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discuss need satisfied be conditions We by selected the to that nodes.
We discuss conditions that need to be satisfied by the selected nodes.
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algorithm these a loop-cutset heuristic satisfies conditions. for that present finding a We
We present a heuristic algorithm for finding a loop-cutset that satisfies these conditions.
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belief is knowledge associated with Domain functions. rules stored as
Domain knowledge is stored as rules with associated belief functions.
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in uncertainty addresses of system. errors resolving This the rule-based under problem a paper
This paper addresses the problem of resolving errors under uncertainty in a rule-based system.
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as been this has neural-network problem A new approach reformulates developed problem. a learning that
A new approach has been developed that reformulates this problem as a neural-network learning problem.
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The limitations the of and explored fundamental and are this discussed. approach strength
The strength and the fundamental limitations of this approach are explored and discussed.
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increasingly retrieval in and and information. become important of storage Hypertext management, the hypermedia have
Hypertext and hypermedia have become increasingly important in the storage management, and retrieval of information.
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extensively packages. broad terms, hypermedia In in deliver heterogeneous bits of cross-referenced dynamic, information
In broad terms, hypermedia deliver heterogeneous bits of information in dynamic, extensively cross-referenced packages.
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representing Beliefs propagated the BNDL clauses of the are distributions. programs probabilistic underlying the among
Beliefs are propagated among the clauses of the BNDL programs representing the underlying probabilistic distributions.
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Dempster's rule controversial the has the most theory. been of (D-S) Dempster-Shafer combination of part
Dempster's rule of combination has been the most controversial part of the Dempster-Shafer (D-S) theory.
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give is what explanations requirement One such need of to is qualitative believed. the
One such requirement is the need to give qualitative explanations of what is believed.
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thereby The the in procedure practical use general made to more is case.
The procedure is thereby made more practical to use in the general case.
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inference. and problem frequently extension The diagnostic default multiple arises in
The multiple extension problem arises frequently in diagnostic and default inference.
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reasonable, In of multiple may improbable. diagnosis, however, all however explanations the area the seem
In the area of diagnosis, however, the multiple explanations may all seem reasonable, however improbable.
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of them a among Choosing matter preference. is quantitative
Choosing among them is a matter of quantitative preference.
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in causally. preference works Quantitative diagnosis knowledge when well is modelled
Quantitative preference works well in diagnosis when knowledge is modelled causally.
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We construct can then probabilities compute incrementally as explanations. we
We can then compute probabilities incrementally as we construct explanations.
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probable partially first is explanation ordered. most are A explanations if found
A most probable explanation is found first if explanations are partially ordered.
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an surroundings. analysis, often be information In drawn its can pattern regarding object from
In pattern analysis, information regarding an object can often be drawn from its surroundings.
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method and based theory theory. possibility on Dempster-Shafer The is
The method is based on Dempster-Shafer theory and possibility theory.
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a We database a that scoped temporally manages beliefs. program of present
We present a program that manages a database of temporally scoped beliefs.
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operates At any or of calculus. system belief of level this the measure independent belief
At this level the system operates independent of any measure of belief or belief calculus.
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This proposed paper an with compares other approaches the on database. image approach
This paper compares the proposed approach with other approaches on an image database.
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distributions. paper relationship of between This the and Shafer's convex examines functions sets probability belief
This paper examines the relationship between Shafer's belief functions and convex sets of probability distributions.
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implications has theoretic for decision This a extension.
This has implications for a decision theoretic extension.
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of rule Dempster's also rule Bayes' conditioning. compared of is combination with
Dempster's rule of combination is also compared with Bayes' rule of conditioning.
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I render (l) have evidence enough to S probable. the sentence
(l) I have enough evidence to render the sentence S probable.
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vaguely, probabilistic and embody them shall what inference. Generally I I take call to
Generally and vaguely, I take them to embody what I shall call probabilistic inference.
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non-monotonic. This clearly form is of inference
This form of inference is clearly non-monotonic.
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this corresponds I inference. what None to of probabilistic call
None of this corresponds to what I call probabilistic inference.
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in from multiple Poly-trees singly are arise causal variables which causes. may networks connected
Poly-trees are singly connected causal networks in which variables may arise from multiple causes.
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stated conditions these are two to Sufficient methods agree. for
Sufficient conditions are stated for these two methods to agree.
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data and if problem involves particularly true noisy is This redundant measurements. the
This is particularly true if the problem involves noisy data and redundant measurements.
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of of use winner-take-all groups variables also is The discussed.
The use of winner-take-all groups of variables is also discussed.
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The software the to a mood the enhancing artist added helps portrait.
The software helps enhancing the mood the artist added to a portrait.
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estimate output be quantity an a of action. uncertain some for may recommendation The or
The output may be an estimate of some uncertain quantity or a recommendation for action.
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Schemer-ll, communication computational architecture, and among problem-solving of subsystems. called for provides The interleaving various
The computational architecture, called Schemer-ll, provides for interleaving of and communication among various problem-solving subsystems.
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refinement, to subsystems execution. These gathering, solution belief and approaches alternative provide construction, information solution
These subsystems provide alternative approaches to information gathering, belief refinement, solution construction, and solution execution.
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knowledge This process. inferencing NAIVE, and low-level describes representation paper language a
This paper describes NAIVE, a low-level knowledge representation language and inferencing process.
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those about designed systems nondeterministic has like dynamic reasoning been NAIVE medicine. for in found
NAIVE has been designed for reasoning about nondeterministic dynamic systems like those found in medicine.
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uses functions density probability inferencing process these uncertainty. propagate The to
The inferencing process uses these probability density functions to propagate uncertainty.
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primitive are of framework valuations. and The the objects variables
The primitive objects of the framework are variables and valuations.
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framework marginalization. The primitive the are combination and of operators
The primitive operators of the framework are combination and marginalization.
7,042
modus discussed. inference applying are fuzzy by ponens using for rules Different schemas
Different inference schemas for applying fuzzy rules by using modus ponens are discussed.
7,043
have, over theory. people reasons for, probability and have concerns Still, various
Still, people have, and have reasons for, various concerns over probability theory.
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notion. Probability however, formal offers this to counterpart theory, no
Probability theory, however, offers no formal counterpart to this notion.
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But does this provide yet not of induction, theory i.e. a
But this does not yet provide a theory of induction, i.e.
7,046
no The that is there problem is completion. good crucial
The crucial problem is that there is no good completion.
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this such suggest paper, want In to I solution. a
In this paper, I want to suggest such a solution.
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techniques. paper comparing This evidential at reasoning on reports empirical aimed work
This paper reports on empirical work aimed at comparing evidential reasoning techniques.
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are are not but conclusions novel, instructive. The
The conclusions are not novel, but are instructive.
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winners clear there losers. calculi, Among no the or were
Among the calculi, there were no clear winners or losers.
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The application been has theory recently expert systems. for to Dempster-Shafer extended its
The Dempster-Shafer theory has been extended recently for its application to expert systems.
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made between is and "statistical" probabilities. distinction "subjective" A sometimes
A distinction is sometimes made between "statistical" and "subjective" probabilities.
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distinction This is events. and between "repeatable" a events "unique" based on
This is based on a distinction between "unique" events and "repeatable" events.
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very can conception This be applied to of languages. rich probability
This conception of probability can be applied to very rich languages.
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more inductive is than The conclusions are logic in premises. that informative
The logic is inductive in that conclusions are more informative than premises.
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decision making. future of is component important an Predicting the
Predicting the future is an important component of decision making.
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enough there predictions. to not make however, most In is information situations, accurate
In most situations, however, there is not enough information to make accurate predictions.
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causal of uncertainty. for a In predictive inference under reasoning theory we paper, develop this
In this paper, we develop a theory of causal reasoning for predictive inference under uncertainty.
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In "conditional" an measurefree of a was earlier new presented. objects theory paper,
In an earlier paper, a new theory of measurefree "conditional" objects was presented.
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the is this placed In upon motivation of theory. the paper, emphasis
In this paper, emphasis is placed upon the motivation of the theory.
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through of system. involving an knowledge-based is The motivation part established central example this a
The central part of this motivation is established through an example involving a knowledge-based system.
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a published Minsky slightly Selfridge.) first (This extends & result by
(This slightly extends a result first published by Minsky & Selfridge.)
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of probability. paper a argues modal This for view
This paper argues for a modal view of probability.
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concepts. for a expressing Probability logical is probabilistic both language and logic
Probability logic is a language for expressing both probabilistic and logical concepts.
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major A involves reasoning of use of approximations. aspect human the
A major aspect of human reasoning involves the use of approximations.
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reasoning work is to Our the real-time of concerned approximate with control. application
Our work is concerned with the application of approximate reasoning to real-time control.
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environment hardware translating programming rules fuzzy realizations. control for into a We describe
We describe a programming environment for translating fuzzy control rules into hardware realizations.
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hardware possible. Two are realizations of methods
Two methods of hardware realizations are possible.
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a inferencing. based on First purpose for The fuzzy chip is special
The First is based on a special purpose chip for fuzzy inferencing.
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is The second based memory on a chip. simple
The second is based on a simple memory chip.
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of knowledge making probabilities examined. for constraints condition linear decision Techniques on are with
Techniques for decision making with knowledge of linear constraints on condition probabilities are examined.
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for now inference. exist Methods propagating beliefs chains of through
Methods now exist for propagating beliefs through chains of inference.
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beliefs on of same may different the Moreover, different consequent rules representations the yield hypotheses.
Moreover, different representations of the same rules may yield different beliefs on the consequent hypotheses.
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different two Thus, in the in manifested is meta-levels. uncertainty system
Thus, uncertainty in the system is manifested in two different meta-levels.
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whole. paradigms functioning be different a into meta-levels and The integrated must uncertainty
The different uncertainty paradigms and meta-levels must be integrated into a functioning whole.
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and forming natural their Bacteria complex environments infection ("bacteriophages") coexist viruses networks. in
Bacteria and their viruses ("bacteriophages") coexist in natural environments forming complex infection networks.
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decrease increasing with bacterial that growth infection. against find should First, defense rate we
First, we find that bacterial growth rate should decrease with increasing defense against infection.
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host should Second, of with infection we efficiency find viral decrease the that range.
Second, we find that the efficiency of viral infection should decrease with host range.
7,079
between curvature Next, relationship history trade-offs. establish life relative densities a of the and we
Next, we establish a relationship between relative densities and the curvature of life history trade-offs.
7,080
the to findings communities. multi-species "Kill-the-Winner" and compare current the model We phage-bacteria of contrast
We compare and contrast the current findings to the "Kill-the-Winner" model of multi-species phage-bacteria communities.
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seems The formalism handle the to examples nonmonotonic literature. the from
The formalism seems to handle the examples from the nonmonotonic literature.
7,082
method presented. computing is probabilistic propositions for A
A method for computing probabilistic propositions is presented.
7,083
composed RUM's architecture representation, and of layers: is three control. inference,
RUM's architecture is composed of three layers: representation, inference, and control.
7,084
example of situation An assessment is illustrated. naval
An example of naval situation assessment is illustrated.
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calculus possesses these presented The features. here
The calculus presented here possesses these features.
7,086
Some scheme results with obtained this are discussed.
Some results obtained with this scheme are discussed.
7,087
methods with certain I then inference maximum currently reasoning. uncertain compare entropy popular other for
I then compare maximum entropy inference with certain other currently popular methods for uncertain reasoning.
7,088
by set memory a rule (ROM). realized memory a implementation, In is only read this
In this implementation, a rule set memory is realized by a read only memory (ROM).
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processor, the for path out each is inference laid data In rule. one
In the inference processor, one data path is laid out for each rule.
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is processed are but parallel, All in rules rule each executed serially.
All rules are executed in parallel, but each rule is processed serially.
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is A two-phase nonoverlapping clocking scheme used.
A two-phase nonoverlapping clocking scheme is used.
7,092
not best indicate approach. research may recent be always the However, that results minimizing
However, recent research results indicate that minimizing may not always be the best approach.
7,093
about probabilistic likelihood. Bayesian networks semantics assertions provide qualitative for a
Bayesian networks provide a probabilistic semantics for qualitative assertions about likelihood.
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experts" The of the information a Bayesian of space "opinions combine in in fashion. experts
The experts in the space of "opinions of experts" combine information in a Bayesian fashion.
7,095
We evidence by viewpoint. of combination the alternative for spaces this suggested present
We present alternative spaces for the combination of evidence suggested by this viewpoint.
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what commonsense many cases is knowledge consists knowledge usual. In of of
In many cases commonsense knowledge consists of knowledge of what is usual.
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paper we usual In system reasoning with develop this for information. a
In this paper we develop a system for reasoning with usual information.
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the We this granules. with aid system of implement possibility-probability
We implement this system with the aid of possibility-probability granules.
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