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What we built this summer: Meet our 2017 intern class
By Steven Rybicki Oct 20, 2017
As an engineer who helps run the intern program, I want to give you a view into what it's like<|fim_middle|> client. These Scala definitions are generated into TypeScript models that are used in our front end framework. This increases the size of our client side JavaScript bundle, which slows down page loads. To get rid of this code generation—and thus speed up load time—James used Typeable Programming. Now we can write definitions and rely on a compiler to ensure definitions are used correctly at compile time, rather than using actual generated objects to achieve the same end.
For more on improving our performance, see Treating performance as a product: The technical story of Asana's arduous rewrite.
"My work involved interfacing our old UI framework with our new codebase. This meant I had to learn how to gain a lot of context very quickly and interact with a massive code base." – James
Molly worked on user clustering with the data science team. Asana user behavior is not homogenous. For example, marketers at a publishing company use Asana differently than doctors at a non-profit. To understand our different customers, it's useful to segment them into groups with similar user behavior. To do so, we look at things like how many tasks they create, how often they visit the site, or if they use the API. This was the core part of Molly's work.
One of the challenges she faced was skewed user behavior data. This meant she had to explore different data transformations and clustering algorithms to make useful clusters. While there's a whole field of research on clustering, not every clustering algorithm is useful on skewed data as well as compatible with Redshift (our data warehouse). In order for Molly's clustering work to be applicable, it needed to cluster users effectively and be productionized (so we can use it at scale). This made her project very open ended and challenging.
For another large data science project we undertook, see Helping customers' success, through data: Rebuilding Asana's Account Health Score.
"The first half of my internship was focused on research. Later on, I spent most of my time productionizing my code and communicating my findings to other people in the company. " – Molly
What does mentorship look like?
At Asana, mentorship is an important part of our culture. For interns, this means working on projects, while supported by several mentors on their teams. At Asana, mentors serve to unblock interns, connect them to teammates to collaborate, and be a coach. They help interns find the work they're interested in and enable them to achieve their goals.
"My mentor had a lot of knowledge about operating systems in general and guided me in the right direction. I wouldn't have been nearly as effective without him." – Andrew
"Even though people on my team technically knew what was going on, they didn't know how to fix every problem we encountered. We tackled those issues together instead." – Tammy
"At first, my mentor was very hands-on. We spent all of our time together working on the same problems. Later on I transitioned to working on things by myself, always asking her when I had questions." – Molly
"I took down Beta for about an hour one day and my mentor took me out for ice cream." – Nathan
"I really enjoyed that everyone on my team was willing to take the time to mentor me." – James
To read more about mentorship at Asana, see Engineering mentorship at Asana.
How does Asana's culture impact the internship experience?
At Asana, we have events because they're fun, but also because we want to foster a sense of community. We ramp this up when our interns are here, and we ran over 20 events this summer! Some team favorites included:
A visit to KitTea, a cat cafe near the office
Movie night, with popcorn, featuring a showing of Mean Girls
A summer camp-themed Back to School social, with campfire and activities
Our interns felt connected to the company in different ways. Here's what they had to say on Asana's culture:
"I love that everyone is focused on learning." – Nathan
"I appreciated how willing people were to help. If I were working on a part of the code that was relevant to someone, they were very willing to guide me through it." – James
"The people I have interacted with have been really great. Everyone is nice and really open to talking." – Tammy
"My favorite part was the focus on meditation and non-violent communication." – Molly
"I loved that my mentor helped me focus on my interests. He found whatever opportunities he could to help me get the experience I wanted." – Andrew
To read more about how we think about making Asana a great company for new grads, see Advice to engineering new grads: Don't start your career at just any company.
To learn more about our university program and see open positions, visit our University page | being a technical intern at Asana. As the summer of 2017 came to an end, I caught up with a few of our summer interns to hear about what they built this summer.
Meet our summer interns
Andrew (back row, second from the left) is from Waterloo. His hobbies include hiking and lock picking. In terms of music taste, he is a self-proclaimed "hardcore Shakira fan :)".
Nathan (back row, fourth from the right) is from Iowa State, and ballroom dances competitively and likes to rock climb "as much as possible".
Tammy (middle row, fourth from the left) is from Waterloo. She likes playing video games with a strong storyline, and dabbling in uncommon sports like archery.
James (first row, second from the left) hails from Waterloo, and is interested in art, and music. He's in an acappella group, and owns a keytar.
Molly (last row, sixth from the right) is pursuing a PhD from UC Santa Cruz. She is passionate about machine learning and data visualization. In her free time, she plays guitar, reads a lot, and plays League of Legends.
What projects do interns work on?
At Asana, we treat interns like full time employees. When they start, they're placed on a team with a mentor, and are a core part of the team. This provides a better experience for the interns, as well as the teams they're on, as they work on meaningful and complex tasks that impact the team's goals. This means that we expect our interns to really own their work and drive it to completion. Here's a look at a few technical projects our interns worked on this summer:
Andrew's mentor gave him a choice of ongoing projects he could work on and let him pick which one he found most interesting. He was interested in upgrading our forked version of Node.js to a more recent version. This turned out be quite complex, because the way we use Node.js is relatively unique. Instead of having a single Node.js process, we fork multiple ones for better parallelisation and to prevent reparsing code on every session launch. This means we maintain our own, unupdated fork of Node.js.
After the upgrade, there were several small bugs that cropped up, including one corruptive one: after a while, a forked Node.js process would stop working in a non-deterministic way. Andrew dug into the Node and V8 source code to eventually find that processes would wait for garbage collection to run, but Node.js wouldn't do this in the forked processes. This caused them to hang endlessly. Thanks to Andrew's work, we're going to be able to take advantage of the speed, memory and security benefits of newer Node.js versions, making Asana faster and our server bills lower.
To read more about infrastructure engineering at Asana, see Asana server deployment: A pragmatic approach to maintaining our legacy deployment system.
"I never thought I would get to touch C++ and OS level system calls." – Andrew
Nathan worked on our Monetization team, where his first big project was an Asana premiumness API. We have a number of types and tiers of paying customers for whom different features are enabled. Previously, when we created premium features, each engineer would code their own check to control access to that feature. This led to a lot of repeated work, messy code, and checks distributed throughout the codebase. Nathan worked closely with a teammate to create a simple module that could handle the data model intricacies and allow premiumness checks to be standardized across the app much more simply.
His second project was more self-driven: an in-product "dunning" notice. "Dunning" is when a customer has been unable to pay their bill, usually due to their payment method expiring. This is one of the biggest reasons for our customers churning, so Nathan worked to create an announcement integrated with our payment provider to notify our customers that they needed to update their billing information. Since launch, we have already seen great results: the notice is succeeding, and fewer users are churning due to outdated payment details.
For more on product engineering at Asana, see Product Engineering: Reimagining role boundaries at Asana.
"I got to pair with every person on my team for different little experiment projects, which was really fun." – Nathan
Tammy worked on many projects with the iOS team. Her biggest project was User Pages. User Pages is a very popular feature on Android that the team decided would be valuable to have on iOS. Tammy was the primary driver of this project, and owned it from start to finish. She built the entire feature, collaborating with Product Managers and Designers to make product designs more effective. She also had to consider the project's objectives, stakeholders, trade offs to make, and how to integrate it with the legacy code. She was the single point of contact and context for the project.
For the rest of her internship, she got involved with accessibility. Accessibility is a recent effort with a small group of volunteers, led by Tammy's mentor. Their goal is to make Asana more accessible for everyone. Because there are many unknowns within accessibility—it's a new program—Tammy started from the bottom and worked up. She self-audited the iOS app and determined future best practices, bug fixes, and feature developments. She worked on the first focused accessibility project, iOS VoiceOver for the blind and those with low vision. Her work laid the foundation for a more accessible Asana.
For some of the many features the iOS team is shipping, see our latest shipping round up: Announcing Asana for iOS 11.
"With some help from my team I did essentially everything for User Pages, except for the design and prioritization, of course." – Tammy
James was a member of the Client Infrastructure team. He worked on improving our client-side TypeScript framework to allow for a faster user experience. His projects were all open ended. The team identified a number of performance problems, and James figured out how to solve them. One problem he worked on was improving the performance of hypertext navigation. When clicking on a link in the app, you need all sorts of information: its projects, parent tasks, privacy, and other metadata. But fetching all of this information quickly is technically difficult. So James wrote a design document outlining his solution, as well as other potential solutions. The goal of the doc was to share his ideas for improving hypertext navigation and receive feedback. In order to write this doc, James needed to dig into various parts of the app and really understand how we use links throughout.
James also worked on improving load time by removing the need to generate TypeScript data model definitions. LunaDB, our reactive server-side data system, needs Scala model definitions to determine what data to send to the | 1,398 |
Deephaven Hires New Managing Director, National Accounts
David Krechevsky
Tyler Bohn will be responsible for helping brokers and correspondents scale their Non-QM business.
Deephaven Mortgage, a Non-QM-focused lender based in Charlotte, N.C., said Wednesday it has hired business development leader Tyler Bohn as managing director, national accounts.
Based in Fullerton, Calif., Bohn joins Deephaven with more than a decade of senior-level experience in the mortgage industry. Most recently, he served as senior vice president, national sales director, with Solidifi.
Tyler Bohn
Before that, he served as executive vice president, head of sales and enterprise business development executive at Incenter, and as EVP,<|fim_middle|>perity Home Mortgage Names New President, CEO
Former COO Justin Messer succeeds Tim Wilson, who remains as chairman.
Wells Fargo Exiting Correspondent Lending & Reducing Servicing
Bank announces strategic plans to 'create a more focused home lending business.'
Rocket Mortgage, Former Employees Fight In 2 Courts
Ex-employees file suit over OT pay three months after Rocket sued former staff who joined JFQ Lending. | head of sales and enterprise business development executive at First American Mortgage Solutions.
For Deephaven, he is charged with helping national mortgage brokers and correspondents accelerate and scale their Non-QM business by leveraging Deephaven's extensive platform of products, tools, training and support, the company said.
"I am thrilled to help Deephaven's channel partners better compete in the Non-QM market," Bohn said. "Our team has the knowhow, including over a decade of service and underwriting experience, to make every one of our partners successful in the Non-QM space."
"Tyler's relationships at the national enterprise level will be important to Deephaven and the mortgage brokers and correspondents we serve," said Tom Davis, Deephaven's chief sales officer. "His leadership aligns with the strength and reliability we bring to the Non-QM marketplace."
Bohn has a bachelor of arts degree in communications from the University of California at San Diego. He also is certified by the Mortgage Bankers Association as a mortgage servicing professional, and is a Lean Six Sigma green belt.
Founded in 2012, Deephaven is a full service, multi-channel, long-term mortgage lender focused on non-qualified (Non-QM) loans, providing access to financing to millions of underserved customers throughout the U.S.
Suncoast Mortgage Expo
First Option Mortgage Opens 3 New Branches
Atlanta-based lender adds branches in Florida & Texas, opens first location in S.C.
Fortuna Finance Launches Home Sale Assurance Program
New company's program provides guaranteed purchase offer for sellers.
Legacy Bank and Trust Acquires Crain Mortgage Group
Missouri-based bank rebrands Dallas-based company as Legacy Capital.
Pros | 341 |
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How to Live OR a life of Montaigne in One Question and Twenty
by Sarah Bakewell
Publishers Weekly<|fim_middle|> humane, and surprisingly modern force. Illus. (Oct.) Copyright 2010 Reed Business Information.
Library Internet provided by: | Bakewell's biography of Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592), the French nobleman and father of the exploratory, free-floating essay, departs from chronology to present his life through questions and answers ("How to Live? Don't Worry About Death" and "Be Convivial: Live with Others") that consider "the man and writer" as well as the "long party"-the "accumulation of shared and private conversation over four hundred years." The author, a British book curator and cataloguer, begins with Montaigne's near-death after a fall from a horse, then traces back to his Latin education, his years in public service, his friendship with Etienne de La Boetie, his exploration of Hellenic philosophies, and his topics that would resonate with later Renaissance scholars and general readers alike. Blakewell (The Smart) enlivens Montaigne's hometown, 16th-century Bordeaux, with a wit that conveys genuine enchantment with her subject. Montaigne preferred biographers who tried to "reconstruct a person's inner world from the evidence." Blakewell honors that perspective by closely examining his writings as well as the context in which they were created, revealing one of literature's enduring figures as an idiosyncratic, | 273 |
Subic Bay (3 June 2018). Simon Cochrane was first out of the water and T1. Then at the bike leg, the top 3 were clustered. It was Simon Cochrane, Cameron Brown and Nick Baldwin at the head of the pack.
I did not have an app tracker yesterday but looking at the results now, separation happened at the bike. This saw Baldwin gaining almost 8 minutes on Brown. Cochrane was not too far behind.
At the run, we saw Baldwin complete his first loop and Brown was giving chase. Cochrane was still maintaining 3rd position.
We went to the finish line at about 2:30pm. We were told the male pros were completing the last<|fim_middle|>atorade, Aquafina, TYR, Stork, David's Salon, GU, Intercare, Prudential Guarantee, Media partners: The Philippine Star Hyper HD on Cignal, AsiaTRI.com and FinisherFix, Marketing partners: AlcoPlus, Cetaphil, Devant, Fern-C, Ford, PLDT SMART Communications, Regent Foods, Sanicare, and Timex. | 10k. Not too far now, said the event host.
Franc said the athlete tracker was showing that Nick Baldwin was ahead but the predicted finish time of Cameron Brown was faster.
We all wondered who will be first at the finish. CamBrown fans were hopeful but already the buzz was strong for Baldwin. They said if he wins, it will be his first title win and he will be the first winner from Seychelles.
And then Baldwin was sprinting to the finish line. He defended his lead and became the winner of the inaugural full distance Ironman in the Philippines. It was an emotional Baldwin who broke the tape and fell down on his knees to celebrate his victory.
He successfully swam, biked and ran the Subic Bay route finishing at 08:50:30, past New Zealand's Cameron Brown (08:56:49) and Simon Cochrane (08:58:58), who placed second and third respectively, to win the men's Pro division.
Liz Blatchford, meanwhile, topped the women's Pro division at 09:22:22, with fellow Aussie Dimity Lee Duke (09:40:45) coming in second, followed by New Zealand's Simone Maier (09:47:39).
She was welcomed by her husband and daugther. Blatchford was 4th overall. And that is after a hiatus while she had a baby.
While waiting for the pros, we had a photographer with a baby in a carrier beside us. I thought, first wow dedication and marvelled that his baby was just hanging calmly. She had a hat so she was alright from the harsh sun. When Blatchford came in, the photog and baby welcomed her, somebody behind me said ….ahh they are already doing heat training for the baby.
Baldwin and Blatchford got their share of the USD 25,000 total purse prize for winning their respective categories. Also for the first time, the race served as a qualifier for the 2018 Ironman World Championships in Kona, Hawaii, USA with 30 slots up for grabs.
The country's inaugural full distance Ironman saw close to 1,300 participants with 50 countries, including the Philippines, represented. A total of 805 Pinoys were among the pack, a strong indication of triathlon's increasing popularity and the country becoming a premier race destination.
"Filipinos earning an Ironman badge on home soil is making history. We hope the triumph of our Ironmen and Ironwomen today inspires our countrymen to embrace fitness and live healthier lifestyles—our goal as an organization from the very start," said Greg Banzon, EVP and COO of Century Pacific Food, Inc.
Congratulations to the winners but most specially to all who trained and showed up and raced yesterday.
You did not let the rain and wind get the better of you during the bike and you put all your good training to best the scorching run. Mabuhay kayo!
The Century Tuna IRONMAN Philippines 2018 is produced and organized by Sunrise Events, Inc. and made possible through the support of a number of sponsors and partners including: Alaska, the Department of Tourism, the Tourism Promotions Board, AAI, SBMA, Acea Subic Bay, NLEX and SCTEX, HOKA One One, G | 717 |
A competitive salary will be offered depending on experience plus pension and private health care.
Sandberg, established in 1860, is an independent family owned civil engineering consultancy providing professional and technical services to all concerned with the quality and performance of construction materials. We are leaders in our field with an international reputation of excellence.
Due to a forthcoming retirement, we are now recruiting for this multi-skilled role. In addition to being Head of HR, as with many medium sized businesses, the ideal candidate will have skills related to management of health and safety, formal quality systems and contracts knowledge.
Enthus<|fim_middle|>, reporting to the Managing Partner.
The role is primarily based at our head office in Grosvenor Gardens in central London.
Should you wish to be considered for this post please submit your CV and a covering letter to philip.tate@sandberg.co.uk. | iasm and a positive attitude are also really valued here.
This post is a senior position within the firm | 20 |
FRAMINGHAM, Mass., December 19, 2017 – Worldwide proliferation of virtual reality (VR)<|fim_middle|>. Any additional software, services, or compute devices (e.g. PC, game console, smartphone, etc.) are excluded.
Shipments of simplistic headsets that do not have any technology built in are excluded. Examples of such headsets include Google Cardboard and other Cardboard-like devices. | and augmented reality (AR) headsets is expected to continue as shipments reach 59.2 million in 2021, up from 9.6 million in 2017, according to the International Data Corporation (IDC) Worldwide Quarterly Augmented and Virtual Reality Headset Tracker.
To date, the entire market has been propped up by low-cost VR screenless viewers such as the Samsung Gear VR. However, IDC anticipates this category will lose share as previous champions of the category scale back on their smartphone plus headset bundles and shift focus toward tethered and standalone solutions. VR screenless viewers will account for 14.8% of the entire market in 2021, down from 58.8% in 2017. Over the course of the next few years, tethered headsets from the likes of Sony or Meta will account for the majority of shipments and in 2021 standalone headsets like the Oculus Go or Hololens will take center stage and account for almost half of the AR/VR headset market.
"The VR market, young as it is, is in the midst of a crucial transition as buyers are gravitating towards tethered headset and PC or game console bundles that offer advanced tracking and higher fidelity rather than settling for low-cost headset and smartphone bundles," said Jitesh Ubrani, senior research analyst for IDC's Mobile Device Trackers. "This bodes well for the entire VR ecosystem as the improved experience of a dedicated device draws a more dedicated audience."
Traction for VR tethered and standalone VR headsets will not be limited to the consumer market as commercial shipments for these headsets will climb from 1 million in 2017 to 12.6 million by the end of 2021. Meanwhile, augmented reality headsets are on track to have a significantly larger impact in the commerical segment as shipments grow to 15.6 million in the same time period.
"We have long believed that AR headsets will play a fundamental role in changing the way many companies do business in the near future and we are increasingly seeing the commercial use cases for VR unfold," said Ryan Reith, program vice president with IDC's Worldwide Quarterly Mobile Device Trackers. "AR will introduce technology to a large portion of the work force that was never able to benefit from technological advances because of the need to use their hands to complete their job functionality. AR will change all that. And within VR, the commercial use cases that are emerging the fastest are within education, design/content creation, and retail, and we have strong reason to believe this is just the tip of the iceberg."
* The table represents forecast shipments of Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality headsets only | 562 |
\section{Introduction}
There is strong theoretical evidence that quantum chromodynamics (QCD) at high-energy (or small Bjorken-$x$) leads to a non-linear regime where gluon recombination or unitarity effects become important \cite{sg,mv}, resulting in a saturation of parton densities in hadrons and nuclei.
The quest for experimental evidence of the possible signature of gluon saturation phenomenon has been the program of various past or existing experiments from HERA and RHIC to the LHC, and future experiments such as an Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) \cite{eic} and the LHeC \cite{lhec}. Nevertheless, experimental evidence that can unarguably point towards gluon saturation phenomenon, has been elusive so far. This is because the experiments currently at our disposal are limited in their kinematic coverage, and often other approaches provide alternative descriptions of the same sets of data.
An effective field theory approach that describes the high-energy limit of QCD is the colour glass condensate (CGC), see the review \cite{Gelis:2010nm}. In this formalism, the standard quantum evolution equations (with large logarithms of $1/x$ resummed), lead to a situation in which the occupancy of the slow modes in the hadron is so high than they can be treated classically, with the fast modes considered as sources.
The corresponding renormalisation group equations, known in the limit of scattering of a dilute probe on a dense hadron, are the so-called Jalilian-Marian-Iancu-McLerran-Weigert-Leonidov-Kovner (JIMWLK) hierarchy of equations \cite{jimwlk} or, in the large $N_c$ limit, the Balitsky-Kovchegov (BK) equation \cite{bk}, presently known to next-to-leading accuracy \cite{Balitsky:2008zza,Kovner:2013ona}.
One of the most crucial tests of the CGC (or saturation) approach has been its success in the description of the highly precise combined data of the proton structure at HERA \cite{rcbk,ip-sat-a,b-cgc-a} alongside data from exclusive diffractive processes in electron-proton collisions, such as exclusive vector meson production and deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) \cite{ip-sat-a,b-cgc-a}. Nevertheless, the standard DGLAP-type approaches - without inclusion of any saturation effect - give an equally good description of the same data. While the CGC description can be considered more economical due to the use of a significantly smaller number of fitting parameters, it is limited to small-$x$ data and restricted to the gluon sector. On the other hand, in addition to DIS and diffractive processes \cite{rcbk,ip-sat-a,b-cgc-a,ip-sat0, ip-sat1, watt-bcgc,ip-g2}, within the CGC framework it is also possible to simultaneously describe other high-energy hadronic interactions in a regime not currently accessible to approaches that rely on collinear factorisation. For example, in proton-proton \cite{pp-LR} and nuclear collisions \cite{jav-d,aa-LR,hic-ap, raju-glasma,all-pa} several observables have been successfully addressed: single inclusive hadron \cite{pa-raju,jav-pa,pa-R,pa-t,pa-jam,pa-ana} and prompt photon \cite{pa-R,jr-p} production, and semi-inclusive photon-hadron \cite{jr-p,p-h} and dihadron \cite{di-all} productions. For a recent review, see Ref.\,\cite{Albacete:2014fwa} and references therein.
Exclusive diffractive vector meson production provides a rich testing ground of many QCD novel properties \cite{ip-sat-a,b-cgc-a,ip-sat0, ip-sat1, watt-bcgc,ip-g2,diff3,ann2,diff4,stan,diff2,ggg,exc}. In particular, by measuring the squared momentum transfer $t$, one can study the transverse spatial distribution of the gluons in the hadron wave function that cannot be probed in inclusive DIS. In this respect, new experimental measurements are under way. The LHCb and ALICE collaborations have recently released new data on $J/\psi$ photoproduction with photon-proton center-of-mass energies up to about 1.3 TeV \cite{lhcb,lhcbn,TheALICE:2014dwa}, the highest energy ever measured so far in this kind of reaction.
Alongside this, the H1 Collaboration also recently reported some new data for $J/\psi$ with improved precision \cite{h1-2013}. On the other hand, the recently released high-precision combined HERA data \cite{Aaron:2009aa,Abramowicz:1900rp} that were not available at the time of previous studies of diffractive processes \cite{eic,lhec,ip-sat0, ip-sat1, watt-bcgc,watt-2}, provide extra important constraints on saturation models \cite{ip-sat-a,b-cgc-a}.
In this work, we analyse these data on exclusive photoproduction of vector mesons off the proton and provide predictions for the kinematics accessible in future experiments. We show that the freedom to choose the charm mass in the range consistent with global analysis of inclusive observables, results in sizable uncertainties for the total cross-section of elastic photoproduction of vector mesons. Nevertheless, we show that, even with these uncertainties, the recent LHC data \cite{lhcbn,TheALICE:2014dwa} seem to favour the saturation picture. We systematically study elastic diffractive production of different vector mesons $J/\psi$, $\psi(2s)$, $\phi$ and $\rho$ off protons and investigate which vector meson production is more sensitive to saturation physics and what measurement can potentially be a better probe of the signal. In particular, we study $\psi(2s)$ diffractive production by constructing the $\psi(2s)$ forward wave function via a fit to the leptonic decay, and we provide various predictions for diffractive $\psi(2s)$ production as well as the ratio of $\psi(2s)/J/\psi$ at HERA and the LHC.
Furthermore, we find that the corresponding $t$-distributions of differential cross-section may unambiguously discriminate among saturation and non-saturation models. This is due to the emergence of a pronounced dip (or multiple dips) in the $t$-distribution of diffractive photoproduction of vector mesons at relatively large $|t|$ (but within reach of future experiments \cite{eic,lhec}) which is directly related to saturation physics. In this way, we go beyond existing recent works on $J/\psi$ and $\psi(2s)$ production both in the dipole model \cite{Ducati:2013tva,Goncalves:2014wna} and in pQCD \cite{n-pqcd,Jones:2013eda,Guzey:2014axa,Guzey:2013qza}, and of lighter mesons in the dipole model \cite{Santos:2014vwa}.
This paper is organised as follows. In section II, we introduce the formulation of the colour dipole approach for calculating exclusive diffractive processes. In section III, we introduce the IP-Sat and b-CGC dipole models. In section IV, we present a detailed numerical analysis and our main results. In subsection A we first show our results and predictions for the total diffractive cross-section of different vector mesons, while in subsection B we discuss the origin of the dips in the $t$-distribution of diffractive photoproduction of vector mesons and provide predictions for future experiments. We summarise our main results in section V.
\section{ Exclusive diffractive processes in the colour-dipole formalism}
In the colour dipole formalism, the underlying mechanism for diffractive production of different vector mesons and for inclusive DIS is similar. Namely, one must calculate the probability of finding a colour dipole of transverse size $r$ with impact parameter $b$ in the wave function of a (real or virtual) photon or of a vector meson. Similar to the case of the inclusive DIS process, the scattering amplitude for the exclusive diffractive process $\gamma^*+p\to V+p$, with a final state vector meson $V=J/\psi, \psi(2s), \phi,\rho$ (or a real photon $V=\gamma$ in DVCS), can be written in terms of a convolution of the dipole amplitude $\mathcal{N}$ and the overlap of the wave functions of the photon and the exclusive final state particle (see \cite{ip-sat1,ip-sat-a, b-cgc-a} and the references therein),
\begin{equation} \label{am-i}
\mathcal{A}^{\gamma^* p\rightarrow Vp}_{T,L} = \mathrm{2i}\,\int\!\mathrm{d}^2\vec{r}\int\!\mathrm{d}^2\vec{b}\int_0^1\!\mathrm{d}{z}\;(\Psi_{V}^{*}\Psi)_{T,L}(r,z,m_f,M_V;Q^2)\;\mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{i}[\vec{b}-(1-z)\vec{r}]\cdot\vec{\Delta}}\mathcal{N}\left(x,r,b\right),
\end{equation}
with $\vec{\Delta}^2=-t$ and $t$ being the squared momentum transfer. In this equation, $\mathcal{N}$ is the imaginary part of the forward $q\bar{q}$ dipole-proton scattering amplitude with transverse dipole size $r$ and impact parameter $b$. The parameter $z$ is the fraction of the light cone momentum of the virtual photon carried by the quark and $m_f$ denotes the mass of the quark with flavour $f$.
The above expression can be understood in light front time as distinct chronological subprocesses, namely the $\gamma^\star$ first fluctuates into a quark-antiquark pair (the so-called colour $q\bar{q}$-dipole) which then interacts with the target. Finally the $q\bar{q}$ pair recombines to form the final state vector meson. In \eq{am-i} summations over the quark helicities and over the quark flavour $f=u,d,s, c$ are implicit. The phase factor $\exp\left(i(1-z)\vec{r}\cdot\vec{\Delta}\right)$ in the above equation is due to the non-forward wave-function contribution \cite{bbb}. In \eq{am-i}, the $\Psi_{V}^{*}\Psi$ is the forward overlap wave function of photon and vector meson (see below).
The differential cross-section of the exclusive diffractive processes can then be written in terms of the scattering amplitude as \cite{ip-sat1,watt-bcgc,b-cgc-a},
\begin{equation}
\frac{\mathrm{d}\sigma^{\gamma^* p\rightarrow Vp}_{T,L}}{\mathrm{d} t} = \frac{1}{16\pi}\left\lvert\mathcal{A}^{\gamma^* p\rightarrow Vp}_{T,L}\right\rvert^2\;(1+\beta^2) R_g^{2},
\label{vm}
\end{equation}
with
\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq:beta}
\beta &=& \tan\left(\frac{\pi\delta}{2}\right), \nonumber\\
R_g(\delta) &=& \frac{2^{2\delta+3}}{\sqrt{\pi}}\frac{\Gamma(\delta+5/2)}{\Gamma(\delta+4)}, \nonumber\\
\delta &\equiv& \frac{\partial\ln\left(\mathcal{A}_{T,L}^{\gamma^* p\rightarrow Vp}\right)}{\partial\ln(1/x)}, \
\end{eqnarray}
where the factor $(1+\beta^2)$ takes into account the missing real part of amplitude (notice that the amplitude in \eq{am-i} is purely imaginary), with $\beta$ being the ratio of real to imaginary parts of the scattering amplitude \cite{ip-sat1,ip-sat-a,b-cgc-a}. The factor $R_g$ incorporates the skewness effect, coming from the fact that the gluons attached to the $q\bar{q}$ can carry different light-front fractions $x,x^{\prime}$ of the proton \cite{ske,mrt,ske-n}.
The skewedness factor given in \eq{eq:beta} was obtained at NLO level, in the limit that $x^{\prime}\ll x\ll 1$ and at small $t$ assuming that the diagonal gluon density of target has a power-law form \cite{ske}. Note that there are uncertainties with respect to the actual incorporation of the skewness correction at small $x$ in dipole models\footnote{In the IP-Sat model \cite{ip-sat-a}, the skewness effect can be simply incorporated by multiplying the gluon distribution $xg(x,\mu^2)$ by a factor $R_g(\gamma)$ with $\gamma \equiv \frac{\partial\ln\left[xg(x<|fim_middle|>_s}{2}\right)^{2\gamma_{eff}}\ \ {\rm for } \ \ r Q_s\,\leq\,2\,,\\ \\
1\,\,-\,\,\exp\left( -\mathcal{A} \ln^2\left( \mathcal{B} r Q_s\right)\Rb\ \ {\rm for} \ \ \ rQ_s\,>\,2\,,\end{array}
\right.
\end{eqnarray}
where the effective anomalous dimension $\gamma_{eff}$ and the saturation scale $Q_s$ of the proton explicitly depend on the impact parameter and are defined as
\begin{eqnarray} \label{g-eff}
\gamma_{eff}&=&\gamma_s\,\,+\,\,\frac{1}{\kappa \lambda Y}\ln\left(\frac{2}{r Q_s}\right), \nonumber\\
Q_s\equiv Q_{s}(x,b)&=&\left(\frac{x_0}{x}\right)^{\frac{\lambda}{2}}\,\exp\left\{- \frac{b^2}{4\gamma_s B_{CGC}}\right\} \text{GeV}, \
\end{eqnarray}
where $Y=\ln(1/x)$ and $\kappa= \chi''(\gamma_s)/\chi'(\gamma_s)$, with $\chi$ being the LO BFKL
characteristic function. The parameters $\mathcal{A}$ and
$\mathcal{B}$ in \eq{CA5} are determined uniquely from the matching of the dipole amplitude and
its logarithmic derivatives at $r Q_s=2$. The b-CGC model is constructed by smoothly interpolating between two analytically known limiting cases \cite{IIM}, namely the solution of the BFKL equation in the vicinity of the saturation line for small dipole sizes, and the solution of the BK equation deep inside the saturation region for large dipole sizes \cite{LT,lt3}.
Although both the b-CGC and the IP-Sat models include saturation effects and depend on impact-parameter,
the underlying dynamics of two models is quite different, namely saturation in the b-CGC and the IP-Sat models is probed through the increase of the gluon density (in the dilute regimes) driven by BFKL and DGLAP evolutions, respectively. For detailed comparisons of two saturation models, see Ref.\,\cite{b-cgc-a}.
The parameters of the dipole amplitudes in the IP-Sat ($\mu_0, A_g, \lambda_g$) and b-CGC ($N_0$, $\gamma_s, x_0, \lambda$) models were determined via a fit to the recent combined HERA data for the reduced cross-sections \cite{Aaron:2009aa,Abramowicz:1900rp} in the range $Q^2\in [0.75, 650]\, \text{GeV}^2$ and $x\le 0.01$. The widths of the impact-parameter profiles, $B_{G}$ and $B_{CGC}$ in the IP-Sat and b-CGC models respectively, were iteratively fixed to give a good description of the $t$-dependence of exclusive diffractive $J/\psi$ production at HERA (at small-$t$ where data lie), while at the same time this consistently fixes the normalisation of the inclusive reduced cross-section without further adjustment and give an excellent description of all other diffractive data (for different vector mesons and DVCS production) at small $x$ \cite{ip-sat-a,b-cgc-a}. The values of parameters of the models can be found in Refs.\, \cite{ip-sat-a,b-cgc-a}. Note that in both the IP-Sat and b-CGC models, the fit to the recent combined HERA data at $x\le 0.01$ becomes stable for $Q^2 \ge Q^2_{min} =0.75\, \text{GeV}^2$: one observes a steady increase in $\chi^2$ with decreasing values of $Q^2_{min}$ \cite{ip-sat-a,b-cgc-a}. Therefore, our photoproduction results at $Q\approx 0$ may be considered as a test of the model beyond the kinematics where it was fitted. But the generic features of our results there, are expected not to be affected by this extrapolation.
For vector meson production, the dipole amplitude in \eq{am-i} is evaluated at $x=x_{Bj}\left(1+M^2_V/Q^2\right)$, where $M_V$ denotes the mass of the vector meson\footnote{At $Q^2=0$, we have $x=M^2_V/(W_{\gamma p}^2-M^2_N)$ where $M_N$ denotes the nucleon mass and $W_{\gamma p}$ is the center-of-mass energy of the photon-proton system.} and $x_{Bj}$ is Bjorken-$x$.
We stress again that in the master equations (\ref{am-i}), (\ref{vm}), (\ref{eq:beta}), the small-$x$ dynamics encoded in the dipole amplitude $\mathcal{N}\left( x, r, b\right)$, including its impact-parameter dependence, is the same for different vector mesons $J/\psi, \psi(2s), \phi,\rho$ and for DVCS, while the overlap wave functions between the photon and the vector mesons $\Psi_{V}^{*}\Psi$, control the typical transverse dipole size which contributes at a given kinematics.
\section{Main numerical results and predictions}
\subsection{Total cross-section of exclusive diffractive production }
\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.55\textwidth,clip]{plot-jpsi-w-photo-oldf.eps}
\caption{Total $J/\psi$ cross-section as a function of $W_{\gamma p}$, compared to results from the b-CGC and IP-Sat models with parameters of the models determined via a fit to the recent combined data from HERA \cite{ip-sat-a,b-cgc-a} and the old $F_2$ structure function \cite{watt-bcgc} (dashed-dotted line, labeled b-CGC 2008).
The data are from fixed target experiments \cite{fix}, the H1, ZEUS \cite{h1-2013,Chekanov:2002xi,Chekanov:2004mw,Aktas:2005xu}, LHCb \cite{lhcbn} and ALICE (preliminary data) \cite{TheALICE:2014dwa} Collaborations. We also show the LHeC pseudo-data obtained from a simulation \cite{lhec}.}
\label{f-vw1-ad}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth,clip]{plot-jpsi-w-photof.eps}
\caption{Total $J/\psi$ cross-section as a function of $W_{\gamma p}$, compared to results from the CGC/Saturation (orange band) calculated from the b-CGC and IP-Sat models \cite{ip-sat-a,b-cgc-a}. The CGC band includes the uncertainties associated with our freedom to choose the charm mass within the range $m_c= 1.2 \div 1.4$ GeV. The results of pQCD fits at LO and NLO \cite{pqcd-j} are taken from \cite{h1-2013}. The experimental data are the same as in \fig{f-vw1-ad}. }
\label{f-vw1}
\end{figure}
We first focus on the total cross-section of elastic diffractive production of various vector mesons. Here and thereafter, for the total cross-section we perform the integral over $|t|\in[0,1]\,\text{GeV}^2$ (unless it is explicitly given). The advantage of the $J/\psi$ over other vector mesons is that because of its large mass, the calculation both for the cross-section and the overlap wave function are under better theoretical control and can be treated perturbatively.
In \fig{f-vw1-ad}, we compare the results for the total $J/\psi$ cross-section as a function of center-of-mass energy of the photon-proton system $W_{\gamma p}$, obtained using the IP-Sat and b-CGC dipole models with a fixed charm mass $m_c=1.27$ GeV. Both models with parameters extracted via a fit to the recent combined HERA data \cite{ip-sat-a,b-cgc-a}, give consistent results with the LHCb data \cite{lhcb}. However, the b-CGC model with the parameters extracted via a fit to the old data (the $F_2$ structure function) \cite{watt-bcgc}, underestimates the recent LHCb data. The results obtained from the b-CGC and IP-Sat models are slightly different at very high energies due to the fact the power-law behaviour of the saturation scale in these two models is different \cite{b-cgc-a}.
\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth,clip]{plot-jpsi-w-photo-massf.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth,clip]{plot-jpsi-w-photo-pomf.eps}
\caption{Left: Total $J/\psi$ cross-section as a function of $W_{\gamma p}$, compared to results from the IP-Sat model with different charm mass $m_c$. Right: Total $J/\psi$ cross-section as a function of $W_{\gamma p}$, compared to the results from the IP-Sat (saturation) 1-Pomeron models with different charm mass $m_c$. The experimental data are the same as in \fig{f-vw1-ad}. }
\label{f-vw2}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[th]
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth,clip]{plot-psi-w-pho2.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth,clip]{plot-psi-w-pho3.eps}
\caption{Left: Total $\psi(2s)$ diffractive photoproduction cross-section as a function of $W_{\gamma p}$, compared to results from the IP-Sat and b-CGC models with different charm mass $m_c$. Right: Similar to the left panel, the results of the CGC/saturation (orange band) and 1-Pomeron models are compared. The experimental data are from the H1 collaboration \cite{h1-psi} for quasi-elastic ($Z>0.95$) photoproduction of $\psi(2s)$ while all theory curves are for elastic diffractive production with elasticity $Z=1$. }
\label{f-psi1}
\end{figure}
In \fig{f-vw1}, we compare the results obtained from saturation models and from a pQCD approach at LO and NLO \cite{pqcd-j} with all available data from fixed target experiments to the recent ones from the H1, ZEUS, LHCb and ALICE collaborations\footnote{For the purpose of illustrating the precision that could be achieved in future experiments, both in \fig{f-vw1-ad} and in \fig{f-vw1} we also show the LHeC pseudo-data obtained from a simulation \cite{lhec} based on a power-law extrapolation of HERA data.} \cite{lhcbn,TheALICE:2014dwa,h1-2013,fix,Chekanov:2002xi,Chekanov:2004mw,Aktas:2005xu}. The band labeled "CGC" includes the saturation results obtained from the IP-Sat and b-CGC models with the parameters of models constrained by the recent combined HERA data. Note that the LHCb data points in \fig{f-vw1} were not used for fixing the model parameters, and therefore our CGC results in \fig{f-vw1} at high energy can be considered as predictions. Also note that diffractive $J/\psi$ production is sensitive to the charm quark mass at low $Q^2$. This is because the scale in the integrand of the cross-section is set by the charm quark mass for low virtualities $Q^2<m_c^2$. The CGC band in \fig{f-vw1} also includes the uncertainties associated with choosing the charm mass within the range $m_c=1.2 \div 1.4$ GeV extracted from a global analysis of existing data at small-x $x<0.01$ \cite{ip-sat-a,b-cgc-a}. In \fig{f-vw1}, we compare with the LHCb updated data released in 2014 \cite{lhcbn} which are significantly more precise compared to earlier measurements \cite{lhcb} (see also \fig{f-vw2} right panel). It is seen that the ALICE \cite{TheALICE:2014dwa} and LHCb \cite{lhcbn} data are in good agreement with the CGC predictions while there seem to be some tensions between the experimental data and the pQCD results (labeled MNRT LO and NLO) at high $W_{\gamma p}$. It was recently shown that including the LHCb data in the pQCD fit, allows a better constraint on the low-$x$ gluon distribution \cite{n-pqcd}.
\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth,clip]{plot-psi-w-photo.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth,clip]{plot-psi-q2-22.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth,clip]{plot-psi-w-fixedQ2.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth,clip]{plot-psi-t.eps}
\caption{ Top Left: The ratio of the cross-section for $\psi(2s)$ and $J/\psi$ ($R=\psi(2s)/J/\psi$) for diffractive photoproduction as a function of $W_{\gamma p}$. Top right: The ratio $R$ for diffractive production as a function of $Q^2$ at a fixed $W_{\gamma p}=95$ GeV. Bottom left: The ratio $R$ for diffractive production as a function of $W_{\gamma p}$ at a fixed $Q^2=10$ GeV. Bottom right: The ratio $R$ for diffractive production as a function of $|t|$ at a fixed $Q^2=10$ GeV and $W_{\gamma p}=120$ GeV. In all panels, the theoretical curves are the results from the IP-Sat and b-CGC models with different parameter sets corresponding to different charm masses. The experimental data are from the H1 Collaboration \cite{h1-ratioi}.}
\label{f-ratio}
\end{figure}
In \fig{f-vw2}, we show the charm-mass dependence of the total $J/\psi$ cross-section as a function of $W_{\gamma p}$.
Within the saturation models, a lower charm mass about $m_c\approx 1.27 $ GeV is preferred. However, in the non-saturation version of the IP-Sat model (1-Pomeron), a larger charm mass about $m_c\approx 1.4 $ GeV provides a better agreement with experimental data (see the right panel of that figure). In \fig{f-vw2} right panel, we also show ALICE preliminary data \cite{TheALICE:2014dwa}, the LHCb updated data (labeled LHCb 2014) \cite{lhcbn} and earlier LHCb data \cite{lhcb} (labeled LHCb 2013). It is seen that the combined ALICE and LHCb updated 2014 data are more in favour of the saturation than of the 1-Pomeron model results at high $W_{\gamma p}$.
Nevertheless, in order to clearly discriminate among models one should first more accurately determine the charm mass. This can be done by precise measurements of the charm structure function $F^{c}_2$ or a reduced cross-section for charm production in a wider range of kinematics, including at small virtualities, than those currently available at HERA (restricted to $Q^2\ge 2.5\,\text{GeV}^2$ and $x \ge 3\times 10^{-5}$ \cite{Abramowicz:1900rp}). Such measurements can in principle be done in the projected LHeC \cite{lhec}.
\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth,clip]{plot-rho-w-photo.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth,clip]{plot-rho-w-mass.eps}
\caption{Left: Total diffractive $\rho$ cross-section as a function of $W_{\gamma p}$ at different virtualities $Q^2=0, 2.4,3.3,6, 13.5\,\text{GeV}^2$.
The CGC band (orange band) includes the results obtained from the b-CGC and IP-Sat models and also the uncertainties associated with our freedom to choose the light quark mass within the range $m_{u,d,s}= 0.01 \div 0.14$ GeV. Right: Total diffractive $\rho$ cross-section compared to results from the CGC/saturation and 1-Pomeron model with two different masses $m_{u,d,s}=0.01$ and $0.14$ GeV.
The experimental data are from \cite{h1-rho,zeus-rho}.}
\label{f-rho1}
\end{figure}
In \fig{f-psi1}, we show the total cross-section of elastic diffractive photoproduction of $\psi(2s)$ as a function of $W_{\gamma p}$ obtained from the IP-Sat and b-CGC saturation models with different charm masses corresponding to different parameter sets of the dipole amplitude. Note that the experimental data \cite{h1-psi} are for quasi-elastic ($Z>0.95$) photoproduction of $\psi(2s)$ while all theory curves are for elastic diffractive production with elasticity $Z=1$. The elasticity is defined as $Z=E_{\psi(2s)}/E_{\gamma}\approx (W^2-M_Y^2)/(W^2-m_p^2)$ where $M_Y$ is the effective mass of the hadrons produced in the dissociation of the proton.
In the right panel, we compare the results obtained from the 1-Pomeron and the saturation models. It is seen that within theoretical uncertainties associated with charm mass, the 1-Pomeron and the saturation models give rather similar results in the range of energy shown in \fig{f-psi1}. This is mainly due to the fact that the $\psi(2s)$ is heavier than $J/\psi$, therefore effective dipole sizes $r\sim 1/\epsilon$ which contribute to the total cross-section are smaller for $\psi(2s)$ than for $J/\psi$. Note that although the scalar part of the $\psi(2s)$ wave function extends to large dipole sizes (see \fig{f-phi}), due to the existence of the node, there is large cancellation between dipole sizes above and below the node position. As a result, the total cross-section of $\psi(2s)$ is suppressed compared to $J/\psi$ production, see Figs.\,\ref{f-psi1},\ref{f-ratio}.
In \fig{f-ratio}, we show the ratio of the cross-section for $\psi(2s)$ and $J/\psi$ for diffractive production $R=\psi(2s)/J/\psi$ as functions of $W_{\gamma p}$ at $Q=0$ (top left panel), $Q^2$ at a fixed $W_{\gamma p}=95$ GeV (top right panel), $W_{\gamma p}$ at a fixed $Q^2=10$ GeV$^2$ (bottom left panel) and $|t|$ at a fixed $Q^2=10$ GeV$^2$ and $W_{\gamma p}=120$ GeV (bottom left panel). It is seen that at a fixed high virtualities, the ratio $R$ has little dependence to $|t|$ and $W_{\gamma p}$ (bottom panel), while the ratio $R$ increases with virtualities at a fixed $W_{\gamma p}$ (top right panel).
It is also seen in \fig{f-ratio} (top left panel) that the photoproduction ratio $R (Q=0)$ increases with $W_{\gamma p}$ and becomes sensitive to different saturation models. Therefore, precise measurements of the ratio of diffractive photoproduction of $\psi(2s)$ and $J/\psi$ at HERA and the LHC can provide valuable extra constraint on the saturation models.
In \fig{f-rho1}, we show total diffractive $\rho$ meson cross-section as a function of $W_{\gamma p}$ at different virtualities $Q^2=0, 2.4,3.3,6, 13.5\,\text{GeV}^2$, compared to results obtained from the b-CGC and the IP-Sat models. In the case of photoproduction, similar to experimental measurement, we perform the integral over $t\in [0,0.5]\,\text{GeV}^2$. The orange band labeled CGC includes results from both the IP-Sat and b-CGC models with uncertainties associated to our freedom to choose different light-quark masses within a range $m_{u,d,s}= 0.01 \div 0.14$ GeV. We also compare the CGC/saturation results with those obtained from the 1-Pomeron model with two different light quark masses $m_{u,d,s}= 0.01$ and $0.14$ GeV. It is seen that 1-Pomeron results are significantly different from the saturation models, and HERA data can already rule out the 1-Pomeron model with light quark masses. Notice that increasing the light quark masses to $m_{u,d,s}\approx 0.35 \div 0.4 $ GeV (not shown in \fig{f-rho1}), significantly reduces the cross-section in the 1-Pomeron model and brings it closer to the saturation results with $m_{u,d,s}= 0.01 \div 0.14$ GeV. However, a dipole model with such a large light-quark masses does not provide a good description of the structure functions at very low virtualities \cite{ip-sat-a,b-cgc-a}.
This may indicate the existence of large non-linear effects for the diffractive photoproduction of the $\rho$ meson. Note that, as we already pointed out, the effective dipole size which contributes to the cross-section is proportional to the inverse of the meson mass at $Q=0$. Therefore the total diffractive cross-section of lighter vector meson such as the $\rho$ meson should be a better probe of saturation physics (see also below).
\subsection{$t$-distribution of the diffractive production off protons and the origin of dips}
In \fig{f-vt0}, left panel, we compare the saturation and non-saturation models results for the $t$-distribution of the exclusive photoproduction of $J/\psi$ at $Q\approx 0$ with available data from HERA. It can be observed that at low $|t|$ where currently experimental data are available, one cannot discriminate between the saturation and non-saturation (1-Pomeron) models and all three models: IP-Sat, b-CGC and 1-Pomeron, provide a good description. However, at large $|t|$ the models give drastically different results, namely both the IP-Sat and b-CGC saturation models produce a dip while the 1-Pomeron model does not. In \fig{f-vt0}, right panel, we show the charm-mass dependence of the $t$-distribution of exclusive $J/\psi$ photoproduction. The appearance and position of the dip are only slightly affected by the choice of charm mass. Therefore, in this respect, theoretical uncertainties due to the charm mass are less important for the $t$-distribution than for the total cross-section.
\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth,clip]{plot-jpsi-t-lhcbf.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth,clip]{plot-jpsi-t-mcf.eps}
\caption{Left: Differential vector meson cross-sections for $J/\psi$, as a function of $|t|$ within the IP-Sat, b-CGC and 1-Pomeron models with a fixed $m_c=1.27$ GeV at HERA. Right: Results obtained from the IP-Sat and 1-Pomeron models are compared for two values of the charm mass $m_c=1.27, 1.4$ GeV. The experimental data are from the H1 Collaboration \cite{h1-2013,Aktas:2005xu}. }
\label{f-vt0}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth,clip]{plot-jpsi-t-lhcb2.eps}
\caption{Differential $J/\psi$ cross-section, as a function of $|t|$ within the IP-Sat (saturation) and IP-Sat (1-Pomeron) models with a fixed $m_c=1.27 $ GeV at LHC/LHeC energies $W_{\gamma p}=1, 5$ TeV and $Q^2=0, 10\,\text{GeV}^2$. }
\label{f-vt1}
\end{figure}
In \fig{f-vt1}, we show our predictions for the $t$-distribution of exclusive $J/\psi$ photoproduction at LHC/LHeC energies $W_{\gamma p}=1, 5$ TeV at two virtualities $Q^2=0, 10\,\text{GeV}^2$ obtained from the IP-Sat (saturation) and the 1-Pomeron models. In the saturation model, the dip shifts to smaller values of $|t|$ for smaller $Q$ and for higher $W_{\gamma p}$. Note that saturation effects are expected to become more important at low virtualities and high energies.
In \fig{f-vt2}, we compare the results obtained from the IP-Sat and b-CGC models with those from the 1-Pomeron model, for the $t$-distribution of the elastic photoproduction of vector mesons\footnote{In the case of $\phi$ meson, we use boosted Gaussian wavefunction with parameters given in Ref.\cite{ip-sat1}. For other vector mesons, we use parameters for the wavefunction given in table \ref{t-1}.} $J/\psi$, $\psi(2s)$, $\phi$ and $\rho$ off the proton at an energy accessible at the LHC/LHeC, $W_{\gamma p}=1$ TeV, for $Q=0$. Drastic different patterns for the diffractive $t$-distribution also emerge between saturation and non-saturation models for lighter vector meson production such as $\rho$ and $\phi$, with the appearance of multiple dips. Note that the prospects at the LHeC \cite{lhec} indicate that access to values of $|t|$ around 2 GeV$^2$, required to observe the dips for $J/\psi$, is challenging. On the other hand, the accuracy that can be expected at lower $|t|$ should allow to observe the bending of the distributions. And lower values of $|t|$ for lighter vector mesons should be clearly accessible, probably even at the EIC \cite{eic} but for smaller $W_{\gamma p}$.
\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.42\textwidth,clip]{plot-jpsi-t-lhcb1.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.42\textwidth,clip]{plot-psi-t-lhc.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.42\textwidth,clip]{plot-phi-t-lhcb.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.42\textwidth,clip]{plot-rho-t-lhcb.eps}
\caption{ Differential diffractive vector meson photoproduction cross-sections for $J/\psi, \psi(2s), \phi, \rho$, as a function of $|t|$ within the IP-Sat (saturation), b-CGC and 1-Pomeron models at a fixed $W_{\gamma p}=1$ TeV and $Q=0$. The thickness of points includes the uncertainties associated with our freedom to choose different values for the charm quark mass within the range $m_c \approx 1.2\div 1.4$ GeV (corresponding to different dipole parameter sets) and $m_{u,d,s}\approx 0.01$ GeV. }
\label{f-vt2}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth,clip]{plot-t-dipolef.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth,clip]{plot-dipolef.eps}
\caption{ Left: The $t$-distribution of dipole amplitude defined in \eq{d-f} with different values of cutoff on dipole transverse-size $\Lambda_r$ in the IP-Sat (saturation) and IP-Sat (1-Pomeron) models at a fixed $x=10^{-6}$. Right: The dipole amplitude in different models as a function of dipole size $r$ at $x=10^{-6}$ for two values of impact parameter $b=0, 3\,\text{GeV}^{-1}$. }
\label{f-sd}
\end{figure}
The emergence of a single or multiple dips in the $t$-distribution of the vector mesons in the saturation models is directly related to the saturation (unitarity) features of the dipole scattering amplitude $\mathcal{N}$ at large dipole sizes. In order to see more clearly this effect, let us define a $t$-distribution of the dipole amplitude in the following way:
\begin{equation} \label{d-f}
\frac{d\sigma^{\text{dipole}}}{dt}=2\pi\Big{|}\int_{0}^{\Lambda_r} rdr\, \int \mathrm{d}^2\vec{b}\, \mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{i}\vec{b}\cdot\vec{\Delta}} \mathcal{N}\left(x,r,b\right)\Big{|}^2,
\end{equation}
where $\Lambda_r$ is an upper bound on the dipole size. The above expression is in fact very similar to Eqs.\,(\ref{am-i}), (\ref{vm}), see also Ref.\,\cite{ip-sat0}. Note that in \eq{am-i}, the overlap of photon and vector meson wave functions gives the probability for finding a colour dipole of transverse size $r$ in the vector meson wave function and it naturally gives rise to an implicit dynamical cutoff $\Lambda_r$ which varies with kinematics and the mass of the vector meson.
The cutoff $\Lambda_r$ is larger at lower virtualities and for lighter vector mesons. On the other hand, quantum evolution leads to unitarity constrains on the amplitude at lower dipole sizes with decreasing values of $x$ or increasing energies.
Thus, by varying the cutoff $\Lambda_r$, one probes different regimes of the dipole from colour transparency to the saturation regime.
In the 1-Pomeron model, since the impact-parameter profile of the dipole amplitude is a Gaussian for all values of $r$, its Fourier transform becomes exponential for all values of $t$ irrespective of the value of the cut-off. For low $\Lambda_r$, the integrand in \eq{d-f} is in the colour transparency regime (or the 1-Pomeron limit of the IP-Sat model), and the $b$-dependence of the amplitude is Gaussian and consequently its Fourier transform is exponential for all values of $t$.
However, in a case with a large cutoff $\Lambda_r$, the typical dipole size which contributes to the integral is within the unitarity or black-disc limit, see e.g. \cite{Frankfurt:2011cs}, with $\mathcal{N}\to 1$ (see \fig{f-sd} right panel). Then, the Fourier transform of the dipole amplitude
leads to a dip or multi-dips, as seen in \fig{f-sd} (left panel).
The saturation effect becomes more important at smaller Bjorken-$x$ or larger $W_{\gamma p}$, and lower virtualities $Q$ where the the contribution of large dipole sizes becomes more important, leading to a large effective $\Lambda_r$ and consequently to the dip-type structure.
For lighter vector mesons, the overlap extends to larger dipole sizes resulting in a dip structure as seen in \fig{f-sd}. The full calculation computed from \eq{vm} and shown in \fig{f-vt2}, indeed supports the fact that lighter vector mesons (which naturally have a larger $\Lambda_r$) develop multiple dips within the same kinematic region in which the heavier vector meson has a single dip (with a correspondingly smaller $\Lambda_r$), consistent with the expectation in the saturation picture shown in \fig{f-sd} (left panel). The exact position of dips and whether the t-distribution has multiple or a single minimum depend on the value of dynamical cutoff $\Lambda_r$ (via the kinematics and the mass of vector mesons) and the impact-parameter profile of the saturation scale. In the case of $\psi(2s)$ vector meson, although the scalar part of the $\psi(2s)$ wave function extends to large dipole sizes, due to the node effect, there is large cancellation between dipole sizes above and below the node position. As a result, the total cross-section of $\psi(2s)$ is suppressed compared to $J/\psi$ production as seen in \fig{f-ratio} and the dip in the $t$-distribution moves slightly to higher $|t|$ compared to diffractive $J/\psi$ production. We recall that $\psi(2s)$ is slightly heavier than $J/\psi$ and consequently the dip (for a heavier vector meson) moves toward higher $|t|$ compared to $J/\psi$ production.
Admittedly, the impact parameter dependence in saturation models lies in the domain of non-perturbative physics as commented previously and is, at present, put by hand and adjusted to data. A Gaussian profile is usually considered, but one could also try another profile whose Fourier transform leads to dips in the diffractive distribution. Therefore, the presence of dips cannot be considered, per se, as a signal of saturation.
But it is important to note that the main difference between a dipole model with linear and non-linear evolution (incorporating saturation effects through some specific model as those employed in this work) is that the former does not lead to the black-disc limit and, therefore, the dips do not systematically shift toward lower $|t|$ by increasing $W_{\gamma p}$, $1/x$, and $r$ or $1/Q$, while the latter does.
Non-linear evolution evolves any realistic profile in $b$, like a Gaussian or Woods-Saxon distribution, and makes it closer to a step-like function in the $b$-space by allowing an increase in the periphery of the hadron (the dilute region) while limiting the growth in the denser center, see Fig. \ref{f-w6} for illustration. This leads to the appearance of dips with non-linear evolution even if the dips were not present at the initial condition at low energies or for large $x$ (e.g. a Gaussian profile), or to the receding of dips towards lower values of $|t|$ even if they were already present in the initial condition (e.g. with a Woods-Saxon type profile). In \fig{f-w6}, we show the evolution of the effective impact-parameter profile of the dipole amplitude defined as $T^{eff}(b)=\mathcal{N}(x,r,b)/\sigma^{dipole}(x,r)$ with $x$ and $r$ in different models. It is clearly seen that in the saturation models, by increasing $1/x$ or $r$, the effective impact-parameter profile $T^{eff}(b)$ naturally evolves towards a step-like function with a dynamical median extended to a larger $b$ while, in contrast, in the 1-Pomeron dipole model $T^{eff}(b)$ does not change with $r$ and $x$. Note that the typical impact-parameter of collisions is approximately related to the inverse of $|t|$, namely $|t|\propto 1/b$, see Eqs.\,(\ref{am-i}), (\ref{vm}) or \eq{d-f}. Now, at small $|t|$, the typical collisions are mostly peripheral and the system is in the dilute regime with a Gaussian profile. Therefore, saturation effects become less relevant, and there will be no dip in the $t$-distribution. On the other hand, at large $|t|$ the typical collisions are central, and interactions probe the high-density region of the target proton. Then saturation effects become important and distort the impact-parameter profile leading to diffractive dips.
The position of the dip in the $t$-distribution is presently rather model dependent. This is mainly due to the fact that the appearance of dips probes the dipole scattering amplitude in the saturation regime, where current available data at small $x$ do not constrain sufficiently the dipole models \cite{b-cgc-a,Albacete:2014fwa}. The exact position of the dip can only be numerically computed and depends on the effective dipole transverse size probed by the system (via a convolution between vector meson overlap wavefunction and the dipole amplitude) and impact-parameter profile of the saturation scale. Nevertheless, it is qualitatively expected that the dip becomes stronger or moves to lower $|t|$ for the case that the saturation or unitarity effects probed by the system at a given kinematics and impact parameter become more important. The saturation scale in the IP-Sat and b-CGC models is approximately similar at the HERA kinematics for the typical impact-parameter probed in the total $\gamma^\star p$ cross-section of about $b\approx 2\div 3\,\text{GeV}^{-1}$ \cite{b-cgc-a}. However, at very small $x$ and large $|t|$ the effective impact-parameter profile of the dipole amplitude in these two saturation models is different. This is shown in \fig{f-w6} where it is seen that in the b-CGC model because of non-trivial correlations between $x$ and $b$, the effective impact-parameter profile of dipole tends to flatten sooner with lowering $x$ and/or increasing dipole transverse size $r$ compared to the IP-Sat model. Therefore, the black disk limit is probed slightly faster in the b-CGC model than in the IP-Sat model, and consequently the dip (or dips) appears at lower $|t|$ in the b-CGC model compared to the IP-Sat model. This general expectation is, remarkably, in accordance with the results obtained from full computation for different vector mesons shown in \fig{f-vt2}. We also numerically verified that changing kinematics ($W_{\gamma p}$ and $Q$) does not alter this feature.
\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth,clip]{plot-dipole-bf.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth,clip]{plot-dipole-bxf.eps}
\caption{Effective impact-parameter profile of the dipole amplitude defined as $T^{eff}(b)=\mathcal{N}(x,r,b)/\sigma^{dipole}(x,r)$ in different models as a function of impact-parameter $b$, for a fixed value of $x$ and two different values of dipole transverse size $r$ (left panel), and for a fixed $r$ and two different values of $x$ (right panel). }
\label{f-w6}
\end{figure}
\section{conclusion}
In this paper, we investigated the exclusive production of vector mesons in high-energy collisions. We extended previous studies \cite{ip-sat0,ip-sat1} by using saturation models fitted to the most recent inclusive DIS data and including in our analysis the recent experimental diffractive data from the LHCb \cite{lhcb,lhcbn} and ALICE \cite{TheALICE:2014dwa} collaborations, and the combined HERA analysis \cite{Aaron:2009aa,Abramowicz:1900rp}. We showed that the recent LHC data on diffractive $J/\psi$ photoproduction are in good agreement with the saturation/CGC predictions while there are some tensions between recent LHCb and ALICE data with the 1-Pomeron model and pQCD results, see Figs.\,\ref{f-vw1},\,\ref{f-vw2} (right panel). This can be considered as the first hint of saturation effects at work in diffractive photoproduction of vector mesons off proton at the LHC.
We provided predictions for the total cross-section of diffractive photoproduction of $J/\psi, \psi(2s)$ and $\rho$ within the gluon saturation/CGC picture at the LHC and future colliders. To single out the non-linear effects due to saturation, we also compared with those results obtained in the 1-Pomeron model. We also provided predictions for the ratio of diffractive production of $\psi(2s)$ to $J/\psi$, namely $R=\psi(2s)/J/\psi$ at HERA and the LHC.
We showed that while at high virtualities $R$ has little $|t|$ and $W_{\gamma p}$ dependence, it moderately increases with virtuality $Q$ at a fixed $W_{\gamma p}$. We also found that the photoproduction ratio $R (Q=0)$ increases with $W_{\gamma p}$ and becomes sensitive to different saturation models.
We showed that the $t$-differential cross-section of exclusive production of vector mesons in high-energy collisions offers a unique opportunity to probe the saturation regime. We quantified some theoretical uncertainties and showed that the appearance of a dip or dips in the diffractive $t$-distribution of the different vector mesons ($J/\psi, \psi(2s)$, $\phi,\rho$) is a robust prediction of the saturation picture. In non-saturation models, dips are either absent or expected to lie at larger $|t|$ and not to shift towards smaller $|t|$ with increasing energy. The position of the dip is presently rather model dependent, see \fig{f-vt0}. This is mainly due to the fact that the appearance of dips probes the dipole scattering amplitude at large dipole sizes in the saturation regime, where current available data at small $x$ do not constrain sufficiently the dipole models \cite{b-cgc-a,Albacete:2014fwa}.
On the positive side, future experimental data, in particular at the LHeC, on the energy and $t$ diffractive distributions of different vector meson production off protons, will provide valuable constraints on saturation models and allow us to unravel the relevance of non-linear effects in the accessible kinematic region.
We recall that the $t$-distribution of all vector mesons, as well as DVCS, at HERA, can be correctly reproduced by fixing the impact-parameter profile of the colour dipole amplitude at small $|t|$, despite the fact that the vector meson and DVCS wave functions are very different \cite{ip-sat-a,b-cgc-a}. This strongly hints at universality of the extracted impact-parameter distribution of gluons in the periphery of the proton. On the other hand, at large $|t|$ where we do not have currently experimental data, one can probe the transverse spatial distribution of gluons in the center of the proton where the black-disc limit could be at work. Therefore, the $t$-distribution of diffractive vector mesons would provide the most important information on the relevance of saturation dynamics. Besides, the impact parameter distribution of gluons in protons and nuclei (a natural extension of our work that can be explored in electron-nucleus colliders \cite{eic,lhec}, see also \cite{Frankfurt:2011cs,Caldwell:2010zza,ip-g1,tu}) is a crucial ingredient for a detailed characterisation of the initial conditions in heavy ion collisions. Note that the effects of fluctuations and correlations on the proton are not incorporated into our formulation. This is an important issue that certainly deserves separate study.
Note that diffractive vector meson production off a nucleus is quite different from a proton target. The diffractive interaction with the nuclear target can either be elastic (coherent) or inelastic (incoherent) - in the latter case the nucleus subsequently radiates a photon or breaks up into colour neutral fragments, while in the former, the nucleus stays intact. The coherent cross section is obtained by averaging the amplitude before squaring it, $|\langle\mathcal{A}\rangle_ N |^2$, and the incoherent one is the variance of the amplitude with respect to the initial nucleon configurations N of the nucleus $\langle |\mathcal{A}|^2\rangle_ N -|\langle \mathcal{A}\rangle_ N |^2$ which according to the Good-Walker picture measures the fluctuations or lumpiness of the gluon density inside the nucleus. In the case of a nucleus, the diffractive production rate is controlled by two different scales of $1/R_p$ and $1/R_A$ with $R_p$ and $R_A$ being the proton and nucleus size. At momentum scales corresponding to the nucleon size $|t|\sim 1/R_p^2$ the diffractive cross section is almost purely incoherent. The $t$-distribution in coherent diffractive production off nucleus gives rise to a dip-type structure for both saturation and non-saturation models, while in the case of incoherent production at small $|t|$, both saturation and non-saturation models do not lead to dips \cite{ip-g1,tu}. This is in drastic contrast to the diffractive production off proton where only saturation models lead to dip-type structure in the $t$-distribution at values of $|t|$ that can be experimentally accessible. Therefore, diffractive production off nucleus is a sensible probe of unitarity effects at the nuclear level while being less sensitive to the unitarity limit and saturation effects inside the proton.
Finally, note that diffractive dips in $t$-distribution were also observed in elastic hadronic reactions \cite{dip-el,dip-el-2}. However, it remains to be understood whether the origin of the dips in elastic hadronic reactions and diffractive DIS is the same. In contrast to diffractive DIS, the differential cross-section of elastic proton-proton collisions is not currently computable in the weak coupling regime due to the absence of a large scale, and some phenomenological models are often employed (for a review see Ref.\,\cite{rev-el}). Nevertheless, in both cases multiple parton interactions or multiple Pomeron exchanges seem to play an important role in the appearance of dips in the $t$-distribution, see e.g. \cite{all-el,Brogueira:2011jb}.
\begin{acknowledgments}
We thank Jorge Dias de Deus, Edmond Iancu, Paul Laycock, Genya Levin, Magno Machado and Jan Nemcik for useful discussions. The work of NA is supported by the European Research Council grant HotLHC ERC-2011-StG-279579; by the People Programme (Marie
Curie Actions) of the European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013/
under REA grant agreement n318921; by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\'on of Spain under project FPA2011-22776; by Xunta de Galicia (Conseller\'{\i}a de Educaci\'on and Conseller\'\i a de Innovaci\'on e Industria - Programa Incite); and by the Spanish Consolider-Ingenio 2010 Programme CPAN and FEDER.
The work of AHR is supported in part by Fondecyt grant 1110781.
\end{acknowledgments}
| ,\mu^2)\right]}{\partial\ln(1/x)}$. This is consistent with the prescription given in Eqs.\,(\ref{vm}, \ref{eq:beta}) \cite{b-cgc-a}.} \cite{Rezaeian:2013eia}. However, these uncertainties will not affect our main results and conclusions.
The forward photon wave functions at leading order is well known in QCD, see e.g. Refs.~\cite{Dosch,Lepage}. The normalized photon wave function for the longitudinal photon polarization ($\lambda = 0$) and the transverse photon polarisations ($\lambda = \pm 1$) are given by~\cite{beta1},
\begin{eqnarray}
\Psi_{h\bar{h},\lambda=0}(r,z,Q) &=& e_f \sqrt{4\pi\alpha_{\mathrm{em}}}\, \sqrt{N_c}\,
\delta_{h,-\bar h} \, 2Qz(1-z)\, \frac{K_0(\epsilon r)}{2\pi}, \\
\Psi_{h\bar{h},\lambda=\pm 1}(r,z,Q) &=&
\pm e_f \sqrt{4\pi\alpha_{\mathrm{em}}} \, \sqrt{2N_c}\,
\left\{
\mathrm{i}e^{\pm \mathrm{i}\theta_r}[
z\delta_{h,\pm}\delta_{\bar h,\mp} -
(1-z)\delta_{h,\mp}\delta_{\bar h,\pm}] \partial_r \, + \,
m_f \delta_{h,\pm}\delta_{\bar h,\pm}
\right\}\, \frac{K_0(\epsilon r)}{2\pi},
\label{tspinphot}
\end{eqnarray}
where $N_c$ is the number of colours, the subscripts $h$ and $\bar h$ denote the helicities of the quark and the antiquark respectively and $\theta_r$ is the azimuthal angle between the vector $\vec{r}$ and the $x$-axis in the transverse plane. We have used a notation $\epsilon^2 \equiv z(1-z)Q^2+m_f^2$ where the subscript $f$ denotes the flavour.
Following Refs.\,\cite{ip-sat0,ip-sat1,ip-sat-a,b-cgc-a,beta,FF}, we assume that the forward vector meson wave functions $\Psi_V$ are effectively dominated by the $q\bar{q}$ Fock component and have the same spin and polarization structure as in the case of the photon:
\begin{eqnarray}
\Psi^V_{h\bar{h},\lambda=\pm 1}(r,z) &=&
\pm\sqrt{2N_c}\, \frac{1}{z(1-z)}
\left\{
\mathrm{i}e^{\pm \mathrm{i}\theta_r}[
z\delta_{h,\pm}\delta_{\bar h,\mp} -
(1-z)\delta_{h,\mp}\delta_{\bar h,\pm}] \partial_r \, + \,
m_f \delta_{h,\pm}\delta_{\bar h,\pm}
\right\}\, \phi_T(r,z), \\
\Psi^V_{h\bar{h},\lambda=0}(r,z) &=& \sqrt{N_c}
\delta_{h,-\bar h}
\left[ M_V\,+ \, \delta \, \frac{m_f^2 - \nabla_r^2}{M_Vz(1-z)}\,
\right] \phi_L(r,z),\
\end{eqnarray}
where $\nabla_r^2 \equiv (1/r)\partial_r + \partial_r^2$, $M_V$ is the meson mass and the effective charge is defined $\hat{e}_f=2/3$, $1/3$, or $1/\sqrt{2}$, for $J/\psi$ (and $\psi(2s)$), $\phi$ or $\rho$ mesons respectively\footnote{See \cite{Santos:2014vwa} for a study of the impact of different forms of the wave function on $\rho$ production.}. The longitudinally polarised vector meson wave function is slightly more complicated than in the case of the photon since the coupling of the quarks to the meson is non-local \cite{beta}. For the scalar parts of the wave functions $\phi_{T,L}(r,z)$, we employ the boosted Gaussian wave-functions with the Brodsky-Huang-Lepage prescription \cite{stan1}. The boosted Gaussian wave-functions were found to provide a very good description of exclusive diffractive HERA data \cite{ip-sat1,ip-sat-a,b-cgc-a}. For the ground state vector meson ($1s$) and its first excited state $2s$, the scalar function $\phi_{T,L}(r,z)$, has the following general form \cite{beta,FF},
\begin{eqnarray}
\phi_{T,L}^{1s}(r,z) &=& \mathcal{N}_{T,L} z(1-z)
\exp\left(-\frac{m_f^2 \mathcal{R}_{1s}^2}{8z(1-z)} - \frac{2z(1-z)r^2}{\mathcal{R}_{1s}^2} + \frac{m_f^2\mathcal{R}_{1s}^2}{2}\right), \\
\phi_{T,L}^{2s}(r,z) &=& \mathcal{N}_{T,L} z(1-z)
\exp\left(-\frac{m_f^2 \mathcal{R}_{2s}^2}{8z(1-z)} - \frac{2z(1-z)r^2}{\mathcal{R}_{2s}^2} + \frac{m_f^2\mathcal{R}_{2s}^2}{2}\right) \nonumber\\
&\times&\Big[1+\alpha_{2s}\left(2+\frac{m_f^2 \mathcal{R}_{2s}^2}{4z(1-z)} - \frac{4z(1-z)r^2}{\mathcal{R}_{2s}^2} - m_f^2\mathcal{R}_{2s}^2\right)\Big],\
\end{eqnarray}
where the parameter $\alpha_{2s}$ controls the position of the node of the radial wave function of the $V(2s)$. The boosted Gaussian wave function\footnote{ Note that the Coulomb term \cite{beta} has been ignored in the wave function here because adding it introduces another parameter to the wave function (plus an unknown running coupling) and a singular behaviour at the origin, However, this should not be important at high energy for large dipole sizes, and its contribution should be either negligible or simply absorbed into the remaining parameters of the wave function. On the phenomenology side, there is no strong evidence of Coulomb contribution even at lower energy at HERA, and indeed a good fit of vector meson wave function to leptonic decay can be found even without it as done in \cite{b-cgc-a} and here, see table \ref{t-1}.} has several advantages over other commonly used models, namely it is more self-consistent, it is fully boost invariant and it has the proper short-distance limit at $m_f\to 0$.
The normalisation and orthogonality conditions allow the missing higher order Fock component of the wave functions to be effectively absorbed into the overall normalisation factor,
\begin{eqnarray}
&& \frac{N_c}{2\pi}\int_0^1\!\frac{\mathrm{d}{z}}{z^2(1-z)^2}\int\!\mathrm{d}^2\vec{r}\;
\left\{m_f^2(\phi_T^{1s(2s)})^2+\left[z^2+(1-z)^2\right]
\left(\partial_r\phi_T^{1s(2s)}\right)^2\right\} =1,\\
&& \frac{N_c}{2\pi} \int_0^1\!
\mathrm{d}{z}\,
\int\!\mathrm{d}^2\vec{r}\;
\left[
M_V\phi_L^{1s(2s)}+
\delta\,
\frac{m_f^2-\nabla_r^2}{M_V z(1-z)}\,\phi_L^{1s(2s)}\right]^2 =1, \\
&&\frac{N_c}{2\pi}\int_0^1\!\frac{\mathrm{d}{z}}{z^2(1-z)^2}\int\!\mathrm{d}^2\vec{r}\;
\left\{m_f^2 \phi_T^{1s}\phi_T^{2s} +\left[z^2+(1-z)^2\right]
\partial_r\phi_T^{1s} \partial_r\phi_T^{2s}\right\} =0.\
\end{eqnarray}
Another important input is the leptonic decay width of the vector meson which is given by
\begin{equation}
\Gamma_{V\to e^+e^-} = \frac{4\pi\alpha_{\rm em}^2f_V^2}{3M_V},
\end{equation}
where the decay widths are given by \cite{ip-sat0,ip-sat1},
\begin{gather}
f_{V,T} = \hat{e}_f\, \left.\frac{N_c}{2\pi M_V}
\int_0^1\!\frac{\mathrm{d}{z}}{z^2(1-z)^2}
\left\{m_f^2-\left[z^2+(1-z)^2\right]\nabla_r^2\right\}\phi_T(r,z)\right\rvert_{r=0},\\
%
\label{eq:nnz_fvl}
f_{V,L} = \hat{e}_f\, \left.\frac{N_c}{\pi}
\int_0^1\!
\mathrm{d}{z}\,
\left[
M_V +\delta\, \frac{m_f^2-\nabla_r^2}{M_Vz(1-z)}\right]
\phi_L(r,z)\right\rvert_{r=0}.
\end{gather}
In the above, consistent with underlying dynamics of the vector meson production in the colour-dipole factorisation, we assumed that the leptonic decay $V\to \gamma^{\star}\to e^+e^-$ can be also described by a factorized from in which the vector meson contributes mainly through its properties at the origin.
The vector meson wave function in the boosted Gaussian model, has only 3 (4 for $2s$ state) parameters, namely $\mathcal{N}_{T,L}, \mathcal{R}$ and $\alpha_{2s}$ which are determined from normalisation, the orthogonality conditions and a fit to the experimental leptonic decay width. For the case of $1s$ ground state vector meson production we have $\alpha_{2s}=0$. Unfortunately we do not have experimental data for leptonic decay width for longitudinal and transverse polarisations component separately. Therefore, we assume that the measured experimental value is the average between those for longitudinal and transverse polarisations. Note that the parameters of the wave function cannot be uniquely extracted from the conditions indicated above; namely, several sets of solutions exist. In order to put more constrain on the parameters of the wave function, it is natural to assume that $\mathcal{N}_{T}\approx \mathcal{N}_{L}$ (or $\mathcal{N}_{T}=\mathcal{N}_{L}$). This is because in the boosted Gaussian wave function there is only one radius parameter which should dynamically give the correct normalisation for both longitudinal and the transverse polarisations component up to a prefactor that mimics the missing higher order Fock components.
The parameters for $J/\psi$, $\psi(2s)$ and $\rho$ determined from the above conditions are given in table \ref{t-1}. In this table we also compare the value of $\Gamma_{e^+e^-}$ obtained from our fit with the experimental result $\Gamma^{exp}_{e^+e^-}$. Note that in order to estimate the possible theoretical uncertainties associated with the condition $\mathcal{N}_{T}=\mathcal{N}_{L}$, in table \ref{t-1}, we also give a parameter set extracted by relaxing this condition. The preferred values of $\mathcal{N}_{T}$ and $\mathcal{N}_{L}$ are similar as we expect. It is also shown in table \ref{t-1} that a different value for the charm and light quark masses mainly affects the normalisation of the wave function. In \fig{f-phi}, we show the scalar part of the light-cone wave function of $J/\psi$ and $\psi(2s)$ using the parameter set corresponding to $m_c=1.4$ GeV. The position of node in $\psi(2s)$ wave function changes with the value of $z$.
Note that in Ref.\,\cite{ip-sat1} it was assumed that $f_{V,T}= f_{V,L}$ while running $\mathcal{N}_{T}$ and $\mathcal{N}_{L}$ freely in a fit. We do not impose this condition here, although the values of $f_{V,T}$ and $ f_{V,L}$ obtained in our scheme become rather similar. In our approach, for the case of $J/\psi$ and $\rho$, we obtained $\Gamma_{e^+e^-}=5.54$ KeV and $7.02$ KeV while in the approach of Ref.\,\cite{b-cgc-a} for the same quark masses we have $\Gamma_{e^+e^-}=6.79$ and $9.52$ KeV respectively, compared to the experimental value of $\Gamma^{exp}_{e^+e^-}=5.55\pm 0.14$ for $J/\psi$ and $\Gamma^{exp}_{e^+e^-}=7.04\pm 0.06$ for $\rho$ \cite{pdg-2012}. We checked that with the new parameter sets given in table \ref{t-1}, the description of the diffractive $J/\psi$ production at HERA and the LHC will be similar compared to the one with the old vector meson wave function parameter sets.
\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip]{plot-psi.eps}
\caption{The scalar part of the light-cone wave function of $J/\psi$ and $\psi(2s)$ with $m_c=1.4$ GeV for two different values of $z$. }
\label{f-phi}
\end{figure}
\begin{table}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{c|c|c|c|c|c||c|c|c}
\hline\hline
Meson & $m_f/GeV$ & $\mathcal{N}_L$ & $\mathcal{N}_T$ & $\mathcal{R}^2$/$\text{GeV}^2$ & $\alpha_{2s}$ & $M_V$/GeV & $\Gamma^{exp}_{e^+e^-}$/KeV &$\Gamma_{e^+e^-}$/KeV \\ \hline
$J/\psi$ & $m_c=1.4$& $0.57$ & $0.57$ & $2.45$ & $0$ & $3.097$ &$5.55\pm 0.14$ &$5.54$ \\ \hline
$J/\psi$ & $m_c=1.27$& $0.592$ & $0.596$ & $2.45$ & $0$ & $3.097$ &$5.55\pm 0.14$ &$5.46$ \\ \hline
$\psi(2s)$ &$m_c=1.4$& 0.67 &0.67 & 3.72& -0.61& 3.686& $2.37\pm 0.04$& 2.39\\ \hline
$\psi(2s)$ &$m_c=1.27$& 0.69 &0.70 & 3.72& -0.61& 3.686& $2.37\pm 0.04$& 2.35\\ \hline
$\rho$ & $m_{u,d,s}=0.01$& 0.894 & 1.004& 13.3& 0&0.775 & $7.04\pm 0.06$ & 7.06\\ \hline
$\rho$ & $m_{u,d,s}=0.14$ & 0.852& 0.908& 13.3& 0&0.775 & $7.04\pm 0.06$ & 7.02\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Parameters of the boosted Gaussian vector meson wave functions for $J/\psi$, $\psi(2s)$ and $\rho$ obtained for two different values of quark masses. }
\label{t-1}
\end{table}
\section{Impact-parameter dependent dipole models}
The common ingredient for the total (and reduced) cross-sections (i.e. for the proton structure functions in DIS) and for exclusive diffractive vector meson production \eq{am-i}, is the universal $q\bar{q}$ dipole-proton forward scattering amplitude. Although the impact-parameter dependence of the dipole amplitude is less important for inclusive processes, it is crucial for describing exclusive diffractive ones. Note that the impact-parameter profile of the dipole amplitude entails intrinsically non-perturbative physics, which is beyond the QCD weak-coupling approach to small-$x$ physics \cite{al,bk-c,ana}.
Therefore, the impact-parameter dependence of the dipole amplitude, unfortunately, can only be treated phenomenologically at this time.
Supported by experimental data, it is generally assumed a Gaussian profile for gluons where the width of the profile, as only free parameter, is fixed via a fit to diffractive data at HERA. We use two well-known impact-parameter dependent saturation models, the so-called IP-Sat \cite{ip-sat-a,ip-sat0} and b-CGC \cite{watt-bcgc, b-cgc-a} models which both have been very successful in phenomenological applications from HERA to RHIC and the LHC.
In the IP-Sat model \cite{ip-sat0}, the proton-dipole forward scattering amplitude is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathcal{N}\left(x,r,b\right) &=&1-\exp\left(-\frac{\pi^{2}r^{2}}{2N_{c}}\alpha_{s}\left(\mu^{2}\right)xg\left(x,\mu^{2}\right)T_{G}(b)\right)\,, \label{ip-sat} \\
T_{G}(b)&=& \frac{1}{2\pi B_G}\exp\left(-b^2/2B_G\right) \label{ip-b}, \
\end{eqnarray}
where $T_G(b)$ is the gluon impact-parameter profile and $xg\left(x,\mu^{2}\right)$ is the gluon density, evolved with dipole transverse size $r$ up to the scale $\mu^{2}=4/r^{2}+\mu_{0}^{2}$ with LO DGLAP gluon evolution (neglecting its coupling to quarks) with
initial gluon distribution at the scale $\mu_0^2$
\begin{eqnarray}
xg\left(x,\mu_{0}^{2}\right) &=&A_{g}\,x^{-\lambda_{g}}(1-x)^{5.6} \label{g}.\
\end{eqnarray}
We take the corresponding one-loop running-coupling value of $\alpha_s$ for four flavours, with $\Lambda_{\text{QCD}}=0.156$ GeV fixed by the experimentally measured value of $\alpha_s$ at the $Z^0$ mass. The contribution from bottom quarks is neglected. The IP-Sat dipole amplitude can be derived at the classical level in the CGC~\cite{mv}. Through eikonalization it explicitly maintains unitarity while matching smoothly the high $Q^2$ perturbative QCD limit via DGLAP evolution. The eikonalization of the gluon distribution in the IP-Sat model represents a resummation of higher twist contributions which become important at small $x$. The first term of the expansion of the exponential in \eq{ip-sat} corresponds to the leading-order pQCD expansion for the dipole amplitude in the colour-transparency region, as opposed to the saturation case, and it is here called the 1-Pomeron model.
In the b-CGC dipole model \cite{watt-bcgc}, the colour dipole-proton forward scattering amplitude is given by
\begin{eqnarray} \label{CA5}
\mathcal{N}\left( x, r, b\right)\,\,=\,\, \left\{\begin{array}{l}\,\,\,N_0\,\left( \frac{r Q | 4,968 |
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On Tuesday, May 23, members of The Brick & Beam Society joined United Way of Greater Portland's Tocqueville Society for an evening with Elaine Rosen. Elaine is<|fim_middle|> joined UWGP's newly launched Brick & Beam Society for an evening with Life is Good's Bert Jacobs. The event was generously sponsored by Bangor Savings Bank.
On October 27, 2016, held Brick & Beam Society its first annual community investment night, where three non-profits pitched their program ideas for Brick & Beam to invest in. Following the event, the Impact Investing Committee unanimously decided to award $50,000 to the Congolese Community of Maine (CoCo Maine) for their Dual Generation Program for Early Childhood Education, which will offer English language classes, family literacy initiatives, parenting activities, and outreach to parents and children ages 2-5. Their goal is to prepare children and their families for a better transition to kindergarten by providing early opportunities for learning English.
The Brick & Beam Society gathered August 11 and heard from Tim Ludlow, CFO of Vets First Choice, for a social event on the roof of 27 Pearl.
People like you brought 244 pairs of mittens and gloves to Monument Square on Friday, December 18 for the inaugural Mitten Mob. UWGP's Brick & Beam Society members will be connecting these donations to kids in local schools so they can stay warm this winter. Thanks so much to everyone who donated and stopped by. | Chairwoman of the Board of the Kresge Foundation and Assurant. She was executive vice president of Unum Corp. from 1999 to 2001 and president of Unum Life Insurance Company of America from 1997 to 1999. The event was held at the Maine Historical Society.
Members of the Brick & Beam Society collected nearly 700 hats and mittens today in Monument Square. All of the donations collected will be distributed to schools in the greater Portland area and then sent along to kids who need them the most this winter.
On October 21, United Way of Greater Portland celebrated the launch of The Brick & Beam Society to carry the torch and reinvigorate the next generation of philanthropic and community leaders.
On November 19, our Tocqueville Society | 173 |
Can you name 32 things smaller than Ant-Man?
(Rimshot) Thank you; I'll be here all week.
Rudd – the seemingly ageless wonder we all know from off-color comedies such as "The 40-Year-Old Virgin" and "Knocked Up," among scads of others – has made a huge career move by going little; he has joined the Marvel family and by extension secured himself at least one sequel (probably more) by suiting up as "Ant-Man" and the tiny hero's alter-ego, Scott Lang.
And he seems to be the perfect fit for this; he's charismatic, his comedic timing is ideal, he's ripped (someone's been working out; thanks for the obligatory shirtless shot, director Peyton Reed), and he's just so damned likable.
Even if his character is a convict.
His buddy Luis (Michael Peña, so funny) picks him up and puts him up and gives him a tip on a new caper – it's a safe in the home of an old man who's gone for a week, he's been told.
Luis explains how he heard about this potential heist fourth-or fifth-hand as the image of each person who supplied information flashes onscreen, spinning from one to the next while Luis's articulated street lingo narrates and is synced perfectly with the mouth of each informant.
Luis clearly is telling the story, but the visuals of this person or that helps to illustrate it, and it looks really fresh and cool.
Scott's daughter, Cassie (cute-as-a-button Abby Ryder Fortson), lives with her mother Maggie (Judy Greer, who apparently is in every movie this summer) and mom's "asshat" cop (of course) fiance Paxton (Bobby Cannavale), and two of those three question Scott's priorities.
What's a remorseful, doting dad to do? All he wants is to be the hero his daughter already thinks he is.
Meanwhile we catch up with Dr. Hank Pym (Michael Douglas) – the man behind Pym Tech, which specializes in human enhancements and atomic studies – about two-and-a-half decades after he discovered a formula to "manipulate the distance between atoms" and created a suit that would allow the wearer to shrink in scale but increase in strength – like an ant, which can lift 10-50 times its body weight.
Hank's demented successor, Darren Cross (Corey Stoll), has big plans for the company and has himself devised a similar creation – the ever-menacing Yellowjacket. But it hasn't been perfected, so Darren is essentially a mad scientist salivating over the thought of getting his grubby mitts on Hank's hidden-from-the-world formula to tie together his maniacal scheme.
And with Hank's daughter, Hope (Evangeline Lilly), as his right-hand woman, Darren may just have the edge he needs.
Hank has to figure out a way to steal that Yellowjacket suit and erase any data from it before Darren uses it to diabolically unleash havoc on the world.
Wouldn't it be something if Hank's path<|fim_middle|> neither threatening nor gross, which surprised me – in a good way; and Rudd's portrayal here is so laid back yet confident that you'll be giddy when the words "Ant-Man will return" roll across the screen.
"Ant-Man" has set itself up to be another popular, money making branch of the Marvel machine. It's no "Avengers" – yet, but it'll get there.
Oh, and as if I had to tell you – don't forget to stick around through the end credits. All of them.
This is the opinion of news assistant and movie addict Melissa King. Follow her on Twitter @stcmovieaddict or email her at meking@stcloudtimes.com. "Ant-Man" is playing at Quarry Cinema in Cold Spring and at Marcus Parkwood Cinema. | somehow crossed with that of one of the most skilled robbers, err, burglars, in recent memory?
"Ant-Man" doesn't have quite the esteemed level of punch achieved by the "Avengers" flicks, but we're talking about a group of heroes who've already cemented themselves as big screen draws – all of them having at least two films securely tucked under their capes or helmets or utility belts.
And I'm certainly not saying "Ant-Man" doesn't have its own merits – because it totally does.
There clearly was careful thought put into the film's effects to prevent any distraction because of them – and so we'd believe every single frame of action.
The meshing of tiny Scott's interactions with everyday things exponentially larger than we're used to seeing them helps make this unlikely plot plausible: the detail of the braided carpet fibers as he races between them; the increasing vastness of the bathtub while we watch him decrease in size; the whirling of the wings of a flying ant (cleverly named "Antony" – good one!) that make it sound like a helicopter, because that's the reality when you're only a few millimeters tall; the scary suction of a vacuum cleaner, the intricate grooves of a spinning record, the immense power behind a trickle of water.
It's all there in grandiose scale.
Marvel fans will delight at Scott's suggestion of where to turn to for help and the image of a certain someone appearing as a bartender. And they probably will recognize a bunker that Ant-Man must infiltrate to acquire a necessary thingamabob; the ensuing fight outside its secured doors is pretty epic – and filled with some of the best apologetic dialogue ever.
"Ant-Man" is light and playful and humorous. The language is exceptionally tame; the ants are depicted as | 370 |
Last edited by phil1993 on 04 Sep 2012, 17:51, edited 1 time in total.
Reason: Although Romain might win a race, I suspect he won't win this one. Poll amended!
Nice post I see that in the past 5 years, 4 out of the 5 pole sitters went on to win the race... interesting. I love back to back races, can't wait for this one!!!
Yeah, back to back races are the best, especially when they're at my 2 favorite tracks!
I'm not going , for the first time since 2003 I won't be visiting a GP, and I'm really gonna miss Monza! Great place, special atmosphere!
But means Lewis will win!
This one<|fim_middle|> a Belgian with an Italian sounding name at the Italian Grand Prix.
Is it worth putting $10 on Custard? Probably not. But let's hope he does well as he's a nice guy and underrated.
Anyway, 10 facts about him.
1. He's so eager he sometimes arrives at the track before all the engineers.
2. His last race was the 2011 Brazilian Grand Prix.
3. He was nicknamed 'custard' by his last team, in recognition of the similarity named Ambrosia custard brand.
4. He is The Master. Or, at least, he was the inaugural International Formula Master champion in 2007.
5. He is the first Belgian to race in F1 since Bertrand Gachot in 1995.
6. He likes taxi drivers.
7. If he wasn't an F1 driver, he'd like to be an airline pilot.
8. He has very blue eyes.
10. At 1.72m he's the team's shortest driver. | should be fought between Alonso and the McLaren pair. I don't think RBR or Lotus can give them a fight. Maybe watch out for some midfield team coming alive in a low-downforce setting.
If Lotus introduce the 'device', I think it will give them a mighty boost down those long straights.
tderias wrote: If Lotus introduce the 'device', I think it will give them a mighty boost down those long straights.
Apparently they won´t debut the device at Monza also. I think they are missing a good opportunity if they continue to delay when they have it ready probably all the other top teams will have a DDRS too and all the effort will be in vain.
JoostLamers wrote: I'm not going , for the first time since 2003 I won't be visiting a GP, and I'm really gonna miss Monza! Great place, special atmosphere!
François wrote: This one should be fought between Alonso and the McLaren pair. I don't think RBR or Lotus can give them a fight. Maybe watch out for some midfield team coming alive in a low-downforce setting.
I'm picking Button as fav to win although lotus and RBR were quite competitive at Montreal, which is quite a similar low downforce circuit.
hope there's no 1st lap carnage this time round, with Grosjean banned and Maldonado far behind!
We didn't have a Belgian at the Belgian Grand Prix, they'll be no Italian at the Italian Grand Prix but we will have | 315 |
BOSTON (AP) — The Celtics and Pacers aren't interested in talking about the past as they prepare to tip off their first-round playoff matchup. Indiana doesn't want to dwell on injuries, like the season-ending right knee injury Pacers guard Victor Oladipo suffered in January. Likewise, the Celtics aren't thinking about Gordon Hayward early struggles and eventual demotion from the starting lineup in his first season back from a devastating ankle injury.
The only thing certain as the fifth-seeded Pacers and fourth-seeded Celtics take the TD Garden floor on Sunday is both teams still believe they can find redemption in the postseason. "Everything is just about the true essence of basketball<|fim_middle|> the season. The list includes Boston, which had more rebounds, blocks and steals than the Pacers in their final regular-season meeting on April 5. The Celtics' victory gave them a 2-1 season series edge and effectively wrapped up home-court advantage in this round.
Making sure Indiana plays tougher will be on players such as 6-foot-11, 240-pound center Domantas Sabonis and 6-foot-8, 220-pound Thaddeus Young, two of the Pacers most physical players. "We've got to get it together. We have to be ready at all costs," Young said. "Right now the biggest thing for us is locking in and doing the things we need to do defensively, physically and mentally."
NO LEAD SAFE Two of the Celtics' three losses before the All-Star break also exposed their tendency to blow big leads. What might be most troubling is two of the most egregious examples were at home. "We all need to consistently play better as a group," Stevens said. "We've done that at times, and we've rode Kyrie in a lot of cases, and he's carried us in a lot of games. And we need everybody at their fullest and there's no question about it." | . Nothing else about the drama or extra-curricular stuff," said Celtics point guard Kyrie Irving. "I'm excited to be focused on the game and actually talk about basketball instead of sensationalism."
Hayward said the team is looking forward. "The goal is still the same. It's a new season and what happened, happened," Hayward said. "We're trying to move on. You almost get a fresh start." For the Pacers, it's about proving that even without Oladipo they can be the same formidable team that nearly upset the Cavaliers in the first round last year.
Tatum is also on the mend with a shin contusion but is expected to be ready in time for Sunday's opener. Stevens is mum on who will take Smart's place in the starting lineup, but it likely falls to either Tatum or Hayward.
GETTING PHYSICAL Indiana was often outrebounded and pushed around late in | 185 |
V.S. Pritchett New Statesman Mr. Gann is a writer saturated in his subject; he has the skill to make every instant sharp and important and we catch the fever to know that documentary writing does not often invite.
New York Times Book Review Few writers have ever drawn their readers so intimately into the shielded sanctum of the cockpit, and it is here that Mr. Gann is truly the artist<|fim_middle|> Hunter. There is tension and suspense in it but there is great humor too. Happily, Gann never gets too technical for the layman to understand.
Chicago Sunday Tribune This purely wonderful autobiographical volume is the best thing on flying and the meaning of flying that we have had since Antoine de Saint-Exupéry took us aloft on his winged prose in the late 1930s and early 1940s….It is a splendid and many-faceted personal memoir that is not only one man's story but the story, in essence, of all men who fly. | .
Cornelius Ryan author of A Bridge Too Far and The Longest Day Fate Is the Hunter is partly autobiographical, partly a chronicle of some of the most memorable and courageous pilots the reader will ever encounter in print; and always this book is about the workings of fate….The book is studded with characters equally as memorable as the dramas they act out.
Saturday Review This fascinating, well-told autobiography is a complete refutation of the comfortable cliché that "man is master of his fate." As far as pilots are concerned, fate (or death) is a hunter who is constantly in pursuit of them….There is nothing depressing about Fate Is the | 133 |
Travelling Circus: A Review
Photo by Twiggy
Travelling Circus is an excellent play, I recommend seeing it while you can. This is Mind Adventures' first original play – directede by Tracy Holsinger – and, I think, their best. It is random, musical, free-flowing, but to a point. It also tackles the issues of war and displacement in a very direct and yet entirely unboring way.
The basic plot structure is a boy who speaks in numbers, a cow who moans cost of living and a village that gets bombed, displaced, imprisoned and then freed. What's interesting is that the script is devised, meaning it's been<|fim_middle|> lists travel agencies and describes some of the services they offer. By using a travel agent to help you with your plans you can … | pretty much made up during rehearsals. So that means that the story digresses quickly and readily into jokes and snide asides and also incorporates musical elements like a mash-up.
Musical Mash Up
Mash-ups, like those by Girl Talk (and half the stuff on Hype Machine), are a new sort of music where old songs are endlessly remixed and rehashed. It's like early hip-hop but more hipster, and white. The play incorporates music not in a 3-minute set piece manner, but in 15 second snippets. I find it entirely suited for my attention span. The music is also sung in tune but simply by the energetic cast, with backing from mostly mouth and body music.
For example, DJ Wombatu raps at the IDP camp, when reporters come Tracy Jayasinghe sings bits of 'Oh, Give Me A Home' (till the guards stop her), then 'All I Want Is A Room Somewhere' (also too risqué) and finally where have all the boys gone. Then there is Brandon Ingram singing 'Ice Ice Baby' and offering ice cream, chocolate, vanilla and cholera to people waiting in line. These random, relevant song snippets are throughout the piece and they're never saccharine or long enough to make me cringe, as with most musicals.
Another aspect, I think derived from being devised, is that the piece is constantly moving and doesn't feel read as much as performed. It is based on a story by Mike Masilamani, but I think significant bits are made up by the cast. There is a different, more deliberative speed to the written word and this play rather lurches and jerks forwards at a more momentary speed. The cast actually stops during the play to faux-rewrite the ending. To this Twitter generation, this makes the thing more watchable because it's a product of social, interactive thought by the performers and it's much more of a (IMHO) living thing.
The performers are also, at this point, well practiced and almost entirely devoid of shame. No one's afraid to strike a pose or sing or writhe around like mad people, so they do. Ryan Holsinger somehow make a cricket game crotchally vulgar, Tehani Chitty moans like a hurt cow, the sounds eventually coalescing into cost of living indexes and occasional frenzied bursts of 'mung atta mung atta mung atta'.
The drama is also very physical as Prasad Pereira spends a good portion of the performance in a tree while the others are trying to smash him (a lizard) with brooms. Probably the audience's favorite performance is Subha Wijesiriwardena as the camp's dominant auntie, doing a bit of an Annie number with the boy who speaks in numbers (Ruvin De Silva). Another gem is Gihan De Chickera (from Machang) who often makes just a few lines stick like he made them up on the spot. Perhaps he did.
So, I recommend watching the play. It's entertaining, original and the venue at the church grounds next to BMICH (Google Maps) is also new and entertaining. It's a sort of amphitheater with a stage centered around a tree and professional sound and lights. Also a canopy if it rains. Tickets are Rs. 500 and available at the door and I think entirely worth it. The thing runs three more nights, till Monday. For more info visit mindadventuressl.com.
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Ranjit 11 years ago
Excellent review. I saw the play at short notice on Friday night as I just happened to be in Colombo and about to leave when a friend at the paly asked me to join them. I agree with the general points. The sort of play that lends itself to refinements at each subsequent performance.
Electra 11 years ago
Indi, thanks for review and for coming, of course.
Only thing is the link you've given us is wrong – it is mindadventuressl.com
criticusapparatus 11 years ago
An alternative view: http://criticusapparatus.blogspot.com/2009/11/travelling-circus-of-pretension.html
a booger 11 years ago
mosquitoes ?
amelie 11 years ago
i agree with much. but the accent of the government soldier (which was supposed to make people laugh, and they did) was extremely patronizing, and the cow who kept repeating the prices of provisions was extremely irritating.
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Travel Agent Help 11 years ago
Travel Agents & Travelling Circus website that | 1,028 |
Be prepared! The 29th annual CVSA International Roadcheck, 72-hour inspection blitz will take place June 7-9. The inspections are performed in conjunction with the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and 10,000 CVSA-certified local, state, provincial, territorial and federal inspectors across North America.
Roadcheck is the largest targeted enforcement program of commercial vehicles in the world, with nearly 17 trucks or buses inspected, on average, every minute in Canada, the United States and Mexico over the three-day period.
Most examinations are American Standard Level 1 inspections, the most thorough<|fim_middle|> lodged between dual tires. A FleetOwner online article offers drivers five tips on how to be prepared for the inspection process and advice on interacting with the inspectors. | roadside inspection consisting of a 37-step procedure that includes both the driver and the vehicle. Inspection checks will include the braking system, cargo securement, the exhaust system, fuel system, lights, steering function, suspension, windshield wipers and emergency exits on buses.
Drivers will need to provide all relevant documentation such as a driver's license, medical card, hours-of-service information and endorsements, and drivers may also be checked for seat belt usage and any signs of alcohol and/or drug use.
This year, the inspection emphasis category for possible violations is tire safety. Inspectors will measure tire tread depth and tire pressure, check the general condition of the tire and look for items that may be | 139 |
On August 10, the state celebrated its first official Alaska Wild Salmon Day. The feel-good day is focused on a fish that means many things to residents, said attendees at a community salmon bake hosted by the Bristol Bay Native Corporation in Anchorage to mark the occasion: It's food that fills the freezer<|fim_middle|> is indeed always going to be there, people need to stand up for it—on Salmon Day, and every day. | , a living and a way of life and a critical piece of the state's economy.
Bryce Edgmon, the Dillingham representative who sponsored the bill marking the day, said it's also about reminding Alaskans that salmon is a resource that needs protecting. He said people from his region have worked hard to keep salmon ecosystems intact.
"That was a very important component of the bill, and we got a lot of support for it," he said.
The mood at the cookout was one of appreciation. Out of the hundreds of people who came to fill their plates, many grew up fishing on Bristol Bay, and they had a lot to say about what it that meant to them.
MaryAnn Jones said she got a new appreciation for the local bounty when visiting family in Virginia. She just had to have her wild Alaska salmon, she said, and she struck out at Costco and Sam's Club, where she only found farmed fish. Eventually she got what she was looking for at a specialty store—for $36 a pound.
Jones said her love of salmon started early, when she helped her family with their catch in Naknek.
Bristol Bay Native Corporation Board President Joseph Chythlook said that if salmon | 247 |
Primal Pit Stick is an organic, all-natural deodorant that actually works! Baking soda neutralizes<|fim_middle|>, toxic chemicals, or fragrance.
My daughter will use nothing else!!
Way too much baking soda for me!
Great scent, works great on sweat and smell. I feel totally protected.
Good for a regular / simple day. Not strong enough for a hot day in the office.
Primal pit paste is the only deodorant that is effective for my fiance! He loves the smell and it usually lasts most of the day. Great product!
We quit using antiperspirant. My son really likes this! | the bacteria that causes odor and organic arrowroot powder helps you to feel dry while allowing you to still sweat and release toxins. These powders are mixed in a base of moisture-rich and anti-microbial organic coconut oil and organic shea butter to soothe skin. Hand-crafted to ensure that every stick only contains the finest organic products. Contains no aluminum, parabens | 75 |
Project Leadership
Scientific Founders
OptiKira
Tim Pelura, PhD, CEO
Dr. Pelura is a serial life science entrepreneur with over 40 years of experience in the pharmaceutical, biotech, and medical device industries and has been pivotal in the development of several new drugs and devices spanning numerous therapeutic areas.
Dr. Pelura has enjoyed a long history of growing early/idea stage life science companies through various financing strategies to well-capitalized, successful companies. His previous positions include CEO of Surpass, Inc., a preclinical CRO; Chairman, President & CEO of Immunome, an antibody platform company; CEO of Promedior, a product-focused biotech company developing novel therapeutics for the treatment of fibrotic disorders and diseases; Chief Scientific Officer for Kereos, a biopharma company focusing on oncology, cardiology, and molecular imaging; President and COO of Provasis Therapeutics, a developer of interventional neurosurgical devices;<|fim_middle|> development compounds from a variety of therapeutic areas, including two marketed drugs: the angiotensin receptor blocker Teveten and the thrombopoietin receptor agonist Promacta. At GlaxoSmithKline, he served as VP of Drug Discovery and was one of the founding members of the Center of Excellence for External Drug Discovery (CEEDD).
A BioMotiv Company | executive R&D positions at Neuron Therapeutics and Alliance Pharmaceutical Corp; and various positions at Pharmacia, a pharmaceutical and biotech company.
Dr. Pelura is also pivotally involved in several non-profit, regional and national life science initiatives and holds a PhD in chemistry from Rutgers University.
Richard Keenan, Project Director
Richard Keenan, Ph.D., has over 20 years of experience in medicinal chemistry research, contributing directly to the discovery of numerous clinical | 93 |
Metapackage which installs packages for making drums and beats.
DGEdit allows one to create drum kits for use in DrumGizmo from recordings of individual instruments (<|fim_middle|> note that for using DrumGizmo you will need to download some compatible drum kit audio data made by the community (such as those available at www.drumgizmo.org) or create one yourself with DGEdit (provided in the dgedit package).
This package contains a collection of drumkits for Hydrogen, a sample based drum machine/step sequencer.
More drumkits can be installed per-user via the Hydrogen's "Import library" function in the "Instruments" menu.
Advanced GTK+ Sequencer is intended to be used for music composition. It features a piano roll, as well as a synth, matrix editor, drum machine, soundfont2 player, mixer and an output panel. It's designed to be highly configurable. You may add effects to its effect chain; and add or remove audio channels/pads. You may set up a fully functional network of engines, thus there is a link editor for linking audio lines.
This package contains a collection of unusual drumkits for Hydrogen, a sample based drum machine/step sequencer.
Even more unusual drumkits can be installed per-user via the Hydrogen's "Import library" function in the "Instruments" menu. | snare, kickdrum, toms, crashes, and so on). It supports the entire process of taking a group of WAV files and converting them into working instruments with hit energy levels.
Please | 40 |
Centrum Men 50+ Tablets has adjusted levels of key vitamins and minerals to support the changing needs of men 50+.
Centrum Men 50+<|fim_middle|>551, E553b, Beta-Carotene, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B2, Gelatine, Vegetable Oil, Sucrose, Cupric Sulphate, Glucose Syrup, Vitamin A, Folic Acid, Chromium Chloride, Sodium Molybdate, Potassium Iodide, Biotin, Sodium Selenate, Vitamin K, Antioxidant E321, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, Colours E71, E120, E132.
Take one tablet daily with water, preferably with meal.
A healthy lifestyle and a varied and balanced diet are important. This product should not be used as a substitute for a varied and balanced diet. If taking other supplements, please read the label, since they may contain the same ingredients. Product contains iron, which can be harmful to children if taken in large doses. | Tablets has adjusted levels of key vitamins and minerals to support the changing needs of men 50+. Complete multivitamins containing 24 key nutrients including all 13 essential vitamins. Helps support vitality, immunity, post menopausal health and bone health.
Dicalcim Phosphate, Magnesium oxide, Calcium Carbonate, Vitamin C, Bulking Agents E460, E468, Modified Starch, Nicotinamide,Maltodextrin, Vitamin E, Bulking Agents E464, E1200, Calcium D Pantothenate,Ferrous Fumarate, Zinc Oxide, Manganese Sulphate, Emulsifier, E470b, Starch, Anti Caking Agents E | 157 |
Public Lecture by Patricia Martinez Coral and Casandra Castorena Sánchez, 2017-2018 PNK Fellows
Mar 7, 2018 | News, PNK Fellowship, Programs
The New School · New York
New Citizenship Rights in Latin America
The event will take place in Klein Conference Room, Room 510, 66 West 12th Street, New York, NY 10011.
President Néstor Kirchner Fellowship Public Lectures by President Néstor Kirchner Fellows 2017-2018
Addressing the Digital Gap in Colombia
Patricia Martinez Coral
Co-Responsibility as a Security Paradigm in Mexico
Casandra Castorena Sánchez
Introduced and moderated by:
Executive Dean of NSPE, The New School
Fellows will be presented by:
Maria Isabel Nieto Jaramillo
Consul General, Colombian Consulate in New York
Consul General, Mexican Consulate in New York
The New School Observatory on Latin America (OLA) and Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) are pleased to present, in this 7th consecutive year of the President Néstor Kirchner Fellowship, the 2017-2018 Fellows: Patricia Martinez Coral and Casandra Castorena Sánchez, who were awarded this Fellowship after demonstrating academic excellence and a commitment to public service.
Addressing the Digital Gap in Colombia, by Patricia Martinez Coral
Ms. Martinez research focuses on the digital gap in Colombia's rural communities. She analyzes how institutional design and technological bias add to the conditions of exclusion in Colombia.
Ms. Martinez holds a PhD in Political Studies as well as an MA in Public Policy from Universidad Externado de Colombia.
Co-Responsibility as a Security Paradigm in Mexico, by Casandra Castorena Sánchez
Ms. Castorena research in citizen security focuses on the different types of violence prevalent in Latin America and the Caribbean. She argues for a new co-responsibility paradigm in the design of public policies that address the security needs of citizens.
Ms. Castorena holds a BA in International Relations from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and is a Master's candidate at UNAM.
This Fellowship is inspired by the legacy and achievements of former President Néstor Kirchner during his term as President of Argentina (2003-20<|fim_middle|>00 pm
University Center, Faculty Lounge | The New School
63 Fifth Avenue, 7th Floor,
The Lecture will be in English.
Admission is free, but seating is limited.
Please RSVP by March 6th at pnkspring2018.eventbrite.com
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This program is supported by the JULIEN J. STUDLEY FOUNDATION
and UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SAN MARTÍN, ARGENTINA
Tags: Announcement, Conference, Public Lecture | 07), coupled with his important work as the first Secretary General of UNASUR (2010). It focuses on the training of young leaders in South America, is organized by The Observatory on Latin America (OLA) of The New School, New York, and the Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Since 2015 the PNK Fellowship has been expanded to all Latin American and Caribbean countries.
Wednesday, March 7th, 2018 · 6:00pm – 8:00pm
Orozco Room | The New School
66 West 12th Street, 7th Floor
Map of the event
A Reception will be held at 8: | 153 |
New treatment can spare breast cancer radiation
It's been a month<|fim_middle|>'s delivered inside the breast, investigators say there is less chance of the radiation spilling over to other organs.
Written and produced by Tim Didion | now since doctors removed a cancerous lump from Elysa Yanowitz's right breast, but unlike most women, she never returned for radiation.
"The day after the procedure, I was in Napa," she said.
The reason is that doctors gave her radiation during her surgery. The dose was delivered through a special device, inserted directly into her breast. It is part of a system, known as "targeted intraoperative radio-therapy," that's been under clinical trial at UCSF.
Dr. Michael Alvarado is a principal investigator.
"So this is done one-time, while the patient is asleep which is very new exciting," he said.
Alvarado explains surgeons select a rounded fitting of the same dimension as the lump that was removed. Working through the original incision, doctors deliver a targeted dose inside the cavity directly to the tissue that was surrounding the tumor.
Patients in the trial all had lower risk forms of breast cancer.
"So those types of women who have lower risk of recurrence instead of having three-to-five courses of radiation Monday through Friday daily, only one dose appeared to be adequate," Alvarado said.
Results of the international trial have been published in the journal Lancet. With about 2,000 women participating, the group that received traditional external radiation had a recurrence rate of slightly less than one percent.
The internal radiation group was just more than one percent.
While the rates are nearly identical for those low-risk cancers, the question remains whether the technique would work as well for larger or more aggressive tumors.
"Not every single patient will be qualified for this type of radiation, so it is a type of radiation that's done for a lower risk type of population," Alvarado.
And even those low-risk patients will have to accept the slightly elevated risk in exchange for the convenience of a one-time only dose.
Yanowitz says it was an important trade-off for her.
"I had personal reasons because I have a mother who's quite ill, and the thought of doing the alternative with radiation for a number of weeks would have taken more of a toll, both time and physically, and I needed to be with my mother," she said.
Investigators now hope to expand the trial within the U.S., in the hopes of expanding this one-time radiation option to more breast cancer patients.
The treatment takes about 20 to 30 minutes at the time of surgery and because it | 485 |
\section{Introduction}
The last few years have seen a renewal of interest \cite{kyotoconf}-
\cite{hss3}
in the low energy scalar
sector of QCD. Many physicists now believe in the
existence of the light, broad $I=J=0$ resonance, sigma in the
500-600 MeV region as well as a light broad $I,J=1/2,0$ resonance,
kappa in the 700-900 MeV region. Together with the well established
$f_0(980)$ and $a_0(980)$ scalar resonances, these comprise
a putative nonet of ``elementary particles".
Furthermore, this nonet seems likely to have a quark
structure like $qq{\bar q}{\bar q}$ rather than the conventional
$q{\bar q}$ \cite{Jaffe}. This of course raises the question
of where are the conventional $q{\bar q}$ p-wave scalars
expected in the quark model. Arguments have been given
\cite{mixing} that
the experimental data are better fit when the two scalar
nonets mix with each other and the resulting ``level
repulsion", pushes the conventional scalars to higher
masses than otherwise expected.
In order to further explore the feature of mixing between
$q{\bar q}$ type and $qq{\bar q}{\bar q}$ type states it seems
interesting to consider a linear SU(3)$\times$ SU(3)
sigma model
which contains also the pseudoscalar nonet partners of these two
scalar nonets. Parenthetically, we remark that while the non-
linear sigma model \cite{GL,CW} and its extension to the chiral
perturbation theory program \cite{CPT} are
often more efficient for systematic calculations,
linear sigma models have a very long history of furnishing
important insights into the nature of strong hadron dynamics.
The SU(2) linear sigma model was first given in ref. \cite{GL}.
It was used as a basis for understanding the current algebra
treatment of $\pi\pi$ scattering
near threshold in ref. \cite{w}. The SU(3) version was given
in the first of ref. \cite{l<|fim_middle|> also transforms like $M^{(2)}$ and $M^{(3)}$
under all of SU(3)$_L \times$ SU(3)$_R$, $C$, $P$ and
U(1)$_A$. The
specific form favored by the MIT bag model calculation actually corresponds to
a particular linear combination of $M^{(3)}$ and $M^{(4)}$. Furthermore one
can verify that $M^{(2)}$ in Eq. (\ref{M2}) is related by a Fierz
transformation to a linear combination of $M^{(3)}$ and $M^{(4)}$.
Thus only two of $M^{(2)}$, $M^{(3)}$ and $M^{(4)}$ are linearly
independent. In any event, at the present effective Lagrangian level,
there are no quantum numbers to distinguish $M^{(2)}$, $M^{(3)}$,
and $M^{(4)}$ from each other so we may as well just denote an arbitrary
linear combination of them to be our $qq{\bar q}{\bar q}$ field,
$M^{\prime}$. Note that $M$ and $M^{\prime}$ are distinguished
from each other by their different U(1)$_A$
transformation properties.
These fields may be decomposed into hermitian scalar (S) and pseudoscalar ($\phi$)
nonets as,
\begin{eqnarray}
M &=& S +i\phi, \nonumber \\
M^\prime &=& S^\prime +i\phi^\prime.
\label{sandphi}
\end{eqnarray}
We will be interested in the situation where non-zero vacuum values
of the diagonal components of $S$ and $S'$ may exist. These will be
denoted by,
\begin{equation}
\left< S_a^b \right> = \alpha_a \delta_a^b,
\quad \quad \left< S_a^{\prime b} \right> =
\beta_a \delta_a^b.
\label{vevs}
\end{equation}
In the iso-spin invariant limit, $\alpha_1=\alpha_2$ and
$\beta_1=\beta_2$ while in the SU(3) invariant limit,
$\alpha_1=\alpha_2=\alpha_3$ and $\beta_1=\beta_2=\beta_3$.
The Lagrangian density which defines our model is
\begin{equation}
{\cal L} = - \frac{1}{2} {\rm Tr}
\left( \partial_\mu M \partial_\mu M^\dagger
\right) - \frac{1}{2} {\rm Tr}
\left( \partial_\mu M^\prime \partial_\mu M^{\prime \dagger} \right)
- V_0 \left( M, M^\prime \right) - V_{SB},
\label{mixingLsMLag}
\end{equation}
where $V_0(M,M^\prime) $ stands for a general function made
from SU(3)$_L \times$ SU(3)$_R$
(but not necessarily U(1)$_A$) invariants
formed out of
$M$ and $M^\prime$. Furthermore $V_{SB}$ is taken to be
a flavor symmetry breaking term which should mock up the quark
mass terms which perform this function in the fundamental
QCD Lagrangian. Other physical particles (including glueballs)
could be added for more realism, but Eq. (\ref{mixingLsMLag}) is already
quite complicated.
To get an initial indication of what is happening in this kind of
model the drastically simplified case
where the quark mass effective term, $V_{SB}$ is absent
and where $V_0$ is simply given by:
\begin{equation}
V_0 = -c_2 {\rm Tr} \left( M M^\dagger \right)
+ c_4 {\rm Tr} \left( M M^\dagger M M^\dagger \right)
+ d_2 {\rm Tr} \left( M^\prime M^{\prime \dagger} \right)
+ e {\rm Tr} \left( M M^{\prime \dagger} + M^\prime M^\dagger \right),
\label{mixingpot}
\end{equation}
was treated in sec.V of ref. \cite{BFMNS01}.
Here $c_2$, $c_4$ and $d_2$ are positive real constants. The $M$ matrix
field is chosen to have a wrong sign mass term so that there will be
spontaneous breakdown of chiral symmetry. A pseudoscalar octet is thus
massless. The mixing between the $M$ and $M^\prime$ is controlled by the
parameter $e$. The first feature found for this simplified model was that
the analog, $\langle{S'}^a_a\rangle$ of the $qq{\bar
q}{\bar q}$ condensate
in QCD acquired a small non-zero value due to the mixing between
$S$ and $S^\prime$. The main question is the level ordering. Since
the light pseudoscalars (e.g. $\pi^+ =\phi^2_1$) are naturally
identified, before mixing, with the $q{\bar q}$ field M, one
wonders whether the two quark rather than the four quark scalars
aren't the lightest ones. It was found however that it is
natural (but not unique) in the model to have the energy level pattern
in ascending order- pseudoscalar Nambu-Goldstone boson with
primarily $q{\bar q}$ structure, scalar with primarily $qq{\bar q}{\bar
q}$ structure, pseudoscalar with primarily $qq{\bar q}{\bar q}$ structure
and scalar with primarily $q{\bar q}$ structure. These refer
to degenerate octets which are each mixtures of $M$ and $M^\prime$
states. This seems to be similar to the expected experimental
pattern and gives us some motivation to proceed further.
The next question is what terms to include in the
Lagrangian Eq. (\ref{mixingLsMLag}). A natural first attempt
would be to consider a renormalizable model in which $V_0$ contains
all the SU(3)$\times$ SU(3) invariant terms up to four
powers of the
fields.
These are listed in Appendix A. It is seen that there are 21 terms of
this
type. This is a rather large number and while not impossible
to handle suggests trying another tack.
We will just allow $V_0$ to contain all possible terms which are
SU(3)$_L\times$ SU(3)$_R$ symmetric and use the
information provided by
this symmetry. This is more general and also allows for
non-renormalizable terms. The price to be paid is that we only get
information which follows just from the symmetry structure.
In an earlier treatment \cite{SU1} of the single chiral nonet case, it was
found
that the results obtained were essentially those
which could be obtained from
the ``current algebra" approach.
Furthermore, we will try to make use of the fact
that $M$ and $M^\prime$ have different U(1)$_A$
transformation properties.
We thus demand that the Lagrangian without $V_{SB}$ mock up
the anomalous U(1)$_A$ equation of QCD,
\begin{equation}
\delta {\cal L} =G,
\label{anomaly}
\end{equation}
where $\delta$ denotes the axial U(1) variation and
$G$ is proportional to the product of the QCD field strength
tensor and its dual. This can be achieved by making all
of the terms in $V_0$, except for a limited number,
U(1)$_A$
invariant. The special terms will be constructed to satisfy Eq.
(\ref{anomaly}). An example of a term which is not
U(1)$_A$
invariant is the mixing term used in
the simplified model above:
${\rm Tr}\, (M^{\prime}M^{\dagger})+ {\rm h.c.}$. However
a
mixing term of the type:
\begin{equation}
\epsilon_{abc}\epsilon^{def}M^a_dM^b_eM^{{\prime}c}_f +
{\rm h.c.}
\label{invtmixing}
\end{equation}
is U(1)$_A$ invariant and hence possibly the most
important one.
An SU(3)$_L\times$ SU(3)$_R$ invariant but not
U(1)$_A$
invariant term which mocks up Eq. (\ref{anomaly}) can be
seen \cite{U1A} to be
\begin{equation}
{\cal L}_{anom}= \frac{iG}{12} \,{\rm ln}\,(\frac{{\rm
det}\,
M}{{\rm det}\, M^{\dagger}}).
\label{anomterm}
\end{equation}
Here, $G$ is being formally considered as an effective pseudoscalar
glueball field in the effective Lagrangian. To get an $\eta'(958)$
mass term in the effective lagrangian framework one can \cite{U1A}
include a wrong sign mass term for G: $cG^2/2$ in the Lagrangian
which of course does not change the flavor symmetry structure.
Then integrating out $G$ yields the effective $\eta(960)$
mass term:
\begin{equation}
{\cal L}_\eta =-c_3[{\rm ln}\, (\frac{{\rm det}\,
M}{{\rm det}\,
M^{\dagger}})]^2,
\label{etaprmass}
\end{equation}
where $c_3=-1/(288c)$. The nature of this term becomes more
apparent when one goes to the non-linear realization
where $M\rightarrow \alpha_1 {\rm
exp}\, (i\phi/\alpha_1)$.
For the present paper we shall consider this to be the only
SU(3)$_L\times$ SU(3)$_R$ invariant but not U(1)$_A$
invariant term. However, it is not at all unique when
we consider a model with two chiral nonets. For example
one can also include something like the non- U(1)$_A$
invariant mixing term
${\rm Tr}\, (M^{\prime}M^{\dagger})+ {\rm h.c.}$ by
writing
a candidate Lagrangian piece:
\begin{equation}
\frac{iG}{12}[\gamma_1 {\rm ln}\, (\frac{{\rm det}\,
M}{{\rm det}
M^{\dagger}})
+\gamma_2
{\rm ln} \,
(\frac{{\rm Tr}\,
(MM'^{\dagger})}{{\rm Tr}\, (M'M^{\dagger})}],
\label{altanom}
\end{equation}
and proceeding as above. In order to properly mock up
the anomaly in this case it is necessary \cite{hsuss}
that the real numbers $\gamma_1$ and $\gamma_2$ satisfy
\begin{equation}
\gamma_1+\gamma_2=1.
\label{anomnorm}
\end{equation}
The generalization to more than two such terms is evident. It
may be noted that the $M-M'$ mixing term resulting from
Eq. (\ref{altanom}) mixes only the pseudoscalar fields
and not the scalar ones.
Finally, let us consider the flavor symmetry breaking terms.
To get more restrictions, we assume that such a term
should mock up both the SU(3)$_L\times$ SU(3)$_R$ and
U(1)$_A$
transformation properties of the quark mass terms in the fundamental
QCD Lagrangian. It is convenient to introduce a diagonal matrix,
\begin{equation}
A = {\rm diag} (A_1,A_2,A_3),
\label{defineA}
\end{equation}
which is proportional to the diagonal matrix
made from the three
light quark masses, $diag(m_u,m_d,m_s)$ (See \cite{MS} for further
details). Then, from Eq. (\ref{M}), we note an obvious
choice for a flavor symmetry breaking term,
\begin{equation}
V_{SB}=-{\rm Tr}\, [A(M+M^{\dagger})]=-2 {\rm Tr}\, (AS),
\label{vsb}
\end{equation}
which transforms like $(3,3^*)+(3^*,3)$ under
SU(3)$_L\times$ SU(3)$_R$.
Under the U(1)$_A$ transformation of Eq. (\ref{MU1A}), it
goes to
$-e^{2i\nu} {\rm Tr}\, (AM) + {\rm {\rm h.c.}}$. Note
that the
similar
simple possibility,
$-2 {\rm Tr} \, (A S')$
does not correctly mock up the U(1)$_A$ transformation
property of the QCD mass term.
However Eq. (\ref{vsb}) is not at all unique in correctly mocking
up the quark mass term. An interesting term which
does mock up the quark mass term also involves
mixing and has the form,
\begin{equation}
\epsilon_{abc}\epsilon^{def}A_d^aM_e^b {M'}_f^c +
{\rm {\rm h.c.}}
\label{sbmixer}
\end{equation}
This term mixes both scalars and pseudoscalars but with
opposite signs.
For what follows, it is convenient to record the behaviors
of the fields under infinitesimal transformations. Let us write the
infinitesimal vector (L+R) and axial vector (L-R) transformations
of $\phi$ and $S$ as,
\begin{eqnarray}
\delta_V \phi=[E_V,\phi], \quad \quad \delta_A \phi=-i[E_A,S]_+,
\nonumber \\
\delta_V S=[E_V,S], \quad \quad \delta_A S=i[E_A,\phi]_+.
\label{inftrans}
\end{eqnarray}
Here, unitarity demands that the infinitesimal matrices
obey,
\begin{equation}
E_V^{\dagger}=-E_V, \quad \quad E_A^{\dagger}=-E_A.
\label{unitarity}
\end{equation}
If we demand that the transformations be unimodular, so
that the U(1)$_A$ transformation is not included
(the U(1)$_V$ transformation is trivial for mesons), we
should
also impose ${\rm Tr}\, (E_A)=0$. However we will not do
this so the effects of
U(1)$_A$ will also be included. The transformation
properties
of the $qq{\bar q}{\bar q}$ type fields are:
\begin{eqnarray}
\delta_V\phi'=[E_V,\phi'], \quad \quad \delta_A \phi'=-i[E_A,S']_+
+2iS' {\rm Tr} \,(E_A),
\nonumber \\
\delta_V S'=[E_V,S'], \quad \quad \delta_A S'=i[E_A,\phi']_+
-2i\phi' {\rm Tr} (E_A).
\label{inftranspr}
\end{eqnarray}
The extra terms for the axial transformations reflect the different
U(1)$_A$ transformation properties of $M$ and $M'$.
\section{Generating equations}
We shall consider, in this paper, tree level predictions for the
Lagrangian of Eq.(\ref{mixingLsMLag}) in which the only
U(1)$_A$ violating term in $V_0$ is that of
Eq.(\ref{etaprmass}).
The only term in $V_{SB}$ will be taken to be the simplest one given
in Eq. (\ref{vsb}). In this minimal picture, there is no symmetry breaking
associated with the $qq{\bar q}{\bar q}$ fields in $M'$. The symmetry
breaking in the physical states (which contain two
quark as well as four quark components)
is due to the mixing terms which, as we have
already seen in Eq. (\ref{invtmixing}),
can be invariant under SU(3)$\times$ SU(3)$\times$
U(1)$_A$.
The method of treatment, as used earlier \cite{SU1} to discuss the model
containing only the field $M$, is based on two
generating equations which reflect the invariance of $V_0$ under
vector and axial vector transformations. Differentiating them once,
relates two point vertices (masses) with one point vertices.
Differentiating them twice relates three point vertices
(trilinear couplings) with masses and so on. These are essentially
tree level Ward identities.
Under the infinitesimal vector and axial vector transformations
we have,
\begin{eqnarray}
\delta_VV_0&=&{\{} {\rm Tr}\, (\frac{\partial
V_0}{\partial \phi}\delta_V \phi
+\frac{\partial V_0}{\partial S}\delta_VS)
+(\phi,S)\rightarrow(\phi',S'){\}} =0 ,
\nonumber \\
\delta_AV_0&=& {\{}{\rm Tr}\, (\frac{\partial
V_0}{\partial \phi}\delta_A \phi
+\frac{\partial V_0}{\partial S}\delta_AS)
+(\phi,S)\rightarrow(\phi',S'){\}} =- {\cal L}_\eta ,
\label{V0invariance}
\end{eqnarray}
wherein the non-zero value of the axial variation equation
reflects the presence in $V_0$ of the single $U(1)_A$ non-invariant
term of Eq. (\ref{etaprmass}). Using Eqs. (\ref{inftrans}) and (\ref{inftranspr})
as well as the arbitrariness of the variations $E_V$ and $E_A$ yields
the matrix
generating equations,
\begin{eqnarray}
&&{\{}[\phi,\frac{\partial V_0}{\partial \phi}]+
[S,\frac{\partial V_0}{\partial S}] + (\phi,S)\rightarrow(\phi',S'){\}}
=0,
\nonumber \\
&&{\{}[\phi,\frac{\partial V_0}{\partial S}]_+ -
[S,\frac{\partial V_0}{\partial \phi}]_+ +
(\phi,S)\rightarrow(\phi',S'){\}}=
1[2 {\rm Tr}\, (\phi'\frac{\partial V_0}{\partial S'}-
S'\frac{\partial V_0}{\partial \phi'}) -
8c_3 i\, {\rm ln}\, (\frac{{\rm det}\, M}{{\rm det}\,
M^{\dagger}})],
\label{geneqs}
\end{eqnarray}
where, in addition, the form of Eq. (\ref{etaprmass}) was used.
To get constraints on the particle masses we will differentiate
these equations once with respect to each of the four matrix fields:
$\phi,\phi',S,S'$ and evaluate the equations in the ground state.
Thus we also need the ``minimum" condition,
\begin{equation}
\langle\frac{\partial V_0}{\partial S}\rangle +
\langle\frac{\partial V_{SB}}{\partial S}\rangle=0,
\quad \quad \langle\frac{\partial V_0}{\partial
S'}\rangle + \langle\frac{\partial V_{SB}}{\partial
S'}\rangle=0. \label{mincond}
\end{equation}
Using our present choice of Eq. (\ref{vsb}) as the only flavor symmetry breaker
and Eq. (\ref{vevs}), this becomes
\begin{equation}
\langle\frac{\partial V_0}{\partial S_a^a}\rangle = 2A_a,
\quad \quad
\langle\frac{\partial V_0}{\partial {S'}_a^a}\rangle = 0.
\label{firstderiv}
\end{equation}
Now let us differentiate successively the vector generating equation
with respect
to $S_a^b$ and to ${S'}_a^b$. This gives with the help of
Eq.(\ref{firstderiv}),
the following two relations:
\begin{eqnarray}
(\alpha_a - \alpha_b)
\langle
{
{\partial^2 V_0} \over {\partial S_b^a \partial S_a^b}
}
\rangle
+ (\beta_a - \beta_b)
\langle
{
{\partial^2 V_0} \over {\partial {S'}_b^a \partial S_a^b}
}
\rangle
&=& 2(A_a-A_b),
\nonumber \\
(\alpha_a - \alpha_b)
\langle
{
{\partial^2 V_0} \over {\partial S_b^a \partial {S'}_a^b}
}
\rangle
+ (\beta_a - \beta_b)
\langle
{
{\partial^2 V_0} \over {\partial {S'}_b^a \partial{S'}_a^b}
}
\rangle
&=& 0 .
\label{scalarmasses}
\end{eqnarray}
The first of these equations relates the mass mixing transition
with the
unprimed scalar squared masses while the second of these relates the
mass mixing transition
with the primed scalar squared masses. It may be seen
that information is obtained only for particles with different
upper and lower SU(3) tensor indices. In the isospin invariant
limit (where $\alpha_1=\alpha_2$ etc.), information will be
obtained only for the kappa type particles (e.g. $\kappa^+=S_1^3$
when mixing is neglected). If isospin violation information is inserted,
information may be obtained also about the isovector scalars
like $a_0^+(980)$ (which is represented by $S_1^2$ when mixing is
neglected).
Next, let us differentiate successively the axial vector generating
equation with respect to $\phi$ and to $\phi'$. It is neater to write
the results first for the case when fields with different upper and lower
tensor indices are involved:
\begin{eqnarray}
(\alpha_a + \alpha_b)
\langle
{
{\partial^2 V_0} \over {\partial \phi_b^a \partial \phi_a^b}
}
\rangle
+ (\beta_a + \beta_b)
\langle
{
{\partial^2 V_0} \over {\partial {\phi'}_b^a \partial \phi_a^b}
}
\rangle
&=& 2(A_a+A_b),
\nonumber \\
(\alpha_a + \alpha_b)
\langle
{
{\partial^2 V_0} \over {\partial {\phi'}_b^a \partial {\phi}_a^b}
}
\rangle
+ (\beta_a + \beta_b)
\langle
{
{\partial^2 V_0} \over {\partial {\phi'}_b^a \partial {\phi'}_a^b}
}
\rangle
&=& 0
\label{offdiagpsmasses}
\end{eqnarray}
Next, let us write the corresponding equations
for the case when the upper and lower tensor indices on each field
are the same.
\begin{eqnarray}
\alpha_b
\langle
{
{\partial^2 V_0} \over {\partial \phi_a^a \partial \phi_b^b}
}
\rangle
+ \beta_b
\langle
{
{\partial^2 V_0} \over {\partial {\phi}_a^a \partial {\phi'}_b^b}
}
\rangle
&=& \sum_g \beta_g
\langle
{
{\partial^2 V_0} \over {\partial {\phi}_a^a \partial {\phi'}_g^g}
}
\rangle
-\frac{8c_3}{\alpha_a},
\nonumber \\
\alpha_b
\langle
{
{\partial^2 V_0} \over {\partial {\phi'}_a^a \partial \phi_b^b}
}
\rangle
+ \beta_b
\langle
{
{\partial^2 V_0} \over {\partial {\phi'}_a^a \partial {\phi'}_b^b}
}
\rangle
&=& \sum_g \beta_g
\langle
{
{\partial^2 V_0} \over {\partial {\phi'}_a^a \partial {\phi'}_g^g}
}
\rangle.
\label{pscalarmasses}
\end{eqnarray}
Note that the axial generating equation provides information on
the masses of all the pseudoscalars. Further differentiations
will relate a large number of trilinear and quadrilinear
coupling constants to the meson masses and to the quark mass
coefficients, $A_a$.
To fully characterize the system we will also require some
knowledge of the axial vector and vector currents \cite{SU1} obtained by
Noether's method:
\begin{eqnarray}
(J_\mu^{axial})_a^b &=&(\alpha_a+\alpha_b)\partial_\mu\phi_a^b +
(\beta_a+\beta_b)\partial_\mu{\phi'}_a^b+ \cdots,
\nonumber \\
(J_\mu^{vector})_a^b &=&i(\alpha_a-\alpha_b){\partial_\mu} S_a^b +
i(\beta_a-\beta_b)\partial_\mu {S'}_a^b+ \cdots,
\label{currents}
\end{eqnarray}
where the three dots stand for terms bilinear in the fields.
\section{Predictions for mass spectrum}
Here we consider the predictions for the mass
spectrum of the model with the Lagrangian given in
Eq. (\ref{mixingLsMLag}),
whose potential contains any SU(3)$_L\times$
SU(3)$_R\times$ U(1)$_A$
invariant terms whatsoever, amended with the
SU(3)$_L\times$ SU(3)$_R$
but not $U(1)_A$ invariant term of Eq. (\ref{etaprmass})
as well as the term, Eq.(\ref{vsb})
which transforms exactly like the QCD quark mass term. A
characteristic feature is mixing between fields with the same quantum
numbers. Specifically, there is information about mixing between
$\pi$ and $\pi'$, between $K$ and $K'$, between $\kappa$
and $\kappa'$ and among among the four $\eta$ type (isosinglet)
states.
We will take these up in turn. Note that we will be
working
in the isotopic spin invariant limit \cite{ispinviolation}.
\subsection{The $\pi-\pi'$ system}
For compactness let us denote,
\begin{eqnarray}
x_\pi &=& \frac{2A_1}{\alpha_1},
\nonumber \\
y_\pi &=&\langle \frac{\partial^2V}{\partial
{\phi'}_2^1\partial{\phi'}_1^2}
\rangle,
\nonumber \\
z_\pi&=& \frac{\beta_1}{\alpha_1}.
\label{xyzpi}
\end{eqnarray}
Here we have introduced the total potential $V=V_0+V_{SB}$.
However, since the second derivatives of $V_{SB}$ vanish
with our present choice of flavor symmetry breaker
we may just use $V_0$. Substituting $a=1, b=2$ into
both of Eqs. (\ref{offdiagpsmasses}) enables us to
write the (non-diagonal) matrix of squared $\pi$
and $\pi'$ masses as:
\begin{equation}
(M_\pi^2)=\left[ \begin{array}{c c}
x_\pi +z_\pi^2 y_\pi & -z_\pi y_\pi
\nonumber \\
-z_\pi y_\pi & y_\pi
\end{array} \right] .
\label{Mpi}
\end{equation}
It is clear that $z_\pi$ is a measure of the mixing
between $\pi$ and $\pi'$ since the matrix becomes diagonal
in the limit when $z_\pi$ is set to zero. So we see that
$x_\pi$ would be the squared pion mass in the single M
model and $y_\pi$ represents the squared mass of
the ``bare" $\pi'$. Denoting the eigenvalues of this
matrix by $m_\pi^2$ and $m_{\pi'}^2$, we read off the product
and sum rules:
\begin{eqnarray}
m_\pi^2m_{\pi'}^2=x_\pi y_\pi,
\nonumber \\
m_\pi^2 + m_{\pi'}^2= x_\pi + y_\pi (1+z_{\pi}^2).
\label{sumrules}
\end{eqnarray}
Assuming that the values of $m_\pi$ and $m_{\pi'}$ are known,
the first of these equations expresses $y_\pi$ in terms of
$x_\pi$. Then the second of these equations
also expresses $z_{\pi}^2$ in terms of $x_\pi$.
The value of $x_\pi$ is not known but its range
is restricted to be,
\begin{equation}
m_\pi^2 \leq x_\pi \leq m_{\pi'}^2.
\label{xrange}
\end{equation}
This range may be derived by expressing
$z_\pi^2$ in terms of $x_\pi$ as mentioned and
requiring $z_\pi^2\geq0$.
The transformation between the diagonal
fields (say $\pi^+$ and $\pi'^+$) and the
original pion fields is defined as:
\begin{equation}
\left[
\begin{array}{c} \pi^+ \\
\pi'^+
\end{array}
\right]
=
\left[
\begin{array}{c c}
{\rm cos}\, \theta_\pi & -{\rm sin} \,
\theta_\pi
\nonumber \\
{\rm sin} \, \theta_\pi & {\rm cos} \,
\theta_\pi
\end{array}
\right]
\left[
\begin{array}{c}
\phi_1^2 \\
{\phi'}_1^2
\end{array}
\right].
\label{mixingangle}
\end{equation}
The explicit diagonalization gives an expression for the
mixing angle $\theta_\pi$:
\begin{equation}
{\rm tan}\, (2\theta_\pi)=\frac{-2y_\pi
z_\pi}{y_\pi(1-z_\pi^2)-x_\pi},
\label{thetasubpi}
\end{equation}
which evidently is also known, up to a sign choice for
$z_\pi$, once $x_\pi$ is specified.
The mixing angle, $\theta_\pi$ can also be connected to the
experimentally known value of the pion decay constant (i.e.
the amplitude for the $\pi^+$ meson to decay to two leptons).
Substituting the expressions from Eq. (\ref{mixingangle}) for $\phi_1^2$
and ${\phi'}_1^2$ in terms of the physical fields $\pi^+$
and $\pi'^+$ into Eq. (\ref{currents}) yields,
\begin{eqnarray}
(J_\mu^{axial})_1^2 &=&F_\pi\partial_\mu \pi^+ + F_{\pi'}\partial_\mu
\pi'^+
+\cdots,
\nonumber \\
F_\pi &=&(\alpha_1+\alpha_2){\rm cos}\, \theta_\pi -
(\beta_1+\beta_2){\rm sin}\, \theta_\pi,
\nonumber \\
F_{\pi'} &=&(\alpha_1+\alpha_2){\rm sin}\, \theta_\pi +
(\beta_1+\beta_2){\rm cos}\, \theta_\pi.
\label{Fpis}
\end{eqnarray}
We can then obtain $\alpha_1$ (in the isospin invariant limit) as,
\begin{equation}
\alpha_1=\frac{F_\pi}{2({\rm cos}\, \theta_\pi-z_\pi
{\rm sin}\, \theta_\pi)}.
\label{alpha1fromF}
\end{equation}
We then successively obtain $A_1$ from the definition of $x_\pi$,
Eq. (\ref{xyzpi}) and $\beta_1$ from the definition of $z_\pi$,
Eq, (\ref{xyzpi}).
To sum up, specifying $x_\pi$ and the experimental quantities
$m_\pi, m_{\pi'}$ and $F_\pi$ determines all the other parameters of the
$\pi-\pi'$ system.
\subsection{The $K-K'$ system}
The treatment of this system is almost exactly analogous to that
of the $\pi-\pi'$ system above when one defines the
analogous variables,
\begin{eqnarray}
x_K &=& \frac{2(A_3+A_1)}{\alpha_3+\alpha_1},
\nonumber \\
y_K &=&\langle \frac{\partial^2V}{\partial{\phi'}_3^1\partial{\phi'}_1^3}
\rangle,
\nonumber \\
z_K&=& \frac{\beta_3+\beta_1}{\alpha_3+\alpha_1}.
\label{xyK}
\end{eqnarray}
Substituting $a=1, b=3$ into
both of Eqs. (\ref{offdiagpsmasses}) enables us to
write the (non-diagonal) matrix of squared $K$
and $K'$ masses as:
\begin{equation}
(M_K^2)=\left[ \begin{array}{c c}
x_K +z_{K}^2 y_K & -z_K y_K
\nonumber \\
-z_K y_K & y_K
\end{array} \right] .
\label{MK}
\end{equation}
This is observed to be identical to the expression for $(M_{\pi}^2)$
in Eq. (\ref{Mpi}) when one simply substitutes everywhere $K$ for $\pi$
and $K'$ for $\pi'$. Similarly, the four equations (\ref{sumrules}),
(\ref{xrange}), (\ref{mixingangle}) and (\ref{thetasubpi}) continue to
hold when one substitutes everywhere $K$ for $\pi$ and $K'$ for $\pi'$.
Similarly, the $K^+$ decay constant, $F_K$ is now defined from,
\begin{eqnarray}
(J_\mu^{axial})_1^3 &=&F_K\partial_\mu K^+ + F_{K'}\partial_\mu
K'^+
+\cdots,
\nonumber \\
F_K &=&(\alpha_1+\alpha_3){\rm cos}\, \theta_K -
(\beta_1+\beta_3){\rm sin}\, \theta_K,
\nonumber \\
F_{K'} &=&(\alpha_1+\alpha_3){\rm sin}\, \theta_K +
(\beta_1+\beta_3){\rm cos}\, \theta_K.
\label{FKs}.
\end{eqnarray}
We can then obtain $\alpha_3 +\alpha_1$ (in the isospin invariant limit)
as,
\begin{equation}
\alpha_3+\alpha_1=\frac{F_K}{{\rm cos}\, \theta_K-z_K
{\rm sin}\, \theta_K}.
\label{strangealph}
\end{equation}
We then successively obtain $A_3+A_1$ from the definition of $x_K$
and $\beta_3 + \beta_1$ from the definition of $z_K$.
To sum up, specifying $x_K$ and the experimental quantities
$m_K, m_{K'}$ and $F_K$ determines all the other parameters of the
$K-K'$ system.
\subsection{The $\kappa-\kappa'$ system}
Again, we can treat this system in an exactly analogous way to
the $\pi-\pi'$ and $K-K'$ cases if we define the analogous
quantities:
\begin{eqnarray}
x_\kappa &=& \frac{2(A_3-A_1)}{\alpha_3-\alpha_1},
\nonumber \\
y_\kappa &=&\langle \frac{\partial^2V}{\partial {S'}_3^1\partial {S'}_1^3}
\rangle,
\nonumber \\
z_\kappa &=& \frac{\beta_3-\beta_1}{\alpha_3-\alpha_1}.
\label{xyzkappa}
\end{eqnarray}
In this case, however, the vector generating equations in Eqs.
(\ref{scalarmasses}) with the choices $a=1$ and $b=3$ are used.
The transformation between the diagonal and original strange
scalar fields is given by,
\begin{equation}
\left[
\begin{array}{c} \kappa^+ \\
\kappa'^+
\end{array}
\right]
=
\left[
\begin{array}{c c}
{\rm cos} \, \theta_\kappa & -{\rm sin}\,
\theta_\kappa
\nonumber \\
{\rm sin}\, \theta_\kappa & {\rm cos}\,
\theta_\kappa
\end{array}
\right]
\left[
\begin{array}{c}
S_1^3 \\
{S'}_1^3
\end{array}
\right],
\label{kappamixingangle}
\end{equation}
where the mixing angle is determined by the diagonalization:
\begin{equation}
tan(2\theta_\kappa)=\frac{-2y_\kappa z_\kappa}
{y_\kappa(1-z_\kappa^2)-x_\kappa}.
\label{thetasubkappa}
\end{equation}
We may define $\kappa$ ``decay constants' as,
\begin{eqnarray}
F_\kappa &=&(\alpha_3-\alpha_1){\rm cos}\, \theta_\kappa
-
(\beta_3-\beta_1){\rm sin}\, \theta_\kappa,
\nonumber \\
F_{\kappa'} &=&(\alpha_3-\alpha_1) {\rm
sin}\, \theta_\kappa +
(\beta_3-\beta_1){\rm cos}\, \theta_\kappa,
\label{Fkappas}
\end{eqnarray}
although there is no direct experimental information
available about them.
Now let us consider the $\pi-\pi'$, $K-K'$ and
$\kappa-\kappa'$ systems together. Using the first two
we can get all of $A_1, A_3, \alpha_1,\alpha_3, \beta_1,
\beta_3$ from the experimental masses of $\pi,\pi',K,K'$,
the experimental decay constants $F_\pi,F_K$
and the assumed values of $x_\pi$ and $x_K$, as seen above.
This means that $x_\kappa$ and $z_\kappa$ may be read off
directly from Eqs. (\ref{xyzkappa}) while $y_\kappa$
can be found from the
product rule $m_\kappa^2m_{\kappa'}^2=x_\kappa y_\kappa$
if $m_\kappa$ and $m_{\kappa'}$ are furnished. Thus all
the parameters of the $\kappa-\kappa'$ system are known,
given the input masses and the values of $x_\pi$ and
$x_K$. However we have not yet made use of the sum rule
analogous to the second of Eqs. (\ref{sumrules}). This
provides another way to calculate $z_\kappa$ so we get the consistency
condition:
\begin{equation}
(\frac{\beta_3-\beta_1}{\alpha_3-\alpha_1})^2= \frac{x_\kappa(m_\kappa^2
+m_{\kappa'}^2-x_\kappa)}{m_\kappa^2m_{\kappa'}^2} -1
\label{consistentcond}
\end{equation}
Since the quantities in this equation depend on both $x_\pi$ and $x_K$,
the solution can determine the value of $x_K$ for each choice of $x_\pi$.
In other words, if $x_\pi$
is specified, the parameters of the $\pi-\pi'$, the $K-K'$ and
the $\kappa-\kappa'$ systems are all determined in the present model.
\subsection{The $\eta$ system}
This system is more complicated because, even in the
isotopic spin invariant limit, there are four different $I=0$
pseudoscalars which can mix with each other. These may be put together
as a column vector according to,
\begin{equation}
\Phi_0 =
\left[
\begin{array}{c}
\frac{\phi_1^1+\phi_2^2}{\sqrt{2}} \\
\phi^3_3\\
\frac{{\phi'}_1^1+{\phi'}_2^2}{\sqrt{2}} \\
{\phi'}^3_3
\end{array}
\right].
\label{etabasis}
\end{equation}
The part of the Lagrangian describing the masses of the $I=0$
pseudoscalars is then:
${\cal L} = -(1/2) \Phi_0^T (M^2_\eta) \Phi_0$, where $(M^2_\eta)$
is a symmetric $4\times4$ matrix. Relations among the matrix elements
follow by using both of Eqs. (\ref{pscalarmasses}). These connect
the transition masses both to the ``bare" unprimed particle masses
and to the ``bare" primed particle masses. The use of isospin
invariance relations like the ones given in Appendix B may also be useful.
Eventually, the matrix elements of $(M^2_\eta)$ depend on
four new quantities in addition to the ones appearing in the above
three subsystems. The resulting matrix elements are listed below:
\begin{eqnarray}
\left( M^2_\eta \right)_{11} &=&
{ {2 A_1} \over \alpha_1} - { {16 c_3}\over \alpha_1^2 }
- { {\beta_1^2 m_\pi^2 m_{\pi'}^2} \over {2 A_1
\alpha_1} }
+ 2 \left( {\beta_1 \over \alpha_1 } \right)^2
\langle { {\partial^2 { V}}
\over
{(\partial {\phi'}^1_1)^2}
}
\rangle
+ 4 \left( { {\beta_1\beta_3} \over {\alpha_1^2} }
\right)
\langle { {\partial^2 { V} }
\over
{\partial {\phi'}^1_1 \partial {\phi'}^3_3}
}
\rangle
\nonumber \\
&&+ 2 \left( {\beta_3\over \alpha_1} \right)^2
\langle { {\partial^2 { V} }
\over
{\partial {\phi'}^3_3 \partial
{\phi'}^3_3}
}
\rangle
\nonumber \\
\left( M^2_\eta \right)_{12} &=&
- { {8 \sqrt{2} c_3} \over {\alpha_1 \alpha_3} }
- { {\beta_1^2 m_\pi^2 m_{\pi'}^2} \over {\sqrt{2} A_1
\alpha_3} }
+ \left(
{ {2\sqrt{2} \beta_1^2} \over {\alpha_1 \alpha_3} }
\right)
\langle { {\partial^2 { V} }
\over
{(\partial {\phi'}^1_1)^2}
}
\rangle
+ \left(
{ {2\sqrt{2}\beta_1\beta_3}
\over
{\alpha_1\alpha_3} }
\right)
\langle { {\partial^2 { V} }
\over
{\partial {\phi'}^1_1 \partial {\phi'}^3_3}
}
\rangle
\nonumber \\
\left( M^2_\eta \right)_{13} &=&
- { {\beta_1 m_\pi^2 m_{\pi'}^2} \over {2 A_1 } }
+ 2 \left( {\beta_1 \over \alpha_1 } \right)
\langle { {\partial^2 { V} }
\over
{(\partial {\phi'}^1_1)^2}
}
\rangle
+ 2 \left( { {\beta_3} \over {\alpha_1} }
\right)
\langle { {\partial^2 { V} }
\over
{\partial {\phi'}^1_1 \partial {\phi'}^3_3}
}
\rangle
\nonumber \\
\left( M^2_\eta \right)_{14} &=&
\left( {\sqrt{2}\beta_1 \over \alpha_1 } \right)
\langle { {\partial^2 { V} }
\over
{\partial {\phi'}^1_1 \partial {\phi'}^3_3}
}
\rangle
+ \left( { {\sqrt{2}\beta_3} \over {\alpha_1} }
\right)
\langle { {\partial^2 { V} }
\over
{\partial {\phi'}^3_3 \partial
{\phi'}^3_3}
}
\rangle
\nonumber \\
\left( M^2_\eta \right)_{22} &=&
{ {2 A_3} \over \alpha_3} - { {8 c_3}\over \alpha_3^2 }
- { {\alpha_1\beta_1^2 m_\pi^2 m_{\pi'}^2} \over {A_1
\alpha_3^2} }
+ 4 \left( {\beta_1 \over \alpha_3 } \right)^2
\langle { {\partial^2 { V} }
\over
{(\partial {\phi'}^1_1)^2}
}
\rangle
\nonumber \\
\left( M^2_\eta \right)_{23} &=&
- { {\alpha_1\beta_1 m_\pi^2 m_{\pi'}^2} \over {\sqrt{2}
A_1 \alpha_3} }
+ \left(
{ {2\sqrt{2} \beta_1} \over {\alpha_3} }
\right)
\langle { {\partial^2 { V} }
\over
{(\partial {\phi'}^1_1)^2}
}
\rangle
\nonumber\\
\left( M^2_\eta \right)_{24} &=&
\left( { {2\beta_1} \over {\alpha_3} }
\right)
\langle { {\partial^2 { V} }
\over
{\partial {\phi'}^1_1 \partial {\phi'}^3_3}
}
\rangle
\nonumber \\
\left( M^2_\eta \right)_{33} &=&
- { {\alpha_1 m_\pi^2 m_{\pi'}^2} \over {2
A_1} }
+ 2
\langle { {\partial^2 { V} }
\over
{(\partial {\phi'}^1_1)^2}
}
\rangle
\nonumber \\
\left( M^2_\eta \right)_{34} &=&
\sqrt{2}
\langle { {\partial^2 { V} }
\over
{\partial {\phi'}^1_1 \partial {\phi'}^3_3}
}
\rangle
\nonumber \\
\left( M^2_\eta \right)_{44} &=&
\langle { {\partial^2 { V} }
\over
{\partial {\phi'}^3_3 \partial
{\phi'}^3_3}
}
\rangle
\label{big4by4}
\end{eqnarray}
The four new quantities are $c_3$, discussed earlier, and the
``bare" primed squared masses:
\begin{equation}
\langle { {\partial^2 { V} }
\over
{(\partial {\phi'}^1_1)^2}
}
\rangle, \hskip 1cm
\langle { {\partial^2 { V} }
\over
{\partial {\phi'}^1_1 \partial {\phi'}^3_3}
}
\rangle, \hskip 1cm
\langle { {\partial^2 { V} }
\over
{\partial {\phi'}^3_3 \partial
{\phi'}^3_3}
}
\rangle.
\nonumber \\
\end{equation}
These four quantities may be found by inputing the masses of four
isosinglet pseudoscalars. The net result is that all four systems
discussed will be completely described if all the experimental masses
and the decay constants, $F_\pi,F_K$
are specified together with an assumed value for $x_\pi$.
\section{Comparison with experiment and discussion}
In the preceding section we gave the tree level
formulas resulting
from the $M-M'$ model with any SU(3)$_L \times$ SU(3)$_R
\times$
U(1)$_A$ invariant terms together with
a single ``instanton" type term which mocks up the
U(1)$_A$
anomaly and the simplest structure which mocks up the
quark mass terms. Isotopic spin invariance was also assumed.
Information is provided for only the pseudoscalar nonets
and the strange scalar particles. Information about
the scalar isotriplets can be obtained by including isospin
violation effects while information about the scalar
isosinglets requires either assuming some specific form
for the invariant interaction terms or computing other
physical quantities. These will be discussed elsewhere.
Now we will input the experimental masses to try to
learn what the model has to say about the quark structure
of the various mesons being described. In particular we are
interested in the mixing angles like $\theta_\pi$,
governing admixtures of $q{\bar q}$ and $qq{\bar q}{\bar q}$
in the physical states and the four quark ``condensate"
strengths, $\beta_a$ which are associated with this mixing
in the present model.
The well known lowest pseudoscalar nonet masses and decay
constants will be taken, for definiteness (considering the ambiguity
as to which member of a non trivial isospin multiplet to choose),
to be:
\begin{eqnarray}
m_\pi = 0.137 \, {\rm GeV} &,& \, m_K = 0.496 \, {\rm
GeV}, \nonumber \\
m_\eta = 0.548 \, {\rm GeV}&,& \, m_{\eta^\prime} =
0.958 \, {\rm GeV},
\nonumber \\
F_\pi = 0.131\, {\rm GeV}&,& \ F_K = 0.160 \, {\rm
GeV} .
\label{inputs}
\end{eqnarray}
Next, let us consider what are the suitable experimental
inputs for the masses of the excited mesons, $\pi',K'.{\kappa}'$
and for the $\kappa$ meson itself. In the latest Review of particle
properties \cite{rpp} there are two dotted (i.e. considered
established) candidates for excited pions below 2 GeV: the $\pi(1300)$
and the $\pi(1800)$. These particles could have four quark
components and/or radially excited two quark components.
In fact, judging
from an investigation of excited baryons \cite{baryons}, it is likely
that both types are present. Clearly, however, for our present
investigation it seems reasonable to
assume that the four quark component is the dominant one
and to
choose the lower mass object
as the more suitable one. Similarly there are two undotted (non
established)
excited kaon candidates: the K(1460) and the K(1830). We will again
choose the lower value. As candidates for an excited strange scalar
there is a dotted $K_0^*(1430)$ and an undotted $K_0^*(1950)$
and we again choose the lower value. In the case of the low mass
strange scalar there is an undotted $K_0^*(800)$ candidate,
which we will interpret, with the help of \cite{BFSS1}, to be closer
to 900 MeV. We summarize these choices:
\begin{eqnarray}
m_{\pi'} = 1.30 \, {\rm GeV} &,& \, m_{K'} = \, 1.46
\, {\rm
GeV}, \nonumber \\
m_\kappa = 0.90 \, {\rm GeV}&,& \, m_{\kappa^\prime} =
1.42 \, {\rm GeV}.
\label{excitedinputs}
\end{eqnarray}
For the excited $\eta$ type pseudoscalar particles the Review
of particle properties lists, below 2 GeV, the possible masses
(all in GeV):
\begin{equation}
1.294,\hskip1cm 1.410, \hskip1cm 1.476, \hskip1cm 1.760.
\label{excitedetas}
\end{equation}
The first three of these are dotted but the fourth is undotted.
Here it seems more difficult to a priori choose which are
most relevant
so we shall study all possible pairings in a systematic way.
First let us discuss the $\pi-\pi'$, $K-K'$ and $\kappa-
\kappa'$ systems. After using the inputs of Eq. (\ref{inputs}),
all features of these systems in our model will,
as already discussed, be determined
by specifying $x_\pi$. Table \ref{systpara}
shows the predicted physical parameters for three values of
$x_\pi$. For orientation we note that in the chiral model with
a single field, M one has
\begin{eqnarray}
\alpha_1 \rightarrow F_{\pi}/2=0.0655 \, {\rm GeV}
&,& \alpha_3 \rightarrow
F_K-\alpha_1=0.0945 \, {\rm GeV},
\nonumber \\
A_1 \rightarrow \frac{\alpha_1}{2}m_\pi^2=6.15
\times 10^{-4} \,
{\rm GeV} ^3&,&
A_3 \rightarrow \frac{F_K}{2}m_K^2=0.01866 \, {\rm
GeV}^3,
\nonumber \\
\beta_1 \rightarrow 0 &,& \beta_2 \rightarrow 0.
\label{oneMlimit}
\end{eqnarray}
The single M model corresponds to the choice $x_\pi=m_\pi^2$.
Increasing $x_\pi$ has the effect of increasing the admixture of
the ``four quark" field component in the physical pion.
The ``quark mass ratio", $A_3/A_1$ = 30.3
in the single M model is not very different
from the value of 31.2 obtained using the values in the $x_\pi=
0.019 \, {\rm Gev}^2$ column. The ${\bar q}q$ meson
condensates
$\alpha_1$ and $\alpha_3$ are also very similar. Of course
the ``four quark" meson condensates $\beta_1$
amd $\beta_2$ are zero without $M'$. Despite the similarities,
the $6.4^o$ mixing angle already corresponds to about an 11
percent ``four quark" admixture in the physical pion
wave function.
Considering that the accuracy of current algebra predictions
for low energy pion physics is roughly ten percent, it
seems that this choice of $x_\pi$ is the most plausible one.
One sees from the second and third columns
that relatively small increases in $x_\pi$ lead to
large increases in four quark admixture for the pion and
the kaon. Interestingly, the behavior of the four quark
admixture in the strange scalar meson $\kappa$ is quite different.
When the pseudoscalars are closer to pure ``two quark" states
in the model the scalar has a large four quark admixture
($34.1^o$, with the choice
of $x_\pi$ in the first column). Thus the result is
consistent with having a fairly large four quark component
in the light scalars.
\begin{table}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c||c|c|c}
\hline \hline
& $x_\pi$=0.019\, (GeV$^2$)&
$x_\pi$=0.021 (GeV$^2$)&
$x_\pi$=0.022 (GeV$^2$)
\\
\hline
\hline
$\theta_\pi$ (deg.) & $ - 6.4$
& $- 19.1$
& $- 22.7$
\\
\hline
$\theta_k$ (deg.)&
$- 11.2$ &
$- 22.9$ &
$- 26.2$
\\
\hline
$\theta_\kappa$ (deg.) &
$34.1$ &
$28.1$ &
$26.5$
\\
\hline
$A_1 ({\rm GeV}^3)$ &
$6.19 \times 10^{-4}$ &
$6.51 \times 10^{-4}$ &
$6.66 \times 10^{-4}$
\\
\hline
$A_3 ({\rm GeV}^3)$ &
$1.94 \times 10^{-2}$ &
$2.07 \times 10^{-2}$ &
$2.12 \times 10^{-2}$
\\
\hline
$\alpha_1$ (GeV) &
$6.51 \times 10^{-2}$ &
$6.20 \times 10^{-2}$ &
$6.06 \times 10^{-2}$
\\
\hline
$\alpha_3$ (GeV)&
$9.24 \times 10^{-2}$ &
$8.83 \times 10^{-2}$ &
$8.69 \times 10^{-2}$
\\
\hline
$\beta_1$ (GeV) &
$7.18 \times 10^{-3}$ &
$2.12 \times 10^{-2}$ &
$2.50 \times 10^{-2}$
\\
\hline
$\beta_3$ (GeV)&
$2.03 \times 10^{-2}$ &
$3.38 \times 10^{-2}$ &
$3.74 \times 10^{-2}$
\\
\hline
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption[]{$\theta_\pi, \theta_K$ and $\theta_\kappa$ are
respectively the ``four quark" admixtures in the $\pi, K$
and $\kappa$ states. $A_1, A_3$ represent the quark mass
parameters while $\alpha_1, \alpha_3$ and $\beta_1, \beta_3$
represent respectively the two and four quark condensate
strengths. These are plotted as functions of the assumed
``bare" pion squared mass, $x_\pi$.
}
\label{systpara}
\end{table}
The analogs of the two quark condensates $\alpha_1=\alpha_2$ and
$\alpha_3$ are approximately equal, in agreement with the
usual assumption that
the vacuum is approximately SU(3) symmetric. The analogs of the
four quark condensates in this model are roughly an order of magnitude
smaller than the similarly normalized two quark condensates. They are
furthermore seen to deviate appreciably from SU(3) symmetry.
It should be noted, as discussed in ref, \cite{BFSS2} for example,
that the tensor indices for the primed mesons really correspond
to ``dual quark" or diquark indices in accordance with,
\begin{equation}
Q_a \sim \epsilon_{abc}{\bar q}^b{\bar q}^c.
\label{dualquark}
\end{equation}
Thus in terms of the usual quarks,
\begin{equation}
\beta_1 \sim \langle{\bar d}d{\bar s}s\rangle,\hskip1cm
\beta_2 \sim \langle{\bar u}u{\bar s}s\rangle,
\hskip1cm \beta_1 \sim \langle{\bar d}d{\bar u}u\rangle.
\label{interpretbetas}
\end{equation}
Now consider the mixing of the four $\eta$ type
fields in the model. The basis is given in Eq.(\ref{etabasis})
while the elements of the $4\times 4$ mass squared matrix
are given in Eq.(\ref{big4by4}).
The orthogonal transformation matrix, $K$ which relates
the mass eigenstate fields, $\Phi$ to the original ones is defined by
\begin{equation}
\Phi_0=K \Phi.
\label{diagonalize}
\end{equation}
As discussed in the previous section, there are, after using
the symmetry information, four new unknown parameters characterizing
the $\eta$ system. Thus taking the four mass eigenvalues
from experiment could in principle determine, together with results
from the $\pi-\pi'$, $K=K'$ and $\kappa-\kappa'$ systems,
everything about the $\eta$ system for a given value of $x_\pi$.
However there is no guarantee that there will be an exact solution
for all choices of experimental parameters. This is the case,
in fact, so we will search numerically for a
choice of ``theoretical" masses which will best fit the
experimental inputs. The criterion for goodness of fit
will be taken to be the smallness of the quantity:
\begin{equation}
\chi \equiv \sum_{i} |m_i^{\rm exp.} - m_i^{\rm theo.}|\, / \,m_i^{\rm
exp.}.
\label{chi}
\end{equation}
As shown in Eq. (\ref{excitedetas}), there are three established
candidates and one
not yet established candidate below 2 GeV for the two excited
$\eta$ states. This yields six possible scenarios for choosing
them. The quantity $\chi$ for each choice is shown in
Table \ref{etascenarios} for three values of the parameter
$x_\pi$. It may be observed that the fits typically get worse
with increasing $x_\pi$, so it is reasonable to consider
the choice 0.019 GeV${}^2$ for this quantity as we did
previously. The smallest values of $\chi$ are found for
scenarios 5 and 6. However these both involve the $\eta(1760)$
state which is the one not yet established. The smallest
value of $\chi$ using only established states
is scenario 2. This case corresponds to an exact fit
with eta type masses in GeV (experimental values in
parentheses for comparison):
\begin{eqnarray}
&& 0.533 (0.548), \hskip2cm 0.963 (0.958),
\nonumber \\
&& 1.327 (1.294), \hskip2cm 1.716 (1.476).
\label{exactetas}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{table}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c||c|c|c}
\hline \hline
Scenario &
$x_\pi$=0.019 (GeV$^2$)&
$x_\pi$=0.021 (GeV$^2$)&
$x_\pi$=0.022 (GeV$^2$)
\\
\hline
\hline
1:${\{}\eta(1295), \eta(1405){\}}$ &
$6.23 \times 10^{-2}$ &
$3.99 \times 10^{-1}$ &
$5.08 \times 10^{-1}$
\\ \hline
2:${\{}\eta(1295), \eta(1475){\}}$ &
$2.85 \times 10^{-2}$ &
$3.39 \times 10^{-1}$ &
$4.44 \times 10^{-1}$
\\
\hline
3:${\{}\eta(1295), \eta(1760){\}}$ &
$2.35 \times 10^{-2}$ &
$1.37 \times 10^{-1}$ &
$2.28 \times 10^{-1}$
\\
\hline
4:${\{}\eta(1405), \eta(1475){\}}$ &
$8.28 \times 10^{-2}$ &
$3.63 \times 10^{-1}$ &
$4.49 \times 10^{-1}$
\\
\hline
5:${\{}\eta(1405), \eta(1760){\}}$ &
$1.50 \times 10^{-2}$ &
$1.62 \times 10^{-1}$ &
$2.38 \times 10^{-1}$
\\
\hline
6:${\{}\eta(1475), \eta(1760){\}}$ &
$2.84 \times 10^{-2}$ &
$1.78 \times 10^{-1}$ &
$2.68 \times 10^{-1}$
\\
\hline
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption[]{A goodness of fit quantity,
$\chi \equiv \sum_{i} |m_i^{\rm exp.} - m_i^{\rm theo.}|\, / \,m_i^{\rm
exp.}$, where the $m_i$ are the four mass eigenvalues of the $\eta$ type
fields, is given for 6 possible scenarios and for three values of
$x_\pi$. Each scenario corresponds to a choice of $\eta$ type fields
including the $\eta(548)$ and the $\eta(958)$ as well as the two
listed in the left hand column.}
\label{etascenarios}
\end{table}
The detailed content of all the $\eta$ mass eigenstates
can be read off from the matrix $K^{-1}$. For scenario 2
we have,
\begin{equation}
K^{-1}=\left[ \begin{array}{c c c c}
-0.570 & 0.750 & -0.023 & 0.333
\nonumber \\
-0.329 & -0.573 & 0.142 & 0.737
\nonumber \\
0.704 & 0.267 & -0.309 & 0.581
\nonumber \\
0.267 & 0.192 & 0.940 & 0.088
\end{array} \right] .
\label{Kinverse}
\end{equation}
Thus, in the present model there is an 89 percent
probability ($(K^{-1})_{11}^2 +(K^{-1})_{12}^2$) that
the $\eta(548)$ is a quark-antiquark state and
an eleven percent probability that it is a four quark
state.
As expected, the $\eta(548)$ is most likely to be
in an ${\bar s}s$ state. In the case of the $\eta(958)$,
there is a 44 percent probability for it to be in a quark
antiquark state. There is a 54 percent probability for
it to be in the four quark state ${\phi'}_3^3$. This situation has
some plausibility since in terms of ordinary quarks, the
latter state has the content ${\bar u}u{\bar d}d$ and
it should be most energetically favorable to bind a four
quark state made without strange quarks.
The other scenarios which don't employ the
unconfirmed $\eta(1760)$ state (numbers
1 and 4) have contents very similar to the one in
Eq. (\ref{Kinverse}). On the other hand the three
scenarios employing the $\eta(1760)$ have a
rather different content, which seems unusual:
scenarios 3, 5 and 6 make the $\eta(958)$ almost
completely ${\phi'}^3_3$.
In scenario 2, which seems the most reasonable choice,
we notice that the $\eta(1295)$ has a 43 percent
probability
of being in a four quark state while the $\eta(1475)$ has
an 89 percent probability of being in a four quark state.
To sum up, the value $x_\pi$ =0.019 GeV$^2$ leads to
fairly small four quark content in the light pseudoscalars-
$\pi, K, \eta$ at the same time that the light scalar $\kappa$
has an appreciable four quark component. The ``excited"
$\eta$'s are predominantly four quark states. The $\eta(960)$
is mainly two quark in content but has a non trivial four quark
piece.
The results obtained here provide supporting evidence for the
feature, illustrated in the first treatment of this
model \cite{BFMNS01},
that the lightest scalars, unlike the lightest pseudoscalars,
have appreciable four quark components. That model neglected
quark masses and used the simplified choice of terms shown
in Eq. (\ref{mixingpot}).
The more recent treatment of ref. \cite{nr},
includes two additional invariant terms
beyond those in Eq. (\ref{mixingpot})
(although not all the renormalizable terms
shown in Appendix A) as well as four
types of quark mass splitting terms.
Our results for the present treatment, where quark
masses are included and which holds for any
possible SU(3)$_L \times$
SU(3)$_R \times$
U(1)$_A$ conserving terms, are also in
qualitative agreement for the $\pi$-type, K-type, $\eta$-type
and $\kappa$-type states with that treatment.
Roughly, this may be expected
since the present approach includes any choice of invariant terms.
However, we only used here the single quark mass splitting
term of Eq. (\ref{vsb}). Thus the results seem
qualitatively robust with respect to the treatment of the
mass splittings.
An interesting feature of our model is the presence of
``four quark" condensates as signaled by the non-zero
values of the $\beta_a$. To make a rough estimate of what this
corresponds to in quark language we proceed as follows.
In ref. \cite{MS} it was pointed out that the mass formulas
of the single M linear sigma model could be transformed to the
``current algebra" ones \cite{ca} by the replacements:
\begin{equation}
A_a=m_a \Lambda^2, \hskip1cm \alpha_a=-\frac{\langle{\bar
q}_a
q_a\rangle}
{2\Lambda^2},
\label{2vev}
\end{equation}
where the $m_a$ are the (``current" type) quark masses and
$\Lambda$ is the QCD scale factor. Taking $A_1$ = $6.19
\times
10^{-4}\, {\rm GeV}^2$ from the left column of Table
\ref{systpara} and $m_1
\approx$ 5 MeV we get $\Lambda \approx 0.35$ GeV (and
$\langle{\bar q}_a q_a\rangle
\approx -0.016 \, {\rm GeV}^3$). In the case of the four
quark condensate,
as one sees from the discussion in the Introduction, there are several
ways to couple the four quarks together to make scalars. We
are assuming that one such way has been selected. For that case,
it is reasonable to expect, on dimensional grounds, that
\begin{equation}
|\langle{\bar d} d {\bar s}s\rangle| \sim
\Lambda^5
\beta_1 \approx 4 \times 10^{-5}\,
{\rm GeV}^6.
\label{4vev}
\end{equation}
In comparing the scalar masses with experiment
there are expected to be, as discussed in the first four sections
of ref. \cite{BFMNS01}, non-negligible corrections
due to the use of unitary models for the pseudoscalar-
pseudoscalar scattering based on this
Lagrangian. We plan to report on this elsewhere. This should also enable
us to study the isosinglet scalar masses. For both isosinglet scalars
and pseudoscalars, the inclusion of possible glueball states is another
interesting topic we plan to pursue. The additional symmetry
breaking terms like those in Eqs. (\ref{altanom})
and (\ref{sbmixer}) seem also
to be worth investigating.
\section*{Acknowledgments}
\vskip -.5cm
We are happy to thank A. Abdel-Rehim, D. Black, M. Harada,
S. Moussa, S. Nasri and F. Sannino for many helpful
related discussions.
The work of A.H.F. has been supported by the 2004
Crouse Grant from the School of Arts and Sciences, SUNY
Institute of Technolgy.
The work of R.J. and J.S. is supported in part by the U. S. DOE under
Contract no. DE-FG-02-85ER 40231.
| }. A detailed application to the low energy
pseudoscalar mass spectrum was given \cite{SU1} before QCD in which,
among other things, it
was shown how a U(1)$_A$ violating term natural in the
SU(3) model
could solve the $\eta^\prime$ problem. Such a term was later
discovered to arise from instanton effects \cite{tH1}. The
connection was pointed out in ref. \cite{MS} and emphasized by
't Hooft \cite{tH2}.
The model containing two different chiral nonets
to be discussed here was proposed in section V of
ref. \cite{BFMNS01} and an initial treatment, neglecting flavor
symmetry breaking, was given. A discussion, taking
the flavor symmetry breaking into account has very recently
been presented in ref. \cite{nr}. Actually, it turns out that
the model is very complicated since many different terms can be included
and various assumptions about the nature of the symmetry
breaking can be made. In this paper we will set up
the formalism for treating consequences of the model
which hold (at tree level) just due to the symmetry structure of
the model and will give a numerical treatment using what might be the
simplest choice of symmetry breaking terms.
Section II begins with a review of the flavor transformation
properties of the two chiral nonet fields, $M$ and $M'$ which are used
in the model. Each contains nine pseudoscalar
and nine scalar fields. Under chiral SU(3)$_L\times$
SU(3)$_R$ transformations
both fields transform in an identical manner. Thus a chiral Lagrangian
which respects only this symmetry cannot directly distinguish between
a ``two quark" (i.e. $q{\bar q}$) or a ``four quark" scalar, for
example. However, it is noted again that the U(1)$_A$
transformation
actually counts the number of quarks in these mesons and provides
a way to distinguish them. In order to make use of this, the Lagrangian
should of course be set up appropriately.
We implement this by requiring that the Lagrangian mock up the
anomalous U(1)$_A$ equation of the underlying QCD and
that the
analogs of the quark mass terms also mock up the
U(1)$_A$ transformation properties of the
quark mass terms in the underlying theory.
A reasonable
initial thought on which terms to include in the Lagrangian
is to restrict it to be renormalizable. It is noted, with details
in Appendix A, that the renormalizable $M-M'$ Lagrangian has
however
very many more terms than does the renormalizable single $M$
Lagrangian. An alternate way, which still satisfies generality,
is to consider any number of terms, renormalizable or not,
and just use the information which follows from the
symmetry behavior of the Lagrangian.
In order to exploit this symmetry information we derive,
in section III, vector type and axial vector type ``generating
equations" for the model. These can be differentiated with respect to
the fields to yield many tree level Ward identities which
are independent of the number of symmetric terms included in the
Lagrangian. In addition to the analog of ``two quark" condensates
which occur in the single $M$ model, the present model also brings
``four quark" condensates into the picture.
In section IV, we derive predictions
for the mass spectrum which follow from this symmetry approach.
The characteristic feature is mixing between``two quark" and
``four quark" mesons with the same quantum numbers. Assuming
isospin invariance, predictions are made for the $\pi-\pi'$
mixing sector, the $K-K'$ mixing sector, the strange
scalar $\kappa-\kappa'$ mixing sector and the sector
involving mixing of the four isocalar pseudoscalars ($\eta$
type particles). It is shown how to formulate the first three
of these mixing sectors in a parallel and economical way.
In section V, the mass spectrum relations are compared
with experiment. First the three $2\times 2$ mixing sectors
are treated. The inputs are taken to be the six masses of
the well known and not so well known particles, the pion and kaon
decay constants and a model parameter denoted $x_\pi$, which is
the squared mass of the unmixed (or ``bare") pion. These are enough to
determine all the relevant parameters of these three systems.
The pseudoscalar mixing is very sensitively dependent on
$x_\pi$; as it
increases from the experimental value, $m_\pi^2$ the
four quark components
of the pion and the kaon increase. On the other
hand, the
scalar $\kappa$ has a large four quark component. This feature
thus provides some support for a more exotic
structure of the low lying scalars.
Another interesting feature of the present model,
discussed in this section, is that it
permits one to estimate the strength of a
four quark vacuum condensate. Finally, section V contains
a brief summary, the connection with other results
on the same model and directions for future work.
\section{Symmetries and Lagrangian}
First, let us briefly review \cite{BFMNS01} the fields of the model
and their
transformation properties.
The schematic structure for the matrix $M(x)$ realizing a $q \bar q$ composite
in terms of quark fields $q_{aA}(x)$ can be written
\begin{equation}
M_a^b = {\left( q_{bA} \right)}^\dagger \gamma_4 \frac{1 + \gamma_5}{2} q_
{aA},
\label{M}
\end{equation}
where $a$ and $A$ are respectively flavor and color indices. Our convention
for matrix notation is $M_a^b \rightarrow M_{ab}$. Then $M$
transforms under chiral SU(3)$_L \times $ SU(3)$_R$ as
\begin{equation}
M \rightarrow U_L M U_R^\dagger,
\label{Mchiral}
\end{equation}
where $U_L$ and $U_R$ are unitary, unimodular matrices associated with the
transformations on the left handed
($q_L = \frac{1}{2}\left( 1 + \gamma_5 \right) q$) and right
handed ($q_R = \frac{1}{2}\left( 1 - \gamma_5 \right) q$) quark projections.
For the discrete transformations charge congugation $C$ and parity $P$
one verifies
\begin{equation}
C: \quad M \rightarrow M^T, \quad \quad P: \quad M({\bf x})
\rightarrow M^{\dagger}(-{\bf x}).
\label{MCP}
\end{equation}
The U(1)$_A$ transformation acts as $q_{aL}
\rightarrow e^{i\nu} q_{aL}$, $q_{aR} \rightarrow e^{-i\nu} q_{aR}$ and
results in:
\begin{equation}
M \rightarrow e^{2i\nu} M.
\label{MU1A}
\end{equation}
Next, consider the $qq{\bar q}{\bar q}$ type fields.
One interesting model \cite{Isgur}
postulates that the light scalars are ``molecules''
made out of two pseudoscalar mesons. The chiral realization of this
picture would result in the following schematic structure:
\begin{equation}
M_a^{(2)b} = \epsilon_{acd} \epsilon^{bef}
{\left( M^{\dagger} \right)}_e^c {\left( M^{\dagger} \right)}_f^d.
\label{M2}
\end{equation}
One can verify that $M^{(2)}$ transforms exactly in the same way
as $M$ under SU(3)$_L \times$ SU(3)$_R$, $C$ and $P$.
Under U(1)$_A$ it transforms as
\begin{equation}
M^{(2)} \rightarrow e^{-4i\nu} M^{(2)},
\end{equation}
which differs from Eq. (\ref{MU1A}).
Another interesting approach \cite{Jaffe} to explaining the light
scalar mesons was formulated by Jaffe in the framework of the MIT bag
model. It was observed that the spin-spin (hyperfine) piece of the
one gluon exchange interaction between quarks gives an exceptionally
strong binding to an s-wave $qq\bar q \bar q$ scalar state.
The scalar states of this
type may be formally written as bound states of a ``dual quark'' and
``dual antiquark''. There are two possibilities if the dual antiquark
is required to belong to a $\bar 3$ representation of flavor SU(3).
In the first case it belongs to a $\bar 3$ of color and is a spin singlet.
This has the schematic chiral realization,
\begin{eqnarray}
L^{gE} = \epsilon^{gab} \epsilon^{EAB}q_{aA}^T C^{-1} \frac{1 +
\gamma_5}{2} q_{bB}, \nonumber \\
R^{gE} = \epsilon^{gab} \epsilon^{EAB}q_{aA}^T C^{-1} \frac{1 - \gamma_5}{2}
q_{bB},
\end{eqnarray}
where $C$ is the charge conjugation matrix of the Dirac theory. A suitable
form for the $M$ matrix is:
\begin{equation}
M_g^{(3)f} = {\left( L^{gA}\right)}^\dagger R^{fA}.
\end{equation}
$M^{(3)}$ can be seen to transform in the same way as $M^{(2)}$ under
SU(3)$_L \times$ SU(3)$_R$, $C$, $P$ and U(1)$_A$. In
the second case
the dual antiquark belongs to a $6$ representation of color and has spin 1.
It has the corresponding schematic chiral realization:
\begin{eqnarray}
L_{\mu \nu,AB}^g = L_{\mu \nu,BA}^g = \epsilon^{gab} q^T_{aA} C^{-1}
\sigma_{\mu \nu} \frac{1 + \gamma_5}{2} q_{bB}, \nonumber \\
R_{\mu \nu,AB}^g = R_{\mu \nu,BA}^g = \epsilon^{gab} q^T_{aA} C^{-1}
\sigma_{\mu \nu} \frac{1 - \gamma_5}{2} q_{bB},
\end{eqnarray}
where $\sigma_{\mu \nu} = \frac{1}{2i} \left[ \gamma_\mu, \gamma_\nu \right]
$. This choice leads to an $M$ matrix
\begin{equation}
M_g^{(4) f} = {\left( L^{g}_{\mu \nu,AB}\right)}^\dagger R^{f}_{\mu \nu,AB},
\end{equation}
where the dagger operation includes a factor ${(-1)}^{\delta_{\mu 4} +
\delta_{\nu 4}}$. $M^{(4)}$ | 2,600 |
Our collection of vintage bookbinding equipment<|fim_middle|>.
For information about programs please email us at programs@bookbindersmuseum.org. | is accessible by Docent-led tour or by self-guided tour.
Self-guided tours are available anytime during Museum hours (10am – 4pm).
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The Museum shop and special exhibit gallery are free and open to the public Tuesday-Saturday from 10am to 4pm.
We strongly recommend purchasing your tickets online for docent-led tours to reserve space; limited tickets may be available at the door.
Click on American Bookbinders Museum Admittance, right.
Visit any day between 10am and 4pm.
Select your date on the calendar.
Select a tour time for that date.
Arrive and check in ten minutes before your tour.
Ticket price includes a 10% same-day discount in Museum Shop.
Our entrance is at 355 Clementina Street in San Francisco (enter from 5th Street). ABM is accessible to wheelchair users | 230 |
Category: - Mary, Don't be Afraid!
December 6: Do Your Words and Your Life Praise God?
At this point, she was an unwed pregnant girl. She was going to give birth in a barn. This great Son of hers would sit in boats with fisherman, not on thrones with princes. Considering all of this, we look back generations later and call Mary blessed. God using this lowly servant to birth the Messiah shows His great power. Only God could have taken this servant<|fim_middle|> living lives that glorify Him. Let's also remind others where the power to do all that is noble comes from, by glorifying God with our words. | and used her to birth a King. Mary's life spoke more powerfully than any words could speak.
When we praise God with both our mouths and our lives, He can truly be glorified. God has made us amazing creatures, so there are many good things we can do by striving. The great things that people will remember for generations are the things God does through us. Let's live out those things which He has called us to do, | 90 |
Android OS Developers to Revamp App Marketplace
In a bid to compete more squarely with Apple's App Store, the developers of the Android mobile OS are improving the<|fim_middle|> million in sales every month versus $200 million at the iPhone App Store.
One complaint takes issue with Android Market's payment options and Google's return policy. Currently, all Android users must purchase apps through Google's own payment system Checkout. But according to a recent IDG report, some developers would like to see other payment options that users might find more convenient. Developers are also up in arms over Google's 24-hour return policy, which they say makes it too easy for users to return an application after using it for just a few hours. Apple's App Store, by comparison, does not grant refunds for any reason except in cases where a purchased product is not delivered within "a reasonable period." | way people browse for applications on Google phones through what is known as Android Market. As part of a software upgrade (Android 1.6, aka Donut) Android handset owners will be able to browse more easily third-party apps by previewing screen shots of apps and sort apps by criteria such as most popular and newest. There is no official date set for the release of Donut.
Google announced update to Android Market in a blog post late Thursday stating upgrades to its mobile applications store will "improve the overall experience for users." Despite the update, improvements are also likely to irk some Android developers who feel the Android 1.6 doesn't go far enough.
What's New at Android Market
Navigation is key for the tweaked marketplace, which must be viewed on a mobile phone if you want to see the complete store and the new improvements. The main navigation buttons for Apps, Games, and Downloads have been moved to the top of the screen, leaving valuable screen space for featured apps. When you are shopping for programs in category view, three buttons at the top of the screen will also let you filter apps by Top Paid, Top Free, and Just In.
Other improvements to Android Market include screenshots to get an idea of what a particular application looks like, promotional icons, and longer descriptions from developers. There are also four new sub-categories to improve navigation including sports, health, themes, and comics.
Cranky Developers Not Satisfied with Update
Google's tweaks come on the heels of recent criticisms over Android Market's profitability for third-party developers. On Monday, the metrics firm Ad Mob released a report claiming Android Market t
ypically produces $5 | 334 |
Are you hitting the road soon? Even though the economy is faltering, at least fuel prices are more manageable this summer season. Whether you're traveling via plane, train, or automobile, we've got some recommendations for you.
We're big fans of the I Spy Bags by Those Greathouse Women. For this summer season, they created this adorable valise. Even if you're only visiting Paris, Texas your kids will<|fim_middle|>ockeys and mostly the kids along for the ride. Designed for family vacations, children can pack, sit-on and then ride their own luggage. Does it come in mommy-sizes?
Lastly, Lilsugar has whipped up some new downloadable road trip games that moms and dads can print out before they pack the car and hit the highway. So cute! And, did I mention FREE? | be entertained.
We love the Where's Waldo: Ultimate Travel Collection, which is a compact paperback bind-up of five classic Where's Waldo adventures. With 152-pages we foresee hours of entertainment in your kids' near futures.
Chalk 'N Doodle is genius. It's a laptop chalk board which doubles as a drawing tablet with elastic bands to hold a doodle pad, activity book, or piece of paper. And of course, there is place to keep chalk or crayons handy. Better yet, it's small enough to put into a bag or purse. Fold it up and go.
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Trunki hit the scene a couple of years ago. Whenever I see one in the airport, invariably everyone is smiling. The airport j | 214 |
There's a new startup in Washington. It's not part of the Gov 2.0 Startup Lab at GWU, the contracting community or a spinoff from AOL. It's not a scrappy venture within Big Window Labs, which Clay Johnson just founded<|fim_middle|>. | , or Code for America, which provides the geektastic source code graphic that adorns this post.
We are looking for individuals who love creating new and interesting tools online and are passionate about creating an engaging experience for web visitors. We need people who get a kick out of taking really complex financial consumer products, terms and issues and turning them into a really cool online tool that makes the data/info make sense. The downside for a talented, high demand developer is that there isn't an IPO or acquisition at the end of this rainbow. The upside is– creating this agency and getting it right from day one is important work. The next two years at this agency will probably give the person who takes this job an amazing future full of IPOs and acquisitions. It's a launchpad for someone who wants to be remarkable.
Technology can be used to help the agency become an effective, high-performance institution that is able to update information, spot trends, and deliver government services twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week," said Warren y. "If we set it up right from the beginning, the agency can collect and analyze data faster and get on top of problems as they occur, not years later. Think about how much sooner attention could have turned to foreclosure documentation (robo-signers and fake notaries) if, back in 2007 and 2008, the consumer agency had been in place to gather information and to act before the problem became a national scandal.
If the CFPB is truly going to be a "21st century regulator," it will need the tools and the people to match the title. The first "Startup.gov" in decades has its sights on using crowdsourcing, big data and mobile technology to detect and address consumer fraud before it causes the next great financial crisis.
If Uncle Sam can inspire a more civic coders to hack smarter government from the inside, maybe they'll have a shot | 391 |
One of our favorite looks is a blazer with jeans. There's no easier way to look polished and professional, chic and sophisticated, even in denim! And ponte is a great choice for comfort, too. Paired with a skirt, a sheath dress or tailored pants, this luxurious jacket completes a high-class ensemble you can wear anywhere.
These blazers are very warm, & for me that is a plus. I like layering & these make it possible. The pockets are perfect for hiding your phone or whatever you need to keep confidential. The fit is perfect. They look so polished & professional. I fit my regular XL size. The sleeves are a great length too. No issues with washing & hanging to dry. Get the matching pants if you can, look so tailored as a set. Please make these a regular in this product line for all year wearing. Love them!
This blazer is very nice. It's better than I expected. The color is a deep blue which I love and the cut is nice. The fabric is better than I anticipated for a ponte. It is made well<|fim_middle|> that is what I ordered being 5'2 140/lbs. My normal shirt size is a medium this blazer fits just right to layer an button up if need be. I highly recommend this jacket. It goes good with jeans also.
We are totally crushing on velvet this season! Add this luxe velvet blazer to your cold-weather wardrobe rotation for glamorous, up-to-date style. | . I think I may get 2 more.
Love everything about this jacket!
IT just really fits and Looks Great !! THANKS Diane !
I purchased this to go with the pants I have in this pattern item 624029. This jacket like the pants are very well made and a heavy material. The quality of this is excellent. I am a normal size medium and | 78 |
On a warm afternoon Zurich's waterfront cafes throng with people.
Dozens more perch on the stone edges of the quays, soaking up sunshine and dangling their legs over the glacier-pure water of the Limmat River. Swans glide by as church bells ring. Can this be Switzerland's banking centre and a hub for global finance? Indeed it is — but Zurich also has an enchantingly m<|fim_middle|> essentially ruled the city. The Grossmünster was the cradle of the Swiss Reformation, where iconoclastic priest Huldrych Zwingli initiated the country's move to Protestantism.
400 years later, Zurich hatched another revolution, this time in art. The absurdist Dada movement was born here in 1916, and you can visit Cabaret Voltaire, the café on Spiegelgasse where it all began.
There's no shortage of cultural things to do in Zurich, from the super-traditional to ultra-modern.
Ancient customs are honoured at festivals such as Sechselaüten, celebrated each April to mark the coming of spring. Horsemen, a children's parade, and trade guilds dressed in historical costume create a colourful pageant that culminates in the burning of the 'Böögg', a giant snowman figure.
For contemporary culture, Zurich's Openair festival is an annual midsummer celebration of electro, pop and dance music. The August Zurich Street Parade, another paean to electronic music, is an all-day lakeside street party where communal revelry promotes peace and tolerance.
And, of course, Zurich boasts the familiar cultural features of most major European cities, including a busy program of opera and ballet at the city's Opera House, and a splendid Museum of Art.
There's also the FIFA World Football Museum, where you can learn everything you ever wanted to know about the history of the World Game.
Zurich's Bahnhofstrasse is the city's premier shopping street, showcasing the world's top fashion and jewellery brands. Don't worry if prices are beyond your reach — the displays are works of art and well worth a spot of window-shopping.
For artisanal charm, try the picturesque Schipfe area in the Old Town. The small shops and cobbled streets recall Sydney's The Rocks, but on a smaller and quieter scale. Here you'll find vintage of all kinds, leather crafts and independent fashion. Stone arches in the historic covered walkways frame views of the city and river.
Im Viadukt in West Zurich offers a modern alternative vibe, where a nineteenth-century railway viaduct has become a nest of market stalls, craft studios and hipster fashion stores.
Swiss Chuchi restaurant in the centrally located Hotel Adler is an ideal place to try the classics of the national cuisine: fondue and raclette.
At Quai 61 you can choose from an international menu while savouring city and Alpine views from an unbeatable lakeside location.
The Artisan — Kitchen and Urban Garden in the city's north features on-trend dining that focusses on locally and sustainably sourced ingredients, with a wide range of gluten-free options.
Elle'n'Belle is an award-winning vegan restaurant situated to the north of the main station in Limmatstrasse. Downtown, Haus Hiltl is a Zurich institution, which has been serving delicious vegetarian food since 1898. The Guinness Book of Records lists it as the world's first vegetarian restaurant!
For something different, visit the restaurant at Fischers Fritz — Zurich's only urban campground. Fresh-caught fish from the lake is served in a casual, beachside atmosphere.
The hippest place to relax is West Zurich, where repurposed industrial buildings house bars, art galleries and design ateliers.
Near the Hardbrücke station you'll find Frau Gerolds Garten, an urban renewal project combining a kitchen garden, food markets and eateries. In summer, its open terraces are perfect for sipping beer or coffee. In winter, the action moves into heated tents where fondue is served.
Zurich's waterways offer more opportunities for relaxation. Hour-long Limmat River cruises traverse the Old Town and lake cruises extend to picturesque Rapperswil, with its medieval castle and monastery, at the opposite end of Lake Zurich.
In summer, Zürchers (citizens of Zurich) love to swim in the clear waters of their lake and river. The art deco Frauenbad, the women's pool at Stadthausquai, has superb city views and transforms into a unisex Barefoot Bar three nights a week.
There's also the Männerbad, the men's pool, situated in what was once the city moat. At night it becomes the Rimini Bar, an open-air lounge with music, food, drinks and the fine motto: 'In summer we trust'. There's even a Monday Market where you can browse vintage clothes and accessories.
For more information, please visit www.myswitzerland.com and www.zurich.ch.
Do you have any tips for top things to do in Zurich? We would love to hear from you. Please leave us a comment.
Roslyn Jolly is a freelance travel writer whose work has appeared in Luxury Travel, The Sunday Telegraph and The Australian. In her former career as an English Literature academic, Roslyn studied and taught the work of great travel writers, such as Henry James, Herman Melville and Robert Louis Stevenson, and became fascinated by the history of travel and tourism. Two years at school in Wales and three years at university in England allowed her to travel extensively in Europe and North America, which she continues to do. | ellow side.
Here's a city guide to the top things to do in Zurich.
A key position on European transport routes shaped Zurich's history as a Roman customs post, medieval trading hub and modern centre for financial services. The city also played an important part in the emergence of Swiss Protestantism and the creation of the modern Swiss state.
A nucleus of Zurich's history is the Lindenhof, an elevated park in the Old Town. Once the site of a Roman fort, then of a medieval palace, in 1798 this public space was the venue for the taking of the city's oath of allegiance to the Helvetic Republic, the first attempt to create a unified Swiss nation. Today its linden trees frame a panorama of the peaceful city.
Two churches — the green-spired Fraumünster and the twin-towered Grossmünster — facing each other across the Limmat, also tell of the city's religious and political past. The Fraumünster, with its stunning Marc Chagall windows, was once a medieval convent whose abbess | 216 |
We are working with a brand experience agency, based in South East England, to find their next Head of Digital whose primary responsibility is to evolve the digital client offering and internal capability of this exciting global events and experiential agency.
Our client,<|fim_middle|> get in touch should your skills and experience be are what our client is looking for. | a global brand experience agency, works with global brands on ground breaking experiential marketing campaigns that drive footfall and generates brand advocacy. With clients ranging from media, to well-known tech aviation and corporate brand along many other well-known worldwide names.
Working closely with all departments to drive internal excellence through thought leadership, digital solutions and relationships, as well as close collaboration with the agency's US office to scale best practices.
Our client are brand experience enthusiasts, across brand strategy and experience design, exhibits and brand environments, live events and experiential marketing campaigns. As Head of Digital you are the go-to for direction in a crisis, as you bring your easy approach and talk to skills the table, remaining cool under pressure and are good at establishing clear directions, set stretching objectives and can distribute the workload appropriately. You make good decisions based upon a mixture of analysis, wisdom experience and judgement and pursue everything with energy, drive and a need to finish, seldom giving up before finishing, especially in the face of resistance or setbacks.
So if you don't shirk personal responsibility and can be counted on when times are tough and think you have the experience our client is looking for then please click apply and send Ali your CV, and he can then | 247 |
Luxury dining establishments can no longer rely on a stand-out, signature dish to create a memorable experience for those who choose to visit for a meeting or a private experience. Like a collection of haute fashion, every aspect of luxury dining needs to be curated; carefully created with seemingly imperceptible details that, when brought together with excellent ingredients, fine cooking techniques and intuitively personalised service, will deliver a truly holistic luxury dining experience.
Today, a selection of InterContinental® Hotels & Resorts' finest and rising culinary talent from around the region gathered at Publico Ristorante, InterContinental Singapore Robertson Quay, where – through a multi-sensory showcase of tastings and commentary – they explored the intricacies of the luxury dining experience and delved into some of the industry's biggest trends.
Clarence Tan, Managing Director for South East Asia and Korea, InterContinental Hotels Group said, "We know that for our guests, luxury is a mindset, a way of experiencing life.<|fim_middle|>, we know that to provide exceptional experiences for guests who enjoy living the InterContinental Life, we must holistically invest in the creation of this. Our dedication is shown through our specially designed restaurants and bars which cater not only to our guests, but residents and neighbours looking for luxury dining options nearby, whilst remaining committed to our role as an incubator of fine dining specialists, seeking out and nurturing only the very best talent with the craft, passion and commitment to deliver on and help bring to life those guest expectations.
The rise in technology — especially social media — means fine dining is no longer a private experience between you and your dining companion; it's about sharing with your community. Since flavours can't be shared digitally, the visual element is quintessential, now more so than ever. | It always comes back to attention to detail and customised experiences.
"At InterContinental Hotels & Resorts | 20 |
What to do with all the wet stuff<|fim_middle|> fails, contact your county Extension office, or plan on building an ark. |
Published 4:18 pm Saturday, July 5, 2003
By By Steve Strong / area horticulture extension agent
Rain, rain, go away. That old nursery rhyme has about as much chance of working as getting rid of the big purple dinosaur on my kids' television station.
East Mississippi would normally be begging for a little relief from drought by Independence Day, but instead the tropical storm season is dropping even more of the wet stuff on already waterlogged landscapes.
The good news is that temperatures are about 10 degrees cooler than usual. That translates into money savings for homeowners this summer by shutting off their irrigation systems for a while.
The bad news is that there is no way to shut down nature's watering system, and that our lawns, gardens and pastures are starting to suffer from too much of a good thing.
Plant roots are happiest when they have equal amounts of air space mixed with water pores in the soil. When rainfall and irrigation continue to keep all of the pore spaces in the soil filled with water, roots cannot absorb enough oxygen and the top parts of the plant begin to show symptoms.
The most common symptom of suffocated roots is yellowing of lower leaves inside the plant canopy. Certain plants are more sensitive to "wet feet," and will display chlorosis quicker (progressive yellowing and leaf drop as the green chlorophyll breaks down) such as azalea and gardenia.
Soil diseases such as Fusarium, Pythium and bacterial wilt are thriving in the current weather conditions. Sadly, not much can be done to combat these soil rots during the growing season. But next summer you could try planting better disease-resistant varieties or possibly a soil-applied fungicide depending on the pathogen.
Other ornamentals may succumb to fungal and bacterial leaf diseases as a result of too much moisture clinging to leaf surfaces. Crape myrtle and dogwood are prime victims of powdery mildew this summer, and hybrid tea roses are rampant with black spot fungus again, fungicides are the only desperate solution.
Vegetable gardens are also beginning to display moisture problems, in the form of fruit rot on okra and squash. Wet rot cannot be effectively controlled with a fungicide, so the best strategy is to remove some of the foliage, and to correctly space the plants to allow for better air circulation.
For root problems where soil drainage is the culprit, water may possibly be diverted away from the site with one or more horizontal drainpipes commonly called French drains.
Drain lines are typically dug between 18 and 24 inches deep (with a 1 percent to 2 percent slope or drop from one end to the other), and filled with about a half-foot of gravel before placing the plastic or clay drain lines in the trench (place the pipe's side drain holes facing down).
In areas where horizontal removal of excess water is not possible, vertical drainpipes can be used to divert small amounts of water.
Posthole diggers can be used to a depth of 2 feet or greater, with a "sleeve" of 4-inch PVC pipe placed inside and holes drilled in the sides for faster water movement (fill the pipe with slag or coarse gravel and cover the top with landscape fabric or other porous material to prevent silting).
Last but not least, try improving the soil drainage before replanting by adding compost or other coarse soil amendments.
About 3 to 4 inches of amendment well tilled into existing soil can help improve most soil types, but avoid adding straight sand to heavy clay unless you are trying to make bricks.
When all else | 736 |
However, dressed in his traditional final-round red shirt, Woods emerged from a back-nine showdown with two-time major victor Molinari to win his fifth Masters title and 15th major of a storied career that moves him three behind Jack Nicklaus' record haul of 18. He had a fourth back surgery with hopes of simply playing with his two children, not chasing<|fim_middle|> was trying to do out there. It was the double bogeys that cost him, and the Italian was gracious as ever in defeat. | Jack Nicklaus in history.
"To have my kids there, it's come full circle; my dad was here (when I won) in 1997 and now I'm the dad with two kids here". There was a lot of times when I really couldn't move, and so that in itself is hard. "The body's not the same as it was a long time ago, but I still have good hands".
Admitting he was extremely achy from the hard-fought battle of the week, Woods said, "I definitely let it all go today, and I ramped up the speed". It was an unbelievable buzz to follow what was going on and yet still focus on what I | 143 |
Nearly 3 out of 4 workers will be mobile-enabled by 2020. Whether you think of them as field service employees or not, that's what they are by default.
How are you going to intelligently manage their schedules, routing, communications and tasks?
The world is mobile now<|fim_middle|> too much time planning, adjusting and updating schedules. They lack visibility into what workers are actually doing in the field, which impacts the customer experience and billing accuracy. Workers experience inefficient travel routing, scheduling conflicts, and difficulty communicating with the office. Customers are upset when they can't reach the mobile worker before the appointment or have to schedule another visit because the worker wasn't fully prepared.
How can you address these issues and yet still be sure you are minimizing costs and lost productivity? That's what a mobile workforce management platform should be doing for you.
The only question is how to choose the right one among so many options on the market. Our ebook, 5 Secrets to Evaluating the Best Mobile Workforce Management Solution, will help you uncover the most important elements of an effective workforce management system.
Setting your mobile workers up for success means taking an honest look at your current system. Look at the entire end-to-end process for your workers and note any inefficiencies or areas for improvement that you see. Using your data and your company goals, get a candid assessment of current processes—and be prepared for some resistance to change.
Streamlining the process holistically, and cutting away the unnecessary, solves problems that you may not have identified yet. For example, when you capture forms and customer signatures in on online application, then send the data automatically to the back office, you speed up the process and eliminate errors in reentering or scanning data.
It is critical to the success of change management to bring workers into the solution earlier in the process. A positive user experience for mobile workers simplifies new tech adoption, playing a vital role in a successful rollout. Assign a project champion on your leadership team to take the pulse of the workforce before selecting a solution, and then answer questions throughout implementation.
Four out of five field service managers say they are frustrated that they can't get the data they need to do their jobs. Almost a third say their organizations are already collecting the right data, but remain ineffective at analyzing it.
The best platforms will have a good track record of dealing with data complexity and delivering customized solutions. Seek out informed customer testimonials to better understand what you need from your mobile workforce tools.
"You should already have an answer before you ask a question." This old military adage has found a new life as a project management directive. You can't ask the right questions until you know what you want to achieve.
Skedulo offers you full visibility into the daily process of workers who used to be out in the world all alone. You can support them more effectively with a communication platform that facilitates instant document transfers, sends real-time schedule updates directly to their mobile devices, and puts the right person on the right job every time.
When you reduce time and complexity in the back office, you can turbo-boost productivity everywhere. Skedulo improves the mobile experience for your mobile workers, office administrators and executive leadership. Most of all, it improves the customer experience, which is really the best measure of an effective mobile workforce management solution.
To learn more about best practices for mobile workforce management tools, download our ebook 5 Secrets to Evaluating the Best Mobile Workforce Management Solution. | , and the workforce even more so. A third of mobile workers are using 3 or more devices to work from multiple locations, according to Forrester. Having a robust and scalable mobile workforce management platform in place has become as essential to modern business as email.
Do you have a mobile workforce platform already? How does your platform maximize the efficiency of scheduling and routing your mobile workers? How do you choose the best person for each job?
Many companies feel they are spending | 94 |
Am<|fim_middle|>izome Subscribe to Rhizome's YouTube Channel Rhizome RSS | alia Pica at Chisenhale Gallery
Kari Rittenbach | Wed Jun 27th, 2012 11:28 a.m.
Amalia Pica, 2012. Chisenhale Gallery, London. Photo: Mark Blower.
There is a particular romance in miscommunication, wrought by difference and distance. The undelivered letter, the intercepted telegram, the voicemail message never played back are the chance minutiae which drive the action of the plot forward, or cause it to veer dramatically off-course. Mislaid memoranda and transposed missives are Greek Fates for the modern era, where rupture is a stronger organizing force than the continuity of a single thread. Still, it is strange to contemplate crossed-wires in a contemporary context, where a missed cue – the probable end-result of too many functional, thus distractible, multiple-channel communication devices – still engenders the ultimate social faux pas: You didn't get the message?
Managers and technocrats determined to allay postmodern anxiety seek to reduce error in manifestations of human passion, from theaters of war to those of love, both on- and off-line. To a certain extent clinical psychology, too, helps condition us to distinguish signal from noise. Alain Badiou's In Praise of Love laments the disappearance of social discomfiture via the easy connectivity peddled by Internet dating sites:
After all, it's not so very different to an arranged marriage. Not done in the name of family order and hierarchy by despotic parents, but in the name of safety for the individuals involved, through advance agreements that avoid randomness, chance encounters and in the end any existential poetry, due to the categorical absence of risks.
Where are exhilaration and ecstasy without some amount of personal risk? This conundrum resonates throughout London-based artist Amalia Pica's sculpture, installation, and performance works, which consider moments of potential for point-to-point communication – and by extension, human connection; togetherness. Using not especially technological materials, the invariable "failure" of Pica's work to draw disparate subjectivities into dialogue is most always a result of the aesthetic formalism of mediation, a quality borne out in the quiet beauty of her installations. Exhibited in the New Museum's second triennial this year, Pica's pleasing post-Minimal projection Venn Diagram (Under the Spotlight) (2011) expanded upon an earlier preoccupation with the diagrams from the ink-on-paper series Untitled (2006). The mathematical illustrations were banned in 1970s Argentina, where Pica grew up, for the perceived danger in clear expressions of collectivity.
Her interest in the visualization of interaction and exchange might seem to have pragmatic applications today, although significantly it is the symbolism of "the social" (in the above case a field of color rather than a cloud or network,) which is philosophically operative beyond the direct representation of raw data. In this sense, her body of work forms a critique of the individual's pure egoism as much as particular barriers to communication (chance, timing, autocracy) – playing with language, symbol and signal to "talk about talking." Barring an algorithm to calculate the compatibility of notional personality tics, favorite 90s slasher flicks or other equally ambiguous criteria, Pica's most reliable device describing the relationship between two is a single line: forming a bond or being deflected.
Pica's current solo exhibition at Chisenhale Gallery coincides with the culmination of a yearlong project undertaken in the East London borough local to the art space. For I am Tower of Hamlets, as I am in Tower of Hamlets, just like a lot of other people are (2011/12), the artist loaned out a pink granite Echeveria plant, modeled after a variety of the Mexican succulent growing in Kew Gardens, to neighborhood families for a one-week period each. Generally cutting the figure of a too-large artichoke, Pica's roaming sculpture packs into a hard rolling case that might otherwise accommodate an alto saxophone. By redefining the notion of public sculpture as something shareable rather than fixed or ideologically domineering, Pica provided a rare opportunity for participants to experience an artwork in the intimacy of the home; notwithstanding any out-of-the-ordinary activity required to facilitate its borrow and return. Through handling Pica's sculpture, the tangible and intangible traces of a community might be sensed from its condition, as one notes dog-eared pages and expiration dates stamped into the public library book.
If Pica's artwork gestures towards an ideal form of communication, structures and motifs including signal flags, strings of electric lights and colorful bunting reemerge in various constellations, flickering at varying stages of remove. Such is the case for her well-known Untitled (fiesta lights) (2006), a festoon of bulbs which draws the viewer into the gallery from the street and spans the foyer colorfully until it is anaesthetized (filter-less) upon entering the white cube; the single zagging strand droops gracefully until dropping repeated loose loops onto a hook against the far wall. The center of the gymnasium-like space is dominated by Switchboard (2012), a lengthy double partition pock-marked along its surface as neatly as a wedge of Emmenthaler. The work's narrow cross-section reveals these standardized "holes" to be a dense network of outward-facing tin-can telephones; emptied of coconut milk, sweet corn, baked beans and stretched tightly together with string in configurations too complex to aurally trace. While not especially functional, Switchboard plays into childhood notions of telecommunications: the direct line traveling window to window, held taught enough across the block to carry urgent vibrations of the voice. Switchboard here contains echoes of If These Walls Could Talk (2010): tin cans and string stretched between the perimeter walls (with no access for an interested listener), as well as Eavesdropping (2011): found drinking glasses stuck to the wall with glue which invite opportunity to overhear activity on the unseen side opposite. In each case the viewer's sensitivity to sonic space is heightened, although only in Switchboard is there a chance for "social listening" – to the sighs and movements of another body – within the confines of the exhibition itself.
The scale of the hearing device explodes for Acoustic Radar in Cardboard (2012), a crude gramophone-like form with a bell wide enough to catch conversations floating nearby. At the exhibition's private viewing, one becomes paranoid that the occasional performer's riveted listening technique might also be an act of critical surveillance, until a personal trial of the receiver assures that the instrument's recycled material absorbs mostly atmospheric buzz. The sound piece Overhearing Fiesta by Raffaelle Carrà (2012), a lively recording of an Italian singer in Spanish intended for commercial distribution in Latin America, is activated by motion sensors in the mostly vacant far corner of the gallery – a casual expression of jubilation periodically emanating from behind the wall. While this particular seepage seems compatible with city environs, where calm is ever a luxury, the dying refrain soon attunes the listener also to the muffled external sounds of rubber tires rolling across rain-soaked pavement and the clamor of children in the schoolyard next door.
Within the controlled volume of the art gallery, Pica's pieces resonate softly together, without jostling; the room is studiously arranged, confidently spare. In the overhead space and in between the works, circulating air seems alert to the crackle of potential transmission. Still, the spatial emptiness of the gallery describes a lack unfulfilled by the waylaid, fitful longing of these various attempts to communicate, no matter how indirectly.
Perhaps the greatest risk identifiable in Pica's practice, then, is the imperfectly incessant desire to both hear and speak – without any guarantee of a sympathetic address, reply, or other meaningful exchange. Pica's patient waiting game seeks neither validation nor instant gratification, informed by the wisdom of living and the loneliness which imbues contemporary means of (im)personal communication, despite surface connectivity. That Pica's performances and sculptures never fully achieve the poetry of perfect mediation is yet another clear signal; that human relations might find their best collective expression outside the realm of the visual, even outside art.
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Verizon is starting the year off in a good place with its first quarter earnings.The telecom announced today that it saw revenues increase 4.6 percent to $28.2 billion, up from $26.9 billion, with net income of $3.9 billion, an almost 20 percent jump from last year.
Verizon says it added 734,000 wireless customers (501,000 on contract) and saw low churn (users who<|fim_middle|> Wireless revenues were up 7.7 percent at $15.4 billion and data revenues jumped 21.1 percent. Overall, Verizon now has 93 million wireless customers (88 million on contract), and 47 percent of its wireless customers use smartphones.
The company sold 6.3 million smartphones in the first quarter, and 72 percent of contract customers went for smartphones. Notably, Verizon says it sold 2.9 million 4G LTE devices this year. Its LTE network now covers more than two-thirds of the U.S. population in 230 markets.
Shammo also said on the earnings call that Verizon would be getting out of the calling card and public phone business. | leave) of .96 percent. | 8 |
Aztecs Start Season Hot, Take Three of Four From Ranked Opponent
Photos by Raymond Suarez
By Nate Martinez
After a series of postponed games, Pima Community College baseball was finally able to kick off the delayed 2021 season.
They took on the number 20 ranked College of Southern Nevada Coyotes in back-to-back doubleheaders last Friday and Saturday.
February 12 (Game 1): Aztecs 8, Coyotes 9
In a very rocky start for the Aztecs, Pima found themselves in the hole 9-2 going into the bottom of the fifth inning in game one of their first double header. Freshman pitcher Wilson Bannister gave up four runs in the first inning of his first start of the season. He was taken out in the top of the 5th after allowing a home run and nine runs in 4.1 innings..
Freshman pitcher Darius Garcia finished the game, striking out three and giving up no runs on one hit.
The Aztecs bats came alive in the fifth, gutting out two runs to make the score 9-4 going into the sixth inning.
Another run was scored by the Aztecs in the sixth, cutting the lead to 9-5 going into the seventh and final inning. A two-run bomb by freshman catcher Parker Schmidt sliced the lead to only two runs. A ground out by sophomore outfielder Terrell<|fim_middle|> seventh. Kaden Palmer would relieve Miklich in the seventh and save the game, striking out one.
February 13 (Game 2): Aztecs 17, Coyotes 9
Game two was a dominating performance for the Aztecs that saw the team score 17 runs.
The Aztecs scored five in the first inning and at least two runs in each of the next four innings. Terrell Huggins went 3 for 6, knocking in a two RBI triple in the second, another triple in the fourth and finally a three run homer to end his night.
Freshman infielder Alex Kelch was also on a hot streak, going 2 for 3 with three RBIs while Ajay Ram also knocked in two RBIs of his own.
With offensive talent and an excellent bullpen, it is safe to say the Aztecs could be a dangerous team this year.
Tagged in Arizona, Aztec Press, Aztecs., baseball, College Baseball, Nate Martinez, Pima Aztecs, Pima Community College, Tucson, Tucson sports
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NextLee Lambert Nominated for Chancellor Position at San Diego Community College | Huggins drove in freshman outfielder Daniel Durazo to make the score 9-8, but a pop out would end the inning and seal a loss for the Aztecs.
February 12 (Game 2): Aztecs 13, Coyotes 12
In game two, the Aztecs found themselves in another hole. They trailed 11-2 heading to the bottom of the fifth inning.
However, the team showed resilience, as Jose Enriquez, a powerful freshman from El Paso, Texas, blasted a two-run homer to shorten the deficit to five. An RBI single by Schmidt and another three-run bomber by freshman outfielder Ajay Ram tightened the score to 11-9.
Two errors made by the Coyotes allowed Schmidt and Durazo to tie the game 11-11.
After losing the lead in top of the 7th, the game's breakout star, Terrell Huggins, hit a lead off homer to tie the game back up at 12 apiece.
Then, in the eighth, Huggins won the game for the Aztecs, nailing a walk-off RBI single to drive in Schmidt for the game winning run.
Freshmen Josh Castillo and Kaden Palmer delivered for the Aztecs late in the game. Castillo struck out two with the bases loaded in the sixth and got the last man with some help from the infield.
Palmer struck out all three batters in the eighth to close out Pima's defensive night.
Games one and two of the next day's double header were all out offensive clinics for the pima bats. The Aztecs scored five runs in just the first inning of game one.
The CSN Coyotes rallied to score four runs in the third, but an RBI double by Huggins kept the Aztecs ahead, 6-4.
Freshman Alex Kelch scored off an error in the fourth inning, while freshman pitcher Chaison Miklich came into the game in the third and shut out the Coyote bats all the way to the | 424 |
La raya de río (Potamotrygon magdalenae) es una especie de pez perteneciente a la familia de los potamotrigónidos, que se encuentra en Colombia.
Distribución y Hábitat
Está presente en las cuencas de los ríos Magdalena, Atrato y Catatum<|fim_middle|> 471-498. A W.C. Hamlett (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland, Estats Units.
Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, núm. 1, vol. 1-3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, Califòrnia, Estats Units. ISBN 0-940228-47-5.
Nishida, K., 1990. Phylogeny of the suborder Myliobatidoidei. Mem. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido Univ. 37(1,2) (serial núm. 54): 1-108.
Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao i C.F. Lai (eds.), 1999. Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwán.
Enlaces externos
ITIS (en inglés)
UNEP-WCMC Species Database (en inglés)
AQUATAB
magdalenae
Peces de América del Sur | bo.
Es una especie de agua dulce y clima tropical. Prefiere las aguas turbias y poco profundas, con fondos lodosos.
Se encuentra amenazada por la contaminación de las aguas, las actividades agrícolas, industriales, petroleras y mineras, el desarrollo de infraestructuras, y el comercio internacional de peces para acuarios.
Descripción
Alcanza 35 cm de longitud, pero puede tener un tamaño mayor, aunque por debajo de los 50 cm. Alcanza la madurez sexual cuando mide 25 cm. Su cuerpo es aplanado dorsoventralmente, a manera de disco, y de color pardo moteado. Las denticulaciones dérmicas de la superficie dorsal se disponen en forma de corona. En el área ventral presenta cinco pares de branquias. La boca es pequeña y transversa, y la cola termina en filamento, con repliegues laterales longitudinales en la base y en la posición distal, con una espina aserrada.
Alimentación
Es una detritívora de hábitos bentónicos, y se alimenta frecuentemente de larvas de insectos, así como de lombrices, moluscos, peces pequeños y otros animales que logra atrapar.
Referencias
Bibliografía
Compagno, L.J.V., 1999. Checklist of living elasmobranchs. p. | 334 |
Redbird Scholar
Illinois Shakespeare Festival announces changes to the 2021 season and ticket sales
Author By Illinois Shakespeare Festival staff
Ewing Theatre
With the emergence of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the Illinois Shakespeare Festival (ISF) announced last spring that the 2020 season (including The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (abridged), Macbeth, Measure for Measure, and One Man, Two Guvnors) would be postponed to summer 2021. While the Festival is actively planning productions for summer 2021, it is now known that transferring the original season in its entirety will no longer be possible.
Dr. Derek R. Munson
In partnership with state, local, and Illinois State University officials, ISF leadership is diligently working on a comprehensive plan that will ensure the health and safety of both patrons and the entire ISF company before all other considerations. ISF Managing Director Derek R. Munson emphasized: "We want our patrons to feel safe. We want them to know that we are putting safety first." Adjustments and considerations for next summer include limited seating capacity and physical distancing at the performance spaces, a smaller company, and a slightly condensed season of performances. "Our goal is to present a season that doesn't look all that different from past seasons. The most obvious difference our patrons will notice is a much smaller audience," said Munson.
ISF will continue to honor all season tickets that were transferred from this past summer to 2021 and, once the new season is announced, will work directly with season ticket holders to ensure satisfaction. Due to new limits on audience size and the unpredictability of scheduling, ISF will not sell new season ticket packages for 2021, however individual tickets will still be available at a later date.
"Producing during a pandemic is unlike anything I, or my associates at the University, have ever done," said Munson. "I feel incredibly fortunate that we have the support and leadership of everyone at Illinois State University and the School of Theatre and Dance."
John C. Stark
Artistic Director John C. Stark reflected on this past summer: "What I missed most about the festival were the moments when I would linger outside of Ewing Theatre while a show was being performed. I would register the reactions of the audience by the laughter, the gasps, and the guffaws. The electricity passing from stage to audience and back again."
Over the next few months, the Illinois Shakespeare Festival will share the 2021 season announcement and schedule of performances. "As we finalize our 2021 production season, I'm reminded of the magic that is ever part of the Illinois Shakespeare Festival experience," said Stark. "No matter what show is on the bill, you can count on beautiful grounds to explore, an expansive lawn to picnic on, and a star-filled sky filled with the poetry of Shakespeare."
Photos from the 2019 season. Photo Credits: Pete Guither
<|fim_middle|> | For more information about the Illinois Shakespeare Festival, visit the ISF website, follow the festival on Facebook, and sign up for the ISF Friends e-newsletter.
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Spessartyn – minerał z gromady krzemianów, zaliczany do grupy granatów. Należy do grupy minerałów rzadkich.
Nazwa pochodzi od miasta Spessart w Bawarii w Niemczech, gdzie minerał ten odkryto po raz pierwszy.
Właściwości
Tworzy kryształy izometryczne (dwudziestoczteroś<|fim_middle|>d. Alfa – 1986 r.
W. Schuman: Kamienie szlachetne i ozdobne, Wyd. "Alma –Press" – 2004 r.
Linki zewnętrzne
Spessartyn na stronie Webmineral
Krzemiany (minerały) | ciany deltoidowe i dwunastościany rombowe). Jest kruchy, przezroczysty, czasami tworzy kryształy mieszane z piropem ( -umbalit).
Występowanie
Zazwyczaj w skałach magmowych: (pegmatytach, i granitach), rzadziej w metamorficznych i aluwiach.
Miejsca występowania: Madagaskar, Sri Lanka, USA, Brazylia, Australia, Tanzania, Pakistan, Rosja, Niemcy, Finlandia.
W Polsce – został stwierdzony w rejonie Sobótki (na Przedgórzu Sudeckim) i w okolicach Karpacza (Karkonosze) – w granitoidach i pegmatytach.
Zastosowanie
niektóre odmiany są wykorzystywane do wyrobu biżuterii; najlepsze okazy pochodzą z Madagaskaru, Indii, Cejlonu i Tanzanii.
rzadki, bardzo poszukiwany kamień kolekcjonerski
Zobacz też
granat, andradyt, pirop, grossular, uwarowit, almandyn, spessartyt.
Bibliografia
Leksykon Przyrodniczy – Minerały i kamienie szlachetne, "Horyzont" – 2002 r.
K. Maślankiewicz: Kamienie szlachetne, Wyd. Geologiczne – 1982 r.
N. Sobczak: Mała encyklopedia kamieni szlachetnych i ozdobnych, Wy | 394 |
For the Winter Anti Depression Show we turned Marres into an Art Resort for those who feel weak, tired, overwrought and unsocial in the winter months. The resort featured a series of therapeutic rooms, planned and executed by artists and designers to boost the senses.<|fim_middle|>utch) and Museumtijdschrift (Dutch). | Accompanied by gentle hosts, visitors walked over ribbed floors, felt summer flowers, let the sun caress their skin, dreamt in a sonic bed, composed sound landscapes, relaxed with St John's wort tea, and improved their condition through motion play.
With WADS we attempted to develop a prototype for a new, innovative connection between healthcare and culture. The project opened up a new perspective on the social function and role of art institutions. It was not only an attractive pastime for a broad audience, or an alternative therapeutic facility, but also a playful testing ground for the non-medical treatment of complex health care problems.
WADS was a collaborative project with designer Chris Kabel, food designer Katja Gruijters, set developer Ludmilla Rodrigues, artist/composer Kaffe Matthews, 'Pioneers of Play' Fourcelabs, perfume maker Alessandro Gualtieri and artists Lisa Pacini and Christine Istad.
Browse through the exhibition booklet here.
Click on the links to read articles about the exhibition published in De Limburger (Dutch), MetropolisM (Dutch), Kunstbeeld (D | 229 |
Management Science and Engineering spans engineering, business and public policy, including areas such as data modeling, behavioral science, finance, entrepreneurship, risk, operations and decision<|fim_middle|> the behavioral sciences. Our dual focus is unique among our peer departments and creates a platform for building innovative knowledge, tools and techniques useful to firms, non-profit organizations and government.
Many students view an MS&E degree as a quantitatively-oriented engineering and business education with technology underpinnings. This prepares them well for the data-driven challenges of the future in business, public service and academia.
Theses degrees prepare engineers for a lifelong career addressing the critical technical and managerial needs of private and public organizations. The program emphasizes developing analytic abilities, making better decisions, developing and executing strategies and leading people who innovate. | -making.
Collectively, the faculty have deep expertise in two major disciplines: quantitative modeling (and related algorithms) and | 23 |
- In Spanish hardback edition.
- In Spanish paperback edition.
Grecia. Gastronomía is the first truly comprehensive bible of Greek food. Rapidly increasing in popularity, Greek cuisine is simple to prepare, healthy and delicious, and, more than most other cuisines, bears all the hallmarks of the rich cultural history of the land and sea from which it is are drawn. It is the original Mediterranean cuisine, where olive<|fim_middle|> and historical significance of the dishes, and is illustrated with 200 colour photographs.
Grecia. Gastronomía is the definitive work on the rich and fascinating cooking of modern Greece.
Vefa Alexiadou is the leading authority on Greek cookery. A bestselling author of thirteen cookbooks in Greece, she also has her own television series and regularly writes articles for magazines and gives lectures and demonstrations on Greek recipes. She has served on the board of the Centre for the Preservation of Traditional Greek Gastronomy. | oil, figs, grapes, garlic, bread, wine and cheese have been staples since the beginnings of Western civilization.
With over 650 simple recipes by Vefa Alexiadou, the authoritative grand dame of Greek cookery, the book includes information on regional specialities, local ingredients and the religious | 62 |
Contrarily, with advances in medicine and diet, and the consequent increases in longevity, dementia, or the diminution of mental faculties, has seen rapid growth, with nearly 1 million sufferers in the UK. At present, there is no cure, but research indicates that exercise can delay the onset and on-going decline of the brain and its abilities.
At a personal level, my mother had cycled until she was 82 – I was with her on her<|fim_middle|> for a few days. That first ride, we managed about 5 miles, but over the course of the summer we built up to a couple of rides approaching 20 miles. She always pedalled the whole way and it was clear that after each ride, she had a few days when she was energetic and aware, mentally and physically, well beyond her norm. | last solo ride into the country for dinner, and remember how alert and sprightly she was. With the coming winter and gradual diminution of her faculties, she never rode her solo again. Over the next few years, her deterioration continued, but with the development of the Morpheus, I wondered whether it might be possible to strap her onto the front seat and for her to pedal a bike again. It took some persuasion and I was in dread of the possible consequences, but that first ride was one of the most poignant moments of my life. For the first time in ages, she became engaged and interested, and this energy stayed with her | 129 |
Both blockchains have the same features and are identical in every way up to a certain block where the hard-fork was implemented. This means that everything that happened on Ethereum up until the hard-fork is still valid on the Ethereum Classic Blockchain. From the block where the hard fork or change in code was executed onwards, the two blockchains act individually.
In March 2017,<|fim_middle|>, using The DAO hack to illustrate this problem. The report discussed tools that Microsoft had developed for verifying contracts, and noted that a large-scale analysis of published contracts is likely to uncover widespread vulnerabilities. The report also stated that it is possible to verify the equivalence of a Solidity program and the EVM code.[41] | various blockchain start-ups, research groups, and Fortune 500 companies announced the creation of the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance (EEA) with 30 founding members.[16] By May, the nonprofit organization had 116 enterprise members—including ConsenSys, CME Group, Cornell University's research group, Toyota Research Institute, Samsung SDS, Microsoft, Intel, J. P. Morgan, Cooley LLP, Merck KGaA, DTCC, Deloitte, Accenture, Banco Santander, BNY Mellon, ING, and National Bank of Canada.[17][18][19] By July 2017, there were over 150 members in the alliance, including recent additions MasterCard, Cisco Systems, Sberbank and Scotiabank.[20][21]
Ethereum was announced at the North American Bitcoin Conference in Miami, in January, 2014.[9] During the same time as the conference, a group of people rented a house in Miami Gavin Wood, Charles Hoskinson, and Anthony Di Iorio, a Torontonian who financed the project.[9] Di Iorio invited friend Joseph Lubin, who invited reporter Morgen Peck, to bear witness.[9] Six months later the founders met again in a house in Zug Switzerland, where Buterin told the founders that the project would proceed as a non-profit. Hoskinson left the project at that time.[9]
There is ongoing research on how to use formal verification to express and prove non-trivial properties. A Microsoft Research report noted that writing solid smart contracts can be extremely difficult in practice | 337 |
Activities ›
Rule of Law ›
Members UN Police and Liberia National Police in a group photo with Justice Minister Sannoh and US Ambassador Malac at the end of a Security Sector retreat.
The UN Police has supported the operations of the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) from onset in October 2003. The mission's police component consisted then of up to 1,115 officers. The UN Police, including formed units, have continuously assisted in maintenance of law and order throughout Liberia, and provided backup to the Liberia National Police, when necessary. In addition, UN Police Advisors have served as mentors and provided daily advisory services to the Liberia National Police Headquarters and Training Academy, as well as co-located with individual police stations around Monrovia. The mission is currently implementing a phased drawdown of troops and gradual handover of security responsibilities to the Government of Liberia. UNMIL's authorized strength will therefore be reduced to 606 police personnel by 30 June 2016.
UN Police Component
Security Council (SC) Resolutions
UNPOL Mandate
SCR 1509 (2003)
Assist in monitoring and restructuring the national police force
Develop and assist a civilian police training program
Provide strategic advice and expertise in specialized fields
Provide operational support to regular policing activities and react to urgent security incidents
Encourage coordinated progress on the implementation of the Liberia National Police strategic plan
Assist the Government of Liberia to consolidate peace and stability with national institutions that are able to maintain security and stability independently of a peacekeeping mission
Improve the capacity and capability of the LNP
Support the Government to solidify peace and stability in Liberia
Support the Government's efforts, as appropriate, to achieve a successful transition of complete security responsibility to the Liberia National Police by strengthening the LNP's capabilities to manage existing personnel improve training programmes to expedite their readiness to assume security responsibilities
Coordinate these efforts with all partners, including the Government of Liberia, the national police leadership, and donor partners.
In the implementation of its mandate, UNPOL are guided by the following fundamental principles:
Promote, protect and respect human rights;
Provide support that is gender-responsive and with particular attention to the needs of vulnerable groups;
Oppose corruption in all its forms;
<|fim_middle|> more of the 210 specially trained officers. Most counties now have a safe house.
The LNP Crime Services Division has improved crime scene investigation capacity through specialized training and the provision of a state-of-the-art mobile forensic van;
The LNP Professional Standards Division (PSD) has been established to investigate complaints of police misconduct, including civilian complaints and to provide inspection services within the LNP;
The Transnational Crime Unit has been established as part of the West African Coast Initiative (WACI) involving a multi UN agency partnership with Interpol and DEA.
The National Police Training Academy:
Some 5,224 police officers have been vetted, trained and graduated from the National Police Training Academy (NPTA);
The NPTA has been accredited by the Ministry of Education;
Training conducted includes basic recruit training, in-service training and specialized courses;
Instructors at the NPTA have gone through development programs and are now leading training design and delivery;
The capacity of the NPTA has been increased to accommodate and cater for 900 recruits a year;
The new constructions include one all-female barrack;
A Regional Training Centre has been created in Harper, Maryland County, located in the remote southeast of Liberia to deliver in-service and specialized training.
Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization (BIN)
BIN was created in 1955 via legislation that tasked BIN with enforcing the Aliens and National Law. BIN is comprised of 2,081 immigration officers, including officers deployed at 48 official border crossings points. To increase the number of officers to 3000, the BIN developed a Manpower Strategic Development Plan through which some 1000 Liberian men and women qualified to join the BIN of which 234 have already successfully graduated from basic recruit training.
The BIN mandate, strongly supported by UNPOL advisors specially trained on border issues, includes:
Enforce Alien and National Laws of Liberia;
Assessment of travel documents and facilities;
Admission and departure of travelers at sea, air, and land ports;
Management of people admitted through regulation of status;
Effective Border Management and control.
Tweets by @UNMILNews | Make every effort to operate in an environmentally conscious manner;
Conduct thorough and standardized assessments;
Police core functions shall be implemented within a wider rule of law and SSR context;
Efforts shall be made to identify and recruit the specialized capacities to fulfil the mandate;
Support to capacity development shall be demand-driven and appropriate to host State needs;
Political context shall be recognized;
Respect of host State ownership and seek broad buy-in;
Focus on sustainability;
Regularly evaluate delivery; and
Cultivate partnerships.
Through partnerships provide dynamic, effective, sustainable capacity building and operational support to the national law enforcement agencies of Liberia
The United Nations Police (UNPOL) component is commanded by a UN Police Commissioner assisted by a Deputy Police Commissioner. The current UNPOL Commissioner is Mr. Gregory Hinds from Australia and his Deputy is Mr. Cesar Hawthorne Binag from the Philippines. The overall UNPOL component is comprised of police officers from about 40 nations, including approximately 15% female representation. In accordance with the current UN mandate, UNPOL's authorized manpower stands at 498 police advisors, deployed in 30 team sites, including nine team sites in the capital city, Monrovia; and 998 armed police officers assigned in eight Formed Police Units (FPU's). Three FPUs are deployed in Monrovia and five are currently deployed strategically throughout the country.
Formed Police Units (FPU)
The UN Formed Police Units represent the armed component within UNPOL. The current FPU composition includes two FPU's from India, two FPU's from Jordan, two FPU's from Nepal and one FPU from both Nigeria and China. One of the India FPU's is made up of all female officers. The FPU's support the Liberia National Police through:
Joint patrol support with UNPOL and the national police (LNP), special anti-crime patrol;
Joint exercises and training with the LNP Police Support Unit (PSU) and Emergency Response Unit (ERU);
Technical advice to LNP, in particular ERU and PSU;
Rapid response to demonstrations/crowd control;
Escorting of VIP's;
Providing security at prisons/escorting prisoners (Monrovia Central Prison, Correction Palace in Zwedru);
Protecting government facilities (Ministry of Foreign Affairs); and
Capacity building activities.
In addition to their operational support to the LNP, the FPU's routinely engage in community outreach to strengthen public confidence in law enforcement. FPUs are helping UNMIL to make a difference within Liberian communities.
Some of the outreach programs undertaken are:
Engaging communities through joint neighborhood "Clean-up Days";
Accompanying LNP in visiting local schools and civic events to promote public safety and raise awareness on sensitive issues, such as preventing mob violence and stopping sexual and gender based violence;
Assisting the LNP in recruitment drives, particularly reaching out to prospective female candidates, and in providing medical check-ups for incoming recruits to the LNP;
Providing free medical check-ups for community groups and providing advice and instruction on good health practices and basic first aid.
Our Counterparts
The Liberia National Police (LNP) and the Bureau of Naturalization and Immigration (BIN)
The LNP was established by an Act of National Legislature assembled in 1956. The Act defined the functions and duties of the LNP as preservation of peace; protection of life, limb and property; recovery of lost and stolen property; arrest violators of the law; prevention and detection of crime; enforcement of all laws and ordinances; and testifying in court. The LNP, with support from UNPOL and other partners, has made significant progress in recent years including:
The LNP strength as of 31 May 2014 is 4,835 (857 females – 3,978 males);
Within this strength, LNP has an armed ERU comprised of 356 officers, and a PSU comprised of 1,008 officers;
There are now 189 LNP bases, depots, stations and details across the country;
Some 59 LNP stations spread throughout the 15 counties have a Women and Children Protection Section (WACPS) staffed by one or | 873 |
22 Best things to do with kids in Sunderland
Updated • updatedOct 14, 2021
Many of us love traveling on the Wanderlog team, so naturally we're always on the hunt find the most popular spots anytime we travel somewhere new. With favorites like National Glass Centre, Sunderland Museum, Winter Gardens, and Penshaw Monument and more, get ready to experience the best places in Sunderland.
We scoured through the internet and read through 3 reputable sites and blogs like The Crazy Tourist and Trip101 so you don't have to! We gathered all the results in one place and ranked them by how many times they were mentioned so you know you're getting the best of the best. Just look for the "mentioned by" tags on each place.
The Crazy Tourist — 15 Best Things to Do in Sunderland (Tyne and Wear, England
Trip101 — 10 Best Things To Do In Sunderland, UK
Day Out With The Kids — 20 Best Things To Do In Sunderland Near Me | Attractions in Tyne and Wear
Visiting Sunderland? See our Sunderland Trip Planner.
Other best of categories in Sunderland
National Glass Centre
Stylish modern centre showcasing contemporary glass, with exhibitions, demonstrations and classes.
Tied to the University of Sunderland, and sitting right on the Wear, this museum documents the glassmaking industry in the city. Completed in 1998, the building is a wonder, made from glass and steel, and with a massive transparent roof that lets you look into the galleries below. Glassmaking has a long past in Sunderland, thanks to Benedict Biscop who in the 7th century hired French glaziers for the Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Priory, now St Peter's Church and set moments from the museum.
The Crazy Tourist: 15 Best Things to Do in Sunderland (Tyne and Wear, England
Liberty Way, Roker, Sunderland SR6 0GL, United Kingdom•http://www.nationalglasscentre.com/
Sunderland Museum, Winter Gardens
Wide-ranging venue including industrial/social history, geology, glass/pottery, art and archaeology.
You'll be a lot more knowledgeable about Sunderland after a visit to this museum that was spruced up in 2001. The neighbouring Winter Gardens greenhouse was also reconstructed after being struck by a bomb in the war and demolished in the 1960s. You can see the first ever Nissan to come off the production line, marking a new chapter in the city's history.
Burdon Rd, Sunderland, SR1 1PP, United Kingdom•https://sunderlandculture.org.uk/our-venues/sunderland-museum-wi…
Above the Herrington Country Park in Houghton le Spring there's a striking folly atop Penshaw Hill, looking like a Greek temple has been transplanted to Wearside. Built from local gritstone, the Penshaw Monument dates from 1844 and commemorates John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham, the Whig statesman who had an important role in the British colonisation of New Zealand. At 30 metres long an 20 metres high, this National Trust property has the scale and detail of a Classical temple, with Doric columns, an architrave, frieze, cornice and pediment.
Chester Rd, Penshaw, Houghton le Spring, Sunderland DH4 7NJ, UK
This public park has a model-boating lake,<|fim_middle|> United Kingdom•http://www.everyoneactive.com/centre/Sunderland-Aquatic-Centre/?…
Karting North East
Car racing track
Go-karting venue also offering other activities including tomahawk and off-road buggy driving.
Motorsport Centre, Sunderland, SR3 2PR, United Kingdom
Roker Beach
It's a sign of Sunderland's regeneration that the city has not one but two Blue Flag beaches, commended for their environmental standards and facilities. Both Roker (aka Whitburn South) and Seaburn Beaches are long, wide and sandy, and bookended by rocks. High in the Roker Cliff Park between the two beaches is the Roker Pier Lighthouse, constructed in 1856 and moved from the Old South Pier to the cliff-top in 1983.
United Kingdom•http://www.sunderland.gov/
Minchella's
We love chocolate (who doesn't?), but going for fish and chips on Good Friday may just be our favorite Easter culinary tradition. Probably the best fish and chips in Sunderland area. Enjoy tempting dishes here.
Dykelands Rd, Sunderland, SR6 8DD, United Kingdom
Borneo Bistro
Mobile caterer
The family-run business serving up international cuisine has been top dining spot in the city. People are traveling from across the northeast and beyond to grab a taste of Chinese, Thai, African, Malaysian and more. You can easily reserve your table and enjoy amazing food and not only an amazing service but also lovely staff.
162 Hylton Rd, Sunderland, SR4 7XU, United Kingdom•http://www.borneobistro.co.uk/
slumped to the third tier of English football (League One) in 2018. That prompted a change in owner and manager, and their fans, known as Mackems, expect to see the club back in the Premier League before long. But for now you'll have no trouble getting tickets at the Wearside Stadium of Light (1997), which at a capacious 49,000 has the scale of a Premier League ground.
Stadium of Light, Millenium Way, Monkwearmouth, Sunderland SR5 1SU, United Kingdom•http://www.safc.com/
Laser Quest Sunderland
Laser tag center
Escape room center
Indoor laser tag chain offering games for children & adults in multi-level, fog-filled arenas.
30-32 John St, Sunniside, Sunderland SR1 1JG, United Kingdom•http://www.lqsunderland.co.uk/
Fun Shack
Large indoor soft playground for kids, with go-karting, bowling, a mini cinema and a restaurant.
1, Hall Dene Way, Seaham Grange Industrial Estate, Seaham, SR7 0PU, United Kingdom•http://www.funshack.co.uk/
Popular road trips from Sunderland
Sunderland to
What's the weather like in Sunderland?
It depends on when you visit! We've compiled data from NASA on what the weather is like in Sunderland for each month of the year: see the links below for more information.
Weather in Sunderland in January
Weather in Sunderland in February
Weather in Sunderland in March
Weather in Sunderland in April
Weather in Sunderland in May
Weather in Sunderland in June
Weather in Sunderland in July
Weather in Sunderland in August
Weather in Sunderland in September
Weather in Sunderland in October
Weather in Sunderland in November
Weather in Sunderland in December
Planning a trip to Sunderland? | tennis courts, a model railway & kids' play areas.
This refined seafront park is a relic of the Victorian period and was donated to the city by the local landowner Sir Hedworth Williamson in 1880. That generous act is honoured with a sandstone and granite memorial fountain. Another charming monument from the age is the iron bandstand with a copper roof.
Roker Park Rd, Roker, Sunderland SR6 9NB, United Kingdom•http://www.sunderland.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=2440
Hylton Castle
Shell of a 4-story 14th-century castle gatehouse with Richard II's emblem on the gate.
Ten minutes up the Wear in the residential North Hylton suburb is Sunderland's second-oldest building, which as of 2018 is being transformed by English Heritage and Sunderland Council into a major visitor attraction. There has been a castle on this small mound since the Norman conquest, while the impressive four-storey gatehouse tower dates from the turn of the 15th century. On the west facade of the are some 20 mouldings of coats of arms for local noblemen, as well as the banner of King Henry IV. The castle was the residence for the Hylton family for hundreds of years up to 1746, and after they left the building became a school, workshop and a mansion for a Victorian shipbuilder .
Craigavon Rd, Sunderland, SR5 3PA, United Kingdom•http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/hylton-castle/?u…
Rosebud Ceramics
❤❤I'm sitting here tonight making some very special keepsake jewellery and thinking how privileged I really am to be... Want a day out with a little creative edge?. Take the kids to Rosebud Ceramics to make something special to show to all of their friends!
Trip101: 10 Best Things To Do In Sunderland, UK
11 Olive St, Sunderland, SR1 3PE, United Kingdom
Mowbray Park
Among the North East of England's oldest urban parks, Mowbray Park is right in the city centre, behind the Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens. The park opened in 1857, but had been in the pipeline for more than 20 years, after the city realised it needed more green space following a cholera epidemic in 1831. As you wander over the little hillocks around Mowbray Park you may be interested to know that these bumps were caused by forgotten limestone quarries.
6 Burdon Rd, Sunderland, SR1 1QB, United Kingdom•https://www.seeitdoitsunderland.co.uk/
Herrington Country Park
Country park
Spacious, bustling park featuring walking & bike trails, an amphitheater, playground & sculptures.
It can be hard to imagine, but this sprawling country park in the west of the city was once an open-cast mine. There's a small hint of what came before at the preserved pit wheel in the Miners' Memorial Garden, as well as the large depression in the centre of the park, now a lake for model boats. There are well-maintained walking and cycling trails, pieces of public art recording the heritage of the area, a cafe, a skate park and adventure play area.
Chester Rd, Penshaw, New Herrington, Houghton le Spring DH4 7EL, United Kingdom
Stadium of Light
Purpose-built stadium hosting Sunderland AFC home matches, occasional internationals and concerts.
Monkwearmouth, Sunderland, SR5 1SU, United Kingdom•https://www.safc.com/club/stadium-of-light
North East Land, Sea and Air Museums
Museum dedicated to northeast England's military & aviation history, with historical craft & a shop.
At the former RAF Unsworth on the way to Washington, this transport museum is mostly about the history of flight. Special attention is paid to the early years of jet aviation, and there's a serious collection of British-made planes like an Avro Vulcan, a Gloster Meteor, a Hawker Hunter, a De Havilland Comet and a De Havilland Vampire, as well as American and French models like a Lockheed T-33A, an F-86D Sabre and a Dassault Mystère IV. You'll have lots of engines to check out, and a host of military land vehicles like armoured personnel carriers, tanks and trucks. You can learn about Wearside in the Second World War on a replica street scene, and on selected dates you can see the North East Electric Traction Trust's fleet of vintage trolleybuses and trams.
Washington Road, Sunderland, SR5 3HZ, United Kingdom•https://www.nelsam.org.uk/
St Peter's Church
Historical landmark
This history of this fascinating church by the Wear and University of Sunderland campus goes back to 675 when it was founded by Benedict Biscop as a priory, making it one of the oldest stone churches in the country. What is very rare is just how much of that first building remains, and you can see it in the porch, west wall and fragments of stone carvings. The green space surrounding the church has recently been landscaped to illustrate the size of the complex in Benedict Biscop's day.
St Peters' Way, Monkwearmouth, Sunderland SR6 0DY, United Kingdom•https://www.monkwearmouthcofe.com/
Down At The Farm
Childrens farm
Stoneygate Ln, Houghton le Spring, DH5 8JG, United Kingdom•http://www.downatthefarm.co.uk/
Ryhope Engines Museum
Preserved Victorian-era water-pumping station housing 2 working 100HP engines & other exhibits.
Founded in 1868, the Ryhope Pumping Station, in the suburb of the same name, functioned for a century before finally shutting down in 1967. The site is still owned by Northumbrian Water, and still houses its pair of awesome Hawthorn beam engines, which have just celebrated their 150th anniversary. The station no longer pumps water but those engines are in working order, and you can come and see them on Sundays, along with set of smaller engines, three boilers from 1908, a waterwheel and a blacksmith's forge.
Waterworks Rd, Ryhope, Sunderland SR2 0ND, United Kingdom•http://www.ryhopeengines.org.uk/
Sunderland Wall
Rock climbing gym
Sports Complexes
Doxford Works, Pallion Quay, Sunderland, SR4 6TQ, United Kingdom•http://www.sunderlandwall.com/
Sunderland Aquatic Centre
Large aquatic center offering a diving pool & the area's only Olympic-size pool, plus swim lessons.
Sunderland Aquatic Centre Stadium Park, SR5 1SU, | 1,456 |
One among gardener favorite things to develop within the vegetable garden throughout the summer time months is lettuce. You probably have by no<|fim_middle|> of your seedlings. Place the lengths of guttering in a greenhouse, cold frame or window sill and water frequently. After a couple of week the seeds ought to have germinated. In another two to three weeks your seedlings needs to be prepared to start out harvesting.
When picked young, lettuce leaves are sweet and tender in salads or as a garnish or sandwich filler. With mixed leaf varieties you'll be able to snip away on the leaves as and whenever you want them and more will grow back to take their place. One size of guttering ought to offer you a number of weeks' constant supply of salad leaves. To maintain the cycle going you should utilize the successional sowing technique whereby you sow seeds at intervals, thereby making certain you've got a steady supply of leaves to last all summer season long. So, in case you are short on area in your vegetable garden and eat plenty of lettuce as I do, then attempt these novel garden planters and see what you assume! | means in contrast your own house grown lettuce with grocery store packets of leaves accomplish that and you'll quickly be satisfied of the distinction in taste. There are such a lot of forms of lettuce you possibly can develop from seed, from compact varieties like Little Gem to mixes which are spicy or herby in taste. Nevertheless, if like me you might be all the time working out of area in your vegetable plot, lettuce is one plant that may be simply grown in containers, thus saving you valuable space to develop more demanding greens.
One novel approach of growing lettuce on this method is in lengths of plastic guttering. Having grown peas on this method for a while, transferring the seedlings into the round as soon as they're sufficiently big, I made a decision to reuse the lengths of guttering to develop lettuce, and it actually works! I've discovered the cut and come once more mixed leaf varieties develop finest as they tend to have shallower roots systems than the bigger, more compact varieties and so can tolerate being grown in a shallow container.
We tend to make use of plastic guttering that's round one meter in length. These lengths are convenient to move round and simple to deal with. Fill the lengths of guttering with multi-purpose compost and water effectively before you plant the seed. Lettuce seed is very tiny and may simply be washed away or too deep into the soil. Empty a small quantity of seed into your hand and sprinkle evenly alongside the length of the guttering. Then sprinkle a thin layer of compost on top | 305 |
For a fifth straight year, North Henderson High's volleyball team has been awarded the North Carolina High School Athletic Association Commissioner's Cup, which is presented to just two teams in each of the state's four classifications for exceptional community service.
Among thousands of entries, the Lady Knights earned the award in the 3-A division for all of their hard work raising funds for the fight against cancer. The team has partnered with Vs. Cancer, which is based in Asheville and "empowers any sports team, any athlete, any community to help kids with cancer. As a signature fundraising campaign of the Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation, proceeds are split between child life programs in local hospitals and national pediatric brain tumor research."
"We were able to raise over $2<|fim_middle|> the big fundraisers.
The team also had several other events during the year to raise funds, Moon said.
"We sell Hope Floats, really just Coke Floats with a purpose, atnumerous school events. We also sponsor TRX All Knight, which partners with a local fitness studio to provide a fitness activity as a fundraising event. We sponsor a Spirit Week in an attempt to engage our entire student body. For example, students are asked to dress up in Hawaiian outfits to 'Lei It To Cancer' or in their crazy socks to 'Sock It To Cancer,'" she said.
against cancer. Katie Strickland works at North and is a cancer survivor; she said she always looks forward to the event and will never forget the first time she took part in it.
"One of my favorite memories when I first started working here at North was the Survivor Walk. I joined in the walk, and it was so neat, because several of the students came up and joined me," she said in the video, fighting back tears. "It was a really neat, supporting moment." | 1,000 as a school and community, Our fundraising efforts resulted in a Teen Room for the Children's Oncology Unit in Mission Hospital. This is a wonderful gift for adolescents going through cancer treatments during what can already be a challenging time," North coach Sue Moon said.
North will receive the Commissioner's Cup at the NCHSAA Spring Meeting, which will be held Thursday, May 2 at the Dean Smith Center in Chapel Hill. In addition, North will also receive a $1,000 stipend as a part of the award.
"It's always neat to go there and see what everyone else has done," Moon said.
Moon had to send in an application to the NCHSAA, along with a video showing the team's fundraising efforts. Among those was the always popular Volley for a Cure tournament they have along with East Henderson and other schools. The tournament happens in August before the actual season begins and is always one of | 192 |
Keep Clothes together & Never Loose Athletes Socks Again! The best way to do team laundry! Texon's laundry straps with Alligator Clips utilizes strong teeth to hold socks with a firmness not found in other loops to date. Loop strap through all pieces of your uniform to keep them together. Save precious time and energy by not having to sort through the laundry finding everyone's different lost socks. The attached sock clip is designed to hold 2 pairs of normal socks (1 pair performance socks<|fim_middle|> diameter.
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See Examples of Custom Label Options in Video Below! | ) securely in an intuitive user friendly way.
The Texon Laundry Collar with Alligator Clips is perfect for laundering high-school sports teams, collegiate team laundry, professional sports teams, military units and more. This loop is rapidly becoming the most utilized strap in athletics. Preferred by equipment managers, coaches and players because sock clean, cry and stay with your gear.
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The First Woman to…
For and about Women who Led the Way
First Women Stories
Tag Archives: Clara Schumann
Clara Schumann – First Woman Royal and Imperial Chamber Virtuosa at the Austrian Court (1838)
Posted on September 18, 2019 by Michele Genthon
In honor of the bicentennial of the birth of Clara Schumann, Byron Schenkman & Friends performed a special concert to honor her last weekend. It was a delight to hear some of her rarely-performed music, especially in such an exquisite performance. The musicians played<|fim_middle|>, Mozart, and Beethoven.
Clara's only piano trio was composed in 1846 and published in the following year. Clara indicated in a letter that she had dedicated her trio to the pianist and composer Fanny Hensel (née Mendelssohn); however, that dedication never appeared in print. Johannes Brahms performed the work in 1854 in Hamburg, and the violinist Joseph Joachim reported that it was a great favorite at the Hannover court where he was employed.
In 1835 Felix Mendelssohn conducted the premiere of sixteen year old Clara's Piano Concerto in A Minor, op. 7, with her as soloist. The middle movement, a romance in the surprising key of A-flat major, is a luscious song without words for piano solo.
Robert and Clara Schumann were lifelong companions, lovers, and close colleagues who studied music together and often critiqued each other's work. Clara outlived Robert by four decades. After his tragic early death she worked tirelessly to edit, arrange, and oversee the publication of his complete works while also supporting their large family.
During one of their few happy years together, Robert wrote a series of exquisite chamber works including his only quartet for piano and strings. Clara premiered this work at the Leipzig Gewandhaus on a program which also included Bach's Chaconne in D Minor and Beethoven's "Waldstein" Sonata.
Posted in Arts, Entertainment and Media | Tagged Byron Schenkman & Friends, Clara Schumann, First Woman | 1 Comment
Categories Select Category Arts, Entertainment and Media Aviation and Space Business and Economics Education and STEM General Home Law and Law Enforcement Military and Crusaders Politics and Government Religion Sports and Adventure | like a single multi-faced instrument, weaving in and out of one another with energy, compassion and grace.
Clara Schumann was the First Woman Royal and Imperial Chamber Virtuosa at the Austrian Court. She was one of those rare women who had a monetarily-successful career with her own compositions and performances. In fact, she was successful enough to support herself and her struggling husband, Robert Schumann. After Robert died, Clara was the one who kept his music alive for posterity, facilitating his preservation in the classical canon. She, on the other hand, is largely ignored.
With the permission of Byron Schenkman & Friends, I am sharing the program notes from that concert (lightly edited). References to particular pieces of music were included in the performance.
Clara Schumann Bicentennial Celebration by Byron Schenkman & Friends
Clara Schumann, née Wieck, was one of the most influential European musicians of the 19thcentury. She began her career as a child prodigy whose performances dazzled international audiences and who published ten volumes of music while still in her teens. At 18, she was named "Royal and Imperial Chamber Virtuosa" at the Austrian court, a first for anyone so young, let alone foreign, Protestant, and female. For most of the century she was at the center of a circle of German musicians dedicated to preserving and continuing the legacy of what would come to be known as Western classical music.
Following her triumph in Vienna, Clara composed a piece she calledSouvenir de Vienne,which included variations on a theme by Joseph Haydn. Early in their marriage she and Robert Schumann jointly studied scores of chamber music by Haydn | 346 |
<|fim_middle|>446
| Q: preg_replace null with specific data How to use preg_replace to replace null words in my text with a url ending with user's name?
For example:
Replace null in this
(1, 3, 'sam', 'sam-website', 'yes', 'null'), (2, 3, 'alex', 'alex-website', 'yes', 'null'), (3, 3, 'kabor', 'kabor-website', 'yes', 'null'),
to get this
(1, 3, 'sam', 'sam-website', 'yes', 'http://mywebsite.com/pics.php?id=sam'), (2, 3, 'alex', 'alex-website', 'yes', 'http://mywebsite.com/pics.php?id=alex'), (3, 3, 'kabor', 'kabor-website', 'yes', 'http://mywebsite.com/pics.php?id=kabor'),
tried this but it doesn't work
$name = preg_match('/3, \'(.*?)\',/im', $string, $matches);
$url = preg_replace_callback('/null(?=)/', function ($name){
return ($matches[1]);
}, $string);
A: Your regex is a bit off. The im modifiers aren't doing anything and your current capturing mechanics won't allow you to separate the name and NULL value. Additionally the return isn't doing anything and the $name is only going to be 0 or 1 ($matches is the captured value).
I would pull all values between the parenthesis then use a CSV parser to get each data point. From there you can rebuild your string and return it.
Here's an example:
$string = "(1, 3, 'sam', 'sam-website', 'yes', 'null'), (2, 3, 'alex', 'alex-website', 'yes', 'null'), (3, 3, 'kabor', 'kabor-website', 'yes', 'null'),";
echo preg_replace_callback('/\(([^)]+)/', function ($match) {
$data = str_getcsv($match[1], ',', "'");
$return = '(';
foreach($data as $key => $element) {
if(is_numeric($element)) {
$return .= $element;
} else {
if($key == (count($data) - 1)) {
$return .= "'http://mywebsite.com/pics.php?id=" . $data[2] . "'";
} else {
$return .= "'" . $element . "'";
}
}
$return .= ', ';
}
return rtrim($return, ', ');
}, $string);
Demo: https://eval.in/707 | 564 |
Home<|fim_middle|> and it fills them with immense gratitude hence they get excited while celebrating this great festival. Although, with change in generation, ancient traditions also get changed as it passes from one generation to the other. But despite that the harvest festival UK is still celebrated in the United Kingdom with immense joy and enthusiasm.
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Harvest Festival UK: A Comprehensive Guide
Shubham Shende
Photo by Guldem Ustun on Flickr
Harvest is the most essential season in agriculture when the product is collected and stored for the first time. Farmers can celebrate their hard work throughout the harvest season before beginning another season.
As a result, harvest celebrations have grown in popularity in certain towns. Harvest festival UK is a yearly celebration which is celebrated by farmers and villagers during the major harvest seasons in a specific region as a thanksgiving ceremony for a successful harvest in the past and also they pray for good crops in future.
Every farmer can tell you that harvest is the most hectic, but most enjoyable time of the year. It is stressful, needs lots of planning, several big machinery and a good wind – however, a flourishing harvest can give plentiful provides of flour, beer, biscuits and breakfast cereal for the coming year.
The weather plays a vital part in an exceedingly thriving harvest. A wet season and winter will stop some farmers from getting crops into the ground, whereas a dry spring will leave grains without the valuable water they need to grow.
Communities all around the world rely on agriculture for food or income. Some communities solely rely on agricultural products to feed their families.
Harvest festivals are celebrated in different regions and countries or states with different names and at different seasons across the world due to climatic and cultural differences. Harvest festivals are mainly celebrated by a successful gathering of villagers where they offer various dishes and cuisine made from the harvested crop.
Farmers and villagers decorate their religious places such as temples and churches with flowers and sing traditional songs and recite prayers. Every Harvest festival celebrated in the world has a different name in traditional differences in different countries and regions.
Origin of Harvest Festival UK
History of Harvest Festival UK
When is Harvest Festival UK Celebrated?
Agriculture Work in UK During Harvest Festival
Top Activities and Traditions that are Followed By Farmers
Food And Recipes Made and Served During Harvest Festival UK
1. Chocolate-Swirled Pumpkin Muffins
2. Corn Dollies
Materials used to Make Corn Dollies
3. Pumpkin Pie
Photo by bernswaelz on Pixabay
If you talk particularly about the UK, since pagan times here in the UK, people always valued good crops. Depending on local customs, harvest festivities are held in September or October and the festival is known as the Thanksgiving festival. Modern Harvest activities include singing hymns, praying, and adorning churches with baskets of fruit and food.
Farmers and villagers used to praise the pagan gods when all the crops were successfully harvested each fall on harvest day, assuring nourishment for the rural community for the months ahead.
At the start of the summer season, travelling parties of labourers sought employment from farms, and the crop-picking season concluded with a large feast for everybody, known as the harvest supper.
This custom was carried on for generations, but the first formal Harvest Festival in Britain was not documented in history until 1843, when Rev Robert Hawker of Morwenstow, Cornwall, brought local parishioners into his home to receive the Sacrament in "the bread of the fresh crop."
The name "harvest" represents "autumn" and is derived from the Old English word "harvest," which properly characterizes the harvest season in the area. This was a critical season in which performance may mean the difference between life and death.
A bountiful crop has ensured that the community would be fed through the potentially bleak winter months. But it is no surprise that it was a superstitious period, and if it succeeded, it was a tremendous delight. Many of these traditions may be traced back to Christianity.
Lammas, which means "bread market," was celebrated on August 1, marking the start of the harvest season. Farmers baked bread using the fresh wheat crop and donated it to the local church. It was then served as communion bread at special Masses to honour God for the harvest. The ritual ceased when Henry VIII abandoned the Catholic Church, and today a harvest celebration is conducted after the season.
The community nominated a powerful and respected man from the hamlet as the "harvest king" at the start of the harvest. He is in charge of bargaining agricultural pay and organizing field labourers.
On Michaelmas' Day, the harvest dinner was served to commemorate the conclusion of the harvest. At the head of the table sat the "Lord of the Harvest." The goose was stuffed with apples and served with a variety of veggies. At this time of year, goose markets are conducted in English towns.
Apart from corn, harvest time involves a whole array of other crops too, including apples, cherries, hops and potatoes. An annual September vacation to the hop fields of Kent gave a breath of fresh air for families living in polluted districts of London in the early half of the twentieth century.
Apples are harvested afterwards during the year, generally around October. Over 2,000 kinds of these delicious fruits were produced in the UK, but currently, it is difficult to locate more than a few of sorts cultivated here in shops. That is why going to an apple day or festival in the countryside, where you can sample a variety of tasty apples, is always a joy.
These were working vacations, and the accommodations were overcrowded and unsanitary. However, for many youngsters, it was a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to experience the countryside, seeing their first cows and roaming free through the forests and fields.
Photo by jhmillard on Pixabay
The Harvest Festival is a traditional festival held in England every year on harvest day in the British farming calendar and is an important annual event. Although the UK doesn't have a national holiday for the harvest festival and there is not any official date for Harvest Festival UK.
It is usually held around Sunday nearest to the full moon, which is the harvest moon of mid-autumn. It is the full moon that occurs on the autumn equinox day closest to autumn. Mid-autumn moons usually appear in September, but may not arrive by October. Also, local harvest time plays a major role in the time of celebration of the harvest festival UK
The celebration expresses gratitude for the food grown on the land, which is why it is an important event in the rural calendar. While harvest celebrations in the whole United Kingdom, various activities take place for a full week in churches and schools which are the main places where the harvest festival is majorly celebrated.
Like everywhere in the world, farmers in rural areas in the United Kingdom were also used to doing all the manual labour work on farms with traditional hand tools. That time was around the 19th century, which was also considered the best time as, during that time, everyone in the family used to help in the field for farming work due to no existence of modern agricultural equipment and machinery, thereby making strong community relations.
The introduction of contemporary agricultural technology and machinery has made farm work more simpler, faster, and more efficient. The modernization of farming equipment and machinery reduced the amount of labour necessary while increasing farmer production overall.
Farmers now employ power machinery to complete jobs that they used to undertake with animals. This hybrid strategy of current farming practices has enhanced output while decreasing labour requirements.
For many years, the harvest festival UK has followed numerous activities and customs, but the major tradition around which the entire festival revolves is the offering of prayers and gratitude rituals for bountiful harvests.
The traditional celebration consists of singing songs and hymns and traditional prayers as well. Typically, guests bring food, which is distributed to the needy, impoverished, and local community. Food is sometimes sold to raise revenue for charitable causes.
Many old Pagan festivities, such as Christmas and Halloween, have been accepted by the Christian church or as non-religious events, borrowed from Winter Solstice and Celtic New Year traditions. These seasonal events have lasted in British folklore and legacy despite shifting major faiths because they originate in nature and the seasons.
Before the widespread use of imports, a strong harvest was critical to the community's ability to weather the winter. This is why there has been a Harvest Festival UK for thousands of years. So, what kinds of Harvest customs exist? Modern festivities in England frequently include:
Historically, every day of the harvest, church bells could be heard. The horse pulling the last cart load was adorned with flower garlands and bright ribbons. To commemorate the completion of the harvest, a spectacular Harvest feast was prepared at the farmer's home, and games were performed.
Various harvest ceremonies are associated with the arrival of maize or other cereal crops. One of its field's traditions, for instance, is 'Hollaing Largesse.' If an outsider went through an East Anglian harvesting field, the reapers would form a circle and perform traditional melodies. The stranger is then required to offer a payment to them to help pay for their harvest meal.
In the harvest field, a final pile of maize held particular significance. In Cornwall, a reaper chops this with a scythe and raises it, screaming. In certain regions of the nation, the event is known as 'Crying the Mare,' and it is performed at a different time.
That last handful of corn stalks may have been braided into a 'corn dolly.' This signified the corn's spirit and was retained until the next spring to ensure a successful harvest the following year. This is known as a Kern Baby in Hampshire and a Kirn Babby in Devon. However, the corn dolly is not usually shaped like a human. The Cambridgeshire Handbell, Durham Chandelier, and Worcester Crown are examples of regional dollies.
The modern British tradition of celebrating the Harvest Festival in churches began in the 1840s when the Reverend Robert Hawker invited parishioners to a special thanksgiving service at his church at Morwenstow in Cornwall. Victorian, Dutch and German harvest hymns in translation helped popularise his idea of a harvest festival and spread the annual custom of decorating churches with home-grown produce for the Harvest Festival service.
Rev Piers Claughton of Elton, Huntingdonshire, was another early adoption of the custom as an organised part of the Church of England calendar in or about 1854.
Many Harvest Festival UK celebrations have shifted in emphasis as British people have begun to rely less largely on home-grown products. Harvest has been increasingly associated with an awareness of and concern for those in need of basic food, for whom raising crops of adequate quality and quantity remains a challenge.
Development and relief organizations frequently provide tools for use in churches during harvest season that emphasize their concerns for those in need all around the world.
One of the most important traditions, without which the harvest festival is incomplete, is the practice of decorating churches with flowers and fruits grown on their farm. There were plenty of traditions that were followed in earlier times which are vanished today and are no longer followed.
After a long day of harvesting crops on the farm, everyone would meet for a Harvest Supper. They would eat the autumn fruits and veggies while singing and playing games. They make use of seasonal ingredients and flavours or re-create old favourites. Here is a list of foods that are prepared for the Harvest festival UK.
Apple toffee
Bread cooked from scratch
Festival of the Harvest Loaf of sheaf
Dishes with apples and berries
Cakes, pies, and tarts
Dishes using pumpkin
Looking for something sweet? Nothing exactly shouts fall like a pumpkin. Why not transform the innards of your pumpkin into a tasty guilt-free snack this year instead of wasting it? To make delicious, easy pumpkin muffins, check out the recipe.
Photo by NEOSiAM on Pexels
Corn dollies have been made for thousands of years and symbolic corn doll is an integral part of this festival. It was a Pagan tradition that originated from the beliefs of maize growers who believed in the Corn Spirit.
Maize dollies were created from the last sheaf of corn harvested during harvest. To ensure a bountiful harvest, the Corn Spirit was said to live or be reincarnated in the plaited straw decoration or corn doll, which was maintained until the next spring. The corn dolly was frequently honoured at the harvest banquet table.
The pumpkin and pumpkin pie are both harvest symbols. Pumpkin pie is often consumed in the fall and early winter. It is typically cooked for Thanksgiving, Christmas, and other holidays when pumpkin is in season in the United Kingdom and neighbourhood.
The invention of automation in the 1800s put an end to the trade, but it was reintroduced as a fascinating pastime.
Crops are the farmers' most significant investment. They work hard till the crops are harvested. So a successful harvest is what they require, | 2,616 |
Barbara Bruser
Wealth Manager, First Republic Investment Management
Barbara Bruser is a Senior Managing Director and Wealth Manager at First Republic Investment Management.
Ms. Bruser joined First Republic in 2010, continuing an investment career that spans more than forty years. Prior to First Republic, Ms. Bruser spent 8 years as Director of Equity Management at City National Asset Management. She began her investment career as a financial analyst at RCM in 1976 where she became a general partner. This was followed by senior positions with Security Pacific, First Interstate Bank/Wells Fargo, and Bank of America.
Ms. Bruser has been recognized for<|fim_middle|> practices. This ranking does not predict or rate any client's investment outcomes, nor does it predict any potential investment outcomes. 2Professionals were eligible for this list with ranking determination based on quantitative criteria including individual, as well as team, assets under management and revenue generated; and on qualitative measures derived from telephone and in-person interviews and surveys including service model, investing process, client retention, industry experience and firm nominations. Each advisor was nominated by their respective firm, then vetted and ranked by SHOOK Research. | work as a wealth manager by Barron's Top Women Advisors (2017, 2018)1, Forbes Best-In-State for Southern California (2018, 2019), and Forbes Top Women (2018)2.
As an active member of the nonprofit community, Ms. Bruser serves on the Board of the Board of Directors of the Merola Opera Program and the Board of Directors of The City of Hope where she chairs the Investment Committee. She previously served on the Board of Trustees for The Archer School for Girls.
Ms. Bruser received her Bachelor of Arts degree from UC Santa Barbara and her MLS from the University of Western Ontario (Canada). Ms. Bruser is also a CFA® charterholder.
1The ranking reflects the volume of assets overseen by the advisors and their teams, revenues generated for the firms and the quality of the advisors' | 185 |
I've been busy working on more photos – spent a couple days taking hundreds of photos around the city. A couple have potential and I've set them aside for later. Also working on a second series devoted to the demolition & build across the road. I have a perfect roost to watch & record the process. Some of the demolition has been impressive. Right now, there isn't much left of the old CHUM building, mostly rubble. Soon they'll start digging a deep hole for the parking space. I'm sorting the photos, trying to make a bit of chronolgical sense of it. I'll ruthlessly pare threw them and toss 90%. Most of the earliest shots, done with my phone aren't worth keeping, except to mark the start of the project. In the meantime, I'll throw the occassional photo up, but have set the bulk of the project aside for winter work.
I've also been working on fine tuning my dodging & burning techniques. Using a slightly different method that gives me great control over how much contrast I get. I finally have a system that allows me to get an exagerated, hyper real contrast that doesn't end up looking cartoonish or overblown.<|fim_middle|>. Be a shame if they disappear. Construction workers were strugging with some pipes out front and were having a hell of a time. Took a couple of snaps and thought yea, they'll do.
Anyway, this is a couple of different effects, including HDR Toning (Photorealistic High Contrast), NIK HDR Efex and a lot of dodging & burning the pipes and workers to over emphasis the details. Took hours to do … partially because I sneezed at one point and destroyed some work. Had been so absorbed in some details, I forgot to save for awhile, something I rarely do. I'm a 'save save save" kind of computer person. A little pissed when I realised how much damage I'd done.
I need a better name than Motion Project. It seems a bit … silly at times. The point of the project is to look at everyday scenes in a large city and turn them into digital portraits of the city. For the time I'll keep the name, but it will likely shift. Any suggestions are appreciated. | Very pleased with the results. It takes a lot longer, but satisfying. Here's one I worked on yesterday. Took hours to get the contrast between shadows and light the way I wanted.
There's a tremendous amount of construction going on in my area – you pretty much trip over the sites. This was shot on Yonge St north of Bloor at the huge new condo build. Not sure if the old store fronts will be kept or torn down | 90 |
More than a song festival, "Laulupidu" is an<|fim_middle|> few American choirs invited to participate. Learning difficult songs — all in Estonian — the youngsters prepare for months and then set off to join the many thousands from around the world who gather every five years in Tallinn.
Forming cross-cultural friendships that span the oceans, there they discover the unique role that music has played for Estonians for over 150 years, as an integral force in maintaining strength and identity for a people who have faced cultural genocide — more than once.
From the filmmakers of the acclaimed The Singing Revolution, the film reveals that for Estonians singing is not just a means of cultural expression but a defining part of their national identity.
Since 1869, Estonians have held massive song festivals where more than 30,000 people have taken the stage to sing. Choirs and singers have to audition, and the end result is stunning to see and hear.
The first song festival was held as a national unification event while Estonia was under Czarist rule. Since that time, Laulupidu has been held 26 times.
Gustav Ernesaks (above) participated in every single Laulupidu that was held under Soviet occupation. He lived to see Estonia restored to independence in 1991 and died a free man in 1993.Since 1869, Estonians have held massive song festivals where more than 30,000 people have taken the stage to sing. Choirs and singers have to audition, and the end result is stunning to see and hear.
James Tusty and Maureen Castle Tusty (on the left in the picture) are the primary filmmakers of To Breathe as One, which tells the story of "Laulupidu", the renowned song festival that interweaves artistic expression, defiance of oppression and cultural identify for the Estonian people. Jim and Mo are a husband and wife filmmaking team who founded Sky Films Incorporated, a company dedicated to documentary films that celebrate the triumph of the human spirit over adversity. They have separately and together produced hundreds of programs, including television programs, TV commercials, and international corporate films. They have shot films in over forty countries around the world, on every continent except Antarctica.
Sky Films Inc. has produced multiple full-length documentary films for television broadcast, and prior to producing To Breathe as One, they released the critically acclaimed feature documentary, The Singing Revolution, and played in 125 North American theatrical markets. The New York Times wrote of the film, "Imagine the scene in Casablanca in which the French patrons sing 'La Marseillaise' in defiance of the Germans, then multiply its power by a factor of thousands, and you've only begun to imagine the force of The Singing Revolution. After its theatrical run, it was released on public television, and has been distributed to 10,000 American schools . Mo & Jim live in upstate New York with their daughter, two cats, a dog, a lizard and three chickens. | Estonian miracle that at least twice in history gave freedom to that country. "To Breathe As One" explores the beauty and meaning of the choral festival through the eyes of the young members of the California-based Piedmont East Bay Children's Choir, one of the | 55 |
Q: Dealing with software quirks I was just reviewing some code and realised it is going to introduce the possibility for a situation where the numbers our staff use on a daily basis could be slightly out of line with the numbers we get in our monthly reports.
Fixing this would be difficult and ultimately is of no benefit.
I see this as a small quirk of the system or we could call it technical debt. The problem that I am facing however is that, even if I write this down, it will get lost on a bug board somewhere.
Perhaps a year or two from now, if there is a process change, this situation could arise and no-one will know why it is happening. How do you deal with a situation like this? Do you just leave it and add a comment hoping someone catches it in testing if things change?
These little issues in time are likely to build up to but for this one; unless that process change happens, there is 0 benefit to writing this difficult fix.
A: *
*If there is a specific section of code that mostly causes the bug, or in the code that collects the flawed number, comment the heck out of that. State exactly why it will not always work correctly and what should be done to fix it. That way<|fim_middle|> new system from scratch.
| anyone who happens to be researching perhaps years later will not have to duplicate your findings.
*The bug board is an appropriate place for this. Even if it is too large to ever hope to go through the entire thing, people searching for why the report is slightly off will hopefully come across it. If later the customer or the product owner complains about the discrepancy, you can say you are aware of it but it is not an easy fix. Then the product owner can give it a higher priority if it really is important.
A: The important thing is to define what your software is supposed to do and write it down!!.
If it's supposed to report "orders per week" and the monthly report is supposed to report "completed orders per week" for example, then the documentation for each bit of software should reflect that.
If it's supposed to be the same, but you accept the bug, then thats the new requirement and its supposed to be different again.
You would hope as new features come in over the years, people will check the document to see what the software is supposed to do and any confusion will be cleared up.
But as we all know, no-one writes or reads documentation, these things stagnate until no-one knows what they are really supposed to do anymore, then they are used incorrectly and people report bugs where there are none and eventually write a | 274 |
Finally, the production for my latest short film 'The<|fim_middle|> available for everyone to see and with a digital agency I will be able to have a logo, website, the right administration, and everything with the management of marketing and advertising.
Also, special thanks to PrintSOS for helping me get my offline media printed with superb quality. | Gift' is done. It has been a hectic month for me, in order to get preparation done for this production. Due to the lack of time and also crew members, I had to do most of the things myself and also the help of my girlfriend, Fann. As I had to finish up some office projects in the day and get some time to plan at night, it was rather difficult for me to find time in order to fine tune all things and prepare equipments and props and stuff. My only time to shoot was during the lovely weekends of 26 & 27 of June.
These two girls, named Alya and Nadia are my characters in the film. During the casting period, I went from drawing tuition schools, to swimming classes in order to find two characters that suit the movie script. Fortunately, Mr. Lim was able to help me to shortlist his hundreds of swimming students in order for me to find them easily. While God answered my prayer, I found these two perfect match. In real life, they are already friends. Just as I wanted.
The shoot went quite well I would say. It wasn't until it was Nadia's turn to shoot, and that she knew that acting in a video involves repeating the same steps again and again. This made her get impatient even over the first repeated shot. Fann and Ting was a great help, they were the ones who had to take care of each of the kids and the ones who had to constantly make them laugh and be happy.
The weather was very hot. This was felt when we were shooting the playground scene. The kids' smiles were getting faker and faker. Luckily, the ice cream man was here. There, we had Ywei buy a couple of ice creams for them to cool down.
For the sad scenes, we had to brainstorm on how to make Alya feel sad and cry. Ting had a great idea. She took out her handphone and began playing this melancholic tune as I began to shoot. Alya was really getting into the sad mood. Clever isn't it?
The experience of rushing this project was a race against time. My head was so stressed, I couldn't think straight. I tried my best to keep everything on track and hope that none of the scenes were left out. Nadia gave me the hardest time. She was so reluctant to repeat her wrong shots that I had my patience all worn out. Many scenes had to be taken out due to this. She even affected Alya's performance and made her a little unhappy.
But these challenges were already something I had expected earlier. So, editing for me was quite difficult. Despite many unusable shots, I tried my best to cover it up with some editing and narration. Zyen came just in time to help my poor crew members for buying us lunch and helping me take some pictures.
In terms of equipments loaned from Panasonic. The hardest thing was to adjust the colours and brightness of the outdoor scenes. Although the Panasonic AVCCAM camera was a cool full HD camera, but it lacks built in ND filters, and this led to many over exposed shots in the outdoor scenes. The shoot ended happily on Sunday afternoon and my nightmare had just begun. It took me hours and days to edit and fine tune the video. Some of the sequences and timing had to be readjusted due to some un-OK shots. My laptop and girlfriend were my bestest friends during this hard time. Without them, I could have just gave up halfway.
Finally, I have finished editing the video and am now in the midst of preparing to burn them into DVD video. Those who has helped and contributed to the production of this short film will be able to get a copy of the DVD.
Later on the step is to find a top branding agency to help me launch the marketing of my movie, as I want to expand its horizons and make it | 792 |
\section{Introduction}
A new framework for the dynamical description of the late phase of gravitational collapse
has been recently proposed \cite{Kozameh10,Kozameh11}. In this framework one introduces physical null
coordinates based on the assumption that a suitable family of null surfaces are caustic free
in a neighbourhood of timelike infinity containing a portion of the black hole horizon $H$ and
future null infinity ${\mfs I}}\newcommand{\sO}{{\mfs O}^{+}$.
We consider an asymptotically flat spacetime at future null infinity $({\mfs M},g_{ab})$ containing a black hole.
Its conformal diagram is depicted in Figure \ref{SBH}. In the past of an open set of future null infinity
(${\mfs I}}\newcommand{\sO}{{\mfs O}^+$)---defined by those points for which
their Bondi%
\footnote{A Bondi retarded time $u$ is such that the sections $u$=constant at ${\mfs I}}\newcommand{\sO}{{\mfs O}^{+}$ (referred to as {\em Bondi cuts}) have an intrinsic metric given by (minus) the metric of the unit sphere. }
retarded time $u$
is in the range $u \in (u_0, \infty)$---we require the existence of a regular null function $w$
such that: $w=0$ at the horizon $H$, and $w<0$ in the region of interest.
Choosing a Bondi coordinate $u$ that coincides with
the center of mass Bondi cuts\cite{Kozameh10,Moreschi04} in the regime $u\to \infty$ limit,
we can uniquely fix the function $w$,
if we assume the topology of the black hole (BH) event horizon
$H$ is $S^2\times \mathbb{R}$ in that region.
Thus,
there exists a smooth null function $w=w(u)$ (unique up to constant scaling
in the region where one neglects $O(w^2)$ effects) such that
$w=0$ at the horizon $H$, $\dot w \equiv \frac{dw}{du}>0$, $w < 0$ for all $u$, and $\lim\limits_{u\rightarrow \infty} w = 0$.
This construction is precisely described in \cite{Kozameh12}, where spacetimes satisfying this assumption are defined
as {\em solitary black holes} (SBBs).
In a few lines, the null geodesic congruence defined by $\tilde \ell=du$ allows for the introduction of
an affine parameter $r$ used as a radial coordinate which is fixed by the requirement that it coincides asymptotically with
the luminosity distance (see equation (\ref{lumy}) below for a precise statement of this condition).
The surfaces $(r,u)=$constant are spheres which inherit natural spherical coordinates defined in the Bondi
cuts at ${\mfs I}}\newcommand{\sO}{{\mfs O}^{+}$ which label null rays of the congruence $\tilde \ell$. All this provides a coordinate system $(u,r,\theta,\phi)$ in the
exterior of the BH horizon.
However, the above coordinate system is not well behaved near the horizon ($u\to \infty$).
A good coordinate system can be constructed if one follows similar lines as above but describing the null geodesic
congruence instead in terms of $\ell=dw$. One can introduce an affine parameter $y$ along $\ell$ and fix the ambiguity in such
choice by requiring that the spheres $(w,y)=$constant coincide with the $(u,r)=$constant in the interior of the spacetime. Thus the angular coordinates
can be defined exactly in the same way as in the previous paragraph. With this one obtains the following relationship between the affine parameters
$r$ and $y$:
\nopagebreak[3]\begin{equation}\label{erre}
r=\dot w y+r_0(w),
\end{equation}
where $\dot w\equiv (dw/du)$. The coordinate $y$ will be used in what follows.
Under mild regularity conditions SBHs are then shown to posses a smooth global vector field
\begin{equation}
\chi \equiv \frac{\partial}{\partial u},
\end{equation}
which is a null geodesic generator at ${\mfs I}}\newcommand{\sO}{{\mfs O}^{+}$ and a null geodesic generator of the horizon $H$.
Moreover, at the horizon $H$, $\chi$ satisfies the equation,
\begin{equation}\nonumber
\chi^{a}\nabla_{a}\chi^{b} \equiv \kappa \chi^{b} ;
\end{equation}
where $\kappa$ is a generalized surface gravity.
Finally, one can show that \nopagebreak[3<|fim_middle|>end{eqnarray}
The previous condition can be simplified by introducing the variable $x=r/r_H$, from which one gets
\nopagebreak[3]\begin{equation}\label{cfc}
\epsilon F(w)=\epsilon \int\limits_{(1-w)}^{\infty} \frac{ x^2}{[x+\log\left(\frac{1-x}{w}\right)]^4} dx\le {16 (1-w)},
\end{equation}
where we used that $u=-{2 r_H}\log(-w)$. The function $F(w)$ is shown in figure \ref{f(x)}.
\begin{figure}[!h
\centering
\includegraphics[clip,width=0.48\textwidth]{tails-and-caustics.pdf}
\caption{The form of the function $F(w)$ guaranties that there exists a $w_0$ such that for $0>w>w_0$ the caustic
free condition (\ref{cfc}) is satisfied.
The dashed line represents the function $16(1-w)/200$ which explicitly shows that there is a caustic free region
in the case $\epsilon=200$.
All the other values of $\epsilon$ look qualitatively the same.
}
\label{f(x)}
\end{figure}
It is clear from its behaviour close to $w=0$ that there is always some
$w_0$ such that there are no caustics in the region $r\in (r_H (1-w), \infty)$ for $0\le w<w_0$.
This concludes the proof that there is a caustic free region in a neighbourhood of $i^{+}$ bounded
by a portion of ${\mfs I}}\newcommand{\sO}{{\mfs O}^{+}$ and the horizon $H$.
\subsection*{Acknowledgements}
We acknowledge financial support from CONICET, SeCyT-UNC, Foncyt and by
the Agence Nationale de la Recherche; grant
ANR-06-BLAN-0050. A.P. was supported by {\em l'Institut Universitaire de France}.
\begingroup\raggedright | ]\begin{equation}\label{main}
{
w(u)=-\exp{(-\kappa (u-u_0))}+\sO(\exp{(2au)}) } ,
\end{equation}
where $\exp(-\kappa u_0)$ is the rescaling freedom associated with the choice of origin for
the Bondi retarded time $u$. The last equation is a generalization of the Kruskal coordinate
transformation that appears in Schwarzschild and Kerr geometries.
SBHs have thus remarkable global features that can provide additional structure
in the study of the late phase of gravitational collapse in terms of the full non-linear
regime of Einstein's equations. The key question is whether the assumption of the existence of the physical null
function $w(u)$ is too restrictive admitting only situations of little physical interest.
The whole formalism rests on the assumption that there are no caustics,
in a small enough neighbourhood of $i^{+}$, in the congruence of generators of the
null surfaces $u=constant$ as one goes from ${\mfs I}}\newcommand{\sO}{{\mfs O}^{+}$ towards the past,
containing a final portion of $H$ and ${\mfs I}}\newcommand{\sO}{{\mfs O}^{+}$.
We will see that this problem does not appear in the final phase collapse provided by
the scenario developed in the framework of linear perturbations of stationary BH spacetimes.
This provides a strong indication that our assumptions are mild enough to admit physically interesting
situations.
As we have seen, there are two coordinates and null tetrad system that one can use near the black hole;
the tilde system that comes from the asymptotic description of the black hole, and the un-tilde
system that it is regular at the horizon. In what follows we work in the tilde system, in order
to make contact with calculations of other authors.
We will study in detail the behavior of the optical scalars $(\tilde\rho, \tilde \sigma)$
which depend explicitly on the incoming gravitational radiation $\tilde\Psi_0$, the
in-falling of matter $\tilde{\Phi}_{00}$, and implicitly in the outgoing gravitational
radiation field $\tilde\Psi_4^0$. Since we center the discussion in the behaviour of the
optical scalars in a neighborhood of the horizon, we will concentrate on the dependence on the fields
$\tilde\Psi_0$ and $\tilde{\Phi}_{00}$ directly.
In this work we will consider whether fields with typical tail
behaviour\cite{Gundlach94,Dafermos:2005yw} are admitted in our setting.
\begin{figure}[h!]
\centering
\includegraphics[clip,width=0.45\textwidth]{isolated-sch.png}
\caption{Conformal diagram representing the gravitational collapse
producing a {\em solitary black hole}. There is $w_0<0$ such that for $w_0<w<0$
there is a caustic free neighbourhood around $i^{+}$ containing a portion of the horizon $H$
and ${\mfs I}}\newcommand{\sO}{{\mfs O}^{+}$, if the spacetime decays
towards its final stationary state sufficiently rapidly.
}
\label{SBH}
\end{figure}
In figure \ref{SBH} it is shown the horizon $H$, future null infinity ${\mfs I}}\newcommand{\sO}{{\mfs O}^{+}$, timelike infinity $i^{+}$ and
the region of interest that is for $w > w_0$ and $y>y_0$; where the hypersurface $w_0$ is denoted by a dash line
and $y_0$ by a thick black line. It is important for the study to understand the behaviour of the fields
in a neighbourhood of the horizon but for finite values of $y$.
In \cite{Kozameh10} we point out that $\Psi_0=\dot w^2 \tilde \Psi_0$ and $\Phi_{00}=\dot w^2 \tilde \Phi_{00}$
must go as $y^{-3}$ on the horizon in order for the area of the horizon
to have an asymptotic finite value, in the limit $y\to \infty$.
Since we have not found in the literature a general discussion regarding the behaviour of $\tilde \Psi_0$
in the same asymptotic region near the horizon;
from our knowledge on the behaviour of $\Psi_0$ at the horizon and the behaviour of
$\tilde \Psi_0$ in the asymptotic region, we will assume the worst possible scenario.
At the horizon we know that $\Psi_0$ can behave as $y^{-3}$,
and for $w \neq 0$ this
means\footnote{Note that at the horizon, i.e. when $w=0$, the relation between $v$ and $y$ is
logarithmic. However, our study only concerns the region $w \neq 0$.}
that $y^{-3}\sim \dot w^3 v^{-3}$.
In the asymptotic region, for $r\to\infty$ one knows that $\tilde \Psi_0$ behaves as $r^{-5}$;
which means $v^{-5}$. So we will assume the worst admissible behaviour in the region of interest;
which is to take $\tilde \Psi_0 \sim v^{-3}$.
We will show in Section \ref{tails} that the late time behaviour predicted by the study of matter fields on the
Schwarzschild background imply
that $\tilde \Phi_{00}$ going as $v^{-4}$, i.e.; even faster than required by the above general argument.
Thus, in what follows we assume
\nopagebreak[3]\begin{equation}\label{pipi}
\tilde \Psi_0\sim v^{-3}\quad \text{and} \quad \tilde\Phi_{00}\sim v^{-4}.
\end{equation}
The article is organized as follows. In the following section we analyze the conditions for caustic formation.
In order to illustrate a way in which we could easily violate our assumptions---and in order to provide a
clear-cut intuition---we will provide
what is probably the simplest manner in which one can introduce caustics that invalidate our construction
in Section \ref{dust}.
We also argue in that section why such possibility is not of interest in the study of the final phase of
gravitational collapse.
In Section \ref{tails} we briefly review the results of \cite{Gundlach94}.
In Section \ref{tailseint} we show that the late time behaviour of gravitational collapse expected from the
linear perturbation technology is admited by our assumptions.
\section{The caustic freeness conditions}
The optical scalars equations can be expressed as
\begin{equation}\label{eq:thornrho-l}
\frac{\partial {\tilde \rho}}{\partial r}
=
{\tilde \rho} ^{2}
+{\tilde \sigma} \, \bar{\tilde \sigma}
+\tilde{\Phi}_{00} ,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{eq:thornsigma-l}
\frac{\partial {\tilde \sigma}}{\partial r}
=
2 {\tilde \rho} \, {\tilde \sigma}
+\tilde\Psi_0
,
\end{equation}
where $r$ is an affine parameter along the null geodesics $\tilde\ell=\partial_r$ which we will take to coincide
with the luminocity distance as one approaches future null infinity along the geodesics.
Let us concentrate in the behavior of ${\tilde \rho}$ and study the points in which it has a
divergent behavior: {\em caustics}.
Then one can write (\ref{eq:thornrho-l}) as
\begin{equation}\label{eq:thornrho-l2}
-\frac{\partial }{\partial r}\left( \frac{1}{{\tilde \rho}}\right) =
\frac{1}{{\tilde \rho} ^{2}}\frac{\partial {\tilde \rho}}{\partial r}
=
1
+
\frac{{\tilde \sigma} \, \bar{\tilde \sigma} +\tilde{\Phi}_{00}}{{\tilde \rho} ^{2}}
.
\end{equation}
The previous equation is equivalent to the following integral equation
\begin{equation}\label{inte}
- \frac{1}{{\tilde \rho}(r_\infty)} +\frac{1}{{\tilde \rho}(r)}
=
r_\infty - r
+
\int_r^{r_\infty}
\frac{{\tilde \sigma} \, \bar{\tilde \sigma} +\tilde{\Phi}_{00}}{{\tilde \rho} ^{2}}
dr'
.
\end{equation}
We would like to study this equation in the limit $r_\infty\to\infty$.
Now, because we have chosen $r$ to agree with the notion of luminocity distance in the large $r$ limit (which is possible if the spacetime is asymptotically flat at future null infinity),
one has that
\nopagebreak[3]\begin{equation}
\tilde \rho=-\frac{1}{r}(1+\frac{\tilde \rho_1}{r^2}+ O(r^{-3}))
\end{equation}
this implies that
\nopagebreak[3]\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{\tilde \rho}=-\frac{r}{(1+\frac{\tilde \rho_1}{r^2}+O(r^{-3}))}=-r + O(r^{-1})
\end{equation}
The previous equation implies that
\nopagebreak[3]\begin{equation}\label{lumy}
\lim_{r_\infty \to \infty} \; \left(\frac{1}{\tilde \rho(r_\infty)} + r_\infty \right) = 0 .
\end{equation}
In fact the previous condition is the precise definition of $r$ being asymptotically
the luminocity distance.
Therefore, equation (\ref{inte}) implies
\begin{equation}\label{roro}
{\tilde \rho}(r)
=-\frac{1}{r
-
\int_r^{\infty}
\frac{{\tilde \sigma} \, \bar{\tilde \sigma} +\tilde{\Phi}_{00}}{{\tilde \rho} ^{2}}
dr'}.
\end{equation}
Thus the condition that caustics appear at $r=r_c$ becomes simply
\nopagebreak[3]\begin{equation}\label{caustics}
\int_{r_c}^{\infty}
\frac{{\tilde \sigma} \, \bar{\tilde \sigma} +\tilde{\Phi}_{00}}{{\tilde \rho} ^{2}}
dr=r_c
\end{equation}
From the previous equation and from the positivity of the integrand involved one can conclude that the condition
\nopagebreak[3]\begin{equation}\label{caustics2}
\int_{r_1}^{\infty}
\frac{{\tilde \sigma} \, \bar{\tilde \sigma} +\tilde{\Phi}_{00}}{{\tilde \rho} ^{2}}
dr \le r_1
\end{equation}
guaranties the absence of caustics in the interval $r\in(r_c<r_1,\infty)$.
However, the presence of the expansion itself in the previous equation makes this condition a bit cumbersome.
We can turn the previous criterion for the absence of caustics into a
sufficient condition of a simpler and more useful form thanks to the validity
of the following statement.
\vskip.2cm
\noindent {\bf Lemma:} In the caustic free region $r\in (r_c,\infty)$ the following inequality holds
\nopagebreak[3]\begin{equation}
|\tilde \rho|\ge \frac{1}{r} .
\end{equation}
The proof follows directly from equation (\ref{roro}), the fact that $0\le {\tilde \sigma} \, \bar{\tilde \sigma} +\tilde{\Phi}_{00}$, and the fact that $r\in (r_c,\infty)$.
More explicitly,
\nopagebreak[3]\begin{eqnarray}
|\tilde \rho|&\ge& \frac{1}{r} \Longleftrightarrow -\tilde \rho\ge \frac{1}{r}\n \\
&\Longleftrightarrow& r\ge r-\int_{r}^{\infty}
\frac{{\tilde \sigma} \, \bar{\tilde \sigma} +\tilde{\Phi}_{00}}{{\tilde \rho} ^{2}}
dr' \ge 0,
\end{eqnarray}
where we have used the positivity stated in the last inequality which follows from the
condition that $r\in (r_c,\infty)$. The condition that one is in the caustic free region is essential $\square$.
\vskip.2cm
Using the previous result we can write a sufficient condition for the
non existence of caustics in the interval $r\in (r_1,\infty)$ as follows
\nopagebreak[3]\begin{equation}\label{caustics1}
\int_{r_1}^{\infty}
({{\tilde \sigma} \, \bar{\tilde \sigma} +\tilde{\Phi}_{00}} ) r^2
dr \le r_1.
\end{equation}
The previous condition on the strength of ${{\tilde \sigma} \, \bar{\tilde \sigma} +\tilde{\Phi}_{00}} $ is clearly
stronger than (\ref{caustics2}). This is why in contrast to the latter this is a sufficient condition (its violation may not imply that there are caustics in $(r_c<r_1,\infty)$).
However, if (\ref{caustics1}) is satisfied then we can assure that there are no caustics in the region of interest. This last condition will be central in the
proof of our main result in the following section.
\section{Dust}\label{dust}
In this section we show that a grain of sand can destroy our construction.
This simple example will provide intuition on what the nature of our problem is.
At the same time we shall see by the end of this section that this example is physically irrelevant for the
physical situation that one would like to describe in our framework.
We can model a grain of sand (or a planet) at some coordinate $r_d(w)>r_H$ outside de BH horizon
by a Ricci spinor component
\nopagebreak[3]\begin{equation}
\Phi_{00}=\frac{\epsilon}{r_H}\delta(r-r_d(w)),
\end{equation}
where $\epsilon$ is a dimensionless parameter measuring the strength of the dust particle.
For the next discussion it is enough to use the fact that $\tilde\sigma$ is bounded by $\frac{\alpha}{r^2}$,
in the asymptotic region,
for an appropriate $\alpha$; however for simplicity we will assume next that $\tilde\sigma=0$.
This will not change the qualitative aspects of the discussion.
Then, condition (\ref{caustics}) becomes
\nopagebreak[3]\begin{equation}\label{prima}
\epsilon \frac{r_d^2}{r_H}
\le r_c.
\end{equation}
In order to define the region where we will proof that there are no caustics we need to recall that
\nopagebreak[3]\begin{eqnarray}
&& r=\dot w y+r_{H}\n \\
&&=-\frac{w}{2 r_H} y+r_H.
\end{eqnarray}
In order to show that there is a caustic free region around $i^{+}$, containing both a portion ${\mfs I}}\newcommand{\sO}{{\mfs O}^{+}$ and the
black hole horizon, it is sufficient to show that for a given $y_1$ there exist an $w_0\le 0$ such that for all $w>w_0$ there are no caustics in the region
\nopagebreak[3]\begin{equation} r\in (-\frac{w}{2 r_H} y_1+r_H, \infty).\end{equation}
Without loss of generality, and in order to simplify some expressions, we take $y_1=2 r^2_H$ from now on.
The region of interest now becomes $r\in (r_H (1-w), \infty)$.
Thus, from (\ref{prima}), the caustic free condition becomes
\nopagebreak[3]\begin{equation}
\epsilon r_d
\le r_H(1-w).
\end{equation}
Conversely, the previous equation tells us that it is very easy to introduce caustics
that would completely invalidate the construction; it suffices to take a dust particle that is sufficiently far away and sufficiently strong.
In particular if we take $\label{sand} \epsilon r_d >r_H(1-w)$ then there will be a caustic line that goes all the way up to $i^{+}$.
Therefore, we have shown that our construction breaks down if a suitable grain of dust is brought in.
Is this a serious problem? We now argue that it is not; as the above situation
bears not interest for the study of the physics of gravitational collapse we plan to study.
The reason is that the problematic grain of sand (which could also model a planet or a star)
must stay outside the black hole $r_d>r_H$ for all $w$; hence, it is a compact object that is never absorbed
by the BH and follows a timelike trajectory all the way up to $i^{+}$. The only physically acceptable
possibility is then that the object is not gravitationally bound to the BH. Such possibility is of course
physically viable but it introduces an irrelevant complication to the problem of studying the final stage
of gravitational collapse. Therefore, it is advisable that our definition of SBH rules out such
situation by assumption.
\section{Tails}\label{tails}
Gundlach, Price and Pullin \cite{Gundlach94} have shown that the spherical harmonic $\ell$ mode of
a scalar field $\phi_0^{\ell}$ satisfying the wave equation on a Schwarzschild
background in the late time behaviour for $u\to \infty$ is
\nopagebreak[3]\begin{equation}
\phi_0^{\ell}=\frac{\Upsilon_0}{v^{P+2\ell+1}},
\end{equation}
where $\Upsilon_0$ is a constant, where $P=1,2$.
If such scalar field is used as matter source for Einsteins equation then it produces a Ricci
scalar $\tilde\Phi_{00}$ whose late time behaviour is
\nopagebreak[3]\begin{equation}
\tilde \Phi_{00} \approx \frac{1}{v^4}+O(v^{-5}) .
\end{equation}
As explained in expression (\ref{pipi}),
$\tilde \Psi_0$ goes like $1/v^3$. From the optical equations it follows that $\tilde\sigma$ goes like $1/v^2$.
This means that the late time behaviour of the integrand in (\ref{caustics})
can be expressed as:
\nopagebreak[3]\begin{equation}
[{{\tilde \sigma} \, \bar{\tilde \sigma} +\tilde{\Phi}_{00}}] = \frac{\epsilon r_H^2}{v^4}+O(v^{-5});
\end{equation}
where for future use we have introduced the dimensionless constant $\epsilon$ to parametrize
the leading order term.
\subsection{Caustics in late phase}\label{tailseint}
According to studies of linear perturbations of Schwarzschild geometries \cite{Gundlach94,Dafermos:2005yw}
one has that
\nopagebreak[3]\begin{equation}
[{{\tilde \sigma} \, \bar{\tilde \sigma} +\tilde{\Phi}_{00}}] (u\to\infty, v)= \frac{\epsilon r_H^2}{v^4} ,
\end{equation}
where $u=t-r_*$ and $v=t+r_*$ for \nopagebreak[3]\begin{equation} r_*=r+r_H\log\left(\frac{r-r_H}{r_H}\right)\end{equation}
the usual tortoise coordinate, and $r_H=2M$ the radius of the horizon. From this we get that $v=u+2r_*$ hence
\nopagebreak[3]\begin{equation}
v=u+2r+2r_H\log\left(\frac{r-r_H}{r_H}\right).
\end{equation}
By making the same choice of region as underneath Equation \ref{prima} in the previous section,
the caustic free condition (\ref{caustics}) becomes
\nopagebreak[3]\begin{eqnarray}
&&\int\limits_{r_H (1-w)}^{\infty} \frac{\epsilon r^2_H r^2}{v^4} dr=\n \\
&& \int\limits_{r_H (1-w)}^{\infty} \frac{\epsilon r^2_H r^2}{[u+2r+2r_H\log\left(\frac{r-r_H}{r_H}\right)]^4} dr\le r_H (1-w).
\n \ | 4,942 |
As more and more Americans get cell phones, many are opting to drop their home phone lines. It can offer a significant saving.
The problem is not everyone is comfortable not having a home phone in the case of an emergency. Ted Goudie and his wife disagreed on this very issue.
"I didn't want a home phone anymore because we didn't use it a lot and it seemed silly to pay $30 to $40 a month for it, however with the kids she felt it was important to have as an option," said Goudie. So he and his wife found a compromise, VOIP or Voice Over Internet Protocol.
"We decided to go with Ooma. You connect it into your router, plug it into your phone line and it distributes the dial tone throughout your whole home," said Goudie. "It's a lifetime purchase so as long<|fim_middle|> since the Ooma connects directly to a router, it doesn't force Ted to leave his computer on. As an added bonus, Ted didn't have to switch his home phone number to switch to VOIP. | as the research works, it's going to save us money. Devices like the Ooma or Vonage, there are at-least a half-dozen out there that we looked at and I am sure there are more every day."
The initial cost for a VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) is between $100 and $200. Ted paid $200 for his Ooma, nevertheless after six months, he has at heart made all of it back in savings.
Not only is the service such as good, Ted says it's even better than a traditional land-line. "It's more flexible than a home phone in a lot of ways. We can access voicemail online. We can see call history online. You can set-up call forwarding online."
And | 159 |
Timpson: Business Success Through Humanistic Leadership
Maz Iqbal
Allow me to introduce you to a little know business gem: Timpson. It is a family business operating 1000+ stores, annual turnover in the region of £200m, and annual profits of £10m+. Today, this organisation (and its leadership) is on my mind again. Why? Because of what I saw and read on LinkedIn.
This is the photo that captured my attention:
The last time I looked there were 240+ likes. Here are some of the comments that caught my attention:
1. "Leadership at its best";
2. "Hats off to CEO James Timpson";
3. "Very thoughtful and caring";
4. "Pay it forward";
5. "Brilliant. More selfless acts needed";
6. "If another company did this it would probably seem like a publicity stunt, but Timson's record speaks for itself.."; and
7. "How many Advocates and how much good feeling does that create for Timpsons who are already an exceptionally socially responsible company…Great win win!"
Why did these comments catch my attention? Because these comments provider a pointer towards the following:
1. The shape-look-feel-character of humanistic leadership: authentic as opposed to faking it in order to manipulate others (publicity stunt); thoughtful and caring as opposed to thoughtlessness and indifference to our shared humanity – where humanity is hidden under the labels of customer, employee, supplier; and selflessness leading to paying it forward as recognition of one's good fortune and shared humanity as opposed to unlimited greed dressed up in fine sounding words like maximising revenues and profits.
2. The impact human-centred leaders make on us: we tend to think of this kind of<|fim_middle|>'s Pick • Leadership
Experienced management consultant and customer strategist who has been grappling with 'customer-centric business' since early 1999.
Michael Lowenstein February 6, 2015 at 4:56 am
This is a wonderful, paradigmatic example of servant leadership, shaping customer-centric culture and building stakeholder value: http://customerthink.com/the-power-of-servant-leadership-to-build-and-sustain-stakeholder-value/
Bob Thompson February 6, 2015 at 1:34 pm
Maz, this is a great example of why leadership — above all else — is what really matters.
The rarity of authentic human-centered leadership may explain why there are so few customer-whatever success stories, despite all the blathering about "Customer is King." | leadership as "leadership at its best"; and those who exercise this kind of leadership call forth respect – when we are authentic we take our hats off only to those whom we genuinely admire, esteem, respect in terms of their virtues and/or skills.
3. The benefits that tend to show up as result of exercising humanistic leadership: the good feeling that this kind of leadership calls forth in just about everyone except sociopaths and those professionally trained as economists and MBAs; and the advocacy-loyalty that is automatically brought into play as a result of evoking this good feeling.
I am clear that we (those of us living in the UK and USA) live in transactional, individualistic, non-humanistic, competitive cultures. So those of us, who are 'smart', are likely to be tempted to fake humanistic leadership to get the benefits (respect, status, increased profits, wealth) without paying the necessary 'price'. So here's the paradox. The exercise of humanistic leadership does generate advocacy, loyalty, revenues, and higher profits. However, this is not the case when humanistic leadership is exercised for the sake of harvesting these benefits. Why? Because, one can only fake it so long before true intentions leak out and are detected by those who are being manipulated.
Is Timpson faking it? Is this offer of free outfit cleaning for the unemployed merely a publicity stunt? This is what Justin Parkinson of the BBC says on this blogpost:
The problem is that getting suits dry cleaned usually costs in the vicinity of £10, which can be prohibitive for unemployed people looking to return to work.
The offer, in place since 1 January, has been taken up by hundreds of people, Timpson chief executive James Timpson says. "When people are going for interview it's important to look and feel smart and getting their suit dry cleaned is part of that," he adds. "It makes people more confident and gives them that 2% extra chance of getting a job. We just thought it was a really good idea."
In my experience, one of the core challenges of taking a humanistic approach to doing business (including the exercise of human-centred leadership) is that we have a dim view of human nature. Our actions show that we are convinced that if we appear 'soft' then we will be taken. So how has this offer turned out for Timpson? Here is more from that BBC blog:
"We just trust customers," says Timpson. "We had one lady who came in with a cocktail dress and we told her to hold on. But that's the only instance of a customer taking advantage."
What is going on here? How to make sense of this? It occurs to me that somewhere deep down in us, our human decency is intact. Put differently, for most of us, there is something deep in our being that makes us think twice and usually prevents us from taking advantage of those who show concern for us, our fellow human beings, and our shared humanity. Where we transgress and do take advantage of the kindness of others, guilt comes into play. That is the price we pay for not honouring the best of our humanity.
Now you may be wondering what this has to do with Customer. I say take a look at what has been done in the name of customer service. Take a look at CRM. Take a look at customer loyalty programmes. Take a look at Customer Experience. Take a look at all that has happened and all the money-effort that has been expended in the name of the Customer. Now ask yourself how it is that despite all of this customer loyalty and employee engagement are stagnant – at best. There is your answer: humanistic leadership (and management practices) are the access to calling forth the good feeling that in turn leads to engagement-loyalty-advocacy: from your people, from your suppliers/partners, and from your customers.
If you are interested in learning more about Timpson then check out this piece that I wrote some time ago as it continues to be relevant and instructive: Timpson: Shifting-Transforming Culture Through Language and Practices.
Categories: Article • Column • Editor | 852 |
Edmund Gardner pilot ship
Seized!
Emigrants to a New World
Lusitania: life, loss<|fim_middle|> there was always something going on, always a buzz, there was a U-boat hanging about. And there was always the chance of getting caught up with the raiders, you know, the big ships, there was always the chance of getting caught up with them. Luckily it didn't happen to us, always called in on the day. Either had oil or whatever, probably provisions like butter, because you couldn't get that here. There were no restrictions at our end at that time, you see, they could produce their own. But we had been in convoys were we'd been harassed, you know. We've lost maybe two ships in the night, or in the evening, and maybe first light in the morning, two more have gone or another one's gone." | legacy
HMS Wren
Maritime Archives and Library
Titanic and Liverpool: the untold story
A stoker's wartime career
Battle of the Atlantic gallery
Bill Horsley, a stoker, talking of his wartime career.
Read his story on this page or listen to it here.
"Well yes, we'd leave Liverpool and got to Ireland, more or less Londonderry. We'd arrive at Londonderry, oil, and get the odds and ends or whatever, pick up a convoy and we'd go off to Iceland, to Reykjavik in Iceland, you know. And maybe hang around maybe half a day or a day, maybe two days. And then we'd pick up an American convoy or a Canadian convoy, from Canada or America, then they'd join us. I can remember having 108 ships in one convoy, and I think the smallest convoy I'd ever been is was eight.
But you'd leave Rekjavic and then we'd go to Murmansk or Archangel. But from the time we left Iceland to say, two days out, it was murder. You'd get Jerry coming over and bombing you, you'd get the submarines coming up between the convoys and sinking, 'em, you know? And, I don't know how Jerry knew it, but he always seemed to know where the bloody ammo ship was.
But we never left Liverpool, Liverpool was our depot. We used either the Salthouse, this one, or the Brunswick, we were down there once or twice, the Brunswick. The Atlantic convoys, they weren't as bad as going to Russia, nowhere near. But they were always at us, | 347 |
Lambers Fisher is a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist (LMFT). He is a certified Prepare/Enrich counselor as well as a Board Approved Supervisor for the MN Board of Marriage & Family Therapy and the<|fim_middle|> beliefs.
He gave as an example a situation where in one session the counselor may be asked to help family members of the victim of a police shooting, and the next session might be confronted with assisting the officer involved and his or her spouse in coping with the same event. Counselors, he said, must be able to understand that "supporting the client in their beliefs is not the same as supporting the client's beliefs".
Fisher's workshop "Diversity in Counseling: Increasing your cultural competence" was sponsored by Restorations for Life Counseling, which has offices in Brooklyn Park and Rogers, MN. Visit their website (above link). | MN Board of Behavioral Health & Therapy. Additionally, Lambers has a Masters of Divinity from Fuller Theological Seminary.
via Restorations For Life Counseling.
Therapist Lambers Fisher, LMFT, M.Div., reminded a recent workshop audience that "Multicultural competence is a Journey not a destination". It is not possible, he said, to be a fully competent counselor without diversity competence. By "Diversity" he was referring to not only race and ethnicity, but to gender, ability, language, political viewpoint, and more. He referenced the diversity wheel developed by John's Hopkins University to illustrate the broad scope of diversity, and cautioned that counselors have an ethical responsibility to be able to help clients on both ends of any diversity spectrum, regardless of the counselors personal | 156 |
Alberta Network
Financial Supports
Entrepreneurs with Disabilities Program
Executive Director - CF Lethbridge
Blog, News, Success Stories
Executive Director, Lethbridge, Alberta
You have a passion for<|fim_middle|>-billion investment that seeks to double the number of women-owned businesses by 2025.
Named after both the emerging business term for an agile and adaptable firm and the swift and tribal groupings of grassland animals, Gazelle took what has been an established process for small business development and deconstructed it to examine the many roadblocks women in Alberta face.
Long term volunteer receives top award
We are pleased to announce that Steve Upham, Reeve for the County of St. Paul, was the recipient of the Community Futures Alberta, Volunteer of the Year Award 2019 at our annual provincial conference in Grande Prairie.The award is presented to individuals who have shown outstanding and ongoing leadership and achievement in the Community Futures program.
Steve Upham has been involved with the Community Futures program for nine years, and his term as Chair of the Community Futures St. Paul-Smoky Lake Board of Directors is ending. During the presentation of the award, it was noted Steve has led with consideration and compassion, and that he understands the 'beating heart' of small communities and rural life.
Community Futures Network of Alberta
Box 753 – Cochrane, AB T4C 1A9
About Community Futures
Guidance, support, and financial help for small businesses. Community Futures has been helping rural Alberta entrepreneurs for over 30 years with guidance, business loans, training, and free resources.
© 2022 All rights reserved. Privacy Policy | Sitemap | CFNA Hub Login | rural economic development.
You are a confident and strategic leader.
You have experience leading a dynamic non-profit organization.
Your staff looks to you as their knowledge coach.
You have been referred to you as a visionary.
You have worked with Boards of Directors and Executive Committees.
You are often described as a mentor/teacher/coach.
If these statements describe you, we should talk. You just might be the ideal candidate to be the next Executive Director at Community Futures Lethbridge in Alberta.
Responding Through Resilience
Excerpt from Community Futures Network of Canada - Annual Report 2020-21
PANDEMIC LIFELINE: THE REGIONAL RELIEF AND RECOVERY FUND (RRRF)
As the weeks wore on during the global pandemic, rural and remote businesses needed increasing levels of support, and the Community Futures voice of rural advocacy was heard.
Introducing the NEW ALBERTACF.COM
Our new network of websites are mobile-friendly and help guide rural small business owners and entrepreneurs through the steps to success.
Explore the wide range of tools and local support options available at
Community Futures locations across Alberta.
Alberta Small Business Impact
Community Futures is a federally funded 'rural grassroots' program that provides business loans, training, coaching, and supports community economic development projects.
Take a look at how network members made an impact in supporting rural small business development in 2020/2021.
View the graphic
Community Futures Network of Alberta Annual Report
The CFNA provides advocacy, leadership, stewardship, and operational support to the network of 27 Alberta Community Futures organizations.
Take a look at a snapshot of our network and key achievements in 2020-2021.
Relaunching Small Business Confidence
As a series of workshops and sessions focused on relaunching and retaining businesses in rural Alberta wraps up, we are reflecting back on one of the most challenging periods for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs).
As soon as the COVID-19 pandemic started, it quickly became apparent that SMEs would be one of the hardest hit groups from multiple lockdowns & loss of income.
Thus, the Building Business Resiliency project was born.
"Resilience is not about overcoming, but becoming." – Sherri Mandell
Coaching Through Crisis
One of the most profound impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic has been the loss of connection with others. For a group of small business coaches working in coal transition communities in Central and Eastern Alberta, the sudden end of in-person business visits and close connection with entrepreneurs was an early sign that many new startups and seasoned business owners were beginning to struggle with some of the invisible and often unspoken costs of the global health crisis.
"Recognizing that business owners can experience grief or loss was a crucial step to moving forward," says Louise Jones, a Community Futures Small Business Advisor in East Central Alberta.
Louise and her colleagues described how small businesses were becoming fragmented and paralyzed. Business planning came to a halt, clients withdrew and stopped wanting to manage their next steps.
Expectations | Redefined
What began as a plan to provide small business support to women in remote and underserved parts of Alberta has sparked an effort to rethink the experience of female entrepreneurship.
Project Gazelle, created by Community Futures Lloydminster, is one of two projects in Alberta supported by the Government of Canada's Women Entrepreneurship Strategy (WES), a national $2 | 702 |
Chasing Le Tour: Costa wins, Froome avoids crash
It was a day on which anything could have happened. And while, quite frankly, I didn't expect much to happen, we were treated to another stellar sporting display with two races being hard-fought until the finish.
It was a stage that was touted as one for a breakaway and it only took a few kilometres for the pieces to start falling into place. A flurry of attacks saw a group of 32 form ahead of the peloton before a group of 26 riders got in the final break which stuck.
Often a group that big won't work together to stay away but almost every team had at least one rider represented which formed the perfect combination to stay away. The closest rider to the overall leader in Chris Froome was Daniel Navarro (Cofidis) who started the stage in 20th overall, 23'26" behind on GC.
The escape bunch worked well together until 35km to go, at which point all bets were off. Jean Marc Marino (Sojasun) and Blel Kadri (Ag2r) leapt off the front and were soon joined by the Adam Hansen freight train. Rui Costa caught the leaders and surged ahead on the final climb of the day for an 18km solo win — a consolation for Movistar which has enjoyed little success so far this Tour.
Costa's win was Portugal's second victory in Gap in four years, after Sergio Paulinho's victory in 2010.
But after Costa crossed the line we were treated to another race between the GC contenders ten minutes back. With 18km remaining on the final climb (Col de Manse) Contador attacked which prompted Richie Porte to shut the move down. With Contador back in the group, Saxo Tinkoff went the 1-2 with Kreuziger attacking … and Porte shutting it down again.
Meanwhile the high pace and the attacks had whittled down the yellow jersey bunch to eight riders (Froome, Porte, Contador, Kreuziger, Quintana, Valverde, Rodriguez, and Mollema) with Laurens Ten Dam being the only real GC contender to fall off the pace. More attacks from the Saxo duo saw Porte start to lose touch, but miraculously he managed to claw his way back.
It was after the GC bunch crested the Col de Manse that the action really started. Contador and Kreuziger began attacking on the descent leading to the former overshooting a corner and crashing lightly, almost bringing Froome with him. Interestingly, this incident happened on the same descent on which Joseba Belokia famously crashed in 2003, forcing Lance Armstrong to take a detour through a nearby field.
Froome was clearly irritated by Contador's downhill attacks and said in the post-race TV interview:
"I think it was actually a bit careless of Contador and Kreuziger, they were really pushing the limits on the descent in trying to attack us. Alberto overcooked one<|fim_middle|> his knee on the ground. Froome, who was behind Contador said after the stage: "It actually put me in danger because I had to go off the road to avoid him. He couldn't control his own speed and crashed."
Nairo Quintana was the first in the yellow jersey group to cross the line, just ahead of Joaquin Rodriguez.
[rrsumm raceid=1160]
#2013 Tour de France
Tom Simpson's final hours on Mont Ventoux
7 years ago 0 Read More
The Secret Pro, post-Tour de France edition
10 years ago 0 Read More
Kittel emerges as next 'superstar' sprinter
Chasing Le Tour: Kittel makes it four on the Champs Elysees
Jumping over the Tour de France
2013 Tour de France: stage 21 highlights | of the corners and came off in front of me. He just took himself down.
I nearly went over him. I had to get around him and went off the road a little bit. I didn't come off but I just had to unclip and get myself straightened up again and rejoin the race.
I just think at this stage of the race, he is obviously getting desperate. They are attacking on us on the descents and attacking us on the climbs. I just think it was careless to ride like that."
This thrilling race-within-the-race benefited nobody except for Quintana who moved up one position into fifth place overall with Ten Dam dropping one minute on the leaders.
The start town for stage 16, Vaison-la-Romaine, was once a Roman city and, accordingly, the riders were given a Roman send-off.
Before the 2013 Tour, Koen de Kort had been teasing his teammate Marcel Kittel about his haircut. But in a bet, de Kort said he would get his haircut the same way as Kittel if the latter won three stages at the Tour. With Kittel notching up his third win on stage 12 de Kort stayed true to his word, getting his hair cut on the second rest day.
Brothers in hair.
A breakaway group of 26 riders moved away from the peloton early in the stage and was allowed, by the yellow jersey and others in the peloton, to battle it out for the win. The breakaway included Johnny Hoogerland and Andreas Kloden as pictured here.
It's estimated that 15 million items will be thrown to spectators from the advertising caravan in this year's Tour.
(l) Rui Costa attacked from the breakaway on the final climb with 18km remaining in the stage. He opened up a lead over his breakaway companions, including Philippe Gilbert, and was able to hold on for a solo victory.
Today's win is Costa's second Tour de France victory. His first came on stage 8 of the 2011 Tour when he attacked from a breakaway on the final climb to the Super Besse ski station, reeling in Alexander Vinokourov on his way to solo victory.
The gap between the breakaway and the yellow jersey group grew throughout the day, eventually ending up at more than 11 minutes. The high pace set by Richie Porte on the final climb whittled the group down to eight riders.
Contador was driving the pace in the yellow jersey group on the final descent …
… and might have been pushing a little too hard. The Spaniard came off, having overshot a right-hand turn and reportedly hit | 553 |
This webinar will<|fim_middle|> | help you determine the right digital platforms and help you set goals for your nonprofit's social media strategy that map to your organization's goals.
Learn how to measure the ROI for your nonprofit's digital fundraising strategies.
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Francisco is an experienced educator, speaker, professional marketing consultant, and executive with over 18 years of authentic leadership and marketing experience. He has a background in developing, implementing, and directing comprehensive marketing and communication strategies for small to enterprise-level brands.
In his consulting role, Francisco helps businesses formulate and execute marketing and communications strategies. He ensures brand stories are showcased in their best light, encouraging target audiences to connect with brands in a way that resonates with their buying decisions.
Francisco believes the best marketing consultants are those that look at all facets of the marketing mix and are capable of looking at business strategies and delivering marketing plans that support the overarching business goals. He ensures his clients are delivered tailored marketing solutions that meet individual needs.
It's the job of every nonprofit board of directors to support the financial sustainability and health of the organization, so it's important that they know what they can do.
Join us as we will help you identify actual methods and techniques for broadening your pipeline to include a more diverse major donor base. | 281 |
The<|fim_middle|>. Jenkins' title will be Executive Director of Research and Indentity, and he'll work alongside President Lawrence Frank, GM Michael Winger and basketball ops staff.
— Adrian Wojnarowski (@wojespn) September 18, 2018
Sports Illustrated has acknowledged the defection of Jenkins and, in something of an official announcement, the 40-year-old writer paid tribute to his now-former employer. Jenkins indicated that he "would not leave for another media outlet" but referred to his new journey as "an extraordinary opportunity" and a chance to see the NBA "from a different angle" in the future.
In addition, he shared extended thoughts with ESPN.
"In our line of work, we ask questions from different angles, assemble information in different ways," Jenkins said. "We try to put it together like puzzles, until we've formed a portrait of a person. I'm going to try to bring that same process to the Clippers in hopes it will complement what their incredible group of evaluators already accomplish. This team is interested not just in what players do but who they are — how they're wired, how they're motivated — and that's an area I love to explore."
While rare, this is not the first transition from writing to an NBA front office, as John Hollinger famously left ESPN for a role with the Memphis Grizzlies (one he still occupies) and, more recently, Luke Winn left Sports Illustrated for a role with the Toronto Raptors. Still, Jenkins does not have the traditional background for this kind of move, as the path of Hollinger stemmed from an analytically inclined approach, while Jenkins is best known for his tremendous work in the area of storytelling and feature writing.
From a big-picture perspective, it will be interesting to see what the Clippers' vision for Jenkins and his new role will be, particularly with a title like "Executive Director of Research and Identity." More narrowly, Jenkins leaving the basketball writing world will leave a void in that his work in the space was highly memorable.
Topics: #Los Angeles ClippersTags: Lee Jenkins, Los Angeles Clippers, sports illustrated | Clippers Are Hiring Sports Illustrated's Lee Jenkins To A Front Office Job
by: Brad RowlandTwitter September 17, 2018
As usual, the NBA offseason provided fireworks in 2018, with a ton of player movement and plenty of summer storylines to monitor. In the recent past, though, some of the more intriguing shuffling has emanated from the media world, where NBA players like Damian Lillard have amusingly broken the news of writers changing jobs on the eve of the 2018-19 campaign.
On Monday evening, though, a stunning and interesting bombshell emerged, as Adrian Wojnarowski of ESPN broke the news that Sports Illustrated's Lee Jenkins will be leaving his post as a writer in favor of a front office position with the Los Angeles Clippers.
Sports Illustrated's Lee Jenkins has agreed to join the Los Angeles Clippers front office, league sources tell ESPN | 186 |
Annual Tier II Reports are due March 1, 2019 for calendar year <|fim_middle|> performing hazardous analysis profiles for select chemical facilities, working with the County Hazmat Teams, bringing in hazmat-related training courses, conducting an annual hazmat exercise, and much more. | 2018. For general reporting instructions, please visit the SERC website.
Cuyahoga County LEPC strongly encourages the use of the Tier2 Submit Software. Download the Tier2 Submit free software from the US EPA.
Please submit your electronic Tier II Reports to the Cuyahoga County LEPC at LEPC@cuyahogacounty.us.
For more info, see our Tier II Report Schedule and Reminder here.
"Our mission is to educate, inform and assist regulated facilities in Cuyahoga County in protecting people and the environment from hazardous material releases through hazard reduction, accident prevention, and emergency preparedness."
The Cuyahoga County Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) is a coordinated planning group comprised of individuals who have knowledge and awareness to the planning and response to incidents involving hazardous materials.
The purpose of an LEPC is to plan, coordinate, and communicate on issues involving annual chemical inventory reporting, plan development, exercising the county hazmat plan, and training.
Some of the main duties of the LEPC includes: receiving and analyzing annual chemical inventories from more than 1,000 chemical facilities, maintaining the County Hazmat Plan, | 237 |
Adelle's Blog
Biker Fiction
Women of Strength
"Iron Horse Rider Trilogy is three tales of love, mystery and intrigue. Each page, each chapter dare you to turn the page and follow the journey laid out so clearly. Descriptive, heartfelt expressions producing certain empathy in the reader! This is a great way to leave your environment without leaving your comfort. Take the ride and enjoy, let your hair go with the wind and enjoy the collaboration of two worlds!" S.Wazny
For your convenience, clicking on any cover will take you directly to the Amazon listing.
Tokoda's rock 'n roll lifestyle comes to an abrupt halt when he is called back home. He climbs on his Harley and heads back to Spirit Island where Native American legends are known to come to life. Nara is intent on preserving her Ojibwa heritage, and couldn't be happier about her former crush coming back to the Island, and is even happier when the sexy musician finds his way into her bed. The rekindled lovers are thrown back in time, but in opposite directions. Tokoda and Nara must overcome the barbaric Sioux tribe to find one another and look for a way to return to their own time.
Missy heads out on her vintage motorcycle for what proves to be a ride of a lifetime. Every new road brings with it new friends, new experiences and even a sexy romp with a tattoo artist. It's summers<|fim_middle|> bend in the road, nobody saw coming?
"I love it when a book is so engaging, that when I'm done it feels like I have just seen a really good movie. Killer Scents did just that. A classic 'who done it' mystery, Killer Scents keeps you guessing at each turn." Gothic Mom Reviews
Elle Laudan Title
© Adelle Laudan 2014 Hamilton, Ontario Canada L9B 2M6 Email: [email protected] | ' end when Missy rides into the small town of Waverly for Bike Week, and sets sight on the most beautiful man she's ever seen on two wheels. Tommy marks the beginning of many hot, steamy nights. Is he Missy's, 'happy ever after', or is there a twist around the next | 67 |
I grew up a lonely and often-bullied or ostracized little girl. I wore hand-me-downs that were ten years old (and possibly out-dated when their original owners got them). I wore leg braces and running shoes – often with a dress, just to up the awkwardness of the look. I couldn't run and play easily on the playground. I was good at school and socially inept at the same time, which is a terrible combination. And I was constantly in pain.
None of this made for an easy time building deep connections or relationships with those around me.
It doesn't help that I wasn't allowed to watch the same TV shows as my peers or listen to the same music that they listened to and I was physically incapable of joining in with the games that were being played, so I had little understanding of the world of those around me. And if you add to that starting puberty early and having lots of very unusual experiences (like 10 operations before I finished grade 8) that few people around me could understand, you start to see just how much I was up against!
So it felt like there were very limited opportunities for connection as a child.
And the more people's stories I hear the more I realize that I was by no means the only one dealing with<|fim_middle|> point, for many people it can also serve to simply make them feel more isolated and more alone.
But I am increasingly convinced that it doesn't have to stay like this!
A number of years ago we became part of a community that prioritizes connection.
To begin with, it was a bit of a surprise. This community walked into each others' homes without waiting for the door to be answered. They knew where each others' kettles were and would start the coffee without being asked. They shared the realities of the ups and downs of life with one another, and didn't seem to be afraid of judgment – no matter what was going on.
I had never experienced the kind of welcome that this community offered me before, and as much as it scared me, I also realized I was desperate for it.
Slowly I began to join in.
Slowly I began to let my well-constructed walls down.
Slowly I began to open our door, to show others where our kettle was, and to share the deeper hurts and pains, joys and excitements of our lives with those who had shared these things with us.
And as I did so, hurts began to heal.
As I did so, they challenged and encouraged me to make the changes I wanted to make, but was too scared to try.
As I did so, courage and joy and patience and compassion took root in my life because others planted the seeds of these things in me through our connection.
It was a huge risk, in the beginning. I had been hurt many times over, and I was more than a little bit wary about trusting them.
But about a year after we joined this community we found out that not one, not two, but (at least) three members of our family were on the autism spectrum, and their response was to learn whatever they could about autism's unique gifts and challenges so that they could understand and love us better.
Then two years ago when our eldest came out as gender non-conforming our community chose love, and wrapped their arms around us as a family, helping us through the transition so that we could love our child well through their transition.
And last year, when I ended up in an out-of-town hospital unexpectedly for six weeks, our community chose love, and showed up in the most practical ways possible – to wash dishes, make meals, hang out with our kiddos, drive people back and forth to the hospital an hour and a half away and keep my husband from loosing his mind with worry.
This community has stuck by us through thick and thin, and through them, I have learned that whatever it looks like on the outside, we are more alike than we might appear.
I have learned that if I want to survive and thrive, then I need deep connections.
I have learned that if I want to grow into the best version of myself possible, that growth will depend on deep connections.
And I have learned that if I have anything to offer those around me, it is found when I extend deep connections to them.
For me, the question has become not, 'do I need connection' but 'how do I best form connections in the midst of our busy, chaotic and disconnected lives'? | this kind of disconnection.
In fact, I am by no means alone when I say that we are dealing with incredible levels of disconnection right now as a society.
This disconnection is felt in our opiod crisis.
This disconnection is felt in our mental health crisis.
This disconnection is felt in our race issues, our class divisions, the trend toward increasing fundamentalism in many religions and our response to our refugee crisis. And although social media can help to curb our disconnection to a | 100 |
Spurs win Capital One Cup Final Twitter vote to 'Own the Arch' at Wembley
Wembley Stadium's iconic arch is shining brightly in the colours of Tottenham Hotspur this evening after they emerged<|fim_middle|>4 weeks.
To celebrate the Capital One Cup Final, Sky Sports will have a day of live Sky Sports programming from Wembley Stadium with 'Sunday Supplement' (Sky Sports 1, 8:00am) and 'Goals on Sunday' (Sky Sports 1, 9:30am) also enjoying the backdrop of the home of English football.
In addition, the match has attracted global interest and will be broadcast around the world, with a record number of over 200 territories showing the game this year.
OLD - Carabao Cup | as the winners of a week-long #OwnTheArch Twitter vote run by The Football League ahead of the Capital One Cup Final.
The #OwnTheArch Twitter vote is part of a range of activity taking place around the Final that will make it the most socially-engaged League Cup Final ever.
More than half a million tweets were posted in the innovative vote, as fans of the two finalist clubs around the world took to Twitter to get behind their side. In what was a close contest throughout, Tottenham Hotspur narrowly beat Chelsea to victory by recording 51% of the votes to Chelsea's 49%.
The chance to decide the colour of the Wembley arch was part of a unique first in the build up to Sunday's Final between Chelsea and Tottenham Hotspur. The social media vote was the first time the iconic arch has been utilised in this way to let fans decide how the national stadium looks ahead of a major cup final. Tottenham Hotspur's win also means they become the first club to have the arch lit up their colours.
Commenting on the vote result, Drew Barrand, Marketing Director at The Football League said: "The Football League is delighted to have been able to give thousands of football fans a unique opportunity to be a part of the first major showpiece Final of the season.
"We believe that, with half a million votes put forward by fans, this campaign will help to make the Capital One Cup Final the biggest UK domestic football match on social media.
"The success of the #OwnTheArch campaign is testament to our desire to find new and innovative ways to reward all fans for their ongoing support for the Capital One Cup."
The Football League tracked the use of two designated hashtags on Twitter throughout the week following the launch on Monday - #ChelseaAtWembley and #SpursAtWembley – with score updates provided on the official @CapitalOne_Cup Twitter account. The result of the vote was announced live from Wembley on Sky Sports News this evening.
Alex Trickett, Head of Sport, Twitter UK added: "Twitter is the place where people come to share in the biggest moments in the football calendar, in fact eight of the ten most-Tweeted-about UK moments in 2014 were football-related.
"It was incredible to see fans from the UK and around the world reaching for their devices to light up the Wembley arch this weekend."
Other social media activity for the Final has seen supporters submit motivational messages for the two teams via the Capital One Cup official Facebook page, with one message for each team being selected to be displayed in the tunnel as the last thing the teams see before they walk out at Wembley.
On match day itself supporters around the world not lucky enough to have a ticket for the match will be given the chance to have their photo featured on the giant screens as Wembley with fans encouraged to post a #FinalSelfie on Instagram and Twitter.
The Capital One Cup Final kicks off at 4pm on Sunday and is exclusively live on Sky Sports 1 with coverage from 2:30pm. Past League Cup winners Thierry Henry and Jamie Redknapp will be joining Glenn Hoddle in the studio to share their insight and knowledge with viewers.
Sunday's Final will decide the winner of the first major domestic silverware of the season and is the first one of a record 13 trophy lifts across Europe that will be live on Sky Sports over the next 1 | 703 |
Your Hub for AJC News and Analysis
AJC Attended Hanukkah Celebration Hosted by Azerbaijan Embassy in Washington
December 15, 2016 — New York, New York
AJC CEO David Harris issued the following statement:
A media report suggesting that AJC was "one of four major Jewish groups" refusing to attend an event held in Washington by the Embassy of<|fim_middle|> from many visits, Azerbaijan is a country that has extended a welcome mat to the Jewish people since time immemorial and, as illustrated by Prime Minister Netanyahu's recent visit to Baku, has been a close friend and partner of Israel. Azerbaijan has also played a key role at important moments in advancing U.S. interests in the region.
Yesterday's reception to celebrate the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah, a powerful symbol of the age-old quest for religious freedom, was a most thoughtful and welcome gesture on the part of our Azerbaijani friends.
More General News
American Jewish Committee CEO Ted Deutch Issues Statement on International Holocaust Remembrance Day Read the Press Release
Surviving the Unimaginable: A Child's Story of the Holocaust Listen to the Podcast | Azerbaijan -- because of the venue at a Trump-owned hotel -- is untrue. AJC did, in fact, attend.
While I could not be in Washington yesterday to participate personally, of course we would want AJC to be represented due to our respect for the host -- the Embassy of Azerbaijan.
As I know | 62 |
"KASHISH was the first LGBT event in India to launch a crowdfunding campaign in 2012, and since then every year, we have successfully carried out such a campaign to fulfill gap funding for the festival," said festival director Sridhar Rangayan. "While the total amount of the crowdfunding campaign is a modest percentage of the overall budget of the festival, it is a very important component, as it involves individuals from all over the world. It invigorates, motivates and challenges people to come forward and show their support in whatever capacity they can. It is a ripple effect of enthusiasm that pours in – not just money, but a lot of goodwill. We feel invigorated and motivated in return to bring to the audience the best possible KASHISH edition," added Rangayan.
The crowdfunding campaign is on Wishberry.
Founded in 2010, KASHISH is held over 5 days at<|fim_middle|>.
KASHISH 2011 : What To Expect? | two venues. The festival this year will be held at Liberty Cinema and Alliance Francaise in South Mumbai. It is the only Indian LGBT festival to be held with approval by the Information & Broadcasting Ministry, Government of India.
The theme of KASHISH 2015, 'Reaching Out, Touching Hearts', reflects the urgent need for all of us to reach across barriers and boundaries, reach out to everyone – parents, families, friends, colleagues and peers.
An equal society without stigma and discrimination is a shared responsibility | 107 |
Newcomb Spring, one of North America's largest custom spring and metal form manufacturers, has worked with Stifel Marcin for years on integrated marketing solutions. With the most recent iteration of NewcombSpring.com, our goal was to increase qualified leads and generate higher volumes of relevant traffic. The Stifel Marcin team set out to develop a website build that, from the core, was designed for maximum search engine marketing benefit.
As part of our ongoing SEO management, we continually analyze website metrics, evaluate data and make informed updates and optimizations. We look at visitor activity by page – even with mouse flow video monitoring – and used our SEO expertise to identify opportunities. Using the information we learned during Newcomb Spring's previous website optimization, the Stifel<|fim_middle|>el Marcin team has developed a comprehensive digital marketing plan for Newcomb Spring, which includes PPC and social advertising, as well as digital ads on key trade publications. All of these efforts support the Newcomb Spring brand, increase the volume of traffic to NewcombSpring.com and drive in new leads.
Thanks to our ongoing and effective collaboration, the Newcomb Spring website continues to be the company's leading source of new leads. With the newest version of the website launched, we have doubled the volume of site visits as well as the leads converted, compared to the previous site. | Marcin team developed a new site UX and content organization. We integrated cross-linking, technical content, engineering tools, and prominent calls-to-action, and built a site with engaging content and that turn visitors into leads.
In addition to organic SEO, the Stif | 53 |
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<|fim_middle|> in the season. We don't want to make excuses; there is so much quality in this team but at the moment we're not putting it together as we should be.
"I think that once we get that victory, the confidence will come flooding back. It's a case of coming out fighting on Saturday. We have already proved that we are good enough to beat anyone at this level and fortunes will turn for us sooner rather than later.
"We have the belief that we will get back to where we were and we're doing all that we can to get there quickly." | Walsall Football Club
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Holden full of faith...
CENTRAL defender, Dean Holden has come out fighting as we prepare for our first-ever trip to Crawley Town on Saturday (kick-off 3.00pm).
"We've analysed things over the past few days and looked at where we are going wrong," said the summer signing. "As a group we are working so hard to put things right and move forward.
"We're not going to feel sorry for ourselves, the only way that we are going to get out of the run that we are on is by sticking together and putting the work in.
"None of us are achieving the performance levels we were earlier | 197 |
Sonora ( ), oficialmente llamado Estado Libre y Soberano de Sonora, es uno de los treinta y un estados que, junto con la Ciudad de México, conforman México. Su capital y ciudad más poblada es Hermosillo. Está ubicado en la región noroeste del país, limitando al norte con Arizona (Estados Unidos) y con Nuevo México (Estados Unidos), este con Chihuahua, al sur con Sinaloa y al oeste con el mar de Cortés o golfo de California (océano Pacífico) y con Baja California. Con 179 503 km² es el segundo estado más extenso —por detrás de Chihuahua— y con 14,83 hab/km², el quinto menos densamente poblado, por detrás de Campeche, Chihuahua, Durango y Baja California Sur. Fue fundado el 10 de enero de 1824.
El territorio está conformado por cuatro provincias fisiográficas: la Sierra Madre Occidental, las Sierras y Valles Paralelos en el centro, el desierto y la costa del golfo de California. Está compuesto principalmente por desiertos semiáridos y praderas, en donde solo en las elevaciones más altas se presenta suficiente lluvia para sostener otros tipos de vegetación.
En Sonora viven ocho pueblos indígenas, entre ellos los mayos, los yaquis y los seris. Ha sido económicamente importante por su agricultura, su ganadería (en especial de res) y su minería desde el periodo colonial, y por su situación como estado fronterizo desde la Invasión estadounidense en México. Después de la venta de La Mesilla, Sonora perdió más de un cuarto de su territorio. Desde el hasta el presente, la industria, el turismo y los agronegocios han dominado la economía, lo que ha atraído migración de otras partes de México.
Se divide en 72 municipios. Su capital es Hermosillo. Otras localidades importantes son: Ciudad Obregón, Navojoa, Caborca, Guaymas, Huatabampo, Puerto Peñasco, Nogales, Agua Prieta, San Luis Río Colorado, Nacozari de García y Cananea.
Geografía
El estado de Sonora cuenta con una superficie territorial de 179355 km² y forma parte de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, se encuentra ubicado en su región noroeste y ocupa el segundo lugar en extensión entre todas las entidades federativas de la República mexicana, con una porción de 9.2% del total de la superficie.
Su situación geográfica, se sitúa entre los 32°29' y los 26°14' de latitud Norte y entre los 108°26' y los 105°02' de longitud Oeste del meridiano de Greenwich. Limita al norte con los Estados Unidos de América, al sur con el estado de Sinaloa, al este con Chihuahua y al oeste con el golfo de California y la Baja California. Su fisiografía está constituida en su mayoría por llanuras y sierras.
Regiones naturales
La costa con el golfo de California se formó por la separación de la península de Baja California entre diez y doce millones de años atrás. El golfo de California, en sí, se formó entre 5.5 y 6 millones de años atrás. El estado tiene 816 kilómetros de costa, todas en el golfo, son aguas relativamente poco profundas y tranquilas. Hay playas en la mayor parte de la costa, algunas de arena fina y blanca.
La región del desierto está principalmente compuesta de matorrales, a excepción de la zona de Altar donde es arenoso. Constituye el desierto más rico y variado en vida y comunidades bióticas de toda América. La zona del desierto de Altar alberga el campo volcánico El Pinacate.
Las sierras y valles paralelos del centro del estado tienen entre 50 y 120 kilómetros de anchura, esparcidos entre la Sierra Madre y el golfo de California. Los patrones climáticos traen humedad y nubes hacia al este desde el océano Pacífico, lo que forma ríos y arroyos que cruzan el área de los valles y se vacían en el golfo. Estos ríos han traído sedimento de la roca volcánica desde la Sierra Madre y este ha enterrado la mayoría de las montañas y cerros del centro del estado, convirtiéndolas en planicies. Estos suelos son ricos en minerales y tienen cientos de metros en grosor en algunos lugares, lo que hace muy fértil a la región, solo que carece de agua.
La Sierra Madre Occidental domina el este del estado, ésta cuenta con temperaturas menos extremas y, debido a la altitud, más lluvia. A medida que las masas de aire húmedo entran a la región desde el océano y llegan a las montañas, se enfrían y esto lleva a que haya precipitación, en su mayoría lluvia pero a veces nieve en las regiones más altas como Yécora, Cananea y Nogales. Este proceso elimina la mayoría de la humedad del aire y la lleva a varios ríos y arroyos que se vacían en el Golfo así como en mantos acuíferos subterráneos en las llanuras.
Clima
Durante el Plioceno, la separación de Baja California y el desarrollo del golfo de California redujeron de manera drástica la humedad que entraba a Sonora lo que llevó a una aridez regional severa tanto en Sonora como en Baja California. Esto creó comunidades de matorral xerófilo y el desarrollo de especies únicas para esta región.
Noventa por ciento del estado tiene condiciones desérticas o áridas. Los otros tipos de clima están restringidos a las áreas del estado con altitudes mayores como el área de Yécora, las montañas al norte de Cananea, y una franja a lo largo del sureste del estado con la frontera con Chihuahua.
La temperatura alta promedio varía entre en Yécora a los en los municipios de Hermosillo y Cajeme. La temperatura baja promedio varía entre 5.9 en Yécora a en el municipio de Hermosillo. En invierno llegan masas de aire frío del norte al estado, esto puede producir temperaturas congelantes y vientos fuertes por la noche en los lugares más elevados, pero la temperatura puede volver a ser hasta durante el día. Casi nunca ocurren temperaturas congelantes en las tierras bajas. En febrero de 2011, el gobierno mexicano registró una temperatura baja histórica en Yécora de .
La precipitación es por temporada y ocurre casi siempre en las elevaciones más altas. En las tierras calientes áridas o semiáridas, la evaporación supera por mucho la precipitación. La zona más árida de México, el gran desierto de Altar, se encuentra en este estado. El este del estado, dominado por la Sierra Madre Occidental, tiene temperaturas menos extremas y con relativamente más lluvia debido a la altitud.
Flora y fauna
El estado cuenta con una gran variedad de especies de flora, predominan los matorrales en la planicie costera, al noroeste y región central. Hay selvas en la parte sureste del estado, seguidas por el matorral subtropical; los pastizales se ubican al norte y en los límites con Chihuahua se localizan los bosques templados.
En las regiones secas se encuentran una gran gama de plantas xerófilas, como los sahuaros, y árboles como el mezquite, el palo blanco, el palo fierro, el palo verde y el torote, ya que tienen sistemas de adaptación como crecer a la orilla de riachuelos y en las faldas de los cerros, no ser muy altos para contrarrestar la fuerza del viento y tener la madera muy dura y raíces largas que penetran en la tierra hasta encontrar un depósito de agua.
La mayoría de los bosques se localizan en el noreste del estado y cubren cerca de 6.4% del estado Esta área es la que tiene la temperatura más fría. La deforestación es un problema significativo, en especial después de 1980, debido al incremento en la tasa de corte de árboles. Muchos árboles de mezquite también han desaparecido por la demanda de combustibles locales y el mercado del carbón de mezquite en México y los EUA.
La mayor parte del norte de México sufre de una de las tasas de desertificación más altas del mundo debido a la degradación de la tierra en las áreas áridas y semiáridas, lo que conlleva la pérdida de la productividad biológica y económica, pero el proceso es más grave en Sonora que en Sinaloa, por ejemplo. La degradación de la tierra ocurre por la limpieza de tierra para la agricultura, la plantación de pasto no nativo de la región para pastar, la tala de bosques, el sobre-consumo de vegetación natural y la salinización de suelo por la irrigación.
La fauna de Sonora es rica y variada, pudiéndose contar como animales principales los siguientes, agrupados por especies:
mamíferos: ardilla, borrego cimarrón, borrego salvaje, cabra montesa, cacomixtle, codorniz, conejo, coyote, cuyo, gato montés, jabalí, jaguar, liebre, lobo, musaraña (Soriciade), ocelote, onza, oso negro, pecarí de collar (Tayassuidae), puma, rata canguro, tejón, tigrillo, venado de cola blanca, venado bura, zorra y zorrillo;
aves: agachona, aguilucho, alondra, alcatraz, búho, chachalaca, correcaminos, gallardeto, gallina de agua, ganga, garzo, gavilán, gaviota, halcón, huilota, huitlacoche, pájaro mosca, quelele, saltapared, tecolote, tórtolo;
peces: carpa, pez dorado, pez vela, tilapia, totoaba, vaquita marina.
reptiles: boa, camaleón, coralillo, iguana, lagarto, sapo, serpiente de cascabel, serpiente real, tortuga, monstruo de Gila.
Además el estado posee un registro paleontológico destacable por la fauna fósil que lo constituye como poríferos, braquiopodos, moluscos, artrópodos y equinodermos.
Hidrología
Con la excepción del río Colorado, los sistemas de ríos y acuíferos en Sonora son el resultado de la lluvia proveniente de las nubes sobre la Sierra Madre Occidental. Esta agua corre río abajo hacia el oeste de las montañas a lo largo de los cañones y valles hasta las praderas y la costa del Golfo de California. Sonora tiene siete ríos principales, el Colorado, el Concepción, el San Ignacio, el Sonora, el Mátape, el Yaqui y el Mayo. Presas, como la Álvaro Obregón (Oviáchic), la Adolfo Ruíz Cortines (Mocúzari), la Plutarco Elías Calles (Novillo), la Abelardo L. Rodríguez y la Lázaro Cárdenas (La Angostura) han sido construidas a lo largo de algunos de estos ríos, en al menos dos de ellos donde ya existían lagos naturales. Algunas de las presas formaron grandes deltas, como la del Río Mayo. Los acuíferos más grandes se encuentran principalmente entre Hermosillo y la costa, el valle de Guaymas y el área alrededor de Caborca. Muchos de estos han tenido problemas debido a la sobre explotación para el riego en la agricultura.
Áreas protegidas
Sonora tiene de áreas de vida salvaje protegidas. Las áreas naturales protegidas en el estado de tipo federal son siete, de tres tipos: reservas de la biosfera (3), áreas para la protección de flora y fauna (2) y áreas para la protección de los recursos naturales (2). De forma resumida son:
reserva de la biósfera Alto golfo de California y delta del río Colorado (SINAP 4), que ocupa la parte noroeste de Sonora y la parte noreste de Baja California, en la parte más norteña del golfo de California y del delta del río Colorado. En la zona vive una gran variedad de especies marinas. También hay playas rocosas a lo largo de ésta con arena fina. Algunas de éstas constituyen el hábitat de grupos de focas y leones marinos. La reserva fue creada en 1993 y abarca un área de . En tierra, hay vegetación de tierra árida, dunas costeras y un estuario.
reserva de la biosfera El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar (SINAP 6), establecida en junio de 1993 que<|fim_middle|>utarco Elías Calles) firmaran el Plan de Agua Prieta por el cual desconocían al gobierno carrancista, este movimiento pronto vino a dominar la situación política mexicana, pero causó inestabilidad política generalizada. Obregón triunfó en quitar a Carranza del cargo y convertirse el siguiente presidente de México. Para las elecciones presidenciales de 1924, Obregón escogió a Plutarco Elías Calles como sucesor, que también era un líder revolucionario de Sonora. Esto terminó de manera efectiva la guerra, pero las hostilidades habían destruido nuevamente la economía sonorense. De 1920 a principio de los 1930, cuatro sonorenses ocuparían la presidencia de la república, Adolfo de la Huerta, Álvaro Obregón, Plutarco Elías Calles y Abelardo L. Rodríguez.
Los esfuerzos de modernización y desarrollo económico iniciados en el Porfiriato continuarían a lo largo de la Revolución y por el resto del . A finales del y a principios del XX, el proceso de llevar electricidad incrementó ampliamente la demanda de cobre, lo que trajo consigo un gran incremento en la minería de Sonora. Cananea creció muy rápido de una villa de 900 a una ciudad de 20,000 habitantes. También ocasionó una red de caminos, vías de tren y otras conexiones a lo largo de la frontera. Sin embargo, el desarrollo organizado de la agricultura estatal se detuvo por la Revolución, la Gran depresión y otros problemas políticos.
En los 1930, Sonora se benefició de varias políticas nacionales enfocadas al desarrollo de ciudades en la frontera con los Estados Unidos y por la construcción de varias presas para ayudar al desarrollo de la agricultura y la demanda de agua general. En los 1940 comenzaron reformas agrícolas importantes en el área del Río Mayo, cuando se limpió el delta de vegetación natural y se convirtió en tierras de cultivo. Se aseguró el agua para estas granjas con la construcción de la Presa Mocúzari a cerca de 24 kilómetros de Navojoa. Cuando se terminó en 1951, había un sistema de canales, pozos y carreteras para apoyar la agricultura a gran escala para su exportación. Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial el Estado fue beneficiada económicamente, en especial las localidades pesqueras, por la necesidad de productos enlatados.
En la última mitad del , la población del estado ha crecido y se ha incrementado la inversión extranjera debido a su localización estratégica cerca de la frontera y su puerto de Guaymas. Esto ha permitido el desarrollo de infraestructura moderna como carreteras, puertos y aeropuertos, lo que hace del estado uno de los mejores conectados del país. En 1964 se construyó un puente sobre el río Colorado para enlazar a Sonora con la vecina Baja California. Un sector importante de la economía ha sido la industria, que trajo consigo la planta Ford en Hermosillo y varias plantas de ensamble llamadas maquiladoras en la frontera con los Estados Unidos. Uno de los sectores de la economía con mayor crecimiento ha sido el turismo, en especial en la costa, esto ha llevado al surgimiento de infraestructura hotelera, en especial en Puerto Peñasco.
Demografía
De acuerdo con los resultados del Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010 del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI), el estado de Sonora contaba con 2,882,628 habitantes, que representó el 2.4% de la población de México. Del total, 50.3% eran hombres y 49.7% eran mujeres. La tasa de crecimiento poblacional anual para la entidad durante el período 2005-2010 fue del 2.1%. El crecimiento de la población ha sido constante en desde 1940. El censo también indicó que la mitad de la población tiene 26 años o menos.
La densidad de población en Sonora es de 14.8 habitantes por kilómetro cuadrado, lo que convierte a Sonora una de las entidades menos densamente pobladas de México, en el lugar 29 de 32; resaltando que el estado es el segundo más grande del país, después de Chihuahua.
En la entidad 60,310 personas hablan una lengua indígena, lo que representa un 3% de la población. Esta población se localiza principalmente en el sur del Estado. Las lenguas indígenas más frecuentes son el mayo (46.4%) y el yaqui (26.6%).
Ciudades más pobladas
A continuación se presenta una lista de las ciudades más pobladas de Sonora de acuerdo con el último censo de población (2020), no confundirse con los Municipios más poblados.
{| class="infobox" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin-left:0px; font-size:85%"
|-
! align="center" rowspan="11" |
Hermosillo
Ciudad Obregón
Heroica Nogales
San Luis Río Colorado
Navojoa
! align=center style="background:#f5f5f5;" | Núm.
! align=center style="background:#f5f5f5;" | Ciudad
! align=center style="background:#f5f5f5;" | Pob.
! align=center style="background:#f5f5f5;" | Núm.
! align=center style="background:#f5f5f5;" | Ciudad
! align=center style="background:#f5f5f5;" | Pob.
! align="center" rowspan="11" |
Heroica Guaymas
Agua Prieta
Heroica Caborca
Puerto Peñasco
Miguel Alemán
|-
| align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | 1 ||align=left | Hermosillo ||855,563|| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;" | 6 ||align=left | Heroica Guaymas ||117,253
|-
| align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | 2 ||align=left | Ciudad Obregón ||329,404|| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;" | 7 ||align=left | Agua Prieta ||91,029
|-
| align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | 3 ||align=left | Heroica Nogales ||261,137|| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;" | 8 || align=left | Heroica Caborca ||67,604
|-
| align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | 4 ||align=left | San Luis Río Colorado ||176,685
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;" | 9 ||align=left | Puerto Peñasco ||62,301
|-
| align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | 5 ||align=left | Navojoa ||120,926
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;" | 10 ||align=left | Miguel Alemán (La Doce)||39,474
|-
| colspan="6" align=center style="background:#FF8C00;" | {{small|Fuente:}}
|}
Cultura
Algunos de los festivales culturales más importantes del estado son el Festival del Pitic en Hermosillo, el Festival Alfonso Ortiz Tirado en Álamos, las Fiestas de San Francisco en Magdalena de Kino y el Carnaval de Guaymas. Sonora cuenta además con dos pueblos mágicos, los anteriormente mencionados Álamos y Magdalena de Kino.
Los museos más importantes de Sonora son el Museo Costumbrista de Sonora en Álamos, el Museo Casa del General Álvaro Obregón en Huatabampo, el Museo de los Yaquis en Cócorit, Cajeme; el Museo Comca'ac (de los seris) en Bahía de Kino, Hermosillo; el Museo Costumbrista Regional en Ures, el Museo Silvestre Rodríguez en Nacozari de García y el Museo de la Lucha Obrera en Cananea.
Las danzas indígenas más importantes son la danza del venado, la de la páscola y la de los matachines, que se presenta principalmente en Huatabampo. Todavía se practica la medicina con plantas medicinales en especial en las zonas rurales.
Desde la época colonial, gran parte de la economía estatal ha estado relacionado con la ganadería, siendo los vaqueros una parte importante de la identidad estatal. Hoy en día, la mayoría de ellos trabajan en la industria y el turismo, pero la indumentaria y el folclor del vaquero sigue siendo importante. Los pantalones de mezclilla y los sombreros de vaquero siguen siendo muy populares, en especial entre los hombres. El estilo de vida vaquero está asociado con las camionetas Pickup. Esta influencia se extiende a la música popular.
El estilo musical más popular del área es la norteña, que incluye la Banda. La música norteña se desarrolló desde finales del hasta el comienzo del en toda la región fronteriza del norte de México y el suroeste de los Estados Unidos, con la influencia de los valses, polkas, las rancheras, mazurcas y los corridos. Un instrumento importante del género es el acordeón, traído por primera vez a la región por inmigrantes alemanes. Las versiones sonorenses de este tipo de música se desarrollaron de los 1920s a los 1960s. Muchas de las primeras composiciones exitosas son de compositores anónimos. En los 1950s, con la expansión de la radio, la popularidad del género se incrementó pues se comenzó a escuchar música norteña de Nuevo León, Durango y otros estados. Estas versiones regularmente incluían canciones escritas por compositores sonorenses tales como Amor de madre de Jesús "El Chito" Peralta, Cuatro milpas, Mundo engañoso, El Venadito, La Higuerita y El Tarachi de Aristeo Silvas Antúnez; La barca de Guaymas de Ventura Romero (el presidente José López Portillo le adjudicó la autoría a José López Portillo y Weber, su padre), A mi primer amor de Silvestre Rodríguez y Échale un cinco al piano de Manuel S. Acuña. La juventud que trabajaba en los campos y ranchos se identificaba de manera particular con esta música.
El primer grupo norteño formal fue Los Cuartetos de Sonora, formado por los hermanos Carvajal. En contraste con bandas de otros estados, que eran duetos, las bandas sonorenses eran tríos antes de volverse cuartetos y quintetos con la adición de más instrumentos musicales. La letra casi siempre habla de momentos importantes del día a día que se celebran y embellecen. Solo de manera reciente la música norteña ha sido aceptada por otras clases sociales fuera de aquellas en las que se desarrolló. Los grupos norteños de Sonora, a veces llamados taca-tacas, pueden ser escuchados en eventos sociales de todos los niveles socio-económicos.
Arqueología
La región ha sido un área de estudio para los arqueólogos, antropólogos e historiadores; quienes han trabajado con las ruinas prehispánicas y los huesos fosilizados. Sin embargo, gran parte de la investigación en esta zona sigue en su etapa descriptiva inicial y hay muchas preguntas básicas aún sin responder. Sonora es considerada una zona cultural separada de Mesoamérica, aunque hay algo de influencia mesoamericana. Las principales diferencias entre las culturas sonorenses y las de Mesoamérica son el cultivo en climas secos, aunque se produce de igual manera el maíz, la calabaza y los frijoles. También hay mayor dependencia de los recursos no cultivados por el hombre. Aunque vale la pena resaltar que lo más importante es la carencia de ciudades como tales en la historia prehispánica de esta región, habiendo únicamente poblaciones pequeñas cerca de las fuentes de agua y un débil sistema jerárquico. Las culturas aquí también comparten algunas características con aquellas del suroeste de los Estados Unidos, pero también son notablemente distintas.
El Cerro de Trincheras es un sitio arqueológico importante localizado en el municipio homónimo, con petroglifos, plazas y observatorios astronómicos. Se disputa el propósito exacto del área, pero se sabe que alcanzó su esplendor entre 1300 y 1450 de nuestra era, cuando tuvo una población de cerca de mil habitantes, que vivieron del cultivo del maíz, la calabaza, el algodón y el agave. Su estructura más grande se llama La Cancha, que está en la base al lado norte del cerro. Es un patio rectangular caracterizado por sus rocas apiladas en las orillas, que miden 51 por 13 metros. Algunos investigadores creen que era un tipo de cancha para el juego de pelota y otros creen que era una especie de teatro al aire libre. En el cerro mismo hay un observatorio, que da una vista del lugar. La mayoría de los artefactos del área de piedra y concha fueron encontrados ahí. La Plaza del Caracol se caracteriza por su pared de piedra de metro y medio en espiral abierta, muy probablemente utilizada para ceremonias.
Gastronomía
Como en otras partes de México, la cocina sonorense es básicamente una mezcla de las influencias indígenas y españolas. Cuando los españoles avanzaron al norte del Valle de México, encontraron que la dieta del lugar era más simple, con lo básico de maíz, frijoles y calabaza, pero sin la variedad extra que existía en el sur. Por esta razón, esos españoles influenciaron la manera en la que se desarrolló esa dieta. Trajeron a Sonora cosechas europeas de harina, res, productos lácteos, puerco y más, así como platillos e ingredientes del centro y sur de México, tales como tortillas, más variedades de chiles y tamales. La cultura del vaquero ha sido un aspecto importante de la cultura de Sonora desde la época colonial y gran parte de la cocina está basada en lo que los vaqueros comieron en sus inicios, incluso aunque la mayoría de los sonorenses ya no trabajan al aire libre. La cocina sonorense no está limitada a su geografía actual. Arizona, en especial en el área sur cerca de la frontera, tiene una cocina que también es rica en harina, queso y res; así fue llevada por los españoles, a lo que alguna vez fue parte de Sonora. Ambos estados continúan con la tradición del vaquero. Debido a la situación de Sonora como un estado fronterizo, su cocina también ha recibido una influencia significativa de los EUA.
Dos componentes importantes de la dieta del estado son los mariscos y la res, esta última juega un papel más importante en Sonora que en el resto de México. La res normalmente se cocina a la parrilla, y los sonorenses prefieren cortes robustos como pecho y falda. La machaca o carne seca todavía se disfruta, aunque la refrigeración ha hecho desaparecer la necesidad de secar la carne para su conservación. Sonora también tiene la reputación de producir cortes de res finos, pero el ganado español más delgado ha sido sustituido por Angus, Herefords y Holsteins. Entre los platillos que se basan en res o que la contienen se incluyen la carne deshebrada, la carne con rajas verdes, los burros de carne asada, la carne con chile colorado, el chorizo de res, la carne seca, la machaca, el menudo, las gorditas y las albóndigas. La comida del mar o mariscos también es parte importante de la cocina, en especial cerca de la costa pues hay una gran variedad de peces y almejas en el Golfo de California. Los mariscos se cocinan generalmente en platillos muy sencillos, tales como tacos de pescado, sopas de mariscos, arroz con camarón, o pulpo y albóndigas de camarón. Algunos de los peces más consumidos son las cabrillas, el marlín y la mantarraya.
Las tortillas son parte fundamental de la dieta sonorense, pero son de harina, en vez de maíz. En Sonora, estas tortillas son más grandes y delgadas que las preparadas en otras partes. Los productos lácteos son comunes en los platillos y los chiles juegan un rol más pequeño. Aun así, un chile nativo importante es el chiltepín, que la gente continúa cultivando en las zonas secas del noroeste de México.
La cocina contiene varias sopas y caldos, que combinan ingredientes regionales con elementos de todo México, con res, puerco y maíz. Las sopas de mariscos son populares a lo largo de la costa. Entre estos platillos se incluye el pozole de trigo, el pozole de res, el menudo con pata, la sopa de elote, el caldo de calabazas y la sopa de camarón. Los tamales se hacen con masa de maíz seco y con rellenos; como carne con chile, aceitunas, papas, chile colorado y otros ingredientes, envueltos en hojas de maíz secas y hechos al vapor. Los rellenos de los tamales varían en el estado pero los más populares incluyen maíz fresco y crema, tiras de chile verde y queso, res con chile colorado y a veces mariscos.
Las culturas varias que han llegado al estado han influenciado el desarrollo de panes, postres y dulces. La mayoría de los dulces se hacen con leche de vaca, caña de azúcar, almendras, nueces, arroz, semillas de girasol y piloncillo. Entre estas están las pipitorias, el jamoncillo, el cubierto de biznaga, los cubiertos de calabaza, los cubiertos de camote, calabaza en miel, piloncillo, nieve de pitahaya, naranjas y limones cristalizados.
El bacanora es un licor regional con denominación de origen que desde hace décadas se produce en el pueblo del mismo nombre, localizado en el centro del estado. Su base es la planta de agave (Agave vivipara) como el mezcal y el tequila y viene en varios estilos, incluido añejo. Tiene un sabor distintivo. Se estima que medio millón de plantas son cosechadas de la naturaleza para hacer esta bebida cada año, lo que ha llevado a preocupaciones sobre su sobre-explotación.
Gobierno
La forma de gobierno de Sonora es descrita en su Constitución, que data de 1917. De acuerdo con la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, el Estado de Sonora adopta para su régimen interior la forma de gobierno republicano, representativo, democrático, laico y popular, teniendo como base de su división territorial y organización política y administrativa, el Municipio Libre, según la presente Constitución y sus respectivas leyes. El gobierno del Estado se divide en tres poderes: Ejecutivo, Legislativo y Judicial.
El Poder Ejecutivo se deposita en una sola persona denominada Gobernador del Estado de Sonora, electo por voto directo cada seis años sin posibilidad de reelección. Toma posesión el día 13 de septiembre del año de su elección. El actual gobernador por el período 2021-2027 es Alfonso Durazo Montaño del partido Movimiento Regeneración Nacional (Morena).
El Poder Legislativo es unicameral y se deposita en 21 diputados electos de manera directa y 12 diputados electos por representación proporcional para un período de tres años sin posibilidad de reelección; estos conforman el Congreso del Estado de Sonora. La actual Legislatura (2021-2024) es la LXIII. El Congreso del Estado se instala el día 16 de septiembre del año de su elección.
El Poder Judicial''' se deposita en el Supremo Tribunal de Justicia, en Tribunales Regionales de Circuito, en Juzgados de Primera Instancia y en Juzgados Locales. Existe, además, el Consejo del Poder Judicial del Estado de Sonora, como un órgano permanente de la administración de la justicia. El Supremo Tribunal de Justicia está compuesto por siete Magistrados Propietarios
y siete Suplentes y funcionará en Pleno, en Salas o en Comisiones. El licenciado Rafael Acuña Griego es el presidente del Supremo Tribunal de Justicia del Estado.
A nivel federal, Sonora cuenta con tres senadores y siete diputados (los que representan a los siete distritos electorales federales del estado) en el Congreso de la Unión de México. Los senadores son elegidos por elección popular cada seis años y los diputados cada tres. La actual legislatura federal es la LXIII Legislatura.
El 7 de junio de 2015 se llevaron a cabo las elecciones estatales de Sonora de 2015 donde se eligió nuevo Gobernador, Presidentes municipales, Diputados locales y federales. El 15 de junio de 2015 el Instituto Estatal Electoral de Sonora, a través de la Consejera Presidenta Guadalupe Taddei Zavala, realizó la entrega de la constancia de mayoría a Claudia Pavlovich Arellano, que la acredita como Gobernadora electa para el período 2015 -2021. Esto después de que se declarara la validez de la elección en la sesión permanente del cómputo estatal de la elección de Gobernador del Estado que concluyó el mismo día.
Gobierno local
El Estado de Sonora se encuentra dividido políticamente en municipios que representan el tercer nivel de gobierno en México, debajo del nivel estatal y federal. El estado de Sonora está compuesto por 72 municipios que cuentan con un gobierno propio que radica en el Ayuntamiento, el cual es dirigido por un Presidente Municipal elegido por elección popular cada 3 años. Los municipios son reconocidos como las partes integrantes del Estado.
La Constitución sonorense declara que el Estado tiene una composición pluricultural, basada originalmente en los pueblos indígenas, y que conservan sus propias instituciones sociales,
económicas, culturales y políticas, o parte de ellas. De manera que en la Constitución se garantiza el derecho de los pueblos y las comunidades indígenas a la libre determinación dentro de su territorio y además, garantiza el respeto y la igualdad de oportunidades para su desarrollo integral.
Educación
Según el censo de población y vivienda 2010, en Sonora la tasa de alfabetización de las personas de entre 15 y 24 años es de 98.3% y la de las personas de 25 años o más es de 95.6%.
La asistencia escolar para las personas de 3 a 5 años es del 43.5%; de 6 a 11 años es del 97.1%; de 12 a 14 años es del 94.3% y de 15 a 24 años es del 45.8%.
Instituciones de educación superior
La principal institución de educación superior es la Universidad de Sonora (Unison), fundada en 1942 por decreto estatal, la universidad ha crecido manteniendo su identidad. Está dividida en seis unidades a lo largo del Estado, con campus en Nogales, Santa Ana, Caborca, Hermosillo, Navojoa, y en Ciudad Obregón. Hermosillo, como sede principal, alberga a la mayoría de los estudiantes y de la oferta educativa. La institución ofrece programas de estudio en más de cuarenta especialidades a través de seis divisiones. Las maestrías y doctorados se ofrecen principalmente en ciencia y tecnología. La Unison es actualmente una de las instituciones públicas de educación superior más importantes de México.
El Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (Itson) tiene cerca de 17,000 alumnos y ofrece veintitrés licenciaturas, ocho programas de maestría, y tres programas de doctorado dentro de sus seis campus. La institución fue formada por iniciativa de la sociedad cajemense en Ciudad Obregón en 1955, pero recibió su nombre actual en 1962. Originalmente era una escuela de entrenamiento técnico, pero se reorganizó como universidad en 1973. Actualmente es la institución tecnológica más grande del estado.
Además, la entidad cuenta con otras instituciones públicas y privadas, como el Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Campus Sonora Norte (ITESM-CSN), el Instituto Tecnológico de Hermosillo (ITH), la Universidad Estatal de Sonora (UES, antes Cesues), la Universidad Tecnológica de Hermosillo (UTH), la Universidad del Valle de México (UVM), el Instituto Sonorense de Administración Pública (ISAP), entre otras.
Economía
A pesar del terreno árido y el clima extremoso, Sonora, como el resto del norte de México, es rico en recursos naturales. Esto ha llevado a una historia de autosuficiencia y muchos sonorenses se ven a sí mismos como herederos de esta tradición pionera. Una gran parte de esto está relacionado con la cultura y tradición del campo, pues gran parte de la economía estatal estuvo relacionada con la ganadería.
El estado tiene una fuerza laboral altamente cualificada y fuertes lazos con la economía de Estados Unidos debido en su mayoría a la frontera común con Arizona. Este enlace afecta a varios sectores de la economía estatal. Sonora tiene un crecimiento de PIB que generalmente es mayor que el resto del país, con un crecimiento de 4.0% en 2014, comparado con el promedio nacional de 3.3%. Aunque este crecimiento era mucho mayor antes de la crisis económica de 2008, por ejemplo, en 2006, el crecimiento fue de 8.4% con respecto al nacional de 4.8%. El éxito económico del estado, en especial en sus sectores industriales y de agricultura, así como en la frontera, ha atraído a muchos inmigrantes del centro y sur de México al estado.
La mayor parte de la industria estatal está relacionada con la agricultura y la pesca, en el procesamiento de comida y su empaquetamiento. En los años 1980, se instalaron en el estado un gran número de plantas industriales llamadas "maquiladoras", la mayoría situadas a lo largo de la frontera y en la capital, Hermosillo. Estas plantas de ensamblaje eran controladas en su mayoría por compañías estadounidenses a las que se les dieron facilidades en responsabilidades e impuestos. Hacia finales del , estas empresas tenían una gran influencia en la expansión y la modernización del área fronteriza de México, incluido Sonora. No solamente trajeron nuevas fuentes de empleo, sino además el estilo de gestión estadounidense tuvo influencia en los negocios del estado y del resto del norte de México. Sin embargo, las maquiladoras llegaron a un tope en 2001, cuando muchas compañías de Estados Unidos movieron su producción a China. El número de maquiladoras disminuyó, pero el valor de su producto final ha incrementado, de la misma manera que aquellos que prefieren bienes con mayor valor añadido y automatización. Además, muchas plantas abandonadas por las compañías de Estados Unidos fueron adquiridas por empresas mexicanas. A pesar del decremento en el número de maquiladoras, sus exportaciones han aumentado.
Minería
Además de la ganadería, la minería es otro elemento tradicional de la economía de Sonora, que comenzó con un hallazgo importante cerca de la ciudad de Álamos. Aunque la plata del área casi se acaba, Sonora sigue jugando un papel importante en México como uno de los quince productores de minerales más importantes del mundo, liderando en plata, celestina y bismuto. Sonora es el productor líder en oro, cobre, grafito, molibdeno y wollastonita. Todavía hay depósitos de plata en la Sierra Madre Occidental. Sonora además tiene una de las reservas de carbón más grandes del país. El estado tiene la superficie para la minería más grande de México, y tres de las minas más importantes del país: La Caridad, Cananea y Minería María. También alberga la mina de cobre más antigua de América del Norte, localizada en Cananea. Grupo México, con operaciones de minería principalmente en Cananea, es el tercer productor de cobre a nivel mundial.
La industria de la minería en México estuvo dominada principalmente por los españoles durante el periodo colonial, y por empresas extranjeras después de la independencia. En los años 1960 y 1970, el gobierno expulsó la mayoría de los intereses extranjeros en la minería mexicana, comenzando con mayores restricciones de propiedad en las compañías mineras mexicanas. Estas restricciones fueron tranquilas cuando comenzaron en 1992, con la única restricción de que la compañía operadora fuera mexicana. A tan solo tres años del cambio, más de setenta compañías extranjeras, en su mayoría estadounidenses y canadienses, abrieron oficinas en Hermosillo.
Las operaciones mineras principales han tenido un severo impacto ambiental, especialmente en las áreas cercanas, siendo Cananea el principal ejemplo. La minería lleva funcionando ahí más de un siglo, y los desechos mineros han contaminado los ríos San Pedro y Sonora cercanos a la mina, amenazando ambas cuencas. Las operaciones mineras también destruyen bosques cercanos debido a la demanda de materiales de construcción y combustible. Quedan pocos árboles viejos cerca de la ciudad de Cananea y el pueblo de San Javier en el centro de Sonora. En agosto de 2014, Grupo México fue responsable de lo que es considerado el peor desastre ambiental en la historia del sector minero en México, cuando más de 40,000 metros cúbicos de sulfato de cobre fueron derramados en el río Sonora, afectando a al menos 20,000 personas, miles de hectáreas de cultivo y cabezas de ganado.
Infraestructura
En el estado la Carretera Federal 15 tiene 2,711 kilómetros en el Estado, sumadas al resto de las carreteras estatales de 4,591 kilómetros; en total el estado cuenta con 7,302 kilómetros de carreteras. Sonora cuenta también con 2,008 kilómetros de vías férreas, 5 aeropuertos internacionales (el principal es el Aeropuerto Internacional General Ignacio Pesqueira García) y 2 puertos marítimos (el principal es Guaymas).
Operan en el estado 150 radio-difusoras (53 de amplitud modulada y 97 de frecuencia modulada) así como 90 estaciones de televisión. La entidad cuenta también con 466 establecimientos de diversas categorías para el hospedaje.
Transporte
Sonora yace en un corredor que ha conectado las tierras altas del centro de México con el norte hacia Estados Unidos por la costa del Pacífico al menos desde el periodo colonial, y hay evidencia de que este corredor existió en el periodo prehispánico también. Hoy, aún es un corredor importante para los viajes y los envíos, con vías de ferrocarril y la Carretera Federal 15 que las sigue. El estado tiene un total de 24,396 km de carreteras. Las líneas de ferrocarril consisten en aquellas que van hacia Estados Unidos. El puerto comercial más importante está en Guaymas, y algunos más pequeños para el turismo en San Carlos, Puerto Peñasco y Bahía de Kino. El estado tiene cuatro aeropuertos en las ciudades de Hermosillo, Puerto Peñasco, Ciudad Obregón y Nogales. Estos aeropuertos conectan el estado con 112 localidades tanto en México como en el extranjero.
Turismo
El principal atractivo turístico de Sonora son sus playas, poblaciones, además del desierto que se une al mar y a la sierra. La diversidad de sus ecosistemas hace posible que en el Estado puedan realizarse gran variedad de actividades de recreación y turismo como buceo, pesca, nado, senderismo, ciclismo de montaña, turismo cinegético y turismo ecológico.
Las playas más conocidas son San Carlos, Puerto Peñasco y Bahía de Kino. San Carlos, y su playa Los Algodones es una de las zonas más visitadas en la costa sonorense. San Carlos tiene una gran variedad de vida marina en sus costas, lo que la convierte en un lugar popular para la pesca deportiva y el buceo. Algunos yaquis y seris cerca de Guaymas y el Cerro del Tetakawi viven la de pesca.
Puerto Peñasco se localiza en el extremo noroeste del estado en el Golfo Superior algo cerca del desemboque del Río Colorado. Tiene 110 kilómetros de playas en aguas tranquilas, cerca del Desierto de Altar y de la reserva de la biosfera de El Pinacate, con uno de los climas más secos de México. Desde la década de 1990, ha experimentado un desarrollo a gran escala a lo largo de sus extensas playas.
En el municipio de Hermosillo se encuentra Bahía de Kino, las playas de la bahía son de arena blanca y agua calmada y cálida. En las islas cercanas se pueden observar leones marinos. Cerca de ésta costa está Isla Tiburón, la isla más grande de México y una reserva natural con borregos y venados salvajes. Ahí viven los seris, una comunidad indígena con especial importancia en Punta Chueca, que todavía practica la cacería, la pesca y la recolección de recursos naturales, además de la venta de manualidades a los turistas.
Para promover el turismo en áreas fuera de las playas principales, el estado de Sonora ha creado varias rutas turísticas para su promoción así como el estado de "Pueblo mágico" para algunas de sus ciudades más pequeñas. La ruta de las Misiones cubre las paradas principales del misionero jesuita Eusebio Francisco Kino, entre éstas se encuentran iglesias y misiones en Caborca, Pitiquito, Oquitoa, Átil, Tubutama, Ímuris, Cucurpe y Magdalena de Kino. En Magdalena, los restos del padre Kino se encuentran en el mausoleo en la Plaza Monumental.
La ruta del río Sonora sigue una serie de pueblos a lo largo del río Sonora. La ruta incluye los asentamientos de Ures, Baviácora, Aconchi, San Felipe de Jesús, Huépac, Banámichi, Sinoquipe, Arizpe, Bacoachi y Cananea. La ruta incluye atracciones como viejas haciendas, plazas, arroyos, bosques y otros atractivos naturales.
Deportes
El estado cuenta con múltiples infraestructuras deportivas, principalmente en Hermosillo y Ciudad Obregón, en las que se incluyen el Centro de Usos Múltiples (CUM), el Estadio Héroe de Nacozari, el Estadio Sonora, el Gimnasio del Estado, la Arena ITSON, así como múltiples unidades deportivas.
El estado cuenta además con los siguientes equipos deportivos:
Naranjeros de Hermosillo. Equipo de béisbol de la Liga Mexicana del Pacífico.
Yaquis de Ciudad Obregón. Equipo de béisbol de la Liga Mexicana del Pacífico.
Mayos de Navojoa. Equipo de béisbol de la Liga Mexicana del Pacífico.
Cimarrones de Sonora. Equipo de fútbol de la Liga de Ascenso de México.
Potros ITSON de Obregón. Equipo de básquetbol de la Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional de México (LNBP).
Rayos de Hermosillo. Equipo de básquetbol del CIBACOPA.
Algodoneros de San Luis. Equipo de béisbol de la Liga Norte de México.
Diablos de Hermosillo. Equipo de béisbol de la Liga Norte de México.
Tiburones de Puerto Peñasco. Equipo de béisbol de la Liga Norte de México.
Rojos de Caborca. Equipo de béisbol de la Liga Norte de México.
Guerreros de Ciudad Obregón. Equipo de fútbol de la Tercera División de México.
Ostioneros de Guaymas (baloncesto). Equipo de básquetbol del CIBACOPA.
Halcones de Ciudad Obregón. Equipo de básquetbol del CIBACOPA.
Huatabampo FC Tercera División Profesional
Soles de Sonora. Equipo de fútbol rápido de la Major Arena Soccer League (MASL) y la Liga Mexicana de Fútbol Rápido Profesional (LMFR-Pro).
El deporte más popular de Sonora es el béisbol, con casi todas las ciudades principales con al menos un equipo de béisbol que juega en la liga regional. Aunque el fútbol no es tan popular en el estado se mantiene como una práctica recreativa por la facilidad del desarrollo del juego en múltiples instalaciones deportivas.
Personajes destacados
Estados hermanados
Arizona, EUA
Véase también
Organización territorial de México
Estado de Occidente
Municipios de Sonora
Municipios de Sonora por índice de desarrollo humano
Localidades de Sonora
Referencias
Fuentes
, Thomas G. (1976). «Esquema de la historia de la cultura Trincheras». En Braniff, Beatriz y Felger, Richard (coords.), Sonora: antropología del desierto. Primera reunión de antropología e historia del Noroeste. Ciudad de México. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
Enlaces externos
Gobierno del Estado de Sonora — sitio web oficial
Comisión del Fomento al Turismo
Secretaria de Economía
Estado de Sonora | se localiza entre Puerto Peñasco y la frontera con los Estados Unidos, en el gran desierto de Altar. Consiste en un área con una serie de gigantescos cráteres volcánicos extintos, que están rodeados de flora y fauna. Es visitada frecuentemente por turistas extranjeros, investigadores y fotógrafos. La reserva tiene un museo, que muestra la historia del lugar y su formación hasta el presente. Fue declarada en 2013 Patrimonio de la Humanidad.
Isla San Pedro Mártir (SINAP 43), establecida el 13 de junio de 2002, que protege de áreas marinas y de matorral.
Área de protección de flora y fauna Sierra de Álamos-Río Cuchujaqui (SINAP 47), establecida el 19 de julio de 1996, que protege de zonas de selva baja caducifolia, bosque de encino, bosque de pino-encino y matorral espinoso.
Área de protección de flora y fauna Islas del Golfo de California, compartido con los estados de Baja California, Baja California Sur y Sinaloa. Fue establecida en agosto de 1978 y recategorizada el 7 de junio de 2000. Corresponden a Sonora:
La Bahía e islas de San Jorge, cubren un área de y se localizan en la costa norte de Sonora, entre Caborca y Puerto Peñasco. Las islas fueron hechas reserva federal por primera vez en 1978 debido a sus importantes aves migratorias. Hay un número especialmente importante de especies tales como Sterna antillarum, colonias de Sula leucogaster, Myotis vivesi y Zalophus californianus. Las islas son grandes rocas y son de color blanco por el guano. Las playas se extienden unos y terminan en la bahía de San Jorge en la parte sur. La zona es el hábitat de leones marinos y un tipo de murciélago de pesca. Hay dunas de arena y vegetación de zona árida así como un pequeño estuario. El clima es muy árido y semi-caliente con una temperatura promedio de entre 18 y 22 grados centígrados.
La isla Tiburón es una reserva ecológica con cerca de 300 especies de plantas con vida salvaje del desierto y marina. La isla alguna vez fue habitada por los Seris, y todavía la consideran su territorio.
reserva forestal nacional y refugio de vida silvestre Sierra Los Ajos-Bavispe;
reserva de caza nacional Cajón del Diablo.
Además, hay tres áreas protegidas de nivel estatal:
Sistema de Presas Abelardo L. Rodríguez-El Molinito, bajo la categoría de zona protectora forestal de la ciudad de Hermosillo;
reserva ecológica protegida Arivechi -Cerro Las Conchas;
reserva ecológica protegida Estero del Soldado;
Otras áreas son el Cañón Las Barajitas es un área natural protegida municipal establecida en 1993 que consiste de tres ecosistemas diferentes, localizado a al norte de San Carlos. Tiene un kilómetro de playas y un cañón que tiene dos microclimas distintos, uno árido y parecido al desierto, y otro subtropical. El área tiene una amplia variedad de fauna incluidas ballenas, delfines y mantas raya que pueden verse desde la costa dependiendo de la temporada. Algunas actividades para los visitantes son el uso del kayak, buceo y pesca. También hay cuevas así como un observatorio solar.
La unidad de conservación del área Mesa el Campanero-Arroyo El Reparo es una zona sujeta a conservación ecológica, que forma parte del corredor biogeográfico de la Sierra Madre Occidental y de la Cuenca del Río Yaqui y Mayo y se encuentra en el municipio de Yécora. Es una meseta con montañas que cubren , contiene pinos y bosques tropicales, ríos, arroyos, formaciones de roca y caminos de tierra. Debido a su altitud entre 700 y 2100 msnm, su temperatura es baja con respecto a la del estado. Es parte de la biorregión de la Sierra Madre Occidental y del nacimiento de los ríos Yaqui y Mayo.
Toponimia
Existen algunas conjeturas sobre el origen del nombre Sonora. Una es que proviene de la palabra Señora, que fue el primer nombre dado a la región por los exploradores españoles, encabezados por Diego de Guzmán, debido a que arribaron al río Yaqui el 7 de octubre de 1533, día de Nuestra Señora del Rosario. Como los nativos no podían pronunciar la letra 'ñ', Señora derivó en Sonora. Una segunda conjetura dice que los indígenas vivían en chozas de cañas llamadas en su lengua sonot. Los españoles cambiaron esa palabra a sonora y luego extendieron el nombre a toda la provincia.
Historia
Periodo prehispánico
Algunos de los más antiguos sitios arqueológicos encontrados en Sonora están relacionados con la cultura cochise, que se desarrolló en el período Paleoamericano. En el noroeste del estado, algunos sitios en las cuencas de los ríos Altar, Magdalena y Concepción muestran una evolución de la cultura Cochise a la cultura de Trincheras, caracterizada por ciertos tipos de cerámicas y por la construcción de terrazas y muros en las laderas de los cerros. Entre los sitios más característicos de esa cultura se encuentra Cerro de Trincheras.
Periodo colonial
Aunque hay poca información sobre lo que pasó en el territorio después de la llegada de los españoles a México en el , se sabe que hubo exploraciones españolas pero no asentamientos, en gran parte por la resistencia de los pueblos originarios, del pueblo yaqui principalmente. Los primeros asentamientos fueron fundados por los jesuitas y su sistema de misiones en la Nueva España.
El misionero más famoso de Sonora, así como en gran parte de lo que hoy es el suroeste de los Estados Unidos, es el jesuita italiano, Eusebio Francisco Kino, conocido como El Padre Kino. Llegó a Sonora en 1687 y comenzó su trabajo en el área de la Pimería Alta de Sonora y Arizona. Fundó su primera misión en Cucurpe, después estableció iglesias y misiones en otras villas tales como Los Remedios, Ímuris, Magdalena, Cocóspera, San Ignacio, Tubutama, Caborca y otras. Además enseñó técnicas europeas para la agricultura a los indígenas que predicaba, para permitir el desarrollo de una economía para el beneficio de los nativos.
Sin embargo, durante el el sistema español y las misiones generaron descontento entre la población indígena debido a la expulsión de muchos de ellos de sus tierras, en especial las cercanas a las minas que eran de principal interés para la corona española; esto generó ataques esporádicos en su contra y a pesar de que los españoles habían construido presidios para resguardarse, los asentamientos españoles estuvieron en desarreglo. En 1767, el rey de España, Carlos III, expulsó a los jesuitas de los territorios controlados por los españoles, terminando así el sistema de misiones. A finales del , Sonora junto con Sinaloa formaron parte de la Intendencia de Arizpe en la Nueva España, que fue la división territorial que antecedió al Estado de Occidente.
En el México independiente
El periodo colonial terminó en Sonora con la Guerra de Independencia mexicana de 1810 a 1821; sin embargo, Sonora no estuvo directamente involucrada en la guerra. La independencia llegó en forma de decreto. Un resultado positivo de la independencia fue que permitió el desarrollo económico. La antigua provincia de Sonora y Sinaloa fue dividida en 1823 para formar los estados de Sonora y Sinaloa, estableciéndose la capital sonorense en Ures. Sin embargo, se reunificarían otra vez en 1824 bajo el Estado de Occidente y permanecerían así hasta 1830, a pesar del hecho de que Sonora fue declarado como estado en la constitución mexicana de 1824. Sonora se separó de Sinaloa nuevamente en 1831 cuando escribió su primera constitución estatal, que puso la capital en Hermosillo. Posteriormente siguió un periodo de inestabilidad política causado por la disputa entre liberales y conservadores por el tipo de gobierno que debía tener el nuevo país.
La guerra de Estados Unidos-México trajo solo una confrontación militar importante entre las fuerzas mexicanas y estadounidenses, pero las consecuencias serían graves para el estado. En octubre de 1847, el buque de guerra Cyane asedió la bahía de Guaymas, lo que resultó en el control estadounidense de esta parte de la costa desde entonces y hasta 1848. Cuando terminó la guerra, Sonora perdió 339,370 hectáreas de su territorio a los Estados Unidos a través del tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo. Además de eso, la guerra arruinó la economía estatal. Sonora perdería más territorio en los 1850, a través del Tratado de La Mesilla. Antes de la guerra, Sonora era la entidad más grande de México. La debilidad del área en la etapa posterior a la guerra la hizo susceptible a bucaneros tales como William Walker, Gaston de Raousset-Boulbon y Henry Alexander Crabb que atacaron los puertos sonorenses tales como Guaymas y Caborca. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los ataques fueron repelidos. La economía no se volvería a recuperar de la guerra hasta finales de 1850, cuando Ignacio Pesqueira se convirtió en gobernador y atrajo la inversión extranjera al estado, en especial en el sector minero, así como trabajó para crear un mercado exterior para los productos agrícolas de Sonora.
Durante la intervención francesa en México, Sonora fue invadido por tropas francesas como parte de su esfuerzo para instalar una monarquía en México bajo Maximiliano I. El puerto de Guaymas fue atacado por fuerzas bajo Armando Castagny, lo que forzó a las fuerzas mexicanas al mando de Pesqueira y el General Patoni a retirarse al norte de la ciudad. Las tropas francesas atacaron a los mexicanos de nuevo en un lugar llamado La Pasión, resultando nuevamente en la derrota de la resistencia mexicana. Los franceses no fueron derrotados en el estado hasta la Batalla de Guadalupe de Ures en 1866 por Pesqueira, Jesús García Morales y Ángel Martínez. Poco después de esto, se escribió la constitución actual del estado en 1873, y su capital sería movida permanentemente a Hermosillo.
Durante el régimen de Porfirio Díaz a finales del y a principios del XX, se promovieron cambios económicos significativos. Estos cambios generaron un rápido crecimiento económico, que tuvo profundas consecuencias políticas y sociales. Sonora, junto con el resto de los estados fronterizos del norte incrementaron rápidamente en importancia. El desarrollo del sistema de ferrocarril integró la economía estatal con la nacional, y también tuvo un efecto de mayor control federal en todo el territorio de México. Después de 1880, el sistema de rieles atravesó el norte hacia los Estados Unidos, el cual sigue siendo una parte importante de las relaciones económicas entre ambos países. A pesar de eso, los cambios también permitieron a extranjeros y a ciertos mexicanos apoderarse de grandes zonas de terrenos en México. En Sonora, Guillermo Andrade controlaba 1,570,000 hectáreas, Manuel Peniche y el estadounidense William Cornell Greene tenían cerca de 500,000. Los dueños extranjeros de la industria también tendían a traer a trabajadores extranjeros, incluso de Asia. La inmigración china a Sonora comenzó en este periodo, y los chinos pronto se convirtieron en una fuerza económica a medida que construyeron pequeños negocios que se esparcirían donde sea que hubiera desarrollo económico en el estado.
La apropiación de la tierra tanto para la agricultura como la minería, puso nueva presión sobre los Yaquis y otros pueblos nativos de Sonora. La resistencia yaqui hasta este punto les había dado un control bastante autónomo de una porción del estado, y mantenían su sistema de agricultura a lo largo del Río Yaqui.
La invasión de esta tierra llevó a levantamientos y a una guerra de guerrillas por parte de los yaquis después de 1887. En 1895, los gobiernos federal y estatal comenzaron a reprimir violentamente a los yaquis y comenzaron a expulsar a los yaquis capturados a plantaciones en el sureste de México, especialmente las plantaciones de henequén en la península de Yucatán. La resistencia yaqui continuó bien entrado el , y las expulsiones alcanzaron un pico entre 1904 y 1908, en cuyo punto, cerca de un cuarto de esta población había sido mandada fuera del estado. Algunos más fueron forzados a escapar a Arizona.
Las políticas del gobierno de Porfirio Díaz no solo causaron resentimiento entre los yaquis, sino también en el resto de Sonora y el país. Uno de los antecedentes de la Revolución mexicana fue la huelga de Cananea de 1906, que buscaba negociaciones con el dueño minero estadounidense William Greene, pero este se negó a reunirse con los cerca de 2,000 huelguistas. La huelga se volvió violenta rápidamente cuando los mineros trataron de tomar control de la mina e intercambiaron disparos. Cuando las tropas federales mexicanas llegaron dos días después, pusieron un fin brutal a todo, con la ejecución de los sospechosos de liderar la huelga. De tal suerte que la huelga hizo crecer el resentimiento hacia Díaz, no disminuir las huelgas en otras zonas del país.
A finales de 1910, estalló la Revolución mexicana y Díaz fue rápidamente removido del cargo, el resto de la guerra determinaría quién se quedaría en el poder después de esto. El entonces gobernador de Coahuila, Venustiano Carranza, buscó refugio en Sonora, y se convirtió en uno de los principales protagonistas durante el resto de la guerra, con su base de operaciones principal en Hermosillo. Después de que Díaz fue removido del cargo, Carranza estaba en disputa por el poder en contra de Álvaro Obregón y otros.
A pesar de que Carranza obtuvo la presidencia en 1920, el conflicto con Obregón y su resistencia no cesó, por lo que Carranza intentó suprimir la oposición política en Sonora. Esto ocasionó que Álvaro Obregón y sus aliados (principalmente Abelardo L. Rodríguez, Benjamín Hill y Pl | 3,728 |
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The X-E1 is an interesting character with regards to image quality, primarily due to some of the controversy about the X<|fim_middle|> timeframe. If there is a significant change, I'll update the review at that time.
I've been excruciatingly patient in holding off on purchasing one of the new Fuji X-Series cameras. However, this one is starting to talk to me in a big way. Your honest review with not only the good points, but the dirt too, is really an informational dream. I'm still limited on my budget, but I think I can swing into a body-only XE-1 for $600-$700 if I'm just a little patient about it. I find that there is an M42 adapter available, and my old but amazing Zeiss Ultron 50/1.7 screw mount ought to do well in carrying the image to the sensor. Thank you for one of the better reviews I've read anywhere.
Hi Jordan. I'm very glad to read this detailed review. If you don't mind, i'm wonder that what did you apply on first photo above in ps? Thank you.
The latest firmware solves the problem of the awkward placement of the AF button on the lower left of the Fujifilm X-E1. You now have two other choices; the FN button can be programmed to serve that function, as can the lower arrow in the 4-way controller. The latter seems the better choice. Just one click on the lower arrow to open up the focus point screen, then your finger is already in position to make adjustments. It works smoothly.
Thanks for the nice reviews. They are always well written and supported by some fine images.
I am considering the XE-1 + 27mm f2.8 both of which you have reviewed. One of the reasons is the cropped 1:1 aspect ratio it offers, as an easy alternative to shooting 6×6 film . One question though, how does the cropped 1:1 aspect ratio affect the focal length of the lenses? | -Trans sensor that Fuji uses. The X-Trans sensor uses a non-Bayer filter array to capture detail and color, and this has the supposed benefit of increased detail without moire due to the ability to eliminate the low pass filter that is found on most other digital cameras. In my shooting, I haven't found the X-E1 to have any greater detail than any other 16 megapixel camera. With a sharp lens, it is certainly capable of resolving impressive amounts of detail, but no more than any other sensor I've used with similar resolution. The downside to the X-Trans sensor is that it requires completely different demosaicing algorithms when processing RAW files, and there are some instances where this process results in odd painterly artifacts. While recent versions of Adobe Lightroom and Camera Raw as well as Phase One's Capture One 7 have addressed this issue and minimized the effect, it can still crop up if you really look for it. I don't think with current situations, though, that it impacts most shots, and in the few shots where it is slightly visible, it wouldn't show up in a print or screen reduction.
The dynamic range of the Fujifilm X-E1 is absolutely stunning. The RAW files of the X-E1 are calibrated a little to the right, so you do need to watch your highlights a little when you're picking your exposure, but the shadow well is deep…there is a tremendous amount of detail in the shadows of RAW files, and if you use the gentle highlight and shadow settings in JPEG, you get a lot of this dynamic range in the JPEG files as well. The shot to the right is taken near noon, shooting towards the sun. While I wanted to maintain a balance between shadow and highlight in the final image, I can bring up the shadows enough to see clear detail in the deepest shadows of the bike rack roof (even seeing threads on the bolts).
Color on the X-E1 is quite good, though very muted in the RAW files by default. Usually, I need to push saturation up quite a bit when shooting RAW, but the files hold up beautifully, and the files have a wealth of color data to use. In JPEG modes, there are a number of film simulations that produce really beautiful colors right out of camera.
This all adds up to a real wonderful depth to the images, with great tonal response and very nice rolloff of the highlights. I love the overall look of the images, and despite the quirks of the body, it's the final file that keeps me shooting with this camera.
Overall, the Fujifilm X-E1 provides very good noise control for an APS-C camera. Images are quite clean straight through ISO 800, and even 1600 and 3200 only have a little noise that's pretty easy to clean up. I find that ISO 6400 is eminently usable, though a little rougher. ISO 12,800-25,600 are only accessible via JPEG shooting, but even these yield usable files for smaller prints and web use.
At base ISO, the camera produces extremely clean images. Skies are clear blue without noise and even shadows are nice and clean.
One thing of note is that the ISO for the Fuji X-E1 is slightly under-rated. The meter tends to expose a little brighter than most other cameras, so relying on the metering will yield slower shutter speeds in addition to the lower rated ISO, but I found the X-E1 to be about a 1/3 stop darker at the same ISO, shutter speed and aperture than my other cameras. Still, even accounting for the 1/3 stop lower ISO rating, the X-E1 is about a full stop better in the noise department than my Olympus OM-D E-M5.
I normally don't cover JPEG quality all that much, but Fuji deserves special mention here. The out of camera JPEGs are utterly fantastic from the X-E1. If it weren't for my desire for absolute control over my images, I could shoot JPEG all day long and not give it a second thought. Images have very low compression, look clean and detailed and the film simulation modes give great options from a softer, more muted Astia simulation, to the bold and vibrant Velvia simulation, you can get a look and adjust the parameters to work how you want.
I actually use JPEGs out of camera a fair bit, though usually not shooting in JPEG mode, but rather as in-camera conversions using the in-camera RAW conversion capabilities, which I'll discuss next.
As I noted at the beginning of the review, I'm not a videographer, so I'm not really qualified to discuss the intricacies of the video quality. I have used the video features a bit, and the X-E1 can shoot 1080p video, though control is limited to pre-shooting settings. Once you start recording, you can't change aperture or exposure compensation. Video quality is pretty good, though not on the level of the best cams in this area. The X-E1 is geared towards stills use, and the video mode is nice to have when you want to shoot relatively high quality video when your'e out, but if you plan on shooting high quality video as a main feature, you'll probably want to look elsewhere.
This is a very thorough review! Thanks.
I find the Fuji X cameras very photography focused. When I pick my Canon dslr, or a P&S, even a m4/3 I feel I need to look at menus, options, change settings. With my X-E1 I can just pick it up and shoot.
I never really thought I would like manual controls, but they just "feel" right.
Love my X-E1 and both the 18-55 and the 35. I find myself using this camera and lens combo much more often now than my D700, or D800. Who wants to carry a dSLR if they don't have to? Not me.
I still use the D700 and D800 for tripod work, and weddings but I would not hesitate to take the X-E1 to an event.
Thanks for the review. It is not all rosy — especially the focus issue. I also did not see the "seam" issue on my X-E1 body that you show in your images. That's weird. Maybe they fixed this QC issue?
Love my X-E1 and as 18-55 and 35.
See the difference in picture detail if you shoot at 35 mm focal length lens (XF18-55mm F2 ,8-4 R LM) against XF35mmF1.4 R.
I think it is a major quirk that you need to press the AF-Button in order to be able to move the focus area.
While looking through the EVF this is just awkward.
The AE-Button is somewhere between my nose and my cheek and I have a hard time to find it without taking the camera down.
Don't you have the same problem?
You are right, sorry, I missed that one.
However why do I need an extra button?
On my 7D I can move the focus points without pressing any extra buttons.
Even if I have to press an extra button: The buttons up, left and right of the selector all already taken, but the button down is available: Pressing the down button once enters the focus selection mode.
I just hope somebody at Fuji reads your blog and changes that in the next firmware update.
BTW: You have created some truly beautiful pictures for this review!
My biggest hope for the next firmware update (aside from continuing to improve AF) is the fixing of the magnification problem, where you can't magnify an image in manual focus if the camera is writing to the card. It kills me when I use an adapted lens.
I'm using a cheap e-bay adapter that looks like a knockoff of the Kipon adapter. It works fine. It turns easily, but can stick a little bit throughout the range. The longer you leave it on, though, the smoother it gets. If you want really smooth focusing, I hear the metabones is the way to go, but it's heavy and expensive.
I've been shooting with the latest firmware since I got the camera (1.04). All lenses are up to date as well. The next update that was recently announced won't be available until the May-July | 1,751 |
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Are those pop up's annoying?
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Your business should go over the collected data and identify how the business can be "useful" everyday so in these micro moments your business has value to contribute to those that search and land on your web pages. Your business managers and project managers should role play examples of these four main types of micro moments: I-want-to-know, I-want-to-go, I-want-to-do and I-want-to-buy moments where your business needs to provide answers to these search terms to qualify as "useful" nail that and you have the start for improving your customer journey. Every team member should have something to contribute to the improvement processes from map integration to keyword research and even analytics it all helps customise your brand's understanding of your mobile first market audience experiences.
Try this technique and see what the reactions are like and then decide if this method might be something you roll out more mainstream for your operations team, select a random customer with a contact number and call them up speak to them about the service or product and how they felt about the purchase journey and if they would purchase with you again also ask "What can we do better?" you will get an honest outsiders perspective that can help you identify often problems that remain in your business blind spot. A recent random call I took made me aware of an automated follow up sequence that was outdated once identified I cancelled that out of date email sequence and refined that customer follow up process its the small things that can help make your customer journey more satisfying.
Just speaking to your audience can uncover the way that they use mobile search in real time as not every industry will utilise mobile search the same way so understanding your customer is paramount in catering for new customers. Once you understand your customer be it times of search and days they use search example A a coupon site may drop new deals on every Tuesday so it's audience will search on Tuesdays for the new deals if you have that data you have critical information that can help grow your business.
Your business goal using micro moments is to build agile resourceful on the go effective engagement that satisfies your customer journey in the real time scenario and moving forward in the age of Mobile search you should consider using effective Mobile SEO processes to capture your market share of micro moments and always be working towards consumer changes of behaviour and analyse your shifting trends.
For more information on these suggestions visit Marketingland.
My Buddy Angel the talented micro moments marketer created this extremely relevant infographic on the topic of micro moments and the impact of near me searches.
Courtesy of: Micro Moments Mobile Search Infographic.
based on intent check it out.
Is your business optimised for these new mobile search trends? Get onboard now before this becomes mainstream.
Would you like to prepare your business website for Micro Moments? Visit our Mobile SEO Page for more info. | really going to save time on housework, and they will do this by using the nearest device when the micro moment takes place they will want that query answered and you need to be the one that provides the answer or product & service that satisfies this micro moment demand.
Consumer interest and demand is crucial in providing the service that answers their demand if you understand this you have an advantage over your competitor's who may not yet understand their audience as well as you do, drill down and learn how your customer searches for you are they mobile orientated? great now identify what smartphone they use to interact with you and make sure you have optimised your site for the various screen sizes of smartphones so you are showing as mobile friendly at all times on all screens be prepared for mobile centric searches and queries stand out ahead of the pack and be found on all devices.
Your website analytics can help you unlock buyer search terms on your website and open opportunities that you have not considered as new streams of customer interest uncovering your buyer insights reveals powerful data that you can use to grow your business.
Your customers most common questions can hold the key to your success online you need to know your customer and you need to learn what they want and then provide that to them. Researching your competitor's brand and how they interact with their own followers can add an alternative view on how you can interact and engage with your customers. What questions do they ask? Are they looking for a broad term or a specific term? is it a buyer search term or an intent term? key questions you | 310 |
Horizontal gene transfer
This article is about the natural process. For artificial gene transfer, see Gene delivery.
Type of nonhereditary genetic change involving swapping of DNA or RNA other than from parent to offspring
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT)[1][2][3] is the movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or multicellular organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring (reproduction).[4] HGT is an important factor in the evolution of many organisms.[5][6]
Horizontal gene transfer is the primary mechanism for the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria,[5][7][8][9][10] and plays an important role in the evolution of bacteria that can degrade novel compounds such as human-created pesticides[11] and in the evolution, maintenance, and transmission of virulence.[12] It often involves temperate bacteriophages and plasmids.[13][14][15] Genes responsible for antibiotic resistance in one species of bacteria can be transferred to another species of bacteria through various mechanisms of HGT such as transformation, transduction and conjugation, subsequently arming the antibiotic resistant genes' recipient against antibiotics. The rapid spread of antibiotic resistance genes in this manner is becoming medically challenging to deal with. Ecological factors may also play a role in the HGT of antibiotic resistant genes.[16] It is also postulated that HGT promotes the maintenance of a universal life biochemistry and, subsequently, the universality of the genetic code.[17]
Most thinking in genetics has focused upon vertical transfer, but the importance of horizontal gene transfer among single-cell organisms is beginning to be acknowledged.[18][19]
Gene delivery can be seen as an artificial horizontal gene transfer, and is a form of genetic engineering.
Griffith's experiment, reported in 1928 by Frederick Griffith,[20] was the first experiment suggesting that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information through a process known as transformation.[21][22] Griffith's findings were followed by research in the late 1930s and early 40s that isolated DNA as the material that communicated this genetic information.
Horizontal genetic transfer was then described in Seattle in 1951, in a paper demonstrating that the transfer of a viral gene into Corynebacterium diphtheriae created a virulent strain from a non-virulent strain,[23] also simultaneously solving the riddle of diphtheria (that patients could be infected with the bacteria but not have any symptoms, and then suddenly convert later or never),[24] and giving the first example for the relevance of the lysogenic cycle.[25] Inter-bacterial gene transfer was first described in Japan in a 1959 publication that demonstrated the transfer of antibiotic resistance between different species of bacteria.[26][27] In the mid-1980s, Syvanen[28] predicted that lateral gene transfer existed, had biological significance, and was involved in shaping evolutionary history from the beginning of life on Earth.
As Jian, Rivera and Lake (1999) put it: "Increasingly, studies of genes and genomes are indicating that considerable horizontal transfer has occurred between prokaryotes"[29] (see also Lake and Rivera, 2007).[30] The phenomenon appears to have had some significance for unicellular eukaryotes as well. As Bapteste et al. (2005) observe, "additional evidence suggests that gene transfer might also be an important evolutionary mechanism in protist evolution."[31]
Grafting of one plant to another can transfer chloroplasts (organelles in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis), mitochondrial DNA, and the entire cell nucleus containing the genome to potentially make a new species.[32] Some Lepidoptera (e.g. monarch butterflies and silkworms) have been genetically modified by horizontal gene transfer from the wasp bracovirus.[33] Bites from insects in the family Reduviidae (assassin bugs) can, via a parasite, infect humans with the trypanosomal Chagas disease, which can insert its DNA into the human genome.[34] It has been suggested that lateral gene transfer to humans from bacteria may play a role in cancer.[35]
Aaron Richardson and Jeffrey D. Palmer state: "Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has played a major role in bacterial evolution and is fairly common in certain unicellular eukaryotes. However, the prevalence and importance of HGT in the evolution of multicellular eukaryotes remain unclear."[36]
Due to the increasing amount of evidence suggesting the importance of these phenomena for evolution (see below) molecular biologists such as Peter Gogarten have described horizontal gene transfer as "A New Paradigm for Biology".[37]
A transposable element (TE) (also called a transposon or jumping gene) is a mobile segment of DNA that can sometimes pick up a resistance gene and insert it into a plasmid or chromosome, thereby inducing horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance.[40]
Horizontal transposon transfer (HTT) refers to the passage of pieces of DNA that are characterized by their ability to move from one locus to another between genomes by means other than parent-to-offspring inheritance. Horizontal gene transfer has long been thought to be crucial to prokaryotic evolution, but there is a growing amount of data showing that HTT is a common and widespread phenomenon in eukaryote evolution as well.[43] On the transposable element side, spreading between genomes via horizontal transfer may be viewed as a strategy to escape purging due to purifying selection, mutational decay and/or host defense mechanisms.[44]
HTT can occur with any type of transposable elements, but DNA transposons and LTR retroelements are more likely to be capable of HTT because both have a stable, double-stranded DNA intermediate that is thought to be sturdier than the single-stranded RNA intermediate of non-LTR retroelements, which can be highly degradable.[43] Non-autonomous elements may be less likely to transfer horizontally compared to autonomous elements because they do not encode the proteins required for their own mobilization. The structure of these non-autonomous elements generally consists of an intronless gene encoding a transposase protein, and may or may not have a promoter sequence. Those that do not have promoter sequences encoded within the mobile region rely on adjacent host promoters for expression.[43] Horizontal transfer is thought to play an important role in the TE life cycle.[43]
HTT has been shown to occur between species and across continents in both plants[45] and animals (Ivancevic et al. 2013), though some TEs have been shown to more successfully colonize the genomes of certain species over others.[46] Both spatial and taxonomic proximity of species has been proposed to favor HTTs in plants and animals.[45] It is unknown how the density of a population may affect the rate of HTT events within a population, but close proximity due to parasitism and cross contamination due to crowding have been proposed to favor HTT in both plants and animals.[45] Successful transfer of a transposable element requires delivery of DNA from donor to host cell (and to the germ line for multi-cellular organisms), followed by integration into the recipient host genome.[43] Though the actual mechanism for the transportation of TEs from donor cells to host cells is unknown, it is established that naked DNA and RNA can circulate in bodily fluid.[43] Many proposed vectors include arthropods, viruses, freshwater snails (Ivancevic et al. 2013), endosymbiotic bacteria,[44] and intracellular parasitic bacteria.[43] In some cases, even TEs facilitate transport for other TEs.[46]
The arrival of a new TE in a host genome can have detrimental consequences because TE mobility may induce mutation. However, HTT can also be beneficial by introducing new genetic material into a genome and promoting the shuffling of genes and TE domains among hosts, which can be co-opted by the host genome to perform new functions.[46] Moreover, transposition activity increases the TE copy number and generates chromosomal rearrangement hotspots.[47] HTT detection is a difficult task because it is an ongoing phenomenon that is constantly changing in frequency of occurrence and composition of TEs inside host genomes. Furthermore, few species have been analyzed for HTT, making it difficult to establish patterns of HTT events between species. These issues can lead to the underestimation or overestimation of HTT events between ancestral and current eukaryotic species.[47]
Horizontal gene transfer is typically inferred using bioinformatics methods, either by identifying atypical sequence signatures ("parametric" methods) or by identifying strong discrepancies between the evolutionary history of particular sequences compared to that of their hosts. The transferred gene (xenolog) found in the receiving species is more closely related to the genes of the donor species than would be expected.
The virus called Mimivirus infects amoebae. Another virus, called Sputnik, also infects amoebae, but it cannot reproduce unless mimivirus has already infected the same cell.[48] "Sputnik's genome reveals further insight into its biology. Although 13 of its genes show little similarity to any other known genes, three are closely related to mimivirus and mamavirus genes, perhaps cannibalized by the tiny virus as it packaged up particles sometime in its history. This suggests that the satellite virus could perform horizontal gene transfer between viruses, paralleling the way that bacteriophages ferry genes between bacteria."[49] Horizontal transfer is also seen between geminiviruses and tobacco plants.[50]
Horizontal gene transfer is common among bacteria, even among very distantly related ones. This process is thought to be a significant cause of increased drug resistance[5][51] when one bacterial cell acquires resistance, and the resistance genes are transferred to other species.[52][53] Transposition and horizontal gene transfer, along with strong natural selective forces have led to multi-drug resistant strains of S. aureus and many other pathogenic bacteria.[40] Horizontal gene transfer also plays a role in the spread of virulence factors, such as exotoxins and exoenzymes, amongst bacteria.[5] A prime example concerning the spread of exotoxins is the adaptive evolution of Shiga toxins in E. coli through horizontal gene transfer via transduction with Shigella species of bacteria.[54] Strategies to combat certain bacterial infections by targeting these specific virulence factors and mobile genetic elements have been proposed.[12] For example, horizontally transferred genetic elements play important roles in the virulence of E. coli, Salmonella, Streptococcus and Clostridium perfringens.[5]
In prokaryotes, restriction-modification systems are known to provide immunity against horizontal gene transfer and in stabilizing mobile genetic elements. Genes encoding restriction modification systems have been reported to move between prokaryotic genomes within mobile genetic elements (MGE) such as plasmids, prophages, insertion sequences/transposons, integrative conjugative elements (ICE),[55] and integrons. Still, they are more frequently a chromosomal-encoded barrier to MGE than an MGE-encoded tool for cell infection.[56]
Lateral gene transfer via a mobile genetic element, namely the integrated conjugative element (ICE) Bs1 has been reported for its role in the global DNA damage SOS response of the gram positive Bacillus subtilis.[57] Furthermore it has been linked with the radiation and desiccation resistance of Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 spores,[58] isolated from spacecraft cleanroom facilities.[59][60][61]
Transposon insertion elements have been reported to increase the fitness of gram-negative E. coli strains through either major transpositions or genome rearrangements, and increasing mutation rates.[62][63] In a study on the effects of long-term exposure of simulated microgravity on non-pathogenic E. coli, the results showed transposon insertions occur at loci, linked to SOS stress response.[64] When the same E. coli strain was exposed to a combination of simulated microgravity and trace (background) levels of (the broad spectrum) antibiotic (chloramphenicol), the results showed transposon-mediated rearrangements (TMRs), disrupting genes involved in bacterial adhesion, and deleting an entire segment of several genes involved with motility and chemotaxis.[65] Both these studies have implications for microbial growth, adaptation to and antibiotic resistance in real time space conditions.
1: Donor bacteria 2: Bacteria who will receive the gene 3: The red portion represents the gene that will be transferred. Transformation in bacteria happens in a certain environment.
Natural transformation is a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer (HGT) that depends on the expression of numerous bacterial genes whose products are responsible for this process.[66][67] In general, transformation is a complex, energy-requiring developmental process. In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine exogenous DNA into its chromosome, it must become competent, that is, enter a special physiological state. Competence development in Bacillus subtilis requires expression of about 40 genes.[68] The DNA integrated into the host chromosome is usually (but with infrequent exceptions) derived from another bacterium of the same species, and is thus homologous to the resident chromosome. The capacity for natural transformation occurs in at least 67 prokaryotic species.[67] Competence for transformation is typically induced by high cell density and/or nutritional limitation, conditions associated with the stationary phase of bacterial growth. Competence appears to be an adaptation for DNA repair.[69] Transformation in bacteria can be viewed as a primitive sexual process, since it involves interaction of homologous DNA from two individuals to form recombinant DNA that is passed on to succeeding generations. Although transduction is the form of HGT most commonly associated with bacteriophages, certain phages may also be able to promote transformation.[70]
1: Donor bacteria cell (F+ cell) 2: Bacteria that receives the plasmid (F- cell) 3: Plasmid that will be moved to the other bacteria 4: Pilus. Conjugation in bacteria using a sex pilus; then the bacteria that received the plasmid can go give it to other bacteria as well.
Conjugation in Mycobacterium smegmatis, like conjugation in E. coli, requires stable and extended contact between a donor and a recipient strain, is DNase resistant, and the transferred DNA is incorporated into the recipient chromosome by homologous recombination. However, unlike E. coli high frequency of recombination conjugation (Hfr), mycobacterial conjugation is a type of HGT that is chromosome rather than plasmid based.[71] Furthermore, in contrast to E. coli (Hfr) conjugation, in M. smegmatis all regions of the chromosome are transferred with comparable efficiencies. Substantial blending of the parental genomes was found as<|fim_middle|> range of genes for phylogenetic analysis as possible.
For example, the most common gene to be used for constructing phylogenetic relationships in prokaryotes is the 16S ribosomal RNA gene since its sequences tend to be conserved among members with close phylogenetic distances, but variable enough that differences can be measured. However, in recent years it has also been argued that 16s rRNA genes can also be horizontally transferred. Although this may be infrequent, the validity of 16s rRNA-constructed phylogenetic trees must be reevaluated.[115]
Biologist Johann Peter Gogarten suggests "the original metaphor of a tree no longer fits the data from recent genome research" therefore "biologists should use the metaphor of a mosaic to describe the different histories combined in individual genomes and use the metaphor of a net to visualize the rich exchange and cooperative effects of HGT among microbes".[37] There exist several methods to infer such phylogenetic networks.
Using single genes as phylogenetic markers, it is difficult to trace organismal phylogeny in the presence of horizontal gene transfer. Combining the simple coalescence model of cladogenesis with rare HGT horizontal gene transfer events suggest there was no single most recent common ancestor that contained all of the genes ancestral to those shared among the three domains of life. Each contemporary molecule has its own history and traces back to an individual molecule cenancestor. However, these molecular ancestors were likely to be present in different organisms at different times."[116]
Further information: Last universal common ancestor and tree of life (science)
Horizontal gene transfer poses a possible challenge to the concept of the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) at the root of the tree of life first formulated by Carl Woese, which led him to propose the Archaea as a third domain of life.[117] Indeed, it was while examining the new three-domain view of life that horizontal gene transfer arose as a complicating issue: Archaeoglobus fulgidus was seen as an anomaly with respect to a phylogenetic tree based upon the encoding for the enzyme HMGCoA reductase—the organism in question is a definite Archaean, with all the cell lipids and transcription machinery that are expected of an Archaean, but whose HMGCoA genes are of bacterial origin.[117] Scientists are broadly agreed on symbiogenesis, that mitochondria in eukaryotes derived from alpha-proteobacterial cells and that chloroplasts came from ingested cyanobacteria, and other gene transfers may have affected early eukaryotes. (In contrast, multicellular eukaryotes have mechanisms to prevent horizontal gene transfer, including separated germ cells.) If there had been continued and extensive gene transfer, there would be a complex network with many ancestors, instead of a tree of life with sharply delineated lineages leading back to a LUCA.[117][118] However, a LUCA can be identified, so horizontal transfers must have been relatively limited.[119]
It has been remarked that, despite the complications, the detection of horizontal gene transfers brings valuable phylogenetic and dating information.[120]
The potential of HGT to be used for dating phylogenies has recently been confirmed.[121][122]
The acquisition of new genes has the potential to disorganize the other genetic elements and hinder the function of the bacterial cell, thus affecting the competitiveness of bacteria. Consequently, bacterial adaptation lies in a conflict between the advantages of acquiring beneficial genes, and the need to maintain the organization of the rest of its genome. Horizontally transferred genes are typically concentrated in only ~1% of the chromosome (in regions called hotspots). This concentration increases with genome size and with the rate of transfer. Hotspots diversify by rapid gene turnover; their chromosomal distribution depends on local contexts (neighboring core genes), and content in mobile genetic elements. Hotspots concentrate most changes in gene repertoires, reduce the trade-off between genome diversification and organization, and should be treasure troves of strain-specific adaptive genes. Most mobile genetic elements and antibiotic resistance genes are in hotspots, but many hotspots lack recognizable mobile genetic elements and exhibit frequent homologous recombination at flanking core genes. Overrepresentation of hotspots with fewer mobile genetic elements in naturally transformable bacteria suggests that homologous recombination and horizontal gene transfer are tightly linked in genome evolution.[123]
There is evidence for historical horizontal transfer of the following genes: | a result of conjugation, and this blending was regarded as reminiscent of that seen in the meiotic products of sexual reproduction.[71][72]
The archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus, when UV irradiated, strongly induces the formation of type IV pili which then facilitates cellular aggregation.[73][74] Exposure to chemical agents that cause DNA damage also induces cellular aggregation.[73] Other physical stressors, such as temperature shift or pH, do not induce aggregation, suggesting that DNA damage is a specific inducer of cellular aggregation.
UV-induced cellular aggregation mediates intercellular chromosomal HGT marker exchange with high frequency,[75] and UV-induced cultures display recombination rates that exceed those of uninduced cultures by as much as three orders of magnitude. S. solfataricus cells aggregate preferentially with other cells of their own species.[75] Frols et al.[73][76] and Ajon et al.[75] suggested that UV-inducible DNA transfer is likely an important mechanism for providing increased repair of damaged DNA via homologous recombination. This process can be regarded as a simple form of sexual interaction.
Another thermophilic species, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, is able to undergo HGT. S. acidocaldarius can exchange and recombine chromosomal markers at temperatures up to 84 °C.[77] UV exposure induces pili formation and cellular aggregation.[75] Cells with the ability to aggregate have greater survival than mutants lacking pili that are unable to aggregate. The frequency of recombination is increased by DNA damage induced by UV-irradiation[78] and by DNA damaging chemicals.[79]
The ups operon, containing five genes, is highly induced by UV irradiation. The proteins encoded by the ups operon are employed in UV-induced pili assembly and cellular aggregation leading to intercellular DNA exchange and homologous recombination.[80] Since this system increases the fitness of S. acidocaldarius cells after UV exposure, Wolferen et al.[80][81] considered that transfer of DNA likely takes place in order to repair UV-induced DNA damages by homologous recombination.
"Sequence comparisons suggest recent horizontal transfer of many genes among diverse species including across the boundaries of phylogenetic 'domains'. Thus determining the phylogenetic history of a species can not be done conclusively by determining evolutionary trees for single genes."[82]
Before it is transformed, a bacterium is susceptible to antibiotics. A plasmid can be inserted when the bacteria is under stress, and be incorporated into the bacterial DNA creating antibiotic resistance. When the plasmids are prepared they are inserted into the bacterial cell by either making pores in the plasma membrane with temperature extremes and chemical treatments, or making it semi permeable through the process of electrophoresis, in which electric currents create the holes in the membrane. After conditions return to normal the holes in the membrane close and the plasmids are trapped inside the bacteria where they become part of the genetic material and their genes are expressed by the bacteria.
Genetic engineering is essentially horizontal gene transfer, albeit with synthetic expression cassettes. The Sleeping Beauty transposon system[110] (SB) was developed as a synthetic gene transfer agent that was based on the known abilities of Tc1/mariner transposons to invade genomes of extremely diverse species.[111] The SB system has been used to introduce genetic sequences into a wide variety of animal genomes.[112][113]
Horizontal gene transfer is a potential confounding factor in inferring phylogenetic trees based on the sequence of one gene.[114] For example, given two distantly related bacteria that have exchanged a gene a phylogenetic tree including those species will show them to be closely related because that gene is the same even though most other genes are dissimilar. For this reason, it is often ideal to use other information to infer robust phylogenies such as the presence or absence of genes or, more commonly, to include as wide a | 847 |
If I had to describe the first few weeks of PT school in one word, it would probably be "overwhelming." I don't even mean that in a negative way— so many of the experiences I've had so far have been amazing—but I would definitely not say it's been easy. My classmates and I have been overwhelmed with both the excitement and nervousness to finally start this next part of our lives: in the past month, we've been introduced to a new school, new people, new homes, new habits, and—of course—with the amount of information we've received since the first day of classes. More than anything else, though, I've been overwhelmed by all the new opportunities at my disposal and all the great people I get to spend the next three years with.
Free concerts and NFL kick off!
You'd think that having a class of 81 people would make getting to know everyone difficult, but it's been quite the opposite at Regis. It turns out that when you spend roughly 40+ hours per week with the same people who are in the exact same boat, you get to know a lot about each other in a very short amount of time. Of course, I obviously don't know absolutely everyone well at this point, but it's still easy to forget that we all met less than two months ago. Before deciding on Regis, I was a little apprehensive about having such a large class compared to other DPT programs; now that I'm here, I wouldn't want it any other way<|fim_middle|> overwhelming moments. Now that we're through our first round of exams, it's probably a safe bet that our "honeymoon phase" has come to a close and we have an increasingly busy schedule looming ahead. I'm still developing responsible study habits and I have a lot to learn about how to be a successful student, but I look forward to the upcoming opportunities for service, leadership, and classmate bonding that the rest of the semester will bring!
Nice article Kelsie. Have a great time with classes and to classmates sweetie girl. | .
The biggest piece of advice I've heard time and time again from the second and third year students is to take time for myself and have fun outside of school. I've definitely taken that advice to heart! Perhaps that means I should be spending more of my free time studying, but hey, at least I'm having fun, right? I've managed to leave plenty of time for hiking, camping, sporting events, concerts, Netflix, and IM sports—and I've been having a blast! Being a successful student is all about maintaining balance between work and play, so those mental health breaks are important to me for keeping my brain from being overloaded.
So exploring Colorado has been the easy part of transitioning to Regis—I mean, what's not to love? Starting school again, on the other hand…I only took one year off between graduation and PT school, but it still took some transition time to remember how to take notes and study. Fortunately for me, a lot of the material so far has been familiar information from undergrad, though it's definitely more intense. One of the aspects of the Regis DPT program that I really appreciate is the collaborative atmosphere. Anyone—students and faculty alike—with a little more expertise in a certain area has been doing their best to share that information by providing extra resources, study sessions, etc. It also helps that we've all been embraced right into the Regis DPT community by the second and third years, and I definitely get the sense that the faculty genuinely care about our success in school and in our future careers.
We're now six weeks into PT school and sometimes I still have these moments where I can't believe I'm actually here. It's crazy to think back to this time last year when I still hadn't even submitted my first PTCAS application, and now here I am: a student physical therapist. Overall, it feels like I've adjusted well to my new home in Denver as well as the grad student life—despite the | 400 |
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Thomas Shackelford
March 31, 2015 By R.H. Kiser Leave A Condolence
Thomas DeWayne Shackelford passed away unexpectedly Monday, March 23rd, due to complications from pneumonia. A memorial service will be held Thursday, April 9th, 2015, at 3pm, at Bethel Baptist Church, 520 E Washington Street, Rockwall, TX 75087. He is survived by his Children, Heather Shackelford, Christopher Shackelford, and Jessica Willis all of Garland, Tx, one… Continue Reading
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Nell F. Huggins
March 28, 2015 By Development Leave A Condolence
Nell F. Huggins of Burleson passed away Wednesday, March 25, 2015. She was born Aug. 7, 1931, in Big Spring. Nell worked for many years at Venus Elementary in Venus as a cook. She made many friends there. She was a reader and loved to cook for her family and friends, and loved being a homemaker…. Continue Reading
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Frederick S. Bailey
March 27, 2015 By Roy Kiser 2 Condolences
F<|fim_middle|> years, Olga and his daughter, Mary and his grandchildren,… Continue Reading
Offer Condolence for the family of Stanley W. Sypinski | ORT WORTH — Frederick S. Bailey 68, was born November 1,1946 to Annie Sarah Evans Flores and Frederick Herbert Bailey in Newark, Texas and went to be with Lord on March 19,2015. Fred is preceded in death by his parents and two sisters. Survivors: wife, Mary Bailey; son, Frederick Sanford Bailey and wife… Continue Reading
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Robert Richard Powell
March 27, 2015 By Roy Kiser Leave A Condolence
Robert was born August 17,1931 in Bowring OK. He is preceded in death by his parents Arthur Henry (Buck) and Doris Kathryn Powell. He was raised in the Osage Hills of OK. and was proud to be a member of the Dewey OK. Bulldodgers Football team that won State Champions in 1947. Robert moved to… Continue Reading
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Sue Bouchillon
March 27, 2015 By Development 6 Condolences
Sue Bouchillon née Lively, 62, passed away surrounded by her loving family on Wednesday, March 25th 2015. Services will be held at Mayfield Kiser Funeral Home on Sunday at 3pm, visitation begins one hour prior. Burial and graveside services will be at Coleman City Cemetery at 12 noon on Monday, March 30, 2015. Sue was… Continue Reading
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Stanley W. Sypinski
Arlington, TX – Stanley W. Sypinski died peacefully at home on March 19, 2015. He was born on November 27, 1932 in Jersey City, NJ. He was preceded in death by his son, Stanley E. Sypinski in 1992. He is survived by his wife of 59 | 438 |
INNIS & GUNN ACCEPTS INVESTMENT OFFER
UK's Wetherspoon posts 13.1% rise in sales for 25-wk period
Ford to make call on Europe job cuts by mid-Feb as buyers circle German site
Prada's Lorenzo Bertelli sets out 'soft transition' to new leadership
Sweden to upgrade Berzelius supercomputer with Nvidia AI systems
L Catterton, the world's leading consumer goods private equity firm has made an investment in the craft brewer following outstanding business performance Innis & Gunn, one of the UK's most successful international craft brewers, today announced that holders of 99% of ordinary shares have voted to accept an offer of investment in the business from L Catterton, the largest consumer-focused private equity firm in the world. The transaction of £15 million in aggregate was completed today to secure a 27.9% stake in Innis & Gunn.
The completed deal will fuel the Scottish based company's growth plans in<|fim_middle|> the No.2 craft brewer in the UK off-trade, No.1 imported craft beer in Canada and No.2 in Sweden, and it currently exports to over 28 countries. Expansion in the past two years has seen the successful opening of four Beer Kitchens in Scotland, and has established the Brewer's home for barrel-ageing and innovation at the new Innis & Gunn Brewery in Perth.
Innis & Gunn – Dougal Sharp
The Brewer recently reported a 22% increase in its annual Group turnover to more than £14.3m in 2016. This was the 13th consecutive year of volume growth, with volume over the past five years increasing by 175% including sales of the Inveralmond Brewery brands which
were successfully integrated into the Innis & Gunn business last year. With the capital and expertise from L Catterton on board this trajectory is set to continue.
Dougal Gunn Sharp, Innis & Gunn Founder and Master Brewer said:
"We are delighted to welcome L Catterton to Innis & Gunn at a pivotal time for our business. With the backing from our shareholders we're excited to move forward, strengthened with the support of L Catterton's unparalleled expertise in brand building and understanding of global consumer markets. This is a huge opportunity at the right time for us to build strongly on the solid foundations that have been laid to double our 2015 turnover by 2018. Innovation and quality have been at the heart of Innis & Gunn's success since day one, and this continues to drive us forward as we look to 2018 and beyond."
Jean-Philippe Barade, Partner at L Catterton said:
"The craft beer category is booming globally and Innis & Gunn has established a leading position in the market with its focus on high quality and distinctive beers, loved by consumers all over the world. With an unmatched portfolio of products, successful retail brand, and recently acquired Brewery, the potential for this brand and business is hugely exciting and it is in an exceptionally strong place to capitalise on the growth in consumer demand for craft beer. We look forward to working with Dougal and the outstanding team at Innis & Gunn to support their vision for growth."
Completion of the deal gives L Catterton a minority stake of 27.9% in the business, and Dougal Gunn Sharp remains the largest single shareholder. The investment from L Catterton reflects and confirms the price paid by the crowdfunding community in November 2016, when Innis & Gunn raised £2.4 million through its first equity crowdfunding campaign, AdventureCapital™.
Innis & Gunn were advised by Noble & Co and Vialex.
New client Secondsight continues Psyon's transformation of employee benefits data management in the UK
Alderbrooke appoints former Vice President, Workforce Analytics at IBM, Jonathan Ferrar as Board Advisor | the UK and internationally.
Founded in Scotland in 2003, Innis & Gunn is | 20 |
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Complete Text (Naxos)
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New Edition of the Book of Troilus
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Cărți de Geoffrey Chaucer
Geoffrey Chaucer (; c. 1340s – 25 October 1400) was an English poet and author. Widely seen as the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages, he is best known for The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer has been styled the "Father of English literature". He was the first writer buried in Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey. Chaucer also gained fame as a philosopher and astronomer, composing the scientific A Treatise on the Astrolabe for his 10-year-old son Lewis. He maintained a career in the civil service as a bureaucrat, courtier, diplomat, and member of parliament. Among Chaucer's many other works are The Book of the Duchess, The House of Fame, The Legend of Good Women, and Troilus and Criseyde. He is seen as crucial in legitimising the literary use of the Middle English vernacular when the dominant literary languages in England were still French and Latin.
Wordsworth Poetry Library
De (autor) Geoffrey Chaucer
WORDSWORTH EDITIONS LTD
Carte Paperback – 08 Oct 2012
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Like many of the towns just west of the Mississippi River, Eden Prairie's history begins around 1851 when a treaty opened land west of the mighty river to settlement. Eden Prairie held its first town meeting on May 11, 1858 and thus was born a city destined to be one of the jewels of the Twin City suburbs.
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UnderBlog
#AskMeAnything
During our Kickstarter to print Falling: Chapter 5 of Fury's Forge, we ran an AMA page. We gave people a few days to ask us any questions they wanted! Then Tessa (artist of Fury's Forge) and Zack (writer of Fury's Forge) answered them.
How has your practice changed over time?
If by practice you mean our business (Underdog Comics), then here's your answer:
Underdog Comics started as a school project for me (Tessa) when I was in 11th grade. I entered the school business competition, then made it past three levels of competing to nationals where Underdog Comics was in the top 3 in the country (US). After that, we got attached to Underdog Comics. Over the past two years or so, Underdog Comics has grown from a team of 2 to about 7. We have more books, more stories, two and a half Kickstarters under our belt, experience with webcomics, an awesome website and website manager (shoutout to Jalen), we've been to cons, met fans, made friends, and generally haven't stopped growing. If you ask me the same question in a month, we'll have even more new things to share with you.
-Tessa
We are both from Massachusetts - the Boston area.
Are your comic books in stores in your country?
We have sold in very local bookstores like Bedrock Comics (which is in Eastern Massachusetts). We primarily sell on our website: www.underdogcomics.com/shop
What's your background?
I have a background in pirate slang.
I have a background in goat herding.
-Zack
Why are you like this, Zack?
Being like this is my entire brand.
How old were you when you started writing?
My grandma is a published murder mystery novelist and my mom is also a writer, so I like to joke that I've always had writing in my veins. Not counting the extremely convoluted, almost soap opera-esque, stories I would play out with my stuffed animals and Thomas the Tank Engine toys, I first started telling stories in a more formal setting when I was four. At my pre-school, I would fill out blank books with pictures and dictate the words to an adult who would write them down on the indicated page. So I've been "writing" since I was four. I distinctly remember "writing" a series of these books called The Evil Rock about a rock that's actually a robot that brainwashes an average man so<|fim_middle|> generating ideas! Comics, more than almost any other medium, are able to go as weird as you want. So no idea is too wild or too far! My advice is to just start brainstorming like crazy, developing your ideas and characters. And then when you have an outline you like, start writing! Don't get too in your head. Editing your writing in real time does nothing but slow you down and impede your progress. You can fix things later. To get started, you just need to get words onto the page.
What themes do you pursuit?
I grew up reading Neil Gaiman, Lemony Snicket, and Edgar Allen Poe, so I think that so many of the themes I try to tackle are in those veins of the dark and mysterious. I'm definitely fascinated by the ways children and young people tackle a world that is relentlessly dark and cruel, and how they are still able to find strength and love despite these circumstances. In this same kind of school of thought, I'm a fan of themes of loss, hope (or lack thereof), found-family, and questions of authority.
Who's that awesome guy you guys have doing your website? He's pretty great. BTW this is totally not Jalen.
Oh, yeah, he's not that great. He has a tendency to eat all our chips.
-Tessa ( :D)
What is your all time favorite comic?
Bone by Jeff Smith. It was the first graphic novel series I read, so it always has a really special place in my heart.
My all time favorite comic has to be Rat Queens by Image Comics. Its about four awesome fighter women in this fantasy-kind-of-d&d world. They go on adventures and kick butt and you should definitely check it out.
Are your comics designed for adults and children?
We strive to have comics for all ages! Though we are targeting teenager to young-adult readers, some of our biggest fans are around or under the age of 10. Some of our stories are totally appropriate for kids, and some are enjoyed by kids but may have themes/subtleties that go over kids' heads. We are working on some projects that may be a little bit inappropriate for kids (though we haven't released any of these yet). Fury's Forge is appropriate for kids, and enjoyed by adults.
Hi Underdog Comics! Do you have any social media we can follow, like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, or Linkedin?
We have a lot of social medias!
Facebook: Underdog Comics
Tumblr: www.furysforge.tumblr.com
Twitter: @furysforge
Instagram: Underdog_Comics
How long have you worked with comic books?
Zack and I have worked on Fury's Forge for almost 4 years. It took us about 3 years to complete the whole series (which is approximately 300 pages in all) and now we're working on printing it. During those 4 years of working on Fury's Forge, both of us worked together or separately on other projects that are still being published or haven't been published yet.
How long did it take you to create your comic book Aceblade?
Our comic is Fury's Forge, not Aceblade. Perhaps you got lost on the AMAfeed website, sir?
But it took us about 3 years to create a 300 page comic series.
What inspires you the most when you create comic books?
I think it's super important to have stories that represent underrepresented people such as authentic women, ethnic minorities, the LGBT+ community, etc. But it's also important to have neither these characters nor the stories they're in be defined by any of these things. That's why I created Underdog Comics. We tell stories through comics because they're easier than movies, tv shows, games, etc. We, a small group of creators, can make exactly what we want the way we want. There's no mainstream media requirements or outside influence.
The first comic/graphic novel I ever read was Jeff Smith's Bone series and, to this day, I think it's my biggest inspiration in writing comics. From dialogue to action sequences, Bone definitely has deep roots in my style. For Fury's Forge specifically, I drew a lot of inspiration from The Breakfast Club, believe it or not. It's a great point of reference for how teenagers interact with one another.
Do you think it is easy to create a character people will love?
It definitely is a challenge to get people to connect and empathize with a character. Oftentimes the best way to go about doing this, however, is to give the characters significant flaws. Humans are all flawed and, for the most part, we're all pretty aware that we're flawed. So you never want to make a character who is perfect. They're not relatable and not interesting to follow. The hard part is finding a way to balance a character's flaws with their strengths. It's different for every character, but once you find this balance, you'll get a character who is endearing, not DESPITE their flaws, but BECAUSE of their flaws.
In comics, it's important to work closely with the writer to convey characters in a way the reader will love. Once Zack figures out flaws, quirks, characteristics, etc, it's my job to then bring them to life. Each of the Fury's Forge characters has a certain way they stand, a certain way they smile, a certain way their face shows anger, confusion, sadness. Each of them has a unique physical language that the reader can find relatable and that's what makes them lovable.
I see myself as a part of Underdog Comics. I hope it's still around by then and bigger than it is now. It would be really awesome if we could have an office by then and we could all eat doritos and have bagels on fridays and stuff like that. That's where I hope to be in 10 years.
I am so lucky to have had so many opportunities in my life and so many direction's my life could go in. So in ten years, I legitimately have no idea where my life might be. If I could decide right now, I would love to still be doing this: writing for Underdog Comics and sharing stories with the world. That's all I've ever wanted to do.
underdog crew
fury's forge
Underdog Approved: Love Simon
Future of the Underdog Mini-Comics
FanExpo Boston 2019
Coming to BCC 2019!
Boston Comic Con 2018
Underdog Comics will be at Boston Comic Con 2018
Underdog Approved: Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency
Speed Draws: April
Speed Draws: March
Underdog Approved: Black Panther
© Copyright 2020 UNDERDOG COMICS. Proudly created with Wix.com
creators@underdogcomics.com | that he will be her servant. Which, in retrospect, is pretty messed up for a four-year-old, but oh well. I've always had stories to tell and I've been wanting to tell them ever since I could talk.
What do you think is the key to comic book success?
Keep with your work! Trust yourself and stand by the stories you want to tell. If there's a story you're passionate about, then work with it. Perfect it. Share it. Chances are, if you've put enough work into it, then other people will like it, too. The projects and stories you decide to pursue are special to you. Don't forget that. Be bold. Be weird. Be yourself. And then people will care about what you have to say.
I think the key to any story's success is working with another creator. It helps to develop plot by going back and forth with each other about story ideas, it helps the characters become real when you have to practice conveying them to another person, and it keeps you interested and on schedule. A good creative partner and a bit of determination goes a long way.
I have a story written, and pretty well developed. Would you like to collaborated to create a Comic book?
We're always interested to work with other creators! Go to www.underdogcomics.com/contact-us and send us what you have!
What is the best starting point for someone that wants to pursuit a career in comics writing?
Just start | 300 |
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Designed for extreme durability and long life. Features a thicker core than standard drill bit to provide ultimate strength and protect against side-load breakage. A specially designed parabolic flute form clears chips and debris fast to keep the bit cool. The 135? split point tip delivers a precision start and prevents walking for fast, accurate holes. Effective for drilling on curved surfaces. Requires less effort to drill through metal, wood and PVC and are highly recommended for use with portable drills. Corrosion resistant. Black oxide coating provides lubricity and resists corrosion of the bit. High speed steel features a black body and gold flute with Turbomax tip for burr-free holes. Exact centering; no walking on straight and curved surfaces. Three flatted shank on 3/16" and above for better chuck grip. Jobbers length. High speed steel features a black body and gold flute with Turbomax tip for burr-free holes. Exact centering; no walking on straight and curved surfaces. Three flatted shank on 3/16" and above for better chuck grip. Jobbers length.
High speed steel features a black body and gold flute with Turbomax tip for burr-free holes. Exact centering; no walking on straight and curved surfaces. Three flatted shank on 3/16" and above for better chuck grip. Jobbers length. Contains oil grabber a unique additive which penetrates the surface to dissolve tough stains from grease, oil, algae, mildew and dirt. Ideal for use on patios, concrete, brick, masonry, driveways, sidewalks, garage and basement floors and more. Promotes the adhesion of paint, stains, sealers, and other coatings. Coverage up to 2,000 sq. ft. Earth-friendly: Water-based, Biodegradable. Non-flammable. Non-Toxic. Non-Abrasive. Contains sporex a unique additive which removes tough stains from, mildew, mold, algae, fungus and moss and restores the original look to wood decks and fences. Dissolves the toughest stains from dirt, oil, grease, bird droppings, tree sap, and acid rain. Great for use on composite decks. Coverage up to 2,000 sq. ft.
Removes dirt, grease, oil, and mildew stains. Contains "SPOREX" additive which removes tough stains from mildew, mold, algae, fungus and moss. For exterior siding, roofing of all types, gutters, stucco, brick and cement block, masonry, walkways and walls. Covers up to 2,000 sq. ft. Water-Based. Bio-degradable. Non-flammable. Non-toxic. Non-abrasive. Safe and effective on all vehicles and boats. Penetrates and loosens road film, dirt, grime, algae and mildew stains without scrubbing. No bleach or ammonia formula. Contains anti-corrosive agents to safeguard pressure wash parts. Biodegradable safe for people, pets and plants. 135 degree split point drills on contact and prevents walking. Core diameter reduces breakage. Drills wood, metal, fiberglass, pvc and stainless steel. Black oxide for greater wear resistance.
M-2 high speed steel with black oxide coating for strength, heat resistance, and wear resistance in general drilling of wood, metal, and plastic. The 3/8" reduced shank fits all 3/8" drills while split point ensures a true start and eliminates bit walking. 135 degree split point drills on contact and prevents walking. Core diameter reduces breakage. Drills wood, metal, fiberglass, pvc and stainless steel. Black oxide for greater wear resistance. 135 degree split point drills on contact and prevents walking. Core diameter reduces breakage. Drills wood, metal, fiberglass, pvc and stainless steel. Black oxide for greater wear resistance.
Designed for extreme durability and long life. Features a thicker core than standard drill bit to provide ultimate strength and protect against side-load breakage. A specially designed parabolic flute form clears chips and debris fast to keep the bit cool. The 135? split point tip delivers a precision start and prevents walking for fast, accurate holes. Effective for drilling on curved surfaces. Requires less effort to drill through metal, wood and PVC and are highly recommended for use with portable drills. Corrosion resistant. Black oxide coating provides lubricity and resists corrosion of the bit. High speed steel features a black body and gold flute Turbomax tip for burr-free holes; 3/8" reduced shank fits all 3/8" drills. Exact centering; no walking on straight and curved surfaces. A 3-flatted shank on 3/16" and above for better chuck grip. Jobber length. High speed steel features a black body and gold flute Turbomax tip for burr-free holes; 3/8" reduced shank fits all 3/8" drills. Exact centering; no walking on straight and curved surfaces. A 3-flatted shank on 3/16" and above for better chuck grip. Jobber length.
M-2 high speed steel with black oxide coating for strength, heat resistance, and wear resistance in general drilling of wood, metal, and plastic. The 3/8" reduced shank fits all 3/8" drills while split point ensures a true start and eliminates bit walking. Pilot point tip starts on contact for clean, accurate holes and reduces lock-up on breakthrough, bit spinning in the chuck has been eliminated, and tapered web provides greater durability to reduce breaking. Size markings are located above the shank to prevent wearing away. Jobber length. Pilot point tip starts on contact for clean, accurate holes and reduces lock-up on breakthrough, bit spinning in the chuck has been eliminated, and tapered web provides greater durability to reduce breaking. Size markings are located above the shank to prevent wearing away. Jobber length.
M-2 high speed steel with black oxide coating for strength, heat resistance, and wear resistance in general drilling of wood, metal, and plastic. The 3/8" reduced shank fits all 3/8" drills while split point ensures a true start and eliminates bit walking. For drilling in wood, metal and plastic. Assorted sizes 1/16" to 1/4", with bonus 1/2" bit included. It is organized by a bit bar for storing in toolbox, pocket or kitchen drawer. 135 degree split point drills on contact and prevents walking. Core diameter reduces breakage. Drills wood, metal, fiberglass, pvc and stainless steel. Black oxide for greater wear resistance.
Designed for extreme durability and long life. Features a thicker core than standard drill bit to provide ultimate strength and protect against side-load breakage. A specially designed parabolic flute form clears chips and debris fast to keep the bit cool. The 135? split point tip delivers a precision start and prevents walking for fast, accurate holes. Effective for drilling on curved surfaces. Requires less effort to drill through metal, wood and PVC and are highly recommended for use with portable drills. Corrosion resistant. Black oxide coating provides lubricity and resists corrosion of the bit. Designed for extreme durability and long life. Features a thicker core than standard drill bit to provide ultimate strength and protect against side-load breakage. A specially designed parabolic flute form clears chips and debris fast to keep the bit cool. The 135? split point tip delivers a precision start and prevents walking for fast, accurate holes. Effective for drilling on curved surfaces. Requires less effort to drill through metal, wood and PVC and are highly recommended for use with portable drills. Corrosion resistant. Black oxide coating provides lubricity and resists corrosion of the bit. 135 degree split point drills on contact and prevents walking. Core diameter reduces breakage. Drills wood, metal, fiberglass, pvc and stainless steel. Black oxide for greater wear resistance. | . High speed steel bits used for general purpose drilling in wood, metal and plastic. Jobber length. High speed steel features a black body and gold flute with Turbomax tip for burr-free holes. Exact centering; no walking on straight and curved surfaces. Three flatted shank on 3/16" and above for better chuck grip. Jobbers length.
Pilot point tip starts on contact for clean, accurate holes and reduces lock-up on breakthrough, bit spinning in the chuck has been eliminated, and tapered web provides greater durability to reduce breaking. Size markings are located above the shank to prevent wearing away. Jobber length. Black oxide for durability, longer life and faster drill times, bits feature a parabolic flute that clears chips faster; split point drills on contact and prevents walking; jobber length. 135? split provides greater durability to reduce breaking. Core diameter reduces breaking. Black Oxide for greater wear resistance. Tapered web eliminates the frustration of bit spinning in the chuck. Size marking located above the shank.
Black oxide for durability, longer life and faster drill times, bits feature a parabolic flute that clears chips faster; split point drills on contact and prevents walking; jobber length. High speed steel bits used for general purpose drilling in wood, metal and plastic. Jobber length. High speed steel features a black body and gold flute with Turbomax tip for burr-free holes. Exact centering; no walking on straight and curved surfaces. Three flatted shank on 3/16" and above for better chuck grip. Jobbers length.
135 degree split point drills on contact and prevents walking. Core diameter reduces breakage. Drills wood, metal, fiberglass, pvc and stainless steel. Black oxide for greater wear resistance. Pilot point tip starts on contact for clean, accurate holes and reduces lock-up on breakthrough, bit spinning in the chuck has been eliminated, and tapered web provides greater durability to reduce breaking. Size markings are located above the shank to prevent wearing away. Jobber length. Black oxide for durability, longer life and faster drill times, bits feature a parabolic flute that clears chips faster; split point drills on contact and prevents walking; jobber length.
Each metal drill bit is manufactured to exacting specifications and features a split point that starts on contact with no walking or skating, eliminating the need for a center punch. Offers superior durability, speed and selection to support most general purpose applications. Speed helix design for three times faster drilling than standard bits. Easier drilling, reduced heat and extended drill bit life. For use in steel, copper, aluminum, brass, oak, maple, MDF, pine, PVC, polycarbonate, acrylic, ABS, nylon and composite materials. Black oxide for durability, longer life and faster drill times, bits feature a parabolic flute that clears chips faster; split point drills on contact and prevents walking; jobber length. M-2 high speed steel for strength, heat resistance, and wear resistance in general drilling of wood, metal, and plastic. The 3/8" reduced shank fits all 3/8" drills. Jobber length.
Removes dirt, grease, oil, grime, road film and stains caused by algae, mold and mildew. Formulated for use on vinyl, wood brick, stucco, concrete, tile, cement, asphalt, fiberglass, stone, metal, plastics and vehicles. Concentrated formula makes up to 26 gallons. High speed steel bits used for general purpose drilling in wood, metal and plastic. Jobber length. High speed steel features a black body and gold flute with Turbomax tip for burr-free holes. Exact centering; no walking on straight and curved surfaces. Three flatted shank on 3/16" and above for better chuck grip. Jobbers length.
Bits are constructed of M-2 high speed steel for strength, heat resistance, and wear resistance; 3/8" reduced shank fits all 3/8" drills. Three-flatted shank provides better chuck grip and reduces slippage. Includes: 1/16", 3/32", 1/8", 5/32", 1/4", 7/32", 3/16" and case. 135 degree split point drills on contact and prevents walking. Core diameter reduces breakage. Drills wood, metal, fiberglass, pvc and stainless steel. Black oxide for greater wear resistance. 135 degree split point drills on contact and prevents walking. Core diameter reduces breakage. Drills wood, metal, fiberglass, pvc and stainless steel. Black oxide for greater wear resistance.
Each metal drill bit is manufactured to exacting specifications and features a split point that starts on contact with no walking or skating, eliminating the need for a center punch. Offers superior durability, speed and selection to support most general purpose applications. Speed helix design for three times faster drilling than standard bits. Easier drilling, reduced heat and extended drill bit life. For use in steel, copper, aluminum, brass, oak, maple | 1,060 |
Home » Podcast » Amplified: Global Equity ESG
Amplified: Global Equity ESG
11 th October 2018
In this podcast, Lewis Grant, Senior Portfolio Manager in the Global Equities team, discusses the Hermes Global Equity ESG Fund, in particular covering the following topics:
Introduction to the Fund
ESG integration
See our podcast guide on how to download our podcasts on your phone.
Lewis Grant
Senior Portfolio Manager
Lewis joined Hermes in February <|fim_middle|>: How General Mills tackles water risk | 2008 as a portfolio manager on the Global Equities team. In addition to his role as portfolio manager, Lewis is responsible for designing and implementing many of the team's systems. In particular he created Hermes' proprietary risk-modelling system, MultiFRAME, which is used across Hermes' investment teams. He joined from Aon Consulting, where he worked as an actuarial consultant specialising in providing valuations and asset-liability modelling to a range of corporate and institutional clients. Lewis graduated from the University of Warwick in 2003 with a Master's degree in Mathematics, Operational Research, Statistics and Economics and subsequently qualified as a Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries.
Thermo Fisher: scalable solutions to real-world problems
A climate for change: matching awareness with action
When the river runs dry | 165 |
We work to address the needs of Syrian refugees living in Jordan, and to alleviate the suffering of vulnerable Syrians and Jordanians affected by the current crisis. We serve all people, irrespective of ethnicity, gender, religion, race, or political conviction. We are now providing support in Za'atari refugee camp, as well as in host communities in Northern and Central Jordan, in the areas of shelter, Water and Sanitation, Non-Food Items, food security, education, life-skills, psycho-social support, social cohesion.
We work to address the needs of Syrian refugees living in Jordan, and to alleviate the suffering of vulnerable Syrians and Jordanians affected by the current crisis. We serve all people, irrespective of ethnicity, gender, religion, race, or political conviction. We are now providing support in Za'atari refugee camp, as well as in host communities in Northern and Central Jordan, in the areas of shelter, Water and Sanitation, Non-Food Items,<|fim_middle|> and social cohesion.
Syrian refugees and vulnerable Jordanians live in dignity and peace, both communities feel empowered to exerce their human rights and get access to basic services.
We support vulnerable communities affected by the conflict in Syria. Through partnerships and collaboration with local NGOs, national institutions and international actors in Jordan, we provide emergency assistance to Syrian refugees and vulnerable Jordanians who are struggling to meet their basic needs. We distribute essential items, rehabilitate people's homes, build classrooms and support the Ministry of Education, and offer a range of psycho-social support and life-skills activities for adolescents and youth, in the Za'atari refugee camp and in host communities.
LWF Jordan is running a range of projects in various sectors: shelter, WASH, food security, NFI, education, psycho-social support and peace-building. We provide support to Syrian refugees, with a focus on children and youth, and to vulnerable Jordanians.
LWF is active in Northern and Central Jordan, providing support to refugees both in Camp and host communities, in 3 different governorates.
Um As-Summaq– Mithari Naimat St. | food security, education, life-skills, psycho-social support, | 13 |
Tag Archives: production design
After Searching for a Decade, Legendary Hollywood Research Library Finds a New Home
Posted on December 15, 2020 by Wendy Hanamura
Over more than 50 years, Lillian Michelson built one of Hollywood's most famous libraries for film research.
[Press: Hollywood<|fim_middle|> from 4-6:30 PM Pacific time. There, she will unveil the first phase of her new digital library, available to the world via the Internet Archive's digital platform, at https://archive.org/details/michelson. Sign up for the screening event here.
Posted in Announcements, News | Tagged cinema, Coppola, director, film, hollywood, Library, Michelson, production design | 23 Replies | Reporter]
Need to know what an Igloo really looks like? How about a Siberian hut? Or the inside of a 15th Century jail? For 50 years in Hollywood, generations of filmmakers would beat a path to the Michelson Cinema Research Library, where renowned film researcher Lillian Michelson could hunt down the answer to just about any question. She was the human card catalogue to a library of more than one million books, photos, periodicals and clippings. But ever since Lillian retired a decade ago, the Michelson Cinema Research Library has been languishing in cold storage, looking for a home. Today it has found one. Lillian Michelson, 92, announced that she is donating her library and life's work to the Internet Archive. For its part, the nonprofit digital library vows to preserve her collection for the long-term and digitize as much of it as possible, making it accessible to the world.
"I feel as if a fantasy I never, never entertained has been handed to me by the universe, by fate," mused the legendary film researcher."The Internet Archive saved my library in the best way possible. I hope millions of people will use it [to research] space, architecture, costumes, towns, cities, administration, foreign countries… the crime business! Westerns! That's what is amazing to me, that it will be open to everybody."
Internet Archive founder, Brewster Kahle, explained why his organization was willing to accept the entire Michelson collection and keep it intact: "A library is more than a collection of books. It is the center of a community. For decades, the Michelson Cinema Research Library informed Hollywood—and we want to see that continue. Many organizations wanted pieces of the collection, but I think the importance of keeping it together is so it can continue to help inspire global filmmakers to make accurate and compelling movies."
Samuel Goldwyn Studios, circa 1938, where the Michelson Cinema Research Library was housed for many decades.
With $20,000 borrowed against her husband Harold's life insurance policy, Lillian Michelson purchased the reference library in 1969. Over the next half-century, the Michelson Cinema Research Library had many homes. From the Samuel Goldwyn Studios it moved to the American Film Institute, then to Paramount Studios, and finally to Zoetrope Studios at the invitation of director, Francis Ford Coppola. Michelson later received an offer via Jeffrey Katzenberg to move the Michelson Cinema Research Library to the newly opened DreamWorks Pictures, where it remained until Lillian's retirement due to health reasons 19 years later.
The Michelson Cinema Research Library includes some 5,000+ books dating back to the early 1800s; periodicals, 30,000+ photographs, and 3,000+ clipping files. In storage they filled some 1600 boxes on 45 pallets—enough to fill more than two 18-wheel tractor trailers. Its contents have now been moved for long-term preservation to the Internet Archive's physical archive in Richmond, California.
In September 2020, Internet Archive Founder & Digital Librarian, Brewster Kahle, was on hand at the Internet Archive's Physical Archive in Richmond, CA to accept the 1600 boxes of books, photos, clippings, and memorabilia from the Michelson Cinema Research Library. Michelson's books were then shipped to one of the Internet Archive's scanning centers to be digitized and ultimately made accessible to the public.
For six decades, Michelson's research informed scores of Hollywood films, including The Right Stuff, Rosemary's Baby, Scarface, Fiddler on the Roof, Full Metal Jacket, The Graduate and The Birds.
Harold & Lillian Michelson fueled the creativity of scores of directors, from Alfred Hitchcock to Mel Brooks, and their influence can be traced through countless Hollywood films.
Bringing this historic Hollywood design resource back to life—a largely digital life—can make it a global design resource for art directors, designers, filmmakers and researchers in search of information and visual inspiration.
"Lillian Michelson opened my eyes to the importance of a research library to all aspects of motion picture production. At a time when the rich and deep research libraries created and maintained by the motion picture studios were being 'given away' or otherwise destroyed, Lillian was a beacon of light guiding us to consider them as treasure."
—Academy Award-winning director, Francis Ford Coppola
"Harold & Lillian: A Hollywood Love Story" by director Daniel Raims chronicles the couple who became Hollywood's "secret weapons," empowering generations of filmmakers and designers to create their most iconic work.
The story of her long and creative union with renowned storyboard artist Harold Michelson was told in Harold and Lillian: A Hollywood Love Story, a 2015 documentary produced and directed by Daniel Raim and currently streaming on Netflix. (To honor this devoted Hollywood couple, the DreamWorks Pictures named the king and queen in Shrek 2 Harold and Lillian.)
Lillian Michelson will preside over a virtual ribbon cutting, panel discussion, and a screening of the documentary on Wednesday, January 27 | 1,080 |
Secretary of State Ken Detzner announced today that Stuart Main Street has been designated the June 2016 Florida Main Street Community of the Month. Communities are selected based on their developmental achievements and participation in the Florida Main Street Program. This program was designated in 1987, displaying 29 years of public/private reinvestment totaling $4.2 million, with over 137 projects that has created over <|fim_middle|> Hine Stuart Jr. purchased land in the area in 1870. A portion of Stuart's property was donated for use as a depot stop for Henry Flagler's East Coast Railway. In return for Stuart's generosity, the railway stop was named after him. The town's first tourists came to fish and hunt. Fishing flourished thanks to the bountiful population of sailfish off the coast of Martin County. Today, the city of Stuart still prides itself on being the "Sailfish Capital of the World," and welcomes thousands of tourists into their beautiful coastal town each year.
For more information about Stuart Main Street or the Florida Main Street program visit stuartmainstreet.org or floridamainstreet.com or facebook.com/FloridaMainStreet.
Florida Main Street is a program administered by the Division of Historical Resources under the Florida Department of State, which currently oversees 45 communities throughout the state. By implementing the National Main Street Center's Four-Point Approach®, Florida Main Street encourages economic development within the context of historic preservation through the revitalization of Florida's downtowns – the community's heart and soul. Since the program's inception in 1985, the Florida Main Street programs have cumulatively created 24,604 jobs, 7,337 new businesses and produced $2.5 billion in reinvestment. | 168 net new jobs to its Main Street area.
As the county seat of Martin County, Stuart was known as Potsdam until one of the first settlers, Homer | 35 |
"Chain-Link… things we do to be free"
Mareike Lee's visual art is musical.
Some images escape the notation of representing edges with lines, and interpreting lines as edges. We can make volumes that don't depend on lines – shapes that don't have clear edges – clouds, waves. We make lines that are not edges–lines for motion or to highlight brightness. These lines that are free from bounding objects display their own wonderful energetic properties. For geometry, the most radical deployment of lines is to fill rather than to bound space. In mathematical analysis, filling space with lines turns<|fim_middle|>ize architectural spaces, rewrite her books, command the viewfinder of her camera and re−imagine landscapes. We noted, to be sure, the free, continuous, inflected shapes in the backgrounds of our shared seen world — waves, clouds, fields billowing in wind, also making forms independent of the dominion of words. But now, in this work, the shaping is not the wind's but, as in music, the heart's – contours of love, loneliness, compassion … Watch the work slowly and quietly; you may hear it singing. | out to imply fractional dimensions. Perhaps more than two dimensions when Mareike Lee draws her chain−links, but slightly less than three when she hangs them across the rooms of her installations.
Lines that are not edges let go of the Gestalt grouping that ties vision to language. Instead, they become inflections articulating perceptual continuities. Inflections are not thing−y; they link to feelings. Music is, in its most typical structures, a continuity articulated by inflections: It is possible, therefore, to say that this visual art which also takes this path is musical.
Mareike's lines, not confined to a role−play of edges, are not confined to paper, either. They colon | 143 |
In this video, This Old House general contractor Tom Silva fixes a fractured foundation.
1. Fill the void inside the concrete block with triple-expanding foam insulation. Wait 10 minutes for the foam to cure.
2. Use hammer and cold chisel to widen crack in<|fim_middle|>.
8. Smooth the mortar flat to the wall with a flat trowel. Wait about 15 minutes for the mortar to set up.
9. Lightly scrub the mortared surfaces with a damp sponge to create a textured finish.
10. Allow the mortar to cure for two weeks, then paint, if desired, with masonry paint. | wall. Then move outdoors and repeat, widening the crack on the exterior of the wall.
3. Use a drill and mixing paddle to mix mortar and water in a 5-gallon bucket.
4. Add acrylic bonding agent to the mortar and mix again.
5. Use a margin trowel to shave off any cured foam protruding from the wall. Then, use the tip of the trowel to push the foam inside the wall.
6. Dampen the wall crack with a wet sponge.
7. Use a margin trowel to force mortar into the crack on the interior and exterior wall surfaces | 124 |
Waking up at 15 Love in Tamarindo is like waking up at Wimbledon with an oceanfront view.
The small bed-and-breakfast, named by its owners for their passion for tennis, is quietly nestled into the side of a hill, about a 15-minute walk from downtown Tamarindo, on the northern Pacific coast.
The hotel is the vision of former Belgian tennis star Oliver Vanhoute and his wife, Emilie Cieslik. The quaint size of the bed and-breakfast allows the couple to pay close, congenial attention to their guests.
Because the hotel has only three rooms and one suite, guests are more like neighbors and friends to the Belgian pair than oneweek visitors from distant cities.
Vanhoute first gained interest in moving to Tamarindo after a 10-day visit to Costa Rica in 1999. One year later, he bought the property where the bed-and-breakfast now sits and built two tennis courts.
In June 2002, the couple opened the courts and ran a tennis club for locals and visitors. They opened the bed-and-breakfast in 2006.
The hotel entrance opens onto a small dipping pool backed with palm trees and red mats for relaxing, with a blue, wave-shaped bar off to the right. Just beyond the pool are the hotel's tennis courts, open to guests and others who wish to use them.
The view past the tennis courts continues over palm leaves and branches full of coconuts, out to the Pacific Ocean. On clear nights, the stars light the courts, and the sound of crashing waves drowns out the buzz of the bars in Tamarindo.
During the day, guests can take advantage of the tennis courts and Vanhoute's skills. A surf and tennis package is also available combining lodging, tennis lessons from Vanhoute and surf lessons through the TamarindoSurfSchool.
Rooms are decorated in simple, modern, IKEA-like style. Red and white make up the recurring color theme.
"We thought the red and white with the green surroundings would make a good contrast," Vanhoute says.
Each room is equipped with its own balcony overlooking the tennis courts and bordered by tropical plants on each side. Guests can share a friendly chat in the morning while watching Vanhoute patiently teach students how to swing a racket.
After a full day of surfing and swimming on the nearby beaches of Playa Grande or Playa Langosta, guests can return to 15 Love and relax with a cold, Costa Rican brew or a freshly blended natural fruit smoothie – pineapple, banana, strawberry, blackberry and others.
Both Cieslik and Vanhoute, now<|fim_middle|> to the tennis courts. A three-day Surf and Tennis package is available for $591, including three private surfing lessons and three tennis sessions.
For information and reservations, call 2653-0898 or visit www.15lovebedandbreakfast.com. | seasoned veterans in a beach town that is developing and expanding almost daily, can offer knowledgeable advice about the area and its attractions.
15 Love is 200 meters before Hotel El Jardín del Edén, on the way into Tamarindo.
Rates are $115 for a room and $155 for a suite, including à-la-carte breakfast and access | 78 |
Home Pacific Division In The Tank Timo Meier named 2022 NHL All-Star
Timo Meier named 2022 NHL All-Star
Nicholas Potter
Thursday afternoon, Sharks winger Timo Meier was named to the 2022 NHL All-Star team for the first time in his career. Meier will be heading to Las Vegas as the San Jose Sharks sole representative at the event.
The 9th overall pick in the 2015 NHL draft has become a centerpiece on the Sharks, leading the team in assists this season with 24, points with 39, and plus/minus with a +13. Timo has also net<|fim_middle|> a Shark, Meier has 13 multi-point games, with two of those being multi-goal games. With the exits of Joe Pavelski, Joe Thornton, and Patrick Marleau, Timo has taken the spotlight and is now one of the faces of the franchise.
The Herisau, Switzerland native will become just the fifth Swiss NHL player to be named an All-Star and the first Swiss winger to participate in the game. In the 2018-19 season, Timo became the first Swiss player in NHL history to record a 30-goal season.
Before being named an NHL All-Star for the first time, it had already been a milestone year for Meier who scored his 100th NHL goal earlier this season. Timo also eclipsed 200 career NHL points near the beginning of this season.
The 2022 NHL All-Star Game will be held on February 5th at T-Mobile Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada at 12 p.m. PT.
Timo Meier
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I have been a huge hockey fan my entire life. I grew up in San Jose, California going to Sharks games all the time and am a die hard Sharks fan while also a huge Canucks fans. I started playing hockey my junior year of high school and continued to play through college at the University of Nevada, Reno. Being a goalie, my two favorite NHL player of all-time are Evgeni Nabokov and Roberto Luongo | ted 15 goals this season, only behind Tomas Hertl on the team scoring count. Of his 15 goals, 5 of them are game-winners, which leads the team in that category.
The 25-year-old winger is only the fourth player in Sharks history to reach 39 points in the first 32 games of the season, putting him in an elite group with Joe Thornton, Patrick Marleau, and Owen Nolan.
Coming into Thursday, the day Meier was named an NHL All-Star, Timo was on a five-game point streak to help lead the Sharks to three-straight wins. Meier's recent point streak was his fifth multi-game point streak this year, including his six-game point streak to start the season. Timo had a red-hot start to the season, recording a point in 10 of his first 11 games.
In his sixth season as | 188 |
On the weekend of February 3rd and 4th I had immense pleasure of attending a Mental Health Conference at York University that was organized by one of my friends with Project Heal. This was the very first Mental Health Conference I have ever been to, however I know that it won't be my last as it was such an inspiring experience. Not only was I able to attend but I was also able to assist in running the conference over the weekend.
Day one began with a welcome address presented by Alicia Pinelli, who then introduced the first keynote speaker Charles Hargobind. Charles spoke about Mindfulness<|fim_middle|> was a very fun workshop. The second workshop was presented by Alyia Chan and focused on Supporting Loved Ones Experiencing Mental Health. She focused on being able to support loved ones and other's we work with who are experiencing mental health. She taught how to facilitate conversations, identify changes in mental health, and other ways of support beyond the medical model. Her workshop was very informative and something I think I will be able to use.
The third workshop was presented by Cameron Algie and was titled Overcoming Anxiety Through Play. He spoke about using Improv and play to help with anxiety. He introduced different forms of improv to allow someone to connect with their body, let go of judgement, make mistakes and laugh. This was a very fun and helpful workshop as I live with anxiety. It was nice to be able to let go, just be myself without worry. The final workshop was presented by Alicia Pinelli and was titled Reclaiming Your Awesomeness. Alicia spoke about the awesomeness we had as children and what has made us lose that sense. How society has shaped who we are and what we can do to get back what we had as children. This workshop was very inspirational and is something that really makes someone stop and think.
Once the workshops were finished lunch was provided and NEDIC did a presentation that was truly powerful. Everyone was then able to go to a second workshop of the four that were presented. Finally everyone came together for the last keynote speaker of the day Janna Morrison. Janna spoke about her experience with an eating disorder in a talk titled The Chaos Within: The Healing Process. She shared her journey with an eating disorder as well as her experience with the healing process. Her talk left very wet eyes in the audience, it was very moving and inspirational as well as emotional and very real.
Overall the day was a success and by the end of it I was ready for day two to begin. Stay tuned for Day 2 as well as an overview of the weekend.
My mom. I've been through a lot in my life and there have been some really rough times. My mom has been there through everything and is the person who keeps me going. I wouldn't be the person I am today without my mom in my life.
My siblings. As much as we might fight and bicker my siblings are very important to me. My brother has seen me through a lot and has helped me more than he will ever know. My sister shows me each and every day that though someone might be different they can still accomplish the same things.
My friends. My friends are there to pick me up when I'm down and I am thankful for each and every one of them. I know that I can always count on them and that is such a good feeling to have. My friends are really important to me and I don't think I would be where I am without them.
My puppy. Logan is fairly new in my life but he has already done so much for me. Whenever I am having a lot of anxiety he seems to know and he is there. He has a way of calming me down which is simply amazing.
The opportunities I have been offered. There have been some points in my life when I have been down and thought things were going to stay bad. But I have been offered a lot of opportunities that have brought me back up and given me hope for the future and that hope is something that can't be beat. | in the 21st Century and his talk was very relatable. He focused on calming one's mind and body through mindfulness practices and the benefits such practices have on everyday life. He spoke about his own life experiences and how he has used mindfulness practices to calm his mind and body.
Once the keynote speaker had finished there was a break to allow for everyone to mingle as well as check out some of the displays and vendors. These included Scared Queerless and NEDIC both of which I was able to talk to. Scared Queerless is a nonprofit organization started by a group of individuals who are aiming to combat violence in and towards the LGBT+ Community. NEDIC is an organization that focuses on awareness and prevention of eating disorders, food and weight preoccupation, and disordered eating by promoting critical thinking skills and a healthy, balanced-lifestyle.
Next everyone had a chance to attend one of four workshops all of which were very well done as I had the pleasure of attending bits of all four. The first was presented by Alan Faigal and was titled Mindful Movement. He focused on using movement and self-care, including moving creatively to gain vitality and self-awareness. Everyone involved in the workshop was able to find news and creative ways to move their bodies to release some of the daily stressors and replenish their energy. This | 273 |
Asus Launches ZenFone Ares With 8GB RAM
Asus ZenFone Ares is launched in Taiwan.
Asus has launched a mid-range smartphone that focuses more on AR (Augmented Reality) and VR (Virtual Reality). The Taiwanese multinational company has designed Asus ZenFone Ares features in accordance to match the AR and VR specifications. It also includes SonicMaster 3.0 Hi-Res Audio 384 kHz audio decoder and supports DTS Headphone with 7.1 channel support. Asus ZenFone Ares specs are identical to that of ZenFone AR that was launched last year in India for Rs 49,999.
Asus has embedded Android 7.0 Nougat in the ZenFone Ares. The company didn't make any announcement regarding the OS update to newer version. Unlike many other smartphones, Asus has the fingerprint sensor on the home button of the smartphone.
The device is packed with 5.7-inch WQHD Super AMOLED display with a screen resolution of 2560x1440 pixels and a standard 16:9 aspect ratio. In terms of processor, the Asus Zenfone Ares is powered by a Qualcomm Snapdragon 821 chipset coupled with the 6GB and 8GB RAM variants. The device is offered in four inbuilt storage models of 32GB/64GB/128GB/256GB with an expandable storage slot that can hold a micro SD card of up to 2TB capacity.
The camera of the Asus ZenFone Ares is specific to the AR and VR requirements. The 23-megapixel back camera comes with high-res PixelMaster 3.0 lens, which offers features like HDR mode, Low Light Mode, Super Resolution Mode 4X resolution, depth of field mode, GIF Animation Mode, Panorama Selfie Mode, Miniature Mode, and more. In the front, there is an 8-megapixel camera with a f/2.0 aperture.
On the connectivity front, Asus ZenFone Ares<|fim_middle|> creative. How can the smartphone making company join the hands with the space research firm and come up with a phone called, iPhone X Tesla? If your neurotransmitters are not accepting th | supports 4G LTE, Wi-Fi 802.11ac, Bluetooth 4.2, GPS/ A-GPS, USB Type-C, and a 3.5mm headphone jack. The smartphone is backed by a 3,300mAh battery with Quick charge 3.0 for fast charging. As per the company claims, the battery can be powered up to 60 percent in just 39 minutes using its BoostMaster Fast Charging technology.
Asus ZenFone Ares price is pegged at TWD 9,999, which is about $333. The cost can be altered later at the global launch. As of now, the device is only available in Taiwan only and will be available for purchase at selected retailers.
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