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OCMB-001 | li2026moltbook | The Moltbook Illusion: Separating Human Influence from Emergent Behavior in AI Agent Societies | Ning Li | 2,026 | 2026-02-07 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-001 | provenance / attribution | provenance audit | discourse; operational; grounding | D+O+G | Grounding | null | Authority; Reach | Moltbook / OpenClaw | Mixed-autonomy provenance is itself the study object; public traces do not establish autonomous authorship. | Aligns public posts/comments with timing signatures and provenance signals; strongest grounding paper for discourse-operational-grounding alignment. | Separates apparent social emergence from human intervention using temporal heartbeat fingerprints, ownership cues, and network indicators. | Attribution changes what language data means. | arXiv:2602.07432 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.07432 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.07432 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-002 | shi2026human | Human Control Is the Anchor, Not the Answer: Early Divergence of Oversight in Agentic AI Communities | Hanjing Shi; Dominic DiFranzo | 2,026 | 2026-02-10 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-002 | oversight discourse | oversight analysis | grounding | single-family | Grounding | null | Authority; Reach | OpenClaw / Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Used as grounding evidence about legitimacy, accountability, and oversight framing rather than direct operational traces. | Compares oversight expectations across r/OpenClaw and r/Moltbook, distinguishing action-risk from meaning-risk oversight. | Visible text and real control can diverge. | arXiv:2602.09286 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.09286 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.09286 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-003 | shi2026visibility | When Visibility Outpaces Verification: Delayed Verification and Narrative Lock-in in Agentic AI Discourse | Hanjing Shi; Dominic DiFranzo | 2,026 | 2026-02-11 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-003 | verification timing | discourse timing | discourse; grounding | 2+ families | Grounding | null | Authority; Reach | OpenClaw / Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Combines public-discourse trajectories with verification-timing signals, making it a clear discourse-plus-grounding study. | Shows that high-visibility agentic-AI discussions receive delayed verification cues, enabling narrative lock-in. | Timing matters for benchmark trust. | arXiv:2602.11412 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.11412 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.11412 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-004 | zerhoudi2026behind | Behind the Prompt: The Agent-User Problem in Information Retrieval | Saber Zerhoudi; Michael Granitzer; Dang Hai Dang; Jelena Mitrovic; Florian Lemmerich; Annette Hautli-Janisz; Stefan Katzenbeisser; Kanishka Ghosh Dastidar | 2,026 | 2026-03-04 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-004 | proxy-mediated retrieval / provenance | platform corpus / trace release | discourse; portable artifact; grounding | artifact-linked | Grounding | Transfer | Authority; Reach; Orchestration | Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Pairs platform-corpus analysis with provenance uncertainty and a reusable trace artifact (MolbookTraces). | Argues that intent is structurally non-identifiable when AI agents act under hidden human configuration, using a large Moltbook corpus and released traces. | Relevant to information retrieval and proxy-mediated dialogue. | arXiv:2603.03630 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.03630 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.03630 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-005 | mathew2026conversation | From Conversation to Command Execution: A Comparative Threat Modeling and Risk Analysis of OpenClaw and ChatGPT | Alex Mathew | 2,026 | 2026-02-28 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-005 | threat model / risk framing | threat modeling | grounding | single-family | Grounding | null | Authority; Orchestration | OpenClaw | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Primarily conceptual and threat-model based; used to clarify authorization and standing rather than empirical discourse or trajectory evidence. | Contrasts conversational assistants with command-executing agents to show why OpenClaw-like systems constitute a different risk category. | Clarifies why OpenClaw-style agents change risk categories. | doi:10.5281/zenodo.18811875 | https://zenodo.org/records/18811875 | https://zenodo.org/records/18811875 | zenodo | alias_search |
OCMB-006 | wang2026devil | The Devil Behind Moltbook: Anthropic Safety is Always Vanishing in Self-Evolving AI Societies | Chenxu Wang; Chaozhuo Li; Songyang Liu; Zejian Chen; Jinyu Hou; Ji Qi; Rui Li; Litian Zhang; Qiwei Ye; Zheng Liu; Xu Chen; Xi Zhang; Philip S. Yu | 2,026 | 2026-02-10 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-006 | self-evolving safety critique | safety critique | grounding | single-family | Grounding | null | Authority; Reach; Orchestration | Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Used mainly as a conceptual grounding critique about external oversight and safety drift, not as a triangulated provenance audit. | Argues that safety invariance is impossible in isolated self-evolving agent societies and relates the claim to Moltbook observations. | Provides a skeptical lens on emergent norms and alignment. | arXiv:2602.09877 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.09877 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.09877v2 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-007 | ruffini2026sorcerer | From The Sorcerer's Apprentice to Crystal Nights: Security Implications from Moltbot/Moltbook to Greg Egan's Crystal Nights | Giulio Ruffini; Francesca Castaldo | 2,026 | 2026-02-15 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-007 | conceptual security analysis | conceptual analysis | grounding | single-family | Grounding | null | Authority; Reach | Moltbot / Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Used as conceptual grounding restraint around speakerhood and anthropomorphic over-claiming. | Conceptual security reflection on Moltbot/Moltbook, warning against stronger teleological readings of agent behavior. | Encourages restraint against over-anthropomorphic reading. | doi:10.5281/zenodo.18443680 | https://zenodo.org/records/18443680 | https://zenodo.org/records/18443680 | zenodo | alias_search |
OCMB-008 | li2026position | Position: AI Agents Are Not (Yet) a Panacea for Social Simulation | Yiming Li; Dacheng Tao | 2,026 | 2026-02-19 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-008 | social-simulation critique | methodological critique | grounding | single-family | Grounding | Exchange | Authority | Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Used as a methodological grounding critique rather than an empirical multi-family study. | Argues that observed agent behavior on public platforms should not be over-read as valid social simulation. | Provides a counterweight to strong emergence narratives. | arXiv:2603.00113 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.00113 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.00113 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-009 | chen2026trajectory | A Trajectory-Based Safety Audit of Clawdbot (OpenClaw) | Tianyu Chen; Dongrui Liu; Xia Hu; Jingyi Yu; Wenjie Wang | 2,026 | 2026-02-16 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-009 | trajectory safety audit | trajectories | operational | single-family | Action | null | Authority; Reach; Orchestration | Clawdbot / OpenClaw | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Purest operational-trace paper in the corpus: logs messages, actions, and tool calls, but does not triangulate with discourse or provenance signals. | Introduces a trajectory-centric safety evaluation over full OpenClaw interaction logs across six risk dimensions. | Treats semantics as action traces rather than text strings. | arXiv:2602.14364 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.14364 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.14364 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-010 | wang2026assistant | From Assistant to Double Agent: Formalizing and Benchmarking Attacks on OpenClaw for Personalized Local AI Agent | Yuhang Wang; Feiming Xu; Zheng Lin; Guangyu He; Yuzhe Huang; Haichang Gao; Zhenxing Niu; Shiguo Lian; Zhaoxiang Liu | 2,026 | 2026-02-09 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-010 | personalized-agent security benchmark | end-to-end scenarios | operational | single-family | Action | null | Authority; Reach; Orchestration | OpenClaw | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Behavioral evidence is scenario and trajectory based; provenance and discourse appear as context rather than aligned evidence families. | Builds PASB, an end-to-end security benchmark for personalized OpenClaw deployments covering prompt, tool, and memory attack surfaces. | Supports long-horizon security and memory-sensitive evaluation. | arXiv:2602.08412 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.08412 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.08412 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-011 | dong2026clawdrain | Clawdrain: Exploiting Tool-Calling Chains for Stealthy Token Exhaustion in OpenClaw Agents | Ben Dong; Hui Feng; Qian Wang | 2,026 | 2026-03-01 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-011 | exploit chain / skills | skill + tool chain | operational; portable artifact | artifact-linked | Action | null | Enablement; Reach; Orchestration | OpenClaw | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Operational exploit is inseparable from the portable skill artifact, making it one of the clearest artifact-linked action papers. | Demonstrates a stealthy token-exhaustion attack through Trojanized skills and tool-calling recovery chains. | Makes repair language part of the threat model. | arXiv:2603.00902 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.00902 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.00902 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-012 | Ge2026GovernanceAF | Governance Architecture for Autonomous Agent Systems: Threats, Framework, and Engineering Practice | Yuxu Ge | 2,026 | 2026-03-07 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-012 | governance architecture | governed tool calls | operational; grounding | 2+ families | Action | Grounding | Authority; Reach; Orchestration | OpenClaw | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Aligns governed tool-use evidence with authorization and audit-grounding claims. | Proposes Layered Governance Architecture (LGA) with execution sandboxing, intent verification, authorization, and audit logging, evaluated on OpenClaw. | Shifts attention from text safety to execution safety. | arXiv:2603.07191 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.07191 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.07191v2 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-013 | vanbeek2026hardenedshell | The Hardened Shell: Evaluating Safety and Sovereignty in the OpenClaw Agent Architecture | Joran Bjarne van Beek; Dezso Mezo | 2,026 | 2026-02-03 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-013 | runtime architecture / sovereignty | architecture | operational; grounding | 2+ families | Action | Grounding | Authority; Reach; Orchestration | OpenClaw | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Pairs runtime architecture with sovereignty and trust-boundary reasoning. | Architectural critique of sovereign-agent design, emphasizing trust-boundary expansion from memory, tools, and internet input. | Argues for architectural rather than prompt-only defenses. | doi:10.5281/zenodo.18471237 | https://zenodo.org/records/18471237 | https://zenodo.org/records/18471237 | zenodo | alias_search |
OCMB-014 | bhardwaj2026formal | Formal Analysis and Supply Chain Security for Agentic AI Skills | Varun Pratap Bhardwaj | 2,026 | 2026-02-27 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-014 | skill supply chain security | skills | portable artifact; grounding | artifact-linked | Action | Transfer | Authority; Enablement; Reach; Orchestration | OpenClaw skills | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | The paper centers a portable artifact class (skills) and formal permission / trust guarantees, so it is artifact-linked and partly grounding-oriented. | Introduces SkillFortify for formal analysis of agent skill supply chains and capability overreach. | Treats language-wrapped skills as security-critical artifacts. | arXiv:2603.00195 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.00195 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.00195 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-015 | Jin2026ProofofGuardrailIA | Proof-of-Guardrail in AI Agents and What (Not) to Trust from It | Xisen Jin; Michael Duan; Qin Lin; Aaron Chan; Zhenglun Chen; Junyi Du; Xiang Ren | 2,026 | 2026-03-06 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-015 | runtime attestation | runtime assurance | operational; grounding | 2+ families | Action | Grounding | Authority; Reach; Orchestration | OpenClaw | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Explicitly links execution evidence with verifiable grounding / attestation. | Uses TEEs to attest that OpenClaw responses were generated behind a specified guardrail, while clarifying what such proofs cannot guarantee. | Links textual safety claims to verifiable execution. | arXiv:2603.05786 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.05786 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.05786v1 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-016 | zhan2026systems | Systems-Level Attack Surface of Edge Agent Deployments on IoT | Zhonghao Zhan; Krinos Li; Yefan Zhang; Hamed Haddadi | 2,026 | 2026-02-26 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-016 | edge deployment security | deployment architecture | operational; grounding | 2+ families | Action | Grounding | Authority; Reach; Orchestration | OpenClaw-like edge agents | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Architecture measurements are operational, but the security properties are framed in provenance and sovereignty terms. | Empirically compares cloud, edge-local, and hybrid agent architectures on IoT, measuring sovereignty-boundary integrity and provenance-chain completeness. | Shows that safety depends on deployment topology. | arXiv:2602.22525 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.22525 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.22525 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-017 | du2026clawmobile | ClawMobile: Rethinking Smartphone-Native Agentic Systems | Hongchao Du; Shangyu Wu; Qiao Li; Riwei Pan; Jinheng Li; Youcheng Sun; Chun Jason Xue | 2,026 | 2026-02-26 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-017 | mobile agent architecture | mobile architecture | operational | single-family | Action | null | Authority; Reach; Orchestration | ClawMobile / OpenClaw-inspired | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Primarily an architectural action paper about execution stability and control composition, not a discourse or provenance audit. | Presents a smartphone-native agent architecture separating probabilistic language reasoning from deterministic control pathways. | Separates language reasoning from deterministic control. | arXiv:2602.22942 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.22942 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.22942 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-018 | chen2026openclaw | When OpenClaw AI Agents Teach Each Other: Peer Learning Patterns in the Moltbook Community | Eason Chen; Ce Guan; Ahmed Elshafiey; Zhonghao Zhao; Joshua Zekeri; Afeez Edeifo Shaibu; Emmanuel Osadebe Prince | 2,026 | 2026-02-16 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-018 | peer learning | posts + learning cues | discourse; portable artifact | artifact-linked | Transfer | null | Enablement; Reach | OpenClaw / Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | The evidence is public discourse, but the object of interest is transferable knowledge and skill exchange. | Frames Moltbook as an AI-only peer-learning environment where agents share tutorials, discoveries, and multilingual tactics. | Studies how agents exchange skills and tactics through language. | arXiv:2602.14477 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.14477 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.14477 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-019 | Chen2026OpenClawAA | OpenClaw AI Agents as Informal Learners at Moltbook: Characterizing an Emergent Learning Community at Scale | Eason Chen; Ce Guan; Ahmed Elshafiey; Zhonghao Zhao; Joshua Zekeri; Afeez Edeifo Shaibu; Emmanuel Osadebe Prince; Cyuan Jhen Wu | 2,026 | 2026-02-21 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-019 | learning community | large-scale discourse | discourse | single-family | Transfer | Exchange | Enablement; Reach | OpenClaw / Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Dominant unit is large-scale discourse; transfer relevance comes from learning and knowledge exchange rather than a concrete portable artifact. | Characterizes Moltbook as an emergent informal learning community with extreme participation inequality and broadcast-heavy learning behavior. | Introduces discourse concepts for learning-oriented analysis. | arXiv:2602.18832 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.18832 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.18832v1 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-020 | mukherjee2026moltgraph | MoltGraph: A Longitudinal Temporal Graph Dataset of Moltbook for Coordinated-Agent Detection | Kunal Mukherjee; Cuneyt Gurcan Akcora; Murat Kantarcioglu | 2,026 | 2026-02-28 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-020 | dataset / graph benchmark | temporal dataset | discourse; portable artifact | artifact-linked | Transfer | null | Enablement; Reach | Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Dataset artifact is analyzed together with interaction evidence, making this strongly artifact-linked. | Releases a longitudinal graph dataset linking agent interactions, temporal drift, and exposure signals for coordinated-agent detection. | Provides a reusable benchmark and archival resource. | arXiv:2603.00646 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.00646 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.00646 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-021 | amin2026model | How to Model AI Agents as Personas?: Applying the Persona Ecosystem Playground to 41,300 Posts on Moltbook for Behavioral Insights | Danial Amin; Joni Salminen; Bernard J. Jansen | 2,026 | 2026-03-03 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-021 | persona abstraction | posts/personas | discourse; portable artifact | artifact-linked | Transfer | null | Enablement; Reach | Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Persona abstractions are portable artifacts built from discourse clusters, so this is artifact-linked transfer work. | Builds and validates conversational personas from 41,300 Moltbook posts to represent behavioral diversity. | Connects summarization with behavioral abstraction. | arXiv:2603.03140 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.03140 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.03140 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-022 | weidener2026openclaw | From Agent-Only Social Networks to Autonomous Scientific Research: Lessons from OpenClaw and Moltbook, and the Architecture of ClawdLab and Beach.Science | Lukas Weidener; Marko Brkić; Phillip Lee; Martin Karlsson; Kevin Noessler; Paul Kohlhaas | 2,026 | 2026-02-23 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-022 | research workflow design | literature + system design | discourse; portable artifact; grounding | artifact-linked | Transfer | null | Authority; Enablement; Reach; Orchestration | OpenClaw / Moltbook / ClawdLab | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Combines reviewed evidence with workflow artifacts and governance / verification design, making it the richest transfer paper. | Conducts a multivocal OpenClaw/Moltbook review and proposes ClawdLab and Beach.science as design-science responses for autonomous research. | Highlights orchestration and evidence-grounding. | arXiv:2602.19810 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.19810 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.19810v3 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-023 | manik2026openclaw | OpenClaw Agents on Moltbook: Risky Instruction Sharing and Norm Enforcement in an Agent-Only Social Network | Md Motaleb Hossen Manik; Ge Wang | 2,026 | 2026-02-02 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-023 | norm enforcement discourse | posts + replies | discourse | single-family | Exchange | null | Authority | OpenClaw / Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Exchange evidence comes entirely from posts and replies; no independent grounding or operational trace alignment is performed. | Measures action-inducing instruction sharing and norm-enforcing replies in an agent-only social network. | Shows how discourse can regulate safety. | arXiv:2602.02625 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.02625 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.02625 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-024 | lin2026exploring | Exploring Silicon-Based Societies: An Early Study of the Moltbook Agent Community | Yu-Zheng Lin; Bono Po-Jen Shih; Hsuan-Ying Alessandra Chien; Shalaka Satam; Jesus Horacio Pacheco; Sicong Shao; Soheil Salehi; Pratik Satam | 2,026 | 2026-02-02 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-024 | community structure | platform traces | discourse | single-family | Exchange | null | Reach; Orchestration | Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Observes public textual traces and community descriptions only. | Introduces data-driven silicon sociology through analysis of submolt descriptions and thematic organization. | Maps topics, communities, and agent behavior in the wild. | arXiv:2602.02613 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.02613 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.02613 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-025 | eziz2026fast | Fast Response or Silence: Conversation Persistence in an AI-Agent Social Network | Aysajan Eziz | 2,026 | 2026-02-07 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-025 | conversation persistence | thread dynamics | discourse | single-family | Exchange | null | Reach | Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Uses thread and timing patterns as surface discourse evidence rather than operational traces. | Shows that Moltbook conversations are dominated by immediate first-layer reactions with little sustained back-and-forth. | Shows that interaction structure is shallow but measurable. | arXiv:2602.07667 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.07667 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.07667 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-026 | de2026collective | Collective Behavior of AI Agents: the Case of Moltbook | Giordano De Marzo; David Garcia | 2,026 | 2026-02-09 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-026 | collective behavior | network structure | discourse | single-family | Exchange | null | Reach; Orchestration | Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Evidence is macro network/discourse structure only. | Documents macro-level collective regularities such as heavy-tailed participation and attention dynamics in Moltbook. | Supports coordination and inequality framing. | arXiv:2602.09270 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.09270 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.09270 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-027 | jiang2026humans | "Humans welcome to observe": A First Look at the Agent Social Network Moltbook | Yukun Jiang; Yage Zhang; Xinyue Shen; Michael Backes; Yang Zhang | 2,026 | 2026-02-02 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-027 | platform snapshot | platform snapshot | discourse | single-family | Exchange | null | Reach | Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Single-family discourse/platform-snapshot study. | Provides an early descriptive baseline for Moltbook topics, risks, toxicity, and growth dynamics. | Anchors the study of early public discourse. | arXiv:2602.10127 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.10127 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.10127 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-028 | holtz2026anatomy | The Anatomy of the Moltbook Social Graph | David Holtz | 2,026 | 2026-02-03 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-028 | reply graph / social graph | social graph | discourse | single-family | Exchange | null | Reach; Orchestration | Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Analyzes social-graph and text regularities as public-trace evidence only. | Describes heavy-tailed participation, small-world connectivity, and formulaic shallow interaction in the first 3.5 days of Moltbook. | Uses graph topology to complement discourse analysis. | arXiv:2602.10131 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.10131 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.10131 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-029 | li2026rise | The Rise of AI Agent Communities: Large-Scale Analysis of Discourse and Interaction on Moltbook | Lingyao Li; Renkai Ma; Chen Chen; Zhicong Lu; Yongfeng Zhang | 2,026 | 2026-02-13 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-029 | discourse and interaction | discourse + interaction | discourse | single-family | Exchange | null | Orchestration | Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Despite mixing text and graph measures, both belong to the surface-discourse family in this audit. | Combines topic modeling and social-network analysis to characterize themes, tone, and unequal interaction structure. | Combines text and network perspectives. | arXiv:2602.12634 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.12634 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.12634 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-030 | feng2026moltnet | MoltNet: Understanding Social Behavior of AI Agents in the Agent-Native MoltBook | Yi Feng; Chen Huang; Zhibo Man; Ryner Tan; Long P. Hoang; Shaoyang Xu; Wenxuan Zhang | 2,026 | 2026-02-13 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-030 | interaction network | social behavior | discourse | single-family | Exchange | null | Reach; Orchestration | Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Counts as surface-discourse evidence via interaction-network traces, not operational logs. | Network-analytic study of agent-agent social behavior on Moltbook. | Supports structural comparison across agents. | arXiv:2602.13458 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.13458 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.13458 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-031 | zhu2026comparative | A Comparative Analysis of Social Network Topology in Reddit and Moltbook | Yiming Zhu; Gareth Tyson; Pan Hui | 2,026 | 2026-02-14 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-031 | comparative network topology | comparative graphs | discourse | single-family | Exchange | null | Reach | Moltbook / Reddit | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Comparative but still single-family graph/discourse evidence. | Compares Moltbook and Reddit topologies to identify structural differences between agent-driven and human-driven networks. | Warns against naive human-social analogies. | arXiv:2602.13920 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.13920 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.13920 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-032 | li2026does | Does Socialization Emerge in AI Agent Society? A Case Study of Moltbook | Ming Li; Xirui Li; Tianyi Zhou | 2,026 | 2026-02-15 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-032 | socialization critique | behavioral signals | discourse | single-family | Exchange | Grounding | Authority | Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Uses public behavioral/discourse signals only, though interpretively close to grounding questions. | Asks whether apparent socialization truly emerges in Moltbook or whether activity remains socially hollow. | Separates sociality from surface activity. | arXiv:2602.14299 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.14299 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.14299 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-033 | hou2026structural | Structural Divergence Between AI-Agent and Human Social Networks in Moltbook | Wenpin Hou; Zhicheng Ji | 2,026 | 2026-02-13 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-033 | structural divergence | network metrics | discourse | single-family | Exchange | null | Reach | Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Single-family network comparison inside the surface-discourse family. | Measures how AI-agent network structure diverges from human social networks. | Highlights non-human structure beneath familiar interfaces. | arXiv:2602.15064 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.15064 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.15064 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-034 | price2026let | Let There Be Claws: An Early Social Network Analysis of AI Agents on Moltbook | H. C. W. Price; H. AlMuhanna; P. M. Bassani; M. Ho; T. S. Evans | 2,026 | 2026-02-23 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-034 | early network baseline | network snapshot | discourse | single-family | Exchange | null | Reach; Orchestration | Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Uses public trace/network evidence only. | Reports early hierarchy, role separation, and attention concentration across 12 days of Moltbook traces. | Triangulates early structural findings. | arXiv:2602.20044 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.20044 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.20044 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-035 | yee2026molt | Molt Dynamics: Emergent Social Phenomena in Autonomous AI Agent Populations | Brandon Yee; Krishna Sharma | 2,026 | 2026-03-03 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-035 | coordination dynamics | temporal graph + roles | discourse | single-family | Exchange | null | Reach; Orchestration | Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Longitudinal but still within the surface-discourse/network family. | Analyzes role specialization, information cascades, and weak cooperative task resolution over three weeks of Moltbook activity. | Adds longitudinal and coordination perspectives. | arXiv:2603.03555 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.03555 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.03555 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-036 | shekkizhar2026interaction | Interaction Theater: A case of LLM Agents Interacting at Scale | Sarath Shekkizhar; Adam Earle | 2,026 | 2026-02-23 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-036 | interaction quality | comments at scale | discourse | single-family | Exchange | null | Authority; Reach | Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Surface-discourse evidence only, though interpretively tied to speakerhood questions. | Finds that large-scale agent interaction is often lexically visible but semantically shallow, motivating the idea of 'interaction theater'. | Motivates deeper discourse-act modeling. | arXiv:2602.20059 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.20059 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.20059 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-037 | Dub2026WhatDA | What Do AI Agents Talk About? Emergent Communication Structure in the First AI-Only Social Network | Taksch Dube; Jianfeng Zhu; NHatHai Phan; Ruoming Jin | 2,026 | 2026-03-09 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-037 | communication structure | discourse structure | discourse | single-family | Exchange | null | Reach | Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Pure discourse-structure paper without operational or provenance alignment. | Characterizes Moltbook discourse through topic, emotion, formulaicity, and coherence, highlighting ritualized signaling and affective redirection. | Shows ritualization and emotional redirection in AI-to-AI discourse. | arXiv:2603.07880 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.07880v1 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.07880v1 | arxiv | alias_search |
OCMB-038 | zhang2026agents | Agents in the Wild: Safety, Society, and the Illusion of Sociality on Moltbook | Yunbei Zhang; Kai Mei; Ming Liu; Janet Wang; Dimitris N. Metaxas; Xiao Wang; Jihun Hamm; Yingqiang Ge | 2,026 | 2026-02-07 | Tier 1 | SCREEN-038 | mixed-method sociality critique | mixed-method critique | discourse; grounding | 2+ families | Exchange | Grounding | Authority; Reach; Orchestration | Moltbook | Bibliographic and coding metadata only; this release does not independently verify agent identity, autonomy, or the source's empirical claims. | Most clearly exchange-plus-grounding paper, pairing public-trace analysis with interpretive caution around autonomy, safety, and apparent sociality. | Combines large-scale Moltbook measurement with a cautionary argument that visible social output should not be confused with robust sociality or safety. | Foregrounds interpretive caution. | arXiv:2602.13284 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.13284 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.13284 | arxiv | alias_search |
OpenClaw as Language Infrastructure
Public evidence release for “OpenClaw as Language Infrastructure: A Case-Centered Survey of a Public Agent Ecosystem in the Wild.”
Project Page · GitHub · Paper PDF
Snapshot
The corpus is frozen at 2026-03-10 and separates three analytical scopes:
| Configuration | Records | Contents |
|---|---|---|
direct-corpus |
38 | Ecosystem-specific studies with GATE, AERO, evidence-alignment, source-tier, and provenance labels |
review-inventory |
79 | 38 direct studies plus 41 contextual sources |
screening-audit |
85 | Full identification, deduplication, eligibility, and inclusion lineage |
The screening flow reconciles 85 identified → 83 after duplicate/version merging → 81 full texts assessed → 79 included. The 38 direct studies divide into Grounding 8, Action 9, Transfer 5, and Exchange 16.
Files
direct-corpus.csv/.json— work-level survey corpus.review-inventory.csv/.json— included frozen review inventory.screening-audit.csv/.json— reason-coded screening ledger.schema.json,review-inventory.schema.json, andscreening-audit.schema.json— machine-readable contracts.CC-BY-4.0.txtandTHIRD_PARTY_NOTICES.md— licensing and source-boundary notices.
Evidence boundary
This release contains bibliographic facts and author-written annotations. It does not redistribute surveyed papers, platform data, or third-party full text. Each record links to a canonical public source. Do not infer autonomous authorship, verified identity, safety, or representativeness from inclusion in the corpus.
Authors
Chaoyue He, Xin Zhou, Di Wang, Hong Xu, Wei Liu, and Chunyan Miao.
Citation
@misc{he2026openclaw,
title = {OpenClaw as Language Infrastructure: A Case-Centered Survey of a Public Agent Ecosystem in the Wild},
author = {He, Chaoyue and Zhou, Xin and Wang, Di and Xu, Hong and Liu, Wei and Miao, Chunyan},
year = {2026},
url = {https://chaoyue0307.github.io/openclaw-language-infrastructure/}
}
Funding
This research is supported by the RIE2025 Industry Alignment Fund--Industry Collaboration Projects (IAF-ICP) (Award I2301E0026), administered by A*STAR, and by Alibaba Group and NTU Singapore through the Alibaba--NTU Global e-Sustainability CorpLab (ANGEL).
License
Original corpus metadata and annotations are released under CC BY 4.0. Linked third-party works remain under their respective terms.
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