:gAfit}.}
\label{fig:gaLQCDstatus}
\end{figure}
In addition to the axial charge, we summarize the zeroth moments of the
individual light-quark total polarized distributions in
Table~\ref{tab:polLQCDstatus0}.
We summarize the status of lattice-QCD calculations of the
first moments of the polarized PDF combination
$\langle x \rangle_{\Delta u^- - \Delta d^-}$ in Table~\ref{tab:polLQCDstatus1}.
We use the same format as in Table~\ref{tab:unpolLQCDstatus1}.
All values are at $\mu^2=4\mbox{ GeV}^2$.
Available results that have not been extrapolated to the physical pion mass
or quenched results are not reported here, but in Appendix~\ref{sec:LQCDtables},
Tables~\ref{tab:polLQCDstatus1B}--\ref{tab:polLQCDstatus2B}, for completeness.
In the case of $\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta u^+}$ and $\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta d^+}$,
there is only one result available in the literature for each quantity.
Therefore, although the corresponding systematic uncertainties are not
completely under control and possibly underestimated, we take the individual
results as our benchmark values.
In the case of $\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta s^+}$ and
$\langle x \rangle_{\Delta u^- - \Delta d^-}$, however, several results are available
in the literature, although without a full characterization of
their systematic uncertainties.
We present our lattice-QCD benchmark value for these quantities as
a best-estimate band extending from the mean minus the error of the
smallest result to the mean plus the error of the largest.
We include all results with two or more flavors of sea quarks listed in
Tables~\ref{tab:polLQCDstatus0} and \ref{tab:polLQCDstatus1}, respectively.
The lattice-QCD benchmark numbers for $g_A$,
$\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta u^+}$, $\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta d^+}$,
$\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta s^+}$ and $\langle x \rangle_{\Delta u^- - \Delta d^-}$
will be further commented below, where they will be collected together
with their global-fit counterparts in Table~\ref{tab:BMpol}.
\begin{table}[!t]
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\centering
\begin{threeparttable}
\begin{tabular}{llcllccccccl}
\toprule
Mom. & Collab. & Ref. & $N_f$ & Status &
Disc &
QM &
FV &
Ren &
ES &
& Value \\
\midrule
$\langle 1\rangle_{\Delta u^+}$
& ETMC\,17
& \cite{Alexandrou:2017oeh}
& 2
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& $^*$
& $0.830(26)(4)$\\
\midrule
$\langle 1\rangle_{\Delta d^+}$
& ETMC\,17
& \cite{Alexandrou:2017oeh}
& 2
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& $^*$
& $-0.386(16)(6)$\\
\midrule
$\langle 1\rangle_{\Delta s^+}$
& $\chi$QCD\,17
& \cite{Gong:2015iir}
& 2+1
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& $^{\dagger,\triangleleft}$
& $-0.0403(44)(78)$\\
& Engelhardt\,12
& \cite{Engelhardt:2012gd}
& 2+1
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& $^\triangleleft$
& $-0.031(17)$\\
& ETMC\,17
& \cite{Alexandrou:2017oeh}
& 2
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& $^*$
& $-0.042(10)(2)$\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}
\footnotesize
\item[$*$] Study employing a single physical pion mass ensemble.
\item[$\dagger$] Partially quenched simulation with $m_\pi=330$~MeV.
Criteria applied to the valence quarks.
\item[$\triangleleft$] Some parts of the renormalization are estimated,
see references for details.
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\caption{\small Same as Table~\ref{tab:unpolLQCDstatus1}, but for the
zeroth moments of the polarized total quark distributions.
Values are shown at $\mu^2=4\mbox{ GeV}^2$.
}
\label{tab:polLQCDstatus0}
\end{table}
\begin{table}[!t]
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\centering
\begin{threeparttable}
\begin{tabular}{llcllccccccl}
\toprule
Mom. & Collab. & Ref. & $N_f$ & Status &
Disc &
QM &
FV &
Ren &
ES &
& Value \\
\midrule
$\langle x\rangle_{\Delta u^--\Delta d^-}$
& RBC/
& \multirow{2}{*}{\cite{Aoki:2010xg}}
& \multirow{2}{*}{2+1}
& \multirow{2}{*}{P}
& \multirow{2}{*}{{\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}}
& \multirow{2}{*}{{\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}}
& \multirow{2}{*}{{\color{blue}$\bigstar$}}
& \multirow{2}{*}{{\color{blue}$\bigstar$}}
& \multirow{2}{*}{{\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}}
&
& 0.256(23)/\\
& UKQCD\,10
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
& 0.205(59)\\
& LHPC\,10
& \cite{Bratt:2010jn}
& 2+1
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& \raisebox{-1pt}{\scalebox{1.5}{\color{blue}$\circ$}}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
&
& 0.1972(55)\\
& ETMC\,15
& \cite{Abdel-Rehim:2015owa}
& 2
& P
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\raisebox{-1pt}{\color{red}$\blacksquare$}}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& {\color{blue}$\bigstar$}
& $^*$
& 0.229(33)\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}
\footnotesize
\item[$*$] Study employing a single physical pion mass ensemble.
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\caption{\small Same as Table~\ref{tab:unpolLQCDstatus1}, but for the
first moment of the polarized valence-quark distribution.
Values are shown at $\mu^2=4\mbox{ GeV}^2$.
}
\label{tab:polLQCDstatus1}
\end{table}
\subsubsection{Appraising global-fit results}
\label{subsubsec:GPDFfits}
The current status of global PDF fit determinations and their
uncertainties has been carefully assessed in dedicated reviews
recently~\cite{Forte:2013wc,Jimenez-Delgado:2013sma}, and further
summarized in Sec.~\ref{sec:unpPDFs}.
It is now recognized that PDF uncertainties receive various contributions:
the measurement uncertainty propagated from the data, uncertainties associated
with incompatible data sets, procedural uncertainties such as those related to
the choice of the PDF parametrization,
and the handling of systematic errors, among others.
As outlined in Sec.~\ref{sec:unpPDFs}, in principle all of these uncertainties
can be accounted for with suitable methods, both in the Hessian and the
MC frameworks.
In practice, there is a significant spread in the sophistication
of these methods between unpolarized and polarized PDF fits.
In Sec.~\ref{sec:unpPDFs}, we also emphasized that there are additional
theoretical uncertainties on PDFs associated with uncertainty in
the input values of the physical parameters used in the fit (such as the
reference value of the strong coupling) and with missing higher-order
uncertainties (given that fits are usually performed with fixed-order
perturbation theory).
The size of the former can be accounted for by studying the stability of the
results upon variation of the input parameters; the size of the latter is
currently unknown, although it is supposed to be sub-dominant.
Therefore, theoretical uncertainties will not be considered in the following.
As far as full moments of PDFs are concerned, global-fit results involve
some degree of extrapolation to the region not covered by experimental data,
that is not necessarily well accounted for in the PDF error estimates.
Extrapolation is particularly delicate to small $x$ values in the case of
polarized PDFs: opposite to unpolarized PDFs, the kinematic coverage is
fairly limited (see Sec.~\ref{sec:polPDFs} and in particular
Fig.~\ref{fig:kinEIC}) and there is no analog of the momentum sum rule,
Eq.~\eqref{eq:mom}, to further constrain the PDFs.
Extrapolation uncertainties are difficult to quantify, unless
one naively extrapolates uncertainty bands from the measured region.
We now summarize the results for our benchmark moments listed in
Sec.~\ref{subsubsec:BQ}, based on current global-fit determinations of
unpolarized and polarized PDFs.
We specify how the
available results are combined into a single benchmark value.
\paragraph{Unpolarized parton distributions.}
We summarize the current status of global-fit results of the benchmark
moments of unpolarized PDFs listed in Sec.~\ref{subsubsec:BQ}
in Table~\ref{tab:unpPDFmoms}.
In the first column we indicate the computed moment, and in the subsequent
six columns the moment's value, obtained from the most recent available PDF
determinations: NNPDF3.1~\cite{Ball:2017nwa},
CT14~\cite{Dulat:2015mca}, MMHT2014~\cite{Harland-Lang:2014zoa},
ABMP16~\cite{Alekhin:2017kpj} (with $N_f=4$ flavors),
CJ15~\cite{Accardi:2016qay} and
HERAPDF2.0~\cite{Abramowicz:2015mha} respectively.
The most relevant features of these PDF sets have been presented in
Sec.~\ref{sec:unpPDFs}.
All values in Table~\ref{tab:unpPDFmoms} are displayed
at $\mu^2=4\mbox{ GeV}^2$.
They have been obtained from the default PDF sets at the highest available
perturbative order, which is NNLO for all of them except CJ15
for which it is NLO.
The uncertainties for the CT14 PDF set have been rescaled by a factor $1/1.65$
to convert from 90\%-CL bands to 68\%-CL bands.
Note that tolerance of $\Delta \chi^2=1$ at 68\% CL is used in the CJ15 PDF
set; hence, the smaller uncertainties of this set compared to all the other
PDF sets.
Also, the CJ15 set does not fit $\langle x \rangle_{s^+}$, therefore the
corresponding number is not displayed in Table~\ref{tab:unpPDFmoms}.
In the case of the HERAPDF2.0 set, the error band is the sum in quadrature
of the statistical, model and parametrization uncertainties.
Taking the results of Table~\ref{tab:unpPDFmoms} at face value,
there are clear discrepancies arising from a variety of
factors~\cite{Butterworth:2015oua,Accardi:2016ndt};
we examine some of these in the following.
\begin{table}[!t]
\centering
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
\toprule
Mom.
& NNPDF3.1 & CT14 & MMHT2014 & ABMP2016 & CJ15 & HERAPDF2.0 \\
\midrule
$\langle x \rangle_{u^+-d^+}$
& 0.152(3) & 0.158(4) & 0.151(4) & 0.167(4) & 0.152(2) & 0.188(3)\ \,\\
$\langle x \rangle_{u^+}$
& 0.348(4) & 0.348(3) & 0.348(5) & 0.353(3) & 0.348(1) & 0.372(4)\ \,\\
$\langle x \rangle_{d^+}$
& 0.196(3) & 0.190(3) & 0.197(5) & 0.186(3) & 0.196(1) & 0.185(7)\ \,\\
$\langle x \rangle_{s^+}$
& 0.039(3) & 0.035(5) & 0.035(9) & 0.041(2) & --- & 0.035(11)\\
$\langle x \rangle_{g}$
& 0.410(4) & 0.416(5) & 0.411(9) & 0.412(4) & 0.416(1) & 0.401(10)\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{\small Status of current global PDF fit determinations of the
benchmark moments of unpolarized PDFs listed in Sec.~\ref{subsubsec:BQ}.
All values are shown at $\mu^2=4\mbox{ GeV}^2$.
See text for details about the calculation of PDF uncertainties in each case.
}
\label{tab:unpPDFmoms}
\end{table}
In order to provide a benchmark value for the first moments of unpolarized PDFs
listed in Table~\ref{tab:unpPDFmoms}, we follow the latest PDF4LHC 2015
recommendations~\cite{Butterworth:2015oua}.
Even though the recommendations were primarily formulated for the usage of PDFs
in LHC-related physics, and alternative recommendations have been
suggested~\cite{Accardi:2016ndt}, we find it useful to apply them here as well.
The reason is twofold.
First, this benchmark exercise aims at accuracy and precision,
two of the guiding principles underlying the recommendations.
Second, they led to the release of a specific PDF set
that can be easily used to compute all the needed benchmark values.
While we refer the reader to \cite{Butterworth:2015oua} for details,
here we only mention that the PDF4LHC15 PDF set was constructed by means of
a statistical combination~\cite{Carrazza:2015hva,Gao:2013bia,Watt:2012tq,
Carrazza:2015aoa} (an unweighted average) of the
NNPDF3.0~\cite{Ball:2014uwa}, CT14 and MMHT2014 PDF sets.\footnote{The
NNPDF3.1 PDF set was not available when the recommendations were formulated.}
The three PDF sets were selected among all the publicly available PDF sets
based on four criteria~\cite{Butterworth:2015oua}.
\begin{itemize}
\item A global data set from a wide variety of observables and processes
should be included in the fit analysis.
\item Theoretical hard cross-sections should be evaluated up to NNLO in a
general-mass variable-flavor number scheme with up to $N_f^\text{max}=5$
active quark flavors.
\item The central value of the strong coupling at the $Z$-boson mass,
$\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ should be fixed at an agreed common value, consistent
with the PDG world-average~\cite{Olive:2016xmw} ($\alpha_s(M_Z)=0.118$).
\item All known experimental and procedural sources of uncertainty should be
properly accounted for.
\end{itemize}
The ABMP2016 set (as well as its previous versions) does not meet the second
and third criteria; the CJ15 set does not meet the first, second and fourth
criteria, while the HERAPDF2.0 set does not meet the first criterion.
Hence, these sets were not included in the PDF4LHC2015 PDF set, although the
possibility of including them in future versions of the recommendation
remains open.
In order not to lose important information contained in the PDF sets excluded
from the PDF4LHC recommendations, we also provide alternative benchmark numbers.
Specifically, we combined all the numbers quoted in Table~\ref{tab:unpPDFmoms}
so that the mean value is an unweighted average of the mean
values and the error is half of the difference between the smallest and the
largest result.
The rationale for this choice is that PDF sets entering the PDF4LHC
recommendations are not benchmarked in the $x\gtrsim 0.1$ region, which can be
relevant for the moment analysis.
The combination of all results in Table~\ref{tab:unpPDFmoms}, although
sometimes less precise than the PDF4LHC combination, maximizes the amount of
experimental information included in the benchmark numbers.
Specifically, it includes the information taken into account
at large $x$ and small $Q^2$ in the CJ15 and ABMP16 PDF sets,
which is otherwise excluded from the PDF4LHC set.
The global-fit benchmark numbers for $\langle x\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$,
$\langle x \rangle_{u^+}$, $\langle x \rangle_{d^+}$,
$\langle x \rangle_{s^+}$ and $\langle x \rangle_g$ will be further
commented below, where they will be collected together with their
lattice-QCD counterparts in Table~\ref{tab:BMunp}.
\paragraph{Polarized parton distributions.}
We summarize the current status of global-fit results of the benchmark
moments of polarized PDFs listed in Sec.~\ref{subsubsec:BQ} in
Table~\ref{tab:polPDFmoms}.
In the first column, we indicate the computed moment, and in the subsequent
three columns, its value as obtained from the most recent available PDF
determinations: NNPDFpol1.1~\cite{Nocera:2014gqa},
DSSV08~\cite{deFlorian:2009vb}~\footnote{The DSSV08 analysis has been updated
by the DSSV14 analysis~\cite{deFlorian:2014yva} essentially
only in the determination of the gluon PDF.
The moments in Table~\ref{tab:polPDFmoms} therefore hardly differ
in the two analyses.}, JAM15~\cite{Sato:2016tuz} and
JAM17~\cite{Ethier:2017zbq}.
The most relevant features of these PDF sets have been presented in
Sec.~\ref{sec:polPDFs}.
All values in Table~\ref{tab:unpPDFmoms} are displayed
at $\mu^2=4\mbox{ GeV}^2$ at NLO.
The uncertainties correspond to 68\%-CL bands with tolerance of
$\Delta \chi^2=1$ for the DSSV08 PDF set.
In the case of the JAM15 set, we do not provide a value for
$\langle x \rangle _{\Delta u^--\Delta d^-}$:
the fit is based on inclusive DIS data only, which are not sensitive to
the valence distribution $\Delta u^- - \Delta d^-$.
We emphasize that, because of extrapolation uncertainties difficult to quantify,
the error estimates in Table~\ref{tab:polPDFmoms} should be interpreted
as a lower bound, especially for the DSSV08 and JAM sets based on
conventional parametrizations.
In these cases, uncertainty bands are naively extrapolated from the measured
kinematic region, therefore they are likely to underestimate the contribution
coming from the small-$x$ region.
\begin{table}[!t]
\centering
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}
\toprule
Mom.
& NNPDFpol1.1 & DSSV08 & JAM15 & JAM17 \\
\midrule
$\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta u^+-\Delta d^+}$ &
$1.250(16)$ & $1.260(18)$ & $1.314(6)$ & $1.240(41)$\\
$\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta u^+}$ &
$0.794(46)$ & $0.814(12)$ & $0.831(21)$ & $0.812(22)$\\
$\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta d^+}$ &
$-0.453(52)$ & $-0.456(11)$ & $-0.476(22)$ & $-0.428(31)$\\
$\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta s^+}$ &
$-0.120(81)$ & $-0.112(23)$ & $-0.109(20)$ & $-0.038(96)$\\
$\langle x \rangle_{\Delta u^- - \Delta d^-}$ &
$0.195(14)$ & $0.203(9)$ & --- & $0.241(26)$ \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{\small Status of current global-fit determinations of the
benchmark moments of polarized PDFs listed in Sec.~\ref{subsubsec:BQ}.
All values are shown at $\mu^2=4\mbox{ GeV}^2$.}
\label{tab:polPDFmoms}
\end{table}
As outlined in Sec.~\ref{sec:polPDFs}, polarized PDFs cannot be determined in
a global QCD analysis with the same accuracy as their unpolarized counterparts.
Also, because polarized PDFs do not enter precision physics studies at the LHC,
the selection and combination of different PDF sets has received much less
attention.
No recommendations analogous to those from the PDF4LHC working group
exist for polarized PDFs.
To provide a benchmark value for the relevant moments of
polarized PDFs listed in Table~\ref{tab:polPDFmoms}, we apply an unweighted
average of the NNPDFpol1.1, DSSV08 and JAM15 PDF sets.
The rationale for this choice is twofold.
On the one hand, we maximize the amount of experimental information
that can determine the central value of our benchmark moments.
As explained in Sec.~\ref{sec:polPDFs}, the NNPDFpol1.1 and the DSSV08 PDF
sets are based on a very similar set of inclusive DIS data, while the JAM15
PDF set is based on a much wider inclusive DIS data set.
This wider set can help constrain the moments of the total quark
distributions.
The NNPDFpol1.1 and the DSSV08 PDF sets are based respectively on $pp$ and
SIDIS data to disentangle the quark and antiquark distributions.
This can help constrain the moments of the valence distributions.
On the other hand, we balance the rather different uncertainties among the
three PDF sets, specifically the larger NNPDFpol1.1 estimate
against the smaller DSSV08 and JAM15 values.
This way, we avoid a possible underestimation of the procedural uncertainties
induced for example by the choice of a simple PDF parametrization
in the DSSV08 and JAM15 fits, or by the extrapolation to the small-$x$ region.
Because the JAM17 set is unique in fitting simultaneously polarized PDFs and
FFs, we do not include it in our benchmark average, but quote it as a useful
comparison.
The global-fit benchmark numbers for $g_A$,
$\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta u^+}$, $\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta d^+}$,
$\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta s^+}$ and $\langle x \rangle_{\Delta u^- - \Delta d^-}$
will be further commented below, where they will be collected
with their lattice-QCD counterparts in Table~\ref{tab:BMpol}.
\subsection{Comparing lattice-QCD and global-fit benchmark moments}
\label{subsec:BN}
We can now compare the lattice-QCD and global PDF fit results presented in
Secs.~\ref{subsubsec:BClQCD}--\ref{subsubsec:GPDFfits} for the unpolarized
and polarized PDF moments respectively.
\paragraph{Unpolarized parton distributions.}
The benchmark values of the first moments of the unpolarized PDFs, obtained
as described in Secs.~\ref{subsubsec:BClQCD}--\ref{subsubsec:GPDFfits},
are summarized in Table~\ref{tab:BMunp}.
Both the PDF4LHC and the unweighted average (uw avg) are displayed in the case
of global fits.
The results from a single lattice calculation, which might underestimate some
sources of uncertainty, are denoted with a superscript~$\dagger$.
All values shown here are at $\mu^2=4\mbox{ GeV}^2$.
For ease of comparison, these benchmark results are also graphically
compared in Fig.~\ref{fig:Bmomsunp}, both in terms of absolute values
(left panel) and of uncorrelated ratios to the lattice central values
(right panel).
\begin{table}[!t]
\centering
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\begin{tabular}{lccc}
\toprule
Moment & Lattice QCD & Global Fit (PDF4LHC) & Global fit (uw avg)\\
\midrule
$\langle x \rangle_{u^+ -d^+}$
& \numrange{0.119}{0.226}
& 0.155(5)
& \, 0.161(18)\\
$\langle x \rangle_{u^+}$
& 0.453(75)$^\dagger$
& 0.347(5)
& \, 0.352(12)\\
$\langle x \rangle_{d^+}$
& 0.259(74)$^\dagger$
& 0.193(6)
& 0.192(6)\\
$\langle x \rangle_{s^+}$
& 0.092(41)$^\dagger$
& 0.036(6)
& 0.037(3)\\
$\langle x\rangle_{g}$
& 0.267(35)$^\dagger$
& 0.414(9)
& 0.411(8)\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{\small Benchmark values for lattice-QCD calculations and global-fit
determinations of the benchmark moments of unpolarized PDFs.
All values are shown at $\mu^2=4\mbox{ GeV}^2$.
Results with a superscript~$\dagger$ are from a single lattice
calculation; they may underestimate some sources of uncertainty.}
\label{tab:BMunp}
\end{table}
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.44,angle=270]{plots/unpmoms}
\includegraphics[scale=0.44,angle=270]{plots/unpmomsratio}\\
\caption{\small A comparison of the unpolarized PDF benchmark moments
between the lattice QCD computations and global fit determinations.
Results are displayed both in terms of absolute values (left) and ratios to
the lattice values (right) at $\mu^2=4$~GeV$^2$.}
\label{fig:Bmomsunp}
\end{figure}
As is apparent from Table~\ref{tab:BMunp} and Fig.~\ref{fig:Bmomsunp}, there is
a significant difference in the uncertainties between the lattice QCD and
global fit results, with the latter always about one order of magnitude
smaller than the former.
Moreover, even within their large uncertainties, the lattice-QCD results
for the first moments of the total up and strange quark and the gluon PDFs
are not compatible with their global-fit counterparts.
In the case of quarks, the discrepancy is below $2\sigma$ (in units of the
lattice-QCD uncertainty), while in the case of the gluon the discrepancy is
slightly larger than $3\sigma$.
On the lattice-QCD side, we note that in the flavor-singlet sector calculations
neglected part of the renormalization and computed some other parts only
perturbatively.
Most of the discrepancies between lattice-QCD and global-fit results are
observed in the flavor-singlet sector.
Progress in taking into account the renormalization properly
could shift lattice-QCD results significantly, and reconcile them
with the global fits in the future.
We also note that the momentum sum rule, Eq.~\eqref{eq:mom}, usually is not
imposed in lattice-QCD calculations.
In the ETMC\,17 analysis~\cite{Alexandrou:2017oeh}, it turns
out to be $1.071(93)(72)$, see Table~\ref{tab:unpolLQCDstatus1}, if
uncertainties are assumed to be uncorrelated.
Although there is no evidence for a violation of the momentum sum rule
based on this result, one must be careful combining results from different
calculations to account for correlations and other sources of error.
Also, note that the ETMC\,17 analysis is performed with $N_f=2$ flavors,
hence the strange quark should not participate in the sum rule.
On the global-fit side, we note that the amount of experimental information
that constrains the total up-quark distribution is the largest among all
distributions.
Therefore, it seems unlikely that its global-fit central value could vary
significantly in the future, and become compatible with the current
lattice result.
Conversely, the amount of experimental information that constrains the
total strange distribution in a global fit is less abundant and less accurate.
A slight shift in its central value, towards the current lattice-QCD results,
might be observed in the future, as soon as new data sensitive to the strange
quark becomes available.
Finally, in an attempt to reconcile the lattice-QCD and the global-fit results
of the first moment of the gluon PDF, one could assume a completely
different behavior of the gluon PDF below the HERA kinematic
coverage, $x\sim 10^{-5}$ (see Fig.~\ref{fig:kinplot-report}).
While such a kinematic region remains completely unexplored,
in general the contribution of this region to the moments is negligible
and thus unlikely to resolve the situation.
All these remarks apply irrespective of the benchmark value used for
global fits, either the PDF4LHC or the unweighted average.
They also still hold if individual lattice-QCD and/or global-fit
results in Tables~\ref{tab:unpolLQCDstatus1}--\ref{tab:unpPDFmoms} are
compared instead of their benchmark values in Table~\ref{tab:BMunp}.
These results suggest that both greater accuracy and greater precision are
required in lattice-QCD calculations to match the accuracy and
precision of the first moments of unpolarized PDFs determined from a global
fit.
\paragraph{Polarized parton distributions.}
The benchmark values of the first moments of the unpolarized PDFs, obtained
as described in Secs.~\ref{subsubsec:BClQCD}--\ref{subsubsec:GPDFfits},
are summarized in Table~\ref{tab:BMpol}.
Results from a single lattice calculation, which might underestimate some
sources of uncertainty, are denoted with a superscript~$\dagger$.
In the case of $g_A$, we report the two values with $N_f=2+1+1$ and
$N_f=2$ sea quarks from lattice QCD.
The value of $g_A$ is scale-independent, and we quote all other results at
$\mu^2=4\mbox{ GeV}^2$.
For ease of comparison, these values are also displayed in
Fig.~\ref{fig:Bmomspol} in the same format as in Fig.~\ref{fig:Bmomsunp}.
In the case of $g_A$, the result with $N_f=2+1+1$ is used as normalization
factor in the right panel of Fig.~\ref{fig:Bmomspol}.
Results from the JAM17 analysis~\cite{Ethier:2017zbq}, see
Table~\ref{tab:polPDFmoms}, are displayed separately.
The reason for this is that,
in contrast with the NNPDFpol1.1, DSSV08 and JAM15 fits, in the JAM17 fit
the experimental value of $g_A$, Eq.~\eqref{eq:a3},
is not an input of the fit, but it is fitted alongside the PDFs.
Furthermore, in JAM17 PDFs are fitted alongside FFs.
\begin{table}[!t]
\centering
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\begin{tabular}{lcc}
\toprule
Moment & Lattice QCD & Global Fit\\
\midrule
\multirow{2}{*}{$g_A\equiv\langle 1\rangle_{\Delta u^+ - \Delta d^+}$}
& $1.195(39)$ ($N_f=2+1+1$)
& \multirow{2}{*}{$1.275(12)$} \\
& $1.279(50)$ ($N_f=2$) & \\
$\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta u^+}$
& $0.830(26)^\dagger$
& $0.813(25)$\\
$\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta d^+}$
& $-0.386(17)^\dagger$
& $-0.462(29)$\\
$\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta s^+}$
& $-0.052$ -- $-0.014$
& $-0.114(43)$\\
$\langle x\rangle_{\Delta u^- - \Delta d^-}$
& \numrange{0.146}{0.279}
& $0.199(16)$\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{\small Same as Table~\ref{tab:BMunp}, but for the polarized benchmark
moments.}
\label{tab:BMpol}
\end{table}
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.44,angle=270]{plots/polmoms}
\includegraphics[scale=0.44,angle=270]{plots/polmomsratio}\\
\caption{\small Same as Fig.~\ref{fig:Bmomsunp}, but for the polarized
benchmark moments.}
\label{fig:Bmomspol}
\end{figure}
As is apparent from Table~\ref{tab:BMpol} and Fig.~\ref{fig:Bmomspol}, the
size of the uncertainties on the moments is in general comparable between the
lattice-QCD and the global-fit results, opposite to the unpolarized
case\footnote{Note that the uncertainty of
$\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta s^+}$ in the right panel of Fig.~\ref{fig:Bmomspol}
appears much larger than the uncertainty of other quark moments because
of the normalization value, which is very close to zero.}.
The corresponding central values are also in reasonable agreement within their
mutual uncertainties.
In the case of $g_A$, the global-fit result obtained from the unweighted
average of the NNPDFpol1.1, DSSV08 and JAM15 fits shows a preference for the
lattice-QCD result obtained with $N_f=2$ sea quarks (compared to that with
$N_f=2+1+1$ sea quarks).
Its uncertainty is, however, four times smaller than that of both lattice
results.
This is not unexpected, since, in all the three fits that are combined, the
experimental value of $g_A$ is imposed in the fits themselves.
The final uncertainty on the global-fit value of $g_A$ is thus reduced by
the uncertainty of its experimental value $g_A^\text{exp}$, which is almost
one order of magnitude smaller than the uncertainty on the lattice-QCD results
(see Fig.~\ref{fig:gaLQCDstatus}).
If the experimental value of $g_A$ is not imposed as a boundary condition in
the fit, as in the JAM17 analysis, the size of the uncertainty on $g_A$ is
comparable to that of the lattice results, although it is not able to
discriminate between the $N_f=2$ or the $N_f=2=1+1$ results.
Overall, this is a noteworthy confirmation of SU(2) symmetry in QCD to
almost 2\%.
In the case of the zeroth moments of the total polarized quark distributions,
the uncertainty on the lattice-QCD result is comparable to (in the case
of $\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta u^+}$) or smaller than (in the case
of $\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta d^+}$ and $\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta s^+}$)
the uncertainty on the global-fit result.
However, in the case of the zeroth moments of the total down- and strange-quark
distributions, the lattice-QCD and the global-fit results are discrepant
by about two $\sigma$ (in units of the
lattice QCD uncertainty).
On the one hand, we observe that the uncertainty on the lattice-QCD results
might have been underestimated because of the lack of full control over
all systematics (see Sec.~\ref{subsubsec:BClQCD}).
On the other hand, we observe that the global-fit result has been obtained
by requiring SU(3) symmetry, {\it i.e.}, by imposing in the individual fits
the experimental value (with a possibly inflated uncertainty) of the octet PDF
combination, as explained in Sec.~\ref{sec:polPDFs}.
Relaxing this constraint can reconcile the discrepancy observed between
the lattice-QCD and the global-fit result for the zeroth moments of the
total down and strange PDFs.
This is demonstrated by comparison with the JAM17 result, whose uncertainty
band nicely includes both the lattice-QCD and the global-fit benchmark values.
In the case of the first moment of the valence distribution
$\Delta u^--\Delta d^-$, the lattice-QCD and the global-fit results are
in excellent agreement, although the uncertainty of the former is five times
larger than that of the latter.
All these remarks still hold if individual lattice-QCD and/or global-fit
results in Tables~\ref{tab:gAstatus}-
\ref{tab:polPDFmoms}
are compared instead of their benchmark values in Table~\ref{tab:BMpol}.
These results suggest that lattice-QCD calculations could provide a useful
input to global fits of polarized PDFs, especially in limiting the
extrapolation uncertainty into the completely unknown small-$x$ region.
This will become more and more useful as full control over all sources of
systematic uncertainties is achieved.
\section{Introduction and motivation}
The detailed understanding of the inner structure of nucleons is an
active research field with phenomenological implications in
high-energy, hadron, nuclear and astroparticle physics.
Within quantum chromodynamics (QCD), information on this structure ---
specifically on how the nucleon's momentum and spin are divided among quarks
and gluons --- is encoded in parton distribution functions (PDFs).
There exist two main methods to determine PDFs.\footnote{In this paper, we do
not discuss nonperturbative, QCD-based models of nucleon structure.
We refer the reader to~\cite{Ball:2016spl,Nocera:2014uea} and references
therein for details on unpolarized and polarized PDFs respectively.}
The first method is the {\it global QCD analysis}~\cite{Perez:2012um,
DeRoeck:2011na,Alekhin:2011sk,Ball:2012wy,Forte:2013wc,Jimenez-Delgado:2013sma,
Rojo:2015acz,Butterworth:2015oua,Accardi:2016ndt,Gao:2017yyd}.
It is based on QCD factorization of physical observables, {\it i.e.}
the fact that a class of hard-scattering cross-sections can be expressed as a
convolution between short-distance, perturbative, matrix
elements and long-distance, nonperturbative, PDFs.
By combining a variety of available hard-scattering experimental data with
state-of-the-art perturbative calculations, complete PDF sets, including
the gluon and various combinations of quark flavors, are currently determined
for protons, in both the unpolarized~\cite{Ball:2017nwa,Harland-Lang:2014zoa,
Dulat:2015mca,Alekhin:2017kpj,Accardi:2016qay} and the
polarized~\cite{Nocera:2014gqa,deFlorian:2009vb,Sato:2016tuz,Hirai:2008aj} case.
Recent progress in global QCD analyses has been driven, on the one hand,
by the increasing availability of a wealth of high-precision measurements from
Jefferson Lab, HERA, RHIC, the Tevatron and the LHC and, on the other hand,
by the advancement in perturbative calculations of QCD and
electroweak (EW) higher-order corrections.
Parton distributions are now determined with unprecedented precision,
in many cases at the few-percent level.
A paradigmatic illustration of this progress is provided by both the
unpolarized and polarized gluon PDFs, which were affected by rather large
uncertainties until recently, due to the limited experimental information
available.
In the unpolarized case, the gluon PDF is now constrained quite accurately from
small to large $x$ thanks to the inclusion of processes such as
inclusive deep-inelastic scattering (DIS)~\cite{Abramowicz:2015mha},
$D$-meson production~\cite{Zenaiev:2015rfa,Gauld:2016kpd},
the transverse momentum of $Z$ bosons~\cite{Boughezal:2017nla},
inclusive jet production~\cite{Currie:2016bfm}, and top-quark pair
distributions~\cite{Czakon:2016olj,Guzzi:2014wia}.
In the polarized case, the gluon PDF is now constrained from double
spin-asymmetries for high-$p_T$ jet and pion production in proton-proton
collisions~\cite{deFlorian:2014yva,Nocera:2014gqa},
although only in the medium-to-large $x$ region.
The second method is {\it lattice QCD}~\cite{Olive:2016xmw,Gupta:1997nd}.
It is based on the direct computation of the QCD path integral in a
discretized finite-volume Euclidean space-time, providing a suitable
ultraviolet cut-off.
To connect with experimental measurements, extrapolations to the
continuum and infinite-volume limits are necessary so that any
cut-off dependence and finite-volume effects, respectively, are removed.
Lattice-QCD calculations require minimal external input: one needs only to
set the hadronic scale $\Lambda_\text{QCD}$ and the values of the quark masses.
For calculations relevant to low-energy hadron structure, this means
setting the up, down and strange quark masses,
which is usually done using the pion and kaon masses as external inputs.
The overall hadronic scale can be set using well-determined baryon masses
such as that of the $\Omega$ baryon.
A variety of QCD quantities can then be computed using lattice QCD, including
moments of PDFs or of certain quark flavor PDF combinations.
Early lattice-QCD attempts to determine the proton PDFs were limited by the
available computational resources and various technical challenges, with most
results restricted to the first few moments of nonsinglet PDFs at relatively
large (unphysical) quark masses.
Overcoming these limitations, recent progress has been mostly
driven by advances in two main areas.
First, by improved systematic control (physical pion mass, excited-state
contamination, large volumes) for quantities such as the nucleon matrix
elements corresponding to the low moments of PDFs.
Second, by the development of novel strategies
for the computation of the first few
moments~\cite{Constantinou:2014tga,Syritsyn:2014saa,Lin:2012ev},
the determination of more challenging quantities
such as gluon and flavor-singlet matrix elements, and
for the direct calculation of the
Bjorken-$x$ dependence of PDFs~\cite{Lin:2014zya,Alexandrou:2015rja,
Chen:2016utp,Alexandrou:2016jqi}.
These developments have pushed lattice-QCD calculations to the point where,
for the first time, it is possible to provide information on the PDF shape
of specific flavor combinations, both for quarks and for antiquarks,
and where meaningful comparisons with global fits can be made.
Indeed, one of the main motivations for these lattice-QCD efforts is to
achieve a sufficient accuracy to constrain the PDFs obtained from global
analyses.
Despite these developments in both the global QCD analysis and lattice-QCD
methods, interplay between the two --- and communication between the
respective communities of physicists --- have been rather limited so far.
This situation led some of us to organize the first workshop on
{\it Parton Distributions and Lattice Calculations in the LHC Era}
(PDFLattice2017), which took place in Balliol College, University of
Oxford, in March 2017.\footnote{\url{http://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/confs/PDFlattice2017/index.asp}}
The main goal of this workshop was to establish a common ground
and language for discussions between the two communities.
In addition, we aimed to carry out a first quantitative exploration of how PDF
fits can be exploited to benchmark existing and future lattice calculations,
and of how lattice-QCD calculations could be used to improve global PDF fits.
In this context, some of the questions that were addressed during this workshop
included the following.
\begin{itemize}
\item What information from PDF fits is relevant to constrain,
test, or validate lattice calculations?
\item What PDF-related quantities are most compelling
to compute in lattice QCD in terms of phenomenological relevance?
\item What accuracy do we need from lattice quantities
in order to have a significant impact on global PDF fits?
\item What information does lattice QCD provide on the
shape (Bjorken-$x$ dependence) of the PDFs? Which specific
PDF moments can be computed?
\item How do we consistently quantify the systematic uncertainties
in lattice-QCD calculations?
\item To what extent do available lattice results agree with the results of
global PDF fits? Is there a tension between global PDF fits, PDF
fits based on reduced datasets, and PDF calculations from the lattice?
\item What is the accuracy that can be expected from lattice-QCD
calculations in the near and medium future? What will be their
constraining power on PDFs?
\end{itemize}
This white paper summarizes the joint effort between the two communities to
address some of these questions, and follows up on the very fruitful
discussions and interactions that took place both during
the workshop and in the subsequent months.
While this document does not represent the final word on this topic, it
provides a solid starting point for further collaborative efforts, and
should facilitate smooth interactions between the two communities in the future.
The outline of this white paper is the following.
In Sec.~\ref{sec:theoryoverview} we review the global QCD analysis and
lattice-QCD methods for the determination of polarized and unpolarized PDFs.
In Sec.~\ref{sec:benchmarking} we present state-of-the-art benchmarks
for selected PDF moments between the most recent lattice-QCD calculations and
global QCD analyses.
In Sec.~\ref{sec:projections} we quantitatively assess the impact that
lattice calculations of PDF-related quantities could have on unpolarized
and polarized global analyses, assuming different scenarios for the
uncertainties in the lattice-QCD calculations.
In Sec.~\ref{sec:outlook} we conclude
and discuss future interactions between
the global-analysis and lattice-QCD communities.
In Appendix~\ref{app:notation} we summarize the conventional notation
adopted in this document for the definition of the PDF moments;
in Appendix~\ref{sec:LQCDtables} we compile bibliographical tables for
existing lattice-QCD calculations of PDF moments;
and in Appendix~\ref{app:Hmoms} we collect some
additional results of PDF moments from global QCD analyses.
\section{Outlook}
\label{sec:outlook}
The study of the PDFs of the proton is an active interdisciplinary research
field lying at the crossroads of high-energy, hadronic and nuclear physics,
with important applications in astroparticle physics.
In this white paper, we have reviewed our current knowledge of PDFs as
determined from both the global analysis framework
and from lattice-QCD computations.
We have established a common language between the two communities,
to facilitate interactions between them.
We have presented a first systematic comparison between state-of-the-art
lattice-QCD calculations of PDF moments and the corresponding results from
global analyses both in the unpolarized and polarized cases.
Our results suggest that the improvement in accuracy and precision required
in lattice-QCD calculations to match the first moments of PDFs
determined from a global fit is larger in the unpolarized case than in the
polarized.
We have provided additional benchmark numbers from the global fits
for the higher moments not used in this benchmark comparison, which can be
used to validate future lattice-QCD calculations.
The main outcome of this white paper is the first
quantitative study of the impact of lattice-QCD calculations
in the global fits, based on both PDF moments and on Bjorken-$x$ dependence
pseudo-data, assuming a number of different scenarios for
the associated uncertainties.
In the case of unpolarized PDFs, we have demonstrated that a reduction
of the uncertainties of current lattice-QCD calculations is needed
to provide any impact on global PDF fits.
In the case of polarized PDFs, we have shown that current lattice-QCD
calculations can provide useful input into global-PDF analyses.
Although the studies presented here are still in an initial exploratory phase,
they provide strong motivation for global fitters to begin consider
incorporating lattice-QCD constraints into their global analyses.
The studies presented in this white paper can be extended in a number of
directions.
First, we have restricted our benchmark comparison only to the lowest moments
of polarized and unpolarized PDFs, whose various sources of systematic
uncertainties have been computed with the greatest control.
Future work should extend this comparison to higher PDF moments,
which will have some impact on PDF fits, provided the precision and accuracy
of lattice-QCD calculations keep improving.
More elaborate benchmarks could be performed, for instance on PDF moments
truncated from below to better take into account the fiducial $x$ region.
Appropriate benchmarks could also be devised to test lattice-QCD methods
that aim at the determination of the $x$ dependence of the PDFs.
We emphasize that modifications to the rating system adopted to
characterize lattice-QCD calculations of PDF moments should occur
as lattice-QCD results will evolve.
Second, a similar benchmark exercise between global fit results and
lattice-QCD calculations should be performed at the level of
$x$-space calculations.
It will be important to compare in detail the available lattice-QCD results
with state-of-the-art global fits, to validate the former and
thereby demonstrate to what extent lattice-QCD calculations of $x$-space PDFs
can contribute to global fits.
Third, it should be possible to assess the impact of lattice-QCD
calculations on other nonperturbative objects
determined from global analyses of experimental data.
Examples of these include the transversity (see Ref.~\cite{Lin:2017stx}
for a recent study), transverse-momentum dependent
PDFs (TMDs), generalized PDFs (GPDs) (see, {\it e.g.},~\cite{Angeles-Martinez:2015sea,Musch:2011er,Engelhardt:2015xja,Yoon:2017qzo} and references therein),
or collinear PDFs for hadrons other than
protons~\cite{Sutton:1991ay,Burkardt:2001jg}.
All these quantities are known with much less precision than unpolarized
and polarized PDFs, given that the corresponding experimental information
is rather scarce.
In this case, lattice-QCD calculations could have the potential
to provide new information, without the need of high precision.
In summary, the aim of this study has been to build a bridge between the
lattice-QCD and global-fit communities.
Our final goal is for lattice-QCD calculations to provide novel inputs into
polarized and unpolarized PDF fits.
Precise lattice-QCD results could reduce the uncertainties of
global PDF fits and/or discriminate between different sets.
We hope this white paper motivates the lattice-QCD and global-fit
communities to continue fruitful interactions to improve our knowledge of PDFs.
\subsubsection{Hessian profiling analysis}
\label{sec:hessianprofiling}
To complement the results obtained
with the Bayesian reweighting approach,
we use a profiling method, suitable
for Hessian PDF sets, to estimate the effect of including
lattice-QCD pseudo-data into the fit~\cite{Paukkunen:2014zia,Camarda:2015zba}.
We choose HERAPDF2.0~\cite{Abramowicz:2015mha}
as a representative set of Hessian PDFs.
As in the case of the Bayesian reweighting
exercise presented in the previous section
we consistently use the same lattice-QCD
pseudo-data on PDF moments to estimate the impact on HERAPDF2.0.
An additional advantage of the HERAPDF2.0 set is
the use
of a standard tolerance
$\Delta\chi^2=1$ for defining the 68\%-CL PDF
uncertainties,
which enables a robust framework for applying the profiling method.
For Hessian PDF sets, the Hessian profiling method
can be used to both check the compatibility of new data with a given PDF set,
and also estimate the impact these data will have on the PDFs.
In the following we describe the essential components of the profiling method,
and assume that the Hessian PDF set uses a tolerance of $\Delta\chi^2=1$,
which corresponds to 68\%~CL uncertainties,
as is the case with the HERAPDF2.0 set.\footnote{In this exercise
we consider only the {\it experimental} HERAPDF2.0
uncertainties, but not the {\it model} and {\it parametrization}
variations, which are not suited for profiling.}
The central values of the considered moments are obtained using the central PDFs and the corresponding
errors are calculated according to:
\begin{equation}
\delta\mathcal{F}_i = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\sum_{k}\left(\mathcal{F}_i(f_k^+)-\mathcal{F}_i(f_k^-)\right)^2}\, ,
\quad i=1,\ldots,N_\text{mom} \, ,
\end{equation}
where $k$ labels the number of error PDFs (Hessian eigenvectors)
which have both a positive and negative direction.
In the profiling method, one considers a $\chi^2$ function in which the $\chi^2$ of the new
data has been added to the initial $\chi^2_0$, namely
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:newchi2}
\chi^2_{\text{new}} = \chi_0^2 + \sum_{k}^{N_{\text{eig}}} z_k^2
+ \sum_{i=1}^{N_{\text{data}}}
\frac{\left( \mathcal{F}_i - \mathcal{F}_i^{\rm(exp)}\right)^2}
{\left(\delta\mathcal{F}_i^{\rm(exp)}\right)^2}\,,
\end{equation}
where $\chi^2_0$ is the value of the $\chi^2$ function in the minimum of the initial PDF set,
$z_k$ are the parameters diagonalizing the Hessian matrix of the initial PDF set,
$N_{\text{eig}}$ is the dimension of the eigenvector space in which initial Hessian errors are defined
(half of the number of error PDFs), $\mathcal{F}_i^{\rm(exp)}$ is the new
\hbox{(pseudo-)data},
and $\mathcal{F}_i$ the corresponding theory prediction.
In the spirit of the Hessian method, the new theory predictions $\mathcal{F}_i$ can be expanded
using a linear approximation:
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{F}_i \simeq \mathcal{F}_i[S_0] + \sum_k \frac{\partial\mathcal{F}_i[S]}{\partial z_k}\bigg|_{S=S_0} z_k \quad
\simeq \mathcal{F}_i[S_0] + \sum_k D_{ik} w_k \ ,
\end{equation}
where $S_0$ represents the central PDF and we have defined
\begin{equation}
D_{ik}=\frac{1}{2}(\mathcal{F}_i[S_k^+]-\mathcal{F}_i[S_k^-]) \, ;
\end{equation}
here the derivative has been approximated by a finite difference of the
Hessian PDF error sets $S_k^{\pm}$.
The new $\chi^2$ of Eq.~\eqref{eq:newchi2} can now be minimized with respect to the parameters $w_k$,
which results in:
\begin{equation}
w_k^{min} = \sum_n \ -B_{kn}^{-1} \, a_n \quad ,
\end{equation}
where we have introduced
\begin{equation}
B_{kn} = \sum_i \frac{D_{ik}D_{in}}{\left(\delta\mathcal{F}_i^{\rm(exp)}\right)^2} + \delta_{kn},
\qquad
\qquad
a_k = \sum_i \frac{D_{ik}(\mathcal{F}_i[S_0] - \mathcal{F}_i^{\rm(exp)})}{\left(\delta\mathcal{F}_i^{\rm(exp)}\right)^2} \, .
\end{equation}
The key result of the Hessian profiling method
is that now the components of the solution
$w_k^{min}$
define a new set
of PDFs representing a global minimum after including the new data:
\begin{equation}
f_{\text{new}} = f_{S_0} + \sum_{k=1}^{N_{\text{eig}}} \frac{f_{S_k^+}-f_{S_k^-}}{2} w_k^{\text{min}} \ .
\end{equation}
A set of new error PDFs can be also defined; in this case the matrix $B_{kn}$ plays the role of
the Hessian matrix from which the PDF uncertainties
can be obtained.
We performed this study using the xFitter program~\cite{Alekhin:2014irh}
assuming the same three scenarios for the lattice-QCD pseudo-data as
in Table~\ref{tab:scenarios}.
The results are shown in Table~\ref{tab:unpolmomentsProf}, where we tabulate
the uncertainties of the input HERAPDF2.0 PDF in column two and the
corresponding uncertainties for each scenario in columns three to five.
The analogous results from the reweighting method, applied to the
NNPDF3.1 data set, were listed in Table~\ref{tab:unpolmomentsrw}.
\begin{table}[!t]
\centering
\footnotesize
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}
\toprule
& Original & Scenario A & Scenario B & Scenario C \\
\midrule
$\left\langle x\right\rangle_{u^+}$
& $0.3720\pm 0.0036$
& $0.3720\pm 0.0030$
& $0.3720\pm 0.0027$
& $0.3720\pm 0.0020$ \\
$\left\langle x\right\rangle_{d^+}$
& $0.1845\pm 0.0053$
& $0.1845\pm 0.0028$
& $0.1845\pm 0.0023$
& $0.1845\pm 0.0015$ \\
$\left\langle x\right\rangle_{s^+}$
& $0.0346\pm 0.0037$
& $0.0346\pm 0.0015$
& $0.0346\pm 0.0012$
& $0.0346\pm 0.0009$ \\
$\left\langle x\right\rangle_{g}$
& $0.4006\pm 0.0078$
& $0.4006\pm 0.0042$
& $0.4006\pm 0.0035$
& $0.4006\pm 0.0024$ \\
$\left\langle x\right\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$
& $0.1875\pm 0.0074$
& $0.1875\pm 0.0045$
& $0.1875\pm 0.0039$
& $0.1875\pm 0.0027$ \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{\small Values of the unpolarized PDF moments
used as lattice-QCD pseudo-data, as well as the corresponding results
after the profiling for the
three scenarios summarized in Table~\ref{tab:scenarios}.
The HERAPDF2.0 PDFs were used, and the PDF uncertainties quoted correspond in all cases to 68\%~CL intervals.
The corresponding results of applying the reweighting method
to NNPDF3.1 were listed in Table~\ref{tab:unpolmomentsrw}.
\label{tab:unpolmomentsProf}
}
\end{table}
From a comparison of the constraining power of the lattice-QCD pseudo-data
displayed in Table~\ref{tab:unpolmomentsProf} to Table~\ref{tab:unpolmomentsrw},
we observe a consistent trend between Bayesian reweighting of NNDPF3.1 and
Hessian profiling of HERAPDF2.0.
The PDF uncertainties for $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{d^+}$ ($\left\langle x\right\rangle_{s^+}$
and $\left\langle x\right\rangle_g$) reduce by a factor of roughly
four (four and three, respectively) compared to the original
HERAPDF2.0 uncertainties.
When comparing with Sec.~\ref{sec:projections:rw},
the initial uncertainties of the HERAPDF2.0 analysis
are affected by the choice of data (DIS data only), and
the number and form of the parametrization (14 parameter HERAPDF form);
the final uncertainties are determined by the profiling procedure.
In particular the profiling for the HERAPDF2.0 study assigns an effective
uncertainty on the pseudodata corresponding to $\Delta\chi^2=1$, whereas the
constraint in the NNPDF study is weaker, as it would be for a PDF set with
eigenvectors, but which applied a tolerance criterion.
While these initial studies are instructive,
further comparisons of these analyses would be valuable.
In Fig.~\ref{fig:pdfsProf} we present a comparison of the
$u^+$, $d^+$, $g$, and $s^+$ PDFs at the scale of $Q^2=4\text{ GeV}^2$
between the original HERAPDF2.0 set and the results of the profiling
exercise for Scenarios~A, B and C.
Only the {\it experimental} PDF uncertainties are shown in this comparison,
but not the {\it model} and {\it parametrization} variations.
The corresponding results based on the reweighting
of NNPDF3.1 were shown in Figs.~\ref{fig:impactUnpol}
and~\ref{fig:impactUnpollargex}.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{plots/ratio_uPubar_Q2.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{plots/ratio_dPdbar_Q2.pdf}\\
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{plots/ratio_g_Q2.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{plots/ratio_sPsbar_Q2.pdf}
\caption{\small Comparison
of the $u^+$, $d^+$, $g$, and $s^+$ PDFs at the scale of $Q^2=4\text{ GeV}^2$
between the original HERAPDF2.0 set and the results of the profiling
exercise accounting for the constraints of
the lattice-QCD moments
pseudo-data in Scenarios~A, B and C.
Only the {\it experimental} PDF uncertainties are shown,
but not the {\it model} and {\it parametrization} variations.
}
\label{fig:pdfsProf}
\end{figure}
From Fig.~\ref{fig:pdfsProf} we see that, as expected, the impact of the
lattice pseudo-data is greatest in the medium and large-$x$ regions.
The precise impact on the PDFs is rather
similar for the three scenarios, with the most optimistic
Scenario~C leading to the largest reduction in uncertainties.
The quark flavor combinations that are most affected by the
lattice-QCD pseudo-data are the $d^{+}$ and $s^{+}$ PDFs,
and, to a lesser extent, the gluon PDF.
The improvement in the PDF uncertainties for $d^{+}$ and $s^{+}$
occurs because the DIS data
used in HERAPDF2.0 include only limited constraints
on quark flavor separation, and, for these PDFs, the lattice-QCD
pseudo-data add important new information.
\subsection{Discussion}
We conclude this section with a brief discussion of the main lessons that
can be learned from this exercise, which provides the first quantitative
estimate of the impact of present and future lattice-QCD calculations of PDF
moments and $x$-space PDFs, for both polarized and unpolarized PDFs.
First, we have demonstrated that in the polarized case,
even with current uncertainties, lattice-QCD calculations of
selected PDF moments can impose sizable constraints on several
important polarized quark combinations.
This suggests that global polarized PDF analyses should consider
including existing lattice-QCD calculations in their fits to constrain some
of the least known quark combinations, such as the total strangeness.
The situation is rather different in the unpolarized case,
where a reduction of the current lattice-QCD uncertainties by a factor of
between five and ten seems to be required to influence global fits.
This difference arises because unpolarized PDFs are known with much higher
precision than polarized PDFs, thanks to the much wider amount of experimental
data sensitive to unpolarized PDFs,
including the constraints from recent high-precision measurements at the LHC.
Thus, in addition to the differences highlighted in Fig.~\ref{fig:Bmomsunp},
much more precise lattice-QCD calculations than in the polarized case
need to be used to be competitive with current PDF fits.
Second, lattice-QCD calculations of the quark isotriplet combinations
$xu-xd$ and $x\bar{u}-x\bar{d}$ would be instrumental in constraining
quark PDFs at large $x$.
Even a calculation with $\delta_L\simeq 10\%$ uncertainties at large-$x$ would
start to provide useful constraints on global fits.
Moreover, we find that, in the unpolarized case, the information on the
PDFs that could be derived from a direct $x$-space calculation
from lattice-QCD is clearly superior to the information that can be obtained
from PDF moments alone, at least for the subset of PDFs and moments used in
the present exercise.
The profiling studies presented in this section could be extended in
a number of directions.
In the polarized case, one could include the current lattice-QCD
values of the moments listed in Table~\ref{tab:BMpol} in global analyses:
indeed, we have demonstrated that at the current level of uncertainties one
expects to find some non-trivial constraints.
In this respect, a crucial topic to investigate is the compatibility
(or lack thereof) of the existing lattice-QCD numbers compared to constraints
from experimental data.
For both unpolarized and polarized PDFs, it would be interesting to include the
effects of other moments and flavor combinations.
Higher moments, in particular, typically probe regions of higher $x$, compared
to lower moments, and in the large-$x$ regions uncertainties in the global-fit
PDFs are more marked.
One could also consider the effects of the quark combinations for which
$x$-space calculations might be available, for example those related to the
proton strangeness.
Finally, a more refined analysis should include the theoretical correlations
expected in lattice-QCD calculations, for instance, in the case of $x$-space
calculations, one expects neighboring points in $x$ to be highly correlated.
\subsubsection{Analysis settings}
\label{sec:projections:settings}
In the unpolarized case, we consider
the first moments (momentum fractions) of $q^+=q+\bar{q}$ (with $q=u,d,s$),
of the gluon, and of the isovector combination $u^+-d^+$.
In the polarized case, we consider the zeroth moments (spin fractions)
of $\Delta q^+$ (with $q=u,d,s$) and of the isovector combination
$g_A=\Delta u^+-\Delta d^+$, and the first moment of the
$\Delta u^- - \Delta d^-$ combination.
Using the notation outlined in Appendix~\ref{app:notation}, we have
\begin{align}
\left\langle x\right\rangle_{u^+}\, , \
\left\langle x\right\rangle_{d^+}\, , \
\left\langle x\right\rangle_{s^+}\, , \
\<|fim_middle|> with these caveats, our analysis makes clear that a direct
computation of the isotriplet combination $x u-x d$ on the lattice
has the potential to constrain the large-$x$ PDFs in
a more significant way than corresponding PDF moment calculations,
particularly in the unpolarized case.
Given the importance of antiquark PDFs in the large-$x$ region for LHC
phenomenology (especially for a high-luminosity run),
pursuing these calculations should be high on the list
of priorities for the lattice-QCD community.
\subsubsection{Bayesian reweighting analysis}
\label{sec:projections:rw}
To quantify the impact of future lattice-QCD calculations on global fits
in each of the three scenarios in Table~\ref{tab:scenarios},
we use a procedure based on Bayesian reweighting analysis.
We briefly describe this procedure here, and refer
to~\cite{Ball:2011gg,Ball:2010gb} for additional details.
\begin{itemize}
\item We first generate pseudo-data for the lattice-QCD calculations
of $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{u^+}$, $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{d^+}$, $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{s^+}$,
$\left\langle x\right\rangle_{g}$, and $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$ (for the unpolarized case), and
$\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta u^+}$, $\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta d^+}$,
$\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta s^+}$, $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{\Delta u^--\Delta d^-}$, and
$\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta u^+ - \Delta d^+}$ (for the polarized case).
We denote generically these moments by $\mathcal{F}_i$.
\item We construct the associated pseudo-data, denoted by
$\mathcal{F}_i^\text{(exp)}$, by taking the central values from
the corresponding NNPDF fits, NNPDF3.1 NNLO for the unpolarized case and
NNPDFpol1.1 NLO for the polarized case.
That is, we {\it assume} for simplicity that the central value
of such future lattice calculations would coincide with the current ones
from the global fit.\footnote{ The exercise can be repeated
with the actual lattice-QCD central values. However, this
requires some choices, such as how to impose
the momentum sum rule.
This is beyond the scope of the present studies.}
As discussed in Sec.~\ref{sec:unpPDFs}, this corresponds to computing
the mean over the Monte Carlo replica sample,
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:pseudodatadef}
\mathcal{F}_i^\text{(exp)} \equiv \frac{1}{N_\text{rep}}\sum_{k=1}^{N_\text{rep}}
\mathcal{F}_i^{(k)} \, , \quad i=1,\ldots,N_\text{mom} \, ,
\end{equation}
where $N_\text{mom}$ is the number of PDF moments that will be included
in the reweighting; here $N_\text{mom}=5$ both for the unpolarized and
polarized cases.
To be consistent with the calculations in Sec.~\ref{sec:benchmarking},
the central values of the pseudo-data, Eq.~\eqref{eq:pseudodatadef},
are also evaluated at $Q^2=4\text{ GeV}^2$
(see Tables~\ref{tab:unpPDFmoms} and \ref{tab:polPDFmoms}).
\item The uncertainty in the pseudo-data, denoted by
$\delta\mathcal{F}_i^\text{(exp)} $, is taken to be the value indicated in
Table~\ref{tab:scenarios} for each of the three scenarios.
Thus, the absolute uncertainty on the $i$-th moment
is given by
$\delta\mathcal{F}_i^\text{(exp)}=\delta_L^{(i)}\mathcal{F}_i^\text{(exp)} $.
\item Using the pseudo-data (central values and total uncertainties)
as defined above, we compute the Bayesian weights $\omega_k$.
These weights quantify the agreement between each $k$-th replica in
the input PDF set and the corresponding lattice pseudo-data.
We compute the $\chi^2$ for each replica $k$ as
\begin{equation}
\chi^{2(k)}= \sum_{i=1}^{N_\text{mom}} \frac{\left(
\mathcal{F}_i^{(k)} -\mathcal{F}_i^\text{(exp)} \right)^2}{
\left( \delta\mathcal{F}_i^\text{(exp)}\right)^2} \, , \quad k=1,\ldots,N_\text{rep} \, ,
\end{equation}
assuming that there are no correlations between different $N_\text{mom}$ moments.
This assumption in general might not be a good approximation, since most
lattice-QCD systematic errors are correlated among different moments,
and can be avoided, provided the full breakdown of systematic errors
for each quantity is available.
Once the values of the $\chi^2$ have been evaluated,
we compute the corresponding weights for each replica.
The relation between the weights $w_k$ and the values of
the $\chi^{2(k)}$ of each replica is~\cite{Ball:2011gg,Ball:2010gb}
\begin{equation}
\omega_k =\frac{\left( \chi^{2(k)} \right)^{(N_\text{mom}-1)/2}\exp(-\chi^{2(k)}/2)}{
\sum_{k=1}^{N_\text{rep}} \left[ \left( \chi^{2(k)} \right)^{(N_\text{mom}-1)/2}\exp(-\chi^{2(k)}/2)\right]} \, ,
\end{equation}
where the denominator ensures that the weight admits
a probabilistic interpretation, that is, $\sum_k w_k=1$.
These weights represent a measure of the agreement of the individual replicas
with the new pseudo-data.
For instance, replicas which have associated values of the moments far from
the pseudo-data (within uncertainties) will have a large $\chi^2$ and a
very small weight, being thus effectively discarded.
\item These weights are used to recompute the PDFs, their moments,
and generic cross-sections.
This procedure emulates the
impact of adding lattice-QCD pseudo-data to a complete PDF fit.
For instance, after reweighting, the mean value of
the PDF moments is
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:pseudodatadef1}
\mathcal{F}_i^\text{(rw)} = \sum_{k=1}^{N_\text{rep}}\omega_k
\mathcal{F}_i^{(k)} \, , \quad i=1,\ldots,N_\text{mom} \, ,
\end{equation}
with a similar relation for the associated uncertainties.
\end{itemize}
One limitation of the reweighting procedure is that it is maximally
reliable if the effective number of replicas $N_\text{eff}$ that survive the
reweighting procedure (which is a measure of the amount
of information left) is not too small.
This effective number of replicas is quantified in terms of the Shannon
entropy~\cite{Ball:2011gg,Ball:2010gb}
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:effnrep}
N_\text{eff}\equiv \exp\left[ \frac{1}{N_\text{rep}}\sum_{k=1}^{N_\text{rep}}\omega_k
\log \left( N_\text{rep}/\omega_k\right)\right] \, .
\end{equation}
Finding $N_\text{eff}\ll N_\text{rep}$ means that the pseudo-data
have a large impact on the fit, potentially leading to a large
reduction of the PDF uncertainties.
If either the effective number of replicas becomes too small
(say $N_\text{eff}\mathrel{\rlap{\lower4pt\hbox{\hskip1pt$\sim$} 25$), or the relative fraction is small
(say, $N_\text{eff}/N_\text{rep}\mathrel{\rlap{\lower4pt\hbox{\hskip1pt$\sim$} 0.10$), then the results become unreliable,
since they are affected by large statistical fluctuations.
Therefore, before considering the effects
of the lattice-QCD pseudo-data at the PDF
level, we need to ensure that the
three scenarios defined
in Table~\ref{tab:scenarios} still lead
to values of $N_\text{eff}$ large enough for
the reweighting procedure to be reliable.
In Table~\ref{tab:neff} we indicate the effective number of replicas
$N_\text{eff}$, Eq.~\eqref{eq:effnrep}, remaining when the pseudo-data
are included in the global
fit according to the scenarios in Table~\ref{tab:scenarios}.
For completeness, we also quote the original number
of replicas $N_\text{rep}$ for the prior
PDF sets, NNPDF3.1 and NNPDFpol1.1, respectively.
As we can see, there is a marked decrease of $N_\text{rep}$
for the three scenarios, indicating that adding the
PDF moments leads to non-trivial constraints on the global fit.
For instance, in the most optimistic scenario, Scenario~C, the effective
number of replicas is around two (five) times smaller than the starting
number of replicas in the unpolarized (polarized) case.
\begin{table}[!t]
\centering
\footnotesize
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\begin{tabular}{lcc}
\toprule
& NNPDF3.1 & NNPDFpol1.1 \\
\midrule
$N_\text{rep}$ original & 1000 & 100 \\
$N_\text{eff}$ Scenario A & 740 & 72 \\
$N_\text{eff}$ Scenario B & 750 & 59 \\
$N_\text{eff}$ Scenario C & 510 & 20 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{\small The effective number of replicas
$N_\text{eff}$, Eq.~\eqref{eq:effnrep}, remaining after pseudo-data
on the PDF moments are included in the global
fit according to the scenarios outlined
in Table~\ref{tab:scenarios}.
For completeness, we also indicate the original number
of replicas $N_\text{rep}$ for the prior
PDF sets, NNPDF3.1 and NNPDFpol1.1.
\label{tab:neff}}
\end{table}
\paragraph{Impact on unpolarized global fits.}
\label{subsec:upolfits}
We now discuss the results of applying the reweighting procedure to NNPDF3.1.
In Table~\ref{tab:unpolmomentsrw} we summarize
the values of the unpolarized PDF moments
used as pseudo-data $\mathcal{F}_i^{(\rm exp)}$,
and the corresponding results
after the reweighting has been performed, for the
three scenarios summarized
in Table~\ref{tab:scenarios};
PDF uncertainties correspond to 68\%-CL intervals.
We recall that, as explained above, the three scenarios exhibit
uncertainties $\delta_L^{(i)}$ for the lattice-QCD pseudo-data rather smaller
than those of current state-of-the-art
calculations (see Table~\ref{tab:BMunp}).
\begin{table}[!t]
\centering
\footnotesize
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.4}
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}
\toprule
& Original & Scenario A & Scenario B & Scenario C \\
\midrule
$\left\langle x\right\rangle_{u^+}$
& $0.348 \pm 0.005$
& $0.349 \pm 0.004$
& $0.349 \pm 0.004$
& $0.349 \pm 0.003$ \\
$\left\langle x\right\rangle_{d^+}$
& $0.196 \pm 0.004$
& $0.196 \pm 0.004$
& $0.196 \pm 0.003$
& $0.196 \pm 0.002$ \\
$\left\langle x\right\rangle_{s^+}$
& $0.0393 \pm 0.0036$
& $0.0389 \pm 0.0030$
& $0.0389 \pm 0.0024$
& $0.0389 \pm 0.0014$ \\
$\left\langle x\right\rangle_{g}$
& $0.4097 \pm 0.0042$
& $0.4097 \pm 0.0043$
& $0.4097 \pm 0.0040$
& $0.4097 \pm 0.0029$ \\
$\left\langle x\right\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$
& $0.1522 \pm 0.0033$
& $0.1521 \pm 0.0037$
& $0.1521 \pm 0.0035$
& $0.1521 \pm 0.0029$ \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{\small Values of the unpolarized PDF moments
used as pseudo-data, as well as the corresponding results
after the reweighting has been performed, for the
three scenarios summarized
in Table~\ref{tab:scenarios}.
%
The PDF uncertainties quoted correspond in all cases to 68\% CL intervals.
\label{tab:unpolmomentsrw}}
\end{table}
From Table~\ref{tab:unpolmomentsrw} we see that a significant
reduction in the uncertainties in the unpolarized PDF moments is challenging
to achieve unless we assume the most aggressive scenarios.
For instance, in Scenario~C, which is about the best precision that
can be achieved from lattice-QCD in the near future, the PDF uncertainties
of the first moments (that is, the momentum fractions) for $u^+,d^+,s^+$ and
$g$ decrease by around 30\%--60\%.
The most marked decrease is for the strange momentum fraction, since this is
affected by the largest PDF error in the prior fit.
In contrast, the nonsinglet combination $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$ is essentially
unchanged in all three scenarios.
Note that, in Table~\ref{tab:unpolmomentsrw}, the central values of the PDF
moments are stable, since we assume that the central values of the
pseudo-data correspond to those of the input PDFs.
In a realistic situation, this is not necessarily the case and
central values of the PDFs could also vary.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[angle=270,scale=0.35]{plots/UNPg}
\includegraphics[angle=270,scale=0.35]{plots/UNPu}\\
\includegraphics[angle=270,scale=0.35]{plots/UNPd}
\includegraphics[angle=270,scale=0.35]{plots/UNPs}\\
\caption{\small The percentage PDF uncertainty in NNPDF3.1
for the gluon and the $u^+$, $d^+$ and $s^+$ quark PDFs at
$Q^2=4\text{ GeV}^2$,
compared to the results of including lattice-QCD pseudo-data for
moments of PDFs in the fit, according to the three
scenarios in Table~\ref{tab:scenarios}.
%
See text for details.
}
\label{fig:impactUnpol}
\end{figure}
Further evidence that reducing uncertainties in unpolarized PDFs will be
challenging is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:impactUnpol}, which displays the
percentage PDF uncertainties in NNPDF3.1 for the gluon and the
$u^+$, $d^+$ and $s^+$ quark PDFs at $Q^2=4\text{ GeV}^2$, compared to the
corresponding results including lattice-QCD pseudo-data.
In the case of the $u^+,d^+$ and $s^+$, we observe a slight reduction
of the PDF uncertainties, which is more marked as we move
from Scenarios~A to C.
For instance, in the latter case the percentage PDF
uncertainty on $u^+$ ($d^+$ and $s^+$) at $x\simeq 0.1$
decreases from 1.8\% to 1.2\% (from 2.2\% to 1.7\% and from 13\% to 10\%,
respectively).
The PDF uncertainties of the gluon PDF, however,
are essentially unchanged even in the most optimistic scenario.
We also observe the trend that the reduction of the uncertainty
of the PDF moments (see Table~\ref{tab:unpolmomentsrw})
is more significant than the PDF uncertainty as a function of $x$
(Fig.~\ref{fig:impactUnpol}).
We will see that this pattern also persists for the polarized PDF case.
As the PDF moments integrate across all $x$ values (with emphasis on
smaller $x$ values), this suggests that there are correlations which could be
driving this result.
In particular we note that in Scenario~C the uncertainty on the moment for
$s^+$ is less than $4\%$ while for the PDF at any $x$ it is always greater
than $8\%$, a result which can only be achieved due to strong anticorrelation
between different $x$ regions.
Additional studies examining the PDF correlations before and after inclusion
of the lattice-QCD input could prove enlightening.
Focusing on the large-$x$ region, where the
impact of the PDF moments considered here is expected to be more marked, in
Fig.~\ref{fig:impactUnpollargex} we show the ratio
of the uncertainty in each scenario to the prior PDF
uncertainty in the NNPDF3.1 set, for the $d^+$
and $s^+$ total quark PDFs.
This comparison clearly illustrates that the relative reduction
of the PDF uncertainties upon addition of lattice-QCD
pseudo-data is not completely flat, and that it exhibits some structure.
The constraints from lattice-QCD calculations of these
PDF moments decrease for larger values of $x$.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.45]{plots/xdp-unpol-lattice-relerr-largex.pdf}
\includegraphics[scale=0.45]{plots/xsp-unpol-lattice-relerr-largex.pdf}
\caption{\small Same as Fig.~\ref{fig:impactUnpol}, now focusing
on the large-$x$ region, and showing the ratio of the
PDF uncertainty in the fits based on the three scenarios
to the original
PDF uncertainty in the NNPDF3.1 set, for the $d^+$ (left)
and $s^+$ (right) total quark PDFs.
}
\label{fig:impactUnpollargex}
\end{figure}
\paragraph{Impact on polarized global fits.}
Now we turn to apply the reweighting procedure to NNPDFpol1.1.
In Table~\ref{tab:polmomentsrw}
we list the values of the polarized PDF moments
used as pseudo-data, and the corresponding results
after the reweighting has been performed for the
three scenarios summarized in Table~\ref{tab:scenarios}.
As in the unpolarized case, the PDF uncertainties quoted correspond in
all cases to 68\%-CL intervals.
As we can see from this comparison, in Scenario~A
(which assumes lattice-QCD pseudo-data with uncertainties similar
to existing calculations) there is a marked impact on the
polarized PDF moments.
For both $\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta u^+}$ and $\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta d^+}$
the PDF uncertainties are roughly halved, with a similar, but less marked,
trend for $\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta s^+}$.
At this level, there is no impact on the nonsinglet
combinations $\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta u^+ - \Delta d^+}$
and $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{\Delta u^--\Delta d^-}$.
\begin{table}[!t]
\centering
\footnotesize
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.4}
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}
\toprule
& Original & Scenario A & Scenario B & Scenario C \\
\midrule
$\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta u^+}$
& $+0.788 \pm 0.079$
& $+0.798 \pm 0.039$
& $+0.797 \pm 0.023$
& $+0.790 \pm 0.009$ \\
$\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta d^+}$
& $-0.450 \pm 0.083$
& $-0.450 \pm 0.042$
& $-0.456 \pm 0.026$
& $-0.465 \pm 0.012$ \\
$\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta s^+}$
& $-0.124 \pm 0.108$
& $-0.120 \pm 0.070$
& $-0.121 \pm 0.076$
& $-0.111 \pm 0.029$ \\
$\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta u^+ - \Delta d^+}$
& $+1.250 \pm 0.024$
& $+1.250 \pm 0.022$
& $+1.253 \pm 0.016$
& $+1.256 \pm 0.012$ \\
$\left\langle x\right\rangle_{\Delta u^--\Delta d^-}$
& $+0.196 \pm 0.014$
& $+0.195 \pm 0.014$
& $+0.196 \pm 0.016$
& $+0.198 \pm 0.012$ \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{\small Same as Table~\ref{tab:unpolmomentsrw}, now for
the polarized PDF moments computed with NNPDFpol1.1.
%
The corresponding impact at the PDF level is shown in
Fig.~\ref{fig:impactPol}.
\label{tab:polmomentsrw}
}
\end{table}
As we further decrease the assumed uncertainties in the lattice-QCD
pseudo-data, we observe a corresponding reduction of the uncertainties
in the global fit.
In Scenario~C, the most optimistic, we find that for both
$\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta u^+}$ and $\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta d^+}$ there is an uncertainty
reduction by about an order of magnitude compared to the current values,
and by about a factor of five for $\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta s^+}$.
Therefore, future lattice-QCD calculations of
polarized PDF moments can potentially lead to a much more
precise understanding of the spin structure of the proton.
The other quark combinations exhibit less sensitivity to the inclusion
of the PDF moments in the global fit, because
they are already quite well constrained by available experimental
data.
The PDF uncertainties for $\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta u^+ - \Delta d^+}$
are reduced by a factor of two in this quite optimistic scenario, while
those of $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{\Delta u^--\Delta d^-}$ are essentially unaffected even
in the most optimistic scenario.
In Fig.~\ref{fig:impactPol} we compare the absolute PDF uncertainties
of the NNPDFpol1.1 fit to the corresponding results once the lattice
pseudo-data on polarized moments are included in the analysis by means of the
reweighting.
We show absolute rather than relative uncertainties
because, unlike unpolarized PDFs, polarized PDFs often exhibit nodes
(in particular for strangeness and the gluon) and in the nearby regions
the concept of relative uncertainty becomes ill-defined.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[angle=270,scale=0.35]{plots/POLg}
\includegraphics[angle=270,scale=0.35]{plots/POLu}
\includegraphics[angle=270,scale=0.35]{plots/POLd}
\includegraphics[angle=270,scale=0.35]{plots/POLs}
\caption{\small Same as Fig.~\ref{fig:impactUnpol}, now
showing the absolute PDF uncertainties of the NNPDFpol1.1 fit
$Q^2=4\text{ GeV}^2$, compared to the corresponding results once the lattice
pseudo-data on polarized moments are included in the analysis via reweighting.
}
\label{fig:impactPol}
\end{figure}
From Fig.~\ref{fig:impactPol} we see that for scenarios
A and B there is only a very moderate reduction (or even a slight increase)
of the PDF uncertainties, seemingly at odds with the results
for their moments in Table~\ref{tab:polmomentsrw}.
The reason is that the first PDF moments alone provide only limited
information on the shape of the PDFs themselves, and therefore in some
cases one finds a larger error reduction on the moments (since these
are the fitted quantities) than on the PDFs themselves (which are
only indirectly constrained).
Once, however, the lattice-QCD pseudo-data uncertainties
decrease beyond a certain level, these uncertainties start to influence the
PDF shape, as we can see from the results of Scenario~C.
In that case we find that the PDF uncertainties can decrease by up to a factor
of two (three) for $\Delta d^+(x,Q)$ ($\Delta s^+(x,Q)$).
We also see the apparently simple feature that relative reduction of PDF
uncertainties is more or less constant along the whole range of $x$.
For the strange quark this is perhaps roughly consistent with a simple
reduction in the normalization uncertainty independent of $x$.
However, similarly to the unpolarized case, for the down quark this
decrease is a much smaller factor than the decrease in the uncertainty
of the moments, meaning that there must be some anticorrelation between
PDFs at different $x$ values.
\subsubsection{General framework}
\label{sec:genframework}
\paragraph*{Fitting PDFs from hard-scattering data.}
Parton distributions appear in the factorization formul{\ae} of a class of
sufficiently inclusive processes, among which are deep-inelastic scattering
(DIS) and proton-(anti)proton collisions.
The factorization formul{\ae} for the unpolarized and polarized structure
functions $F_1$ and $g_1$ were introduced in Eqs.~\eqref{eq:Fi}--\eqref{pdf}.
For the hadroproduction of a generic final-state $X$ in unpolarized
proton-proton ($pp$) collisions, the corresponding factorized expression reads
\begin{align}
\sigma_{pp\to X}(s,\mu^2_F,\mu^2_R)=&\sum_{a,b}\int {\rm d}x_1 {\rm d}x_2\,
f_a(x_1,\mu_F^2)f_b(x_2,\mu_F^2)\,
\hat{\sigma}_{ab\to X}(x_1,x_2,s;\mu^2_{F},\mu^2_R)\;,
\label{eq:LHCxsecunp}
\end{align}
where the unpolarized hard cross-section
$\hat{\sigma}_{ab\to X}$ can be calculated
perturbatively as an expansion in the QCD and electroweak (EW)
running couplings.
The specific values of the momentum fractions
$x_i$ can be related to the kinematics of the final state.
For example, for the production of a heavy final state,
it can be shown that, at LO,
\begin{equation}
x_{1,2}=\frac{M_X}{\sqrt{s}}e^{\pm y_X} \, ,
\end{equation}
where $M_X$ and $y_X$ are the invariant mass and rapidity of the produced
system and $\sqrt{s}$ is the center-of-mass energy.
The factorization and renormalization scales, $\mu_F$ and $\mu_R$, are
usually taken equal to the hard scale of the process, $\mu_F=\mu_R=\mu=Q$.
Factorization formul{\ae} analogous to Eq.~\eqref{eq:LHCxsecunp} can be
written in the polarized case for $pp$ collisions where only one or
both proton beams are longitudinally polarized, see {\it e.g.}
Refs.~\cite{Stratmann:2001pb,Nadolsky:2003fz}.
When one performs a global fit, the DGLAP evolution equations of the PDFs,
Eqs.~\eqref{eq:dglapunp}--\eqref{eq:dglappol}, derive the PDFs at any scale
relevant to comparisons with the data from PDF parametrizations at an
arbitrary input scale, typically $Q_0\sim 1$~GeV.
The contribution of heavy quark flavors to any process is
power-suppressed at scales which are below the threshold for their
production~\cite{Collins:1978wz}.
Therefore, whereas in principle the QCD Lagrangian contains six quark flavors,
in practice only a smaller number of active flavors $N_f$ are included in
loops, and thus in particular in the solution of evolution equations.
When expressing predictions for processes at various disparate scales in terms
of a single set of PDFs it is thus necessary to use a so-called variable-flavor
number (VFN) scheme, whereby different numbers of active flavors are adopted
at different scales (with up to $N_f=5$ active flavors in most of PDF sets).
Use of a fixed-flavor number (FFN)
scheme only allows comparison with the data in a restricted range of scales.
The input PDF parametrization is usually chosen as
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:pdffunc}
f(x,Q_0,\{a_i\})= x^{a_1}(1-x)^{a_2}\:C(x,\{a_j\})\, ,
\end{equation}
where the parameters $\{a_i\}$ determine the PDF shape
and are different for each PDF flavor combination probed by the data.
The $(1-x)^{a_2}$ term, with $a_{2}>0$, ensures that the PDFs vanish in the
elastic limit $x\to 1$.
Specific values of the exponent $a_2$ are predicted by counting
rules~\cite{Brodsky:1973kr}, although they are not always clearly
supported by phenomenological fits~\cite{Ball:2016spl,Nocera:2014uea},
and are not always used.
The $x^{a_1}$ term governs the low-$x$ PDF behavior.
It is expected from considerations based on Regge theory,
which also provides the values of the exponents $a_1$.
However, as for $a_2$, the value of $a_1$ is left free in the global fits.
The interpolating function $C(x)$ in Eq.~\eqref{eq:pdffunc}
affects the behavior of the PDFs away from the $x\to 0$ and $x\to 1$
extrapolation regions.
This is assumed to be a smoothly varying function of $x$, for which a variety
of parametrizations can be made.
The simplest ansatz, which has been very widely used, is to take a basic
polynomial form in $x$ (or $\sqrt{x}$), such as
\begin{equation}\label{eq:lpower}
C(x)=1+a_2\sqrt{x}+a_3 x+...\;.
\end{equation}
Functional forms of this type are, for example, taken in CJ, HERAPDF and
earlier MMHT and CT sets (see below for the references to each set).
More recently, the CT and MMHT collaborations expand
in terms of a basis of Bernstein and Chebyshev polynomials, respectively.
While formally equivalent to the simple polynomial expansion
Eq.~\eqref{eq:lpower}, these are much more convenient for fitting as the
number of free parameters $n_{\rm par}$ is large.
In the latest CT and MMHT sets, there are between 20 and 40 free parameters in
total, though some of these are kept fixed when evaluating the
Hessian PDF uncertainties to reduce redundancy between the parameters.
Furthermore, the use of orthogonal polynomials, like Chebyshev
polynomials, allows one to decouple the parameters in $C(x)$ and to uniformly
sample its possible functional shapes.
An alternative approach to the PDF parametrization Eq.~\eqref{eq:lpower}
is adopted by the NNPDF collaboration.
Here, the interpolating function $C(x)$ is modeled with
a multi-layer feed-forward neural network (NN).
In practice, this allows for a greatly increased number of free parameters,
typically an order of magnitude higher than in the sets of other groups.
The form of Eq.~\eqref{eq:pdffunc} is still assumed, but
now $C(x)={\rm NN}(x)$, where ${\rm NN}(x)$ is a neural network.
The $x^{a_1}(1-x)^{a_2}$ term that multiplies ${\rm NN}(x)$ represents
a preprocessing factor that speeds up the minimization procedure
and that is determined via an iterative procedure.
Because of its parametric redundancy, the neural network parametrization
can be overtrained and learn the statistical noise of the data.
In order to avoid such a drawback, the data are split into validation and
training sets, then the best-fit is determined by
cross-validation~\cite{Forte:2002fg,DelDebbio:2004xtd}.
A similar technique is used also in the JAM
fits~\cite{Sato:2016tuz,Ethier:2017zbq}.
In most of PDF sets currently in use, the PDFs for charm and heavier quarks
are not parametrized as in Eq.~\eqref{eq:pdffunc}, but rather they are
generated by perturbative emission of gluons and light quarks.
In the vicinity of the threshold for heavy-quark production, the quark mass
cannot be neglected.
It is thus necessary to explicitly include terms suppressed by
powers of the heavy-quark mass in the coefficient functions, while
subtracting the logarithmically enhanced, unsuppressed terms that are
already generated by solving the evolution equations in order
to avoid double counting.
Various schemes exist so far to do so, see {\it e.g.}
Refs.~\cite{Forte:2013wc,Gao:2017yyd} for an extensive summary.
The possibility of parametrizing and fitting the charm PDF
on the same footing as light quark PDFs has been also explored, see
{\it e.g.}~\cite{Brodsky:2015fna,Ball:2016neh,Hou:2017khm}
and references therein.
Once the PDF parametrization is chosen, and the theoretical details
of the analysis are defined (such as the perturbative order, the
treatment of heavy quarks, etc.), the best-fit PDF parameters
and their uncertainty should be determined via a fitting methodology
that minimizes a suitable statistical estimator, typically the $\chi^2$.
There exist different alternative definitions of the $\chi^2$
to be used in the global
fits~\cite{Ball:2012wy,Gao:2013xoa,Alekhin:2017kpj,Abramowicz:2015mha}.
For instance one frequently used definition is
\begin{equation}
\chi^2
=
\sum_{i,j}^{N_{\rm dat}} (T_i(\{a_k\}) - D_i)
({\rm cov^{-1}})_{ij} (T_j(\{a_k\}) - D_j)\,,
\label{eq:chi2}
\end{equation}
where $N_{\rm dat}$ is the number of data points of a given experiment,
$T_i$ and $D_i$ are the corresponding theoretical predictions
and experimental data, and $({\rm cov^{-1}})_{ij}$ is the inverse of the
experimental covariance matrix.
The theoretical predictions $T_i(\{a_k\})$ depend on the input set of
parameters $\{a_k\}$ via the PDF parametrization, see Eq.~\eqref{eq:pdffunc}.
Therefore, Eq.~\eqref{eq:chi2} assesses the agreement between theory and data.
The covariance matrix $({\rm cov})_{ij}$ accounts for the various sources of
experimental systematic uncertainties and also allows for several
different definitions.
One example is the so-called $t_{0}$ prescription~\cite{Ball:2009qv},
where a fixed theory prediction $T_{i}^{(0)}$ is used to define the
contribution to the $\chi^2$ from the multiplicative systematic uncertainties,
namely
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:covmat_t00}
({\rm cov})_{ij}=
\delta_{ij} \sigma_{\rm stat}^2 +
\sum_{\alpha=1}^{N_c}\sigma^{(c)}_{i,\alpha}\sigma^{(c)}_{j,\alpha}D_{i} D_{j}
+ \sum_{\beta=1}^{N_{\cal L}} \sigma_{i,\beta}^{({\cal L})}\sigma_{j,\beta}^{({\cal L})}
T^{(0)}_{i} T^{(0)}_{j}\, .
\end{equation}
Here $\sigma_{\rm stat}$ is the uncorrelated uncertainty,
and $\sigma^{(c)}_{i,\alpha}$ ($\sigma^{(\cal L)}_{i,\beta}$) are the various sources
of additive (multiplicative) systematic uncertainties.
The $t_0$ prescription is needed to avoid the D'Agostini
bias~\cite{DAgostini:2003syq,DAgostini:1993arp}, a downwards
bias of the statistical estimators for the central value and the uncertainty
of the theoretical predictions due to the rescaling induced by multiplicative
uncertainties.
See~\cite{Ball:2009qv,Ball:2012wy} and references therein for details and the
alternative {\it penalty-trick} prescription, and~\cite{Gao:2013xoa}
for the alternative {\it extended}-$t$ prescription.
\paragraph{PDF uncertainties.}
Determining the best-fit values of the PDF parameters is not enough: one also
needs to estimate the associated PDF uncertainties, possibly separated into
the various sources of experimental, methodological and theoretical
uncertainties.
In this respect, there are two main methods to determine PDF uncertainties, the
{\it Hessian} and the {\it Monte Carlo} (MC) methods.\footnote{The Lagrange
multiplier method~\cite{Stump:2001gu} is also frequently used for dedicated
studies of PDF uncertainties.}
The Hessian method~\cite{Pumplin:2001ct} is based on the parabolic
expansion of the $\chi^2$ in the vicinity of its minimum
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:hessianexpansion}
\Delta\chi^2 \equiv \chi^2- \chi^2_{\rm min}
=\sum_{i=1,j}^{n_{\rm par}}H_{ij}\left( a_i-a_i^0\right)
\left( a_j-a_j^0\right) \, ,
\end{equation}
where the $n_{\rm par}$ PDF fit parameters are denoted by
$\{a_1,\ldots,a_{n_{\rm par}}\}$, the best-fit values that minimize the
$\chi^2$ are indicated by $\{a_1^0,\ldots,a^0_{n_{\rm par}}\}$,
and the Hessian matrix is defined as
\begin{equation}
H_{ij}\equiv \frac{1}{2} \frac{\partial^2\chi^2}{\partial a_i
\partial a_j}\Bigg|_{\{\vec{a}\}=
\{\vec{a}^0\}}\, .
\end{equation}
By diagonalizing this Hessian matrix, it becomes possible
to represent PDF uncertainties in terms of orthogonal eigenvectors
within a fixed tolerance $T=\sqrt{\Delta\chi^2}$.
These eigenvectors can then be used to estimate the PDF uncertainty for
arbitrary cross-sections, using the master formula of Hessian PDF sets for
the uncertainty of the cross-section $\mathcal{F}$, such
as~\cite{Pumplin:2002vw}
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:hessianmaster2}
\sigma_{\mathcal{F}}=\frac{1}{2}\left( \sum_{i}^{n_{\rm par}}
\left[ \mathcal{F}(S_i^+)-\mathcal{F}(S_i^-) \right]^2 \right)^{1/2} \, ,
\end{equation}
where $S_i^{\pm}$ correspond to the $i$-th eigenvector
associated with positive and negative variations with respect
to the best fit value.
The Monte Carlo method~\cite{Giele:1998gw,Giele:2001mr,Forte:2002fg,
DelDebbio:2004xtd} is based
on constructing a representation of the probability distribution of the
experimental data in terms of a large number $N_{\rm rep}$ of {replicas},
which encode all the information on central values, variances and
correlations provided by the experiments.
Specifically, given an experimental measurement of a hard-scattering
observable $F_{I}^{\rm (exp)}$, with total uncorrelated uncertainty
$\sigma_{I}^{\rm (stat)}$, $N_{\rm sys}$ fully correlated systematic uncertainties
$\sigma^{\rm (corr)}_{I,c}$ and $N_a$ ($N_r$) absolute (relative) normalization
uncertainties $\sigma^{\rm (norm)}_{I,n}$, the Monte Carlo replicas are
constructed using the expression
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:replicas}
F_{I}^{(\art)(k)}
=
S_{I,N}^{(k)} F_{I}^{\rm (\mathrm{exp})}\left( 1
+
\sum_{c=1}^{N_{\rm sys}}r_{I,c}^{(k)}\sigma^{\rm (corr)}_{I,c}
+
r_{I}^{(k)}\sigma_{I}^{\rm (stat)}\right)
\ , \quad k=1,\ldots,N_{\mathrm{rep}} \ ,
\end{equation}
where $S_{I,N}^{(k)}$ is a normalization prefactor.
The variables $r_{I,c}^{(k)},r_{I}^{(k)},r_{p,n}^{(k)}$ are
univariate Gaussian random numbers.
For each individual replica, the random fluctuations associated with a given
fully-correlated systematic uncertainty will be the same
for all data points, $r^{(k)}_{I,c}=r^{(k)}_{I',c}$.
Parton distribution fits are then performed separately on each of the
Monte Carlo replicas.
The resulting ensemble of PDFs samples the probability density in the space
of PDFs.
The expectation function of a generic observable $ \mathcal{F} [ \{ f \}]$,
depending on the fitted set of PDFs $\{f\}$,
is evaluated as an average over the replica sample,
\begin{equation}
\label{masterave}
\left\langle \mathcal{F} [ \{ f \}] \right\rangle
= \frac{1}{N_{\rm rep}} \sum_{k=1}^{N_{\rm rep}}
\mathcal{F} [ \{ f^{(k)} \}] \, .
\end{equation}
The corresponding uncertainty is determined as the variance of the
Monte Carlo sample,
\begin{equation}
\sigma_{\mathcal{F}} =
\left( \frac{1}{N_{\rm rep}-1}
\sum_{k=1}^{N_{\rm rep}}
\left( \mathcal{F} [ \{ f^{(k)} \}]
- \left\langle \mathcal{F} [ \{ f \}] \right\rangle\right)^2
\right)^{1/2}.
\label{mastersig}
\end{equation}
Likewise, other properties of the underlying PDF probability distribution,
such as skewness and kurtosis, could be readily computed.
Given a PDF set in the Hessian representation, it is possible to construct
the corresponding Monte Carlo representation~\cite{Watt:2012tq,Hou:2016sho}
and vice-versa~\cite{Gao:2013bia,Carrazza:2015aoa}.
So far, we discussed PDF uncertainties following from propagation of the
uncertainty of the experimental data that underlie the PDF determination.
Procedural uncertainties, associated with the methodology used to
determine PDFs from data, can also be accounted for in the MC or Hessian
approaches, or reduced to a negligible size, as in the NNPDF approach.
There are however additional sources of uncertainty, mostly theoretical,
that are not accounted for, either in the Hessian or in the MC methods.
These are extensively discussed
in Refs.~\cite{Forte:2013wc,Butterworth:2015oua,Accardi:2016ndt,Gao:2017yyd}
and briefly summarized as follows.
\begin{itemize}
\item The uncertainty due to finite uncertainties
associated with the input values of the physical parameters used in the global
fit, such as $\alpha_s(m_Z)$ and the charm mass $m_c(m_c)$, is
evaluated by repeating the fits for different values of the physical
parameters and then by suitably combining the results.
\item The missing higher order uncertainty (MHOU), due to the truncation
of the perturbative expansion, is usually inferred by comparing NLO to NNLO
unpolarized PDFs and LO to NLO polarized PDFs.
While this is expected to be small for NNLO fits, currently its size is unknown.
\item The uncertainty due to different choices in the treatment of heavy quarks
was studied in Refs.~\cite{Binoth:2010nha,Thorne:2012az}, for unpolarized PDFs,
by looking at their impact.
It was found that differences may not be entirely negligible at NLO in
the vicinity of the quark threshold, though they rapidly decrease at
NNLO~\cite{Binoth:2010nha}.
\item Uncertainties associated with missing higher-twist (power-suppressed)
corrections (if they are not included in the factorized description of
fit observables) are kept under control by removing data, below some low
cut-off scale, that may be affected by them.
Their impact can be studied by varying this
cut-off~\cite{Martin:2003sk,Accardi:2009br}, or
by looking at the stability of the fit with and without inclusion of higher
twist terms~\cite{Sato:2016tuz,Accardi:2016qay,Alekhin:2017kpj}.
\item Uncertainties associated with nuclear corrections, whenever they are
not included, affect some DIS data in which targets are deuterons or heavier
nuclei, rather than just protons.
They have been studied by including such corrections according to various
models~\cite{Martin:2009iq,Ball:2009mk,Sato:2016tuz,Accardi:2016qay},
or by attempting to fit the corrections
directly~\cite{Martin:2009iq,Martin:2012da}.
\item Extrapolation uncertainties in the region not covered
by experimental data are particularly delicate as far as full moments of PDFs
are concerned.
They are difficult to quantify, especially in the polarized case at small $x$
due to the lack of data.
The impact of extrapolation uncertainties in the unpolarized case at large $x$
has been studied in~\cite{Accardi:2011fa,Accardi:2016ndt}.
\end{itemize}
At present, the only way of dealing with such uncertainties is to make sure
that they are small enough (in comparison to the data uncertainty)
in each PDF set.
Therefore, in the remainder of this paper,
we will assume that they can be neglected.
We will point out to the reader how global-fit results can be affected
by underestimation of these uncertainties in
Secs.~\ref{subsubsec:GPDFfits}--\ref{subsec:BN}.
\subsubsection{Unpolarized PDFs}
\label{sec:unpPDFs}
\paragraph*{Theoretical features.}
While the general $x$ dependence of the PDFs is determined by
nonperturbative QCD dynamics, there are still a number
of theoretical constraints that any PDF set should satisfy.
These should be imposed during the fit procedure.
First, since the proton has the quantum numbers of two up quarks and one
down quark, the following quark number sum rules, given in terms of zeroth
moments, must be satisfied:
\begin{eqnarray}
\int_{0}^{1}dx\ \left[u(x,\mu^2)-\bar{u}(x,\mu^2)\right]
& =\left\langle 1\right\rangle _{u^{-}}= & 2 \, ,\nonumber \\
\int_{0}^{1}dx\ \left[d(x,\mu^2)-\bar{d}(x,\mu^2)\right]
& =\left\langle 1\right\rangle _{d^{-}}= & 1 \, ,
\label{eq:valencesumrules}\\
\int_{0}^{1}dx\ \left[s(x,\mu^2)-\bar{s}(x,\mu^2)\right]
& =\left\langle 1\right\rangle _{s^{-}}= & 0 \, .\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
Similar constraints hold for heavy quarks:
$\left\langle 1\right\rangle _{c^{-}}=\left\langle 1\right\rangle _{b^{-}}
=\left\langle 1\right\rangle _{t^{-}}=0$.
The valence sum rules, Eqs.~\eqref{eq:valencesumrules}, should be satisfied at
any scale $\mu$.
Indeed it can be shown that if they hold at the input parametrization scale
$\mu=Q_0$, they are subsequently respected by DGLAP evolution.
Therefore, for these distributions we must have $a_1>-1$ in
Eq.~\eqref{eq:pdffunc}, otherwise Eqs.\eqref{eq:valencesumrules}
would be ill-defined.
Second, PDFs should satisfy the conservation of energy-momentum derived from
the QCD Lagrangian.
In other words, the proton's total momentum should be equal
to the sum of the momentum carried by all its constituents
(the so-called momentum sum rule):
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:mom}
1
=
\left\langle x\right\rangle _{g}
+
\left\langle x\right\rangle _{u^{+}}
+
\left\langle x\right\rangle _{d^{+}}
+
\left\langle x\right\rangle _{s^{+}}
+
\left\langle x\right\rangle _{c^{+}}
+
\left\langle x\right\rangle _{b^{+}}
+
\left\langle x\right\rangle _{t^{+}}+\ldots\,,
\end{equation}
where the ellipsis represents any other partonic components (such
as a photon).
The first moments, $\left\langle x\right\rangle _{f}$, are defined in analogy
to Eqs.~\eqref{eq:umoment1}--\eqref{eq:uplusmoment1}.
In order to avoid a divergent contribution, we must have $a_1>-2$ in
Eq.~\eqref{eq:pdffunc} for the non-valence distributions.
Typically it turns out that $-2<a_1<-1$ for such distributions, hence
the number of soft partons grows very quickly at small $x$, although the
momentum fraction carried by them is well-defined and finite.
As in the case of the valence sum rules, the momentum
sum rule is preserved by the DGLAP evolution equations.
Theoretical calculations of DIS and hadronic cross-sections at the highest
perturbative order available should be used.
Currently, this implies using NNLO for the QCD corrections and NLO
for the EW and photon-induced effects~\cite{Manohar:2016nzj,Manohar:2017eqh}.
Thanks to recent progress in higher-order calculations, these results
are available for most of the processes entering the global
PDF fits~\cite{Currie:2016bfm,Campbell:2016lzl,Czakon:2016dgf,
Boughezal:2017nla,Li:2012wna}, including differential distributions with
colored particles in the final state.
These calculations should be provided in
a format such that the evaluation of the hadronic
cross-sections, Eq.~\eqref{eq:LHCxsecunp}, is not too burdensome
from a computational point of view.
To bypass the limitations of the lengthy (N)NLO
computations, a number of fast interfaces have
been developed that allow for the efficient calculation
of NLO (and NNLO) fully differential hadronic cross-sections,
among which {\tt APPLgrid}~\cite{Carli:2010rw},
{\tt FastNLO}~\cite{Wobisch:2011ij} and {\tt aMCfast}~\cite{Bertone:2014zva}.
\paragraph*{Experimental data.}
A broad set of input hard-scattering cross-sections from DIS and
proton-(anti)proton collisions, providing information on the PDFs over a wide
range of $x$ and for different flavor combinations, is used in modern PDF fits.
Inclusive DIS measurements have been realized with electron, muon and neutrino
(and the corresponding antiparticles) off protons, deuterons and
heavy nuclear targets.
While traditional PDF fits were based mostly on DIS structure functions,
and Drell-Yan and inclusive jet cross-sections, in recent years many other
processes have proved important for constraining PDFs, among which
top-quark pair production~\cite{Czakon:2016olj}, the $p_T$ distribution of $Z$
bosons~\cite{Boughezal:2017nla} and $D$ meson production in
the forward region~\cite{Gauld:2016kpd}.
In Fig.~\ref{fig:kinplot-report} we show the representative kinematic coverage
in the $(x,Q^2)$ plane of the DIS and proton-(anti)proton hard-scattering
measurements that are used as input in a typical global fit of unpolarized
PDFs, in this case NNPDF3.1~\cite{Ball:2017nwa}.
In order to facilitate visualization, different datasets have been clustered
together into families of related processes.
For hadronic cross-sections, LO kinematics is assumed to map
each experimental bin into a pair of points in the $(x,Q^2)$ plane.
The fact that similar regions in the $(x,Q^2)$ plane are covered by
different processes is essential to achieve quark
flavor separation and to constrain the gluon PDF.
Abundant precise data from SLAC and Jefferson Lab exist also in the
bottom right corner of the $(x,Q^2)$ plane, where however power corrections
need to be accounted for
in QCD fits~\cite{Alekhin:2017kpj,Owens:2012bv,Accardi:2016qay}.
They are not shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:kinplot-report} because they are excluded
from the NNDPF3.1 fit by the kinematic cut on the invariant mass of the final
state $W^2<12.5$~GeV$^2$ adopted there.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.60]{plots/kinplot-report.pdf}
\caption{\small Representative kinematic coverage in the $(x,Q^2)$ plane
of the DIS and proton-(anti)proton hard-scattering measurements that are
used as input in a typical fit of unpolarized PDFs,
NNPDF3.1~\cite{Ball:2017nwa}.
%
Different datasets have been clustered together into families of
related processes.
%
For hadronic cross-sections, leading order kinematics is assumed to map
each experimental bin to a pair of points in the $(x,Q^2)$ plane.
%
Additional precise data from SLAC and Jefferson Lab exist also in the
bottom right corner of the $(x,Q^2)$ plane, although they were excluded from
the NNPDF3.1 fit by the cut on the invariant mass of the final
state $W^2<12.5$~GeV$^2$ adopted there.}
\label{fig:kinplot-report}
\end{figure}
\paragraph*{State-of-the-art global PDF fits.}
Various collaborations provide regular updates of their global unpolarized
PDF fits.
The latest fits from the three main global fitting collaborations
are CT14~\cite{Dulat:2015mca}, MMHT14~\cite{Harland-Lang:2014zoa} and
NNPDF3.1~\cite{Ball:2017nwa}.
These fits are performed up to NNLO in the strong coupling (with central value
$\alpha_s(m_Z)=0.118$), and include data from the HERA $e^{\pm} p$ collider,
fixed (nuclear and proton) target experiments, the Tevatron $p\overline{p}$
collider and the LHC.
The ABMP16~\cite{Alekhin:2017kpj} set fits to a similar global data set
(although excluding jet production) but differs in its treatment of errors,
heavy flavors and the low-$Q^2$ and large-$x$ regions.
The HERAPDF2.0~\cite{Abramowicz:2015mha} set fits to the final combined HERA
Run I + II data set only, with the aim of determining the PDFs from a
completely consistent DIS data sample; in $x$ regions that are less constrained
by HERA data, the uncertainties can be quite large.
The CJ15~\cite{Accardi:2016qay} NLO set focuses on constraining the PDFs at
higher $x$ by lowering $Q^2$ and $W^2$ cuts in DIS.
This greatly increases the amount of available data, but requires additional
modeling of power-like ${\cal O}(1/Q^2)$ corrections.
The features of each PDF set have been discussed in detail in
Refs.~\cite{Butterworth:2015oua,Accardi:2016ndt}, including the
dataset, the fitting methodology, the theoretical details of the
corresponding QCD analyses, and, most importantly, the uncertainties
coming from each of these aspects.
In Fig.~\ref{fig:globalfits}
we present a snapshot of the current understanding
of the proton structure in the global PDF fitting framework.
We compare the CT14, MMHT2014
and NNPDF3.1 NNLO PDF sets at $Q=100$~GeV, normalized
to the central value of the last.
From top to bottom and from left to right we show the
$u$, $\bar{d}$ and $s$ quark PDFs and the gluon PDF.
The error bands indicate the 68\%-confidence level (CL) PDF uncertainties
associated with each set, computed with the corresponding master formula.
We observe that differences for the up quark PDF
are small, at the few percent level, but greater differences
are observed for the sea quarks, in particular
in the medium and large-$x$ region.
For the gluon there is reasonable agreement except in the large-$x$ region,
where NNPDF3.1 is softer than CT14 and MMHT14.
Any other comparison plots between PDFs can be straightforwardly
obtained using the {\tt APFEL-Web} online plotting
interface~\cite{Carrazza:2014gfa}.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.37]{plots/xu-31-nnlo-globalfits.pdf}
\includegraphics[scale=0.37]{plots/xdbar-31-nnlo-globalfits.pdf}\\
\includegraphics[scale=0.37]{plots/xs-31-nnlo-globalfits.pdf}
\includegraphics[scale=0.37]{plots/xg-31-nnlo-globalfits.pdf}\\
\caption{\small Comparison between the CT14, MMHT2014
and NNPDF3.1 NNLO PDF sets at $Q=100$~GeV, normalized
to the central value of the latter.
%
From top to bottom and from left to right we show the
$u$, $\bar{d}$ and $s$ quark PDFs as well as the gluon.
%
The error bands indicate the 1-$\sigma$ PDF uncertainties
associated with each set.
%
These PDF comparison plots have been produced using the
{\tt APFEL-Web} online plotting interface~\cite{Carrazza:2014gfa}.
\label{fig:globalfits}
}
\end{figure}
In addition to these latest versions of the global PDF fits,
there has recently been a significant development of techniques aiming
to construct combined PDF sets that are based on
a small number of Hessian eigenvectors or MC replicas and thus
are more efficient to use in lengthy higher-order
computations or Monte Carlo simulations.
In particular, the PDF4LHC15 PDF sets are based on the
combination of the CT14, MMHT14 and NNPDF3.1 NNLO PDF sets,
subsequently reduced to a small number of eigenvectors
(replicas) using the META-PDF~\cite{Gao:2013bia}
and MC2H~\cite{Carrazza:2015aoa}
(CMC~\cite{Carrazza:2015hva}) compression algorithms.
In this respect, Specialized Minimal PDF sets~\cite{Carrazza:2016htc}
(SM-PDFs) have also
been advocated, which
are tailored to specific physical processes and are based
on a minimal number of Hessian eigenvectors.
The PDF4LHC15 NLO set~\cite{Butterworth:2015oua} is displayed in
Fig.~\ref{fig:nnlopdfs} at $\mu^2=Q^2=4~{\rm GeV}^2$ and at
$\mu^2=Q^2=10^2~{\rm GeV}^2$.
Specifically, we show the $u_v=u-\bar{u}$ and $d_v=d-\bar{d}$ valence
combinations, the $\bar{u}$, $\bar{d}$, $s$ and $c$ sea quark PDFs,
and the gluon (divided by a factor 10).
The evolution between $Q^2=4$~GeV$^2$ and $Q^2=10^2$~GeV$^2$ is completely
determined by the solution of the DGLAP evolution equations.
The shape of the $u_v~(u^{-})$ and $d_v~(d^{-})$ valence quark combinations
reflects the constraints from the valence sum rules
Eq.~\eqref{eq:valencesumrules}.
At small $x$, there is a rapid growth of the gluon and the sea quark PDFs,
implying that the higher the collision center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}$,
the more important gluon- and sea-quark-initiated processes become.
The bands in Fig.~\ref{fig:nnlopdfs} represent the 68\% CL PDF uncertainties.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.8]{plots/PDF4LHC15.pdf}\\
\caption{\small The PDF4LHC15 NLO PDFs at a low scale
$\mu^2=Q^2=4~{\rm GeV}^2$ (left plot) and at
$\mu^2=Q^2=10^2~{\rm GeV}^2$ (right plot) as a function of $x$.
%
We show the $u_v$ and $d_v$ valence combinations, the $\bar{u}$,
$\bar{d}$, $s$ and $c$ sea quark PDFs, and the gluon (note that
the latter is divided by a factor 10).
\label{fig:nnlopdfs}
}
\end{figure}
We strongly encourage the community to use the most recent versions
of global PDF fits when comparing with existing or new
lattice QCD calculations.
Comparing with deprecated sets, based on obsolete methodology
and in many cases experimental data that have been
superseded, should always be avoided.
\subsubsection{Polarized PDFs}
\label{sec:polPDFs}
\paragraph*{Theoretical features.}
The dependence on the momentum fraction $x$, fixed by nonperturbative QCD
dynamics, should satisfy some theoretical constraints.
First, PDFs must lead to positive cross-sections.
At leading order (LO), this implies that polarized
PDFs are bounded by their unpolarized counterparts\footnote{Beyond LO, more
complicated relations hold~\cite{Altarelli:1998gn}; however they have little
effect on PDFs.}, $|\Delta f(x,\mu^2)|\leq f(x,\mu^2)$~\cite{Altarelli:1998gn}.
Second, PDFs must be integrable: this corresponds to the assumption
that the nucleon matrix element of the axial current for each flavor is finite.
Third, SU(2) and SU(3) flavor symmetry, if assumed to be exact, imply that
the zeroth moments of the nonsinglet $\mathcal{C}$-even PDF combinations,
$\Delta T_3=\Delta u^+ -\Delta d^+$ and
$\Delta T_8 = \Delta u^+ +\Delta d^+ -2\Delta s^+$
(where $\Delta q^+=\Delta q+\Delta\bar{q}$, $q=u,d,s$), are respectively
related to the baryon octet $\beta$-decay constants, whose
measured values are~\cite{Olive:2016xmw}
\begin{align}
g_A = a_3
& =
\int_0^1 dx \Delta T_3 (x,\mu^2)
= \langle 1\rangle_{\Delta u^+} - \langle 1\rangle_{\Delta d^+} = 1.2723 \pm 0.0023\,,
\label{eq:a3}
\\
a_8
& =
\int_0^1 dx \Delta T_8 (x,\mu^2)
= \langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta u^+} + \langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta d^+} -2\,\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta s^+}
=0.585 \pm 0.025
\,.
\label{eq:decayconst}
\end{align}
Fairly significant violations of SU(3) symmetry are advocated
in the literature (see {\it e.g.} Ref.~\cite{Cabibbo:2003cu} for a review).
In this case, an uncertainty on the octet axial charge, which could be as
large as 30\% of the experimental value of $a_8$ in Eq.~\eqref{eq:decayconst},
see Ref.~\cite{FloresMendieta:1998ii}.
\paragraph*{Experimental data.}
The bulk of the experimental information on polarized PDFs comes from
neutral-current (photon exchange) inclusive and semi-inclusive deep-inelastic
scattering (DIS and SIDIS) with charged lepton beams and nuclear targets.
As photon scattering does not distinguish quarks and antiquarks, inclusive DIS
data constrain only the total quark combinations $\Delta q^+$,
while SIDIS data with identified pions or kaons in the final state
constrain individual quark and antiquark flavors.
In principle, both DIS and SIDIS are also sensitive to the gluon
distribution $\Delta g$, as it directly enters the factorized expressions of
the corresponding structure functions beyond LO, and indirectly via DGLAP
evolution.
In practice, the constraining power of DIS and SIDIS data on $\Delta g$ is
rather weak because the $Q^2$ range covered by the data is limited,
especially if one restricts to the kinematic region not affected by
power-suppressed corrections and very precise data from JLab are therefore
excluded.
Note that, in the case of SIDIS, a reliable knowledge of fragmentation
functions (FFs) is required in the factorized expressions of the
corresponding observables.
Since FFs are nonperturbative objects on the same footing as PDFs, they are
an additional source of uncertainty in PDF determinations, if not a bias.
A significant experimental and theoretical effort has been
invested in improving the independent determination of
FFs~\cite{deFlorian:2014xna,deFlorian:2017lwf,
Hirai:2016loo,Sato:2016wqj,Bertone:2017tyb} and most recently in simultaneously
fitting both PDFs and FFs~\cite{Ethier:2017zbq,Borsa:2017vwy}.
Besides DIS and SIDIS fixed-target data, a significant amount of data from
longitudinally polarized proton-proton collisions at the Relativistic
Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) has become available recently (see {\it e.g.}
Ref.~\cite{Aschenauer:2015eha} for an overview), although in a limited range
of momentum fractions, $0.05\lesssim x \lesssim 0.4$.
On the one hand, longitudinal (parity-violating) single-spin and
(parity-conserving) double-spin asymmetries for $W^\pm$ boson production are
sensitive to the flavor decomposition of polarized quark and antiquark
distributions, because of the chiral nature of the weak
interaction~\cite{Bourrely:1993dd}.
On the other hand, double-spin asymmetries for jet, di-jet and $\pi^0$
production are directly sensitive to the gluon polarization in
the proton, because of the dominance of gluon-gluon and quark-gluon initiated
subprocesses in the kinematic range accessed by RHIC~\cite{Bourrely:1990pz}.
The kinematic coverage of the data that can be used to constrain polarized
PDFs is displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig:kinEIC}.
A comparison with Fig.~\ref{fig:kinplot-report} makes it apparent that the
quantity of data points, their kinematic coverage and the variety of
available hard-scattering processes are presently much more limited in the
polarized case than in the unpolarized case.
Therefore, polarized PDFs can currently be determined with much less
precision than their unpolarized counterparts and only over an $x$-range limited
to $x\gtrsim 0.005$.
The kinematic coverage is expected to be significantly extended in the future,
with DIS and SIDIS data from JLab-12~\cite{Dudek:2012vr} and a polarized
high-energy Electron-Ion Collider (EIC)~\cite{Accardi:2012qut}.
Such an extended kinematic coverage is also displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig:kinEIC},
where it is denoted as eRHIC.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{plots/kinEIC}\\
\caption{\small Representative kinematic coverage, in the $(x,Q^2)$ plane,
of the (neutral current) DIS, SIDIS and proton-proton hard-scattering
measurements that are used as input in a global polarized PDF fit.
The extended kinematic coverage achieved by
JLab-12~\cite{Dudek:2012vr} and by an EIC~\cite{Accardi:2012qut}
(including projected charged-current (CC) DIS data and denoted as eRHIC)
is also shown.
Figure taken from Ref.~\cite{Aschenauer:2014cki}.}
\label{fig:kinEIC}
\end{figure}
A representative illustration of polarized PDFs obtained from a global
QCD analysis, namely NNDPFpol1.1~\cite{Nocera:2014gqa}, is provided in Fig.~\ref{fig:qPDFpol}.
The format is the same as for the unpolarized case, Fig.~\ref{fig:nnlopdfs},
in order to ease any comparison between the two.
In particular, note the suppression of all polarized PDFs at small values of
$x$, including polarized sea quark PDFs, with respect to their unpolarized
counterparts.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.8]{plots/NNPDFpol11}\\
\caption{\small Same as Fig.~\ref{fig:nnlopdfs},
but for the polarized NNPDFpol1.1 NLO PDFs~\cite{Nocera:2014gqa}.}
\label{fig:qPDFpol}
\end{figure}
\paragraph{State-of-the-art global PDF fits.}
Several modern determinations of polarized PDFs of the proton (up to
NLO\footnote{A NNLO QCD analysis of polarized PDFs based on inclusive DIS
data only was performed in Refs.~\cite{Shahri:2016uzl,Khanpour:2017cha}.
Inclusive DIS is the only polarized process for which coefficient functions
are known up to NNLO (all others are known up to NLO).}
and mostly in the $\overline{\rm MS}$ factorization scheme) are available in
the literature~\cite{Nocera:2014gqa,Nocera:2016xhb,deFlorian:2014yva,deFlorian:2008mr,deFlorian:2009vb,Sato:2016tuz,Leader:2010rb,Blumlein:2010rn,Bourrely:2014uha,Hirai:2008aj}.
A key goal of these is to unveil the size (and uncertainty) of
$\Delta\Sigma$ and $\Delta G$ in Eq.~\eqref{eq:moments}.
The various determinations differ among each other in the data sets included
in the analysis, in some details of the QCD analysis (like the treatment of
higher-twist corrections) and in the procedure used to determine PDFs from the
data (for details, see {\it e.g.} Chap.~3 in Refs.~\cite{Nocera:2014vla}
and~\cite{Nocera:2016xhb,Jimenez-Delgado:2013sma}).
The NNDPF procedure and the standard (adopted by DSSV) have
already been outlined in Sec.~\ref{sec:genframework}.
We note that DSSV has developed a method based on Mellin moments of the PDFs
in order to efficiently incorporate NLO computations
of proton-proton cross-sections in the fitting procedure.
The JAM collaboration has implemented a new approach called
iterative Monte Carlo procedure~\cite{Sato:2016tuz,Ethier:2017zbq}
in their analyses.
The most recent analyses of polarized PDFs are DSSV14~\cite{deFlorian:2014yva}
and NNPDFpol1.1~\cite{Nocera:2014gqa}.
Motivated by the interest in assessing the impact of RHIC proton-proton
data, they upgrade the corresponding previous analyses,
DSSV08~\cite{deFlorian:2008mr,deFlorian:2009vb} and
NNPDFpol1.0~\cite{Ball:2013lla}, with data respectively on double-spin
asymmetries for inclusive jet production~\cite{Adamczyk:2014ozi}
and $\pi^0$ production~\cite{Adare:2014hsq} (DSSV14\footnote{Preliminary
RHIC results included in Ref.~\cite{deFlorian:2008mr} were replaced in
Ref.~\cite{deFlorian:2014yva} with final results.}),
and on double-spin asymmetries for high-$p_T$ inclusive jet
production~\cite{Adamczyk:2014ozi,Adamczyk:2012qj,Adare:2010cc} and single-spin
asymmetries for $W^\pm$ production~\cite{Adamczyk:2014xyw} (NNPDFpol1.1).
The new data have been included in NNPDFpol1.1
by means of Bayesian reweighting~\cite{Ball:2010gb},
and in DSSV14 by means of a full refit.
Overall, both the DSSV14 and NNPDFpol1.1 PDF determinations are
state-of-the-art in the inclusion of the available experimental information.
The data sets in the two analyses differ between each other only in
fixed-target SIDIS and RHIC $\pi^0$ production measurements, included in
DSSV14, but not in NNPDFpol1.1.
The information brought in by these data is complementary to that provided by
RHIC $W^\pm$ production and inclusive jet production data respectively,
although fraught with larger theoretical uncertainties related to fragmentation.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.33,clip=true,trim= 0 -1.3cm 0 0]{plots/gluoncomp}
\includegraphics[scale=0.555,clip=true,trim=0 0 7cm 15cm]{plots/correlation_getot.pdf}\\
\caption{\small (Left) The polarized gluon momentum distribution
$x\Delta g$ from the DSSV14 (with $90\%$ C.L. uncertainty band)
and NNPDFpol1.1 PDF sets at $Q^2=10$~GeV$^2$. The NNPDF3.1 positivity
bound is also shown.
(Right) $90\%$ C.L.\ areas in the plane spanned by the truncated moments of
$\Delta g$ computed for $0.05\leq x\leq 1$ and $0.001\leq x\leq 0.05$ at $Q^2=10\,\mathrm{GeV}^2$~\cite{deFlorian:2014yva}.}
\label{fig:RHICpdfs}
\end{figure}
The effect of RHIC data on the polarized PDFs of the proton is twofold:
\begin{itemize}
\item The 2009 STAR and PHENIX data sets on jet and $\pi^0$
production~\cite{Adamczyk:2014ozi,Adare:2014hsq}, included in DSSV14
and NNPDFpol1.1, provide the first evidence
of a sizable positive gluon polarization in the proton.
A comparison of the gluon PDF in the two PDF sets is displayed in
Fig.~\ref{fig:RHICpdfs} (left panel).
Comparable results, both central values and uncertainties, are found in the
$x$ region covered by RHIC data.
The agreement between the two analyses is optimal in the
range $0.08\leq x \leq 0.2$, where the dominant experimental information comes
from jet data; a slightly smaller central value is found in the DSSV14
analysis, in comparison to NNPDFpol1.1, in the range
$0.05\leq x \leq 0.08$, where the dominant experimental information comes from
$\pi^0$ production data.
Indeed, these are included in DSSV14 but are not in NNPDFpol1.1.
Nevertheless, best fits lie well within each other's error
bands, though NNPDFpol1.1 uncertainties tend to be larger than DSSV14
uncertainties outside the region covered by RHIC data.
Very consistent values of the zeroth moment of $\Delta g$,
Eq.~\eqref{eq:moments}, truncated over the interval $0.05\leq x \leq 1$, are
found: at $Q^2=10$~GeV$^2$, this is $0.20^{+0.06}_{-0.07}$ for
DSSV14~\cite{deFlorian:2014yva}, and $0.23\pm 0.06$ for
NNPDFpol1.1~\cite{Nocera:2014gqa}. The right plot in Fig.~\ref{fig:RHICpdfs}
shows the corresponding DSSV14 result as an example; the impact of the RHIC
data is clearly visible.
\item The 2012 STAR data sets on $W$ production~\cite{Adamczyk:2014xyw},
included in NNPDFpol1.1, provide evidence of a positive
$\Delta\bar{u}$ distribution
and a negative $\Delta\bar{d}$ distribution, with
$|\Delta\bar{d}|>|\Delta\bar{u}|$~\cite{Nocera:2014gqa}.
The size of the flavor symmetry breaking for polarized sea quarks is
quantified by the asymmetry $\Delta\bar{u}-\Delta\bar{d}$, which,
in the NNPDFpol1.1 analysis, turn out to be roughly as large as its
unpolarized counterpart (in absolute value)~\cite{Ball:2017nwa},
though much more uncertain~\cite{Nocera:2014rea}.
Even within this uncertainty, polarized and unpolarized light sea quark
asymmetries show opposite signs, with the polarized one being clearly positive.
This trend is also found from analysis of the polarized SIDIS data,
as revealed by the DSSV08 parton set.
This result may discriminate among various models of nucleon structure,
see~\cite{Nocera:2014rea} and references therein.
\end{itemize}
\paragraph{Open issues.}
Despite the achievements described above, the polarized PDFs presently cannot
be determined in a global QCD analysis with the same accuracy as their
unpolarized counterparts.
The experimental data are confined to a relatively narrow range of
$x$ and $Q^2$.
As a consequence, the size of the contributions of quarks, antiquarks and
gluons to the nucleon spin, as quantified by their zeroth moments,
Eq.~\eqref{eq:moments}, are still affected by large uncertainties.
These come predominantly from the extrapolation into the small-$x$ region
($x\lesssim 10^{-3}$).
Here potential modifications in the PDF shape induced by small-$x$
evolution~\cite{Bartels:1995iu,Bartels:1996wc,Kovchegov:2015pbl,
Kovchegov:2016weo,Kovchegov:2016zex,Kovchegov:2017jxc,Kovchegov:2017lsr}
could arise, which presently cannot be tested.
Significant uncertainties also affect the PDFs in the large-$x$
{\it valence} region ($x\gtrsim 0.7$).
This regime is less relevant for the determination of the PDF moments, but it
is important for comparisons to nonperturbative models of nucleon structure,
especially in terms of ratios of light-quark polarized to unpolarized PDFs
(for a comparison between large-$x$ PDFs
and model predictions, see Ref.~\cite{Nocera:2014uea}).
Finally, the small lever arm of the data in $Q^2$ is a serious limiting factor
in the determination of $\Delta g$ via evolution, unless the data at low $Q^2$
and large $x$ are included in the fit and carefully analyzed.
This requires an appropriate treatment of power-suppressed corrections and
possibly a minimization methodology which can iteratively focus on a region
in parameter space where constraints are not too strong, as done in the
JAM15 analysis~\cite{Sato:2016tuz}.
The determination of the total polarized strange distribution $\Delta s^+$ is
also particularly delicate.
Inclusive DIS data, together with nonsinglet axial couplings,
Eq.~\eqref{eq:decayconst}, and kaon SIDIS data provide the sole available
constraint on $\Delta s^+$.
A sizable negative $\Delta s^+$ is found
consistently in all analyses based on inclusive DIS data only, as a result
of the constraint from hyperon decays that is usually adopted.
However, the shape of $\Delta s^+$ may change significantly in analyses that also include
SIDIS data. Typically SIDIS data lead to a trend for $\Delta s^+$ to be
small or even slightly positive in the medium $x$-range, although this depends
also on the set of kaon FFs used to compute
the corresponding observables~\cite{Leader:2011tm}.
The recent study in Ref.~\cite{Ethier:2017zbq} sheds some light on this issue
by performing a simultaneous determination of polarized PDFs and unpolarized
FFs using DIS, SIDIS and single-inclusive annihilation data.
In order to avoid biasing the determination of $\Delta s^+$ by
assumptions on SU(3) symmetry, the octet axial charge in
Eq.~\eqref{eq:decayconst} has been allowed to be determined by the data alone.
As a consequence, a slightly positive $\Delta s^+$ distribution, but
compatible with the negative result found from inclusive DIS within its
large uncertainties, has been obtained.
An octet axial charge about $20\%$ smaller than its quoted experimental value,
Eq.~\eqref{eq:decayconst}, appears to be preferred by the data.
This implies a zeroth moment $\langle 1\rangle_{\Delta s^+}=-0.03 \pm 0.1$ at
$\mu^2=1$~GeV$^2$, and hence a larger $\Delta\Sigma$, Eq.~\eqref{eq:singletmom},
than in most other present analyses.
However, we stress that the determination of $\Delta s^+$ from SIDIS data
also relies on good knowledge of the {\it un}polarized strange distribution.
Furthermore, unpolarized SIDIS data themselves set constraints on
FFs and ultimately need to be included as well
to obtain a reliable picture~\cite{Borsa:2017vwy}.
In any case, further higher precision kaon SIDIS data will be needed
to reduce the uncertainty on $\Delta s^+$ and further test the degree of
SU(3) breaking.
Ongoing and future experimental campaigns at current facilities are
expected to provide additional experimental information
useful to clarify some of the issues outlined above (for an
assessment of the impact of very recent/forthcoming data, see {\it e.g.}
Refs.~\cite{Aschenauer:2015eha,Aschenauer:2015ata,Nocera:2015vva,
Nocera:2017wep}).
However, a future high-energy, polarized EIC~\cite{Accardi:2012qut} will
likely be the only facility to be able to address all of the above issues
with the highest precision.
The extension of the kinematic reach down to $x\sim 10^{-4}$ and up to
$Q^2=10^4$~GeV$^2$ will allow for an accurate determination of $\Delta g$
via evolution in DIS/SIDIS, of $\Delta\bar{u}$ and
$\Delta\bar{d}$ via inclusive DIS at high $Q^2$ mediated by electroweak bosons,
and of $\Delta s$ via kaon-tagged SIDIS.
The potential impact of the longitudinally polarized program at an EIC
has been quantitatively assessed in several dedicated
studies~\cite{Aschenauer:2012ve,Ball:2013tyh,Aschenauer:2013iia,
Aschenauer:2015ata}.
\subsubsection{Systematic uncertainties}
Lattice-QCD calculations must demonstrate control over all sources of
systematic uncertainty introduced by the discretization of QCD on the
lattice to make meaningful contact with experimental data.
These
include discretization effects that vanish in the continuum limit;
extrapolation from unphysically heavy pion masses; finite volume
effects; and renormalization of composite operators.
To take the continuum limit requires accurate determinations of the
lattice spacing.
We briefly review these main sources of systematic uncertainty here; for a
fuller account see, for example, Ref.~\cite{Aoki:2016frl}.
\begin{itemize}
\item {\bfseries Discretization effects and the continuum limit.}
There is a fair degree of flexibility in discretizing the QCD action.
This has led to a variety of formulations, which differ mainly in the choice of
the action for quarks.
In the continuum limit, which corresponds to taking
the lattice spacing $a$ to zero with all physical quantities fixed,
the simplest discretizations differ from continuum QCD at ${\mathcal
O}(a)$.
In practice, one cannot afford to perform numerical
simulations at arbitrarily small lattice spacings, because the cost of
computation increases with a large inverse power of the lattice
spacing, and ${\cal O}(a)$ effects can be significant even
with current lattice spacings ranging from $0.15 \,\mbox{fm}$ to
$0.05 \,\mbox{fm}$.
To accelerate the convergence to the continuum
limit, improved quark and gluon actions are widely used, which include
higher-dimension operators to reduce the discretization errors to
${\cal O}(a^2)$ or better.
Chiral fermions with automatic $\mathcal{O}(a)$ improvement and small
$\mathcal{O}(a^2)$ discretization errors are also adopted to admit
calculations on coarser lattice spacings~\cite{Creutz:2011hy,Vladikas:2011bp,
Chandrasekharan:2004cn}.
\item {\bfseries Pion mass dependence.}
The computational cost of the fermion contribution to the path
integral increases with a large inverse power of the bare quark mass
(or, equivalently, the pion mass).
Lattice-QCD calculations are therefore
often performed at unphysically heavy pion masses, although results calculated
directly with physical pion masses have become increasingly common, albeit with larger
errors.
To obtain results at the physical pion mass, lattice data are
generated at a sequence of pion masses and then extrapolated to the
physical pion mass.
To control the associated systematic
uncertainties, these extrapolations are guided by effective
theories.
In particular, the pion-mass dependence can be parametrized
using chiral perturbation theory ($\chi$PT)~\cite{Golterman:2009kw},
which accounts for the
Nambu-Goldstone nature of the lowest excitations that occur in the
presence of light quarks.
\item {\bfseries Finite volume effects.} Numerical lattice-QCD
calculations are necessarily restricted to a finite space-time
volume, {\it e.g.}, a hypercube of side $L$.
For most simple quantities, these effects decay exponentially
with the size of the lattice~\cite{Luscher:1985dn,Luscher:1986pf}, and
therefore the easiest way to
minimize or eliminate finite volume effects is to choose the volume
sufficiently large in physical units.
Unfortunately, this can be
prohibitively expensive as one approaches the continuum limit, requiring the
number of lattice sites to grow as $L/a$ in all four directions.
Finite volume $\chi$PT is the preferred
tool to develop systematic expansions that provide quantitative
information on finite-volume effects.
In general, finite volume
effects of hadrons are dominated by their interactions with pions,
which can travel around the (periodic) lattice many times.
Numerical evidence suggests that lattice sizes of $m_\pi L \geq 4$, where
$m_\pi$ is the pion mass, are generally sufficiently large that finite
volume effects are negligible for mesons, within the current precision
of lattice-QCD calculations.
From the studies of the pseudoscalar and electromagnetic form factors of the
nucleon, it is evident that larger physical volumes are needed for the
baryons.
\item {\bfseries Excited state contamination.}
At small Euclidean times, a lattice-QCD correlation function
is a sum over a tower of states that behave as $e^{-m_it}$, where $m_i$ is the
energy of the state and $t$ is the Euclidean time.
Thus, at large Euclidean times,
ground-state quantities can be extracted by fitting to the dominant
exponential behavior.
Unfortunately, the signal-to-noise ratio is exponentially suppressed
as $e^{-(E_N-3m_\pi/2)t}$, where $E_N$ is the nucleon energy~\cite{Lepage:1989hd}.
Thus, lattice-QCD results
are extracted from an intermediate region in which excited state contributions
are either small or well-controlled and the signal-to-noise ratio is
sufficiently large that the signal can be reliably extracted.
This is a particular challenge for baryons and is one of the largest
sources of systematic uncertainties for nucleon matrix elements.
\item {\bfseries Renormalization.} The matrix elements extracted from a
lattice-QCD calculation at a given lattice spacing are bare matrix elements,
rendered finite by the presence of the lattice spacing, which serves
as a gauge-invariant UV regulator.
To take the continuum limit, {\it i.e.}, remove the regulator, one must
renormalize the corresponding operators and fields and match them to some
common scheme and scale used by phenomenologists.
Although renormalization is traditionally
discussed in the framework of perturbation theory, at hadronic energy
scales the renormalization constants should be computed
nonperturbatively to avoid uncontrolled uncertainties due to
truncated perturbative results.
To compare with phenomenology, which uses the $\overline{\rm MS}$ scheme,
a conversion factor from the nonperturbative scheme must be computed
perturbatively.
This requires a renormalization condition that can be implemented on the
lattice and in continuum perturbation theory.
In QCD with only light quarks it is technically advantageous to employ
so-called mass-independent renormalization schemes.
A common choice is the regularization-independent/momentum (RI/MOM)
scheme~\cite{Martinelli:1994ty}.
In addition, on a hypercubic lattice, the orthogonal group $O(4)$ of
continuum Euclidean space-time is reduced to the hypercubic group
$H(4)$.
Thus, operators are classified according to irreducible
representations of $H(4)$~\cite{Gockeler:1996mu}.
Different irreducible representations belonging to the same $O(4)$ multiplet
will, in general, give different answers at finite lattice spacing, an effect
that can be reduced by improving the operators~\cite{Gockeler:2004wp}.
Conversely, operators that lie in different irreducible representations of
$O(4)$, but the same irreducible representations of $H(4)$, will mix at finite
lattice spacing but not in the continuum.
When these operators have lower mass dimensions,
the mixing coefficients scale with the inverse lattice spacing to some
power, and diverge in the continuum limit.
This power-divergent mixing
must be removed nonperturbatively, and is a particular challenge for
lattice calculations of the Mellin moments of PDFs (see
Sec.~\ref{Sec:MomentsLQCD}).
\item {\bfseries Lattice-spacing determination.}
Numerical lattice-QCD calculations naturally determine all dimensionful
quantities in units of the lattice spacing.
Thus, extracting physical values requires the determination of the lattice
scale.
This is achieved by matching a quantity with mass dimension to its experimental
value or through a well-defined theoretical procedure, that is referred to as
{\it scale-setting}.
Popular reference scales include light decay constants, hadron masses,
scales defined in terms of the heavy quark potential or, most recently,
the length scales $\sqrt{t_0}$~\cite{Luscher:2010iy} and
$w_0$~\cite{Borsanyi:2012zs} defined via the Wilson gradient
flow~\cite{Luscher:2010iy}.
These scales can be computed cheaply and can be used to
match scales between different gauge ensembles very accurately.
However, a hadron mass or a decay constant --- which are known accurately
from experiment and can be computed precisely in lattice-QCD ---
have to be used for absolute scale setting.
A popular hadronic mass for this purpose is the mass of the triply strange
$\Omega$ baryon~\cite{Durr:2008zz} or the 2S-1S splitting in the Upsilon
spectrum~\cite{Kendall:2008zz}.
\end{itemize}
These sources of systematic uncertainty all need to be under control
when confronting experimental data with lattice results, or vice
versa.
For a coherent assessment of the present state of lattice-QCD
calculations of various quantities, the degree to which each
systematic has been controlled in a given calculation is an important
consideration.
In Sec.~\ref{subsubsec:BClQCD}, we characterize the
quality of the lattice calculations, based on criteria inspired by the
FLAG analysis of flavor physics on the lattice~\cite{Aoki:2016frl}.
\subsubsection{Mellin moments of PDFs from lattice QCD}
\label{Sec:MomentsLQCD}
Parton distributions cannot be directly determined in Euclidean lattice QCD,
because their field-theoretic definition involves fields at light-like
separations.
Instead, the traditional approach for lattice-QCD calculations has been to
determine the matrix elements of local twist-two operators, where twist is the
dimension minus the spin, that can be related to the Mellin moments of PDFs.
In principle, given a sufficient number of Mellin moments, PDFs can be
reconstructed from the inverse Mellin transform.
In practice, however, the calculation is limited to the lowest three moments,
because power-divergent mixing occurs between twist-two operators on the
lattice.
Three moments are insufficient to fully reconstruct the momentum dependence of
the PDFs without significant model dependence~\cite{Detmold:2003rq}.
The lowest three moments do provide, however, useful information, both as
benchmarks of lattice-QCD calculations and as constraints in global extractions
of PDFs.
Here we briefly review the determination of Mellin moments of PDFs from lattice
QCD.
We emphasize that the order of each moment is counted from zero ({\it i.e.},
the lowest moment is the zeroth moment), see Appendix~\ref{app:notation}
for explicit definitions.
Using the operator product expansion (OPE)~\cite{Zimmermann:1972tv}, the Mellin
moments of the structure functions and the corresponding PDFs can be expressed,
up to higher-twist effects, in terms of matrix elements of local operators:
\begin{align}
\!\!\!2 \int_0^1 dx\, x^{n-1} F_1(x,Q^2) &= \sum_a C_{1,a}^n(\mu^2)\, v_a^n(\mu^2)|_{\mu^2=Q^2} = \sum_a C_{1,a}^n(Q^2)\, \int_0^1 dx\, x^{n-1} f_a(x,Q^2)\,,\\
4 \int_0^1 dx\, x^n g_1(x,Q^2) &= \sum_a \Delta C_{1,a}^n(\mu^2)\, a_a^n(\mu^2)|_{\mu^2=Q^2} = \sum_a \Delta C_{1,a}^n(Q^2)\, \int_0^1 dx\, x^n\, 2 \Delta f_a(x,Q^2)\,,
\end{align}
where $v_i^n(\mu^2)$ and $a_i^n(\mu^2)$ are reduced matrix elements of the appropriate twist-two operators~\cite{Gockeler:1995wg},
\begin{align}
\frac{1}{2} \sum_s \langle p,s|\mathcal{O}^i_{\{\mu_1,\cdots,\mu_n\}}|p,s\rangle = {} & 2 v_i^n\, [p_{\mu_1}\cdots p_{\mu_n} - {\rm traces}] \,, \label{eq:twist2me}\\
\langle p,s|\mathcal{O}^{5\,i}_{\{\sigma \mu_1,\cdots,\mu_n\}}|p,s\rangle = {} & \frac{1}{n+1} a_i^n\, [s_\sigma p_{\mu_1}\cdots p_{\mu_n} - {\rm traces}]\,,
\end{align}
and $C_{1,i}^n(\mu^2)$ and $\Delta C_{1,i}^n(\mu^2)$ are the Mellin moments of the corresponding Wilson coefficients
\begin{equation}
C_{1,i}^n(\mu^2) = \int_0^1 dy\, y^{n-1} C_{1,i}(y,\mu^2)\,, \quad
\Delta C_{1,i}^n(\mu^2) = \int_0^1 dy\, y^n \Delta C_{1,i}(y,\mu^2)\,.
\end{equation}
The trace terms include operators with at least one factor of the metric
tensor $g^{\mu_i \mu_j}$ multiplied by operators of dimension $(n+2)$ with
$n-2$ Lorentz indices.
The operators relevant for the lowest two moments are listed in
Table~\ref{Tab:twist2}.
The operator $\mathcal{O}^q_{\mu_1\mu_2}$ decomposes into two different
representations of $H(4)$~\cite{Gockeler:1996mu}, each with different
lattice artifacts and renormalization factors.
In the continuum limit, however, both operators should lead to the same result.
In contrast, the operator $\mathcal{O}^q_{\mu_1\mu_2\mu_3}$ splits into several
representations of $O(4)$ transforming identically under $H(4)$ and causing
the corresponding operators to mix under renormalization on the lattice.
\begin{table}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.6}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{@{}ccc@{}}
\toprule
Matrix element & Operator & PDF moment \\
\midrule
$v_q^2$\,, $v_{\bar{q}}^2$ &
$\displaystyle \left({\rm i}/2\right) \bar{q}(x)\gamma_{\mu_1} \overleftrightarrow{D}_{\mu_2} q(x)$ &
$\langle x \rangle_{q^+}$\\
$v_q^3$\,, $v_{\bar{q}}^3$ & $\displaystyle \left({\rm i}/2\right)^2 \bar{q}(x)\gamma_{\mu_1} \overleftrightarrow{D}_{\mu_2} \overleftrightarrow{D}_{\mu_3} q(x)$ & $\langle x^2 \rangle_{q^-}$\\
$a_q^0$ & $\displaystyle \bar{q}(x)\gamma_{\sigma} \gamma_5 q(x)$ &
$2\, \langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta q^+}$ \\
$a_q^1$ & $\displaystyle \left({\rm i}/2\right) \bar{q}(x)\gamma_{\sigma} \gamma_5 \overleftrightarrow{D}_{\mu_1} q(x)$ & $2\, \langle x \rangle_{\Delta q^-}$ \\
$v_g^2$ & $\displaystyle - {\rm Tr}\, F_{\mu_1\alpha}F_{\mu_2\alpha}$ & $\langle x \rangle_g$ \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{\label{Tab:twist2}
\small List of operators relevant for the computation of the lowest two
Mellin moments of polarized and unpolarized PDFs.
Here we indicate, for each operator, the corresponding matrix element and
the specific PDF moment that can be evaluated (see
Appendix~\ref{app:notation} for the notation used).
}
\end{table}
\paragraph*{Higher-twist contributions.}
The discussion so far has focused on the limit in which higher-twist
contributions, suppressed by powers of the momentum transfer, have been ignored.
In fact, higher-twist contributions to the lowest moment of the structure
function $F_1(x,Q^2)$ are found to be of
${\cal O}(1\mbox{ GeV}^2/Q^2)$~\cite{Blumlein:2008kz}.
For lattice QCD, typically $Q^2 \simeq 1/a^2$, and at present lattice spacings
this corresponds to $Q^2 = {\cal O}(10\mbox{ GeV}^2)$ or a higher-twist
contribution of 5--$10\%$.
With contributions of higher-twist included, the OPE for $F_1$ reads
\begin{equation}
2 \int_0^1 dx\, x F_1^q(x,Q^2) = C_{1,q}^2(\mu^2)\, v_q^2(\mu^2)|_{\mu^2=Q^2} + \frac{\bar{C}_{1,q}^2(\mu^2)}{Q^2}\, \bar{v}_q^2(\mu^2)|_{\mu^2=Q^2} + \cdots \,,
\label{tex}
\end{equation}
where $\bar{C}_{1,q}^2$ and $\bar{v}_q^2(\mu^2)$ are the Wilson coefficient and
reduced matrix element of a generic twist-four operator.
Both twist-two and four contributions mix under renormalization, to the extent
that the perturbative series for the Wilson coefficients $C_{1,q}^2(\mu^2)$
diverges due to the presence of infrared (IR) renormalon singularities.
This ambiguity is canceled by that in the twist-four matrix element
$\bar{v}_q^2(\mu^2)$ that arises as a result of an ultraviolet (UV)
renormalon singularity~\cite{Martinelli:1996pk}.
If mixing effects are ignored, the uncertainties will be, at least, comparable
to the power corrections themselves.
Power corrections can be assessed most efficiently, and the twist expansion
tested, by a direct lattice-QCD evaluation of the Compton amplitude, which we
discuss in Sec.~\ref{Sec:InversionMethod}.
\paragraph*{Beyond the first three moments.}
Moving beyond the lowest three moments requires overcoming the challenge of
power-divergent mixing for lattice-QCD twist-two operators.
One novel approach to this problem~\cite{Davoudi:2012ya} builds upon the
physical intuition that as long as the scale associated with the operator
(for the twist-two operators, this is the renormalization scale $\mu$) is taken
to be much larger than the hadronic scale but much smaller than the inverse
lattice spacing, no singularity necessarily arises as one takes the continuum
limit.
The operator can still probe the correct hadron structure at the scale $\mu$,
but should be insensitive to the details of the discretization of the operator
at shorter distances.
A simple way to incorporate an intrinsic {\it smearing} scale for an operator
is to sum over bilinears of quark fields that are displaced over many lattice
sites in a small (compared to the scale $1/\mu$) region of Euclidean space-time
(an alternative approach appears in Ref.~\cite{Monahan:2015lha}).
To ensure that the correct $SO(4)$ transformation properties of the matrix
elements are recovered in the continuum limit, one must project the sum using
hyper-spherical harmonics.
The properties of these operators, such as their mixing patterns and scaling
properties, are discussed in detail in Ref.~\cite{Davoudi:2012ya}.
In particular, while the classical mixing with lower and higher spin operators
are both suppressed by $\sim a^2$ for spatially improved operators, the mixing
at one-loop in lattice perturbation theory is suppressed
by ${\cal O}(\alpha_s a)$ or ${\cal O}(\alpha_s a^2)$.
The suppression depends on the lattice action used, provided that the gauge
action adopted to construct the gauge-invariant bilinears is tadpole-improved
and smeared over a region whose physical size is held fixed as the continuum
limit is taken.
In principle, this allows higher moments of PDFs to be obtained from lattice
QCD, without power divergences. Numerical investigations of this approach,
which requires gauge configurations with very fine lattice spacings, are
underway.
Other approaches that avoid power-divergent mixing have also been suggested,
including coupling fictitious heavy quarks to light-quark
currents~\cite{Detmold:2005gg}, and calculating current correlators in
position space~\cite{Braun:2007wv}.
The practical application of these ideas is yet to be studied nonperturbatively.
\subsubsection{The $x$-dependence of PDFs from lattice QCD}
\label{sec:xdependence}
While the lowest three moments of PDFs can provide important benchmarks for
lattice-QCD calculations of nucleon structure, and useful constraints in global
extractions of PDFs, they are not in themselves sufficient to determine the
$x$-dependence of PDFs.
In the following section we summarize recent approaches to determining the
$x$-dependence of PDFs directly from lattice QCD.
\paragraph*{Hadronic tensor.}
In principle, PDFs can be determined from hadronic tensors provided the
higher-twist contributions, which have different $Q^2$ dependence than the
leading-twist, can be subtracted.
Calculating the hadronic tensor in the Euclidean path-integral approach
has the advantage that no renormalization is required if conserved vector
currents are used in the current-current correlation and only finite
renormalizations are needed for the local currents.
Furthermore, since the structure functions are frame-independent, they
can be calculated in any momentum frame of the nucleon.
One can choose the nucleon momenta and momentum transfers judiciously
to have a desirable coverage of $x$ for a given $Q^2$.
However, the inverse Laplace transform that is needed to convert the hadronic tensor from Euclidean space to Minkowski space can be a
challenge~\cite{Liu:1993cv,Liu:1999ak}.
Three numerical approaches, the Backus-Gilbert method~\cite{Hansen:2017mnd},
improved maximum entropy, and fitting with model spectral functions,
are suggested to tackle this inverse Laplace-transform
problem~\cite{Liu:2016djw}.
In Ref.~\cite{Liu:1993cv} sea partons are separated into {\it connected sea}
and {\it disconnected sea} contributions, based on the distinct topologies of
the diagrams in a lattice computation.
This distinction can help identify the impact on PDF uncertainties of
improving the uncertainties associated with disconnected diagrams determined
using lattice-QCD.
The extended evolution equations to accommodate both the connected sea
(CS) and disconnected sea (DS) partons are derived in Ref.~\cite{Liu:2017lpe}.
\paragraph*{The inversion method.}
\label{Sec:InversionMethod}
The Compton amplitude $T_{\mu\nu}(p,q)$, Eq.~\eqref{eq:Compton}, can be
directly obtained in lattice QCD, including disconnected contributions,
by a simple extension~\cite{Chambers:2017dov} of existing implementations of
the Feynman-Hellmann technique to lattice QCD~\cite{Horsley:2012pz,
Chambers:2014qaa,Chambers:2015bka}.
Provided one works at sufficiently large $Q^2$, the Compton amplitude will be
dominated by twist-two contributions.
Varying $Q^2$ allows one to test the twist expansion and, in particular,
isolate twist-four contributions. Moreover, one can distinguish between
contributions from up, down and strange quarks, connected and disconnected,
by appropriate insertions of the electromagnetic current.
To compute the Compton amplitude from the Feynman-Hellmann relation, a
perturbation to the QCD Lagrangian is introduced, for example,
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{L}(x)
\rightarrow
\mathcal{L}(x) + \lambda \mathcal{J}_3(x)\,,
\quad
\mathcal{J}_3(x)
=
Z_V\cos(\vec{q} \cdot \vec{x})\;
e_q \,\bar{q}(x)\gamma_3 q(x)
\label{in}
\end{equation}
where $q$ is the quark field to which the photon is attached, and $e_q$ its
electric charge.
For simplicity, we consider the local vector current only, so that the
renormalization factor $Z_V$ is known and no further renormalization is needed.
Taking the second derivative of the nucleon two-point function
\begin{equation}
\langle N(\vec{p},t) \bar{N}(\vec{p},0)\rangle_\lambda
\simeq
C_\lambda\, e^{-E_\lambda(p,q)\,t}
\end{equation}
with respect to $\lambda$ on both sides, gives
\begin{equation}
-2 E_\lambda(p,q)\,
\frac{\partial^2}{\partial\lambda^2} E_\lambda(p,q)\,\big|_{\lambda=0}
=
T_{33}(p,q) \,.
\end{equation}
For $p_3=q_3=q_4=0$ this leaves us with
\begin{equation}
T_{33}(p,q)
=
4 \omega^2 \int_0^1 dx\, \frac{xF_1(x,Q^2)}{1-(\omega x)^2} \,.
\label{ff}
\end{equation}
Extracting the polarized structure functions requires insertions of two
different currents with $\mu\neq \nu$.
The idea is then to solve Eq.~\eqref{ff} for $F_1(x,Q^2)$ numerically.
In Refs.~\cite{Ji:2001wha,Chambers:2017dov} it was shown that the unpolarized
structure function $F_1(x,Q^2)$ can be computed from a lattice calculation
of the Compton amplitude, devoid of any renormalization and mixing issues.
With the same method, PDFs can be computed directly without the need to go
through the structure functions, provided $Q^2$ is sufficiently large that
power corrections can be neglected.
\paragraph*{Quasi-PDFs.}
Quasi-PDFs provide an alternative approach to determining the $x$-dependence
of PDFs directly from lattice QCD~\cite{Ji:2013dva,Ji:2014gla}.
In the following discussion, we focus on the flavor-nonsinglet quasi-PDF,
for which we can ignore mixing with the gluon quasi-PDF.
The unpolarized quark quasi-PDF is defined as the momentum-dependent
nonlocal forward matrix element
\begin{align}\label{eq:qPDF}
\widetilde{q}(x,\Lambda,p_z)
= {} & \int \frac{dz}{2\pi} e^{-i x z p_z} p_z h(z,p_z), \nonumber \\
h(z,p_z)
= {} &
\frac{1}{4 p_{\alpha}}\sum_{s=1}^2\left\langle p,s\right\vert \bar{\psi}(z)\gamma_\alpha e^{ig\int_0^z
A_z(z^\prime) dz^\prime} \psi(0) \left\vert p,s\right\rangle,
\end{align}
where $\Lambda$ is an UV cut-off scale, such as the inverse lattice spacing
$1/a$.
The Lorentz index $\alpha$ of the matrix $\gamma_\alpha$ is generally chosen
to be spatial, $\alpha = z$, but the alternative choice $\alpha = 4$ is also
possible and removes part of the leading order twist-4
contamination~\cite{Xiong:2013bka,Radyushkin:2016hsy}.
Because $p$ is finite, the momentum fraction $x$ can be larger than unity.
The quasi-PDF is defined for nucleon states at finite momentum and must be
related to the corresponding light-front PDF\footnote{In this context the term
light-front PDF is used to distinguish ordinary PDFs,
Eqs.~\eqref{eq:unpPDFs}--\eqref{eq:polPDFs} from quasi-PDFs,
Eq.~\eqref{eq:qPDF}.},
for which the nucleon momentum is taken to infinity.
In the large-momentum effective field theory (LaMET) approach, the
quasi-PDF $\widetilde{q}(x,\Lambda,p_z)$ can be related to the $p_z$-independent
light-front PDF $q(x,Q^2)$ through~\cite{Ji:2013dva,Ji:2014gla}
\begin{equation} \label{eq:qPDFmatching}
\widetilde{q}(x,\Lambda ,p_z) =
\int_{-1}^1 \frac{dy}{\left\vert y\right\vert}
Z\left( \frac{x}{y}, \frac{\mu}{p_z}, \frac{\Lambda}{p_z}\right)_{\mu^2 = Q^2} q(y,Q^2) +
\mathcal{O}\left( \frac{\Lambda_\text{QCD}^2}{p_z^2},\frac{M^2}{p_z^2}\right),
\end{equation}
where $\mu$ is the renormalization scale,
$Z$ is a matching kernel and $M$ is the nucleon mass.
Here the $\mathcal{O}\left(M^2/p_z^2\right)$ terms are target-mass corrections
and the $\mathcal{O}\left(\Lambda_\text{QCD}^2/p_z^2\right)$ terms are
higher-twist effects, both of which are suppressed at large nucleon momentum.
An alternative, but related, construction is proposed in
Refs.~\cite{Radyushkin:2016hsy,Radyushkin:2017cyf} and explored in
Ref.~\cite{Orginos:2017kos}.
Preliminary results from lattice calculations of quasi-PDFs have been
encouraging~\cite{Lin:2014zya,Alexandrou:2015rja,Chen:2016utp,
Alexandrou:2016jqi}.
However, there are a number of remaining challenges that must be overcome for
an {\it ab initio} determination of the $x$-dependence of PDFs directly from
lattice QCD that incorporates complete control over systematic uncertainties.
Lattice calculations of quasi-PDFs are subject to the same sources of
systematic uncertainty that affect all lattice calculations, see
Sec.~\ref{Sec:IntroLQCD}.
Here we focus on systematic uncertainties that are more specific to quasi-PDFs.
These are uncertainties associated with the finite nucleon momentum of the
lattice calculations and to the renormalization of quasi-PDFs.
\begin{itemize}
\item Preliminary nonperturbative studies of the quasi-PDF used nucleon
momenta in the range $p_z = 2\pi/L$ to $10\pi/L$, where $L$ is the physical
extent of the lattice, corresponding to $p_z = 0.5$ to
$2.5$~GeV~\cite{Lin:2014zya,Alexandrou:2015rja,Chen:2016utp,Alexandrou:2016jqi}.
At such low momenta, higher-twist and target mass corrections are likely to be
considerable.
Target mass corrections can be removed to all orders~\cite{Chen:2016utp}, and
twist-4 contributions can be removed in
principle~\cite{Chen:2016utp,Radyushkin:2016hsy}, leaving higher-twist
contamination.
To reduce these remaining effects starting at $O(\Lambda_{\rm QCD}^2/p_z^2)$,
the authors of Refs.~\cite{Lin:2014zya,Chen:2016utp} extrapolated to infinite
nucleon momentum using the fit ansatz $a + b/p_z^2$ for each value of $x$.
Although the effects of finite nucleon momentum can be mitigated, a quark-model
study asserts that reducing systematic uncertainties to less than 20\% at
moderate values of $x$ requires significantly larger values of nucleon
momentum~\cite{Gamberg:2014zwa}, and at larger values of $x$
(roughly $x\simeq 1$) requires nucleon momentum as large as $p_z > 4$~GeV.
The size of the nucleon momentum is currently limited by the decreasing
signal-to-noise ratio at large momenta, which requires very high statistics
to extract a signal.
New approaches to high-momentum nucleons are being investigated, with the most
promising an approach that employs momentum smearing~\cite{Bali:2016lva}.
This method has been applied to quasi-PDFs in
Refs.~\cite{Alexandrou:2016jqi,Green:2017xeu}, demonstrating a large
improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio by reaching momenta of about $2.5$~GeV.
\item The leading-twist quasi-PDFs and light-front PDFs are connected through
the matching (or {\it factorization}) relation, Eq.~\eqref{eq:qPDFmatching}.
Provided the quasi and light-front PDFs share the same IR behavior, the
matching kernel can be determined in perturbation theory~\cite{Xiong:2013bka}.
The one-loop matching kernel including gluon channel has been recently
reported~\cite{Wang:2017qyg}.
The factorization of the IR structure of quasi-PDFs into light-front PDFs and an IR-safe matching kernel was claimed to hold to all orders in Refs.~\cite{Ma:2014jla,Ma:2014jga,Ma:2017pxb}.
More specifically, Refs.~\cite{Ma:2014jla,Ma:2014jga} claim that the
factorization holds to all orders provided that UV divergences
are properly renormalized.
However, Ref.~\cite{Li:2016amo} asserted that there might be subtleties beyond
leading order in perturbation theory.
A distinct, but similar, issue is the IR structure of extended operators in
Euclidean and Minkowski space-time.
There are again subtleties in perturbation theory~\cite{Carlson:2017gpk},
but arguments based on general field-theoretic grounds demonstrate that the
quasi-PDF extracted from an Euclidean correlation function is exactly the
same matrix element as that determined from the LSZ reduction formula in
Minkowski space-time~\cite{Briceno:2017cpo}.
In contrast to the IR structure, the UV structure of the quasi-PDF is quite
different from the UV structure of the light-front PDF: the former has both
linear and logarithmic divergences, while the latter contains only logarithmic
divergences.
Although there are no power-divergences in dimensional regularization,
quasi-PDFs determined on the lattice are regulated by the inverse lattice
spacing.
In the continuum limit (for which $a\to 0$, with all physical quantities held
fixed) there is a divergence, associated with the length of the Wilson line $z$,
that scales as $z/a$. This divergence must be removed nonperturbatively.
For a general nonlocal bilinear operator with Lorentz structure $\Gamma$,
the renormalized operator $O_{\Gamma}^{\rm (ren)}(z,\mu)$ is related to its bare
operator $O^{(0)}_{\Gamma}(z)$ by~\cite{Dotsenko:1979wb,Arefeva:1980zd,
Craigie:1980qs,Stefanis:1983ke,Dorn:1986dt}
\begin{equation}\label{eq:renorm_non-local}
O_{\Gamma}^{\rm (ren)}(z,\mu)=e^{\delta m(\mu)|z|}Z_{\psi, z}(\mu,z)O^{(0)}_{\Gamma}(z),
\end{equation}
where $\delta m$ is the mass renormalization of a test particle moving along
the Wilson line of length $z$ and $Z_{\psi, z}(\mu,z)$ removes the remaining
logarithmic divergences associated with the Wilson line endpoints
(the quark fields).
This result holds to all orders in perturbation theory: the exponentiated
counterterm $\delta m(\mu)$ completely removes the linear divergence and the
quasi-PDF can be renormalized
multiplicatively~\cite{Ji:2017oey,Ishikawa:2017faj}.
The exponentiated counterterm can be determined using a static heavy quark
potential, which shares the same power-law divergence as the nonlocal quark
bilinear~\cite{Musch:2010ka,Ishikawa:2016znu,Chen:2016fxx,Green:2017xeu}.
An alternative approach for controlling the power divergence has been proposed
in Ref.~\cite{Monahan:2016bvm}.
Once the linear divergence has been removed nonperturbatively, lattice
perturbation theory can be used to renormalize the remaining logarithmic
divergences in the quasi-PDF~\cite{Ishikawa:2016znu,Chen:2016fxx,
Carlson:2017gpk,Xiong:2017jtn}.
A delicate point regarding the renormalization is the mixing among certain
subsets of these nonlocal operators.
Such a mixing has been identified at
one-loop in perturbation theory in Ref.~\cite{Constantinou:2017sej}
for a variety of fermion/gluon actions or nonperturbatively based on
symmetries~\cite{Chen:2017mzz,Chen:2017mie}.
The mixing coefficients are necessary to disentangle the individual matrix
elements for each quasi-PDF from lattice calculation data.
Of particular interest is the case of the unpolarized quasi-PDF, which mixes
with the scalar quasi-PDF if the Lorentz index of Eq.~\eqref{eq:qPDF} is in the
same direction as the Wilson line.
In contrast, the polarized and transversity PDFs with a Lorentz index in the
Wilson line direction do not exhibit any mixing (to one-loop in
perturbation theory).
In addition, nonperturbative schemes, such as the
RI/MOM scheme~\cite{Martinelli:1994ty},
can be used to renormalize matrix elements determined on the lattice.
Nonperturbative schemes avoid the use of lattice perturbation theory at
low energy scales (usually chosen to be $\mu = \pi/a$), although perturbative
matching between renormalization schemes is still necessary for PDFs expressed
in the $\overline{\rm MS}$ scheme.
Combining a nonperturbative renormalization scheme with a step-scaling
procedure~\cite{Luscher:1991wu} significantly reduces perturbative truncation
uncertainties by providing a nonperturbative method for reaching high energy
scales.
Nonperturbative renormalization methods for quasi-PDFs have recently been
constructed and applied in
Refs.~\cite{Alexandrou:2017huk,Chen:2017mzz,Green:2017xeu}.
These nonperturbative procedures also remove the mixing between the unpolarized
quasi-PDF and the twist-3 scalar operator, which occurs for lattice
regularization that break chiral symmetry, through the construction
of a $2\times2$ mixing matrix.
The mixing coefficients do not contain any divergences.
Further details can be found in Refs.~\cite{Alexandrou:2017huk,Chen:2017mzz}.
It was recently observed that potential problems with the power divergent
mixing patterns of DIS operators may arise when lattice regularization
is used~\cite{Rossi:2017muf}.
Further investigations into this issue would be interesting.
\end{itemize}
Lattice calculations of the $x$-dependence of PDFs have not matured
up to the point to control all these sources of systematic uncertainty.
Recent progress, however, has led to preliminary results that are encouraging.
Here we highlight these results for the $x$-dependence
of the unpolarized and polarized PDFs extracted from lattice QCD.
Fig.~\ref{fig:qPDF-demo} shows example results for the renormalized unpolarized
PDFs from Ref.~\cite{Chen:2017mzz} and polarized PDF from
Ref.~\cite{Alexandrou:2017huk}.
In both cases, a nonperturbative renormalization procedure is applied to the
bare matrix elements that appeared in earlier work~\cite{Lin:2014zya,
Alexandrou:2015rja,Chen:2016utp,Alexandrou:2016jqi,Alexandrou:2016eyt}.
For the unpolarized PDF, the calculation is carried out at a pion mass of
310~MeV, includes one-loop matching and target mass corrections at the
renormalization scale $\mu^2=4$~GeV$^2$, and the leading higher-twist
$O(\Lambda_\text{QCD}^2/p_z^2)$ contributions have been
removed~\cite{Chen:2016utp}.
Multiple source-sink separations are used to take into account the effects of
excited-state contamination, which become more important at large momentum.
Mixing under renormalization has been estimated to be a small effect but is not
yet computed explicitly.
More recent work at the physical pion mass~\cite{Lin:2017ani} uses a different
operator to avoid mixing effects.
The polarized PDF has the advantage that is free from mixing, and is computed in
Ref.~\cite{Alexandrou:2017huk} with fully renormalized matrix element,
at a pion mass of 375 MeV.
The matching to $\overline{\rm MS}$ at $\mu^2=4$~GeV$^2$ does not include any
linearly divergent term, as the matrix element in
coordinate space is renormalized.
Note that in both cases, the antiquark asymmetry is compatible with zero
within current uncertainties, contrary to earlier unrenormalized
results~\cite{Lin:2014zya,Alexandrou:2015rja,Chen:2016utp,Alexandrou:2016eyt}.
This is mainly due to the rapid increase of the renormalization factor with
Wilson-line length, which amplifies the finite-volume effect from truncating
long-range correlations.
Ref.~\cite{Lin:2017ani} showed that this truncation causes unphysical
oscillations in the sea-flavor asymmetry and proposed that the oscillations
can be removed by either imposing a filter to reduce the weighting of
long-range correlations or by taking the derivative of the matrix element in
coordinate space.
The effectiveness of both these two methods is
demonstrated in Refs.~\cite{Alexandrou:2017dzj,Lin:2017ani}.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.22,angle=270]{plots/unpxq}
\includegraphics[scale=0.22,angle=270]{plots/unpxqbar}\\
\includegraphics[scale=0.22,angle=270]{plots/polxq}
\includegraphics[scale=0.22,angle=270]{plots/polxqbar}\\
\caption{\small LP3's renormalized unpolarized isovector quark (top left) and
antiquark (top right) PDF combinations at physical pion mass with the renormalization scale
$\mu=2$~GeV~\cite{Lin:2017ani}.
%
ETMC's renormalized polarized isovector quark (bottom left) and antiquark
(bottom right) PDF combinations at pion mass of
375~MeV~\cite{Alexandrou:2017huk}.
%
Note that only statistical errors are shown here; the systematics are yet to be addressed. The small-$x$ region ($x< 0.2$) can suffer larger systematics than the rest of the distribution due to the limited nucleon boost momentum.
}
\label{fig:qPDF-demo}
\end{figure}
\paragraph*{Pseudo-PDFs.}
The general dependence of the matrix element $h(z,p_z)$ of Eq.~\eqref{eq:qPDF}
on the hadron momentum $p$ and the displacement of the quark and antiquark
fields $z$ can be expressed as a function of the Lorentz invariants
$\nu=z\cdot p$ (Ioffe time~\cite{Ioffe:1969kf,Braun:1994jq})
and $z^2$, where $z$ and $p$ are general 4-vectors.
We can thus introduce
\begin{equation}
\overline{h}(\nu,z^2) \equiv h(z,p_z)\,.
\end{equation}
The pseudo-PDF is then defined by the Fourier transform
\begin{equation}
{\mathcal P}(x,z^2)=\int \frac{d\nu}{2\pi} e^{-ix\nu} \overline{h}(\nu,z^2),
\end{equation}
which has support only in the physical range
$x=[-1,1]$ \cite{Radyushkin:2016hsy,Radyushkin:2017cyf}.
As discussed in Refs.~\cite{Radyushkin:2016hsy,Radyushkin:2017cyf},
the pseudo-PDF is directly related to both the PDFs and the
transverse-momentum-dependent PDFs (TMDs).
In Ref.~\cite{Radyushkin:2017cyf}, using the temporal gamma matrix in the
matrix element, an approximate factorization of the primordial TMD
${\cal F}(x,k_\perp^2)$ as
\begin{equation}
{\cal F}(x,k_\perp^2)\approx K(k_\perp^2) q(x)
\label{eq:primordial}
\end{equation}
was conjectured.
Here $k_\perp$ is the transverse momentum of the quark in the hadron and $q(x)$
is the PDF.
This conjecture implies that the ratio
\begin{equation}
{\mathcal M}(\nu,z^2) =\frac{\overline h(\nu,z^2)}{\overline h(0,z^2)}
\label{eq:RatioPseudo}
\end{equation}
is directly related to the PDFs as
\begin{equation}
{\mathcal M}(\nu,z^2) =Q(\nu,\mu^2) + {\cal O}(z^2)\,,
\label{eq:IoffePDF}
\end{equation}
with $\mu^2=1/z^2$.
Here $Q(\nu,\mu^2)$ is the Ioffe time PDF~\cite{Ioffe:1969kf,Braun:1994jq},
which is the Fourier transform of the PDFs,
\begin{equation}
{q}(x,\mu^2)=\int \frac{d\nu}{2\pi} e^{-ix\nu} Q(\nu,\mu^2).
\end{equation}
The ratio in Eq.~\eqref{eq:RatioPseudo} has a well-defined continuum
limit and requires no renormalization.
The polynomial corrections in Eq.~\eqref{eq:IoffePDF} are due to violations of
the factorization conjecture, while the PDF ${q}(x,\mu^2)$ is the PDF in a
particular scheme defined at scale $\mu^2=1/z^2$.
Matching to $\overline{\rm MS}$
can be performed in perturbation theory following standard methodology.
One loop results can be found in Refs.~\cite{Ji:2017rah,Radyushkin:2017lvu}.
A preliminary study in quenched QCD was presented in
Refs.~\cite{Orginos:2017kos,Karpie:2017bzm},
where it was shown that indeed the conjectured factorization is observed and
the residual corrections are small. The same conclusion had also been reached
in unquenched studies of TMDs in~\cite{Musch:2010ka}.
Furthermore, evidence of the expected perturbative evolution of the Ioffe time
PDFs was also observed.
This methodology is currently under study and results from realistic
calculations are soon to be expected.
It should be noted that the basic function $\overline h(\nu,z^2)$ used here or
in the computation of quasi-PDFs is related to both the longitudinal and
transverse structure of the hadron.
This relationship is discussed in detail
in~\cite{Musch:2010ka,Radyushkin:2017cyf,Broniowski:2017gfp}.
Finally, both the quasi-PDF and the Ioffe-time PDF approaches are faced with
the technical problem of inferring the PDF from a Fourier transform where data
are known only in a limited range of $\nu$ or $z$.
This introduces systematic errors that require careful study.
Such effects have been discussed
in~\cite{Chen:2017lnm,Lin:2017ani,Broniowski:2017gfp}.
In particular, because $x$ is the Fourier dual of $\nu$, accessing a limited
range of $\nu$ (or $z$) has the effect of introducing uncontrolled systematic
errors at small $x$ (roughly $x\lesssim 0.15 $ for existing lattice
calculations).
These systematic errors can be controlled using increasingly large values of
$\nu$, although this requires an increased computational power.
Therefore, improved computational methods are required to reliably
extract PDFs at small $x$.
\paragraph*{Lattice cross-sections.}
Similarly to a global QCD analysis of high energy scattering data,
PDFs can also be extracted from analyzing {\it data} generated by lattice-QCD
calculation of good {\it lattice cross-sections}~\cite{Ma:2014jla,Ma:2014jga}.
A lattice cross-section is defined as a single-hadron matrix element of a
time-ordered, renormalized, nonlocal operator ${\cal O}_n(z)$: ${\sigma}_{n}(\nu,z^2,p^2)=\langle p| {T}\{{\cal O}_n({z})\}|p\rangle$ with four-vectors
$p$, $z$ and $\nu$ defined above, and renormalization scale suppressed.
The four-vectors $p$ and $z$ effectively define the {\it collision} kinematics,
and the choice of ${\cal O}_n$ determines the dynamical features of the lattice
cross-section.
A good lattice cross-section should have the following three key properties:
(1) it is calculable in lattice-QCD with an Euclidean time, (2) it has a
well-defined continuum limit as the lattice spacing $a\to 0$, and (3)
it has the same and factorizable logarithmic collinear (CO) divergences as
that of PDFs, which connects the good lattice cross-sections to PDFs,
just like how high energy hadronic cross-sections are related to PDFs
in terms of QCD factorization.
A class of good lattice cross-sections can be constructed in terms of a
correlation of two {\it renormalizable} currents,
${\cal O}_{j_1j_2}(z)\equiv z^{d_{j_1}+d_{j_2}-2} Z_{j_1} Z_{j_2}\, j_1(z) j_2(0)$,
with dimension $d_j$ and renormalization constant $Z_j$ of the current $j$.
There could be many choices for the current, such as a vector quark current,
$j_q^V(z) = \overline{\psi}_q(z)\gamma\cdot{z}\, {\psi}_{q}(z)$, or a tensor
gluonic current, $j_g^{\mu\nu}(z)\propto F^{\mu\rho}(z){F_{\rho}}^\nu(z)$~\cite{Ma:2017pxb}.
Different combinations of the two currents could help enhance the lattice
cross-sections' flavor dependence.
If $z^2$ is sufficiently small, the lattice cross-section constructed from two
renormalizable currents can be factorized into PDFs~\cite{Ma:2017pxb},
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:fac}
{\sigma}_{n}(\nu,z^2,p^2)=\sum_{a}\int_{-1}^1 \frac{dx}{x}\, f_{a}(x,\mu^2)
K_{{n}}^{a}(x\nu,z^2,x^2p^2,\mu^2) +O(z^2\Lambda_{\rm QCD}^2)\, ,
\end{equation}
where $\mu$ is the factorization scale, $K_n^{a}$ are perturbatively calculable
hard coefficients, and $f_{a}$ is the PDF of flavor $a=q,g$ with anti-quark
PDFs expressed from quark PDFs using the equivalence
$f_{\bar{a}}(x,\mu^2)=-f_{{a}}(-x,\mu^2)$.
PDFs could be extracted from global fits of lattice-QCD generated data for
various lattice cross-sections $\sigma_{n}(\nu,z^2,p^2)$ with corresponding
perturbatively calculated coefficients $K_n^{a}$ in Eq.~(\ref{eq:fac}).
The quasi-PDFs and pseudo-PDFs introduced above could be derived by choosing
\begin{equation}
{\cal O}_{q}(z)=Z_q(z^2)\overline{\psi}_q(z)\gamma\cdot {z}\,
\Phi(z,0){\psi}_q(0)\,,
\end{equation}
with the renormalization constant $Z_q(z^2)$ and the path ordered gauge link
$\Phi(z,0)={\cal P}e^{-ig\int_0^{1} z\cdot A(\lambda z)\,d\lambda}$~\cite{Ma:2017pxb}.
With $K^{q(0)}_{q}(x \nu,z^2,0,\mu)= 2 x \nu e^{i x \nu}$, one finds
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:lcsQuasi}
\int \frac{d \nu}{\nu}\, \frac{e^{-i x \nu}}{4\pi} \sigma_{q}(\nu,z^2,p^2)
\approx f_{q}(x,\mu)\, ,
\end{equation}
modulo $\mathcal{O}(\alpha_s)$ and higher twist corrections.
By choosing $z_0=0$ and both $\vec{p}$ and $\vec{z}$ along the ``3"-direction,
one finds that $\nu=-z_3\, p_3$ and the left hand side of
Eq.~(\ref{eq:lcsQuasi}) is the quasi-quark distribution introduced in
Ref.~\cite{Ji:2013dva} if the integral is performed by fixing $p_3$,
while it is effectively the pseudo-quark distribution used in
Ref.~\cite{Orginos:2017kos} if the integral is performed by fixing $z_3$.
That is, these two approaches for extracting PDFs are equivalent if matching
coefficients are calculated at the lowest order in $\alpha_s$ neglecting all
power corrections, but different if contributions from either higher order in
$\alpha_s$ or higher powers in $z^2$ need to be considered.
Furthermore, Eq.~(\ref{eq:lcsQuasi}) indicates that the quasi-PDFs and
pseudo-PDFs are two special cases of good lattice cross-sections.
\subsection{Parton distribution functions}
\label{Sec:IntroPDFs}
Quantum chromodynamics is the non-abelian quantum field
theory that describes the strong interaction.
It provides the theoretical foundation for the phenomenological ideas of
quark model, color charge, and partons as hadron constituents.
The power of QCD to describe physics from the pion mass scale all the way up
to the scale of high-energy colliders, such as the LHC, relies on the
remarkable properties of asymptotic freedom~\cite{Gross:1973ju,Gross:1973id,
Gross:1974cs,Politzer:1974fr} and
factorization~\cite{Collins:1987pm,Collins:1989gx}.
At high energies, or short distances, the QCD coupling is small
and perturbation theory can accurately characterize the relevant scattering
processes~\cite{Campbell:2006wx}.
At low energies, or larger distances, nonperturbative effects give rise to
quark confinement and spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking~\cite{Gasser:1983yg}.
The connection between low- and high-energy dynamics is provided by QCD
factorization theorems~\cite{Collins:1987pm,Collins:1989gx}:
short-distance physics above the factorization scale $\mu$ is captured by
partonic hard-scattering cross-sections calculated perturbatively as a
power series expansion in the QCD coupling, while the
long-distance physics below the factorization scale $\mu$ is described by
nonperturbative quantities.
In a collinear, leading-twist factorization framework, these quantities are
universal ({\it i.e.} process-independent) PDFs.
Depending on the helicity state of the parent hadron, one usually
distinguishes between helicity-averaged (unpolarized, henceforth)
and helicity-dependent (polarized, henceforth) PDFs.
Unpolarized PDFs are denoted as
\begin{equation}
f(x,\mu^2)\equiv f^{\rightarrow}(x,\mu^2) + f^{\leftarrow}(x,\mu^2)\mbox{,}\qquad
f=\{g,u,\bar{u},d,\bar{d},s,\bar{s},...\}
\,\mbox{,}
\label{eq:unpPDFs}
\end{equation}
where $x$ is the fraction
of the hadron longitudinal momentum carried by the parton,
and the sum over parton's helicities aligned along ($\rightarrow$) and
opposite ($\leftarrow$) the parent's nucleon helicity is made explicit.
An additional index could be used to denote the hadronic species (proton,
neutron, pion, \dots).
However, we omit such a designation, as we only refer to the proton
in this paper.
At leading order (LO) in the QCD coupling series, unpolarized PDFs
describe the probability distribution of a parton with a specified
momentum fraction $x$.
The total momentum carried by each parton flavor is then given by
the first moment of the corresponding PDF, for instance
\begin{align}
\int_{0}^{1}dx\ x\ \left[u(x,\mu^2)\right]
= & {}
\left\langle x\right\rangle _{u}(\mu^2)\,, \label{eq:umoment1}\\
\int_{0}^{1}dx\ x\ \left[u(x,\mu^2)+\bar{u}(x,\mu^2)\right]
= & {}
\left\langle x\right\rangle _{u^{+}}(\mu^2)\,. \label{eq:uplusmoment1}
\end{align}
Here, $\left\langle x\right\rangle _{u}$ is the momentum
carried by the up-quark, and $\left\langle x\right\rangle _{u^{+}}$ is
the momentum carried by the sum of up and anti-up quarks~\footnote{We always
refer to $q^+$ to indicate the sum of the quark and anti-quark PDFs of the
same flavor.},
see Appendix~\ref{app:notation} for our notational conventions.
Polarized PDFs describe the extent to which quarks and gluons
with a given momentum fraction $x$ have their spins aligned with the spin
direction of a fast moving nucleon in a helicity eigenstate.
They are denoted as
\begin{equation}
\Delta f(x,\mu^2) \equiv f^{\rightarrow}(x,\mu^2) - f^{\leftarrow}(x,\mu^2)
\mbox{,}\qquad f=\{g,u,\bar{u},d,\bar{d},s,\bar{s},...\}
\,\mbox{,}
\label{eq:polPDFs}
\end{equation}
where, as in Eq.~\eqref{eq:unpPDFs}, $x$ is the fractional
momentum carried by the parton,
and the parton's spin alignment along ($\rightarrow$) or opposite
($\leftarrow$) the polarization direction of its parent nucleon
is made explicit.
Much of the interest in polarized PDFs is related to the fact that
their zeroth moments can be interpreted as the fractions of the proton's
spin carried by the corresponding partons.
They are therefore the key to one of the most fundamental,
but not yet satisfactorily answered questions in hadronic physics,
{\it i.e.}, how the spin of the proton is distributed among its constituents.
Specifically, the zeroth moments of the singlet and the gluon polarized PDFs,
\begin{align}
\Delta\Sigma(\mu^2)
& =
\sum_{q}^{N_f}\int_0^1 dx
\left[\Delta q(x, \mu^2) + \Delta\bar{q}(x, \mu^2)\right]
\equiv
\sum_q^{N_f}\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta q^+}(\mu^2)\,,
\label{eq:singletmom}
\\
\Delta G(\mu^2)
& =
\int_0^1 dx \Delta g(x,\mu^2)
\equiv
\langle 1 \rangle_{\Delta g}(\mu^2)
\,,
\label{eq:moments}
\end{align}
where $N_f$ is the number of active flavors,
directly contribute to the proton spin sum rule~\cite{Leader:2013jra}.
Beyond LO, PDFs are renormalization scheme-dependent
quantities, typically worked out in the $\overline{\rm MS}$
scheme~\cite{tHooft:1973mfk,Weinberg:1951ss}.
When PDFs are convolved with the appropriate partonic hard-scattering
cross-sections, computed in the same scheme, the corresponding physical
observables are scheme-independent, up to subleading spurious
terms in the perturbative expansion.
Both unpolarized and polarized PDFs are accessible, theoretically and
experimentally, through the forward Compton scattering amplitude
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:Compton}
T_{\mu\nu}(p,q,s)
=
\int {\rm d}^4\!z\, e^{iqz} \langle p,s |T J_\mu(z) J_\nu(0)|p,s\rangle
\end{equation}
at large virtual photon momenta $q^2=-Q^2$.
Here $T$ is the time-ordering operator, $J_\mu(z)$ and $J_\nu(0)$ are vector
currents at space-time points $z$ and $0$ respectively, and the
external states are hadronic states with momentum $p$ and spin $s$.
The most general form of the Compton amplitude $T_{\mu\nu}(p,q)$
reads~\cite{Manohar:1992tz}
\begin{align}
T_{\mu\nu}(p,q,s)
= {} &
\left(-g_{\mu\nu}+\frac{q_\mu q_\nu}{q^2}\right)\mathcal{F}_1(\omega,Q^2)
+ \left(p_\mu-\frac{p\cdot q}{q^2}q_\mu\right) \left(p_\nu-\frac{p\cdot q}{q^2}q_\nu\right) \frac{1}{p\cdot q} \mathcal{F}_2(\omega,Q^2)
\nonumber\\
& {} \quad
+ i\,\epsilon_{\mu\nu\lambda\sigma}q^\lambda s^\sigma \frac{1}{p\cdot q}\mathcal{G}_1(\omega,Q^2)
+ i\,\epsilon_{\mu\nu\lambda\sigma}q^\lambda \left(p\cdot q\, s^\sigma - s\cdot q\, p^\sigma\right) \frac{1}{(p\cdot q)^2}\mathcal{G}_2(\omega,Q^2)\,,
\label{eq:Comptampl}
\end{align}
where $\omega=2p\cdot q/q^2$ and $\mathcal{F}_1$, $\mathcal{F}_2$,
$\mathcal{G}_1$ and $\mathcal{G}_2$ are the Compton amplitude structure
functions.
They can be related to the electromagnetic structure functions
$F_1$, $F_2$, $g_1$ and $g_2$, used to parametrize the deep-inelastic
scattering (DIS) hadronic tensor\footnote{A more
general expression of the DIS hadronic tensor including electroweak currents
can be worked out, see~\cite{Anselmino:1993tc,Anselmino:1992rn}.}
\begin{align}
W_{\mu\nu}(p,q,s)
= {} &
\frac{1}{4\pi}\int d^4z e^{iqz}\langle p,s |[J_\mu(z),J_\nu(0)]|p,s\rangle
\nonumber
\\
= {} &
\left(-g_{\mu\nu} + \frac{q_\mu q_\nu}{q^2}\right) F_1(x,Q^2)
+\left( p_\mu - \frac{p\cdot q}{q^2}q_\mu \right)
\left(p_\nu - \frac{p\cdot q}{q^2}q_\nu \right) \frac{1}{p\cdot q}
F_2(x, Q^2)
\nonumber
\\
& +i\,\epsilon_{\mu\nu\lambda\sigma}q^\lambda s^\sigma
\frac{1}{p\cdot q} g_1(x,Q^2)
+ i\,\epsilon_{\mu\nu\lambda\sigma}q^\lambda(p\cdot q\, s^\sigma - s\cdot q\, p^\sigma)
\frac{1}{(p\cdot q)^2}g_2(x,Q^2)\,,
\label{eq:hadtensor}
\end{align}
where $x=1/\omega$ is the Bjorken variable identified with the parton
fractional momentum at Born level;
see~\cite{Anselmino:1992rn,Manohar:1992tz} for details.
Specifically, given the definitions in \eqref{eq:Comptampl} and
\eqref{eq:hadtensor}, the optical theorem implies that twice the imaginary
part of $T_{\mu\nu}$ is equal to $W_{\mu\nu}$ times $4\pi$.
Neglecting target mass corrections, one has
\begin{align}
\mathcal{F}_1(\omega,Q^2)
= {} & 2 \omega^2 \int_0^1 dx\, \frac{xF_1(x,Q^2)}{1-(\omega x)^2}
= \sum_{n=2,4,\cdots}^\infty 2\omega^n \int_0^1 dx\, x^{n-1} F_1(x,Q^2) \,, \\
\mathcal{G}_1(\omega,Q^2)
= {} & 2 \omega \int_0^1 dx\, \frac{g_1(x,Q^2)}{1-(\omega x)^2}
= \sum_{n=1,3,\cdots}^\infty 2\omega^n \int_0^1 dx\, x^{n-1} g_1(x,Q^2)\,.
\end{align}
At a sufficiently high momentum transfer $Q^2$, power corrections can be
neglected and QCD factorization allows one to write the structure functions
$F_1(x,Q^2)$ and $g_1(x,Q^2)$ as a convolution between perturbatively-computable
hard-scattering cross-sections and nonperturbative parton distributions:
\begin{align}
F_1(x,Q^2)
= {}
& x\sum_f \int_x^1 \frac{{\rm d}z}{z}\,C_{1,f}\left(\frac{x}{z},\alpha_s(Q^2)\right)f(z,Q^2) \,, \label{eq:Fi}\\
g_1(x,Q^2)
= {}
& \sum_f \int_x^1\frac{dz}{z}\, \Delta C_{1,f}\left(\frac{x}{z},\alpha_s(Q^2)\right) \Delta f(z,Q^2) \,.
\label{pdf}
\end{align}
Here, the sums run over the number of active
flavors at the scale $Q^2$ (including the gluon), $C_{1,f}$ and
$\Delta C_{1,f}$ are the perturbative partonic hard-scattering cross-sections,
$\alpha_s$ is the QCD strong coupling, and $f(x,Q^2)$ and $\Delta f(x,Q^2)$
are the unpolarized and polarized PDFs.
Parton distributions allow for a proper field-theoretic definition as matrix
elements in a hadron state of bilocal operators that act to count the number
of quarks and gluons carrying a fraction $x$ of the hadron's momentum.
The definitions are usually stated in the light-cone frame, where
the hadron carries momentum $p$ with plus/minus components
$p^\pm=(p^0\pm p^3)/\sqrt{2}$, and transverse components equal to zero.
For example, in the case of unpolarized and polarized quark PDFs, one has
\begin{align}
q(x) & = \frac{1}{4\pi}
\int dy^-e^{-iy^-xp^+}\langle p|\bar{\psi}(0,y^-,\mathbf{0}_\perp)
\gamma^+\mathcal{G}\psi(0,0,\mathbf{0})|p\rangle\,,
\label{eq:LCdefunp}\\
\Delta q(x) & = \frac{1}{4\pi}
\int dy^-e^{-iy^-xp^+}\langle p, s|\bar{\psi}(0,y^-,\mathbf{0}_\perp)
\gamma^+\gamma^5\mathcal{G}\psi(0,0,\mathbf{0})|p, s\rangle\,,
\label{eq:LCdefpol}
\end{align}
where $\psi$ is the quark field and $\mathcal{G}$ is an appropriate gauge link
required to make Eqs.~\eqref{eq:LCdefunp}--\eqref{eq:LCdefpol} gauge invariant.
See Refs.~\cite{Collins:1981uw,Curci:1980uw,Baulieu:1979mr,Collins:1989gx}
for the definition of $\mathcal{G}$ and for
explicit light-cone formul{\ae} of unpolarized and polarized gluon PDFs.
While PDFs cannot be calculated perturbatively, their dependence on the scale
$\mu$ resulting from factorization can be.
This is done by means of the
DGLAP (Dokshitzer-Gribov-Lipatov-Altarelli-Parisi)
evolution equations~\cite{Dokshitzer:1977sg,Gribov:1972ri,Altarelli:1977zs},
a set of integro-differential coupled equations of the form
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:dglapunp}
\frac{\partial f^\prime(x,\mu^2)}{\partial \ln \mu^2}
=
\sum_{f=g,q,\bar{q}}\int_x^1
\frac{{\rm d}z}{z}P_{f^\prime f}\left(\frac{x}{z},\alpha_s(\mu^2)\right)f(z,\mu^2)\, ,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:dglappol}
\frac{\partial \Delta f^\prime(x,\mu^2)}{\partial \ln \mu^2}
=
\sum_{f=g,q,\bar{q}}\int_x^1
\frac{{\rm d}z}{z}\Delta P_{f^\prime f}\left(\frac{x}{z},\alpha_s(\mu^2)\right)\Delta f(z,\mu^2)\, .
\end{equation}
In short, the logarithmic derivative of the PDF is determined by a convolution
of the PDFs with the unpolarized (polarized) DGLAP kernels $P_{f^\prime f}$
($\Delta P_{f^\prime f}$), which can be
computed perturbatively in powers of $\alpha_{s}$.
The unpolarized splitting functions $P_{f^\prime f}$ are currently completely
known up to NNLO~\cite{Moch:2004pa,Vogt:2004mw} in the $\overline{\rm MS}$
renormalization scheme.
Results for the unpolarized nonsinglet splitting functions have appeared
recently at N$^3$LO~\cite{Davies:2016jie,Moch:2017uml}.
The polarized splitting functions $\Delta P_{f^\prime f}$ are currently known
up to NNLO~\cite{Moch:2014sna} in the $\overline{\rm MS}$ scheme.
The DGLAP evolution equations can be solved numerically using
either $x$-space or Mellin $N$-space techniques that are widely available
in various public codes~\cite{Vogt:2004ns,Salam:2008qg,Botje:2010ay,
Bertone:2013vaa,Bertone:2015cwa}.
The typical level of agreement for the results of the PDF evolution
has been demonstrated to be of
$\mathcal{O}(10^{-5})$~\cite{Giele:2002hx,Dittmar:2005ed}.
\section{Theory overview}
\label{sec:theoryoverview}
In this section we summarize the theoretical background that underlies
lattice-QCD calculations of PDF-related quantities, on the one hand, and
phenomenological fits of PDFs, on the other hand.
We first review the general framework in which unpolarized and
polarized PDFs are defined, then we present the available lattice-QCD
and global-fit approaches to determine them.
The discussion is restricted to the information required to connect the
lattice-QCD and global-fit methods.
We have devoted particular attention to ensuring a unified and
consistent notation between the two.
An extended treatment of the subjects discussed in this section
can be found in dedicated reviews.
We refer the interested reader to Refs.~\cite{Olive:2016xmw,Gupta:1997nd}
for lattice QCD and to Refs.~\cite{Perez:2012um,DeRoeck:2011na,Alekhin:2011sk,
Ball:2012wy,Forte:2013wc,Jimenez-Delgado:2013sma,Rojo:2015acz,
Butterworth:2015oua,Accardi:2016ndt,Gao:2017yyd} for global fits.
Details on the framework underlying PDFs can be found in general
textbooks~\cite{Ellis:1991qj,Leader:2001gr,Collins:2011zzd,
DeGrand:2006zz,Gattringer:2010zz}.
\input{sec-theory-PDF}
\subsection{Lattice QCD}
\label{Sec:IntroLQCD}
\input{sec-theory-latticeQCD}
\subsection{Global PDF fits}
\label{Sec:IntroGlobalFits}
\input{sec-theory-globalfits}
| left\langle x\right\rangle_{g}\, , \
\left\langle x\right\rangle_{u^+-d^+} & \qquad\text{for the unpolarized case} \, ,
\label{eq:UM}\\
\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta u^+}\, , \
\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta d^+}\, , \
\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta s^+}\, , \
\left\langle x\right\rangle_{\Delta u^--\Delta d^-}\, ,\
\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta u^+ - \Delta d^+} & \qquad\text{for the polarized case}\, .
\label{eq:PM}
\end{align}
We look at three different scenarios, which we denote
as Scenario~A, B, and C, for the projected total systematic
uncertainty associated with lattice-QCD calculations.
Our choice for this uncertainty is denoted by $\delta_L^{(i)}$.
It is summarized in Table~\ref{tab:scenarios} for each PDF moment $i$ in
Eqs.~\eqref{eq:UM}--\eqref{eq:PM} and for each scenario.
Current uncertainties on lattice-QCD results
(see Secs.~\ref{subsubsec:BClQCD}--\ref{subsec:BN})
are also quoted for comparison.
We emphasize that, while trying to be reasonably
realistic, we do not associate a given scenario
with a specific time scale for the calculation.
Our results provide a guide to the potential
constraining power of future lattice-QCD calculations
of PDF moments once included in global analyses.
\begin{table}[!t]
\centering
\footnotesize
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\begin{tabular}{cccccc}
\toprule
Scenario & \multicolumn{5}{c}{$\delta_L^{(i)}$ for unpolarized moments} \\
& $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{u^+}$
& $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{d^+}$
& $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{s^+}$
& $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{g}$
& $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$ \\
\midrule
Current
& $\sim 16\%$
& $\sim 30\%$
& $\sim 45\%$
& $\sim 13\%$
& $\sim 60\%$ \\
A & 3\% & 3\% & 5\% & 3\% & 5\% \\
B & 2\% & 2\% & 4\% & 2\% & 4\% \\
C & 1\% & 1\% & 3\% & 1\% & 3\% \\
\bottomrule
\\
\toprule
Scenario & \multicolumn{5}{c}{$\delta_L^{(i)}$ for polarized moments} \\
& $\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta u^+}$
& $\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta d^+}$
& $\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta s^+}$
& $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{\Delta u^--\Delta d^-}$
& $\left\langle 1\right\rangle_{\Delta u^+ - \Delta d^+}$\\
\midrule
Current
& $\sim 3\%$
& $\sim 5\%$
& $\sim 70\%$
& $\sim 65\%$
& $\sim 3\%$ \\
A & 5\% & 10\% & 100\% & 70\% & 5\% \\
B & 3\% & 5\% & 50\% & 30\% & 3\% \\
C & 1\% & 2\% & 20\% & 15\% & 1\% \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{\small The three scenarios assumed for the total percentage
systematic uncertainty $\delta_L^{(i)}$ in future lattice-QCD calculations.
The unpolarized (upper table) and polarized (lower table) PDF moments
included in the analysis are shown.
Current systematic uncertainties in state-of-the-art lattice-QCD calculations
are also displayed according to the benchmark exercise performed in
Sec.~\ref{sec:benchmarking} (see also Tables~\ref{tab:BMunp}
and \ref{tab:BMpol} for the unpolarized and polarized cases, respectively).
\label{tab:scenarios}
}
\end{table}
Our choice of uncertainties in Table~\ref{tab:scenarios}
is rather different for the unpolarized and polarized cases.
For the unpolarized case, Scenario~A is based on values
of $\delta_L^{(i)}$ rather smaller than the typical uncertainties that affect
state-of-the-art lattice-QCD calculations, see Table~\ref{tab:BMunp}.
As expected from Fig.~\ref{fig:Bmomsunp}, and as we have explicitly verified,
including lattice-QCD pseudo-data with uncertainties of similar size as those
of Table~\ref{tab:BMunp} leaves unpolarized PDFs essentially unchanged.
Significantly reduced uncertainties $\delta_L^{(i)}$ must be assumed to
demonstrate any impact on global fits.
We assume that $\delta_L^{(i)}$ is typically larger for $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{s^+}$
and $\left\langle x\right\rangle_{u^+-d^+}$, compared to the other moments, in line with
what is observed from Table~\ref{tab:BMunp}.
Scenarios~B and C are rather optimistic, in that they require systematic
uncertainties to decrease by roughly a factor of two and a factor of four
with respect to Scenario~A.
For the polarized case, Scenario~A assumes that the uncertainties
$\delta_L^{(i)}$ are similar to current uncertainties in
state-of-the-art lattice-QCD calculations, see Sec.~\ref{sec:benchmarking},
and Table~\ref{tab:BMpol}.
We note that a total systematic error of $\delta_L^{(i)}\sim 1\%$
is probably the best that one can achieve within a lattice-QCD calculation
in the near future, since at that level several other effects, such as QED
corrections, become relevant. These are much more difficult to deal with.
For both the polarized and the unpolarized case, the generalization of these
projections to other conceivable scenarios
is straightforward and can be obtained from the authors upon request.
\section{Improving PDF fits with lattice-QCD calculations}
\label{sec:projections}
In this section, we provide an estimate of the potential
impact of future lattice-QCD calculations
in global unpolarized and polarized PDF fits.
This study is carried out with two publicly available
tools: the Bayesian reweighting
method~\cite{Ball:2011gg,Ball:2010gb} applied to the
NNPDF3.1~\cite{Ball:2017nwa} and NNPDFpol1.1~\cite{Nocera:2014gqa} sets;
and the Hessian profiling method~\cite{Camarda:2015zba} applied to
HERAPDF2.0 set~\cite{Abramowicz:2015mha}.
Both methods allow us to quantify the impact of new measurements
(or of future measurements, if pseudo-data are used) on PDFs without
repeating the global analysis.
The main limitation of these methods is that they are maximally reliable
if the amount of information carried in by the new (pseudo-)data is moderate
in comparison to that already included in the fit.
For simplicity, we limit our study to the impact of a subset of the moments
that can be computed using lattice QCD, focusing on those that can be
currently calculated with the highest precision.
Therefore, we restrict ourselves to the benchmark moments discussed in
Sec.~\ref{sec:benchmarking}.
We also consider pseudo-data based on $x$-space
lattice-QCD calculations from the quasi-PDF approach
discussed in Sec.~\ref{sec:xdependence}.
As we show, particularly in the unpolarized case, the
constraining power of direct $x$-space calculations is
superior to that of PDF moments.
\subsection{Impact of lattice calculations of PDF moments}
We start by quantifying the constraining power of projected lattice-QCD
calculations of PDF moments on both unpolarized and polarized global fits.
We define the settings for our study and present our results following
Bayesian reweighting and Hessian profiling, respectively.
\input{sec-projections-settings}
\input{sec-reweightingmom}
\input{sec-profiling}
\input{sec-projections-xspace}
\input{sec-projections-discussion}
\subsection{Impact of lattice calculations of $x$-space PDFs}
\label{sec:projectionsxspace}
In the previous section, we studied the impact of
lattice-QCD calculations of PDF moments.
We now perform an exploration of the
potential constraints that future lattice QCD calculations
of $x$-space PDFs can provide on global analyses.
We focus on the isotriplet
combination $x u-x d$ (and $x\Delta u - x\Delta d$
in the polarized case), the quark combination
on which initial studies have been focused, as
it is the simplest to calculate, owing to the lack of disconnected
diagrams and the absence of mixing with other quark flavors or with gluons.
Following the same Bayesian reweighting procedure employed for PDF moments
in Sec.~\ref{sec:projections:rw},
we have generated pseudo-data for the isotriplet
combinations
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:isotriplet_unpol}
u(x_i,Q^2)-d(x_i,Q^2) \, \quad\text{and} \, \quad
\bar{u}(x_i,Q^2)-\bar{d}(x_i,Q^2) \, , \quad i=1,\ldots,N_x \, ,
\end{equation}
for the unpolarized case, and for
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:isotriplet_pol}
\Delta u(x_i,Q^2)-\Delta d(x_i,Q^2) \, \quad\text{and} \, \quad
\Delta\bar{u}(x_i,Q^2)-\Delta\bar{d}(x_i,Q^2) \, , \quad i=1,\ldots,N_x \, ,
\end{equation}
for the polarized case, with $N_x$ being the number of points
in $x$-space that are being sampled.
We take $Q^2=4\text{ GeV}^2$, consistent with our choices for the exercise
performed in Secs.~\ref{sec:projections:rw}--\ref{sec:hessianprofiling}.
We consider three scenarios, denoted by Scenarios D, E, and F,
for the total uncertainty $\delta_L^{(i)}$
that will be assigned to
the lattice-QCD calculations of the specific quark
combinations listed in Eqs.~\eqref{eq:isotriplet_unpol}
and \eqref{eq:isotriplet_pol}.
Lattice-QCD computations are expected to have the smallest systematic
uncertainties at large $x$, so we choose the $N_x=5$ points to be
\begin{equation}
x_i = 0.70\, ,0.75,\, 0.80,\, 0.85, \, 0.90 \, .
\end{equation}
For each scenario, we assume the same relative error for each value of
$\{x_i\}$, and we neglect possible correlations between
neighboring $x$-points.
We assume uncertainties of $\delta_{L}^{(i)}=12\%, 6\%$ and 3\% for scenarios
D, E, and F, respectively.
Note that we assume the same values of $\delta_{L}^{(i)}$ for the polarized
and unpolarized cases, as well as for both the quark
and antiquark isotriplet combinations Eqs.~\eqref{eq:isotriplet_unpol}
and \eqref{eq:isotriplet_pol}.
We summarize the results of this exercise in Fig.~\ref{fig:impactxspace},
where we plot the ratio of the PDF uncertainties in each Scenarios A, B and C
(D, E and F) to the uncertainty of the original
NNPDF3.1 (NNPDFpol1.1) set.
We show the impact on the PDF uncertainties
in $\bar{u}$ and $\bar{d}$ at large-$x$ in the upper
plots, with the corresponding comparison for $\Delta\bar{u}$
and $\Delta\bar{d}$ in the lower plots.
We concentrate on the results for the individual quark flavors, even though
the constraints are imposed on differences between flavors, as the former are
of the more direct interest for phenomenology.
From this comparison, we find that lattice-QCD calculations of the
$x$-dependence of PDFs can significantly reduce the uncertainties for both
unpolarized and polarized antiquarks in the large-$x$ region.
Taking into account that the PDF uncertainties on the large-$x$
antiquarks are rather large, and that they
enter a number of important Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) search channels
(such as for instance for production of new heavy gauge bosons $W'$ and $Z'$),
our analysis demonstrates that such calculations would have direct
phenomenological implications.
We note however that the curves in Fig.~\ref{fig:impactxspace}
fluctuate by a rather large amount.
This might be due to the fact that the uncertainties of the original PDFs
fluctuate, particularly at low scales.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.45]{plots/xubar-unpol-lattice-relerr-xdata-xspace.pdf}
\includegraphics[scale=0.45]{plots/xdbar-unpol-lattice-relerr-xdata-xspace.pdf}
\includegraphics[scale=0.45]{plots/xubar-pol-lattice-relerr-xdata-xspace.pdf}
\includegraphics[scale=0.45]{plots/xdbar-pol-lattice-relerr-xdata-xspace.pdf}
\caption{\small The ratio of PDF uncertainties to the original
NNPDF3.1 (NNPDFpol1.1) in the fits where lattice-QCD pseudo-data
on $x$-space PDFs have been added to the global unpolarized
(polarized) analysis.
%
Specifically, we show the impact on the PDF uncertainties
in $\bar{u}$ and $\bar{d}$ at large-$x$ in the upper
plots, with the corresponding comparison for $\Delta\bar{u}$
and $\Delta\bar{d}$ in the lower plots.
}
\label{fig:impactxspace}
\end{figure}
Fig.~\ref{fig:impactxspace} shows that
in the unpolarized case the large-$x$ PDF uncertainties could be reduced
to $60\%$ of their original value.
We also find that there are no large
differences between the three
scenarios,
probably because the constraint is on quark differences not on individual
flavors, so there is freedom for $\bar u$ and $\bar d$ to vary in a correlated
fashion while still satisfying the constraint.
However, it does suggest
that a direct lattice-QCD calculation
of $x \bar{u}-x \bar{d}$ does not need to reach uncertainties
at the few-percent level to influence global fits.
For the polarized PDFs, Fig.~\ref{fig:impactxspace} demonstrates that the
reduction in PDF uncertainties could be significantly more marked.
For instance, in the case of $\Delta \bar{d}$, at $x\simeq 0.8$
the resulting PDF uncertainty from Scenario~F is less than 50\%
of the original uncertainty.
In Table~\ref{tab:neffxspace} we indicate the effective number of replicas
$N_\text{eff}$, Eq.~\eqref{eq:effnrep}, remaining when
the lattice-QCD pseudo-data for Eqns.~\eqref{eq:isotriplet_unpol}
and~\eqref{eq:isotriplet_pol} are included in the global
unpolarized and polarized fits.
Here we find a marked decrease in $N_\text{rep}$
for the three scenarios,
in particular for the unpolarized case.
For example, in the most optimistic Scenario~F, only
64 effective replicas remain out of the
original sample of $N_\text{rep}=1000$ replicas.
See Table~\ref{tab:neff} for the corresponding
information at the level of PDF moments.
\begin{table}[!t]
\centering
\footnotesize
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\begin{tabular}{lcc}
\toprule
& NNPDF3.1 & NNPDFpol1.1 \\
\midrule
$N_\text{rep}$ original & 1000 & 100 \\
$N_\text{eff}$ Scenario D & 376 & 41 \\
$N_\text{eff}$ Scenario E & 173 & 35 \\
$N_\text{eff}$ Scenario F & 64 & 22 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{\small The effective number of replicas
$N_\text{eff}$, Eq.~\eqref{eq:effnrep}, remaining when the pseudo-data
on the lattice-QCD calculations
of Eqns.~\eqref{eq:isotriplet_unpol}
and~\eqref{eq:isotriplet_pol}
are included in the global
unpolarized and polarized fits.
\label{tab:neffxspace}
}
\end{table}
We emphasize that the results of this exercise must be interpreted
with some care.
First of all, the results depend sensitively on the specific values of
$\left\{ x_i \right\}$
that we have assumed for the lattice-QCD calculation,
and on the values
of the associated uncertainties $\delta_L^{(i)}$.
The quantitative results depend on the choice of input PDF set and would
vary if, for example, the input set were the HERAPDF2.0 set used for the
Hessian profiling exercise of Sec.~\ref{sec:hessianprofiling}.
Even | 4,327 |
East Texas organization gives back to the community during pandemic
LONGVIEW, Texas (KETK) – One Love Longview will host an outreach event called the Family Unity Project over at the Longview mall on August 15th from 11 am – 2 pm.
Given the pandemic and the financial toll it has had on numerous East Texas families, One Love Longview took initiative on bringing people back together for an opportunity to unite with other members in the community. They will also provide resources for families in need.
Free food, drinks, and entertainment are available for all of those in attendance. Food trucks will line the main view entrance of the Longview Mall.
"COVID-19 amongst other things has hit everybody hard, it's a crazy time right now. But it's a great time to tighten up and share some time with the family"
Patrick Johnson, Founder
Informational sessions will occur, informing families on issues of sex trafficking and domestic violence. Individual agencies will be in attendance to inform people on services they provide to help combat such issues. "We're trying to kill many birds with one stone at this event," said Johnson.
Safety precautions will be in place and<|fim_middle|> who was running from police hid inside the Starrville Methodist Church.
Marshall mayor announces she won't run for reelection
by Danny Mogle, Sharon Raissi / Jan 15, 2021
MARSHALL, Texas (KETK) - Marshall mayor Terri W. Brown announced Thursday that she will not seek re-election after two years in office.
In a statement posted on the Marshall City Hall Facebook page, Brown said that serving on the city council had been challenging but also rewarding.
Appeals court delays execution of Rusk County man who killed infant in 'exorcism'
by Associated Press / Jan 15, 2021
AUSTIN, Texas (AP) — A Texas appeals court has delayed what would have been the first execution scheduled in the state this year.
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals on Friday granted the stay for Blaine Milam, 31, to review intellectual disability claims.
VANISHED: Brandi Wells | social distancing signs will be set around the area so people can remain 6 feet apart. Face masks will also be worn. "We will adhere to all of the guidelines, we'll do all of the safety measures, as well as have a good time," said Johnson.
One Love Longview has hosted events in the past, feeding over one-thousand people just last month. Local restaurants and catering sites donated food and volunteered to help run the event. Whataburger and Diving Catering "Souls on Wheels" contributed to feeding all in attendance. The event catered to 4 city parks in 4 different communities, along with the Longview Police Department.
The organization has started a chain reaction, getting other communities like Hallsville involved. One Love Longview has donated numerous resources to their similar organizations. They hope this can expand to other communities and stretch to other states.
Johnson said, next Saturday's event will promote unity and kindness, hoping to bring Gregg County residents together.
For more information on One Love Longview, you can visit their Facebook page here.
by Frank Jefferson / Jan 15, 2021
WINONA, Texas (KETK) - The Starrville community is trying to heal after a deadly shooting that happened earlier this month. Among those, is a man who was shot multiple times during the incident.
On Jan. 3, a man | 282 |
Accident is a 198<|fim_middle|> | 4 Indian Kannada language film directed by Shankar Nag.
Plot
Deepak, the spoilt son of a powerful politician Dharmadhikari, runs his car over pavement dwellers one night under the influence of drugs. All are killed, except Ramanna, who identifies the driver. His friend Rahul, son of an advertising agency chief, is with him during the accident. The shock of the accident leaves Rahul deeply traumatised.
Unable to hold the secret any longer, Rahul shares the truth with his mother. She in turn implores Dharmadhikari to save them. Dharmadhikari who is slated to win a by-election cannot afford to let this accident ruin his political ambitions. He hushes up the case with the help of Chief Minister and sends his son on a trip abroad. Sub-Inspector Rao takes charge of the case as an investigative officer.
Ravi, a daring investigative journalist, joins Rao and they investigate the case together. When Rao identifies the culprits, Dharmadhikari asks his retired driver to say he was driving the car.
As a result of the events that have transpired, Rao is asked to go on leave and Ravi's editor refuses to run the story. On his way to the airport, Deepak dies in an accident.
Cast
Anant Nag as Dharmadhikari, a politician
Shankar Nag as Ravi, a journalist
Arundhati Nag as Maya Rani
Ashok Mandanna as Deepak
Makeup Naani as Editor Shamanna
Srinivas Prabhu as Rahul
Ramesh Bhat as Inspector Rao
T. S. Nagabharana as Ramanna
H. G. Somashekar Rao as Mechanic Pinto
Shimoga Venkatesh as Police Commissioner
Analysis
Contrary to stereotypes of Indian cinema which include romantic interests and musical sequences, Accident takes a neo-noir approach. This can be considered one of the earliest attempts towards a paradigm shift in film making in India which didn't take off until the early 2000s as a result of the death of Shankar Nag in 1990.
Notes
The film starred Shankar Nag's brother Anant Nag and his wife Arundhati Nag. The film was produced in two months. While filming the climax, Anant Nag who was playing the politician, was to be shot in the courtyard of his house. He had wanted to base it around the assassination of Indira Gandhi. Shankar Nag agreed that it had to be that way and therefore changed the ending of the film.
Reception
The film won the first National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues at the 32nd National Film Awards in 1985. It also won multiple awards at the 1984–85 Karnataka State Film Awards including the award for First Best Film. The film was praised for placing a politician against justice system and media revealing the nexus between politics and drug mafia.
Awards and Recognitions
32nd National Film Awards
National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues
1984–85 Karnataka State Film Awards
First Best Film
Best Supporting Actress – Arundathi Nag
Best Screenplay – Vasantha Mokashi
Best Sound Recording – Pandurangan
Special Award (Stunts) – Hasan Raghu
14th International Film Festival of India
Screening; homage to Shankar Nag
References
External links
1985 films
1980s Kannada-language films
Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja
Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award winners
Films directed by Shankar Nag | 764 |
Netflix reports strong Q4 despite growing competition
Horwitz, Pulitzer Price winner at WSJ, dies at 60
by Chris Roush · May 28, 2019
Tony Horwitz, whose vivid stories about working-class Americans won him a Pulitzer Prize at The Wall Street Journal before he became a best-selling history author, died at age 60.
William Power of The Journal writes, "A Northerner with a deep fascination for the South, Mr. Horwitz is remembered as one of the most talented Journal writers of the past 35 years. In addition to covering wars as a foreign correspondent, he won the<|fim_middle|>19 summer internship class | Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting in 1995 for articles about working conditions in low-wage America.
"His Dec. 1, 1994, first-person Page One article, about working in a poultry slaughterhouse in Mississippi, began:
"They call it 'the chain,' a swift steel shackle that shuttles dead chickens down a disassembly line of hangers, skinners, gut-pullers and gizzard-cutters. The chain has been rattling at 90 birds a minute for nine hours when the woman working feverishly beside me crumples onto a pile of drumsticks.
"'No more,' she whimpers. A foreman with a stopwatch around his neck rushes up. 'Come on now,' he bellows. 'Pump it up!'"
Tags: ObituariesWall Street Journal
Next story WSJ Pro Bankruptcy seeks a reporter
Previous story WSJ names 20 | 192 |
Modern jazz<|fim_middle|> and Wedgeview Studios. Recorded and mixed by Chris Weeda. Cover photo by Vincent Waal. Artwork by Daan Weijers. | music that consists of a steady based groove with lyrical en melodic elements on top of it, harmonized into a unified band sound.
In 2015 I started a jazz quintet with drums, bass, piano, guitar and saxophone. Since then I've been writing new modern jazz music that connects jazz harmonies and melodies with a steady 'easy' groove. In August 2016 we performed at Tivoli Vredenburg Cloud Nine in The Netherlands with a larger ensemble. The quintet has been augmented with three singers (who take the role of a sort of string section) and a unique horn section (bass clarinet, french horn, trumpet/flugelhorn and flute). This addition of instruments has given me new ideas and sounds that enriched my arrangements and compositions. The result is a lyrical, groove-based, large modern jazz ensemble with soprano and alto saxophone as the lead instruments. On this EP you can hear both the quintet and the large ensemble recorded live and in the studio.
All compositions by Kika Sprangers, "Gridlock" co-composed by Eric Brugmans. Vocal improvisation on "Hiraeth" by Anna Serierse. Vocal feature on "Leaves of Lily' by Sanne Rambags, poem "Meisje in het Najaar" by Ingmar Heytze. "Delight" lyrics and vocals by Marit van der Lei. Recorded at Tivoli Cloud Nine | 302 |
Paul Cellucci joins Eastern Insurance as senior vice president
NATICK, Mass., June 30, 2008 - Eastern Insurance Group LLC today announced the appointment of Paul J. Cellucci<|fim_middle|> provides a full range of personal and commercial insurance products, and employee benefits services including group health and life insurance, disability insurance, and 401(k) planning. A subsidiary of Eastern Bank, Eastern Insurance has 23 offices located throughout eastern Massachusetts from Merrimack Valley to Cape Cod.
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Eastern provides links to other sites as a convenience. The linked site and its content, privacy policy and security are not governed by Eastern. | as senior vice president and commercial lines sales manager.
As sales manager, Cellucci will lead the agency's commercial lines sales team along with developing his own client base. He will also play an integral part in the corporate strategy and planning of the organization as it continues to grow. Eastern Insurance recently announced the acquisitions of Norwell-based MacIntyre, Fay & Thayer Insurance Agency, or MF&T, and the Marshfield-based Anderson Insurance Services, Inc., creating the region's leading provider of insurance products to businesses and consumers.
"I'm delighted to have someone of Paul's ability to lead our commercial lines sales team at Eastern Insurance," said Mark Levine, executive vice president. "His industry experience, along with his high level of energy, will surely bring successful new business opportunities to our agency."
A graduate of Brandeis University, Cellucci lives in Milford, Mass. with his wife and daughter. He is on the board of directors of the Wellesley Chapter of Kiwanis International.
Founded in 1935 and headquartered in Natick, Eastern Insurance Group LLC is one of the largest insurance agencies in the nation, serving more than 70,000 individuals and businesses. Eastern Insurance | 245 |
Luwana established VastArray®, an award-winning graphic design and marketing services firm in 1995 in Las Vegas, Nevada. VastArray's diverse clientele of businesses, non-profits and municipalities span industries including construction, medical, education, arts & entertainment, and hospitality. Specializing in strategic graphic design, cohesive branding and identity development, integrated marketing solutions, and custom printing, she guides all creative projects, manages projects from concept to completion, translates marketing goals into creative strategies, ensures that visual communication standards are met, and meets directly with clients to discuss campaign strategies.
Luwana adeptly manages the often frenetic pace clients demand for high-caliber creative, and strategic planning that augment their marketing goals. Her proficiency with understanding and implementing new technologies as well as talent with supervising other professionals from designers and printers to programmers has set her in good stead to competently complete even the most challenging assignments on time and within budget. Her firm has maintained its progressive nature by being one of the first local agency's to offer clients all aspects of website development, InBound marketing, and Augmented Reality to give printing an interactive experience.
Luwana started in printing and graphic design at the age of 14 at her high school print shop where she did typesetting and paste-up for the news<|fim_middle|> as coordinated specialty printing, and served as art director at busy agencies where she managed multiple projects, clients, staff and vendors. | paper and football programs. She continued to study graphic design at Los Angeles Pierce and Valley Colleges then earned her Bachelor of Arts in Graphic Design with a minor in Marketing from University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) where she is occasional invited to teach Graphic Design courses to degree seeking students at UNLV.
Prior to starting VastArray, Luwana produced custom fine and commercial art for private exhibition, clothes, set design and marketing, as well | 90 |
<|fim_middle|> and also Ryan Peters from Ladyhawk. On record they give off serious Fleetwood Mac vibes, but not in the crazy internal turmoil way, more in the extremely competent and confident way. "I Knew" is the first single from their sophomore album Infinite Light, and it's a perfect example of that without actually going hard on Mac nostalgia. The opening rhythmic pulse sounds rooms away, more minimal techno thump than anything else, before a rolling drum salvo kicks in and Amber Webber's vocals quaver all over the track. We look forward to the day when they headline the Apollo with all of the over-the-top lights and lasers that should accompany a song like this.
Download: Lightning Dust, "I Knew" | Vancouver, Canada's very own supergroup/not supergroup Lightning Dust opened for Bonnie "Prince" Billy at the Apollo the other night. Their live band consisted of members of Black Mountain, relatives of people in Black Mountain, this one dog that hangs out on Black Mountain's porch | 56 |
Linda updates us on her progress with ITTT's<|fim_middle|> basically runs through the different types of exams teachers conduct or create to monitor the students progress. Each type of test prepares the student for an external/internal exam throughout the year. Also, teachers have to be able to know when to present each test to the student as it can in fact confuse them more for the external exam.From learning many different kinds of methodologies and positive and negative sides of each one, realized that a class can't be build up by one methodology but should consider mix up many ways depending on students' level and aim of the lesson. Also, it was really helpful to know some activities to engage students in the class from this unit. | 120-hour online TEFL course. In the ninth part of her TEFL review video journal, Linda tells us about her progress with units 9 and 10 on the course. As Linda points out these two units are closely related with unit 9 covering lesson planning while unit 10 looks at two very different lessons, one good and one bad, taught by the same teacher.
This chapter | 83 |
Q: What is a bio-system?
A: The term bio-system in this context refers to the human biological system.
Q: What is a four body system and why is it necessary to tune and integrate the bio-system in order to experience the benefits of The Prana Program?
A: Research shares that human beings have a four body system – physical, emotional, mental and spiritual, that can be likened to a four string guitar. Each has their own note and when tuned, the music played (and the life lived) is magical and a being becomes both harmonized and limitless. When out of tune, people – like an 'out of tune' instrument – can experience various forms of emotional, physical or mental dis-ease. When these bodies are harmonized and integrated to support a common goal – such as the conscious manifestation and experience of our Divine essence through all realms, then The Prana Program is activated to another more potent level.
Q: What do you mean by Four Body Fitness?
A: Many metaphysicians are now convinced that personal health and happiness requires holistic education that also stimulates the activation of the seven senses. These include sight, sound, touch, taste, smell, intuition and the seventh sense of knowing, that sense that says, "I know that I know but I'm not sure what it is that I know but I know that I know it!" After decades of personal experimentation I have discovered that the sixth and seventh senses, and all our senses, can be refined and fully activated by our lifestyle choice.
I call the full activation of all our senses "Four Body Fitness" as this activation brings physical, emotional, mental and spiritual health and full activation of our senses can only occur when we are well tuned on all levels. Four Body Fitness allows us to have love, health, wealth, passion and purpose in life and also<|fim_middle|> draw prana inter-dimensionally via the atoms using alternate internal feeding mechanisms as shared in the last section of this book.
Q: Why is prana now being used as an alternative food source?
A: The rediscovery of this ancient yogic practice and the holistic education of its benefits in the west, will allow the western world – as a force of monetary power and compassionate conscience – to utilize this energy (along with aid and resource redistribution programs) to eliminate individual and global physical, emotional, mental and spiritual anorexia which I feel is currently responsible for most of the disharmony on Earth.
Metaphysically it is known that when a species is ready to take another positive step in their evolutionary journey, individuals who are tuned and open, are able to access, from the U.F.I. – the universal field of infinite love and intelligence – any data they need to achieve this so The Prana Program is now being experienced by more and more.
Q: Does a person need to have a good intellectual understanding of prana in order to experience its benefits?
A: Not at all. There are many people who calibrate naturally at the perfect levels to experience many of the benefits of The Prana Program. That said, education and information can be very beneficial. For example, I recently discovered that my new computer can do things that I was previously unaware of until my daughter told and showed me. These happen to be very beneficial features that I can now use that I previously didn't know of. Similarly with The Prana Program. Until we know what a system is capable of we cannot, and will not, unhook from older and often more limiting, habitual ways. Education widens our freedom of choice and can stimulate more creative thinking to fine tune our manifestation abilities.
Q: In your book The Food of Gods you talk about a three level system of Divine Nutrition. Can you explain this?
Level 1 is the gift of life – the fact that there is a force that loves us enough to constantly, automatically breathe life into us.
Level 2 is being conscious of this force and using it to create physical, emotional, mental and spiritual fitness and to increase our health and happiness levels.
Level 3 is exploring and accepting all the gifts this force can deliver when we increase its flow – particularly the gifts of freedom from perceived human limitations.
Q: So the Food of Gods is prana, is this also Elan Vital?
A: Yes, it is also called manna or food from heaven. It is produced in the body naturally and more can be attracted to the body via the internal and external planes. Another name for prana or Chi, Elan Vital is known as the force that brings inanimate objects to life. [n] (biology) a hypothetical force (not physical or chemical) once thought by Henri Bergson to cause the evolution and development of organisms.
Q: Is this force that you call prana the same as chi?
A: Yes, according to http://www.wordiq.com/dictionary.html, "Chi in English is often spelled as chi or ch'i. The Japanese form is ki. Qi is a fundamental concept of everyday Chinese culture, most often defined as "air" or "breath" (for example, the colloquial Mandarin Chinese term for "weather" is tiān qi, or the "breath of heaven") and, by extension, "life force" or "spiritual energy" that is part of everything that exists. References to qi or similar philosophical concepts as a type of metaphysical energy that sustains living beings are used in many belief systems, especially in Asia." Some of the Taosits masters also see chi as cosmic particles and say that where mind goes chi flows, so we need to understand the power of the mind in order to effectively influence energy dynamics and field flow.
Q: Is chi force then also a perfect blend of yin/yang energies and is that why The Prana Program requires internal energy balance?
http://www.almaranea.net/light/beginning.html: "To understand Chi we must look back to the very beginnings of Oriental Medicine to Taoism (pronounced: dow-ism) which means The Way. Taoism is the most influential root of Oriental Medicine. The ancient medicine people or Taoist's main focus was to observe the ways of the natural laws governing the universe as a method to understand the unseen inner world of our bodies.
Q: How does this chi flow through the body?
Q: Is prana the same as photon energy?
A: In The Prana Program context, many see the photon as forming an energy band of pure cosmic Christed consciousness, or pure Divine Love consciousness, that is currently bombarding the Earth to activate within her inhabitants a dormant force of love and wisdom that we need to use to make positive evolutionary choices. In this context prana and photons exhibit the same qualities.
Q: What about orgone energy?
A: At http://www.orgone.org/aaintro00.htm Charles R. Kelley wrote: "Franz Anton Mesmer called it animal magnetism; Charles von Reichenbach called it odyle. To Henri Bergson it was the elan vital, the "vital force"; while to Hans Driesch it was the entelechy. Sigmund Freud observed its functioning in human emotions and termed it libido. William MacDougall, the great British – American psychologist of a generation ago, labeled it hormic energy. Dozens, if not hundreds, of lesser – known scientists have recognized its presence and have given it a name to characterize its special properties. Among the 20th-century proponents of the concept are, for example, Doctors Charles Littlefield and his vital magnetism and George Starr White and his cosmo-electric energy. Mechanistic science in the 17th through 19th centuries embraced many of its essential qualities in the concept of the ether, while mystical human beings have embraced other essential qualities of it in the concept of god.
Q: What is the difference between The Prana Program and the Solar nourishment program that you discuss in Chapter 8?
A: Solar nourishment is one way of obtaining micro food via our physical sun. It is ingested directly into the brain through the eyes and also through the pores of the skin. Hence as an external source of prana it is a small part of The Prana Program. However the feeding mechanisms we have been researching absorb and attract more prana from the inner planes, inter-dimensionally, and this way keeps us free from any external dependencies for nourishment as we draw prana through the atoms magnetizing cosmic particles to us via our resonance. | positive relationships with family and friends. It is also a sign of good pranic flow.
Q: In chapter one you defined what prana is, where can we get prana from?
"Basically, there are three major sources of prana: Solar prana, air prana, and ground prana. Solar prana is prana from sunlight. It invigorates the whole body and promotes good health. It can be obtained by sunbathing or exposure to sunlight for about five to ten minutes and by drinking water that has been exposed to sunlight. Prolonged exposure or too much solar prana would harm the whole physical body since it is quite potent.
"Prana contained in the air is called air prana or air vitality globule. Air prana is absorbed by the lungs through breathing and is also absorbed directly by the energy centers of the bioplasmic body. These energy centers are called chakras. More air prana can be absorbed by deep slow rhythmic breathing than by short shallow breathing. It can be also absorbed through the pores of the skin by persons who have undergone certain training.
"Prana contained in the ground is called ground prana or ground vitality globule. This is absorbed through the soles of the feet. This is done automatically and unconsciously. Walking barefoot increases the amount of ground prana absorbed by the body. One can consciously draw in more ground prana to increase one's vitality, capacity to do more work, and ability to think more clearly.
There is also a way to | 314 |
Our first greatest fear, according to Missagieh, is that those we deeply love and care about won't ever really get us.
My 34 years of experience with Numerology have taught me how a chart can reveal the Sacred Contracts which we have made with numerous other people. These are agreements we made before we arrived in the Human Experience. We belong to a community which arranged to assist each other in the multitude of teachings which direct and enhance Life.
Our DNA families, everyday contacts, and casual acquaintances are all members of this community. There are entities who have all committed to meeting and having an impact on one another. Even our feelings of disconnexion contribute to our Soul Growth, and the actions that led to the feeling have been provided by someone who, on the Spiritual level, really gets us, and our intentions.
The second greatest fear is the concern that we don't have the skills to make a difference in the world.
A full Numerology Chart is a veritable treasure trove of information about talents that we have carried with us into our lives. A chart contains tables that show which energies are supported in our lives. It is true that any given individual will have some, and not all, skills. Trying to force progress in<|fim_middle|> soul.
The very foundation of this concept means that meeting the expectations of others is not on the agenda. You have arrived on a specific day, to people who will name you correctly, in order to acquire particular learning in the Human Experience. Imposed expectations may carry teachings, and it is up to you to accept or reject the lessons they provide.
We make choices, we change directions, we do the best we can with the information at hand. We are never wrong.
There is a part of a Numerology chart which shows whether someone is inclined to be a perfectionist. I often tell people that there is no perfection in the physical realm. We came to physical life in order to expand into the obstacles and flaws and difficulties that Human Life can provide.
I am confident that there are many more than three fears while we are here in the Earth plane. I am also certain that fear can be exorcised by love, and that the self-awareness that comes with a Numerology chart is one of the most loving things we can do for ourselves.
I have been using Numerology in my work of supporting clients through change and growth since the 1980s. | an unsupported direction will be frustrating.
Examining the strengths that show up in their Numerology chart might reveal 'natural' inclinations. Perhaps, underneath futile attempts to become a computer programmer, there is an intention in place for success in botany or nursing or electronics. The advantage to shifting focus becomes obvious. This is how we utilize our intentions: by not forcing anything, by allowing Life to unfold naturally and lead us.
This description contains two important ideas: fear that we cannot live up to the expectations of others, and fear that we cannot live up to our own.
A Numerological profile is a guide to Cosmic information complied from the most individual information. I use your date of birth, and your full name – as it was at birth – in order to create a chart. The result is a very personal document, which cannot, and does not, apply to any other | 176 |
Del Brown with a 32-pound permit caught on a cloudy, windy, rainy day when most of the other anglers stayed at the dock. Marshall Cutchin photo.
ASK ANY TOP FLY-FISHING GUIDE to give you a short list of his best tips for catching permit, and you will receive a handful of suggestions that are applicable almost anywhere in shallow salt water. "Watch the fish" is likely to be key advice. So is, "Know where your fly line is at all times." The fact is, most permit guides want you to do the same things you do when fishing for tarpon or bonefish — only better. Part of the reason, of course, is that the stakes are higher. A client l once "inherited" from other guides who had failed to put him on fish told me that it cost him exactly $9,957 to catch his first permit. For most of us, that is meaningful. It certainly was to me.
During more than 12 years of guiding in Key West, I watched fly fishermen make more mistakes on permit than on any other species, perhaps because there are more mistakes to make with this finicky and often exasperating fish. From that, I've developed a sort of Top 10 list of the essential skills, techniques, and tactics necessary to pursue permit. Starting with the least-critical dos and don'ts and graduating to the tips that will make the greatest difference in your permit fishing, these suggestions are also increasingly difficult to master. Learning not to stand on your fly line when a fish runs usually takes only one hard lesson. Figuring out how to set the hook on a permit can take a lifetime. But it is always best to know how deep the water is before you wade in. And taking the time to ingrain the following principles into your approach may mean the difference between having to swallow a bitter pill on your flight home and savoring the sweet taste of success after catching a most difficult fish in a most beautiful place.
… and be sure you are holding it. Sure, you can keep a fully rigged permit rod in the gunwale rack for the occasional stray fish that interrupts your tarpon fishing, but when you see a permit, you will want to keep your eyes solely on that fish. They are quite difficult to see, especially for the inexperienced. So, if you want to catch a permit, stand on the bow with a permit rod in hand. Although these fish can weigh up to 50 pounds, line and rod weight are determined as much by the need to calmly deliver heavy flies — often in a stiff wind — as they are by the size of the fish. The standard is a 10-weight rod with a weight-forward floating line. Some anglers feel the need to overload with an 11-weight line to help turn over bulky permit flies, and many prefer to use a saltwater taper, which has more of its belly weight toward the tip.
Heavily weighted crab flies are the go-to pattern in water of less than about five feet, when permit are more likely to respond to the defensive behavior of the prey's tendency to hide on the bottom. Ideally, your cast should place the fly in such a spot that the fish first sees it as it sinks through the water column. Merkin tied by Marshall Cutchin. David Klausmeyer photo.
But in any case, once you figure out the best rod and line combination, learn to tie solid knots — and test them. A pigtail at the end of a leader section where a knot has just failed has sent many good anglers into a downward spiral of self-defeat. And finally, make sure you don't get sunscreen on the fly line, leader, or fly. Permit have highly developed sense of smell, which they use to every advantage.
Many anglers catch it their first permit while tarpon fishing or, say, after stepping down to take a bite of sandwich and suddenly spotting the glint of a tailing fish. You might even see a fish upon first approaching the flat, so be on the bow and ready to cast before the boat even gets into position. And when leaving, don't reel up a before the skiff's motor is going down. Many times, you might be stalking permit in two feet of water and notice, as you are about to leave, that there are fish hanging on the edge of the adjacent channel. Permit can appear seemingly out of nowhere. On windy days and in off-color water, for example, fish that normally wouldn't come to within 50 feet of the boat might suddenly swim right under the bow. Be ready to take advantage of any opportunity, no matter how unorthodox.
Most casting instructors will tell you to open up your loop when throwing oversize or heavy flies. The technique, sometimes described as "chuck and duck," keeps the fly from abruptly bouncing at the end of the backcast and actually increases your awareness of where the fly is (which is doubly important when you think about the potential impact of lead eyes against the back of your head). Worry less about picture-perfect casting form and more about delivering the fly on short notice, no matter what the wind direction.
If a sinking fly does not work, stripping flies that imitate small shrimps may prove more productive. A stripped fly can be especially effective in super calm conditions or when fish are in water deeper than about five to eight feet and are therefore expecting to see their prey flee on the surface. David Klausmeyer photo.
Be ready to change your strategy to fit the situation. Just when you have perfected a technique for catching permit, they will change their behavior and leave you whimpering. Although there is nothing like having a few permit under your belt to calm your nerves and<|fim_middle|>5 feet away. If the fly is close to the fish and it still fails to notice it, give the fly a very short strip, and then pause again. If the permit swims off because it seems mildly irritated or just uninterested, wait for him to get 10 feet away, then strip out and pick up the fly, and cast again. There are worse ways to spend your time than repeatedly throwing at a seemingly disinterested permit. Many times I have seen anglers make more than a dozen casts to me same fish before it finally took the fly. Keep in mind that a permit that does not leave the flat after seeing your fly once or twice is staying for only one reason: to eat.
Learning when to set the hook by feeling for the fish is a technique that is almost essential to permit fishing, although it is often useful with bonefish and other species as well. Always try to find out whether the fish has eaten the fly by removing the slack and feeling the tension in your stripping hand before lifting the rod tip — unless of course, you hear your guide yell, "He ate it!" Once you've decided the fish has eaten, you want to quickly and smoothly bring the fly line tight. There are many reasons for not swiftly lifting your rod tip or yanking back hard on the line, but the number one reason is that you want the fly to remain in the fish's "cone of interest." If the fish is still examining the fly, you want to avoid imparting any unexpected movement to it, just in case the fish does not have it in his mouth. Secondly, the interior of a permit's mouth is not soft, but it is rubbery. A permit running with a fly after the take will generally set the hook himself, and snatching the fly too early in the sequence risks yanking it out of the fish's mouth or getting a poor hook placement.
This is the most difficult aspect of fly fishing for permit, and the most important. Permit are generally slower and more deliberate than either tarpon or bonefish. Yes, they will attack a fly like a starving jack in certain circumstances. But permit normally examine their prey more carefully than other fish do, and waiting for a permit to make a decision about your fly can be agonizing compared with the quick response typically required to hook redfish or bones. Inexperienced permit anglers often err by lifting the rod or striking hard as soon as a permit starts to tip up on a fly. Again, this causes the fly to move when the fish least expects it, probably spooking him.
In addition to becoming a student of the species in general, learn to recognize the pace at which any individual permit is feeding, and make note of the variations in behavior that are determined by the immediate environment. For example, a fast-moving permit coming head on — even if it is stopping at regular intervals — usually gives you only one chance to make your cast, and you want your fly to land in front of the fish and within its field of vision. A tailing or mudding fish often requires that the fly land very close to its head because it is looking down and may be surrounded by a cloud of silt. A fish hanging on the edge of a channel in eight feet of water is not expecting a fly to drop at all, so strip it erratically to keep his interest. And all three situations are different from a line of fish cruising across a sea-grass flat, where throwing closer to the fish than normal is necessary just to keep the fly from disappearing in the grass. Remember, they all will eat, but each requires a different presentation of the fly, and that is something best learned by spending plenty of time on the water. | increase your confidence, anglers who find early success with one technique can get shut out when conditions change. Don't fixate on a specific strip length, or the supposedly best tide and wind direction, or what your buddy told you after catching four three-pound permit in Belize last year. One of the best tips for all kinds of saltwater fly fishing is "Be there and be square." Proper tackle, well-tied knots, sharp hooks, line management, and all the other mechanics of the sport constitute being "square." Being "there" simply means showing up on the flat and keeping your mind on the here and now.
… and work as hard as he does. The best guides will have seen a lot of fish caught on flies and know instinctively when the fish has taken the fly and when it has refused. They typically will see the fish long before you do and can tell you how it is behaving, which is critical. Beyond these core skills, effective guiding for permit takes serious physical effort that usually entails covering large amounts of territory both by motor and pushpole. You'll know you are really permit fishing when you're casting into a 15-knot wind at the end of the day. But before you decide it isn't worth the effort, remember that your guide has been pushing an 800-pound boat and 400 pounds of people around in the same wind for the past eight hours. In Key West, for example, the prevailing southeasterly wind means you are poling into a blow the last few hours of every day in order to keep the setting sun at your back. If the guide is still pushing you upwind, it's because he thinks you can still catch fish. Be sure you put out an equal effort on the bow.
Permit are not harder to see than other fish; they are just different. Standard advice is to look for the darkest part of the fish — their coal-black, forked tails. This is especially true when trying to spot smaller permit. But the longer you pursue permit, the more you will begin to look for the whole fish. Permit are generally larger than bonefish; yet they typically frequent darker-bottom flats and don't cast a telltale shadow as often. Head-on, however, the dark band that runs down their back from just behind their head to their tail is a dead giveaway. This is why a permit can seem to suddenly appear and then disappear as he first turns toward and then sideways to the angler. Also, despite previously published claims to the contrary, permit do in fact mud, and their muds are especially visible when they hold in current on dark, grassy bottoms or move across the current on a favorite flat, leaving short "smoke trails" each time they dig into the bottom.
Although you normally want a permit to first see a weighted fly as it sinks to the bottom, you sometimes may have to strip the fly until the fish notices it, especially if your cast lands a little too far away. But you'll be amazed at how many fish will still see the fly drop from 10 or 1 | 631 |
In honor of National Women's History Month, we pay respect to the life of a woman who made history by founding Ploughshares Fund.
Like many Americans, Sally Lilienthal was concerned that a thermonuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union could erupt at anytime. And rightly so: it was 1981, the height of the Cold War, and each country had amassed arsenals with the destructive power to extinguish all life on the planet.
But Sally was not<|fim_middle|> determination, Sally founded Ploughshares Fund in her San Francisco living room in 1981, the same year IBM announced its first Personal Computer.
Sally was ahead of her time in many ways. After college, she moved to Washington, DC during World War II to work in the Office of War Information when few women held office jobs. Later, she co-founded the California chapter of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, served on the regional ACLU board and was national vice chairwoman of Amnesty International.
In that first year, Ploughshares Fund managed to give away just $100,000 in grants to address the unprecedented risk nuclear weapons posed to humanity. By the time Sally passed away in 2006, her 1981 startup had blossomed into the largest grantmaking foundation in the United States dedicated exclusively to peace and security. True to character, she continued to run Ploughshares Fund until her last days, which came when she was nearly 87 years old. | like most Americans, or most people, for that matter.
Instead of getting ready for a quiet life of retirement, the 62-year-old sculptor, human rights activist and mother decided to take on nuclear weapons.
"I thought that if a lot of people felt the same way I did but didn't know what to do about it, we might get together and search for new ways together to get rid of nuclear weapons that were threatening us all," she later told the San Francisco Chronicle.
With a little help from her friends and a lot of grit and | 111 |
2.1: Ingresos y Gastos
Introducción a la Contabilidad Financiera
Université de Pennsylvanie
4.6 (65 notes) | 6K étudiants inscrits
Cours 2 de 5 dans Fundamentos Empresariales Spécialisation
Domina las habilidades técnicas necesarias para analizar estados financieros y declaraciones. Después podrás aplicar estas habilidades a un reto empresarial del mundo real como parte de la Programa Especializado de Fundamentos Empresariales de Wharton.
Excelente curso para iniciarse en el análisis de estados financieros.
a very helful and very very well developed course, I enjoyed it
Semana 2: Contabilidad Devengada y Estado de Resultados
Comenzaremos con una discusión acerca de la contaduría de acumulación y como afecta el reconocimiento de las cuentas de estados de ingreso: Ganancias y Gastos. Luego, cubriremos las entradas de ajuste, las cuales se necesitan para preparar los libros internos de los estados financieros futuros. Finalmente, discutiremos las entradas de cierre y la preparación de la hoja de balance y del estado de ingreso. En cada etapa, continuaremos trabajando en el caso de la nueva compañía. Y si no están cansados hasta el hastío de las entradas en su diario, entonces ¡no he hecho bien mi trabajo!
2.1: Ingresos y Gastos20:11
Brian J Bushee
The Geoffrey T. Boisi Professor
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Hello, I'm Professor Brian Bushee, welcome back.
In this video we're going to talk about revenues, expenses, and
the income statement.
This is a fairly important video, because we're going to
talk in detail about the difference between accounting income and cash flows.
Accounting income is determined by something called accrual accounting.
Which tries to measure business activities, and gives a very different
picture of the company's performance than merely cash in or cash out.
Let's get started and see how this works.
As we talked about in the opening video, the income statement reports increase in
shareholders equity due to operations over a period of time.
Net income is made up of revenues minus expenses.
And there's a couple of synonyms that are often used for net income.
It's also called earnings and net profits.
All the income statement items are based on accrual accounting principles.
Now notice I said accrual accounting not cruel accounting, but
this in fact is where the accounting starts to get cruel.
Because now recognition of revenues and
expenses are going to be tied to business activities.
Not to cash flows, which makes the accounting a little bit more tricky.
Revenues are recognized when goods and
services are provided, not necessarily when the cash is received.
Expenses are recognized in the same period as the revenues they helped to generate,
not necessarily when cash is paid.
And so the bottom line is that net income is not the same thing as net cash flow.
So let's look at revenues and expenses in more detail starting with revenue.
Revenue is an increase in shareholders' equity from providing goods or services.
There are two criteria that need to be satisfied to recognize revenue.
First, it has to be earned, which means goods and services are provided.
And has to be realized which means payment for the goods and services either received
in cash or something that can be converted to a known amount of cash.
These are called the revenue recognition criteria.
For example, let's say that we make a sale to a costumer,
we deliver the goods to the costumer and we give the costumer an invoice which has
the dollar amount that they owe us and a time period in which they have to pay us.
We've satisfied the first criteria because we've delivered the goods to the customer.
And we satisfied the second criteria, realized, because even though we haven't
gotten cash, we have something that can be converted to a known amount of cash.
And that's the invoice which has the dollar amount on it.
So in this case we could book the revenue even before we get the cash.
And what we do in this case is create an accounts receivable for
what the customer owes us.
>> Sounds good, but
can you give us some examples of when these criteria would not be satisfied?
>> Why, yes, thank you for asking.
Here's an example where the first criteria,
earned, may not be straight forward.
Let's say you pay $100 to a software company to buy some software for
your computer.
For the software company,
the $100 is realized because they've collected the cash.
But they might not book the full $100 as revenue today,
because it's not all earned.
The reason is that you're paying for not only the code that you receive today, but
you're also paying for updates or patches that you receive over time,
as well as technical support that you might receive over time.
So what the software company might do is book $80 of revenue today because
that's what they've earned by delivering the code.
The other $20 of revenue would only be booked later on,
as they deliver updates or as they provide technical support over time.
>> And how about the second criterion?
>> And now here's an example of where the second criteria
realized is not exactly straightforward.
So there used to be this CEO who was a turnaround expert.
I'm not going to mention his name because I don't want to get sued.
But what he used to do is get hired by distressed companies, and
he would come in and reduce the workforce, streamline the operations,
make aggressive accounting decisions, and turn around the company very quickly.
On one of his stops, he ended up shipping out a bunch of product to
customers that hadn't ordered the product right at the end of the quarter.
These shipments allowed the company to book the revenue, and meet their
earnings targets that analysts had set for their company for that quarter.
The justification for
booking the revenue was that it was earned because they had to deliver the goods,
and it was realized because they gave the customers an invoice.
The problem is that if they customers haven't ordered the product,
they're probably going to send it right back without paying it.
And so the revenue really hasn't been realized because you don't have something
that can be converted to a known amount of cash.
Because you don't know that customers have any intention of actually paying for
the goods that you shipped to them.
>> That sounds illegal to me.
>> Yes, in fact the company I'm talking about got in trouble with
the securities and exchange commission for this practice.
In fact, well over 50% of the enforcement actions by the securities and
exchange commission are for violation for one of these two criteria.
So these criteria have a lot of grey area in trying to interpret them, and
if companies are going to get aggressive in their accounting,
this is often the first place where they get aggressive.
Expenses are decreases in shareholder's equity that arise in the process
of generating revenues.
They're recognized when either the related revenues are recognized.
Or when they're incurred if they're difficult to match with revenues.
Now here we're talking about two criteria, but it's an either or, instead of a both.
And we're really talking about a distinction between something called
product costs and period costs.
Now you also see unusual events there, I'll come back and
talk about those in a second.
But in an example, think of a company that makes I don't know, video cameras.
For some reason I'm very interested in video cameras these days.
The product cost would be all the direct cost of producing the video camera.
It would include<|fim_middle|>C bank is owed $100,000 of interest on a loan for December and
receives the payment in January.
BOC bank has earned the interest revenue by providing the money outstanding to its
It's provided of service.
Presumably there's some kind of payment schedule with the customer who borrowed
the money on when they should pay so we can consider it realized and so
BOC bank can book 100,000 of interest revenue in December even though they won't
get the cash payment until January.
BOC issues 20,000 shares of stock in December and
receives $10 per share which is $2 per share more than they expected.
The answer is 0.
Companies can only record revenue when they provide goods or services.
They can never ever record revenue from selling shares or their own stock.
It doesn't matter what the proceeds of the stocks issues is were whether they were
more or less than expected.
Just simply cannot book revenue on issuing your own stock.
Revenue is only booked when you provide goods and services.
Now, let's practice with expenses, so for each of these items we're going to try and
figure out how much expense would be recognized in December?
First, BOC Automotive buys engines worth $2,000,000 in December for cash.
BOC has bought engines with cash but engines are going to be a product cost so
they're not going to be expensed until BOC actually sells the cars that they make
with those engines.
So at this point, no expense.
BOC Automotive uses the engines to make cars at a total cost of
$10,000,000 in December.
The answer is still 0.
Now, BOC has used the engine to make cars.
We know how much the cars cost in total.
But the cars are still product costs and
the costs won't become expenses until BOC Automotive actually sells some cars.
>> Come on, now.
The question says the words total cost.
Cost is just another word for expense.
>> In these videos, I'm going to use the term expense very specifically.
Expenses will only refer to things that show up on the income statement.
In contrast, I'll use the term cost very loosely.
A cost is any cash outlay, whether in the past, present, or
future, that's required to run the business.
So a cost only becomes an expense when we put it on the income statement.
BOC Automotive sells cars costing $8,000,000 in December for $15,000,000.
The answer is $8,000,000 of expense in December.
So we can finally recognize expenses because we've sold cars.
The expense will be equal to what it cost to make the cars, which is 8 million.
The $15 million dollars will be the revenue that we've
earned from selling the cars.
And it's good news in this case because our revenue is greater than our cost, so
we've made some profit.
BOC Automotive incurs $180,000 in salaries for its marketing staff in December.
The answer is $180,000.
Marketing staff would be a period cost.
We recognize an expense as we incur the cost of the marketing staff.
In other words, as they work for us and earn salaries.
We don't try to match the cost of the marketing staff to selling future cars
like a product cost because we assume that whatever the marketing staff is doing, and
sometimes it's not clear, it's helping to sell cars this period.
So the matching principle would say let's match the cost of the marketing staff this
period to the revenues we generated this period.
And expense the entire cost of the marketing staff this period.
BOC Automotive pays it auditor $50,000 in December for
services to be rendered in December and January.
The answer is $25,000 of expenses in December.
Even though we've paid $50,000 cash to the auditor in December, we're paying for
work the auditor's going to give us in both December and January.
We can only recognize the amount of work they've done in December as a cost and
hence an expense.
If we assume it's roughly divided between the two months then half of $50,000 will
be $25,000 of expenses, the other $25,000 will be expensed in January
when the auditor provides the work for us then.
>> Paying for an auditor is a period cost.
We paid the auditor $50,000.
So, there should be $50,000 of expense.
>> You're right about auditors being a purty cost but
not so right about the other stuff.
We're only an expense the cost of the auditors as they work for us.
BOC paid their auditor $50,000 cash for
work the auditor would provide in December and January.
But BOC only wants the expense in December, the amount of work the auditor
did in December, which is half of that or $25,000.
Remember, on the income statement we want expenses to match
business activities, not cash flows.
BOC Automotive pays $1,200,000 in cash dividends in December.
The answer is 0 dividends are never considered an expense,
because they're not considered a cost of doing business.
Dividends will never show up on the income statement.
They're not an expense.
So I think that gave us some good practice in applying these revenue and
expense recognition concepts.
We'll get a lot more practice in the next video
when we start to look at some revenue and expense transactions for a well spotter.
>> See you next video. | raw materials such as plastic, the metal, the glass for
the lens.
It will include all the labor that went into producing the camera,
all the costs of the factory which we call overhead, all of these are product costs.
These product costs could stay in inventory until the camera sold.
When the camera sold, those costs would leave inventory and become an expense.
So product costs follow the product.
When the product is sold, the costs become an expense.
Now think of all the other costs of running a business that makes
video cameras.
You have to have research and development people, operations personnel, sales force,
marketing staff, human resources, top management.
Those people are not directly involved in producing the video camera, but
they are a cost of running the business.
We call of these costs period costs.
Later we're going to call them SG&A or selling general and administrative costs.
These costs are recognized as expense when they're incurred.
What that means is that when the people work for you, you incur the costs and so
you recognize those costs as an expense at that point.
What if the company used the CEO's car to transport
parts from the warehouse to the factory?
Would that be a product cost or a period cost?
>> Yeah, in the highly unusual example where a CEO's car would be used
to both transport parts to the warehouse and to transport the CEO to his golf game,
you would have to take the cost of the CEO's car and
split it between product cost period costs.
I should come back to this topic when we talk about the income statement in
a future video.
The product cost versus period cost distinction is what we call the matching
principle where we try to match expenses to the revenues that they generate.
There's also something called the conservatism principle which is for
unusual events.
This principal says, recognize anticipated losses immediately, but
recognize anticipated gains only when they're realized.
Another way to look at this, is it's the anti human nature principal.
Human nature would be, hey, something good's going to happen in the future.
Let's record in now.
Whereas, something bad's going to happen in the future,
let's just wait until it happens.
The conservatism principle forces you to the opposite.
If you anticipate some loss in the future, like an environmental cleanup or
settlement on a product liability suit,
our employee severance cost in a restructuring.
You don't wait until those costs actually happen to expense them,
you expense them right away as soon as they're anticipated.
But if you expect some big gain to happen in the future like you've signed a new
customer to a contract and you expect big profits in the future,
you actually have to wait until those profits come.
You can't recognize them when they're anticipated, and for this reason,
you'll see a lot of big one time expenses, but not so many big one time gains,
it's because the conservatism principle forces you to anticipate future loses, but
not anticipate future gains.
>> Hey, I didn't know this was going to get political!
I am going to leave if this turns into a biased political polemic.
I thought the only right vs.
Left debate in this course was debit vs.
Credit.
>> No, no, no. This is not political conservatism.
This is not conservatism as the opposite of liberalism,
this is conservatism as the opposite of aggresiveism.
Rest assured there will be no political content to any of these videos and
the only left right debate will be debit versus credit.
>> Now, we're going to practice applying these revenue recognition criteria
to figure out how much revenue should be recognized in the month of December for
each of the following examples.
As always, you'll see a pause button so if you want to pause the video and
guess the answer, the pause sign will cue you when you should do that.
BOC delivers $500,000 worth of washing machines in
December to customers who don't have to pay until February.
The answer is 500,000.
BOC has delivered the washing machine so they earn the revenue in December.
BOC has given the customer an invoice
which has them scheduled to pay in February, so they've realized the revenue.
With both earned and realized, BOC gets to book 500,000 of revenue in December.
>> What happens if we never collect the cash?
Do we have to cancel out the revenue?
It still seems dodgey to me that you can record revenue before you get the cash.
>> Yes, you are correct,
that we do have to worry about whether we will collect the cash on this revenue.
Later in the course, we'll see how companies try to estimate how much of
their revenue they won't collect in cash.
And then, at the time of sale, make an adjustment to reduce their revenue based
on the amount they don't expect to collect.
But that's a complication we're going to get to in a few weeks.
For now, let's just assume that all of the revenue is eventually collected in cash.
BOC collects $300,000 cash in December for washing machines delivered in October.
The answer here is 0.
Presumably when BOC delivered the washing machines in October,
they also sent an invoice so that they could book the revenue of 300,000
in October when those revenue recognition criteria were satisfied.
In December, BOC's just collecting the cash on accounts receivable.
They can't book the revenue again or they'd be double booking it so
there wouldn't be any revenue in December, it was all booked in October.
Next, BOC Realty leases space to a tenant for the months of December and
January for $20,000, all of which is paid for in cash In December.
The answer here is 10,000.
We've received the cash, so
we know whatever revenue we're going to record meets the realized criteria.
But the question is, how much have we earned in the month of December.
If BOC is getting paid for December and January, the way they
earn revenue is by providing space to the tenant for December and January.
BOC's only provided space for December, so they can only record revenue for
December, which would be one-half of the 20,000 or $10,000.
That's the amount that's been earned in December.
BOC Aerospace receives an order for
a $400,000 jet in December to be delivered in July.
BOC Aerospace has not delivered any goods or services in December.
So they have earned no revenue,
which means they can't book any revenue until they actually deliver a jet.
>> If this is a long-standing customer that promises to pay us,
why can't we book the revenue now?
>> Even if it's a long-standing customer,
the revenue recognition criteria still applies.
You have to deliver goods or services before we can record revenue.
It's just one of those non-aggressive practices that accountants use to
increase the reliability or objectivity of financial statements.
BO | 1,481 |
Need a gift for that special climber in your life? This month we're running new product recommendations every weekday until the holidays. Check out the rest of the list.
A year and a half ago, I sat in the arid Taghia Gorge in Morocco. A few days of climbing on the sharp 400-meter limestone routes had destroyed my skin. Before leaving, I'd been at Smith Rocks where a couple locals provided me with Rhino Repair Skin Solution. Made from natural ingredients, the product promised to maintain healthy skin and help strengthen it. I applied the non-greasy treatment after climbing and noted significantly faster healing, making it<|fim_middle|> else you need to maintain strong climbing skin. | possible for me to climb the long, sharp face routes for another week. For climbers with with slippery skin, Rhino also makes Dry (a strong antiperspirant and natural anti-hydral) and Performance (antiperspirant and skin conditioner) Solutions. Not sure what to get? Check out the Holiday Stocking Stuffer Pack which includes repair cream, tip juice, dry spray, and everything | 81 |
Am I Jaded<|fim_middle|> got to be happy all the fucking time, so most people break that deal and get divorced."
Last weekend, I spent the day in bed with a queer writer who I'd stalked on Instagram. He slid quickly into my DMs, and even more quickly into me. He told me that his parents met in an arranged marriage in Japan, and 40 years later are still happily in love. It reminded me, to a certain degree, of my own deeply Catholic parents, who started dating in high school and still have a strong marriage. The Instagram guy's last serious relationship was poly and mine was open. Our idealized loves had failed. "Maybe having more options isn't necessarily a good thing," he said with a shrug. I'm pretty sure he was Tindering from my bed at one point. "Maybe to maintain a relationship, you have to stay a bit naive."
On multiple occasions, I've asked my mom if she has any regrets about not dating other men or having more diverse experiences. She told me that while it's natural to look back and wonder what if, the fact that she's happy with how her life has turned out (her family, her supportive husband), she's confident she made the right decision. While Emma and Malcolm say they're realistic rather than jaded—they believe there's no such thing as long-term love and that you have to be naive or delusional to get married—my parents would also say they're realistic, not only for getting married, but for staying married. Not all people in long-term relationships are cynics. It's a battle of competing realities.
The question seems to be: How can you be realistic about love while remaining open to it? To me, the key lies in something Malcolm said: You have to keep yourself from becoming a victim. After heartbreak or a breakup, the goal is to move on and grow, to not make the same mistakes in your next relationship, and to become more pragmatic. The problems arise when you don't recover—when, instead of doing the work, you throw a tantrum and blame everyone but yourself for your failures. It's a choice. You can use your past as a filtering process or as a defense mechanism, but with the latter, you will probably deny yourself love, affection, and sex. And that just seems dumb.
Karley Sciortino writes the blog Slutever.
Hair and Makeup: Ingeborg
TopicsBreathlessSex & RelationshipsFirst Person
Vogue Daily
The best new culture, style, and beauty stories from Vogue, delivered to you daily. | ?
By Karley Sciortino
It's been more than six months since my ex-girlfriend and I put the nail in the coffin of our creepily codependent three-year relationship. I've since gone through the obligatory breakup cycle. First there was the manic, Tinder-distraction phase. Then came the reality-check, self-pity phase where I gained 7 pounds. Then the juice-cleanse-Pilates-independent-woman phase where I lost it again. Then came this unforeseen period where I kept falling in love with people, but only for a day, like when I got a Pap smear and spent the next 24 hours convinced I had an intense connection with my gynecologist.
And then, a few months ago, I started seeing someone more seriously. He was a sane, nice person with a good job who made me cum a lot. But without meaning to, I kept trying to find his hidden flaw. I found myself having thoughts like, "This will never work out. His apartment is just too clean." Or, "We'll hate each other in two weeks. I might as well end it now." When our relationship eventually did end, rather than feeling regret, I just brushed it off as inevitable. And it was in that moment that I knew I'd officially reached the final phase of the breakup cycle: the part where you realize you're jaded.
Now, being jaded doesn't simply mean that you're "over it." It's more that you've become sick and tired after overindulging in something. And I'm pretty sure that my current state is the result of binge-eating on sex and relationships for the past 15 years. Some of the telltale signs include: Being around cheery, optimistic people makes me nauseous. Recently, during sex, when the guy asked me how I usually orgasm, I responded, "With great difficulty." I often swipe through Tinder in front of my friends, sighing unnecessarily loudly and saying things like, "See, this is what I have to choose from!" I've stopped spraying perfume on my underwear. When I see engagement notifications on Facebook, I think, She must have settled. (Or, if I'm in a particularly bad mood: She just ruined her life.) An architect from Brazil who looks like Keanu Reeves circa 1986 could show up at my doorstep with his giant dick wrapped in a bow and I'd be like, "Bleh, he's wearing square-toed Pradas—not worth the effort." And so on.
It's gotten to the point where I've pretty much convinced myself that my options are either to be single forever or eventually be like, "Eh, you'll do." And that sucks, because being cynical is not attractive. Self-righteousness and resentment aren't exactly fuck-me qualities. But even if you know you're jaded, that doesn't mean you have the power to control it. It's like the morning after taking a ton of Molly: You know the reason you're suicidal is because you chose to borrow happiness from the future, but unfortunately, simply acknowledging that you're on a comedown doesn't make you feel any less Plath-y.
Recently, I was commiserating with a friend I'll call Emma, a 35-year-old photographer who once told me that "true love happens when two people lower their standards just enough." Emma hasn't had a boyfriend in eight years. "The only time I ever thought 'I could love this person forever' was when I was too young to really understand what that meant," she said. "Ignorance is bliss."
It was a Friday night and Emma was refusing to come out, insisting that she'd rather stay home and watch Law & Order: SVU. She told me over the phone, "My best friend was in a relationship for nine years, only to recently find out that her boyfriend had been cheating on her for two. Meanwhile, she thought she was in a happy, long-term relationship. Then today, my boss was talking about her husband—they're in their late 30s and have three kids—and she kept saying, 'He's just so annoying. He just annoys me.' There was no affection in her voice." Emma sighed dismally."I don't want to be single forever, but I also don't want to be in a relationship where the ultimate goal is to not end up either hating or destroying the other person. Like, what are my options?"
When I asked Emma if she felt jaded, she seemed offended. "Jaded is something you become. This is just my personality. This is New York, okay. I'm not jaded. I'm just realistic."
That, I thought, was an interesting distinction. In theory, with each new relationship, we grow more aware of what we want out of a partner and what we can't tolerate. We become more streamlined, and that's a good thing—we're using our past experiences to protect ourselves, to make better choices. But is there a tipping point at which your expectations become so refined that no one is ever going to be good enough? Where is the line between jaded and smart?
Last week, I posed this question to another friend, whom I'll call Malcolm, over dinner in the East Village. Malcolm is an old editor of mine with whom I had an S&M thing a few years back. "There's a clear line," he said arrogantly. "Becoming a victim of love and transcending the delusions of love are two very different things." Malcolm's approaching 50, and while he's had no trouble bedding countless models over the years, he's pessimistic about finding a woman to settle down and have kids with, an attitude that he, like Emma, says is just keeping it real. "Love stories are fantasy," he said, "and once you wake up from a few love stories, you see through the plot. You understand the riddle, and eventually you stop falling for it."
According to Malcolm, the reason most of us are jaded love addicts is because we've been raised on an idealized notion of love and romance. "Our view of love is a literary concept," he said. "It's all there in poetry and literature, everything you want to know about the drug of love, and how to quantify it. You know you're 'in love' when your knees are weak, when you fuck five times a day until you're exhausted and then pass out entangled in each other's arms, when you're so insane for a person that you would die for them. You get so high on the drama of romance that you feel like you've transcended humanity and are living in the realm of the gods. But then inevitably, you have to deal with the loss of that and come back down to earth."
Basically, once you go through that cycle a few times, you realize that those feelings come with a major price. "But the kicker," Malcolm went on, "is when you realize that those intense feelings you were sold as being 'love' are really infatuation. Infatuation is what makes us bother to put up with each other. But forming a lasting relationship is completely different from the sensational high you get from romance and infatuation."
What about people who have been together for years or decades? I asked. What's their secret?
"People in long-term marriages aren't in love—they just made a deal that they've decided to honor," he said. "But now we live in a culture where everybody's | 1,551 |
Brilliant Travel
Well Done Jacqueline!
We are excited to announce that Jacqueline Dobson, President of Barrhead Travel, has been awarded an Outstanding Contribution to the Industry Award at the Agent Achievement Awards.
Jacqueline started her career on the shop floor, where she eventually went onto manage the department. She was then later put in charge of launching the Longhaul and Cruise Departments in Barrhead Travel's Superstore in Glasgow. This period also saw her establish a successful tour operating department that saw Barrhead Travel charter British Airways aircraft to take its customers to the Mediterranean.
From there she progressed into a director role, before eventually becoming President last year after her friend and long-term colleague Sharon Munro stepped down.
In Jacqueline's official announcement she said: "I'm absolutely shocked. I can't believe it. To be up there with a legend like Andy Harmer, I'm speechless.
"I started off with Barrhead Travel when we had just 60 staff and now we have about 70 stores throughout the UK. This is the best industry to be a part of and it has the best people in it, I just love it."
"Travel Leaders brings investment, expertise and the resource we never had before, but what's important is that we have continuity and retain our ethos and<|fim_middle|> see what the future holds.
Q&A with Nikki and Nicola of Azzura Travel
Barrhead Travel President completes Kilimanjaro Climb
A Q&A with Arlene Rickard of The Toon Travel | our culture and the connection with our customers."
We are absolutely delighted for Jacqueline and have seen first-hand the excellent leadership she has put in at both Barrhead Travel and Brilliant Travel. We can't wait to | 41 |
EntertainmentComedy
Talking Comedy – DAVE MCCARTNEY
Comedy, Entertainment, NZ International Comedy Festival, Spotlight
There can be little doubt that Dave McCartney is taking the comedy world by storm. Having just finished his first ever festival show, "Honest Bro…" with Dave Nicholls, which was a roaring success, Dave is still flying high on the well-deserved opportunities he has been offered within the comedy world.
"I was on Ben Hurley's Next Big Things 2016. Last year I was a Grand Finalist for the Raw Comedy Quest and now I'm doing a festival show. It's been a real awesome ride."
Over the years, Dave has grown his passion for entertaining people into a viable career, which is no mean feat (just ask literally any comedian you meet). With a background in acting and theatre work, he found his way into clowning in 2007, and – more recently – into stand up just two years ago. Dave's self-deprecating yet light material tends to be inspired by the current events of his life.
"It's stories, it's entertaining, it's all about my life. I'm a new dad, I love to talk about my kids, I've got two now… My mum comes from a family of sixteen; we've got cousins up and down the country. If we have a reunion we<|fim_middle|>.
"The great thing about comedy is it lowers people's defensives and people tend to drop their walls and they're a little more willing to listen to the things you actually have to say that mean something."
Influenced by prolific comedians such as Jim Carrey, Eddie Murphy, and Jerry Seinfeld, Dave discusses his love for being on stage and addiction to hearing an audience laugh with him. Whether this is at a stand-up gig or as his alias Bingo the Clown, the laughs are plentiful.
"Making people laugh – that's my fuel. That's my drug. Once you get hooked on that, once you get that elation of killing it at a gig, you need to have it again. And then you've got to have more of it and the crowds get bigger and the laughs need to get louder. It's a great thing for me."
Dave's background in acting and theatre has laid solid groundwork for his stand-up career which has exponentially taken off. His hard work and passion for entertaining are evident in his brilliantly delivered sets, and his kind, confident interactions with audience members put the crowd at ease. Since progressing from a Grand Finalist in the Raw Comedy Quest to a selected comedian of "Next Big Things" within just a year, Dave has many ventures in the works and will certainly have more to come.
"I'm doing the clowning thing, I'm doing the podcast thing, I'm doing the stand-up comedy thing. I'm loving this now."
Who: Dave McCartney
What: Host of "Live to you from the Apothecary!", podcast co-host on "Attempted Comedians", owner of Clown Around
Where: The Apothecary is located at 27 – 29 Picton Street in Howick.
Dates: Various
Dave McCartneyFeaturedInterviewNew Zealand International Comedy FestivalStand UpTalking Comedy
Watch: Dawn of War 3 Announcement trailer
In Review: 'Fools Suffering Gladly'
Comedian and full time optimist, Marika spends most of her time laughing. Especially when it's not appropriate.
In Review: Pop Up Globe Farewell Summer Season – Much Ado About Nothing
ANNOUNCEMENT: Milky Chance, Auckland Show
IN REVIEW: Why Don't We @ Spark Arena, Auckland | need to hire out a town. So I draw comedy from that as well. There are lots of things there and it's just whatever is inspiring me at the time."
After congratulating him on his new baby and mentioning how wonderful it is that he can delight and entertain people of all ages, Dave nods thoughtfully and jokingly elaborates on his points of motivation;
"I'm also one of my own inspirations, by the way. I inspire myself. I make me want to be a better me."
Now that his festival shows have finished, Dave has more time to focus on his other projects. He explains that co-hosting the comedian-driven podcast "Attempted Comedians" with Scott W Long and managing his own entertainment business, Clown Around, is keeping him busy.
The breadth of our conversation wonderfully illustrates how many balls Dave has in the air (pun absolutely intended), and in between talking about his stand-up, comedy podcast, and how well his festival show has been received, we still found time to discuss the important issues – namely, who the best superhero is:
Dave McCartney: I'm running my children's entertainment empire which is called Clown Around Entertainment so we've got clowns, pirates, magicians, fairies, superheroes. They all work for me. Batman works for me. Spiderman works for me.
Me: Spiderman is my favourite superhero.
[Dave Nicholls high-fives me]
Dave Nicholls: I'm so glad you said that.
Me: He's the best superhero! Batman doesn't even have any superpowers.
Dave McCartney: His superpower is his credit card.
What's more, Dave runs the "Live to you from the Apothecary!" stand-up gig in Howick's 'The Apothecary' every couple of months. Featuring some of the best comedians in New Zealand such as Ben Hurley, Brendhan Lovegrove, and Justine Smith, Dave is bringing comedy to Howick in a big way.
With his stand-up sets, podcast, an entertainment company, and a stand-up show in Howick, Dave has a wonderful series of projects in progress. It sounds like a busy life and Dave confesses it can be hard to juggle at times (Ed. Marika, stop with the puns) but his passion for making people of all ages laugh is the driving force.
"I'm a full-time entertainer. If I'm not clowning, I'm doing stand-up comedy, it's either one of the two… I always loved performing as a kid. I love acting, I love making people laugh."
Dave's comedy is currently quite light-hearted but he is well aware of how powerful comedy can be. Underlying themes and issues tend to be well-received by audiences when presented in a humorous fashion, and Dave is only too happy to touch on this point | 578 |
July 28, 2018 · 23:03
Google Translates To Planet Devastation
So Google Translate says that Jesus Christ is coming. Let us hope that the politician with the same initials does not get above himself. It may be too late, as increasing numbers of MP's are complaining to their constituencies about bullies and intimidation sent in after speeches disliked by the leadership. Dangerous times indeed.
It appears that JC can also be accused of being weak and ineffectual against anti-semitism lobbies. His heart is not in protection of the innocent. Who is he listening to? Does his Party know? What will they do about it?
We cannot wait until we are bounced into a General Election as Brexiteers have, up to now, been terribly incompetent negotiators.
Negotiation means those who talk to each other to thrash out a plan. Chequers appears to have been a plan, leaked to a newspaper and possibly Angela Merkel before Theresa May's own Cabinet saw it.
Hope about consistent, effective negotiation has been stirred by Dominic Raab; a breath of fresh air. Let the Civil Servants remain to waft him through the corridors of power without sticking to any one lobby or school of thought. He could rescue us, calling M> Barnier "only a tough negotiator'.
Theresa May's statesmanship will come by letting Mr Raab continue the Brexit negotiations.
To digress, we had rain, yippee! Just for 20 minutes. I hope the trees slurped thirstily.
Scientists are proclaiming that climate change has arrived, after years of warnings if we ignored emissions' levels. A huge iceberg broke off the Larsen Ice Shelf in Antartica. The jet stream that keeps us in lush countryside suddenly paused for two months and meant we had that period of hot, dry air. It did not move towards us as expected. The result is that extremely hot weather has stayed over the UK. Why is it over Europe?.
Nature has stolen the thunder of D DTrump trumpeting his way out of the Paris Accord. The US can take responsibility for devastating the planet. See him slide out of that one.
LucyLou
Tagged as bullying, Civil Servants, Climate change, D Trump, General Election, Google Translate, JC, Jesus Christ, Mr Raab, Theresa May
Ban a few words and stay in power
If the Deputy Conservative Whip mentioned the word 'resignation', he was misled. It should be banned from the vocabulary as it tends to reverberate in the minds of troublemakers.
The other phrase is 'General Election'. Nobody wants one, especially the voters.
Is it possible that the thought of Labour's far-left views finding themselves at No. 10, may have already occurred to train operators? Tony Blair cancelled shareholders' money when he nationalised the trains.
We are standing on an abyss, our toes curled over the edge. Talk of no Brexit is daft and not what the majority of people voted for. Please put pride aside and invite in the CBI who can explain how business decisions are taken, i.e., talking to the experts involved and Consultancies like Deloitte and KPMG. Money spent on them now will reap millions later and keep Mrs May where she is.
Sir Cliff Richard wins claim for financial and emotional harm by the BBC (of all people)
There is a fairly straight line from the person who concocted the idea<|fim_middle|> to have done a good deal for itself. Some jealous Europeans will not like it, so we need to present a united front, just like the Cabinet. It is our country at stake.
Congratulations to Mrs May.
If some dimwit Conservative MP's attempt 'dear John letters', let them go back to their constitutuencies beforehand. And later give them Mr. Trump to deal with. He will tear us apart if he can.
PS So we have lost Mr David Davis. Everyone will thank him for what he has done, but to quit when we are near agreement is sad.
Tagged as Conservative MP's, Customs Union, dear John letter, EU, Mrs May, UK | of entering Sir Cliff Richard's own home without sufficient cause. The problem seems to have been that they did not have any evidence. Although there is a result, have the people in decision-making been brought to book?
One person in the policeforce had the idea to go into his home. Another, or the same, decided to leak it to the Press and make sure they were there at the early-morning raid. They were looking for evidence to back up whatever spurious claim they had.
What if the cameras recording the break-in saved Sir Cliff from a worse fate? What if someone was going to plant false evidence? From the other decisions made up to the break-in, they were already on shaky moral ground.
Which Judge granted the warrant? These are the people who should be investigated.
His other lucky chance was that he was not at home, although watching someone going into your home must make you feel ill.
Sir Cliff has won his claim for lost earnings and emotional consequences, yet the BBC was dodging the bullets on its own TV channel. Unfortunately for the CEO, the buck eventually stops with him.
All of this said, 90% of our policeforce are dedicated to the public's welfare. Britain's finest, most of them.
Filed under Respect
Tagged as BBC, Sir Cliff Richard
Casting Mrs May Adrift Misses The Point
The British are mavericks and as such, never submit easily. Leaving the EU seems to be as difficult as joining it. Very reluctantly and with much kicking and screaming did we sign up to the European Courts having a say in our laws.
I think we forget that Britain leaving the EU will be a big wrench for EU citizens. So we should be more confident in putting forward our plans. Unfortunately, this time, the Cabinet's discussions at Chequers last Friday 13 July 2018 have fallen by the wayside. as the enormity of no Customs Union hit MP's in Parliament. On reason is that the other 27 countries in the EU could get jealous of Britain having a special deal. Frictionless trade does not need emotions running high.
Could you clear up something for me? Does having a Customs Union mean that we have frictionless trade or are these two separate discussions?
There can only be one leader, yet there could be cross-party discussion. Let us think for a moment about the radical Jeremy Corbyn and if he got into power, after Tory backbenches lost their collective nerve. He would have to take responsibility for Brexit. He may discuss it ad infinitum with his MP's, but he is on record in two debates of saying something completely different. Of course, a man of such strict left-wing principles would be expected to denounce ministerial cars and insist they all had Minis.
If Mr Barnier is pleased, we are doomed
What is best for the country?
Mrs May is doing a good job. Why? Because it is easier to criticize than it is to create. So negotiators are not born, they are developed and that takes practice.
Here's a curveball. Let us support Mrs May over a new plan that was created at Chequers. MP's we have never heard of are resigning in pairs. Let them go. The pickle-minded are entrepreneurs who work for themselves.
Unfortunately, this is Parliament's country and ours and we must negotiate Brexit sensibly. Why are Conservative MP's making such a fuss? Plans are always amended. Once a billion-pound company Admiral Computing Ltd., made its Project Managers submit their best shot and then it would be criticized and redone. That meant it grew exponentially and was always a step ahead of competitors.
There is no need for Mrs May to be downcast. We are at the beginning of the creation of a Brexit. And it would be politic to support her.
PS As for M. Claude Juncker, he is not drunk (The Sun?). He most likely has Meniers Disease where your horizon waves and makes it impossible to walk in a straight line. Operations are for other people.
Tagged as Admiral Computing Limited, Brexit, Britain, Chequers, curveball, EU, Mrs May, Parliament
Divert Mr Trump Away from UK
It may be a thought to divert Mr Trump's plane away from Heathrow and send him to Scotland. However, that would be to miss seeing the giant caricature balloon of himself.
Also, if he utters the word 'football', a word sacred to the English,, even if we eventually lost, he will whip up distaste from a whole nation. When we react to a national event, we are just as passionate as Mr. Trump.
So he laid into Angela Merkel's German government today. She looked like she was trying not to laugh. Mr Trump must have got the wrong end of the stick. She dismissed his remarks, but gently as you would to a child in a paddy.
Time to put up those screens. We won't be talking Trump; we'll be celebrating the English team who gave us a semi-final to watch. It is the first time in 28 years and it seems that there will be a possible runner-up match on Saturday. Let them win something beyond memories and our supporters in Russia will thank them.
Congratulations to England; we loved it, but we lost it. Let's keep cheering for them until Sunday. Of course then will be the culmination of Wimbledon and the ultimate in channel-hopping.
Have an exciting weekend.
Tagged as Angela Merkel, football, Germany, Heathrow, Mr Trump, Mr Trump balloon, Scotland, UK
Congratulations to the Thai, British & International Divers – Thai Boys' Rescue
How wonderful, the young boys are all out, safe and sound. Thrill and delight for their parents and relief for everyone around the world. It is down to brilliant logistics and Engineers who diverted pumped up water, yet mainly the divers who worked tirelessly to actually get the boys out.
To the filmmakers, you are not operating in a democracy. You will have to use exquisite politeness to talk to people. It would be politic to approach Narongsak Osatthanarkorn, the Governor of the Chiang Rai region and logistics wizard for the operation to bring the boys out of the caves. A tremendous job and he should be acknowledged for that.
Thank you to the divers who undertook missions to the caves, put full oxygen tanks along the route. I think they had to do that every day for every four rescues. It would be good to hear their story.
To the 7 divers from the UK's Cave Research Council, congratulations on your brilliant work. It is another notch in pride of the UK. I hope that the boys start objecting to their bland diets, always a good sign.
Good weekend!
Filed under Respect, Uncategorized
Tagged as Governor of the Chiang Rai region, logistics, Narongsak Osatthanarkorn, Thai boys in cave, Thailand
July 9, 2018 · 00:39
Share a common rulebook – So sensible!
The deliberations at Chequers have been agreed to a soft Brexit and we will never want a hard Brexit, as that will hit the man on a street, trying to keep himself in a job and the economy growing.
"Sharing a common rulebook' is a chance to compromise with a Customs Union , Irish borders for the Irish and free trade. There will be enough arguments against it from the EU as the UK seems | 1,523 |
KCPTA's Vision is to ensure that it delivers sustainable assistance to all stakeholders, therefore, enabling the students of Kingston College to continue with that which was taught and the advancement of the KC Motto. With that in mind, the KCPTA has continued to give full support to the school's initiatives as well as embarking on its own initiatives for the betterment of the boys and the school at large.
· The MICHAELMAS TERM on Thursday, September 22, 2016 at 5:00 p.m.
· The EPIPHANY TERM on Thursday, January 19, 2017 at 5:30 p.m. Specially invited Guest Speaker by the PTA Executive was DSP Steve McGregor, a KC Old Boy, who gave a riveting presentation to the parents on how to protect our family from intruders, our boys from criminal gangs as well as to help them not to become part of such gangs.
· Extra-Ordinary Meeting - Wednesday, February 22, 2017 at 5:30 p.m. The Board Chairman, the Principal<|fim_middle|>.
Track and Field - Contributed heavily to the feeding Programme over the summer. Ms. Denise Brown and Ms. Michelle Goulbourne who both worked with the Programme for the past five (5) ensuring that the boys were fed and the environment was kept in order. Assistance was also rendered by executive members transporting boys to and from the stadium, especially the first trip each day of Champs 2017.
Football - Contributed to the feeding programme.
Cadet - PTA donated a Trophy to the Cadet.
Tennis - PTA assisted with the airfare for members' student overseas travel to the Caribbean Championships in Guyana.
KCPTA's thrust is to "Major in the Minor" sports and activities within the school. We will be promoting and supporting the minor sporting activities within the school; including, but not limited to the Swim Team, Lacrosse, Basketball, Rugby, Badminton and Table Tennis as well as the Cadet Unit.
KCPTA stands ready to continue to be a relevant stakeholder to the development of the present boys and those to come. | and the Bursar advised the financial state of the Institution.
· "Better Parenting Workshop" held on , 2016.
· Male Parent of the Year and Female Parent of the Year 2016 - 2017, Mr. Herman Grace and Mrs. Rose Thomas.
· Chapel Choir Concert – December 11, 2016.
· On May 6, 2017, KCPTA hosts its Inaugural HEALTH FAIR at the North Street Campus from 9:00 a.m. – 3:00 p.m. Theme: " SHARING, CARING, THROUGH HEALTH". Support was given by the Member of Parliament, Honorable Ronald Thwaites, and his Representative, Ms. Tina Palmer, who attended the Opening Ceremony. Major Sponsor was the National Health Fund (NHF) and other sponsors include SERHA, RGD, PATH, JUTC, CDA, PICA and CAL'S. This was indeed a very successful venture and was well received by the Community. The President said it was our civic responsibility to give back to the Community.
· Deliberately assist the Student Leadership body in fundraising activities. Fundraising Stall at the HEALTH FAIR. Through the PTA's influence they were able to get 100% of the items donated. All profits went to them.
· St. Augustine's Chapel and KC's Chapel 70th Anniversary – The PTA, in collaboration with the Old Boy Association, purchased a new Lectern for the Chapel, which was commissioned by Lord Bishop Thompson, Lord Suffagan Bishop of Jamaica.
· Benefit Play "(Two Can Play)", held on " ( November 2016)".
· T-Shirt – "I AM A PROUD FORTIS PARENT" – in conjunction with the KCPTA's thrust to foster better parenting amongst our parenting body.
Choir - The KCPTA was instrumental in providing lunch and snacks on a weekly basis for the choir as they rehearsed for their Christmas Season | 418 |
CNET también está disponible en español. Don't show this again. Also in the top five are T-Mobile in third place, followed by China Unicom, which has a 30 percent market share in China, and NTT DoCoMo, which holds stakes in operators in Western Europe as well as its home network in Japan. Silicon.com's Tony Hallett reported from London. Can you name the world's biggest mobile carrier, in terms of individual users? If you guessed Vodafone, you'd be wrong. The latest figures from telecom market research specialist EMC put China Mobile's total subscriber base at 123 million. Vodafone's combined international customer figures come in just over the 100 million mark as of the end of June.
CNET también está disponible en español, Don't show this again, The photos and text appear to be of future Motorola phones that use the world's most popular phone standard, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Buddenbeck said, The site detailed supposedly secret plans for furries navidad iphone case a white-backlit screen on the C336 to a Bluetooth-enabled smart phone arriving in the third quarter, The material appeared first on a Web site originating from inside the Czech Republic, Buddenbeck said, The company doesn't intend to ask that the material be removed, he added..
"I don't (if) know there's going to be an aggressive move to have it pulled," he said. The plans that were posted were also very early and likely may have changed already, he added. According to the plans, the company intends to remake at least two phones from 20<|fim_middle|>: their public debut was out of the tech giant's control, The handset maker on Wednesday began investigating how an early version of its 2003 cellular product plans got posted on the Internet, said Motorola spokesman Alan Buddendeck..
CNET también está disponible en español. Don't show this again. "We're going to be the lowest priced," Paciello said. An Atheros representative couldn't be reached for comment. Navin Sabharwal, a wireless analyst with ABI Research, believes Atheros will likely respond to Intersil's move by slashing prices. "I can't imagine that Atheros won't match Intersil's latest prices," Sabharwal said. As prices drop, manufacturers won't have to spend as much to make equipment and can sell a finished product at a lower price, Sabharwal said. | 02. They are the sub-$100 C330, which will get a new name, C336 and a white backlighting. The V70, the gray and black cell phone that swivels open like a switchblade, will get a few upgrades as well, the plans indicate. One of Motorola's 2003 phones, the C370, will be able to download software, like games or business applications. Wireless carriers Nextel Communications and Sprint PCS are selling over-the-air downloads, hoping to generate new revenue.
Two higher-end Motorola phones for 2003, the V300 and V600, will have plug-in cameras, Selling picture messages is another new service carriers offer, Motorola also plans to sell a pair of "smart phones", which have capabilities of both a phone and a personal digital assistant, The handset maker's crop of phones for 2003 will come in furries navidad iphone case a broad range of colors and technologies, but they share one feature | 216 |
PhD Position in Dynamical Systems
VU University of Amsterdam Department of Mathematics
FTE: 0.8 - 1
The Department of Mathematics of Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam welcomes applications for a fully-funded, 4-year PhD position in Dynamical Systems. In this project you will work on computer-assisted proofs of periodic solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for fluid flows under the supervision of Jan Bouwe van den Berg. The field of dynamical systems is developing rapidly, and more and more we see that analysis needs to go hand in hand with computer-assistance to obtain proofs for interesting solutions, such as periodic and connecting orbits. In this project you will thus combine dynamical systems theory and partial differential equations with innovative computer-assisted proof techniques.
The research will be carried out in the Dynamical Systems group of the Mathematics Department. The group has many national and international connections, and is internationally leading in the field of nonlinear dynamics and differential equations. We form a very active and collaborative group and are fascinated both by concrete applications and by fundamental mathematics.
The preferred starting date is preferably 1 April and no later than 1 September 2021.
The department has a strong desire to hire more female colleagues. Therefore, women are especially encouraged to apply.
Your duties
doing research towards writing a PhD thesis
teaching tasks (roughly 15% of your time), which typically consist of supervising exercise classes and correcting homework
a (prospective) MSc. degree in Mathematics (or an equivalent thereof) with excellent results
an interest in dynamical systems
some affinity with programming
good communication skills in English
What are we offering?
A challenging position in a socially involved organization. On full-time basis the remuneration amounts to a minimum gross monthly salary of €2,334 (at the start) and a maximum €3,111 (in the fourth year). The job profile is based on the university job ranking system and is vacant for 0.8-1.0 FTE.
The appointment will initially be for 1 year. After a satisfactory evaluation of the initial appointment, the contract will be extended for further 3 years. Additionally, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam offers excellent fringe benefits and various schemes and regulations to promote a good work/life balance, such as:
8% holiday<|fim_middle|>iteit Amsterdam
The ambition of Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam is clear: to contribute to a better world through outstanding education and ground-breaking research. We strive to be a university where personal development and commitment to society play a leading role. A university where people from different disciplines and backgrounds collaborate to achieve innovations and to generate new knowledge. Our teaching and research encompass the entire spectrum of academic endeavor – from the humanities, the social sciences and the natural sciences through to the life sciences and the medical sciences.
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam is home to more than 26,000 students. We employ over 4,600 individuals. The VU campus is easily accessible and located in the heart of Amsterdam's Zuidas district, a truly inspiring environment for teaching and research.
We are an inclusive university community. Diversity is one of our most important values. We believe that engaging in international activities and welcoming students and staff from a wide variety of backgrounds enhances the quality of our education and research. We are always looking for people who can enrich our world with their own unique perspectives and experiences.
The Faculty of Science
The Faculty of Science inspires researchers and students to find sustainable solutions for complex societal issues. From forest fires to big data, from obesity to medicines and from molecules to the moon: our teaching and research programmes cover the full spectrum of the natural sciences. We share knowledge and experience with leading research institutes and industries, both here in the Netherlands and abroad.
Working at the Faculty of Science means working with students, PhD candidates and researchers, all with a clear focus on their field and a broad view of the world. We employ more than 1,250 staff members, and we are home to around 6,000 students.
The Department of Mathematics
The Department of Mathematics strives for excellence in research. The department balances pure mathematical research with mathematical research motivated by applications. Researchers in the department are on one hand active at a fundamental and theoretical level, and, on the other hand, work on applications with links to business, the sciences, and societal issues. The department has a strong international research staff with expertise in dynamical systems, geometry and algebra, as well as in stochastics (statistics, data analytics, probability).
Are you interested in this position? Please apply via the application button by February 1, 2022. and upload: a cover letter, a CV, a list of courses and grades at the MSc level, a (draft) MSc thesis if available, and the names and e-mail addresses of two references.
Applications received by e-mail will not be processed.
Vacancy questions
If you have any questions regarding this vacancy, you may contact:
Name: Jan Bouwe van den Berg
Position: Professor of Mathematics
E-mail: janbouwe.vanden.berg@vu.nl | allowance and 8.3% end-of-year bonus
contribution to commuting expenses
optional model for designing a personalized benefits package
a maximum of 41 days of annual leave based on full-time employment
good paid parental leave scheme
About Vrije Univers | 54 |
<|fim_middle|> sites, though! | Since Design Sponge and Mighty Goods introduced me to all the original and affordable art that is easy to find thanks to the wonder of Mr. Gore's internet I have been obsessed. For a while I harbored a secret plan to give original artwork for Christmas but, you know, I'm just not sure if it's OK to buy people art. What if they don't like what you like or you can't work out what they like? What if they don't like or don't need any more art? Will they feel obligated to hang it up when you come over even if they hate it? I've had some spectacularly heartfelt and horrible ideas for presents before. So, instead of giving the art (I think, don't count it out, I haven't really even begun my Christmas shopping yet) I'll pass along one of the lovely links. With the tag line, "everyone needs art" 20x200 is a site giving us laypeople access to lower cost limited runs of artwork. They introduce 2 new pieces each week, one photographic and one on paper, in a run of 200. The pieces are available in different sizes, the smallest of which is sold for $20.
$20 for limited run "real" art.
That's art for the people. Why don't you go treat yourself to some?
This is so cool. Especially for artistically challenged people like myself. Thanks for the link.
Myself, I would love someone to give me any piece of art, but I am one of those people who has no decorating theme or clearly defined sense of style...my house and soul are sort of a hodge podge.
I am lucky to have two artists who love me - my adopted mother has given me both drawing and sculpture that I proudly display in my home, and WeedWoman has gifted me with some truly gorgeous pieces that I LOVE looking at every day. That's not to mention the two little girls who keep me in crayon and water color on every magnetic surface in the house. That won't keep me from checking out your | 426 |
Home / Crypto Trading / Cryptocurrency Prices, Charts & Crypto Market Cap
Cryptocurrency Prices, Charts & Crypto Market Cap
11 May 2022 Crypto Trading
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Whats the current ICON price? How much is 1 ICON worth?
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The ICON platform operates as a decentralized network with an ambition to enforce global interaction between various blockchains, based on smart contracts technology. The ICON project seeks to overcome the separation of the communities built around specific blockchains that have been adopted across diverse industries. Its ICX coins are used to pay for the access to the global ICON network and serve as the tokens which enable the smart contract based transactions on the platform. These tokens are also awarded to the members of the network for their participation in it. The network leverages blockchain technology to keep track of all the transactions using a public ledger. But there are so many cryptocurrencies to choose from that it is becoming difficult to decide which one should opt for. With more coin projects emerging, each project uses a different set of tokens and algorithms to operate. This is becoming too complex, but a solution to this was introduced back in 2017. The idea was to build a bridge between many blockchain platforms using a dedicated communication protocol and connect blockchain structures using ICON. ICON is a blockchain technology and network framework designed to allow independent blockchains to interact with each other.
Can chainlink reach $10000?
While everything is possible, it is highly unlikely that the price of Chainlink will ever reach $10,000 — not even the most optimistic LINK price predictions expect that.
ICON ranks #20 on coinmarketcap.com, with a market cap of US$1.3 billion and a daily volume of US$154 million. The altcoin has a circulating supply of approximately 386 million ICX from a total supply of 400 million ICX. Binance is by far the cryptocurrency exchange where most ICON is traded. ICON is a decentralized network that acts as an interactive ecosystem for separate blockchains. The ICON network is designed to allow users on one blockchain to interact and transact with users on another.
ICON aims to serve as a sort of a blockchain hub or a point of connection. The company is addressing an important need in the growing field of blockchain technology. One of the challenges for the widespread adoption of blockchain technology is that each separate blockchain community uses its own network. Therefore, the ability to connect the various separate networks is a major step forward in blockchain technology, which is increasingly being used as a more secure mechanism for the transfer and/or storage of all types of<|fim_middle|> and symbol – Game Revolution
ICON (ICX) crypto token price, where to buy, and symbol.
Posted: Fri, 10 Sep 2021 07:00:00 GMT [source]
Although believed to be reliable, management of Market Jar has not independently verified any of the data from third party sources. ICONLOOP would get a leg-up if significant companies such as Samsung were to become MyID partners. Such a move would encourage investors to jump on board, thus providing more resources not only for MyID but for ICONLOOP's other blockchain-based projects. Hopefully, this would lead to a ripple effect where those projects would also get global recognition. The firms that have partnered with the project have joined because MyID Alliance is the first consortium that is ready to push digital ID into the mainstream. It makes a lot of sense that financial institutions, insurance firms, and security companies would jump on board since MyID is highly secure. It is so safe that Korea's Financial Services Commission deemed it the only identification verification system that can be applied across the financial sector in South Korea. 2020 is shaping up to be an exciting year not only for ICON but also for the parent that is responsible for its developments, ICONLOOP. | data. As of November 2018, the ICX coin has a market cap of USD 243 million, down from more than USD 4 billion it had in early 2018. The current circulating supply of the ICX coins stands at more than 387 million units, out of a total of 800,460,000 coins. The ICON's ICO ended in September 2017 and it managed to raise USD 42,750,000. Half of the available tokens were allocated for the sale, while 16 percent of them was set aside as the reserve. The Foundation received 14 percent of the tokens, with 10 percent of them going to the strategic partners and the same percentage reserved for the team and early contributors. As such, it allows for making transactions without the need to do it via centralized exchanges or through third parties.
Cryptocurrency is an unregulated digital currency, not a legal tender and subject to market risks. The information provided in the article is not intended to be and does not constitute financial advice, trading advice or any other advice or recommendation of any sort offered or endorsed by NDTV. NDTV shall not be responsible for any loss arising from any investment based on any perceived recommendation, forecast or any other information contained in the article. Launched in September 2017 as an initial coin offering , ICX token quickly raised $43 million . Its current circulating supply has swelled to over 734 million ICX coins with a market cap of over $668 million (roughly Rs. 5,100 crore), as per CoinMarketCap. Because many securities traded Over-The-Counter are relatively illiquid, or "thinly traded," which tends to increase volatility in market prices, an investment in an OTC security involves a high degree of risk. These speculative and illiquid securities are often difficult for investors to buy or sell without significantly affecting the quoted price. It should be noted that the liquidation of a position in an OTC security may not even be possible within a reasonable period of time. The reward system and the growth that ICON has been enjoying have been generating value for ICX, which the platform's native token is. For example, it has a 9.7 percent yield rate, making it an ideal cryptocurrency to stake.
ICON's initial coin offering in September 2017 raised 150,000 ETH (approximately US$43 million at the time). Through deliberation of Bithumb Cryptocurrency Deliberative Committee, the exchange is launching an ICON Airdrop from March 21 to March 25, 2018 exclusively for members who trade 1 million Won or more within the event period. Investopedia requires writers to use primary sources to support their work. These include white papers, government data, original reporting, and interviews with industry experts.
This interconnectability makes the ICON project worth keeping an eye on over the next decade. Circulating supply shows the number of coins or tokens that have been issued so far. Market cap is calculated by multiplying the asset»s circulating supply with its current price. The percent change in trading volume for this asset compared to 24 hours ago.
We may receive compensation from our partners for placement of their products or services. We may also receive compensation if you click on certain links posted on our site. While compensation arrangements may affect the order, position or placement of product information, it doesn't influence our assessment of those products. Please don't interpret the order in which products appear on our Site as any endorsement or recommendation from us. Finder.com compares a wide range of products, providers and services but we don't provide information on all available products, providers or services. Please appreciate that there may be other options available to you than the products, providers or services covered by our service.
Some bright news during bear. @0101ljg @kwiwcrypto #HarmonyOne #ICON #NFT $ICX $ONE @wonderdotgame https://t.co/O7Mc7sksKk
— SM Sandman321 🍄🏔 (@Sandman3213) June 15, 2022
This solution will digitize the diploma issuance process and allow easy certificate searches by employers. It is one of the use cases that demonstrate how blockchain-based solutions can be integrated into society. South Gyeongsang Province's blockchain project for regional public service based on DID. ICON (#ICONProject), the South Korean blockchain startup, is one of the few blockchain companies that has risen from the ashes of the crypto bubble of 2018.
The startup's network has been gaining more traction and currently has more than 80 validators. Meanwhile, ICX is recognized by 31 exchanges and cryptocurrency wallets. This data gives a glimpse of the growth opportunities now in the market. CoinCheckup provides live cryptocurrency prices and charts, listed by crypto market cap. Get latest crypto prices, predictions, news, and historical data for Bitcoin and thousands of altcoins. Conversion rates are based on CoinDesk's Bitcoin Price Index and the price indices of other digital assets.
The Icon blockchain project was founded in August 2017 by Mun Kim, a former chief strategy officer for Korean fintech holding company Dayli Financial Group. The Icon protocol is governed by the Icon Republic, with representatives from the Seoul government, Samsung and the Line messaging app. Read more about maractite waves coin here. The Icon Republic has since added Shinhan Bank and Saramin, a South Korean recruiting firm, to its list of partners. Our platform allows you to trade 24/7 and track the prices of up to 40 cryptocurrencies.
We may receive payment from our affiliates for featured placement of their products or services. We may also receive payment if you click on certain links posted on our site. Founded in 2017, the ICON Foundation is an interoperable layer one blockchain, connecting all blockchain networks using ICON's BTP Technology. Issuers of OTC securities quoted on the OTC Link system are not required to provide any kind of information to investors. Securities may continue to be quoted on the OTC Link system if issuers are delinquent in their reporting obligation to the SEC or other federal or state regulatory agencies. Quotation of a security on the OTC Link system does not in itself create any ongoing filing or reporting obligations with the SEC for any issuer. In fact, issuers may not even be aware that their securities are quoted on the OTC Link system. Information on this website is updated regularly by Market Jar without notice.
First, many investors are used to traditional centralized cryptocurrency exchanges. While it is true that these traditional, centralized exchanges do not fit with the decentralized ideology of cryptocurrencies, in 2021, these exchanges are still an integral part of the cryptocurrency market. Many investors only purchase cryptocurrencies that they can buy through their favorite exchanges. Given the goals of ICON, many exchanges might not want to offer ICX to their customers. The chain itself possesses multiple channels with clients representing individual blockchain communities. This multichannel system makes it possible to have several channels on a single blockchain network, all of them capable of handling requests and smart contracts as well as reaching consensus. While the individual communities are free to use their own consensus model, the consensus between them on the ICON network is ensured via the loopchain's Fault Tolerance Consensus protocol. This protocol allows for a more secure and faster consensus reaching, without the need for forks.
Icon nodes, run by computers, decide which economy to support in accordance with their interest. Note that the content on this site should not be considered investment advice. This site is not intended for use in jurisdictions in which the trading or investments described are prohibited and should only be used by such persons and in such ways as are legally permitted. Your investment may not qualify for investor protection in your country or state of residence, so please conduct your own due diligence. This website is free for you to use but we may receive commission from the companies we feature on this site. NameCoinNews, being a News Publication Media that provides fresh and authentic updates of the crypto world, contributes to quite an extent by enlightening layman regarding the same. NameCoinNews operates efficiently in order to bring out high-quality, unbiased and well-analyzed content to readers. With this, it offers the latest news, price analysis and interviews to the crypto believers. ICON also plans to widen its scope through high-profile collaborations such as its recent partnership with Chainlink, which is one of the top oracle solutions. Oracles facilitate interactions between smart contracts and data, as well as systems that are not in the native blockchain.
Will Elon Musk buy Dogecoin?
Topics. As all the leading cryptocurrencies get hammered, Tesla CEO Elon Musk has said he will keep supporting and buying Dogecoin, a cryptocurrency he has been vouching about for years. Amid the 'crypto winter', Dogecoin digital currency has tumbled from its high of nearly $0.74 to just over $0.05 in recent days.
As per South Korean daily Hankyung, the cryptocurrency sector is enjoying its second nationwide boom in South Korea since 2018, with over two million nationals experimenting in the arena. Elements of the crypto sector played a pivotal role in South Korea's election debate, with both candidates releasing campaign-related non-fungible tokens to attract voters. South Korea's new President, Yoon Suk-yeol , amously minted his signature on the ICON blockchain last year in December. His election as the President seems to have single-handedly influenced the ICX price increase. Before ICON, Kim was an investment banker, financial executive, and startup founder. In October 2017, ICON held an ICO where half of the total supply of ICX was sold to the public. According to the website, the release schedule of the other 50% of total supply will be determined through annual C-Rep consultation. Over the last day, ICON has had 0% transparent volume and has been trading on 145 active markets with its highest volume trading pairs being . Your guide to the best wallets for storing and managing ICON's ICX tokens, including tips on how to choose the right wallet for your needs. The idea behind enhanced interoperability is to allow different industries to cooperate and conduct transactions on the same platform.
Now that the world has started to understand what blockchain is and its potentially positive impact, there has been an increased uptake of blockchain projects. It means that the atmosphere is changing in favor of the technology and so it is now the right time to make moves. Another indicator that South Korea is going full speed with digital currencies and blockchain is the fact that the country will host a cryptocurrency conference in February 2020. Interestingly, it has not been without controversy because the UN issued a warning claiming that attending the event might be considered an international sanctions violation.
A blockchain is a digitally distributed, decentralized, public ledger that exists across a network. Baby Doge is a cryptocurrency token available to trade on decentralized exchanges. Jake Frankenfield is an experienced writer on a wide range of business news topics and his work has been featured on Investopedia and The New York Times among others. He has done extensive work and research on Facebook and data collection, Apple and user experience, blockchain and fintech, and cryptocurrency and the future of money. Compared to its counterparts, ICX, the ICON network's cryptocurrency token, is not very popular among cryptocurrency investors. One of ICON's major projects is developing blockchain-based driver licenses through its Decentralized Identity technology.
The @TheIconistNews works hard to bring you the latest ICON-related news.
Follow us and subscribe to our newsletter to join our growing community. #Iconist #ICON $ICXhttps://t.co/LFgN3qz6ip
— The Iconist 🌐 (@TheIconistNews) June 16, 2022
Links to websites and other resources operated by third parties ("Third Party Information") other than Market Jar are provided solely as a convenience to the user. We do not control such Third Party Information and are not responsible and disclaim any liability for the content, products, services or information offered by any third parties. The inclusion of links to such Third Party Information on the page does not imply endorsement of any content, products or services offered, advertised, endorsed or promoted by any third party, or of any company or person. Third party sources generally state that the information contained therein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but there can be no assurance as to the accuracy or completeness of included information.
Please also note that data relating to the above-mentioned cryptocurrency presented here are based on third party sources. They are presented to you on an "as is" basis and for informational purposes only, without representation or warranty of any kind. Links provided to third-party sites are also not under Binance's control. Binance is not responsible for the reliability and accuracy of such third-party sites and their contents. ICON's Blockchain Transmission Protocol enables cross-chain communication between smart contract-enabled blockchains. Start bridging your assets between ICON, Binance Smart Chain, NEAR Protocol, Moonriver, and more with Nexus. Voyager gives users the power to trade crypto commission-free, across multiple exchanges. The Voyager app has just recently launched in the iTunes Store, and we are excited to support Icon. ICON has one, specific purpose that branches into multiple others – cross-chain communication between different blockchains.
This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. Charts Explore more data on the digital asset markets with comprehensive graphs. After trading at an ATL of $0.10, Icon price briefly rebounded to $0.60 in February 2020. March was rather turbulent as ICX traded between the prices of $0.12 https://www.beaxy.com/faq/where-can-i-see-the-depth-chart/ and $0.43. The average price for Icon in April was $0.25 and it reclaimed $0.30 in May and June. July and August mostly showed a bullish trajectory, with ICX price reaching the value of $0.80 in August. In the following months until the end of December, Icon mostly traded between $0.30 and $0.50. Finder.com is an independent comparison platform and information service that aims to provide you with information to help you make better decisions.
ICON is a digital republic with a comprehensive governance system where users say how the network operates. There are two main components of this governance which are Public Representatives, also known as P-Reps, and ICONists. ICONists are members of the ICON republic; who will delegate their ICX to the most productive P-Reps, receiving a high staking reward in the industry currently offered. P-Reps are validator nodes that secure the network and carry out activities that add value to the ICON network. The project aims to build a decentralized network allowing independent blockchains with different governments to transact with each other without the need of any intermediate third parties. The high throughput blockchain enables the system to be ultra-fast without compromising quality or reliability. Finally, a system called the "Blockchain Transmission Protocol" allows messages to pass between connected blockchain by relayers. The Icon Foundation held the ICX initial coin offering in September 2017, offering 2,500 ICX for 1 ETH.
ICON Price Analysis: ICX Token flips key resistance level while indicators declare war – Cryptocurrency News – The Market Periodical
ICON Price Analysis: ICX Token flips key resistance level while indicators declare war – Cryptocurrency News.
Posted: Tue, 24 Aug 2021 07:00:00 GMT [source]
Learn how to download and use Hana, the official wallet of the ICON ecosystem. Learn about ICON's Blockchain Transmission Protocol , a trustless bridging protocol that connects ICON to chains like Binance Smart Chain, NEAR, Harmony, and more. ICON's CPS is a fully decentralized grant program governed by validators on the ICON network. Join Discord Join the ICON Discord, and start connecting with our global community. Join the ICON Discord, and start connecting with our global community. As part of our Interoperability Incentive Program, we've set aside 200 million ICX to incentivize development of products and tools that use ICON's BTP technology. To become a P-Rep, a team or individual must go through an on-chain registration process which includes paying a 2,000 ICX registration fee. Following registration, a P-Rep can start receiving delegation in the form of staked ICX. ICON is a delegated proof-of-stake network, which means a majority of stakeholders delegate their share of the network – in this case, ICX – to registered validators that produce blocks and participate in governance.
Half of the available tokens were allocated for the sale, while 16 percent of them was set aside as the reserve.
The partnership will make it easier to develop ICON DApp-based financial products, with ICX in the middle of it all.
The company bills itself as an interconnected blockchain network, allowing participants in a decentralized system to "converge" at a central point.
Learn how to swap tokens across ICON, Binance Smart Chain, Moonbeam, and more with ICON Bridge – an easy to use bridging solution operated by ICON Foundation.
Go to the checkout & fill in your billing details – make sure it's done correctly.
Its key development partner, ICONLOOP, has received the Ministry of Science and ICT Award for its role in popularizing the blockchain sector in Korea. ICONLOOP has also partnered with several industry giants and government entities. With over 140 employees presence in South Korea, it is one of the largest blockchain companies. Our new digital magazine goes beyond the daily headlines to put crypto and blockchain developments in perspective. South Korea-based ICONLOOP, the firm behind blockchain project ICON, has denied reports it's moving to go public. In December 2017, the Icon Republic joined the Blockchain Interoperability Alliance, which aims to promote interconnectivity between blockchain networks. Own 30+ cryptoassets on an easy-to-use platform, and share in the knowledge of 25m+ users. ICON's Contribution Proposal System is a decentralized grant program for teams building on ICON. Whether your focus is development, marketing, or community building, the CPS is here to fund you.
ICON (ICX) crypto token price, where to buy, | 3,858 |
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