id stringlengths 11 24 | title stringlengths 1 59 | context stringlengths 151 10k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | language stringclasses 2
values | answer_text stringlengths 1 239 ⌀ | answer_start float64 0 3.13k ⌀ | __index_level_0__ int64 0 191k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5a7dcf8e70df9f001a875203 | Matter | Antimatter is not found naturally on Earth, except very briefly and in vanishingly small quantities (as the result of radioactive decay, lightning or cosmic rays). This is because antimatter that came to exist on Earth outside the confines of a suitable physics laboratory would almost instantly meet the ordinary matter... | Large quantities of what can be created for testing? | en | null | null | 190,676 |
5a7de5f270df9f001a8752c3 | Matter | There is considerable speculation both in science and science fiction as to why the observable universe is apparently almost entirely matter, and whether other places are almost entirely antimatter instead. In the early universe, it is thought that matter and antimatter were equally represented, and the disappearance o... | What is the disappearance of matter linked to? | en | null | null | 190,677 |
5a7de5f270df9f001a8752c4 | Matter | There is considerable speculation both in science and science fiction as to why the observable universe is apparently almost entirely matter, and whether other places are almost entirely antimatter instead. In the early universe, it is thought that matter and antimatter were equally represented, and the disappearance o... | When was there more antimatter than matter? | en | null | null | 190,678 |
5a7de5f270df9f001a8752c5 | Matter | There is considerable speculation both in science and science fiction as to why the observable universe is apparently almost entirely matter, and whether other places are almost entirely antimatter instead. In the early universe, it is thought that matter and antimatter were equally represented, and the disappearance o... | What problem has physics solved? | en | null | null | 190,679 |
5a7de5f270df9f001a8752c6 | Matter | There is considerable speculation both in science and science fiction as to why the observable universe is apparently almost entirely matter, and whether other places are almost entirely antimatter instead. In the early universe, it is thought that matter and antimatter were equally represented, and the disappearance o... | Where is the Standard Model found? | en | null | null | 190,680 |
5a7de5f270df9f001a8752c7 | Matter | There is considerable speculation both in science and science fiction as to why the observable universe is apparently almost entirely matter, and whether other places are almost entirely antimatter instead. In the early universe, it is thought that matter and antimatter were equally represented, and the disappearance o... | What field of study speculates about science fiction? | en | null | null | 190,681 |
5a7de6bf70df9f001a8752d7 | Matter | In astrophysics and cosmology, dark matter is matter of unknown composition that does not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be observed directly, but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter. Observational evidence of the early universe and the big bang theory requir... | What does dark matter emit to make it visible? | en | null | null | 190,682 |
5a7de6bf70df9f001a8752d8 | Matter | In astrophysics and cosmology, dark matter is matter of unknown composition that does not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be observed directly, but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter. Observational evidence of the early universe and the big bang theory requir... | What effect on other matter allows electromagnetic radiation to be visible? | en | null | null | 190,683 |
5a7de6bf70df9f001a8752d9 | Matter | In astrophysics and cosmology, dark matter is matter of unknown composition that does not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be observed directly, but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter. Observational evidence of the early universe and the big bang theory requir... | What is baryonic in nature? | en | null | null | 190,684 |
5a7de6bf70df9f001a8752da | Matter | In astrophysics and cosmology, dark matter is matter of unknown composition that does not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be observed directly, but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter. Observational evidence of the early universe and the big bang theory requir... | What does dark matter form? | en | null | null | 190,685 |
5a7de6bf70df9f001a8752db | Matter | In astrophysics and cosmology, dark matter is matter of unknown composition that does not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be observed directly, but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter. Observational evidence of the early universe and the big bang theory requir... | Supersymmetric particles are part of what Model? | en | null | null | 190,686 |
5a7de78370df9f001a8752e1 | Matter | The pre-Socratics were among the first recorded speculators about the underlying nature of the visible world. Thales (c. 624 BC–c. 546 BC) regarded water as the fundamental material of the world. Anaximander (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) posited that the basic material was wholly characterless or limitless: the Infinite (apeir... | When did Socratics live? | en | null | null | 190,687 |
5a7de78370df9f001a8752e2 | Matter | The pre-Socratics were among the first recorded speculators about the underlying nature of the visible world. Thales (c. 624 BC–c. 546 BC) regarded water as the fundamental material of the world. Anaximander (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) posited that the basic material was wholly characterless or limitless: the Infinite (apeir... | What did Parmenides believe was the fundamental material of the world? | en | null | null | 190,688 |
5a7de78370df9f001a8752e3 | Matter | The pre-Socratics were among the first recorded speculators about the underlying nature of the visible world. Thales (c. 624 BC–c. 546 BC) regarded water as the fundamental material of the world. Anaximander (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) posited that the basic material was wholly characterless or limitless: the Infinite (apeir... | What is the name for the philosophical problems of understanding the nature of the world? | en | null | null | 190,689 |
5a7de78370df9f001a8752e4 | Matter | The pre-Socratics were among the first recorded speculators about the underlying nature of the visible world. Thales (c. 624 BC–c. 546 BC) regarded water as the fundamental material of the world. Anaximander (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) posited that the basic material was wholly characterless or limitless: the Infinite (apeir... | How many elements did Democritus name? | en | null | null | 190,690 |
5a7de78370df9f001a8752e5 | Matter | The pre-Socratics were among the first recorded speculators about the underlying nature of the visible world. Thales (c. 624 BC–c. 546 BC) regarded water as the fundamental material of the world. Anaximander (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) posited that the basic material was wholly characterless or limitless: the Infinite (apeir... | What did Parmenides say everything was made of? | en | null | null | 190,691 |
5a7de83a70df9f001a8752eb | Matter | For example, a horse eats grass: the horse changes the grass into itself; the grass as such does not persist in the horse, but some aspect of it—its matter—does. The matter is not specifically described (e.g., as atoms), but consists of whatever persists in the change of substance from grass to horse. Matter in this un... | What exists independently? | en | null | null | 190,692 |
5a7de83a70df9f001a8752ec | Matter | For example, a horse eats grass: the horse changes the grass into itself; the grass as such does not persist in the horse, but some aspect of it—its matter—does. The matter is not specifically described (e.g., as atoms), but consists of whatever persists in the change of substance from grass to horse. Matter in this un... | Who said matter had actuality in and of itself? | en | null | null | 190,693 |
5a7de83a70df9f001a8752ed | Matter | For example, a horse eats grass: the horse changes the grass into itself; the grass as such does not persist in the horse, but some aspect of it—its matter—does. The matter is not specifically described (e.g., as atoms), but consists of whatever persists in the change of substance from grass to horse. Matter in this un... | Aristotle said parts have existence outside of what? | en | null | null | 190,694 |
5a7de83a70df9f001a8752ee | Matter | For example, a horse eats grass: the horse changes the grass into itself; the grass as such does not persist in the horse, but some aspect of it—its matter—does. The matter is not specifically described (e.g., as atoms), but consists of whatever persists in the change of substance from grass to horse. Matter in this un... | What does grass turn the horse into? | en | null | null | 190,695 |
5a7de93570df9f001a8752f3 | Matter | For Descartes, matter has only the property of extension, so its only activity aside from locomotion is to exclude other bodies: this is the mechanical philosophy. Descartes makes an absolute distinction between mind, which he defines as unextended, thinking substance, and matter, which he defines as unthinking, extend... | What philosophy did Aristotle describe? | en | null | null | 190,696 |
5a7de93570df9f001a8752f4 | Matter | For Descartes, matter has only the property of extension, so its only activity aside from locomotion is to exclude other bodies: this is the mechanical philosophy. Descartes makes an absolute distinction between mind, which he defines as unextended, thinking substance, and matter, which he defines as unthinking, extend... | What did Aristotle define as distinct from matter? | en | null | null | 190,697 |
5a7de93570df9f001a8752f5 | Matter | For Descartes, matter has only the property of extension, so its only activity aside from locomotion is to exclude other bodies: this is the mechanical philosophy. Descartes makes an absolute distinction between mind, which he defines as unextended, thinking substance, and matter, which he defines as unthinking, extend... | How did Aristotle elevate matter? | en | null | null | 190,698 |
5a7de93570df9f001a8752f6 | Matter | For Descartes, matter has only the property of extension, so its only activity aside from locomotion is to exclude other bodies: this is the mechanical philosophy. Descartes makes an absolute distinction between mind, which he defines as unextended, thinking substance, and matter, which he defines as unthinking, extend... | What activity does locomotion have? | en | null | null | 190,699 |
5a7de93570df9f001a8752f7 | Matter | For Descartes, matter has only the property of extension, so its only activity aside from locomotion is to exclude other bodies: this is the mechanical philosophy. Descartes makes an absolute distinction between mind, which he defines as unextended, thinking substance, and matter, which he defines as unthinking, extend... | How does Descartes use matter and the formal/forming principle? | en | null | null | 190,700 |
5a7de9b570df9f001a875308 | Matter | Isaac Newton (1643–1727) inherited Descartes' mechanical conception of matter. In the third of his "Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy", Newton lists the universal qualities of matter as "extension, hardness, impenetrability, mobility, and inertia". Similarly in Optics he conjectures that God created matter as "solid, ma... | What did Descartes write? | en | null | null | 190,702 |
5a7de9b570df9f001a875309 | Matter | Isaac Newton (1643–1727) inherited Descartes' mechanical conception of matter. In the third of his "Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy", Newton lists the universal qualities of matter as "extension, hardness, impenetrability, mobility, and inertia". Similarly in Optics he conjectures that God created matter as "solid, ma... | What did Newton reject that Descartes did not? | en | null | null | 190,703 |
5a7de9b570df9f001a87530a | Matter | Isaac Newton (1643–1727) inherited Descartes' mechanical conception of matter. In the third of his "Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy", Newton lists the universal qualities of matter as "extension, hardness, impenetrability, mobility, and inertia". Similarly in Optics he conjectures that God created matter as "solid, ma... | What did Descartes say were the universal qualities of matter? | en | null | null | 190,704 |
5a7de9b570df9f001a87530b | Matter | Isaac Newton (1643–1727) inherited Descartes' mechanical conception of matter. In the third of his "Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy", Newton lists the universal qualities of matter as "extension, hardness, impenetrability, mobility, and inertia". Similarly in Optics he conjectures that God created matter as "solid, ma... | Both primary and secondary properties are suited to what form of description? | en | null | null | 190,705 |
5a7dea8870df9f001a875311 | Matter | There is an entire literature concerning the "structure of matter", ranging from the "electrical structure" in the early 20th century, to the more recent "quark structure of matter", introduced today with the remark: Understanding the quark structure of matter has been one of the most important advances in contemporary... | When did de Sabbata and Gasperini write? | en | null | null | 190,706 |
5a7dea8870df9f001a875312 | Matter | There is an entire literature concerning the "structure of matter", ranging from the "electrical structure" in the early 20th century, to the more recent "quark structure of matter", introduced today with the remark: Understanding the quark structure of matter has been one of the most important advances in contemporary... | What theory came after the quark structure of matter? | en | null | null | 190,707 |
5a7dea8870df9f001a875313 | Matter | There is an entire literature concerning the "structure of matter", ranging from the "electrical structure" in the early 20th century, to the more recent "quark structure of matter", introduced today with the remark: Understanding the quark structure of matter has been one of the most important advances in contemporary... | Understanding electrical structure has lead to important advances in what field? | en | null | null | 190,708 |
5a7dea8870df9f001a875314 | Matter | There is an entire literature concerning the "structure of matter", ranging from the "electrical structure" in the early 20th century, to the more recent "quark structure of matter", introduced today with the remark: Understanding the quark structure of matter has been one of the most important advances in contemporary... | Who described particles as quantum excitations? | en | null | null | 190,709 |
5a7dea8870df9f001a875315 | Matter | There is an entire literature concerning the "structure of matter", ranging from the "electrical structure" in the early 20th century, to the more recent "quark structure of matter", introduced today with the remark: Understanding the quark structure of matter has been one of the most important advances in contemporary... | What theory uses spinor fields? | en | null | null | 190,710 |
5a7deb7170df9f001a87531b | Matter | In the late 19th century with the discovery of the electron, and in the early 20th century, with the discovery of the atomic nucleus, and the birth of particle physics, matter was seen as made up of electrons, protons and neutrons interacting to form atoms. Today, we know that even protons and neutrons are not indivisi... | What field of physics began in the 19th century? | en | null | null | 190,711 |
5a7deb7170df9f001a87531c | Matter | In the late 19th century with the discovery of the electron, and in the early 20th century, with the discovery of the atomic nucleus, and the birth of particle physics, matter was seen as made up of electrons, protons and neutrons interacting to form atoms. Today, we know that even protons and neutrons are not indivisi... | What do atoms form? | en | null | null | 190,712 |
5a7deb7170df9f001a87531d | Matter | In the late 19th century with the discovery of the electron, and in the early 20th century, with the discovery of the atomic nucleus, and the birth of particle physics, matter was seen as made up of electrons, protons and neutrons interacting to form atoms. Today, we know that even protons and neutrons are not indivisi... | What are quarks divided into? | en | null | null | 190,713 |
5a7deb7170df9f001a87531e | Matter | In the late 19th century with the discovery of the electron, and in the early 20th century, with the discovery of the atomic nucleus, and the birth of particle physics, matter was seen as made up of electrons, protons and neutrons interacting to form atoms. Today, we know that even protons and neutrons are not indivisi... | Leptons are made up of what? | en | null | null | 190,714 |
5a7deb7170df9f001a87531f | Matter | In the late 19th century with the discovery of the electron, and in the early 20th century, with the discovery of the atomic nucleus, and the birth of particle physics, matter was seen as made up of electrons, protons and neutrons interacting to form atoms. Today, we know that even protons and neutrons are not indivisi... | We now know that quarks and leptons are not what? | en | null | null | 190,715 |
5a7e05ef70df9f001a875425 | Matter | These quarks and leptons interact through four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, weak interactions, and strong interactions. The Standard Model of particle physics is currently the best explanation for all of physics, but despite decades of efforts, gravity cannot yet be accounted for at the quantum level;... | How many quarks and leptons are there? | en | null | null | 190,716 |
5a7e05ef70df9f001a875426 | Matter | These quarks and leptons interact through four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, weak interactions, and strong interactions. The Standard Model of particle physics is currently the best explanation for all of physics, but despite decades of efforts, gravity cannot yet be accounted for at the quantum level;... | What model satisfactorily explains gravity? | en | null | null | 190,717 |
5a7e05ef70df9f001a875427 | Matter | These quarks and leptons interact through four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, weak interactions, and strong interactions. The Standard Model of particle physics is currently the best explanation for all of physics, but despite decades of efforts, gravity cannot yet be accounted for at the quantum level;... | Interactions between quarks and leptons are the exchange of what? | en | null | null | 190,718 |
5a7e05ef70df9f001a875428 | Matter | These quarks and leptons interact through four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, weak interactions, and strong interactions. The Standard Model of particle physics is currently the best explanation for all of physics, but despite decades of efforts, gravity cannot yet be accounted for at the quantum level;... | Mass and energy can always be compared to what? | en | null | null | 190,719 |
5a7e05ef70df9f001a875429 | Matter | These quarks and leptons interact through four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, weak interactions, and strong interactions. The Standard Model of particle physics is currently the best explanation for all of physics, but despite decades of efforts, gravity cannot yet be accounted for at the quantum level;... | What relation explains the carriers of the electric force? | en | null | null | 190,720 |
5a7e070b70df9f001a875439 | Matter | The term "matter" is used throughout physics in a bewildering variety of contexts: for example, one refers to "condensed matter physics", "elementary matter", "partonic" matter, "dark" matter, "anti"-matter, "strange" matter, and "nuclear" matter. In discussions of matter and antimatter, normal matter has been referred... | Physics has broadly agreed on the definition of what? | en | null | null | 190,721 |
5a7e070b70df9f001a87543a | Matter | The term "matter" is used throughout physics in a bewildering variety of contexts: for example, one refers to "condensed matter physics", "elementary matter", "partonic" matter, "dark" matter, "anti"-matter, "strange" matter, and "nuclear" matter. In discussions of matter and antimatter, normal matter has been referred... | Who coined the term partonic matter? | en | null | null | 190,722 |
5a7e070b70df9f001a87543b | Matter | The term "matter" is used throughout physics in a bewildering variety of contexts: for example, one refers to "condensed matter physics", "elementary matter", "partonic" matter, "dark" matter, "anti"-matter, "strange" matter, and "nuclear" matter. In discussions of matter and antimatter, normal matter has been referred... | What is another name for anti-matter? | en | null | null | 190,723 |
5a7e070b70df9f001a87543c | Matter | The term "matter" is used throughout physics in a bewildering variety of contexts: for example, one refers to "condensed matter physics", "elementary matter", "partonic" matter, "dark" matter, "anti"-matter, "strange" matter, and "nuclear" matter. In discussions of matter and antimatter, normal matter has been referred... | Matter usually does not need to be used in conjunction with what? | en | null | null | 190,724 |
5a7e070b70df9f001a87543d | Matter | The term "matter" is used throughout physics in a bewildering variety of contexts: for example, one refers to "condensed matter physics", "elementary matter", "partonic" matter, "dark" matter, "anti"-matter, "strange" matter, and "nuclear" matter. In discussions of matter and antimatter, normal matter has been referred... | What field of study has a variety of unusual contexts? | en | null | null | 190,725 |
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