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a tripartite fiv vector system was used to produce vesicular stomatitis g (vsv - g) pseudotyped lentiviral vectors consisting of envelope plasmid pmd.g, packaging plasmid pfp93, and fiv transfer vector ginsin - encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) and neomycin resistance via an internal ribosomal entry si...	purposeto establish a consistent and affordable, high quality porcine anterior segment perfusion and transduction model that allows direct visualization of the trabecular meshwork.methodsporcine anterior segments were cultured within 2 hours of death by removing lens and uvea and securing in a specially designed petri ...
skin - bleaching practices, such as using skin - lightening creams and soaps to achieve a lighter skin tone or to whiten skin, are common among non - white populations throughout the world, triggered by deep historical, economic, sociocultural, and psychosocial roots [15 ]. the exact prevalence of this practice among d...	skin - bleaching practices, such as using skin creams and soaps to achieve a lighter skin tone, are common throughout the world and are triggered by cosmetic reasons that oftentimes have deep historical, economic, sociocultural, and psychosocial roots. exposure to chemicals in the bleaching products, notably, mercury (...
distinguishing males from females and the differences in ethnic groups by analyzing the morphological characteristics of bone is important in the fields of physical and forensic anthropology. the mandible is the strongest bone in the human body and persists in a well - preserved state longer than any other bone. theref...	aim : identification and determination of sex of unknown human skeletal remains has been one of the most challenging tasks for forensic dentistry. the purpose of this study was to determine the gender from the analysis of mental foramen on panoramic radiographs in a north indian population.materials and methods : one h...
temporal lobe epilepsy (tle) has been associated with hippocampal sclerosis and pathological changes in the closed neighboring structures, including entorhinal cortex, amygdala and dentate gyrus [13 ]. scalp electroencephalogram (eeg) recordings from patients with tle usually demonstrate interictal and ictal epileptifo...	studies have suggested that thalamus is involved in temporal lobe epilepsy, but the role of thalamus is still unclear. we obtained local filed potentials (lfps) and single - unit activities from ca1 of hippocampus and parafascicular nucleus of thalamus during the development of epileptic seizures induced by pilocarpine...
osteoma is a benign osteogenic tumor arising from the proliferation of the cancellous or compact ivory osteoma bone. it can be central osteoma arising from the endosteum, peripheral osteoma (po) arising from the periosteum or extra - skeletal soft tissue osteoma that usually develops within the muscle. these occur freq...	osteoma is a benign osteogenic lesion with a very slow growth, characterized by proliferation of either cancellous or compact bone. depending on its location, osteoma may be classified as central, peripheral or extraskeletal type. although peripheral osteomas of the upper jaw are rare, diagnosticians can however encoun...
the current issam (international society for study of the aging male), eau (european association of urology), and bssm (british society for sexual medicine association) definition of late onset hypogonadism [1, 2 ] isa biochemical syndrome associated with advancing age and characterised by a deficiency in serum androge...	low levels of testosterone are manifested by erectile dysfunction, reduced sexual desire, and loss of morning erections with increasing numbers of men are being diagnosed and require treatment. the prevalence rates of testosterone deficiency vary according to different studies but may be as high as 40% in populations o...
focal atrial tachycardia (fat) is a relatively uncommon entity causing supraventricular tachycardia. in many cases, it is well established that foci of atrial tachycardia tend to cluster at specific atrial structures. for the right atrium (ra), these foci are frequently localized along the crista terminalis. other comm...	determining the chamber of origin of focal atrial tachycardias (fats) arising at or close to the septum might require biatrial mapping. this review focuses on the available tools and methods used to distinguish right atrial from left atrial origin before left atrial access is obtained. these include analysis of p wave ...
cardiovascular diseases (cvds) are the leading cause of mortality for both men and women in the united states (us), with one in every four deaths being attributed to heart disease. of the 370,000 deaths caused by coronary artery disease (cad) every year, about 20.8% are hispanics. compared with non - hispanic whites (n...	backgrounda limited number of studies have been published about coronary artery disease in hispanics, particularly among the puerto rican population. the aim of this study was to present a clinical epidemiological profile and management practices in patients hospitalized in puerto rico with acute myocardial infarction ...
glycemic control is still the mainstay of type 2 diabetes (t2 dm) management, as a level of hba1c of 7% or below has been associated with a reduction in both microvascular and macrovascular complications (1). despite the wide range of antihyperglycemic drugs available, current therapeutic strategies fall short of optim...	objectivesodium glucose cotransporter 2 (sglt2) inhibitors cause substantially less weight loss than expected from the energy excreted via glycosuria. our aim was to analyze this phenomenon quantitatively.research design and methodseighty - six patients with type 2 diabetes (hba1c 7.8 0.8% [62 9 mmol / mol ], estimated...
despite the widespread use of bone - targeted agents in the care of patients with bone metastases from prostate and breast cancer, questions regarding the optimal ; choice of agent, dose, dosing frequency, and duration of therapy remain unanswered,,,,,. our research group is interested in designing and performing pragm...	backgroundin order to design studies assessing the optimal use of bone - targeted agents (btas) patient input is clearly desirable.methodspatients who were receiving a bta for metastatic prostate or breast cancer were surveyed at two canadian cancer centres. statistical analysis of respondent data was performed to esta...
the residual and resistant microorganisms have been recognized as the basic reason for failures in root canal treatments. fungi, chemoorganotrophic eukaryotic microorganisms, may play a key part in periradicular diseases. while they have been found sporadically in initial root canal infections, failure of some endodont...	background : fungi may play a key part in periradicular diseases. the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the antifungal properties of two root - end filling materials, proroot mineral trioxide aggregate (mta) and mta - angelus, against candida albicans using tube - dilution test.materials and methods : the a...
multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory primary demyelinating disease of the central nervous system of unknown etiology ; as a result curative therapies have not yet been described [1, 2 ]. however, in the last two decades, after the discovery and approval of immunomodulators which specifically modify the natural ...	although therapy switch is common among patients with multiple sclerosis (ms), sometimes the initial prescribed treatment is maintained for a long period with clinical stability, low disability, and nonsignificant side effects. we aim to describe demographic and clinical characteristics of patients treated in our ms cl...
coronary artery bypass graft (cabg) surgery is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures worldwide, intended to treat ischemic heart disease and alleviate angina pectoris.13 despite advances in the surgical procedure, neurological injury is still an important complication after cabg surgery and is found in...	backgroundcoronary artery bypass graft (cabg) surgery is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures worldwide, and it may be accompanied by postoperative neurocognitive impairment. although this complication has been attributed to the use of cardiopulmonary bypass, it is still a matter of debate whether the...
among the general population, it has been assumed that an average of 150 to 250 g of lead is ingested through food each day, five to ten percent of which is absorbed (1, 2). the other sources for lead poisoning may be lead - soldered kettles, cans, and lead - glazed pottery, which release lead when acidic fluids are st...	diseases of the peripheral nervous system are the most prevalent in patients with end - stage renal disease (esrd). although increased blood levels of lead in esrd have been reported, the role of lead remains to be elucidated. the purpose of this study was to determine the connection of blood lead concentration with pe...
in early january 2005, the french yersinia national reference laboratory (ynrl) received 3 y. pseudotuberculosis strains isolated by the same laboratory in dijon over a 1-week period : 2 from fecal samples of 2 children attending the same daycare center and 1 from the blood of a 65-year - old woman. during the same mon...	cases of yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection increased in france during the winter of 200405 in the absence of epidemiologic links between patients or strains. this increase represents transient amplification of a pathogen endemic to the area and may be related to increased prevalence of the pathogen in rodent reserv...
in the early days of laparoscopic surgery, many surgeons used clips and staplers to avoid suturing. however, laparoscopic suturing requires advanced skills, which are mastered during advanced laparoscopic training. laparoscopic surgery requires many small and precise movements to manipulate and suture tissue in a confi...	introduction : this study evaluates the feasibility and safety of using robotically assisted laparoscopy to perform a roux - en - y hepaticojejunostomy. this new method was compared with the open and standard laparoscopic approaches.methods:eighteen pigs underwent a needlescopic common bile duct ligation to create a ja...
a 57-year - old woman visited our hospital with right flank discomfort of two - month duration. the serum ca 19 - 9 level was slightly elevated at 45.2 u / ml (normal range : 0 - 37 u / ml). urine analysis demonstrated three to four white blood cells per high - power field, but the patient denied dysuria or other urina...	paragangliomas rarely originate from the pancreas and they are characterized on imaging studies as well - marginated, hypervascular masses with cystic areas. we herein report on a case report of pancreatic paraganglioma in a 57-year - old woman, which was confirmed on pathology. color doppler ultrasonography and dynami...
micronodules may be found during neck examination for non - nodular thyroid diseases, as well as in nodular thyroid disease when a clinical thyroid nodule is found to be associated with other non - clinically detected thyroid micro - nodules. generally, most patients with thyroid nodules lacked symptoms, with 5~10% of ...	backgroundthe present study was conducted to investigate the diagnostic performance of conventional ultrasonography (us) combined with contrast - enhanced ultrasonography (ceus) in thyroid micronodules with thyroid imaging reporting and data system (ti - rads) category 3 and 4.material/methodsthe features of convention...
the action of phospholipase a2 (pla2) on membrane phospholipids produces free fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (aa) and the phospholipid backbone. to the former belongs eicosanoids (such as prostaglandins, prostacyclin, thromboxane, and leukotrienes) through the cyclooxygenase (cox) and lipoxygenase (lox) pathways ...	some of the most potent inflammatory mediators share a lipid origin. they regulate a wide spectrum of cellular processes including cell proliferation and apoptosis. however, the precise roles and ways (if any) in which these compounds impact the growth and apoptosis of leukemic blasts remain incompletely resolved. in s...
the increasing popularity of esthetic restorations has drawn attention to long - term durability and bond success of these restorations. adequate isolation and contamination control must be considered before bonding procedures. however, the difficulty of achieving moisture control is a potential problem encountered in ...	objective : this study evaluated the effect of saliva contamination during bonding procedures without removing saliva on shear dentin bond strength of three adhesive generations when rubber dam isolation is not feasible.materials and methods : flat superficial dentin surfaces of seventy - two extracted human molars wer...
increasingly important polylactide (pla), a main biodegradable and biobased candidate for replacement of petrochemical polymers, which can be produced from annually renewable resources, has the glass transition temperature tg of 5560 c. as a consequence, pla is stiff and brittle at ambient conditions, which limits its ...	polylactide (pla), a main biodegradable and biobased candidate for the replacement of petrochemical polymers, is stiff and brittle at room conditions. it is therefore of high interest to formulate new pla - based materials suitable for applications demanding flexibility and toughness. in this work, novel blends of pla ...
roughly 3040% of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (pdac) have locally advanced disease. their prognosis is not really different from that of patients with metastatic pdac. in about one third of the patients, if complete (r0) resection is possible, patients have a similar overall survival (os) as those wit...	the prognosis of patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer can be improved if secondary complete (r0) resection is possible. in patients initially staged as unresectable this may be achieved with neoadjuvant treatment which is usually chemoradiotherapy based. we report the case of a 46-year - old patient with an...
duodenal tumors are extremely rare, with only 0.1% prevalence according to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy screenings [1, 2 ]. duodenal tumors may be adenomas or adenocarcinomas ; however, most are adenomas in the descending portion. patients with ampullary tumors typically present with jaundice or pancreatitis due to...	biopsies are necessary for the management of duodenal tumors. however, the most suitable targets for biopsy are not known. an 82-year - old woman who regularly visited our hospital for rheumatoid arthritis underwent abdominal ultrasonography. this screening revealed a dilated pancreatic duct. magnetic resonance cholang...
malignant melanoma (mm) is a skin malignant tumor which derives from melanocytes and can originate in any part of the body that contains these cells. primary extracutaneous mm is rare and can present in ocular, rectal, mucosal, under the nail, conjunctival, vaginal, urogenital, esophageal, and meningeal locations. in t...	extracutaneous locations of primary malignant melanoma are rare. in the respiratory system most melanomas present as metastatic tumors. for the diagnosis of primary lung melanoma, strict histopathological and clinical criteria should be met. in this paper we present three cases of malignant melanoma which showed in the...
to generate -cell specific pkckn transgenic mouse lines, the rip - i / pkckn chimeric gene containing the k376r mutation was excised from the plasmid, purified, and microinjected into fertilized eggs as described previously (10,11). two transgenic mouse lines (# 179 and # 162) on a c57bl/6 background were selected and ...	objectivein vitro models suggest that free fatty acid induced apoptotic -cell death is mediated through protein kinase c (pkc). to examine the role of pkc signaling in vivo, transgenic mice overexpressing a kinase - negative pkc (pkckn) selectively in -cells were generated and analyzed for glucose homeostasis and -cell...
retrospektywna analiza dokumentacji szpitalnej pacjentw leczonych z powodu urazw drg oddechowych obejmowaa okres midzy 1990 a 2012 r. uraz wystpi u 16 pacjentw podczas intubacji, u 1 podczas sztywnej bronchoskopii, u 1 podczas sztywnej ezofagoskopii, u 1 podczas mediastinoskopii i u 5 podczas zabiegw chirurgicznych. u ...	introductioniatrogenic tracheobronchial injuries are rare.aimto analyse the mechanism of injury, symptoms and treatment of these patients.material and methodsretrospective analysis of hospital records of all patients treated for main airway injuries between 1990 and 2012 was performed.resultsthere were 24 patients, inc...
the most commonly reported etiologic microorganisms of this rare condition are citrobacter diversus proteus mirabilis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, serratia marcescens, and other enterobacteriaceae. a male preterm of approximate 34 weeks gestation, weighing 1.9 kg, appropriate for gestational age was delivered vaginally to ...	brain abscesses occur as an uncommon complication of bacterial meningitis in the neonatal period. a 34 weeks preterm at - risk neonate presented with abnormal breathing pattern and inability to maintain the oxygen saturation in room air. magnetic resonance imaging (mri) study revealed intra - parenchymal brain abscesse...
the gfi1 mouse line (gfi1, mgi : 2449921) was provided by dr. vaginal plugs were checked the next morning before 10:00 am, and the time - mated embryos were dissected as described elsewhere. all animal procedures and experiments were approved by the cleveland clinic animal care and use committee. tissues were fixed in ...	background & aimsthe genetic specification of the compartmentalized pancreatic acinar / centroacinar unit is poorly understood. growth factor independence-1 (gfi1) is a zinc finger transcriptional repressor that regulates hematopoietic stem cell maintenance, pre - t - cell differentiation, formation of granulocytes, in...
lung cancer is considered the most common cancer worldwide, with estimates of 1.6 million new cancers diagnosed each year. it is also the leading cause of cancer - related deaths, accounting for an estimated 1.4 million deaths per year.1 some studies estimate that 30 to 70% of the patients who die from cancer have spin...	study design retrospective study. objective our objective was to identify preoperative prognostic factors associated with survival in patients with spinal metastasis from lung carcinoma. methods a retrospective analysis of 26 patients diagnosed with lung carcinoma metastatic to the spinal column was performed to determ...
multiple sclerosis (ms) is a complex and clinically heterogeneous inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that often results in marked physical and cognitive impairment. during the course of the disease, the tissue of the entire central nervous system is affected by demyelination, axonal damage...	significant corpus callosum (cc) involvement has been found in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (rrms), even if conventional magnetic resonance imaging measures have shown poor correlation with clinical disability measures. in this work, we tested the potential of multimodal imaging of the entire cc to explain ph...
histologically it can be categorized as one of five histologic subtypes : capillary, cavernous, venous, arteriovenous or mixed. case reports describe hemangiomas of the chest wall arising from intercostal muscles (intramuscular, intercostal) or from the medullary canal of the rib (bone hemangioma). we describe a patien...	the authors describe a case of a 36-year - old patient who had six months pain of the thoracic spine and left chest. a soft slowly growing resistance was present on the dorso - lateral side of the left chest wall, in the range of the seventh to ninth rib. according to the medical history, the patient did not have any p...
the development of multidrug resistance in pathogenic bacteria is a significant public health risk across the world. methicillin - resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) has become one of the pathogens of greatest concern due to its ability to cause a wide range of infections ranging from localized skin conditions to l...	purposethe continued emergence of multidrug resistant bacterial infections and the decline in discovery of new antibiotics are major challenges for health care throughout the world. this situation has heightened the need for novel antimicrobial therapies as alternatives to traditional antibiotics. the combination of me...
diabetic nephropathy is a complex disease affecting approximately 30% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2 dm) and leading to increased morbidity and mortality. the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy is multifactorial ; however, the mechanisms that drive its development remain largely undetermined [2, 3 ]. d...	aims. we sought to determine the association between levels of adiponectin and oxidized low - density lipoprotein (ox - ldl) in patients with diabetic nephropathy as well as their effect on carotid intima - media thickness (cimt). methods. adiponectin and ox - ldl were determined in 25 diabetic patients without nephrop...
	n - myristoylation is a common form of co - translational protein fatty acylation resulting from the attachment of myristate to a required n - terminal glycine residue.1,2 we show that aberrantly acquired n - myristoylation of shoc2, a leucine - rich repeat - containing protein that positively modulates ras - mapk sign...
in korea, the incidence and mortality rate of invasive cervical cancer have decreased since the introduction of a national cervical cancer screening program. however, it has been suggested that the incidence of cervical cancer among young korean women has increased during the last two decades. furthermore, changes in s...	purposethis study was conducted to describe the trends and age - period - cohort effects on the incidence and mortality rate of cervical cancer in korea.materials and methodsthe incidence and mortality rate of cervical cancer among 20-year - old women from 1993 to 2012 were obtained from the korea central cancer regist...
nosocomial infections are responsible for death of 4 - 56% of hospital - born neonates in various countries. thus, control of infectious agents is of much importance, particularly in the hospital environments. nosocomial infections lead a prolonged hospital stay, increased hospital costs, and anxiety of parents and fam...	background : infection control is an essential part of caring for hospitalized infants. with regard to the change of bacterial resistance over time and places, as well as the need for periodic studies on the effectiveness of antiseptics, this study aims to compare the effects of both solutions of povidone - iodine and ...
dna is a highly polar molecule, evolved to be stable in high - dielectric environments, such as aqueous solution, which is the main environment considered in most experimental and theoretical studies. however, understanding the properties of dna in low - polarity environments is crucial for many nanotechnological appli...	the study of nucleic acids in low - polarity environments paves the way for novel biotechnological applications of dna. here, we use a repertoire of atomistic molecular simulation tools to study the nature of dna when placed in a highly apolar environment and when transferred from aqueous to apolar solvent. our results...
an increase in the consumption of sugar - sweetened beverages (ssbs) and the prevalence of childhood obesity have occurred in tandem. in the united states (us) between 1977 and 2002 the increase in calories consumed from soft drinks and other sweetened beverages increased 230% and 170%, respectively. concurrently, the ...	objective. to reduce intake of sugar - sweetened beverages (ssbs) in youths as a means to reduce obesity risk. methods. youths 514 years old attending a summer program were given a two - hour workshop addressing the sugar content in ssbs, the health risks from drinking ssbs, and hands - on preparation as well as tastin...
the world health organization (who) global status report on road safety 2015 shows that over 1.2 million people die each year due to road traffic crash (rtc) with prolonged morbidity in millions. deaths due to trauma have increased by 62.9% in 2014 as compared to 2004 in india as per the national crime records bureau (...	introduction : there is a paucity of literature on prehospital care and epidemiology of traumatic cardiac arrest (tca) in india. this study highlights the profile and characteristics of tca.methods:a retrospective cohort study was conducted to study epidemiological profile of tca patients 1 year presenting to a level 1...
professional response to the psychological needs of individuals exposed to acute, sudden, and catastrophic natural disasters or terrorism has been the focus of recent research and has become an essential component of comprehensive disaster relief services. however, the human emotional response, resiliency, and potentia...	a cross - sectional exploratory study was conducted to describe the psychosocial health status of persons seeking health care for exposure to libby amphibole asbestos (laa). health indicators including depression, stress, acceptance of illness, and satisfaction with access and financial aspects of care were obtained vi...
the developing nervous system in utero is exposed to myriad influences with potentially far reaching consequences. most of the research in this area is directed towards understanding the adverse influences and their structural or functional pathogenesis. however, it is also attractive to investigate if foetal neurodeve...	objective. this study evaluated the effect of antenatal music exposure to primigravida healthy mothers on the behaviour of their term appropriate - for - date newborns assessed using brazelton neonatal behavioral assessment scale (bnbas). methods. this was a single - centre, randomized, open - label controlled trial. p...
tumor that extends into pulmonary veins may cause the pulmonary vein flow stasis, and/or vascular injury results in thrombosis generation [25 ]. pulmonary veins infiltration by tumors or compression by affected lymph nodes result in venous stasis is also a potential reason to develop thrombosis [25 ]. impedance of bloo...	background. we study the clinical significance and management of pulmonary venous obstruction in cancer patients. methods. we conducted a prospective cohort study to characterize the syndrome that we term pulmonary vein obstruction syndrome (pvos) between january 2005 and march 2014. the criteria for inclusion were (1)...
crimean - congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus is an enveloped rna virus of the family bunyaviridae (genus nairovirus) and causes severe viral hemorrhagic fever. although it is primarily an animal disease, sporadic cases and outbreaks of cchf affecting, humans do occur. cchf outbreaks constitute a threat to public heal...	we present the case of a 55-year - old female, who presented with 15 days of fever with rash, pancytopenia, and altered behavior. she was investigated for routine causes of fever with rash and multi organ dysfunction and treated for the same. as she tested negative for all routine causes of such an illness and did not ...
preterm premature rupture of membranes (pprom) occurs in approximately 3% of all pregnancies, accounting for nearly 1/3 of all preterm births [15 ]. moreover, pprom is a contributor to perinatal morbidity and mortality primarily due to its association with delivery remote from term, chorioamnionitis, placental abruptio...	objective. to evaluate the management and outcomes of a series of human immunodeficiency virus-(hiv-) infected women whose pregnancies were complicated by preterm premature rupture of membranes (pprom). study design. we conducted a retrospective chart review of all women with confirmed hiv infection who had a pregnancy...
vitelliform lesions (vls) correspond to an accumulation of yellowish material in the subretinal space. [1, 2 ]. these lesions may evolve over time and may be classified in the following stages : stage i (previtelliform) : normal or only subtle rpe changes (tiny, central honeycomb structure centrally), normal vision.sta...	purpose. to characterize vitelliform lesions (vls) in adult - onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (aofvd) and acquired vitelliform (avl) patients using multimodal image analysis. methods. retrospective study of twenty - eight eyes from nineteen patients diagnosed with avl or aofvd. they were evaluated by color fun...
indoor concentrations of chemicals and resulting human exposures often substantially exceed corresponding outdoor concentrations, mainly because there are significant indoor emission sources and with much lower dilution volumes. for example, typical concentrations measured for tetrachloroethylene and formaldehyde in th...	neglecting health effects from indoor pollutant emissions and exposure, as currently done in life cycle assessment (lca), may result in product or process optimizations at the expense of workers or consumers health. to close this gap, methods for considering indoor exposure to chemicals are needed to complement the met...
obesity has become recognized as a worldwide health threat and a major public health challenge. there is currently a lack of simple and effective therapies or preventative treatments against obesity, and the mechanisms involved in the onset of diet - induced obesity remain unknown. there is growing evidence that cellul...	the vagal afferent pathway senses hormones released from the gut in response to nutritional cues and relays these signals to the brain. we tested the hypothesis that leptin resistance in vagal afferent neurons (van) is responsible for the onset of hyperphagia by developing a novel conditional knockout mouse to delete l...
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (tens) is commonly used in the clinical management of chronic pain, such as for patients with low back pain and knee osteoarthritis1,2,3. typically for chronic pain management, tens is applied to the peripheral site of the lesion, with the stimulation administered for at leas...	[purpose ] this study aimed to investigate the differential effects of high - intensity and low - intensity transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on the contralateral side on the pain threshold in healthy subjects. [subjects and methods ] twenty - five healthy adults, volunteers received two intensity levels (mot...
b6 mice carrying myd88 and tlr mutations were backcrossed 10 - 12 times to nod / ltj males and intercrossed to produce ko and heterozygous animals. gf animals were re - derived from nod / ltj females impregnated by nod.myd88ko males and kept gf at taconic farms, germantown, ny, the university of chicago and washington ...	type 1 diabetes (t1d) is a debilitating autoimmune disease that results from t cell - mediated destruction of insulin - producing cells. its incidence has increased during the past several decades in developed countries 1, 2, suggesting that changes in the environment (including human microbial environment) may influen...
total knee arthroplasty (tka) is a successful treatment applied worldwide for end - stage osteoarthritis. a good postoperative alignment is the foundation of achieving satisfactory treatment results and longevity of the prostheses. in conventional tka, bone cutting is guided by an intramedullary (i m) system on the fem...	background : a good postoperative alignment in total knee arthroplasty (tka) is the key to achieving satisfactory results. we assessed the effect of femoral and tibial resection on the overall alignment after conventional tka.methods:we conducted a retrospective analysis of 212 primary tkas in 188 patients. intramedull...
it is commensal microorganism that constitutes a major component of the normal skin and mucosal microflora of humans. however, in recent years these bacteria have emerged as an opportunistic pathogen, important causative agents of bacteremia, and the leading cause of nosocomial infections particularly associated with i...	the crude extracts of plants from asteraceae and lamiaceae family and essential oils from salvia officinalis and salvia sclarea were studied for their antibacterial as well as antibiotic resistance modifying activity. using disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays we determined higher antibacterial effect of three...
the emergence and spread of carbapenemase - producing enterobacteriaceae is an increasing problem of global dimensions. originally, metallo--lactamases (mbls) were associated with resistance in gram - negative non - fermenters, but they have become increasingly important regarding carbapenem resistance in enterobacteri...	metallo--lactamases (mbls) in enterobacteriaceae are an increasing problem worldwide. this report describes the isolation of citrobacter freundii carrying imp-8 mbl from three patients during the period from march 2012 until march 2013 in germany. the blaimp-8 enzyme is predominantly found in asia, where imp-8 has spre...
type and screen (t&s), done pre - operatively to prevent complications from blood transfusion incompatibility between donor and recipient for existence of alloantibody. alloantibody screening is a laboratory method for detection of broad range unexpected (usually clinically significant, igg) an antibody(s) against an a...	introductionalloimmunization is a reaction of the immune system to foreign antigens. for prevention of alloantibody formation, performing of type and screen test is necessary on a patient s blood specimen as part of pre - transfusion testing.materials and methodin this cross - sectional study, type and screen test done...
microorganisms and their by - products are considered to be the major cause of pulp and periradicular pathosis. anaerobic bacteria especially black - pigmented gram - negative species have been linked to the signs and symptoms of these diseases. facultative bacteria such as enterococcus faecalis have also been isolated...	aim. to assess the effectiveness of nanosilver gel (nsg) in comparison to chlorhexidine gluconate (chx) and camphorated phenol (cp) against enterococcus faecalis (e.f) biofilm. methods and materials. two tests were done, methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (mtt) assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy (clsm) analysis, to...
many receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, chemokines, and autocrine and paracrine signaling molecules interact with heterotrimeric g proteins to exert their actions on target cells ; these receptors are considered g protein coupled receptors (gpcrs). it is estimated that more than 800 gpcrs are enc...	heterotrimeric g proteins can be divided into gi, gs, gq/11, and g12/13 subfamilies according to their subunits. the main function of g proteins is transducing signals from g protein coupled receptors (gpcrs), a family of seven transmembrane receptors. in recent years, studies have demonstrated that gpcrs interact with...
in cancer diagnosis, cancer patients with the same diagnostic profile may have different clinical outcomes. the difference probably lies in the limitation of the traditional classification of tumor types, based mainly on morphology. a reliable and precise classification of tumors is essential for successful diagnosis.1...	classic multinomial logit model, commonly used in multiclass regression problem, is restricted to few predictors and does not take into account the relationship among variables. it has limited use for genomic data, where the number of genomic features far exceeds the sample size. genomic features such as gene expressio...
for increasing the success rate of implant surgery, various scaffolds and methods have been developed to augment atrophic alveolar ridge. generally, autologous bone augmentation has been penetrating as a golden standard bone augmentation ; however, most of the patients might not be feasible for extracting their own bon...	most of the cases of dental implant surgery, especially the bone defect extensively, are essential for alveolar ridge augmentation. as known as cell therapy exerts valuable effects on bone regeneration, numerous reports using various cells from body to regenerate bone have been published, including clinical reports. me...
we report a case of kawasaki disease with para aortic lymphadenopathy, as an unusual feature in this disease. this 2.5 year old girl presented with persistent high grade fever, erythematous rash, bilateral non purulent conjunctivitis, red lips, and edema of extremities. laboratory results included an elevated erythrocy...	backgroundkawasaki disease is an acute vasculitis that occurs mainly in children. cervical lymphadenopathy is one of the major presenting manifestations of kawasaki disease. we report a case of kawasaki disease with para aortic lymphadenopathy, as an unusual feature in this disease.case presentationthis 2.5 year old gi...
	morphogenesis during development is fundamental to the differentiation of several cell types. as neurite outgrowth marks neuritogenesis, formation of filopodia precede the formation of dendrites and axons. while the structure of filopodia is well - known, the initiation of filopodia during neurite outgrowth is not clea...
for analysis of frontal sinus configuration, individuals who came for paranasal sinus radiograph investigation were selected. the study population comprised thirty individuals (15 males and 15 females) between 20 and 30 years of age without any history of sinusitis, surgery, or any trauma. paranasal sinus views were ta...	background : identification of an individual whether living or deceased is of paramount importance in maintaining the integrity of the society. a simple, reliable, and efficacious method always finds a way for easier acceptance and inclusion in any discipline. likewise, identification of an individual using the radiogr...
cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is an infectious disease caused by the leishmania parasite that is transmitted through the bites of phlebotominae sand flies. cl is characterized by broad clinical polymorphism varying from localized to diffuse and disseminated lesions. localized cl (lcl) is the most prevalent clinical mani...	disseminated leishmaniasis (dl) is a poorly described disease that is frequently misdiagnosed as other clinical manifestations of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) such as diffuse cl or post - kala - azar dermal leishmaniasis. twenty - seven cases of dl diagnosed between 1997 and 2015 are described. a higher prevalence was ...
according to the american cancer society, colorectal cancer (crc) is the third most common cancer diagnosed and the third leading cause of cancer - related mortality in both men and women in the united states (us). while these statistics are alarming, the death rate from crc has decreased for more than 20 years due to ...	background. findings from previous studies on an association between obesity and colorectal cancer (crc) screening are inconsistent and very few studies have utilized national level databases in the united states (us). methods. a cross - sectional study was conducted using data from the 2005 medicare current beneficiar...
the goal is to provide optimal healthcare to the global population and clinical laboratory practice is inexorably moving towards harmonization. as stated by greenberg, an increasingly important objective in laboratory medicine is ensuring the equivalency of test results among different measurement procedures, different...	at the start of the 21st century, a dramatic change occurred in the clinical laboratory community. concepts from metrology, the science of measurement, began to be more carefully applied to the in vitro diagnostic (ivd) community, that is, manufacturers. a new appreciation of calibrator traceability evolved. although m...
capsular block syndrome (cbs) has been known to occur as a rare complication of cataract surgery with continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (ccc) and a posterior - chamber lens implant. typically, it presents with reduced vision in the early postoperative period and is characterised by a forward displacement of the post...	capsular block syndrome (cbs) has been known to occur as a rare complication of cataract surgery with continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis and a posterior - chamber lens implant. typically, it presents with reduced vision in the early postoperative period and is characterised by a forward displacement of the posterior ...
the heat exposure will initially create the heat strain but in long - term exposures, it will cause some problems such as muscle cramps, heat stroke, heat syncope, heat exhaustion, less productivity, more accident rate and less safety level in workplaces. there are various strategies in the field of engineering and adm...	background : the phase change materials (pcms) have the appropriate properties for controlling heat strain. one of the well - known pcms is paraffin. this study aimed to design the cooling vest from the cheap commercial paraffin compound and evaluation of its effectiveness under laboratory hot conditions.methods:the co...
stroke is one of the leading causes of death among middle - aged men, along with cancer and cardiovascular disease1. stroke is categorized as either cerebral hemorrhage, which arises from the rupture of blood vessels in the brain, or cerebral infarction, which is caused by blocked or narrowed blood vessels2. limitation...	[purpose ] the present study investigated the effects of regular exercise on the improvement of free fatty acid (ffa) levels and metabolic risk factors of stroke patients. [methods ] the subjects were 20 male patients aged 4759 years who were diagnosed as having hemiplegia resulting from stroke. exercise was conducted ...
the determination of the width of the implant is the first key step to select shape and volume of the implant in breast augmentation. the aim of this study was to introduce a new method to determine the width of the implant (w) and explain the reasons to do so in details. cd4 theory to determine the width of breast imp...	background : the determination of the width of the implant is the first key step to select shape and volume of the implant in breast augmentation. the aim of this study was to introduce a new method to determine the width of the implant (w) and explain the reasons to do so in details.methods:from january 2006 to june 2...
we studied 53 mdr m. tuberculosis strains isolated from different patients between 1993 and 2001 at the bangui pasteur institute. fourteen of these patients were hiv positive, 30 were hiv negative, and 9 were of undetermined status. a non - mdr, nonbiased control group, which included 263 m. tuberculosis and 2 m. bovis...	we investigated multidrug - resistant (mdr) mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in bangui, central african republic. we found 39.6% with the same spoligotype and synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism in the mutt1 gene. however, strains had different rpob mutations responsible for rifampin resistance. mdr strains in ...
unlike wound healing, which is common to all animals, the capacity for regeneration varies between and within species and phyla. species with the potential to regenerate the heart essentially use two strategies ; progenitor cell proliferation, or dedifferentiation and subsequent division of the cells surrounding the in...	different vertebrate species have different cardiac regeneration rates : high in teleost fish, moderate in urodele amphibians, and almost negligible in mammals. regeneration may occur through stem and progenitor cell differentiation or via dedifferentiation with residual cardiomyocytes reentering the cell cycle. in thi...
	the lung is a primary target of cell injury in patients receiving cytotoxic drugs, and in many cases the reaction is severe enough to produce diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. although many different agents may damage the lung, the patterns of cellular injury and repair are relatively constant. using bleomycin toxicity as an...
to report a first case of bullous pemphigoid (bp) following intravenous fluorescein for fundus angiography. clinical features : a 70-year - old male patient he reported a history of fundus fluorescein angiography with a pre - diagnosis of senile macular degeneration 2 months prior to presentation. at that time, fluores...	purposeto report a first case of bullous pemphigoid (bp) following intravenous fluorescein for fundus angiography. clinical features : a 70-year - old male patient was admitted to the intensive care unit with bp and sepsis. he reported a history of fundus fluorescein angiography with a pre - diagnosis of senile macular...
	the agricultural health study, a large prospective cohort study has been initiated in north carolina and iowa. the objectives of this study are to : 1) identify and quantify cancer risks among men, women, whites, and minorities associated with direct exposure to pesticides and other agricultural agents ; 2) evaluate no...
numerous publications present anti - hcv prevalence in particular groups : blood or plasma donors, hemodialyzed and post - transfusion subjects, intravenous drug users, subjects with high - risk behaviour, health care workers, and patients with liver diseases. among these groups only data from studies of blood donor vo...	summarybackgroundthe aim of this study was to assess risk factors for hcv acquisition and prevalence of anti - hcv in the general population of lithuania.material/methodsthe study enrolled 1528 randomly selected adults from the 5 biggest cities of lithuania and its rural regions. screening for anti - hcv was performed ...
neuroendocrine lung tumors arise from a population of neuroendocrine cells normally present in the bronchoalveolar structures and are characterized by secretory activity and ability to take up and decarboxylate the amine precursors (apud system cells). these neuroendocrine phenotypical and morphological characteristics...	bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine tumors are an uncommon group of neoplasms, accounting for about 20% of all lung carcinomas, arising from stem cells of the bronchial epithelium known as kulchitsky cells. in the past, these tumors were grouped among benign or less aggressive malignant pulmonary tumors. currently, accordi...
numerous studies have been conducted about stress and burnout in the healthcare professionals including doctors, nurses and dentists. however, there are few formal studies about stress in veterinary surgeons. is it linked to a lack of interest in the subject or to the fact that veterinary surgeons are not concerned wit...	there have been few formal studies on stress in veterinary surgeons and, in the rare studies available, stress is not examined jointly through the levels of job strain and job engagement, the sources of stress in the issue of work environment and the work - home interference. the authors ' goal in this study was to ana...
multifocal motor neuropathy (mmn) is an immune - mediated disorder that is characterized by slowly progressive and asymmetrical weakness, but its pathophysiological mechanism is uncertain. the hypothesis that mmn is an immunological disease has been supported by the proven therapeutic effects of intravenous immunoglobu...	backgroundmultifocal motor neuropathy (mmn) is an immune - mediated disorder that is characterized by slowly progressive and asymmetrical weakness, but its pathophysiological mechanism is uncertain. the hypothesis that mmn is an immunological disease has been supported by the proven therapeutic effects of intravenous i...
we conducted a systematic search of cinahl, pubmed, and psycinfo to identify all empirical studies published between january 1995 and april 2013 about african american women and genetic testing and/or counseling. the following search terms were used to identify all relevant publications : african american, black, breas...	breast cancer is a significant health concern for african american women. nonetheless, uptake of genetic risk assessment (including both genetic counseling and testing) for breast cancer gene mutations among these populations remains low. this paper systematically reviews cognitive (i.e., beliefs) and affective (i.e., ...
its incidence worldwide is 10.1 in every 100,000 men and 2.5 in every 100,000 women. the highest incidence rate of bladder cancer in europe is seen in the western and southern regions, whereas eastern europe has the lowest incidence rate. the worldwide mortality rate is 4 in every 100,000 men and 1.1 in every 100,000 w...	bladder cancer is the most prevalent malignancy of the urinary tract. about 90% of bladder cancers are urothelial carcinomas. seventy percent of cases newly diagnosed are superficial diseases ; roughly 30% of newly diagnosed cases are muscle - invasive metastatic diseases. bladder urothelial carcinoma primarily metasta...
trauma is the leading cause of death world wide and traumatic brain injury (tbi) is one of the commonest injuries associated with it. not only the mortality is considerable, but also, the degree of morbidity and the overall social outcome are severely affected. the need for urgent resuscitation is warranted for prevent...	trauma is a leading cause of death worldwide and traumatic brain injury is one of the commonest injuries associated with it. the need for urgent resuscitation is warranted for prevention of secondary insult to brain. however, the choice of fluid in such cases is still a matter of conflict. the literature does not provi...
over the last three decades, there have been advances in the diagnostic techniques and treatment modalities available for cancer patients, which have led to earlier detection of cancer, improved disease management, and increased survival. such improvement has caused a surge in the number of surviving patients with seco...	backgroundmultiple primary neoplasms in surviving cancer patients are relatively common, with an increasing incidence. their impact on survival has not been clearly defined.methodsthis was a retrospective review of clinical data for all consecutive patients with histologically confirmed cancer, with emphasis on single ...
it is defined as respiratory distress thought to arise from a delay in fetal lung fluid absorption ; it appears within the first six hours after delivery and resolves spontaneously with supportive therapy within a couple of days. the pathophysiology of transient tachypnea of the newborn (ttn) has not been fully explain...	aim. to demonstrate whether transient tachypnea of the newborn (ttn) is found more frequently in women undergoing general or combined epidural - spinal (ces) anesthesia during cesarean section. methods. this study was done retrospectively. a total of 1447 cesarean sections (c / s) were performed in our clinic between j...
peri - implant disease may be defined as a pathologic condition including inflammatory and other kinds of lesions affecting the soft and/or hard tissues surrounding a dental implant. peri - implantitis is characterized by a severe inflammatory process involving both mucosa and bone around the implant. bone destruction,...	introduction. the aim of this study is to demonstrate the effectiveness of addition of the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy to the conventional approach in the treatment of peri - implantitis. materials and methods. forty patients were randomly assigned to test or control groups. patients were assessed at baseline an...
a 39-year - old man was transferred to seoul national university hospital with complaints of cough, chest discomfort, and a weight loss of 12 kg in a 3-month period. initial laboratory findings before referral revealed that the white blood cell (wbc) and eosinophil counts were 48,000/l and 14,880/l (31% of the wbc coun...	a 39-year - old man presented with cough, chest discomfort, and weight loss. on the basis of the patient history and laboratory findings, he was diagnosed with the hypereosinophilic syndrome. transthoracic echocardiography revealed a large thrombus in the left ventricle. medical treatment with anticoagulation and immun...
fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (fop) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder and characterized by postnatal progressive heterotopic ossification of the connective tissue. there are difficulties in diagnosing fop, thus delayed or misdiagnosis and mismanagement is common. 3d printers have now become widely a...	introduction : fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (fop) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder and characterized by postnatal progressive heterotopic ossification of the connective tissue. there are difficulties in diagnosing fop, thus delayed or misdiagnosis and mismanagement is common.3d printers have now b...
it has a great developing technique that is used for fixation and fusion in spine surgery. it was firstly introduced by harrington and tullos in 1969 and then in late 1980s developed by roy camille., louis, and steffe. it could be applied in degenerative, trauma, neoplastic, infectious and malformation cases that had a...	introductionintraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (ionm) had important role related to the complications in spinal surgery. somatosensory evoked potential (ssep), transcranial electric muscle evoked potentials (tcemeps), and free run emg are parameters used to asses functional integrity of the nervous system durin...
research on rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) followed the guidelines of the arvo statement for the use of animals in ophthalmic and vision research, complied with the national institutes of health (nih) guide for the care and use of laboratory animals, and were approved by the university of california - davis instituti...	purposeto compare cross - sectional choroidal morphology in rhesus macaque and human eyes using enhanced - depth imaging optical coherence tomography (edi - oct) and histologic analysis.methodsenhanced-depth imaging oct images from 25 rhesus macaque and 30 human eyes were evaluated for choriocapillaris and choroidal sc...
clinical assessment of the range of the eye movements is important in diagnosis and management of strabismus. the direction of the movements from primary position defines these movements as dextroversion, levoversion, supraversion, and infraversion. careful examination of versions helps to detect the underaction or ove...	the purpose of this study is to estimate normative values of maximum versions in healthy koreans and investigate age - associated changes in eye movement, using lateral and vertical version light - reflex (lvr) test. two hundred forty normal healthy subjects whose corrected visual acuity was better than 20/50 in both e...
myxoma is the most common benign cardiac primary tumors, accounting about 50% of cardiac tumors and is more prevalent among females. because of different size of myxomas and their location in the different chambers of heart, patients with atrial myxoma usually present with cardiovascular symptoms such as heart failure ...	cardiac myxoma is the most frequent benign tumors of heart. a 37-year - old woman dropped during the second prostration in prayer and decreased his mental state, with no prior history of syncope. on cardiac examination, there was an early diastolic sound that was compatible with a tumor plop. a transthoracic echocardio...
three different pathways can deliver cytoplasmic components into the lumen of the lysosome for degradation. they are commonly referred to as autophagy (cell self - eating) and include chaperone - mediated autophagy (cma), microautophagy, and macroautophagy. cma involves the direct translocation of specific proteins con...	autophagy is a catabolic pathway conserved among eukaryotes that allows cells to rapidly eliminate large unwanted structures such as aberrant protein aggregates, superfluous or damaged organelles, and invading pathogens. the hallmark of this transport pathway is the sequestration of the cargoes that have to be degraded...
	asbestos is an important occupational and environmental toxicant that affects several cell types in the respiratory tract. in an effort to understand how asbestos causes cell injury and/or altered proliferation and differentiation of cells, this laboratory has focused on reactive oxygen species as mediators of asbestos...
enzyme - linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) are important tools in aquatic toxicology as their low detection limits allow for the fast and relatively inexpensive measurements of many compounds in complex environmental matrices (water, effluent) and biological samples (blood, urine, homogenates). as aquatic toxicologi...	enzyme - linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) are important tools in aquatic toxicology and have become crucial in assessing exposure concentrations in the aquatic environment and acute physiological responses in exposed organisms. these assays utilize the inherent properties of antibodies to recognize and selectively ...
clinical effects of the shrinkage stress may include postoperative sensitivity, cuspal strain or microcracks in enamel or dentin, marginal gap formation, and microleakage.1 microleakage has been identified as a significant problem because of interfacial gap formation, which can result in tooth discoloration, recurrent ...	background : the use of resin - modified glass ionomer cement in sandwich technique is widely practiced with the advent of various newer generation of composites the bond between resin - modified glass ionomer and these resins should be validated. this study is done to evaluate the interfacial microgaps between differe...
spinal cord teratomas are uncommon. excluding sacrococcygeal teratoma in neonates, teratomas in the spinal canal are rare. only a few central nervous system(cns) delayed presentation of spinal teratomas has generally been associated with its slow - growing characteristics5). dermoid tumors may rupture and fatty materia...	a teratoma is a neoplasm that contains tissues originating from three germ cell layers at ectopic sites. the embryology of teratomas remains unclear. teratomas are usually composed of cystic and solid components, and they are usually associated with syringomyelia. cystic lesions of teratomas may rupture in a spontaneou...
the implant - supported prostheses are attached to implant abutments either by cementation, or by retaining screws. because of the advantages of cement - retained implant - supported restorations, such as passive fit, reduced cost, ease of fabrication, superior esthetic, fewer components, and uncomplicated laboratory t...	background : with regard to potential retrievability of cement - retained implant restorations, the retentive strength of the luting agents is critical. the aim of this study was to evaluate the retention values of implant - supported metal copings using different luting agents.materials and methods : twenty iti implan...
pulmonary valve replacement (pvr) or right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction (rvotr) is the most common valve replacement / repair procedure performed in the society of thoracic surgeons (sts) congenital database, comprising 16% of procedures performed in the adult congenital population. there is a growing popul...	introductionreconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract is the most commonly performed valve repair / replacement procedure in congenital cardiac surgery. there is an ongoing shortage of homografts, and existing bioprosthetic options suffer from substantial rates of structural valve deterioration over time. t...
similar to the approach used in our previous review, we performed a computer search of the scientific literature (in english and other languages) published from january 2000 through june 2004 using the words rotavirus and the truncated stem rota-. we restricted the analysis to studies that met the following criteria : ...	studies published between 1986 and 1999 indicated that rotavirus causes 22% (range 17%28%) of childhood diarrhea hospitalizations. from 2000 to 2004, this proportion increased to 39% (range 29%45%). application of this proportion to the recent world health organization estimates of diarrhea - related childhood deaths g...
	house dust is a repository for environmental pollutants that may accumulate indoors from both internal and external sources over long periods of time. dust and tracked - in soil accumulate most efficiently in carpets, and the pollutants associated with dust and soil may present an exposure risk to infants and toddlers,...
individuals with obesity are at increased risk of several health conditions including type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, liver steatosis, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, as well as various forms of cancer (faulds and dahlman - wright, 2012, mauro and marelli - berg, 2012, norata., 2015). a strong lin...	summarylow - grade systemic inflammation associated to obesity leads to cardiovascular complications, caused partly by infiltration of adipose and vascular tissue by effector t cells. the signals leading to t cell differentiation and tissue infiltration during obesity are poorly understood. we tested whether saturated ...
the management of diabetes has seen changes in the past 30 years, which have improved the lives of patients afflicted with this disease. improvement in glucose measurement started with the introduction of selfmonitoring of blood glucose (smbg) in the late 1980s, which was one of those important changes. as the second d...	abstractthe continuous glucose monitoring system (cgm) has been used for constant checking of glucose level by measuring interstitial glucose concentrations, since the early days of the 21st century. it can potentially improve diabetes care if used carefully with the understanding of the characteristics of this system....
the prevalence of urinary incontinence (ui) is increased among older adults and is associated with poor quality of life, social isolation, falls, and depression(14). drug therapy for ui is associated with the potential for adverse events and, may have significant cost ; thus adherence is often maintained for only a few...	objectiveto determine if vitamin d status is associated with incident urinary incontinence (ui) among community - dwelling older adults.methodsthe university of alabama at birmingham study of aging is a prospective cohort study of community - dwelling medicare enrollees. standardized assessment of ui using the validate...

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