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al most ▁always ▁four , ▁very ▁rarely ▁five ). ▁▁ 5 - on - 3 ▁A ▁team ▁can ▁have ▁two ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁penalty ▁box , ▁but ▁can ▁only ▁be ▁limited ▁to ▁three ▁players ▁on ▁the ▁ice ▁at ▁any ▁given ▁time . ▁If ▁the ▁other ▁team ▁is ▁at ▁full ▁strength ▁and ▁the ▁pen al ized ▁team ▁has ▁two ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁penalty ▁box , ▁plus ▁a ▁goal ie ▁in ▁net , ▁the ▁situation ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁ 5 - on - 3 . ▁This ▁situation ▁gives ▁the ▁team ▁on ▁the ▁power ▁play ▁an ▁even ▁greater ▁chance ▁of ▁scoring . ▁If ▁the ▁adv ant aged ▁team ▁on ▁the ▁ 5 - on - 3 ▁scores , ▁the ▁player ▁who ▁took ▁the ▁earlier ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁pen alt ies ▁may ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁ice , ▁and ▁play ▁res umes ▁as ▁a ▁power ▁play ▁with ▁only ▁one ▁player ▁in ▁the ▁penalty ▁box . ▁However , ▁if ▁the ▁first ▁penalty ▁taken ▁was ▁a ▁double - min or ▁penalty , ▁the ▁penalty ▁that ▁exp ires ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁penalty ▁of ▁the ▁double - min or , ▁and ▁the ▁clock ▁then ▁begins ▁to ▁run ▁down ▁on ▁the ▁second ▁penalty , ▁with ▁the ▁ 5 - on - 3 ▁continu ing . ▁ ▁A ▁call ▁for ▁too ▁many ▁men ▁on ▁the ▁ice ▁in ▁a ▁ 5 - on - 3 ▁situation ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁two ▁minutes ▁of ▁reg ulation ▁or ▁in ▁over time ▁now ▁results ▁in ▁a ▁penalty ▁shot . ▁This ▁current ▁rule ▁resulted ▁from ▁Co ach ▁Roger ▁Neil son |
' s ▁explo itation ▁of ▁rule ▁loop hol es ▁during ▁an ▁O HL ▁game ▁when ▁his ▁team ▁was ▁up ▁one ▁goal , ▁but ▁was ▁down ▁two ▁men ▁in ▁a ▁five - on - three ▁situation ▁for ▁the ▁last ▁minute ▁of ▁the ▁game . ▁Real izing ▁that ▁more ▁pen alt ies ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁served ▁under ▁the ▁existing ▁rules , ▁Neil son ▁put ▁too ▁many ▁men ▁on ▁the ▁ice ▁every ▁ten ▁seconds . ▁The ▁ref ere es ▁stopped ▁the ▁play ▁and ▁a ▁face - off ▁was ▁held , ▁rel ieving ▁pressure ▁on ▁the ▁defense . ▁ ▁In ▁regular - season ▁over time ▁in ▁the ▁N HL , ▁a ▁ 5 - on - 3 ▁situation ▁is ▁possible ▁if ▁two ▁players ▁on ▁one ▁team ▁are ▁serving ▁pen alt ies ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time . ▁ ▁Short - hand ed ▁goals ▁A ▁short - hand ed ▁goal ▁is ▁a ▁goal ▁scored ▁in ▁ice ▁hockey ▁when ▁a ▁team ' s ▁on - ice ▁players ▁are ▁out number ed ▁by ▁the ▁oppos ing ▁team ' s . ▁Norm ally , ▁a ▁team ▁would ▁be ▁out number ed ▁because ▁of ▁a ▁penalty ▁in cur red . ▁However , ▁the ▁oppos ing ▁team ▁on ▁the ▁power ▁play ▁often ▁only ▁has ▁one ▁def ens eman ▁at ▁the ▁rear ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁typical ▁two , ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁adding ▁another ▁attack er . ▁This ▁strategy ▁can ▁often ▁be ▁explo ited ▁by ▁the ▁short - hand ed ▁team , ▁if ▁they ▁do ▁manage ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁pu ck ▁out ▁into ▁the ▁neutral ▁zone |
▁leaving ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁oppos ing ▁players ▁behind , ▁and ▁the ▁penalty ▁kill ers ▁may ▁enjoy ▁odd ▁man ▁r ush es ▁and ▁break aw ays ▁against ▁the ▁single ▁def ens eman ▁of ▁the ▁adv ant aged ▁team . ▁As ▁previously ▁noted , ▁the ▁susp ension ▁of ▁ic ing ▁rules ▁also ▁allows ▁passes ▁to ▁be ▁longer ▁and ▁the ▁pu ck ▁to ▁be ▁dump ed ▁and ▁ch ased ▁without ▁stopping ▁play . ▁Un like ▁power ▁play ▁goals , ▁sh orth and ed ▁goals ▁cannot ▁end ▁pen alt ies ▁( unless ▁if ▁a ▁sh orth and ed ▁goal ▁is ▁scored ▁in ▁over time , ▁which ▁automatically ▁ends ▁the ▁game ). ▁ ▁When ▁one ▁team ▁pull s ▁its ▁goal ie ▁near ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁a ▁game ▁to ▁play ▁with ▁an ▁extra ▁attack er , ▁any ▁goal ▁scored ▁on ▁the ▁empty ▁net ▁is ▁not ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁short - hand ed ▁( because ▁there ▁are ▁equal ▁numbers ▁of ▁players ▁on ▁ice ▁for ▁the ▁teams ). ▁ ▁Short - hand ed ▁goals ▁are ▁somewhat ▁inf re quent ▁when ▁a ▁team ▁is ▁down ▁one ▁player , ▁and ▁some ▁instances ▁have ▁occurred ▁where ▁two ▁short - hand ed ▁goals ▁have ▁been ▁scored ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁penalty . ▁Very ▁rarely ▁is ▁a ▁short - hand ed ▁goal ▁scored ▁by ▁a ▁team ▁that ▁is ▁down ▁two ▁players . ▁( The ▁general ▁approach ▁when ▁down ▁two ▁men ▁is ▁for ▁the ▁oppos ing ▁team ▁to ▁assume ▁the ▁" ir on ▁cross :" ▁establish ▁a ▁diam ond ▁shape ▁with ▁one ▁forward , ▁two ▁def ens emen |
▁and ▁the ▁go alt ender , ▁remain ▁in ▁the ▁def ensive ▁zone , ▁and ▁clear ▁the ▁pu ck ▁whenever ▁possible , ▁without ▁making ▁any ▁effort ▁to ▁make ▁an ▁off ensive ▁play ▁and ▁je op ard ize ▁the ▁already ▁weak ened ▁def ensive ▁position .) ▁Form er ▁Philadelphia ▁Fly ers ▁captain ▁Mike ▁Rich ards ▁holds ▁the ▁record ▁for ▁most ▁career ▁ 3 - on - 5 ▁goals ▁with ▁three , ▁having ▁att ained ▁the ▁last ▁one ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 - 0 9 ▁season . ▁ ▁The ▁quick est ▁tri o ▁of ▁short - hand ed ▁goals ▁ever ▁scored ▁in ▁a ▁National ▁Hockey ▁League ▁game ▁occurred ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁during ▁a ▁game ▁at ▁the ▁T D ▁Garden ▁between ▁the ▁Boston ▁Bru ins ▁and ▁Carolina ▁H urr ican es , ▁when ▁the ▁Bru ins ▁scored ▁three ▁short - hand ed ▁goals ▁against ▁Carolina ▁go alt ender ▁Cam ▁Ward ▁in ▁only ▁ 1 : 0 4 ▁of ▁game ▁time , ▁during ▁a ▁minor ▁hook ing ▁penalty ▁to ▁Bru ins ▁def ens eman ▁Matt ▁Hun wick . ▁ ▁The ▁Boston ▁Bru ins ▁also ▁made ▁N HL ▁history ▁for ▁those ▁short - hand ed ▁goals , ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁that ▁a ▁team ▁scored ▁three ▁times ▁on ▁a ▁single ▁penalty ▁kill ▁( Daniel ▁P aille , ▁Bla ke ▁Whe eler , ▁Steve ▁Begin ). ▁▁ ▁The ▁most ▁short - hand ed ▁goals ▁ever ▁scored ▁in ▁one ▁N HL ▁game ▁by ▁one ▁team ▁occurred ▁on ▁April |
▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁when ▁the ▁W inn ip eg ▁J ets ▁scored ▁four , ▁the ▁most ▁since ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁era ▁of ▁the ▁Original ▁Six ▁teams ▁of ▁the ▁N HL . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Power ▁play ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : I ce ▁hockey ▁rules ▁Category : I ce ▁hockey ▁termin ology <0x0A> </s> ▁Sat anas ▁sa ▁L up a ▁( “ S atan ▁on ▁Earth ” ), ▁subt itled ▁“ n ob el ang ▁p ang k as alu ku yan ” ▁( “ Pres ent - day ▁Nov el ” ), ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁Tag alog - language ▁novel ▁by ▁Filip ino ▁author ▁and ▁script writer ▁Cel so ▁Al . ▁Car un ung an , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁“ tit ans ▁of ▁Philipp ine ▁literature ”. ▁ ▁The ▁novel ▁critic izes ▁the ▁Philipp ine ▁government ▁and ▁society ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁a ▁reason ▁why ▁the ▁author ▁had ▁been ▁included ▁among ▁the ▁group ▁known ▁as ▁" Class ▁ 1 0 8 1 ", ▁Filip inos ▁imprison ed ▁when ▁Mart ial ▁Law ▁was ▁declared ▁by ▁Ferdinand ▁Mar cos ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁ ▁A part ▁from ▁being ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁political ▁nov els ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁that ▁" re present ed ▁a ▁cl am or ▁for ▁change ▁in ▁society " ▁( Fil ip ino : ▁kin ata wan |
▁ng ▁pag hing i ▁ng ▁pag b ab ago ▁sa ▁lip un an ), ▁Sat anas ▁sa ▁L up a ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁nov els ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁that ▁incorpor ated ▁rom antic ism ▁in ▁its ▁plot ▁using ▁the ▁" lo ve ▁triangle " ▁( Fil ip ino : ▁t ats ul uk an ▁ng ▁pag - ib ig ) ▁genre , ▁a ▁genre ▁that ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁in ▁▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁through ▁another ▁novel ▁entitled ▁Juan ▁Mas ili ▁by ▁another ▁Filip ino ▁author ▁named ▁Pat ric io ▁Mar iano . ▁ ▁The ▁love ▁triangle ▁in ▁Sat anas ▁sa ▁L up a ▁is ▁ ▁between ▁the ▁characters ▁Ben ign o ▁T ala vera , ▁Con rado , ▁and ▁Ch ona . ▁ ▁Description ▁According ▁to ▁Ruby ▁Gam boa - Al c ant ara ▁in ▁her ▁" R om ant is ismo , ▁Est il ong ▁Pil ip ino " ▁It in ata k ▁sa ▁Nobel ang ▁Tag alog ▁(" R om antic ism , ▁Filip ino ▁Style " ▁St amp ed ▁on ▁the ▁Tag alog ▁Nov el ), ▁the ▁character ▁Ben ign o ▁T ala vera ▁was ▁the ▁representative ▁of ▁Philipp ine ▁politics ▁in ▁Sat anas ▁sa ▁L up a . ▁T ala vera ▁was ▁a ▁" former ly ▁good ▁citiz en " ▁who ▁was ▁influenced ▁by ▁three ▁other ▁Congress men ▁( Fil ip ino : ▁Kong gres ista ) ▁Car pio , ▁David , ▁and ▁Bal b ino . ▁ ▁The ▁three ▁were ▁che ating ▁each ▁other ▁for |
▁the ▁sake ▁of ▁clim bing ▁up ▁the ▁lad der ▁of ▁power ▁and ▁for ▁gain ing ▁wealth . ▁ ▁In ▁Sat anas ▁sa ▁L up a , ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁gre ed ▁was ▁ended ▁by ▁the ▁per sec ution ▁of ▁Senator ▁Mor ales , ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁T ala vera , ▁and ▁the ▁burning ▁of ▁evidence ▁used ▁to ▁black mail ▁T ala vera . ▁ ▁The ▁evidence ▁was ▁burn ed ▁by ▁T ala vera ' s ▁wife , ▁Virginia . ▁ ▁The ▁other ▁circumstances ▁presented ▁in ▁Sat anas ▁sa ▁L up a ▁were ▁the ▁drug ▁add iction ▁of ▁Is ma el , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁T ala vera ; ▁the ▁pre gn ancy ▁out ▁of ▁wed lock ▁and ▁mother hood ▁as ▁a ▁single ▁woman ▁by ▁Est her , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁T ala vera ; ▁the ▁love ▁affair ▁between ▁Con tr ado ▁and ▁Ch ona ; ▁and ▁the ▁el op ement ▁of ▁Con rado ▁and ▁Ch ona ▁( Con rado ▁was ▁supposed ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁priest ). ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Gam boa - Al c ant ara , ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁un real istic ▁circumst ance ▁in ▁Sat anas ▁sa ▁L up a , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁excess ive ▁port ray al ▁of ▁Virginia , ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁T ala vera , ▁as ▁the ▁mart y red ▁sp ouse ▁and ▁mother , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁Philipp ine - style ▁rom antic ism . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁M ga ▁An ak - B uk id ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁P ages |
▁of ▁Sat anas ▁sa ▁L up a ▁online ▁ ▁Category : Ph ili pp ine ▁nov els ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁nov els ▁Category : Tag alog - language ▁nov els ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁nov els ▁Category : Nov els ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines <0x0A> </s> ▁" L oving ▁You " ▁is ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁Irish ▁singer ▁F ear gal ▁Sh ar key , ▁released ▁as ▁a ▁non - album ▁single ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁It ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Sh ar key ▁and ▁Jo ▁Call is , ▁and ▁produced ▁by ▁Queen ▁drum mer ▁Roger ▁Taylor ▁and ▁David ▁Rich ards . ▁" L oving ▁You " ▁reached ▁No . ▁ 2 6 ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁and ▁remained ▁in ▁the ▁charts ▁for ▁eleven ▁weeks . ▁A ▁music ▁video ▁was ▁created ▁to ▁promote ▁the ▁single , ▁while ▁Sh ar key ▁also ▁performed ▁the ▁song ▁on ▁the ▁UK ▁music ▁show ▁Top ▁of ▁the ▁P ops . ▁ ▁Taylor ▁provided ▁additional ▁drums ▁and ▁synth s ▁on ▁" L oving ▁You ". ▁The ▁single ' s ▁B - side , ▁" Is ▁This ▁An ▁Ex plan ation ? ", ▁was ▁exclusive ▁to ▁the ▁single . ▁It ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Sh ar key ▁and ▁Call is , ▁and ▁produced ▁by ▁Sh ar key . ▁ ▁Form ats ▁ ▁Chart ▁performance ▁ ▁Person nel ▁▁ ▁F ear gal ▁Sh ar key ▁- ▁vocals , ▁producer ▁of ▁" Is ▁This ▁An ▁Ex plan ation ?" ▁ ▁Roger ▁Taylor ▁- ▁producer ▁of ▁" L oving ▁You |
", ▁additional ▁drums ▁and ▁synth s ▁on ▁" L oving ▁You " ▁ ▁Dave ▁Rich ards ▁- ▁producer ▁of ▁" L oving ▁You " ▁ ▁C ary n ▁G ough ▁- ▁sle e ve ▁design ▁ ▁Richard ▁H aught on ▁- ▁phot ography ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁singles ▁Category : F ear gal ▁Sh ar key ▁songs ▁Category : Pop ▁ball ads ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁songs ▁Category : V ir gin ▁Records ▁singles ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Jo ▁Call is <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ch il tern ▁School ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁co ed uc ational ▁special ▁school ▁located ▁over ▁two ▁sites ▁in ▁D unst able ▁and ▁H ought on ▁Reg is ▁in ▁Bed ford shire , ▁England . ▁The ▁school ▁accepts ▁pup ils ▁from ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁Central ▁Bed ford shire ▁area . ▁ ▁Special ▁education ▁ ▁The ▁Ch il tern ▁School ▁is ▁for ▁pup ils ▁between ▁the ▁ages ▁of ▁ 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 ▁years ▁of ▁age , ▁whose ▁special ▁educational ▁needs ▁fall ▁within ▁the ▁categories ▁of ▁moder ate ▁to ▁severe ▁learning ▁difficulties . ▁Some ▁pup ils ▁may ▁have ▁additional ▁medical , ▁physical ▁or ▁sens ory ▁imp air ments ▁or ▁emot ional ▁and ▁behaviour al ▁difficulties . ▁ ▁Fac ilities ▁for ▁pup ils ▁at ▁the ▁H ought on ▁Reg is ▁campus ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁include ▁sens ory ▁rooms , ▁and ▁a ▁resident ial ▁b ung al ow ▁on ▁campus ▁which ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁pup ils ' ▁life ▁skills |
. ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁school ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁from ▁the ▁mer ger ▁of ▁Glen wood ▁School ▁in ▁D unst able ▁and ▁Hill c rest ▁School ▁in ▁H ought on ▁Reg is . ▁The ▁school ▁continues ▁to ▁operate ▁over ▁both ▁sites ▁with ▁the ▁primary ▁department ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁based ▁in ▁D unst able ▁and ▁the ▁secondary ▁department ▁based ▁in ▁H ought on ▁Reg is . ▁The ▁school ▁celebrated ▁its ▁first ▁anni versary ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁with ▁celebr ants ▁not ing ▁achiev ements ▁of ▁students ▁and ▁staff . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁head ▁teacher ▁Sh ir ley - An ne ▁C ros bie ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁for ▁" For ▁services ▁to ▁Children ▁with ▁Special ▁Ne eds ▁Education ". ▁Since ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Lisa ▁Leonard ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁head ▁teacher . ▁ ▁In spe ctions ▁and ▁evalu ations ▁ ▁The ▁UK ' s ▁Office ▁for ▁Stand ards ▁in ▁Education ▁( Of sted ) ▁ins pected ▁Ch il tern ▁School ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁ranking ▁it ▁overall ▁" Good " ▁on ▁both ▁reports . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁Ch il tern ▁School ▁home page ▁ ▁Category : Special ▁schools ▁in ▁Central ▁Bed ford shire ▁District ▁Category : Special ▁secondary ▁schools ▁in ▁England ▁Category : Comm unity ▁schools ▁in ▁Central ▁Bed ford shire ▁District ▁Category : E du c ational ▁institutions |
▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Hal de a ▁stri at ula ▁( former ly ▁Virginia ▁stri at ula ), ▁commonly ▁called ▁the ▁rough ▁earth ▁s nake , ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁non ven om ous ▁nat ric ine ▁col ub rid ▁s nake ▁native ▁to ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁The ▁species ▁was ▁first ▁described ▁by ▁Carl ▁Lin na eus ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 6 , ▁as ▁Col uber ▁stri at ulus . ▁Over ▁the ▁next ▁two ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁centuries ▁its ▁scientific ▁name ▁has ▁been ▁changed ▁several ▁times ▁( see ▁syn onym s ). ▁Most ▁recently , ▁the ▁generic ▁name ▁was ▁changed ▁back ▁from ▁Virginia ▁to ▁Hal de a ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Common ▁names ▁Other ▁common ▁names ▁for ▁Hal de a ▁stri at ula ▁include : ▁brown ▁ground ▁s nake , ▁brown ▁s nake , ▁ground ▁s nake , ▁little ▁brown ▁s nake , ▁little ▁strip ed ▁s nake , ▁small ▁brown ▁vi per , ▁small - ey ed ▁brown ▁s nake , ▁southern ▁ground ▁s nake , ▁stri ated ▁vi per , ▁and ▁w orm ▁s nake . ▁ ▁Geographic ▁range ▁The ▁rough ▁earth ▁s nake ▁is ▁found ▁from ▁southern ▁Virginia ▁to ▁northern ▁Florida , ▁west ▁along ▁the ▁G ulf ▁Coast ▁to ▁southern ▁Texas , ▁and ▁north ▁into ▁south - central ▁Missouri ▁and ▁sout he astern ▁Kansas . ▁ ▁Description ▁H . ▁stri at ula ▁is ▁a ▁small , ▁har ml ess , ▁secret ive |
, ▁fairly ▁sl ender ▁s nake , ▁ 7 - 1 0 ▁inches ▁( 1 8 – 2 5 cm ) ▁in ▁total ▁length ▁( including ▁tail ). ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁round ▁pup il , ▁weak ly ▁ke e led ▁d ors al ▁scales , ▁and ▁usually ▁a ▁divided ▁anal ▁plate . ▁D ors ally , ▁it ▁is ▁brown , ▁gray , ▁or ▁re dd ish , ▁and ▁essentially ▁has ▁no ▁pattern . ▁Fem ales ▁are ▁a ▁little ▁longer ▁and ▁heav ier ▁than ▁males , ▁with ▁relatively ▁shorter ▁t ails . ▁Young ▁individuals ▁often ▁have ▁a ▁light ▁band ▁on ▁the ▁neck , ▁which ▁is ▁normally ▁lost ▁as ▁they ▁m ature . ▁The ▁bel ly ▁is ▁tan ▁to ▁wh it ish ▁and ▁is ▁not ▁sharp ly ▁defined ▁in ▁color ▁from ▁the ▁back , ▁unlike ▁in ▁the ▁w orm s nake ▁( Car ph oph is ▁am o en us ) ▁or ▁the ▁red - bel lied ▁s nake ▁( St or eria ▁oc cip it om ac ul ata ). ▁K ee led ▁scales ▁differenti ate ▁the ▁rough ▁earth ▁s nake ▁from ▁the ▁similar ▁smooth ▁earth ▁s nake ▁( V ir gin ia ▁val eria e ), ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁from ▁the ▁w orm s nake . ▁H . ▁stri at ula ▁is ▁most ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁confused ▁with ▁De ▁Kay ' s ▁brown ▁s nake ▁( St or eria ▁de k ay i ), ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁little ▁larger ▁and ▁is ▁light ▁brown ▁with ▁dark ▁mark ings ▁on ▁the ▁back ▁and ▁neck |
. ▁Un like ▁the ▁rough ▁earth ▁s nake , ▁De ▁Kay ' s ▁brown ▁s nake ▁retain s ▁these ▁mark ings ▁into ▁ad ul th ood . ▁Also , ▁S . ▁de k ay i ▁has ▁a ▁round er ▁sn out ▁than ▁H . ▁stri at ula . ▁ ▁Hab itat ▁The ▁rough ▁earth ▁s nake ▁is ▁foss orial , ▁hiding ▁beneath ▁logs , ▁rocks , ▁or ▁orn amental ▁stones , ▁in ▁leaf ▁l itter , ▁or ▁in ▁comp ost ▁p iles ▁and ▁gard ens . ▁The ▁species ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁for ested ▁habit ats ▁with ▁plenty ▁of ▁ground ▁cover , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁many ▁urban ▁areas . ▁It ▁can ▁reach ▁very ▁high ▁dens ities ▁in ▁urban ▁gard ens , ▁par ks , ▁and ▁vac ant ▁lots . ▁ ▁Re production ▁H . ▁stri at ula ▁is ▁viv ip ar ous , ▁giving ▁birth ▁to ▁ 3 ▁to ▁ 8 ▁live ▁young ▁in ▁mid - sum mer . ▁New born s ▁are ▁about ▁ 1 0 cm ▁( 4 ▁inches ) ▁in ▁total ▁length . ▁The ▁young ▁somewhat ▁res emble ▁the ▁ring - ne ck ed ▁s nake ▁( Di ad oph is ▁pun ct atus ) ▁with ▁a ▁light - color ed ▁neck ▁col lar , ▁but ▁they ▁are ▁much ▁d rab ber ▁and ▁lack ▁a ▁bright ly - color ed ▁bel ly . ▁ ▁Many ▁sources ▁refer ▁to ▁sn akes ▁that ▁give ▁birth ▁to ▁live ▁young ▁as ▁either ▁ov ov iv ip ar ous ▁or ▁viv |
ip ar ous . ▁In ▁reality , ▁the ▁distinction ▁between ▁these ▁two ▁terms ▁is ▁not ▁very ▁sharp , ▁and ▁the ▁divers ity ▁of ▁re product ive ▁modes ▁is ▁better ▁thought ▁of ▁as ▁a ▁spectrum ▁or ▁continu um ▁between ▁mat rot ro phy ▁( emb ry onic ▁nut ri ents ▁come ▁directly ▁from ▁the ▁mother ) ▁and ▁le c ith ot ro phy ▁( emb ry onic ▁nut ri ents ▁come ▁mostly ▁or ▁completely ▁from ▁egg ▁y olk ). ▁Viv ip ar ity ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁extreme ▁form ▁of ▁mat rot ro phy , ▁whereas ▁ov ip ar ity ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁extreme ▁form ▁of ▁le c ith ot ro phy . ▁ ▁Be havior ▁The ▁rough ▁earth ▁s nake ▁is ▁generally ▁not ▁ag gress ive ▁towards ▁humans , ▁is ▁not ▁ven om ous , ▁and ▁is ▁har ml ess ▁if ▁encountered . ▁Although ▁it ▁has ▁teeth , ▁the ▁rough ▁earth ▁s nake ▁normally ▁does ▁not ▁b ite . ▁Its ▁response ▁when ▁har ass ed ▁is ▁to ▁remain ▁motion less , ▁or ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁escape . ▁It ▁will ▁def ec ate ▁and ▁ex crete ▁a ▁f oul ▁sm elling ▁mus k ▁as ▁a ▁defense ▁mechanism ▁to ▁make ▁itself ▁less ▁pal atable ▁to ▁would - be ▁pred ators . ▁If ▁necessary , ▁the ▁rough ▁earth ▁s nake ▁can ▁be ▁safely ▁picked ▁up ▁by ▁hand ▁and ▁re located . ▁ ▁Diet ▁H . ▁stri at ula ▁e ats ▁in verte br ates . ▁It ▁fe eds ▁almost ▁exclus ively ▁on ▁earth w orm s , |
▁although ▁sl ugs , ▁sn ails , ▁sow ▁bugs , ▁insect ▁eggs ▁and ▁lar va e ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁st om ach . ▁H . ▁stri at ula ▁is ▁not ▁ven om ous ▁and ▁does ▁not ▁con str ict ▁pre y ; ▁rather , ▁it ▁sw all ows ▁pre y ▁without ▁sub du ing ▁it . ▁The ▁pointed ▁sn out ▁of ▁the ▁rough ▁earth ▁s nake ▁helps ▁in ▁bur row ing ▁in ▁mo ist ▁soil ▁where ▁pre y ▁are ▁found . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Check list ▁of ▁Florida ▁Am ph ib ians ▁and ▁Re pt iles : ▁R ough ▁Earth ▁S nake ▁South ▁Carolina ▁Re pt iles ▁and ▁Am ph ib ians : ▁Earth ▁S nake ▁Sn akes ▁of ▁Georgia ▁and ▁South ▁Carolina : ▁R ough ▁Earth ▁S nake ▁Virginia ▁Department ▁of ▁Game ▁& ▁In land ▁Fish eries : ▁R ough ▁Earth ▁S nake ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁Be h ler ▁J L , ▁King ▁F W ▁( 1 9 7 9 ). ▁The ▁Aud ub on ▁Society ▁Field ▁Guide ▁to ▁North ▁American ▁Re pt iles ▁and ▁Am ph ib ians . ▁New ▁York : ▁Alfred ▁A . ▁Kn opf . ▁ 7 4 3 ▁pp . ▁. ▁( V ir gin ia ▁stri at ula , ▁pp . 6 7 8 – 6 7 9 ▁+ ▁Pl ates ▁ 4 7 0 , ▁ 4 7 3 ). ▁Bou len ger ▁G A ▁( 1 8 9 3 ). ▁Catalogue ▁of ▁the ▁Sn akes ▁in ▁the |
▁British ▁Museum ▁( N atural ▁History ). ▁Volume ▁I ., ▁Cont aining ▁the ▁Famil ies ▁... ▁Col ub rid æ ▁Ag lyph æ , ▁part . ▁London : ▁Trust ees ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ▁( N atural ▁History ). ▁( T aylor ▁and ▁Francis , ▁printer s ). ▁x iii ▁+ ▁ 4 4 8 ▁pp . ▁+ ▁Pl ates ▁I - XX V III . ▁( H al de a ▁stri at ula , ▁p . 2 9 1 ). ▁Con ant ▁R ▁( 1 9 7 5 ). ▁A ▁Field ▁Guide ▁to ▁Re pt iles ▁and ▁Am ph ib ians ▁of ▁Eastern ▁and ▁Central ▁North ▁America . ▁Boston : ▁H ought on ▁M if fl in ▁Company . ▁x vi ii ▁+ ▁ 4 2 9 ▁pp . ▁+ ▁Pl ates ▁ 1 - 4 8 . ▁ ▁( hard cover ), ▁ ▁( paper back ). ▁( V ir gin ia ▁stri at ula , ▁p . 1 6 8 ▁+ ▁Pl ate ▁ 2 2 ▁+ ▁Map ▁ 1 2 4 ). ▁Con ant ▁R , ▁Br id ges ▁W ▁( 1 9 3 9 ). ▁What ▁S nake ▁is ▁That ?: ▁A ▁Field ▁Guide ▁to ▁the ▁Sn akes ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁East ▁of ▁the ▁Rock y ▁Mountains . ▁( with ▁ 1 0 8 ▁draw ings ▁by ▁Ed mond ▁Mal n ate ). ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁London : ▁D . ▁App leton - Cent ury ▁Company . ▁Front isp ie ce ▁map ▁+ ▁v iii |
▁+ ▁ 1 6 3 ▁pp . ▁+ ▁Pl ates ▁A - C , ▁ 1 - 3 2 . ▁( H al de a ▁stri at ula , ▁pp . 1 1 3 – 1 1 4 ). ▁Lin na eus ▁C ▁( 1 7 6 6 ). ▁System a ▁natur æ ▁per ▁reg na ▁t ria ▁natur æ , ▁sec und um ▁classes , ▁ord ines , ▁gener a , ▁species , ▁cum ▁character ibus , ▁difer enti is , ▁syn onym is , ▁loc is . ▁Tom us ▁I . ▁Edit io ▁Du ode c ima , ▁Reform ata . ▁Stockholm : ▁L . ▁Sal vi us . ▁ 5 3 2 ▁pp . ▁( Col uber ▁stri at ulus , ▁new ▁species , ▁p . 2 7 5 ). ▁( in ▁Latin ). ▁Schmidt ▁K P , ▁Davis ▁D D ▁( 1 9 4 1 ). ▁Field ▁Book ▁of ▁Sn akes ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Canada . ▁New ▁York : ▁G . P . ▁Put nam ' s ▁S ons . ▁ 3 6 5 ▁pp . ▁( H al de a ▁stri at ula , ▁pp . 2 3 1 – 2 3 2 , ▁Figure ▁ 7 5 ▁+ ▁Pl ate ▁ 2 5 ). ▁Smith ▁H M , ▁Bro die ▁ED ▁Jr ▁( 1 9 8 2 ). ▁Re pt iles ▁of ▁North ▁America : ▁A ▁Guide ▁to ▁Field ▁Ident ification . ▁New ▁York : ▁Golden ▁Press . ▁ 2 4 0 |
▁pp . ▁ ▁( hard cover ), ▁ ▁( paper back ). ▁( V ir gin ia ▁stri at ula , ▁pp . 1 5 2 – 1 5 3 ). ▁Ste j neg er ▁L , ▁Bar bour ▁T ▁( 1 9 1 7 ). ▁A ▁Check ▁List ▁of ▁North ▁American ▁Am ph ib ians ▁and ▁Re pt iles . ▁Cambridge , ▁Massachusetts : ▁Harvard ▁University ▁Press . ▁ 1 2 5 ▁pp . ▁( P ot am oph is ▁stri at ulus , ▁p . 9 9 ). ▁Wright ▁A H , ▁Wright ▁AA ▁( 1 9 5 7 ). ▁Hand book ▁of ▁Sn akes ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Canada . ▁I th aca ▁and ▁London : ▁Com stock ▁Publishing ▁Associ ates , ▁A ▁Division ▁of ▁Corn ell ▁University ▁Press . ▁ 1 , 1 0 5 ▁pp . ▁( in ▁two ▁volumes ). ▁( H al de a ▁stri at ula , ▁pp . 2 8 7 – 2 9 0 , ▁Figure ▁ 8 8 , ▁Map ▁ 2 7 ). ▁ ▁Category : Col ub rid s ▁Category : Ext ant ▁Ple ist oc ene ▁first ▁appearances ▁Category : Re pt iles ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 6 ▁Category : Re pt iles ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Fa una ▁of ▁the ▁S out he astern ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁A cler is ▁th om asi ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁moth ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁T ort ric idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found |
▁in ▁India ▁( S ik kim ). ▁ ▁The ▁wings pan ▁is ▁ 2 1 – 2 3 mm . ▁The ▁ground ▁colour ▁of ▁the ▁for ew ings ▁is ▁green ish ▁and ▁brown ish ▁dist ally . ▁There ▁is ▁an ▁diff use ▁och re ous - yellow ▁fas cia ▁between ▁the ▁disc ▁and ▁the ▁torn us , ▁suff used ▁with ▁brown ▁dist ally ▁and ▁torn ally . ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁diff use ▁brown ish ▁rust ▁sh ades . ▁The ▁dis cal ▁and ▁ap ical ▁areas ▁are ▁grey ish , ▁marked ▁with ▁ref ract ive ▁sil very ▁scales . ▁The ▁h ind w ings ▁are ▁brown ish - cre am , ▁but ▁brown ish ▁in ▁the ▁a pe x ▁area . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁th om asi ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁India <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁H ellen ic ▁Republic ▁constit utes ▁three ▁discrete ▁republic an ▁periods ▁in ▁the ▁modern ▁history ▁of ▁Greece : ▁from ▁ 1 8 2 2 ▁until ▁ 1 8 3 2 ; ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁until ▁ 1 9 3 5 ; ▁and ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁through ▁to ▁the ▁present . ▁See ▁also ▁the ▁constitution al ▁history ▁of ▁Greece . ▁ ▁First ▁H ellen ic ▁Republic ▁( 1 8 2 2 – 1 8 3 2 ) ▁ ▁The ▁First ▁H ellen ic ▁Republic ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁histor i ographic ▁term ▁used ▁for ▁a ▁series ▁of |
▁coun c ils ▁and ▁" Pro vis ional ▁Govern ments " ▁during ▁the ▁Greek ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence . ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁u pr ising , ▁various ▁areas ▁elected ▁their ▁own ▁regional ▁gover ning ▁coun c ils . ▁These ▁were ▁replaced ▁by ▁central ▁administration ▁at ▁the ▁First ▁National ▁Assembly ▁of ▁Ep ida urus ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 8 2 2 , ▁which ▁also ▁adopted ▁the ▁first ▁Greek ▁Constitution . ▁A ▁series ▁of ▁National ▁Ass emb lies ▁followed , ▁while ▁Greece ▁was ▁threatened ▁with ▁collapse ▁due ▁to ▁civil ▁war ▁and ▁the ▁vict ories ▁of ▁I bra him ▁P asha . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 7 , ▁the ▁Third ▁National ▁Assembly ▁at ▁Tro e zen ▁selected ▁Count ▁Io ann is ▁Kap od ist rias , ▁who ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁in ▁Russia ' s ▁diplom atic ▁service , ▁as ▁Governor ▁of ▁Greece ▁for ▁a ▁term ▁ ▁of ▁seven ▁years . ▁He ▁arrived ▁in ▁Greece ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 8 2 8 ▁and ▁established ▁the ▁H ellen ic ▁State , ▁r uling ▁with ▁quasi - dict atorial ▁powers . ▁He ▁was ▁assass in ated ▁by ▁political ▁riv als ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 1 ▁and ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁his ▁brother , ▁August inos ▁Kap od ist rias ▁until ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 2 ▁the ▁Great ▁Pow ers ▁declared ▁Greece ▁a ▁Kingdom ▁and ▁selected ▁the ▁Bav arian ▁Prince ▁Otto ▁to ▁be ▁its ▁king . ▁ ▁Second ▁H ellen ic ▁Republic ▁( 1 9 2 4 – 1 9 3 5 ) ▁ |
▁The ▁Second ▁H ellen ic ▁Republic ▁() ▁was ▁declared ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁March ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁after ▁the ▁defeat ▁of ▁Greece ▁by ▁Turkey ▁in ▁the ▁Asia ▁Minor ▁Dis aster ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁the ▁September ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁Revolution ▁and ▁the ▁subsequent ▁ex ile ▁and ▁death ▁of ▁King ▁Const antine ▁I ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 . ▁The ▁king ▁and ▁his ▁chief ▁oppon ent , ▁Ele f ther ios ▁Ven iz el os , ▁had ▁strugg led ▁over ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁country ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁to ▁his ▁death ▁and ▁the ▁country ▁was ▁sor ely ▁divided ▁( see ▁National ▁Sch ism ). ▁King ▁Const antine ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁his ▁son , ▁King ▁George ▁II , ▁who ▁in ▁the ▁w ake ▁of ▁a ▁failed ▁royal ist ▁coup ▁was ▁asked ▁by ▁the ▁parliament ▁to ▁leave ▁Greece ▁so ▁the ▁nation ▁could ▁decide ▁what ▁form ▁of ▁government ▁it ▁should ▁adopt . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁the ▁Republic ▁was ▁proc laimed ▁and ▁confirmed ▁by ▁ple bis cite . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁H ellen ic ▁Republic ▁was ▁Pav los ▁K ount ouri ot is , ▁an ▁Admir al ▁and ▁supp orter ▁of ▁Ven iz el os ▁who ▁res igned ▁after ▁a ▁coup ▁d ' état ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁He ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁the ▁coup ' s ▁leader ▁General ▁The odor os ▁P ang al os , ▁who ▁was ▁like wise ▁de posed ▁by ▁the ▁military ▁ 5 |
▁months ▁later ▁after ▁em bro iling ▁Greece ▁in ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁the ▁St ray ▁Dog . ▁K ount ouri ot is ▁was ▁re inst ated ▁and ▁re elect ed ▁to ▁the ▁office ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁but ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁res ign ▁for ▁health ▁reasons ▁later ▁that ▁year . ▁He ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁Alexand ros ▁Za im is , ▁who ▁served ▁until ▁the ▁rest oration ▁of ▁mon archy ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁▁ ▁Despite ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁stability ▁and ▁relative ▁prosper ity ▁under ▁the ▁last ▁government ▁of ▁Ele f ther ios ▁Ven iz el os ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 – 1 9 3 2 , ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁De pression ▁were ▁sever ely ▁felt , ▁and ▁political ▁inst ability ▁returned . ▁Although ▁the ▁opposition ▁People ' s ▁Party , ▁which ▁represented ▁the ▁royal ist ▁and ▁anti - V en iz el os ▁fa ctions ▁of ▁the ▁elect or ate , ▁had ▁p led ged ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁Republic , ▁its ▁im min ent ▁rise ▁to ▁power ▁after ▁the ▁March ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁elections ▁caused ▁fear s ▁of ▁a ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁mon archy . ▁A ▁Ven iz el ist ▁coup ▁was ▁launched ▁but ▁quickly ▁suppress ed . ▁▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁another ▁Ven iz el ist - in sp ired ▁coup ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁which ▁was ▁suppress ed ▁by ▁General ▁Georg ios ▁K ond yl is ▁the ▁army ▁was ▁p urg ed ▁of ▁Ven |
iz el ist ▁and ▁republic an ▁officers , ▁and ▁the ▁return ▁of ▁the ▁mon archy ▁became ▁in ev itable . ▁On ▁ 1 0 ▁October ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁the ▁chief s ▁of ▁the ▁Ar med ▁Forces ▁over th rew ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁Pan ag is ▁Ts ald aris , ▁and ▁K ond yl is ▁declared ▁himself ▁Reg ent . ▁He ▁abol ished ▁the ▁Republic ▁and ▁st aged ▁a ▁ple bis cite ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁November ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁return ▁of ▁King ▁George ▁II ▁to ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁Third ▁H ellen ic ▁Republic ▁( 1 9 7 4 -) ▁ ▁The ▁current ▁Third ▁H ellen ic ▁Republic ▁() ▁was ▁declared ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁during ▁the ▁Met ap ol ite f si ▁( G reek , ▁" reg ime ▁change "), ▁after ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Reg ime ▁of ▁the ▁Col on els ▁which ▁had ▁controlled ▁Greece ▁since ▁the ▁coup ▁d ' état ▁of ▁ 2 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁▁ ▁The ▁Jun ta ▁had ▁already ▁held ▁a ▁st aged ▁refer endum ▁to ▁abol ish ▁the ▁mon archy ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁and ▁passed ▁a ▁new ▁Constitution ▁which ▁established ▁a ▁president ial ▁republic ▁( with ▁jun ta ▁leader ▁Georg ios ▁Pap ad op oul os ▁as ▁President ). ▁This ▁short - l ived ▁attempt ▁at ▁controlled ▁dem ocrat ization ▁was ▁ended ▁by ▁the ▁hard lin ers ▁under ▁Brig ad ier ▁Dim it rios ▁Io ann ides |
, ▁who ▁over th rew ▁Pap ad op oul os ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁in ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁the ▁Ath ens ▁Poly techn ic ▁u pr ising . ▁The ▁Republic ▁was ▁maintained , ▁but ▁was ▁nothing ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁fa ç ade ▁for ▁the ▁military ▁regime ▁until ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁when ▁the ▁Turkish ▁invasion ▁of ▁Cy pr us ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁Jun ta . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁the ▁regime ▁and ▁the ▁return ▁to ▁civil ian ▁rule ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁however , ▁the ▁legal ▁and ▁constitution al ▁acts ▁of ▁the ▁Jun ta ▁were ▁de emed ▁invalid , ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁refer endum ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁ 8 ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁which ▁finally ▁abol ished ▁the ▁mon archy . ▁A ▁new ▁Constitution , ▁prom ul g ated ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁declared ▁Greece ▁a ▁president ial ▁parliament ary ▁dem ocracy ▁( or ▁republic ▁– ▁the ▁Greek ▁ δ η μ ο κ ρ α τ ί α ▁can ▁be ▁translated ▁both ▁ways ). ▁This ▁constitution , ▁re vised ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁is ▁still ▁in ▁force ▁today . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁H ellen ic ▁Parliament ▁– ▁Constitution al ▁History ▁of ▁Greece ▁ ▁H ellen ic ▁Republic ▁H ellen ic ▁Republic ▁H ellen ic ▁Republic ▁* |
<0x0A> </s> ▁Ar dan j ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Yam ▁R ural ▁District , ▁M esh kan ▁District , ▁Kh os hab ▁County , ▁Raz avi ▁K hor as an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 2 7 9 , ▁in ▁ 5 9 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Kh os hab ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Martín ▁García ▁and ▁Mar iano ▁H ood ▁were ▁the ▁def ending ▁champions , ▁but ▁H ood ▁could ▁not ▁comp ete ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁ 1 - year ▁ban ▁due ▁to ▁do ping . ▁H ood ▁decided ▁to ▁ret ire ▁from ▁professional ▁tennis ▁instead . ▁ ▁García ▁te amed ▁up ▁with ▁Luis ▁Hor na ▁and ▁successfully ▁def ended ▁his ▁title ▁by ▁defe ating ▁Mar ius z ▁F yr sten berg ▁and ▁Marc in ▁Mat kow ski ▁ 7 – 6 ( 7 – 1 ), ▁ 7 – 6 ( 7 – 2 ) ▁in ▁the ▁final . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁title ▁for ▁García ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁title ▁for ▁Hor na ▁in ▁their ▁respective ▁doubles ▁care ers . ▁ ▁Se eds ▁ ▁Draw ▁ ▁Draw ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Main ▁Draw ▁ ▁Category : C ampion ati ▁Intern az ionali ▁di ▁Sic ilia ▁Category : 2 0 0 6 ▁ATP ▁Tour <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁Dav ol ▁Bud long ▁( 1 9 0 2 – 1 9 5 5 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁industrial ▁designer ▁from ▁Den ver |
, ▁Colorado . ▁ ▁He ▁studied ▁art ▁at ▁C umm ings ▁School ▁of ▁Art ▁in ▁Des ▁Mo ines , ▁Iowa ▁and ▁graduated ▁from ▁Gr inn ell ▁College , ▁Iowa ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 . ▁This ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁further ▁study ▁at ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Academy ▁of ▁Fine ▁Arts . ▁ ▁He ▁started ▁his ▁design ▁career ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁with ▁the ▁Hamm ond ▁C lock ▁Company ▁and , ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 4 - 1 9 3 5 , ▁became ▁a ▁design ▁consult ant ▁with ▁Z en ith ▁Radio . ▁This ▁invol vement ▁with ▁Z en ith ▁was ▁to ▁last ▁until ▁his ▁death . ▁ ▁He ▁designed ▁many ▁of ▁Z en ith ' s ▁pre - war ▁port able ▁rad ios , ▁and ▁virt ually ▁their ▁entire ▁" Trans - O cean ic " ▁line . ▁His ▁other ▁radio ▁designs ▁included ▁a ▁" univers al ▁port able " ▁AC / DC ▁radio ▁with ▁batter ies ▁( 1 9 4 0 ), ▁the ▁" P ok et " ▁radio ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁and ▁the ▁" Trans o cean ic ▁C li pper " ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁Although ▁Z en ith ▁wanted ▁him ▁to ▁work ▁full - time ▁as ▁an ▁employee , ▁and ▁head ▁an ▁in - house ▁industrial ▁design ▁group , ▁Bud long ▁wished ▁to ▁remain ▁independent ▁to ▁retain ▁other ▁clients . ▁However , ▁he ▁did ▁re loc ate ▁his ▁offices ▁to ▁the ▁Z en ith ▁building ▁on ▁ 3 3 |
3 ▁Michigan ▁Avenue , ▁Chicago , ▁that ▁hous ed ▁Z en ith ' s ▁corpor ate ▁show rooms . ▁ ▁His ▁other ▁major ▁clients ▁included ▁Sun be am , ▁S ears - Ro eb uck , ▁and ▁Victor ▁C ash ▁Register . ▁For ▁Sun be am , ▁he ▁designed ▁the ▁T - 2 0 ▁To aster ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁- ▁a ▁newer ▁type ▁of ▁app liance ▁that ▁lower ed ▁bread ▁automatically , ▁and ▁raised ▁itself ▁sil ently ▁when ▁done ▁- ▁and ▁worked ▁with ▁Sun be am ▁staff ▁designer ▁I var ▁Je pson ▁on ▁the ▁" Sh av em aster " ▁( 1 9 5 0 ) ▁electric ▁sh aver . ▁This ▁model ▁had ▁a ▁smooth , ▁rounded ▁head ▁and ▁an ▁erg onom ic ▁shape ▁to ▁be ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁pal m ▁of ▁the ▁hand , ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁previous ▁el ong ated ▁shape ▁held ▁like ▁a ▁ham mer . ▁ ▁Bud long ' s ▁business ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁after ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁by ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁associ ates , ▁Ken ▁Sch ory ▁Sr . ▁and ▁renamed ▁Ken ▁Sch ory ▁Associ ates . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ID SA ▁Bio ▁of ▁Bud long ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 5 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁industrial ▁engine ers ▁Category : American ▁industrial ▁design ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁engine ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Halle lu j ah ▁Hills ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local ity ▁in ▁the ▁Mid |
▁North ▁region ▁of ▁South ▁Australia , ▁situated ▁in ▁the ▁Regional ▁Council ▁of ▁Go y der . ▁▁ ▁The ▁area ▁was ▁originally ▁the ▁territory ▁of ▁the ▁Ng adj uri ▁people . ▁It ▁includes ▁the ▁ 4 1 3 ▁ha ▁former ▁Halle lu j ah ▁Hills ▁past oral ▁property , ▁now ▁held ▁for ▁conservation ▁purposes ▁by ▁World s ▁End ▁Conserv ation ▁P ty ▁Ltd . ▁World s ▁End ▁describes ▁the ▁site ▁as ▁" the ▁last ▁range ▁of ▁hills ▁and ▁rid ges ▁between ▁the ▁mid - n orth ▁and ▁the ▁m alle e ▁pla ins ", ▁and ▁home ▁to ▁rare ▁and ▁threatened ▁fl ora ▁and ▁fa una . ▁It ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁a ▁large ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁end anger ed ▁Sp iller ' s ▁w attle ▁( Ac acia ▁sp iller iana ). ▁ ▁The ▁formal ▁gaz ett ed ▁local ity ▁of ▁Halle lu j ah ▁Hills ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁World s ▁End ▁Highway ▁marks ▁the ▁eastern ▁boundary ▁of ▁the ▁local ity . ▁Halle lu j ah ▁Hills ▁Road ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁road ▁through ▁Halle lu j ah ▁Hills ▁itself . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁in ▁South ▁Australia ▁Category : M id ▁North ▁( S outh ▁Australia ) <0x0A> </s> ▁T ild es ley ▁is ▁a ▁surname , ▁and ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Domin ic ▁T ild es ley ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 2 ), ▁a ▁British ▁chem ist ▁Don ovan ▁T ild es ley ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 4 |
), ▁a ▁blind ▁Canadian ▁sw immer ▁Jim ▁T ild es ley ▁( 1 8 8 1 – 1 9 6 3 ), ▁English ▁footballer ▁Mark ▁T ild es ley ▁( production ▁designer ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 3 ), ▁British ▁designer ▁and ▁director ▁Mi ri am ▁T ild es ley ▁( 1 8 8 3 – 1 9 7 9 ), ▁English ▁anth rop ologist ▁Mur der ▁of ▁Mark ▁T ild es ley ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁un sol ved ▁murder ▁case ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Ty ld es ley , ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁Gre ater ▁Manchester ▁Ty ld es ley ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge ▁Police ▁Department ▁( BR PD ) ▁is ▁the ▁primary ▁law ▁enfor cement ▁ag ency ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge , ▁Louisiana . ▁The ▁Chief ▁of ▁Police , ▁as ▁of ▁March ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁was ▁Mur phy ▁Paul . ▁ ▁The ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge ▁Police ▁Department ▁has ▁been ▁acc red ited ▁by ▁the ▁Commission ▁on ▁Acc red itation ▁for ▁Law ▁En for cement ▁A gen cies ▁( CA LE A ) ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁History ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge ▁was ▁incorpor ated ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 7 ▁and ▁the ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge ▁Police ▁Department ▁was ▁formally ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 5 , ▁just ▁after ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War , ▁with ▁the ▁appointment ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Chief ▁of ▁Police . ▁ |
▁Currently ▁the ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge ▁Police ▁Department ▁receives ▁about ▁ 2 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁service ▁calls . ▁In ▁an ▁average ▁year , ▁city ▁police ▁officers : ▁ ▁Res pond ▁to ▁and ▁write ▁reports ▁on ▁ 1 3 5 , 0 0 0 ▁non - tra ffic ▁calls ▁Res pond ▁to ▁ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁false ▁al ar ms ▁Investig ate ▁ 2 1 , 0 0 0 ▁serious ▁cr imes ▁Investig ate ▁ 1 7 , 0 0 0 ▁traffic ▁crashes ▁Make ▁ 8 , 0 0 0 ▁arr ests ▁Sub mit ▁ 2 2 , 0 0 0 ▁pieces ▁of ▁evidence ▁or ▁property ▁Se ize ▁ 9 0 0 ▁fire ar ms ▁Pres ent ▁ 2 0 0 ▁crime ▁prevent ion ▁and ▁education ▁sem in ars ▁( to ▁about ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁people ) ▁Dest roy ▁ 2 , 5 0 0 ▁pounds ▁of ▁seized ▁illegal ▁n arc ot ics ▁License ▁ 1 2 , 0 0 0 ▁b icy cles ▁Drive ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁due ▁to ▁elev ated ▁population ▁levels ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁H urr ican es ▁K atr ina ▁and ▁R ita , ▁many ▁of ▁these ▁numbers ▁were ▁significantly ▁higher . ▁ ▁B ure aus ▁and ▁command ▁staff ▁The ▁BR PD ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁four ▁b ure aus : ▁ ▁Un iform ▁Pat rol ▁Bureau ▁- ▁Captain ▁Kevin ▁New man ▁C riminal ▁Investig ations ▁Bureau ▁- ▁Michael ▁Mann ing ▁Administration ▁Bureau ▁- ▁Deput |
y ▁chief ▁Herbert ▁An ny ▁ ▁Oper ational ▁Services ▁Bureau ▁- ▁Major ▁Er nie ▁Bre wer ▁ ▁Un iform ▁Pat rol ▁Bureau ▁Un iform ▁Pat rol ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁b ureau ▁of ▁the ▁department , ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁primary ▁point ▁of ▁contact ▁for ▁services ▁to ▁the ▁public . ▁The ▁Bureau ▁oper ates ▁four ▁prec inct ▁stations ▁and ▁satellite ▁offices ▁throughout ▁the ▁city . ▁Offic ers ▁assigned ▁to ▁this ▁b ureau ▁perform ▁prevent ive ▁pat rol s ▁and ▁respond ▁to ▁public ▁requests ▁for ▁assistance ▁ 2 4 ▁hours ▁a ▁day , ▁ 7 ▁days ▁a ▁week . ▁The ▁Un iform ▁Pat rol ▁Bureau ▁consist ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁divisions : ▁ ▁Un iform ▁Pat rol ▁Division ▁Un iform ▁Pat rol ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁pat rolling ▁all ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁city , ▁respond ing ▁to ▁calls ▁from ▁citizens , ▁conduct ing ▁pre lim inary ▁investig ations ▁of ▁all ▁cr imes , ▁and ▁enfor cing ▁both ▁criminal ▁and ▁traffic ▁laws . ▁The ▁Un iform ▁Pat rol ▁Division ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁four ▁( 4 ) ▁ge ographical ▁pat rol ▁sections ▁or ▁districts . ▁ ▁First ▁District ▁P rec inct ▁The ▁First ▁District ▁P rec inct ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁ 4 5 4 5 ▁Pl ank ▁Road ▁and ▁serves ▁what ▁is ▁tradition ally ▁known ▁as ▁North ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge . ▁ ▁The ▁area ▁pat rolled ▁is ▁roughly ▁border ed ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁east ▁by ▁Ev ang eline ▁and ▁Air line ▁Highway , ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁by ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River ▁and ▁Sc en ic ▁Highway ▁and ▁on |
▁the ▁south ▁by ▁Florida ▁Bou lev ard . ▁ ▁Second ▁District ▁P rec inct ▁The ▁Second ▁District ▁P rec inct ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁ 2 2 6 5 ▁High land ▁Road ▁and ▁serves ▁what ▁is ▁tradition ally ▁known ▁as ▁South ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge . ▁ ▁The ▁area ▁pat rolled ▁is ▁roughly ▁border ed ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁by ▁Florida ▁Bou lev ard , ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁by ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River , ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁by ▁Bay ou ▁F ount ain , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁by ▁Blue bon net ▁Highway , ▁Ess en ▁Lane , ▁Jefferson ▁Highway , ▁and ▁Lob d ell ▁Avenue . ▁ ▁Third ▁District ▁P rec inct ▁The ▁Third ▁District ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁ 9 0 0 0 ▁Air line ▁Highway , ▁and ▁serves ▁the ▁eastern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁The ▁area ▁pat rolled ▁is ▁roughly ▁border ed ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁by ▁Green well ▁Spr ings ▁Road ▁and ▁the ▁South ▁Cho ct aw ▁Drive ▁Ext ension ▁( ra il road ▁tracks ), ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁by ▁Air line ▁Highway ▁and ▁Lob d ell ▁Avenue , ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁by ▁North ▁Ste v end ale ▁Road , ▁L ively ▁Bay ou , ▁O ' Ne al ▁Lane , ▁Jones ▁Creek ▁Road , ▁and ▁St um berg ▁Lane , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁by ▁Air line ▁Highway ▁and ▁Jefferson ▁Highway . ▁ ▁Four th ▁District ▁P rec inct ▁The ▁Four th ▁District ▁P rec inct ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁ 8 2 2 7 ▁Sc en ic ▁Highway ▁and ▁serves ▁the |
▁extreme ▁northern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁city , ▁including ▁the ▁area ▁tradition ally ▁known ▁as ▁Scotland ville . ▁ ▁The ▁area ▁pat rolled ▁is ▁roughly ▁border ed ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁by ▁Bl ount ▁Road ▁and ▁Thomas ▁Road , ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁by ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River , ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁by ▁Button wood ▁Drive , ▁McC le ll and ▁Drive , ▁and ▁Pl ank ▁Road , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁by ▁Ev ang eline ▁and ▁Air line ▁Highway . ▁ ▁Tra ffic ▁Division ▁The ▁Tra ffic ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁par king ▁control , ▁rad ar ▁speed ▁enfor cement , ▁motor cycle ▁esc ort ▁duty , ▁and ▁assist ing ▁the ▁uniform ▁pat rol ▁division ▁in ▁select ive ▁traffic ▁enfor cement ▁and ▁accident ▁investigation , ▁as ▁required , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁special ▁assign ments ▁at ▁the ▁dis cret ion ▁of ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁Police . ▁The ▁traffic ▁division ▁car ries ▁out ▁its ▁mission ▁with ▁the ▁following ▁sections : ▁ ▁Motor cycle ▁Section ▁The ▁Motor cycle ▁Section ▁concentr ates ▁on ▁traffic ▁enfor cement ▁and ▁accident ▁investigation , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁esc ort s ▁and ▁other ▁special ized ▁assign ments ▁at ▁the ▁dis cret ion ▁of ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁Police . ▁ ▁Rad ar ▁Units ▁Rad ar ▁Units ▁are ▁responsible ▁for ▁enfor cement ▁of ▁speed ing ▁laws , ▁serve ▁as ▁accident ▁investig ators ▁during ▁inc lement ▁weather ▁and ▁are ▁period ically ▁assigned ▁to ▁special ▁events . ▁ ▁D WI ▁Task ▁Force ▁The ▁D WI ▁Task ▁Force ▁pat rol s ▁after ▁dark , ▁enfor cing ▁laws ▁rel ating ▁to |
▁imp a ired ▁drivers ▁under ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁either ▁alco hol ▁or ▁dru gs . ▁ ▁B icy cle ▁Pat rol s ▁B icy cle ▁Pat rol s ▁are ▁util ized ▁for ▁concentr ated , ▁more ▁personal ized ▁protection ▁of ▁contained ▁areas , ▁such ▁as ▁m alls , ▁sho pping ▁cent ers , ▁or ▁areas ▁of ▁high - dens ity ▁ped est rian ▁traffic . ▁B icy cle ▁Pat rol ▁officers ▁are ▁also ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁Dow nt own ▁Development ▁District ▁to ▁en force ▁par king ▁ordin ances , ▁contact ▁business ▁own ers ▁and ▁residents ▁to ▁check ▁for ▁problems ▁and ▁dev ise ▁solutions ▁to ▁those ▁problems . ▁ ▁Tra ffic ▁Hom ic ide ▁Unit ▁The ▁Tra ffic ▁Hom ic ide ▁Unit ▁investig ates ▁all ▁traffic ▁crashes ▁involving ▁death ▁or ▁life - th re aten ing ▁inj uries ▁and ▁fleet ▁crashes ▁as ▁directed ▁by ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁Police . ▁ ▁School ▁Cross ing ▁Gu ards ▁School ▁Cross ing ▁Gu ards ▁are ▁civ ili ans ▁used ▁to ▁supp lement ▁police ▁protection ▁of ▁children ▁walking ▁to ▁and ▁from ▁schools ▁during ▁the ▁regular ▁school ▁year . ▁ ▁Reserve ▁Offic ers ▁Reserve ▁Offic ers ▁are ▁civ ili ans ▁who ▁under go ▁necessary ▁training ▁to ▁become ▁police ▁officers ▁and ▁who ▁don ate ▁their ▁time ▁as ▁police ▁officers ▁to ▁supp lement ▁existing ▁man power , ▁especially ▁during ▁special ▁events . ▁ ▁Hit ▁and ▁Run ▁Division ▁The ▁Hit ▁and ▁Run ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁follow - up ▁investigation ▁of ▁hit ▁and ▁run ▁and ▁incomplete ▁acc idents ▁as ▁reported ▁by ▁field |
▁officers . ▁ ▁Support ▁Services ▁Units ▁The ▁Support ▁Services ▁Units ▁perform ▁functions ▁that ▁supp lement ▁the ▁uniform ▁pat rol ▁division . ▁ ▁H ous ing ▁Author ity ▁Unit ▁The ▁H ous ing ▁Author ity ▁Unit ▁coordinates ▁all ▁security ▁at ▁public ▁housing ▁complex es , ▁working ▁closely ▁with ▁management ▁and ▁residents ▁to ▁en force ▁laws , ▁resolve ▁problems ▁and ▁provide ▁a ▁safe ▁environment . ▁ ▁Building ▁Security ▁Building ▁Security ▁coordinates ▁protection ▁for ▁the ▁East ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge ▁Par ish ▁Government al ▁Building ▁and ▁its ▁employees . ▁ ▁Mis de mean or ▁Investig ation ▁Office ▁The ▁Mis de mean or ▁Investig ation ▁Office ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁conduct ing ▁follow - up ▁investig ations ▁of ▁mis de mean or ▁cr imes . ▁ ▁K - 9 ▁Unit ▁The ▁K - 9 ▁Unit ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁building ▁searches , ▁crowd ▁control , ▁tracking ▁fle eing ▁suspect s , ▁or ▁searches ▁for ▁missing ▁persons , ▁or ▁any ▁other ▁miss ions ▁which ▁could ▁more ▁effectively ▁or ▁more ▁safely ▁be ▁carried ▁out ▁by ▁trained ▁Police ▁dogs ▁than ▁by ▁police ▁officers . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁American ▁Kenn el ▁Club ▁awarded ▁the ▁K - 9 ▁Division ▁with ▁its ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Law ▁En for cement ▁Award ▁for ▁Can ine ▁Ex cell ence ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁units ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁following ▁H urr icane ▁K atr ina . ▁ ▁Crime ▁Analysis ▁Section ▁The ▁Crime ▁Analysis ▁Section ▁collect s ▁data ▁generated ▁by ▁uniform ▁officers ▁and ▁reports ▁to ▁the ▁b ureau ▁commander ▁with ▁respect ▁to |
▁man power ▁allocation ▁and ▁directed ▁pat rol ▁initi atives . ▁ ▁C riminal ▁Investig ations ▁Bureau ▁C riminal ▁Investig ations ▁offers ▁some ▁limited ▁first - line ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁public , ▁but ▁is ▁primarily ▁responsible ▁for ▁follow - up ▁investig ations ▁of ▁major ▁cr imes . ▁Div isions ▁within ▁the ▁C riminal ▁Investig ations ▁Bureau ▁include : ▁ ▁Cr imes ▁Again st ▁Pers ons ▁Cr imes ▁Again st ▁Pers ons ▁include ▁the ▁following ▁divisions : ▁ ▁Hom ic ide ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁investig ating ▁all ▁criminal ▁calls ▁where ▁a ▁death ▁or ▁life - th re aten ing ▁injury ▁has ▁occurred , ▁any ▁officer ▁involved ▁shooting ▁or ▁the ▁attempted ▁murder ▁of ▁a ▁police ▁officer . ▁ ▁Ar med ▁Rob ber y ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁investig ating ▁all ▁criminal ▁calls ▁involving ▁all ▁degrees ▁of ▁rob ber y . ▁ ▁Ju ven ile ▁and ▁Sex ▁Cr imes ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁maintain ing ▁ju ven ile ▁investigation ▁records , ▁cases ▁of ▁child ▁ab use , ▁and ▁all ▁types ▁of ▁sex ▁cr imes . ▁ ▁Major ▁Ass ault s ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁investig ating ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁non - life - th re aten ing ▁fel ony ▁personal ▁cr imes ▁and ▁missing ▁person ▁cases . ▁ ▁Computer ▁Cr imes ▁Division ▁investig ates ▁cr imes ▁committed ▁against ▁persons ▁or ▁computer ▁systems ▁using ▁the ▁Internet , ▁e - mail ▁or ▁other ▁electronic ▁means . ▁ ▁Property ▁Cr imes ▁Property ▁Cr imes ▁includes ▁the ▁following ▁divisions : ▁ ▁Burg l ary ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁coordin |
ating ▁all ▁follow - up ▁investig ations ▁of ▁burg l aries , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁recovery ▁of ▁st olen ▁property ▁from ▁local ▁pa wn ▁sh ops . ▁ ▁Auto ▁The ft / Imp ound ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁conduct ing ▁follow - up ▁investig ations ▁of ▁auto ▁the ft s ▁and ▁una ut hor ized ▁use ▁of ▁mov ables . ▁The ▁unit ▁also ▁coordinates ▁all ▁records ▁and ▁information ▁rel ating ▁to ▁vehicles ▁stored ▁and ▁imp ounded ▁by ▁the ▁Department ▁and ▁monitoring ▁local ▁to wing ▁services ▁to ▁ins ure ▁comp liance ▁with ▁applicable ▁standards ▁and ▁ordin ances . ▁ ▁F org ery ▁Division : ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁investig ating ▁all ▁cr imes ▁involving ▁the ft s ▁by ▁fra ud ul ent ▁use ▁of ▁access ▁cards , ▁and ▁for ger ies ▁of ▁negoti able ▁documents . ▁ ▁Investig ative ▁Support ▁Investig ative ▁Support ▁includes ▁the ▁following ▁divisions : ▁ ▁Ev idence ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁collection , ▁storage , ▁catalog uing , ▁and ▁disposition ▁of ▁all ▁evidence ▁and ▁property ▁seized ▁by , ▁or ▁turned ▁in ▁to , ▁the ▁department . ▁ ▁Crime ▁Sc ene ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁assist ing ▁in ▁investig ations ▁by ▁taking ▁photograph s , ▁sketch ing ▁major ▁crime ▁scenes , ▁collect ing ▁and ▁tag ging ▁evidence , ▁and ▁performing ▁various ▁scientific ▁tests ▁on ▁suspect s ▁and / or ▁evidence ▁as ▁needed . ▁ ▁Crime ▁Sto ppers ▁Office ▁coordinates ▁all ▁fac ets ▁of ▁the ▁Crime ▁Sto ppers ▁program ▁with ▁local ▁news ▁media , ▁business es , ▁and ▁the ▁public . |
▁ ▁Administration ▁Bureau ▁Administration ▁is ▁the ▁Chief ' s ▁staff ▁b ureau , ▁concerned ▁with ▁the ▁overall ▁management ▁of ▁the ▁department ' s ▁operations ▁and ▁internal ▁controls . ▁ ▁Most ▁offices ▁are ▁hous ed ▁dow nt own ▁at ▁Police ▁Head quarters ▁located ▁at ▁ 9 0 0 0 ▁Air line ▁Highway . ▁ ▁Div isions ▁and ▁Pos itions ▁within ▁Administration : ▁ ▁Leg al ▁Ad visor ▁acts ▁as ▁an ▁ad visor ▁to ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁Police ▁and ▁his ▁staff ▁on ▁department ▁matters , ▁to ▁ensure ▁conform ity ▁with ▁existing ▁laws ▁and ▁court ▁dec isions . ▁ ▁Office ▁of ▁Media ▁Rel ations ▁acts ▁as ▁a ▁l ia ison ▁between ▁the ▁department ▁and ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁working ▁news ▁media . ▁ ▁Fle et ▁Management ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁all ▁aspects ▁of ▁assigning ▁and ▁maintain ing ▁the ▁fleet ▁of ▁vehicles ▁owned ▁and ▁operated ▁by ▁the ▁department . ▁ ▁In ternal ▁Affairs ▁Division ▁conduct s ▁investig ations ▁and ▁maintain s ▁records ▁on ▁all ▁compla ints ▁of ▁wrong do ing ▁lod ged ▁against ▁members . ▁ ▁Account ing ▁and ▁Person nel ▁Office ▁handles ▁all ▁accounts ▁rece iv able ▁and ▁pay able ▁and ▁prepar es ▁the ▁department ' s ▁annual ▁budget , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁all ▁personnel ▁records ▁and ▁actions . ▁ ▁Oper ational ▁Management ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁providing ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁services ▁to ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁Police ▁and ▁the ▁department , ▁such ▁as ▁coordin ating ▁all ▁research ; ▁writing , ▁review ing ▁and ▁distrib uting ▁policies ▁and ▁procedures ; ▁se cur ing ▁state ▁and ▁federal ▁grant ▁funds |
; ▁coordin ating ▁travel ▁of ▁officers ▁on ▁department ▁business ; ▁conduct ing ▁research ▁on ▁products ▁and ▁equipment ; ▁ex ch anging ▁information ▁with ▁other ▁police ▁ag encies ▁regarding ▁operations ; ▁invent ory ▁control ▁and ▁supply ; ▁and ▁acc red itation . ▁ ▁Staff ▁In spe ctions ▁Office ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁conduct ing ▁daily ▁ins pe ctions ▁of ▁all ▁divisions ▁of ▁the ▁department . ▁ ▁Health ▁and ▁Saf ety ▁analy zes ▁conditions ▁that ▁may ▁affect ▁an ▁officer ' s ▁performance ▁or ▁result ▁in ▁loss ▁of ▁work ▁time . ▁ ▁Community ▁Resources ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁establish ing ▁l ia ison ▁with ▁formal ▁community ▁organizations ▁and ▁other ▁community ▁groups . ▁ ▁D . A . R . E ▁places ▁police ▁officers ▁in ▁elementary ▁school ▁class rooms ▁to ▁act ▁as ▁anti - d rug ▁ab use ▁instruct ors . ▁ ▁Ext ra ▁D ut y ▁Office ▁coordinates ▁and ▁tracks ▁all ▁off - d ut y ▁employ ment ▁of ▁police ▁officers . ▁ ▁Int elligence ▁Division ▁g athers ▁information ▁on ▁both ▁real ▁and ▁potential ▁thre ats ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁peace ▁and ▁assim il ates ▁and ▁reports ▁such ▁information ▁to ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁Police . ▁ ▁Ex pl os ives ▁and ▁Haz ard ous ▁Material s ▁UN IT ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁on - scene ▁and ▁follow - up ▁investig ations ▁of ▁ha z ard ous ▁materials ▁sp ills ▁or ▁fires , ▁explos ions , ▁or ▁cr imes ▁involving ▁inc endi ary ▁devices ▁of ▁all ▁types . ▁ ▁Special ▁Response ▁Team , ▁( S RT ) ▁S RT ▁consists ▁of |
▁a ▁full - time ▁unit ▁and ▁part - time ▁unit ▁which ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁officers ▁who ▁are ▁on - call . ▁Their ▁mission ▁is ▁to ▁respond ▁to ▁emer gency ▁operations , ▁such ▁as ▁host age ▁situations , ▁and ▁to ▁provide ▁dign it ary ▁and ▁VI P ▁protection . ▁ ▁M embers ▁of ▁the ▁team ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁World ▁SW AT ▁Challenge ▁and ▁finished ▁ 5 th ▁overall , ▁while ▁also ▁capt uring ▁the ▁“ R ook ie ▁Team ▁Championship ” ▁title . ▁ ▁Oper ational ▁Services ▁Bureau ▁Oper ational ▁Services ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁diverse ▁b ureau ▁of ▁the ▁department , ▁providing ▁numerous ▁and ▁varied ▁support ▁functions , ▁including ▁serving ▁as ▁the ▁repository ▁for ▁all ▁criminal ▁and ▁traffic ▁records . ▁ ▁Div isions ▁within ▁this ▁Bureau : ▁ ▁Al arm ▁En for cement ▁Section ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁lic ens ing , ▁reg ulating , ▁maintain ing ▁statistics , ▁and ▁collect ing ▁fe es ▁from ▁alarm ▁users ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁and ▁parish . ▁ ▁Lic ens ing ▁Section ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁issu ing ▁lic enses ▁and ▁maintain ing ▁records ▁on ▁all ▁persons ▁and ▁business es ▁lic ensed ▁by ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁Police . ▁ ▁Sub po ena ▁Services ▁and ▁Court ▁L ia ison ▁Section ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁serving ▁sub po enas ▁and ▁other ▁court ▁documents ▁to ▁department ▁personnel , ▁and ▁for ▁maintain ing ▁l ia isons ▁with ▁area ▁courts . ▁ ▁B icy cle ▁Reg istration ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁register ing ▁and ▁lic ens ing ▁all ▁b icy cles |
▁sold ▁and ▁r idden ▁in ▁the ▁city , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁enfor cing ▁applicable ▁b icy cle ▁traffic ▁ordin ances . ▁This ▁division ▁is ▁also ▁responsible ▁for ▁storage ▁and ▁disposition ▁of ▁all ▁abandoned , ▁recovered ▁and ▁seized ▁b icy cles . ▁ ▁Training ▁Services ▁Unit ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁rec ruit ment ▁and ▁training ▁of ▁all ▁pros pective ▁and ▁newly ▁h ired ▁officers , ▁and ▁the ▁in - service ▁training ▁and ▁re - cert ification ▁of ▁existing ▁personnel ▁in ▁all ▁aspects ▁of ▁law ▁enfor cement ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁maintenance ▁of ▁records ▁rel ating ▁to ▁such ▁training . ▁The ▁fire ar ms ▁training ▁section ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁all ▁training ▁of ▁potential , ▁newly ▁h ired , ▁and ▁existing ▁personnel ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁fire ar ms ▁safety ▁and ▁prof ic iency . ▁The ▁rec ruit ing ▁section ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁interview ing ▁pros pective ▁employees , ▁conduct ing ▁all ▁necessary ▁background ▁checks ▁and ▁tests , ▁and ▁providing ▁lists ▁of ▁qualified ▁and ▁recommended ▁candidates ▁for ▁employ ment ▁as ▁officers . ▁ ▁C riminal ▁Records ▁Section ▁maintain s ▁a ▁central ized ▁record ▁system ▁of ▁all ▁criminal ▁off ense ▁reports ▁prepared ▁by ▁officers ▁of ▁the ▁department , ▁arrest ▁reports , ▁finger print ▁cards , ▁and ▁all ▁necessary ▁files ▁and ▁systems ▁for ▁criminal ▁information ▁storage , ▁retr ieval , ▁arch iving , ▁and ▁disposition . ▁ ▁Tra ffic ▁Records ▁Section ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁maintenance ▁of ▁a ▁central ▁traffic ▁records ▁system , ▁providing ▁report ▁production , ▁a ▁public ▁counter ▁service ▁facility , ▁and ▁a ▁system ▁for ▁traffic |
▁information ▁storage , ▁retr ieval ▁and ▁disposition . ▁ ▁Lat ent ▁Print ▁Section ▁oper ates ▁as ▁an ▁identification ▁unit , ▁analyz ing , ▁comparing , ▁catalog uing ▁and ▁class ifying ▁submitted ▁finger print s . ▁ ▁Crime ▁Information ▁Unit ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁operating ▁the ▁National ▁Crime ▁Information ▁Center ▁computer ▁and ▁te let ype ▁system , ▁receiving ▁and ▁distrib uting ▁advis ories ▁from ▁other ▁ag encies , ▁and ▁input ting ▁information ▁origin ating ▁with ▁this ▁department , ▁for ▁dis sem ination ▁to ▁other ▁interested ▁ag encies . ▁ ▁Crime ▁Statistics ▁and ▁Research ▁Unit ▁man ages ▁the ▁F BI ▁uniform ▁crime ▁reports ▁and ▁provides ▁statist ically ▁orient ed ▁data ▁to ▁other ▁divisions ▁and ▁outside ▁ag encies . ▁ ▁Communic ations ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁proper ▁routing ▁of ▁all ▁tele phone ▁calls ▁to ▁the ▁department . ▁This ▁division ▁receives ▁and ▁processes ▁all ▁requests ▁for ▁police ▁services . ▁Communic ations ▁personnel ▁also ▁dispatch , ▁via ▁radio , ▁the ▁appropriate ▁police ▁units ▁to ▁investigate ▁and ▁assist ▁as ▁needed . ▁ ▁Techn ological ▁Support ▁Unit ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁operating , ▁maintain ing , ▁and ▁updating ▁all ▁computer ▁systems ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁department . ▁ ▁Rank ▁structure ▁ ▁The ▁Chief ▁of ▁Police ▁is ▁appointed ▁by , ▁and ▁reports ▁to , ▁the ▁Mayor . ▁The ▁Chief ▁is ▁assist ed ▁by ▁a ▁Deput y ▁Chief ; ▁who ▁is ▁a ▁Colonel . ▁This ▁post ▁has ▁replaced ▁Chief ▁of ▁Staff . ▁All ▁other ▁police ▁positions ▁are ▁prom ot ional ▁and ▁based ▁on ▁senior ity , ▁as ▁mand ated ▁by ▁state ▁civil ▁service ▁law . |
▁ ▁F allen ▁officers ▁Since ▁ 1 9 1 1 , ▁the ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge ▁Police ▁Department ▁has ▁lost ▁ 2 1 ▁Offic ers ▁and ▁ 1 ▁K 9 ▁who ▁died ▁while ▁on ▁duty . ▁ ▁Form er ▁chief s ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁law ▁enfor cement ▁ag encies ▁in ▁Louisiana ▁ ▁International ▁Union ▁of ▁Police ▁Associ ations ▁ ▁Officer ▁Down ▁Memorial ▁Page ▁ ▁Sho oting ▁of ▁Al ton ▁Ster ling ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁shooting ▁of ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge ▁police ▁officers ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ▁police ▁depart ments ▁of ▁Louisiana ▁Category : G overn ment ▁of ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge , ▁Louisiana ▁Category : 1 8 6 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Louisiana ▁Category : G overn ment ▁ag encies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁Parad ise ▁Park ▁was ▁a ▁tour ist ▁att raction ▁and ▁recre ational ▁facility ▁" for ▁colored ▁people ▁only ", ▁as ▁its ▁sign ▁said , ▁about ▁a ▁ ▁from ▁Silver ▁Spr ings , ▁near ▁O cala , ▁Florida , ▁founded ▁and ▁run ▁by ▁the ▁same ▁management . ▁It ▁offered ▁similar ▁features , ▁such ▁as ▁glass - bottom ▁boats , ▁" j ung le ▁cru ises ," ▁a ▁pet ting ▁zoo , ▁a ▁dance ▁pav il ion ▁with ▁ju ke box , ▁perform ers , ▁a ▁soft ball ▁field , ▁a ▁horses ho e ▁toss , ▁and ▁a ▁sand y ▁beach ▁with ▁lif egu ards . ▁It ▁operated ▁from ▁ 1 |
9 4 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁during ▁which ▁time ▁Silver ▁Spr ings ' ▁boat ▁r ides ▁were ▁for ▁whites ▁only . ▁As ▁was ▁the ▁rule ▁during ▁the ▁alleg edly ▁separate ▁but ▁equal ▁period , ▁" Par ad ise ▁Park ▁was ▁al right , ▁but ▁it ▁wasn ' t ▁up ▁on ▁a ▁par ▁with ▁the ▁white ▁parts ▁of ▁Silver ▁Spr ings ." ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁it ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁be aches ▁open ▁for ▁African ▁Americans ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Florida . ▁Ad mission ▁was ▁free , ▁though ▁sw imming ▁cost ▁ 3 5 ¢ , ▁which ▁provided ▁a ▁to wel ▁and ▁clothes ▁storage . ▁" Par ad ise ▁Park ▁drew ▁about ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁visitors ▁ann ually . ▁People ▁came , ▁sometimes ▁by ▁the ▁bus load , ▁from ▁as ▁far ▁away ▁as ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁California ." ▁At ▁times , ▁the ▁park ▁overflow ed ▁with ▁visitors . ▁One ▁day ▁there ▁were ▁ 3 0 ▁bus es ▁in ▁the ▁par king ▁lot ; ▁on ▁another ▁occasion , ▁ 2 4 7 ▁cars ▁were ▁counted . ▁" Ch arter ed ▁bus es ▁brought ▁visitors ▁from ▁many ▁states ." ▁Bro ch ures ▁were ▁distributed ▁in ▁Georgia ▁and ▁Alabama , ▁seeking ▁these ▁customers . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁Eb ony ▁magazine ▁called ▁it ▁" the ▁new est ▁and ▁largest ▁recre ational ▁facility ▁for ▁Neg ro es ▁in ▁the ▁South ". ▁ ▁Church es ▁held ▁mass ▁bapt isms ▁at ▁Parad ise ▁Park , ▁as |
▁well ▁as ▁pic n ics . ▁Pre ach ers ▁and ▁cho irs ▁had ▁sun r ise ▁services . ▁“ E aster ▁egg ▁hun ts , ▁bapt isms , ▁and ▁pic n ics ▁were ▁common ▁and ▁at ▁Christmas , ▁Santa ▁Cla us ▁would ▁cru ise ▁down ▁the ▁river ▁on ▁a ▁glass - bottom ▁boat ▁to ▁pass ▁out ▁c andy , ▁n uts , ▁and ▁fruit ▁for ▁young ▁visitors . ▁Her pet ologist ▁Ross ▁Allen ▁even ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁re pt ile ▁exhib it ▁at ▁the ▁park , ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁one ▁located ▁up river ▁at ▁Silver ▁Spr ings .” ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁sign ▁in ▁the ▁prom ot ional ▁movie ▁c ited ▁below , ▁" R oss ▁Allen ' s ▁Wild ▁Animal ▁Ex hib it " ▁included ▁" do z ens ▁of ▁all ig ators , ▁hundreds ▁of ▁sn akes , ▁mon keys , ▁de er , ▁birds , ▁t urt les , ▁l iz ards , ▁ex otic ▁animals " ▁and ▁" O le ▁Co och ie ", ▁a ▁" gi ant ▁all ig ator ". ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁bro ch ure , ▁there ▁was ▁" R oss ▁Allen ' s ▁unusual ▁Re pt ile ▁Institute , ▁with ▁its ▁great ▁collection ▁of ▁sn akes , ▁all ig ators , ▁Florida ▁wild ▁animals , ▁birds , ▁and ▁an ▁ever ▁changing ▁variety ▁of ▁l ions , ▁t ig ers , ▁and ▁other ▁animals ▁of ▁that ▁bre ed . ▁At ▁intervals , ▁Mr . ▁Allen , ▁known ▁th ru out ▁the ▁world ▁as ▁a ▁top ▁expert ▁on |
▁sn akes , ▁will ▁tell ▁you ▁all ▁about ▁their ▁hab its ▁as ▁he ▁' mil ks ' ▁them ▁of ▁ven om ." ▁ ▁On ▁Labor ▁Day , ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁beauty ▁page ant , ▁spons ored ▁by ▁a ▁local ▁American ▁Leg ion ▁post . ▁" In ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁M ild red ▁Jones ▁of ▁San ford ▁was ▁crown ed ▁the ▁first ▁Miss ▁Parad ise ▁Park ." ▁The ▁Future ▁Farm ers ▁of ▁America ▁had ▁their ▁convent ions ▁there . ▁The ▁music ian ▁B . ▁B . ▁King ▁once ▁visited , ▁as ▁did ▁Mary ▁Mc Le od ▁Beth une , ▁who ▁" did n ' t ▁care ▁too ▁much " ▁for ▁Parad ise ▁Park ▁" because ▁it ▁was ▁seg reg ated ". ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁Beth une - Cook man ▁College ▁day , ▁with ▁the ▁day ' s ▁proceed s ▁don ated ▁to ▁the ▁college . ▁ ▁Silver ▁Spr ings ▁began ▁adm itting ▁black ▁pat rons ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁During ▁Parad ise ▁Park ' s ▁last ▁season , ▁ 1 9 6 8 – 6 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁open ▁only ▁S atur days . ▁Sund ays , ▁and ▁hol id ays . ▁It ▁closed ▁quietly ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁Today , ▁Parad ise ▁Park ▁remains ▁buried ▁beneath ▁the ▁under br ush . ▁It ▁is ▁remembered ▁fond ly ▁by ▁its ▁former ▁employees ▁and ▁visitors . ▁" Par ad ise ▁Park ▁was ▁our ▁roots ." ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Und |
ated ▁but ▁probably ▁early ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁ 4 : 3 0 ▁silent ▁prom ot ional ▁movie ▁for ▁Parad ise ▁Park . ▁Phot ograph er ▁was ▁Bruce ▁Moz ert . ▁ ▁" Par ad ise ▁Lost : ▁Florida ' s ▁Seg reg ated ▁Be aches ▁and ▁Park s ", ▁a ▁program ▁on ▁" F lor ida ▁Cross ro ads ", ▁ 0 9 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 4 ▁▁ ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁history ▁of ▁Florida ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Mar ion ▁County , ▁Florida ▁Category : T our ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁Mar ion ▁County , ▁Florida ▁Category : Res ort s ▁in ▁Florida ▁Category : Def unct ▁am usement ▁par ks ▁in ▁Florida ▁Category : Def unct ▁am usement ▁par ks ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁culture ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁resort s ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Mar ion ▁County , ▁Florida ▁Category : Be aches ▁of ▁Florida <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Church ▁of ▁St . ▁John ▁the ▁Evangel ist ▁is ▁a ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁parish ▁church ▁under ▁the ▁authority ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁New ▁York , ▁located ▁in ▁P aw ling , ▁Dutch ess ▁County , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁established ▁as ▁a ▁mission ▁of ▁Im mac ulate ▁Con ception ▁Church ▁of ▁A men ia ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 9 , ▁and ▁elev ated ▁to ▁parish ▁status ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 |
. ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁first ▁priest ▁to ▁visit ▁P aw ling ▁was ▁Father ▁Che ve au , ▁a ▁French - Can ad ian , ▁who ▁came ▁about ▁ 1 8 4 8 . ▁Pre viously , ▁at ▁long ▁intervals , ▁C athol ics ▁were ▁comp elled ▁to ▁journey ▁thirty - two ▁miles ▁to ▁Dan bury , ▁Connecticut ▁to ▁hear ▁Mass . ▁P aw ling ▁was ▁a ▁branch ▁mission ▁served ▁first ▁by ▁Father ▁Michael ▁Ri ord an , ▁past or ▁of ▁St . ▁Peter ' s , ▁P ough ke eps ie ; ▁then ▁later ▁by ▁Den is ▁She e han , ▁past or ▁of ▁St . ▁Mary ' s , ▁W app ingers ▁F alls . ▁During ▁Father ▁She e han ' s ▁ten ure ▁Mass ▁was ▁celebrated ▁once ▁a ▁month ▁in ▁turn ▁at ▁various ▁houses , ▁as ▁well ▁as , ▁at ▁Town er ' s ▁Station , ▁some ▁six ▁miles ▁south ▁of ▁P aw ling . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 9 ▁Arch bishop ▁Hugh es ▁appointed ▁Rev . ▁Charles ▁S lev in , ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁resident ▁priest . ▁Father ▁S lev in ▁became ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁whole ▁Har lem ▁Valley . ▁He ▁res ided ▁at ▁D over ▁Pla ins ▁and ▁built ▁the ▁church ▁there . ▁During ▁Father ▁S lev in ' s ▁ten ure , ▁the ▁Civil ▁War ▁broke ▁out , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁draft ed ; ▁but ▁the ▁con greg ation ▁made ▁up ▁the ▁$ 3 0 0 ▁fee ▁to ▁obtain ▁his ▁release ▁and ▁furn ish ▁a ▁substitute |
. ▁ ▁D over ▁Pla ins ▁was ▁chosen ▁as ▁the ▁headquarters ▁for ▁the ▁miss ions ▁of ▁A men ia , ▁Be ek man , ▁Mill bro ok , ▁Mill erton , ▁and ▁P aw ling , ▁where ▁there ▁were ▁no ▁churches . ▁His ▁successor , ▁Rev . ▁John ▁Ar sen igo ▁lived ▁in ▁Pur dy ' s ▁Station . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 6 ▁Rev . ▁Father ▁T andy ▁was ▁sent ▁as ▁resident ▁past or ▁to ▁A men ia , ▁with ▁D over ▁Pla ins , ▁Mill bro ok , ▁Mill erton , ▁P aw ling , ▁and ▁S ylvan ▁Lake ▁as ▁out ▁miss ions . ▁Father ▁T andy ▁celebrated ▁Mass ▁on ▁alternate ▁Sund ays ▁in ▁the ▁houses ▁of ▁parish ion ers ▁in ▁P aw ling ▁until ▁ 1 8 6 9 ▁when ▁a ▁church ▁was ▁built . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁this ▁church ▁was ▁destroyed ▁by ▁fire ; ▁ar son ▁was ▁sus pected . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 7 ▁Rev . ▁Father ▁Mc S ween ey ▁was ▁appointed ▁resident ▁past or ▁in ▁P aw ling ▁with ▁D over ▁Pla ins ▁and ▁S ylvan ▁Lake ▁as ▁miss ions . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Tim othy ▁Card inal ▁Dol an , ▁Arch bishop ▁of ▁New ▁York , ▁officially ▁decre ed ▁the ▁mer ger ▁of ▁St . ▁John ▁the ▁Evangel ist ▁with ▁St . ▁Charles ▁Bor rome o , ▁creating ▁the ▁new ▁parish ▁church ▁of ▁St . ▁John ▁the ▁Evangel ist - St . ▁Charles |
▁Bor rome o . ▁The ▁main ▁parish ▁office ▁is ▁now ▁located ▁in ▁P aw ling , ▁NY . ▁Each ▁church ▁retain s ▁its ▁own ▁Sunday ▁Mass ▁schedule ▁but ▁is ▁served ▁now ▁under ▁one ▁past or . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Dou lin , ▁Rev . ▁George ▁T ., ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Par ish ▁of ▁St . ▁John ▁the ▁Evangel ist ▁ ▁Category : Rel ig ious ▁organizations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 9 ▁Category : Rel ig ious ▁organizations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁Category : R oman ▁Catholic ▁churches ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁in ▁Dutch ess ▁County , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : 1 8 8 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : 1 8 6 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁women ▁who ▁stood ▁in ▁general ▁elections ▁to ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁up ▁to ▁and ▁including ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁general ▁election . ▁ ▁Sum mary ▁of ▁general ▁election ▁candidates ▁▁ ▁Union ist ▁candidates ▁or ▁MP s ▁in ▁Scottish ▁constitu encies ▁were ▁counted ▁as ▁Conserv atives . ▁ ▁E lection ▁results ▁▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁UK ▁general ▁election ▁ ▁By - e lections , ▁ 1 9 1 8 - 1 9 2 2 ▁▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁UK ▁general ▁election ▁ ▁By - e lections , ▁ 1 9 2 2 - 1 9 2 3 ▁▁ 1 9 |
2 3 ▁UK ▁general ▁election ▁ ▁Jew son ▁was ▁elected ▁by ▁taking ▁second ▁place ▁in ▁a ▁two - se at ▁constitu ency . ▁▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁UK ▁general ▁election ▁ ▁By - e lections , ▁ 1 9 2 4 - 1 9 2 9 ▁▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁UK ▁general ▁election ▁ ▁R ath bone ▁was ▁elected ▁by ▁taking ▁second ▁place ▁in ▁a ▁two - se at ▁constitu ency . ▁ ▁By - e lections , ▁ 1 9 2 9 - 1 9 3 1 ▁▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁UK ▁general ▁election ▁ ▁H ors b rug h ▁was ▁elected ▁by ▁taking ▁second ▁place ▁in ▁a ▁two - se at ▁constitu ency . ▁ ▁By - e lections , ▁ 1 9 3 1 - 1 9 3 5 ▁▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁UK ▁general ▁election ▁ ▁By - e lections , ▁ 1 9 3 5 - 1 9 4 5 ▁▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁UK ▁general ▁election ▁ ▁Castle ▁won ▁in ▁Black burn ▁by ▁taking ▁second ▁place ▁in ▁a ▁two - se at ▁constitu ency . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁female ▁M embers ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁ ▁Parliament ▁( Qual ification ▁of ▁Women ) ▁Act ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁ ▁Women ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁F . ▁W . ▁S . ▁Craig , ▁British ▁Parliament ary ▁E lection ▁Results ▁ 1 9 1 8 - 1 |
9 4 9 ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Women ▁M embers ▁of ▁Parliament ▁ ▁Women ▁Category : H ouse ▁of ▁Commons ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : W omen ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom <0x0A> </s> ▁Y . ▁P . ▁Var sh ni ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁scient ist ▁in ▁the ▁areas ▁of ▁physics ▁and ▁ast ro physics . ▁ ▁Var sh ni ▁studied ▁at ▁Al la hab ad ▁University , ▁where ▁he ▁obtained ▁his ▁B . Sc ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁his ▁M . Sc . ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁and ▁his ▁Ph . D . ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁ ▁He ▁published ▁his ▁first ▁research ▁paper ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 9 . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁assistant ▁professor ▁in ▁the ▁Physics ▁De pt ., ▁Al la hab ad ▁University ▁for ▁the ▁period ▁ 1 9 5 5 – 6 0 . ▁ ▁Var sh ni ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁Canada ▁as ▁a ▁post do ctor ate ▁fellow ▁at ▁the ▁National ▁Research ▁Council , ▁Ott awa , ▁Canada ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁next ▁two ▁years ▁he ▁worked ▁in ▁theoretical ▁physics ▁under ▁Ta - You ▁Wu , ▁a ▁distinguished ▁phys ic ist ▁who ▁in ▁China ▁taught ▁T . D . ▁Lee ▁and ▁C . N . ▁Yang , ▁who ▁won ▁the ▁Nobel ▁Prize ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 |
9 6 2 , ▁Var sh ni ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁assistant ▁professor ▁in ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Physics ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Ott awa . ▁ ▁He ▁became ▁associate ▁professor ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁and ▁full ▁professor ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁He ▁retired ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁and ▁was ▁then ▁appointed ▁as ▁Emer it us ▁Professor . ▁ ▁Var sh ni ▁has ▁worked ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁areas ▁of ▁physics ▁and ▁ast ro physics . ▁ ▁He ▁wrote ▁on ▁the ▁Pl asma ▁Las er ▁Star ▁Theory ▁of ▁qu as ars . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁Ph . D ▁ad visor ▁of ▁David ▁Joseph ▁Singh , ▁a ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Missouri . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁published ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 6 0 ▁research ▁papers ▁in ▁important ▁scientific ▁journ als . ▁Var sh ni ▁has ▁also ▁contributed ▁three ▁bi ograph ies ▁to ▁the ▁Bi ographical ▁Encyclopedia ▁of ▁Astronom ers . ▁ ▁Var sh ni ▁is ▁a ▁Fellow ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Phys ical ▁Society , ▁Institute ▁of ▁Physics ▁( UK ) ▁and ▁Royal ▁Astronom ical ▁Society ▁( UK ). ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁Full ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Astronom ical ▁Society . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Var sh ni ' s ▁home page ▁at ▁U ▁of ▁Ott awa ▁Pl asma ▁Las er ▁Star ▁theory ▁of ▁qu as ars . ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁astronom ers ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁phys |
ic ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Indian ▁phys ic ists ▁Category : Ind ian ▁ast ro phys ic ists ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Al la hab ad ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Al la hab ad ▁fac ulty <0x0A> </s> ▁Jean ette ▁Anne ▁K ess ler ▁( 4 ▁October ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁– ▁ 1 8 ▁March ▁ 1 9 7 2 ) ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁al pine ▁sk ier ▁who ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Winter ▁Olympics . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁she ▁finished ▁e ighth ▁in ▁the ▁al pine ▁ski ing ▁combined ▁event . ▁She ▁married ▁James ▁R idd ell ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁Al pine ▁ski ing ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁ ▁Jean ette ▁K ess ler ' s ▁profile ▁at ▁Sports ▁Reference . com ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 2 ▁death s ▁Category : B rit ish ▁female ▁al pine ▁ski ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁al pine ▁ski ers ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁Category : Al pine ▁ski ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Winter ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁Side y ▁Shaw ▁( J uly ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁– ▁February ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 5 3 ) ▁was ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Michigan ▁State ▁College ▁of ▁Agricult ure ▁and ▁App lied ▁Science ▁( now ▁Michigan ▁State ▁University ) ▁from ▁ |
1 9 2 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁D orm itory ▁Shaw ▁Hall ▁in ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁campus ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁Red ▁C ed ar ▁River ▁is ▁named ▁in ▁his ▁honor . ▁ ▁His ▁daughter , ▁Sarah ▁May ▁Shaw , ▁married ▁John ▁A . ▁Hann ah , ▁who ▁would ▁succeed ▁Shaw ▁as ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Michigan ▁State ▁College ▁of ▁Agricult ure ▁and ▁App lied ▁Science . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Bi ographical ▁Information ▁( Mich igan ▁State ▁University ▁Archives ▁& ▁Historical ▁Col lections ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 3 ▁death s ▁Category : Pres idents ▁of ▁Michigan ▁State ▁University <0x0A> </s> ▁Th al ▁is ▁a ▁settlement ▁in ▁the ▁municipality ▁of ▁D unk el ste iner wald ▁in ▁Mel k ▁District , ▁Lower ▁Austria ▁in ▁n ort he astern ▁Austria . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Lower ▁Austria <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁Night m are ▁on ▁El m ▁Street ▁ 2 : ▁Fred dy ' s ▁Re ven ge ▁( st yl ized ▁on screen ▁as ▁A ▁Night m are ▁on ▁El m ▁Street ▁Part ▁ 2 : ▁Fred dy ' s ▁Re ven ge ) ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁American ▁slash er ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Jack ▁Sh older ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁David ▁Ch ask in . ▁It ▁stars ▁Mark ▁Pat ton , ▁Kim ▁My ers , ▁Robert ▁Eng l und ▁as ▁Fred dy ▁Kru eg er , ▁and ▁Robert ▁Rus ler . ▁It ▁is ▁the |
▁second ▁install ment ▁in ▁the ▁A ▁Night m are ▁on ▁El m ▁Street ▁film ▁series . ▁The ▁film ▁follows ▁J esse ▁Wal sh , ▁a ▁te en ager ▁who ▁begins ▁having ▁rec urr ing ▁night mar es ▁about ▁Fred dy ▁Kru eg er ▁after ▁moving ▁into ▁the ▁former ▁home ▁of ▁Nancy ▁Thompson ▁from ▁the ▁first ▁film . ▁ ▁Fred dy ' s ▁Re ven ge ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁and ▁gross ed ▁$ 3 0 ▁million ▁at ▁the ▁domestic ▁box ▁office ▁on ▁a ▁budget ▁of ▁$ 3 ▁million . ▁It ▁received ▁mixed ▁reviews ▁from ▁critics ▁upon ▁release , ▁with ▁many ▁comparing ▁it ▁unf avor ably ▁to ▁its ▁prede cess or . ▁However , ▁it ▁has ▁enjoyed ▁later ▁success ▁as ▁a ▁cult ▁classic , ▁with ▁critics ▁having ▁re ass essed ▁the ▁film ' s ▁hom o er otic ▁them es ▁and ▁subject ▁material . ▁It ▁was ▁distributed ▁by ▁New ▁Line ▁Cinema . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁A ▁Night m are ▁on ▁El m ▁Street ▁ 3 : ▁Dream ▁War riors . ▁ ▁Plot ▁Five ▁years ▁after ▁Fred dy ▁Kru eg er ' s ▁apparent ▁defeat , ▁the ▁Wal sh es ▁have ▁moved ▁into ▁the ▁Thom ps ons ' ▁former ▁home . ▁Their ▁te en age ▁son , ▁J esse , ▁has ▁a ▁night m are ▁about ▁being ▁st alk ed ▁by ▁a ▁k iller ▁driving ▁a ▁school ▁bus . ▁He ▁w akes ▁up ▁and ▁attributes ▁the ▁dream ▁to ▁the ▁unusual ▁heat ▁in ▁the ▁room |
. ▁J esse ▁goes ▁to ▁school ▁with ▁his ▁friend ▁Lisa , ▁whom ▁he ▁is ▁interested ▁in ▁rom ant ically , ▁but ▁is ▁too ▁sh y ▁to ▁fl irt ▁with ▁her . ▁After ▁getting ▁into ▁a ▁fight ▁with ▁a ▁boy ▁named ▁Gr ady ▁during ▁g ym ▁class , ▁Co ach ▁Schne ider ▁has ▁them ▁stay ▁after ▁class ▁and ▁they ▁become ▁friends . ▁Lisa ▁comes ▁to ▁visit ▁J esse ▁after ▁school ▁and ▁they ▁discover ▁a ▁di ary ▁from ▁Nancy ▁Thompson ▁detail ing ▁her ▁night mar es , ▁which ▁are ▁strik ingly ▁similar ▁to ▁J esse ' s . ▁Small ▁fires ▁happen ▁around ▁the ▁house , ▁which ▁cul min ates ▁in ▁the ▁sp ont aneous ▁comb ust ion ▁of ▁their ▁pet ▁birds . ▁J esse ' s ▁father ▁acc uses ▁him ▁of ▁sab ot age . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁night , ▁J esse ▁has ▁a ▁night m are ▁where ▁he ▁enc oun ters ▁Fred dy , ▁who ▁tells ▁him ▁to ▁kill ▁for ▁him . ▁The ▁dream s ▁grow ▁more ▁inten se ▁and ▁J esse ▁un success fully ▁attempts ▁different ▁measures ▁to ▁keep ▁himself ▁aw ake . ▁He ▁eventually ▁begins ▁wand ering ▁the ▁streets ▁at ▁night . ▁One ▁night , ▁while ▁dream ing , ▁he ▁is ▁caught ▁by ▁Schne ider ▁ordering ▁a ▁drink ▁in ▁a ▁gay ▁bar ▁and ▁is ▁made ▁to ▁run ▁la ps ▁at ▁school ▁as ▁pun ishment . ▁After ▁sending ▁J esse ▁to ▁the ▁show ers , ▁Schne ider ▁is ▁attacked ▁by ▁an ▁un seen ▁force ▁that ▁drag s ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁show ers . |
▁J esse ▁van ishes ▁into ▁the ▁steam ▁and ▁Fred dy ▁emer ges , ▁killing ▁Schne ider ▁by ▁slash ing ▁his ▁back . ▁Later , ▁J esse ▁is ▁hor r ified ▁to ▁see ▁the ▁glo ve ▁on ▁his ▁hand . ▁He ▁is ▁esc orted ▁home ▁by ▁police ▁after ▁being ▁found ▁wand ering ▁the ▁streets ▁n aked , ▁and ▁his ▁parents ▁begin ▁to ▁suspect ▁that ▁J esse ▁may ▁be ▁on ▁dru gs ▁or ▁ment ally ▁dist urbed . ▁Lisa ▁takes ▁J esse ▁to ▁an ▁abandoned ▁factory ▁where ▁Fred dy ▁Kru eg er ▁worked , ▁but ▁they ▁find ▁nothing ▁there . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁night , ▁J esse ▁goes ▁to ▁Lisa ' s ▁pool ▁party ▁and ▁kiss es ▁her ▁in ▁the ▁cab ana . ▁After wards , ▁his ▁body ▁begins ▁to ▁change ▁and ▁he ▁leaves ▁in ▁a ▁pan ic . ▁He ▁goes ▁to ▁Gr ady ' s ▁house , ▁conf esses ▁to ▁killing ▁Schne ider , ▁and ▁instruct s ▁Gr ady ▁to ▁watch ▁him ▁as ▁he ▁sle eps ▁and ▁to ▁stop ▁him ▁if ▁he ▁tries ▁to ▁leave . ▁When ▁Gr ady ▁eventually ▁falls ▁as leep , ▁Fred dy ▁emer ges ▁from ▁J esse ' s ▁body ▁and ▁k ills ▁Gr ady . ▁Fred dy ▁then ▁changes ▁back ▁to ▁J esse , ▁who ▁finds ▁himself ▁looking ▁at ▁Fred dy ' s ▁la ughing ▁reflection ▁in ▁Gr ady ' s ▁mirror . ▁He ▁fle es ▁before ▁Gr ady ' s ▁parents ▁enter ▁the ▁room . ▁ ▁Return ing ▁to ▁Lisa ' s ▁house , ▁J esse ▁tells ▁her |
▁what ▁is ▁going ▁on . ▁Lisa ▁real izes ▁that ▁J esse ' s ▁terror ▁is ▁giving ▁Fred dy ▁his ▁strength , ▁but ▁he ▁cannot ▁stop ▁fear ing ▁him ▁and ▁transform s ▁again . ▁He ▁lo cks ▁her ▁parents ▁in ▁their ▁bed room ▁and ▁attacks ▁Lisa , ▁but ▁real izes ▁he ▁cannot ▁harm ▁her ▁due ▁to ▁J esse ' s ▁influence . ▁He ▁goes ▁outside ▁where ▁he ▁begins ▁to ▁sla ugh ter ▁the ▁party go ers . ▁Lisa ' s ▁father ▁emer ges ▁with ▁a ▁shot gun , ▁but ▁Lisa ▁stops ▁him ▁from ▁shooting ▁Fred dy , ▁who ▁esc apes ▁in ▁a ▁ball ▁of ▁fl ame . ▁She ▁drives ▁to ▁the ▁factory , ▁facing ▁sudden ▁night mar es ▁and ▁having ▁to ▁control ▁her ▁fear ▁before ▁confront ing ▁Fred dy . ▁She ▁ple ads ▁with ▁J esse ▁to ▁fight ▁Fred dy , ▁but ▁Fred dy ' s ▁hold ▁is ▁too ▁strong . ▁When ▁Lisa ▁conf esses ▁her ▁love ▁for ▁J esse ▁and ▁kiss es ▁Fred dy , ▁J esse ▁begins ▁to ▁fight ▁back . ▁Fred dy ▁comb ust s ▁and ▁turns ▁to ▁ash , ▁from ▁which ▁J esse ▁emer ges . ▁ ▁Later , ▁as ▁J esse , ▁Lisa , ▁and ▁Lisa ' s ▁friend ▁Ker ry ▁are ▁taking ▁the ▁bus ▁to ▁school , ▁J esse ▁begins ▁to ▁notice ▁similar ities ▁to ▁his ▁original ▁night m are ▁and ▁pan ics . ▁After ▁Lisa ▁cal ms ▁J esse ▁down , ▁Ker ry ▁says ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁all ▁over ▁just ▁before ▁Fred dy ' s ▁cla wed |
▁arm ▁burst s ▁through ▁her ▁ch est . ▁Fred dy ▁laugh s ▁as ▁the ▁bus ▁drives ▁into ▁the ▁field , ▁just ▁as ▁in ▁J esse ' s ▁first ▁night m are . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁Development ▁ ▁Screen writer ▁Les lie ▁Boh em ▁pitch ed ▁the ▁produ cers ▁with ▁his ▁idea ▁of ▁using ▁pre gn ancy ▁and ▁possession ▁as ▁a ▁plot ▁device ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁film : ▁ ▁“ My ▁concept ▁was ▁a ▁hom age ▁to ▁Ros em ary ' s ▁Baby . ▁I ▁came ▁up ▁with ▁a ▁plot ▁that ▁had ▁a ▁new ▁family ▁move ▁into ▁the ▁house , ▁a ▁te en age ▁boy , ▁his ▁pre gn ant ▁mother ▁and ▁a ▁step father ▁the ▁boy ▁didn ' t ▁get ▁along ▁with . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁real ▁blo ody , ▁sc ary ▁idea , ▁much ▁more ▁physical ▁and ▁real istic ▁because ▁the ▁dream ▁reality ▁stuff ▁was ▁less ▁central ▁to ▁these ▁mov ies ▁then . ▁My ▁story ▁was ▁more ▁of ▁a ▁possession ▁scenario ▁with ▁Fred dy ▁getting ▁inside ▁the ▁mother ' s ▁w omb , ▁cont rolling ▁the ▁fet us . ▁But ▁New ▁Line ▁passed ▁on ▁it ▁because ▁[ exec utive ] ▁S ara ▁R isher ▁was ▁pre gn ant ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁and ▁I ▁understand ▁the ▁idea ▁ups et ▁her . ▁So ▁they ▁went ▁with ▁David ▁Ch ask in ' s ▁concept ▁instead .” ▁ ▁Though ▁both ▁films ▁ended ▁up ▁using ▁the ▁spirit ▁possession ▁concept , ▁the ▁pre gn ancy ▁idea ▁would ▁eventually ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁sequ el ▁A |
▁Night m are ▁on ▁El m ▁Street ▁ 5 : ▁The ▁Dream ▁Child , ▁which ▁Boh em ▁would ▁write ▁the ▁script ▁for . ▁ ▁Robert ▁Sh aye ▁offered ▁Wes ▁Cra ven ▁the ▁chance ▁to ▁direct ▁again , ▁but ▁he ▁turned ▁down ▁the ▁offer ▁since ▁he ▁had ▁many ▁problems ▁with ▁the ▁script , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁" poss essed ▁par ake et " ▁that ▁seemed ▁very ▁rid icul ous ▁to ▁him , ▁and ▁of ▁Fred dy ▁mer ging ▁with ▁the ▁main ▁character ▁and ▁manifest ing ▁in ▁real ▁life ▁at ▁the ▁pool ▁party ▁to ▁kill ▁scores ▁of ▁te en agers ▁of ▁which ▁many ▁are ▁bigger ▁than ▁him , ▁which ▁Cra ven ▁thought ▁would ▁dimin ish ▁Fred dy ' s ▁sc are ▁factor ▁as ▁Robert ▁Eng l und ▁is ▁not ▁very ▁tall ▁in ▁stat ure . ▁ ▁The ▁intro ▁scene ▁with ▁J esse ' s ▁night m are ▁of ▁Fred dy ▁driving ▁the ▁bus ▁was ▁carried ▁over ▁from ▁the ▁previous ▁film ; ▁Cra ven ▁was ▁veh ement ly ▁against ▁Fred dy ▁appearing ▁in ▁person ▁as ▁the ▁driver ▁of ▁the ▁car ▁in ▁the ▁ep ilog ue ▁scene , ▁as ▁he ▁felt ▁the ▁story line ▁for ▁Nancy , ▁T ina , ▁Rod ▁and ▁Glen ▁should ▁be ▁self - cont ained ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁film . ▁The ▁comprom ise ▁between ▁him ▁and ▁Sh aye ▁was ▁therefore ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁Fred dy ▁driving ▁the ▁vehicle ▁for ▁the ▁sequ el , ▁but ▁not ▁for ▁any ▁characters ▁from ▁Cra ven ' s ▁film . ▁The ▁character ▁of ▁Lisa ▁Web ber |
▁was ▁named ▁Lisa ▁P ole tt i ▁in ▁the ▁script . ▁On ▁Wes ▁Cra ven ' s ▁suggestions , ▁Ch ask in ▁put ▁more ▁emphas is ▁on ▁Lisa ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁than ▁he ▁originally ▁intended ; ▁he ▁explains ▁that ▁Cra ven ▁" s ugg ested ▁that ▁we ▁shift ▁the ▁focus ▁from ▁J esse ▁the ▁male ▁lead . ▁In ▁the ▁script ▁the ▁focus ▁was ▁on ▁J esse ▁for ▁ 9 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁film , ▁then ▁suddenly ▁it ▁shift ed ▁to ▁Lisa , ▁his ▁girl friend . ▁I ▁pretty ▁much ▁added ▁some ▁focus ▁on ▁Lisa , ▁and ▁now ▁it ' s ▁like ▁ 5 0 - 5 0 ." ▁ ▁Cast ing ▁New ▁Line ▁Cinema ▁originally ▁thought ▁to ▁save ▁money ▁by ▁simply ▁using ▁an ▁un named ▁extra ▁in ▁a ▁rub ber ▁mask ▁to ▁play ▁Fred dy ▁- ▁as ▁had ▁been ▁the ▁case ▁for ▁mask ed , ▁m ute , ▁imp erson al ▁kill ers ▁like ▁Jason ▁Voor he es ▁and ▁Michael ▁My ers ▁- ▁but ▁re cons ider ed ▁when ▁they ▁realized ▁that ▁the ▁man ▁had ▁the ▁g ait ▁and ▁post ure ▁of ▁" a ▁dim estore ▁mon ster " ▁or ▁" Fran ken stein ' s ▁mon ster " ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁Robert ▁Eng l und ' s ▁class ically ▁trained ▁physical ▁acting . ▁The ▁extra ▁as ▁Fred dy ▁still ▁remained ▁in ▁one ▁scene ▁left ▁in ▁the ▁film , ▁during ▁coach ▁Schne ider ' s ▁death ▁scene ▁in ▁the ▁show er , ▁though ▁obsc ured ▁by ▁excess ive ▁water ▁steam . ▁Real |
izing ▁their ▁mistake , ▁the ▁produ cers ▁quickly ▁brought ▁back ▁Eng l und ▁for ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁and ▁series . ▁ ▁Fil ming ▁ ▁The ▁film ' s ▁special ▁effects ▁were ▁head ed ▁by ▁Kevin ▁Y ag her , ▁who ▁handled ▁Fred dy ' s ▁design , ▁and ▁Mark ▁Sh ost rom , ▁who ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁transformation ▁effects ▁where in ▁Fred dy ▁comes ▁out ▁of ▁J esse ' s ▁body . ▁David ▁B . ▁Miller , ▁who ▁created ▁the ▁make up ▁for ▁the ▁original ▁film , ▁was ▁busy ▁working ▁on ▁C oc oon ▁and ▁My ▁Science ▁Project . ▁In ▁a ▁later ▁interview , ▁Y ag her ▁expressed ▁disappoint ment ▁and ▁confusion ▁regarding ▁the ▁ending ▁of ▁the ▁film . ▁ ▁Release ▁ ▁Box ▁office ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁opened ▁on ▁ 5 2 2 ▁screens ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁York , ▁Washington ▁D . C ., ▁Detroit ▁and ▁Texas ▁areas . ▁V ary ing ▁figures ▁have ▁been ▁reported ▁for ▁its ▁opening ▁week end . ▁Daily ▁Vari ety ▁reported ▁it ▁opening ▁with ▁$ 3 , 8 6 5 , 4 7 5 ▁placing ▁it ▁second ▁for ▁the ▁week end ▁behind ▁Death ▁W ish ▁ 3 . ▁An ▁advert ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁day ' s ▁Week ly ▁Vari ety ▁claimed ▁it ▁had ▁gross ed ▁$ 3 , 2 2 0 , 3 4 8 ▁placing ▁it ▁third ▁behind ▁To ▁Live ▁and ▁Die ▁in ▁L . A . ▁and ▁contemporary ▁websites ▁such ▁as ▁Box ▁Office ▁Mo jo ▁report ▁it ▁gross ing ▁exactly ▁$ 1 ▁million |
▁less ▁than ▁the ▁initial ▁Daily ▁Vari ety ▁figure , ▁with ▁only ▁$ 2 . 9 ▁million , ▁coming ▁in ▁fourth ▁place . ▁Wh iche ver ▁figure ▁is ▁used , ▁the ▁per ▁screen ▁total ▁was ▁higher ▁than ▁the ▁other ▁films ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ 1 0 . ▁The ▁following ▁week end , ▁it ▁gross ed ▁$ 1 , 8 1 9 , 2 0 3 ▁for ▁a ▁ 1 0 - day ▁total ▁of ▁$ 5 , 5 6 9 , 3 3 4 ▁( which ▁New ▁Line ▁also ▁reported ▁in ▁an ▁advert is ement ), ▁which ▁indicates ▁that ▁the ▁initial ▁figure ▁reported ▁by ▁Daily ▁Vari ety ▁was ▁over st ated . ▁In ▁the ▁US , ▁the ▁film ▁eventually ▁made ▁$ 3 0 ▁million ▁on ▁a ▁budget ▁of ▁$ 3 ▁million . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁reception ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁reaction ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁mixed ▁upon ▁release , ▁with ▁some ▁criticism ▁in ▁comparison ▁to ▁its ▁prede cess or . ▁Jan et ▁Mas lin ▁of ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁pra ised ▁the ▁film , ▁saying ▁that ▁it ▁has ▁" cle ver ▁special ▁effects , ▁a ▁good ▁leading ▁performance ▁and ▁a ▁villa in ▁so ▁chat ty ▁he ▁pract ically ▁makes ▁this ▁a ▁human - inter est ▁story ". ▁The ▁review ▁also ▁gave ▁the ▁lead ▁performances ▁positive ▁reviews , ▁not ing , ▁" Mr . ▁Pat ton ▁and ▁Miss ▁My ers ▁make ▁lik able ▁te en - age ▁hero es , ▁and ▁Mr . ▁Eng l und ▁actually ▁turns ▁Fred dy ▁into ▁a ▁welcome |
▁presence . ▁Cl u ▁Gul ager ▁and ▁Hope ▁L ange ▁have ▁some ▁good ▁moments ▁as ▁J esse ' s ▁parents , ▁and ▁Marshall ▁Bell ▁sc ow ls ▁f ero ci ously ▁as ▁the ▁coach ▁who ▁calls ▁his ▁charges ▁d irt ball s ▁and ▁who ▁is ▁eventually ▁attacked ▁by ▁a ▁demon ic ▁to wel ." ▁Vari ety ▁gave ▁the ▁film ▁a ▁positive ▁review ▁saying , ▁" E pis od ic ▁treatment ▁is ▁p unch ed ▁up ▁by ▁an ▁imag in ative ▁series ▁of ▁special ▁effects . ▁The ▁stand out ▁is ▁a ▁gr is ly ▁ch est - bur ster ▁set pie ce ." ▁In ▁a ▁negative ▁review , ▁People ▁called ▁the ▁film ▁a ▁" ted ious , ▁humor less ▁mess ". ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁currently ▁holds ▁a ▁ 4 3 % ▁appro val ▁rating ▁on ▁the ▁review ▁aggreg ator ▁website ▁Rotten ▁Tomatoes , ▁based ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁reviews . ▁The ▁site ' s ▁cons ensus ▁is : ▁An ▁intr igu ing ▁sub text ▁of ▁repr essed ▁sexual ity ▁gives ▁Fred dy ' s ▁Re ven ge ▁some ▁texture , ▁but ▁the ▁Night m are ▁los es ▁its ▁edge ▁in ▁a ▁sequ el ▁that ▁la cks ▁convin cing ▁performances ▁or ▁memor able ▁sc ares . ▁ ▁H omo er otic ▁sub text ▁Film ▁comment ators ▁have ▁often ▁remarked ▁on ▁the ▁film ' s ▁perce ived ▁hom o er otic ▁theme , ▁claim ing ▁its ▁sub text ▁suggests ▁J esse ▁is ▁a ▁repr essed ▁hom osex ual ▁( ne ver ▁clar ified ▁in ▁the ▁movie |
). ▁They ▁note , ▁in ▁particular , ▁the ▁scenes ▁where ▁he ▁enc oun ters ▁his ▁g ym ▁teacher ▁at ▁a ▁gay ▁bar , ▁and ▁his ▁flight ▁to ▁a ▁male ▁friend ' s ▁house ▁after ▁he ▁attempts ▁to ▁make ▁out ▁with ▁his ▁girl friend ▁at ▁her ▁pool ▁party . ▁Further , ▁actor ▁Mark ▁Pat ton , ▁who ▁plays ▁J esse , ▁played ▁a ▁role ▁so ▁often ▁written ▁as ▁female ▁in ▁the ▁sub gen re ▁( such ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁film ) ▁that ▁it ▁has ▁become ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" final ▁girl ". ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁its ▁release , ▁one ▁publication ▁referred ▁to ▁it ▁as ▁" the ▁gay est ▁horror ▁film ▁ever ". ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century , ▁it ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁cult ▁film ▁for ▁gay ▁aud ien ces . ▁On ▁Never ▁S leep ▁Again : ▁The ▁El m ▁Street ▁Leg acy , ▁David ▁Ch ask in ▁refers ▁to ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁list ▁on ▁Cra ck ed . com ▁which ▁lists ▁" The ▁ 5 ▁Most ▁Un int ention ally ▁Gay ▁Hor ror ▁Mov ies ", ▁with ▁Fred dy ' s ▁Re ven ge ▁as ▁number ▁one , ▁and ▁states ▁that ▁" There ▁is ▁nothing ▁logical ▁that ▁can ▁explain ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁hom o er otic ism ▁in ▁this ▁movie ". ▁ ▁The ▁book ▁Welcome ▁to ▁Our ▁Night mar es : ▁Be hind ▁the ▁Sc ene ▁with ▁Today ' s ▁Hor ror ▁Act ors ▁elabor ates ▁on ▁the ▁film ' s ▁hom o er otic ▁sub text |
, ▁stating ▁that : ▁ ▁" The ▁film ▁suggested ▁an ▁undert one ▁of ▁hom osex ual ity , ▁starting ▁with ▁the ▁protagon ist ' s ▁gender - neut ral ▁name . ▁J esse ' s ▁rarely ▁fully ▁cloth ed . ▁He ▁and ▁a ▁tor ment or ▁have ▁a ▁swe aty ▁wrest ling ▁match . ▁His ▁coach , ▁cl ad ▁in ▁le ather , ▁basically ▁hits ▁on ▁him ▁in ▁a ▁gay ▁bar , ▁then ▁gets ▁killed ▁by ▁Fred dy , ▁including ▁a ▁bare - ass ▁sp ank ing . ▁Fred dy ▁emer ges ▁from ▁J esse ' s ▁st om ach ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁forced - b irth ▁technique ▁that ▁made ▁the ▁Ali en ▁films ▁legend ary ." ▁ ▁Mark ▁Pat ton ▁has ▁claimed ▁the ▁film ' s ▁gay ▁sub text ▁was ▁increasing ly ▁emphas ised ▁through ▁script ▁re writ es ▁as ▁production ▁progress ed . ▁" It ▁just ▁became ▁und eni able " ▁he ▁told ▁B uzz Feed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁" I ' m ▁lying ▁in ▁bed ▁and ▁I ' m ▁a ▁p iet à ▁and ▁the ▁cand les ▁are ▁dri pping ▁and ▁they ' re ▁b ending ▁like ▁ph all uses ▁and ▁white ▁w ax ▁is ▁dri pping ▁all ▁over . ▁It ' s ▁like ▁I ' m ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁a ▁[...] ▁bu kk ake ▁video ." ▁He ▁has ▁felt ▁bet rayed ▁since ▁he ▁knew ▁the ▁film m akers ▁were ▁aware ▁he ▁was ▁gay , ▁but ▁clos et ed . ▁They ▁had ▁considerable ▁le verage ▁over |
▁him ▁in ▁having ▁him ▁perform ▁a ▁role ▁that , ▁combined ▁with ▁his ▁performance ▁as ▁a ▁gay ▁te en ▁in ▁Come ▁Back ▁to ▁the ▁Five ▁and ▁D ime , ▁Jimmy ▁Dean , ▁Jimmy ▁Dean ▁the ▁year ▁before , ▁led ▁to ▁him ▁being ▁type cast ▁as ▁gay . ▁The ▁role ▁called ▁attention ▁to ▁what ▁he ▁was ▁trying ▁to ▁avoid ▁discuss ing ▁and ▁would ▁have ▁forest alled ▁him ▁getting ▁any ▁significant ▁roles ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁Hollywood . ▁ ▁In ▁particular , ▁Pat ton ▁bl ames ▁Ch ask in , ▁who ▁he ▁says ▁claimed ▁the ▁sub text ▁arose ▁from ▁how ▁Pat ton ▁played ▁the ▁part . ▁" I ▁love ▁when ▁[ he ] ▁uses ▁the ▁word ▁' sub text ,' " ▁he ▁compla ined . ▁" Did ▁you ▁actually ▁go ▁to ▁a ▁fresh man ▁English ▁course ▁in ▁high ▁school ? ▁This ▁is ▁not ▁sub text ." ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁he ▁said ▁Ch ask in ▁" s ab ot age [ d ]" ▁him . ▁" N ob ody ▁ever ▁affected ▁my ▁confidence — the ▁boys ▁that ▁threw ▁rocks ▁at ▁me , ▁nobody — but ▁this ▁man ▁did ." ▁Ch ask in ▁denied ▁for ▁years ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁gay ▁sub text ▁in ▁his ▁screen play . ▁Instead , ▁at ▁one ▁point , ▁he ▁told ▁a ▁rep orter ▁that ▁Pat ton ▁had ▁simply ▁played ▁the ▁part ▁" to o ▁gay ". ▁The ▁emot ional ▁stress ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁led ▁Pat ton ▁to ▁leave ▁acting ▁shortly ▁afterwards ▁for ▁a ▁career ▁in ▁interior |
▁decor ating . ▁ ▁While ▁Ch ask in ▁has ▁tried ▁to ▁reach ▁out ▁and ▁apolog ize ▁to ▁Pat ton ▁over ▁the ▁years , ▁with ▁limited ▁success , ▁he ▁maintain s ▁that ▁Pat ton ' s ▁" inter pret ations ▁of ▁J esse ▁were ▁choices ▁that ▁he ▁made ▁... ▁I ▁have ▁to ▁believe ▁that ▁he ▁' got ▁it ' ▁and ▁that ▁was ▁how ▁he ▁decided ▁to ▁play ▁it ." ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Ch ask in ▁finally ▁admitted ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁deliber ate ▁choice ▁on ▁his ▁part . ▁" Hom oph ob ia ▁was ▁sky ro cket ing ▁and ▁I ▁began ▁to ▁think ▁about ▁our ▁core ▁audience — ad oles cent ▁boys — and ▁how ▁all ▁of ▁this ▁stuff ▁might ▁be ▁trick ling ▁down ▁into ▁their ▁psych es ," ▁he ▁explained . ▁" My ▁thought ▁was ▁that ▁t apping ▁into ▁that ▁ang st ▁would ▁give ▁an ▁extra ▁edge ▁to ▁the ▁horror ." ▁ ▁One ▁scene ▁that ▁would ▁have ▁made ▁the ▁gay ▁sub text ▁more ▁apparent , ▁however , ▁was ▁ton ed ▁down . ▁Eng l und ▁was ▁actually ▁prepared ▁to ▁insert ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁hand ' s ▁kn ife ▁bl ades ▁into ▁Jess ie ' s ▁mouth ▁instead ▁of ▁merely ▁car ess ing ▁his ▁lips ▁with ▁it ▁as ▁he ▁does ▁in ▁the ▁finished ▁film , ▁but ▁Pat ton ▁did ▁not ▁feel ▁comfortable ▁with ▁it . ▁The ▁film ' s ▁make up ▁artist ▁suggested ▁to ▁Pat ton ▁that ▁he ▁not ▁do ▁the ▁scene ▁that ▁way ▁to ▁protect ▁his ▁image . ▁ ▁In |
▁a ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁interview ▁with ▁Att itude ▁magazine , ▁Eng l und ▁said ▁"... ▁the ▁second ▁Night m are ▁on ▁El m ▁Street ▁is ▁obviously ▁intended ▁as ▁a ▁bis ex ual ▁them ed ▁film . ▁It ▁was ▁early ▁' 8 0 s , ▁pre - A ID S ▁par ano ia . ▁J esse ' s ▁wrest ling ▁with ▁whether ▁to ▁come ▁out ▁or ▁not ▁and ▁his ▁own ▁sexual ▁des ires ▁was ▁manif ested ▁by ▁Fred dy . ▁His ▁friend ▁is ▁the ▁object ▁of ▁his ▁affection . ▁That ' s ▁all ▁there ▁in ▁that ▁film . ▁We ▁did ▁it ▁subt ly ▁but ▁the ▁casting ▁of ▁Mark ▁Pat ton ▁was ▁intent ional ▁too , ▁because ▁Mark ▁was ▁out ▁and ▁had ▁done ▁Come ▁Back ▁to ▁the ▁Five ▁and ▁D ime , ▁Jimmy ▁Dean , ▁Jimmy ▁Dean ." ▁ ▁In ▁an ▁article ▁written ▁by ▁Br ent ▁Hart inger ▁for ▁After El ton . com , ▁he ▁notes ▁that ▁a ▁" fre quent ▁debate ▁in ▁gay ▁pop ▁culture ▁circles ▁is ▁this : ▁Just ▁how ▁' g ay ' ▁was ▁ 1 9 8 5 ' s ▁A ▁Night m are ▁on ▁El m ▁Street ▁ 2 : ▁Fred dy ' s ▁Re ven ge ▁( the ▁first ▁El m ▁Street ▁sequ el )? ▁The ▁imag ery ▁in ▁the ▁movie ▁makes ▁it ▁seem ▁un m ist ak ably ▁gay ▁— ▁but ▁the ▁film m akers ▁have ▁all ▁along ▁denied ▁that ▁that ▁was ▁their ▁intention ." ▁During ▁his ▁interview ▁segment ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 |
1 0 ▁document ary ▁film ▁Never ▁S leep ▁Again : ▁The ▁El m ▁Street ▁Leg acy , ▁David ▁Ch ask in ▁admitted ▁that ▁the ▁gay ▁them es ▁were ▁intent ional , ▁something ▁he ▁had ▁denied ▁until ▁that ▁point . ▁ ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁cast ▁and ▁crew ▁have ▁said ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁una ware ▁of ▁any ▁such ▁them es ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁they ▁made ▁the ▁film , ▁but ▁that ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁cre ative ▁dec isions ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁director ▁Jack ▁Sh older ▁un int ention ally ▁brought ▁Ch ask in ' s ▁them es ▁to ▁the ▁fore front . ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁Sh older ▁said , ▁" I ▁simply ▁didn ' t ▁have ▁the ▁self - aw aren ess ▁to ▁realize ▁that ▁any ▁of ▁this ▁might ▁be ▁interpreted ▁as ▁gay ". ▁Now - out ▁Mark ▁Pat ton ▁said , ▁" I ▁don ' t ▁think ▁that ▁[ the ▁character ] ▁J esse ▁was ▁originally ▁written ▁as ▁a ▁gay ▁character . ▁I ▁think ▁it ' s ▁something ▁that ▁happened ▁along ▁the ▁line ▁by ▁ser end ip ity ". ▁Pat ton ▁also ▁wrote ▁J esse ' s ▁Lost ▁Journal ▁about ▁J esse ' s ▁life ▁after ▁the ▁film ▁and ▁dealing ▁with ▁his ▁hom osex ual ity . ▁ ▁Sound track ▁ ▁The ▁film ' s ▁score ▁was ▁composed ▁by ▁Christopher ▁Young . ▁The ▁song ▁" Have ▁You ▁Ever ▁Se en ▁a ▁Dream ▁Walk ing " ▁performed ▁by ▁B ing ▁C ros by ▁plays ▁over ▁the ▁film ' s ▁end ▁cred its . ▁The |
▁songs ▁" Touch ▁Me ▁( All ▁Night ▁Long )" ▁by ▁F onda ▁R ae , ▁" Wh is per ▁to ▁a ▁S cre am " ▁by ▁Bobby ▁Or lando , ▁" On ▁the ▁Air ▁Ton ight " ▁by ▁Wil ly ▁Fin l ays on , ▁" M oving ▁in ▁the ▁Night " ▁by ▁Sk ager ack , ▁and ▁" T error ▁in ▁My ▁Heart " ▁by ▁the ▁Red s ▁are ▁also ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁film . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁g host ▁films ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁mon ster ▁mov ies ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁horror ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 s ▁independent ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 s ▁L GB T - related ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 s ▁sequ el ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 s ▁serial ▁k iller ▁films ▁Night m are ▁El m ▁Street ▁ 2 ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 s ▁te en ▁horror ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁independent ▁films ▁Category : American ▁sequ el ▁films ▁Category : American ▁serial ▁k iller ▁films ▁Category : American ▁slash er ▁films ▁Category : American ▁te en ▁horror ▁films ▁Category : American ▁te en ▁L GB T - related ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁night mar es ▁Category : American ▁films ▁about ▁reven ge ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁sleep ▁dis orders ▁Category : Fil |
ms ▁about ▁spirit ▁possession ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Jack ▁Sh older ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁Christopher ▁Young ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Ohio ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Category : G ay - related ▁films ▁Category : L GB T - related ▁horror ▁films ▁Category : New ▁Line ▁Cinema ▁films ▁Category : A ▁Night m are ▁on ▁El m ▁Street ▁( f ranch ise ) ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁European ▁Sk ate board ing ▁Championships ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁Bas el , ▁Switzerland , ▁between ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁and ▁ 2 ▁September ▁for ▁street ▁sk ate board ing ▁and ▁in ▁Mal m ö , ▁Sweden , ▁between ▁September ▁ 3 – 6 ▁for ▁park ▁sk ate board ing . ▁ ▁Medal ▁summary ▁ ▁Park ▁sk ate board ing ▁ ▁Street ▁sk ate board ing W omen ' s ▁results ▁ ▁° H is ▁name ▁is ▁miss pel led ▁" D ow we " ▁in ▁the ▁official ▁scores heet . ▁ ▁° ° D ou we ▁Mac are ▁came ▁ 4 th ▁in ▁the ▁competition , ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁placed ▁European , ▁as ▁the ▁third ▁best ▁score ▁was ▁made ▁by ▁the ▁sole ▁compet itor ▁from ▁outside ▁of ▁Europe ▁– ▁' s ▁M ati as ▁D ell ▁O lio ▁( 8 2 , 3 3 ). ▁ ▁References ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁European ▁Sk ate board |
ing ▁Championships ▁European ▁Sk ate board ing ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁European ▁Sk ate board ing ▁Championships ▁European ▁Cl im bing ▁Championships ▁Category : Europe an ▁Sk ate board ing ▁Championships <0x0A> </s> ▁R ok it no - K ol onia ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁R ok it no , ▁within ▁B iała ▁Pod l aska ▁County , ▁Lub lin ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁eastern ▁Poland , ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁border ▁with ▁Bel arus . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁north - east ▁of ▁B iała ▁Pod l aska ▁and ▁ ▁north - east ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁Lub lin . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 1 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁B iała ▁Pod l aska ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁She ikh ▁F az l ul ▁Kar im ▁Sel im , ▁better ▁known ▁as ▁She ikh ▁Sel im , ▁is ▁a ▁Bang l ades hi ▁member ▁of ▁parliament ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁standing ▁committee ▁of ▁Bang l adesh ▁Aw ami ▁League ▁party . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁▁ ▁Sel im ▁is ▁the ▁nep hew ▁of ▁She ikh ▁M uj ib ur ▁Rah man , ▁former ▁President ▁of ▁Bang l adesh . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁younger ▁brother ▁of ▁She ikh ▁F az l ul ▁Ha que ▁Man i ▁founder ▁of ▁J ub o ▁League . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁cousin ▁of ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁She ikh ▁Has ina . ▁ ▁Career ▁▁ ▁Sal im ▁is ▁the |
▁current ▁parliament ary ▁representative ▁for ▁the ▁a ▁constitu ency ▁of ▁G op al gan j - 2 . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁Pres id ium ▁member ▁of ▁Bang l adesh ▁Aw ami ▁League . ▁He ▁has ▁won ▁parliament ary ▁elections ▁from ▁G op al gan j - 2 ▁seven ▁times . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Minister ▁for ▁Health ▁and ▁Family ▁W elf are ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁She ikh ▁Has ina ▁Cab inet . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ary ▁Stand ing ▁Committee ▁on ▁Health ▁and ▁Family ▁W elf are ▁Ministry . ▁ ▁Cont ro vers y ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Bang l adesh ▁Anti ▁Cor ruption ▁Commission ▁su ed ▁him ▁for ▁cor ruption ▁with ▁Ram na ▁Police ▁Station . ▁He ▁secured ▁b ail ▁from ▁Bang l adesh ▁High ▁Court ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Bang l adesh ▁High ▁Court ▁in ▁September ▁stayed ▁proceed ing ▁of ▁the ▁case ▁against ▁Sel im . ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Bang l adesh ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁stayed ▁the ▁High ▁Court ▁order ▁allowing ▁the ▁case ▁to ▁proceed . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁Sel im ▁lost ▁a ▁grand son ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁E aster ▁bomb ings , ▁which ▁also ▁left ▁the ▁grand son ' s ▁father ▁wounded . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B ang l adesh ▁Aw ami ▁League ▁polit icians ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 |
▁birth s ▁Category : She ikh ▁M uj ib ur ▁Rah man ▁family ▁Category : 8 th ▁J ati ya ▁S angs ad ▁members ▁Category : He alth ▁and ▁Family ▁W elf are ▁minister s ▁of ▁Bang l adesh ▁Category : 1 1 th ▁J ati ya ▁S angs ad ▁members ▁Category : 5 th ▁J ati ya ▁S angs ad ▁members ▁Category : 7 th ▁J ati ya ▁S angs ad ▁members ▁Category : 9 th ▁J ati ya ▁S angs ad ▁members ▁Category : 1 0 th ▁J ati ya ▁S angs ad ▁members ▁Category : 3 rd ▁J ati ya ▁S angs ad ▁members ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁G op al gan j ▁District , ▁Bang l adesh <0x0A> </s> ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel , ▁or ▁Arab ▁Israel is , ▁are ▁Isra eli ▁citizens ▁who ▁are ▁Arab . ▁Many ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁self - ident ify ▁as ▁Palest in ian ▁and ▁commonly ▁self - design ate ▁themselves ▁as ▁Palest in ian ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁or ▁Isra eli ▁Palest ini ans . ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁survey ▁by ▁University ▁of ▁Ha ifa ▁professor ▁Sam my ▁Sm o oh a , ▁ 1 6 % ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁population ▁pre fers ▁the ▁term ▁" Is ra eli ▁Arab ", ▁while ▁the ▁largest ▁and ▁fast est ▁growing ▁proportion ▁pre fers ▁" Pal est in ian ▁in ▁Israel ", ▁and ▁ 1 7 % ▁prefer ▁" Pal est in ian ▁Arab ", ▁reject ing ▁entirely ▁the ▁identity ▁of |
▁" Is ra eli ". ▁ ▁The ▁traditional ▁vern ac ular ▁of ▁most ▁Arab ▁citizens , ▁ir res pective ▁of ▁religion , ▁is ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic , ▁including ▁Leb an ese ▁Arab ic ▁in ▁northern ▁Israel , ▁Palest in ian ▁dialect ▁of ▁Arab ic ▁in ▁central ▁Israel ▁and ▁Bed ou in ▁dialect s ▁across ▁the ▁Neg ev ▁desert ; ▁having ▁absor bed ▁much ▁Heb rew ▁loan words ▁and ▁phr ases , ▁the ▁modern ▁dialect ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁is ▁defined ▁by ▁some ▁as ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Arab ic ▁dialect . ▁Most ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁are ▁function ally ▁b iling ual , ▁their ▁second ▁language ▁being ▁Modern ▁Heb rew . ▁By ▁religious ▁affili ation , ▁most ▁are ▁Muslim , ▁particularly ▁of ▁the ▁Sun ni ▁branch ▁of ▁Islam . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁significant ▁Arab ▁Christian ▁minor ity ▁from ▁various ▁denomin ations ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Dru ze , ▁among ▁other ▁religious ▁communities . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Israel ' s ▁Central ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Statistics , ▁the ▁Arab ▁population ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁was ▁estimated ▁at ▁ 1 , 8 9 0 , 0 0 0 , ▁representing ▁ 2 0 . 9 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁population . ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁these ▁identify ▁themselves ▁as ▁Arab ▁or ▁Palest in ian ▁by ▁national ity ▁and ▁Isra eli ▁by ▁citizens hip . ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁mostly ▁live ▁in ▁Arab - major ity ▁towns ▁and ▁cities ; ▁eight ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁ten ▁poor est ▁cities ▁are ▁Arab . ▁The |
▁vast ▁majority ▁attend ▁separate ▁schools ▁to ▁Jewish ▁Israel is , ▁and ▁Arab ▁political ▁parties ▁have ▁never ▁joined ▁a ▁government ▁coal ition . ▁Many ▁have ▁family ▁t ies ▁to ▁Palest ini ans ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Bank ▁and ▁Gaz a ▁St rip ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁to ▁Palest in ian ▁refuge es ▁in ▁Jordan , ▁Sy ria ▁and ▁Leb anon . ▁Gal ile e ▁Bed ou ins , ▁Neg ev ▁Bed ou ins ▁and ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁tend ▁to ▁identify ▁more ▁as ▁Israel is ▁than ▁other ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel . ▁ ▁The ▁Arab s ▁living ▁in ▁East ▁Jerusalem ▁and ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁in ▁the ▁Gol an ▁He ights , ▁occupied ▁by ▁Israel ▁in ▁the ▁Six - Day ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁and ▁later ▁an nex ed , ▁were ▁offered ▁Isra eli ▁citizens hip , ▁but ▁most ▁have ▁refused , ▁not ▁wanting ▁to ▁recognize ▁Israel ' s ▁claim ▁to ▁so vere ig nt y . ▁They ▁became ▁permanent ▁residents ▁instead . ▁They ▁have ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁apply ▁for ▁citizens hip , ▁are ▁entitled ▁to ▁municipal ▁services ▁and ▁have ▁municipal ▁voting ▁rights . ▁ ▁Term in ology ▁How ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁Arab ▁citiz en ry ▁of ▁Israel ▁is ▁a ▁highly ▁polit ic ized ▁issue , ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁self - ident ification ▁labels ▁used ▁by ▁members ▁of ▁this ▁community . ▁Gener ally ▁speaking , ▁supp or ters ▁of ▁Israel ▁tend ▁to ▁use ▁Isra eli ▁Arab ▁or ▁Arab ▁Isra eli ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁this ▁population ▁without ▁mention ing ▁Palest ine , |
▁while ▁critics ▁of ▁Israel ▁( or ▁supp or ters ▁of ▁Palest ini ans ) ▁tend ▁to ▁use ▁Palest in ian ▁or ▁Palest in ian ▁Arab ▁without ▁referencing ▁Israel . ▁According ▁to ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times , ▁most ▁preferred ▁to ▁identify ▁themselves ▁as ▁Palest in ian ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁rather ▁than ▁as ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s , ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁uses ▁both ▁' Pal est in ian ▁Israel is ' ▁and ▁' Is ra eli ▁Arab s ' ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁population . ▁ ▁Common ▁practice ▁in ▁contemporary ▁academic ▁literature ▁is ▁to ▁identify ▁this ▁community ▁as ▁Palest in ian ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁how ▁the ▁majority ▁self - ident ify ▁( See ▁Self - Ident ification ▁below ▁for ▁more ). ▁Term s ▁preferred ▁by ▁most ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁to ▁identify ▁themselves ▁include ▁Palest ini ans , ▁Palest ini ans ▁in ▁Israel , ▁Isra eli ▁Palest ini ans , ▁the ▁Palest ini ans ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁Palest in ian ▁Arab s , ▁Palest in ian ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁or ▁Palest in ian ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel . ▁There ▁are , ▁however , ▁individuals ▁from ▁among ▁the ▁Arab ▁citiz en ry ▁who ▁reject ▁the ▁term ▁Palest in ian ▁altogether . ▁A ▁minor ity ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁include ▁" Is ra eli " ▁in ▁some ▁way ▁in ▁their ▁self - ident ifying ▁label ; ▁the ▁majority ▁identify ▁as ▁Palest in ian ▁by ▁national ity ▁and ▁Isra eli ▁by ▁citizens hip . |
▁ ▁The ▁Isra eli ▁establishment ▁pre fers ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ▁or ▁Arab s ▁in ▁Israel , ▁and ▁also ▁uses ▁the ▁terms ▁the ▁minor ities , ▁the ▁Arab ▁sector , ▁Arab s ▁of ▁Israel ▁and ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel . ▁These ▁labels ▁have ▁been ▁critic ized ▁for ▁den ying ▁this ▁population ▁a ▁political ▁or ▁national ▁identification , ▁obsc uring ▁their ▁Palest in ian ▁identity ▁and ▁connection ▁to ▁Palest ine . ▁The ▁term ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ▁in ▁particular ▁is ▁viewed ▁as ▁a ▁construct ▁of ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁authorities . ▁It ▁is ▁non eth eless ▁used ▁by ▁a ▁significant ▁minor ity ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁population , ▁" reflect ing ▁its ▁domin ance ▁in ▁Isra eli ▁social ▁disc ourse ." ▁ ▁Other ▁terms ▁used ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁this ▁population ▁include ▁Palest in ian ▁Arab s ▁in ▁Israel , ▁Isra eli ▁Palest in ian ▁Arab s , ▁the ▁Arab s ▁inside ▁the ▁Green ▁Line , ▁and ▁the ▁Arab s ▁within ▁( ). ▁The ▁latter ▁two ▁app ell ations , ▁among ▁others ▁listed ▁above , ▁are ▁not ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁East ▁Jerusalem ▁Arab ▁population ▁or ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁in ▁the ▁Gol an ▁He ights , ▁as ▁these ▁territ ories ▁were ▁occupied ▁by ▁Israel ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁As ▁the ▁Israel ▁Central ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Statistics ▁defines ▁the ▁area ▁covered ▁in ▁its ▁statistics ▁survey ▁as ▁including ▁East ▁Jerusalem ▁and ▁the ▁Gol an ▁He ights , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁Arab s ▁in ▁Israel ▁is ▁calculated ▁as ▁ 2 0 . 9 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁Isra eli |
▁population ▁( 2 0 1 9 ). ▁ ▁History ▁▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Arab – Is ra eli ▁War ▁Most ▁Israel is ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Arab – Is ra eli ▁War ▁as ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence , ▁while ▁most ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁refer ▁to ▁it ▁as ▁al - N ak ba ▁( the ▁cat ast rop he ), ▁a ▁reflection ▁of ▁differences ▁in ▁per ception ▁of ▁the ▁purpose ▁and ▁out comes ▁of ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 7 – 4 9 ▁war , ▁the ▁territory ▁previously ▁admin ister ed ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁as ▁Mand atory ▁Palest ine ▁was ▁de ▁fact o ▁divided ▁into ▁three ▁parts : ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel , ▁the ▁Jordan ian - h eld ▁West ▁Bank , ▁and ▁the ▁Egypt ian - h eld ▁Gaz a ▁St rip . ▁Of ▁the ▁estimated ▁ 9 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Arab s ▁that ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁territory ▁that ▁became ▁Israel ▁before ▁the ▁war , ▁over ▁ 8 0 % ▁fled ▁or ▁were ▁exp elled . ▁The ▁other ▁ 2 0 %, ▁some ▁ 1 5 6 , 0 0 0 , ▁remained . ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁today ▁are ▁largely ▁composed ▁of ▁the ▁people ▁who ▁remained ▁and ▁their ▁descend ants . ▁O thers ▁include ▁some ▁from ▁the ▁Gaz a ▁St rip ▁and ▁the ▁West ▁Bank ▁who ▁proc ured ▁Isra eli ▁citizens hip ▁under ▁family - un ification ▁prov isions ▁made ▁significantly ▁more ▁string ent |
▁in ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁Int if ada . ▁ ▁Arab s ▁who ▁left ▁their ▁homes ▁during ▁the ▁period ▁of ▁armed ▁conflict , ▁but ▁remained ▁in ▁what ▁had ▁become ▁Isra eli ▁territory , ▁were ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁" present ▁abs ente es ". ▁In ▁some ▁cases , ▁they ▁were ▁refused ▁permission ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁their ▁homes , ▁which ▁were ▁ex prop ri ated ▁and ▁turned ▁over ▁to ▁state ▁ownership , ▁as ▁was ▁the ▁property ▁of ▁other ▁Palest in ian ▁refuge es . ▁Some ▁ 2 7 4 , 0 0 0 , ▁or ▁ 1 ▁of ▁every ▁ 4 ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁are ▁" present ▁abs ente es " ▁or ▁internally ▁disp la ced ▁Palest ini ans . ▁Notable ▁cases ▁of ▁" present ▁abs ente es " ▁include ▁the ▁residents ▁of ▁S aff uri y ya ▁and ▁the ▁Gal ile e ▁villages ▁of ▁Ka fr ▁Bir ' im ▁and ▁I q rit . ▁▁ 1 9 4 9 – 1 9 6 6 ▁ ▁While ▁most ▁Arab s ▁remaining ▁in ▁Israel ▁were ▁granted ▁citizens hip , ▁they ▁were ▁subject ▁to ▁mart ial ▁law ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁state . ▁Z ion ism ▁had ▁given ▁little ▁serious ▁thought ▁as ▁to ▁how ▁to ▁integrate ▁Arab s , ▁and ▁according ▁to ▁Ian ▁L ust ick ▁subsequent ▁policies ▁were ▁' im plement ed ▁by ▁a ▁rig orous ▁regime ▁of ▁military ▁rule ▁that ▁domin ated ▁what ▁remained ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁population ▁in ▁territory ▁ruled ▁by ▁Israel , ▁en abling ▁the ▁state ▁to ▁ex |
prop ri ate ▁most ▁Arab - owned ▁land , ▁sever ely ▁limit ▁its ▁access ▁to ▁invest ment ▁capital ▁and ▁employ ment ▁opportunity , ▁and ▁eliminate ▁virt ually ▁all ▁opportun ities ▁to ▁use ▁citizens hip ▁as ▁a ▁vehicle ▁for ▁gain ing ▁political ▁influence '. ▁ ▁Tra vel ▁perm its , ▁cur f ew s , ▁administrative ▁det ent ions , ▁and ▁exp uls ions ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁life ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁A ▁variety ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁legisl ative ▁measures ▁facil itated ▁the ▁transfer ▁of ▁land ▁abandoned ▁by ▁Arab s ▁to ▁state ▁ownership . ▁These ▁included ▁the ▁Abs ente e ▁Property ▁Law ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁which ▁allowed ▁the ▁state ▁to ▁take ▁control ▁of ▁land ▁belonging ▁to ▁land ▁own ers ▁who ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁other ▁countries , ▁and ▁the ▁Land ▁Ac quisition ▁Law ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁which ▁author ized ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Fin ance ▁to ▁transfer ▁ex prop ri ated ▁land ▁to ▁the ▁state . ▁Other ▁common ▁legal ▁exped ients ▁included ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁emer gency ▁reg ulations ▁to ▁declare ▁land ▁belonging ▁to ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁a ▁closed ▁military ▁zone , ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁Ott oman ▁legisl ation ▁on ▁abandoned ▁land ▁to ▁take ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁land . ▁ ▁Arab s ▁who ▁held ▁Isra eli ▁citizens hip ▁were ▁entitled ▁to ▁vote ▁for ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁K ness et . ▁Arab ▁K ness et ▁members ▁have ▁served ▁in ▁office ▁since ▁the ▁First ▁K ness et . ▁The ▁first ▁Arab ▁K ness et ▁members ▁were ▁A |
min - Sal im ▁Jar j ora ▁and ▁Se if ▁el - D in ▁el - Z ou bi ▁who ▁were ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Democratic ▁List ▁of ▁Naz are th ▁party ▁and ▁T aw fik ▁T ou bi ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁M aki ▁party . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁a ▁radical ▁independent ▁Arab ▁group ▁called ▁al - Ar d ▁forming ▁the ▁Arab ▁Social ist ▁List ▁tried ▁to ▁run ▁for ▁K ness et ▁elections . ▁The ▁list ▁was ▁b anned ▁by ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Central ▁E lections ▁Committee . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁mart ial ▁law ▁was ▁lifted ▁completely , ▁and ▁the ▁government ▁set ▁about ▁dis m ant ling ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁disc rimin atory ▁laws , ▁while ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁were ▁granted ▁the ▁same ▁rights ▁as ▁Jewish ▁citizens ▁under ▁law . ▁▁ 1 9 6 7 – 2 0 0 0 ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁Six - Day ▁War , ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁contact ▁Palest ini ans ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Bank ▁and ▁Gaz a ▁St rip ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁since ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁state . ▁This ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁lif ting ▁of ▁military ▁rule , ▁led ▁to ▁increased ▁political ▁activ ism ▁among ▁Arab ▁citizens . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁a ▁committee ▁of ▁Arab ▁may ors ▁and ▁municipal ▁council men ▁was ▁established ▁which ▁played ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁representing ▁the ▁community ▁and ▁press uring ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁government . ▁This ▁was ▁followed ▁in ▁ 1 9 |
7 5 ▁by ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁Committee ▁for ▁the ▁Def ense ▁of ▁the ▁Land , ▁which ▁sought ▁to ▁prevent ▁continu ing ▁land ▁ex prop ri ations . ▁That ▁same ▁year , ▁a ▁political ▁break through ▁took ▁place ▁with ▁the ▁election ▁of ▁Arab ▁poet ▁T aw fi q ▁Z i ad , ▁a ▁M aki ▁member , ▁as ▁mayor ▁of ▁Naz are th , ▁accompanied ▁by ▁a ▁strong ▁commun ist ▁presence ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁council . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁six ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁were ▁killed ▁by ▁Isra eli ▁security ▁forces ▁at ▁a ▁protest ▁against ▁land ▁ex prop ri ations ▁and ▁house ▁demol itions . ▁The ▁date ▁of ▁the ▁protest , ▁ 3 0 ▁March , ▁has ▁since ▁been ▁comm emor ated ▁ann ually ▁as ▁Land ▁Day . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁saw ▁the ▁birth ▁of ▁the ▁Islam ic ▁Mov ement . ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁larger ▁tr end ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ▁World , ▁the ▁Islam ic ▁Mov ement ▁emphas ized ▁moving ▁Islam ▁into ▁the ▁political ▁real m . ▁The ▁Islam ic ▁movement ▁built ▁schools , ▁provided ▁other ▁essential ▁social ▁services , ▁constructed ▁mos ques , ▁and ▁encourag ed ▁prayer ▁and ▁conserv ative ▁Islam ic ▁dress . ▁The ▁Islam ic ▁Mov ement ▁began ▁to ▁affect ▁elect oral ▁politics ▁particularly ▁at ▁the ▁local ▁level . ▁ ▁Many ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁supported ▁the ▁First ▁Int if ada ▁and ▁assist ed ▁Palest ini ans ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Bank ▁and ▁Gaz a , ▁providing ▁them ▁with ▁money , ▁food , |
▁and ▁clothes . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁strik es ▁were ▁also ▁held ▁by ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁in ▁solid ar ity ▁with ▁Palest ini ans ▁in ▁the ▁occupied ▁territ ories . ▁ ▁The ▁years ▁leading ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁Os lo ▁Acc ords ▁were ▁a ▁time ▁of ▁optim ism ▁for ▁Arab ▁citizens . ▁During ▁the ▁administration ▁of ▁Y itz h ak ▁Rab in , ▁Arab ▁parties ▁played ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁a ▁gover ning ▁coal ition . ▁In cre ased ▁participation ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁was ▁also ▁seen ▁at ▁the ▁civil ▁society ▁level . ▁However , ▁t ension ▁continued ▁to ▁exist ▁with ▁many ▁Arab s ▁calling ▁for ▁Israel ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁" state ▁of ▁all ▁its ▁citizens ", ▁thereby ▁challeng ing ▁the ▁state ' s ▁Jewish ▁identity . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁elections ▁for ▁prime ▁minister , ▁ 9 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁elect or ate ▁voted ▁for ▁E h ud ▁Bar ak . ▁However , ▁Bar ak ▁formed ▁a ▁broad ▁left - right - center ▁government ▁without ▁consult ing ▁the ▁Arab ▁parties , ▁disappoint ing ▁the ▁Arab ▁community . ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 – present ▁ ▁T ensions ▁between ▁Arab s ▁and ▁the ▁state ▁rose ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁when ▁ 1 2 ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁and ▁one ▁man ▁from ▁Gaz a ▁were ▁killed ▁while ▁protest ing ▁the ▁government ' s ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁Second ▁Int if ada . ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁this ▁incident , ▁the ▁government ▁established ▁the ▁Or ▁Commission . ▁The ▁events ▁of ▁October ▁ |
2 0 0 0 ▁caused ▁many ▁Arab s ▁to ▁question ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁their ▁Isra eli ▁citizens hip . ▁To ▁a ▁large ▁extent , ▁they ▁boy c otted ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁Isra eli ▁E lections ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁of ▁protest . ▁This ▁boy c ott ▁helped ▁A riel ▁Sh aron ▁defeat ▁E h ud ▁Bar ak ; ▁as ▁a for ement ioned , ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁elections , ▁ 9 4 ▁percent ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁Arab ▁minor ity ▁had ▁voted ▁for ▁E h ud ▁Bar ak . ▁ID F ▁en list ment ▁by ▁Bed ou in ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁dropped ▁significantly . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Leb anon ▁War , ▁Arab ▁advoc acy ▁organizations ▁compla ined ▁that ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁government ▁had ▁inv ested ▁time ▁and ▁effort ▁to ▁protect ▁Jewish ▁citizens ▁from ▁He z bol lah ▁attacks , ▁but ▁had ▁neglect ed ▁Arab ▁citizens . ▁They ▁pointed ▁to ▁a ▁dear th ▁of ▁bomb ▁sh el ters ▁in ▁Arab ▁towns ▁and ▁villages ▁and ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁basic ▁emer gency ▁information ▁in ▁Arab ic . ▁Many ▁Isra eli ▁Jews ▁viewed ▁the ▁Arab ▁opposition ▁to ▁government ▁policy ▁and ▁sympathy ▁with ▁the ▁Leb an ese ▁as ▁a ▁sign ▁of ▁dis loy alty . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁t ensions ▁rose ▁when ▁Isra eli ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁E h ud ▁Ol m ert ▁invited ▁a ▁right - wing ▁political ▁party ▁Y is rael ▁Be ite inu , ▁to ▁join ▁his ▁coal ition |
▁government . ▁The ▁party ▁leader , ▁Av ig dor ▁Lie ber man , ▁advoc ated ▁an ▁eth nic ity ▁based ▁territory ▁exchange , ▁the ▁Lie ber man ▁Plan , ▁by ▁transfer ring ▁heavily ▁populated ▁Arab ▁areas ▁( main ly ▁the ▁Tri angle ), ▁to ▁Palest in ian ▁Author ity ▁control ▁and ▁an nex ing ▁major ▁Jewish ▁Isra eli ▁settlement ▁b loc s ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Bank ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁green ▁line ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁peace ▁proposal . ▁Arab s ▁who ▁would ▁prefer ▁to ▁remain ▁in ▁Israel ▁instead ▁of ▁becoming ▁citizens ▁of ▁a ▁Palest in ian ▁state ▁would ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁Israel . ▁All ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel , ▁whether ▁Jews ▁or ▁Arab s , ▁would ▁be ▁required ▁to ▁p ledge ▁an ▁o ath ▁of ▁alleg iance ▁to ▁retain ▁citizens hip . ▁Those ▁who ▁refuse ▁could ▁remain ▁in ▁Israel ▁as ▁permanent ▁residents . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁the ▁first ▁non - D ru ze ▁Arab ▁minister ▁in ▁Israel ' s ▁history , ▁R ale b ▁Maj ade le , ▁was ▁appointed ▁minister ▁without ▁port folio ▁( Sal ah ▁Tar if , ▁a ▁Dru ze , ▁had ▁been ▁appointed ▁a ▁minister ▁without ▁port folio ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ). ▁The ▁appointment ▁was ▁critic ized ▁by ▁the ▁left , ▁which ▁felt ▁it ▁was ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁cover ▁up ▁the ▁Labor ▁Party ' s ▁decision ▁to ▁sit ▁with ▁Y is rael ▁Be ite inu ▁in ▁the ▁government , ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁right , ▁who ▁saw ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁threat |
▁to ▁Israel ' s ▁status ▁as ▁a ▁Jewish ▁state . ▁ ▁S ect arian ▁and ▁religious ▁group ings ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁official ▁number ▁of ▁Arab ▁residents ▁in ▁Israel ▁ ▁– ▁including ▁East ▁Jerusalem ▁permanent ▁residents ▁many ▁of ▁whom ▁are ▁not ▁citizens ▁– ▁was ▁ 1 , 4 1 3 , 5 0 0 ▁people , ▁about ▁ 2 0 % ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁population . ▁The ▁Arab ▁population ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁was ▁estimated ▁at ▁ 1 , 8 9 0 , 0 0 0 , ▁representing ▁ 2 0 . 9 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁population . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Israel ▁Central ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Statistics ▁( May ▁ 2 0 0 3 ), ▁Muslim s , ▁including ▁Bed ou ins , ▁make ▁up ▁ 8 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁entire ▁Arab ▁population ▁in ▁Israel , ▁along ▁with ▁around ▁ 9 % ▁Dru ze , ▁and ▁ 9 % ▁Christians . ▁Pro jections ▁based ▁on ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁data , ▁predicted ▁that ▁Arab ▁Israel is ▁will ▁const itute ▁ 2 5 % ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁population ▁by ▁ 2 0 2 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁national ▁language ▁and ▁mother ▁tongue ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens , ▁including ▁the ▁Dru ze , ▁is ▁Arab ic ▁and ▁the ▁col lo qu ial ▁spoken ▁language ▁is ▁of ▁the ▁Palest in ian ▁Arab ic ▁dialect . ▁Know ledge ▁and ▁command ▁of ▁Modern ▁Standard ▁Arab ic ▁var ies . ▁ ▁Muslim s ▁ ▁S ett |
led ▁Trad itionally ▁settled ▁communities ▁of ▁Muslim ▁Arab s ▁compr ise ▁about ▁ 7 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁population ▁in ▁Israel . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁the ▁average ▁number ▁of ▁children ▁per ▁mother ▁was ▁ 3 . 8 4 , ▁dro pping ▁from ▁ 3 . 9 7 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁The ▁Muslim ▁population ▁is ▁mostly ▁young : ▁ 4 2 % ▁of ▁Muslim s ▁are ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 5 . ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁of ▁Muslim ▁Israel is ▁is ▁ 1 8 , ▁while ▁the ▁median ▁age ▁of ▁Jewish ▁Israel is ▁is ▁ 3 0 . ▁The ▁percentage ▁of ▁people ▁over ▁ 6 5 ▁is ▁less ▁than ▁ 3 % ▁for ▁Muslim s , ▁compared ▁with ▁ 1 2 % ▁for ▁the ▁Jewish ▁population . ▁ ▁Bed ou in ▁( nom adic ) ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Foreign ▁Affairs ▁Minister ▁of ▁Israel , ▁ 1 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Bed ou ins ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁Neg ev , ▁ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁the ▁Gal ile e , ▁and ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁region ▁of ▁Israel . ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁Israel ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁there ▁were ▁an ▁estimated ▁ 6 5 , 0 0 0 – 9 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Bed ou in ▁living ▁in ▁the ▁Neg ev . ▁The ▁ 1 1 , 0 0 0 ▁who ▁remained ▁were ▁re located ▁by |
▁the ▁Isra eli ▁government ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁to ▁an ▁area ▁in ▁the ▁n ort he astern ▁Neg ev ▁compr ising ▁ 1 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁Neg ev ▁desert . ▁The ▁Isra eli ▁government ▁built ▁seven ▁development ▁towns ▁for ▁the ▁Bed ou in ▁between ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁Ar ound ▁half ▁the ▁Bed ou in ▁population ▁live ▁in ▁these ▁towns , ▁the ▁largest ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Rah at , ▁others ▁being ▁Ar ' ar at ▁an - Na q ab ▁( Ar ' ara ▁Ba N eg ev ), ▁Bir ▁H ada j , ▁H ura , ▁K use ife , ▁L aki ya , ▁Sh a q ib ▁al - Sal am ▁( Seg ev ▁Sh alom ) ▁and ▁Tel ▁as - S abi ▁( T el ▁She va ). ▁ ▁Appro xim ately ▁ 4 0 – 5 0 % ▁of ▁Bed ou in ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁live ▁in ▁ 3 9 – 4 5 ▁un recogn ized ▁villages ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁elect rical ▁grid ▁and ▁water ▁main s . ▁ ▁Dru ze ▁ ▁Most ▁Isra eli ▁Dru ze ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁country ▁and ▁are ▁recogn ised ▁as ▁a ▁separate ▁community ▁to ▁Arab s . ▁The ▁Gal ile an ▁Dru ze ▁and ▁Dru ze ▁of ▁the ▁Ha ifa ▁region ▁received ▁Isra eli ▁citizens hip ▁automatically ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 . |
▁After ▁Israel ▁captured ▁the ▁Gol an ▁He ights ▁from ▁Sy ria ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁and ▁an nex ed ▁it ▁to ▁Israel ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁of ▁the ▁Gol an ▁He ights ▁were ▁offered ▁full ▁Isra eli ▁citizens hip ▁under ▁the ▁Gol an ▁He ights ▁Law . ▁Most ▁decl ined ▁Isra eli ▁citizens hip ▁and ▁retain ▁Sy rian ▁citizens hip ▁and ▁identity ▁and ▁are ▁treated ▁as ▁permanent ▁residents ▁of ▁Israel . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁British ▁Mand ate ▁for ▁Palest ine , ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁did ▁not ▁em brace ▁the ▁rising ▁Arab ▁national ism ▁of ▁the ▁time ▁or ▁particip ate ▁in ▁violent ▁confront ations . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁many ▁Dru ze ▁volunte ered ▁for ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁army ▁and ▁no ▁Dru ze ▁villages ▁were ▁destroyed ▁or ▁perman ently ▁abandoned . ▁Since ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁state , ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁have ▁demonstrated ▁solid ar ity ▁with ▁Israel ▁and ▁dist anced ▁themselves ▁from ▁Arab ▁and ▁Islam ic ▁radical ism . ▁Dru ze ▁citizens ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁Israel ▁Def ense ▁Forces . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁government ▁formally ▁recognized ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁as ▁a ▁separate ▁religious ▁community , ▁and ▁are ▁defined ▁as ▁a ▁distinct ▁eth nic ▁group ▁in ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Inter ior ' s ▁census ▁registration . ▁While ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁education ▁system ▁is ▁basically ▁divided ▁into ▁Heb rew ▁and ▁Arab ic ▁speaking ▁schools , ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁have ▁aut onomy ▁within ▁the ▁Arab |
ic ▁speaking ▁branch . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁survey ▁conducted ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁by ▁Dr . ▁Y us uf ▁Hass an ▁of ▁Tel ▁Av iv ▁University ▁ 9 4 % ▁of ▁Dru ze ▁respond ents ▁identified ▁as ▁" D ru ze - Is rael is " ▁in ▁the ▁religious ▁and ▁national ▁context , ▁while ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁P ew ▁Research ▁Center ▁poll ▁reported ▁that ▁while ▁ 9 9 % ▁of ▁Muslim s ▁and ▁ 9 6 % ▁of ▁Christians ▁identified ▁as ▁eth n ically ▁Arab , ▁a ▁smaller ▁share ▁of ▁Dru ze , ▁ 7 1 %, ▁identified ▁like wise . ▁Comp ared ▁to ▁other ▁Christians ▁and ▁Muslim s , ▁Dru ze ▁place ▁less ▁emphas is ▁on ▁Arab ▁identity ▁and ▁self - ident ify ▁more ▁as ▁Isra eli . ▁Most ▁do ▁not ▁identify ▁as ▁Palest ini ans . ▁Dru ze ▁polit icians ▁in ▁Israel ▁include ▁A yo ob ▁K ara , ▁who ▁represented ▁L ik ud ▁in ▁the ▁K ness et ; ▁Maj al li ▁W ah abi ▁of ▁K ad ima , ▁the ▁Deput y ▁Spe aker ▁of ▁the ▁K ness et ; ▁and ▁Sa id ▁N af a ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁party ▁Bal ad . ▁ ▁Christians ▁ ▁Christian ▁Arab s ▁compr ise ▁about ▁ 9 % ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁population ▁in ▁Israel . ▁Appro xim ately ▁ 7 0 % ▁res ide ▁in ▁the ▁north , ▁in ▁J ish , ▁E il ab un , ▁Ka fr ▁Y as if , ▁Ka fr ▁K anna |
, ▁I ' b ill in , ▁She fa - ' Am r . ▁Some ▁Dru ze ▁villages , ▁such ▁as ▁Hur fe ish ▁and ▁Mag har , ▁have ▁small ▁Christian ▁Arab ▁populations . ▁Naz are th ▁has ▁the ▁largest ▁Christian ▁Arab ▁population . ▁The ▁near ▁entire ty ▁of ▁Ha ifa ' s ▁Arab ▁minor ity ▁is ▁Christian ▁as ▁well . ▁There ▁are ▁ 1 1 7 , 0 0 0 ▁or ▁more ▁Christian ▁Arab s ▁in ▁Israel ▁( and ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 5 , 0 0 0 ▁non - A rab ▁Christians ). ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁the ▁Mel k ite ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁was ▁the ▁largest ▁Christian ▁community ▁in ▁Israel , ▁where ▁about ▁ 6 0 % ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Christians ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Mel k ite ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁Church , ▁while ▁around ▁ 3 0 % ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Christians ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Greek ▁Orth odox ▁Church ▁of ▁Jerusalem . ▁ ▁Many ▁Christian ▁Arab s ▁have ▁been ▁prominent ▁in ▁Arab ▁political ▁parties ▁in ▁Israel , ▁and ▁leaders ▁have ▁included ▁Arch bishop ▁George ▁H ak im , ▁Em ile ▁T oma , ▁T aw fik ▁T ou bi , ▁Em ile ▁Hab ib i , ▁and ▁Az mi ▁B ish ara . ▁Notable ▁Christian ▁religious ▁figures ▁include ▁the ▁Mel k ite ▁Arch b ish ops ▁of ▁the ▁Gal ile e ▁E lias ▁Ch ac our ▁and ▁B out ros ▁Mou al lem , ▁the ▁Latin ▁Patri arch ▁of ▁Jerusalem ▁Michel ▁S abb ah , ▁and ▁Bishop ▁Mun |
ib ▁You nan ▁of ▁the ▁Luther an ▁Church ▁of ▁Jordan ▁and ▁the ▁Holy ▁Land . ▁Isra eli ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁judge ▁Sal im ▁J ou b ran ▁is ▁a ▁Christian ▁Arab . ▁Notable ▁Christian ▁figures ▁in ▁science ▁and ▁high ▁te ch ▁include ▁H oss am ▁Ha ick ▁who ▁has ▁many ▁contributions ▁in ▁mult id is cipl inary ▁fields ▁such ▁as ▁Nan ote chn ology , ▁N anos ens ors ▁and ▁M ole cular ▁Electron ics , ▁and ▁Joh ny ▁Sr ou ji ▁who ▁is ▁Apple ' s ▁senior ▁vice ▁president ▁of ▁Hard ware ▁Techn ologies . ▁ ▁Since ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Christian ▁families ▁or ▁cl ans ▁who ▁can ▁speak ▁the ▁Ar ama ic ▁language ▁are ▁el ig ible ▁to ▁register ▁as ▁Ar ame ans ▁in ▁Israel . ▁This ▁recognition ▁comes ▁after ▁about ▁seven ▁years ▁of ▁activity ▁by ▁the ▁Ar ame an ▁Christian ▁Foundation ▁in ▁Israel , ▁which ▁rather ▁than ▁stick ing ▁to ▁an ▁Arab ▁identity , ▁wishes ▁to ▁assim il ate ▁into ▁an ▁Isra eli ▁l ifest yle . ▁Ar am ▁is ▁led ▁by ▁ID F ▁Major ▁Sh adi ▁Kh all oul ▁R ish o ▁and ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Christian ▁Rec ruit ment ▁Forum , ▁head ed ▁by ▁Father ▁Gabriel ▁N add af ▁of ▁the ▁Greek - Or th odox ▁Church ▁and ▁Major ▁I hab ▁Sh lay an . ▁The ▁move ▁was ▁condem ned ▁by ▁the ▁Greek ▁Orth odox ▁Patri arch ate , ▁which ▁described ▁it ▁as ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁divide ▁the ▁Palest in ian ▁minor ity ▁in ▁Israel . ▁ |
▁Christian ▁Arab s ▁are ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁educated ▁groups ▁in ▁Israel . ▁Statist ically , ▁Christian ▁Arab s ▁in ▁Israel ▁have ▁the ▁highest ▁rates ▁of ▁educational ▁att ain ment ▁among ▁all ▁religious ▁communities , ▁according ▁to ▁a ▁data ▁by ▁Israel ▁Central ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Statistics ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁ 6 3 % ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Christian ▁Arab s ▁have ▁had ▁college ▁or ▁post grad uate ▁education , ▁the ▁highest ▁of ▁any ▁religious ▁and ▁eth no - rel ig ious ▁group . ▁Despite ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁Arab ▁Christians ▁only ▁represent ▁ 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁Isra eli ▁population , ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁they ▁account ed ▁for ▁ 1 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁university ▁students , ▁and ▁for ▁ 1 4 % ▁of ▁its ▁college ▁students . ▁There ▁are ▁more ▁Christians ▁who ▁have ▁att ained ▁a ▁b ach elor ' s ▁degree ▁or ▁higher ▁academic ▁degrees ▁than ▁the ▁median ▁Isra eli ▁population . ▁The ▁rate ▁of ▁students ▁studying ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁medicine ▁was ▁higher ▁among ▁Christian ▁Arab ▁students ▁than ▁that ▁of ▁all ▁other ▁se ctors . ▁and ▁the ▁percentage ▁of ▁Arab ▁Christian ▁women ▁who ▁are ▁receiving ▁higher ▁education ▁is ▁also ▁higher ▁than ▁that ▁of ▁other ▁groups . ▁ ▁The ▁Israel ▁Central ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Statistics ▁noted ▁that ▁when ▁taking ▁into ▁account ▁the ▁data ▁recorded ▁over ▁the ▁years , ▁Isra eli ▁Christian ▁Arab s ▁f ared ▁the ▁best ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁education ▁in ▁comparison ▁to ▁any ▁other ▁group ▁receiving ▁an ▁education ▁in ▁Israel . ▁In |
▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Christian ▁Arab s ▁had ▁the ▁highest ▁rates ▁of ▁success ▁at ▁mat ric ulation ▁exam in ations , ▁namely ▁ 6 9 %, ▁both ▁in ▁comparison ▁to ▁Muslim ▁and ▁Dru ze ▁Israel is ▁( 5 0 % ▁and ▁ 6 4 % ▁respectively ), ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁students ▁from ▁the ▁different ▁branches ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁education ▁system ▁considered ▁as ▁one ▁group ▁( 6 1 %). ▁ ▁In ▁terms ▁of ▁their ▁so cio - e conom ic ▁situation , ▁Arab ▁Christians ▁are ▁more ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁Jewish ▁population ▁than ▁to ▁the ▁Muslim ▁Arab ▁population . ▁They ▁have ▁the ▁lowest ▁inc idence ▁of ▁pover ty ▁and ▁the ▁lowest ▁percentage ▁of ▁un emp loyment , ▁at ▁ 4 . 9 %, ▁compared ▁to ▁ 6 . 5 % ▁among ▁Jewish ▁men ▁and ▁women . ▁They ▁have ▁also ▁the ▁highest ▁median ▁household ▁income ▁among ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁and ▁second ▁highest ▁median ▁household ▁income ▁among ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁eth no - rel ig ious ▁groups . ▁Also ▁Arab ▁Christians ▁have ▁a ▁high ▁presentation ▁in ▁science ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁white ▁col lar ▁prof essions . ▁In ▁Israel ▁Arab ▁Christians ▁are ▁port rayed ▁as ▁a ▁hard ▁working ▁and ▁upper ▁middle ▁class ▁educated ▁eth no - rel ig ious ▁minor ity . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁study ▁" Are ▁Christian ▁Arab s ▁the ▁New ▁Isra eli ▁Jews ? ▁Ref lections ▁on ▁the ▁Edu c ational ▁Level ▁of ▁Arab ▁Christians ▁in ▁Israel " ▁by ▁H anna ▁David ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Tel ▁Av iv , ▁one ▁of |
▁the ▁factors ▁why ▁Isra eli ▁Arab ▁Christians ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁educated ▁segment ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁population ▁is ▁the ▁high ▁level ▁of ▁the ▁Christian ▁educational ▁institutions . ▁Christian ▁schools ▁in ▁Israel ▁are ▁among ▁the ▁best ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁country , ▁and ▁while ▁those ▁schools ▁represent ▁only ▁ 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁school ing ▁sector , ▁about ▁ 3 4 % ▁of ▁Arab ▁university ▁students ▁come ▁from ▁Christian ▁schools , ▁and ▁about ▁ 8 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ▁in ▁the ▁high ▁te ch ▁sector ▁have ▁been ▁educated ▁in ▁Christian ▁schools . ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Ma ar iv ▁article ▁described ▁the ▁Christian ▁Arab ▁sector ▁as ▁" the ▁most ▁successful ▁in ▁the ▁education ▁system ", ▁an ▁opinion ▁supported ▁by ▁the ▁Israel ▁Central ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Statistics ▁and ▁others ▁who ▁point ▁out ▁that ▁Christian ▁Arab s ▁f ared ▁best ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁education ▁in ▁comparison ▁to ▁any ▁other ▁group ▁receiving ▁an ▁education ▁in ▁Israel . ▁ ▁Self - ident ification ▁The ▁relationship ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁to ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel ▁is ▁often ▁fra ug ht ▁with ▁t ension ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁regarded ▁in ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁relations ▁between ▁minor ity ▁populations ▁and ▁state ▁authorities ▁elsewhere ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁consider ▁themselves ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁ind igen ous ▁people . ▁The ▁t ension ▁between ▁their ▁Palest in ian ▁Arab ▁national ▁identity ▁and ▁their ▁identity ▁as ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁was ▁fam ously ▁described ▁by ▁an ▁Arab ▁public ▁figure ▁as : ▁" My ▁state ▁is ▁at ▁war ▁with ▁my ▁nation ". |
▁ ▁Between ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁very ▁few ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁identified ▁open ly ▁as ▁" Pal est in ian ", ▁and ▁an ▁" Is ra eli - A rab " ▁identity , ▁the ▁preferred ▁phrase ▁of ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁establishment ▁and ▁public , ▁was ▁pre domin ant . ▁Public ▁expressions ▁of ▁Palest in ian ▁identity , ▁such ▁as ▁displays ▁of ▁the ▁Palest in ian ▁flag ▁or ▁the ▁singing ▁and ▁rec iting ▁of ▁national ist ▁songs ▁or ▁poetry ▁were ▁illegal . ▁With ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁military ▁administrative ▁rule ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁and ▁following ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁war , ▁national ▁conscious ness ▁and ▁its ▁expression ▁among ▁Israel ' s ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁spread . ▁A ▁majority ▁then ▁self - ident ified ▁as ▁Palest in ian , ▁prefer ring ▁this ▁des criptor ▁to ▁Isra eli ▁Arab ▁in ▁numerous ▁surve ys ▁over ▁the ▁years . ▁In ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁tele phone ▁poll , ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁identified ▁as ▁" A rab ▁in ▁Israel ▁/ ▁Arab ▁citiz en ▁of ▁Israel ", ▁ 1 5 % ▁identified ▁as ▁" Pal est in ian ", ▁ 8 . 9 % ▁as ▁" Pal est in ian ▁in ▁Israel ▁/ ▁Palest in ian ▁citiz en ▁of ▁Israel ", ▁and ▁ 8 . 7 % ▁as ▁" A rab "; ▁the ▁focus ▁groups ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁poll ▁provided ▁a ▁different ▁outcome , ▁in ▁which ▁" there ▁was ▁cons |
ensus ▁that ▁Palest in ian ▁identity ▁occup ies ▁a ▁central ▁place ▁in ▁their ▁conscious ness ". ▁ ▁Arab s ▁living ▁in ▁East ▁Jerusalem , ▁occupied ▁and ▁admin ister ed ▁by ▁Israel ▁since ▁the ▁Six - Day ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁are ▁a ▁special ▁case . ▁Although ▁they ▁hold ▁Isra eli ▁ID ▁cards , ▁most ▁are ▁permanent ▁residents ▁since ▁few ▁accepted ▁Israel ' s ▁offer ▁of ▁citizens hip ▁after ▁the ▁war ' s ▁end , ▁ref using ▁to ▁recognize ▁its ▁so vere ig nt y , ▁and ▁most ▁maintain ▁close ▁t ies ▁with ▁the ▁West ▁Bank . ▁As ▁permanent ▁residents , ▁they ▁are ▁el ig ible ▁to ▁vote ▁in ▁Jerusalem ' s ▁municipal ▁elections , ▁although ▁only ▁a ▁small ▁percentage ▁takes ▁advantage ▁of ▁this ▁right . ▁ ▁The ▁remaining ▁Dru ze ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁Gol an ▁He ights , ▁occupied ▁and ▁admin ister ed ▁by ▁Israel ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁are ▁considered ▁permanent ▁residents ▁under ▁the ▁Gol an ▁He ights ▁Law ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁F ew ▁have ▁accepted ▁full ▁Isra eli ▁citizens hip ▁and ▁the ▁vast ▁majority ▁consider ▁themselves ▁citizens ▁of ▁Sy ria . ▁ ▁Population ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁official ▁number ▁of ▁Arab ▁residents ▁in ▁Israel ▁was ▁ 1 , 4 1 3 , 5 0 0 ▁people , ▁about ▁ 2 0 % ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁population . ▁This ▁figure ▁includes ▁ 2 0 9 , 0 0 0 ▁Arab s ▁( 1 4 % |