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er ▁A ctor ▁in ▁a ▁D rama ▁Series ▁w inners <0x0A> </s> ▁Act in op lan es ▁at ra ur ant ia cus ▁is ▁a ▁Gram - pos itive ▁b acter ium ▁from ▁the ▁genus ▁of ▁Act in op lan es ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁isolated ▁from ▁forest ▁soil ▁in ▁Y unn an ▁in ▁China . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Type ▁stra in ▁of ▁Act in op lan es ▁at ra ur ant ia cus ▁at ▁Bac D ive ▁- ▁ ▁the ▁B acter ial ▁D iversity ▁Met ad atabase ▁ ▁Category : Act in om yc et ales ▁Category : B acter ia ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Patri ot ▁Or dn ance ▁Factory ▁( P OF - USA ) ▁manufact ures ▁and ▁dist ributes ▁law ▁enfor cement , ▁military ▁and ▁civil ian ▁rif les ▁in ▁Phoenix , ▁Arizona , ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁manufact urer ▁and ▁s eller ▁of ▁gas - p ist on - oper ated ▁weapon ▁systems ▁on ▁AR - style ▁rif les ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁History ▁P OF - USA ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁by ▁a eros pace ▁engineer ▁Frank ▁De S om ma ▁with ▁the ▁intent ▁of ▁solving ▁two ▁common ▁problems ▁with ▁gas ▁imp ing ement ▁systems ▁in ▁dust y ▁conditions ▁found ▁with ▁the ▁traditional ▁AR - 1 5 ▁which ▁are ▁carbon ▁fou ling ▁and ▁a ▁short - bar re led ▁timing ▁issue . ▁ ▁Product s ▁P OF ▁P 3 0 8 ▁P OF |
▁P 3 0 8 - FA ▁P OF ▁P 3 0 8 ▁Edge ▁P OF ▁P 3 0 8 ▁Edge ▁S PR ▁P OF ▁Old ▁School ▁. 3 0 8 ▁P OF ▁P 4 1 5 ▁P OF ▁P 4 1 5 ▁Edge ▁P OF ▁P 4 1 6 ▁P OF ▁P 6 . 5 ▁P OF ▁Ren eg ade ▁P OF ▁Ren eg ade ▁Plus ▁P OF ▁Ren eg ade ▁Plus ▁S PR ▁P OF ▁Revolution ▁P OF ▁Revolution ▁DI ▁P OF ▁The ▁Const able ▁P OF ▁War h og ▁ ▁P OF ▁Wonder ▁P OF ▁Min ut eman ▁P OF ▁Rog ue ▁P OF ▁Reb el ▁. 2 2 lr ▁P OF ▁P 1 9 ▁Gent lem ens ▁P istol ▁ ▁In nov ations ▁To ▁address ▁carbon ▁fou ling ▁and ▁a ▁short - bar re led ▁timing ▁issue ▁related ▁to ▁traditional ▁AR - 1 5 s , ▁P OF - USA ▁developed ▁the ▁Reg ulated ▁Short - St roke ▁Gas ▁P ist on ▁System . ▁R ather ▁than ▁operating ▁gas ▁being ▁inject ed ▁directly ▁into ▁the ▁upper ▁receiver ▁like ▁a ▁traditional ▁AR - 1 5 , ▁the ▁technology ▁push es ▁a ▁p ist on ▁that ▁acts ▁on ▁an ▁operating ▁rod , ▁which ▁acts ▁on ▁the ▁b olt ▁car rier , ▁setting ▁extra ction ▁and ▁re loading ▁into ▁motion . ▁This ▁action ▁type ▁offers ▁several ▁significant ▁improvements ▁over ▁the ▁direct ▁imp ing ement ▁method . ▁Because ▁hot ▁g ases ▁are ▁not ▁inject ed ▁into ▁the ▁upper ▁receiver , ▁carbon ▁fou ling ▁in |
▁the ▁action ▁is ▁virt ually ▁elimin ated . ▁ ▁P OF - USA ' s ▁solution ▁to ▁timing ▁problems ▁related ▁to ▁AR - 1 5 ' s ▁with ▁short ▁gas ▁tub es , ▁P OF - USA ▁developed ▁precise ▁op - rod / p ist on ▁geometry ▁and ▁reg ulated ▁gas ▁pressure ▁to ▁enable ▁rif les ▁and ▁car b ines ▁to ▁be ▁properly ▁tim ed ▁and ▁b olt ▁spe eds ▁( cyc lic ▁rates ) ▁to ▁be ▁precisely ▁controlled , ▁en han cing ▁extra ction ▁and ▁feed ing ▁reli ability , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁reducing ▁wear ▁and ▁fat igue ▁on ▁critical ▁components . ▁The ▁gun ▁also ▁runs ▁cool er , ▁further ▁en han cing ▁reli ability ▁and ▁safety . ▁ ▁P OF - USA ▁is ▁an ▁industry ▁leader ▁in ▁high - per formance ▁metal ▁finish es ▁and ▁coat ings . ▁P OF - USA ▁rif les ▁feature ▁N P 3 ™ ▁coat ings ▁and ▁hard , ▁cor ros ion ▁resist ant , ▁nit ride ▁heat - tre ated ▁bar rel s ▁and ▁gas ▁blocks , ▁elimin ating ▁any ▁requirement ▁for ▁lub ric ation . ▁ ▁Add itional ▁innov ations ▁developed ▁by ▁P OF - USA ▁include ▁the ▁integral ▁b olt - car rier ▁key ▁with ▁the ▁interface ▁behind ▁the ▁cam ▁pin , ▁o vers ized ▁heat - s ink ▁bar rel ▁nut , ▁roll er ▁cam ▁pin , ▁and ▁reg ulating ▁gas ▁plug . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁http :// www . def ens ere view . com / pat ri |
ot - ord n ance - factory - p of - usa - re vol t - light - 5 - 5 6 mm - n ato - 2 2 3 - rem - and - re vol t - he avy - 7 - 6 2 mm - n ato - 3 0 8 - win - dm r - type - stra ight - pull - fast - action - t act ical - ar - rif le car b ines - range - video / ▁ ▁http :// www . sa def ense j ournal . com / wp / pat ri ot - ord n ance - factory / ▁Category : Fire arm ▁manufact ur ers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Man ufact uring ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Nov y ▁Ber k ad ak ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local ity ▁( a ▁village ) ▁in ▁Ch ish min sky ▁District , ▁Bash k ort ost an , ▁Russia . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 4 ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁There ▁are ▁ 3 ▁streets . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁Bash k ort ost an ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁Ch ish min sky ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁railway ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁Tob u ▁To jo ▁Line ▁in ▁F uj imi , ▁S ait ama , ▁Japan , ▁operated ▁by ▁the ▁private ▁railway ▁operator ▁Tob u ▁Railway . ▁ ▁L ines |
▁T sur use ▁Station ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁the ▁Tob u ▁To jo ▁Line ▁from ▁ ▁in ▁Tokyo , ▁with ▁some ▁services ▁inter - running ▁via ▁the ▁Tokyo ▁Metro ▁Y ur ak uch o ▁Line ▁to ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁Tokyo ▁Metro ▁F uk ut osh in ▁Line ▁to ▁ ▁and ▁on ward ▁via ▁the ▁Tok y u ▁Toy oko ▁Line ▁and ▁Min ato ▁Mira i ▁Line ▁to ▁. ▁Loc ated ▁between ▁M iz uh od ai ▁and ▁F uj im ino ▁stations , ▁it ▁is ▁ 2 2 . 0 ▁km ▁from ▁the ▁I ke bu ku ro ▁termin us . ▁Only ▁Sem i ▁express ▁and ▁Local ▁services ▁stop ▁at ▁this ▁station . ▁ ▁Station ▁layout ▁The ▁station ▁consists ▁of ▁an ▁island ▁platform ▁serving ▁two ▁tracks . ▁The ▁station ▁building ▁is ▁elev ated ▁and ▁located ▁above ▁the ▁platform . ▁ ▁Platform s ▁ ▁Ad j acent ▁stations ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁station ▁opened ▁on ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁coinc iding ▁with ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁To jo ▁Railway ▁line ▁from ▁I ke bu ku ro . ▁The ▁west ▁entrance ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁Through - running ▁to ▁and ▁from ▁ ▁via ▁the ▁Tokyo ▁Metro ▁F uk ut osh in ▁Line ▁comm enced ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 7 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁station ▁number ing ▁was ▁introduced ▁on ▁the ▁Tob u ▁To jo ▁Line , ▁with ▁T sur use ▁Station ▁becoming ▁" |
T J - 1 7 ". ▁ ▁Through - running ▁to ▁and ▁from ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁via ▁the ▁Tok y u ▁Toy oko ▁Line ▁and ▁Min atom ira i ▁Line ▁comm enced ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Pass enger ▁statistics ▁In ▁fis cal ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁station ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 4 3 , 8 5 0 ▁passengers ▁daily . ▁ ▁S urr ounding ▁area ▁ ▁F uj imi ▁City ▁Office ▁ ▁National ▁Route ▁ 2 5 4 ▁ ▁La L ap ort ▁F uj imi ▁sho pping ▁m all ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁railway ▁stations ▁in ▁Japan ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Tob u ▁station ▁information ▁▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁S ait ama ▁Pref ect ure ▁Category : St ations ▁of ▁Tob u ▁Railway ▁Category : T ob u ▁To jo ▁Main ▁Line ▁Category : 1 9 1 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁Jan ▁De k ert ▁( 1 7 8 6 ▁– ▁ 1 8 6 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Polish ▁Catholic ▁priest , ▁auxili ary ▁A ux ili ary ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Wars aw ▁from ▁ 1 8 5 9 – 1 8 6 1 . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁mayor ▁of ▁Wars aw ▁Jan ▁De k ert . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 8 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 |
6 1 ▁death s ▁Category : Pol ish ▁tit ular ▁b ish ops ▁Category : R oman ▁Catholic ▁b ish ops ▁in ▁Poland <0x0A> </s> ▁Sun sh ine ▁Ka idi ▁( Fin land ) ▁New ▁Energy ▁Co . ▁O y ▁( K a idi ▁Finland ) ▁is ▁an ▁energy ▁company ▁that ▁plans ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁bio f uel ▁ref in ery ▁in ▁K emi , ▁Finland . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁Chinese ▁Sun sh ine ▁Ka idi ▁New ▁Energy ▁Group . ▁The ▁ref in ery ▁would ▁util ize ▁second ▁generation ▁bio f uel ▁technology . ▁Its ▁invest ment ▁value ▁is ▁around ▁one ▁billion ▁eu ros . ▁ ▁K emi ▁bio f uel ▁ref in ery ▁▁ ▁The ▁bio f uel ▁ref in ery ▁in ▁K emi ▁would ▁generate ▁approximately ▁ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁metric ▁tons ▁of ▁bio f uel , ▁of ▁which ▁ 7 5 % ▁would ▁be ▁b iod ies el ▁and ▁ 2 5 % ▁bio f uel . ▁The ▁feed stock ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁ref in ery ▁would ▁be ▁mainly ▁energy ▁wood ▁along ▁with ▁c rop ▁resid ues ▁and ▁sur plus ▁materials ▁from ▁the ▁forest ▁industry . ▁ ▁The ▁ref in ery ’ s ▁year ly ▁demand ▁for ▁wood ▁would ▁be ▁ 2 ▁million ▁cub ic ▁tons ▁of ▁energy ▁wood . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁hect ares ▁of ▁forest ▁in ▁need ▁of ▁first ▁f elling ▁within ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 ▁kilometer ▁range ▁of |
▁K emi . ▁An ▁amount ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁million ▁cub ic ▁meters ▁of ▁energy ▁wood ▁can ▁be ▁har v ested ▁from ▁it ▁year ly . ▁Currently , ▁approximately ▁ 6 ▁million ▁cub ic ▁meters ▁of ▁wood ▁is ▁left ▁over ▁in ▁the ▁woods ▁every ▁year . ▁Ka idi ▁Finland ▁has ▁reported ▁that ▁it ▁may ▁also ▁proc ure ▁energy ▁wood ▁from ▁Sweden . ▁ ▁The ▁effect ▁the ▁ref in ery ▁would ▁have ▁on ▁employ ment ▁in ▁K emi ▁is ▁notable . ▁The ▁building ▁process ▁would ▁bring ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁person - year s ’ ▁worth ▁of ▁labor ▁to ▁the ▁area . ▁When ▁the ▁ref in ery ▁is ▁completed , ▁it ▁would ▁employ ▁ 1 5 0 ▁persons ▁full - time ▁while ▁bringing ▁hundreds ▁of ▁jobs ▁to ▁local ▁sub cont ract ors ▁and ▁energy ▁wood ▁prov iders . ▁The ▁domestic ▁content ▁of ▁the ▁project ▁is ▁estimated ▁to ▁be ▁around ▁ 5 0 ▁percent . ▁Ka idi ▁will ▁make ▁the ▁final ▁decision ▁regarding ▁the ▁invest ment ▁during ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Technology ▁▁ ▁The ▁planned ▁ref in ery ▁in ▁A jos , ▁K emi ▁would ▁util ize ▁second ▁generation ▁bio f uel ▁technology , ▁such ▁as ▁pl asma ▁gas ification , ▁sy ng as ▁clean up ▁and ▁the ▁Fischer - T ro ps ch ▁process . ▁Pl asma ▁gas ification ▁involves ▁he ating ▁the ▁processed ▁material ▁to ▁a ▁not ably ▁higher ▁temperature ▁than ▁in ▁other ▁gas ification ▁methods , ▁making ▁it ▁more ▁suitable ▁for ▁the ▁processing ▁of ▁demand ing ▁materials |
, ▁such ▁as ▁wood . ▁The ▁process ▁increases ▁the ▁efficiency ▁of ▁the ▁feed stock . ▁ ▁The ▁Fischer - T ro ps ch ▁process ▁is ▁a ▁catal yt ic ▁chemical ▁reaction , ▁where ▁carbon ▁mon ox ide ▁and ▁hydro gen ▁are ▁transformed ▁into ▁liquid ▁hydro car b ons . ▁The ▁catal yst s ▁are ▁iron ▁and ▁c ob alt ▁based ▁and ▁speed ▁up ▁the ▁chemical ▁reaction ▁in ▁certain ▁temper atures . ▁The ▁primary ▁function ▁of ▁the ▁process ▁is ▁to ▁produce ▁a ▁synth etic ▁oil ▁replacement ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁synth etic ▁lub ric ant ▁or ▁fuel . ▁The ▁process ▁was ▁invent ed ▁by ▁Franz ▁Fischer ▁and ▁Hans ▁Tro ps ch ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁of ▁producing ▁liquid ▁fuel . ▁ ▁Second ▁generation ▁bio fu els ▁refer ▁to ▁fu els ▁that ▁util ize ▁municipal ▁solid ▁waste ▁and ▁materials ▁high ▁in ▁l ign oc ell ul ose ▁content ▁in ▁their ▁production . ▁ ▁Project ▁▁ ▁Ka idi ▁first ▁began ▁planning ▁the ▁bio f uel ▁ref in ery ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁after ▁the ▁previous ▁project ▁by ▁V ap o ▁and ▁M ets ä ▁Group ▁was ▁dis cont in ued . ▁V ap o ▁and ▁M ets ä ▁Group ▁had ▁planned ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁similar ▁ref in ery ▁in ▁A jos . ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁K emi ▁is ▁already ▁well ▁prepared ▁for ▁the ▁planned ▁ref in ery ▁and ▁has ▁advanced ▁the ▁required ▁permit ▁applications . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Ka |
idi ▁Finland ▁planned ▁to ▁final ize ▁the ▁permit ▁applications ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁design ▁and ▁model ing ▁of ▁the ▁ref in ery . ▁The ▁building ▁project ▁would ▁start ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁and ▁the ▁ref in ery ▁would ▁begin ▁producing ▁bio f uel ▁for ▁commercial ▁mark ets ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁In ▁Oct ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Ka idi ▁Finland ▁has ▁signed ▁a ▁contract ▁with ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁K emi ▁to ▁ac quire ▁a ▁ 3 2 ▁hect are ▁land ▁area ▁for ▁the ▁planned ▁bio f uel ▁ref in ery . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Energy ▁in ▁Finland ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Category : O il ▁companies ▁of ▁Finland ▁Category : B iod ies el ▁produ cers ▁Category : R en ew able ▁energy ▁in ▁Finland <0x0A> </s> ▁E c oc rit ic ism ▁is ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁literature ▁and ▁the ▁environment ▁from ▁an ▁inter dis cipl inary ▁point ▁of ▁view , ▁where ▁literature ▁sch ol ars ▁analyze ▁texts ▁that ▁illustrate ▁environmental ▁concerns ▁and ▁examine ▁the ▁various ▁ways ▁literature ▁tre ats ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁nature . ▁It ▁takes ▁an ▁inter dis cipl inary ▁point ▁of ▁view ▁by ▁analyz ing ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁authors , ▁research ers ▁and ▁po ets ▁in ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁environmental ▁issues ▁and ▁nature . ▁Some ▁ec oc rit ics ▁bra inst orm ▁possible ▁solutions ▁for ▁the ▁correction ▁of ▁the ▁contemporary ▁environmental ▁situation , ▁though ▁not ▁all ▁ec oc rit ics ▁agree ▁on ▁the ▁purpose , ▁method ology , ▁or ▁scope ▁of |
▁ec oc rit ic ism . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁is ▁often ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Association ▁for ▁the ▁Study ▁of ▁Liter ature ▁and ▁Environment ▁( AS LE ), ▁which ▁hosts ▁a ▁bien n ial ▁conference ▁for ▁sch ol ars ▁who ▁deal ▁with ▁environmental ▁matters ▁in ▁literature ▁and ▁the ▁environmental ▁human ities ▁in ▁general . ▁ ▁AS LE ▁publish es ▁a ▁journal — Inter dis cipl inary ▁Studies ▁in ▁Liter ature ▁and ▁Environment ▁( IS LE ) — in ▁which ▁current ▁international ▁scholar ship ▁can ▁be ▁found . ▁ ▁E c oc rit ic ism ▁is ▁an ▁intention ally ▁broad ▁approach ▁that ▁is ▁known ▁by ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁other ▁design ations , ▁including ▁" green ▁( c ult ural ) ▁studies ", ▁" ec opo et ics ", ▁and ▁" environment al ▁literary ▁criticism ", ▁and ▁is ▁often ▁informed ▁by ▁other ▁fields ▁such ▁as ▁e col ogy , ▁sust ain able ▁design , ▁bi opol it ics , ▁environmental ▁history , ▁environmental ism , ▁and ▁social ▁e col ogy , ▁among ▁others . ▁ ▁Definition ▁ ▁In ▁comparison ▁with ▁other ▁' polit ical ' ▁forms ▁of ▁criticism , ▁there ▁has ▁been ▁relatively ▁little ▁dispute ▁about ▁the ▁moral ▁and ▁philosoph ical ▁a ims ▁of ▁ec oc rit ic ism , ▁although ▁its ▁scope ▁has ▁bro aden ed ▁from ▁nature ▁writing , ▁rom antic ▁poetry , ▁and ▁canonical ▁literature ▁to ▁take ▁in ▁film , ▁television , ▁theatre , ▁animal ▁stories , ▁architect ures , ▁scientific ▁narr atives ▁and ▁an |
▁extraordinary ▁range ▁of ▁literary ▁texts . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁has ▁borrow ed ▁method ologies ▁and ▁theoret ically ▁informed ▁approaches ▁liber ally ▁from ▁other ▁fields ▁of ▁literary , ▁social ▁and ▁scientific ▁study . ▁ ▁Ch ery ll ▁G lot fel ty ' s ▁working ▁definition ▁in ▁The ▁E c oc rit ic ism ▁Re ader ▁is ▁that ▁" ec oc rit ic ism ▁is ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁literature ▁and ▁the ▁physical ▁environment ", ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁implicit ▁goals ▁of ▁the ▁approach ▁is ▁to ▁rec oup ▁professional ▁dign ity ▁for ▁what ▁G lot fel ty ▁calls ▁the ▁" under valu ed ▁genre ▁of ▁nature ▁writing ". ▁Lawrence ▁Bu ell ▁defines ▁"' ec oc rit ic ism ' ▁... ▁as ▁[ a ] ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁literature ▁and ▁the ▁environment ▁conducted ▁in ▁a ▁spirit ▁of ▁commit ment ▁to ▁environmental ist ▁pra xis ". ▁ ▁Simon ▁Est ok ▁noted ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁that ▁" ec oc rit ic ism ▁has ▁distinguished ▁itself , ▁deb ates ▁not with standing , ▁first ly ▁by ▁the ▁eth ical ▁stand ▁it ▁takes , ▁its ▁commit ment ▁to ▁the ▁natural ▁world ▁as ▁an ▁important ▁thing ▁rather ▁than ▁simply ▁as ▁an ▁object ▁of ▁them atic ▁study , ▁and , ▁second ly , ▁by ▁its ▁commit ment ▁to ▁making ▁connections ". ▁ ▁More ▁recently , ▁in ▁an ▁article ▁that ▁extends ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁to ▁Shakespeare an ▁studies , ▁Est ok ▁arg ues ▁that ▁ec oc rit |
ic ism ▁is ▁more ▁than ▁" simp ly ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁Nature ▁or ▁natural ▁things ▁in ▁literature ; ▁rather , ▁it ▁is ▁any ▁theory ▁that ▁is ▁committed ▁to ▁effect ing ▁change ▁by ▁analyz ing ▁the ▁function – th ematic , ▁art istic , ▁social , ▁historical , ▁ide ological , ▁theoretical , ▁or ▁otherwise – of ▁the ▁natural ▁environment , ▁or ▁aspects ▁of ▁it , ▁represented ▁in ▁documents ▁( liter ary ▁or ▁other ) ▁that ▁contribute ▁to ▁material ▁practices ▁in ▁material ▁world s ". ▁This ▁echo es ▁the ▁functional ▁approach ▁of ▁the ▁cultural ▁e col ogy ▁branch ▁of ▁ec oc rit ic ism , ▁which ▁analy zes ▁the ▁analog ies ▁between ▁e cos ystem s ▁and ▁imag in ative ▁texts ▁and ▁pos its ▁that ▁such ▁texts ▁potentially ▁have ▁an ▁e colog ical ▁( reg ener ative , ▁rev ital izing ) ▁function ▁in ▁the ▁cultural ▁system . ▁ ▁As ▁Michael ▁P . ▁C ohen ▁has ▁observed , ▁" if ▁you ▁want ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁ec oc rit ic , ▁be ▁prepared ▁to ▁explain ▁what ▁you ▁do ▁and ▁be ▁critic ized , ▁if ▁not ▁s ati riz ed ." ▁C ertain ly , ▁C ohen ▁adds ▁his ▁voice ▁to ▁such ▁critique , ▁not ing ▁that ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁problems ▁of ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁has ▁been ▁what ▁he ▁calls ▁its ▁" p raise - song ▁school " ▁of ▁criticism . ▁All ▁ec oc rit ics ▁share ▁an ▁environmental ist ▁motiv ation ▁of ▁some ▁sort , ▁but ▁whereas ▁the ▁majority ▁are ▁' n ature |
▁end ors ing ', ▁some ▁are ▁' n ature ▁s cept ical '. ▁In ▁part ▁this ▁ent ails ▁a ▁shared ▁sense ▁of ▁the ▁ways ▁in ▁which ▁' n ature ' ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁to ▁legit im ize ▁gender , ▁sexual ▁and ▁ra cial ▁norm s ▁( so ▁hom osex ual ity ▁has ▁been ▁seen ▁as ▁' unn atural ', ▁for ▁example ), ▁but ▁it ▁also ▁involves ▁s cept ic ism ▁about ▁the ▁uses ▁to ▁which ▁' ec ological ' ▁language ▁is ▁put ▁in ▁ec oc rit ic ism ; ▁it ▁can ▁also ▁involve ▁a ▁critique ▁of ▁the ▁ways ▁cultural ▁norm s ▁of ▁nature ▁and ▁the ▁environment ▁contribute ▁to ▁environmental ▁de grad ation . ▁Greg ▁G arr ard ▁has ▁dub bed ▁' p ast oral ▁e col ogy ' ▁the ▁notion ▁that ▁nature ▁und ist urbed ▁is ▁bal anced ▁and ▁harm on ious , ▁while ▁D ana ▁Phill ips ▁has ▁critic ised ▁the ▁literary ▁quality ▁and ▁scientific ▁accuracy ▁of ▁nature ▁writing ▁in ▁" The ▁Tr uth ▁of ▁E col ogy ". ▁Similarly , ▁there ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁call ▁to ▁recognize ▁the ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁Environment al ▁Justice ▁movement ▁in ▁re def ining ▁ec oc rit ical ▁disc ourse . ▁ ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁question ▁of ▁what ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁is ▁or ▁should ▁be , ▁Camil o ▁G om ides ▁has ▁offered ▁an ▁oper ational ▁definition ▁that ▁is ▁both ▁broad ▁and ▁disc rimin ating : ▁" The ▁field ▁of ▁enqu iry ▁that ▁analy zes ▁and ▁prom otes ▁works ▁of ▁art ▁which ▁raise |
▁moral ▁questions ▁about ▁human ▁interactions ▁with ▁nature , ▁while ▁also ▁motiv ating ▁aud ien ces ▁to ▁live ▁within ▁a ▁limit ▁that ▁will ▁be ▁binding ▁over ▁gener ations ". ▁He ▁tests ▁it ▁for ▁a ▁film ▁( mal ) ada pt ation ▁about ▁Amazon ian ▁def or est ation . ▁Im plement ing ▁the ▁G om ides ▁definition , ▁Joseph ▁Henry ▁Vog el ▁makes ▁the ▁case ▁that ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁constit utes ▁an ▁" e conom ic ▁school ▁of ▁thought " ▁as ▁it ▁eng ages ▁aud ien ces ▁to ▁debate ▁issues ▁of ▁resource ▁allocation ▁that ▁have ▁no ▁technical ▁solution . ▁As ht on ▁Nich ols ▁has ▁recently ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁historical ▁d angers ▁of ▁a ▁rom antic ▁version ▁of ▁nature ▁now ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁replaced ▁by ▁" urban atural ▁ro ost ing ", ▁a ▁view ▁that ▁sees ▁urban ▁life ▁and ▁the ▁natural ▁world ▁as ▁closely ▁linked ▁and ▁arg ues ▁for ▁humans ▁to ▁live ▁more ▁light ly ▁on ▁the ▁planet , ▁the ▁way ▁virt ually ▁all ▁other ▁species ▁do . ▁ ▁In ▁literary ▁studies ▁E c oc rit ics ▁investigate ▁such ▁things ▁as ▁the ▁underlying ▁e colog ical ▁values , ▁what , ▁precisely , ▁is ▁meant ▁by ▁the ▁word ▁nature , ▁and ▁whether ▁the ▁exam ination ▁of ▁" place " ▁should ▁be ▁a ▁distinct ive ▁category , ▁much ▁like ▁class , ▁gender ▁or ▁race . ▁E c oc rit ics ▁examine ▁human ▁per ception ▁of ▁w ilder ness , ▁and ▁how ▁it ▁has ▁changed ▁throughout ▁history ▁and ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁current ▁environmental ▁issues ▁are |
▁accur ately ▁represented ▁or ▁even ▁mentioned ▁in ▁popular ▁culture ▁and ▁modern ▁literature . ▁Sch ol ars ▁in ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁eng age ▁in ▁questions ▁regarding ▁anth rop oc entr ism , ▁and ▁the ▁" main stream ▁assumption ▁that ▁the ▁natural ▁world ▁be ▁seen ▁primarily ▁as ▁a ▁resource ▁for ▁human ▁be ings " ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁critical ▁approaches ▁to ▁changing ▁ideas ▁in ▁" the ▁material ▁and ▁cultural ▁bases ▁of ▁modern ▁society ." ▁Rec ently , ▁" emp ir ical ▁ec oc rit ics " ▁have ▁begun ▁empir ically ▁evalu ating ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁ec of iction ▁on ▁its ▁readers . ▁Other ▁discipl ines , ▁such ▁as ▁history , ▁econom ics , ▁philosophy , ▁eth ics , ▁and ▁psych ology , ▁are ▁also ▁considered ▁by ▁ec oc rit ics ▁to ▁be ▁possible ▁contrib utors ▁to ▁ec oc rit ic ism . ▁ ▁While ▁William ▁R ue ck ert ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁first ▁person ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁term ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁( Bar ry ▁ 2 4 0 ) ▁in ▁his ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁ess ay ▁entitled ▁Liter ature ▁and ▁E col ogy : ▁An ▁Ex periment ▁in ▁E c oc rit ic ism , ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁as ▁a ▁movement ▁ow es ▁much ▁to ▁Rach el ▁Car son ' s ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁environmental ▁expos é ▁Sil ent ▁Spring . ▁Draw ing ▁from ▁this ▁critical ▁moment , ▁R ue ck ert ' s ▁intent ▁was ▁to ▁focus ▁on ▁" the ▁application ▁of ▁e col |
ogy ▁and ▁e colog ical ▁concepts ▁to ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁literature ". ▁ ▁E colog ically ▁mind ed ▁individuals ▁and ▁sch ol ars ▁have ▁been ▁publishing ▁progress ive ▁works ▁of ▁ec othe ory ▁and ▁criticism ▁since ▁the ▁explos ion ▁of ▁environmental ism ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁However , ▁because ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁organized ▁movement ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁e colog ical / environment al ▁side ▁of ▁literature , ▁these ▁important ▁works ▁were ▁scattered ▁and ▁categor ized ▁under ▁a ▁lit any ▁of ▁different ▁subject ▁head ings : ▁past oral ism , ▁human ▁e col ogy , ▁regional ism , ▁American ▁Studies ▁etc . ▁British ▁mar x ist ▁critic ▁Raymond ▁Williams , ▁for ▁example , ▁wrote ▁a ▁sem inal ▁critique ▁of ▁past oral ▁literature ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁The ▁Country ▁and ▁the ▁City . ▁ ▁Another ▁early ▁ec oc rit ical ▁text , ▁Joseph ▁Me ek er ' s ▁The ▁Com edy ▁of ▁Sur v ival ▁( 1 9 7 4 ), ▁proposed ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁an ▁argument ▁that ▁was ▁later ▁to ▁domin ate ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁and ▁environmental ▁philosophy ; ▁that ▁environmental ▁crisis ▁is ▁caused ▁primarily ▁by ▁a ▁cultural ▁tradition ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁of ▁separation ▁of ▁culture ▁from ▁nature , ▁and ▁elev ation ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁to ▁moral ▁pre domin ance . ▁Such ▁anth rop oc entr ism ▁is ▁identified ▁in ▁the ▁trag ic ▁conception ▁of ▁a ▁hero ▁whose ▁moral ▁strugg les ▁are ▁more ▁important ▁than ▁mere |
▁bi ological ▁surv ival , ▁whereas ▁the ▁science ▁of ▁animal ▁eth ology , ▁Me ek er ▁as ser ts , ▁shows ▁that ▁a ▁" com ic ▁mode " ▁of ▁mud d ling ▁through ▁and ▁" making ▁love ▁not ▁war " ▁has ▁superior ▁e colog ical ▁value . ▁In ▁the ▁later , ▁" second ▁wave " ▁ec oc rit ic ism , ▁Me ek er ' s ▁ad option ▁of ▁an ▁ec oph il osoph ical ▁position ▁with ▁apparent ▁scientific ▁san ction ▁as ▁a ▁measure ▁of ▁literary ▁value ▁t ended ▁to ▁prev ail ▁over ▁Williams ' s ▁ide ological ▁and ▁historical ▁critique ▁of ▁the ▁sh ifts ▁in ▁a ▁literary ▁genre ' s ▁representation ▁of ▁nature . ▁ ▁As ▁G lot fel ty ▁noted ▁in ▁The ▁E c oc rit ic ism ▁Re ader , ▁" One ▁indic ation ▁of ▁the ▁dis unity ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁efforts ▁is ▁that ▁these ▁critics ▁rarely ▁c ited ▁one ▁another ' s ▁work ; ▁they ▁didn ' t ▁know ▁that ▁it ▁existed ... Each ▁was ▁a ▁single ▁voice ▁how ling ▁in ▁the ▁w ilder ness ." ▁Nevertheless , ▁ec oc rit ic ism — un like ▁femin ist ▁and ▁Marx ist ▁critic isms — failed ▁to ▁cry st all ize ▁into ▁a ▁coh er ent ▁movement ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁and ▁indeed ▁only ▁did ▁so ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 8 0 s , ▁sch ol ars ▁began ▁to |
▁work ▁collect ively ▁to ▁establish ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁as ▁a ▁genre , ▁primarily ▁through ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Liter ature ▁Association ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁re valu ation ▁of ▁nature ▁writing ▁as ▁a ▁non - f ict ional ▁literary ▁genre ▁could ▁function . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Nev ada , ▁Ren o , ▁G lot fel ty ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁person ▁to ▁hold ▁an ▁academic ▁position ▁as ▁a ▁professor ▁of ▁Liter ature ▁and ▁the ▁Environment , ▁and ▁UN R , ▁with ▁the ▁aid ▁of ▁the ▁now - ret ired ▁G lot fel ty ▁and ▁the ▁remaining ▁professor ▁Michael ▁P . ▁Branch , ▁has ▁retained ▁the ▁position ▁it ▁established ▁at ▁that ▁time ▁as ▁the ▁intellectual ▁home ▁of ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁even ▁as ▁AS LE ▁has ▁bur ge oned ▁into ▁an ▁organization ▁with ▁thousands ▁of ▁members ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁alone . ▁From ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁new ▁branches ▁of ▁AS LE ▁and ▁affili ated ▁organizations ▁were ▁started ▁in ▁the ▁UK , ▁Japan , ▁Korea , ▁Australia ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand ▁( AS LE C - AN Z ), ▁India ▁( OS LE - Ind ia ), ▁S out heast ▁Asia ▁( AS LE - ASE AN ), ▁Taiwan , ▁Canada ▁and ▁Europe . ▁The ▁emer gence ▁of ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁in ▁British ▁literary ▁criticism ▁is ▁usually ▁dated ▁to ▁the ▁publication ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁of ▁Rom antic ▁E col ogy : ▁Word sw orth ▁and ▁the |
▁Environment al ▁Trad ition ▁by ▁Jonathan ▁B ate . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Animal ▁studies ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁theory ▁ ▁Cultural ▁e col ogy ▁ ▁E col ingu istics ▁ ▁E cos oph y ▁ ▁Eth n obi ology ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Abr am , ▁David . ▁The ▁Sp ell ▁of ▁the ▁S ens uous : ▁Per ception ▁and ▁Language ▁in ▁a ▁More - than - H uman ▁World . ▁New ▁York : ▁P ant he on , ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁Alex , ▁R ays on ▁K ., ▁S . ▁Susan ▁Deb or ah ▁& ▁Sach in dev ▁P . S . ▁Culture ▁and ▁Media : ▁E c oc rit ical ▁Ex pl or ations . ▁Cambridge : ▁Cambridge ▁Sch ol ars ▁Publishing , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Barry , ▁Peter . ▁" E c oc rit ic ism ". ▁Begin ning ▁Theory : ▁An ▁Introduction ▁to ▁Liter ary ▁and ▁Cultural ▁Theory . ▁ 3 rd ▁ed . ▁Manchester : ▁Manchester ▁UP , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁B ate , ▁Jonathan . ▁Rom antic ▁E col ogy : ▁Word sw orth ▁and ▁the ▁Environment al ▁Trad ition . ▁London ▁and ▁New ▁York : ▁Rout ledge , ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁Bu ell , ▁Lawrence . ▁The ▁Environment al ▁Im ag ination : ▁Th ore au , ▁Nature ▁Writing , ▁and ▁the ▁Form ation ▁of ▁American ▁Culture . ▁ ▁Cambridge , ▁Massachusetts ▁and ▁London , ▁England : ▁Harvard ▁University ▁Press , ▁ |
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▁Lex ington ▁Books , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁Marx , ▁Leo . ▁ ▁The ▁Machine ▁in ▁the ▁Garden : ▁Technology ▁and ▁the ▁Past oral ▁Ide al ▁in ▁America . ▁ ▁Oxford : ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁McK us ick , ▁James ▁C . ▁Green ▁Writing : ▁Rom antic ism ▁and ▁E col ogy . ▁ ▁New ▁York : ▁St . ▁Martin ' s , ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁Me ek er , ▁Joseph ▁W . ▁" The ▁Com edy ▁of ▁Sur v ival : ▁Studies ▁in ▁Liter ary ▁E col ogy ." ▁New ▁York : ▁S cri b ner ' s , ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁Moore , ▁Bry an ▁L . ▁ ▁E col ogy ▁and ▁Liter ature : ▁E c oc ent ric ▁Person ification ▁from ▁Anti qu ity ▁to ▁the ▁Tw enty - first ▁Century . ▁ ▁New ▁York : ▁Pal gra ve ▁Mac mill an , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Mort on , ▁Tim othy . ▁The ▁E colog ical ▁Th ought . ▁Cambridge , ▁M AL ▁Harvard ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁Nich ols , ▁As ht on . ▁" B ey ond ▁Rom antic ▁E c oc rit ic ism : ▁Tow ard ▁Urban atural ▁Ro ost ing ." ▁New ▁York : ▁Pal gra ve ▁Mac mill an , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁P aper back , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁Nicol son , ▁Mar |
jor ie ▁Hope . ▁ ▁Mountain ▁Glo om ▁and ▁Mountain ▁Gl ory : ▁The ▁Development ▁of ▁the ▁A est het ics ▁of ▁the ▁In finite . ▁ ▁Seattle : ▁Un iv . ▁of ▁Washington ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁Phill ips , ▁D ana . ▁The ▁Tr uth ▁of ▁E col ogy : ▁Nature , ▁Culture , ▁and ▁Liter ature ▁in ▁America . ▁Oxford : ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁R ue ck ert , ▁William . ▁" Liter ature ▁and ▁E col ogy : ▁An ▁Ex periment ▁in ▁E c oc rit ic ism ." ▁Iowa ▁Review ▁ 9 . 1 ▁( 1 9 7 8 ): ▁ 7 1 - 8 6 . ▁Ro jas ▁Pérez , ▁Walter . ▁La ▁ec ocr ít ica ▁ho y . ▁San ▁José , ▁Costa ▁Rica : ▁A ire ▁Modern o , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁Sel v am ony , ▁N irm al , ▁N irm ald as an ▁& ▁R ays on ▁K . ▁Alex . ▁Ess ays ▁in ▁E c oc rit ic ism . ▁Del hi : ▁Sar up ▁and ▁S ons ▁and ▁OS LE - Ind ia , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Slov ic , ▁Scott . ▁Se ek ing ▁A war eness ▁in ▁American ▁Nature ▁Writing : ▁Henry ▁Th ore au , ▁An nie ▁D ill ard , ▁Edward ▁Ab bey , ▁Wend ell ▁Ber ry , ▁Barry ▁L ope z . ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁City , ▁U |
T : ▁University ▁of ▁Ut ah ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁Vog el , ▁Joseph ▁Henry . ▁" E c oc rit ic ism ▁as ▁an ▁Econom ic ▁School ▁of ▁Th ought : ▁Wo ody ▁Allen ' s ▁Match ▁Point ▁as ▁Ex empl ary ." ▁O ME TE CA : ▁Science ▁and ▁Human ities ▁ 1 2 ▁( 2 0 0 8 ): ▁ 1 0 5 - 1 1 9 . ▁Williams , ▁Raymond . ▁The ▁Country ▁and ▁the ▁City . ▁London : ▁Ch atto ▁and ▁Wind us , ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁Z ap f , ▁Hub ert . ▁" Liter ary ▁E col ogy ▁and ▁the ▁Eth ics ▁of ▁Text s ." ▁New ▁Liter ary ▁History ▁ 3 9 . 4 ▁( 2 0 0 8 ): ▁ 8 4 7 - 8 6 8 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁European ▁Association ▁for ▁the ▁Study ▁of ▁Liter ature , ▁Culture ▁and ▁Environment ▁( E AS L CE ) ▁ ▁Is le : ▁Inter dis cipl inary ▁Studies ▁in ▁Liter ature ▁and ▁the ▁Environment ▁ ▁Journal ▁of ▁E c oc rit ic ism ▁ ▁E co zon @ : ▁European ▁Journal ▁of ▁Liter ature , ▁Culture ▁and ▁Environment ▁ ▁Green ▁Let ters : ▁Studies ▁in ▁E c oc rit ic ism ▁ ▁Canadian ▁Po etry : ▁Document s / St ud ies / Re views , ▁No . ▁ 5 5 ▁( F all / W inter ▁ 2 0 0 4 ): ▁E c oc |
rit ic ism ▁and ▁Contempor ary ▁Canadian ▁Po etry ▁ ▁" D inn se anch as ", ▁E am onn ▁Wall , ▁Ber f ro is , ▁ 1 7 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁" G IE CO : ▁Gru po ▁de ▁Investig ación ▁en ▁E c ocr ít ica " ▁ ▁Nord ic ▁Network ▁for ▁Inter dis cipl inary ▁Environment al ▁Studies ▁( NI ES ) ▁ ▁Category : Liter ary ▁criticism ▁Category : Environment al ▁human ities ▁Category : Environment al ▁studies <0x0A> </s> ▁Water front ▁Watch ▁Inc ▁is ▁a ▁Well ington ▁organisation ▁which ▁a ims ▁to ▁preserve ▁the ▁Well ington ▁water front ▁from ▁excess ive ▁development . ▁Through out ▁its ▁history ▁it ▁has ▁frequently ▁engaged ▁in ▁legal ▁action ▁to ▁stop ▁what ▁it ▁sees ▁as ▁negative ▁develop ments . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁Water front ▁Watch ▁website , ▁the ▁organisation ▁describes ▁its ▁purpose ▁as : ▁ ▁We ▁are ▁committed ▁to ▁pres erving ▁this ▁resource ▁for ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁Well ington ▁and ▁whilst ▁we ▁will ▁support ▁appropriate ▁development ▁that ▁enh ances ▁public ▁spaces ▁and ▁usage , ▁we ▁will ▁question ▁any ▁excess ive ▁development ▁that ▁see ks ▁to ▁priv at ise ▁and ▁restrict ▁public ▁access , ▁remove ▁views ▁and ▁view sh aft s , ▁down gr ades ▁our ▁her itage ▁or ▁introdu ces ▁excess ▁sh ading ▁or ▁wind ▁issues . ▁ ▁Notable ▁campaign s ▁ ▁Vari ation ▁ 1 7 ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁proposal ▁– ▁term ed ▁Vari ation ▁ 1 7 |
▁– ▁to ▁re develop ▁Well ington ' s ▁water front ▁into ▁a ▁mixture ▁of ▁public ▁and ▁private ▁spaces . ▁The ▁proposal ▁drew ▁fier ce ▁criticism ▁from ▁some ▁qu arters , ▁and ▁Water front ▁Watch ▁was ▁formed ▁to ▁stop ▁the ▁proposal . ▁The ▁Well ington ▁City ▁Council ▁received ▁a ▁record - bre aking ▁ 2 , 5 0 0 ▁public ▁subm issions , ▁of ▁which ▁ 9 4 % ▁opposed ▁the ▁variation ▁proposal . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁variation ▁proposal ▁was ▁sh el ved , ▁and ▁the ▁area ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁Wait ang i ▁Park ▁remains ▁as ▁public ▁land . ▁ ▁North ▁K um ut oto ▁development ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Well ington ▁Water front ▁Ltd ▁detailed ▁plans ▁for ▁an ▁office ▁building ▁on ▁the ▁K um ut oto ▁wh arf ▁which ▁is ▁over ▁the ▁ 2 2 ▁met re ▁height ▁limit ▁for ▁the ▁area . ▁The ▁proposal ▁came ▁after ▁plans ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁for ▁a ▁ 6 - story ▁office ▁block ▁were ▁blocked ▁by ▁the ▁Environment ▁Court . ▁Water front ▁Watch ▁President ▁Paul ine ▁Sw ann ▁said ▁she ▁was ▁app alled ▁that ▁the ▁proposal ▁was ▁going ▁against ▁the ▁Court ' s ▁recommendation : ▁" We ' re ▁very ▁concerned . ▁I ' ve ▁had ▁a ▁word ▁to ▁a ▁few ▁coun c ill ors ▁about ▁it ." ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Well ington ▁Har bour ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Water front ▁Watch ▁on ▁Facebook ▁Well ington ▁Water front ▁Limited , ▁the ▁Well ington ▁City ▁Council ▁controlled |
▁organisation ▁charged ▁with ▁developing ▁the ▁water front ▁Prote ct ing ▁public ▁spaces , ▁story ▁at ▁Te ▁Ara : ▁The ▁Encyclopedia ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand ▁ ▁Category : Organ is ations ▁based ▁in ▁Well ington ▁Category : Well ington ▁City <0x0A> </s> ▁K hang ▁Lang ▁Ph ap ▁( ), ▁translated ▁into ▁English ▁as ▁Be hind ▁the ▁P ain ting , ▁is ▁a ▁Th ai ▁rom antic ▁novel ▁by ▁K ul ap ▁S ai pr ad it ▁( writing ▁under ▁the ▁pen ▁name ▁Sib ur ap ha ), ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁It ▁tells ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁No pp hon , ▁a ▁Th ai ▁student ▁studying ▁in ▁Japan , ▁who ▁meets ▁and ▁develop s ▁a ▁relationship ▁with ▁the ▁arist ocr atic ▁lady ▁M om ▁Raj aw ong se ▁Kir ati , ▁the ▁newly ▁married ▁wife ▁of ▁a ▁family ▁acquaint ance . ▁No pp hon ▁and ▁Kir ati ▁develop ▁rom antic ▁feelings ▁which ▁they ▁are ▁unable ▁to ▁acknow ledge , ▁leading ▁to ▁t ensions ▁as ▁the ▁characters ▁face ▁the ▁conflict ▁between ▁their ▁feelings ▁and ▁famil ial ▁duties . ▁ ▁The ▁work ▁has ▁come ▁to ▁be ▁regarded ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁for em ost ▁classic ▁nov els ▁of ▁the ▁Th ai ▁literary ▁canon . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁repr int ed ▁almost ▁forty ▁times , ▁is ▁commonly ▁listed ▁as ▁required ▁reading ▁for ▁secondary ▁school ▁students , ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁adapted ▁into ▁two ▁films ▁( by ▁P iak ▁Post er ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁and ▁Ch erd ▁Songs ri ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 |
1 ) ▁and ▁three ▁stage ▁musical s . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Th ai ▁literature ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Th ai ▁nov els ▁Category : 1 9 3 7 ▁nov els <0x0A> </s> ▁Roth bury ▁Community ▁Hospital ▁is ▁a ▁health ▁facility ▁at ▁Roth bury , ▁North umber land , ▁England . ▁It ▁is ▁managed ▁by ▁North umb ria ▁Health care ▁N HS ▁Foundation ▁Trust . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁original ▁facility ▁was ▁built ▁as ▁a ▁private ▁home ▁known ▁as ▁Co quet ▁House ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 2 . ▁It ▁was ▁converted ▁into ▁the ▁Co quet dale ▁C ott age ▁Hospital ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 . ▁A ▁mat ern ity ▁w ard ▁was ▁added , ▁as ▁a ▁last ing ▁mem orial ▁to ▁soldiers ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War , ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁It ▁joined ▁the ▁National ▁Health ▁Service ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁and ▁the ▁ad jo ining ▁Haw th orn ▁C ott age ▁was ▁acquired ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁After ▁Haw th orn ▁C ott age ▁had ▁been ▁converted ▁into ▁a ▁phys i other apy ▁department , ▁it ▁was ▁officially ▁re - open ed ▁by ▁Jimmy ▁Sav ile ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁After ▁the ▁old ▁hospital ▁became ▁dil ap id ated , ▁modern ▁facilities ▁were ▁built ▁in ▁Whit ton ▁Bank ▁Road ▁and ▁opened ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁The ▁new ▁hospital ▁closed ▁to ▁in pat ients ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁and ▁in ▁June |
▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁the ▁trust ▁ad vised ▁that ▁a ▁group ▁was ▁working ▁on ▁propos als ▁for ▁the ▁future ▁of ▁remaining ▁services ▁at ▁the ▁hospital . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁site ▁ ▁Category : H osp it als ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁Category : 1 9 0 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁England ▁Category : H osp it als ▁in ▁North umber land ▁Category : R oth bury ▁Category : N HS ▁hosp it als ▁in ▁England <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 5 th ▁Wild flow er ▁Film ▁Awards ▁() ▁is ▁an ▁awards ▁ceremony ▁recogn izing ▁the ▁achiev ements ▁of ▁Korean ▁independent ▁and ▁low - bud get ▁films . ▁It ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁Liter ature ▁House ▁in ▁Se oul ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁▁ ▁This ▁year ▁awards ▁includes ▁a ▁new ▁category ▁for ▁Best ▁Music ▁and ▁Best ▁Produ cer . ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 3 ▁pri zes ▁were ▁handed ▁out ▁to ▁films ▁nominated ▁across ▁ 1 0 ▁categories ▁for ▁both ▁document ary ▁and ▁narr ative ▁works , ▁each ▁with ▁a ▁budget ▁under ▁ ▁() ▁and ▁released ▁the atr ically ▁between ▁January ▁ 1 ▁and ▁December ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁N omin ations ▁and ▁w inners ▁( W inners ▁denoted ▁in ▁bold ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Wild flow er ▁Film ▁Awards ▁Category : W ild flow er ▁Film ▁Awards ▁Wild flow er ▁Film ▁Awards <0x0A> </s> ▁" G l ory ▁Days |
" ▁is ▁a ▁single ▁by ▁UK ▁artist ▁Just ▁Jack ▁which ▁was ▁recorded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁It ▁reached ▁ 3 2 ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁Singles ▁Chart ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁music ▁video ▁was ▁fil med ▁down ▁the ▁world - f am ous ▁Br ick ▁Lane ▁in ▁the ▁East ▁End ▁of ▁London . ▁ ▁Track ▁list ings ▁CD ▁single ▁ ▁" G l ory ▁Days " ▁ ▁" G l ory ▁Days " ▁( D J ▁Me h di ▁Rem ix ) ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁songs ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁singles ▁Category : Just ▁Jack ▁songs ▁Category : Mer cur y ▁Records ▁singles <0x0A> </s> ▁Ray no ch ▁Joseph ▁Thompson ▁( born ▁November ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁American ▁football ▁line back er ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Football ▁League . ▁He ▁was ▁draft ed ▁by ▁the ▁Arizona ▁Card inals ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁round ▁( 4 5 th ▁overall ) ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁NFL ▁D raft ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Tennessee . ▁He ▁spent ▁ 5 ▁years ▁for ▁the ▁Card inals , ▁until ▁they ▁released ▁him ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁season . ▁After ▁his ▁time ▁with ▁the ▁Card inals , ▁he ▁signed ▁with ▁the ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁but ▁they ▁cut ▁him ▁before ▁the ▁season . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁All - American ▁and ▁a ▁But k |
us ▁Award ▁Final ist ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁important ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Tennessee ▁National ▁Championship ▁team ▁that ▁went ▁und efe ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : St . ▁August ine ▁High ▁School ▁( New ▁Orleans ) ▁al umn i ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Category : American ▁football ▁line back ers ▁Category : T ennessee ▁Vol unte ers ▁football ▁players ▁Category : A rizona ▁Card inals ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁A aron ▁Dun phy ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Irish ▁hur ler ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁La ois ▁Senior ▁Championship ▁club ▁Bor ris - in - O ss ory / K il cot ton ▁and ▁at ▁inter - count y ▁level ▁with ▁the ▁La ois ▁senior ▁hur ling ▁team . ▁He ▁usually ▁lines ▁out ▁as ▁a ▁right ▁wing - forward . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁Bor ris - in - O ss ory / K il cot ton ▁La ois ▁Senior ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁La ois ▁Joe ▁Mc Don agh ▁Cup ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁A aron ▁Dun phy ▁profile ▁at ▁the ▁La ois ▁G AA ▁website ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B or ris - |
in - O ss ory / K il cot ton ▁h url ers ▁Category : La ois ▁inter - count y ▁h url ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Lan ' an ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁the ▁Gar z ê ▁Tib et an ▁Aut onom ous ▁Pref ect ure ▁of ▁S ich uan , ▁China . ▁ ▁Rum ors ▁among ▁the ▁international ▁community ▁have ▁p eg ged ▁the ▁town ▁as ▁a ▁possible ▁front ▁runner ▁in ▁the ▁up coming ▁Miss ▁Most ▁Beautiful ▁Small ▁Village ▁Page ant . ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁Gar z ê ▁Tib et an ▁Aut onom ous ▁Pref ect ure <0x0A> </s> ▁Christian ▁dev ot ional ▁literature ▁( also ▁called ▁dev otion als ▁or ▁Christian ▁living ▁literature ) ▁is ▁religious ▁writing ▁that ▁Christian ▁individuals ▁read ▁for ▁their ▁personal ▁growth ▁and ▁spiritual ▁formation . ▁ ▁Popular ▁dev otion als ▁ ▁Books ▁Con ferences ▁( ca . ▁ 4 0 0 ), ▁by ▁John ▁Cass ian ▁The ▁Lad der ▁of ▁Div ine ▁As cent ▁( ca . ▁ 6 0 0 ), ▁by ▁John ▁Cl im ac us ▁H ym ns ▁of ▁Div ine ▁Love ▁( ca . ▁ 1 0 2 0 ), ▁by ▁Sym e on ▁the ▁New ▁The olog ian ▁On ▁L oving ▁God ▁( ca . ▁ 1 1 4 0 ), ▁by ▁Bernard ▁of ▁Cla ir v aux ▁The ▁Flow ing ▁Light ▁of ▁Div inity ▁( ca . ▁ 1 2 7 0 ), ▁by ▁Me ch th ild ▁of ▁Mag de burg ▁The ▁Spirit ual ▁Esp |
ous als ▁( ca . ▁ 1 3 4 0 ), ▁by ▁Jan ▁van ▁Ru us bro ec ▁The ▁Dialog ue ▁of ▁Div ine ▁Prov idence ▁( ca . ▁ 1 3 7 7 ), ▁by ▁Catherine ▁of ▁S ien a ▁Re vel ations ▁of ▁Div ine ▁Love ▁( ca . ▁ 1 4 0 0 ), ▁by ▁Julian ▁of ▁Nor wich ▁ ▁The ▁Im itation ▁of ▁Christ ▁( ca . ▁ 1 4 2 3 ), ▁by ▁Thomas ▁à ▁K em pis ▁The ▁Inter ior ▁Castle ▁( 1 5 7 7 ), ▁by ▁Ter esa ▁of ▁Av ila ▁As cent ▁of ▁Mount ▁Car mel ▁( 1 5 7 9 ), ▁by ▁John ▁of ▁the ▁Cross ▁Introduction ▁to ▁the ▁Dev out ▁Life ▁( 1 6 0 9 ), ▁by ▁François ▁de ▁Sales ▁True ▁Dev otion ▁to ▁Mary ▁( 1 7 1 2 ), ▁by ▁Louis ▁de ▁Mont fort ▁The ▁Pract ice ▁of ▁the ▁Pres ence ▁of ▁God ▁( 1 7 9 2 ), ▁by ▁Bro ther ▁Lawrence ▁The ▁Christian ▁Year ▁( 1 8 2 7 ), ▁by ▁John ▁Ke ble ▁My ▁Ut most ▁for ▁His ▁High est ▁( ca . ▁ 1 9 2 7 ), ▁by ▁O sw ald ▁Ch amb ers ▁Saint ▁August ine ' s ▁P ray er ▁Book ▁( 1 9 6 7 ), ▁by ▁Loren ▁G av itt ▁and ▁Arch ie ▁Dra ke ▁( edit ors ) ▁Jesus ▁Call ing ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Young ▁ ▁Book lets ▁The ▁Upper ▁Room ▁( 1 9 |
3 5 - present ), ▁published ▁by ▁ ▁Upper ▁Room ▁Min ist ries ▁Port als ▁of ▁P ray er ▁( 1 9 3 7 - present ), ▁published ▁by ▁Con cord ia ▁Publishing ▁House ▁Our ▁Daily ▁B read ▁( 1 9 5 6 - present ), ▁published ▁by ▁Our ▁Daily ▁B read ▁Min ist ries ▁ ▁Online ▁Dev ot ional ▁Liter ature ▁Our ▁Daily ▁B read ▁was ▁among ▁the ▁earliest ▁of ▁the ▁classic ▁dev otion als ▁to ▁appear ▁on ▁the ▁Internet . ▁Online ▁arch ives ▁of ▁the ▁dev ot ional ▁are ▁available ▁back ▁to ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁▁ ▁Upper ▁Room ▁Min ist ries ▁began ▁email ing ▁the ▁Upper ▁Room ▁daily ▁dev ot ional ▁guide ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁In ▁the ▁years ▁following , ▁many ▁Christian ▁organizations ▁began ▁adding ▁a ▁daily ▁dev ot ional ▁to ▁their ▁website . ▁The ▁following ▁is ▁an ▁incomplete ▁list ▁of ▁daily ▁dev ot ional ▁services ▁available ▁through ▁recognized ▁Christian ▁organizations . ▁ ▁Camp us ▁Cr us ade ▁for ▁Christ ▁ ▁Cross walk . com ▁ ▁Grace ▁to ▁You ▁ ▁Luther an ▁H our ▁Min ist ries ▁ ▁Mo ody ▁Bible ▁Institute ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Bible ▁study ▁( Christ ian ) ▁ ▁Qu iet ▁Time ▁ ▁Christian ▁cont empl ation ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Book s ▁about ▁spiritual ity ▁List ▁of ▁Christian ▁dev ot ional ▁literature ▁Category : Rel ig ious ▁literature ▁Dev ot ional ▁Lit <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁cam ▁is ▁a ▁rot ating ▁or ▁sl iding ▁piece ▁in ▁a ▁mechanical |
▁link age ▁used ▁especially ▁in ▁transform ing ▁rot ary ▁motion ▁into ▁linear ▁motion . ▁It ▁is ▁often ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁rot ating ▁wheel ▁( e . g . ▁an ▁ecc ent ric ▁wheel ) ▁or ▁sh aft ▁( e . g . ▁a ▁cyl inder ▁with ▁an ▁irregular ▁shape ) ▁that ▁strik es ▁a ▁lever ▁at ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁points ▁on ▁its ▁circular ▁path . ▁The ▁cam ▁can ▁be ▁a ▁simple ▁to oth , ▁as ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁deliver ▁p uls es ▁of ▁power ▁to ▁a ▁steam ▁ham mer , ▁for ▁example , ▁or ▁an ▁ecc ent ric ▁disc ▁or ▁other ▁shape ▁that ▁produces ▁a ▁smooth ▁reci proc ating ▁( back ▁and ▁forth ) ▁motion ▁in ▁the ▁follow er , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁lever ▁making ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁cam . ▁A ▁cam ▁timer ▁is ▁similar , ▁and ▁were ▁widely ▁used ▁for ▁electric ▁machine ▁control ▁( an ▁elect rome chan ical ▁timer ▁in ▁a ▁was hing ▁machine ▁being ▁a ▁common ▁example ) ▁before ▁the ▁advent ▁of ▁in exp ensive ▁electron ics , ▁micro cont rollers , ▁integrated ▁circ uits , ▁program m able ▁logic ▁controllers ▁and ▁digital ▁control . ▁ ▁Over view ▁ ▁The ▁cam ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁device ▁that ▁rot ates ▁from ▁spher ical ▁to ▁reci proc ating ▁( or ▁sometimes ▁oscill ating ) ▁motion . ▁A ▁common ▁example ▁is ▁the ▁cam sh aft ▁of ▁an ▁autom obile , ▁which ▁takes ▁the ▁rot ary ▁motion ▁of ▁the ▁engine ▁and ▁converts ▁it ▁into ▁the ▁reci proc ating ▁motion ▁necessary ▁to ▁operate |
▁the ▁int ake ▁and ▁exhaust ▁val ves ▁of ▁the ▁cyl ind ers . ▁ ▁Dis p lacement ▁diagram ▁▁ ▁C ams ▁can ▁be ▁character ized ▁by ▁their ▁disp lacement ▁diag rams , ▁which ▁reflect ▁the ▁changing ▁position ▁a ▁follow er ▁would ▁make ▁as ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁the ▁cam ▁moves ▁in ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁follow er . ▁In ▁the ▁example ▁shown , ▁the ▁cam ▁rot ates ▁about ▁an ▁axis . ▁These ▁diag rams ▁relate ▁angular ▁position , ▁usually ▁in ▁degrees , ▁to ▁the ▁radial ▁disp lacement ▁experienced ▁at ▁that ▁position . ▁Dis p lacement ▁diag rams ▁are ▁tradition ally ▁presented ▁as ▁graphs ▁with ▁non - negative ▁values . ▁A ▁simple ▁disp lacement ▁diagram ▁illustr ates ▁the ▁follow er ▁motion ▁at ▁a ▁constant ▁velocity ▁rise ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁similar ▁return ▁with ▁a ▁dwell ▁in ▁between ▁as ▁dep icted ▁in ▁figure ▁ 2 . ▁The ▁rise ▁is ▁the ▁motion ▁of ▁the ▁follow er ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁cam ▁center , ▁dwell ▁is ▁the ▁motion ▁where ▁the ▁follow er ▁is ▁at ▁rest , ▁and ▁return ▁is ▁the ▁motion ▁of ▁the ▁follow er ▁toward ▁the ▁cam ▁center . ▁ ▁A ▁common ▁type ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁val ve ▁actu ators ▁in ▁internal ▁comb ust ion ▁engines . ▁Here , ▁the ▁cam ▁profile ▁is ▁commonly ▁symmetric ▁and ▁at ▁rot ational ▁spe eds ▁generally ▁met ▁with , ▁very ▁high ▁acceleration ▁forces ▁develop . ▁Ide ally , ▁a ▁convex ▁curve ▁between ▁the ▁on set ▁and ▁maximum ▁position ▁of ▁lift ▁reduces ▁acceleration , ▁but ▁this ▁requires ▁imp ract ically ▁large ▁sh aft ▁diam eters |
▁relative ▁to ▁lift . ▁Thus , ▁in ▁practice , ▁the ▁points ▁at ▁which ▁lift ▁begins ▁and ▁ends ▁mean ▁that ▁a ▁tang ent ▁to ▁the ▁base ▁circle ▁appears ▁on ▁the ▁profile . ▁This ▁is ▁continuous ▁with ▁a ▁tang ent ▁to ▁the ▁tip ▁circle . ▁In ▁design ing ▁the ▁cam , ▁the ▁lift ▁and ▁the ▁dwell ▁angle ▁ ▁are ▁given . ▁If ▁the ▁profile ▁is ▁treated ▁as ▁a ▁large ▁base ▁circle ▁and ▁a ▁small ▁tip ▁circle , ▁joined ▁by ▁a ▁common ▁tang ent , ▁giving ▁lift ▁, ▁the ▁relationship ▁can ▁be ▁calculated , ▁given ▁the ▁angle ▁ ▁between ▁one ▁tang ent ▁and ▁the ▁axis ▁of ▁symmetry ▁( ▁being ▁), ▁while ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁distance ▁between ▁the ▁cent res ▁of ▁the ▁circles ▁( required ), ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁radius ▁of ▁the ▁base ▁( g iven ) ▁and ▁ ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁tip ▁circle ▁( required ): ▁▁ ▁and ▁ ▁Disc ▁or ▁plate ▁cam ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁commonly ▁used ▁cam ▁is ▁the ▁cam ▁plate ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁disc ▁cam ▁or ▁radial ▁cam ) ▁which ▁is ▁cut ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁piece ▁of ▁flat ▁metal ▁or ▁plate . ▁Here , ▁the ▁follow er ▁moves ▁in ▁a ▁plane ▁per pend icular ▁to ▁the ▁axis ▁of ▁rotation ▁of ▁the ▁cam sh aft . ▁Several ▁key ▁terms ▁are ▁relevant ▁in ▁such ▁a ▁construction ▁of ▁plate ▁c ams : ▁base ▁circle , ▁prime ▁circle ▁( with ▁radius ▁equal ▁to ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁the ▁follow er ▁radius ▁and ▁the ▁base ▁circle ▁radius ), ▁pitch ▁curve ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁radial ▁curve ▁trac ed |
▁out ▁by ▁applying ▁the ▁radial ▁disp lac ements ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁prime ▁circle ▁across ▁all ▁angles , ▁and ▁the ▁lo be ▁separation ▁angle ▁( L SA ▁- ▁the ▁angle ▁between ▁two ▁adjacent ▁int ake ▁and ▁exhaust ▁cam ▁lo bes ). ▁ ▁The ▁base ▁circle ▁is ▁the ▁smallest ▁circle ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁drawn ▁to ▁the ▁cam ▁profile . ▁ ▁A ▁once ▁common , ▁but ▁now ▁out dated , ▁application ▁of ▁this ▁type ▁of ▁cam ▁was ▁automatic ▁machine ▁tool ▁programming ▁c ams . ▁Each ▁tool ▁movement ▁or ▁operation ▁was ▁controlled ▁directly ▁by ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁c ams . ▁Inst ru ctions ▁for ▁producing ▁programming ▁c ams ▁and ▁cam ▁generation ▁data ▁for ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁makes ▁of ▁machine , ▁were ▁included ▁in ▁engineering ▁references ▁well ▁into ▁the ▁modern ▁C NC ▁era . ▁ ▁This ▁type ▁of ▁cam ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁many ▁simple ▁elect rome chan ical ▁app li ances ▁controllers , ▁such ▁as ▁d ish w ash ers ▁and ▁clothes ▁was hing ▁machines , ▁to ▁actu ate ▁mechanical ▁switch es ▁that ▁control ▁the ▁various ▁parts . ▁ ▁C yl ind rical ▁cam ▁▁ ▁A ▁cyl ind rical ▁cam ▁or ▁ ▁bar rel ▁cam ▁is ▁a ▁cam ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁follow er ▁r ides ▁on ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁a ▁cyl inder . ▁In ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁type , ▁the ▁follow er ▁r ides ▁in ▁a ▁gro ove ▁cut ▁into ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁a ▁cyl inder . ▁These ▁c ams ▁are ▁princip ally ▁used ▁to ▁convert ▁rot ational ▁motion ▁to ▁linear ▁motion ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁rot ational ▁axis |
▁of ▁the ▁cyl inder . ▁A ▁cyl inder ▁may ▁have ▁several ▁gro ov es ▁cut ▁into ▁the ▁surface ▁and ▁drive ▁several ▁follow ers . ▁C yl ind rical ▁c ams ▁can ▁provide ▁mot ions ▁that ▁involve ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁single ▁rotation ▁of ▁the ▁cyl inder ▁and ▁generally ▁provide ▁positive ▁position ing , ▁removing ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁a ▁spring ▁or ▁other ▁provision ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁follow er ▁in ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁control ▁surface . ▁ ▁App lications ▁include ▁machine ▁tool ▁drives , ▁such ▁as ▁reci proc ating ▁saw s , ▁and ▁shift ▁control ▁bar rel s ▁in ▁sequ ential ▁transm issions , ▁such ▁as ▁on ▁most ▁modern ▁motor cy cles . ▁ ▁A ▁special ▁case ▁of ▁this ▁cam ▁is ▁constant ▁lead , ▁where ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁follow er ▁is ▁linear ▁with ▁rotation , ▁as ▁in ▁a ▁lead ▁sc rew . ▁The ▁purpose ▁and ▁detail ▁of ▁implementation ▁influence ▁whether ▁this ▁application ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁cam ▁or ▁a ▁sc rew ▁thread , ▁but ▁in ▁some ▁cases , ▁the ▁nom en cl ature ▁may ▁be ▁ambigu ous . ▁ ▁C yl ind rical ▁c ams ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁reference ▁an ▁output ▁to ▁two ▁inputs , ▁where ▁one ▁input ▁is ▁the ▁rotation ▁of ▁the ▁cyl inder ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁is ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁follow er ▁along ▁the ▁cam . ▁The ▁output ▁is ▁radial ▁to ▁the ▁cyl inder . ▁These ▁were ▁once ▁common ▁for ▁special ▁functions ▁in ▁control ▁systems , ▁such ▁as ▁fire ▁control ▁mechan isms ▁for ▁guns ▁on ▁naval ▁vessels ▁and ▁mechanical ▁analog ▁computers |
. ▁ ▁An ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁cyl ind rical ▁cam ▁with ▁two ▁inputs ▁is ▁provided ▁by ▁a ▁dup lic ating ▁lat he , ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁K lot z ▁ax e ▁handle ▁lat he , ▁which ▁cut s ▁an ▁ax e ▁handle ▁to ▁a ▁form ▁controlled ▁by ▁a ▁pattern ▁acting ▁as ▁a ▁cam ▁for ▁the ▁lat he ▁mechanism . ▁ ▁Face ▁cam ▁ ▁A ▁face ▁cam ▁produces ▁motion ▁by ▁using ▁a ▁follow er ▁r iding ▁on ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁a ▁disk . ▁The ▁most ▁common ▁type ▁has ▁the ▁follow er ▁ride ▁in ▁a ▁slot ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁capt ive ▁follow er ▁produces ▁radial ▁motion ▁with ▁positive ▁position ing ▁without ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁a ▁spring ▁or ▁other ▁mechanism ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁follow er ▁in ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁control ▁surface . ▁A ▁face ▁cam ▁of ▁this ▁type ▁generally ▁has ▁only ▁one ▁slot ▁for ▁a ▁follow er ▁on ▁each ▁face . ▁In ▁some ▁applications , ▁a ▁single ▁element , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁g ear , ▁a ▁bar rel ▁cam ▁or ▁other ▁rot ating ▁element ▁with ▁a ▁flat ▁face , ▁may ▁do ▁duty ▁as ▁a ▁face ▁cam ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁other ▁purposes . ▁ ▁Face ▁c ams ▁may ▁provide ▁repet itive ▁motion ▁with ▁a ▁gro ove ▁that ▁forms ▁a ▁closed ▁curve ▁or ▁may ▁provide ▁function ▁generation ▁with ▁a ▁stopped ▁gro ove . ▁C ams ▁used ▁for ▁function ▁generation ▁may ▁have ▁gro ov es ▁that ▁require ▁several ▁revolution s ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁complete ▁function , ▁and ▁in ▁this ▁case , ▁the ▁function ▁generally ▁needs ▁to |
▁be ▁invert ible ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁gro ove ▁does ▁not ▁self ▁intersect , ▁and ▁the ▁function ▁output ▁value ▁must ▁differ ▁enough ▁at ▁corresponding ▁rot ations ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁sufficient ▁material ▁separ ating ▁the ▁adjacent ▁gro ove ▁segments . ▁A ▁common ▁form ▁is ▁the ▁constant ▁lead ▁cam , ▁where ▁the ▁disp lacement ▁of ▁the ▁follow er ▁is ▁linear ▁with ▁rotation , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁scroll ▁plate ▁in ▁a ▁scroll ▁ch uck . ▁Non - in vert ible ▁functions , ▁which ▁require ▁the ▁gro ove ▁to ▁self - inter sect , ▁can ▁be ▁implemented ▁using ▁special ▁follow er ▁designs . ▁ ▁A ▁variant ▁of ▁the ▁face ▁cam ▁provides ▁motion ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁axis ▁of ▁cam ▁rotation . ▁A ▁common ▁example ▁is ▁the ▁traditional ▁s ash ▁window ▁lock , ▁where ▁the ▁cam ▁is ▁mounted ▁to ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁lower ▁s ash , ▁and ▁the ▁follow er ▁is ▁the ▁hook ▁on ▁the ▁upper ▁s ash . ▁In ▁this ▁application , ▁the ▁cam ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁provide ▁a ▁mechanical ▁advantage ▁in ▁forcing ▁the ▁window ▁shut , ▁and ▁also ▁provides ▁a ▁self - lock ing ▁action , ▁like ▁some ▁w orm ▁g ears , ▁due ▁to ▁fr iction . ▁ ▁Face ▁c ams ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁reference ▁a ▁single ▁output ▁to ▁two ▁inputs , ▁typically ▁where ▁one ▁input ▁is ▁the ▁rotation ▁of ▁the ▁cam ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁is ▁the ▁radial ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁follow er . ▁The ▁output ▁is ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁axis ▁of ▁the ▁cam . ▁These ▁were ▁once ▁common ▁is ▁mechanical ▁analog ▁computation ▁and |
▁special ▁functions ▁in ▁control ▁systems . ▁ ▁A ▁face ▁cam ▁that ▁implements ▁three ▁outputs ▁for ▁a ▁single ▁rot ational ▁input ▁is ▁the ▁s tere o ▁ph on ograph , ▁where ▁a ▁relatively ▁constant ▁lead ▁gro ove ▁gu ides ▁the ▁st yl us ▁and ▁tone arm ▁unit , ▁acting ▁as ▁either ▁a ▁ro cker - type ▁( t one arm ) ▁or ▁linear ▁( linear ▁tracking ▁tur nt able ) ▁follow er , ▁and ▁the ▁st yl us ▁alone ▁acting ▁as ▁the ▁follow er ▁for ▁two ▁orthogonal ▁outputs ▁to ▁representing ▁the ▁audio ▁signals . ▁These ▁mot ions ▁are ▁in ▁a ▁plane ▁radial ▁to ▁the ▁rotation ▁of ▁the ▁record ▁and ▁at ▁angles ▁of ▁ 4 5 ▁degrees ▁to ▁the ▁plane ▁of ▁the ▁disk ▁( normal ▁to ▁the ▁gro ove ▁faces ). ▁The ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁tone arm ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁some ▁tur nt ables ▁as ▁a ▁control ▁input , ▁such ▁as ▁to ▁turn ▁the ▁unit ▁off ▁or ▁to ▁load ▁the ▁next ▁disk ▁in ▁a ▁stack , ▁but ▁was ▁ignored ▁in ▁simple ▁units . ▁ ▁Heart ▁sh aped ▁cam ▁This ▁type ▁of ▁cam , ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁symmetric ▁heart , ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁return ▁a ▁sh aft ▁holding ▁the ▁cam ▁to ▁a ▁set ▁position ▁by ▁pressure ▁from ▁a ▁roll er . ▁They ▁were ▁used ▁on ▁early ▁models ▁of ▁Post ▁Office ▁Master ▁clock s ▁to ▁synchron ise ▁the ▁clock ▁time ▁with ▁Green wich ▁Mean ▁Time ▁when ▁the ▁activ ating ▁follow er ▁was ▁pressed ▁onto ▁the ▁cam ▁automatically ▁via ▁a ▁signal ▁from ▁an ▁accurate ▁time ▁source |
. ▁ ▁Sn ail ▁drop ▁cam ▁This ▁type ▁of ▁cam ▁was ▁used ▁for ▁example ▁in ▁mechanical ▁time keep ing ▁clock ing - in ▁clock s ▁to ▁drive ▁the ▁day ▁advance ▁mechanism ▁at ▁precisely ▁mid night ▁and ▁consisted ▁of ▁a ▁follow er ▁being ▁raised ▁over ▁ 2 4 ▁hours ▁by ▁the ▁cam ▁in ▁a ▁spir al ▁path ▁which ▁terminated ▁at ▁a ▁sharp ▁cut ▁off ▁at ▁which ▁the ▁follow er ▁would ▁drop ▁down ▁and ▁activ ate ▁the ▁day ▁advance . ▁Where ▁timing ▁accuracy ▁is ▁required ▁as ▁in ▁clock ing - in ▁clock s ▁these ▁were ▁typically ▁ingen iously ▁arranged ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁roll er ▁cam ▁follow er ▁to ▁raise ▁the ▁drop ▁weight ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁journey ▁to ▁near ▁its ▁full ▁height , ▁and ▁only ▁for ▁the ▁last ▁portion ▁of ▁its ▁travel ▁for ▁the ▁weight ▁to ▁be ▁taken ▁over ▁and ▁supported ▁by ▁a ▁solid ▁follow er ▁with ▁a ▁sharp ▁edge . ▁This ▁ens ured ▁that ▁the ▁weight ▁dropped ▁at ▁a ▁precise ▁moment , ▁en abling ▁accurate ▁timing . ▁This ▁was ▁achieved ▁by ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁two ▁sn ail ▁c ams ▁mounted ▁co ax ial ly ▁with ▁the ▁roll er ▁initially ▁rest ing ▁on ▁one ▁cam ▁and ▁the ▁final ▁solid ▁follow er ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁but ▁not ▁in ▁contact ▁with ▁its ▁cam ▁profile . ▁Thus ▁the ▁roll er ▁cam ▁initially ▁carried ▁the ▁weight , ▁until ▁at ▁the ▁final ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁run ▁the ▁profile ▁of ▁the ▁non - roller ▁cam ▁rose ▁more ▁than ▁the ▁other ▁causing ▁the ▁solid ▁follow er ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁weight . ▁ |
▁Linear ▁cam ▁ ▁A ▁linear ▁cam ▁is ▁one ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁cam ▁element ▁moves ▁in ▁a ▁straight ▁line ▁rather ▁than ▁rot ates . ▁The ▁cam ▁element ▁is ▁often ▁a ▁plate ▁or ▁block ▁but ▁maybe ▁any ▁cross - section . ▁The ▁key ▁feature ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁input ▁is ▁a ▁linear ▁motion ▁rather ▁than ▁rot ational . ▁The ▁cam ▁profile ▁may ▁be ▁cut ▁into ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁edges ▁of ▁a ▁plate ▁or ▁block , ▁maybe ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁sl ots ▁or ▁gro ov es ▁in ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁an ▁element , ▁or ▁may ▁even ▁be ▁a ▁surface ▁profile ▁for ▁a ▁cam ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁input . ▁The ▁development ▁of ▁a ▁linear ▁cam ▁is ▁similar ▁to , ▁but ▁not ▁identical ▁to , ▁that ▁of ▁a ▁rot ating ▁cam . ▁ ▁A ▁common ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁linear ▁cam ▁is ▁a ▁key ▁for ▁a ▁pin ▁t umb ler ▁lock . ▁The ▁p ins ▁act ▁as ▁follow ers . ▁This ▁behavior ▁is ▁exempl ified ▁when ▁the ▁key ▁is ▁dup licated ▁in ▁a ▁key ▁dup lication ▁machine , ▁where ▁the ▁original ▁key ▁acts ▁as ▁a ▁control ▁cam ▁for ▁cutting ▁the ▁new ▁key . ▁ ▁History ▁Cam ▁mechan isms ▁appeared ▁in ▁China ▁at ▁around ▁ 6 0 0 ▁BC ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁cross bow ▁trigger - me chan ism ▁with ▁a ▁cam - sh aped ▁swing ▁arm . ▁ ▁However , ▁the ▁trigger ▁mechanism ▁did ▁not ▁rotate ▁around ▁its ▁own ▁axis ▁and ▁traditional ▁Chinese ▁technology ▁generally ▁made ▁little ▁use ▁of ▁contin ously ▁rot ating ▁c ams . ▁Nevertheless |
, ▁later ▁research ▁showed ▁that ▁cam ▁mechan isms ▁appeared ▁in ▁water - dri ven ▁trip ▁h amm ers ▁by ▁the ▁latter ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Han ▁D ynast y ▁( 2 0 6 ▁BC ▁- ▁ 8 ▁AD ) ▁as ▁recorded ▁in ▁the ▁H uan ▁Z i ▁X in ▁L un . ▁Complex ▁p est les ▁were ▁also ▁mentioned ▁in ▁later ▁records ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Jin ▁Z hu ▁G ong ▁Z an ▁and ▁the ▁T ian ▁G ong ▁K ai ▁Wu , ▁amongst ▁many ▁other ▁records ▁of ▁water - dri ven ▁p est les . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Tang ▁dynast y , ▁the ▁wooden ▁clock ▁within ▁the ▁water - dri ven ▁astr ono ical ▁device , ▁the ▁sp urs ▁inside ▁a ▁water - dri ven ▁arm ill ary ▁sphere , ▁the ▁autom ated ▁alarm ▁within ▁a ▁five - w he e led ▁sand - dri ven ▁clock , ▁artificial ▁paper ▁figur ines ▁within ▁a ▁revol ving ▁lan tern , ▁all ▁util ized ▁cam ▁mechan isms .. ▁The ▁Chinese ▁h od ometer ▁which ▁util ized ▁a ▁bell ▁and ▁g ong ▁mechanism ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁cam , ▁as ▁described ▁in ▁the ▁Song ▁Sh i . ▁In ▁the ▁book ▁N ong sh u , ▁the ▁vertical ▁wheel ▁of ▁a ▁water - dri ven ▁wind ▁box ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁cam . ▁ ▁Out ▁of ▁these ▁examples , ▁the ▁water - dri ven ▁p est le ▁and ▁the ▁water ▁driven ▁wind ▁wind ▁box ▁both ▁have ▁two ▁cam ▁mechan isms ▁inside . ▁. ▁C ams ▁that ▁rot ated ▁continu |
ously ▁and ▁function ed ▁as ▁integral ▁machine ▁elements ▁were ▁built ▁into ▁H ellen istic ▁water - dri ven ▁autom ata ▁from ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁century ▁BC . ▁The ▁cam ▁and ▁cam sh aft ▁later ▁appeared ▁in ▁mechan isms ▁by ▁Al - J az ari ▁and ▁Sho os ht ari , ▁who ▁used ▁them ▁in ▁their ▁autom ata , ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 2 0 6 . ▁The ▁cam ▁and ▁cam sh aft ▁appeared ▁in ▁European ▁mechan isms ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁century . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Cam ▁design ▁pages ▁Cre ates ▁animated ▁c ams ▁for ▁specified ▁follow er ▁mot ions . ▁ ▁Kin ematic ▁Mod els ▁for ▁Design ▁Digital ▁Library ▁( K MO DD L ) ▁- ▁Mov ies ▁and ▁photos ▁of ▁hundreds ▁of ▁working ▁mechanical - system s ▁models ▁at ▁Corn ell ▁University . ▁Also ▁includes ▁an ▁e - book ▁library ▁of ▁classic ▁texts ▁on ▁mechanical ▁design ▁and ▁engineering . ▁ ▁Introduction ▁to ▁Mechan isms ▁- ▁C ams ▁Classification , ▁nom en cl ature , ▁motion , ▁and ▁design ▁of ▁c ams ; ▁information ▁for ▁the ▁course , ▁Introduction ▁to ▁Mechan isms , ▁at ▁Car neg ie ▁M ell on ▁University . ▁ ▁Pol ynomial ▁cam ▁function ▁with ▁excel ▁VBA ▁file ▁to ▁demonstrate ▁its ▁motion ▁ ▁Category : Me chan isms ▁( engine ering ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Gand ed he ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Indian ▁K ann ada ▁language ▁rom antic ▁action ▁film ▁written ▁and ▁directed ▁by ▁Ak ula |
▁Sh iva ▁and ▁produced ▁by ▁Ram u ▁of ▁Ram u ▁Enter pr ises . ▁The ▁film ▁stars ▁Ch ir anje e vi ▁Sar ja ▁and ▁R agini ▁D w ived i ▁in ▁the ▁lead ▁roles . ▁Not ed ▁composer ▁Ch ak ri ▁scored ▁the ▁music . ▁ ▁Plot ▁Kr ish na ▁( Ch ir anje e vi ) ▁is ▁a ▁poor ▁college ▁going ▁boy ▁who ▁falls ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁his ▁class mate ▁N and ini ▁( R agini ). ▁N and ini ▁is ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁a ▁rich ▁land l ord ▁Sh ank are ▁G ow da ▁( De var aj ). ▁Both ▁fall ▁in ▁love ▁and ▁see ks ▁appro val ▁from ▁their ▁parents . ▁N and ini ' s ▁father ▁is ▁much ▁against ▁the ▁al liance ▁and ▁disapp ro ves ▁the ▁relationship . ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁story ▁de als ▁with ▁the ▁methods ▁adopted ▁by ▁Kr ish na ▁to ▁win ▁over ▁N and ini ' s ▁family ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁his ▁friend ▁S MS ▁( R ag hu ) ▁who ▁has ▁a ▁solution ▁for ▁every ▁issue ▁that ▁Kr ish na ▁faces . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁ ▁Ch ir anje e vi ▁Sar ja ▁as ▁Kr ish na ▁ ▁R agini ▁D w ived i ▁as ▁N and ini ▁ ▁De var aj ▁as ▁Sh ank are ▁G ow da ▁ ▁Rang ay ana ▁R ag hu ▁as ▁S MS ▁ ▁Sh ar ath ▁L oh it ash wa ▁▁ ▁R ames h ▁B hat ▁ ▁Ar una ▁Bal ar aj ▁ ▁K |
ashi ▁Jim ▁ra vi ▁ ▁S ath y aj ith ▁ ▁K emp eg ow da ▁ ▁Dom bara ▁Kr ish na ▁S ures h ▁ ▁Pav an ▁Ben aka ▁ ▁Va ij an ath ▁Bir ad ar ▁ ▁S ury an ar ay ana ▁wa ali ▁▁ ▁H onn aval li ▁Kr ish na ▁ ▁Production ▁Ram u , ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁Ram u ▁Enter pr ises , ▁te amed ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁Tel ug u ▁film ▁writer ▁Ak ul ▁Sh iva ▁to ▁direct ▁his ▁debut ▁K ann ada ▁film ▁in ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁He ▁ro ped ▁in ▁actor ▁Ch ir anje e vi ▁Sar ja ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁lead ▁role . ▁Act ress ▁R agini ▁D w ived i ▁was ▁also ▁approached ▁and ▁signed ▁into ▁the ▁team . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁announced ▁to ▁be ▁basically ▁set ▁in ▁a ▁college ▁campus ▁background . ▁The ▁unit ▁shot ▁two ▁songs ▁in ▁and ▁around ▁Singapore ▁for ▁about ▁eight ▁days . ▁ ▁Sound track ▁▁ ▁Music ▁was ▁Com posed ▁by ▁Ch ak ri ▁and ▁launched ▁on ▁An and ▁Audio ▁Video . ▁ ▁Release ▁▁ ▁The ▁film ▁released ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁across ▁K arn ata ka . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁▁ ▁Upon ▁release , ▁the ▁film ▁generally ▁met ▁with ▁average ▁reviews ▁from ▁the ▁critics ▁and ▁audience . ▁▁ ▁S ify ▁in ▁its ▁review ▁Not ed ▁"' G and ed he ' ▁is ▁a ▁predict able ▁fare ▁with ▁just ▁some ▁good ▁fight ▁scenes ▁thrown ▁in ." ▁ |
▁One Ind ia ▁in ▁its ▁review ▁said ▁" G and ed he ▁has ▁super b ▁fight ▁sequence , ▁but ▁has ▁an ▁age ▁old ▁story . ▁It ▁la cks ▁fresh ness , ▁which ▁might ▁disappoint ▁the ▁movie ▁go ers ." ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Ind i ag l itz ▁Review ▁ ▁Gand ed he ▁Songs ▁list ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁films ▁Category : Ind ian ▁films ▁Category : K ann ada - language ▁films ▁Category : Ind ian ▁action ▁films ▁Category : Ind ian ▁rom ance ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁rom ance ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Singapore ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁K ann ada - language ▁films ▁Category : R om antic ▁action ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Mount ▁Sk ook ▁David son , ▁, ▁is ▁a ▁mountain ▁in ▁the ▁Ke ch ika ▁R anges ▁of ▁the ▁Cass iar ▁Mountains ▁in ▁far ▁northern ▁British ▁Columbia , ▁Canada . ▁ ▁It ▁over look s ▁the ▁[[ D iam ond ▁ ▁J ▁R anch ]], ▁which ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁John ▁Og il vie ▁David son , ▁known ▁as ▁" Sk ook " ▁David son ▁or ▁" Sk ook um " ▁David son ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁stat ure ▁( big ▁and ▁strong , ▁see ▁sk ook um ). ▁ ▁David son ▁was ▁a ▁notable ▁local ▁pione er ▁who ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁land ▁survey or ▁before ▁taking ▁up ▁pack ing ▁and ▁gu iding ▁and ▁ran ch ing ▁in ▁this ▁area . ▁ ▁He ▁helped ▁discover |
▁and ▁select ▁the ▁route ▁for ▁the ▁Al aska ▁Highway . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Ch ino ok ▁J arg on ▁pla cen ames ▁ ▁Prom in ence ▁Its ▁top ographic ▁prom in ence ▁is ▁ 1 3 6 1 m ▁above ▁its ▁col ▁at ▁Den et iah ▁Lake . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Category : Li ard ▁Country ▁Category : C ass iar ▁Mountains <0x0A> </s> ▁Bar p ak ▁Sul ik ot ▁is ▁a ▁R ural ▁Municip ali y ▁in ▁G ork ha ▁District ▁in ▁the ▁Gand aki ▁Zone ▁of ▁northern - central ▁Nep al . ▁After ▁mer ging ▁of ▁ 7 ▁village ▁development ▁committee , ▁it ' s ▁called ▁Bar p ak ▁Sul ik ot ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁G ork ha ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Gu am ▁Football ▁Association ▁is ▁the ▁gover ning ▁body ▁of ▁association ▁football ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁territory ▁of ▁Gu am . ▁ ▁Association ▁staff ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Gu am ▁at ▁the ▁FIFA ▁website . ▁ ▁Gu am ▁at ▁the ▁A FC ▁website . ▁ ▁Category : Foot ball ▁in ▁Gu am ▁Gu am ▁Football ▁Category : S ports ▁organizations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁Category : 1 9 7 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Gu am <0x0A> </s> ▁Y and am inta ▁Par ish ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁remote ▁rural ▁local ity ▁and ▁civil ▁parish ▁of ▁Ev ely n ▁County , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁in ▁far ▁north west |
▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁ ▁The ▁ge ography ▁of ▁the ▁Par ish ▁is ▁mostly ▁the ▁flat , ▁ar id ▁landscape ▁of ▁the ▁Channel ▁Country . ▁The ▁nearest ▁town ▁is ▁Tib o ob ur ra ▁to ▁the ▁north , ▁which ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁Silver ▁City ▁Highway ▁and ▁lies ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁St urt ▁National ▁Park . ▁ ▁The ▁Par ish ▁is ▁named ▁for ▁Y and am inta ▁Creek ▁which ▁flows ▁through ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Par ishes ▁of ▁Ev ely n ▁County ▁Category : Local ities ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Italian ▁motor cycle ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁was ▁the ▁sixth ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁M oto GP ▁championship . ▁It ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁week end ▁of ▁ 1 – 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁at ▁the ▁M ug ello ▁Circ uit . ▁ ▁M oto GP ▁classification ▁▁ 2 5 0 ▁cc ▁classification ▁▁ 1 2 5 ▁cc ▁classification ▁ ▁Championship ▁stand ings ▁after ▁the ▁race ▁( M oto GP ) ▁ ▁Below ▁are ▁the ▁stand ings ▁for ▁the ▁top ▁five ▁rid ers ▁and ▁construct ors ▁after ▁round ▁six ▁has ▁concluded . ▁▁ ▁R iders ' ▁Championship ▁stand ings ▁ ▁Con struct ors ' ▁Championship ▁stand ings ▁▁ ▁Note : ▁Only ▁the ▁top ▁five ▁positions ▁are ▁included ▁for ▁both ▁sets ▁of ▁stand ings . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ital ian ▁motor cycle ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁Italian ▁Motor cycle ▁Grand ▁Prix <0x0A> </s> ▁Doug ount oun y ▁ |
▁is ▁a ▁town ▁and ▁sub - p ref ect ure ▁in ▁the ▁M ali ▁Pref ect ure ▁in ▁the ▁Lab é ▁Region ▁of ▁northern ▁Guinea . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁Lab é ▁Region ▁Category : Sub - p ref ect ures ▁of ▁Guinea <0x0A> </s> ▁Sh ri ▁G uru ▁K ott ures hw ara ▁S hr ine ▁at ▁K ott uru ▁ ▁is ▁an ▁ancient ▁shr ine ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁K ud lig i ▁ ▁tal uk , ▁Bell ary ▁District , ▁North ▁K arn ata ka , ▁India , ▁ 5 8 3 1 3 4 . ▁This ▁temple ▁is ▁ 1 9 km ▁from ▁K ud lig i , ▁ 2 8 km ▁from ▁H agar ib om man ah al li , ▁▁ 1 2 9 km ▁from ▁Dav an ag ere ▁and ▁ 2 5 3 ▁ km ▁from ▁Bang al ore . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Origin ▁ ▁K ott uru ▁( K ann ada : ▁ <0xE0> <0xB2> <0x95> <0xE0> <0xB3> <0x8A> <0xE0> <0xB2> <0x9F> ್ <0xE0> <0xB2> <0x9F> <0xE0> <0xB3> <0x82> ರ <0xE0> <0xB3> <0x81> ) ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁Saint ▁K ott ures hw ara , ▁so ▁its ▁history ▁st ems ▁from ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁G uru ▁K ott ures hw ara . ▁Once ▁on ▁the ▁Earth ▁when ▁the ▁ ▁Ve er asha iva ▁S ect ▁was ▁under ▁threat , ▁Lord ▁Sh iva ▁and ▁Par v ath i ▁from ▁Heaven ▁( K ail asa ) ▁ordered ▁N and |
i ▁to ▁go ▁to ▁Sar as ip ura / Sh ik ap ura ▁( the ▁earlier ▁name ▁of ▁K ott ur ) ▁and ▁protect ▁the ▁innoc ent ▁people . ▁So ▁Lord ▁N and i ▁dis gu ised ▁in ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁saint ▁and ▁reached ▁Sh ik ap ura . ▁ ▁This ▁Saint ▁was ▁later ▁called ▁by ▁people ▁as ▁K ott ures hw ara ▁( K ott u ▁or ▁K odu ▁in ▁K ann ada ▁means ▁" G ive " ▁and ▁E sh war ▁means ▁" L ord ▁Sh iva "), ▁the ▁one ▁who ▁gives ▁bless ings . ▁ ▁K ott uru ▁is ▁also ▁famous ▁for ▁a ▁d ish ▁called ▁mand ak ki : ▁Men as in ak ai . ▁There ▁are ▁different ▁vari eties ▁of ▁mand ak ki . ▁Dev ote es ▁make ▁it ▁a ▁point ▁to ▁have ▁this ▁d ish ▁when ▁they ▁visit . ▁ ▁An cient ▁history ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁believed ▁that ▁Dar bar ▁Mut ta ▁( or ▁D od da ▁Mut ta ▁or ▁H ire ▁Mut ta ) ▁( S hr ine ) ▁used ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁temple ▁of ▁Lord ▁Ve er ab had ra . ▁Once ▁people ▁started ▁visit ing ▁Lord ▁K ott ures w ara ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁bless ings , ▁they ▁stopped ▁worship ing ▁Lord ▁Ve er ab had ra . ▁Lord ▁Ve er ab had ra ▁compla ined ▁about ▁this ▁to ▁Lord ▁K ott ures hw ara . ▁Then ▁the ▁G uru ▁asked ▁him ▁to ▁occup y ▁another ▁place ▁called ▁K od ath g ud da |
▁where ▁Lord ▁Ve er ab had ra ▁Sw amy ▁temple ▁is ▁now . ▁This ▁is ▁an ▁equally ▁famous ▁temple ▁in ▁this ▁region . ▁ ▁N and i ▁who ▁disappeared ▁from ▁the ▁K ail asa ▁( He aven ) ▁and ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁image ▁of ▁an ▁un tid y ▁saint ▁in ▁the ▁Sh ik ap ura ▁or ▁Sar as ip ura ▁S hr ine ▁( M ur kal ▁Mut ta : ▁The ▁three ▁stone ▁temple ▁or ▁shr ine ). ▁The ▁presence ▁of ▁the ▁R ush i ▁( sing er ▁of ▁sacred ▁h ym ns , ▁also ▁an ▁inspired ▁poet ▁or ▁s age ) ▁spread ▁throughout ▁the ▁Sar as ip ura . ▁People ▁started ▁trou bling ▁N and i ▁by ▁throwing ▁stones ▁and ▁using ▁bad ▁words . ▁All ▁the ▁people ▁who ▁trouble d ▁N and i ▁lost ▁their ▁eyes ▁and ▁become ▁blind . ▁The ▁people ▁realized ▁their ▁mistake ▁and ▁bow ed ▁their ▁heads ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁saint . ▁By ▁this ▁incident ▁N and i ▁who ▁was ▁in ▁a ▁dis gu ise ▁form ▁became ▁famous ▁and ▁people ▁started ▁visit ing ▁him ▁to ▁solve ▁their ▁problems . ▁It ▁is ▁said ▁that ▁one ▁day , ▁a ▁buff alo ▁died ▁and ▁the ▁cow ▁boy ▁approached ▁to ▁the ▁Saint ▁to ▁save ▁the ▁buff alo ; ▁than ▁the ▁Saint ▁kept ▁his ▁hand ▁on ▁the ▁buff alo ' s ▁head , ▁the ▁dead ▁buff alo ▁got ▁back ▁its ▁life . ▁Day ▁by ▁day ▁the ▁popular ity ▁of ▁the ▁saint ▁increased . ▁Saint ▁offered ▁his ▁bless ings ▁with ▁Sh iva ▁accompanied ▁in |
▁his ▁heart ▁to ▁all ▁the ▁people ▁and ▁solved ▁the ▁people ' s ▁problem . ▁ ▁Lord ▁K ott ures hw ara ▁temple ▁has ▁been ▁class ified ▁into ▁four ▁M utt as ▁( S hr ines ): ▁▁ ▁Mur kal ▁Mut ta ▁( Three ▁Stone ▁S hr ine ): ▁This ▁is ▁where ▁Lord ▁N and i ▁came ▁first ▁to ▁earth . ▁ ▁Th otal ▁Mut ta ▁( S hr ine ▁with ▁C rad le ): ▁This ▁is ▁where ▁Lord ▁bl esses ▁dev ote es ▁with ▁a ▁child . ▁ ▁Dar bar ▁Mut ta ▁or ▁D od da ▁Mut ta ▁( K ings ▁Assembly ▁S hr ine ▁or ▁Big ▁S hr ine ): ▁This ▁is ▁where ▁he ▁used ▁solve ▁the ▁problems ▁of ▁people . ▁ ▁G ach ina ▁Mut ta ▁( M edit ating ▁Place ): ▁This ▁is ▁where ▁G uru ▁K ott ures w ara ▁reached ▁Lord ▁Sh iva ▁by ▁med it ating . ▁ ▁K ott ur amma ▁( Par v ath i ' s ▁temple ) ▁is ▁neither ▁the ▁wife ▁or ▁related ▁to ▁Lord ▁K ott ures hw ara . ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁God dess ▁Par v ath i . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁temple ▁out sk ir ts ▁of ▁K ott ur ▁of ▁her . ▁The ▁K arn am ▁family ▁of ▁K ott ur ▁maintain s ▁it . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁festival ▁in ▁every ▁August ▁where ▁in ▁which ▁lak hs ▁of ▁people ▁attend ▁this ▁festival ▁ ▁Temple ▁activities ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁annual ▁fair ▁which ▁happens ▁just ▁before ▁Mah a Sh |
iv ar atri . ▁The ▁dev ote es ▁from ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁K arn ata ka ▁and ▁other ▁states ▁assemble ▁here ▁to ▁witness ▁the ▁fair ▁and ▁car ▁festival . ▁Kar th ik ots ava ▁is ▁celebrated ▁during ▁December . ▁Kar ling esh w ara ▁family ▁members ▁are ▁taking ▁care ▁of ▁this ▁de ity . ▁Only ▁their ▁family ▁members ▁perform ▁all ▁the ▁rit ual ▁activities ▁for ▁the ▁de ity . ▁ ▁Festival ▁activities ▁ ▁Dev ote es ▁from ▁all ▁over ▁Kar an ata ka ▁and ▁other ▁states ▁visit ▁this ▁place ▁during ▁G uru ▁K ott ures hw ara ▁Ther u ▁( R ath oth s ava ) ▁held ▁just ▁before ▁the ▁Mah a ▁Sh iv ar atri ▁during ▁February ▁every ▁year . ▁The ▁Lord ▁G uru ▁K ott ures hw ara ▁id ol ▁is ▁kept ▁inside ▁the ▁R ath a ▁and ▁then ▁he ▁is ▁served ▁milk ▁( K ann ada : ▁ <0xE0> <0xB2> <0x97> <0xE0> <0xB2> <0xBF> <0xE0> <0xB2> <0xA3> ್ <0xE0> <0xB2> <0xA3> <0xE0> <0xB3> <0x81> - <0xE0> <0xB2> <0xB9> <0xE0> <0xB2> <0xBE> <0xE0> <0xB2> <0xB2> <0xE0> <0xB3> <0x81> ) ▁by ▁the ▁trib al ▁people . ▁It ▁is ▁believed ▁that ▁every ▁year ▁cow ▁or ▁buff alo ▁or ▁go at ▁gives ▁birth ▁to ▁their ▁young ▁ones ▁on ▁this ▁day ▁to ▁this ▁trib al ▁family ; ▁the ▁milk ▁which ▁is ▁obtained ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁is ▁served ▁to ▁the ▁Lord . ▁Then ▁the ▁r ath a ▁moves ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁particular ▁Nak sh atra ▁called ▁m ula ▁which ▁matches ▁at ▁some ▁time ▁on ▁that ▁particular |
▁day . ▁This ▁r ath a ▁does ▁not ▁move ▁unless ▁and ▁until ▁this ▁Nak sh atra ▁matches ▁to ▁m ula . ▁Once ▁the ▁Nak sh atra ▁is ▁matched , ▁the ▁r ath a ▁moves ▁a ▁bit ▁on ▁its ▁own . ▁This ▁is ▁one ▁amaz ing ▁thing ▁to ▁watch ; ▁it ▁sign ifies ▁that ▁Lord ▁K ott ures hw ara ▁is ▁now ▁inside ▁the ▁r ath a . ▁Only ▁then ▁the ▁dev ote es ▁will ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁pull ▁the ▁r ath a ▁by ▁chant ing ▁mant ra ▁" Om ▁Sh ri ▁G uru ▁K ott ures h war aya ▁Nam aha ", ▁" K ott ures hw ara ▁D ore ye , ▁Nin agy aru ▁S ari ya , ▁S ari ▁S ari ▁Y end av ara , ▁Ag ny ana ▁Th ore ye .. ▁Bah up ar ak , ▁Bah up ar ak , ▁Bah up ar ak || ". ▁Later ▁when ▁the ▁r ath a ▁starts ▁moving , ▁the ▁dev ote es ▁offer ▁flower ▁gar lands , ▁co con uts ▁and ▁ban anas ▁to ▁the ▁Lord ▁K ott ures hw ara . ▁ ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁dev ote es ▁reach ▁K ott ur ▁by ▁walking ▁from ▁their ▁native ▁places ▁which ▁is ▁normally ▁called ▁as ▁Pad ha ▁Y atra ▁( process ion ). ▁People ▁from ▁nearby ▁villages ▁serve ▁them ▁food , ▁fruit , ▁ju ice ▁and ▁medicine ▁on ▁the ▁way ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁t ribute ▁to ▁the ▁Lord ▁G uru ▁K ott ures hw ara . ▁On ▁reaching ▁the ▁place ▁K |
ott ur , ▁dev ote es ▁visit ▁Dar bar ▁Mut ta ▁first , ▁then ▁the ▁remaining ▁three ▁shr ines ▁and ▁then ▁stay ▁at ▁G ach ina ▁Mut ta ▁or ▁other ▁M utt as . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁month ▁of ▁December , ▁there ▁will ▁be ▁Kar th ik ots ava ▁that ▁is ▁celebrated ▁for ▁about ▁six ▁weeks , ▁where ▁they ▁light ▁the ▁di y as ▁in ▁the ▁temple . ▁Di ya ▁are ▁small ▁ear then ▁lamp ▁that ▁is ▁spe cially ▁lit ▁on ▁Di w ali ▁for ▁pu ja ▁and ▁decor ation ▁purposes . ▁A ▁cot ton ▁w ick ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁di y as ▁and ▁oil ▁or ▁g he e ▁serves ▁as ▁the ▁burning ▁fuel . ▁The ▁whole ▁shr ine ▁will ▁be ▁g low ing ▁bright ▁with ▁these ▁beautiful ▁di y as . ▁ ▁Pr as ad am ▁activities ▁The ▁dev ote es ▁are ▁provided ▁with ▁Pr as ad am ▁on ▁R ath oth s ava ▁day ▁which ▁is ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁dev ote es ▁of ▁Dav ang ere ▁in ▁form ▁of ▁d ana . ▁ ▁Transport ▁ ▁Road ▁ ▁Bang al ore - Ch it rad urg a - J ag al ur - U j j ini - K ott uru . ▁ ▁Bang al ore - Ch it rad urg a - K ud lig i - K ott uru . ▁ ▁Bell ary - H osp et - H agar ib om man ah al li - K ott uru . ▁ ▁Dav ang ere - H ari h ara |
- Har apan ah al li - K ott uru . ▁ ▁Ha ver i - H ari h ara - Har apan ah al li - K ott uru . ▁ ▁Sh im oga - H ari h ara - Har apan ah al li - K ott uru . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁direct ▁K . S . R . T . C . ▁( K arn ata ka ▁State ▁Road ▁Transport ▁Corporation ) ▁bus es ▁to ▁K ott uru ▁from ▁Bang al ore ▁during ▁the ▁night . ▁Pass engers ▁have ▁to ▁board ▁the ▁bus ▁going ▁to ▁H agar ib om man ah al li ▁and ▁Har apan ah al li . ▁There ▁are ▁some ▁special ▁bus es ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁K . S . R . T . C . ▁to ▁reach ▁K ott uru ▁during ▁this ▁car ▁festival . ▁ ▁Railway ▁station ▁▁ ▁Bang al ore - H ari har - D ar war . ▁ ▁Bang al ore - D av ang ere - H ari har - Har apan ah al li - K ott uru ▁ ▁Al ight ▁at ▁H ari har ▁and ▁then ▁catch ▁a ▁bus ; ▁K . S . R . T . C . ▁bus es ▁are ▁available ▁from ▁here ▁to ▁reach ▁K ott uru . ▁ ▁Air ports ▁The ▁nearest ▁air port ▁is ▁at ▁Hub li ▁and ▁an ▁international ▁air port ▁is ▁at ▁Beng al uru . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : H indu ▁tem ples ▁in ▁Bell ary ▁district ▁Category : |
Tem ples ▁in ▁K arn ata ka <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Oliv et ans , ▁or ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁Mount ▁Oliv et , ▁are ▁a ▁mon astic ▁order ▁formally ▁recogn ised ▁in ▁ 1 3 4 4 . ▁They ▁have ▁formed ▁the ▁Oliv et an ▁Cong reg ation ▁within ▁the ▁Bened ict ine ▁Confeder ation ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Foundation ▁ ▁The ▁Order ▁of ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁Mount ▁Oliv et ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁order , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 3 1 3 ▁by ▁Bern ardo ▁Tol ome i ▁( born ▁Giovanni ▁Tol ome i ) ▁along ▁with ▁two ▁of ▁his ▁friends ▁from ▁the ▁noble ▁families ▁of ▁S ien a , ▁Pat riz io ▁Patri zi ▁and ▁Am bro gio ▁Pic col omini . ▁They ▁initially ▁lived ▁as ▁herm its ▁in ▁the ▁" s av age ▁waste ▁of ▁Ac con a ". ▁The ▁building ▁of ▁the ▁monaster y ▁here ▁began ▁with ▁the ▁appro b ation ▁of ▁the ▁foundation ▁char ter ▁by ▁Gu ido ▁Tar l ati , ▁bishop ▁of ▁Are z zo ▁( 2 6 ▁March ▁ 1 3 1 9 ). ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁" O liv et an " ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁order ' s ▁original ▁herm itage , ▁called ▁Monte ▁Oliv eto ▁in ▁honour ▁of ▁Christ ' s ▁Pass ion . ▁The ▁monaster y ▁later ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁" Mon te ▁Oliv eto ▁Mag giore " ▁(" gre ater ") ▁to ▁distinguish ▁it ▁from ▁success ive ▁found ations |
▁at ▁Florence , ▁San ▁G im ign ano , ▁Nap les ▁and ▁elsewhere . ▁It ▁is ▁still ▁the ▁mother ▁house ▁of ▁the ▁order ▁or ▁con greg ation . ▁▁ ▁After ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁new ▁follow ers , ▁the ▁nas cent ▁community ▁adopted ▁the ▁Rule ▁of ▁St . ▁Bened ict ▁and ▁was ▁recogn ised ▁by ▁Pope ▁Clement ▁VI ▁in ▁ 1 3 4 4 . ▁In ▁ 1 4 0 8 ▁Gregory ▁XII ▁gave ▁them ▁the ▁ext inct ▁monaster y ▁of ▁St . ▁Just ina ▁at ▁Pad ua , ▁which ▁they ▁occupied ▁until ▁the ▁institution ▁there ▁of ▁the ▁Bened ict ine ▁reform . ▁ ▁Today ▁Un like ▁many ▁other ▁Bened ict ine ▁con greg ations , ▁the ▁Oliv et ans ▁have ▁a ▁central ized ▁structure , ▁super vised ▁by ▁the ▁ab bot ▁general ▁at ▁Monte ▁Oliv eto ▁Mag giore . ▁Oliv et an ▁Bened ict ines ▁wear ▁a ▁white ▁habit . ▁▁ ▁The ▁Oliv et an ▁mon ks ▁run ▁B ec ▁Ab bey ▁in ▁France , ▁which ▁was ▁left ▁in ▁ru ins ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 2 ▁by ▁the ▁French ▁Revolution . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Oliv et ans ▁from ▁the ▁Mon aster y ▁of ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁Holy ▁Hope ▁at ▁Mes nil - Saint - L oup ▁and ▁the ▁Mon aster y ▁of ▁the ▁Virgin ▁Mary ▁at ▁C orm e illes - en - Par isis ▁re - est ab lished ▁the ▁monaster y ▁at ▁B ec . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁Bened |
ict ine ▁mon ks ▁from ▁St . ▁Bened ict ' s ▁Ab bey ▁in ▁Wisconsin ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁former ▁Tra pp ist ▁monaster y ▁of ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁Gu ad alu pe ▁Ab bey ▁in ▁P ec os , ▁New ▁Mexico . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁the ▁monaster y ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Oliv et an ▁con greg ation . ▁The ▁ab bey ▁offers ▁retre ats ▁and ▁spiritual ▁direction . ▁ ▁The ▁Mon aster y ▁of ▁Christ ▁Our ▁Sav iour ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Tur vey ▁Ab bey , ▁Bed ford shire . ▁Ad j acent ▁to ▁the ▁monaster y ▁is ▁the ▁Pri ory ▁of ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁Peace ▁of ▁Oliv et an ▁Bened ict ine ▁n uns . ▁The ▁monaster y ▁and ▁the ▁pri ory ▁share ▁worship ▁services . ▁While ▁the ▁mon ks ▁have ▁no ▁outside ▁apost olate , ▁guests ▁are ▁welcome . ▁The ▁pri ory ▁is ▁not ▁open ▁to ▁the ▁public , ▁but ▁the ▁chap el ▁is ▁open ▁and ▁visitors ▁are ▁welcome . ▁ ▁The ▁Cong reg ation ▁also ▁maintain ▁ab be ys ▁and ▁prior al ▁churches ▁in ▁Italy , ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁Ireland , ▁Belg ium , ▁Switzerland , ▁Israel , ▁Korea , ▁Mexico , ▁Gu atem ala ▁and ▁Brazil . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁they ▁formed ▁the ▁Oliv et an ▁Cong reg ation ▁within ▁the ▁Bened ict ine ▁Confeder ation . ▁ ▁Oliv et an ▁Bened ict ine ▁Women ▁Oliv et an ▁n uns ▁are |
▁distinguished ▁from ▁the ▁sister s ▁in ▁that ▁the ▁n uns ▁focus ▁primarily ▁on ▁the ▁Div ine ▁Office ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Rule ▁of ▁Saint ▁Bened ict , ▁while ▁the ▁sister s ▁eng age ▁in ▁outside ▁apost ol ates ▁such ▁as ▁religious ▁education ▁or ▁past oral ▁care , ▁and ▁therefore ▁follow ▁a ▁modified ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁rule . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 4 , ▁Bened ict ine ▁sister s ▁from ▁the ▁Con vent ▁of ▁Maria ▁R icken bach ▁in ▁the ▁C anton ▁of ▁Unter wal den , ▁Switzerland , ▁arrived ▁as ▁teachers ▁in ▁Mary ville , ▁Missouri . ▁Short ly ▁there after ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁sister s ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁Ark ansas . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁the ▁Ark ansas ▁community ▁affili ated ▁with ▁the ▁Oliv et ans . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 0 , ▁they ▁opened ▁St . ▁Bernard ' s ▁Hospital ▁in ▁Jones bor o . ▁ ▁In ▁popular ▁culture ▁The ▁Prop he cy ▁of ▁St . ▁Mal ach y ▁is ▁a ▁supposed ▁list ▁of ▁ 1 1 2 ▁pop es ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 1 1 4 3 ▁with ▁Pope ▁Cel est ine ▁II ▁and ▁continu ing ▁apparently ▁to ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁time . ▁It ▁was ▁alleg edly ▁discovered ▁around ▁ 1 5 9 5 ▁by ▁Bened ict ine ▁mon k ▁Arnold ▁de ▁Wy on , ▁who ▁attributes ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century ▁Mal ach y ▁of ▁Arm agh . ▁Each ▁po pe ▁is ▁identified ▁with ▁a ▁short ▁crypt ic ▁mot to . ▁The ▁next |
▁to ▁last ▁po pe ▁has ▁the ▁mot to ▁Gl oria ▁o li u æ ▁( G l ory ▁of ▁the ▁o live ). ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁election ▁of ▁Joseph ▁R atz inger ▁to ▁the ▁pap acy ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁pro ponents ▁of ▁the ▁prop he cy ▁connected ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁entry ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁to ▁last ▁po pe : ▁R atz inger ▁chose ▁the ▁name ▁Bened ict ; ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Bened ict ine ▁con greg ations ▁is ▁the ▁Oliv et ans , ▁thus , ▁Gl oria ▁o li u æ . ▁ ▁However , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁particular ▁connection ▁between ▁the ▁Oliv et an ▁Order ▁and ▁Pope ▁Bened ict ▁XVI . ▁In ▁ 1 1 3 9 , ▁Mal ach y ▁visited ▁Rome , ▁stopping ▁at ▁Cla ir v aux ▁Ab bey ▁both ▁on ▁the ▁way ▁and ▁on ▁his ▁return . ▁His ▁contemporary , ▁Bernard ▁of ▁Cla ir v aux ▁wrote ▁a ▁vita ▁of ▁St . ▁Mal ach y , ▁providing ▁many ▁interesting ▁an ec d otes , ▁but ▁does ▁not ▁mention ▁any ▁prop he cy . ▁Re put able ▁church ▁histor ians ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁have ▁considered ▁" The ▁Prop he cy ▁of ▁St . ▁Mal ach y " ▁a ▁forg ery , ▁most ▁likely ▁written ▁around ▁ 1 5 9 0 . ▁Most ▁sch ol ars ▁consider ▁the ▁document ▁a ▁ 1 6 th - century ▁elaborate ▁ho ax , ▁bearing ▁similar ities ▁to ▁a ▁ 1 5 5 7 ▁history ▁of |
▁the ▁pop es ▁by ▁On of rio ▁Pan vin io , ▁including ▁mistakes . ▁ ▁Thomas ▁Gro ome , ▁of ▁Boston ▁College ▁said , ▁"... the ▁' Prop he cies ▁of ▁St . ▁Mal ach y ' ▁are ▁a ▁grand ▁old ▁fun ▁tale ▁that ▁have ▁about ▁as ▁much ▁reli ability ▁as ▁the ▁morning ▁hor os cope ". ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Giuseppe ▁Pic asso . ▁" La ▁spiritual ità ▁dell ' ant ico ▁mon aches imo ▁alle ▁orig ini ▁di ▁Monte ▁Oliv eto ," ▁in ▁Gian car lo ▁And en na ▁/ ▁Mir ko ▁Bre iten stein ▁/ ▁G ert ▁Mel ville ▁( eds .): ▁Char is ma ▁und ▁relig i ö se ▁G emein schaften ▁im ▁Mittel alter . ▁A kten ▁des ▁ 3 . ▁International en ▁Kong ress es ▁des ▁" Ital ien isch - deutsch en ▁Zent rum s ▁für ▁Ver gleich ende ▁Ord ens geschichte ". ▁Mün ster ▁/ ▁Hamburg ▁/ ▁Berlin ▁/ ▁London : ▁L IT ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁( V ita ▁regular is . ▁Or dn ungen ▁und ▁De ut ungen ▁religios en ▁Lebens ▁im ▁Mittel alter , ▁ 2 6 ), ▁ 4 4 3 – 4 6 1 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Monte ▁Oliv eto ▁Mag giore ▁ ▁Order ▁of ▁St . ▁Bened ict ▁Pope ▁John ▁Paul ▁II . ▁" Let ter ▁to ▁the ▁Oliv et an ▁Bened ict ines ▁on ▁the ▁ 6 5 0 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Bernard ▁Tol ome i ", ▁ 1 |
▁August ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁▁ ▁Category : C atholic ▁orders ▁and ▁soci eties ▁▁ ▁Category : B ened ict ine ▁con greg ations ▁Category : 1 3 1 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Europe ▁Category : 1 4 th - century ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : Rel ig ious ▁organizations ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 3 1 0 s ▁Category : C atholic ▁religious ▁orders ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁century ▁Category : C atholic ▁mon astic ▁orders <0x0A> </s> ▁Sir ▁Ad olph us ▁O ug ht on , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron et ▁of ▁T ach bro ok , ▁War wick shire ▁( c . ▁ 1 6 8 5 ▁– ▁ 4 ▁September ▁ 1 7 3 6 ), ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁Army ▁officer ▁and ▁politician . ▁ ▁O ug ht on ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Ad olph us ▁O ug ht on ▁and ▁Mary ▁Sam well , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Richard ▁Sam well , ▁of ▁U pton , ▁North am pt ons hire . ▁and ▁educated ▁at ▁Tr inity ▁College , ▁Oxford ▁and ▁the ▁Middle ▁Temple ▁( 1 7 0 3 ). ▁ ▁He ▁joined ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁captain ▁and ▁lieutenant - col onel ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Foot ▁Gu ards ▁( 1 7 0 6 ), ▁a ▁ 1 st ▁major ▁and ▁colon el ▁in ▁the ▁Cold stream ▁Gu ards ▁( 1 7 1 5 ) ▁and ▁a ▁lieutenant - col onel ▁( 1 7 1 7 ) ▁in ▁the ▁ 8 |
th ▁Drag o ons , ▁of ▁which ▁regiment ▁he ▁assumed ▁the ▁colon el cy ▁in ▁ 1 7 3 3 . ▁He ▁was ▁promoted ▁brig ad ier - general ▁in ▁ 1 7 3 5 . ▁He ▁was ▁Gro om ▁of ▁the ▁Bed ch am ber ▁to ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁Wales ▁from ▁ 1 7 1 4 ▁to ▁ 1 7 1 7 . ▁ ▁He ▁sat ▁as ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁for ▁Cov entry ▁between ▁ 1 7 1 5 ▁and ▁ 1 7 3 6 . ▁In ▁ 1 7 1 8 ▁he ▁was ▁created ▁a ▁baron et , ▁of ▁T etch bro ok ▁in ▁the ▁County ▁of ▁War wick . ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 7 3 6 . ▁He ▁had ▁first ▁married ▁his ▁cousin , ▁Frances ▁W ag st aff e , ▁daughter ▁and ▁he ir ▁of ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁W ag st aff e ▁and ▁the ▁wid ow ▁of ▁Sir ▁Edward ▁Bag ot , ▁ 4 th ▁Baron et , ▁M . P ., ▁of ▁Bl ith field , ▁Staff ord shire . ▁He ▁second ly ▁married ▁Elizabeth , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁John ▁Bab er ▁of ▁Sun ning hill , ▁Ber k shire . ▁He ▁had ▁no ▁legit imate ▁children ▁and ▁thus ▁the ▁baron et cy ▁became ▁ext inct , ▁although ▁he ▁did ▁however ▁leave ▁an ▁il leg it imate ▁son , ▁James ▁Ad olph us ▁Dick enson ▁O ug ht on , ▁who ▁became ▁a ▁lieutenant - general ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Army . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category |
: 1 7 3 6 ▁death s ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Tr inity ▁College , ▁Oxford ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Middle ▁Temple ▁Category : Bar on ets ▁in ▁the ▁Baron et age ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁uncertain ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Army ▁officers ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁for ▁English ▁constitu encies ▁Category : B rit ish ▁MP s ▁ 1 7 1 5 – 1 7 2 2 ▁Category : B rit ish ▁MP s ▁ 1 7 2 2 – 1 7 2 7 ▁Category : B rit ish ▁MP s ▁ 1 7 2 7 – 1 7 3 4 ▁Category : B rit ish ▁MP s ▁ 1 7 3 4 – 1 7 4 1 ▁Category : Fre em asons ▁of ▁the ▁Premier ▁Grand ▁L odge ▁of ▁England ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁Parliament ▁for ▁Cov entry <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁nick names ▁in ▁the ▁sports ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁and ▁Canadian ▁football . ▁ ▁Play ers ▁▁▁ ▁" A - Tra in " ▁– ▁Mike ▁Al st ott , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" All ▁Day " ▁– ▁Ad rian ▁Pet erson , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" The ▁Ass ass in " ▁- ▁Jack ▁T atum , ▁Oak land ▁Ra iders , ▁safety ▁ ▁" A vat ar " ▁– ▁Jimmy ▁Graham , ▁tight ▁end ▁ ▁" Bad ▁Moon " ▁- ▁Andre ▁R ison , ▁many ▁teams , ▁wide ▁receiver ▁ ▁" |
B agg ad on uts " ▁- ▁Frank ▁Winter s , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁center ▁ ▁" The ▁Be arded ▁P ony " ▁- ▁Andrew ▁L uck , ▁Indian apolis ▁Col ts , ▁named ▁for ▁his ▁amaz ing ▁be ard ▁and ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁he ▁plays ▁for ▁the ▁Col ts . ▁▁ ▁" Be ast ▁Mode " ▁– ▁Marsh awn ▁Lyn ch , ▁Seattle ▁Se ah aw ks , ▁named ▁for ▁his ▁violent ▁running ▁style ▁and ▁unusual ▁ability ▁to ▁break ▁tack les ▁▁ ▁" Big ▁Dick ▁Nick " ▁- ▁Nick ▁F oles , ▁Philadelphia ▁E ag les ▁quarter back ▁ ▁" Big ▁Phil " ▁- ▁Phil ▁Load hol t , ▁ ▁Minnesota ▁Vik ings ▁off ensive ▁tack le ▁ ▁" B lo od " ▁- ▁John ▁Mc N ally , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" Bo ob " ▁- ▁Bernard ▁Dar ling , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁center ▁ ▁" Bo omer " - ▁Bob ▁Brown , ▁tack le ▁ ▁" B road way ▁Joe " ▁- ▁Joe ▁Nam ath , ▁New ▁York ▁J ets , ▁quarter back ▁ ▁" B uck ets " ▁- ▁Charles ▁Golden berg , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁guard / running ▁back ▁ ▁" The ▁Bus " ▁- ▁Jer ome ▁B ett is , ▁Pitts burgh ▁Ste el ers , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" Capt ain ▁Com eb ack " ▁- ▁Roger ▁Sta ub ach , ▁Dallas ▁Cow bo ys , ▁quarter back ▁ ▁" The ▁Clay maker " ▁– |
▁Clay ▁Matt he ws ▁III ▁ ▁" C ool ▁Bre es " ▁– ▁D rew ▁Bre es ▁ ▁" The ▁Cow boy " ▁– ▁Justin ▁Smith ▁ ▁" Cur ly " ▁ ▁- ▁Earl ▁Louis ▁Lam be au , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁founder , ▁half back ▁and ▁coach ▁ ▁" Dan imal " ▁– ▁Dan ▁Ham pton ▁ ▁" De acon " ▁- ▁David ▁Jones , ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁R ams , ▁def ensive ▁end ▁ ▁" The ▁Dies el " ▁- ▁John ▁R igg ins , ▁Washington ▁Red sk ins , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" Dir ty ▁Do zen " ▁= ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁Dallas ▁Cow bo ys ▁team ▁ ▁" The ▁D od ger " ▁– ▁Roger ▁Sta ub ach , ▁quarter back ▁ ▁" The ▁D ome ▁Pat rol " ▁– ▁the ▁New ▁Orleans ▁Sain ts ▁football ▁team ' s ▁line back er ▁corps ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁The ▁D ome ▁Pat rol ▁was ▁r ated ▁by ▁NFL ▁Network ▁as ▁the ▁# 1 ▁line back er ▁corps ▁of ▁all - time . ▁ ▁" E asy ▁E " ▁– ▁Eli ▁Mann ing , ▁quarter back , ▁named ▁for ▁his ▁relax ed ▁de mean or ▁even ▁in ▁pressure ▁situations ▁ ▁" F am ous ▁J ame is " ▁- ▁J ame is ▁W inst on , ▁T ampa ▁Bay ▁Bu cc ane ers , ▁quarter back ▁ ▁" F at so " - |
▁Art ▁Don ovan , ▁def ensive ▁tack le ▁ ▁" The ▁Fre ak " ▁- ▁Je von ▁K ear se , ▁Tennessee ▁Tit ans , ▁def ensive ▁end ▁ ▁" The ▁F ridge " ▁– ▁William ▁Perry ▁( American ▁football ), ▁def ensive ▁tack le ▁ ▁" The ▁Ghost " ▁- ▁Dave ▁Cas per , ▁T ight ▁End ▁who ▁participated ▁in ▁two ▁famous ▁Oak land ▁Ra iders ▁Pl ays : ▁ ▁" G host ▁to ▁the ▁Post " ▁& ▁" H oly ▁Rol ler ▁( American ▁football )" ▁ ▁" The ▁Gray ▁Ghost ▁of ▁Gonz aga " - ▁Tony ▁C ana de o , ▁half back ▁ ▁" The ▁G uns ling er " ▁– ▁Bre tt ▁F av re , ▁quarter back ▁ ▁" C ra zy ▁Leg s " ▁– ▁El roy ▁Hir sch , ▁running ▁back / wide ▁receiver ▁ ▁" G old en ▁Boy " ▁- ▁Paul ▁Horn ung , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁half ▁back / k icker ▁ ▁" Gre asy " - ▁Ear le ▁Ne ale , ▁Co ach ▁ ▁" The ▁H ogs " ▁– ▁ 1 9 8 0 ' s / 1 9 9 0 ' s ▁Washington ▁Red sk ins ▁off ensive ▁line ▁ ▁" High way ▁ 6 3 " ▁- ▁Gene ▁U ps h aw , ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁Guard ▁who ▁won ▁two ▁Super ▁Bow ls ▁with ▁the ▁Oak land ▁Ra iders ▁ ▁" The ▁Kra ken " ▁- ▁Greg ▁Hard y ▁Def ensive ▁End ▁ ▁" The ▁H |
ang man " - ▁Chris ▁Han burger - ▁line back er ▁ ▁" John ny ▁Football " ▁- ▁Johnny ▁Man ziel , ▁quarter back ▁ ▁" The ▁Ju ice " ▁– ▁O . ▁J . ▁Sim pson , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" J J ▁" Sw att " ▁– ▁J . ▁J . ▁W att , ▁Houston ▁Tex ans , ▁named ▁for ▁his ▁ability ▁to ▁bat ▁down ▁passes ▁at ▁the ▁line ▁of ▁sc rim m age ▁ ▁" J ug " ▁- ▁Fran cs ▁Louis ▁Ear p , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁center ▁ ▁" Leg at ron " ▁– ▁Greg ▁Z uer lein , ▁St . ▁Louis ▁R ams ▁ ▁" Leg ion ▁of ▁Bo om ™ " ▁– ▁def ensive ▁back field ▁of ▁the ▁Seattle ▁Se ah aw ks ▁( Rich ard ▁Sh erman , ▁Kam ▁Chan cell or , ▁Earl ▁Thomas ), ▁named ▁for ▁their ▁hard - h itting ▁and ▁physical ▁style ▁of ▁play ▁ ▁" The ▁Lion " - ▁Leo ▁Nom ell ini , ▁def ensive ▁tack le ▁ ▁" The ▁Man ster " ▁– ▁R andy ▁White , ▁def ensive ▁tack le ▁ ▁" Me an ▁Joe " ▁- ▁Joe ▁Gre ene , ▁Pitts burgh ▁Ste el ers , ▁def ensive ▁end ▁ ▁" M eg at ron " ▁– ▁Cal vin ▁Johnson , ▁wide ▁receiver ▁ ▁" The ▁Minister ▁of ▁Def ense " ▁- ▁Reg gie ▁White , ▁Philadelphia ▁E ag les , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁def ensive ▁end ▁ ▁" M init ron |
" ▁- ▁Julian ▁Ed el man , ▁wide ▁receiver ▁ ▁" M J D " ▁- ▁Maurice ▁Jones - D rew , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" The ▁Mus cle ▁Ham ster " ▁– ▁Doug ▁Martin , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" The ▁New ▁York ▁S ack ▁Exchange " ▁- ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁J ets ▁def ensive ▁line ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁ ▁" N ight ▁Train " ▁– ▁Dick ▁Lane , ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁his ▁fear ▁of ▁flying ▁and ▁result ant ▁travel ▁to ▁road ▁games ▁on ▁night ▁trains . ▁ ▁" The ▁No ▁Fly ▁Zone " ▁– ▁def ensive ▁back field ▁of ▁the ▁Den ver ▁Bron cos ▁▁ ▁" O range ▁Cr ush " ▁– ▁the ▁ 3 – 4 ▁defense ▁of ▁the ▁Den ver ▁Bron cos ▁during ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁ ▁" Opt im us ▁Gr imes " ▁- ▁Br ent ▁Gr imes ▁Cor ner back ▁ ▁" The ▁P ocket ▁Her cules " ▁– ▁Maurice ▁Jones - D rew , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" P ot ▁Ro ast " ▁– ▁Ter rance ▁Knight on , ▁def ensive ▁tack le ▁ ▁" Prim etime " ▁– ▁De ion ▁Sand ers , ▁corner back ▁ ▁" P ur ple ▁Jesus " ▁- ▁Ad rian ▁Peters en , ▁Minnesota ▁Vik ings , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" The ▁Pur ple ▁People ▁E aters " ▁- ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁Vik ings ▁def ensive ▁line ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 |
0 s ▁ ▁" The ▁Re fr iger ator " ▁- ▁William ▁Perry , ▁Chicago ▁B ears , ▁nose ▁tack le ▁ ▁" Rob o - s ack " ▁- ▁Rob ▁Johnson , ▁quarter back ▁known ▁for ▁a ▁reputation ▁of ▁being ▁s ack ed ▁frequently ▁ ▁" Sh ady " ▁– ▁Le Se an ▁Mc Co y , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" The ▁Sher iff " ▁– ▁P ey ton ▁Mann ing , ▁quarter back ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁Mann ing ' s ▁pre - s nap ▁routine , ▁which ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁recogn izable ▁in ▁the ▁NFL . ▁▁ ▁" Show time " - ▁Patrick ▁Mah om es , ▁quarter back ▁ ▁" Sm oking " ▁– ▁Jay ▁C ut ler , ▁quarter back ▁ ▁" S n acks " ▁ ▁– ▁Dam on ▁Harrison , ▁Def ensive ▁T ack le . ▁▁ ▁" The ▁S nake " ▁- ▁Ken ny ▁St ab ler , ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁quarter back ▁who ▁won ▁Super ▁Bowl ▁XI ▁with ▁the ▁Oak land ▁Ra iders ▁ ▁" Ste el ▁Cur tain " ▁– ▁the ▁Pitts burgh ▁Ste el ers ▁def ensive ▁line ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁ ▁" The ▁St ork " ▁- ▁Ted ▁Hend r icks , ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁Line back er ▁who ▁won ▁Super ▁Bow ls ▁with ▁the ▁Baltimore ▁Col ts ▁and ▁Oak land ▁Ra iders ▁ ▁" Sw ede " ▁- ▁Ch ester ▁John ston , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" S weet |
ness " ▁– ▁Walter ▁Pay ton , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" T iny " ▁- ▁Paul ▁En ge bre ts en , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁guard ▁ ▁" The ▁Tool box " ▁- ▁Ed ▁West , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁tight ▁end ▁ ▁" The ▁Ty ler ▁Rose " ▁– ▁Earl ▁Campbell , ▁an ▁all usion ▁to ▁his ▁h omet own ▁Ty ler , ▁Texas ▁ ▁" White ▁Sho es " ▁– ▁Billy ▁Johnson , ▁wide ▁receiver ▁ ▁" World " ▁- ▁Jerry ▁R ice , ▁San ▁Francisco ▁ 4 9 ers , ▁wide ▁receiver ▁ ▁Teams ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁nick names ▁of ▁professional ▁and ▁college ▁football ▁teams . ▁Many ▁are ▁merely ▁abbre vi ations ▁or ▁dimin ut ives ▁of ▁the ▁team ' s ▁name ; ▁otherwise , ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁the ▁nick name ▁( if ▁known ) ▁is ▁noted . ▁ ▁An ▁a ster isk ▁(* ) ▁after ▁a ▁nick name ▁indicates ▁that ▁the ▁name ▁is ▁pe jor ative , ▁ins ult ing , ▁or ▁has ▁at ▁least ▁a ▁negative ▁intent , ▁and ▁is ▁often ▁used ▁by ▁oppon ents ▁or ▁det ract ors ▁( including ▁fans ▁when ▁the ▁team ▁is ▁performing ▁poor ly ). ▁Note ▁on ▁abbre vi ations : ▁C FL ▁– ▁Canadian ▁Football ▁League ; ▁NFL ▁– ▁National ▁Football ▁League ; ▁NCAA ▁– ▁National ▁Colleg iate ▁Athlet ic ▁Association ▁ ▁American ▁football ▁▁ ▁By ▁nick name ▁ ▁" A in ' ts *" ▁– ▁New ▁Orleans ▁Sain ts , ▁NFL ; ▁rh ym ing |
▁play ▁on ▁the ▁non - standard ▁English ▁negative ▁ain ' t ▁ ▁" America ' s ▁Team " ▁– ▁Dallas ▁Cow bo ys , ▁by ▁sports ▁media ▁ ▁" B . I . L . L . S .* " ▁– ▁Buff alo ▁B ills , ▁by ▁det ract ors , ▁ac ron ym s ▁for ▁" Bo y ▁I ▁Love ▁Los ing ▁Super ▁Bow ls ", ▁in ▁reference ▁to ▁the ▁team ' s ▁failure ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁Super ▁Bowl ▁in ▁four ▁straight ▁tries ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁ ▁" Big ▁Blue ▁( W reck ing ▁C rew )" ▁– ▁New ▁York ▁Gi ants , ▁NFL ; ▁from ▁the ▁color ▁of ▁their ▁j er se ys , ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁nick name ▁of ▁IBM ▁ ▁" The ▁Black ▁and ▁Gold " ▁– ▁Pitts burgh ▁Ste el ers , ▁NFL ; ▁from ▁their ▁uniform ▁colors ▁ ▁" Black ▁and ▁Blue ▁Division " ▁– ▁N FC ▁North , ▁NFL ; ▁from ▁the ▁division ' s ▁rug ged ▁style ▁of ▁play ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁( also ▁" F rost b ite ▁Division ") ▁ ▁" The ▁Blue ▁Gi ants " ▁– ▁U sed ▁for ▁New ▁York ▁Gi ants ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁team ▁color ▁ ▁" B ol ts " ▁– ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Ch arg ers , ▁NFL ; ▁from ▁the ▁light ning ▁b olt ▁design ▁on ▁their ▁hel m ets ▁ ▁" B uc s / B uck ies " ▁– ▁T ampa ▁Bay ▁Bu cc ane |
ers , ▁NFL ; ▁abbre viation ▁of ▁team ▁name ▁ ▁" The ▁B ung les " ▁– ▁C inc inn ati ▁Beng als , ▁NFL ; ▁formerly ▁used ▁by ▁det ract ors ▁ ▁The ▁Card iac ▁C ats ▁– ▁Carolina ▁Pan thers , ▁co ined ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁frequent ▁ 4 th - qu arter ▁com eb acks ▁and / or ▁losses ▁ ▁" Che ese head s " ▁– ▁Nick name ▁used ▁for ▁residents ▁of ▁Wisconsin ▁in ▁reference ▁to ▁the ▁state ' s ▁large ▁da iry ▁industry . ▁ ▁Sometimes ▁employed ▁der og ator ily ▁by ▁neighbor ing ▁states , ▁the ▁mon iker ▁was ▁ ▁emb rac ed ▁by ▁residents , ▁particularly ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers ▁fans , ▁and ▁has ▁become ▁syn onymous ▁with ▁Wisconsin ' s ▁football ▁culture . ▁( Wh ile ▁the ▁state ▁is ▁presently ▁known ▁for ▁che ese ▁production , ▁the ▁Pack ers ▁team ▁itself ▁was ▁originally ▁named ▁for ▁the ▁Indian ▁meat ▁pack ing ▁company ▁in ▁Green ▁Bay , ▁W I .) ▁ ▁" Che atri ots " ▁- New ▁England ▁Patri ots , N FL ; ▁U sed ▁by ▁det ract ors ▁as ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁the ▁Patri ots ▁che ating ▁alleg ations ▁during ▁Bill ▁Bel ich ick ▁and ▁Tom ▁Br ady ▁era ▁ ▁" The ▁Che fs " ▁– ▁Kansas ▁City ▁Chief s , ▁NFL ; ▁origin ▁S nick ers ▁c andy ▁bar ▁commercial ; ▁however , ▁the ▁NFL ▁has ▁lic ensed ▁official ▁" K ansas ▁City ▁Chief ▁Head ▁Che f |
▁Cook ie ▁J ars " ▁ ▁" The ▁Ch es ape ake ▁W aters hed ▁Region ▁Ind igen ous ▁Pers ons " ▁– ▁Washington ▁Red sk ins , ▁NFL ; ▁translation ▁of ▁team ▁name ▁into ▁polit ically ▁correct ▁terms ▁It ▁was ▁later ▁changed ▁to ▁" P ot om ac ▁D rain age ▁Bas in ▁Ind igen ous ▁Pers ons " ▁( see ▁below ) ▁since ▁the ▁Baltimore ▁Rav ens ▁also ▁share ▁the ▁Ch es ape ake ▁Bay ▁region . ▁ ▁" C low ns " ▁- ▁Cleveland ▁Brow ns , ▁NFL ; ▁used ▁by ▁det ract ors . ▁ ▁The ▁Cow g irls ▁- ▁Dallas ▁Cow bo ys , ▁by ▁det ract ors . ▁ ▁" Da ▁Ra id ah s " ▁– ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁Ra iders , ▁NFL ; ▁The ▁way ▁Chris ▁B erman ▁of ▁ESP N ▁says , ▁" The ▁Ra iders ", ▁a ▁spo of ▁of ▁Ra iders ▁team ▁owner ▁Al ▁Davis ' ▁acc ent . ▁ ▁" D aw gs " ▁– ▁Cleveland ▁Brow ns , ▁NFL ; ▁according ▁to ▁Han ford ▁D ixon , ▁then ▁a ▁corner back ▁with ▁the ▁original ▁Art ▁Mod ell - owned ▁Brow ns , ▁he ▁gave ▁his ▁def ensive ▁team m ates ▁this ▁nick name ▁to ▁insp ire ▁them ▁before ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁season ▁ ▁" D ead S kins " ▁– ▁Washington ▁Red sk ins , ▁NFL ; ▁rh ym ing ▁play ▁on ▁team ▁name ; ▁used ▁by ▁det ract ors ▁or ▁dis gr unt led ▁fans . |
▁ ▁" Det roit ▁Lie - down s " ▁– ▁Detroit ▁L ions , ▁NFL ; ▁ ▁so ▁called ▁because ▁they ▁just ▁lie ▁down ▁and ▁let ▁other ▁teams ▁run ▁over ▁them . ▁ ▁" The ▁D irty ▁Bird s " ▁– ▁Atlanta ▁Fal cons , ▁NFL ; ▁team ▁dub bed ▁themselves ▁by ▁this ▁name ▁during ▁their ▁race ▁to ▁Super ▁Bowl ▁XXX III ▁ ▁" The ▁Dol ts " ▁– ▁Indian apolis ▁Col ts , ▁NFL ; ▁rh ym ing ▁play ▁on ▁name ▁with ▁a ▁term ▁for ▁" idi ot "; ▁by ▁det ract ors ▁ ▁" The ▁Don ks " ▁- ▁Den ver ▁Bron cos , ▁used ▁by ▁det ract ors . ▁ ▁" The ▁Empire " ▁- ▁U sed ▁by ▁det ract ors ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁either ▁the ▁Dallas ▁Cow bo ys , ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁reputation ▁of ▁having ▁a ▁large ▁fan base , ▁lots ▁of ▁money , ▁and ▁several ▁Super ▁Bowl ▁rings , ▁and ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Patri ots , ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁own ▁reputation ▁of ▁also ▁being ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁h ated ▁teams ▁in ▁the ▁NFL ▁and ▁being ▁the ▁de ▁fact o ▁villa in ▁for ▁the ▁league , ▁and ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁recent ▁Super ▁Bowl ▁dynast y . ▁ ▁The ▁" role " ▁of ▁the ▁Emperor ▁is ▁usually ▁filled ▁by ▁Jerry ▁Jones ▁or ▁Bill ▁Bel ich ick . ▁ ▁" The ▁Fl aming ▁Th um bt acks " ▁– ▁Tennessee ▁Tit ans , ▁NFL ; ▁a ▁hum orous ▁interpretation ▁of ▁their ▁team ▁logo , ▁actually ▁a ▁fl aming ▁st |
yl ized ▁letter ▁" T " ▁ ▁" The ▁F ins " ▁– ▁Miami ▁Dol ph ins , ▁NFL ; ▁play ▁on ▁abbre viation ▁of ▁name ▁with ▁the ▁append ages ▁of ▁a ▁dol ph in ▁ ▁" The ▁Fish " ▁– ▁Miami ▁Dol ph ins , ▁NFL ; ▁while ▁the ▁mas cot ▁and ▁team ▁logo ▁of ▁bott len ose ▁dol ph ins ▁are ▁not ▁fish , ▁but ▁m amm als . ▁ ▁The ▁rh yme ▁det ract ors ▁used ▁when ▁they ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁Orange ▁Bowl ▁was , ▁" squ ish ▁the ▁fish ▁in ▁the ▁Orange ▁D ish ." ▁Now ▁rarely ▁used ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁Florida ▁Mar l ins , ▁who ▁are ▁also ▁called ▁" The ▁Fish ". ▁ ▁" The ▁Fort y - Wh in ers / The ▁Wh in ers " ▁- ▁San ▁Francisco ▁ 4 9 ers , ▁used ▁by ▁det ract ors . ▁ ▁" G - Men " ▁– ▁New ▁York ▁Gi ants , ▁NFL ; ▁initial ▁of ▁team ▁name , ▁possibly ▁a ▁play ▁on ▁the ▁term ▁for ▁a ▁government ▁( e . g ., ▁F BI ) ▁agent ▁ ▁" Go ats " ▁– ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁R ams , ▁NFL ; ▁when ▁playing ▁poor ly ▁ ▁" I gg les " ▁– ▁Philadelphia ▁E ag les , ▁NFL ; ▁reference ▁to ▁how ▁some ▁Philadel phi ans ▁pron ounce ▁" E ag les " ▁ ▁" J ags " ▁– ▁Jackson ville ▁J agu ars , ▁NFL ; ▁abbre viation ▁of ▁team ▁name ▁ ▁" G ang ▁Green |
" ▁– ▁New ▁York ▁J ets , ▁NFL ; ▁used ▁by ▁supp or ters ▁( reference ▁to ▁medical ▁condition ▁that ▁is ▁difficult ▁to ▁overcome )( Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers ), ▁NFL ; ▁used ▁by ▁supp or ters ▁since ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 7 0 s ; ▁also ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁uno fficial ▁team ▁mas cot ▁who ▁is ▁given ▁home ▁field ▁credentials . ▁ ▁" J est " ▁– ▁New ▁York ▁J ets , ▁NFL ; ▁hum orous ▁miss p elling ▁of ▁team ▁name ; ▁used ▁when ▁team ▁is ▁performing ▁poor ly ▁ ▁" J ints " ▁– ▁New ▁York ▁Gi ants , ▁NFL ; ▁used ▁occasionally ▁by ▁local ▁media , ▁as ▁eye ▁dialect ▁for ▁the ▁team ' s ▁name . ▁Also ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁baseball ▁team ▁while ▁it ▁was ▁in ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁" J ok eland ▁( F aders / Tra itors )" * ▁– ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁Ra iders , ▁by ▁det ract ors ▁ ▁" L amb s " ▁– ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁R ams , ▁NFL ; ▁a ▁l amb ▁being ▁a ▁soft , ▁c ud d ly , ▁me ek ▁baby ▁sheep ▁( as ▁opposed ▁to ▁a ▁ram , ▁being ▁an ▁ag gress ive ▁full - g rown ▁male ▁sheep ); ▁rh ym ing ▁nick name ▁used ▁by ▁det ract ors ▁when ▁team ▁performs ▁poor ly ▁ ▁" Mon sters ▁of ▁the ▁Mid way " ▁– ▁Chicago ▁B ears , ▁NFL ; ▁originally ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ▁" Mar o ons ", ▁a ▁strong |
▁( former ) ▁college ▁football ▁team ; ▁" M id way " ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁Mid way ▁P lais ance , ▁a ▁long , ▁green ▁sw ath ▁of ▁bou lev ard ▁space ▁border ing ▁the ▁southern ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁campus . ▁The ▁University ▁dis cont in ued ▁its ▁football ▁program ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁and ▁the ▁B ears ▁adopted ▁the ▁nick name . ▁ ▁"' N in ers " ▁– ▁San ▁Francisco ▁ 4 9 ers , ▁NFL ; ▁abbre viation ▁of ▁team ▁name ▁ ▁" The ▁O ilers " ▁– ▁Tennessee ▁Tit ans , ▁NFL ; ▁a ▁reference ▁of ▁the ▁team ' s ▁name ▁before ▁it ▁moved ▁to ▁Tennessee , ▁the ▁Houston ▁O ilers ▁ ▁" The ▁Tennessee ▁T itan ics " * ▁– ▁NFL , ▁reference ▁given ▁to ▁the ▁team ▁after ▁their ▁ 0 – 6 ▁start ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁including ▁a ▁ 5 9 – 0 ▁loss ▁to ▁the ▁Patri ots , ▁this ▁after ▁going ▁ 1 3 – 3 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁" The ▁Pack " ▁– ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁NFL ; ▁abbre viation ▁of ▁name , ▁and ▁a ▁play ▁on ▁the ▁collect ive ▁term ▁for ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁animals ▁such ▁as ▁dogs ▁or ▁wol ves ▁ ▁" P ats " ▁– ▁New ▁England ▁Patri ots , ▁NFL ; ▁abbre viation ▁of ▁team ▁name ▁ ▁" The ▁P ats ies " ▁– ▁New ▁England ▁Patri ots , ▁NFL ; ▁play ▁on ▁nick name ▁" P ats " |
▁( above ) ▁and ▁the ▁term ▁p ats y , ▁" a ▁person ▁who ▁is ▁easily ▁manip ulated ▁or ▁victim ized " ▁ ▁" The ▁Pot om ac ▁D rain age ▁Bas in ▁Ind igen ous ▁Pers ons " ▁– ▁Washington ▁Red sk ins , ▁NFL ; ▁translation ▁of ▁team ▁name ▁into ▁polit ically ▁correct ▁terms , ▁popular ized ▁by ▁NFL ▁column ist ▁and ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁resident ▁Gre gg ▁E aster bro ok ▁in ▁his ▁week ly ▁column ▁T ues day ▁Mor ning ▁Qu arter back . ▁ ▁" Se ag ull s " ▁– ▁Seattle ▁Se ah aw ks , ▁term ▁often ▁said ▁by ▁det ract ors ▁when ▁Se ah aw ks ▁are ▁playing ▁poor ly . ▁ ▁" The ▁Silver ▁and ▁Black " ▁– ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁Ra iders , ▁NFL ; ▁from ▁the ▁colors ▁of ▁the ▁uniform s ▁ ▁" Sil ver ▁R ush " ▁– ▁Detroit ▁L ions ▁ ▁" S inners " ▁– ▁New ▁Orleans ▁Sain ts , ▁NFL ; ▁" s inner " ▁is ▁often ▁a ▁pa ired ▁opposite ▁of ▁" s aint "; ▁used ▁by ▁det ract ors , ▁but ▁also ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁New ▁Orleans ▁Sain ts ▁B ount y ▁Sc andal ▁ ▁"' S kins " ▁– ▁Washington ▁Red sk ins , ▁NFL ; ▁abbre viation ▁of ▁team ▁name ▁ ▁"' St ill ers " ▁– ▁Pitts burgh ▁Ste el ers , ▁NFL ; ▁how ▁native ▁Pitts burgh ers ▁( P icks berg ers ) ▁pron ounce ▁the ▁name |
▁of ▁their ▁team ▁ ▁" T ennessee ▁Tra itors ▁" ▁* ▁– ▁Tennessee ▁Tit ans , ▁NFL ; ▁der is ive ▁nick name ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Houston ▁O ilers , ▁usually ▁aim ed ▁at ▁owner ▁Bud ▁Adams ▁by ▁former ▁O ilers ▁fans ▁ ▁" V ikes " ▁– ▁Minnesota ▁Vik ings , ▁NFL ; ▁abbre viation ▁of ▁team ▁name ▁ ▁Canadian ▁football ▁▁ ▁" Al s " ▁– ▁Montreal ▁Al ou ettes , ▁C FL ; ▁abbre viation ▁of ▁name ▁ ▁" Arg os " ▁– ▁Toronto ▁Arg onaut s , ▁C FL ; ▁abbre viation ▁of ▁name ▁ ▁" The ▁Blue ▁and ▁Gold " ▁– ▁W inn ip eg ▁Blue ▁Bom bers , ▁C FL ; ▁after ▁the ▁team ▁colours ▁ ▁" The ▁Bo at men " ▁– ▁Toronto ▁Arg onaut s , ▁C FL ; ▁in ▁reference ▁to ▁the ▁team ' s ▁foundation ▁by ▁the ▁Arg onaut ▁Row ing ▁Club ▁of ▁Toronto , ▁which ▁in ▁turn ▁was ▁derived ▁from ▁Jason ▁and ▁the ▁Arg onaut s , ▁myth ical ▁hero es ▁and ▁boat men ▁who ▁are ▁the ▁names ake ▁of ▁both ▁the ▁row ing ▁club ▁and ▁the ▁C FL ▁team ▁ ▁" B om bers " ▁– ▁W inn ip eg ▁Blue ▁Bom bers , ▁C FL ; ▁abbre viation ▁of ▁team ▁name ▁ ▁" The ▁Double ▁Blue " ▁– ▁Toronto ▁Arg onaut s , ▁C FL ; ▁in ▁reference ▁to ▁the ▁team ▁colours , ▁Oxford ▁blue ▁and ▁Cambridge ▁blue ▁ ▁" E sk s " ▁or ▁" E sk ies " |
▁– ▁Ed mont on ▁E skim os , ▁C FL ; ▁abbre viation ▁of ▁team ▁name ▁ ▁"' G ades " ▁– ▁Ott awa ▁Ren eg ades , ▁C FL ; ▁abbre viation ▁of ▁team ▁name ▁ ▁" J olly ▁Green ▁Gi ants " ▁– ▁S ask atch ew an ▁R ough rid ers ▁for ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁the ▁team ' s ▁uniform s ▁and ▁size ▁of ▁the ▁players ▁ ▁" Le os " ▁– ▁BC ▁L ions , ▁C FL ; ▁" Le o " ▁is ▁a ▁common ▁nick name ▁for ▁" l ion " ▁( from ▁Latin , ▁le o ) ▁ ▁" R ough ies ▁or ▁Green ▁R iders " ▁– ▁S ask atch ew an ▁R ough rid ers , ▁C FL ; ▁Green ▁R iders ▁to ▁differenti ate ▁team ▁from ▁the ▁now ▁def unct ▁Ott awa ▁team ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name . ▁R ough ies ▁- ▁abbre viation ▁of ▁team ▁name ▁ ▁" St amps " ▁– ▁Cal g ary ▁St amp ed ers , ▁C FL ; ▁abbre viation ▁of ▁team ▁name ▁ ▁" T abb ies " ▁- ▁Hamilton ▁T iger - C ats ▁Tab by ▁is ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁domestic ▁cat ▁with ▁stri pes ▁ ▁" T i - c ats " ▁– ▁Hamilton ▁T iger - C ats , ▁C FL ; ▁teles cop ing ▁of ▁team ▁name ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Nick name ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁NFL ▁nick names ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁baseball ▁nick names ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁basketball ▁nick names ▁ ▁List |
▁of ▁hockey ▁nick names ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁athlet es ▁by ▁nick name ▁ ▁List s ▁of ▁nick names ▁– ▁nick name ▁list ▁articles ▁on ▁Wikipedia ▁ ▁American ▁football ▁ ▁Canadian ▁football ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Nick names ▁Nick names ▁Category : N ick names ▁in ▁sports ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁football <0x0A> </s> ▁Washington ▁H od ges ▁T imm erman ▁( May ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 8 3 2 ▁– ▁July ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 0 8 ) ▁was ▁an ▁ ▁American ▁politician . ▁Between ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁and ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁ 6 1 st ▁Lieutenant ▁Governor ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁State ▁of ▁South ▁Carolina . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Washington ▁T imm erman ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁Edge field ▁County . ▁After ▁subsequent ▁medical ▁studies ▁and ▁his ▁ad mission ▁as ▁a ▁doctor , ▁he ▁began ▁to ▁work ▁in ▁this ▁profession . ▁He ▁also ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁far mer . ▁During ▁the ▁Civil ▁War ▁he ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁ ▁Confeder ate ▁Army , ▁where ▁he ▁rose ▁to ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁captain . ▁Polit ically , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁Democratic ▁Party . ▁He ▁served ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁of ▁South ▁Carolina ▁and ▁the ▁Senate ▁of ▁South ▁Carolina , ▁where ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁President ▁Pro ▁Temp ore . ▁▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁res ignation ▁of ▁Lieutenant ▁Governor ▁Eug ene ▁B . ▁Gary , ▁who ▁res igned ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁a ▁justice ▁at ▁the ▁South ▁Carolina ▁Supreme ▁Court , ▁T imm |
erman ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁assume ▁the ▁vac ated ▁office ▁of ▁Lieutenant ▁Governor , ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁the ▁state ▁constitution ▁as ▁" Pres ident ▁Pro ▁Temp ore " ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁Senate . ▁He ▁was ▁later ▁officially ▁elected . ▁This ▁position ▁he ▁held ▁between ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁and ▁ 1 8 9 8 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁deput y ▁to ▁the ▁ ▁Governor ▁and ▁F ormal ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Senate . ▁Until ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁he ▁offici ated ▁under ▁Governor ▁Benjamin ▁Till man ▁and ▁then ▁under ▁his ▁successor ▁John ▁Gary ▁Evans . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁T imm erman ▁participated ▁as ▁a ▁delegate ▁to ▁a ▁constitution al ▁convention ▁of ▁his ▁state . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁twice ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁of ▁South ▁Carolina ▁as ▁State ▁Tre as urer . ▁He ▁died ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 0 8 . ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : S outh ▁Carolina ▁state ▁sen ators ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁Carolina ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁Category : L ie utenant ▁Govern ors ▁of ▁South ▁Carolina ▁Category : S outh ▁Carolina ▁Democr ats ▁Category : ▁ 1 8 3 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Museo ▁di ▁Pal azzo ▁M oc en igo ▁( aka ▁Pal azzo ▁M oc en igo ▁di ▁San ▁St ae ) ▁is ▁a ▁pal azzo ▁near ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁San ▁St ae , ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁Grand ▁Canal ▁in ▁the ▁s |
est iere ▁of ▁Santa ▁Cro ce ▁in ▁Ven ice , ▁Italy . ▁It ▁is ▁now ▁a ▁museum ▁of ▁fab rics ▁and ▁cost umes , ▁run ▁by ▁the ▁F ond azione ▁Muse i ▁C iv ici ▁di ▁Venez ia . ▁ ▁Building ▁ ▁The ▁pal azzo ▁is ▁a ▁large ▁building ▁in ▁the ▁g oth ic ▁style . ▁It ▁was ▁re built ▁extens ively ▁at ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century . ▁From ▁this ▁time , ▁the ▁pal azzo ▁was ▁the ▁residence ▁of ▁the ▁San ▁St ae ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁M oc en igo ▁family , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁Ven et ian ▁families . ▁Seven ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁were ▁Dog es ▁of ▁Ven ice . ▁ ▁Museum ▁ ▁The ▁ ▁Pal azzo ▁M oc en igo ▁was ▁be que athed ▁to ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Ven ice ▁by ▁Al v ise ▁Nicol ò ▁M oc en igo ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁desc endant ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁and ▁intended ▁the ▁pal azzo ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁" as ▁a ▁Gallery ▁of ▁Art , ▁to ▁supp lement ▁Museo ▁Cor rer ". ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁the ▁pal azzo ▁was ▁designated ▁as ▁the ▁Museum ▁and ▁Study ▁Centre ▁of ▁the ▁History ▁of ▁Fab rics ▁and ▁Cost umes . ▁The ▁museum ▁contains ▁collections ▁of ▁text iles ▁and ▁cost umes , ▁mainly ▁from ▁the ▁Cor rer , ▁G ug gen heim , ▁and ▁C ini ▁collections , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Pal azzo ▁Gr ass i . |
▁Pal azzo ▁M oc en igo ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁library ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁floor ▁covering ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁cost umes , ▁fab rics , ▁and ▁fashion , ▁especially ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century . ▁ ▁The ▁palace ▁was ▁fres co ed ▁by ▁ 1 8 th - century ▁artists ▁including ▁Gi amb att ista ▁Canal , ▁Giovanni ▁S ca jar o , ▁and ▁Jac opo ▁Gu ar ana . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Pal az zi ▁M oc en igo ▁on ▁the ▁Grand ▁Canal ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Museum ▁website ▁▁ ▁Category : M useum s ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁M oc en igo ▁Category : M useum s ▁in ▁Ven ice ▁Category : F ashion ▁museum s ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : Text ile ▁museum s <0x0A> </s> ▁Ul has n agar ▁Vid han ▁Sab ha ▁constitu ency ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 8 8 ▁Vid han ▁Sab ha ▁( Leg isl ative ▁Assembly ) ▁constitu encies ▁of ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁state ▁in ▁western ▁India . ▁The ▁constitu ency ▁is ▁domin ated ▁by ▁S ind hi ▁community . ▁ ▁Over view ▁Ul has n agar ▁constitu ency ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 ▁Vid han ▁Sab ha ▁constitu encies ▁located ▁in ▁Th ane ▁district . ▁It ▁compr ises ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Ul has n agar ▁Municipal ▁Corporation ▁and ▁parts ▁of ▁Ul has n agar ▁and ▁Kal yan ▁te hs ils ▁of ▁the ▁district . ▁ ▁U lah sn agar ▁is ▁part ▁of |
▁the ▁Kal yan ▁Lok ▁Sab ha ▁constitu ency ▁along ▁with ▁five ▁other ▁Vid han ▁Sab ha ▁segments , ▁namely , ▁M um bra - K al wa , ▁Am bern ath , ▁Kal yan ▁East , ▁Kal yan ▁R ural ▁and ▁D omb ival i ▁in ▁Th ane ▁district . ▁ ▁M embers ▁of ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁ ▁E lection ▁results ▁ ▁Assembly ▁E lections ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁ ▁Assembly ▁E lections ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁ ▁Assembly ▁E lections ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁ ▁Assembly ▁E lections ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁ ▁Assembly ▁E lections ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁ ▁Assembly ▁E lections ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁ ▁Assembly ▁E lections ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁ ▁Assembly ▁E lections ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁ ▁Assembly ▁E lections ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁ ▁Assembly ▁E lections ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ ▁Assembly ▁E lections ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁Assembly ▁E lections ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁Assembly ▁E lections ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Ul has n agar ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁constitu encies ▁of ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁Vid han ▁Sab ha ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Assembly ▁constitu encies ▁of ▁Th ane ▁district ▁Category : U l has n agar ▁Category : Assembly ▁constitu encies ▁of ▁Mah ar as ht ra <0x0A> </s> ▁St alk er ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁Soviet ▁science ▁fiction ▁art ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁And rei |
▁T ark ov sky ▁with ▁a ▁screen play ▁written ▁by ▁Bor is ▁and ▁Ark ady ▁Str ug at sky , ▁lo os ely ▁based ▁on ▁their ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁novel ▁Road side ▁Pic nic . ▁The ▁film ▁comb ines ▁elements ▁of ▁science ▁fiction ▁with ▁dram atic ▁philosoph ical ▁and ▁psych ological ▁them es . ▁Modern ▁reviews ▁of ▁St alk er ▁have ▁been ▁highly ▁positive . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁tells ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁an ▁expedition ▁led ▁by ▁a ▁figure ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" St alk er " ▁( Alex ander ▁Ka idan ov sky ), ▁who ▁takes ▁his ▁two ▁clients — a ▁mel anch ol ic ▁writer ▁( An atol y ▁Sol on its yn ) ▁seeking ▁insp iration , ▁and ▁a ▁professor ▁( N ik ol ai ▁Gr ink o ) ▁seeking ▁scientific ▁discovery — to ▁a ▁myster ious ▁restricted ▁site ▁known ▁simply ▁as ▁the ▁" Zone ", ▁where ▁there ▁supposed ly ▁exists ▁a ▁room ▁which ▁gr ants ▁a ▁person ' s ▁inn erm ost ▁des ires . ▁The ▁tri o ▁travel ▁through ▁un ner ving ▁areas ▁filled ▁with ▁the ▁de br is ▁of ▁modern ▁society ▁while ▁eng aging ▁in ▁many ▁arguments . ▁ ▁Title ▁The ▁meaning ▁of ▁the ▁word ▁" st alk " ▁was ▁derived ▁from ▁its ▁use ▁by ▁the ▁Str ug at sky ▁brothers ▁in ▁their ▁novel ▁Road side ▁Pic nic , ▁on ▁which ▁the ▁movie ▁is ▁based . ▁In ▁Road side ▁Pic nic , ▁" St alk er " ▁was ▁a ▁common ▁nick name ▁for ▁men ▁engaged ▁in |
▁the ▁illegal ▁enter prise ▁of ▁prospect ing ▁for ▁and ▁sm ugg ling ▁al ien ▁artifact s ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁" Zone ". ▁The ▁common ▁English ▁definition ▁of ▁the ▁term ▁" st alk ing " ▁was ▁also ▁c ited ▁by ▁And rei ▁T ark ov sky . ▁In ▁the ▁film , ▁a ▁" st alk er " ▁is ▁a ▁professional ▁guide ▁to ▁the ▁Zone , ▁someone ▁having ▁the ▁ability ▁and ▁desire ▁to ▁cross ▁the ▁border ▁into ▁the ▁dangerous ▁and ▁forb idden ▁place ▁with ▁a ▁specific ▁goal . ▁ ▁Plot ▁In ▁the ▁distant ▁future , ▁the ▁protagon ist ▁( Alex ander ▁Ka idan ov sky ) ▁works ▁in ▁an ▁un named ▁location ▁as ▁a ▁" St alk er " ▁who ▁leads ▁people ▁through ▁the ▁" Zone ", ▁an ▁area ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁normal ▁laws ▁of ▁reality ▁do ▁not ▁apply ▁and ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁seem ingly ▁extr ater rest rial ▁activity ▁lie ▁und ist urbed ▁among ▁its ▁ru ins . ▁The ▁Zone ▁contains ▁a ▁place ▁called ▁the ▁" Ro om ", ▁said ▁to ▁grant ▁the ▁wishes ▁of ▁anyone ▁who ▁steps ▁inside . ▁The ▁area ▁containing ▁the ▁Zone ▁is ▁shr oud ed ▁in ▁secre cy , ▁se aled ▁off ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁and ▁surrounded ▁by ▁o min ous ▁ha z ards . ▁ ▁At ▁home ▁with ▁his ▁wife ▁and ▁daughter , ▁the ▁St alk er ' s ▁wife ▁( Al isa ▁Fre ind lich ) ▁beg s ▁him ▁not ▁to ▁go ▁into ▁the ▁Zone , ▁but ▁he ▁dismiss ively ▁reject s ▁her ▁ple as . ▁In |
▁a ▁rund own ▁bar , ▁the ▁St alk er ▁meets ▁his ▁next ▁clients ▁for ▁a ▁trip ▁into ▁the ▁Zone , ▁the ▁W riter ▁( An atol y ▁Sol on its yn ) ▁and ▁the ▁Professor ▁( N ik ol ai ▁Gr ink o ). ▁ ▁They ▁e va de ▁the ▁military ▁block ade ▁that ▁gu ards ▁the ▁Zone ▁by ▁following ▁a ▁train ▁inside ▁the ▁gate ▁and ▁ride ▁into ▁the ▁heart ▁of ▁the ▁Zone ▁on ▁a ▁railway ▁work ▁car . ▁The ▁St alk er ▁tells ▁his ▁clients ▁they ▁must ▁do ▁exactly ▁as ▁he ▁says ▁to ▁surv ive ▁the ▁d angers ▁which ▁lie ▁ahead ▁and ▁explains ▁that ▁the ▁Zone ▁must ▁be ▁respect ed ▁and ▁the ▁straight est ▁path ▁is ▁not ▁always ▁the ▁short est ▁path . ▁The ▁St alk er ▁tests ▁for ▁various ▁" tra ps " ▁by ▁throwing ▁metal ▁n uts ▁tied ▁to ▁stri ps ▁of ▁cloth ▁ahead ▁of ▁them . ▁He ▁refers ▁to ▁a ▁previous ▁St alk er ▁named ▁" P or cup ine ", ▁who ▁had ▁led ▁his ▁brother ▁to ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁the ▁Zone , ▁visited ▁the ▁Room , ▁came ▁into ▁possession ▁of ▁a ▁large ▁sum ▁of ▁money , ▁and ▁shortly ▁afterwards ▁committed ▁suic ide . ▁The ▁W riter ▁is ▁ske pt ical ▁of ▁any ▁real ▁danger , ▁but ▁the ▁Professor ▁generally ▁follows ▁the ▁St alk er ' s ▁advice . ▁ ▁As ▁they ▁travel , ▁the ▁three ▁men ▁discuss ▁their ▁reasons ▁for ▁wanting ▁to ▁visit ▁the ▁Room . ▁The ▁W riter ▁express es ▁his ▁fear ▁of ▁losing ▁his ▁insp iration |
. ▁The ▁Professor ▁seems ▁less ▁anxious , ▁though ▁he ▁ins ists ▁on ▁carrying ▁along ▁a ▁small ▁back pack . ▁The ▁Professor ▁adm its ▁he ▁hopes ▁to ▁win ▁a ▁Nobel ▁Prize ▁for ▁scientific ▁analysis ▁of ▁the ▁Zone . ▁The ▁St alk er ▁ins ists ▁he ▁has ▁no ▁mot ive ▁beyond ▁the ▁al tr u istic ▁aim ▁of ▁a iding ▁the ▁des perate ▁to ▁their ▁des ires . ▁ ▁After ▁travel ing ▁through ▁the ▁t unn els , ▁the ▁three ▁finally ▁reach ▁their ▁destination : ▁a ▁decay ed ▁and ▁decre pit ▁industrial ▁building . ▁In ▁a ▁small ▁an tech am ber , ▁a ▁phone ▁rings . ▁The ▁surprised ▁Professor ▁dec ides ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁phone ▁to ▁tele phone ▁a ▁colle ague . ▁As ▁the ▁tri o ▁approach ▁the ▁Room , ▁the ▁Professor ▁reve als ▁his ▁true ▁intent ions ▁in ▁undert aking ▁the ▁journey . ▁The ▁Professor ▁has ▁brought ▁a ▁ 2 0 - kil ot on ▁bomb ▁with ▁him , ▁and ▁he ▁int ends ▁to ▁destroy ▁the ▁Room ▁to ▁prevent ▁its ▁use ▁by ▁evil ▁men . ▁The ▁three ▁men ▁enter ▁a ▁physical ▁and ▁ver bal ▁st ando ff ▁just ▁outside ▁the ▁Room ▁that ▁leaves ▁them ▁exha usted . ▁ ▁The ▁W riter ▁real izes ▁that ▁when ▁Por cup ine ▁met ▁his ▁goal , ▁despite ▁his ▁conscious ▁mot ives , ▁the ▁room ▁ful filled ▁Por cup ine ' s ▁secret ▁desire ▁for ▁wealth ▁rather ▁than ▁bring ▁back ▁his ▁brother ▁from ▁death . ▁This ▁prompt ed ▁the ▁gu ilt - rid den ▁Por cup ine ▁to ▁commit |
▁suic ide . ▁The ▁W riter ▁tells ▁them ▁that ▁no ▁one ▁in ▁the ▁whole ▁world ▁is ▁able ▁to ▁know ▁their ▁true ▁des ires ▁and ▁as ▁such ▁it ▁is ▁impossible ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁Room ▁for ▁self ish ▁reasons . ▁The ▁Professor ▁gives ▁up ▁on ▁his ▁plan ▁of ▁destroy ing ▁the ▁Room . ▁Instead , ▁he ▁dis ass emb les ▁his ▁bomb ▁and ▁sc at ters ▁its ▁pieces . ▁ ▁The ▁St alk er , ▁the ▁W riter , ▁and ▁the ▁Professor ▁are ▁met ▁back ▁at ▁the ▁bar ▁by ▁the ▁St alk er ' s ▁wife ▁and ▁daughter . ▁After ▁returning ▁home , ▁the ▁St alk er ▁tells ▁his ▁wife ▁how ▁human ity ▁has ▁lost ▁its ▁faith ▁and ▁belief ▁needed ▁for ▁both ▁travers ing ▁the ▁Zone ▁and ▁living ▁a ▁good ▁life . ▁As ▁the ▁St alk er ▁sle eps , ▁his ▁wife ▁cont em plates ▁their ▁relationship ▁in ▁a ▁mon olog ue ▁delivered ▁directly ▁to ▁the ▁camera . ▁In ▁the ▁last ▁scene ▁" Mart y sh ka ", ▁the ▁couple ' s ▁de formed ▁daughter , ▁s its ▁alone ▁in ▁the ▁kitchen ▁reading ▁as ▁a ▁love ▁poem ▁by ▁F y odor ▁Ty ut chev ▁is ▁rec ited . ▁She ▁appears ▁to ▁use ▁psych ok ines is ▁to ▁push ▁three ▁drink ing ▁glass es ▁across ▁the ▁table . ▁A ▁train ▁passes ▁by ▁where ▁the ▁St alk er ' s ▁family ▁lives ▁and ▁the ▁entire ▁a partment ▁sh akes . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Alexander ▁Ka idan ov sky ▁as ▁the ▁st alk er ▁ ▁An atol y |
▁Sol on its yn ▁as ▁the ▁writer ▁ ▁Al isa ▁Fre ind lich ▁as ▁the ▁st alk er ' s ▁wife ▁ ▁Nikol ai ▁Gr ink o ▁as ▁the ▁Professor ▁( vo iced ▁by ▁Serge i ▁Y akov lev ) ▁ ▁Nat asha ▁Abr am ova ▁as ▁Mart iš ka , ▁the ▁st alk er ' s ▁daughter ▁ ▁Fa ime ▁J urn o ▁as ▁the ▁writer ' s ▁girl friend ▁ ▁E . ▁Kost in ▁as ▁Ly ug er , ▁the ▁ca fe ▁owner ▁ ▁Ray mo ▁R endi ▁as ▁the ▁pat rol man ▁ ▁Vladimir ▁Zam ans ky ▁as ▁the ▁voice ▁on ▁the ▁phone ▁conversation ▁with ▁the ▁Professor ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁Writing ▁After ▁reading ▁the ▁novel , ▁Road side ▁Pic nic , ▁by ▁Bor is ▁and ▁Ark ady ▁Str ug at sky , ▁T ark ov sky ▁initially ▁recommended ▁it ▁to ▁a ▁friend , ▁the ▁film ▁director ▁Mik h ail ▁Kal ato z ov , ▁thinking ▁Kal ato z ov ▁might ▁be ▁interested ▁in ▁adapt ing ▁it ▁into ▁a ▁film . ▁Kal ato z ov ▁abandoned ▁the ▁project ▁when ▁he ▁could ▁not ▁obtain ▁the ▁rights ▁to ▁the ▁novel . ▁T ark ov sky ▁then ▁became ▁very ▁interested ▁in ▁adapt ing ▁the ▁novel ▁and ▁expand ing ▁its ▁concepts . ▁He ▁hoped ▁it ▁would ▁allow ▁him ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁film ▁which ▁con forms ▁to ▁the ▁classical ▁Arist ot elian ▁unity ; ▁a ▁single ▁action , ▁on ▁a ▁single ▁location , ▁within ▁ 2 4 ▁hours ▁( single ▁point ▁in ▁time ). ▁ ▁T |
ark ov sky ▁viewed ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁the ▁Zone ▁as ▁a ▁dram atic ▁tool ▁to ▁draw ▁out ▁the ▁personal ities ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁protagon ists , ▁particularly ▁the ▁psych ological ▁damage ▁from ▁everything ▁that ▁happens ▁to ▁the ▁ideal istic ▁views ▁of ▁the ▁St alk er ▁as ▁he ▁finds ▁himself ▁unable ▁to ▁make ▁others ▁happy . ▁" This , ▁too , ▁is ▁what ▁St alk er ▁is ▁about : ▁the ▁hero ▁goes ▁through ▁moments ▁of ▁desp air ▁when ▁his ▁faith ▁is ▁sh aken ; ▁but ▁every ▁time ▁he ▁comes ▁to ▁a ▁renew ed ▁sense ▁of ▁his ▁voc ation ▁to ▁serve ▁people ▁who ▁have ▁lost ▁their ▁hopes ▁and ▁ill us ions ." ▁The ▁film ▁dep arts ▁consider ably ▁from ▁the ▁novel . ▁According ▁to ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁T ark ov sky ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁the ▁film ▁has ▁basically ▁nothing ▁in ▁common ▁with ▁the ▁novel ▁except ▁for ▁the ▁two ▁words ▁" St alk er " ▁and ▁" Zone ". ▁ ▁Yet , ▁several ▁similar ities ▁remain ▁between ▁the ▁novel ▁and ▁the ▁film . ▁In ▁both ▁works , ▁the ▁Zone ▁is ▁guard ed ▁by ▁a ▁police ▁or ▁military ▁guard , ▁apparently ▁author ized ▁to ▁use ▁dead ly ▁force . ▁The ▁St alk er ▁in ▁both ▁works ▁tests ▁the ▁safety ▁of ▁his ▁path ▁by ▁toss ing ▁n uts ▁and ▁bol ts ▁tied ▁with ▁scra ps ▁of ▁cloth , ▁ver ifying ▁that ▁gravity ▁is ▁working ▁as ▁usual . ▁A ▁character ▁named ▁H edge h og / P or cup ine ▁is ▁a ▁ment or ▁to |
▁St alk er . ▁In ▁the ▁novel , ▁frequent ▁vis its ▁to ▁the ▁Zone ▁increase ▁the ▁lik elihood ▁of ▁ab normal ities ▁in ▁the ▁visitor ' s ▁off spring . ▁In ▁the ▁book , ▁the ▁St alk er ' s ▁daughter ▁has ▁light ▁hair ▁all ▁over ▁her ▁body , ▁while ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁she ▁is ▁cri pp led . ▁Ne ither ▁in ▁the ▁novel ▁nor ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁do ▁the ▁women ▁enter ▁the ▁Zone . ▁Finally , ▁the ▁target ▁of ▁the ▁expedition ▁in ▁both ▁works ▁is ▁a ▁wish - gr ant ing ▁device . ▁ ▁In ▁Road side ▁Pic nic , ▁the ▁site ▁was ▁specifically ▁described ▁as ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁al ien ▁visit ation ; ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁novel ▁der ives ▁from ▁a ▁met ap hor ▁proposed ▁by ▁a ▁character ▁who ▁comp ares ▁the ▁visit ▁to ▁a ▁road side ▁pic nic . ▁The ▁closing ▁mon olog ue ▁by ▁the ▁St alk er ' s ▁wife ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁has ▁no ▁equivalent ▁in ▁the ▁novel . ▁An ▁early ▁draft ▁of ▁the ▁screen play ▁was ▁published ▁as ▁a ▁novel ▁St alk er ▁that ▁diff ers ▁substantial ly ▁from ▁the ▁finished ▁film . ▁ ▁Production ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁on ▁the ▁M K 2 ▁DVD , ▁the ▁production ▁designer , ▁R ash it ▁Saf i ull in , ▁re called ▁that ▁T ark ov sky ▁spent ▁a ▁year ▁shooting ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁out door ▁scenes ▁of ▁St alk er . ▁However , ▁when ▁the ▁crew ▁returned ▁to ▁Moscow , ▁they ▁found ▁that |