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▁nine ▁of ▁the ▁princes ▁who ▁had ▁formed ▁the ▁Confeder ation ▁of ▁the ▁Rh ine ▁issued ▁a ▁pro clam ation ▁in ▁which ▁they ▁just ified ▁their ▁actions ▁by ▁claim ing ▁that ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁had ▁already ▁col lapsed ▁and ▁ceased ▁to ▁function ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁defeat ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Aust er l itz . ▁ ▁Abd ic ation ▁of ▁Francis ▁II ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁Napoleon ' s ▁assumption ▁of ▁the ▁title ▁" Em peror ▁of ▁the ▁French " ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 4 ▁and ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁defeat ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Aust er l itz ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 5 , ▁the ▁H abs burg ▁Mon archy ▁began ▁cont empl ating ▁whether ▁the ▁imperial ▁title ▁and ▁the ▁emp ire ▁as ▁a ▁whole ▁were ▁worth ▁def ending . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁states ▁nomin ally ▁serving ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Emperor , ▁such ▁as ▁Baden , ▁Wür ttemberg ▁and ▁Bav aria , ▁had ▁open ly ▁def ied ▁imperial ▁authority ▁and ▁s ided ▁with ▁Napoleon . ▁Even ▁then , ▁the ▁significance ▁of ▁the ▁emp ire ▁was ▁not ▁based ▁on ▁actual ▁control ▁of ▁resources , ▁but ▁on ▁prest ige . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁idea ▁behind ▁Francis ▁II ' s ▁actions ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 6 ▁was ▁to ▁lay ▁the ▁ground work ▁needed ▁to ▁avoid ▁additional ▁future ▁wars ▁with ▁Napoleon ▁and ▁France . ▁One ▁concern ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁H abs burg ▁Mon archy ▁was ▁that ▁Napoleon ▁might ▁asp ire ▁to ▁claim ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Emperor . ▁Napoleon ▁was ▁attract ed |
▁to ▁Char lemagne ' s ▁legacy ; ▁rep lic as ▁of ▁Char lemagne ' s ▁crown ▁and ▁sword ▁had ▁been ▁made ▁for ▁( but ▁not ▁used ▁during ) ▁Napoleon ' s ▁coron ation ▁as ▁Emperor ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁and ▁he ▁con ci ously ▁rev ived ▁Roman ▁imperial ▁symbols ▁and ▁asp ired ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁new ▁order ▁in ▁Europe , ▁something ▁a kin ▁to ▁the ▁universal ▁domin ion ▁implicit ▁in ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁Emperor ▁of ▁the ▁Rom ans . ▁Napoleon ' s ▁vision ▁of ▁Char lemagne ▁was ▁completely ▁different ▁from ▁the ▁German ▁vision ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁em peror , ▁however . ▁Instead ▁of ▁seeing ▁Char lemagne ▁as ▁a ▁German ▁king , ▁Napoleon ▁viewed ▁him ▁as ▁a ▁Frank ish ▁conquer or ▁who ▁had ▁extended ▁French ▁rule ▁across ▁Central ▁Europe ▁and ▁Italy , ▁something ▁Napoleon ▁asp ired ▁to ▁accomplish ▁as ▁well . ▁Despite ▁his ▁fix ation ▁on ▁Char lemagne , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁evidence ▁that ▁Napoleon ▁asp ired ▁to ▁become ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Emperor . ▁ ▁Austria ▁was ▁slow ▁to ▁respond ▁to ▁the ▁fast ▁pace ▁of ▁events . ▁Al ready ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 7 ▁June , ▁Francis ▁had ▁taken ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁ab d icate ▁at ▁the ▁moment ▁that ▁seemed ▁best ▁for ▁Austria . ▁K lem ens ▁von ▁Met tern ich ▁was ▁sent ▁on ▁a ▁mission ▁to ▁Paris ▁to ▁disc ern ▁Napoleon ' s ▁intent ions . ▁On ▁ 2 2 ▁July , ▁Napoleon ▁made ▁them ▁clear ▁in ▁an ▁ult imat um ▁demand ing ▁that ▁Francis ▁ab dic ated ▁by ▁ 1 0 ▁August . ▁Still |
, ▁as ▁late ▁as ▁ 2 ▁August , ▁Joseph ▁Ha as , ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁principal ▁commission ' s ▁secret ariat , ▁hoped ▁that ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁might ▁yet ▁be ▁a vert ed . ▁The ▁general ▁opinion ▁among ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁high ▁command ▁was ▁however ▁that ▁ab dic ation ▁was ▁in ev itable ▁and ▁that ▁it ▁should ▁be ▁combined ▁with ▁a ▁dissol ution ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁through ▁rel ieving ▁the ▁v ass als ▁of ▁the ▁em peror ▁of ▁their ▁duties ▁and ▁oblig ations . ▁A ▁formal ▁dissol ution ▁of ▁the ▁emp ire ▁was ▁perce ived ▁as ▁necessary , ▁as ▁it ▁would ▁prevent ▁Napoleon ▁from ▁acqu iring ▁the ▁imperial ▁title . ▁During ▁an ▁inter reg num , ▁the ▁two ▁imperial ▁vic ars ▁Sax ony ▁and ▁Bav aria ▁would ▁be ▁entitled ▁to ▁exercise ▁imperial ▁authority ▁and ▁since ▁both ▁were ▁aligned ▁with ▁Napoleon , ▁such ▁an ▁arrangement ▁could ▁cause ▁an ▁ab dic ated ▁Francis ▁( as ▁only ▁Emperor ▁of ▁Austria ) ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁v ass al ▁of ▁Napoleon ▁( as ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Emperor ). ▁More ▁cru cially , ▁the ▁ab dic ation ▁was ▁also ▁intended ▁to ▁buy ▁time ▁for ▁Austria ▁to ▁recover ▁from ▁its ▁losses ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁assumed ▁that ▁France ▁would ▁meet ▁it ▁with ▁some ▁con cess ions . ▁Although ▁the ▁Roman ▁title ▁and ▁the ▁tradition ▁of ▁a ▁universal ▁Christian ▁mon archy ▁were ▁still ▁considered ▁pr estig ious ▁and ▁a ▁worthy ▁her itage , ▁they ▁were ▁now ▁also ▁considered ▁things ▁of ▁the ▁past . ▁With ▁the ▁Holy |
▁Roman ▁Empire ▁dissol ved , ▁Francis ▁II ▁could ▁focus ▁his ▁attention ▁on ▁the ▁continued ▁rise ▁and ▁prosper ity ▁of ▁his ▁new ▁her edit ary ▁emp ire , ▁as ▁Emperor ▁Francis ▁I ▁of ▁Austria . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁morning ▁of ▁ 6 ▁August ▁ 1 8 0 6 , ▁the ▁imperial ▁her ald ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁rode ▁from ▁the ▁Hof burg ▁to ▁the ▁Jes uit ▁Church ▁of ▁the ▁N ine ▁Ch oir s ▁of ▁Ang els ▁( both ▁being ▁located ▁in ▁Vienna , ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁the ▁H abs burg ▁Mon archy ), ▁where ▁he ▁delivered ▁Francis ▁II ' s ▁official ▁pro clam ation ▁from ▁a ▁bal con y ▁over looking ▁a ▁large ▁square . ▁Writ ten ▁copies ▁of ▁the ▁pro clam ation ▁were ▁dispatch ed ▁to ▁the ▁diplom ats ▁of ▁the ▁H abs burg ▁mon archy ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁August ▁alongside ▁a ▁note ▁which ▁informed ▁former ▁princes ▁of ▁the ▁emp ire ▁that ▁Austria ▁would ▁compens ate ▁those ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁paid ▁from ▁the ▁imperial ▁tre as ury . ▁The ▁ab dic ation ▁did ▁not ▁acknow ledge ▁the ▁French ▁ult imat um , ▁but ▁str essed ▁the ▁interpretation ▁of ▁the ▁Peace ▁of ▁Press burg ▁by ▁the ▁imperial ▁est ates ▁made ▁it ▁impossible ▁for ▁Francis ▁to ▁ful fill ▁the ▁oblig ations ▁he ▁had ▁undert aken ▁in ▁his ▁elect oral ▁capit ulation . ▁ ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Em per ors ▁had ▁ab dic ated ▁before — the ▁most ▁notable ▁example ▁being ▁the ▁ab dic ation ▁of ▁Charles ▁V ▁in ▁ 1 5 5 8 |
— but ▁Francis ▁II ' s ▁ab dic ation ▁was ▁unique . ▁While ▁previous ▁ab dic ations ▁had ▁returned ▁the ▁imperial ▁crown ▁to ▁the ▁elect ors ▁so ▁that ▁they ▁may ▁proc laim ▁a ▁new ▁em peror , ▁Francis ▁II ' s ▁ab dic ation ▁simultaneously ▁dissol ved ▁the ▁emp ire ▁itself ▁so ▁that ▁there ▁were ▁no ▁more ▁elect ors . ▁ ▁After math ▁ ▁Re actions ▁ ▁The ▁passing ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire , ▁an ▁institution ▁which ▁had ▁last ed ▁for ▁just ▁over ▁a ▁thousand ▁years , ▁did ▁not ▁pass ▁un not iced ▁or ▁un lament ed . ▁The ▁dissol ution ▁of ▁the ▁emp ire ▁sent ▁shock w aves ▁through ▁Germany , ▁with ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁re actions ▁within ▁the ▁former ▁imperial ▁boundaries ▁were ▁re actions ▁of ▁ra ge , ▁gr ief ▁or ▁shame . ▁Even ▁the ▁sign ator ies ▁of ▁the ▁Confeder ation ▁of ▁the ▁Rh ine ▁were ▁out rag ed ; ▁the ▁Bav arian ▁em iss ary ▁to ▁the ▁imperial ▁di et , ▁Re ch berg , ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁" fur ious " ▁due ▁to ▁having ▁" put ▁his ▁signature ▁to ▁the ▁destruction ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁name ", ▁referring ▁to ▁his ▁state ' s ▁invol vement ▁in ▁the ▁conf eder ation , ▁which ▁had ▁effectively ▁do omed ▁the ▁emp ire . ▁From ▁a ▁legal ▁stand point , ▁Francis ▁II ' s ▁ab dic ation ▁was ▁controvers ial . ▁Contempor ary ▁legal ▁comment ators ▁agreed ▁that ▁the ▁ab dic ation ▁itself ▁was ▁perfectly ▁legal ▁but ▁that ▁the ▁em peror |
▁did ▁not ▁have ▁the ▁authority ▁to ▁dissol ve ▁the ▁emp ire . ▁As ▁such , ▁several ▁of ▁the ▁emp ire ' s ▁v ass als ▁refused ▁to ▁recognize ▁that ▁the ▁emp ire ▁had ▁ended . ▁As ▁late ▁as ▁October ▁ 1 8 0 6 , ▁far mers ▁in ▁Th uring ia ▁refused ▁to ▁accept ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁emp ire , ▁bel ieving ▁its ▁dissol ution ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁plot ▁by ▁the ▁local ▁authorities . ▁For ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁people ▁within ▁the ▁former ▁emp ire , ▁its ▁collapse ▁made ▁them ▁uncertain ▁and ▁fear ful ▁of ▁their ▁future , ▁and ▁the ▁future ▁of ▁Germany ▁itself . ▁Contempor ary ▁reports ▁from ▁Vienna ▁describe ▁the ▁dissol ution ▁of ▁the ▁emp ire ▁as ▁" in com pre hens ible " ▁and ▁the ▁general ▁public ' s ▁reaction ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁horror . ▁ ▁In ▁contrast ▁to ▁the ▁fear s ▁of ▁the ▁general ▁public , ▁many ▁contemporary ▁intellect uals ▁and ▁artists ▁saw ▁Napoleon ▁as ▁a ▁her ald ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁age , ▁rather ▁than ▁a ▁destroy er ▁of ▁an ▁old ▁order . ▁The ▁popular ▁idea ▁forward ed ▁by ▁German ▁national ists ▁was ▁that ▁the ▁final ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁fre ed ▁Germany ▁from ▁the ▁somewhat ▁an ach ron istic ▁ideas ▁root ed ▁in ▁a ▁f ading ▁ideal ▁of ▁universal ▁Christian ity ▁and ▁p aved ▁the ▁way ▁for ▁the ▁country ' s ▁un ification ▁as ▁the ▁German ▁Empire , ▁a ▁nation ▁state , ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁later . ▁German ▁historian ▁Hel mut ▁Rö ss ler ▁has |
▁argued ▁that ▁Francis ▁II ▁and ▁the ▁Aust ri ans ▁fought ▁to ▁save ▁the ▁largely ▁un gr ateful ▁Germany ▁from ▁the ▁forces ▁of ▁Napoleon , ▁only ▁withdraw ing ▁and ▁abandon ing ▁the ▁emp ire ▁when ▁most ▁of ▁Germany ▁bet rayed ▁them ▁and ▁joined ▁Napoleon . ▁Indeed , ▁the ▁assumption ▁of ▁a ▁separate ▁Aust rian ▁imperial ▁title ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 4 ▁did ▁not ▁mean ▁that ▁Francis ▁II ▁had ▁any ▁intent ions ▁to ▁ab d icate ▁his ▁pr estig ious ▁position ▁as ▁the ▁Roman ▁em peror , ▁the ▁idea ▁only ▁began ▁to ▁be ▁considered ▁as ▁circumstances ▁beyond ▁H abs burg ▁control ▁forced ▁decis ive ▁actions ▁to ▁be ▁taken . ▁ ▁Comp ounded ▁with ▁fear s ▁of ▁what ▁now ▁guaranteed ▁the ▁safety ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁smaller ▁German ▁states , ▁the ▁poet ▁Christoph ▁Martin ▁Wiel and ▁l ament ed ▁that ▁Germany ▁had ▁now ▁fallen ▁into ▁an ▁" ap oc aly ptic ▁time " ▁and ▁stating ▁" Who ▁can ▁bear ▁this ▁dis gra ce , ▁which ▁we igh s ▁down ▁upon ▁a ▁nation ▁which ▁was ▁once ▁so ▁gl orious ? — may ▁God ▁improve ▁things , ▁if ▁it ▁is ▁still ▁possible ▁to ▁improve ▁them ! ". ▁To ▁some , ▁the ▁dissol ution ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁was ▁seen ▁as ▁the ▁final ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁Roman ▁Empire . ▁In ▁the ▁words ▁of ▁Christian ▁Gott lob ▁von ▁Vo igt , ▁a ▁minister ▁in ▁We imar , ▁" if ▁poetry ▁can ▁go ▁hand ▁in ▁hand ▁with ▁politics , ▁then ▁the ▁ab dic ation ▁of ▁the ▁imperial ▁dign |
ity ▁offers ▁a ▁wealth ▁of ▁material . ▁The ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁now ▁takes ▁its ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁sequence ▁of ▁van qu ished ▁emp ires ". ▁In ▁the ▁words ▁of ▁the ▁English ▁historian ▁James ▁Bry ce , ▁ 1 st ▁Vis count ▁Bry ce ▁in ▁his ▁ 1 8 6 4 ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire , ▁the ▁emp ire ▁was ▁the ▁" old est ▁political ▁institution ▁in ▁the ▁world " ▁and ▁the ▁same ▁institution ▁as ▁the ▁one ▁founded ▁by ▁August us ▁in ▁ 2 7 ▁BC . ▁Writing ▁of ▁the ▁emp ire , ▁Bry ce ▁stated ▁that ▁" nothing ▁else ▁so ▁directly ▁linked ▁the ▁old ▁world ▁to ▁the ▁new — nothing ▁else ▁displayed ▁so ▁many ▁strange ▁contrast s ▁of ▁the ▁present ▁and ▁the ▁past , ▁and ▁sum med ▁up ▁in ▁those ▁contrast s ▁so ▁much ▁of ▁European ▁history ". ▁When ▁confront ed ▁by ▁the ▁fall ▁and ▁collapse ▁of ▁their ▁emp ire , ▁many ▁contempor aries ▁employed ▁the ▁cat ast roph ic ▁fall ▁of ▁ancient ▁T roy ▁as ▁a ▁met ap hor , ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁association ▁with ▁the ▁notion ▁of ▁total ▁destruction ▁and ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁a ▁culture . ▁The ▁image ▁of ▁the ▁ap ocal yp se ▁was ▁also ▁frequently ▁used , ▁associ ating ▁the ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁with ▁an ▁imp ending ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁world ▁( echo ing ▁medieval ▁leg ends ▁of ▁a ▁Last ▁Roman ▁Emperor , ▁a ▁figure ▁proph es ized ▁to ▁be ▁active ▁during ▁the ▁end ▁times ). ▁ ▁Pro tests ▁and ▁criticism ▁against ▁the ▁emp ire |
' s ▁dissol ution ▁was ▁typically ▁cens ored , ▁especially ▁in ▁the ▁French - admin istr ated ▁Confeder ation ▁of ▁the ▁Rh ine . ▁Among ▁the ▁aspects ▁most ▁critic ized ▁by ▁the ▁general ▁popul ace ▁was ▁the ▁removal ▁or ▁replacement ▁of ▁the ▁traditional ▁inter cess ions ▁for ▁the ▁emp ire ▁and ▁em peror ▁in ▁the ▁daily ▁church ▁pray ers ▁throughout ▁former ▁imperial ▁territory . ▁Supp ression ▁from ▁France , ▁combined ▁with ▁individual ▁examples ▁of ▁sens ational ▁ret ribution ▁against ▁pro - emp ire ▁advoc ates ▁ens ured ▁that ▁these ▁protest s ▁soon ▁died ▁down . ▁ ▁In ▁an ▁official ▁capacity , ▁Pr uss ia ' s ▁response ▁was ▁only ▁formula ic ▁expressions ▁of ▁regret ▁ow ing ▁to ▁the ▁" termin ation ▁of ▁an ▁hon ou rable ▁bond ▁h allowed ▁by ▁time ". ▁Pr uss ia ' s ▁representative ▁to ▁the ▁Reich stag , ▁Baron ▁G ör tz , ▁react ed ▁with ▁sad ness , ▁mixed ▁with ▁grat itude ▁and ▁affection ▁for ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁H abs burg ▁and ▁their ▁former ▁role ▁as ▁em per ors . ▁G ör tz ▁had ▁taken ▁part ▁as ▁an ▁elect oral ▁em iss ary ▁of ▁the ▁Elect or ate ▁of ▁Brandenburg ▁( Pr uss ia ' s ▁territory ▁within ▁the ▁formal ▁imperial ▁borders ) ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 2 , ▁at ▁the ▁election ▁of ▁Francis ▁II ▁as ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Emperor , ▁and ▁exclaimed ▁that ▁" So ▁the ▁em peror ▁whom ▁I ▁helped ▁elect ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁em peror ! — This ▁step ▁was ▁no ▁doubt ▁to ▁be |
▁expected , ▁but ▁that ▁does ▁not ▁make ▁its ▁reality ▁any ▁less ▁moving ▁and ▁cr ushing . ▁It ▁cut s ▁off ▁the ▁last ▁thread ▁of ▁hope ▁to ▁which ▁one ▁tried ▁to ▁cl ing ". ▁Baron ▁von ▁Wi essen berg , ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁en voy ▁to ▁the ▁Elect or ate ▁of ▁H esse - K ass el , ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁local ▁elect or , ▁William ▁I , ▁had ▁te ared ▁up ▁and ▁expressed ▁l ament ▁at ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁" a ▁constitution ▁to ▁which ▁Germany ▁had ▁for ▁so ▁long ▁ow ed ▁its ▁happiness ▁and ▁freedom ". ▁ ▁Intern ation ally , ▁the ▁emp ire ' s ▁dem ise ▁was ▁met ▁with ▁mixed ▁or ▁ind ifferent ▁re actions . ▁Alexander ▁I ▁of ▁Russia ▁offered ▁no ▁response ▁and ▁Christian ▁VII ▁of ▁Den mark ▁formally ▁incorpor ated ▁his ▁German ▁lands ▁into ▁his ▁kingdom s ▁a ▁few ▁months ▁after ▁the ▁emp ire ' s ▁dissol ution . ▁Gustav ▁IV ▁of ▁Sweden ▁( who ▁not ably ▁hadn ' t ▁recognized ▁the ▁separate ▁imperial ▁title ▁of ▁Austria ▁yet ) ▁issued ▁a ▁somewhat ▁provoc ative ▁pro clam ation ▁to ▁the ▁den iz ens ▁of ▁his ▁German ▁lands ▁( S wed ish ▁P omer ania ▁and ▁Bre men - Ver den ) ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁August ▁ 1 8 0 6 , ▁stating ▁that ▁the ▁dissol ution ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁" w ould ▁not ▁destroy ▁the ▁German ▁nation " ▁and ▁expressed ▁hopes ▁that ▁the ▁emp ire ▁might ▁be ▁rev ived . ▁ ▁The ▁dissol ution ▁of ▁the ▁Holy |
▁Roman ▁Empire ▁was ▁constit uted ▁by ▁Francis ▁II ' s ▁own ▁personal ▁ab dic ation ▁of ▁the ▁title ▁and ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁all ▁v ass als ▁and ▁imperial ▁states ▁from ▁their ▁oblig ations ▁and ▁duties ▁to ▁the ▁em peror . ▁The ▁title ▁of ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Emperor ▁( the oret ically ▁the ▁same ▁title ▁as ▁Roman ▁em peror ) ▁and ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁itself ▁as ▁an ▁idea ▁and ▁institution ▁( the ▁theoret ically ▁univers ally ▁so ver eign ▁imper ium ) ▁were ▁never ▁techn ically ▁abol ished . ▁The ▁continued ▁existence ▁of ▁an ▁universal ▁emp ire , ▁though ▁without ▁defined ▁territory ▁and ▁lack ing ▁an ▁em peror , ▁was ▁sometimes ▁referenced ▁in ▁the ▁titles ▁of ▁other ▁later ▁monarch s . ▁For ▁instance , ▁the ▁Sav oy ard ▁Kings ▁of ▁Italy ▁continued ▁to ▁claim ▁the ▁title ▁" Pr ince ▁and ▁Per pet ual ▁Vic ar ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁( in ▁Italy )" ▁( a ▁title ▁origin ating ▁from ▁an ▁ 1 4 th - century ▁imperial ▁grant ▁from ▁Emperor ▁Charles ▁IV ▁to ▁their ▁ancest or ▁Ama de us ▁VI , ▁Count ▁of ▁Sav oy ) ▁until ▁the ▁abol ition ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁mon archy ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁ ▁Success or ▁emp ires ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁Empire , ▁the ▁H abs burg ▁dynast y ▁continued ▁to ▁act ▁as ▁a ▁substitute ▁for ▁national ity , ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁imperial ▁title ▁was ▁not ▁( un like ▁for ▁instance ▁the ▁French ▁or ▁Russian ▁imperial ▁titles ) ▁associated ▁with ▁any ▁national |
ity ▁in ▁particular . ▁Though ▁the ▁German ▁v ass als ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁had ▁been ▁released ▁from ▁their ▁oblig ations , ▁Francis ▁II ▁and ▁his ▁success ors ▁continued ▁to ▁rule ▁a ▁large ▁German - spe aking ▁population ▁and ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁imperial ▁reg alia ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁kept ▁within ▁their ▁domains ▁( and ▁are ▁to ▁this ▁day ▁stored ▁and ▁displayed ▁at ▁the ▁Imperial ▁Tre as ury ▁at ▁the ▁Hof burg ▁in ▁Vienna ). ▁The ▁dynast y ▁retained ▁its ▁prominent ▁status ▁among ▁the ▁royal ▁families ▁of ▁Europe ▁and ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁eyes ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁their ▁subjects ▁still ▁the ▁only ▁true ▁imperial ▁family . ▁Although ▁the ▁new ▁Aust rian ▁Empire ▁lack ed ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁key ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire , ▁it ▁remained ▁close ▁in ▁practice ▁and ▁ide als ▁to ▁the ▁pre - 1 8 0 6 ▁emp ire . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁Francis ▁II ' s ▁ab dic ation , ▁the ▁new ▁Aust rian ▁Empire ▁took ▁steps ▁to ▁distance ▁itself ▁from ▁the ▁older ▁emp ire . ▁The ▁symbols ▁and ▁formal ▁titles ▁of ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁mon archy ▁were ▁alter ed ▁to ▁stress ▁Austria ▁as ▁a ▁distinct ▁entity . ▁Because ▁the ▁term ▁Kaiser th um ▁O sterreich ▁( A ust rian ▁Empire ) ▁had ▁entered ▁every day ▁speech , ▁the ▁mon archy ▁soon ▁dropped ▁the ▁original ▁prefix ▁" her edit ary ", ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁used ▁from ▁ 1 8 0 4 ▁to ▁ 1 8 0 6 ▁to ▁stress ▁the ▁difference ▁between ▁Austria ▁and ▁the ▁Holy |
▁Roman ▁Empire . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁Empire ▁( and ▁France ▁under ▁Napoleon ), ▁the ▁most ▁prominent ▁potential ▁claim ant ▁to ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire ' s ▁legacy ▁( in ▁the ▁sense ▁of ▁r uling ▁Germany ) ▁in ▁the ▁w ake ▁of ▁its ▁collapse ▁and ▁dissol ution ▁was ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Pr uss ia , ▁ruled ▁by ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁H oh enz oll ern . ▁Al ong side , ▁the ▁growing ▁crown ▁lands ▁of ▁the ▁H abs burg s , ▁Pr uss ia ▁represented ▁the ▁sole ▁major ▁power ▁in ▁Central ▁Europe ▁during ▁the ▁last ▁century ▁or ▁so ▁of ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁imperial ▁rule . ▁It ▁was ▁frequently ▁rum ored ▁that ▁the ▁Pr us si ans ▁had ▁imperial ▁amb itions ▁and ▁Frederick ▁II ▁of ▁Pr uss ia ▁was ▁a ▁rum ored ▁candidate ▁to ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Emperor ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 0 . ▁Frederick ▁II , ▁and ▁other ▁Pr uss ian ▁k ings , ▁dismiss ed ▁these ▁ideas ▁while ▁they ▁remained ▁under ▁imperial ▁rule , ▁arg uing ▁that ▁additional ▁territory ▁and ▁power ▁would ▁be ▁more ▁benef icial ▁than ▁the ▁imperial ▁title . ▁In ▁ 1 7 9 5 ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 3 ▁and ▁ 1 8 0 4 , ▁French ▁represent atives ▁suggested ▁that ▁Pr uss ia ▁might ▁convert ▁its ▁northern ▁German ▁territ ories ▁into ▁an ▁emp ire , ▁but ▁the ▁H oh enz oll ern s ▁were ▁not ▁interested ▁in ▁going ▁through ▁with ▁such ▁a ▁plan . ▁Though ▁the ▁Pr uss ian ▁r |
ul ers ▁and ▁their ▁officials ▁expressed ▁sorrow ▁at ▁the ▁col laps ing ▁state ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁from ▁ 1 7 9 2 ▁on wards , ▁they ▁were ▁also ▁critical ▁to ▁nost alg ia ▁for ▁Germany ' s ▁history ▁under ▁imperial ▁rule . ▁The ▁Pr us si ans ▁viewed ▁the ▁surv ival ▁ch ances ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁as ▁very ▁low ▁and ▁saw ▁the ▁French ▁as ▁the ▁true ▁success ors ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁Carol ing ians , ▁an ▁enemy ▁which ▁they ▁believed ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁defeated ▁by ▁the ▁normal ▁military ▁means . ▁▁ ▁The ▁rel uct ance ▁of ▁the ▁H oh enz oll ern s ▁to ▁assume ▁an ▁imperial ▁title ▁shift ed ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 6 ▁as ▁they ▁fe ared ▁that ▁with ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁Confeder ation ▁of ▁the ▁Rh ine ▁and ▁the ▁dissol ution ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire , ▁Napoleon ▁might ▁asp ire ▁to ▁claim ▁the ▁hypoth et ical ▁position ▁of ▁" Em peror ▁of ▁Germany ". ▁Though ▁prepar ations ▁were ▁made ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁" imper ial ▁union " ▁in ▁northern ▁Germany , ▁with ▁an ▁em peror ▁of ▁the ▁H oh enz oll ern ▁dynast y , ▁these ▁plans ▁were ▁dropped ▁in ▁September ▁of ▁ 1 8 0 6 ▁after ▁they ▁found ▁little ▁support ▁and ▁Emperor ▁Alexander ▁I ▁of ▁Russia ▁object ed ▁to ▁the ▁plans . ▁Because ▁the ▁H oh enz oll ern s ▁lack ed ▁imperial ▁ancest ry ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁see ▁themselves ▁as ▁an ▁imperial ▁dynast y ▁and ▁even ▁after ▁Napoleon ' s |
▁ult imate ▁defe ats ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 3 ▁and ▁ 1 8 1 5 , ▁their ▁position ▁changed ▁little . ▁Although ▁Germany ▁was ▁un ited ▁into ▁the ▁German ▁Empire ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 1 , ▁under ▁the ▁H oh enz oll ern ▁em peror ▁Wilhelm ▁I , ▁the ▁pro clam ation ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁emp ire ▁was ▁ide olog ically ▁problem atic ▁and ▁the ▁H oh enz oll ern s ▁found ▁themselves ▁mostly ▁ill - at - e ase ▁with ▁its ▁imp lications . ▁Att empt s ▁were ▁made ▁to ▁associate ▁the ▁German ▁Empire ▁with ▁the ▁institutions ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire , ▁but ▁its ▁em per ors ▁continued ▁to ▁enumerate ▁themselves ▁after ▁the ▁Kings ▁of ▁Pr uss ia ; ▁Emperor ▁Frederick ▁III ▁( 1 8 8 8 ) ▁was ▁enumer ated ▁after ▁his ▁prede cess or ▁as ▁king , ▁Frederick ▁II , ▁not ▁after ▁the ▁previous ▁imperial ▁Frederick ▁( Em peror ▁Frederick ▁III ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century , ▁the ▁new ▁Frederick ▁would ▁then ▁have ▁been ▁Frederick ▁IV ). ▁ ▁Despite ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁ultimately ▁failing ▁in ▁prevent ing ▁war ▁with ▁France , ▁the ▁late ▁emp ire ' s ▁nom inal ▁role ▁as ▁working ▁for ▁peace ▁and ▁forming ▁a ▁loose ▁sort ▁of ▁h eg em ony ▁and ▁partners hip ▁offered ▁an ▁alternative ▁to ▁both ▁the ▁universal ▁mon archy ▁of ▁Napoleon ' s ▁French ▁Empire ▁and ▁the ▁universal ▁republic ▁advoc ated ▁for ▁by ▁Revolution ary ▁France ▁and ▁it ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁model ▁for ▁future ▁constitution s ▁for |
▁international ▁bodies ▁and ▁organizations . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Abd ic ation ▁of ▁Francis ▁II , ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Emperor ▁on ▁Wik is ource ▁▁▁ ▁Category : D iss ol utions ▁of ▁emp ires ▁Category : N ap ole onic ▁Wars ▁Category : August ▁ 1 8 0 6 ▁events <0x0A> </s> ▁Kno ck aine y ▁is ▁a ▁G ael ic ▁Athlet ic ▁Association ▁club ▁located ▁in ▁Kno ck aine y , ▁County ▁L imer ick , ▁Ireland . ▁The ▁club , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁fields ▁teams ▁in ▁both ▁hur ling ▁and ▁G ael ic ▁football . ▁ ▁Over view ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁▁ ▁L imer ick ▁Inter mediate ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁ ▁Notable ▁players ▁▁ ▁Tommy ▁Co oke ▁ ▁External ▁sources ▁ ▁L imer ick ▁Club ▁Information ▁ ▁Category : G ael ic ▁Athlet ic ▁Association ▁clubs ▁in ▁County ▁L imer ick ▁Category : H ur ling ▁clubs ▁in ▁County ▁L imer ick ▁Category : G ael ic ▁football ▁clubs ▁in ▁County ▁L imer ick <0x0A> </s> ▁Cor te ▁de ' ▁Cort esi ▁con ▁C ign one ▁( C rem un és : ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁comune ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁C rem ona , ▁in ▁Lomb ard y , ▁northern ▁Italy . ▁ ▁The ▁town ▁has ▁a ▁parish ▁church ▁dedicated ▁to ▁San ▁Gia como ▁e ▁Fil ipp o . ▁ ▁References <0x0A> </s> ▁T eles phere ▁is ▁a ▁nation wide ▁Un |
ified ▁Communic ations ▁as ▁a ▁Service ▁provider ▁for ▁business es . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁T eles phere ▁began ▁providing ▁highly ▁secure ▁cloud ▁based ▁voice ▁and ▁data ▁services ▁over ▁a ▁private ▁IP ▁M PL S ▁network ▁to ▁mid ▁and ▁large ▁enter pr ises ▁throughout ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁now ▁also ▁in ▁Europe . ▁ ▁T eles phere ▁provides ▁Host ed ▁Vo IP , ▁ ▁Man aged ▁Video ▁Br id ging , ▁M PL S ▁Network ▁Services , ▁ ▁Private ▁S IP ▁Tr unk ing , ▁Mobile ▁Integr ation ▁and ▁many ▁other ▁Cloud ▁Communic ations ▁services . ▁ ▁Services ▁are ▁available ▁regardless ▁of ▁the ▁ge ographic ▁location ▁throughout ▁out ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁History ▁T eles phere ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁and ▁is ▁back ed ▁and ▁operated ▁by ▁invest ors ▁who ▁were ▁affili ated ▁with ▁Cell ular ▁One / AT & T ▁W ire less , ▁Next el , ▁Next link , ▁X O ▁Communic ations , ▁and ▁Clear wire , ▁drawing ▁talent ▁from ▁tele com ▁industry ▁veter ans ▁with ▁successful ▁track ▁records . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁T eles phere ▁acquired ▁the ▁Vo IP ▁services ▁business ▁of ▁Den ver - based ▁IP ▁services ▁provider ▁Unity ▁Business ▁Network s . ▁ ▁From ▁mid - 2 0 0 8 ▁through ▁mid - 2 0 1 0 , ▁T eles phere ▁raised ▁more ▁capital ▁than ▁any ▁other ▁vent ure ▁back ed ▁priv ately ▁held ▁company ▁in ▁Arizona . ▁Fund ing ▁has ▁featured ▁several ▁premier |
▁tele communic ations ▁invest ors ▁including : ▁R ally ▁Capital , ▁Haw key e ▁In vest ments ▁and ▁the ▁Gre ens p un ▁Corporation . ▁T eles phere ▁agreed ▁to ▁be ▁acquired ▁by ▁Von age ▁for ▁$ 1 1 4 ▁million ▁in ▁November ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Current ▁customers ▁and ▁spons ors ▁T eles phere ▁currently ▁supports ▁customers ▁across ▁the ▁US , ▁Canada , ▁and ▁Europe . ▁ ▁T eles phere ▁is ▁active ▁with ▁national ▁char ities , ▁including ▁the ▁American ▁Red ▁Cross , ▁Make - a - W ish ▁Foundation , ▁South west ▁Human ▁Development ’ s ▁Ada pt ▁Sh op , ▁and ▁the ▁American ▁L ung ▁Association . ▁Community ▁invol vement ▁is ▁multi - fac et ed , ▁taking ▁place ▁at ▁all ▁levels ▁of ▁the ▁organization . ▁ ▁T eles phere ▁act ively ▁particip ates ▁in ▁a ▁L unch ▁Bud dy ▁M ent oring ▁Program ▁with ▁Big ▁Brothers ▁Big ▁Sister s ; ▁M aking ▁Str ides ; ▁American ▁Society ▁Run / W alk ; ▁Make - a - W ish ▁ 5 k ▁Run ; ▁and , ▁numerous ▁other ▁phil anth rop ic ▁events ▁across ▁the ▁nation . ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁T eles phere ▁Rank ed ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁U C aa S ▁Pro vider ▁by ▁W ain house ▁Research ’ s ▁‘ B road So ft ▁Pro vider ▁Power ▁Rank ings – 2 0 1 4 ▁▁ ▁T eles phere ▁Hon ored ▁as ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁State ’ s ▁Top ▁ 5 0 ▁L arg est |
▁Private ▁Comp an ies ▁at ▁Arizona ▁Corpor ate ▁Ex cell ence ▁Awards ▁Night ▁▁ ▁T eles phere ▁Rec ogn ized ▁as ▁a ▁Ch allen ger ▁in ▁Un ified ▁Communic ations ▁as ▁a ▁Service ▁( UC aa S ) ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁G art ner ▁Magic ▁Qu adr ant ▁▁ ▁T eles phere ▁Rec ogn ized ▁as ▁Inc . ▁ 5 0 0 / 5 0 0 0 ▁Fast - G row ing ▁Company ▁▁ ▁T eles phere ▁selected ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Top ▁Comp an ies ▁to ▁Work ▁for ▁in ▁Arizona ▁▁ ▁T eles phere ▁Rece ives ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Un ified ▁Communic ations ▁Product ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁Award ▁▁ ▁T MC ' s ▁Internet ▁Tele phony ▁Magazine ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Un ified ▁Communic ations ▁Award ▁▁ ▁Del o itte ▁- ▁Technology ▁Fast ▁ 5 0 0 ▁Award ▁▁ ▁Inc ▁ 5 0 0 / 5 0 0 0 ▁- ▁Inc ▁ 5 0 0 0 ▁Fast est ▁G row ing ▁companies ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁( 3 rd ▁year ▁in ▁a ▁row ) ▁▁ ▁Scot ts dale ▁Chamber ▁of ▁Com merce ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Ster ling ▁Award ▁W inner ▁▁ ▁Best Comp an ies A Z . com ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Arizona ' s ▁Most ▁Ad m ired ▁Comp an ies ▁W inner ▁ ▁Cloud ▁Communic ations ▁Alliance ▁T eles phere ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁ 2 3 ▁technology ▁companies ▁that ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁Cloud ▁Communic ations ▁Alliance . ▁ ▁Clark |
▁Pet erson , ▁CE O ▁of ▁T eles phere , ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁and ▁current ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Cloud ▁Communic ations ▁Alliance . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Internet ▁service ▁prov iders ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : V o IP ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : V on age <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁Unix - like ▁( s ometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁UN * X ▁or ▁* n ix ) ▁operating ▁system ▁is ▁one ▁that ▁behav es ▁in ▁a ▁manner ▁similar ▁to ▁a ▁Unix ▁system , ▁while ▁not ▁necessarily ▁conform ing ▁to ▁or ▁being ▁cert ified ▁to ▁any ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁Single ▁UN IX ▁Spec ification . ▁ ▁A ▁Unix - like ▁application ▁is ▁one ▁that ▁behav es ▁like ▁the ▁corresponding ▁Unix ▁command ▁or ▁shell . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁standard ▁for ▁defining ▁the ▁term , ▁and ▁some ▁difference ▁of ▁opinion ▁is ▁possible ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁degree ▁to ▁which ▁a ▁given ▁operating ▁system ▁or ▁application ▁is ▁" Un ix - like ". ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁can ▁include ▁free ▁and ▁open - source ▁operating ▁systems ▁inspired ▁by ▁Bell ▁L abs ' ▁Unix ▁or ▁designed ▁to ▁em ulate ▁its ▁features , ▁commercial ▁and ▁propriet ary ▁work - al ikes , ▁and ▁even ▁versions ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁lic ensed ▁UN IX ▁source ▁code ▁( which ▁may ▁be ▁sufficiently ▁" Un ix - like " ▁to ▁pass ▁cert ification ▁and ▁bear ▁the ▁" UN IX " ▁tra dem ark ). ▁ ▁Definition ▁ ▁The ▁Open ▁Group ▁own s ▁the ▁UN IX ▁tra dem ark ▁and ▁admin ister |
s ▁the ▁Single ▁UN IX ▁Spec ification , ▁with ▁the ▁" UN IX " ▁name ▁being ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁cert ification ▁mark . ▁ ▁They ▁do ▁not ▁appro ve ▁of ▁the ▁construction ▁" Un ix - like ", ▁and ▁consider ▁it ▁a ▁mis use ▁of ▁their ▁tra dem ark . ▁ ▁Their ▁gu idel ines ▁require ▁" UN IX " ▁to ▁be ▁presented ▁in ▁upper case ▁or ▁otherwise ▁distinguished ▁from ▁the ▁surrounding ▁text , ▁strongly ▁encou rage ▁using ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁brand ing ▁ad jective ▁for ▁a ▁generic ▁word ▁such ▁as ▁" system ", ▁and ▁disc ou rage ▁its ▁use ▁in ▁hy phen ated ▁phr ases . ▁ ▁Other ▁parties ▁frequently ▁treat ▁" Un ix " ▁as ▁a ▁generic ized ▁tra dem ark . ▁Some ▁add ▁a ▁wild card ▁character ▁to ▁the ▁name ▁to ▁make ▁an ▁abbre viation ▁like ▁ ▁" Un * x " ▁or ▁"* n ix ", ▁since ▁Unix - like ▁systems ▁often ▁have ▁Unix - like ▁names ▁such ▁as ▁A IX , ▁A / U X , ▁H P - U X , ▁I RI X , ▁Linux , ▁Min ix , ▁Ult rix , ▁X enix , ▁X inu , ▁and ▁X NU . ▁These ▁patterns ▁do ▁not ▁literally ▁match ▁many ▁system ▁names , ▁but ▁are ▁still ▁generally ▁recognized ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁any ▁UN IX ▁system , ▁desc endant , ▁or ▁work - ali ke , ▁even ▁those ▁with ▁completely ▁dis similar ▁names ▁such ▁as ▁Dar win / mac OS , ▁ill um os / S olar is |
▁or ▁Free B SD . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Wayne ▁R . ▁Gray ▁su ed ▁to ▁dispute ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁UN IX ▁as ▁a ▁tra dem ark , ▁but ▁lost ▁his ▁case , ▁and ▁lost ▁again ▁on ▁appeal , ▁with ▁the ▁court ▁u ph old ing ▁the ▁tra dem ark ▁and ▁its ▁ownership . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁" Un ix - like " ▁systems ▁started ▁to ▁appear ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁Many ▁propriet ary ▁versions , ▁such ▁as ▁Id ris ▁( 1 9 7 8 ), ▁UN OS ▁( 1 9 8 2 ), ▁C oh er ent ▁( 1 9 8 3 ), ▁and ▁Un i F lex ▁( 1 9 8 5 ), ▁aim ed ▁to ▁provide ▁business es ▁with ▁the ▁functionality ▁available ▁to ▁academic ▁users ▁of ▁UN IX . ▁ ▁When ▁AT & T ▁allowed ▁relatively ▁in exp ensive ▁commercial ▁binary ▁sub - lic ens ing ▁of ▁UN IX ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁propriet ary ▁systems ▁were ▁developed ▁based ▁on ▁it , ▁including ▁A IX , ▁H P - U X , ▁I RI X , ▁Sun OS , ▁Tru 6 4 , ▁Ult rix , ▁and ▁X enix . ▁These ▁largely ▁disp la ced ▁the ▁propriet ary ▁cl ones . ▁ ▁G row ing ▁in compat ibility ▁among ▁these ▁systems ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁inter oper ability ▁standards , ▁including ▁P OS IX ▁and |
▁the ▁Single ▁UN IX ▁Spec ification . ▁ ▁Vari ous ▁free , ▁low - cost , ▁and ▁un rest rict ed ▁subst it utes ▁for ▁UN IX ▁emer ged ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁including ▁ 4 . 4 B SD , ▁Linux , ▁and ▁Min ix . ▁Some ▁of ▁these ▁have ▁in ▁turn ▁been ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁commercial ▁" Un ix - like " ▁systems , ▁such ▁as ▁B SD / OS ▁and ▁mac OS . ▁Several ▁versions ▁of ▁( Mac ) ▁OS ▁X / mac OS ▁running ▁on ▁Intel - based ▁Mac ▁computers ▁have ▁been ▁cert ified ▁under ▁the ▁Single ▁UN IX ▁Spec ification . ▁The ▁B SD ▁variants ▁are ▁descend ants ▁of ▁UN IX ▁developed ▁by ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁at ▁Ber keley ▁with ▁UN IX ▁source ▁code ▁from ▁Bell ▁L abs . ▁However , ▁the ▁B SD ▁code ▁base ▁has ▁evol ved ▁since ▁then , ▁replacing ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁AT & T ▁code . ▁Since ▁the ▁B SD ▁variants ▁are ▁not ▁cert ified ▁as ▁comp li ant ▁with ▁the ▁Single ▁UN IX ▁Spec ification , ▁they ▁are ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" UN IX - like " ▁rather ▁than ▁" UN IX ". ▁ ▁C ategories ▁ ▁Dennis ▁R itch ie , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁cre ators ▁of ▁Unix , ▁expressed ▁his ▁opinion ▁that ▁Unix - like ▁systems ▁such ▁as ▁Linux ▁are ▁de ▁fact o ▁Unix ▁systems . ▁Eric ▁S . ▁Raymond ▁and ▁Rob ▁Land ley ▁have ▁suggested |
▁that ▁there ▁are ▁three ▁kinds ▁of ▁Unix - like ▁systems : ▁ ▁Gen etic ▁UN IX ▁ ▁Those ▁systems ▁with ▁a ▁historical ▁connection ▁to ▁the ▁AT & T ▁code base . ▁Most ▁commercial ▁UN IX ▁systems ▁fall ▁into ▁this ▁category . ▁So ▁do ▁the ▁B SD ▁systems , ▁which ▁are ▁descend ants ▁of ▁work ▁done ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Ber keley ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁Some ▁of ▁these ▁systems ▁have ▁no ▁original ▁AT & T ▁code ▁but ▁can ▁still ▁trace ▁their ▁ancest ry ▁to ▁AT & T ▁designs . ▁ ▁Tra dem ark ▁or ▁brand ed ▁UN IX ▁ ▁These ▁system sl arg ely ▁commercial ▁in ▁nature have ▁been ▁determined ▁by ▁the ▁Open ▁Group ▁to ▁meet ▁the ▁Single ▁UN IX ▁Spec ification ▁and ▁are ▁allowed ▁to ▁carry ▁the ▁UN IX ▁name . ▁Most ▁such ▁systems ▁are ▁commercial ▁derivatives ▁of ▁the ▁System ▁V ▁code ▁base ▁in ▁one ▁form ▁or ▁another , ▁although ▁Apple ▁mac OS ▁ 1 0 . 5 ▁and ▁later ▁is ▁a ▁B SD ▁variant ▁that ▁has ▁been ▁cert ified , ▁E uler OS ▁and ▁In sp ur ▁K - U X ▁are ▁Linux ▁distributions ▁that ▁have ▁been ▁cert ified , ▁and ▁a ▁few ▁other ▁systems ▁( such ▁as ▁IBM ▁z / OS ) ▁earned ▁the ▁tra dem ark ▁through ▁a ▁P OS IX ▁compatibility ▁layer ▁and ▁are ▁not ▁otherwise ▁inher ently ▁Unix ▁systems . ▁ ▁Many ▁ancient ▁UN IX ▁systems ▁no ▁longer ▁meet ▁this ▁definition |
. ▁ ▁Function al ▁UN IX ▁ ▁Broad ly , ▁any ▁Unix - like ▁system ▁that ▁behav es ▁in ▁a ▁manner ▁roughly ▁consistent ▁with ▁the ▁UN IX ▁specification , ▁including ▁having ▁a ▁" program ▁which ▁man ages ▁your ▁login ▁and ▁command ▁line ▁sessions "; ▁more ▁specifically , ▁this ▁can ▁refer ▁to ▁systems ▁such ▁as ▁Linux ▁or ▁Min ix ▁that ▁behave ▁similarly ▁to ▁a ▁UN IX ▁system ▁but ▁have ▁no ▁gen etic ▁or ▁tra dem ark ▁connection ▁to ▁the ▁AT & T ▁code ▁base . ▁Most ▁free / open - source ▁implementations ▁of ▁the ▁UN IX ▁design , ▁whether ▁gen etic ▁UN IX ▁or ▁not , ▁fall ▁into ▁the ▁restricted ▁definition ▁of ▁this ▁third ▁category ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁exp ense ▁of ▁obtain ing ▁Open ▁Group ▁cert ification , ▁which ▁costs ▁thousands ▁of ▁dollars ▁for ▁commercial ▁closed ▁source ▁systems . ▁ ▁Ar ound ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁Linux ▁was ▁given ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁get ▁a ▁cert ification ▁including ▁free ▁help ▁from ▁the ▁P OS IX ▁chair ▁Andrew ▁Jose y ▁for ▁the ▁symbol ic ▁price ▁of ▁one ▁doll ar . ▁There ▁have ▁been ▁some ▁activities ▁to ▁make ▁Linux ▁P OS IX - comp li ant , ▁with ▁Jose y ▁having ▁prepared ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁differences ▁between ▁the ▁P OS IX ▁standard ▁and ▁the ▁Linux ▁Standard ▁Base ▁specification , ▁but ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁this ▁project ▁was ▁shut ▁down ▁because ▁of ▁missing ▁interest ▁at ▁the ▁L SB ▁work ▁group . ▁ ▁Comp at ibility ▁layers ▁Some ▁non - Un ix - |
like ▁operating ▁systems ▁provide ▁a ▁Unix - like ▁compatibility ▁layer , ▁with ▁varying ▁degrees ▁of ▁Unix - like ▁functionality . ▁ ▁IBM ▁z / OS ' s ▁UN IX ▁System ▁Services ▁is ▁sufficiently ▁complete ▁as ▁to ▁be ▁cert ified ▁as ▁tra dem ark ▁UN IX . ▁ ▁C yg win ▁and ▁MS YS ▁both ▁provide ▁a ▁GNU ▁environment ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁Microsoft ▁Windows ▁user ▁API , ▁sufficient ▁for ▁most ▁common ▁open ▁source ▁software ▁to ▁be ▁compiled ▁and ▁run . ▁ ▁The ▁M KS ▁Tool kit ▁and ▁U WIN ▁are ▁compreh ensive ▁inter oper ability ▁tools ▁which ▁allow ▁the ▁port ing ▁of ▁Unix ▁programs ▁to ▁Windows . ▁ ▁Windows ▁N T - type ▁systems ▁have ▁a ▁P OS IX ▁environmental ▁sub system . ▁ ▁Sub system ▁for ▁Unix - based ▁App lications ▁( pre viously ▁Inter ix ) ▁provides ▁Unix - like ▁functionality ▁as ▁a ▁Windows ▁N T ▁sub system ▁( dis cont in ued ). ▁ ▁Windows ▁Sub system ▁for ▁Linux ▁provides ▁a ▁Linux - compatible ▁kernel ▁interface ▁developed ▁by ▁Microsoft ▁and ▁containing ▁no ▁Linux ▁code , ▁with ▁Ubuntu ▁user - mode ▁bin aries ▁running ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁it . ▁ ▁Other ▁means ▁of ▁Windows - Un ix ▁inter oper ability ▁include : ▁ ▁The ▁above ▁Windows ▁packages ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁with ▁various ▁X ▁servers ▁for ▁Windows ▁ ▁Hum ming bird ▁Connect ivity ▁provides ▁several ▁ways ▁for ▁Windows ▁machines ▁to ▁connect ▁to ▁Unix ▁and ▁Linux ▁machines , ▁from ▁terminal ▁em ul ators ▁to ▁X ▁clients ▁and ▁servers , ▁and ▁others ▁ ▁The |
▁Windows ▁Resource ▁K its ▁for ▁versions ▁of ▁Windows ▁N T ▁include ▁a ▁Bour ne ▁Sh ell , ▁some ▁command - line ▁tools , ▁and ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁Perl ▁ ▁Hamilton ▁C ▁shell ▁is ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁c sh ▁written ▁specifically ▁for ▁Windows . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Ber keley ▁Software ▁Distribution ▁ ▁Linux ▁distribution ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Linux ▁distributions ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Unix ▁commands ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁operating ▁systems ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Unix - like ▁Definition , ▁by ▁The ▁Linux ▁Information ▁Project ▁( L INFO ) ▁ ▁UN IX ▁history ▁a ▁history ▁time ▁line ▁graph ▁of ▁most ▁UN IX ▁and ▁Unix - like ▁systems ▁by ▁É ric ▁L év é nez ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Un ix ▁▁ ▁Category : Oper ating ▁system ▁families <0x0A> </s> ▁van ▁der ▁V le uten ▁is ▁a ▁surname . ▁Notable ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surname ▁include : ▁ ▁Jos ▁van ▁der ▁V le uten ▁( 1 9 4 3 – 2 0 1 1 ), ▁Dutch ▁cycl ist ▁Ma arten ▁van ▁der ▁V le uten ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 7 ), ▁Dutch ▁record ▁producer ▁ ▁Category : S urn ames ▁of ▁Dutch ▁origin <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁Minnesota ▁Golden ▁G oph ers ▁football ▁team ▁represented ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Minnesota ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁college ▁football ▁season . ▁In ▁their ▁ 1 3 th ▁year ▁under ▁head ▁coach ▁Henry ▁L . ▁Williams , ▁the ▁Golden ▁G oph ers ▁compiled ▁a ▁ 4 – 3 ▁record ▁( 2 – |
2 ▁against ▁Western ▁Conference ▁oppon ents ) ▁and ▁out sc ored ▁their ▁oppon ents ▁by ▁a ▁combined ▁total ▁of ▁ 8 7 ▁to ▁ 3 8 . ▁ ▁Sch edule ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Minnesota ▁Category : M inn esota ▁Golden ▁G oph ers ▁football ▁seasons ▁Minnesota ▁Golden ▁G oph ers ▁football <0x0A> </s> ▁Hann ah ▁M ons on ▁( born ▁ 2 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 2 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Australian ▁actress ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁her ▁role ▁as ▁K irst ie ▁D arrow ▁in ▁the ▁ABC ▁drama , ▁Gl itch . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 9 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : Austral ian ▁film ▁actress es ▁Category : Austral ian ▁television ▁actress es ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Australian ▁actress es <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁words , ▁terms , ▁concepts , ▁and ▁s log ans ▁that ▁have ▁been ▁or ▁are ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁German ▁military . ▁R anks ▁and ▁transl ations ▁of ▁nick names ▁for ▁vehicles ▁are ▁included . ▁Also ▁included ▁are ▁some ▁general ▁terms ▁from ▁the ▁German ▁language ▁found ▁frequently ▁in ▁military ▁j arg on . ▁Some ▁terms ▁are ▁from ▁the ▁general ▁German ▁cultural ▁background , ▁others ▁are ▁given ▁to ▁show ▁a ▁change ▁that ▁was ▁made ▁before ▁or ▁after ▁the ▁Naz i ▁era . ▁Some ▁fact ories ▁that ▁were ▁the ▁primary ▁produ cers ▁of ▁military ▁equipment , ▁especially ▁t anks , ▁are ▁also ▁given . ▁ ▁G loss ary ▁ ▁A |
▁ ▁A - Stand ▁– ▁forward ▁def ensive ▁gun ner ' s ▁position ▁on ▁aircraft . ▁ ▁ab gesch ossen ▁– ▁shot ▁down ; ▁destroyed ▁by ▁means ▁of ▁firing . ▁ ▁Ab schnitt ▁– ▁sector , ▁district . ▁ ▁Ab l ös ungs div ision ▁– ▁relief ▁division ▁( 1 9 1 7 ), ▁later ▁renamed ▁Eing re if ▁division ▁( inter vention ▁division ). ▁ ▁Ab teilung ▁( A bt .) ▁– ▁a ▁batt alion - s ized ▁unit ▁of ▁arm or , ▁art illery ▁or ▁caval ry ; ▁in ▁other ▁context s ▁a ▁det achment ▁or ▁section . ▁ ▁Ab teil ungs ar zt ▁– ▁batt alion ▁phys ician ▁ ▁Ab teilung sch ef ▁– ▁batt alion ▁commander ▁in ▁art illery ▁and ▁caval ry ▁form ations ▁ ▁Ab teil ungs führ er ▁– ▁substitute ▁batt alion ▁commander ▁in ▁art illery ▁and ▁caval ry ▁form ations ▁ ▁Ab teil ungs v eter in är ▁– ▁batt alion ▁veter in arian ▁ ▁Ab wehr ▁– ▁" def ense "; ▁as ▁a ▁short ening ▁of ▁Sp ion age ▁Ab wehr ▁( sp y ▁defense ) ▁the ▁term ▁referred ▁to ▁the ▁counter - esp ion age ▁service ▁( G erman ▁Secret ▁Service ) ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁High ▁Command , ▁head ed ▁by ▁Admir al ▁Can aris . ▁Also ▁an ▁element ▁in ▁such ▁comp ounds ▁as ▁Fl ie ger ab wehr - K an one ▁" anti - air craft ▁gun ." ▁ ▁Ab zeich en ▁– ▁ins ign ia ; ▁bad ge ▁of ▁rank , |
▁appointment ▁or ▁distinction . ▁ ▁Ad ler ang r iff ▁– ▁" E agle ▁Att ack "; ▁term ▁for ▁project ed ▁" de cis ive ▁attack " ▁by ▁the ▁Luft wa ffe ▁on ▁R AF ▁F ighter ▁Command ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁Hermann ▁G ör ing , ▁instit uted ▁to ▁gain ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁sk ies ▁from ▁the ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force ▁and ▁soft en ▁Britain ▁for ▁the ▁imp ending ▁invasion ▁forces ▁planned ▁in ▁Operation ▁Se el ö we ▁( Se a ▁Lion ). ▁These ▁attacks ▁ultimately ▁failed ▁and ▁the ▁air ▁campaign ▁is ▁now ▁known ▁in ▁the ▁ang lo phone ▁world ▁as ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Britain . ▁ ▁A frika ▁Kor ps ▁– ▁the ▁el ite ▁German ▁mechan ized ▁force ▁commanded ▁by ▁Er win ▁R omm el , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" W ü sten f uchs " ▁( en : ▁Des ert ▁Fox ), ▁which ▁performed ▁exempl ary ▁in ▁Hitler ' s ▁North ▁African ▁campaign s ▁between ▁ 1 9 4 1 - 1 9 4 3 . ▁Al lied ▁efforts ▁to ▁defeat ▁R omm el ▁were ▁high ▁and ▁many ▁histor ians ▁believe ▁that ▁had ▁R omm el ▁convinced ▁Hitler ▁to ▁provide ▁him ▁with ▁three ▁additional ▁divisions ▁of ▁t anks , ▁he ▁very ▁well ▁could ▁have ▁gained ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁S uez ▁Canal ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁and ▁cut ▁off ▁the ▁vast ▁supplies ▁being ▁sent ▁from ▁America ▁to ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁via ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁G ulf . ▁In ▁the ▁end , ▁the ▁A frika ▁Kor ps ▁was ▁defeated ▁by |
▁combined ▁off ens ives ▁from ▁the ▁British ▁and ▁Americans . ▁ ▁A ggreg at ▁ 4 ▁( A 4 ) ▁– ▁original ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁V 2 ▁ro cket . ▁ ▁A GR U - Front ▁– ▁Techn ische ▁Aus bild ungs gruppe ▁für ▁Front ▁U - Bo ote ▁– ▁technical ▁training ▁group ▁for ▁front - line ▁U - bo ats . ▁ ▁A K ▁– ▁Alle ▁Kraft ▁( vor aus ), ▁naval ▁command ▁for ▁fl ank ▁speed . ▁Also ▁" Ä us ser ste ▁Kraft !" ▁ ▁A al ▁– ▁" e el "; ▁sl ang ▁for ▁tor ped o . ▁ ▁" Al arm !" ▁– ▁U - bo at ▁order ▁to ▁activ ate ▁the ▁alarm ▁and ▁begin ▁a ▁crash ▁d ive . ▁Also ▁" Fire ! ", ▁" A ir ▁ra id !" ▁for ▁Luft wa ffe ▁f ighter ▁pil ots , ▁etc . ▁ ▁Al arm tau chen ▁– ▁crash ▁d ive . ▁ ▁" Al le ▁Mas ch inen ▁stop !" ▁– ▁naval ▁command : ▁" Stop ▁all ▁engines ". ▁ ▁" Al le ▁Mann ▁von ▁B ord !" ▁– ▁naval ▁command ; ▁" All ▁hands , ▁abandon ▁ship !" ▁ ▁All geme ine ▁SS ▁– ▁" General ▁SS ", ▁general ▁main ▁body ▁of ▁the ▁Schutz st aff el ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁the ▁full - time ▁administrative , ▁security , ▁intelligence ▁and ▁police ▁branches ▁of ▁the ▁SS ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁bro ader ▁part - time ▁membership ▁that ▁turned ▁out ▁for ▁par ades , ▁r al lies |
▁and ▁" street ▁actions " ▁such ▁as ▁Krist all n acht ; ▁also ▁compr ised ▁reserve ▁and ▁honor ary ▁members . ▁ ▁Al te ▁Has en ▁– ▁" Old ▁har es "; ▁sl ang ▁for ▁military ▁veter ans ▁who ▁surv ived ▁front - line ▁hard ships . ▁ ▁Amerika ▁Bom ber ▁– ▁A ▁spring ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁av iation ▁contract ▁competition ▁for ▁a ▁Luft wa ffe ▁trans - o cean ic ▁range ▁strateg ic ▁bom ber , ▁only ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁few ▁completed ▁prototype ▁aircraft ▁from ▁two ▁fir ms , ▁and ▁many ▁advanced ▁designs ▁that ▁mostly ▁remained ▁on ▁paper . ▁ ▁Am i ▁– ▁German ▁sl ang ▁for ▁an ▁American ▁soldier . ▁ ▁Anton ▁– ▁German ▁sp elling ▁alphabet ▁for ▁A ▁equivalent ▁to ▁Al pha ▁( e . g . ▁Case ▁Anton ) ▁ ▁Ä rm el band ▁– ▁cu ff ▁title . ▁W orn ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁sle e ve , ▁the ▁title ▁contains ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁wear er ' s ▁unit ▁or ▁a ▁campaign ▁they ▁are ▁part ▁of . ▁C uff ▁titles ▁are ▁still ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁German ▁Army ▁and ▁Luft wa ffe . ▁ ▁Amt ▁– ▁office , ▁main ▁office ▁branch . ▁ ▁Amt ▁Mil ▁– ▁German ▁Army ▁intelligence ▁organization ▁that ▁succeeded ▁the ▁Ab wehr . ▁ ▁Amts gruppe ▁All geme ine ▁We hr m ach ts ange legen heiten ▁( Office ▁of ▁General ▁Military ▁Affairs ) ▁– ▁Department ▁of ▁the ▁OK W ▁responsible ▁for ▁general ▁military ▁affairs . ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 - 3 |
9 , ▁this ▁office ▁was ▁called ▁the ▁We hr wirtschaft s stab ▁( Mil it ary ▁Econom ics ▁Staff ). ▁ ▁An gr iff ▁– ▁attack . ▁ ▁An gr iff sm uster ▁– ▁attack ▁pattern . ▁ ▁An gr iff sz iel ▁– ▁attack ▁objective . ▁ ▁Ans atz ▁( att ack ) ▁– ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁military ▁term , ▁used ▁in ▁National ▁Social ist ▁voc ab ul ary ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁ways ▁as ▁the ▁word ▁Einsatz , ▁though ▁less ▁frequently ; ▁one ▁referred ▁to ▁bringing ▁a ▁piece ▁of ▁equipment , ▁troops ▁or ▁a ▁weapon ▁" z um ▁Ans atz " ▁( into ▁attack , ▁or ▁play ). ▁ ▁An schluss ▁– ▁un ification ▁of ▁Austria ▁and ▁Germany ▁ ▁Ar mee ▁– ▁army , ▁typically ▁a ▁number ed ▁army . ▁ ▁Ar mee ab teilung ▁– ▁command ▁between ▁a ▁corps ▁and ▁an ▁army , ▁an ▁en larg ed ▁corps ▁headquarters . ▁ ▁Ar me ek or ps ▁– ▁inf antry ▁corps . ▁ ▁Ar mee - N ach richt en - F ühr er ▁– ▁army ▁signals ▁officer , ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁staff ▁H Q ▁of ▁an ▁army . ▁ ▁Ar mee ober k omm ando ▁– ▁field ▁army ▁command . ▁ ▁Ar mee - P ion ier - F ühr er ▁– ▁army ▁engineer ▁officer , ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁staff ▁H Q ▁of ▁an ▁army . ▁ ▁Ar mee - San itä ts - Ab teilung ▁– ▁army ▁medical ▁unit . ▁ ▁Art iller ie ▁( Art .) ▁– ▁art illery |
. ▁ ▁At om wa ffe ▁– ▁nuclear ▁weapon . ▁ ▁At om krie g ▁– ▁nuclear ▁war . ▁ ▁Auf bau ▁Ost ▁( Bu il dup ▁East ) ▁– ▁code ▁name ▁for ▁the ▁prepar atory ▁measures ▁taken ▁amid ▁great ▁secre cy ▁for ▁the ▁attack ▁on ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union , ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁Operation ▁Bar bar ossa . ▁ ▁auf gel öst ▁– ▁" d iss ol ved "; ▁dis band ed , ▁written ▁off ▁the ▁order ▁of ▁battle . ▁ ▁Auf klär ung ▁– ▁reconna issance . ▁ ▁Auf klär ungs - Ab teilung ▁– ▁reconna issance ▁unit ▁or ▁batt alion , ▁also ▁used ▁to ▁design ate ▁certain ▁batt alion - s ized ▁units . ▁ ▁Auf klär ungs gruppe ▁( A uf kl . Gr ., ▁later ▁A Gr ) ▁– ▁" Re con na issance ▁group ", ▁an ▁aer ial ▁recon ▁group ▁of ▁the ▁Luft wa ffe , ▁e . g . ▁Auf klär ungs gruppe ▁ 1 1 . ▁ ▁" A u ft au chen !" ▁– ▁" sur face ▁the ▁boat ". ▁ ▁Au ftrag st akt ik ▁– ▁mission - type ▁tact ics , ▁the ▁central ▁component ▁of ▁German ▁war fare ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁ ▁Aus ▁der ▁Tra um ▁– ▁" It ' s ▁over ! ", ▁" It ' s ▁finished ! ", ▁literally , ▁" The ▁dream ▁is ▁over "; ▁a ▁common ▁German ▁phrase ▁for ▁dashed ▁hopes ▁and ▁a ▁s log an ▁painted ▁by ▁German ▁soldiers ▁near ▁the ▁end ▁of |
▁the ▁war ▁express ing ▁the ▁in ev it ability ▁of ▁their ▁situation . ▁ ▁Aus führung ▁( Aus f .) ▁– ▁version , ▁model , ▁variant , ▁batch , ▁for ▁non - av iation ▁related ▁vehicles ▁and ▁ord n ance . ▁ ▁Aus führung !/ Aus führ en ! ▁– ▁command ▁to ▁execute ▁a ▁given ▁order ▁ ▁ausge f allen ▁– ▁statement ▁that ▁equipment ▁is ▁down , ▁has ▁failed , ▁is ▁out ▁of ▁action . ▁ ▁Aus r üst ung ▁– ▁equipment ▁ ▁Aus sch re it ungen ▁– ▁blo ody ▁at roc ities ▁( see ▁Gre uel er z ähl ungen ). ▁ ▁Aus zeichnung ▁– ▁medal , ▁acc ol ade , ▁distinction . ▁ ▁außer ▁Dienst ▁( a . D .) ▁– ▁retired ▁( liter ally : ▁out ▁of ▁service ) ▁ ▁B ▁ ▁B - Stand ▁– ▁D ors al ▁( top ▁of ▁fus el age ) ▁def ensive ▁gun ner ' s ▁position ▁on ▁aircraft . ▁ ▁Back b ord ▁( B b ) ▁– ▁Port ▁side ▁of ▁a ▁ship . ▁ ▁Bal ken kre uz ▁– ▁equal - ar med ▁black ▁cross ▁fl ank ed ▁in ▁white , ▁the ▁em blem ▁used ▁on ▁German ▁Empire ▁and ▁Third ▁Reich ▁military ▁aircraft ▁and ▁vehicles ▁from ▁March / A pril ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁until ▁V - E ▁Day ▁ ▁Band iten ▁– ▁band its , ▁part is ans ▁in ▁occupied ▁territ ories ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II ; ▁be wa ff nete ▁Band en ▁– ▁armed ▁gang s ; ▁Sold |
aten ▁in ▁Z ivil k leid ung ▁– ▁soldiers ▁in ▁civil ian ▁dress ; ▁( see ▁Fran kt ire ure ). ▁ ▁Band en gebiet ▁– ▁territory ▁controlled ▁by ▁part isan ▁squad s ▁in ▁occupied ▁territ ories ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁Bar bar ossa ▁( Red ▁Be ard ) ▁– ▁code ▁name ▁for ▁the ▁massive ▁Naz i ▁attack ▁against ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁( Operation ▁Bar bar ossa ) ▁which ▁began ▁during ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁and ▁failed ▁miser ably ▁in ▁the ▁end ▁despite ▁early ▁success . ▁Operation ▁Bar bar ossa ▁is ▁the ▁English ▁rendering ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁" Un ter nehmen ▁Bar bar ossa ." ▁Bar bar ossa ▁or ▁` Red be ard ' ▁( Fre der ick ▁I ) ▁lived ▁from ▁ 1 1 2 3 ▁AD ▁to ▁ 1 1 9 0 ▁and ▁was ▁both ▁King ▁of ▁Germany ▁and ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁em peror ▁from ▁ 1 1 5 2 – 9 0 . ▁He ▁made ▁a ▁sust ained ▁attempt ▁to ▁sub due ▁Italy ▁and ▁the ▁pap acy , ▁but ▁was ▁eventually ▁defeated ▁at ▁the ▁battle ▁of ▁Leg n ano ▁in ▁ 1 1 7 6 . ▁He ▁was ▁d rown ed ▁in ▁Asia ▁Minor ▁while ▁on ▁his ▁way ▁to ▁the ▁Third ▁Cr us ade . ▁Non eth eless , ▁German ▁super st ition ▁holds ▁to ▁this ▁day ▁and ▁certainly ▁was ▁ev oked ▁by ▁Hitler ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁that ▁Bar bar ossa ▁rest s ▁in ▁a ▁mountain ▁in ▁Germany ▁await ing ▁the ▁moment ▁to ▁emer ge ▁and |
▁save ▁Germany ▁from ▁certain ▁defeat ▁and ▁to ▁establish ▁German ▁asc end ancy . ▁ ▁B ata illon ▁( B tl .) ▁– ▁batt alion ▁ ▁B ata ill ons adj ut ant ▁– ▁batt alion ▁adj ut ant ▁ ▁B ata ill ons ar zt ▁– ▁batt alion ▁phys ician ▁ ▁B ata ill ons führ er ▁– ▁substitute ▁batt alion ▁commander ▁ ▁B ata ill ons kom mande ur ▁– ▁batt alion ▁commander ▁ ▁B ata ill ons v eter in är ▁– ▁batt alion ▁veter in arian ▁ ▁B atter ie ▁( B t tr .) ▁– ▁battery , ▁art illery ▁piece ; ▁also ▁used ▁for ▁an ▁elect rical ▁battery . ▁sometimes ▁also ▁called ▁A kk um ulator , ▁abbre vi ated ▁as ▁Ak ku . ▁ ▁B atter ie che f ▁– ▁battery ▁commander ▁ ▁B atter ief ühr er ▁– ▁substitute ▁battery ▁commander ▁ ▁B atter ie off iz ier ▁– ▁gun ▁position ▁officer ▁ ▁Ba ube le hr ung ▁– ▁vessel ▁familiar ization ; ▁when ▁a ▁boat ▁or ▁ship ▁crew ▁studied ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁vessel ; ▁see ▁" K LA ." ▁ ▁Ba ub esch reibung ▁– ▁general ▁arrangement ▁drawing ▁sheet , ▁giving ▁basic ▁dimensions ▁and ▁other ▁measurement ▁& ▁physical ▁parameters ▁( material s , ▁di hed ral ▁angles , ▁etc .), ▁of ▁either ▁German ▁front ▁line ; ▁or ▁Be ute /" capt ured " ▁Al lied ▁aircraft , ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁The ▁same ▁term ▁was ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁Third ▁Reich ▁era ▁for ▁more |
▁compreh ensive , ▁multi - page ▁technical ▁document ▁works ▁for ▁factory ▁propos als ▁concerning ▁combat ▁aircraft ▁designs ▁to ▁the ▁R LM ▁and ▁Luft wa ffe . ▁ ▁Bau p ion ier ▁– ▁army ▁construction ▁engineer . ▁ ▁B - D ienst ▁– ▁Be ob acht ungs dienst , ▁literally , ▁" observ ation ▁service "; ▁German ▁Navy ▁crypt anal yt ical ▁department . ▁ ▁B DM ▁Bund ▁Deutsch er ▁M ä del ▁– ▁League ▁of ▁German ▁Girls , ▁the ▁girls ' ▁segment ▁of ▁the ▁Hitler ▁Youth . ▁ ▁B . ▁d . ▁U . ▁– ▁Bef e hl sh ab er ▁der ▁U - Bo ote ▁– ▁Commander - in - Ch ief ▁of ▁the ▁U - bo ats ▁( Ad mir al ▁Karl ▁D ön itz ); ▁see ▁F d U . ▁ ▁Bef e hl ▁( pl . ▁Bef eh le ) ▁– ▁order , ▁command . ▁" Z u ▁Bef e hl !" ▁was ▁an ▁aff irm ative ▁phrase ▁on ▁par ▁with ▁" J a wohl ". ▁ ▁Bef e hl sh ab er ▁– ▁commander - in - ch ief ; ▁lit . ▁" one ▁who ▁has ▁( the ▁power ▁to ▁issue ) ▁commands ." ▁Sometimes ▁also ▁used ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁headquarters ▁of ▁a ▁C - in - C ▁as ▁an ▁alternative ▁to ▁Haupt qu art ier . ▁ ▁Ben zin ▁– ▁gas oline , ▁pet rol . ▁ ▁Ben z int ank ▁– ▁fuel ▁tank . ▁ ▁Be ob ach ter ▁– ▁art illery ▁or ▁air ▁observer |
▁ ▁Be ob acht ung so ff iz ier ▁– ▁Art illery ▁observer ▁ ▁Be ob acht ung sw agen ▁– ▁observation ▁or ▁reconna issance ▁vehicle . ▁ ▁Bere it schaft ▁– ▁read iness . ▁ ▁Ber ge pan zer ▁– ▁arm oured ▁recovery ▁vehicle . ▁ ▁Berlin ▁rad ar ▁– ▁most ▁advanced ▁air bor ne ▁intercept ▁rad ar ▁of ▁the ▁W W ▁II ▁Luft wa ffe ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 - 4 5 , ▁based ▁on ▁captured ▁cav ity ▁magnet ron ▁technology , ▁operated ▁on ▁SH F - band ▁ 3 . 3 G Hz ▁frequency ▁ ▁Besch l ags ch m ied ▁– ▁black sm ith ; ▁see ▁H uf b esch l ags ch m ied . ▁ ▁Bet rie bst off ▁– ▁fuel . ▁ ▁Be ut ep an zer ▁– ▁captured ▁tank ▁or ▁arm oured ▁vehicle . ▁ ▁Bew ähr ung sein heit ▁– ▁prob ation ary ▁unit . ▁ ▁B K ▁– ▁B ord kan one . ▁heavy - cal ib re ▁( us ually ▁over ▁ 3 0 mm ) ▁can non ▁for ▁off ensive ▁use ▁on ▁aircraft . ▁ ▁Bl as en ▁– ▁U - bo at ▁order ; ▁" B low ▁the ▁t anks !" ▁ ▁Ble ch kol ler ▁– ▁" t in ▁fright "; ▁in ▁U - bo ats , ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁nerv ous ▁t ension ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁caused ▁by ▁depth ▁charge ▁attacks ▁and ▁resulted ▁in ▁violence ▁or ▁h yst eria . ▁ ▁Ble chk raw |
atte ▁– ▁" t in ▁neck t ie ," ▁sl ang ▁for ▁the ▁Knight ' s ▁Cross ▁ ▁Bl itz krie g ▁– ▁" light ning ▁war "; ▁not ▁a ▁widely ▁used ▁German ▁military ▁term , ▁this ▁word ▁became ▁popular ▁in ▁the ▁Al lied ▁press ▁and ▁initially ▁referred ▁to ▁fast - mov ing ▁battle ▁tact ics ▁developed ▁princip ally ▁by ▁German ▁military ▁the or ists , ▁most ▁not ably ▁Er win ▁R omm el , ▁Hein z ▁G uder ian , ▁and ▁Er ich ▁von ▁Man stein , ▁using ▁mass ed ▁t anks ▁and ▁ground - att ack ▁bom bers ▁to ▁speed ily ▁pen et rate ▁enemy ▁lines ▁at ▁points ▁and ▁move ▁to ▁their ▁rear , ▁causing ▁confusion ▁and ▁pan ic ▁among ▁enemy ▁forces . ▁ ▁Bla uk re uz ▁– ▁chemical ▁war fare ▁agent ▁consisting ▁of ▁ar sen ic ▁comp ounds , ▁resp ir atory ▁poison ▁ ▁B ola ▁– ▁contra ction ▁of ▁B oden la f ette , ▁a ▁light ly ▁arm oured ▁cas em ate - style ▁of ▁bul ged ▁vent ral ▁def ensive ▁gun ner ' s ▁position , ▁using ▁only ▁flexible ▁( unt ur ret ed ) ▁weapon ▁mount s , ▁a ▁common ▁fit ment ▁on ▁German ▁bom ber ▁aircraft ▁designs , ▁usually ▁under ▁the ▁nose . ▁ ▁Bom ber ▁B ▁– ▁the ▁abort ive ▁World ▁War ▁II - era ▁av iation ▁contract ▁competition ▁meant ▁to ▁replace ▁all ▁previous ▁Luft wa ffe ▁medium ▁bom bers ▁with ▁a ▁single ▁design , ▁meant ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁all ▁but ▁the |
▁longest - range ▁miss ions , ▁and ▁function ▁as ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁medium ▁and ▁heavy ▁bom ber , ▁and ▁meant ▁to ▁be ▁power ed ▁by ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁high - output ▁av iation ▁p ist on ▁engines ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁J unk ers ▁J um o ▁ 2 2 2 . ▁ ▁Bro t be ut el ▁– ▁ha vers ack ▁ ▁Br ücke ▁– ▁bridge . ▁Can ▁mean ▁either ▁the ▁road ▁structure ▁or ▁a ▁ship ' s ▁command ▁center , ▁also ▁the ▁supporting ▁framework ▁that ▁existed ▁below ▁the ▁bird - like ▁mon op lane ▁wings ▁of ▁the ▁earlier ▁examples ▁of ▁the ▁E tr ich ▁Ta ube ▁before ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁ ▁Br ücken le ger ▁– ▁brid gel ayer . ▁ ▁Br um mb är ▁– ▁" gr umb ling ▁bear "; ▁a ▁children ' s ▁word ▁for ▁" b ear " ▁in ▁German . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁nick name ▁for ▁a ▁heavy ▁mobile ▁art illery ▁piece . ▁ ▁Bundes ▁– ▁federal . ▁ ▁Bundes wehr ▁– ▁" F eder al ▁Def ense ▁Force ", ▁name ▁adopted ▁for ▁the ▁West ▁German ▁armed ▁forces ▁after ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁the ▁Third ▁Reich . ▁( B et ween ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁German ▁army .) ▁The ▁Bundes wehr ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁He er ▁( Ar my ), ▁Luft wa ffe ▁( A ir ▁Force ) ▁and ▁Marine ▁( N avy ), ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁( since ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s |
) ▁the ▁Stre it k rä fte bas is ▁( J oint ▁Service ▁Support ▁Command ) ▁and ▁Zent ral er ▁San itä ts dienst ▁( Cent ral ▁Medical ▁Service ). ▁ ▁Bürger ▁– ▁citiz en . ▁ ▁Bürger krie g ▁– ▁civil ▁war . ▁ ▁C ▁ ▁C - Stand ▁– ▁vent ral ▁( und ers ide ▁of ▁fus el age ) ▁def ensive ▁gun ner ' s ▁position ▁on ▁aircraft . ▁ ▁Che f ▁– ▁commander ▁of ▁a ▁unit ▁or ▁sub - unit , ▁e . g . ▁Regiment sch ef . ▁A ▁substitute ▁in ▁case ▁of ▁absence ▁would ▁be ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Reg iments führ er ▁etc . ▁ ▁Che f ▁des ▁General stab es ▁– ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁General ▁Staff . ▁ ▁Cond or ▁Leg ion ▁– ▁volunte er ▁forces ▁of ▁the ▁We hr macht ▁and ▁Luft wa ffe ▁( 6 0 0 0 ▁or ▁more ▁strong ) ▁sent ▁by ▁Hitler ▁to ▁assist ▁Franco ▁during ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Civil ▁War ▁( 1 9 3 6 ) ▁on ▁the ▁st ip ulations ▁that ▁it ▁remained ▁exclus ively ▁under ▁German ▁command . ▁The ▁aer ial ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁Cond or ▁Leg ion ▁gained ▁not or iety ▁for ▁their ▁compreh ensive ▁bomb ing ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁re bel ▁lines ▁and ▁the ▁surrounding ▁civil ian ▁cent ers , ▁most ▁not ably ▁the ▁Spanish ▁city ▁of ▁Gu ern ica ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁After ▁the ▁successful ▁util ization ▁of ▁the ▁Cond or ▁Leg ion , ▁a ▁home coming |
▁para de ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁Berlin ▁on ▁ 6 ▁June ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁to ▁honor ▁the ▁ 3 0 0 ▁Germ ans ▁who ▁died ▁fighting ▁in ▁the ▁campaign . ▁ ▁D ▁ ▁D ach sch aden ▁– ▁" ro of ▁damage "; ▁a ▁head ▁w ound , ▁more ▁commonly ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁sense ▁of ▁" g one ▁bon k ers ", ▁" Section ▁ 8 " ▁ ▁Da im ler - B enz ▁( DB ) ▁– ▁a ▁producer ▁of ▁military ▁vehicles , ▁and ▁engines ▁to ▁power ▁both ▁German ▁aircraft ▁and ▁surface ▁vehicles . ▁ ▁De ck ung ▁— ▁Cover . ▁" In ▁De ck ung !" ▁means ▁" Take ▁cover ! ", ▁and ▁" In ▁De ck ung ▁ble iben !" ▁means ▁" St ay ▁under ▁cover !" ▁Comp are ▁T arn ung , ▁meaning ▁" con ce al ment " ▁or ▁" cam ou fl age ". ▁▁ ▁Deutsch es ▁Af rik ak or ps ▁( DA K ) ▁– ▁German ▁troops ▁sent ▁to ▁North ▁Africa ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Er win ▁R omm el ▁to ▁prevent ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁Lib ya ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁by ▁the ▁It ali ans . ▁The ▁term ▁is ▁properly ▁used ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁R omm el ' s ▁original ▁force ▁of ▁two ▁divisions ▁that ▁land ed ▁in ▁Lib ya ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁( which ▁stayed ▁as ▁a ▁distinct ▁formation ▁for ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁African ▁Camp aign ), ▁but ▁often ▁refers ▁to ▁all ▁German |
▁forces ▁that ▁operated ▁in ▁North ▁Africa , ▁eventually ▁consisting ▁of ▁several ▁divisions ▁and ▁corps ▁and ▁formed ▁into ▁an ▁entire ▁Pan zer ▁Army . ▁ ▁Deutsche ▁Aus r üst ung swer ke ▁( DA W ; ▁German ▁Arm ament ▁Works ) ▁– ▁an ▁arm aments ▁organization ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁under ▁SS ▁control . ▁ ▁Deutsche ▁Min en rä um leitung ▁( DM RL ) ▁– ▁German ▁mine - s we eping ▁group ▁ ▁Dienst ▁– ▁service . ▁ ▁Division ▁– ▁in ▁the ▁army ▁and ▁air ▁force ▁a ▁military ▁formation , ▁in ▁the ▁n avy ▁either ▁a ▁sub - unit ▁of ▁a ▁squad ron ▁or ▁train ings ▁units ▁of ▁batt alion ▁size . ▁ ▁Div isions ar zt ▁– ▁medical ▁officer ▁of ▁a ▁division . ▁ ▁Division sk om mande ur ▁– ▁command ing ▁officer ▁of ▁a ▁division , ▁typically ▁a ▁General ▁officer . ▁In ▁the ▁imperial ▁army ▁this ▁was ▁the ▁post ▁of ▁a ▁Gener alle ut nant . ▁ ▁D ien std ol ch ▁– ▁service ▁d agger ▁( uniform ▁d agger ). ▁ ▁Don ner bal ken ▁– ▁" th under ▁beam "; ▁lat r ine . ▁ ▁Dra ht ver h au ▁– ▁bar bed - wire ▁ent ang lement . ▁S lang ▁term ▁used ▁by ▁German ▁soldiers ▁during ▁World ▁Wars ▁I ▁and ▁II ▁for ▁a ▁military - issue ▁mixture ▁of ▁d ried ▁veget ables . ▁ ▁Dr ang ▁nach ▁Osten ▁– ▁" Push ▁to ▁the ▁East ", ▁Germany ' s ▁amb itions ▁for ▁territorial ▁expansion ▁into ▁Eastern |
▁Europe . ▁ ▁D ü ppel ▁– ▁German ▁code ▁name ▁for ▁rad ar ▁ch aff , ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force ▁as ▁Window , ▁possibly ▁from ▁d ü p ieren ▁( to ▁du pe ). ▁or ▁from ▁a ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Berlin ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name , ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁alleg edly ▁first ▁found ▁near . ▁ ▁E ▁ ▁E agle ' s ▁N est ▁– ▁English ▁name ▁given ▁to ▁Hitler ' s ▁mountain - top ▁summer house ▁at ▁Ber ch tes g aden ▁in ▁the ▁Bav arian ▁Al ps , ▁not ▁far ▁from ▁the ▁Berg hof . ▁In ▁German , ▁it ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Ke hl stein haus . ▁Hitler , ▁however , ▁visited ▁the ▁property ▁only ▁ten ▁times ▁and ▁each ▁visit ▁was ▁under ▁ 3 0 ▁minutes . ▁ ▁E G ▁z . b . ▁V . ▁– ▁Einsatz gruppe ▁zur ▁bes onder en ▁Ver wendung ▁– ▁SS ▁Special ▁Pur pose ▁Oper ational ▁Group . ▁ ▁Ehr end ol ch ▁– ▁literally , ▁" hon or ▁d agger ", ▁a ▁presentation ▁d agger ▁awarded ▁for ▁individual ▁recognition , ▁especially ▁by ▁the ▁SS . ▁ ▁E ichen la ub tr äger ▁– ▁holder ▁of ▁Oak ▁Le aves ▁to ▁the ▁Knight ' s ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Iron ▁Cross . ▁ ▁E id ▁– ▁o ath . ▁The ▁current ▁o ath ▁when ▁joining ▁the ▁Bundes wehr ▁is ▁" I ch ▁gel obe , ▁der ▁Bundes rep ublik ▁Deutschland ▁tre u ▁zu ▁di enen , ▁und ▁das ▁Recht ▁und ▁die ▁Frei heit ▁des |
▁deutschen ▁Vol kes ▁tap fer ▁zu ▁verte id igen " ▁(" I ▁p ledge ▁to ▁faith fully ▁serve ▁the ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Germany ▁and ▁to ▁bra v ely ▁defend ▁the ▁right ▁[ law ] ▁and ▁the ▁freedom ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁people "). ▁For ▁soldiers ▁joining ▁for ▁an ▁extended ▁period ▁of ▁time ▁beyond ▁the ▁mand atory ▁cons cription ▁of ▁nine ▁months , ▁" so ▁w ahr ▁mir ▁Gott ▁h elf e " ▁(" so ▁help ▁me ▁God ") ▁is ▁option ally ▁added . ▁ ▁Ein fall ▁– ▁invasion . ▁ ▁Eing esch lossen ▁– ▁enc irc lement , ▁surrounded , ▁cut ▁off . ▁ ▁Eing re if ▁division ▁– ▁inter lock ing ▁( counter - att ack ) ▁division ▁( 1 9 1 7 – 1 9 1 8 ). ▁ ▁Ein heit ▁– ▁det achment ▁or ▁unit . ▁ ▁Ein heits feld m üt ze ▁– ▁standard ▁field ▁cap ▁ ▁Einsatz ▁– ▁duty , ▁mission , ▁deployment , ▁action . ▁ ▁Einsatz bere it ▁– ▁statement ▁meaning , ▁" Ready ▁for ▁action ." ▁ ▁Einsatz gru ppen ▁– ▁" mission ▁groups ", ▁or ▁" task ▁forces ". ▁Einsatz gru ppen ▁were ▁batt alion - s ized , ▁mobile ▁killing ▁units ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁Si Po , ▁SD ▁or ▁SS ▁Special ▁Action ▁Gr oups ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁R SHA . ▁They ▁followed ▁the ▁We hr macht ▁into ▁occupied ▁territ ories ▁of ▁Eastern ▁Europe ▁and ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union . ▁These ▁units ▁were ▁supported ▁by ▁units ▁of ▁the ▁uniform ed ▁German ▁Order ▁Police ▁( |
Or po ) ▁and ▁auxili aries ▁of ▁volunte ers ▁( E ston ian , ▁Lat v ian , ▁Lith uan ian , ▁and ▁Ukrain ian ). ▁Their ▁vict ims , ▁primarily ▁Jews , ▁were ▁executed ▁by ▁shooting ▁and ▁were ▁buried ▁in ▁mass ▁gra ves ▁from ▁which ▁they ▁were ▁later ▁ex hum ed ▁and ▁burn ed . ▁At ▁least ▁a ▁million ▁Jews ▁were ▁killed ▁in ▁this ▁manner . ▁There ▁were ▁four ▁Einsatz gru ppen ▁( A , ▁B , ▁C , ▁D ), ▁which ▁were ▁sub div ided ▁into ▁company - s ized ▁Einsatz k omm and os . ▁ ▁Einsatz k omm ando ▁– ▁company - s ized ▁sub un its ▁of ▁the ▁Einsatz gru ppen ▁that ▁took ▁care ▁of ▁the ▁mobil ization ▁and ▁killing ▁of ▁Jews , ▁part is ans , ▁Commun ists ▁and ▁others ▁during ▁the ▁German ▁invasion ▁into ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union . ▁ ▁Einsatz ▁Rein hard ▁( M ission / Action ▁" Re in hard ") ▁– ▁code ▁name ▁given ▁on ▁June ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁for ▁the ▁assignment ▁to ▁ex termin ate ▁all ▁Polish ▁Jews ▁in ▁honor ▁of ▁SS ▁Deput y ▁Chief ▁Rein hard ▁He yd rich ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁assass in ated ▁by ▁Czech ▁national ists ▁during ▁a ▁cover t ▁operation . ▁ ▁Einsatz tr upp ▁( T ro op ▁Task ▁Force ) ▁– ▁smallest ▁of ▁the ▁Einsatz gru ppen ▁units ▁responsible ▁for ▁liquid ations ▁in ▁the ▁German ▁occupied ▁territ ories . ▁ ▁Einwohner ▁– ▁resident , ▁inhab it ant . ▁ ▁Eisen bahn |
▁– ▁" ir on ▁road "; ▁rail road . ▁ ▁E is ern es ▁Kreuz ▁– ▁" ir on ▁cross "; ▁medal ▁awarded ▁for ▁valor ous ▁service , ▁and ▁the ▁German ▁national ▁military ▁ins ign ia ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁to ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁spring ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁and ▁once ▁again ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁( with ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁Bundes wehr ) ▁to ▁today . ▁ ▁E iser ne ▁K uh ▁– ▁" ir on ▁cow "; ▁ev apor ated ▁milk ▁ ▁E iser ne ▁R ation ▁– ▁" ir on ▁r ation "; ▁emer gency ▁r ations ▁ ▁El ▁Al ame in ▁( Oct ober – Nov ember ▁ 1 9 4 2 ) ▁– ▁cru cial ▁battle ▁of ▁W W 2 ▁p itting ▁the ▁British ▁under ▁General ▁Mont gom ery ' s ▁ 8 th ▁Army ▁( appro xim ately ▁ 1 2 0 0 ▁t anks ) ▁against ▁General ▁Er win ▁R omm el ' s ▁A frika ▁Kor ps ▁( 5 0 0 ▁t anks ) ▁and ▁fought ▁primarily ▁in ▁Egypt . ▁Out number ed ▁and ▁out g unn ed , ▁the ▁Germ ans ▁never ▁reg ained ▁the ▁oper ational ▁initi ative , ▁forcing ▁R omm el ▁to ▁withdraw ▁the ▁bulk ▁of ▁his ▁forces ▁into ▁Lib ya , ▁mark ing ▁the ▁final ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁Naz is ' ▁North ▁African ▁campaign . ▁ ▁Ele f ant ▁– ▁" E le ph ant "; ▁a ▁heavy ▁Pan zer j äger ▁( |
t ank ▁h unter ▁or ▁tank ▁destroy er ) ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁ch ass is ▁of ▁Por sche ' s ▁un success ful ▁pro tot ypes ▁for ▁the ▁T iger ▁tank , ▁and ▁mount ing ▁the ▁ 8 8 mm ▁L / 7 1 ▁Pa K ▁ 4 3 . ▁ ▁Ele kt ra ▁– ▁a ▁German ▁radio - n avig ational ▁system . ▁ ▁End l ös ung ▁or ▁End ziel ▁– ▁the ▁" Final ▁Solution "; ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁gen o cide ▁planned ▁against ▁the ▁Jewish ▁people . ▁ ▁End s ieg ▁– ▁final ▁victory . ▁ ▁En igma ▁– ▁German ▁message ▁encryption ▁equipment . ▁ ▁Ent ente ich ▁– ▁du ck ▁p ond , ▁mar itime ▁man oe uv re ▁to ▁create ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁calm ▁sea ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁lower ▁boats ▁into ▁the ▁water ▁or ▁land ▁aircraft ▁ ▁Ent m ens cht ▁– ▁best ial , ▁in human , ▁brut ish . ▁ ▁Ent scheid ender ▁Sieg ▁– ▁decis ive ▁victory . ▁ ▁Entwicklung ▁series , ▁more ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁E - series , ▁was ▁a ▁late - World ▁War ▁II ▁attempt ▁by ▁Germany ▁to ▁produce ▁a ▁standard ised ▁series ▁of ▁tank ▁designs . ▁ ▁E re ign ism eld ung ▁( ER M : ▁Oper ational ▁Report ) ▁– ▁Einsatz gru ppen ▁command ers ' ▁report ▁delivered ▁daily ▁to ▁the ▁Reich ss icher heit sh aupt amt ▁R SHA ▁in ▁Berlin ▁which ▁compreh ens ively ▁listed ▁secret ly ▁c oded ▁murder ▁activities ▁in ▁the ▁occupied ▁territ ories |
▁along ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Front . ▁ ▁E ro bert ▁– ▁conquer ed . ▁ ▁Er ken n ungs mar ke ▁– ▁identity ▁tag ; ▁" dog ▁tag ". ▁ ▁Er prob ungs stelle ▁– ▁test ▁centre . ▁ ▁Er s atz ▁– ▁substitute , ▁replacement , ▁res erves ; ▁could ▁refer ▁to ▁replacement ▁troops ▁or ▁any ▁subst ance ▁used ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁another ▁( e . g ., ▁ers atz ▁coffee , ▁ers atz ▁rub ber , ▁etc .). ▁ ▁Er s atz b ata ill one ▁or ▁Mar sch b ata ill one ▁– ▁coh er ent ▁military ▁replacement ▁groups . ▁ ▁Er sch ieß ungs akt ion ▁– ▁Sho oting ▁action ▁usually ▁carried ▁out ▁by ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁a ▁firing ▁squad ▁( Er sch ieß ung sk omm ando ). ▁ ▁Et append ienst ▁– ▁German ▁naval ▁intelligence ▁department . ▁ ▁Et app ensch we in ▁– ▁( sl ang ) ▁" re ar ▁sw ine " ▁( RE M F ), ▁a ▁soldier ▁with ▁a ▁safe ▁job ▁away ▁from ▁danger . ▁Comp are ▁with ▁Front sch we in . ▁ ▁Ex er z ier pan zer ▁– ▁practice ▁or ▁exercise ▁tank . ▁ ▁Ex z ell enz ▁– ▁honor ary ▁address ▁for ▁a ▁General ▁officer ▁from ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁Gener alle ut nant ▁up wards ▁in ▁the ▁Pr uss ian ▁and ▁Imperial ▁Army ▁ ▁F ▁ ▁F ah nd ung ▁F unk ▁( F . ▁Fu .: ▁Radio ▁Search ) ▁– ▁department ▁of ▁German ▁Military ▁Int elligence ▁task ed ▁to |
▁locate ▁forb idden ▁radio ▁transmit ters ▁in ▁France . ▁ ▁F ah ne ▁( pl . ▁F ah nen ) ▁– ▁flag ▁or ▁b anner . ▁ ▁F ah nen j unker ▁– ▁lowest ▁officer ▁candidate ▁rank ▁equivalent ▁to ▁Unter off iz ier ▁( Cor por al ) ▁ ▁F ah nen fl ucht ▁– ▁desert ion ▁ ▁F ahn ensch m ied ▁– ▁far rier ▁N CO ▁ ▁F ä hn lein ▁( S quad ) ▁– ▁unit ▁of ▁the ▁Deutsch es ▁Jung vol k ▁within ▁the ▁Hitler ▁Youth . ▁ ▁F ä hn rich ▁– ▁officer ▁candidate ▁rank ▁equivalent ▁to ▁Feld web el ▁( Ser ge ant ). ▁A ▁F ä hn rich ▁is ▁an ▁N CO , ▁though , ▁and ▁will ▁have ▁comm ens urable ▁tasks . ▁ ▁F ä hn rich ▁zur ▁See ▁– ▁naval ▁officer ▁candidate ▁rank ▁equivalent ▁to ▁Bo ots mann ▁( P et ty ▁Officer ▁ 1 st ▁Class ). ▁A ▁F ä hn rich ▁zur ▁See ▁is ▁an ▁N CO , ▁though , ▁and ▁will ▁have ▁comm ens urable ▁tasks . ▁ ▁Fall ▁– ▁" case ." ▁A ▁name ▁for ▁a ▁German ▁operation . ▁The ▁most ▁important ▁German ▁off ens ives ▁were ▁called ▁" cases ," ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁viewed ▁as ▁problems ▁to ▁be ▁solved . ▁ ▁Fall sch irm j äger ▁– ▁par atro op ers ; ▁German ▁air bor ne ▁troops . ▁ ▁F d M ▁– ▁F ühr er ▁der ▁Min ens uch bo ote ▁ ▁F d U ▁– ▁F ühr |
er ▁der ▁Unter se eb o ote ; ▁Commander - in - Ch ief ▁of ▁U - bo ats ▁( used ▁from ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁when ▁the ▁title ▁was ▁reduced ▁to ▁" Reg ional ▁Commander "). ▁ ▁F d V ▁– ▁F ühr er ▁der ▁Vor post en bo ote ▁ ▁Fe ig ling ▁– ▁cow ard . ▁ ▁Fe ind ▁– ▁enemy . ▁" Fe ind lich - " ▁is ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁ad jective , ▁such ▁as ▁" fe ind liche ▁Tru ppen " ▁( en emy ▁troops ) ▁or ▁" fe ind liche ▁St ell ung " ▁( en emy ▁position ). ▁ ▁Fe ind fahrt ▁– ▁" en emy ▁trip "; ▁in ▁U - bo at ▁termin ology , ▁a ▁war ▁cru ise ▁or ▁combat ▁pat rol ▁against ▁the ▁enemy . ▁ ▁Fe ind bild ▁– ▁" en emy ▁image "; ▁pre jud iced ▁' b oge yman ' ▁image ▁of ▁the ▁enemy . ▁ ▁Feld ▁– ▁field . ▁ ▁Feld ers atz bat all ion ▁– ▁field ▁replacement ▁batt alion , ▁usually ▁one ▁per ▁inf antry ▁division . ▁ ▁Feld fl as che ▁– ▁can teen . ▁ ▁Feld fl ie ger ▁Ab teilung ▁– ▁" field ▁air men ' s ▁section ", ▁abbre vi ated ▁as ▁" FF A ". ▁The ▁earliest ▁form ▁of ▁Fl ie ger tr u ppe ▁German ▁Army ▁( De utsch es ▁He er ) ▁flying ▁unit ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁first ▁formed ▁in ▁ |
1 9 1 4 ▁with ▁six ▁two - se ater ▁observation ▁aircraft ▁per ▁unit . ▁ ▁Feld g endar mer ie ▁– ▁Field ▁G endar mer ie ▁or ▁" Field ▁Police ", ▁the ▁military ▁police ▁units ▁of ▁the ▁We hr macht . ▁ ▁Feld gra u ▁– ▁" field ▁gray "; ▁the ▁color ▁of ▁the ▁ordinary ▁German ▁soldier ' s ▁t unic ▁– ▁by ▁extension ▁the ▁soldiers ▁themselves . ▁ ▁Feld j äger ▁– ▁military ▁police ▁det ach ments ▁formed ▁late ▁in ▁the ▁war ▁to ▁root ▁out ▁deser ters ; ▁later ▁the ▁name ▁was ▁applied ▁to ▁all ▁military ▁police ▁units ▁of ▁the ▁post war ▁Bundes wehr . ▁ ▁Feld k och ▁– ▁cook . ▁ ▁Feld laz are tt ▁– ▁field ▁hospital . ▁ ▁Feld pol ize ibe am ter ▁– ▁field ▁police ▁officer . ▁ ▁Feld post , ▁Feld post br ief ▁– ▁mail ▁to ▁and ▁from ▁troops ▁at ▁the ▁front . ▁ ▁Feld web el ▁– ▁non - comm ission ed ▁rank ▁in ▁the ▁He er ▁and ▁Luft wa ffe , ▁the ▁most ▁junior ▁of ▁the ▁" Un ter off izi ere ▁mit ▁Por te pe e " ▁( sen ior ▁N CO ) ▁ranks . ▁Appro xim ately ▁equal ▁to ▁ser ge ant . ▁ ▁Feld zug ▁– ▁military ▁campaign ▁ ▁Fern g las ▁– ▁bin oc ular s ; ▁literally ▁" remote ▁glass ". ▁ ▁Fern mel de - ▁– ▁tele communic ation . ▁ ▁Fern sprech - ▁– ▁tele phone . ▁ ▁Fest ung ▁– ▁for tr ess |
. ▁ ▁" Fe uer ▁auf ▁me in ▁Komm ando " ▁– ▁" fire ▁on ▁my ▁command ". ▁ ▁" Fe uer ▁Frei " ▁– ▁" fire ▁at ▁will ". ▁ ▁Fe u ersch utz ▁– ▁suppress ive ▁fire , ▁covering ▁fire . ▁ ▁Feuer wer ker ▁– ▁ord n ance ▁N CO ▁ ▁F la K ▁– ▁Fl ie ger ab wehr kan one , ▁Flug ( zeug ) ab wehr kan one ▁– ▁air ▁defense ▁gun ; ▁anti - air craft ▁art illery ▁( AA A ) ▁( e . g ., ▁the ▁" e ight y - e ight "). ▁ ▁F la K - Hel fer ▁– ▁" F la K ▁helper "; ▁often ▁under aged ▁auxili aries ▁used ▁to ▁load ▁and ▁operate ▁F la K ▁batter ies ▁and ▁man ▁search light ▁batter ies . ▁ ▁F lak pan zer ▁– ▁arm oured ▁self - prop elled ▁ant ia ircraft ▁gun , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁M ö bel wagen . ▁ ▁F lak vier ling ▁– ▁anti - air craft , ▁open ▁tur ret - style ▁weapon ▁system ▁employ ing ▁a ▁quart et ▁( vier ling ) ▁of ▁ 2 0 mm ▁aut oc annon , ▁employed ▁on ▁land , ▁in ▁self - prop elled ▁mount s ▁and ▁on ▁ships . ▁ ▁Fl am mp an zer ▁– ▁fl ame - throw ing ▁tank . ▁ ▁Fl ammen wer fer ▁– ▁fl ame - th ro wer . ▁ ▁Fle ck t arn ▁– ▁sp otted ▁cam ou fl |
age . ▁ ▁Fl ie ger ab wehr - Ab teilung ▁– ▁anti - air craft ▁batt alion . ▁ ▁Fl ie ger ab wehr kan one ▁– ▁see ▁F la K . ▁ ▁Fl ie ger b om be ▁( F li Bo ) ▁– ▁aer ial ▁bomb ▁ ▁Fl ie ger div ision ▁– ▁lit . ▁Fl ight ▁division . ▁ ▁Fl ie ger kor ps ▁– ▁lit . ▁Fl ight ▁corps ▁ ▁Fl ie gers ch wert ▁– ▁air man ' s ▁sword ▁( part ▁of ▁an ▁officer ' s ▁reg alia ). ▁ ▁Fl ie ger tr u ppe ▁– ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁official ▁name ▁( Die ▁Fl ie ger tr u ppen ▁des ▁Deutschen ▁Kaiser reich es ) ▁of ▁the ▁Imperial ▁German ▁Army ▁Air ▁Service , ▁existing ▁under ▁that ▁name ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁to ▁October ▁ 1 9 1 6 , ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁re organ ized ▁as ▁the ▁Luft stre it k rä fte . ▁ ▁Fl otte ▁– ▁naval ▁fleet ▁ ▁Fl ot til le ▁( Fl .) ▁– ▁fl ot illa . ▁ ▁Fl ucht ▁nach ▁v orn ▁– ▁" fl ight ▁to ▁the ▁front "; ▁trying ▁to ▁assault ▁rather ▁than ▁wait ▁or ▁retre at ▁while ▁under ▁threat . ▁ ▁Fl ü cht lings l ager ▁– ▁refuge e ▁camp . ▁ ▁Fl ügel mann ▁– ▁wing man ▁ ▁Flug b om be ▁V - 1 ▁( V - 1 ▁flying ▁bomb ) ▁– ▁pul se - jet ▁engine ▁power ed ▁flying |
▁bomb ▁carrying ▁high - expl os ive ▁war head ▁known ▁to ▁the ▁Al lies ▁as ▁the ▁" bu zz ▁bomb ". ▁ ▁Flug zeug ▁– ▁aircraft . ▁ ▁Flug ( zeug ) ab wehr kan one ▁– ▁see ▁F la K . ▁ ▁Flug zeug tr äger ▁– ▁aircraft ▁car rier . ▁ ▁Fl uten ▁– ▁U - bo at ▁order ; ▁" F lo od ▁the ▁t anks !" ▁ ▁Forsch ungs amt ▁– ▁intelligence ▁service ▁of ▁the ▁Luft wa ffe . ▁ ▁For st schutz ▁– ▁Forest ▁Police ▁( see ▁Or dn ung sp ol ize i ) ▁ ▁Fra chter ▁– ▁fre ighter . ▁ ▁Fran kt ire ure ▁– ▁terror ists ; ▁( see ▁Fre isch är ler ). ▁ ▁Fran kt ire ur krie g ▁– ▁terror ist ▁war fare . ▁ ▁F reg atten kap it än ▁– ▁naval ▁rank , ▁literally ▁meaning ▁" fr ig ate ▁captain ", ▁in ▁between ▁Kor vet ten kap it än ▁and ▁Kap it än ▁zur ▁See . ▁Command ed ▁a ▁light ▁cru iser , ▁or ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁executive ▁officer ▁on ▁a ▁capital ▁ship , ▁hence ▁often ▁translated ▁as ▁commander ▁ ▁Fre ikor ps ▁– ▁volunte er ▁corps ▁( see ▁Fre iw ill ige ). ▁The ▁Fre ikor ps ▁was ▁an ▁early ▁volunte er ▁par amil it ary ▁organizations ▁formed ▁in ▁the ▁w ake ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁defeat ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁making ▁up ▁the ▁German ▁army ▁in ▁lieu ▁of ▁the ▁restrictions ▁mand ated ▁by ▁the ▁Tre aty ▁of |
▁Vers a illes ; ▁they ▁consisted ▁primarily ▁of ▁dem obil ized ▁soldiers , ▁dis ill usion ed ▁young ▁men , ▁and ▁fan at ical ▁conserv ative ▁national ists ▁who ▁bl amed ▁Social ▁Democr ats , ▁Jews , ▁and ▁commun ists ▁for ▁Germany ' s ▁problems . ▁ ▁Fre isch är ler ▁– ▁irregular ▁or ▁gu err illa ▁( see ▁W ider stand sk rä fte ). ▁ ▁Fre isch är ler un w esen ▁– ▁" p est ering ▁by ▁gu err illas "; ▁gu err illa ▁activities ▁or ▁terror ist ▁inc idents . ▁ ▁Fre iw ill ige ▁– ▁volunte er . ▁ ▁F rem de ▁He ere ▁Ost / West ▁( F HO / F H W ) ▁– ▁Foreign ▁Arm ies ▁East / West , ▁staff ▁intelligence ▁special ist ▁on ▁the ▁subject . ▁ ▁Fried en ▁– ▁peace . ▁ ▁Fritz - X ▁– ▁The ▁Luft wa ffe ' s ▁radio - control led ▁gli de ▁bomb , ▁prec ursor ▁to ▁today ' s ▁" sm art ▁weapons " ▁or ▁P GM s . ▁ ▁F ron ter leb nis ▁– ▁front ▁experience . ▁F ron ter leb nis ▁was ▁a ▁literary ▁genre ▁which ▁rom antic ized ▁the ▁war ▁experience ▁and ▁the ▁cam ar ader ie ▁of ▁being ▁' bro thers - in - ar ms '. ▁ ▁Front gemein schaft ▁– ▁front - line ▁com r ades hip ▁or ▁community ; ▁group ▁of ▁front - line ▁combat ▁soldiers . ▁ ▁Front k ämp fer ▁– ▁front ▁line ▁soldier ▁ |
▁Front sch we in ▁– ▁( sl ang ) ▁" front ▁p ig " ▁soldier ▁serving ▁long ▁at ▁the ▁front , ▁often ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁ir onic ▁acc ol ade ▁for ▁a ▁soldier ▁with ▁the ▁will ▁to ▁fight . ▁Comp are ▁with ▁Et app ensch we in . ▁ ▁Der ▁F ühr er ▁– ▁" The ▁Le ader "; ▁title ▁used ▁by ▁Adolf ▁Hitler : ▁Me in ▁F ühr er , ▁Der ▁F ühr er . ▁ ▁F ühr erb unker ▁– ▁( liter ally ▁meaning ▁" sh elter ▁[ for ▁the ] ▁leader " ▁or ▁"[ the ] ▁F ühr er ' s ▁shelter ") ▁was ▁located ▁about ▁ 8 . 2 ▁metres ▁beneath ▁the ▁garden ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁Reich ▁Chan cell ery ▁building ▁at ▁Wilhelm straße ▁ 7 7 , ▁and ▁about ▁ 1 2 0 ▁metres ▁north ▁of ▁Hitler ' s ▁New ▁Reich ▁Chan cell ery ▁building ▁in ▁Berlin . ▁This ▁under ground ▁b unker ▁was ▁Hitler ' s ▁last ▁F H Q ▁and ▁where ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Eva ▁Braun ▁ended ▁their ▁lives ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁F ühr er haupt qu art iere ▁( F H Q ) ▁– ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁official ▁headquarters ▁especially ▁constructed ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁F ühr er . ▁ ▁F ühr erson der zug ▁– ▁a ▁special ▁train ▁built ▁for ▁and ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁F ühr er . ▁ ▁F ühr er ▁– ▁in ▁the ▁army ▁a ▁substitute ▁commander ▁of ▁a |
▁unit ▁or ▁sub - unit ▁in ▁absence ▁of ▁the ▁regular ▁commander ▁( see ▁' Che f '); ▁in ▁the ▁n avy ▁a ▁flag ▁officer ▁( e . g . ▁F ühr er ▁der ▁U bo ote ) ▁ ▁SS - F ührung sh aupt amt ▁– ▁SS ▁Le ad ership ▁Head ▁Office , ▁the ▁administrative ▁headquarters ▁of ▁the ▁W affen - SS . ▁ ▁Fun ke ▁– ▁ 1 ) ▁radio ▁[ die ▁Fun ke , ▁f ., ▁sl ang ▁abbre viation ▁for ▁F unk ger ät ]; ▁ 2 ) ▁spark ▁[ der ▁Fun ke , ▁m . ]; ▁the ▁literal ▁( pre - radio ) ▁meaning ▁of ▁the ▁word . ▁ ▁F unker ▁– ▁radio ▁operator ▁( from ▁fun ken ▁[ verb ], ▁to ▁transmit ▁by ▁radio ). ▁ ▁F unk ger ät ▁( prefix : ▁Fu G ) ▁– ▁generic ▁term ▁for ▁radio ▁and ▁air bor ne ▁I FF , ▁R DF ▁and ▁air bor ne ▁and ▁some ▁ground - based ▁rad ar ▁equipment . ▁ ▁F unk mess be ob acht ungs ger ät ▁( F u MB ) ▁– ▁rad ar ▁det ector . ▁ ▁F üs il ier ▁– ▁historic ▁term ▁often ▁used ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁light ▁inf antry , ▁originally ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁fus il , ▁or ▁mus ket , ▁such ▁troops ▁once ▁carried . ▁During ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁a ▁name ▁given ▁to ▁inf antry ▁form ations ▁with ▁some ▁reconna issance ▁ab ilities ▁that ▁replaced ▁an ▁inf antry ▁division ' s ▁reconna issance ▁batt alion |
▁mid - war ▁when ▁the ▁Germ ans ▁reduced ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁standard ▁inf antry ▁batt al ions ▁in ▁their ▁divisions ▁from ▁ 9 ▁to ▁ 6 . ▁ ▁F üs il ier b ata illon ▁– ▁in ▁the ▁Imperial ▁army ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁batt alion ▁of ▁a ▁Gren ad ier - Reg iment . ▁Its ▁design ation ▁was ▁F , ▁as ▁in ▁F / GR 1 0 ▁for ▁F üs il ier b ata illon ▁of ▁the ▁Gen ad ier - Reg iment ▁ 1 0 . ▁ ▁F utter meister ▁– ▁quarter master ▁responsible ▁for ▁f od der ▁ ▁Fre ya ▁rad ar ▁– ▁first ▁oper ational ▁rad ar ▁with ▁the ▁Kriegs marine . ▁ ▁G ▁ ▁G abel sch w anz te uf el ▁– ▁P - 3 8 ▁Light ning ▁" F ork ▁Ta iled ▁Dev il ". ▁ ▁G arn ison ▁– ▁g arrison ▁ ▁Gas mas ke ▁– ▁gas ▁mask ▁ ▁G asm ask en be h äl ter ▁– ▁gas ▁mask ▁container . ▁ ▁G asp ist ole ▁– ▁starting ▁p istol ; ▁a ▁gun ▁that ▁fires ▁bl anks . ▁ ▁G au ▁– ▁An ▁administrative ▁region ▁equivalent ▁to ▁a ▁sh ire ▁or ▁province . ▁ ▁G au le iter ▁– ▁supre me ▁territorial ▁or ▁regional ▁Naz i ▁party ▁authority (- ies ). ▁G au ▁leader . ▁ ▁Geb ir gs j äger ▁– ▁mountain ▁troops ; ▁a ▁mountain ▁" unit " ▁might ▁be ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁either ▁Geb ir gs ▁or ▁Geb ir gs j |
äger . ▁ ▁Geb ir g stru ppe ▁– ▁mountain ▁troops . ▁ ▁gef allen ▁( gef .) ▁– ▁fallen , ▁killed ▁in ▁action ▁ ▁Gef e cht ▁– ▁combat , ▁action . ▁ ▁Gef ech ts ge p äck ▁– ▁inf antry ▁assault ▁pack . ▁ ▁Gef ech ts stand ▁– ▁command ▁post . ▁ ▁Gef ech ts station ▁– ▁naval ▁term , ▁" b attle ▁stations " ▁or ▁( more ▁literally ) ▁" com bat ▁stations ". ▁ ▁Gef ech ts verband ▁– ▁def ensive ▁aer ial ▁t actic ▁employed ▁against ▁USA AF ▁heavy ▁bom bers ▁when ▁Z erst ör er ▁tw in - eng ined ▁heavy ▁f igh ters ▁had ▁proven ▁too ▁vulner able ▁to ▁Al lied ▁single - eng ined ▁f igh ters ▁– ▁used ▁heavily ▁armed ▁F w ▁ 1 9 0 As ▁as ▁bom ber ▁destroy ers ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁slower ▁Z erst ör er ▁aircraft , ▁with ▁B f ▁ 1 0 9 G s ▁for ▁esc ort . ▁ ▁Gef re iter ▁– ▁en list ed ▁rank , ▁senior ▁to ▁priv ates ▁but ▁not ▁considered ▁an ▁N CO . ▁ ▁Gegen ang r iff ▁– ▁counter att ack . ▁ ▁Gegen off ensive ▁– ▁counter - off ensive . ▁ ▁Gegen sto ß ▁– ▁hast y ▁counter - att ack . ▁ ▁Geg ensch lag ▁– ▁counter ▁stroke . ▁ ▁ge heim ▁– ▁secret . ▁ ▁Ge he ime ▁Feld pol ize i ▁( G FP ) ▁– ▁Secret ▁Field ▁Police . ▁It ▁was |
▁Germany ' s ▁secret ▁military ▁police ▁that ▁was ▁organ ised ▁by ▁the ▁German ▁high ▁command ▁( OK W ) ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁to ▁serve ▁with ▁the ▁We hr macht . ▁It ▁was ▁mainly ▁designed ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁security ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁field , ▁as ▁the ▁executive ▁agent ▁of ▁the ▁Ab wehr . ▁ ▁Ge heim fern sch rei ber ▁– ▁( liter ally , ▁" secret ▁distance ▁writer ") ▁ci pher ▁machine . ▁ ▁Gel b kre uz ▁– ▁must ard ▁gas ▁ ▁Ge le it ▁– ▁esc ort . ▁ ▁Ge le it schutz ▁– ▁con voy . ▁ ▁G emein dep ol ize i ▁– ▁local ▁police . ▁ ▁G emein schaft ▁– ▁community . ▁ ▁Gener alf eld mar sch all ▁– ▁Field ▁Marsh al . ▁ ▁Gener alk omm ando ▁– ▁the ▁headquarters ▁of ▁an ▁army ▁corps . ▁ ▁General stab ▁des ▁He eres ▁( Gen . ▁St . d . ▁H .) ▁– ▁German ▁Army ▁General ▁Staff . ▁ ▁gep anz ert ▁( ge p .) ▁– ▁arm oured . ▁ ▁Gesch üt z ▁– ▁can non , ▁gun . ▁ ▁Gesch üt z führ er ▁– ▁gun ▁captain ▁/ ▁commander ▁/ ▁layer . ▁ ▁Gesch w ader ▁– ▁originally ▁and ▁literally ▁a ▁naval ▁" s quad ron " ▁and , ▁therefore , ▁equivalent ▁to ▁the ▁French ▁esc adre ▁or ▁Italian ▁squad rig lia ; ▁in ▁military ▁av iation , ▁the ▁translation ▁var ies : ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Luft stre it k rä |
fte : ▁a ▁unit ▁compr ising ▁four ▁f ighter ▁squad rons ▁( St aff eln ), ▁such ▁as ▁Jag d gesch w ader ▁ 1 ▁( J G ▁ 1 ) ▁– the ▁famous ▁" F lying ▁Circ us ", ▁led ▁by ▁Man fred ▁von ▁Rich th of en ▁(" The ▁Red ▁Baron "); ▁also ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁K ag ohl ▁and ▁Bog ohl ▁heavy ▁bom ber ▁units , ▁the ▁last ▁two ▁mentioned ▁unit ▁types ▁specifically ▁tied ▁to ▁the ▁Ober ste ▁He eres leitung ▁or ▁" O HL "; ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Luft wa ffe : ▁compr ising ▁three ▁or ▁more ▁Gru ppen , ▁each ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁three ▁( or ▁sometimes ▁four ) ▁Staff eln ; ▁a ▁W W 2 ▁Gesch w ader ▁was ▁equivalent ▁to ▁a ▁British ▁Commonwealth ▁air ▁force ▁group , ▁a ▁French ▁esc ad ron , ▁an ▁Italian ▁storm o , ▁an ▁I J A AS ▁h ik ō dan , ▁an ▁I J N AC ▁sent ai , ▁a ▁Soviet ▁av iation ▁division , ▁a ▁USA AF / US MC ▁air ▁wing , ▁and / or ▁a ▁US ▁Navy ▁car rier ▁air ▁group ; ▁ ▁current ▁Luft wa ffe : ▁a ▁Gesch w ader ▁compr ises ▁a ▁" techn ical ▁group " ▁( Te chn ische ▁Gruppe ), ▁a ▁" f lying ▁group " ▁( F lie gende ▁Gruppe ), ▁along ▁with ▁two ▁or ▁three ▁other ▁flying ▁squad rons ▁( St aff eln ); ▁ ▁Gesch w ader ken nung ▁– ▁the ▁two - character ▁al phan |
umeric ▁identification ▁code ▁used ▁by ▁a ▁non - day - fig h ter ▁Gesch w ader ▁for ▁unit ▁identification , ▁that ▁appeared ▁to ▁the ▁left ▁of ▁the ▁fus el age ▁Bal ken kre uz ▁on ▁most ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Luft wa ffe ▁aircraft . ▁It ▁also ▁included ▁two ▁letters ▁to ▁the ▁right ▁of ▁the ▁cross , ▁the ▁third ▁letter ▁design ating ▁the ▁aircraft ' s ▁individual ▁identification , ▁with ▁the ▁fourth ▁letter ▁design ating ▁the ▁aircraft ' s ▁assigned ▁squad ron ▁( St aff el ) ▁within ▁the ▁unit . ▁ ▁Gest ap o ▁– ▁Ge he ime ▁Staat sp ol ize i ▁– ▁Secret ▁State ▁Police . ▁Origin ally ▁the ▁Pr uss ia ▁secret ▁state ▁police ▁and ▁later ▁( as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Si Po ▁then ▁merged ▁into ▁the ▁R SHA ) ▁the ▁official ▁secret ▁police ▁force ▁of ▁Naz i ▁Germany . ▁Gest ap o ▁was ▁derived ▁as ▁follows : ▁Ge he ime ▁Staat sp ol ize i . ▁ ▁Ge wehr ▁– ▁rif le , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Ge wehr ▁ 4 3 . ▁ ▁G ift ▁– ▁poison ; ▁gift ig : ▁poison ous , ▁to xic . ▁ ▁G leich sch altung ▁– ▁" co ord ination ", ▁coord ination ▁of ▁everything ▁into ▁Naz i ▁ide als . ▁ ▁G lieder ung ▁– ▁table ▁of ▁organisation ▁ ▁Gold fas an ▁( G old en ▁p he asant ) ▁– ▁der og atory ▁sl ang ▁term ▁for ▁high - ran king ▁Naz i ▁Party ▁members . ▁Der ived ▁from ▁the |
▁brown - and - red ▁uniform s ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁colors ▁of ▁male ▁p he as ants ▁and ▁the ▁perce ived ▁behaviour ▁of ▁high - ran king ▁party ▁officials ▁living ▁in ▁peace ▁and ▁lux ury ▁at ▁home . ▁ ▁Got en stellung ▁– ▁Goth ic ▁Line ▁German ▁defense ▁line ▁in ▁Italy , ▁north ▁of ▁Florence . ▁ ▁Gra ben krie g ▁– ▁tren ch ▁war fare . ▁ ▁Gran ate ▁– ▁gr en ade , ▁used ▁not ▁only ▁for ▁hand ▁gr en ades ▁( Hand gr an ate ) ▁but ▁also ▁for ▁other ▁explos ive ▁ord n ance ▁such ▁as ▁mort ar ▁( W er f gr an ate ) ▁and ▁arm or - p ier cing ▁( Pan zer gr an ate ) ▁shell s . ▁ ▁Gran at wer fer ▁( Gr W ) ▁– ▁mort ar . ▁ ▁Gren ad ier ▁– ▁traditional ▁term ▁for ▁heavy ▁inf antry , ▁adopted ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁from ▁mid - war ▁on ward ▁as ▁a ▁mor ale - building ▁honor ific ▁often ▁indic ative ▁of ▁low - grade ▁form ations . ▁ ▁Gren ze ▁– ▁border . ▁ ▁Gren z schutz ▁– ▁border ▁pat rol . ▁ ▁Gre uel er z ähl ungen ▁– ▁at roc ity ▁stories . ▁ ▁Gr ö f az ▁– ▁German ▁soldiers ' ▁der og atory ▁ac ron ym ▁for ▁Gr öß ter ▁Feld herr ▁aller ▁Ze iten , ▁a ▁title ▁initially ▁public ized ▁by ▁Naz i ▁propag anda ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁Adolf ▁Hitler ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁war |
▁years ; ▁literally , ▁the ▁" Gre at est ▁Field ▁Commander ▁of ▁all ▁Time ". ▁ ▁Grund aus bildung ▁( ab br . ▁Grund i ) ▁– ▁basic ▁training ▁ ▁Gruppe ▁( Lu ft wa ffe ) ▁– ▁a ▁gru ppe ▁usually ▁consisted ▁of ▁three ▁squad rons ▁of ▁nine ▁to ▁twelve ▁aircraft , ▁and ▁a ▁staff . ▁An ▁equivalent ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁US ▁or ▁French ▁group . ▁In ▁the ▁British ▁Commonwealth ▁the ▁equivalent ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁wing . ▁ ▁Gruppe ▁( He er ) ▁– ▁in ▁the ▁army ▁a ▁gru ppe ▁is ▁the ▁equivalent ▁to ▁a ▁squad ▁ ▁Gru ppen führ er ▁– ▁squad ▁leader , ▁also ▁a ▁Naz i ▁party ▁rank . ▁ ▁Gru ppen hor ch ger ät ▁( G H G ) ▁– ▁hydro phone ▁array . ▁ ▁G ulas ch kan one ▁– ▁" g oul ash ▁can non ", ▁mobile ▁field ▁kitchen ▁ ▁Gru ppen stab ▁– ▁command ▁staff . ▁ ▁Gustav ▁Line ▁– ▁German ▁defense ▁line ▁in ▁Italy , ▁centered ▁on ▁the ▁monaster y ▁of ▁Monte ▁Cass ino . ▁ ▁G v D ▁– ▁Gef re iter ▁vom ▁Dienst ▁– ▁soldier ▁who ▁is ▁the ▁runner ▁of ▁C Q . ▁ ▁H ▁ ▁H afen ▁– ▁har bor . ▁" Fl ugh afen " ▁is ▁air port . ▁ ▁H af th oh ll ad ung ▁– ▁German ▁magnet ically - ad her ed , ▁sh aped ▁charge ▁anti - t ank ▁gr en ade ▁m un ition , ▁iron ically ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁ord n ance ▁that |
▁if ▁the ▁Al lies ▁also ▁possessed ▁them , ▁Z immer it ▁was ▁meant ▁to ▁prevent ▁the ▁use ▁of . ▁ ▁H aken kre uz ▁– ▁( liter ally , ▁" ho oked ▁cross ") ▁the ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁sw ast ika ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁Naz i ▁Party . ▁ ▁" H al be ▁F ah rt !" ▁– ▁naval ▁command ▁calling ▁for ▁half - speed . ▁" H al be ▁F ah rt ▁vor aus " ▁is ▁" half - speed ▁ahead " ▁and ▁" H al be ▁F ah rt ▁zurück " ▁is ▁" half - speed ▁reverse ". ▁ ▁H als sch mer zen ▁– ▁" s ore ▁thro at " ▁or ▁" itch y ▁neck "; ▁used ▁to ▁describe ▁a ▁reck less ▁or ▁glory - se ek ing ▁commander , ▁imp lying ▁an ▁ob session ▁with ▁winning ▁the ▁Knight ' s ▁Cross . ▁ ▁H alt ▁– ▁Stop ! ▁Free ze ! ▁ ▁Hand els marine ▁– ▁German ▁merchant ▁marine . ▁ ▁Hannover sche ▁Mas ch inen bau ▁AG ▁( H an om ag ) ▁– ▁producer ▁of ▁military ▁vehicles , ▁princip ally ▁the ▁S d . K f z . ▁ 2 5 1 ▁medium - arm oured ▁hal ft rack . ▁ ▁" H art ..." ▁– ▁naval ▁command ▁calling ▁for ▁a ▁sharp ▁turn . ▁" H art ▁Back b ord " ▁is ▁" hard - a - port " ▁and ▁" H art ▁Ste uer b ord " ▁is ▁" hard - a - star board ". |
▁ ▁H är te üb ung ▁– ▁hard iness ▁training . ▁ ▁Ha ub it ze ▁– ▁how itzer . ▁ ▁Haupt amt ▁S icher heit sp ol ize i ▁( HA - Si Po ) ▁– ▁Security ▁Police ▁headquarters . ▁ ▁Haupt bahn hof ▁– ▁main ▁or ▁central ▁station . ▁ ▁Haupt feld web el ▁– ▁company ▁ser ge ant - major ▁or ▁first ▁ser ge ant . ▁ ▁Haupt k amp fl in ie ▁( H K L ) ▁– ▁literally ▁main ▁combat ▁line , ▁official ▁term ▁for ▁" front " ▁until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁Haupt mann ▁– ▁army ▁captain . ▁ ▁Haupt qu art iere ▁( H Q ) ▁– ▁headquarters . ▁ ▁Haupt stadt ▁– ▁capital ▁city . ▁ ▁Haupt w acht meister ▁– ▁company ▁first ▁ser ge ant ▁in ▁art illery ▁and ▁caval ry ▁units . ▁ ▁He ck ensch üt ze ▁– ▁" h edge ▁marks man " ▁hidden , ▁amb ushing ▁sni per . ▁ ▁He ck sch üt ze ▁– ▁tail ▁gun ner ▁the ▁man ▁to ▁handle ▁the ▁He ck stand . ▁ ▁He ck stand ▁– ▁tail ▁gun ▁def ensive ▁position ▁on ▁aircraft . ▁ ▁He er ▁– ▁regular ▁German ▁Army . ▁Can ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁any ▁national ▁army . ▁ ▁He eres gru pp enk omm ando ▁( H Gr . K do ) ▁– ▁army ▁group ▁command . ▁ ▁Heimat ▁– ▁home , ▁hom eland . ▁ ▁Heimat k urs ▁– ▁the ▁way ▁home . ▁Liter |
ally ▁" hom eland ▁course ". ▁ ▁Heimat sch uß ▁– ▁" hom eland ▁shot "; ▁a ▁w ound ▁not ▁severe ▁enough ▁to ▁be ▁perman ently ▁dis abling , ▁but ▁of ▁sufficient ▁sever ity ▁to ▁require ▁ev acu ation ▁from ▁the ▁battle front . ▁The ▁German ▁soldier ' s ▁equivalent ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁G . I .' s ▁" mill ion - d ollar ▁w ound " ▁or ▁the ▁British ▁soldier ' s ▁" B light y ▁w ound ". ▁ ▁Hel den k lau ▁– ▁" ste aling " ▁or ▁" sn atch ing ▁of ▁hero es "; ▁sl ang ▁term ▁used ▁to ▁denote ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁comm ande ering ▁rear - ech el on ▁personnel ▁for ▁front - line ▁service . ▁ ▁H ensch el ▁– ▁rail road ▁locomot ive ▁and ▁rolling ▁stock ▁manufact urer , ▁and ▁a ▁firm ▁responsible ▁for ▁many ▁German ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁weapons ▁systems ▁for ▁both ▁the ▁We hr macht ▁He er ▁and ▁the ▁Luft wa ffe , ▁especially ▁the ▁heavy ▁T iger ▁I ▁and ▁T iger ▁II ▁t anks ▁and ▁the ▁H ensch el ▁H s ▁ 2 9 3 ▁gu ided ▁anti - ship ▁miss ile . ▁ ▁" H err ..." ▁– ▁In ▁past ▁and ▁modern ▁German ▁military ▁protocol , ▁" H err " ▁(" m ister ") ▁is ▁said ▁before ▁ranks ▁when ▁someone ▁is ▁address ing ▁a ▁person ▁of ▁higher ▁rank . ▁For ▁example , ▁a ▁lieutenant ▁(" Le ut nant ") ▁would ▁address ▁his ▁captain ▁as ▁" H err ▁Haupt mann " |
▁(" Mr . ▁Captain "). ▁Super ior ▁officer ▁address ▁sub ordinates ▁with ▁" H err " ▁and ▁their ▁last ▁name ▁or ▁simply ▁their ▁rank , ▁but ▁not ▁adding ▁" H err " ▁to ▁the ▁rank . ▁This ▁practice ▁was ▁forb idden ▁in ▁the ▁W affen - SS , ▁as ▁it ▁off ended ▁Him ml er ' s ▁eg al itar ian ▁principles . ▁ ▁Het zer ▁– ▁ag it ators ; ▁also ▁a ▁hunting ▁dog ▁and ▁as ▁such ▁the ▁uno fficial ▁name ▁of ▁a ▁certain ▁mid - war ▁model ▁of ▁German ▁tank ▁destroy er . ▁ ▁Hil f sw ill ige ▁( H iw is ) ▁– ▁German ▁Army ▁volunte er ▁forces ▁usually ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁Soviet ▁volunte ers ▁serving ▁in ▁non - com bat ▁capac ities . ▁ ▁H imm elf ah rt sk omm ando ▁– ▁literally , ▁" tri p ▁to ▁heaven ▁mission ", ▁a ▁suic ide ▁mission . ▁ ▁Hinter halt ▁– ▁amb ush . ▁ ▁Hitler - J ug end ▁( H J ) ▁– ▁Hitler ▁Youth . ▁The ▁German ▁youth ▁organization ▁founded ▁by ▁the ▁Naz i ▁Party ▁( NS D AP ). ▁Made ▁up ▁of ▁the ▁Hitler j ug end ▁proper , ▁for ▁male ▁youth ▁ages ▁ 1 4 – 1 8 ; ▁the ▁younger ▁boys ' ▁section ▁" De utsch es ▁Jung vol k " ▁for ▁ages ▁ 1 0 – 1 4 ; ▁and ▁the ▁girls ' ▁section ▁" B und ▁Deutsch er ▁M ä del " ▁( B DM ). ▁ ▁Hit lers ä |
ge ▁– ▁" H it ler ▁saw ", ▁nick name ▁of ▁the ▁M G 4 2 ▁machine ▁gun . ▁Also ▁named ▁" Sing ende ▁S ä ge " ▁( sing ing ▁saw ), ▁" K no ch ens ä ge " ▁( bone ▁saw ) ▁or ▁" H it lers ense " ▁( H it ler ▁sc y the ) ▁ ▁H J - F ahr ten mess er ▁( H it ler ▁Youth ▁kn ife ) ▁– ▁common ▁d agger ▁spe cially ▁designed ▁for ▁the ▁Hitler ▁Jugend . ▁ ▁H J - Sp ät les e ▁– ▁nick name ▁for ▁the ▁Volks st urm . ▁ ▁Hö cker hind ern isse ▁– ▁anti - t ank ▁obst acles ▁often ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" Drag on ' s ▁Te eth ". ▁ ▁Ho heits ab zeich en ▁– ▁national ▁ins ign ia ▁e . g . ▁on ▁a ▁tank ▁or ▁aircraft . ▁ ▁H oh ent w iel ▁– ▁Fu G ▁ 2 0 0 ▁U H F - band ▁( 5 0 0 M Hz ) ▁mar itime ▁pat rol ▁air bor ne ▁rad ar ▁g ear . ▁ ▁Hub sch ra uber ▁– ▁hel ic opter . ▁ ▁H uf b esch l ags ch m ied , ▁far rier . ▁ ▁Hum mel ▁– ▁" bum ble - be e "; ▁nick name ▁for ▁a ▁piece ▁of ▁mobile ▁art illery . ▁ ▁H unde h üt te ▁– ▁literally , ▁" dog ▁house ", ▁pun ishment ▁h ut . |
▁ ▁I ▁ ▁im ▁Dienst ▁( i . D .) ▁– ▁in ▁service . ▁ ▁Indian er ▁– ▁Indians . ▁Luft wa ffe ▁sl ang ▁for ▁an ▁enemy ▁f ighter ▁( from ▁the ▁game ▁of ▁cow bo ys ▁and ▁Indians .) ▁ ▁Inf anterie ▁( Inf .) ▁– ▁inf antry . ▁ ▁In hab er ▁der ▁Bef eh ls - ▁und ▁Komm and og ew alt ▁( I Bu K ) ▁– ▁commander - in - ch ief , ▁Minister ▁of ▁Def ence ▁( pe ac etime ) ▁or ▁Federal ▁Chan cell or ▁( wart ime ) ▁ ▁Ist st är ke ▁– ▁actual ▁strength ▁( comp ared ▁to ▁S oll - St är ke ) ▁ ▁I wan ▁– ▁German ▁sl ang ▁for ▁a ▁Soviet ▁soldier ▁( similar ▁to ▁" J er ry " ▁or ▁" K ra ut ", ▁the ▁British ▁and ▁American ▁sl ang ▁terms ▁for ▁Germ ans ). ▁ ▁J ▁ ▁J ab o ▁( J ag db om ber ) ▁– ▁f ighter - b om ber . ▁ ▁Jag d gesch w ader ▁( J G ) ▁– ▁single - engine ▁f ighter ▁wing / group , ▁literally ▁hunting ▁squad ron . ▁ ▁Jag dp an zer ▁– ▁" h un ting ▁tank "; ▁arm oured ▁cas em ate - style ▁self - prop elled ▁tank ▁destroy er . ▁ ▁Jag d - K omm ando ▁– ▁" h un ting ▁comm ando "; ▁generally ▁refers ▁to ▁a ▁comm ando ▁out fit ▁that ▁remained ▁behind ▁enemy ▁lines |
▁when ▁an ▁area ▁was ▁over run ▁and ▁would ▁carry ▁out ▁sab ot age ▁and ▁other ▁gu err illa ▁actions . ▁These ▁units ▁did ▁not ▁generally ▁operate ▁as ▁such ▁and ▁were ▁later ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁the ▁SS ▁and ▁used ▁as ▁front line ▁combat ▁troops ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 - 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁J äger ▁– ▁[ 1 ] ▁light ▁inf antry ; ▁used ▁alone ▁or ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁special ty ▁such ▁as ▁Geb ir gs j äger ▁or ▁Fall sch irm j äger . ▁[ 2 ] ▁F ighter ▁Air plane . ▁The ▁root ▁Jag d - ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁in ▁its ▁literal ▁meaning ▁of ▁" h unter " ▁for ▁weapon ▁systems ▁such ▁Jag dt iger . ▁ ▁ja wohl ▁– ▁simply ▁the ▁word ▁" yes " ▁with ▁the ▁em ph atic ▁" wohl ", ▁which ▁one ▁might ▁translate ▁as ▁" Yes , ▁indeed ! ", ▁" A ye , ▁a ye , ▁sir !" ▁or ▁" Ab sol utely ▁yes !" ▁W id ely ▁used ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁J unk ersch ule ▁– ▁SS ▁officer ▁a cademy . ▁ ▁K ▁ ▁" K acz m are k " ▁– ▁wing man ▁ ▁K ada ver geh ors am ▁– ▁" absolute ▁duty ▁and ▁blind ▁ob ed ience ▁till ▁death ." ; ▁lit .: ▁" car c ass ▁ob ed ience " ▁ ▁Kaiser liche ▁Marine ▁( K M ) ▁– ▁Imperial ▁German ▁Navy ▁ ▁Kaiser licher ▁Y acht - Cl ub ▁( K Y |
C ) ▁– ▁Imperial ▁Y acht ▁Club ▁ ▁K amer ad schaft ▁– ▁small ▁military ▁unit , ▁or ▁phrase ▁for ▁" com rade ▁support ▁amongst ▁soldiers " ▁( see ▁Vol kg emein schaft ). ▁ ▁K ampf ▁– ▁struggle , ▁fight ▁or ▁conflict . ▁ ▁K amp fe ins itzer ▁Komm ando ▁( KE K ), ▁the ▁first ▁special ist , ▁single - se at ▁armed ▁sc out / fig h ter ▁units ▁of ▁the ▁Fl ie ger tr u ppe ▁prede cess or ▁of ▁the ▁Luft stre it k rä fte , ▁first ▁formed ▁by ▁In spe ktor - M aj or ▁Friedrich ▁St emp el ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 6 , ▁and ▁the ▁direct ▁prede cess or ▁units ▁to ▁the ▁Jag dst aff eln ▁f ighter ▁squad ron ▁units ▁first ▁formed ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁ ▁K amp ff lot te ▁– ▁battle ▁fleet . ▁ ▁K ampf ge ist ▁– ▁fighting ▁spirit . ▁ ▁K ampf gesch w ader ▁( K G ) ▁– ▁bom ber ▁wing ▁( USA AF ▁practice )/ group ▁( RA F ▁practice ) ▁ ▁K ampf gruppe — 1 . ▁an ▁Army ▁battle group ▁or ▁task ▁force ; ▁formal ▁design ation ▁of ▁an ▁ad ▁h oc ▁task ▁force , ▁or ▁inform al ▁term ▁for ▁a ▁combat ▁unit ▁at ▁greatly ▁reduced ▁strength . ▁ 2 . ▁In ▁the ▁Luft wa ffe , ▁a ▁bom ber ▁unit ▁equivalent ▁to ▁a ▁US / F rench ▁group ▁or ▁a ▁British |
▁Commonwealth ▁wing . ▁ ▁K ampf mess er ▁– ▁combat ▁kn ife . ▁ ▁K ampf plan ▁– ▁battle ▁plan . ▁ ▁K ampf sch w immer ▁– ▁f rog man . ▁ ▁K ampf zone ▁– ▁battle ▁zone . ▁ ▁K ampf w unde ▁– ▁battle ▁injury . ▁ ▁Kan one ▁– ▁gun ▁( as ▁opposed ▁to ▁a ▁how itzer ). ▁ ▁Kan on ier ▁– ▁gun ner ▁ ▁Kap it än ▁– ▁naval ▁rank ▁of ▁captain ; ▁in ▁full ▁Kap it än ▁zur ▁See ▁( K z S ▁or ▁K pt . z . S .) ▁; liter ally , ▁sea ▁captain . ▁Command ed ▁any ▁capital ▁ship . ▁ ▁Kap it än le ut nant ▁( K pt lt .) ▁– ▁naval ▁rank ▁of ▁lieutenant ▁commander ▁or ▁( liter ally ) ▁captain ▁lieutenant . ▁Offic ers ▁of ▁this ▁rank ▁generally ▁command ▁small ▁vessels ▁such ▁as ▁U - bo ats ▁and ▁mines we ep ers . ▁The ▁rank ▁is ▁often ▁short ened ▁to ▁" K ale un ", ▁with ▁junior ▁officers ▁address ing ▁people ▁of ▁this ▁rank ▁as ▁" H err ▁K ale un ". ▁ ▁Kap it ulation ▁– ▁surrender . ▁ ▁Kap o ▁– ▁over se er , ▁N CO ▁( sl ). ▁Esp . ▁a ▁prisoner ▁who ▁acted ▁as ▁an ▁over se er ▁of ▁his ▁fellow ▁in m ates ▁in ▁the ▁Naz i ▁concentration ▁cam ps ▁( see ▁Kon zent r ations l ager ). ▁ ▁Kar bol - Tr än ke ▁– ▁field ▁dress ing ▁station ▁ |
▁K arten stelle ▁– ▁mapping ▁det achment , ▁normally ▁part ▁of ▁staff ▁company ▁of ▁a ▁division ▁or ▁higher ▁ ▁Kas erne ▁– ▁bar ra cks , ▁cas ern . ▁ ▁K av all erie ▁( K av .) ▁– ▁caval ry . ▁ ▁K d E ▁– ▁abbre viation ▁for ▁the ▁Kom mande ur ▁der ▁Er prob ungs stellen , ▁the ▁commander ▁of ▁all ▁German ▁military ▁av iation ▁test ▁facilities ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁an ▁office ▁held ▁by ▁Colonel ▁( O ber st ) ▁Ed gar ▁Peters en ▁late ▁in ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁K essel sch lacht ▁– ▁lit . ▁" ca uld ron ▁battle " ▁enc irc lement ▁often ▁short ened ▁to ▁K essel ▁e . g . ▁" K essel ▁von ▁St aling rad " ▁ ▁K ette ▁– ▁chain , ▁in ▁the ▁air ▁force ▁a ▁sub - unit ▁of ▁ 3 — 6 ▁aircraft ▁ ▁K etten ▁– ▁ch ains , ▁chain - drive , ▁tracks ▁( e . g . ▁Pan zer ket ten ) ▁ ▁K etten ant rieb ▁– ▁track , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁tank ▁track ; ▁track ed ▁vehicle . ▁ ▁K etten h und ▁– ▁" ch ained ▁dog ", ▁sl ang ▁for ▁a ▁Military ▁Pol ic eman ▁( der ived ▁from ▁the ▁metal ▁g or get ▁worn ▁on ▁a ▁chain ▁around ▁the ▁neck ). ▁ ▁K etten k raf trad ▁– ▁a ▁track ed ▁motor cycle ; ▁also ▁K etten k rad . ▁ ▁Kind ers är ge ▁– ▁" children ' |
s ▁coff ins ", ▁sl ang ▁term ▁applied ▁to ▁small , ▁wooden ▁ant ip erson nel ▁box - min es . ▁ ▁K LA : ▁Kriegs sch iff bau le h rab teilung ▁– ▁was ▁a ▁war ship - const ruction ▁training ▁division ▁that ▁super vised ▁a ▁Ba ube le hr ung . ▁ ▁Kle ink ampf verband ▁( K - Ver band ) ▁– ▁special ▁naval ▁operations ▁unit , ▁compr ising ▁a ▁few ▁f rog men . ▁ ▁Kle ink rie g ▁– ▁gu err illa ▁war . ▁ ▁K nic ke be in ▁– ▁" cro oked ▁leg ", ▁also ▁" b ent ▁leg " ▁( in ▁the ▁sense ▁of ▁" dog leg "); ▁German ▁navig ational ▁system ▁using ▁radio ▁be ams ▁to ▁guide ▁bom bers . ▁ ▁Kno ch ens am mlung ▁– ▁gather ing ▁the ▁b ones ▁of ▁dead ▁soldiers . ▁ ▁Koch gesch ir r ▁– ▁mess ▁tin ▁ ▁K of fer ▁– ▁in ▁the ▁Bundes wehr ▁a ▁der og atory ▁term ▁for ▁a ▁raw ▁rec ruit ▁ ▁K of fer , ▁schwer er ▁– ▁large ▁cal ib re ▁shell , ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁coal ▁box ▁or ▁the ▁American ▁tr ash ▁can ▁ ▁Kol onne ▁– ▁column , ▁also ▁supply ▁units ▁( e . g . ▁le ichte ▁Inf anterie - K ol onne ) ▁ ▁Komm and anten - Sch ieß le hr gang ▁– ▁U - bo at ▁Commander ' s ▁Tor ped o ▁Cour se . ▁ ▁Komm ando ▁( K do .) ▁– |
▁command ; ▁det achment ; ▁detail . ▁ ▁Komm iss arbe fe hl ▁– ▁the ▁not orious ▁ 6 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁" Comm iss ar ▁Order " ▁to ▁kill ▁all ▁political ▁comm iss ars ▁in ▁the ▁Red ▁Army ▁and ▁civil ▁government . ▁ ▁Kom p anie ▁( K p .) ▁– ▁company , ▁unit . ▁ ▁Kom p anie che f ▁– ▁company ▁commander ▁ ▁Kom pan ief eld web el ▁– ▁company ▁first ▁ser ge ant ▁ ▁Kom pan ief ühr er ▁– ▁substitute ▁company ▁commander ▁in ▁case ▁of ▁absence ▁or ▁if ▁the ▁‘ K omp anie che f ▁’ ▁is ▁only ▁an ▁honor ary ▁function ▁( similar ▁to ▁a ▁colon el - in - ch ief ) ▁ ▁Kom pan iet ru pp führ er ▁– ▁company ▁headquarters ▁section ▁leader ▁ ▁Kon ter ad mir al ▁– ▁naval ▁rank ▁of ▁rear ▁adm iral . ▁ ▁Kon zent r ations l ager ▁( K Z L ) ▁– ▁concentration ▁camp . ▁ ▁Kor vet ten kap it än ▁( K . K pt ) ▁– ▁naval ▁rank ▁of ▁( liter ally ) ▁" cor v ette ▁captain ". ▁The ▁grade ▁senior ▁to ▁Kap it än le ut nant ; ▁frequently ▁translated ▁as ▁either ▁lieutenant ▁commander ▁or ▁commander . ▁Typ ically ▁commanded ▁a ▁destroy er . ▁ ▁K rad ▁( K raft - Rad fahr zeug ) ▁– ▁motor cycle ▁( dated ▁in ▁civil ▁use , ▁but ▁still ▁common ▁in ▁the ▁Bundes wehr ). ▁ ▁K rad - M |
el der ▁– ▁motor cycle ▁dispatch ▁r ider ▁ ▁K rad sch üt ze ( n ) ▁– ▁motor cycle ▁unit ▁or ▁soldier . ▁ ▁Kraft ▁– ▁strength . ▁ ▁K raf tei ▁– ▁literally ▁" power - eg g ", ▁used ▁both ▁for ▁the ▁unit ized ▁av iation ▁engine ▁installation ▁system ▁that ▁combined ▁all ▁major ▁engine ▁anc ill ary ▁components ▁( rad i ator , ▁oil ▁cool er , ▁etc .) ▁with ▁the ▁engine ▁itself , ▁into ▁a ▁single ▁inter change able ▁unit ▁for ▁ease ▁of ▁field ▁maintenance ▁and ▁rapid ▁replacement , ▁or ▁as ▁a ▁sl ang ▁term ▁for ▁the ▁short - f us el aged ▁Mess ersch mitt ▁Me ▁ 1 6 3 ▁K omet ▁ro cket ▁f ighter . ▁ ▁K ran ken station ▁– ▁sick ▁bay ▁of ▁a ▁ship . ▁ ▁K rank ent rä ger ▁– ▁st ret cher ▁bear er ▁ ▁Kra ut ▁– ▁for ▁sau erk ra ut ; ▁sl ang ▁term ▁used ▁by ▁Americans ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁Germ ans . ▁ ▁Krieg ▁or ▁Krieg ( s )- ▁– ▁" war " ▁or ▁" wart ime - ". ▁ ▁Krieg ser leb nis ▁– ▁( my th ▁of ▁the ) ▁war ▁experience . ▁ ▁Kriegs f isch k utter ▁( K F K ) ▁– ▁pat rol ▁vessels ▁constructed ▁to ▁a ▁fish ing - v essel ▁design ; ▁( see ▁Vor post en bo ote ). ▁ ▁Kriegs flag ge ▁– ▁" war ▁en sign "; ▁military ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁national ▁flag , ▁quarter ed ▁by |
▁a ▁black ▁cross ▁with ▁an ▁Iron ▁Cross ▁in ▁the ▁canton . ▁ ▁Kriegs ge fang ener ▁– ▁prisoner ▁of ▁war . ▁ ▁Kriegs gericht ▁– ▁court - mart ial ; ▁sl ang ▁for ▁a ▁war ▁d ish ▁or ▁poor ▁me al . ▁Also ▁" Mil it är gericht ". ▁ ▁Kriegs marine ▁– ▁German ▁Navy , ▁ 1 9 3 5 – 4 5 . ▁ ▁Kriegs ne uro se ▁– ▁battle ▁fat igue . ▁Mod . ▁post ▁tra um atic ▁stress ▁dis order . ▁ ▁Kriegs st är ken ach weis ungen ▁( K St N ) ▁– ▁the ▁German ▁equivalent ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁table ▁of ▁organization ▁and ▁equipment ▁( TO & E ) ▁or ▁the ▁British ▁war ▁establishment . ▁ ▁Krieg stage buch ▁– ▁war ▁di ary . ▁ ▁K riminal pol ize i ▁( K ri po ) ▁– ▁" C riminal ▁Police " ▁– ▁in ▁Naz i ▁Germany , ▁it ▁became ▁the ▁national ▁C riminal ▁( inv estig ative ) ▁Police ▁Department ▁for ▁the ▁entire ▁Reich ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁It ▁was ▁merged , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁Gest ap o , ▁into ▁the ▁S icher heit sp ol ize i ▁( Si Po ). ▁Later , ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁fol ded ▁into ▁the ▁R SHA . ▁ ▁Kru pp ▁( K p ) ▁– ▁famous ▁German ▁steel ▁producer , ▁manufact ured ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁t anks , ▁how itz ers ▁and ▁heavy ▁mort ars , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁arm |
our ▁pl ates ▁for ▁batt les hips ▁( most ▁fam ously ▁the ▁B ism ar ck ). ▁ ▁Kru pp - Da im ler ▁( K D ) ▁– ▁see ▁Kru pp . ▁ ▁Kü bel ▁– ▁literally , ▁" bucket " ▁or ▁" t ub ", ▁short ▁for ▁Kü bel wagen , ▁open - to pped ▁military ▁utility ▁cars . ▁ ▁K ugel ▁– ▁" bullet " ▁( also ▁" ball "). ▁ ▁K ug elf est ▁– ▁bullet - proof . ▁ ▁K ugel bl itz ▁– ▁literally ▁" ball ▁light ning ", ▁fire ball . ▁ ▁K w K ▁– ▁abbre viation ▁for ▁" K ampf wagen kan one ", ▁the ▁tur ret - mount ed ▁main ▁( c annon ) ▁arm ament ▁of ▁a ▁main ▁battle ▁tank . ▁ ▁L ▁ ▁L / ▁– ▁length ▁of ▁bar rel ▁in ▁cal ib res ▁( For ▁example , ▁an ▁ 8 . 8 cm ▁L / 7 1 ▁gun ▁would ▁have ▁a ▁bar rel ▁of ▁ 7 1 ▁x ▁ 8 . 8 cm ▁= ▁ 6 2 4 . 8 cm ▁long ) ▁ ▁Lad esch üt ze ▁– ▁loader ▁ ▁L ager ▁– ▁camp . ▁ ▁L ande k opf ▁– ▁beach head . ▁ ▁La f ette ▁– ▁literally ▁" gun ▁mount ", ▁used ▁for ▁many ▁differ ing ▁art illery ▁carri ages ▁and ▁for ▁man ned ▁and ▁rem ot ely ▁controlled ▁gun ▁tur ret ▁install ations ▁on ▁German ▁military ▁vehicles , ▁especially ▁on ▁aircraft . |
▁ ▁Land r ats amt ▁– ▁civil ▁administration ▁office . ▁ ▁Land st urm ▁– ▁histor ically , ▁inf antry ▁of ▁non - prof essional ▁soldiers ; ▁a ▁kind ▁of ▁milit ia . ▁ ▁Land ser ▁– ▁historical ▁term ▁for ▁a ▁German ▁inf antry man ; ▁sl ang : ▁" Sch üt ze ▁Ar sch ". ▁ ▁Land wehr ▁– ▁Territ orial ▁Army , ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁milit ia . ▁ ▁Last ense g ler ▁– ▁cargo ▁gl ider ▁ ▁Lat r inen par ole ▁– ▁" lat r ine ▁talk ", ▁rum or . ▁ ▁la ufen de ▁Num mer ▁– ▁serial ▁number . ▁ ▁Lebens raum ▁– ▁" l iving ▁space ", ▁or ▁in ▁Hitler - spe ak ▁the ▁minimum ▁space ▁the ▁German ▁people ▁needed ▁to ▁live ▁in . ▁ ▁Lehr ▁– ▁" dem on str ation "; ▁usually ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁an ▁el ite ▁formation ▁used ▁as ▁or ▁mobil ized ▁from ▁instruction al ▁troops ▁( e . g ., ▁Pan zer - Le hr - Div ision ). ▁ ▁Le iber m uster ▁– ▁a ▁cam ou fl age ▁pattern . ▁ ▁le icht ▁– ▁" light ", ▁usually ▁to ▁refer ▁a ▁l ighter ▁type , ▁such ▁as ▁light ▁tank : ▁le ichter ▁Pan zer . ▁Several ▁classes ▁of ▁divisions ▁were ▁also ▁class ified ▁as ▁" light ". ▁ ▁Leop ard ▁– ▁the ▁name ▁originally ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁Por sche - produ ced ▁V K ▁ 3 6 0 1 ( P ) ▁prototype ▁tank ▁h ull ▁design |
, ▁and ▁later ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁Federal ▁German ▁Republic ▁for ▁the ▁Leop ard ▁ 1 ▁and ▁Leop ard ▁ 2 ▁Bundes wehr ▁main ▁battle ▁t anks ▁in ▁service ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁into ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century . ▁ ▁Le uch tp ist ole ▁– ▁f lare ▁p istol ▁ ▁Le ucht gesch oss /- gr an ate ▁– ▁star ▁shell ▁ ▁Le ut nant ▁– ▁army ▁rank , ▁equivalent ▁to ▁second ▁lieutenant ▁ ▁Le ut nant ▁zur ▁See ▁– ▁naval ▁rank , ▁equivalent ▁to ▁lieutenant , ▁junior ▁grade ▁ ▁L ichten stein ▁– ▁German ▁air bor ne ▁rad ar ▁used ▁for ▁night f ight ing , ▁in ▁early ▁U H F - band ▁BC ▁and ▁C - 1 ▁versions , ▁and ▁later ▁V H F - band ▁SN - 2 ▁and ▁SN - 3 ▁versions . ▁ ▁Lor enz ▁Schl üss el z us atz ▁– ▁German ▁ci pher ▁machine . ▁ ▁Lor enz ▁( navigation ) ▁– ▁pre - war ▁blind - land ing ▁aid ▁used ▁at ▁many ▁air ports . ▁Most ▁German ▁bom bers ▁had ▁the ▁radio ▁equipment ▁needed ▁to ▁use ▁it . ▁ ▁" Los !" ▁– ▁" Go !" ▁or ▁" A way !" ▁Also ▁the ▁U - bo at ▁command ▁to ▁fire ▁a ▁tor ped o ▁(" Fire ! ") ▁ ▁L uchs ▁– ▁" lyn x "; ▁nick name ▁given ▁to ▁the ▁Model ▁L ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁Pan zer ▁II . ▁ ▁Le ucht k ugel ▁– ▁signal ▁f lare |
. ▁ ▁Luft ang r iff ▁– ▁air ▁attack , ▁air ▁ra id . ▁ ▁Luft fl otte ▁– ▁lit . ▁air ▁fleet . ▁L arg est ▁sub - un its ▁within ▁the ▁Luft wa ffe . ▁ ▁Luft schutz ▁– ▁air ▁ra id ▁protection ▁ ▁Luft wa ffe ▁– ▁" air ▁force "; ▁the ▁German ▁Air ▁Force . ▁ ▁Luft wa ffen hel fer ▁– ▁" Lu ft wa ffe ▁assistant "; ▁see ▁F la K - Hel fer . ▁ ▁Luft schutz pol ize i ▁– ▁( A ir ▁Ra id ▁Prote ction ▁Police ) ▁ ▁was ▁the ▁civil ▁protection ▁service ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁air ▁ra id ▁defence ▁and ▁rescue ▁vict ims ▁of ▁bomb ings ▁in ▁connection ▁with ▁the ▁Techn ische ▁N oth il fe ▁( Te chn ical ▁Emer gency ▁Service ) ▁and ▁the ▁Fe u ersch utz pol ize i ▁( prof essional ▁fire ▁depart ments ). ▁Cre ated ▁as ▁the ▁Security ▁and ▁Ass istance ▁Service ▁( S icher heits ▁und ▁Hil f sd ienst ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁it ▁was ▁renamed ▁" Lu ft schutz pol ize i " ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁when ▁transferred ▁from ▁the ▁a eg is ▁of ▁Ministry ▁of ▁A viation ▁to ▁the ▁Or dn ung sp ol ize i . ▁ ▁Luft stre it k rä fte ▁– ▁originally ▁( Oct ober ▁ 1 9 1 6 ) ▁the ▁name ▁for ▁the ▁Imperial ▁German ▁Army ▁Air ▁Service ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁later ▁part ▁of |
▁the ▁name ▁for ▁the ▁East ▁German ▁dedicated ▁air ▁arm . ▁ ▁M ▁ ▁Mann schaften ▁– ▁en list ed ▁personnel ▁ ▁Mas ch inen fab rik ▁A ugs burg - N ür n berg ▁( M . A . N .) ▁– ▁A ugs burg - N ure m berg ▁Machine ▁Factory ; ▁a ▁German ▁engineering ▁works ▁and ▁tr uck ▁manufact urer . ▁Now ▁called ▁M AN ▁AG , ▁and ▁primary ▁builder ▁of ▁the ▁Pan ther ▁tank . ▁ ▁Marine aus r üst ungs stelle ▁( M ast .) ▁– ▁naval ▁equipment ▁store ▁ ▁Mas ch inen fab rik ▁Nied ers achsen ▁Hannover ▁( M N H ) ▁– ▁weapon ▁( t ank ) ▁development ▁and ▁production ▁firm . ▁ ▁Mas ch inen ge wehr ▁( M G ) ▁– ▁machine ▁gun , ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁M G 4 2 . ▁ ▁Mas ch inen ge wehr sch üt ze ▁– ▁machine ▁gun ner ▁ ▁Mas chin enk an one ▁( M K ) ▁– ▁an ▁aut oc annon ▁used ▁for ▁aircraft ▁arm ament , ▁as ▁with ▁the ▁M K ▁ 1 0 8 ▁ 3 0 mm ▁cal ib re ▁weapon . ▁ ▁Mas ch inen p ist ole ▁( MP ▁or ▁M Pi ) ▁– ▁subm achine ▁gun , ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁MP 4 0 . ▁ ▁Mas ch ine ▁– ▁" machine ". ▁Comm only ▁used ▁as ▁air plane ▁or ▁engine . ▁ ▁M ask en ball ▁– ▁German ▁sl ang ▁for ▁fighting ▁with ▁N BC - prote ct ive |
▁g ear , ▁or ▁at ▁least ▁with ▁gas ▁mask ▁ ▁M ault ier ▁– ▁S d . K f z . ▁ 4 ▁half - track ▁tr uck , ▁German ▁for ▁m ule ▁ ▁M aus ▁– ▁" mouse "; ▁nick name ▁for ▁a ▁large , ▁Por sche - des igned ▁super - he avy ▁tank , ▁the ▁heav iest ▁tank ▁ever ▁actually ▁built ▁and ▁tested , ▁that ▁never ▁passed ▁beyond ▁prototype ▁stage . ▁ ▁May bach ▁( M ) ▁– ▁a ▁German ▁autom ot ive ▁and ▁engineering ▁company . ▁ ▁Mel der ▁– ▁runner ▁ ▁M eld ere iter ▁– ▁horse ▁des patch ▁r ider ▁ ▁Met ox ▁– ▁rad ar ▁warning ▁receiver ▁( named ▁for ▁manufact urer ) ▁fitted ▁to ▁U - bo ats ; ▁su pers eded ▁by ▁N ax os - U ▁ ▁Mil ch ku h ▁– ▁" mil k ▁cow ", ▁nick name ▁for ▁the ▁Type ▁XIV ▁res upp ly ▁U - bo at . ▁ ▁Militär ▁– ▁military . ▁ ▁Militär nach richt end ienst ▁– ▁military ▁intelligence . ▁ ▁Mine ▁( pl . ▁Min en ) ▁– ▁an ▁anti - person nel , ▁tank ▁or ▁ship ▁mine . ▁ ▁Min ene ig ensch utz ▁( ME S ) ▁– ▁ship ' s ▁deg aus sing ▁cable ; ▁literally ▁" mine ▁self - prote ction ". ▁ ▁Min ens uch bo ote ▁( M - bo ats ) ▁– ▁large ▁mines we ep ers . ▁ ▁Mi ß lie b ige ▁– ▁und es ira bles |
. ▁ ▁M itar be iter ▁– ▁assistant ▁cl erk ▁ ▁Mot ork an one ▁– ▁engine - mount ed ▁aut oc annon ▁arm ament ▁firing ▁through ▁a ▁h ollow ▁prop eller ▁sh aft ▁on ▁inline - eng ined ▁f ighter ▁aircraft . ▁ ▁MP ( i ) ▁– ▁sub - machine ▁gun ▁ ▁M ör ser ▁– ▁mort ar ▁ ▁Mun ition sk anon ier ▁– ▁am mun ition ▁handler ▁ ▁Mun itions sch le pper ▁– ▁am mun ition ▁car rier . ▁ ▁Mun itions sch üt ze ▁– ▁am mun ition ▁handler ▁ ▁M üt ze ▁– ▁cap ▁or ▁small ▁hat , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁M 4 3 ▁field ▁cap , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Ein heits feld m üt ze . ▁ ▁N ▁ ▁Nach richt ( en ) ▁– ▁signals ▁/ ▁news ▁/ ▁communication , ▁also ▁intelligence . ▁ ▁Nach richt end ienst ▁– ▁intelligence ▁ ▁Nach richt en off iz ier ▁– ▁signals ▁officer ▁ ▁Nach richt ent ru ppen ▁– ▁Sign al ▁Corps . ▁ ▁Nach sch ub ▁– ▁supply ▁ ▁Nach sch ub tr u ppen ▁– ▁supply ▁troops . ▁ ▁Nach t ▁und ▁Neb el ▁– ▁" night ▁and ▁fog "; ▁code ▁for ▁some ▁prisoners ▁that ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁dis posed ▁of , ▁leaving ▁no ▁traces ; ▁bei ▁Nach t ▁und ▁Neb el ▁( idi om ) ▁– ▁secret ly ▁and ▁surprising ly , ▁at ▁dead ▁of ▁night . ▁ ▁Nach t j ag d gesch w ader ▁( N J G ) ▁– |
▁night - fig h ter ▁wing / group . ▁ ▁N ah k ampf mess er ▁– ▁close - com bat ▁fighting ▁kn ife . ▁ ▁N ah verte id ig ungs wa ffe ▁– ▁" close ▁defense ▁weapon "; ▁an ▁attachment ▁to ▁P anz ers ▁to ▁combat ▁close - ass ault ing ▁inf antry . ▁ ▁Nash orn ▁– ▁" r hin oc eros ", ▁nick name ▁for ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁tank ▁destroy er . ▁ ▁National so zial istische ▁F ührung so ff izi ere ▁( NS FO ) ▁– ▁National ▁Social ist ▁Le ad ership ▁Offic ers . ▁ ▁N ax os ▁rad ar ▁det ector ▁– ▁the ▁Fu G ▁ 3 5 0 ▁rad ar ▁det ector ▁set ; ▁" N ax os ▁Z " ▁was ▁developed ▁for ▁night ▁f igh ters , ▁" N ax os ▁U ", ▁was ▁provided ▁to ▁U - bo ats , ▁to ▁locate ▁Al lied ▁H 2 S ▁mic row ave - band ▁rad ar ▁transm issions , ▁not ▁able ▁to ▁detect ▁American ▁H 2 X ▁rad ar ▁g ear . ▁ ▁Neb el wer fer ▁( N b . ▁W ) ▁– ▁" fog ▁thro wer "; ▁ro cket ▁art illery , ▁multi - bar rel ▁ro cket ▁launch ers ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁smoke ▁or ▁high - expl os ive ▁project iles . ▁ ▁Ne pt un ▁rad ar ▁– ▁Low - to - mid ▁V H F ▁band ▁( 1 2 5 ▁to ▁ 1 8 7 M |
Hz ) ▁air bor ne ▁intercept ▁rad ar ▁for ▁night ▁f ighter ▁aircraft , ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁L ichten stein ▁SN - 2 ▁unit , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁comprom ised ▁by ▁July – August ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁ ▁Nieder lage ▁– ▁defeat . ▁ ▁" N icht ▁Sch i essen " ▁– ▁Don ' t ▁shoot ▁in ▁German ▁ ▁Norden ▁– ▁north . ▁ ▁N ots ign al ▁– ▁dist ress ▁signal . ▁ ▁NS K K ▁– ▁the ▁National so zial ist isches ▁Kraft fah rer kor ps , ▁or ▁National ▁Social ist ▁Motor ▁Corps . ▁ ▁Num mer ▁( N r .) ▁– ▁" number "; ▁some ▁divis ional ▁organizations ▁with ▁a ▁unit ▁number ▁but ▁no ▁combat ▁assets , ▁often ▁converted ▁to ▁ordinary ▁divisions ▁later ▁on . ▁( E . g ., ▁Division ▁Nr . ▁ 1 5 7 .) ▁ ▁O ▁ ▁Ober - * ▁– ▁higher ; ▁part ▁of ▁several ▁military ▁ranks ▁and ▁titles ▁like ▁Ober le ut nant ▁and ▁" O ber k omm ando ". ▁ ▁Ober st ▁– ▁lit . ▁" U pp erm ost " ▁or ▁" S eni orm ost ," ▁German ▁equivalent ▁of ▁a ▁Colonel . ▁ ▁Ober be fe hl sh ab er ▁des ▁He eres ▁( Ob . d . H .) ▁– ▁Commander - in - Ch ief ▁of ▁the ▁Army . ▁ ▁Ober k omm ando ▁des ▁He eres ▁( OK H ) ▁– ▁" High ▁Command ▁of ▁the ▁Army " ▁and ▁Army |
▁General ▁Staff ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁Ober k omm ando ▁der ▁Kriegs marine ▁( OK M ) ▁– ▁" High ▁Command ▁of ▁the ▁( W ar ) ▁Navy ". ▁ ▁Ober k omm ando ▁der ▁Luft wa ffe ▁( OK L ) ▁– ▁" High ▁Command ▁of ▁the ▁Air ▁Force ". ▁ ▁Ober k omm ando ▁der ▁We hr macht ▁( OK W ) ▁– ▁" High ▁Command ▁of ▁the ▁Ar med ▁Forces ". ▁The ▁OK W ▁replaced ▁the ▁War ▁Ministry ▁and ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁command ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁armed ▁forces ▁of ▁Naz i ▁Germany . ▁ ▁Ober ste ▁He eres leitung ▁( O HL ) ▁– ▁" S up reme ▁Army ▁Command ", ▁the ▁O HL ▁was ▁the ▁highest ▁level ▁of ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Deutsch es ▁He er . ▁ ▁Offiz ier ▁im ▁General stab ▁– ▁General ▁Staff ▁officer ▁ ▁Offiz ier - L ager ▁( O flag ) ▁– ▁" o ffic er ▁camp "; ▁German ▁prisoner - of - war ▁camp ▁for ▁Al lied ▁officers . ▁ ▁Or dn ung sp ol ize i ▁( Or po ) ▁– ▁" order ▁police " ▁– ▁the ▁regular ▁uniform ed ▁police ▁after ▁their ▁national ization ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁ ▁Ord onn an zo ff iz ier ▁– ▁a ide - de - camp ▁ ▁Ort sk ampf ▁– ▁combat ▁in ▁towns , ▁urban ▁war fare . ▁ ▁Osten ▁– ▁east . ▁ ▁Ost front |
▁– ▁eastern ▁front ▁( Russ ian ▁Front ) ▁ ▁Ost jud en ▁– ▁eastern ▁Jews ▁in ▁Poland . ▁ ▁Ost mark ▁– ▁lit . ▁Eastern ▁march , ▁post - An schluss ▁Austria . ▁ ▁Ost pre uß en ▁– ▁province ▁of ▁East ▁Pr uss ia . ▁ ▁P ▁ ▁Pan j ew agen ▁– ▁one - hor se ▁carriage . ▁ ▁Pan zer ▁– ▁" arm our "; ▁German ▁word ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁Old ▁French ▁pan cier , ▁meaning ▁" arm our ▁for ▁the ▁bel ly ". ▁It ▁can ▁refer ▁to ▁a ▁tank ▁( see ▁Pan zer k ampf wagen ▁below ) ▁or ▁to ▁an ▁arm oured ▁formation . ▁( Pan zer ▁Division ▁is ▁literally ▁" T ank ▁Division "; ▁the ▁ad jective ▁for ▁" arm oured " ▁is ▁gep anz ert .) ▁ ▁Pan zer ab wehr kan one ▁( Pa K ) ▁– ▁anti - t ank ▁gun ; ▁literally , ▁" t ank ▁defence ▁can non ", ▁also ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁main ▁arm ament ▁for ▁a ▁typical ▁cas em ate ▁style ▁tur ret less ▁German ▁tank ▁destroy er . ▁ ▁Pan zer be fe hl sw agen ▁( P z . ▁Bef . W g ) ▁– ▁the ▁command ing ▁tank ▁of ▁any ▁pan zer ▁det achment ; ▁also ▁used ▁of ▁purpose - built ▁command ▁t anks ▁with ▁extra ▁radio ▁g ear . ▁ ▁Pan zer bü ch se ▁– ▁anti - t ank ▁rif le ▁ ▁Pan zer bü chs ensch üt ze ▁– ▁anti - t ank ▁rif |
le man ▁ ▁Pan zer fa ust ▁– ▁literally ▁" arm our ▁f ist "; ▁a ▁light ▁dispos able ▁inf antry ▁anti - t ank ▁weapon , ▁a ▁small ▁re co ill ess ▁gun ▁firing ▁a ▁fin - st abil ized ▁sh aped ▁charge ▁gr en ade , ▁and ▁a ▁for er un ner ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁R PG ▁( ro cket - prop elled ▁gr en ade ) ▁although ▁the ▁Pan zer fa ust ▁was ▁more ▁of ▁a ▁gr en ade ▁launch er . ▁ ▁Pan zer führ er ▁– ▁tank ▁commander , ▁literally ▁" t ank ▁leader ". ▁ ▁Pan zer k omm and ant ▁– ▁tank ▁commander ▁ ▁P anz ersch reck ▁– ▁literally ▁" arm our ▁terror ," ▁officially ▁Rak eten pan zer bü ch se ▁" ro cket ▁arm our ▁rif le ;" ▁a ▁heavy ▁re - usable ▁inf antry ▁anti - t ank ▁weapon ▁firing ▁a ▁ro cket - prop elled ▁ 8 8 mm ▁sh aped ▁charge ▁gr en ade . ▁Also ▁called ▁Of en ro hr ▁(" st ove pipe ") ▁for ▁its ▁appearance . ▁ ▁Pan zer gren ad ier ▁– ▁mechan ized ▁inf antry ; ▁a ▁soldier ▁belonging ▁to ▁a ▁mechan ized ▁inf antry ▁unit . ▁ ▁Pan zer j äger ▁– ▁" t ank ▁h unter ( s )", ▁anti - t ank ▁troops ; ▁also ▁used ▁by ▁extension ▁for ▁their ▁self - prop elled ▁tank ▁destroy ers ▁( e . g ., ▁the ▁Ele f ant ) ▁until ▁su pers eded |
▁by ▁the ▁Jag dp an zer ▁(" h un ting ▁tank ") ▁term . ▁ ▁Pan zer k ampf wagen ▁( P zk pf w .) ▁– ▁" arm oured ▁fighting ▁vehicle "; ▁usually ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁tank ▁with ▁a ▁ 3 6 0 ° ▁fully ▁rot ating ▁tur ret ▁for ▁the ▁main ▁arm ament . ▁ ▁P anz ersch iffe ▁– ▁" arm oured ▁ships "; ▁i . e ., ▁" po cket ▁batt les hips ". ▁ ▁Pan zer tr u ppen ▁– ▁tank ▁forces . ▁ ▁Pap ier ▁– ▁paper . ▁O ften ▁used ▁as ▁paper ▁of ▁identification . ▁ ▁Pap ier krie g ▁– ▁paper ▁war . ▁The ▁struggle ▁to ▁keep ▁up ▁with ▁reports ▁and ▁record ▁keeping ▁ ▁Partei ▁– ▁political ▁party . ▁ ▁P au ke ▁P au ke ▁– ▁code ▁word ▁for ▁f ighter ▁pil ots ▁when ▁eng aging ▁enemy ▁aircraft ▁( lit . ▁' K ett led rum s ') ▁ ▁P ion ier ▁( pl . ▁P ioni ere ) ▁– ▁combat ▁engineer . ▁ ▁Pl atten pan zer ▁– ▁plate ▁arm our . ▁ ▁Pl ano ff iz ier ▁– ▁Tri ang ulation ▁officer ▁ ▁Por sche ▁( P ) ▁– ▁company ▁that ▁designed ▁and ▁produced ▁t anks ▁and ▁other ▁military ▁vehicles . ▁They ▁now ▁produce ▁cars . ▁ ▁Pro t ze ▁– ▁lim ber , ▁a ▁horse - dra wn ▁two - w heel ▁ch ari ot ▁that ▁was ▁h itch ed ▁before ▁a ▁gun ▁and ▁usually ▁transport ed ▁m |
un itions ▁and ▁crew . ▁The ▁term ▁der ives ▁from ▁the ▁Italian ▁" b ira z zo ", ▁a ▁two - w he e led ▁cart . ▁ ▁P utsch ▁– ▁coup ▁d ' état ; ▁the ▁sudden ▁over throw ▁of ▁a ▁government ▁by ▁a ▁small ▁group , ▁usually ▁the ▁military . ▁ ▁P yr rh uss ieg ▁– ▁P yr rh ic ▁victory . ▁ ▁Q ▁ ▁Quart ier meister ▁– ▁quarter master ▁ ▁Qu ist ▁– ▁one ▁of ▁several ▁manufact ur ers ▁of ▁German ▁hel m ets ▁both ▁during ▁and ▁after ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁R ▁ ▁Rad ik ale ▁Nieder wer f ung ▁– ▁r uth less ▁supp ression . ▁ ▁R ä um boot ▁( R - boot ) ▁– ▁small ▁motor ▁mines we eper . ▁ ▁Ras put its a ▁– ▁semi - ann ual ▁mud - season ▁in ▁Eastern ▁Europe ▁ ▁Regierung ▁– ▁government . ▁ ▁Reg iments adj ut ant ▁– ▁regiment ▁adj ut ant ▁ ▁Reg iments ar zt ▁– ▁Regiment al ▁Medical ▁Officer ▁ ▁Regiment sch ef ▁– ▁colon el ▁of ▁the ▁regiment ▁ ▁Reg iments führ er ▁– ▁substitute ▁for ▁the ▁colon el ▁of ▁the ▁regiment ▁ ▁Regiment sk om mande ur ▁– ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁regiment ▁ ▁Reg iments v eter in är ▁– ▁regiment al ▁veter in arian ▁officer ▁ ▁Reich ▁– ▁real m , ▁emp ire . ▁ ▁Reichs arbe its dienst ▁( R AD ) ▁– ▁comp uls ory ▁labor ▁service ▁in ▁Naz i ▁Germany . ▁ ▁Reichs |
bahn ▁– ▁railway ▁system . ▁ ▁Reich sf ühr er - SS ▁– ▁Reich ▁Le ader ▁of ▁the ▁SS , ▁an ▁office ▁held ▁by ▁Heinrich ▁Him ml er . ▁ ▁Reich ss icher heit sh aupt amt ▁( R SHA ) ▁– ▁" Re ich ▁Main ▁Security ▁Office ▁or ▁Reich ▁Security ▁Head ▁Office "; ▁created ▁by ▁Him ml er ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁to ▁combine ▁all ▁German ▁security ▁and ▁plain cl oth es ▁police ▁depart ments , ▁including ▁the ▁Gest ap o , ▁K ri po ▁and ▁SD ▁( S icher heits dienst ▁der ▁SS ) ▁into ▁one ▁um bre lla ▁organization ▁with ▁seven ▁depart ments . ▁ ▁Reichs wehr ▁– ▁name ▁for ▁the ▁German ▁Ar med ▁Forces ▁under ▁the ▁We imar ▁Republic , ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁ ▁Re iter ▁– ▁caval ry man . ▁See ▁also ▁Ritter . ▁ ▁Re kr ut ▁– ▁coll . ▁ro ok ie , ▁rec ruit , ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁military ▁in ▁the ▁basic ▁training ▁ ▁R ett ungs boot ▁– ▁lif eb o at . ▁ ▁R icht kreis unter off iz ier ▁– ▁Gun ▁Director ▁( N CO ) ▁ ▁R icht sch üt ze ▁– ▁aim ing ▁gun ner . ▁ ▁Ring kan one ▁( R k ) ▁– ▁built - up ▁gun ▁ ▁Ritter ▁– ▁kn ight , ▁caval ier . ▁ ▁Ritter kre uz ▁– ▁" kn ight ' s ▁cross ", ▁usual ▁abbre vi ated ▁name ▁for ▁the |
▁Ritter kre uz ▁des ▁E is ern en ▁Kreuz es ▁( see ▁next ▁entry ) ▁ ▁Ritter kre uz ▁des ▁E is ern en ▁Kreuz es ▁– ▁Knight ' s ▁Cross ▁( of ▁the ▁Iron ▁Cross ); ▁award ▁for ▁valor ous ▁service ▁for ▁those ▁who ▁had ▁already ▁received ▁the ▁Iron ▁Cross . ▁High est ▁award ▁class ▁for ▁bra very ▁under ▁fire ▁or ▁military ▁leadership . ▁ 7 3 1 8 ▁of ▁these ▁were ▁awarded ▁during ▁the ▁war . ▁Pre vious ▁recip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Ritter kre uz ▁would ▁be ▁awarded ▁a ▁higher ▁degree ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁award , ▁and ▁then ▁success ively ▁higher ▁ones . ▁The ▁higher ▁degrees ▁are , ▁in ▁asc ending ▁order : ▁ ▁Ritter kre uz ▁mit ▁E ichen la ub ▁– ▁" kn ight ' s ▁cross ▁with ▁o ak ▁leaves ". ▁ 8 9 0 ▁recip ients ▁during ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁Ritter kre uz ▁mit ▁E ichen la ub ▁und ▁Sch wer ten ▁– ▁" kn ight ' s ▁cross ▁with ▁o ak ▁leaves ▁and ▁s words ". ▁ 1 5 9 ▁recip ients ▁total , ▁plus ▁one ▁honor ary ▁recip ient ▁( J apan ese ▁adm iral ▁Is or oku ▁Yam am oto ) ▁ ▁Ritter kre uz ▁mit ▁E ichen la ub , ▁Sch wer ten ▁und ▁Br ill anten ▁– ▁" kn ight ' s ▁cross ▁with ▁o ak ▁leaves , ▁s words , ▁and ▁diam onds ": ▁ 2 7 ▁recip ients ▁total . ▁ ▁Ritter kre uz ▁mit ▁Golden em ▁E ichen |
la ub , ▁Sch wer tern ▁und ▁Br ill anten : ▁" kn ight ' s ▁cross ▁with ▁golden ▁o ak ▁leaves , ▁s words , ▁and ▁diam onds ": ▁only ▁one ▁recip ient . ▁ ▁Ritter kre uz au ftrag , ▁" K night ' s ▁Cross ▁job " ▁– ▁soldiers ' ▁sl ang ▁for ▁a ▁suic idal ▁mission . ▁ ▁Ritter kre uz tr äger ▁– ▁a ▁holder ▁of ▁the ▁Knight ' s ▁Cross . ▁ ▁R itt meister ▁– ▁Captain , ▁used ▁instead ▁of ▁Haupt mann ▁in ▁the ▁caval ry , ▁reconna issance , ▁and ▁horse - transport ▁w affen . ▁ ▁Roll k omm ando ▁– ▁small ▁motor ized ▁( rolling ) ▁task force ▁( non ▁military : ▁band ▁for ▁hit - and - run ▁crime ) ▁ ▁R omm els par gel ▁– ▁" R omm el ' s ▁as par ag us "; ▁sl anted ▁and ▁bar b - w ired ▁pol es ▁placed ▁in ▁key ▁places ▁behind ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Wall ▁with ▁the ▁intention ▁of ▁prevent ing ▁par atro op ▁and ▁gl ider ▁land ings . ▁ ▁R otes ▁Kreuz ▁– ▁Red ▁Cross . ▁ ▁Rot te ▁– ▁two ▁of ▁a ▁kind , ▁especially ▁ships , ▁boats ▁or ▁aircraft . ▁Also ▁the ▁' file ' ▁in ▁rank ▁and ▁file ▁ ▁Rotten führ er ▁– ▁leader ▁of ▁a ▁' rot te ', ▁also ▁a ▁Naz i ▁rank ▁ ▁Rotten k ne cht ▁– ▁sub ordinate ▁in ▁a ▁' rot te ' ▁ ▁Rotten mann ▁– ▁see ▁' Rot |
ten k ne cht ' ▁ ▁R ott meister ▁– ▁first ▁in ▁a ▁file ▁of ▁soldiers . ▁Origin ally , ▁soldiers ▁would ▁file ▁ 1 0 ▁– ▁ 2 5 ▁deep , ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁two ▁files ▁were ▁standard , ▁thus ▁a ▁' rot te ' ▁described ▁two ▁of ▁a ▁kind . ▁Also ▁a ▁( non - comm ission ed ) ▁officer ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁a ▁det achment ▁of ▁ 5 0 ▁caval ry . ▁ ▁R SO ▁– ▁the ▁R au p ensch le pper ▁Ost ▁fully ▁track ed ▁art illery ▁to wing ▁vehicle . ▁ ▁Rück zug ▁– ▁retre at . ▁ ▁S ▁ ▁S - mine ▁– ▁a ▁common ▁type ▁of ▁anti - person nel ▁land mine . ▁ ▁SA ▁– ▁see ▁St urm ab teilung . ▁ ▁Sach b ear be iter ▁– ▁cl erk ▁ ▁die ▁Sah ne front ▁– ▁( the ▁cre am ▁front ) ▁occupied ▁Den mark ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁food , ▁min usc ule ▁fighting . ▁ ▁San it äter ▁(' S ani ') ▁– ▁combat ▁medic ▁ ▁San ität so ff iz ier ▁– ▁Medical ▁officer ▁ ▁San itä ts unter off iz ier ▁– ▁Medical ▁N CO ▁ ▁S anka ▁– ▁ac ron ym ▁for ▁San ität sk raft fahrt zeug , ▁a ▁term ▁for ▁German ▁field ▁amb ul ances . ▁ ▁Sau k opf ▁– ▁" p ig ' s ▁head ", ▁used ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁a ▁gun ▁mant |
let ▁or ▁mount , ▁altern atively ▁called ▁Top f bl ende ▁in ▁German ▁military ▁documents . ▁ ▁Sch anz zeug ▁– ▁ent rench ing ▁tool ; ▁sl ang ▁term ▁for ▁fork ▁and ▁kn ife . ▁ ▁Sch acht ella uf werk ▁– ▁name ▁for ▁the ▁system ▁of ▁over la pped ▁and ▁inter le aved ▁road ▁whe els ▁used ▁on ▁German ▁military ▁half - track ▁and ▁arm ored ▁fighting ▁vehicles ▁before ▁and ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁Sch arf sch üt ze ▁– ▁" sh ar ps ho oter "; ▁sni per , ▁marks man . ▁ ▁Sch atten ▁– ▁" shadow "; ▁division ▁headquarters ▁that ▁controlled ▁just ▁a ▁few ▁combat ▁assets , ▁usually ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁mis leading ▁enemy ▁intelligence . ▁ ▁Sche iss k omm ando ▁– ▁lat r ine ▁detail ▁as ▁referred ▁to ▁by ▁surv iv ors ▁of ▁the ▁Kon zent r ations l ager . ▁ ▁Sche uch - sch le pper ▁– ▁the ▁adapted ▁three - w heel ▁agricult ural ▁tra ctor ▁( named ▁from ▁the ▁mak er ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁ag ri - version ) ▁used ▁to ▁to w ▁the ▁Luft wa ffe ' s ▁K omet ▁ro cket ▁f ighter ▁on ▁the ▁ground . ▁ ▁Schiff chen ▁– ▁side ▁cap ▁ ▁Sch irm m üt ze ▁– ▁officer ' s ▁and ▁senior ▁N CO ' s ▁pe aked ▁cap ▁ ▁Sch ir r meister ▁– ▁Har ness ▁ke eper ▁ ▁Sch lacht ▁– ▁battle . ▁" V on " ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁a ▁general ▁location |
▁and ▁" um " ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁what ▁exactly ▁was ▁being ▁fought ▁over ; ▁for ▁example , ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Mid way ▁is ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁" Sch lacht ▁um ▁Mid way " ▁while ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁T raf al gar ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁" Sch lacht ▁von ▁T raf al gar ". ▁ ▁Sch lacht sch iff ▁– ▁batt les hip . ▁ ▁Sch leich fahrt ▁– ▁silent ▁running . ▁ ▁sch nell ▁– ▁fast . ▁ ▁Sch nell boot ▁( S - Boot ) ▁– ▁motor ▁tor ped o ▁boat ▁( B rit ish ▁term : ▁" E - bo at ", ▁for ▁" en emy "). ▁ ▁Sch nelle ▁Tru ppen ▁– ▁lit . ▁" fast ▁troops " ▁mechan ized ▁troops ▁( wh ether ▁arm our ▁or ▁inf antry ). ▁ ▁Sch rä ge ▁Musik ▁– ▁" sl anted ▁music ", ▁ob liqu ely ▁up ward / forward - f iring ▁off ensive ▁German ▁night ▁f ighter ▁arm ament . ▁ ▁Schutz pol ize i ▁– ▁" prote ction ▁police ", ▁the ▁urban ▁police ; ▁largest ▁component ▁of ▁the ▁uniform ed ▁police ▁or ▁Or dn ung sp ol ize i . ▁ ▁Schutz st aff el ▁( SS ) ▁– ▁" Pro te ction ▁Squadron ", ▁a ▁major ▁Naz i ▁organization ▁that ▁grew ▁from ▁a ▁small ▁par amil it ary ▁unit ▁that ▁served ▁as ▁Hitler ' s ▁personal ▁body ▁guard ▁into ▁an ▁all - en comp ass ing ▁security , ▁police ▁and ▁combat ▁force . ▁" SS " ▁is |