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Google’s chief executive Larry Page has admitted that the company has outgrown its mission statement to “organise the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful” from the launch of the company in 1998, but has said he doesn’t yet know how to redefine it.
Page insists that the company is still focused on the altruistic principles that it was founded on in 1998 with the original mission statement, when he and co-founder Sergey Brin were aiming big with “societal goals” to “organise the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful”.
Google has unprecedented resources brought about by its search and web advertising dominance, which has seen countries become uneasy in the face of a company that wields so much influence over a universal resource such as the internet.
It has faced anti-monopoly probes by the European commission and most recently pressure from Europe over the “right to be forgotten” forced to remove search listings to information deemed to be outdated and not in the public interest which saw Britons request over 60,000 links be deleted by October.
Page said he aims to use the resources at his disposal to go far beyond today’s technology and market, creating spurs into tomorrow’s technology spaces from artificial intelligence and robotics to health, disease and biotechnology lead by Brin and his “moonshot” Google X labs, from which Google’s self-driving cars, smartglasses and nano technology pill sprouted.
While some aspects of Google’s moonshot research have seemed logical extensions of the company’s existing interests – artificial intelligence fits perfectly with advanced search – some have drawn concerns that the company is overstepping its bounds.
Research areas in biotechnology, health and medicine, for instance, have been traditionally funded by public money with universities and other research centres, at least in their infancy, rather than private companies.
Page’s attitude is “well, somebody’s got to do it” and Google’s resources allow it to do more than most.
This article previously stated that “don’t be evil” was part of Google’s mission statement, and has been corrected. | 2019-04-18T16:26:31 | https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/03/larry-page-google-dont-be-evil-sergey-brin |
An 18th century design from the bedrooms at Uppark House. With delicate catkins, wispy vines, and blossoming floral motifs, Uppark is graceful, captivating and elegant. Full roll width is 53cm/21", roll length is 10m and pattern repeat is 48cm/19". | 2019-04-19T21:01:57 | https://anthifrangiadis.com/products/uppark-bp-582 |
Would you like to download Live Wallpapers For Android Phone Free Download? Just select the image you like from the list of 27 wallpapers below and download it for free and without registration. It's easy and very simple. Markinternational.info offer you a huge collection of wallpapers, which is replenished by our users every day, so we advise you to spend a bit of your time to explore new and interesting wallpapers for your desktop on our website. Create yourself a positive mood for the whole day! | 2019-04-23T04:34:44 | http://markinternational.info/live-wallpapers-for-android-phone-free-download.html |
Here is the list of Best Free Spot The Differences Game For Windows. This list has a good collection of find the difference games suitable for all age groups. These games are a good time killer and a great stress buster. In addition, these games are good for brain exercises. The list contains some free spot the differences games for kids. Some of these games come with a lot of images to find the differences, while some have only a limited number of images. These games also help to improve your thinking ability and make your mind sharper.
Some of these have very minute differences which make them challenging. So, you need to concentrate properly in order to find all the differences. In addition, to increase the difficulty level, a clock is also added in some of these games. So, you have to find the differences within the given time limit. You will also get a limited number of hints in some games.
Just Spot It! Mirror Mirror is my favorite Spot The Differences game for Windows. In this game, you can create up to 10 different profiles and save your progress. Creating a profile also lets you compare your score with different players on the same device. I liked its scoring procedure, which is almost similar to the marking scheme in an examination. For every correctly placed spot, you will get 250 marks, while 30 marks will be deducted from your score every time you select an incorrect object.
So, what are you waiting for? Go through the list, install these games on your system and start exercising your brain.
You can also checkout the list of best free Jigsaw Puzzle Maker, Game Booster Software, and Maze Maker Software for Windows.
Just Spot It! Mirror Mirror is one of the best free spot the differences game for Windows. This game is suitable for all ages. The game displays two images on the screen between which you have to find the differences. You can simply click for marking a difference on an image. You will get only 5 minutes for spotting all 10 errors. That means, you have only 30 seconds to find each error. If the spotted difference is correct, you will be rewarded 250 points for that, but if you have selected an incorrect object, 30 marks will be deducted from your score.
In addition, the game also has an option of creating a player profile. You can create up to 10 different profiles in the game in order to save your progress and compare your score with other players on the same computer.
The game displays a puzzle with two almost identical images with minute differences. Your goal is to spot the differences within the given time. Each puzzle has 10 differences. The number of remaining spots, your score, and remaining time are displayed on the screen. You will also get 3 hints in each level.
This game comes with a lot of interesting levels and great sound effects. Moreover, you can also set it to Full Screen or Window mode. After the completion of each level, the total score gained by you is displayed on the screen. You can also see your score in High Score section of the game.
NOTE: You have to close web browsers before launching this game.
Just Spot It! is another free find the differences game for Windows. This game is very similar to Just Spot It! Mirror Mirror. From kids to adults, it is ideal for all age groups. This challenging game is a good time killer and stress buster. Install this game and exercise your brain with simple spot the differences activities.
The best part of the game is that, you can create up to 10 profiles and compare your score with other players on the same device. Creating a profile is important if you want to save your progress.
As you click on the play button, two images will be displayed in front of you which are almost identical to each other. These images have very minute differences, which you have to find out in the given time interval. To spot the differences, just click on the image where you find an error. You will get only 5 minutes for spotting all the 10 differences. For each puzzle, you will also get 3 hints for free. Hence, it is advised to use hints wisely.
For each correct difference, 250 points will be rewarded, and 30 points will be deducted from your score for each incorrect selection of an object.
WhatsWrong is a free spot the difference app for Windows 10. It is good for all age groups. The game displays two mirror images on the screen with three, four, or five differences. Your goal is to find all the differences in these images in order to score high. This is not as simple as it sounds. There is a time duration to complete each level, which makes it a little bit difficult.
A lot of puzzles are added to the game in order to make it interesting. You can also see your score on the top of the screen and can save it by giving any name.
To play this game, first, analyze both the identical images displayed on the screen and try to find all the errors. Once you will find all the errors, you have to just click at the points in the image to spot the differences. You can click on any of the two images to spot the differences. But remember that the clock is ticking continuously and you have only limited seconds left to complete a level.
Enjoy playing the game and score as high as you can as your name will be displayed in the High Scores panel of the game.
One feature that I really like in this game is that whenever you start this game, it gives you different images to find the differences. I am not sure how many images it does have, but I tried this game multiple times, and found new images each time.
Find the Error is another Windows 10 spot the differences game. This app is suitable for all age groups. It comes with 3 different themes and each theme has a total of 10 pictures to find the differences. You can select any theme randomly to play. If you select Random mode, the game will start displaying all the themes randomly.
This game is very easy to understand and play. As you launch the game, it will show you 4 images, out of which, only 1 image is different. You have to find that image quickly. This is not as easy as it sounds, because the images displayed on the screen have very minute differences, which makes each level of the game more difficult and challenging. The more time you take to solve the puzzle, lower will be your final score. So, complete the level before your score gets zero.
This game is good for Brain Exercises.
If you are looking for a find the difference game for kids, try Find 5 Difference. This spot the difference game is specially developed for kids of small age groups and is easily available at the Microsoft Store. Kids will find this game interesting as it comes with funny cartoon images of Disney Characters, like: Donald Duck, Chip & Dales, etc.
Playing this game is very easy. Two identical images with 5 mistakes are displayed on the screen. Kids have to sort out all these 5 errors simply by clicking on the image where they find any difference. There is no time limit for completing a level, so you can take as much time you want.
The interface of this game is designed in such a way that kids will find it very much interesting. This game will be a good choice for brain exercises of your kids.
Unfortunately, this game contains only 3 set of images to spot the errors.
Find the Differences Game comes with 3 different spotting errors levels, namely: easy, normal, and hard. You can select any of these levels. The game is good for taking a short break from work and relaxing your mind. It is also suitable for kids. You just have to click on that part of the image where you find any error. That’s all.
No music is played in the background.
Only three levels are available in the game due to which anyone can loose interest easily. | 2019-04-23T18:59:25 | https://listoffreeware.com/free-spot-the-differences-game-windows/ |
Edward Baptist’s new book, “The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery And The Making Of American Capitalism”, drew a lot of attention last month after the Economist said it was too hard on slave owners.
What you might not have taken away from the ensuing media storm is that “The Half Has Never Been Told” is quite a gripping read. Baptist weaves deftly between analysis of economic data and narrative prose to paint a picture of American slavery that is pretty different from what you may have learned in high school Social Studies class.
The whole thing is well worth reading in full. Baptist positions his book in opposition to textbooks that present slavery like a distant aberration of American history, cramming 250 years into a few chapters in a way “that cuts the beating heart out of the story.” To counter that image of history, Baptist devotes much of the book to depicting the lived experience of enslavement in a way that’s vivid and immediate.
1) Slavery was a key driver of the formation of American wealth.
Baptist argues that our narrative of slavery generally goes something like this: it was a terrible thing, but it was an anomaly, a sort of feudal throwback within capitalism whose demise would inevitably come with the rise of wage labor. In fact, he argues, it was at the heart of the development of American capitalism.
By 1850, he writes, American slaves were worth $1.3 billion, one-fifth of the nation’s wealth.
2) In its heyday, slavery was more efficient than free labor, contrary to the arguments made by some northerners at the time.
3) Slavery didn’t just enrich the South, but also drove the industrial boom in the North.
4) Slavery wasn’t showing any signs of slowing down economically by the time the Civil War came around.
In the 1850s, southern production of cotton doubled from 2 million to 4 million bales, with no sign of either slowing down or quenching the industrial West’s thirst for raw materials. The world’s consumption of cotton grew from 1.5 billion to 2.5 billion pounds, and at the end of the decade the hands of US fields were still picking two-thirds of all of it, and almost all of that which went to Western Europe’s factories. By 1860, the eight wealthiest states in the United States, ranked by wealth per white person, were South Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia, Connecticut, Alabama, Florida, and Texas — seven states created by cotton’s march west and south, plus one that, as the most industrialized state in the Union, profited disproportionately from the gearing of northern factory equipment to the southwestern whipping machine.
A formerly enslaved woman, photographed on a farm near Greensboro, Alabama in 1941.
5) The South seceded to guarantee the expansion of slavery.
So why is it important to revisit this history now, nearly 150 years after slavery ended?
Baptist argues that our understanding — or misunderstanding — of slavery has policy implications for the present. (In that way, the book is complementary reading to Ta-Nehisi Coates’ much talked-about Case For Reparations). “If slavery was outside of US history, for instance — if indeed it was a drag and not a rocket booster to American economic growth — then slavery was not implicated in US growth, success, power and wealth,” Baptist writes. “Therefore none of the massive quantities of wealth and treasure piled by that economic growth is owed to African Americans.” Anyone who believes that, his book aims to show, really hasn’t heard the half of it. | 2019-04-26T04:58:46 | http://worldobserveronline.com/2015/03/29/5-things-about-slavery-you-probably-didnt-learn-in-social-studies-a-short-guide-to-the-half-has-never-been-told/ |
Not finding what you're looking for? Best Match Best Match. Refine your search for ewok backpack.
Tags: Just Landed Shop by Star wars Buy Loungefly Star Wars Ewok Back pack, Brown, One Size and other Women at mapalaui.info Our wide selection is eligible for free shipping and free returns.5/5(28). | 2019-04-25T04:47:34 | http://mapalaui.info/star-wars-ewok-backpack.php |
Director Amit Sharma shared an Amul advertisement which has used the Badhaai Ho poster with a sweet caption of "Maska? Bada hi do." Badhaai Ho has been garnering good numbers at the box office and the critics have also lauded the film for its unconventional premise and nuanced treatment. Badhaai Ho features Ayushmann Khurrana, Gajraj Rao, Sanya Malhotra and Neena Gupta.
Sania Mirza and Shoaib Malik recently welcomed their first child, a baby boy. Farah Khan, who has been very good friends with Mirza for quite sometime now, posted a cute throwback picture of the two of them along with a card of sorts, captioned "It's a boy."
After having fought a long-drawn battle with cancer, actor Arjun Rampal's mother passed away on 27 October. The actor, in a long note of thanks, paid his gratitude to all his friends and family, including the doctors who helped her through this trying period.
Make up artist Sonny Lawrence imitated rapper CardiB's get up for Halloween. CardiB had donned a tiger-printed coat with leopard prints on her stockings. The entire look was coupled with fur-lined shades. Lawrence also dressed in similar clothes and looked like the rapper's doppelganger for Halloween.
Ayushmann Khurrana has recently had an amazing run at the box office. With two back-to-back hits with AndhaDhun and Badhaai Ho, Khurrana is now among the leading names when it comes to Bollywood actors sans the glittery stardom. Filmfare recently featured Khurrana on its cover with the tagline: "Sweet smell of success". | 2019-04-22T00:19:37 | https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ayushmann-khurrana-on-filmfare-cover-badhaai-hos-success-celebrated-in-amul-ad-social-media-stalkers-guide-5470491.html |
All of our food is grown on the roof of 205 W39th Street in the core of the Big Apple. We hope to expand onto nearby roof space throughout 2017 and into the future. We intend to participate and aid in urban food farming efforts in Midtown Manhattan and throughout the general New York City area. The farm's location enables us to sell and donate food that can be eaten before the food itself realizes that it is detached from its mother plant. We think that we have the freshest bulk production of vegetables in Manhattan, and our pride is the diversity and cultural heritage of our selection of vegetable varieties.
Midtown Manhattan has a wonderfully diverse community of residents, workers, and other sorts of consumers, all of whom eat food on a daily basis. People from all different cultures from all continents, religions, and ethnic experiences sleep, work, eat, and generally survive in very close quarters and create massively effective impacts on the world and on each other's lives. Many residents and workers of Midtown sleep on the sidewalks, and many more struggle to maintain a healthy diet in the face of rising rent and competitive pricing of organic foods. Underpaid workers in Midtown Manhattan struggle to find affordable fresh food for lunch. We will be offering fresh and affordable vegetarian meals with ingredients only from our rooftop farm just west of the corner of 7th Avenue and West 39th Street. The mission of this small intensive agricultural project is to donate at least 50 percent of our fresh, canned, and freshly prepared vegetable produce to residents of Midtown Manhattan who cannot personally afford to pay for it. We intend to generate capital to fund our charity donations and potential educational programs by charging very reasonable and competitive prices for the same produce to paying customers. | 2019-04-21T10:54:04 | http://www.innercityfarmer.com/home.html |
Augustsson J, Esko A, Thomee R, et al. Weight training of the thigh muscles using closed vs. open kinetic chain exercises: a comparison of performance enhancement. Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 1998, vol.27/no.1, pp5-8. | 2019-04-20T05:19:09 | https://www.toyourhealth.com/mpacms/tyh/article.php?id=646 |
The government and the social good sector share a common goal: to make positive social impact for the betterment of communities. Through the delivery of essential programs and social services across Canada, as well as from continuous on the ground experience, social good organizations have acquired a wealth of knowledge and valuable perspectives on how government policies affect people’s lives. And yet, the current relationship between the sector and the government isn’t as strong as it should be.?
Many elected officials have some form of relationship with individual organizations - as donors, fundraisers, or even as staff. But they don’t necessarily have exposure to an organization as a whole. They’re often not aware of the full impact that organizations actually have, what goes into achieving that impact, or the challenges organizations face in the process. On a broader level, MPs are often surprised to learn there are an estimated 170,000 charities and nonprofits in Canada that, in addition to the services they provide, employ some two million people in communities of every size, in every region.
The enormous economic and social impacts that charities, nonprofits, and social enterprises collectively generate behoove the sector and the government to work more closely together. It is clear there is a need for a strengthening of the relationship between the government and social good organizations - in order to improve the development of public policies, the delivery of programs, and to continue to build healthy communities. One way to further this relationship is to encourage MPs to spend a day with a charity, nonprofit, or social enterprise in their own constituency.
From August 15 to September 16, 2018, Imagine Canada is launching iMPact Day, a Canada-wide Social Impact Challenge in which all MPs are encouraged to spend a day observing and learning about a social good organization in their constituency. We recognize that many members of Parliament have already volunteered for or supported a number of charitable causes. i-MP-act Day, however, will provide a deeper experience that goes beyond fundraising events and volunteer activities.
iMPact Day is an opportunity for MPs to get an in-depth primer about what organizations actually do and how they go about doing it. Time spent with board members, staff, and volunteers will give MPs an appreciation of the wide range of roles we play and the work it takes to keep an organization going. MPs will see first-hand how day-to-day operations are impacted by federal regulations and policies - everything from your business activities to how you access grants and contributions.
This challenge is a move towards creating a more enabling environment for the social good sector and providing organizations a seat at the policy table. It will provide an opportunity to improve communication and strengthen the relationship between the sector and the government in order to better serve communities together - leveraging tax-payer dollars, by working efficiently and effectively for sustainable change and growth. Spending a day with an organization will help MPs draw direct links between federal policies and the impact those policies have on organizations, communities, and individuals in their constituencies.
iMPact Day?aims to build new bridges between the social good sector and the government in order to learn from each other and to help build the sector’s capacity to succeed. Our goal is to have as many MPs as possible, from every political party, participate in this annual challenge. But the only way we can make this happen is if charities, nonprofits, and social enterprises participate.?
We need you! Imagine Canada will coordinate the MPs and provide you with background information and suggestions for hosting. If you’re interested and willing to host an MP for a day, please contact Kira Balson on our Public Policy team. | 2019-04-21T14:47:13 | http://www.euhotelpinboard.com/8ae/blog/impact-day-social-impact-challenge |
This is one of my favorite coffee cake recipes. It is fairly easy to make and has a rich lemony flavor!
In a large mixer bowl, combine 1-1/2 cups of the cake mix, 2 of the eggs, 1 cup of the flour, the yeast and warm water. Beat at medium speed for 2 minutes, scraping the bowl occasionally. Spread into a greased 9×13-inch baking pan.
In a medium mixer bowl, combine the cream cheese, remaining 2 eggs, sugar, milk and remaining 1 tablespoon flour. Beat at high speed until smooth, scraping the bowl occasionally. Spread evenly over the prepared layer in baking pan.
In a medium bowl, cut the butter or margarine into the remaining cake mix until crumbly. Sprinkle over the top of the cream cheese mixture. Bake at 350 degrees F for 40 minutes or until golden brown and the edges pull from the sides of the pan. Cool in the pan on a wire rack. Chill, covered, 3 or more hours.
In a small bowl, combine the confectioner’s sugar, corn syrup and water; mix well. Drizzle over chilled coffee cake just before serving. Cover and refrigerate leftovers. Makes 16 servings.
This looks great. The breakfast casserole looks tasty too!
That sounds yummy! Thanks for sharing! | 2019-04-24T15:53:04 | http://www.marvelousrecipes.net/2009/05/25/lemon-cheese-coffee-cake/ |
Pet Therapy Training Course, Thursdays at 1pm. Starts on April 25, 2019; Ends on May 16, 2019.
After registering, you will receive an email confirmation. If you have any questions, please contact Ginny Armington at 941.955.4131 x114. HSSC is located at 2331 15th Street, Sarasota, FL 3427. Your class will be held in the Education Center. Your instructor will contact you with additional details prior to the course start date.
If, upon reviewing your registration form, HSSC or its instructors feel your dog is not suitable for this course, they reserve the right to revoke your registration. You will be refunded at that time. Once the course is underway, no refunds will be issued.
The fee for this course is non-refundable. Unless otherwise stated, this course runs for six consecutive weeks and there are no make-up classes.
Out of fairness to all participants, classes will begin promptly at the stated time.
Each owner is responsible for providing proper training equipment and suitable treats.
Please remember to wear closed-toe shoes to class.
Remember that every interaction you have with your dog is a training opportunity. Either your dog is training you, or you are training your dog...it's your decision!
If you or your dog is a disruption to the class, the trainer reserves the right to excuse the dog and handler.
I understand that there are inherent risks associated with the presence of dogs in training. I assume full responsibility for myself, my dog, any other handlers of my dog, and any observers that attend my class with me. I agree that I have given full disclosure of any history of aggressive behavior by my dog, and understand that failure to do so will result in being excused from the class and no refund will be given. I agree to hold harmless HSSC, its staff, volunteers, and Board of Directors for any harm that may happen to me or my pet during the course of training. I understand that trainers may intervene in dog-to-dog interactions and separate dogs as needed. I grant full permission to HSSC to use any photographs or video recordings of this event for any purposes. | 2019-04-23T02:35:05 | https://www.hssc.org/get-involved/volunteer/pet-therapy/2019pet-0425-1pm |
Hong Kong Airlines is an airline based in Hong Kong, which was founded in 2006. It operates scheduled, charter and cargo services to more than 32 cities from its hub at the Hong Kong International Airport, with a fleet size of 25 aircrafts. The airline is headquartered in Tung Chung and flies to several major cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Sanya, Bangkok, Bali, and Okinawa. Hong Kong airlines has codeshare agreements with some airlines, including the Air India, Air Seychelles, China Eastern Airlines, Etihad Airways, EVA Air, Garuda Indonesia, Hong Kong Express, Hainan Airlines and Shanghai Airlines. AllTravel’s Hong Kong Airline flight deals have been crafted to provide you attractive discounts.
Hong Kong airlines provides best in-flight amenities to all its passengers. From duty free shopping to in-flight meals and in-flight entertainment, the services can be availed according to the type of cabin a passenger is traveling in. The crew of the airline is dedicated to equip the customers with all desired and special aids.
The web check-in service of Hong Kong airlines can be availed anytime from 2 to 36 hours prior to the flight’s scheduled departure. | 2019-04-26T15:59:06 | https://ls.smartfares.com/airlines/hong-kong-airlines-HX |
Sorry, currently we do not have any holiday villas in Beni Mellal matching all your search criteria.
Looking for holiday villas in Beni Mellal?
We are in the process of placing rental properties in Beni Mellal on this page. Please enter your name and email address below and our team will email you our selection of properties in Beni Mellal. And this is a FREE service! | 2019-04-25T01:53:31 | https://www.alphaholidaylettings.com/Morocco_holiday_rentals/Beni_Mellal/rentals/all/Property_type:villa/internet_access |
Compute Pioneer 10 ephemerides for any date and time between 01 Jan 2013 and 01 Jan 2050 and display the predicted position in an interactive sky map.
This is a simplified sky chart, showing where Pioneer 10 is now with respect to the brightest stars and constellations.
Today's Pioneer 10 rise, transit and set times from Greenwich, United Kingdom [change]. All times are relative to the Europe/London timezone.
This 3d orbit diagram is a feature of our 3D Solar System Simulator and shows the orbit of Pioneer 10 with respect of the Sun and the orbits of the major planets. The position of Pioneer 10 and the planets along their orbits in this diagram accurately represents the current configuration of the objects in the Solar System. This is an experimental feature and it requires a WebGL enabled browser. Please provide us feedback!
The following table lists the ephemerides of Pioneer 10 computed for the past and next 7 days, with a 24 hours interval. Click on each row of the table to locate Pioneer 10 in our Online Planetarium at the chosen date.
The following chart shows the distance of Pioneer 10 from Earth as a function of time. Distance data is measured in Astronomical Units and sampled with a 2 days interval.
The reported distances might be inaccurate around the times of closest approach for objects passing extremely close to Earth. The value of the distance of Pioneer 10 is also available as a real time updated value in the Live Position and Data Tracker. | 2019-04-21T09:14:17 | https://theskylive.com/pioneer10-info |
2009-10-20 Assigned to NOKIA CORPORATION reassignment NOKIA CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LAINE, TOMMI A., WIROLA, LAURI A.J.
It is disclosed a method, an apparatus and a computer program for monitoring, for a position of a set of one or more positions that are associated with a coverage area of a communication node, if a report comprising a position associated with said coverage area of said communication node and lying in a defined environment of said position for which said monitoring is performed is received as a validation of said position for which said monitoring is performed.
This invention relates to monitoring a position that is associated with a coverage area.
As an alternative or add-on to satellite-based positioning systems, positioning systems in which a present position of a terminal is estimated based on a list of communication nodes (such as for instance cellular base station, access points or beacons) that can presently be heard by the terminal and a database that contains identifiers and positions of the communication nodes and/or models for the coverage areas for a number of communication nodes have gained recent interest.
Given that the communication node positions are known and distances from the terminal to the communication nodes can be estimated, the terminal's position can be estimated through triangulation. Distance between a terminal and the heard communication nodes can be estimated for instance based on either the path loss using a channel model (i.e. how much the signal attenuates between the terminal and the communication node) or based on timing (or round-trip timing) measurements (i.e. information expressing how long signals propagate between terminal and communication node).
Alternatively, if models for the communication node coverage areas are known, then a terminal may pick the coverage areas for the heard communication nodes and find the intersection of these coverage areas. The terminal can then be assigned a position that is, for instance, the center-of-mass of the intersection area. Similarly an error estimate for the position estimate can be given, for example, based on the size of the intersection.
A model for the coverage area of a communication node can for instance be determined by having one or more terminals that are capable of determining their position send reports with their present position and a list of communication nodes that can presently be heard, gathering, for each communication node, the terminal positions reported into a set of terminal positions and deriving, from this set of terminal positions, a model for the coverage area of the communication node.
While generation and/or updating of models for static or growing coverage areas may be accomplished by finding a suited representation for the base-station specific terminal positions gathered so far, generation and/or updating of models for moving, shrinking or disappearing coverage areas may require additional measures to be taken. The same holds for handling potential outliers with respect to the coverage area.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, a method is disclosed, comprising monitoring, for a position of a set of one or more positions that are associated with a coverage area of a communication node, if a report comprising a position associated with the coverage area of the communication node and lying in a defined environment of the position for which the monitoring is performed is received as a validation of the position for which the monitoring is performed.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, further an apparatus is disclosed, comprising a processor configured to monitor, for a position of a set of one or more positions that are associated with a coverage area of a communication node, if a report comprising a position associated with the coverage area of the communication node and lying in a defined environment of the position for which the monitoring is performed is received as a validation of the position for which the monitoring is performed.
The processor may for instance be implemented in hardware alone, may have certain aspects in software alone, or may be a combination of hardware and software. An exemplary embodiment of the processor may comprise a memory, wherein instructions executed by the processor may be transferable to the memory and/or contained in the memory. The memory may for instance store a program according to the fourth aspect of the present invention described below, or at least parts thereof.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, furthermore an apparatus is disclosed, comprising means for monitoring, for a position of a set of one or more positions that are associated with a coverage area of a communication node, if a report comprising a position associated with the coverage area of the communication node and lying in a defined environment of the position for which the monitoring is performed is received as a validation of the position for which the monitoring is performed. Examples of such a means a processor, but the means is not limited thereto.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, further a program is disclosed, comprising program code for performing the method according to the first aspect of the present invention and all exemplary embodiments thereof as described below, when the program is executed on a processor.
The program may for instance be distributed via a network, such as for instance the Internet. The program may for instance be stored or encoded on a readable-medium, for instance a computer-readable or processor-readable medium. The readable medium may for instance be embodied as an electric, magnetic, electro-magnetic, optic or other storage medium, and may either be a removable medium or a medium that is fixedly installed in an apparatus or device. The readable medium may for instance be a tangible medium, for instance a tangible storage medium.
According to the present invention, the communication node may for instance be a communication node of a communication system. It may then for instance provide coverage for one or more terminals. The communication system may be a wireless or a wire-bound communication system, and may be of cellular or non-cellular type. The communication node may for instance be a one-directional or bi-directional communication node. Non-limiting examples of the communication node as understood in this specification are thus a cellular base station, a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) access point, a Bluetooth station, an FM radio station, and a TV station. The communication node may be fixed or mobile, for instance with low mobility and/or velocity. In case of sectorization of cells, each sector may also be understood as a communication node, even if all sectors are controlled by the same (cellular) base station.
The communication node has a coverage area, which may be understood as an area within which (fixed or mobile) terminals are able to receive signals sent from the communication node at least with a pre-determined minimum quality, wherein the quality may for instance be expressed in terms of signal strength or signal-to-noise-ratio, to name but a few examples. In case of a wireless communication node, the coverage area may for instance depend on the transmission frequency and the propagation environment, which may for instance cause shadowing. The coverage area does not necessarily have to be continuous, it may equally well have recesses and may equally well consist of several sub-areas.
For the coverage area of the communication node, there exists a set of one or more positions that are associated with the coverage area. The positions may for instance be associated with the coverage area since they are considered to be positioned within the coverage area and/or have been reported to be within the coverage area. The set of one or more positions may for instance be considered to be representative of the coverage area and/or may serve as a basis for generating and/or updating one or more models for the coverage area of the communication node. The set of positions may for instance be considered to represent a boundary for the coverage area.
The positions may for instance be derived from reports (also called fingerprints) sent by one or more terminals, wherein the reports may for instance comprise a position of the one or more respective terminals and a list of the communication node(s) a respective terminal is currently able to hear. The positions contained in the report may also have been collected by the terminal over an extended period of time. The report may for instance comprise several positions, each associated with a list of communication nodes that the terminal was able to hear when the respective position was determined. Therein, a terminal may for instance be considered to “hear” a communication node if it is able to receive one or more signals, which are sent by the communication node, with a pre-defined minimum quality, wherein the quality may for instance be defined in terms of a signal-to-noise ratio or a signal-to-noise and interference ratio. An example of such a signal sent by a communication node may for instance be a broadcast channel. As an alternative, the terminal may for instance be considered to “hear” a communication node if the terminal is capable of at least partially receiving and correctly decoding one or more signals sent by the communication node, such as a broadcast channel. For instance, the terminal may considered to “hear” the communication node if it is at least able to decode an identification of the communication node (e.g. a MAC address or any other type of communication node identification). The information which communication nodes a terminal can hear may for instance result from a scanning/sniffing operation performed by the terminal.
For a position of the set of one or more positions, it is determined if a report comprising a position associated with the coverage area of the communication node and lying in a defined environment of the position for which monitoring is performed is received. Therein, the position comprised in the report may for instance be associated with the coverage area of the communication node since it is considered to be positioned within the coverage area and/or has been reported to be within the coverage area. The report (e.g. a fingerprint) contains at least one position and optionally further parameters, such as for instance a timestamp, which may for instance be generated by a terminal that generates the report or by a unit that receives the report, to name but a few examples.
The defined environment may for instance be defined before or when monitoring of the position is started or triggered. It may for instance be a pre-defined environment. It may be defined independent or dependent of (e.g. relative to) the position for which the monitoring is performed. The environment may be fixed or variable, it may for instance be adjustable to control the accuracy of the monitoring. The environment may for instance be the same for all positions in the set of one or more positions, or may be different for at least two (or even all) positions in the set. The defined environment may for instance be specific for the position for which the monitoring is performed. For the same position, the environment used in a first monitoring may be different from the environment in a second monitoring, for instance the environment may be smaller in the second monitoring as compared to the first monitoring to increase the accuracy of monitoring. The defined environment may be associated with the position for which the monitoring is performed. A size of the defined environment may for instance be controlled depending on an amount and/or a frequency of reports received in a coverage area. This control may be time-dependent, for instance dependent on a calendar.
The environment may for instance be centered around the position for which the monitoring is performed. Equally well, the position for which the monitoring is performed may be eccentric with respect to the environment, it may for instance be on a border of the environment. The environment may for instance be defined as a geometrical shape, such as for instance a polygonal shape (including a rectangular shape or a triangular shape as a special case) or an elliptical shape (including a circular shape as a special case), to name but a few non-limiting examples.
The monitoring is performed for a position of the set of one or more positions. This does not exclude that one or more of the remaining positions of the set of positions are monitored, for instance after the monitoring of the position for which the monitoring is performed is terminated, but equally well also simultaneously or at least temporally overlapping with the monitoring of the position for which the monitoring is performed.
The position comprised in the report is considered a validation of the position for which the monitoring is performed, if the position is associated with the same coverage area as the position for which the monitoring is performed and if the position comprised in the report is within a defined environment of the position for which the monitoring is performed. Validation of the position for which the monitoring is performed may for instance be required in case the position for which the monitoring is performed may be considered to be potentially not representative of the coverage area. If the positions in the set of one or more positions shall be representative of the coverage area of the communication node (for instance if they shall be within the coverage area of the communication node), for instance because one or more models for the coverage area shall be derived from the set of one or more positions or because the set of one or more positions represents such a model of the coverage area of the communication node, it may be desirable to remove any position from the set of one or more positions that is not representative of the coverage area.
Therein, opportunities for the validation may for instance be bound to a temporal limit, for instance in a way that the position for which the monitoring is performed is to be removed from the set of one or more positions if no report with a position within the defined environment of the position for which the monitoring is performed and being associated with a time instant that is before a defined time instant is received.
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention may then allow detecting that the coverage area shrinks, changes (e.g. due to changes in the environment, for instance installation of a new building blocking a part of the coverage area), moves and/or disappears. For instance, in case of a shrinking coverage area, positions that were within the old coverage area, but are not inside the new (smaller) coverage area will no longer be validated. In case of a disappearing coverage area, no position will be validated. In case of a moving coverage area, all positions that are not in the intersection between the old coverage area and the new coverage area will no longer be validated, accordingly. In contrast, in case of an increasing coverage area, also positions that were in the old (smaller) coverage area will still be validated, since they are still representative of the coverage area.
According to exemplary embodiments of all aspects of the present invention, the set of one or more positions at least one of represents a model for the coverage area of the communication node and serves as a basis for at least one of generating and updating at least one model for the coverage area of the communication node.
For instance, the positions in the set of one or more positions may be the vertices of a polygon (such as a convex polygon that may for instance represent or parameterize a convex hull) that encloses all positions of one or more terminals that have—for instance via the fingerprints/reports—reported to be within the coverage area (for instance because they are able to hear the communication node) and thus can be considered as a model for the coverage area of the communication node. From this polygon, for instance further models for the coverage area of the communication node (such as for instance elliptical models) may be derived. Therein, the set of one or more positions or the at least one model generated and/or updated based on this set of one or more positions may for instance represent a hard boundary of the coverage area, so that all terminal positions have to be within the hard boundary to be considered to be within the coverage area. Equally well, the set of one or more positions or the at least one model generated and/or updated based on this set of one or more positions may represent a soft statistical boundary that is for instance based on a statistical model for the distribution of the terminal positions in the coverage area (e.g. a 2D Gaussian distribution) and may be characterized by further parameters such as for instance a confidence value. The set of one or more positions or the at least one model generated and/or updated based on this set of one or more positions may then be considered to be representative of the coverage area even if the soft statistical boundary does not enclose all terminal positions within the coverage area.
According to exemplary embodiments of all aspects of the present invention, the monitoring for the position is triggered by a decision that the position for which the monitoring is performed is a potential outlier with respect to the coverage area of the communication node. The monitoring may then be performed to determine whether the position for which the monitoring is performed is an outlier or not.
According to exemplary embodiments of all aspects of the present invention, the monitoring for the position is triggered by a decision that the position for which the monitoring is performed is potentially outdated. The monitoring may then be performed to determine whether the position for which the monitoring is performed is indeed outdated or not.
According to exemplary embodiments of all aspects of the present invention, the monitoring for the position can be triggered by both a decision that the position for which the monitoring is performed is a potential outlier with respect to the coverage area of the communication node and a decision that the position for which the monitoring is performed is potentially outdated.
Therein, an outlier may for instance be defined as a position that is too far apart from the coverage area of the communication node, for instance since it has a distance with respect to the coverage area that is above a distance threshold. An outlier may for instance occur when a terminal that is actually within the coverage area measures or reports its position erroneously. A position may be classified as a potential outlier if it is considered to be too far apart from the assumed coverage area of the communication node, for instance since it has a distance with respect to the assumed coverage area that is above a distance threshold, wherein the assumed coverage area of the communication node may for instance be represented by a model for the coverage area. Monitoring may then reveal if the potential outlier is indeed an outlier (e.g. erroneously measured/reported) or not (for instance since the coverage area has moved).
The decision that the position for which the monitoring is performed is a potential outlier with respect to the coverage area of the communication node may be based on at least one model for the coverage area of the base. The at least one model may for instance have been generated and/or updated based on the set of one or more positions or based on a previous version of the set of one or more positions. The previous version of the set of one or more positions may for instance differ from a current version of the set of one or more positions in the position for which the monitoring is performed only, or also in further positions.
A position may for instance be considered to be outdated if it is no longer representative of the coverage area, for instance if it is no longer within the coverage area. This may for instance occur when a coverage area shrinks, moves or disappears after a position has been reported. A position may be considered to be potentially outdated if it has exceeded a certain age.
The decision that the position for which the monitoring is performed is potentially outdated may be based on a time instant associated with the position for which the monitoring is performed. This time instant may for instance be represented by a timestamp. The time instant may for instance denote a time when a report that comprised the position was generated or reported by a terminal or received by a unit, for instance by an apparatus that performs the monitoring, or added to the set of one or more positions. This time instant may be updated each time a position is validated in monitoring. The decision that the position for which the monitoring is performed is potentially outdated may for instance be made by comparing this time instant against a current time instant and deciding that the position is potentially outdated if the time difference is above a defined threshold, which may for instance be pre-defined or dynamically controlled, for instance in dependence on at least one of an amount and a rate of incoming reports for the coverage area. Therein, the rate and/or the amount of incoming reports may refers to a single coverage area only, but equally well also to more than one coverage area; it may for instance be an average or any other function of the rate and/or amount of incoming reports of several coverage areas (for instance the coverage areas of several base stations). With respect to the amount and/or rate of incoming reports, it may be differentiated different time periods, for instance different times of a year. The threshold may for instance be controlled based on the amount and/or rate of incoming reports, and in this control, the current time of the year may be considered. As an exemplary example, in a skiing ressort, there will be a higher amount and/or rate of incoming reports in winter as compared to summer, so that it is advantageous to consider this when controlling the threshold.
The time instant on which the decision that the position for which the monitoring is performed is potentially outdated is based may also represent the expiration of a timer that is started when a report that comprised the position is received by a unit, for instance by an apparatus that performs the monitoring, or added to the set of one or more positions, and which timer may be re-started each time a position is validated in monitoring. A position may then for instance be considered to be potentially outdated each time the timer expirers.
The decision that the position for which the monitoring is performed is potentially outdated may be made repeatedly. For instance, the decision may be made periodically. The decision intervals (i.e. the time between two decisions) may be fixed or variable, for instance to allow controlling of a frequency of the monitoring. This may allow trading the amount of computation against the delay in reacting to changes in the coverage area. The decision intervals may for instance depend on an amount of reports and/or on a frequency of reception of reports with positions associated with the coverage area, and may for instance be at least initially adjusted (or continuously adapted) accordingly. For instance, positions associated with coverage areas for which a lot of reports are received may have shorter decision intervals than positions associated with coverage areas for which only few reports are received. For instance, coverage areas with high-traffic may be kept highly updated by using short decision intervals. The decision intervals (e.g. expressed by a timer) may for instance be specific for each position of the set of positions, or may be the same for all positions in the set of points. A first decision interval may for instance be started when a position is received or added to the set of positions. Therein, control of the decision intervals in dependence of the amount of reports and/or in dependence on the frequency of reception of reports may be time-dependent, for instance dependent on a calendar.
According to an exemplary embodiment of all aspects of the present invention, the defined environment has a rectangular or circular shape. Using simple geometrical forms such as a rectangle or a circle may allow performing monitoring with low computational complexity, since it is particularly easy to determine if a position is within a rectangle. Furthermore, such simple geometrical forms may require only little storage space.
In an exemplary embodiment, the method according to the first aspect of the present invention comprises modifying, in case that the report comprising the position associated with the coverage area and lying in the defined environment of the position for which the monitoring is performed is received, information associated with the position for which the monitoring is performed. The processor of the apparatus according to the second aspect of the present invention is accordingly configured to modify information associated with the position for which the monitoring is performed in this case, and the processor of the apparatus according to the third aspect of the present invention comprises according means for modifying the information associated with the position for which the monitoring is performed in this case.
The modifying of the information may for instance comprise at least one of changing and deleting of the information. The modification of the information associated with the position for which the monitoring is performed may for instance serve to indicate that the position for which the monitoring is performed has been validated. The modified information may for instance be written to a storage location or output for further processing, for instance to another unit or device. The information associated with the position for which the monitoring is performed may for instance comprise an indicator that indicates that the position for which the monitoring is performed is currently monitored, and/or a definition of the defined area, and/or a representation of a time instant associated with the position, such as a timestamp, and/or a time instant associated with the position and relating to the monitoring, such as a monitoring expiry time instant. Modification of the information may for instance comprise removing or changing the indicator, for instance to indicate that the position for which monitoring is performed has been validated. Modification of the information may for instance comprise removing the definition of the defined area, for instance to indicate that the position for which monitoring is performed has been validated. Modification of the information may for instance comprise modifying (for instance setting to a pre-defined value that indicates that no monitoring shall be performed) the time instant relating to the monitoring, for instance to indicate that the position for which monitoring is performed has been validated. Modification of the information may for instance comprise changing the representation of the time instant associated with the position (e.g. a time stamp), for instance updating the representation of the time instant, for instance to a current value, for instance to indicate that the position for which monitoring is performed has been recently validated and thus is not to be considered potentially outdated. Also all combinations of these modification examples are possible.
The modified information may prevent the position for which the monitoring is performed to be one of removed or triggered to be removed from the set of one or more positions by a process that is configured to one of remove and trigger removal of the position for which the monitoring is performed from the set of one or more positions in case that no report comprising a position associated with the coverage area, lying in a defined environment of the position for which the monitoring is performed and being associated with a time instant that is before a defined time instant associated with the position for which the monitoring is performed is received.
The process configured to remove or trigger removal of the position for which the monitoring is performed may for instance be implemented by the same unit (e.g. apparatus or device) that implements the monitoring, or by another unit (for instance a unit that also performs identification of potentially outdated positions). In the latter case, the modified information may be transferred from a unit that implements the monitoring to a unit that implements the process configured to remove or trigger removal of the position for which the monitoring is performed, or for instance stored to a storage location where it can be accessed by the process configured to remove or trigger removal of the position for which the monitoring is performed.
The process may for instance be understood to check if the position for which the monitoring is performed is validated before the defined time instant or not, and to remove the position for which the monitoring is performed if it is not validated before the defined time instant.
Therein, the time instant associated with the position comprised in the report may for instance represent the time when the report was generated or reported by a terminal, or received by a unit (for instance the unit that implements the monitoring or another unit), or added to the set of one or more positions. The time instant may for instance be represented by a timestamp.
The defined time instant may for instance define the time instant at which monitoring for the position should be terminated and the position for which the monitoring is performed should be removed from the set of one or more positions, if the position has not been validated. Therein, if the time instant associated with the position comprised in the report for instance represents the time the report was received by the unit that performs the monitoring, only reports received before the defined time instant may validate the position for which the monitoring is performed. If the time instant associated with the position comprised in the report for instance represents the time the report was generated (e.g. the data was collected and assembled) at the terminal, even reports received after the defined time instant (but generated before) may validate the position for which the monitoring is performed.
The process may for instance be prevented from removing or triggering removal of the position for which the monitoring is performed because the modified information indicates to the process that the position has been validated in monitoring, or that the position is currently not monitored. This may for instance be accomplished if the information associated with the position for which the monitoring is performed comprises an indication (such as a flag (e.g. a 1-bit word) that indicates if monitoring is performed for a position or not, and if the modification of this information comprises deleting this indication. The process is then informed that there is no or no longer a monitoring for the position and therefore no need to check if the position may have to be removed due to lack of validation before the defined time instant. Equally well, the presence of a definition of the defined area and/or the defined time instant in the information associated with the position for which the monitoring is performed may serve the purpose of indicating that monitoring is performed for a position or not, and its removal in case of validation may then inform the process that there is no or no longer a monitoring for this position. As a further example, characteristic values for the parameters defining the defined environment and/or the defined time instant may be used to indicate that no monitoring is performed for a position. An example of such a characteristic value is a 0 assigned to a defined time instant to indicate that no monitoring is performed, and by changing a defined time instant from a non-zero value to zero, it may be indicated to the process that the position has been validated.
The defined time instant may be an absolute time instant or a relative time instant. It may for instance be defined before or when monitoring of the position is started or triggered. It may for instance be obtained by adding a time interval, for instance a pre-defined time interval, to a time instant, for instance to a time instant at which it is determined that the position for which the monitoring is performed should be monitored (or at which monitoring starts), or a time instant at which the report that comprised the position for which the monitoring is performed was generated, reported, received, added to the set of one or more positions or at which the position was last validated. The time interval may be fixed or variable, it may for instance be adjustable, for instance to control the amount of processing required for monitoring. The length of this time interval (which may for instance be understood to represent the duration of monitoring) may for instance depend on an amount of reports received for the coverage area and/or a frequency of reception of reports for the coverage area. For instance, positions associated with coverage areas for which a lot of reports are received may have shorter durations of monitoring than positions associated with coverage areas for which only few reports are received. The time interval may for instance be the same for all positions in the set of one or more positions, or may be different for at least two positions in the set. Therein, control of the length of the time interval in dependence of the amount of reports and/or in dependence on the frequency of reception of reports may be time-dependent, for instance dependent on a calendar.
Also the defined time instant may for instance be the same for all positions in the set of one or more positions, or may be different for at least two (or even all) positions in the set. It may for instance be specific for the position for which the monitoring is performed. The defined time instant may for instance be the expiration time of a timer that is started for the position for which the monitoring is performed.
According to exemplary embodiments of all aspects of the present invention, in case of removal of the position for which the monitoring is performed from the set of one or more positions, at least one model for the coverage area of the communication node is updated based on the set of one or more positions excluding the removed position. The updating may for instance be explicitly triggered, or may be performed automatically when the set of one or more positions changes.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the method according to the first aspect of the present invention, the method further comprises terminating monitoring for the position in case that a report comprising a position associated with the coverage area and lying in a defined environment of the position for which the monitoring is performed is received. The processor of the apparatus according to the second aspect of the present invention may be configured to terminate monitoring accordingly, and the apparatus according to the third aspect of the present invention may comprise means for terminating the monitoring accordingly. Since monitoring consumes computation resources, it may be advantageous to stop monitoring as soon as the position for which the monitoring is performed has been validated. Termination of the monitoring may for instance be accomplished by modifying information associated with the position for which the monitoring is performed, for instance by deleting an indicator that indicates if monitoring shall be performed for a position, and/or by deleting a definition of the defined environment for the position and/or by deleting a time instant relating to the monitoring or by setting this time instant to a pre-defined value.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the method according to the first aspect of the present invention, the method further comprises updating a time instant associated with the position for which the monitoring is performed in case that a report comprising a position associated with the coverage area and lying in a defined environment of the position for which the monitoring is performed is received. The processor of the apparatus according to the second aspect of the present invention may be configured to update the time instant accordingly, and the apparatus according to the third aspect of the present invention may comprise means for updating the time stamp accordingly. The time instant may for instance be represented by a timestamp. The time instant may for instance (originally) denote a time when a report that comprised the position was generated or reported by a terminal or received by a unit, for instance by a unit (such as an apparatus or a device) that performs the monitoring, or added to the set of one or more positions. The time instant may for instance be updated with a time instant that indicates when the position comprised in the report was received, or with a time instant that indicates when the position comprised in the report was generated or reported.
Therein, the monitoring for the position may be triggered by a decision that the position for which the monitoring is performed is potentially outdated, and the decision may be based on the time instant associated with the position for which the monitoring is performed. The updating of the time instant associated with the position for which the monitoring is performed thus affects the (potentially later) decision if the position is potentially outdated.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the method according to the first aspect of the present invention, the method further comprises one of adding and triggering addition of the position comprised in the report to the set of one or more positions and to one of updating and triggering updating of at least one model for the coverage area of the communication node based on the set of one or more positions including the added position in case that a report comprising a position associated with the coverage area and lying in a defined environment of the position for which the monitoring is performed is received. The processor of the apparatus according to the second aspect of the present invention may be configured to one of add and trigger addition of the position to the set of one or more positions, and to one of update or trigger updating of the at least one model, accordingly. The apparatus according to the third aspect of the present invention may comprise means for one of adding and triggering addition of the position to the set of one or more positions, and means for updating or triggering updating of the at least one model, accordingly.
Adding (or triggering addition of) the position comprised in the report to the set of one or more positions may for instance be advantageous if the position for which monitoring is performed is a potential outlier, since it may then be the case that the coverage area has moved and it may then be valuable to have the position comprised in the report (in addition to the position for which the monitoring is performed) as a basis for an updating of the one or more models for the coverage area of the communication node.
Equally well, if the position for which the monitoring is performed is validated by a position comprised in a report, the position comprised in the report may only be added (or triggered to be added) to the set of one or more positions if it is not already covered by at least one model for the coverage area of the communication node, wherein the model may for instance have been generated and/or updated based on a set of positions before the monitoring, for instance based on a previous version of the set of positions. Furthermore, updating of at least one model for the coverage area of the communication node (e.g. at least the at least one model for the coverage area of the communication node which does not cover the position comprised in the report) based on the set of one or more positions including the position comprised in the report may then be triggered or performed.
Equally well, if the position for which the monitoring is performed is validated by a position comprised in a report, and if the position comprised in the report is not already covered by at least one model for the coverage area of the communication node, the position for which the monitoring is performed may be replaced by the position comprised in the report (or its replacement may be triggered). Furthermore, updating of at least one model for the coverage area of the communication node (e.g. at least the at least one model for the coverage area of the communication node which does not cover the position comprised in the report) based on the set of one or more positions including the position comprised in the report may then be triggered or performed.
According to an exemplary embodiment of all aspects of the present invention, for at least two positions in the set of positions, the monitoring is not performed at the same time. This may allow reducing the peak computational power that has to be provided by a system that performs the monitoring, and thus allows deploying less powerful and thus less expensive monitoring hardware (e.g. a less expensive processor). For instance, (equal) timers used for making a decision if positions in the set of one or more positions are potentially outdated may be started with different offsets for each position in the set of one or more positions. The offsets may for instance be random offsets or different multiples of the same base time unit. Equally well, the timers itself may be random timers or different multiples of the same base time unit.
It is to be noted that the above description of embodiments of the present invention is to be understood to be merely exemplary and non-limiting. Furthermore, the exemplary embodiments described above and in particular their single features shall be understood to be disclosed in all possible combinations with each other.
These and further aspects of the invention will be apparent from and elucidated with reference to the detailed description presented hereinafter.
FIG. 10 c: a schematic illustration of an example of monitoring of potential outliers and potentially outdated positions according to the present invention.
Satellite positioning does not work well indoors or in other shadowed environments. However, various communication nodes are ubiquitous in the modern world.
Non-limiting examples of such communication nodes include cellular base stations, WLAN access points, FM radio or TV stations. Instead of the term “communication node”, also the term “base station” will be used in the following description, wherein the term “base station” is not necessarily understood to be restricted to a cellular base station. These base stations have good penetration and coverage virtually everywhere of interest. Since the range of these beacons may usually be relatively short (for instance hundreds of meters to some kilometers), these beacons may be exploited for positioning purposes.
For instance, WLAN-based positioning may complement Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) based positioning in urban environments. Typically GNSS-based positioning methods have problems in urban canyons—however, these are also areas, in which the WLAN Access Point density is high. WLAN-positioning also enables indoor positioning allowing for more effective Location Based Services (LBS).
WLAN Access Points (WLAN APs) can be used for positioning given that the position(s) of the AP(s) are known. In general, WLAN-based positioning assumes a database, either local (in the terminal) or remote (in the server) or a combination of those containing at least WLAN AP identification information (e.g. a WLAN AP Medium Access Control (MAC) address) and the geographical coordinates of the WLAN APs. The database may also contain an estimate of the WLAN AP position accuracy. Moreover, a coverage area may also be modeled.
The database of WLAN APs and their geographical coordinates and/or coverage models allow for positioning the terminal with WLAN. GNSS or some other conventional positioning capability may then not be required.
In positioning, the terminal performs a WLAN AP scan and then compares the scan results to the records in the database. If applicable records are found, the information is combined in some suitable manner (such as, weighted average based on Relative Signal Strength (RSS) values) to produce a position estimate for the terminal.
Therein, if the base station positions are known and distances from the terminal to the base stations can be estimated, the terminal's position can be estimated through triangulation. The distance between a terminal and the heard base stations can be estimated based on either the path loss (i.e. how much the signal attenuates between the terminal and the base station) using a channel model or based on timing (or round-trip timing) measurements (i.e. information expressing how long signals propagate between terminal and base station).
If models for the base station coverage areas are known, then a terminal may pick the coverage areas for the heard base stations and find the intersection of these coverage areas. The terminal can then be assigned a position that is, for instance, the center-of-mass of the intersection area. Moreover, a position error estimate may be given based on the size of the intersection.
These mechanisms may also be combined: distance measurements can be combined with coverage area models to produce a position estimate. Even satellite (GNSS) pseudorange measurements may be taken into account in these hybrid methods to obtain additional measurements.
The database for WLAN-based positioning can be built in various ways. One solution may be that a company buys hotspot directories from WLAN network providers and assimilates these directories in their databases. Alternatively, a plurality of terminals may perform the WLAN AP mapping. In such a case the terminals may have a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) or Assisted GNSS (AGNSS) receiver attached to or inside the terminal and provide data on the WLAN AP's coverage. It may also be the case that the database build-up is a community-based effort.
It is readily understood by a person skilled in the art that the techniques described above in the context of a WLAN system are equally applicable with any other radio network-technology as well. Potential candidates include Bluetooth, Wibree (Ultra Low Power Bluetooth), Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Long Term Evolution (LTE), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), to name but a few non-limiting examples.
The above-described WLAN-based positioning may also be combined/complemented with Cell ID-based positioning. When collecting the data for the WLAN AP database, also information on 2G (second generation, e.g. GSM) and/or 3G (third generation, e.g. UMTS) cells (or on cells of any other cellular communication system) that can be observed in the present position (serving station and optionally also the neighboring stations) may be collected.
The data collected on WLAN APs and 2G/3G cells can for instance be collected on central servers and distributed to the terminals for position determination.
Systems that receive and analyze the fingerprints from one or more terminals to model a coverage area of a base station may generally easily notice when a coverage area of a base station (i.e. a cell size) grows. But it may be more difficult to notice when the coverage area gets smaller (for instance due to a transmit power reduction of the base station) and/or changes because of radio network re-planning (for instance due to cell IDs being reassigned in the network) and/or because of antenna re-direction (for instance due to a change in the antenna pattern or a physical turning of the antenna).
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention may allow representing the coverage area of a base station even in cases when the coverage area gets smaller or changes in some other way, for instance even by a small amount inside of the cell's assumed maximum size.
This may be relevant because frequently, companies collecting information on the coverage area of the base stations may be different from the companies that maintain (operators) and sell (suppliers) networks. It may be considered the nature of radio networks that they change when more capacity is added or hardware is renewed. Moreover, some fine tuning of the network may constantly take place in cellular networks. In the non-cellular side such as, for instance, WLAN, access points may move all the time, and the radio landscape changes through such changes. In practice this means that companies collecting the information on the coverage area of the base stations may have to detect these changes in the network without getting any kind of information about the change from the operator or the base station owner.
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the functional blocks of an exemplary system 1 that implements aspects of the present invention.
The server side of the exemplary system 1 comprises two processing blocks, Finger Print (FP) File Reader (FPFR) block 11 and Radio Map Generation (RMG) block 14. Moreover, there are three data stores, Report Data Base (RDB) 13, Screening Data Base (SDB) 12 and Radio Map Data Base (RMDB) 15. Each can be either centralized or, for example, regionally distributed. Moreover, although the exemplary architecture shows several different databases, they can be implemented as one single same database or may be broken down in more databases in different implementations. It is clear to a person skilled in the art that the actual number and naming of databases is an implementation issue and does not affect the concept disclosed in this specification. The terminals 10 acting as data collectors or positioning clients 16 can also be seen as processing blocks of system 1.
The one or more terminals (e.g. mobile terminals) 10 with positioning capacity (e.g. GPS) send a fingerprint, which may for instance include available network measurements for 2G (e.g. GSM) and/or 3G (e.g. UMTS) serving and neighboring base stations as well as for WLAN base stations (access points). The network measurements for instance comprise the base station identification of the base stations heard, but may also include signal strength (Received Signal Strength, RSS) and timing measurements (such as Timing Advance, TA and/or Round Trip Delay), which may be indicative of the range to the base station. The majority of the fingerprints contain one or more estimates of the terminal's position. The fingerprints may further contain one or more timestamps, which may for instance reflect a time instance at which the position is measured and/or the base station is heard, a time instance at which the fingerprint is reported, or a time instance at which the fingerprint is received by FPFR block 11 (or any other unit).
The fingerprint arrives to the FPFR block 11, which splits the information into base-station-specific reports, and stores the base-station-specific reports, which, in the simplest case, are only terminal positions, into the RDB 13. An example of such a report stored in RDB 13 is given in Table 1 below. Therein, it is to be noted that the base station does not necessarily have to be the primary record for storing fingerprints/reports. Equally well, the fingerprints may be stored in a database in a position-specific way, so that the according entries in the database then may pertain to several base stations. The fingerprints may of course also be stored and/or processed according to other criteria.
FPFR block 11 may implement a filter that drops (discards) reports, for instance when they are considered to add no new information to the already collected data. In particular, to be able to deal with the massive number of incoming reports, the FPFR block 11 may for instance make use of simplified pre-models of the coverage area (stored in SDB 12) to be able to quickly drop a large number of redundant reports. Use of these pre-models may depend on the states of a state machine set up for the coverage area.
The RMG block 14 reads (for instance continuously or periodically, or in response to a trigger event, such as an arrival of a new report or an accumulation of a certain amount of reports) reports from the RDB 13, and generates/updates different types of models for the coverage area of the base station. The RMG block 14 may also remove redundant reports from RDB 13, keeping only a small but representative set of reports on the coverage area of each base station. RDB 13 may for instance store a pre-defined number of reports with respect to each base station, and it may be targeted to use as little computation as possible to sieve the significant ones from the mass of incoming reports.
In the exemplary system of FIG. 1, RMG block 14 may exemplarily use a polygon, in particular a convex polygon, to represent the terminal positions that are reported by the one or more terminals 10, pass the FPFR block 11 and are at least temporarily stored (in the form of reports) in RDB 13. That is, instead of storing all terminal positions received from FPFR block 11 in RDB 13, only the terminal positions that form the vertices of a convex polygon that encloses all these terminal positions are stored. This convex polygon may for instance represent or parameterize a convex hull that encloses all terminal positions. The maximum number of vertices of this convex polygon may be limited to some pre-defined value. If the number of vertices of the first convex polygon exceeds this maximum number, vertices of the convex polygon may be merged to form a second convex polygon with increased area as compared to the first convex polygon in a way that still all reported terminal positions are within the polygon.
This is accomplished by RMG block 14 by overwriting the reports in the RDB 13 with a reduced set of reports (or just deleting unnecessary ones), i.e. those reports that are associated with the terminal positions that form the polygon (i.e. its vertices). Nevertheless, depending on the monitoring of the border terminal positions/reports (i.e. the vertices of the polygon), also interior terminal positions/reports (i.e. terminal positions/reports within the polygon) may be stored in RDB 13.
An example of a convex polygon 22 (in this case a convex hull) enclosing the terminal positions 21 in a coverage area 20 of a base station 26 is given in FIG. 2.
In addition to the polygon 22, the RMG block 14 further generates/updates a coverage model and different pre-models based on this polygon 22, as will be described now.
All of these models (including the polygon) are models for the coverage area of the base station. In the following, models for the coverage area of the base station that are to be provided to the positioning terminals 16 (see FIG. 1) will be denoted as “coverage models”, whereas the models for the coverage area of the base station that are provided to FPFR 11 and stored in SDB 12 will be denoted as “pre-models”. These models may represent both “hard” and “soft” (e.g. statistical) boundaries for the coverage area, as further explained below.
An elliptical coverage model is generated by RMG block 14 by fitting the minimum enclosing ellipse around the polygon 22 (see for instance ellipse 23 enclosing convex hull 22 in FIG. 2). When updating this ellipse, the old ellipse may be used as the initial guess.
An “axis/angle-form” ellipse, defined by coordinates of the centre (in World Geodetic System WGS-84) longitude and latitude, lengths of the semi-major and semi-minor axes (in meters, referring to WGS-84 coordinates), and orientation of the semi-major axis (degrees, clock-wise from North). Moreover, a confidence value can be included as well. If the ellipse is interpreted in a statistical sense, i.e. to represent a soft statistical boundary for the positions in the coverage area rather than a hard boundary that includes all positions in the coverage area, the confidence value may specify which area with respect to the coverage area the ellipse describes. For instance, if the positions are assumed to be statistically distributed in the coverage area according to a 2D Gaussian distribution, the confidence value may for instance express if the ellipse represents the σ, 2σ or 3σ area of the 2D Gaussian distribution, wherein σ is the standard deviation. Therein, the σ, 2σ and 3σ areas may for instance be understood as the areas in which 39%, 86% and 99% of the terminal positions are considered to be within, respectively.
A = [ a b b d ] .
The matrix-form ellipse may require more memory space for storage, but may be faster to manipulate than the axis/angle-form ellipse. Similar to the axis/angle-form ellipse, also the matrix-form ellipse may represent a soft statistical boundary for the positions in the coverage area rather than a hard boundary that includes all positions in the coverage area. For instance, the centre c may then be interpreted as the mean value and the matrix A may then be interpreted as the covariance matrix, for instance of a 2D Gaussian distribution assumed for the distribution of the positions in the coverage area. The ellipse may then no longer coincide with the outer boundary of the coverage area, it may rather define a sub-area of the coverage area, for instance the σ area.
Details on conversion between the two axis/angle-form ellipse and the matrix-form ellipse are given in Appendix A.1.
In the following, for the sake of simplicity of presentation, it is exemplarily assumed that all coverage models and all pre-models represent “hard” boundaries of the coverage area.
In the exemplary system of FIG. 1, an elliptical model in axis/angle form or a model derived from it (for instance by adding further parameters) serves as coverage model and is saved in RMDB 15, for instance in the format shown in Table 2, The coverage models (for one or more base stations) stored in RMDB 15 are then delivered to terminals 16 to be used for positioning on their own or combined to other positioning data in the terminals 16.
Type 2G, 3G, WLAN, etc.
Furthermore, an elliptical model in matrix-form serves as a pre-model. As further exemplary pre-models, an outer box model 24 (see FIG. 2) is formed from the minimum and maximum coordinates of the ellipse 23, so that all reports so far are inside the outer box 24, and an inner box model 25 is formed as the maximal box fitted inside the ellipse 23, so that reports inside the inner box 25 do not change the ellipse 23. All of these pre-models are stored in SDB 12, for instance in the format shown in Table 3.
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of an example of the generation of a polygon serving as a representation of the coverage area of a base station and the coverage model and pre-models derived from this polygon.
Therein, block 302 performs detection of potential outliers. This detection is based on pre-models and/or information on the type of coverage area to be determined, for instance the maximum possible radius of the coverage area, which may for instance be stored in SDB 301 (corresponding to SDB 12 of FIG. 1). The concept of detecting potential outliers will be explained in further detail with reference to FIG. 9 below.
For all reports contained in RDB 300 (corresponding to RDB 13 of FIG. 1), a polygonal representation is determined in block 303. This polygon is then input into block 304, where a coverage model is generated from the polygon, and this coverage model is then stored in RMDB 311 (corresponding to RMDB 15 of FIG. 1).
For all currently non-monitored reports (i.e. for those reports that are neither suspected to be outliers nor suspected to be outdated, which will also be explained in more detail below with reference to FIGS. 8 a and 8 b, so that no monitoring is performed for them), a non-monitored polygon is determined in block 305, and this non-monitored polygon serves as a basis for pre-model generation in block 306. This way, inter alia, in a case of potential outliers, the optimal polygons both including and excluding the potential outliers can be maintained. This arrangement may ensure that if some of the monitored vertices are removed, there are vertices in reserve (i.e. vertices in the vicinity of the monitored vertices that are not discarded in screening since the pre-models used in screening are based on the non-monitored polygon) to produce a good coverage model.
The pre-models output by block 306 are then stored in SDB 308 (corresponding to SDB 12 in FIG. 1). SDB 308 further stores monitoring boxes (as will be explained in more detail below) set by block 302. Finally, SDB 308 further may store states of a state machine determined by a state algorithm 307.
The reports of the polygon determined in block 303 and of the non-monitored polygon determined in block 305 are stored back to RDB 309 (corresponding to RDB 13 in FIG. 1).
Each of blocks 303, 304, 305 and 306 in FIG. 3, or some or all of these blocks taken together, may be considered to represent a generating/updating process that generates and/or updates at least one model for the coverage area of a base station. The functionality of all blocks 303, 304, 305 and 306 taken together is referred to as RMG process in this specification.
FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary embodiment of an apparatus 6 according to the present invention. The apparatus 6 comprises a processor 40, which communicates with input interface 41, output interface 42, program memory 43, main memory 44 and optionally with mass storage 45.
Processor 40 is configured to implement at least functionality to monitor, for a position of a set of one or more positions that are associated with a coverage area of a base station, if a report comprising a position associated with the coverage area of the base station and lying in a defined environment of the position for which the monitoring is performed is received as a validation of the position for which the monitoring is performed. To this end, processor 40 may for instance run a computer program with program code for monitoring, for a position of a set of one or more positions that are associated with a coverage area of a base station, if a report comprising a position associated with the coverage area of the base station and lying in a defined environment of the position for which the monitoring is performed is received as a validation of the position for which the monitoring is performed. This computer program may for instance be stored in program memory 43, which may be fixedly attached in apparatus 4 or may be a removable memory. Main memory 44 is used by processor 40 as a working memory, for instance to store intermediate results and variables.
Processor 40 may be understood to comprise at least one functional block, in particular a monitoring block that implements the monitoring described above. It may optionally comprise further functional blocks, such as for instance a block that is configured to check if a defined time instance associated with the position for which the monitoring is performed has passed, and/or a block that is configured to modify information that is associated with the position for which the monitoring is performed (such as for instance a time instant (e.g. a timestamp), an indicator that indicates that monitoring is performed for the position and/or a definition of the defined area (e.g. a monitoring box)), and/or a block that is configured to remove or trigger removal of the position for which the monitoring is performed from the set of one or more positions, and/or a block that is configured to update or cause updating of at least one model for the coverage area of the base station based on the (possibly modified) set of one or more positions.
Input interface 41 is configured to allow obtaining information from another unit. This information comprises information useable for the monitoring, such as for instance reports comprising positions associated with the coverage area (optionally with further information such as for instance timestamps, etc.), and information on the defined environment of the position for which the monitoring is performed (e.g. monitoring boxes). Optionally, also information on a defined time instant associated with the position for which the monitoring is performed may be received, if the processor 40 of apparatus 4 is further configured to check if a defined time instance associated with the position for which the monitoring is performed has passed. Also the set of one or more positions may exemplarily (in parts or as a whole) be received via input interface 41, if it is maintained by apparatus 4.
Similarly, output interface 42 is configured to allow outputting of data resulting from the monitoring to another unit, such as for instance modified information associated with the position for which the monitoring is performed (such as for instance an updated timestamp and/or a deleted indicator indicating that monitoring shall be performed and/or a deleted monitoring box) and/or a deleted monitoring expiry time), and/or commands to cause removal of the position for which monitoring is performed from the set of one or more positions. If the set of one or more positions is maintained by apparatus 4, output interface 42 may also be configured to output a reduced set of positions in case of removal of the position for which the monitoring is performed or to output information on the removal of the position for which the monitoring is performed.
Optional mass storage 45, if present, may for instance store information on the defined environment of the position for which the monitoring is performed and optionally information on the defined time instant associated with the position for which the monitoring is performed. It may for instance store this information for all positions associated with a coverage area for which monitoring is performed, or also the information for all positions associated with several coverage areas for which monitoring is performed. Mass storage may further store the set of one or more positions (and also their associated information), if they are maintained by apparatus 4, and may also store the respective sets of one or more positions associated with several coverage areas.
Apparatus 4 may for instance be entirely implemented as a module that may for instance be integrated into a server. Apparatus 4 may for instance be entirely implemented as a circuit on a semiconductor chip. Apparatus 4 may for instance be entirely implemented on a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) or Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), to name but a few examples.
FIG. 5 is schematic illustration of an exemplary embodiment of a tangible storage medium 50 according to the present invention. Tangible storage medium 50 may for instance store a computer program 31 with program code 52 for monitoring, for a position of a set of one or more positions that are associated with a coverage area of a base station, if a report comprising a position associated with the coverage area of the base station and lying in a defined environment of the position for which monitoring is performed is received as a validation of the position for which the monitoring is performed. Tangible storage medium 30 is a readable medium, for instance a computer-readable or processor-readable medium. Accordingly, the computer program 51 stored on tangible storage medium 50 may be executable by a computer or a processor. Tangible storage medium 50 may for instance be embodied as an electric, magnetic, electro-magnetic, optic or other tangible storage medium, and may either be a removable medium or a medium that is fixedly installed in an apparatus or device, such as for instance apparatus 4 of FIG. 4.
FIGS. 6 a and 6 b (and also FIGS. 7 a and 7 b presented below) are flowcharts of exemplary embodiments of a method according to the present invention. These flowcharts may for instance be implemented as computer programs that are stored in program memory 43 of apparatus 4 (see FIG. 4). Consequently, these flowcharts may be executed by processor 40 of apparatus 4. Equally well, these flowcharts may be implemented as program code 52 of computer program 51 stored on tangible storage medium 50 (see FIG. 5).
In the flowchart of FIG. 6 a, monitoring is exemplarily performed for a single position out of a set of one or more positions associated with a coverage area, based on a defined environment of the position for which the monitoring is performed. It is however to be noted that this monitoring may equally well be performed for more than one position at a time, for instance in separate threads. Furthermore, it is assumed that the monitoring of the position and the checking if the position has been validated before the defined time instant is performed by the same apparatus (e.g. apparatus 4 of FIG. 4).
In a first step 600, it is checked if a position associated with the coverage area and lying in the defined environment of the position for which the monitoring is performed is received. If this is the case, in a step 601, a time instant (e.g. a time stamp) associated with the position for which the monitoring is performed is updated (for instance to indicate to a process that determines if positions in the set of one or more positions are potentially outdated that the position for which the monitoring is performed is not potentially outdated), and the flowchart terminates. Step 601 may optionally further comprise clearing (e.g. setting to a characteristic value such as 0) the defined environment and/or the defined time instant (and of further information related to the monitoring of the position, if necessary), to indicate that monitoring is no longer performed for the position. Step 601 may optionally further comprise addition or triggering of addition of the received position to the set of one or more positions, and updating or triggering updating of at least one model for the coverage area of the base station based on the set of one or more positions (with the added position).
If the checking in step 600 is negative, it is checked if the defined time instant has passed in a step 602. If this is not the case, the flowchart returns to step 600 and repeats checking positions. Otherwise, the position for which monitoring is performed is removed from the set of one or more positions, or its removal (and associated information such as the monitor box) is caused in a step 603. In a step 604, then updating of at least one model for the coverage area of the base station based on the set of one or more positions (without the removed position) is performed or triggered, and the method terminates.
In the flowchart of FIG. 6 b, monitoring is once again exemplarily performed for a single position out of a set of one or more positions associated with a coverage area, based on a defined environment of the position for which the monitoring is performed. In contrast to the flowchart of FIG. 6 a, the checking if the defined time instant is reached is however not part of the flowchart, since this checking is performed by another process, which may be implemented by the same unit (e.g. apparatus 4 of FIG. 4) that implements the flowchart of FIG. 6 b, or equally well by another unit.
In a first step 606, it is checked if a position associated with the coverage area and lying in the defined environment of the position for which monitoring is performed is received. If this is the case, in a step 607, the time instant (e.g. the timestamp) associated with the position for which monitoring is performed is updated (for instance to indicate to a process that determines if positions in the set of one or more positions are potentially outdated that the position for which the monitoring is performed is not potentially outdated), or its updating by another unit is triggered, and the flowchart terminates. Furthermore, in step 607, information associated with the position for which monitoring is performed is modified, as will be explained in further detail below.
If no matching position is received in step 606, the flowchart repeats performing step 606. This loop may for instance be terminated by an explicit event or by modifying one or more parameters that indicate that monitoring shall be performed for a specific position, or by modifying the information on which the monitoring is based, for instance by removing the information on the defined environment and/or the defined time instant.
As already stated, in the flowchart of FIG. 6 b, it is only checked if a position lies in the defined environment of the position for which the monitoring is performed, but not if this position is received within any time boundaries. This latter checking may for instance be performed by another process. This process is configured to remove or trigger removal of the position for which the monitoring is performed from said set of one or more positions in case that no report comprising a position associated with the coverage area, lying in the defined environment of the position for which the monitoring is performed and being associated with a time instant that is before the defined time instant associated with the position for which the monitoring is performed. This process may for instance step through the positions in the set of one or more positions, determine, if monitoring is performed for a position, and, if this is the case, determine if the position has been validated in the monitoring before the defined time instant associated with this position. An example of such a process is described with reference to the flowchart of FIG. 8 b below.
It may be indicated to the process in a plurality of ways whether monitoring is presently performed for a position in the set of one or more positions or not, for instance via information respectively associated with the position. For instance, there may be a dedicated indicator, such as a flag (e.g. a bit), that indicates if monitoring is currently performed or not. Equally well, the presence of parameters related to monitoring, such as parameters defining the defined environment and/or the defined time instant, may be indicative of whether monitoring is performed or not. Equally well, the parameters specifying the defined environment and/or the defined time instant may be set to characteristic values (e.g. to 0) to indicate that no monitoring is performed. The choice of a suited indication is within the skills of a person skilled in the art. For instance, if the defined environment is based on a pre-defined environment that is centered around the position for which the monitoring is performed, it may not be necessary to explicitly store this defined environment for each position (since it can be determined by a unit that performed the monitoring, albeit this may increase the computational complexity of monitoring). Similarly, if the defined time instant is for instance based on a regular schedule that is not specific for the positions for which monitoring is performed, it may not be necessary to explicitly store the defined time instant for each position. If both the defined environment and the defined time instant are not stored, it may for instance be advisable to use an explicit flag to indicate if monitoring is performed for a position or not.
Consequently, the communication between the flowchart of FIG. 6 b and the process may be based on modification of such information, see step 607. As a simple example, monitoring can be indicated to be performed for a position if there is a defined time instant for the position that is not set of a characteristic value, such as 0, wherein this defined time instant is for instance stored in a database that is accessible by both the apparatus that implements the flowchart of FIG. 6 b and the apparatus that implements the process. When a position for which monitoring is performed is validated in the flowchart of FIG. 6 b, then the definition of the defined time instant is set to the characteristic value in step 607 of the flowchart of FIG. 6 b. The process, when checking the position that was validated, will not remove this position, since the pre-condition for removal, i.e. that the position has to be in monitoring, is not fulfilled.
Returning to the context of the exemplary system of FIG. 1, apparatus 4 of FIG. 4 may for instance be considered to represent FPFR block 11 or a part thereof. The set of positions for which monitoring is performed may for instance comprise the positions in the reports stored in RDB 13 (which may for instance form a polygon). One or more of these positions may then be monitored, for instance since they are suspected to be outdated or outliers, as will be described in further detail below.
If a position of a report is considered to be a potential outlier or potentially outdated, the report may be assigned a monitoring box (representing the defined environment) and a monitoring expiry timestamp (representing the defined time instant). Therein, the monitoring expiry timestamp may for instance be obtained by adding a time interval (which may be fixed, e.g. pre-defined, or variable) to a specific time instant, for instance a time instant at which it is decided that monitoring should be performed, or a time instant that indicates when a report that contained the position for which monitoring is performed was generated, reported or received, or a time instant at which the position was last validated (e.g. received a hit in monitoring). Therein, the monitoring box and the monitoring expiry timestamp associated with the report may then be stored in SDB 12 (see Table 3) to indicate that the report shall be monitored and when this monitoring shall terminate.
Structure and operation of apparatus 4 will now be explained in the context of the exemplary system of FIG. 1 with reference to the flowcharts of FIGS. 7 a and 7 b, which may be understood as even more detailed representations of the flowcharts of FIGS. 6 a and 6 b, respectively.
When processor 40 of apparatus 4 (see FIG. 4) shall implement the exemplary flowchart of FIG. 7 a, i.e. performs both monitoring of incoming positions and checking of the expiration of the monitoring expiry timestamps, processor 40 may thus for instance have access, with respect to each position for which monitoring shall be performed, to the monitoring box and the monitoring expiry timestamp stored in SDB 12 via input interface 41. Equally well, if mass storage 45 is present and implements SDB 12, processor 40 may have access to the monitoring box and the monitoring expiry timestamp directly via the connection between processor 40 and mass storage 45.
Processor 40 may then for instance also receive positions reported by terminals and associated with the coverage area of the base station via input interface 41 and check if any of these positions are within the monitoring box and are received before a time instant specified by the monitoring expiry timestamp. Therein, only the positions received by processor 40 before the monitoring expiry timestamp is reached may be considered to validate the position for which the monitoring is performed. Equally well, if the positions are associated with a timestamp, which may for instance indicate a time instant when the respective position is measured/reported (e.g. by a terminal) or received by a unit different from processor 40 (e.g. a further unit in FPFR block 11), the positions with a timestamp before the monitoring expiry timestamp (which may however be received after the monitoring expiry timestamp is reached) may still be considered to validate the position for which the monitoring is performed.
Output interface 42 may then for instance be used to signal to RDB 13 (see FIG. 1) that the position for which monitoring is performed shall be removed, if this position is not validated in the monitoring, and/or to update or to trigger updating of timestamps of a validated position in RDB 13.
It is exemplarily assumed here that RDB 13 and SDB 12 only store information pertaining to one specific coverage area (and base station). It is readily clear that RDB 13 and SDB 12 may equally well store information pertaining to several coverage areas without affecting the functioning of the flowchart of FIG. 7 a in any way.
Turning now to FIG. 7 a, in a first step 700, it is checked if any positions associated with the coverage area are received (for instance positions reported by terminals as fingerprints that are separated into base-station/coverage-area-specific reports). If this is not the case, the flowchart proceeds to step 706 to check if the process shall be aborted, and if this is the case, terminates. If the process shall not be aborted, the checking in step 700 is repeated.
If step 700 determines that a position has been received, it is checked in step 701 if this position hits any monitoring box stored in SDB 12. If this is the case, the corresponding position is considered to be validated, and, in step 702, the timestamp of the position (or the report it is contained in) is updated (see Table 3). Therein, when exemplarily assuming that the timestamp in SDB 12 originally (i.e. before the first updating) reflected the time instance at which the fingerprint/report was received (e.g. by FPFR block 11), updating of the timestamp thus allows the timestamp in SDB 12 to be considered to represent the last time a position in the vicinity (as defined by the monitoring box) of the position (contained in the report) was received.
Furthermore, in step 702, the monitoring box and the monitoring expiry timestamp are cleared (for instance set to a characteristic value, such as 0) in SDB 12 to indicate that the corresponding position is no longer in monitoring. As already discussed above, it is readily clear for a person skilled in the art that there exist a variety of alternative possibilities to indicate in SDB 12 if monitoring shall be performed for a position.
Furthermore, in step 702, the incoming position that hit the monitoring box is added to RDB 13 (for instance by adding the report that contains the position to RDB 13). This may be advantageous if the position for which monitoring is performed is a potential outlier, since it may then be the case that the coverage area has moved and it may then be good to have the position that hit the monitor box (in addition to the position for which monitoring is performed) as a basis for an updating of the coverage model and the pre-models. This may furthermore be advantageous if the coverage area has increased by a small amount.
The flowchart then proceeds to step 705. Since the reports in RDB 13 serve as a basis for the generation/updating of the coverage model and the pre-models (see FIG. 3), the RMG process is started for the coverage area (represented by the positions of the reports stored in RDB 13) to trigger updating of the coverage model and the pre-models (see RMG block 14 of FIG. 1 and FIG. 3). After step 705, the flowchart proceeds to step 706 to allow abortion or continuation of the process as already explained above.
If it is decided in step 701 that the position is not in any monitoring box, it is checked in step 703 if any monitoring expiry timestamp has been reached. If this is not the case, the flowchart returns to step 700 and checks for further incoming positions.
Otherwise, since monitoring expiry timestamps of validated reports are removed in step 702, a positive outcome of the checking in step 703 indicates that the position associated with the reached monitoring expiry timestamp has not been validated, and the flowchart proceeds to step 704 and removes the position/report from RDB 13. This step also comprises removing of the associated monitoring box and monitoring expiry timestamp from SDB 12.
The flowchart then proceeds to step 705, where once again the RMG process is started for the coverage area (represented by the positions/reports stored in RDB 13) to trigger updating of the coverage model and the pre-models by the RMG process (see RMG block 14 of FIG. 1 and FIG. 3). In the exemplary system of FIG. 1, the finding that positions/reports have to be removed from RDB 13 may furthermore trigger state transitions in the state machine, for instance if the last position/report in RDB 13 has been removed (indicating that there are not up-to-date positions/reports from a coverage area).
The flowchart then again proceeds to step 706 to allow abortion or continuation of the process.
As an alternative embodiment, processor 40 of apparatus 4 (see FIG. 4) may implement the exemplary flowchart of FIG. 7 b, i.e. performs monitoring of incoming positions possibly without checking of the expiration of the monitoring expiry timestamps, since this is performed by a process that may be implemented by another unit. Therein, it is again exemplarily assumed that it is indicated via the value of the monitoring expiry timestamp if monitoring shall be performed for a position or not. Setting the monitoring expiry timestamp to a characteristic value, such as 0, indicates that no monitoring shall be performed.
Processor 40 then may have access, with respect to each position for which monitoring shall be performed, at least to the monitoring box (to be able to check if a position within the monitoring box was received) and the monitoring expiry timestamp (to be able to decide that monitoring shall actually be performed for a position) stored in SDB 12 via input interface 41. Equally well, if mass storage 45 is present and implements SDB 12, processor 40 may have access to at least the monitoring box and the monitoring expiry timestamp directly via the connection between processor 40 and mass storage 45. Processor 40 may then for instance also receive positions reported by terminals and associated with the coverage area of the base station via input interface 41 and check if any of these positions are within the monitoring box.
Output interface 42 may then for instance be used to modify and/or delete at least the monitoring expiry timestamps in SDB 12, to indicate to a process that removes positions for which validation was not successful that validation was successful. It may also be used to update or trigger updating of timestamps of validated positions in RDB 13.
Once again, it is exemplarily assumed here that RDB 13 and SDB 12 only store information pertaining to one specific coverage area (and base station).
Turning now to FIG. 7 b, in a first step 708, it is checked if any positions associated with the coverage area are received, as already explained with reference to step 700 of FIG. 7 a above. If this is not the case, the flowchart proceeds to step 712 to check if the process shall be aborted, and if this is the case, terminates. If the process shall not be aborted, the checking in step 708 is repeated.
If step 708 determines that a position has been received, it is checked in step 709 if this position hits any monitoring box associated with a position for which monitoring shall be performed stored in SDB 12. If this is not the case, the flowchart proceeds to step 712 to check if the process shall be aborted. If, in step 709, the position is found to hit a monitoring box, the corresponding position is considered to be validated, and, in step 710, the timestamp of the position (or the report it is contained in) is updated (see Table 3), or updating is triggered. Furthermore, the monitoring expiry timestamp in SDB 12 is cleared (i.e. set to the characteristic value, e.g. 0) to indicate to a process that is configured to remove positions from RDB 13 that are not validated within their respective monitoring expiry time that the corresponding position is no longer in monitoring (as already discussed before, this is however only one exemplary possibility to indicate that no monitoring is performed for a position). In step 710, also the incoming position that hit the monitoring box is added to RDB 13 (for instance by adding the report that contains the position to RDB 13).
The flowchart then proceeds to step 711, where the RMG process is started for the coverage area (represented by the positions of the reports stored in RDB 13) to trigger updating of the coverage model and the pre-models (see RMG block 14 of FIG. 1 and FIG. 3). After step 711, the flowchart proceeds to step 712 to allow abortion or continuation of the process as already explained above.
It should be noted that processor 40 of apparatus 4 (see FIG. 4) may also implement further functionality of the functional blocks shown in the exemplary system of FIG. 1. For instance, processor 40 may be configured to split incoming fingerprints into base-station-specific reports, to perform screening (pre-filtering) of the reports, for instance based on the pre-models, for instance in dependence on the current state of a state machine, in order to reduce the amount of reports that has to be considered by the RMG process when generating/updating the coverage model and the pre-models, to implement the RMG process of generating/updating the coverage model and the pre-models, to perform detection of potential outliers, to perform detection of potentially outdated reports and to operate a state machine that affects operation of the exemplary system of FIG. 1, to name but a few examples. Consequently, mass storage 45 of apparatus 4, if present, may then implement one or more of SDB 12, RDB 13 and RMDB 15, either as separate databases or as a single common data base. Furthermore database or databases may be realized as several physical instances that may implement the database partially, for instance based on geographical division.
If processor 40 of apparatus 4 (see FIG. 4) also implements the screening of incoming reports, it may for instance be advantageous that all positions/reports that are considered to be within a monitoring box (see steps 701 and 702 of FIG. 7 a and steps 709 and 710 of FIG. 7 b) are stored to RDB 13 without any further (potentially state-dependent) screening. Such screening may then for instance only be performed for those positions/reports that are determined in step 701 of FIG. 7 a or step 709 of FIG. 7 b not to be within any monitor box.
As already stated above, the monitoring of a position as shown in the exemplary flowcharts of FIGS. 6 a/6 b and 7 a/7 b may exemplarily be triggered by a decision that this position is potentially outdated or is a potential outlier. These decisions may for instance be made by the same unit that performs the monitoring (e.g. processor 40 of apparatus 4, see FIG. 4), or at least partially by another unit. The one or more units that make these decisions may then also provide the defined environment (e.g. the monitoring boxes) and the defined time instant (e.g. the monitoring expiry timestamp) to be used in this monitoring. Therein, the defined environment may for instance be based on a pre-defined area that then simply has to be set up around the position for which monitoring is performed. Alternatively, at least one dimension of the defined environment may at least in some cases be adapted to the position for which monitoring shall be performed or to other parameters, such as for instance the amount and/or rate of incoming reports. For instance, the environment may be smaller in case of a high rate of incoming reports as compared to a low rate of incoming reports. Similarly, the defined time instant may for instance be based on a pre-defined time interval that then simply has to be added to a time instant, for instance a time instant at which it is determined that monitoring for a position shall be performed, or to a timestamp of the report that contains the position for which the monitoring shall be performed to obtain the defined time instant. The time interval may of course also be variable, it may for instance be controlled depending on the amount and/or frequency of incoming reports. When controlling the at least one dimension or the time interval according to the amount and/or frequency of incoming reports, a current time may be taken into account. The control may for instance be calendar-based and may yield different results for different times of the year, so account for the fact that the amount and/or frequency of incoming reports may change over a year (as for instance in case of a skiing ressort).
It may also be the case that the determining of the defined time instant is different depending on whether monitoring is triggered by a decision that the position for which monitoring shall be performed is a potential outlier or is potentially outdated, and the same may hold for the determining of the defined environment. For instance, a shorter time duration may be added to a current time instant to obtain the monitoring expiry timestamp in case of potential outliers as compared to the case of a potentially outdated position.
In the following, exemplary embodiments of a process for detecting potentially outdated positions and of a process for detecting potential outliers will be presented in the context of the exemplary system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 8 a is a flowchart of an exemplary method for determining if a set of N positions, which is exemplarily assumed to be represented by the positions of the N reports stored in RDB 13 of FIG. 1 and is associated with a coverage area of a base station (the extension to several coverage area is again straightforward), contains one or more potentially outdated positions. This method may for instance be performed by processor 40 of apparatus 4 (see FIG. 4). In the exemplary system of FIG. 1, this method may for instance be implemented by FPFR block 11 or RMG block 14. Therein, execution of the flowchart of FIG. 8 a may for instance be triggered repeatedly, for instance in defined intervals, which may be fixed (pre-defined) or equally well variable, for instance dynamically adjusted, for instance in dependence on an amount and/or a frequency of incoming reports for a coverage area. Furthermore, in the flowchart of FIG. 8 a, it is exemplarily assumed that all reports/positions in RDB 13 are checked subsequently in a block-processing. Alternatively, the checking for potentially outdated positions may not follow a specific order, it may equally well be performed individually for single positions, for instance in response to specific events, and/or according to a time schedule that may for instance be influenced by the time instant a report/position is received, as for instance expressed by a timestamp. For instance, after reception (or adding to RDB 13), a report/position may be checked to be potentially outdated periodically with a fixed period, with the first period starting with the reception (or adding to RDB 13) of the report/position.
In the flowchart of FIG. 8 a, in a first step 800, a running variable n is initialized to 1, In step 801, the timestamp associated with the n-th report in RDB 13 is obtained (see Table 1). As already explained above, this timestamp may for instance represent the time the n-th report was originally received, or (when monitoring and updating according to step 702 of FIG. 7 has already taken place) the last time a report with a position in the vicinity (as defined by a monitoring box) of the position of the report associated with the timestamp was received. In step 802, it is then determined if the current time minus this timestamp is larger than a threshold. This threshold indicates the maximum age a report can reach without being considered potentially outdated. The threshold may for instance be a pre-defined threshold. Alternatively, the threshold may be controllable, for instance to be able to control a frequency of monitoring and thus the amount of computation power that has to be spent on monitoring.
If it is determined in step 802 that the difference between the current time and the timestamp of the report is larger than the threshold, the report (and the position contained therein) is considered to be potentially outdated and is put into monitoring in a step 803. This is accomplished by determining a monitoring box and a monitoring expiry timestamp for the report, and storing these values to SDB 12 (see FIG. 1 and Table 3). Therein, it is exemplarily assumed that the monitoring box is determined by specifying the coordinates of a square box that is centred around the position, and that the monitoring expiry timestamp is determined by adding a pre-defined time period to the current time. As indicated above, further alternatives to this determining of the monitoring box and the monitoring expiry timestamp exist. As already discussed above, optionally further steps may have to be taken (for instance a flag to be set in SDB 12) to indicate to the process that performs the monitoring based on the monitoring box and the monitoring expiry timestamp that monitoring for the position of the report shall be performed.
After this step, and also if the checking in step 802 is negative, step 804 is entered, in which it is checked if the running index n equals the number of reports N in RDB 13, and if this is the case, the flowchart terminates. Otherwise, running index n is incremented by 1 in step 805, and the flowchart jumps back to step 801 to check the next report.
The steps of the flowchart of FIG. 8 may for instance be performed continuously, periodically or be triggered by specific events, to name but a few examples. It is readily clear that the flowchart of FIG. 8 can also be changed rather simply to be executed in an endless loop once started removing step 804, letting step 805 directly follow step 803 and changing step 801 in a way that the timestamp of report n modulo N is obtained.
FIG. 8 b is a flowchart of an alternative exemplary method for determining if a set of N positions, which is exemplarily assumed to be represented by the positions of the N reports stored in RDB 13 of FIG. 1 and is associated with a coverage area of a base station, contains one or more potentially outdated positions. Therein, it is exemplarily assumed that the checking for potentially outdated reports also comprises a process of removing positions that were not validated in monitoring and have expired monitoring expiry timestamps, as already explained with reference to FIGS. 6 b and 7 b above.
The flowchart of FIG. 8 b may for instance be performed by processor 40 of apparatus 4 (see FIG. 4). In the exemplary system of FIG. 1, this method may for instance be implemented by FPFR block 11 or RMG block 14.
The steps of the flowchart of FIG. 8 b that correspond to the steps of the flowchart of FIG. 8 a have been assigned the same reference numerals.
In the flowchart of FIG. 8 b, it is thus checked for each report n if its position is in monitoring, see step 806. Therein, as explained above, it is exemplarily assumed that a characteristic value for the monitoring expiry timestamp of a position stored in SDB 12 is used to indicate that no monitoring is performed for the position (and any other choice of the monitoring expiry timestamp then indicates that monitoring is performed). If the report is determined to be not in monitoring, the checking for potentially outdated reports of steps 801-803 is performed as already explained with reference to FIG. 8 a above.
If the position is found to be in monitoring, it is checked in step 807 if the monitoring expiry timestamp has already been reached, which indicates that the monitoring did not lead to validation of the position (otherwise, the monitoring box and the monitoring expiry timestamp would have been removed/cleared, see step 710 of the flowchart of FIG. 7 b). If this is the case, in a step 808, the report comprising the position is removed from RDB 13, and also the monitoring box and the monitoring expiry timestamp is removed from SDB 12. Moreover, the coverage area is put into the RMG queue for the update of the coverage area models. The flowchart then proceeds to the next report or terminates. If it is determined in step 807 that the monitoring expiry timestamp has not been reached yet, the flowchart also proceeds to checking of the next report or terminates.
It is readily clear for a person skilled in the art that the process of removing reports/positions with expired monitoring expiry timestamps may equally be implemented independent from the checking for potentially outdated reports.
FIG. 9 is a flowchart of an exemplary method for determining if a set of M positions associated with the coverage area of a base station (the extension to several coverage areas is again straightforward), contains one or more potential outliers. This method may for instance be performed by processor 40 of apparatus 4 (see FIG. 4). In the exemplary system of FIG. 1, this method may for instance be implemented by RMG block 14, see for instance block 302 of FIG. 3. For instance, when a new report associated with a specific coverage area arrives, passes screening in FPFR block 11 and is added to RDB 13, the RMG process may be started to generate/update the coverage model and the pre-models, and in the context of this generation/updating, it may be checked for all positions (comprised in reports) stored in RDB 13 for this specific coverage area if they are potential outliers or not. In the flowchart of FIG. 9, M may then denote the number of all positions stored in reports in RDB 13 for a specific coverage area. Alternatively, when the RMG process is started, only newly incoming positions, i.e. positions that were not available in the last run of the RMG process or were not already considered in the last run of the RMG process, may be checked to be potential outliers, and then the variable M in the flowchart of FIG. 9 may then denote only the positions/report that are new.
In the flowchart of FIG. 9, in a first step 900, a running variable m is initialized to 1, In step 901, the position contained in the m-th report in RDB 13 (see Table 1) is obtained. In step 902, it is then determined if the distance of the position from a pre-model, for instance from a border or centre thereof, is larger than a threshold. This threshold indicates the maximum distance a position can have from a pre-model without being considered a potential outlier. The threshold may for instance be a pre-defined threshold. It may be an absolute threshold or a relative threshold that for instance takes the size of the assumed coverage area into account. Therein, the pre-model may for instance be the matrix-form ellipse, since this ellipse for instance allow computing a distance from it according to the “elliptical distance” (x−c)TA(x−c) (with x, c and A as already defined above, and a distance of 1 indicating that the position is on the boundary of the ellipse), which may require less computations than determining a distance from an ellipse in axis/angle-form. Similarly, other pre-models may be used, for instance also a circular model that assumes a specific maximum possible radius for a specific type of coverage area.
If it is determined in step 902 that the distance of the position from the pre-model is larger than the threshold, the position is considered to be a potential outlier and is put into monitoring in a step 903. This is accomplished by determining a monitoring box and a monitoring expiry timestamp for the report, and storing these values to SDB 12 (see FIG. 1 and Table 3). Therein, it is again exemplarily assumed that the monitoring box is determined by specifying the coordinates of a square box that is centred around the position, and that the monitoring expiry timestamp is determined by adding a pre-defined time period to the current time. As indicated above, further alternatives to this determining of the monitoring box and the monitoring expiry timestamp exist. As also already discussed above, optionally further steps may have to be taken (for instance a flag to be set in SDB 12) to indicate to the process that performs the monitoring based on the monitoring box and the monitoring expiry timestamp that monitoring for the position of the report shall be performed.
After this step, and also if the checking in step 902 is negative, step 904 is entered, in which it is checked if the running index m equals the number of reports M, and if this is the case, the flowchart terminates. Otherwise, running index m is incremented by 1 in step 905, and the flowchart jumps back to step 901 to check the next report.
FIGS. 10 a-10 c illustrate exemplary use cases of concepts of the present invention in the context of the exemplary system of FIG. 1. Therein, as already explained above, it is assumed that an elliptical coverage model is generated as the minimum ellipse around a convex polygon that encloses all positions reported by one or more terminal associated with a coverage area. The vertices of the convex polygon and also newly reported terminal positions are stored in RDB 13 (see FIG. 1) and serve as a basis for the RMG process.
In FIG. 10 a, it is assumed that such a coverage model 100 has already been generated based on a convex polygon with vertices 100 a, 100 b and 100 c. If position 101 is reported, this position 101 may for instance be classified as a potential outlier, since it may for instance exceed a threshold distance to a pre-model of the coverage area (which pre-model may for instance also have the form of ellipse 100). A monitoring box 102 is then set up around potential outlier 101, and if this monitoring box 102 does not receive a hit (a reported further position) before its monitoring expiry time expirers, the position 101 is removed from RDB 13, since it in fact turned out to be an outlier.
In FIG. 10 b, an elliptical coverage model 103 has been generated for a coverage area based on a convex hull with vertices 103 a, 103 b and 103 c. After a while, the coverage area however shrinks, for instance due to a power reduction of its base station. After vertices 103 a, 103 b and 103 c have reached a certain age, they will be considered to be potentially outdated, and monitoring boxes 105, 106 and 107 will be set up for them. These monitoring boxes, due to the reduced coverage area, will not receive any more hits, so that vertices 103 a, 103 b and 103 c will be removed from RDB 13. After a while, a new elliptical coverage model 104 will have consolidated as the minimum ellipse around a convex polygon with vertices 104 a, 104 b and 104 c.
In FIG. 10 c, an elliptical coverage model 108 has been generated for a coverage area based on a convex polygon with vertices 108 a, 108 b and 108 c. After a while, the coverage area however moves, and the final shape will be described by the elliptical coverage model 109, based on a convex hull with vertices 109 a, 109 b and 109 c. When the first terminal positions associated with the new coverage area are received, e.g. positions 109 a and 109 c, they may be classified as potential outliers, so that monitoring boxes 113 and 114 will be set up for them. However, since they are in fact no outliers, they will be quickly validated by further reports. Furthermore, after a while, the vertices 108 a, 108 b and 108 c of the old coverage model 108 will be considered potentially outdated and put into monitoring with monitoring boxes 110, 111 and 112. Therein, monitoring boxes 110 and 111 won't receive any more hits, so that their associated positions 108 a and 108 b will be removed. Monitoring box 112 will receive hits, since it is in the intersection of the new and the old coverage area. However, the associated position 108 c will not form a vertex of the convex hull on which the new coverage model 109 is based, since it is within this convex hull.
The following appendix describes exemplary algorithmic details of the present invention and is to be understood as part of the disclosure.
Straight lines on Earth are defined as those following the great circles (i.e. the circles on the surface of the earth dividing the Earth into two equal hemisphere so that the centre of the Earth lies on the plane defined by the great circles), and there is a difference between them and the straight lines in geodetic coordinates. These are luckily negligible for small coverage areas. At latitudes less than 80°, this error is less than 3 m for coverage areas with 5 km diameter, and less than 150 m for coverage area with 35 km diameter.
where a and e are the WGS-84 semi-major axis and eccentricity of Earth.
where v is the eigenvector of M A−1 MT corresponding to its first eigenvalue, and the a tan 2-function denotes the arc tangent taking the quadrants into account.
It is readily clear for a person skilled in the art that the logical blocks in the schematic block diagrams as well as the flowchart and algorithm steps presented in the above description and its appendices may at least partially be implemented in electronic hardware and/or computer software, wherein it may depend on the functionality of the logical block, flowchart step and algorithm step and on design constraints imposed on the respective devices to which degree a logical block, a flowchart step or algorithm step is implemented in hardware or software. The presented logical blocks, flowchart steps and algorithm steps may for instance be implemented in one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or other programmable devices. The computer software may be stored in a variety of computer-readable storage media of electric, magnetic, electro-magnetic or optic type and may be read and executed by a processor, such as for instance a microprocessor. To this end, the processor and the storage medium may be coupled to interchange information, or the storage medium may be included in the processor.
The invention has been described above by means of embodiments, which shall be understood to be exemplary and non-limiting. In particular, it should be noted that there are alternative ways and variations which are obvious to a skilled person in the art and can be implemented without deviating from the scope and spirit of the appended claims. It should also be understood that the sequence of all method steps presented above is not mandatory, also alternative sequences may be possible.
one of adding and triggering addition of said position comprised in said report to said set of one or more positions and one of updating and triggering updating of at least one model for said coverage area of said communication node based on said set of one or more positions including said added position in case that said report comprising said position associated with said coverage area and lying in said defined environment of said position for which said monitoring is performed is received.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said set of one or more positions at least one of represents a model for said coverage area of said communication node and serves as a basis for at least one of generating and updating at least one model for said coverage area of said communication node.
3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said monitoring for said position is triggered by at least one of a decision that said position for which said monitoring is performed is a potential outlier with respect to said coverage area of said communication node and a decision that said position for which said monitoring is performed is potentially outdated.
4. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein said decision that said position for which said monitoring is performed is a potential outlier with respect to said coverage area of said communication node is based on at least one model for said coverage area of said communication node.
5. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein said decision that said position for which said monitoring is performed is potentially outdated is based on a time instant associated with said position for which said monitoring is performed.
6. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein said decision that said position for which said monitoring is performed is potentially outdated is made repeatedly.
7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said defined environment has a rectangular or circular shape.
8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said modified information prevents said position for which said monitoring is performed to be one of removed or triggered to be removed from said set of one or more positions by a process that is configured to one of remove and trigger removal of said position for which said monitoring is performed from said set of one or more positions in case that no report comprising a position associated with said coverage area, lying in a defined environment of said position for which said monitoring is performed and being associated with a time instant that is before a defined time instant associated with said position for which said monitoring is performed is received.
9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said memory and said program are further configured to, with said processor, cause said apparatus, when said program is executed on said processor, to perform one of removing and triggering removal of said position for which said monitoring is performed from said set of one or more positions if no report comprising a position associated with said coverage area, lying in a defined environment of said position for which said monitoring is performed and being associated with a time instant that is before a defined time instant associated with said position for which said monitoring is performed is received.
10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein, in case of removal of said position for which said monitoring is performed from said set of one or more positions, at least one model for said coverage area of said communication node is update based on said set of one or more position excluding said removed position.
11. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said apparatus is at least one of a module, a terminal, an apparatus embodied in a chip and an apparatus that further comprises a user interface and a memory.
12. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said monitoring is performed to determine whether said position for which said monitoring is performed is at least one of an outlier and outdated.
13. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said position comprised in said report is associated with the same coverage area as said position for which said monitoring is performed if said position comprised in said report has been reported to be within said coverage area.
15. The method according to claim 14, wherein said set of one or more positions at least one of represents a model for said coverage area of said communication node and serves as a basis for at least one of generating and updating at least one model for said coverage area of said communication node.
16. The method according to claim 14, wherein said monitoring for said position is triggered by at least one of a decision that said position for which said monitoring is performed is a potential outlier with respect to said coverage area of said communication node and a decision that said position for which said monitoring is performed is potentially outdated.
17. The method according to claim 16, wherein said decision that said position for which said monitoring is performed is a potential outlier with respect to said coverage area of said communication node is based on at least one model for said coverage area of said communication node, and wherein said decision that said position for which said monitoring is performed is potentially outdated is based on a time instant associated with said position for which said monitoring is performed.
18. The method according to claim 16, wherein said decision that said position for which said monitoring is performed is potentially outdated is made repeatedly.
19. The method according to claim 14, further comprising one of removing and triggering removal of said position for which said monitoring is performed from said set of one or more positions if no report comprising a position associated with said coverage area, lying in a defined environment of said position for which said monitoring is performed and being associated with a time instant that is before a defined time instant associated with said position for which said monitoring is performed is received.
20. A non-transitory readable medium having a program comprising program code for performing the method according to claim 14, when said program is executed on a processor, stored thereon.
21. The method according to claim 14, wherein said monitoring is performed to determine whether said position for which said monitoring is performed is at least one of an outlier and outdated.
22. The method according to claim 14, wherein said position comprised in said report is associated with the same coverage area as said position for which said monitoring is performed if said position comprised in said report has been reported to be within said coverage area.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/202,591, filed Aug. 22, 2011, Lauri Wirola.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/202,595, filed Aug. 22, 2011, Lauri Wirola.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/202,603, filed Aug. 22, 2011, Lauri Wirola.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/202,609, filed Aug. 22, 2011, Lauri Wirola. | 2019-04-21T10:56:33 | https://patents.google.com/patent/US9220016B2/en |
The founder of PayPal is living large but continues to work.
SAN FRANCISCO - Max Levchin is not easily distracted from his work.
A few years ago, Levchin, one of the young princes of Silicon Valley, bought his first home, a 12-room Edwardian high atop a hill here, for $3.4 million.
But Levchin, who made a fortune at age 27 selling PayPal, the online payment service he helped start in 1998, never moved in. He sold it two years later without having slept there for even one night.
Since then, Levchin has moved into his second home, a more expensive one found for him by Nellie Minkova, his girlfriend of eight years who has become his fiancee. But so consumed is he by work on his second company, an Internet startup focused on sharing photos and videos, that the cartons that contain what Levchin described as "85 percent of my worldly possessions'' are still stacked in his living room, five months after moving day.
Levchin, who is now 32, is typical of a new generation of junior titans in Silicon Valley who might be called the prematurely rich - techies worth tens of millions of dollars, sometimes more, at an age when many others are just figuring out what to do with their lives.
They are happy to be wealthy, of course, but many of these baby-faced technology tycoons often seem indifferent to the buying power of their money, at least at this stage of their lives. Instead, nearly all of them have chosen to throw themselves back into a startup, not so much because they want a spectacular new home or a personal jet - though many of them do - but because they are in a competition with themselves and one another.
"For most of us, doing it again means surpassing what we've done previously," said Peter Thiel, Levchin's partner at PayPal, who also has started a new business, a hedge fund called Clarium Capital. "And that can be a really high bar."
Even among this jittery group of overachievers, Levchin stands out. In part that is because outdoing PayPal may be an all-but-impossible goal. Levchin acknowledges he has already earned more money than he could ever spend. But he said he would not consider Slide.com, the photo and video sharing site he founded in 2005 that is still in its startup phase, a success unless it is ultimately worth "at least $1.54 billion" - the price eBay paid for PayPal.
"Otherwise," he asked rhetorically, "what have I learned?"
During his PayPal days, Levchin was so committed to seeing the company succeed that he often sacked out at the office in a sleeping bag he kept under his desk. Considering that he described his apartment during some of this time as "scary," that had a certain logic. Cardboard boxes served as his living room furniture; a discarded computer desk was his dining room table.
These days, despite the phenomenal success of PayPal, which gave him the bulk of a fortune worth around $100 million, Levchin continues to work an average of 15 hours a day.
"We occasionally go out to eat, he sleeps a few hours, he works out," Minkova said. "But other than that, Max works."
She half-joked that she might appreciate her rare evenings out with Levchin more, if only he were not on his BlackBerry, answering e-mail messages and checking his Web site.
So committed is Levchin to seeing Slide.com succeed that he keeps a blood-pressure monitor on his desk. "I don't know what I would do if I couldn't start companies," he said. "I'd probably think about slitting my wrists." | 2019-04-22T22:45:44 | https://www.gainesville.com/news/20071028/young-tycoons-keep-plugging-away |
No Borders, Inc. subsidiaries Lannister Holdings, Inc. and Lannister Capital, Inc.have entered into a Mutual Strategic Alliance withFour Peaks Funding Solutions in order to provide both companys clients access to world class software development, digital marketing, and funding services.
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With over 70+ years in combined commercial finance experience, and over $650 Million USD in collective funded deals, FPFS prides themselves on being able to provide the absolute best possible solution for each business’s individual needs and goals.
The Arizona based company has a heavy expertise in Healthcare, Mergers & Acquisitions, and Commercial Real Estate financing. However, they are also a one-stop-shop for any business owners or investors that are looking for unique financing solutions, cutting edge technology based finance structures and can professionally handle financing for any need in any industry.
No Borders, Inc., through its wholly-owned subsidiaries Lannister Holdings, Inc. & Lannister Capital, Inc.’s mission is to develop, acquire and market revolutionary cutting-edge technologies for both internal use cases as well as client applications around the globe. With a focus on identifying and deploying specialized real estate investment and finance opportunities, Lannister Holdings, Inc. & Lannister Capital, Inc. are devoted to proving blockchain and smart contract use cases with real world applications such as socially impactful investment, tax advantaged investment products, syndicated investment and finance as well as fractional asset ownership structures. As a decentralized operation Lannister Holdings, Inc. believes that strategic partnerships and alliances to achieve real world deployment is a key ingredient to scaled deployment of these opportunities. Through the trade name Lannister Development, Lannister Holdings, Inc. offers full scope software development, integration and consulting services to clients in verticals such as Energy, Fintech, Manufacturing, Logistics, Insurtech, Real Estate and more. Lannister operates with a core belief that a decentralized, consultative, agile development structure and company culture affords Lannister a unique value proposition to stakeholders along with an incredibly compelling offering to clients who wish to learn more about and deploy impactful, cutting-edge technologies that can provide tactical competetive advantages, operational cost savings, risk mitigation, and valuable intellectual property within their respective business segments. Lannister Development operates with a top of mind focus on multi-faceted value creation that allows us to provide ourselves and our clients with not only the valuable results of deploying these technologies but also with a focus on the pieces and processes that can be secured with intellectual property filings both in the US and internationally.
This press release may include forward-looking information based on current expectations. Actual results may differ from those projected. The reader is cautioned not to place undue dependence on any forward-looking information. Except as required by law, the Company renounces any intention and accepts no obligation to update any forward-looking statements, be it a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Furthermore, the Company(s) assumes no obligation to comment on the expectations of, or statements made by, third parties in respect of the matters discussed above.
Lannister Holdings, Inc. a wholly owned subsidiary of No Borders, Inc.
Lannister Capital, Inc, a wholly owned subsidiary of No Borders, Inc. | 2019-04-19T06:27:39 | https://www.lannisterholdings.com/investor_relations/strategic-alliance-with-four-peaks-funding-solutions-the-true-matchmaker-in-commercial-finance/ |
i had so much fun in anaheim for the CHA show! DSP sponsored a laptop crop with 60 digital scrapbookers, and it was so fun! i got to meet more of our staff i'd never met and to see some again i haven't seen for too long. lauren bavin even came from new zealand and meryl bartho from south africa! read more about the crop and the show and all the fun on the DSP Travel Blog!
Conversation with Matt just now. Matt: (pointing to my wall) Mommy, what does that say up there?
Matt: what does that mean?
well i finally gave in and painted lizzie's room pink. with my love of rich, dark colors and my strong dislike of pink, it was hard, but i'm starting to like it! she loves it of course. the white trim sure does look nice with it.
we'd like to forget this day ever happened. :( this is how the kids ended up during the game. they were lucky. sydney still has her buckeye collar on, apparently an optimistic dog or something.
our new year's baby didn't think she'd get a 7th birthday party since we were traveling home from our florida vacation, but grandma surprised her with a princess party! she loved it! | 2019-04-26T16:29:57 | http://www.lundy5.com/2007/01/ |
Facebook as well as Twitter are preferred social media networks. How To Connect Twitter To Facebook Fan Page - They permit us to communicate in really various ways. Maybe that's why people use both of them to stay in touch with their friends and family.
If you are active on Twitter and Facebook, you may find linking the two socials media with each other makes your communication also better. The adhering to guidelines clarify how you can connect these social networking websites quickly so you can share your info.
- Launch your Internet internet browser and most likely to the Twitter settings page.
- Introduce your Net browser as well as most likely to the Twitter page on Facebook.
- Define the link setting as well as click the "Save Changes" switch.
Today we stay in an age of innovation, where no longer covers both standard means of interaction as it used to be the fax, letters, house phone, etc ... Currently we reside in the period where the significant media are socials media, these crucial systems where daily are raising in popularity compared with the number of customers entering them, as well as their appeal is of great astonishment, and that have a high degree of approval in society, given the ease of accessibility to them, you could access from your very own mobile phone to popular social media networks or your choice.
Its creator is Mark Zuckerberg, Among its benefits over this network we discover that individuals are able to correspond with pals very simply, is cost-free, can establish their business via marketing pages.
7. - has its own groups where you could join them depending upon your passions and also satisfy brand-new people with this.
Jack Dorsey, is the owner of this internet application, has the advantage of being accepted by the artists, as it is a way of communicating with his followers, along with supplying a brief communication, Twitter offers you the option to write in 140 personalities, many people liked it quick so we could update faster to be linked with the world in real time and also summarily.
1. - It is an easy to use, once it passes the initial printing (The very first time you check out twitter couple of comprehend).
2. - is dynamic and also is constantly upgraded by the TT and RT.
3. - His name is very catchy and also memorable logo design.
6. - Any person could go to an additional, unless you're secured.
8. - The majority of the musicians or the people of the field has currently twitter.
10. - in 140 characters you could create less as well as assist you believe to express many points.
Well these were the 10 main advantages of these 2 socials media, which are enhancing everyday you take the final decision about which is the most effective, I recommend broad mind to join one of these networks if you have not done, though I think now you have to have at the very least a minimum of one of these 2. | 2019-04-25T16:43:31 | https://www.fcetbichi.com/2018/10/how-to-connect-twitter-to-facebook-fan.html |
(facebook) Music is a journey through emotions, representing everything that words cannot describe. Wailing winds interspersed with the forest dream, hazy endless tunnels, or the peace that only in nature can one embrace. Inspired by romanticism, Aura Noctis aims to transport us to those places where the mind has never been, arousing the fantasy that is latent within all of us. Their melodies seek to be the hope that drives away the pain. | 2019-04-22T10:26:15 | https://treffenplaner.mbober.de/artists/9 |
Whether you celebrate Christmas or not, I hope you can feel the cozy warmth and joy from these very special holiday stockings. Although many of us look forward to the holidays because they represent spending time with our family and friends, for a lot of people, it’s a difficult time of year.
Many people who are disabled, handicapped, sick or neglected find themselves feeling extra lonely and even sad during the time of year that is supposed to bring us happiness and joy. Also, there always seems to be a shortage of blood donations during the holidays.
Now with this holiday blood pack design created by Kiseung Lee, we can put the very valuable gift of our blood into a special pack that will bring some joy to those who need it most, and remind them that we are thinking about them during this holiday season. Kiseung writes, “People would feel like they were being ‘Santa Claus’ like. Also, the socks shape welfare and the sharing love.” What a wonderfully heartwarming sentiment that I’m sure will bring some much needed smiles to a lot of people’s faces. | 2019-04-23T06:36:55 | http://www.bitrebels.com/design/holiday-blood-pack-design-bring-joy-where-its-needed-most/ |
why just go from A to B When Imagination can take you everywhere The road. A simple path, really. And yet it’s come to mean so much more. Perhaps the real reason roads are special is that every road leads us to someplace we’re not — but could be. At Chevrolet, roads are our springboards. They challenge us, taunt us and guide us to create better, more exciting, more ingenious ways to move through life. Roads drive us to places we’ve never been before. And we’ll never stop seeking out new ones.
CAMARO SEAMLESS MARRIAGE OF MODERN AND TIMELESS This is sheer adrenaline. You sense it in the iconic shape. You feel it in the agile, quick-to-respond handling. It’s the serious attitude. Everything about Camaro that has always ignited passion is advanced further. This is the 2014 Camaro. Experience it. Camaro 2SS Coupe in Red Rock Metallic with available RS Package and available features. Camaro 2LT Convertible in Blue Ray Metallic with available RS Package and available features.
Presence you can’t ignore UNMISTAKABLE, UNMATCHED From deep-set eyes to RS — CUSTOMIZED CAMARO The RS Exterior SS — BEAUTY THAT WORKS SS makes an emphatic Camaro 2SS Coupe in Red Rock Metallic with available RS Package and available features. sculpted rear shoulders, the shape of Camaro is pure emotion. This is Camaro in cool, classic form, with a refined look that enhances this iconic shape. A redesigned front fascia with a wider, lower opening offers improved cooling and reduced aerodynamic lift. Appearance Package, available on LT and SS, takes Camaro temptation to an even hotter level. Highintensity discharge headlamps with LED halo rings and the new chrome-accented grille add mysterious allure, while restyled LED taillamps are a brilliant tribute to the 1969 Camaro. 20-inch Midnight Silverpainted wheels with summer-only tires1 complete the powerful statement. performance statement for 2014 with a new functional hood air extractor for more efficient engine “breathing.” New SS-specific grille and lower extensions add to an aggressive look that is nothing short of pure adrenaline. 1 Do not use summer-only tires in winter conditions, as it would adversely affect vehicle safety, performance and durability. Use only GM-approved tire and wheel combinations. Unapproved combinations may change the vehicle’s performance characteristics. For important tire and wheel information, go to gmaccessorieszone.com or see your dealer.
PERFORMANCE-DRIVEN DESIGN Camaro 2SS Coupe in Red Rock Metallic with available RS Package and available features. Why does Camaro look the way it does? This is performing art. Every line, every curve amplifies the technology within. LESSONS LEARNED FROM RACING From its wider grille that forces more air to the 426-horsepower V8 to the strategically shaped rear spoiler and sculpted rear deck, the 2014 Camaro SS is aerodynamically designed to reduce lift. 20-inch wheels and Pirelli® P ZERO™ highperformance summer-only tires,1 on RS and SS models, were specifically chosen to deliver track-competitive traction and cornering power. TUNED FOR THE TRACK “Everything about the ZL1 design is directly related to its technology and serious performance, especially aerodynamics,” says Ed Welburn, GM vice president of global design. The shape of the 580-horsepower ZL1 – featuring lower grille splitter, single-piece rockers with wheel extensions, cooling ducts for the Brembo® brakes, and underbody belly pan – is designed to maximize downforce. GREAT WIDE OPEN When you combine all the features and performance of the Camaro Coupe with a power-folding top that retracts in about 20 seconds, the clouds practically chase themselves away. Choose from Camaro Convertible, SS Convertible or the supercharged ZL1 Convertible shown above. FUNCTIONAL HOOD AIR EXTRACTOR Camaro ZL1, Z/28 (shown above) and SS all feature specific hood extractors that allow air entering from the lower grille to escape from the hood, reducing lift. 1 Do not use summer-only tires in winter conditions, as it would adversely affect vehicle safety, performance and durability. Use only GM-approved tire and wheel combinations. Unapproved combinations may change the vehicle’s performance characteristics. For important tire and wheel information, go to gmaccessorieszone.com or see your dealer.
INTERIOR MOTIVES RECARO — A SEAT OF AUTHORITY All-new RECARO® DRIVING THE WAY IT WAS MEANT TO BE Camaro is designed to make every drive as rewarding and instinctive as possible. Instrumentation is exact. Seats are deeply bolstered and carefully tailored. Depending on model, choose from Sport Cloth or leather appointments. LT, SS and ZL1 models include 6-way power driver and front passenger seats. Take it up another notch with a new and very dramatic Blue Interior Accent Trim Package (shown here), available on 2LT and 2SS models. driver and front passenger performance seats are available on SS Coupe and ZL1 Coupe and standard on Z/28. Competition-tuned bolstering and sueded microfiber provide a premium appearance and planted feel in aggressive driving situations. GAUGE YOUR PERFORMANCE The new color Driver Information Center, standard on 2LT, 2SS and ZL1 models, lets you monitor vital statistics including tire pressure, oil life, fuel range and more. Also new for 2014: a color Head-Up Display for instant readouts of miles per hour and lateral g data. A 4-pack of auxiliary gauges – standard on 2LT, 2SS and ZL1 models – provides readouts for oil pressure and transmission temperature as it delivers a stylistic tribute to the first-generation Camaro interior. Left: Camaro 2LT interior with available Blue Interior Accent Trim Package. Center: RECARO seats on Z/28. Right: Camaro ZL1 interior with available Sueded Microfiber Package and available Chevrolet MyLink1 Radio with Navigation. 1 MyLink functionality varies by model. Full functionality requires compatible Bluetooth and smartphone, and USB connectivity for some devices. MyLink on Camaro does not include CD player.
HEAD RUSH Camaro Convertible 2LT in Blue Ray Metallic with available RS Package and available features. Camaro 2LS Coupe in Blue Ray Metallic with available features. IT’S YOUR TIME TO FLY Any way you order it, Camaro is a precision-tuned, highly acclaimed performer. The 3.6L 323-horsepower dual overhead cam V6 engine, standard in LS and LT Coupe and LT Convertible, features the advanced technologies of Direct Injection and Variable Valve Timing. Bottom line? The 3.6L Camaro will propel you from 0 to 60 in 6.4 seconds.1 Plus, it offers an EPA-estimated 30 MPG on the highway.1 HUG A CORNER Camaro elevates finesse and balance to an art form. The sophisticated 4.5-link independent rear suspension lets Camaro hug corners with smooth confidence. This is chassis technology you won’t find on Ford Mustang. With a standard 6-speed manual transmission, Traction Control and StabiliTrak,® Camaro further tempers power with control. Chevrolet 2-Year Scheduled Maintenance Program Chevrolet 2-Year Scheduled Maintenance Coverage2 is included with the purchase or lease of a new 2014 Chevrolet Camaro. This fully transferable program is in addition to the Camaro standard: • 5-year/100,000-mile3 Powertrain Limited Warranty • 5-year/100,000-mile3 Roadside Assistance Program • 5-year/100,000-mile3 Courtesy Transportation Program • 3-year/36,000-mile3 Bumperto-Bumper Limited Warranty 1 2LS Coupe. 2 Covers only scheduled oil changes with filter according to your new vehicle’s recommended maintenance schedule for up to 2 years or 24,000 miles, whichever comes first. Does not include air filters. Maximum of four service events. See participating dealer for other restrictions and complete details. 3 Whichever comes first. See dealer for details.
SS GO ALL OUT At the heart of SS: the latest generation PRECISION PLAY Either way, automatic or manual, NONSTOP FORCE of the timeless Chevrolet V8 engine. You can pair this 6.2L V8 with a 6-speed manual transmission and launch control. Equipped this way, Camaro SS puts down 426 horsepower and 420 lb.-ft. of torque. Or you can have the best of both worlds with an available 6-speed automatic transmission that incorporates Active Fuel Management™ with 400 horsepower for an EPA-estimated 24 MPG on the highway and TAPshift® for on-the-fly gear changes. Camaro SS will intimidate any would-be competitor. SS achieves its enviable balance of precision and responsiveness via a uniquely tuned suspension. Weight distribution is a near-ideal 52/48. Tracktested details include SS-specific stabilizer bars and dampers, along with electric power steering and the exceptional stopping power of Brembo® brakes with 20-inch wheels and Pirelli® P ZERO™ high-performance summer-only tires.1 1LE: ALWAYS COMPETITION-READY For more than two decades, owners and enthusiasts alike have coveted the competition-ready third- and fourth-generation Camaro 1LE Performance Package. 1LE combines the white-knuckle performance elements of the ZL1 and SS with a decidedly aggressive attitude of its own. The 2014 Camaro SS 1LE boasts its own FE6 Performance Ride and Handling Suspension, Goodyear® Eagle® F1 Supercar® Gen 2 summer-only tires,1 TREMEC® 6-speed manual transmission and a track-proven, upgraded chassis and body structure. Paired with a 3.91 finaldrive ratio and ZL1-based 20-inch forged-aluminum wheels, 1LE is tuned for road-racing performance. Camaro 2SS Coupe in Summit White with available RS Package and available 1LE Performance Package. 1 Do not use summer-only tires in winter conditions, as it would adversely affect vehicle safety, performance and durability. Use only GM-approved tire and wheel combinations. Unapproved combinations may change the vehicle’s performance characteristics. For important tire and wheel information, go to gmaccessorieszone.com or see your dealer.
ZL1 Camaro ZL1 Coupe in Silver Ice Metallic. 580-HP SUPER CAMARO Respect the history Its bloodline traces back to the legendary original-production 1969 Camaro ZL1. But make no mistake. This ZL1 is the most technologically advanced Camaro ever. And it is available in Coupe or Convertible models. THE FIRST SUPERCHARGED CAMARO Powered by an PROVEn ON THE NÜRBURGRING ZL1 engineers obsessed over every detail of today’s ZL1 to make sure it lived up to its name. They proved it on the most challenging tracks in the world, including an epic trek through Germany’s Nürburgring, where the ZL1 Coupe clocked a 7:41.27 lap. “You have to have an extremely well-mannered, confidence-inspiring car to take any corner at 160 mph without lifting off the throttle ... and the ZL1 was just brilliant,” says Aaron Link, Camaro ZL1 suspension engineer. Magnetorheological shocks ZL1 was the first Performance Traction Management (PTM) PTM, found on the ZL1 Coupe, is an advanced system that integrates Magnetic Ride Control, launch control, Traction Control and StabiliTrak Electronic Stability Control to work in harmony for racetrack performance and consistency. 5 PTM Modes (coupe only) MODE 1 – Traction: Wet; Active Handling: On; all-aluminum 6.2L supercharged V8 engine, ZL1 packs the one-two punch of 580 horsepower and 556 lb.-ft. of torque. Its strong presence is echoed by a brazen dual-mode exhaust. In extreme conditions, ZL1 maintains the utmost composure, thanks to its performance-tuned suspension that uses Magnetic Ride Control™ to adapt to varying road or track surfaces. Performance Traction Management (PTM), on ZL1 Coupe, is an advanced system that integrates the Magnetic Ride Control, launch control with manual transmission, Traction Control and Active Handling systems to achieve racetrack-ready performance and consistency. Suspension Mode: Tour; Skill Level: All MODE 2 – Traction: Dry; Active Handling: On; Suspension Mode: Tour; Skill Level: All MODE 3 – Traction: Sport 1; Active Handling: On; Suspension Mode: Sport; Skill Level: Intermediate MODE 4 – Traction: Sport 2; Active Handling: Off; production car in North America to feature the latest generation of Magnetic Ride Control. You’re not going to find that in many cars. ZL1 has three distinct damper calibrations: Tour, Sport and Track. These shocks employ magnetorheological fluid for damping levels adjusted up to 1,000 times per second, making the system exceptionally responsive and providing increased wheel control on even the roughest road or the most challenging track by reducing heave, pitch and roll. Suspension Mode: Sport; Skill Level: Advanced MODE 5 – Traction: Race; Active Handling: Off; Suspension Mode: Track; Skill Level: Advanced the ultimate convertible Go ahead and open it up. It’s hard to top the 580-horsepower ZL1 Coupe. Unless of course you lower the top — and keep nearly all the acceleration, road-hugging, high-performance capabilities of the most technologically advanced Camaro ever. Your call.
z/28 The wish list for any racer Lightweight, dry-sump THE MOST TRACK-CAPABLE CAMARO EVER Camaro Z/28 Coupe in Summit White. Late availability. LS7 V8 engine. Carbon ceramic brakes. Integrated coolers for track use. True aerodynamic downforce. Significant reduction in curb weight. Every detail is engineered specifically to create the ultimate track experience. The 2014 Camaro Z/28 restores the mission of the original Z/28, and serves as a testament to the expertise of Chevrolet as the best-selling brand of performance cars. makes no excuses Powered by the hand-assembled connecting rods, coupled with a forged-steel crankshaft, make the LS7 engine incredibly robust. Street-legal road racer Nearly 200 changes “We set out to make the fastest road-racing Camaro possible that was still street legal,” says Al Oppenheiser, Camaro chief engineer. With legendary excellence in precision and performance, this car could only come from Chevrolet and could only be called Z/28. Available Spring 2014. LS7 V8 – the most powerful naturally aspirated, regular production, small block V8 ever, with an estimated 500 horsepower and 470 lb.-ft. of torque. Lightweight components such as titanium intake valves and were made for uncompromised track performance. The lightweight chassis offers increased maximum cornering grip of 1.05 g. Get consistent lap-after-lap stopping power and 1.5 g in deceleration with a robust Brembo® carbon ceramic brake system. Z/28 curb weight was reduced by 300 pounds compared to the ZL1, with changes from thinner rear-window glass to forged-aluminum wheels wrapped in high-performance Pirelli® P Zero™ Trofeo R summer-only tires.1 Even air conditioning and insulation were removed. There’s only one interior speaker – just for the safety belt chime. 1 These tires perform best in dry conditions. Do not use summer-only tires in winter conditions, as it would adversely affect vehicle safety, performance and durability. Use only GM-approved tire and wheel combinations. Unapproved combinations may change the vehicle’s performance characteristics. For important tire and wheel information, go to gmaccessorieszone.com or see your dealer.
UPWARDLY MOBILE TECHNOLOGY ChevROLET MyLink Available Chevrolet MyLink,1 with 7-inch diagonal color touch-screen display, allows you to easily connect your compatible smartphone with standard Bluetooth® wireless technology.2 Siri Eyes Free3 puts the power of technology right at your fingertips, integrating with the vehicle’s entertainment system, allowing you to access information while your eyes stay on the road. Through voice commands or touch controls, tune into Pandora® Internet Radio4 or Stitcher SmartRadio. ™4 Or listen to commercial-free programming through SiriusXM Satellite Radio,5 standard for 12 months on LT, SS and ZL1 models or three months on LS models. With SiriusXM Travel Link5 you can access weather conditions and updates, movie listings and gas prices while on the go. Mobile Apps Stay connected to your Camaro with on 2LT, 2SS and ZL1 models. Or choose the available Chevrolet MyLink Radio with Navigation for maps and directions that display onto the 7-inch diagonal color touch-screen. color head-up display (hud) The new color HUD, the myChevrolet6 and OnStar RemoteLink®7 mobile apps, available from the iTunes® Store, BlackBerry App World™ and Google Play.™ Start your vehicle,8 check diagnostics, contact roadside assistance, schedule routine maintenance, and lock or unlock your doors. With OnStar®9 Turn-by-Turn Navigation, standard for six months, a voice calls out upcoming turns and street names which are also displayed on the new full-color Driver Information Center, standard standard on 2LT, 2SS and ZL1 models, projects transparent color readouts of miles per hour, lateral g data and other performance data, even your radio station, directly onto the windshield. Available rear vision camera. Available USB port.10 1 MyLink functionality varies by model. Full functionality requires compatible Bluetooth and smartphone, and USB connectivity for some devices. MyLink on Camaro does not include CD player. 2 Go to gmtotalconnect.com to find out which phones are compatible with the vehicle. 3 Requires available Chevrolet MyLink and compatible iPhone running iOS 6. 4 Data plan rates apply. 5 If you subscribe after your trial period, service will automatically renew and bill at then-current rates until you call SiriusXM to cancel. See SiriusXM Customer Agreement for complete terms at siriusxm.com. Other fees and taxes will apply. For more information about Travel Link, visit siriusxm.com/travellink. XM satellite service is available only in the 48 contiguous United States and D.C. 6 Requires iPhone or Android platform. 7 Available on select Apple, Android and BlackBerry devices. Services vary by device, vehicle and conditions. Requires active OnStar subscription, which is standard for 6 months. 8 Requires automatic transmission and factory-installed remote vehicle starter system. 9 Visit onstar.com for coverage map, details and system limitations. 10 Not compatible with all devices. iPhone and iTunes are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Google Play is a trademark of Google Inc.
features and options Camaro 2SS Coupe in Red Rock Metallic with available RS Package and available features. dimensions 54.2" (COUPE) 54.7" (CONVERTIBLE) 63.7" 75.5" 112.3" 190.6" 64.1" (LS, LT) 63.7" (SS, ZL1) maximum capacities EPA-estimated fuel economy 3.6L V6 with manual transmission (1LS/LT) 3.6L V6 with automatic transmission (LT) 3.6L V6 with automatic transmission (2LS) 6.2L V8 with automatic transmission (SS) 6.2L V8 with manual transmission (SS) 6.2L SC V8 with manual transmission (ZL1) 6.2L SC V8 with automatic transmission (ZL1) 17 MPG city/28 highway/20 combined 18 MPG city/27 highway/21 combined 19 MPG city/30 highway/22 combined 15 MPG city/24 highway/18 combined 16 MPG city/24 highway/19 combined 14 MPG city/19 highway/16 combined 12 MPG city/18 highway/14 combined fuel tank (approximate) CARGO VOLUME 1 19 gallons 11.3 cubic feet (Coupe) 10.2 cubic feet (Convertible, top up) 1 Cargo and load capacity limited by weight and distribution.
Colors CONVERTIBLE TOP COLORS EXTERIOR COLORS Black Blue Ray Metallic Red Rock Metallic Crystal Red Tintcoat 1, 2 Red Hot Bright Yellow 1 Ashen Gray Metallic Silver Ice Metallic Summit White n BLACK n BEIGE INTERIOR COLORS BLACK nn nn nn nn nn n nn n nn GRAY n n n n n n n n n BEIGE nn nn nn nn nn — nn n nn BLACK ZL1 n n n n n n n n n INFERNO ORANGE n — — — — — n n n BLUE n n — — — — n n n BLACK BLUE RAY Metallic RED ROCK METALLIC CRYSTAL RED TINTCOAT 1, 2 RED HOT BRIGHT YELLOW 1 ASHEN GRAY METALLIC SILVER ICE METALLIC SUMMIT WHITE Black Convertible Top Beige Convertible Top Wheels 18" Silver-Painted Aluminum (Standard on LS and 1LT) 19" Bright Silver-Painted Aluminum (Standard on 2LT, shown) Polished-Aluminum (Available on 1LT and 2LT) 20" Polished-Aluminum 3, 4 (Available on LT and SS, shown) Bright Silver-Painted Aluminum (Standard on SS) 20" Midnight Silver-Painted Aluminum 3, 5 (Available on LT and SS) 20" Forged-Aluminum Black-Painted 10-Spoke 3, 6 (Standard on ZL1; available on SS 6) 20" Forged-Aluminum Bright 5-Spoke 3, 7 (Available on ZL1) dealer-installed accessories personalize your CAMARO at chevrolet.com/accessories 21" Multi-Spoke Chrome Wheel Blade Spoiler Body-Color Engine Cover Front Splitter Stripe Packages 1 Extra-cost color. 2 Not available on LS. 3 Do not use summer-only tires in winter conditions, as it would adversely affect vehicle safety, performance and durability. Use only GM-approved tire and wheel combinations. Unapproved combinations may change the vehicle’s performance characteristics. For important tire and wheel information, go to gmaccessorieszone.com or see your dealer. 4 Requires available RS Package on LT. 5 Requires available RS Package. 6 Available on SS Coupe with 1LE Performance Package. 7 ZL1 only.
Fabrics Black Cloth (LS) Gray Cloth (LS) Black Sport Cloth (1LT and 1SS) Gray Sport Cloth (1LT and 1SS) Beige Sport Cloth (1LT and 1SS) Black Leather Appointments (2LT and 2SS) Gray Leather Appointments (2LT and 2SS) Beige Leather Appointments (2LT and 2SS) Blue-Accented Leather Appointments (Available on 2LT and 2SS) 1 Inferno Orange-Accented Leather Appointments (Available on 2LT and 2SS) 1 Black Leather Appointments with Sueded Microfiber Seating Surfaces (ZL1) 1 Extra-cost color.
PERFORMANCE CAMARO V6 ENGINE HORSEPOWER TORQUE AXLE RATIO O TO 60 QUARTER MILE SKID PAD 3.6L SIDI DOHC V6 VVT 323 @ 6800 rpm 278 lb.-ft. @ 4800 rpm 3.27:1 (1LS, LT); 2.92:1 (2LS) 6.4 seconds (2LS); 5.9 seconds (1LS and LT Coupe) 14.8 seconds @ 93 mph (2LS) 14.3 seconds @ 98 mph (1LS, manual LT Coupe) 14.4 seconds @ 98 mph (automatic LT Coupe) .80 g (LS); .82 g (LT); .90 g (LT with RS Package) 155 mph (113 mph LS, 1LT with 18" wheels) 4-wheel disc with 4-wheel ABS 60 to 0 in 123 ft. (LT with RS Package and 20" wheels) 60 to 0 in 128 ft. (LT with 19" wheels) 60 to 0 in 132 ft. (LS, 1LT with 18" wheels) 3,702 lbs. (2LS and automatic LT Coupe) 3,719 lbs. (1LS and manual LT Coupe) 20" x 8" aluminum front; 20" x 9" aluminum rear (LT with RS Package) BFGoodrich® Radial T/A (P245/55R18) (LS, 1LT) Pirelli® P ZERO Nero™ (P245/50R19) (1LT with available 19" wheels, 2LT) Pirelli P ZERO™ (P245/45R20 front; P275/40R20 rear) 1 (LT with RS Package) 51.8/48.2 (manual Coupe) 52.2/47.8 (automatic Coupe) CAMARO SS (CONTINUED) SKID PAD (MAXIMUM LATERAL ACCELERATION) .90 g 155 mph 8:19 (Coupe) Front 1-piece 14" rotors with Brembo® 4-piston calipers and rear 1-piece 14.4" rotors with Brembo 4-piston calipers; 4-wheel ABS 60 to 0 in 123 ft. 3,908 lbs. (manual 1SS Coupe) 3,946 lbs. (automatic 1SS Coupe) 9.17:1 (curb weight/horsepower) (manual Coupe) 20" x 8" aluminum front; 20" x 9" aluminum rear Pirelli P ZERO (245/45R20 front; 275/40R20 rear) 1 51.8/48.2 (manual Coupe) 52.2/47.8 (automatic Coupe) 23.0mm front; 24.0mm rear CAMARO SS WITH 1LE PERFOrMANCE PACKAGE (CONTINUED) WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION (F/R) STABILIZER BARS (DIAMETER IN MILLIMETERS) 51.8/48.2 27.0mm front; 28.0mm rear TOP SPEED NÜRBURGRING LAP TIME BRAKING SYSTEM BRAKING DISTANCE CURB WEIGHT POWER-TO-WEIGHT WHEELS TIRES WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION (F/R) STABILIZER BARS (DIAMETER IN MILLIMETERS) CAMARO ZL1 ENGINE BORE AND STROKE COMPRESSION RATIO HORSEPOWER TORQUE REDLINE AXLE RATIO O TO 60 6.2L LSA supercharged V8, aluminum block and heads 4.06 x 3.62 9.1:1 580 @ 6000 rpm 556 lb.-ft. @ 4200 rpm 6200 rpm 3.73:1 (manual); 3.23:1 (automatic) 4.0 seconds (manual Coupe) 3.9 seconds (automatic Coupe) 4.2 seconds (manual Convertible) 4.1 seconds (automatic Convertible) 12.1 seconds @ 120 mph (manual Coupe) 12.0 seconds @ 119 mph (automatic Coupe) 12.4 seconds @ 117 mph (manual Convertible) 12.3 seconds @ 117 mph (automatic Convertible) 1.0 g (Coupe); .98 g (Convertible) 180 mph (manual Coupe) 184 mph (automatic Coupe) 155 mph (manual Convertible) 155 mph (automatic Convertible) 7:41.27 (Coupe) Front 2-piece 14.6" rotors with Brembo 6-piston calipers and rear 1-piece 14.4" rotors with Brembo 4-piston calipers; 4-wheel ABS 60 to 0 in 126 ft. 4,120 lbs. manual (Coupe) 4,374 lbs. manual (Convertible) 7.1:1 (curb weight/horsepower) (Coupe) 7.55:1 (curb weight/horsepower) (Convertible) 20" x 10" forged-aluminum front; 20" x 11" forged-aluminum rear Goodyear Eagle F1 Supercar Gen 2 (P285/35ZR20 front; P305/35ZR20 rear) 1 52.4/47.6 (Coupe); 51.6/48.4 (Convertible) 25.0mm front; 28.0mm rear (Coupe) 23.0mm front; 26.0mm rear (Convertible) (MAXIMUM LATERAL ACCELERATION) TOP SPEED BRAKING SYSTEM BRAKING DISTANCE CURB WEIGHT WHEELS TIRES CAMARO SS WITH 1LE PERFORMANCE PACKAGE ENGINE BORE AND STROKE COMPRESSION RATIO HORSEPOWER TORQUE REDLINE AXLE RATIO O TO 60 QUARTER MILE SKID PAD (MAXIMUM LATERAL ACCELERATION) 6.2L LS3 V8, aluminum block and heads 4.06 x 3.62 10.7:1 426 @ 5900 rpm 420 lb.-ft. @ 4600 rpm 6600 rpm 3.91:1 4.7 seconds 12.9 seconds @ 113 mph 1.0 g 155 mph Front 1-piece 14" rotors with red-painted Brembo 4-piston calipers and rear 1-piece 14.4" rotors with red-painted Brembo 4-piston calipers; 4-wheel ABS 60 to 0 in 120 ft. 3,875 lbs. 9.1:1 (curb weight/horsepower) 20" x 10" forged-aluminum front; 20" x 11" forged-aluminum rear Goodyear® Eagle® F1 Supercar® Gen 2 (P285/35ZR20) 1 QUARTER MILE SKID PAD WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION (F/R) (MAXIMUM LATERAL ACCELERATION) TOP SPEED CAMARO SS ENGINE BORE AND STROKE COMPRESSION RATIO HORSEPOWER TORQUE REDLINE AXLE RATIO O TO 60 QUARTER MILE 6.2L LS3 V8, aluminum block and heads (manual) 6.2L L99 V8, aluminum block and heads (automatic) 4.06 x 3.62 10.7:1 (manual); 10.4:1 (automatic) 426 @ 5900 rpm (manual) 400 @ 5900 rpm (automatic) 420 lb.-ft. @ 4600 rpm (manual) 410 lb.-ft. @ 4300 rpm (automatic) 6600 rpm (manual); 6200 rpm (automatic) 3.45:1 (manual); 3.27:1 (automatic) 4.7 seconds (manual Coupe) 4.8 seconds (automatic Coupe) 12.9 seconds @ 113 mph (manual Coupe) 13.3 seconds @ 105 mph (automatic Coupe) NÜRBURGRING LAP TIME BRAKING SYSTEM BRAKING DISTANCE CURB WEIGHT POWER-TO-WEIGHT WHEELS TIRES WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION (F/R) STABILIZER BARS (DIAMETER IN MILLIMETERS) TOP SPEED BRAKING SYSTEM BRAKING DISTANCE CURB WEIGHT POWER-TO-WEIGHT WHEELS TIRES 1 Do not use summer-only tires in winter conditions, as it would adversely affect vehicle safety, performance and durability. Use only GM-approved tire and wheel combinations. Unapproved combinations may change the vehicle’s performance characteristics. For important tire and wheel information, go to gmaccessorieszone.com or see your dealer. | 2019-04-20T19:31:35 | http://www.youblisher.com/p/859992-CAMERO2014/ |
Hmmm - pretty sure the one week deal from 2014 is over.
He last logged on in 2015 so I am also doubting he is checking this thread to see about new orders.
In that case I'll take 2!
If they help, here are two that I have come across, one is for a 20SF and the other is for a Seafari 25(?).
They Look Great! Ill take one or two. Either one but preferably, one of each.
I did find an old plate that came form a 20SF, I just cant find where I saved it. | 2019-04-23T17:51:22 | http://www.classicseacraft.com/community/showthread.php?s=4464d4c40a988adfaa6af486a6fde148&p=262083 |
This Baby Iguanodont model would be an ideal addition with our other models in the dinosaur range to give a real pre-historic feel to any display area.
What better model then to attract attention in any Jurassic themed area? This baby Iguanodont model looks fantastic in combination with our other dinosaurs, eg the 8ft high Triceratops, Baby Ceardactylus, Minmi Ankylosaur and the baby T'Rex.
We do hold a number of our Dinosaur Series models in stock, however some, especially the very large figures, may have to be made to order with a lead-time of over 8 weeks, phone for details.
It can be used in any themed area or in shops, businesses, pubs, restaurants, coffee shops, adventure golf courses, zoos, theme-parks or even in your own home. | 2019-04-23T11:57:57 | http://lifesize-models.co.uk/product.php?id=811&cat_id=51 |
The Masculine Heart: Interview w/ Boysen Hodgson - Real Men and Men Getting Real - What does it Mean to Be A Man??
Interview w/ Boysen Hodgson - Real Men and Men Getting Real - What does it Mean to Be A Man??
I met Boysen Hodgson at The Evolving Men Conference last summer in Boulder. Smart guy - soulful, integrally informed. He is a part of the upper tier of the Mankind Project in the Northeast. This is the 2nd time I have posted an interview he has done.
He recently spoke with Jenn La Lima-Ortmuller for infinite possibility: be the sky on what it means to be a man, and how men can be in touch with the fullness that is within them.
Real Men and Men Getting Real. What does it Mean to Be A Man??
Four Part Interview with Boysen Hodgson of The ManKind Project.
Boysen and Jenn talk about what men can do to emotionally and spiritually support themselves and their loved ones by getting to know all they are, and the potential that is always right before them.
Part 2~ How this works, and how men and women sometimes live simplified versions of who they are.
Part 4~ Men and Women.
Happy to find your site- thank you for posting. Gender roles & society's role in them-> very interesting topics to me! | 2019-04-22T06:09:49 | http://masculineheart.blogspot.com/2011/04/interview-w-boysen-hodgson-real-men-and.html |
Think back to your favourite Christmas food memory. Perhaps it was the first turkey you dressed and baked yourself; the sweet smell of cranberries ladled onto your plate; or the mouth-watering anticipation of finally getting to taste your grandparent's signature pie. On Thursday, December 19th on Rogers Daytime, I'll be showing some Christmas treats from my Canadian Christmas Cooking cookbook, first published in 1979 and in print for almost 25 years, reprinted a couple of times over the years.
I have updated the book, and Whitecap has put out a new edition this year. As the Canadian. CANADIAN CHRISTMAS COOKING [Rose MURRAY] on Amazon. com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Canadian Cooking and Christmas Recipes By Rose Murray 1990. Canada's Favourite Recipes [Rose Murray, Elizabeth Baird] on Amazon.
com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Canada's beloved food writers, and long-time friends, Rose Murray and Elizabeth Baird have teamed up to create an all-new cookbook containing some of Rose murray canadian christmas cooking most quintessential and delicious recipes of Canadian cuisine. A beautiful keepsake hardcover book Get this from a library! Rose Murray's Canadian Christmas cooking: the classic guide to holiday feasts. [Rose Murray] It is a recipe I include in one of my menus in Rose Murray’s Canadian Christmas Cooking.
Check out Tangy Cranberry Relish on my Recipe Page. December 22, 2014 at 10: 37 am Leave a comment Think back to your favourite Christmas food memory. Perhaps it was the first turkey you dressed and cooked yourself, or the sweet smell of cranberries ladled onto your plate, or the mouth-watering anticipation of finally getting to taste your grandparent's signature pie. First published ROSE MURRAY has authored eleven cookbooks since 1979, including Canadian Christmas Cooking and Canada's Favourite Recipes, written with Elizabeth Baird, which won gold in Taste Canada's Food Writing Awards in 2013.
A mother of two grown children and a grandmother of two, Rose lives with her husband, Kent, in Cambridge, Ontario. Get this from a library! Canadian Christmas cooking. [Rose Murray] tourtiere turnovers Tourtière is a French-Canadian pork pie and is a traditional part of the Christmas Eve celebration. We love to make this dish every holiday season and our friend Rose Murray developed this festive appetizer version that’s perfect as a.
Rose Murray's Canadian Christmas Cooking: The Classic Guide to Holiday Feasts; Rose Murray's Canadian Christmas Cooking: The Classic Guide to Holiday Feasts. by Murray, Rose, Baird, Elizabeth, Friends of Fort York Staff. It is a recipe I include in one of my menus in Rose Murray's Canadian Christmas Cooking. Check out Tangy Cranberry Relish on my Recipe Page. December 22. *When using raw eggs in a recipe, choose Canada Grade-A eggs within their.
and I published this recipe first in my book Canadian Christmas Cooking. Rose is the author of 10 cookbooks: Canadian Christmas Cooking; Rose Murray's Vegetable Cookbook; Secrets of the Sea; Rose Murray's Comfortable Kitchen. Canada's Favourite Recipes: Rose Murray, Elizabeth Baird: : Books - Amazon. ca. I ordered lots of these books for Christmas gifts. I also gave. Rose Murray has been a key player in the Canadian food scene for almost three. Favourite Recipes and Rose Murray's Canadian Christmas Cooking.
In 2015. Jun 30, 2015. article on Canadian cookbook author Rose Murray. Her cookbooks span a range of subjects: Canadian Christmas Cooking (first published in. Canada's beloved food writers, and long-time friends, Rose Murray and Elizabeth Baird have teamed up to create an all-new cookbook containing some of the.
Canada's Favourite Recipes has 19 ratings and 4 reviews. Canada's beloved food writers, and long-time friends, Rose Murray and Elizabeth Baird have teame. . the ages. | See more ideas about Cook books, Cookery books and Family recipes. See more. A Taste of Canada: A Culinary Journey, by Rose Murray. | 2019-04-26T16:22:41 | http://economyobzor.com/rose-murray-canadian-christmas-cooking-8434.html |
Peugeot Design Lab and the Design & Styling Department of Alstom Transport will create the future tram for the Urban Community of Strasbourg. Building on the global brand design expertise of Peugeot Design Lab and the Tramway design know-how of the Design & Styling Department of Alstom Transport, the two teams are working together to design the next generation of tram for the city of Strasbourg.
- A design decoded as caring, expressive, with a close interaction with the public.
- A simple design, unpretentious, reduced to the essentials, consisting of a small number of clearly organized elements.
The proportions of the 3rd generation have been reworked and give the impression of a more compact tram. The windscreen and side windows have been precisely adjusted to give a more controlled and flowing form. The overall design was conceived in a spirit of simplicity, quality, and overall consistency from one end to the other. The general lines are inclined to emphasize a fluid and agile tram. The surfaces are smooth and flowing, with round and non-aggressive forms. Edges and curves are subtly tightened for a controlled modern design. | 2019-04-22T01:14:36 | http://www.peugeotdesignlab.com/en/projects/transportation/alstom-strasbourg-tram |
I recently purchased a useful gadget called CloudShell to house my ARM-based big.LITTLE octa core processor board called Odroid XU4 and a SATA 2.5 inch hard disk. My plan is to use it as a home server to expose services that can be accessed from the Internet. But before I open up the firewall to allow access to this server from the Internet, I want to make sure proper security is in place. The major requirement is that even if this server has been compromised, intruders cannot make use of this server to access my other home computers, tablets, mobile phones and file servers on the home network. | 2019-04-26T05:48:39 | http://mrdreambot.ddns.net/category/network-security/ |
This annual show hosted by Mim and John Erasmus will be held as usual at on May 18 at St Thomas Church Hall at 19h00 for 19h30.
Artists include Colin Penn, Trevor Yates, the Celtic Dance Company, a talented children’s Zulu dance group and Mim's singing student "pop idols".
All funds raised will go to the daily feeding of 7,000 children under the age of six. Tickets R40 include a meal. Book through Feed the Babies Fund on 031 201-4682/5. | 2019-04-18T10:40:45 | http://artsmart.co.za/music/archive/1430.html |
01/20/2018 in English, There Is No Contradiction In Quran.
12/15/2015 in English, There Is No Contradiction In Quran.
Why didn’t Allah send a female prophet?
11/12/2015 in English, There Is No Contradiction In Quran.
10/20/2015 in English, There Is No Contradiction In Quran.
10/18/2015 in English, There Is No Contradiction In Quran.
Is it banned to question in Quran?
10/09/2015 in English, There Is No Contradiction In Quran.
10/02/2015 in English, There Is No Contradiction In Quran.
According to the Quran, is a person who apostatizes murdered?
09/27/2015 in English, There Is No Contradiction In Quran.
08/12/2015 in English, There Is No Contradiction In Quran.
Is it unfair to give two shares of the heritage to the man and one share to the woman?
08/05/2015 in English, There Is No Contradiction In Quran.
Is Kaba a safe place? How should we understand the verse about this subject?
06/11/2015 in English, There Is No Contradiction In Quran.
Who are the sons of Prophet Ibrahim?
06/08/2015 in English, There Is No Contradiction In Quran.
Does coral grow in sweet waters?
06/01/2015 in English, There Is No Contradiction In Quran.
Are the women fields of men according to Quran?
05/15/2015 in English, There Is No Contradiction In Quran.
Did the Prophet order 400/900 Jews to be killed in Kurayza?
03/25/2015 in English, There Is No Contradiction In Quran.
Is the earth flat or sphere according to Quran?
03/19/2015 in English, There Is No Contradiction In Quran.
Isn’t it mentioned about love in Quran ?
03/11/2015 in English, There Is No Contradiction In Quran.
Why is the thought organ heart in Quran?
03/09/2015 in English, There Is No Contradiction In Quran.
Are the Jews cursed in Quran or a master race?
02/12/2015 in Azərbaycan, Quran'da Ziddiyyət Olmaz.
Quran hər yerəmi, yoxsa sadəcə Ərəb yarımadasınamı endirilib?
02/09/2015 in Azərbaycan, Kuran'daki Çelişki İddiaları, Quran'da Ziddiyyət Olmaz.
NUH TUFANI REGİONAL FƏLAKƏT İDİ?
02/09/2015 in Azərbaycan, Quran'da Ziddiyyət Olmaz.
Is there permission in Quran to beat women?
02/04/2015 in English, There Is No Contradiction In Quran.
Is there child marriage in Quran?
Was the Quran sent to the Arab Peninsula only? Or is it universal?
02/03/2015 in English, There Is No Contradiction In Quran.
Nə Üçün Şahidlik Edərkən Bir Kişi İki Qadın Olmalıdır?
02/03/2015 in Azərbaycan, Quran'da Ziddiyyət Olmaz.
Quranda Qadın Döyməyə İcazə Varmı?
QURANDA UŞAQ YAŞINDA EVLİLİK VARMI?
02/02/2015 in Azərbaycan, Quran'da Ziddiyyət Olmaz.
Who is the first Muslim according to?
02/02/2015 in English, There Is No Contradiction In Quran. | 2019-04-19T07:23:57 | https://thereisnocontradictioninquran.com/Topic/quran/ |
The sky’s the limit so you won’t take to gamble when you choose VIP Southwest Services for your evening of adventure at one of our local casinos and racetracks.
Our exclusive ground transportation service is a safe and stylish way to enjoy an evening of gaming entertainment. Mescalaro and Ruidoso Downs is approximately 1 hour and 45 minutes from Las Cruces. The Inn of the Mountain Gods Casino and Resort offers great dinning, slots and gaming tables. Ruidoso Downs has been the home of the Worlds richest Quarter Horse Race since the All American Futurity.
And only 45 minutes away Sunland Racetrack and Casino offers slot machines, dining, betting on horse races, and concerts. You’ll have the time of your life at Sunland Park Racetrack and Casino. Enjoy over 700 state-of-the-art slot machines and year-round simulcast wagering from tracks all over the world.
We can accommodate a gaming experience anywhere in Southern New Mexico and the El Paso area, with limousine service and quality that is unmatched. Our limo drivers are courteous, professional, and always strive to make your experience with us smooth, stress free and, most importantly, fun. | 2019-04-24T07:11:18 | http://www.vipswservices.com/package/casino/ |
I’ve never had a good relationship…with hangers.
I come from tidy organized people (well maybe don’t look in Dad’s office). I grew up knowing that everything had a place and everything should be in it’s place. I LOVE color coding and labels and boxes to organize things. I have an organizational philosophy for everything. When I get stressed, overwhelmed, or have feelings to process, I reorganize. Everything I own should be meticulously organized, I know how I want it to be, but alas, my closet is my biggest nemesis. Somehow my clothes never stay on the hangers. Never.
Eventually it drives me crazy and I forgo sleep (not that I sleep that much) and reorganize the entire closet (read: clean up the hot mess). I realize that if I had less I would have less to clean up.
This past week I haven’t slept much, blame insomnia, feelings, life changes, whatever. I was wide awake anyway so I decided to organize.
I have been on a purging kick for for about a year and a half, almost two years. The desire to purge started because I lost a decent amount of weight and pretty soon after, life threw me a HUGE curveball. 84% unrelated incidents. I had piles upon piles of clothes to get rid of because I never wanted them to fit again. I also realized that at some point all the stuff I had was going to have to move with me and not just be in storage at my parents house. I was pretty sure my one day future husband would not want to have stuffed animals, every note I ever passed in school, a massive collection of hair do-dads, tchotchkes from adolescent and college life, to move into our one day future home together. I sure made a lot of trips to donation centers that summer. I began to feel lighter, happier, free. I kept going and I have continued to try and purge the stuff.
I run into trouble though because, well, I have nice things. I feel guilty getting rid of things for the simple reason that I just want to get rid of them. I need to get over that. I want to own less.
I started “spring cleaning” back in March. I packed up some winter things and got rid of some of the spring clothes that I realized I should have never hung on to and no longer wanted. That was the beginning of the most recent purge. Little by little I let go of a few items here and there. Then the baby came (not mine, but he lives here too).
This week I feel like I finished (for now, I realize this will be an ongoing process). I was ruthless, sort of. I did most of my purging while on the phone with two of my best cleaning support team. Sometimes we need a little validation and encouragement to let go of the stuff and someone to point out that the amount of nail polish you own is just unacceptable….
My friend talked to me for probably over an hour. Thanks to her I was able to let go of 9 pairs of shoes (including a pair I’ve had since my sophomore year of college) and some camp clothes. Shorts that have experienced at least 4 summers of camp (I can tell you which color paint and tie dye stains are from which summer) went into the bag.
Mom talked to me while I, quickly, to avoid changing my mind, boxed up 40 bottles of nail polish. I can’t believe I even owned that much polish. I pitched all the makeup that I never wear, and just about anything that had glitter in it.
I sent friends pictures of my jewelry and let them call dibs. This was perhaps the best thing I did, because then I felt like the nice things I loved, but never wore would at least have a good home and I wasn’t “throwing them out”. It assuaged some of my guilt and made it easier to just let go.
I feel lighter, more organized, and more focused. I still have a long way to go before anyone would call me a minimalist, but I am pretty thrilled with my progress. I am not even sure minimalist is my goal, I think I should just strive to have a better relationship with hangars.
I feel a little exposed showing off my closet, but it feels good to have it the way I imagined it could be. | 2019-04-18T16:20:52 | https://aimeedenise.wordpress.com/tag/spring-clean/ |
Need to make an acupuncturist appointment this week? Use Zocdoc to find acupuncturists near you who take Assurant Health insurance. It’s simple, secure and free.
She is very knowledgeable about both western medicine and TCM and how the two can work together as well as when they can't. She is also very intuitive ! As a medical professional myself, I appreciate all of her knowledge. | 2019-04-21T18:27:07 | https://www.zocdoc.com/acupuncturists/assurant-health-335m |
Funds that hold mega-cap, high-quality stocks are poised to do well. But don't give up on emerging markets.
Stocks of high-quality, blue-chip companies led all stock categories -- domestic and foreign -- in 2011, and I think they'll continue to do so this year. So in picking exchange-traded funds for 2012, I like those that focus on huge companies that have sustainable competitive advantages, boast strong balance sheets and pay dividends.
Last year's results mark a reversal of a long pattern of small- and midsize-company stocks topping their larger-capitalization brethren. Today, large caps are cheaper based on price-earnings ratios and other measures. What's more, blue chips should hold up better if the euro-zone crisis boils over.
Before I reveal my picks, a quick review of ETF basics: ETFs are simply mutual funds that trade on the stock exchanges. Most are index funds. ETFs are usually cheaper than other funds. I favor Vanguard ETFs because they're often the cheapest and because Vanguard has a long and distinguished record of running index funds. ETFs from iShares are my second choice because they're typically the next cheapest.
Vanguard Dividend Appreciation (symbol VIG) is my single favorite ETF for 2012. It tracks the Mergent Dividend Achievers Select index, which tracks stocks of companies that have increased their dividends at least ten years in a row. Mergent screens out stocks of small firms, as well as companies that may not be able to keep hiking their dividends. What's left is a portfolio of America's top brands, including McDonald's, International Business Machines, Coca-Cola and Procter & Gamble. More than half of the ETF's assets are in consumer staples and industrials. The average P/E of the ETF's 127 stocks is just 12, based on analysts' estimated 2012 earnings.
By the standards of 2011's mediocre, sometimes harrowing stock market performance, VIG had a great year, returning 6.1%. That beat Standard & Poor's 500-stock index's 2.1% return by 4 percentage points. Over the past five years, the ETF gained an annualized 2.4%, compared with a 0.3% annualized loss for the S&P 500 (all returns are through the end of 2011). Yet, thanks to the ETF's focus on dividends and quality, it has been 13% less volatile than the S&P 500. Incidentally, you shouldn't confuse a rising-dividend strategy with a high-income approach. VIG yields 2.3%, little more than the S&P 500's yield. The fund's annual expense ratio is just 0.18%.
After loading up on dividend-paying stocks, look for just plain large companies. You get nothing but the nation's largest firms with iShares Morningstar Large Core Index (JKD). The average market value (share price times number of shares outstanding) of the fund's 95 stocks is $62 billion, compared with $36 billion for the S&P 500. One-third of the ETF's assets are in consumer-staples companies, and the average P/E of its holdings is 13.5. The fund, which returned 3.3% last year, charges annual expenses of 0.20%.
Europe is on the brink of disaster, and Japan seems a perpetual mess. Still, you can't neglect foreign stocks. For stocks in developed markets, Vanguard MSCI EAFE ETF (VEA) is a fine choice, with an expense ratio of just 0.12%. The silver lining for investors in developed foreign markets is that stock prices have fallen as the euro-zone crisis has deepened. The average P/E of the 909 stocks in VEA is just 10, and the ETF yields a healthy 3.4%. Nearly two-thirds of the fund's assets are in Europe; the rest are in Asia.
Emerging-markets stocks got creamed last year. The MSCI Emerging Markets index tumbled 18.2%, thanks to jitters over a slowdown in China's torrid growth and concerns that Europe's debt crisis could trigger a decline in demand for both commodities and finished goods from developing nations.
The notion that emerging markets will decouple from the rest of the global economy anytime soon is ridiculous. But these are still the world's fastest-growing economies. When investors regain confidence in the health of the global economy, emerging-markets stocks will thrive. The average P/E of the stocks in the MSCI Emerging Markets index is 10.
Vanguard MSCI Emerging Markets Index ETF (VWO) is a better choice for this volatile part of the global economy than any of the actively managed no-load emerging-markets funds. The ETF was launched in 2005, but its mutual fund clone, Vanguard Emerging Markets Stock Index (VEIEX), returned an annualized 13.4% over the past ten years. Expenses are 0.22% annually. Nearly 60% of the fund's assets are in Asia, 22% are in Latin America, 18% are in Europe, Africa and the Middle East.
For bond investors, consider iShares S&P National AMT-Free Muni Bond ETF (MUB). The fund's tax-exempt yield is 2.5%. That's the equivalent of 3.7% for a taxpayer in the 33% federal bracket. If yields on similar bonds rise by one percentage point, this ETF should lose about 7% in price, so it does have some risk. But I'd be surprised to see rates rise much anytime soon. Its bonds' average credit quality is single-A, and the fund's annual expense ratio is 0.25%.
In tax-deferred accounts, use Vanguard Intermediate-Term Corporate Bond Index ETF (VCIT). One of its attributes is that it owns virtually no low-yielding Treasuries. The ETF invests in high-quality corporate bonds and yields 3.8%. If rates rise one percentage point, the fund's price should fall 6%. Expenses are just 0.14%.
As for how to allocate your money among these ETFs: An investor with an average tolerance for risk should put 15% in the Vanguard dividend ETF, 20% in the iShares large-cap ETF, 20% in the foreign developed-markets ETF and 15% in the emerging-markets ETF. I'd put 30% into the bond ETFs. | 2019-04-25T08:53:36 | http://wwa.kiplinger.com/article/investing/T022-C007-S001-goldberg-s-picks-the-6-best-exchange-traded-funds.html |
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The present study provides experimental evidence regarding 4–6-year-old children’s visual processing of animated versus static illustrations in storybooks. Thirty nine participants listened to an animated and a static book, both three times, while eye movements were registered with an eye-tracker. Outcomes corroborate the hypothesis that specifically motion is what attracts children’s attention while looking at illustrations. It is proposed that animated illustrations that are well matched to the text of the story guide children to those parts of the illustration that are important for understanding the story. This may explain why animated books resulted in better comprehension than static books.
In contrast to concerns expressed in the literature for a “mesmerizing” effect of computers and screens on young children’s cognitive development (e.g., Hayes and Birnbaum, 1980; Spitzer, 2012), there is nevertheless growing evidence for the potential of new formats enabled by computer technology for fostering children’s learning. In line with Mayer’s (2003) multimedia learning theory it seems helpful to young children when narrative text is accompanied by illustrations just as graphics are helpful when they are added to informative text. When information from different sources are simultaneously available it supports the integration of images and language, and the verbal information will be understood and retained better than if conveyed by words alone (Paivio, 2007). Reviews focusing on software for young children have shown that, apart from static pictures, in particular animated pictures can be helpful additions to stories (Kamil et al., 2000; Zucker et al., 2009; Van Daal and Sandvik, 2011). If electronic books contain animated pictures this supports learning even in the absence of parental mediation (Strouse et al., 2013). The aim of the current study was to specify why motion pictures in electronic books may provide guidance to the young learner, more so than printed books with only static illustrations.
When children began to spend a constantly increasing amount of time watching television educators were afraid that the motion pictures would distract children’s attention from the language and thus interfere with story comprehension and learning new vocabulary. So far there is not much empirical evidence for the so-called visual superiority hypothesis, proposing that looking at motion pictures is more appealing to young children than listening to the oral language (Hayes and Birnbaum, 1980). When the two sources of information – narration and motion pictures – were not mismatched, the initial research finding of a negative effect of motion pictures on language recall disappeared in line with the dual coding theory (Pezdek and Stevens, 1984; Pezdek et al., 1984; Rolandelli, 1989). According to dual coding theory, the two kinds of stimuli, non-verbal information and narration, can be processed simultaneously without causing cognitive overload. They are processed in separate but interconnected channels thus enhancing mental representations and memory traces that connect details of pictures with phrases in the narrative (Paivio, 2007).
Recent studies show that motion pictures built in storybooks make picture storybook exposure – one of the strongest incentives for developing language and literacy skills in the preschool age (Snow et al., 1998) – even more effective (e.g., Ricci and Beal, 2002; Segers et al., 2006; Verhallen et al., 2006; Segal-Drori et al., 2010; Homer et al., 2014). It is apparent from the literature that multimedia features in the new electronic formats of picture storybooks, as long as those additions are well matched to the verbal narration, boost the effects of stories on young children’s story comprehension and word learning (for meta-analytic evidence see Takacs et al., 2015). These findings may have great practical relevance and may improve the format of the increasingly growing supply of multimedia storybooks in App stores.
When we designed this study we were specifically interested in explaining why motion pictures are more beneficial for young children’s story comprehension than just static pictures (Takacs et al., 2015). Based on prior studies using eye-gaze methodology we hypothesized that, due to motion, children’s eyes may focus on those parts of the illustration that are highlighted by the text and thus help children to connect words to visual information and cement these associations firmly in memory. Prior studies have shown that eye fixations are time locked to referential expressions in the text which evidences that children integrate the images and the language. Evans and Saint-Aubin (2005) showed that fixations on details in illustrations can be changed by altering the content of the text. Eye fixations on small details in the illustrations (a fish, a boat, or two stars) increased when the text highlighted those details, thus demonstrating that the children’s visual attention was dependent on the accompanying text. In the same vein, Verhallen and Bus (2011) found that visual elements that the text highlighted were fixated more often and longer than elements in illustrations similar in color, size and other characteristics but not highlighted in the story text. Adult support during book reading implies that they, by pointing and commenting, guide children’s visual attention to elements of the illustration that are highlighted in the text but due to unfamiliar language not recognized by young children (Strouse et al., 2013) thus enforcing the integration of verbal and non-verbal information. In the current study we tested whether motion provides similar support by guiding children’s attention to details of the illustrations that are simultaneously highlighted in the narration and thus helps children to integrate picture and narration.
The current study aimed at testing the effect that motion in illustrations has on children’s eye movements in explanation of the benefits that animated books have on integrating non-verbal information and narration to support story comprehension and exposure to unknown words. Children are known to be especially attentive to rapid action (Potts et al., 1986), animation, and motion (Levin and Anderson, 1976; Alwitt et al., 1980). This study tests the hypothesis that motion can be an effective tool to guide children’s visual attention to details in the picture that are highlighted by the text resulting in more visual attention to those details than during reading a book with just still pictures. It is also possible that motion helps children to target a detail in an illustration instead of scanning the whole picture resulting in longer average fixations on the target detail. Motion in an illustration might thus help to concretize the story language that children simultaneously hear which supports understanding the story and specific words in the text. For example, in Figure 1 the angrily looking director is the only part of the illustration in motion, thereby probably attracting the most attention despite many other visualized story details in the picture. Fixating this detail in the illustration may help to comprehend the simultaneously spoken complex text fragment saying: “He shouted jumping.” In testing the theory that motion attracts attention we contrasted effects of listening to stories with still and animated pictures. A confounding factor might be that motion implies information that is not available in the static version of the book. We were therefore careful to select still equivalents for the animated fragments that provide exactly the same information. For example, in the scene in Figure 1, the motion in the animated version (see the second row in Figure 1) depicts the meaning of “He shouted jumping.” As a still picture we selected a representative stop motion frame from the animated segment that implied the same motion (see the first row in Figure 1). There cannot be any misunderstanding that the director in the still picture is jumping: the director is depicted with his feet in the air.
FIGURE 1. One of the target illustrations chosen for fine-grained analysis of the eye-tracking data. The same illustration in the static condition in the first row and still frames from the animated version are shown in the second row. The director of the zoo is jumping up and down while the accompanying oral text says: ‘These are not monkeys!’ he shouted ∗jumping∗ ‘These are people!’. [‘Dit zijn geen apen!’ riep hij “trinnend,” ‘Dit zijn mensen!’. Copyright 2014 by Het Woeste Woud.
It is also possible that children’s overall attentiveness when listening to stories is higher with animated as compared to static illustrations (Verhallen and Bus, 2009; Moody et al., 2010). There is some evidence showing that young children seem to prefer a multimedia presentation of stories over a static presentation as in print books and are more attentive to animated materials. Verhallen and Bus (2009) found that skin conductance – an indicator of children’s mental effort during listening to storybooks (e.g., Pecchinenda and Smith, 1996) - remained at the same level over four repeated readings of a story when the book included multimedia features like motion pictures, music and sound effects. However, mental effort decreased in the third and fourth repetition when the same story included only static illustrations. In the same vein, Moody et al. (2010) revealed that children were more persistent when sharing an electronic storybook as compared to sharing a traditional print storybook with an adult. The present study investigated whether there is an overall elevated visual attention when listening to animated versus static books, that is, whether animated illustrations attract more visual attention than their static counterparts.
In the present study children repeatedly listened to two stories: one with static pictures and another with animated illustrations. Both books were presented three times on an eye-tracker. We utilized eye-tracker data two ways: first, to register children’s overall visual attention to the illustrations when listening to animated or static stories. Secondly, in order to test whether motion in illustrations indeed attracted children’s attention more than the same details in static illustrations, we selected three pages per book with a detail in motion like in Figure 1 and compared visual attention for this detail with attention for the same detail in the static version of the book. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study comparing children’s visual attention to animated and static details in pictures. We examined, apart from children’s recall of the story language, their learning of new words as a function of animated versus static pictures. Previous studies have shown that differences in experiences with words strongly vary across children and make it hard to determine how much learning resulted from repeated readings of a particular book (e.g., Smeets and Bus, 2012). To maximally control for differences in word knowledge resulting from prior exposure to the target words we preferred adding non-words (that is, words that do not exist in the Dutch language but sound like Dutch) to each book replacing well-visualized words from the story text. This way we were sure that children did not have any previous knowledge of the target words.
(1) Based on the previous literature showing an advantage of multimedia-enhanced stories over print-like static stories (Takacs et al., 2015), we expected that children would recall more from the language and the content of the story when encountering stories with illustrations that include details in motion that are highlighted in the text as compared to still pictures that provide exactly the same information but without motion.
(2) In the same vein, animated illustrations may, more than static illustrations, facilitate the learning of the non-words in particular when details that relate to the non-words are in motion. Since the non-words were completely unknown we expected, as a first step toward learning these words, effects on receptive knowledge rather than on expressive word knowledge (Nagy and Scott, 2000; Smeets and Bus, 2012).
(3) Details in motion were expected to attract more visual attention than static details (Levin and Anderson, 1976; Alwitt et al., 1980). Accordingly, for the detail that is in motion we predicted longer total time of fixation as well as longer average fixations compared to exactly the same detail in a static illustration.
(4) It is also possible that children are more visually attentive to illustrations that include motion than to static illustrations (Verhallen and Bus, 2009; Moody et al., 2010) maybe because animated books might be more engaging. In this case screens in the animated condition may attract more visual attention than in the static condition.
The study was approved by the ethical committee of the Institute of Education and Child Studies at Leiden University under the reference number ECPW-2012/044.
Children were recruited from 5 kindergarten classrooms in 3 public schools with 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old children who had not yet received formal reading instruction. In the Netherlands formal reading instruction including intensive daily practice starts in grade 1. Two schools were located in sub-urban neighborhoods attracting a middle-class population; one school recruited children from a village attracting a more mixed population. Parents of 43 children gave informed consent for participation of their child in the study. All participants were according to the teacher typically developing and not delayed in language or literacy, this was the only criterion for inclusion in the study. Among the 43 children were three children who were excluded from the study because they were siblings of other participants. Also, one boy’s eye-tracking data collected at the second session was lost and he was excluded from all further analyses. The final sample consisted of 39 children (22 boys and 17 girls) with a mean age of 61.26 months (SD = 7.69, range: 48–77 months). From the three participating schools we recruited 9, 6, and 24 children, respectively.
The study was a within-subject design in which every child participated in three conditions: a storybook with animated illustrations, a storybook with static illustrations and a control condition, including only post-testing and no book reading. We decided to use a control condition because otherwise we cannot be sure that the quality of the retellings is the result of listening to the story instead of just seeing the pictures during the retelling. Note that the pictures visualized most story events. The illustrations in both the animated and static conditions were the same and presented for exactly the same amount of time going together with the same oral narration, the only difference being the presence of motion in the animated versions. As young children need repeated encounters with stories before it is possible to assess teach (Verhallen et al., 2006) the experimental stories were presented three times. Three storybooks can be assigned to three conditions in six different ways. The participants were about equally assigned to these six possibilities.
Sessions in which children listened to the stories took place at school in a spare room not in use for other activities. In all there were three sessions. In each session children listened to two stories, one in the animated format and the other in the static format. The animated version of a book was presented for the same amount of time as the static version of the same book. As shown in Table 1, two sessions took place on the first day and one on a second day, on average 2 days later (M = 2.00, SD = 1.12). In the third session children listened to the two books in the opposite order as in the previous sessions (as shown in Table 1). The researcher was present and started up the books. To register visual attention while hearing the narration the books were presented on the screen of an eye-tracker. Children sitting in front of the eye-tracker screen looked at the animated and static pictures while they listened to the narration by the computer voice.
TABLE 1. An example of the schedule of the experiment.
Post-testing on the second day conducted right after the third session included a retelling of the two stories that they had heard three times and the control story, which they did not hear. The order of the books retold was random. We also tested knowledge of 9 non-words, three from each story. We used four vocabulary tests assessing different levels of word knowledge. The order of the four vocabulary tests was the same for all children, starting with the expressive tests in order to avoid any possible learning from the receptive tests. The order of the retellings and the vocabulary tests was counterbalanced: 19 children started with the story retelling, while 20 children completed the vocabulary tests first. See Table 1 for an example schedule.
Three animated storybooks [The Little Kangaroo (van Genechten, 2009), Imitators (Veldkamp, 2006), Bear is in Love with Butterfly (van Haeringen, 2004)] were used in the experiment. In each book three verbs were substituted by non-words (see Appendix for the list of target words). The word ‘jumping’ [‘springen’], for instance, was replaced by the non-word ‘trinnen’; see Figure 1. Each of the three books included three non-words, which resulted in nine non-existing target words. In each story two of three non-words were mentioned twice in the oral text and one once. A female adult recorded the narration.
All three stories were animated by the same company1. To make the static illustrations similar to the animated illustrations, we selected the most representative still frame of each scene in the animated books and presented this for exactly the same amount of time as the animated scene; see in the first row of Figure 1 the illustration that was presented in the static condition and a series of screen dumps from the animated version in the second row. There was some slight variation between the three books: Bear is in Love with Butterfly included 397 words, The Little Kangaroo 516 words, and Imitators 509 words. Accordingly, the duration of the readings were somewhat different too: to read Bear is in Love with Butterfly took 194 s, The Little Kangaroo 232 s, and Imitators 252 s. We corrected for differences in length of presentation by dividing fixation durations for the whole book by the duration of the stories.
While the recorded voice read the stories to the children their eye movements within the static and animated illustrations were recorded with a Tobii T120 eye tracker with a screen resolution of 1280 × 1024. The eye positions were assessed 120 times per second (120 Hz) by illuminating both eyes with infrared LED and measuring the reflected light. The system has a high accuracy (<0.5 cm) and allows for some head movement, typically resulting in a temporary accuracy error of approximately 0.2 visual degrees. For fast head movements (i.e., over 25 cm/s), there is a 300-ms recovery period to full tracking ability (Timing Guide for Tobii Eye-Trackers and Eye-Tracking Software, 2010). The eye tracker was paired with a laptop computer with a screen resolution of 1024 × 768. To guarantee the most optimal registration of eye movements, participants were seated at a distance of 60–70 cm from the eye tracker. At the start of each session, the eye tracker was calibrated for each participant: Children were asked to fixate five dots that appeared in different positions on a screen with a background color similar to the background color of the stimuli. The procedure did not require any effort on the part of the child and took at most 120 s.
The total fixation time on the illustrations in a storybook was calculated and divided by the duration of rendering the complete book because there were some variations in the total lengths of the three stories. Additionally, we assessed the number of fixations per storybook and calculated the average duration of fixations while looking at the storybooks. This was done for all three sessions for both books in the two experimental conditions.
Furthermore, per book three illustrations were chosen for detailed eye-tracking analyses. We chose illustrations that depicted the non-words. This detail of the illustration was in motion in the animated condition and clearly visualized in the static condition; see as an example the director in the scene depicted in Figure 1. The details were the same size in the animated and static condition and the animated illustration did not include additional information as compared to the still illustration. In Figure 1, for instance, the still picture also shows a jumping director.
We defined details that visualized the non-words as Areas of Interest (AOIs) using the software of Tobii Studio 2.2.6. Eye-movement data (i.e., the time that children fixated the AOI and the number of fixations within the AOI) was scored using Tobii Studio’s fixation filter with the default settings for velocity and distance threshold (Tobii Technology, 2010 User Manual: Tobii Studio, 2010). We divided the time that children fixated the AOI in an illustration by the time that they looked at the whole illustration in order to control for any differences in the time children looked at the screen between the conditions. This was done for the three AOIs per book. The average percentage was calculated as an indicator for each condition and each session. Additionally, we divided children’s fixation duration at an AOI by the number of fixations as an indicator of average fixation duration. The average fixation duration was also calculated for each condition and session.
For four children data quality was low, i.e., eye movements were registered for less than 50% of the time during at least one session in one of the conditions. Due to low data quality, these children’s fixation times were extremely low. For the eye-tracking analyses these four children were excluded and, accordingly, data of 35 children were used. Additionally, outlying scores were winsorized in order to normalize the distribution of the scores. In all, 20 scores (2.3%).
Resembling the common activity of independently “reading” a familiar storybook, we asked children to retell the three stories using the static illustrations of the stories (cf. Sulzby, 1985; Korat et al., 2014). Pictures were available during the retelling to prevent that children confine themselves to a brief summary and to enable a retelling of the control story. The experimenter instructed the children as follows: “Last time you listened to stories. Now I would like you to tell me stories.” When the story was unfamiliar to the child because it was in the control condition, the examiner said, “Here are the pictures of a story. Please tell me this story.” Thus, results of the control condition show how much information children can figure out based solely on the pictures without ever listening to the story making the difference between the experimental conditions and the control reflect effects of book reading sessions. The experimenter asked general questions when children stopped talking like ‘What is happening here?’ or ‘Who is this?’. Children’s retellings were transcribed and the transcripts were checked with the video recording of the session by another coder.
We coded how many content words from the original story appeared in the retellings of the stories, in addition to the percentage of correctly summarized pages in children’s retellings. According Sulzby’s (1985) scale of reading a favorite book the amount of verbally reproduced text is an important indicator of children’s level of story comprehension. According to previous findings (de Jong and Bus, 2002) this variable was a better indicator of children’s story comprehension than coding the similarity between the story told and the original story probably because this is a more subjective measure. We also coded whether or not the non-words were used in the story retellings in order to learn how often children learn the new words they were taught (cf. Korat et al., 2014). One child refused to retell the stories so analyses regarding story comprehension were conducted on the data of 38 children. Inter-rater reliabilities for verbally reproduced text, the similarity between the retold and the original story, and the use of non-words in the retellings were high. Intraclass correlation coefficients equaled 0.94, 0.99, and 1.00, respectively.
Familiarity with the nine target non-words was assessed with four tests measuring receptive and expressive knowledge of the words. We started with the two expressive vocabulary tests in order to avoid learning from the receptive tests in which children heard the target words.
The expressive vocabulary test measured whether children could use the word in the context of the storybooks. With the corresponding illustration on the screen children were asked to complete a sentence with the non-word missing. Sentences were phrased differently than in the stories. Only answers including the target word scored 1, any other answers 0. See Figure 2 for an example. Item-level inter-rater reliability was excellent (average κ = 1.00). Only one child used any of the target words so no further statistical analyses were conducted on this measure.
FIGURE 2. Examples of the four vocabulary tests assessing knowledge of the non-word ‘trinnen’ which stands for the word ‘jumping’ including still frames from the animated version. Copyright 2014 by Het Woeste Woud.
The context integration test assessed whether children could make sense of the target words in a novel context. It used open-ended questions prompting an expressive explanation of the target word (e.g., “Which way do you move when you are ∗jumping∗?”). Only answers with information reflecting the meaning of the target word were awarded 1 (e.g., “You go up and down”), any other answers (e.g., ‘to the right’) were scored 0. Item-level inter-rater reliability was good (average κ = 0.89). Children rarely gave good answers resulting in a much skewed outcome. Thus, statistical analyses were not conducted on this measure.
The receptive vocabulary test measured children’s understanding of the target word in the context of the storybooks. This test was a multiple-choice test where children had to choose the corresponding picture from 4 options. Target pictures and distractors were chosen from the same storybooks. See Figure 2 for an example. Item-level inter-rater reliability was good (average κ = 0.78). More than half of the children performed above chance level (25%) in both the animated (p < 0.001) and the static condition (p < 0.001). This was not the case in the control condition (p = 0.34).
The meaning recognition test assessed word comprehension independent of the context of the storybooks. Using two yes/no questions per word regarding the meaning of the word presented in a quasi-random order, children’s receptive transfer knowledge of the non-words was tested. See Figure 2 for an example. Item-level inter-rater reliability was good (average κ = 0.72). Children did not perform above chance level in any of the conditions (animated: p = 0.75, static: p = 0.52, control: p = 0.20) so scores on this test were not further analyzed.
We carried out two ANOVAs with repeated measures for both indicators of story comprehension: children’s recall of the language (recall of content words) and the content of the story (the similarity between children’s stories and the original stories). As we found previously (de Jong and Bus, 2002) correlations between these two measures were rather high; animated condition: r(38) = 0.63, p < 0.001; static condition: r (38) = 0.79, p < 0.001. Two planned contrasts were conducted regarding the effects of condition: (1) between the experimental and the control conditions to test the effect of book reading, and (2) between the animated and the static conditions. Because students were grouped within schools, even a weak school effect (intraclass correlation) can substantially deflate variation within schools. To control for such differences school was entered as a between-subject factor in the ANOVA. An ANOVA with repeated measures for recall of the story language per condition and school (school 1, 2, and 3) as a between-subject factor was carried out.
Children recalled more from the language of the animated and the static stories as compared to the control condition [F(1,35) = 60.45, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.63] showing that children could not guess the story language by just looking at the pictures. See Table 2 for descriptive statistics. More importantly, children recalled significantly more content words from the animated as compared to the static condition [F(1,35) = 5.87, p = 0.02, ηp2 = 0.14] showing an advantage of animations. There was no main effect of school nor did it have a significant interaction effect with condition.
TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics on the outcome measures of story retelling and receptive vocabulary for each condition.
We tested a similar model for the similarity between children’s stories and the original stories. From the 38 children thirty scored 0 in the control condition so this variable was non-normally distributed and thus we could not include the first contrast between control and experimental conditions in the ANOVA. However, it is obvious that children recalled more similar stories in the experimental conditions (animated: M = 67.6%, SD = 23.67, static: M = 61.2%, SD = 27.94) than in the control condition (M = 4.1%, SD = 9.44). The contrast between animated and static condition was significant: children’s recollection of the stories was more similar in the animated as compared to the static condition [F(1,35) = 5.51, p = 0.03, ηp2 = 0.14). There was no main effect of school. There was, however, a significant interaction effect between school and condition [F(2,35) = 3.46, p = 0.04, ηp2 = 0.17), meaning that there was a difference between the animated and static conditions for two out of three schools.
Only three out of 38 children used non-words from the story in the retelling, one in the animated and two in the static condition. Thus, the effect of condition could not be tested on this variable.
Of the four words learning tests children only showed learning in the receptive vocabulary test. Scores on the other three tests showed bottom effects. We carried out an ANOVA with repeated measures for the receptive vocabulary test in the three conditions (animated, static, control) and school (school 1, 2, and 3) as a between-subject factor. Two planned contrasts were conducted regarding the effects of condition: 1. between the intervention and the control conditions, and 2. between the animated and the static conditions. There was an effect of book reading on receptive word learning: children performed significantly better in the animated and the static conditions as compared to the control condition [F(1,36) = 5.76, p = 0.02, ηp2 = 0.14]. See Table 2 for descriptive statistics. However, there was no significant difference between the animated and static conditions [F(1,36) = 0.44, p = 0.51, ηp2 = 0.01]. There was no main effect of school nor did it have a significant interaction effect with condition.
We carried out an ANOVA with repeated measures for the percentage of total time that it took to read the book in which children fixated the illustrations of the books. Within subject factors were condition (animated versus static) and session number (first, second, or third). We carried out two planned contrasts for session number: the contrast between the first and the second and between the first and the third session in order to test whether attention to the illustrations decreased over sessions. School (school 1, 2 and 3) was entered as between-subject factor.
We found a significant main effect of condition on percentage fixations [F(1,32) = 19.86, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.38], meaning that children attended the screen more in the animated as compared to the static condition. Contrasts showed that children attended the screen less during the second session as compared to the first [F(1,32) = 18.56, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.37] but visual attention was similar in the third session as compared to the first [F(1,32) = 0.04, p = 0.84, ηp2 = 0.001]. There was no main effect of school nor did it have a significant interaction effect with condition. See Table 3 for descriptive statistics.
TABLE 3. Visual attention to the illustrations in animated and static books during the first, second, and third session.
The same analysis was applied to the average duration of fixations on the illustrations. We found a main effect of condition [F(1,32) = 5.64, p = 0.02, ηp2 = 0.015], showing that fixations on the illustrations in the animated books were longer as compared to the fixations on illustrations in static books. There was no difference between the first and the second session [F(1,32) = 1.31, p = 0.26, ηp2 = 0.04]. However, children had significantly longer average fixations on the third as compared to the first session [F(1,32) = 5.95, p = 0.02, ηp2 = 0.16]. There was no main effect of school nor did it have a significant interaction effect with condition.
We carried out an ANOVA with repeated measures for the percentage of total fixation time spent on the selected detail (in motion in the animated version and a still detail in the static version). With Tobii Studio software (version 2.2.6) we selected the same areas in both versions of the books and calculated fixation durations on these target details (AOI). These scores were divided by children’s fixation duration on the whole illustration in order to control for overall elevated attention to animated illustrations. Within-subject factors were condition (animated versus static) and session number (1, 2, and 3). Between-subject factor was school (school 1, 2, and 3). The ANOVA resulted in a significant main effect of condition [F(1,32) = 19.16, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.38] indicating that children focused more on the details when they were in motion. As is shown in Table 4, in the static condition children fixated 69% of the time on the target detail that was highlighted in the text. In the animated condition the score was 9% higher. The contrast between the first and the third session was not significant [F(1,32) = 2.72, p = 0.11, ηp2 = 0.08]. However, children were more attentive to the AOIs during the first as compared to the second session [F(1,32) = 8.05, p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.20]. There was no main effect of school nor did it have a significant interaction effect with condition.
TABLE 4. Visual attention to the salient movement depicting non-words in the animated and static condition per session.
The same model was applied to children’s average fixation duration while looking at the selected details. There was a significant main effect of condition [F(1,32) = 23.92, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.44], showing that children’s average fixations were longer on the moving details in the animated condition as compared to the same details in the static book. Average fixation durations for the first session were not different from the second [F(1,32) = 0.14, p = 0.71, ηp2 = 0.004] or the third session [F(1,32) = 0.97, p = 0.33, ηp2 = 0.03]. There was no main effect of school nor did it have a significant interaction effect with condition.
The effects of animated illustrations on children’s story recall, word learning and visual attention during storybook reading were investigated in the present study. We found, in line with the results of a recent meta-analysis (Takacs et al., 2015), that children recalled significantly more story language and recollected more similar stories to the original stories with the help of animated illustrations. Since there were, unlike previous studies (e.g., Verhallen et al., 2006) no other multimedia additions like sounds and music in the stories in the present study but only motion in the illustrations, the current findings corroborate the hypothesis that motion can elevate story comprehension and thus is a crucial part of a well-designed multimedia environment for children’s storybooks (cf. Takacs et al., 2015). This is the first study, to our knowledge, that shows the effects of animated books that include motion alone, and no music or sounds, on children’s story comprehension. We found a medium effect size (ηp2 = 0.14), similar to the advantage found for multimedia stories as compared to print storybooks in a previous meta-analysis (Takacs et al., 2015). Further studies are needed to investigate any separate effects of other multimedia features like sound and music to create clear guidelines for designers of multimedia stories.
In contrast to the second hypothesis, there was no difference between the animated and the static conditions in terms of word learning. However, the results do support children acquired word knowledge from book reading. The vocabulary results show that after three repeated book readings children had elementary knowledge of completely novel words (non-words). Children showed significant word learning on a receptive level. On the expressive level there were no effects. The fact that children did not learn more from animated than from static books might be because learning did not go beyond the earliest phase of word learning: understanding a word in the context in which children encountered it previously. Transfer of this knowledge to other contexts and expressive use of the word seem to come later on with repeated exposures to the word (Nagy and Scott, 2000). Similar to prior findings, we may expect that especially the step from receptive to expressive knowledge with repeated exposure is facilitated by animated books (Smeets and Bus, 2012).
Most interestingly, the fine-grained results of the current study evidence that, children use different processing strategies while looking at animated and static illustrations. In line with previous results (Evans and Saint-Aubin, 2005; Verhallen and Bus, 2011), children paid most visual attention to details in pictures that are simultaneously highlighted in the story text. When visual details in the pictures were in motion they received even more visual attention as compared to the same details in the static illustrations. We actually found that the duration of fixations on details depicting the core of the story was longer on average in the animated condition despite that the animated pictures were not more informative. Animated pictures may, as a result of a longer and steadier focus on details that are highlighted in the text, facilitate dual coding of verbal and non-verbal information and this may explain why we find better understanding of animated stories again and again (Takacs et al., 2015). Furthermore, children’s eyes were moving less between the different visual elements of the animated illustration and focused more on particular details. That is, children were less inclined to explore the whole picture by jumping to different visual elements but fixated more on the most important details. The longer average fixations might reflect deeper processing of the relevant details in the illustrations (Rayner, 2009). In other words, there is strong support for the hypothesis that, due to motion, children’s visual attention is longer and more steadily focused on details that are highlighted by the story text resulting in more in-depth exploration of those details in the illustration and probably better integration of the verbal and non-verbal information. In sum, motion seems to scaffold learning by guiding children’s visual attention.
There is also evidence that children attended the screen for a longer time in total and looked away from the screen less when the illustrations were animated. The most plausible explanation is that this is a side effect of focusing longer on particular details in motion while exploring the picture. We did, however, control for this elevated overall attention in the analyses regarding fixations on the highlighted details. These analyses showed that, regardless of overall attention, there was a difference in processing the most important details when they were in motion and when they were static. Although the overall findings for processing visual information indicate a different processing strategy as a result of motion, we cannot entirely exclude that comprehension in the animated condition as compared to the static condition also improved as a result of higher attention as may be indicated by children’s longer fixations on the whole book. That is, listening to the animated version of the storybooks may be more engaging than listening to the static version and this is, in addition to a different processing strategy, an incentive as well for better story understanding.
An unexpected result of the present study was the effect of session number on children’s visual attention during the stories; that is, children were less attentive to illustrations of the stories and the moving details in the illustrations on the second repetition in both conditions. This is most probably due to the fact that the first session was conducted at the same day as the second. Children encountered the same story a couple of minutes earlier which may explain why their attention dropped. However, children were similarly attentive to the illustrations and the motion in the animations during the third repetition as they were on the first occasion in both conditions.
The non-words in the present study were inserted in place of mostly high-frequency verbs like jumping that children are likely to understand and use. Thus, children might have not been motivated to use the novel words when retelling the story or completing sentences in the expressive vocabulary test because they already knew a word for these actions. It is plausible that children’s expressive word knowledge was thus underestimated in the present study. It might be better to investigate novel word learning in the context of novel actions and phenomena for which children do not yet have labels in order to better estimate expressive learning of the words.
Another limitation was the use of the static illustrations of the stories in the retellings of both the static and the animated conditions as well as in the vocabulary tests. This was decided in order for the experimenter not is influenced by the condition when interacting with the child during retelling the story. However, this might have underestimated the effects of animated illustrations on children’s recall and word learning because the same animated pictures as seen during the story might have prompted more extensive recalls and better performance on a multiple-choice test based on the illustrations of the storybook like the receptive vocabulary test in the present study.
In sum, motion attracts visual attention and changes the way children process illustrations. Animated illustrations that are closely matched to the story text have more potential to direct children’s attention to specific details of the picture as compared to static illustrations and when details in motion are simultaneously highlighted by the text animation may promote dual-coding (Paivio, 2007). We expect that the focus on motion in pictures explains why children look longer overall at the illustrations of animated books as compared to static books although we cannot exclude that they are also more alert when illustrations are animated. Although children are attracted to animations and specifically to motion in the animations, they do not seem to be mesmerized by the visual stimuli. On the contrary, they benefit from more intensive visual stimuli.
These findings have important practical implications for designers and developers of electronic storybooks and for caretakers and teachers navigating on the market of children’s electronic storybooks. Animations and motion seem to be a powerful tool to guide children’s visual attention to particular details that are meaningful from the story’s point of view. It seems most plausible that well-designed animations will focus children’s attention on the parts of the illustrations that depict the text of the story thus facilitating the integration of verbal information in the story and the non-verbal stimuli of animation and children’s story comprehension. Consequently, high-quality electronic storybooks will utilize the benefits of animations and other multimedia features creating congruency between the story text and the technological elements like animations. By thus guiding children’s visual attention (visual scaffolding) multimedia books may reinforce the beneficial effects of storybook reading. If our finding for animation and motion can be replicated in future studies us can more confidently advise developers and customers of electronic storybooks.
For designers of storybook apps it is also important to realize that motion in pictures is helpful when the animation indeed depicts the language of the narration. We hypothesize that animation that have only decorative purposes as we often see in storybook apps may not add to children’s story comprehension and might even interfere with learning. Such incidental animations with no direct connection to the text of the story are hypothesized to distract them from the story by posing a high cognitive load on their working memory. This hypothesis is in line with a meta-analytic finding of Höffler and Leutner (2007), showing no additional benefit of decorative animations for adults’ learning as compared to a moderate effect of representational animations. Future research should test this hypothesis.
This study was supported by a Grant from The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) to AB (Project 411-07-216).
Kamil, M., Intractor, S., and Kim, H. (2000). “The effects of other technologies on literacy and literacy learning,” in Handbook of Reading Research, Vol. 3, eds M. Kamil, P. Mesenthal, D. Reason and R. Bar (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum), 771–788.
Nagy, W., and Scott, J. (2000). “Vocabulary processes,” in Handbook of Reading Research, Vol. 3, eds M. L. Kamil, P. B. Mosenthal, P. D. Pearson, and R. Barr (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum), 269–284.
Paivio, A. (2007). Mind and its Evolution: A Dual Coding Theoretical Approach. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Snow, C. E., Burns, M. S., and Griffin, P. (eds) (1998). Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 432.
Spitzer, M. (2012). Digitale Demenz [Digital Dementia]. Munich: Droemer knuar.
Tobii Studio (2010). Tobii Studio (version 2. 2. 6) [Apparatus, and Software] Danderys. Sweden: Tobii Technology.
Tobii Technology (2010). User Manual: Tobii StudioTM. Danderys. Sweden: Tobii Technology AB.
Van Daal, V. H. P., and Sandvik, J. M. (2011). Synthesis of multimedia effects on literacy achievements in children at risk. Paper Presented at Early Education and Technology for Children Conference, Salt Lake: UT.
van Genechten, G. (2009). Kleine Kangoeroe [The Little Kangaroo]. Hasselt: Clavis.
van Haeringen, A. (2004). Beer is op Vlinder [Bear is in Love with Butterfly]. Amsterdam: Leopold.
Veldkamp. (2006). Na-apers! [Imitators]. Tielt: Lannoo.
Verhallen, M. J. A. J., and Bus, A. G. (2009). Video storybook reading as a remedy for vocabulary deficits: outcomes and processes. J. Educ. Res. Online 1, 172–196.
Copyright © 2016 Takacs and Bus. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. | 2019-04-23T08:58:14 | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01591/full |
The track, which garnered immense popularity due to Salman Khan's shirtless avatar, will be revamped for Sooraj Pancholi and Isabelle Kaif's venture Time To Dance.
The CBI had told the court that the phones of Jiah Khan and Sooraj Pancholi had been sent to a forensic laboratory, where experts said the messages could not be retrieved.
Time to Dance, directed by Stanley D'Costa, will feature Isabelle Kaif and Sooraj Pancholi. | 2019-04-22T14:01:05 | https://www.firstpost.com/tag/sooraj-pancholi |
It’s been a fun week with a real mix of projects around here, including trying something new for today’s And Sew We Craft blog post – a video post. How’s your week been? Have you tried something new? | 2019-04-23T22:01:54 | http://thebarefootcrafter.com/general-stuff/this-week-17/ |
Posted on August 25, 2015 by mariskameldrum • This entry was posted in Anger, Daily Life, Despair, Friendship, Hope and tagged anger, bipolar, bitterness, hope. Bookmark the permalink.
Beautiful analogy! Bipolar disorder has definitely influenced me in all sorts of ways. Would *love* a cure. At the moment I’m not concerned about my girls because I’ve been doing much better; I’d simply like them to meet other moms who they like and respect who have bipolar so they don’t feel like they’re the only ones!
sorry, I meant so they see that other kids have moms with bp – not just them! And that these moms are awesome, just like other moms who don’t have bp.
Great post! I love the analogy!
I have been diagnosed with depression, anxiety and PTSD and I was a very bitter person a year ago. I learned that hiding my true feelings from my kids made the environment of the home more tense and uncomfortable. When I started to share my feelings they didn’t look down upon me…they were actually relived. They knew WHY I was upset and that it wasn’t to do with them. They could go on with their day giving me hugs and support and not having to analyze my body language etc. | 2019-04-20T14:34:53 | https://bipolarmums.com/2015/08/25/what-a-cup-of-tea-taught-me-about-bitterness/?shared=email&msg=fail |
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A West Virginia artist, Burl Jones, draws inspiration from the American West to make timeless works of art.
The native american hunter, all bulging muscle and sinew, lies close to his horse’s neck as the beast reaches full gallop. He clutches a flint-tipped spear in his right hand. With his left he holds a buffalo hide, draping the skin over himself and his pony.
We are witnessing a “buffalo jump,” where a disguised horseman drives a herd of bison into the path of a hunting party. In milliseconds the hide will fall away and the stunned herd will be doomed. But the climax never occurs. The whole scene is frozen in time.
This is the work of sculptor Burl Jones. He takes characters and scenes from the adventure magazines he read as a kid growing up near Charleston and—with clay, bronze, and an eye for detail—hits the pause button.
Like so many young West Virginia boys and girls, Jones spent his childhood outdoors. He remembers thrilling over the rabbits and squirrels his father brought home after hunting trips and began accompanying his father on those trips as soon as he was old enough to hold a gun. He fantasized about the American West—the Rocky Mountains and the badlands of Montana that he read about in Jack O’Connor’s stories for Outdoor Life magazine.
Jones finally got a chance to see those landscapes himself when, after finishing dental school at West Virginia University in 1966, he went to Montana for two years to work on an Indian reservation. It was during this time in Big Sky Country that he first encountered the bronze work of renowned artist Robert Scriver, who had a gallery on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation. He began seeking out other bronze artists after that, but only as an admirer. Jones had an artistic bent—he’d carved a few gunstocks and tried painting until his colorblindness made the exercise too frustrating—but did not yet consider himself an artist. “I was intrigued by it (but) it never registered in my mind that it was something I’d do,” he says.
He returned to West Virginia in 1968 and set up a dental practice in Sissonville. His artistic impulses continued to goad him, but it wasn’t until 1980 that Jones finally tried his hand at sculpture, making little figurines from dental wax. He learned by observing other artists and asking questions, but it was largely an effort of trial and error. “Mostly error,” he says.
He tried to cast his miniature sculptures in copper and bronze, the way he was taught to make dental prostheses in dentistry school, but was not satisfied with the results. “I didn’t know enough about the casting process. I discovered if I’m going to do this, I’m going to have to enlist the aid of a professional foundry,” he says.
After a lot of shopping around, Jones finally found a foundry he liked and began having his sculptures turned into bronzes. He had no intentions to sell the pieces—sculpture was nothing more than a creative outlet at the time—but his work started attracting attention from friends and, eventually, from art galleries in Montana.
In 1982, Jones sold his dentistry practice in West Virginia and moved with his wife to Livingstone, Montana, where he spent half his time tackling cavities and root canals and the other half sculpting birds, bears, horses, fish, Native American warriors, and coonskin-capped mountaineers. He eventually opened his own art gallery and, in 1992, decided to quit dentistry and give his full attention to art.
No matter what he’s making, each of Jones’s sculptures begins with in-depth research. Jones is a stickler for detail. “I’ve got shelves full of books that show profiles and dimensions on hawks and eagles. They have a certain number of feathers. They have a proportion of wing to tail to body.” For living human subjects, he’s been known to make exhaustive photographic records and even measure the person’s facial features.
Small pieces can take up to a month to sculpt, plus two or three months at the foundry. For portraiture projects, he prefers to have at least a year. To date, Jones has created more than 225 limited edition sculptures. His work is a mainstay at Tamarack, West Virginia’s art and craft showcase in Beckley, and prized by collectors who share the artist’s affinity for the outdoors. His reputation for intensely detailed work has led to larger projects, including a monument outside WVU’s Alumni Center, a statue of a coal miner on the state Capitol grounds, and the bust outside Marshall University’s Joan C. Edwards Stadium commemorating players killed in the 1970 plane crash.
Jones plans to do three or four sculptures this year. Now 74, he says he doesn’t get as much time to sculpt as he’d like. He splits his time between a home in Huntley, Montana, a “medium-sized” ranch in the northeastern part of the state, and a residence back home in Kanawha County. Between his grandkids’ ballgames, marketing his work, tending to his ranch, hunting, and fishing, there’s not as much time to spend in his art studio. But sculpture remains Jones’ favorite pastime. “I could work at it every day and be happy doing it,” he says.
He’s currently finishing work on a small eagle, its wings canted and tail feathers spread as the bird turns in midair. In life, this moment would be over in a split second. But soon the sculpture will go to the foundry and the eagle—along with a small piece of its creator—will be frozen in time. Forever. | 2019-04-23T17:07:20 | https://www.wvliving.com/summer-2016/casts-of-character/ |
Focus on your next few minutes.
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Field emission is the main mechanism that prevents DC high voltage photoemission electron guns from operating at the very high bias voltages required to produce low emittance beams. Gas conditioning is shown to eliminate field emission from cathode electrodes used inside DC high voltage photoelectron guns. Measurements and simulation results indicate that gas conditioning eliminates field emission from cathode electrodes via two mechanisms: sputtering and implantation, with the benefits of implantation reversed by heating the electrode. The field emission characteristics of 5 stainless steel electrodes varied significantly upon the initial application of voltage but improved to nearly the same level after helium and krypton gas conditioning, exhibiting less than 10 pA field emission at - 225kV bias voltage with a 50 mm cathode/anode gap, corresponding to a field strength ∼ 13 MV/m. Field emission could be reduced with either krypton or helium, but there were conditions related to gas choice, voltage and field strength that were more favorable than others.
The field emission characteristics of niobium electrodes were compared to those of stainless steel electrodes using a DC high voltage field emission test apparatus. Out of 8 electrodes (6 niobium and 2 stainless steel), the best niobium electrode performed better than the best stainless steel electrodes. Large grain niobium exhibited no measurable field emission (< 10 pA) at 225 kV with 20 mm cathode/anode gap, corresponding to a field strength of 18.7 MV/m. Surface evaluation of all electrodes suggested no correlation between the surface roughness and the field emission current.
Removing surface particulate contaminations and protrusions using an effective polishing and cleaning technique helps to prevent field emission. Mechanical polishing using silicon carbide paper and diamond paste is a common method of obtaining a mirror like surface finish on the cathode electrodes. However, it sometimes results rolled-over tips and embedded contamination. A different polishing technique was considered: electropolishing. Three stainless steel cathode electrodes with different initial surface roughness were electropolished by a commercial vendor, and evaluated inside a high voltage test stand. They exhibited less field emission than the diamond paste polished electrodes at the initial application of high voltage; but they were less receptive to ion implantation, which is a beneficial aspect of gas conditioning that serves to increase the work function of the cathode surface. Ultimately, the electropolished electrodes exhibited more field emission than diamond-paste polished electrodes. | 2019-04-19T16:53:09 | https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/mae_etds/112/ |
Whether on business or holiday ... Cosy Central Fremantle apartment will cater for your requirements. The proprietor is on 24 hr call. We meet and greet guests with the key and codes.
Situated in the heart of the CBD of Fremantle, Cosy Central is a gentle stroll to everywhere significant in the port city. Our philosophy is to conserve and recycle wherever possible and we have carried this ethos into the fit-out of this elegant and comfortable short and medium stay apartment.
Originally a sandwich shop, then a environment design studio - you will be amazed by the transformation The display window is now a reading nook with plantation shutters for play of light and privacy. It also doubles as a king size single bed. High ceilings, natural light controlled by the shutters and frosted windows create a sense of space & tranquility. A queen-size "tilta bed" with commercial quality mattress disappears into the wall during the day ensuring more floor space. Original art works grace the walls.
Set back from the hustle of Adelaide St on street level means there are no lifts to negotiate. The apartment is secure with marine-grade mesh doors on both front and rear. A lawn area is accessible to residents and sun chairs and beach towels are provided should you decide to bypass the town beach and just hang out at home .
Bike hire through Fremantle Visitors Centre or an agent in the same street. Secure car park available on request.
Whether visiting Fremantle on business or holiday Cosy Central will cater for all your requirements.
Essential kitchen and bathroom items provided on arrival.
All materials used in this refurbishment are low, or no VOC products, including the use of clay based paints and natural wood oils throughout. The custom made cabinetry has been crafted from the former studio "eco-ply" furniture. Where possible we have purchased Australian made products sourced from local merchants. Energy and water use is minimised through the use of low energy lighting provided by new generation CFL and LED globes, as well as high efficiency tap ware.
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The railway station is a 5 minute walk from the apartment. You will pass cafes, pubs, banks and boutiques, department stores, pharmacies and news-agencies. The train runs regularly from Fremantle to Perth and takes around 20 minutes.
Amble down High Street to the town beach at Arthur Head, for a swim, early coffee or tempting breakfast. Enrol in art classes at Kidogo Art House Bathers Beach, or enjoy fish and chips from the nearby harbour cafes. Oh, and check out the art galleries in High Street and the museums on the water front; it's yours for the taking in. Fremantle Visitors Centre in Kings Square 5 mins away offer free bike usage for visitors. Bicycle paths abound through out the city and its periphery.
Nearby there's a public Olympic size pool, gymnasium, tennis courts and bowling green. 150 meters from a major grocery supermarket. 150 metres from the famous Clancy's Family Fish Pub. | 2019-04-23T00:30:27 | https://www.stayz.com.au/accommodation/wa/perth/fremantle/9101978 |
Today I hop on a plane and head to Europe for four weeks. It's been many months in the planning and I can't believe we're flying out! Two weeks travelling around Germany, Austria and Slovenia, then two weeks in London with a sneaky weekend in Paris thrown in for good measure. I haven't been back to London since I lived there in 2009 and I'm absolutely giddy about going back. There are still so many things to see and do there. | 2019-04-22T08:10:11 | http://www.eversopink.com/2013/04/europe-here-we-come.html |
Why Is Packaging An Important “Point Of Option”?
Packaging design will really performs a fantastic function in making any businesses effective. Packaging style is essential if you want to collect and improve the numbers of your clients and clients. If you will use the right packaging design then people will treat your goods and solutions professionally. If you don’t have any idea about how to make your packaging style stands out then this post is for you.
The Axe line of products from Unilever has a extremely specific goal viewers – younger males aged between 18 and 35. So they built their packaging to appeal to that goal. The package for the Axe Shower Gel appears like it could just as effortlessly include motor oil as shower gel. It is a thick molded black plastic container that has a rugged look that appeals directly to this demographic. Here is a product that has tailor-made not just the contents but also the packaging to their specific target market.
This is an apparent query but you’ll be surprised how frequently this pointer is actually becoming ignored. It would help you if you will think about the goal marketplaces priorities as they shop for their requirements, are they male or feminine? Is your audience old or young? These simple tips will help you figure out the kind of luxury packaging you should apply. Will it be the kind of product somebody goes specifically buying for? Or is it much more likely to be a last minute buying spree? The kind of research function which you will do will assist you determine the right luxury packaging that will fit your needs as well as your spending budget.
Start to layout the graphical portion of the CBT. Consider the content from the storyboard and begin putting the pieces together web page by web page. Put together all the elements and cross verify to ensure that everything is put in the right location.
TIP nine: Consider Shopper Encounter – How will the shopper interact with your item? Can they touch it? Is your product totally sealed? Is the shop willing or encouraged to show one of your goods out of the package? If not, and your product’s selling stage is a tactile function, a die cut window would be appropriate.
LVMH claims business revenue was up 2.one percent from a yr previously to three.sixty three billion euros in 2008, but revenue in the United States fell 4.03 percent and in Japan five.16 percent final yr. However, the team pressured in its annual report that overall performance in China was “solid” and powerful.
Packaging Style is important to the success of a business and to the achievement of the particular item that is being marketed. To take a stage back and put your self in the customer’s shoes, you can really get an correct feel for your present packaging. You can see if the product packaging is really perfect and if it functions with the shelf competition. | 2019-04-19T19:12:06 | http://www.landerlebnis-ostfriesland.info/why-is-packaging-an-important-point-of-option/ |
The pawn shop was established in 2010 at its current location in Suburban St. Louis. Seller is the original owner. The pawn shop has enjoyed good success from the beginning. Pawn loans currently total $85,000 but has been as high as $130,000. Inventory stands at $110,510. The two most popular pawn items are jewelry and guns. The business uses Pawn Master Software.
Buyer must be approved for a Federal Firearms License.
Seller will provide 10% financing if buyer purchases both the pawn shop and the associated real estate.Buyer must be approved for a Federal Firearms License.
Facility is priced at $573,230. A buyer who purchases the Business may also purchase the Real Estate. Rent of $72,000 is an expense and is not included in the SDE. Consequently, that cash can be used to purchase the Real Estate. The building is 3,649 sq. ft. of which 1,800 sq. ft. is devoted to retail sales. There is approximately one acre of land involved. Parking is sufficient for this business.
Excellent potential to bring pawn loans back up to its previous high of $130,000 by allocating more cash for additional loans.
Normal competition for a unique business like a pawn shop. This type of business is one of the oldest in recorded history.
Will train for 3 weeks @ $0 cost. The primary products of this pawn shop are reflected in the percent of pawn loans: Jewelry 40%, guns 40%, tools, motorcycles, musical instruments and other items make up the remaining 20%. Licenses needed include a Business License and a Federal Firearms License (FFL). | 2019-04-24T04:05:44 | http://www.mergerplace.com/business-for-sale/view/missouri/213468 |
„Musica Antiqua Salzburg“ (MAS) is a period instrumental ensemble specialising in historically informed performance of early music.
The ensemble consists of internationally renowned artists focussing on instrumental consort music of the early Baroque for cornetts & sackbuts supported by basso continuo in a variety of settings from solo up to larger instrumentations for winds and strings including vocal music from solo to larger scale choral works.
The ensembles main emphasis is on Salzburg’s rich history and musical diversity in Baroque Salzburg and features composers such as Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber, Paul Hofhaimer, Johann Stadlmayr & Georg Muffat. Musica Antiqua are also heavily dedicated to the diversity of Italian Baroque from Giovanni Gabrieli, Claudio Monteverdi & Biaggio Marini, to German Barqoue masters such as Heinrich Schütz, Michael Praetorius as well as from various other European countries.
Since its foundation in 2010, MAS looks back on several successful projects and engagements, such as the festival opening ceremony of the Salzburg Festival, Musik Sommer Millstatt, Kirchenkonzert-Reihe in St. Leonhard, Original Klang Freistadt, the Diabellisommer Mattsee, or Alte Musik im Schloss Linz, as well as the performance of the Vespere beata vergine of C. Monteverdi in the Munich Herulessaal.
In 2018 MAS is partner ensemble of the EU granted project “The Hanseatic Way” with performances at Festivals all over Europe such as Lithuania (Vilnius, Kaunas), Lattvia (Early music Festival Riga), Estonia (Tallinn), as well as Germany (Hansa Day Rostock), England (Baroque Music Festival Brighton) und den Netherlands (Amsterdam). | 2019-04-20T10:15:04 | http://www.musicaantiqua.at/en/mas/das-ensemble/ |
Base metals prices on the Shanghai Futures Exchange were weaker across the board during Asian morning trading on Friday October 27, coming under pressure from a stronger dollar.
Lead and nickel prices led the rest of the complex lower with losses of 2.3% and 1.9%, respectively, with the latter’s prices coming under additional pressure from news of increased ore exports.
The SHFE’s most-traded January nickel contract stood at 93,790 yuan ($14,130) per tonne as of 03:00 BST, down by 1,810 yuan from the previous session’s close. This after the three-month nickel price on the London Metal Exchange dipped $120 to $11,745 per tonne at the close on Thursday.
Nickel prices have come under pressure following the news that Indonesian state-owned miner Aneka Tambang (PT Antam) has received clearance to export an additional 1.25 million tonnes of laterite ore over the next 12 months.
The news came just a day after China’s Jinchuan Group and Indonesian mining company WP & RKA jointly received approval to export 2.2 million tonnes of nickel ore from Indonesia.
Meanwhile, renewed dollar strength has been a headwind for the rest of the base metals complex this morning.
The dollar strengthened on Friday morning as the euro slumped to three-month lows after the European Central Bank (ECB) extended its bond purchases and reduced the probability that it would raise interest rates next year.
“Although the ECB’s policy announcement was as expected, the euro nonetheless fell 1% vs USD in response to the dovish undertone - as well as positive developments regarding [US President Donald] Trump’s tax-cutting proposals,” ANZ Research said on Friday.
The SHFE December copper price slid by 230 yuan to 54,550 yuan per tonne.
The SHFE December aluminium price fell by 70 yuan to 16,420 yuan per tonne.
The SHFE December zinc price weakened by 275 yuan to 25,730 yuan per tonne.
The SHFE December lead price eased by 440 yuan to 18,670 yuan per tonne.
The SHFE January tin price decreased by 980 yuan to 144,230 yuan per tonne.
The dollar index was up by 0.04% at 94.77 as of 05:33 BST - the index had reached as high as 94.87 earlier in the session, its highest since July 20.
In other commodities, the Brent crude oil spot price decreased by 0.13% to $59.32 per barrel and the Texas light sweet crude oil spot price was down by 0.17% to $52.61 per barrel.
In equities, the benchmark Shanghai Composite Index rose by 0.34% to 3,419.31.
In US data on Thursday, unemployment claims came in around expectations at 233,000, while September wholesale inventories rose by 0.3% against an estimated 0.4%.
The economic agenda is fairly light today with German import prices and US data that includes US advanced gross domestic product (GDP) and revised University of Michigan consumer sentiment and inflation expectations. | 2019-04-24T15:49:25 | https://www.fastmarkets.com/article/3762494/live-futures-report-27-10-shfe-nickel-prices-pressured-lower-by-ore-exports-others-weaker |
If you are building your business online then you need to have an email list. An email list is simply a list of people who have given you their email in exchange for a free gift or to get onto your newsletter.
An email list is not a list that you can just send offer after offer after offer. Your email list is made up of real people who are looking for an answer or help to their problem. You want to treat this list of people very well. They are after all your potential customers and team members.
You can offer them tips and solutions that will make their lives easier. You can build an email list around anything. An important thing to remember is that they gave you their email to get information about a certain item. If you are offering information on make-up, let's say, then keep your emails centered around that. Don't start offering tips on candles. That won't make sense to your list. They gave you their information to learn about make-up not candles. If you wanted to start talking about candles you would start a new list for that.
People will only trade their email information if they feel that they are getting something valuable in return. Make your Freebie something that people are going to want.
Aweber, Get Response and Mail Chimp are well-known and respected email autoresponder services. Stick with one of those 3 (or another experienced and popular provider) to make the process as comfortable for you and your subscribers as possible.
I personally use Aweber and have had great service. They also have a phone number that you can call and get help.
Above the fold means that your opt-in should be at the top of your site. Your visitors should not have to scroll to see your opt-in form. By placing it at the top of your site more people will actually see it.
The sooner that you get started building your list the better! I'm sure that you have heard it before, “The money is in the list” and that is very true. The sooner you learn how to use your autoresponder the better. Don't let it scare you and become overwhelmed. Take your time and learn it. The number 1 thing that most online marketers regret is that they didn't start building their list soon enough.
I know you want to start making money from your list. However, your first 4 or 5 emails should all be quality content only, no sales pitches. Follow-up your opt-in bribe with a “Thank You” email that surprises your subscribers with another high-quality and free piece of content. Follow that email up with at least 1 or 2 more problem-solving, solution producing emails. Only then should you start thinking about trying to make a sales pitch. | 2019-04-24T09:00:08 | http://www.kimnesbitt.com/5-tips-list-building-beginners/ |
How often do we stress about the unfavorable outcomes of our decisions. It makes us feel we should have known better.
The authors emphasize that the distinction between a good decision and a good outcome is a basic one to all decision analysts, but is not very well understood outside the decision-analysis profession.
A good decision is one that makes effective use of the information available to the decision maker at the time the decision is made. A good outcome is one that the decision maker likes. Such an outcome can result from a good decision, but it can also result from good fortune, following a bad decision. Of course, the whole point of good thinking is to increase the probability of good outcomes (and true conclusions), but many other factors affect outcomes aside from good thinking. Some of these have to do with good thinking on earlier occasions. Others have to do with luck — factors beyond the person’s control.
If we want to promote good decision making, we should ensure that people do the best they can with what is knowable. We cannot insist on clairvoyance. Prudently made investment decisions can lead to surprising losses. A decision to perform surgery could have been a rational one, even if the patient is the one in a thousand who dies on the operating table from that operation.
People do tend to judge decisions by their outcomes even when they know everything that the decision maker knew, as though decision makers were held responsible for their luck.
The real danger of falling for the outcome bias, as Baron notes, is that it can cause us to hold people responsible for events they could not control.
When people are judging the quality of leaders’ decisions, they tend to focus much more on outcomes than intentions. For example, they judge hiring decisions not on the basis of whether the decision was made thoughtfully or fairly but on whether the new employee performs well. They judge the quality of a product decision on whether the product was well received in the market, rather than the quality of the process that led to the decision in the first place.
[…] The outcome bias is costly to organizations. It causes employees and leaders to be blamed for negative outcomes even when they had good intentions and used a thoughtful decision-making process, considering all the information that should be taken into account.
Requiring individuals to make judgments about people’s decision-making process before the outcomes have been achieved is an effective strategy to reduce the outcome bias in contexts in which scenarios or decisions are evaluated simultaneously rather than one after the other.
It is easy to celebrate or lament a particular decision or action based on how it turns out. But it is important to remember that the process that led to the outcome, including the decision maker’s initial intentions, deserve to be taken into account in evaluating the results. | 2019-04-21T17:01:07 | https://www.nuggetsofthought.com/2018/02/22/dont-judge-decisions-based-on-their-outcome |
As part of the 2019 AGILE conference in Limassol, Cyprus (17-20 June 2019), we are organizing the workshop 'GEOgraphical and CULTural aspects of Geo-information: Issues and Solutions' (GeoCultGis). This workshop is focussed on the effects of different geographical and cultural contexts on the production, usage, and analysis of geo-information, the challenges these present for research, and possible conceptual and methodological approaches for considering these.
We feel that OSM-related research is very relevant in this context and invite you to submit a short paper (up to 3000 words) via e-mail to novack at uni-heidelberg.de. The submission deadline is April 30th 2019. Authors are requested to follow the formatting guidelines for short papers on the AGILE 2019 call for papers page . For more detail see the workshop's website .
As a follow-up to the workshop, we will be organizing a special issue of Transactions in GIS based on the contributions to the workshop.
Please feel free to further distribute this call. | 2019-04-24T02:56:46 | https://lists.openstreetmap.org/pipermail/science/2019-March/000030.html |
Julian Assange and The Fifth Estate: Wiki Wacky Who?
With Julian Assange a refugee in the Ecuadorian Embassy in London since June 2012, what’s his whistle-blowing website been up to? Well, last year WikiLeaks published the Syria files — more than 2 million emails and papers from Bashar Assad‘s government — and a hundred or so classified files from the U.S. Defense Department revealing its policy on detainees at Guantanamo and elsewhere. This year WikiLeaks released CIA and State Department documents from the 1970s, including secret cables from Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. Just last Wednesday it posted a new installment of its Spy Files 3 project, detailing the internal workings of European companies specializing in surveillance technology. That’s corporate spying to you, or maybe on you.
All very noteworthy, and newsworthy. But WikiLeaks hasn’t received the attention that a few years ago made it arguably the top source for exposés of government and industrial corruption. The Iraq and Syria War Logs, which the site obtained from U.S. Army analyst Bradley (now Chelsea) Manning, made news around the world, thanks in part to the editorial validation of The Guardian, The New York Times and Der Spiegel.
But that was in 2010, so very long ago that it makes Assange and the site he founded seem almost nostalgic. The same with The Fifth Estate, the fun, zippy, ultimately empty new portrait of the wired wonder from Down Under. The Toronto Film Festival’s opening-night attraction, it comes to U.S. movie houses Oct. 18.
Directed by Bill Condon — who made his name in bio-pics (Gods and Monsters, Kinsey) before going old Broadway with Dreamgirls and young-adult with the last two Twilight movies — The Fifth Estate crams a spanning-the-globe crash course in international politics into the crevices of a lopsided bromance. As Aaron Sorkin’s script for The Social Network traced the spiral of admiration into disillusionment in the relationship of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg and his colleague Eduardo Saverin, so The Fifth Estate treats the collaboration of Assange (Benedict Cumberbatch) and fellow hacker-activist Daniel Domscheit-Berg (Daniel Brühl). Domscheit-Berg’s memoir of Assange and WikiLeaks is one of the sources for the script by Josh Singer, who had written for Sorkin’s TV series The West Wing.
They meet in Berlin in 2007 and quickly become, in Assange’s words, “an army of two” — rather, an army of one Supreme Commander and one devoted, obliging grunt. In a great shot, Assange is seen working at his computer in a huge office; track slowly back, and all the desks are manned by Assanges. Using a myriad of false IDs to make WikiLeaks appear fully staffed, he is everywhere and everyone. What upsets Daniel is that Julian may be a genius, but he’s no gentleman. He disses Daniel’s parents and barges in on his affair with the lovely Anke (Sweden’s Alicia Vikander, the young charmer in the Keira Knightley Anna Karenina). The Mandarin and the mensch are bound to collide and, when they do, WikiLeaks briefly crashes with them.
The movie is all about him, and thus about Cumberbatch. The actor, who brought his upper-class hauteur to TV’s Sherlock Holmes and as the revived Khan in Star Trek Into Darkness, manages to occupy, glamorize and parody Assange. He is a mix of tics and grandeur, a creature apart and above, both worldly and otherworldly. No one so conscious of his own legend, and so practiced in promoting it, is likely also to be a decent, caring human being. That is Daniel, at least in this movie made from his book. But nice doesn’t make for scintillating cinema, not when naughty is there to steal every scene.
Singer and Condon offer a little sympathy for the Devil with occasional references to his peculiar upbringing: his time with the cult known as The Family, and the revelation that he was in his twenties before he met his birth father. He also mentions that he has a 19-year-old son named… Daniel, suggesting a paternal affection for Domscheit-Berg (who is only seven years younger than Assange). Having established the father-son connection, The Fifth Estate then casts Julian as Darth Vader to Daniel’s Luke Skyhacker, dueling not with light sabers but with computer strokes. In the process, the impact of WikiLeaks is reduced to a workplace drama about a brilliant boss who mistreated his one wonderful employee.
Told in a jazzy, chaotic style that throws computer algorithms and text messages on the screen, and with dialogues that the camera keeps swiveling and jerking to catch up with, The Fifth Estate means to be both a filmic and an Internet experience. But it’s really an old-fashioned falling-out-of-love story, as seen from Domscheit-Berg’s perspective. It upends Assange’s battle cry of “Privacy for the individual, transparency for the institutions,” and reveals more about the founder’s quirks than about the content of his scoops. It’s the film equivalent of celebrity journalism. Which, some would say, is no journalism at all. | 2019-04-21T06:46:40 | http://entertainment.time.com/2013/09/08/julian-assange-and-the-fifth-estate-wiki-wacky-who/ |
This layer adds configuration for C/C++ language as well support for CMake scripts.
Support syntax checking via flycheck with Clang.
Support for disassembly of code with disaster.
Support code reformatting with clang-format.
Support code navigation via cscope (when cscope layer is included) and gtags.
Support auto-completion (when auto-completion layer is included) via company-clang (when c-c++-enable-clang-support is turned on), or company-ycmd (when ycmd layer is included).
To use this configuration layer, add it to your ~/.spacemacs. You will need to add c-c++ to the existing dotspacemacs-configuration-layers list in this file.
By default header files are opened in c-mode, you can open them in c++-mode by setting the variable c-c++-default-mode-for-headers to c++-mode.
Note: To set the variable for a given project, create a directory local variable at the root of your project. More info on directory local variables can be found in the dir-locals.
clang-format allows reformatting either a selected region of code (clang-format-region) or a whole buffer (clang-format-buffer) to make it conform to a style defined in a .clang-format file. This file is either located in the same directory as the file being edited, or in any of its parent directories (otherwise a default style will be used).
This layer adds some fancy improvements to company-clang. It includes a hook to load a projects .clang_complete file, which is just a text file with one clang flag per line, a format also used by other text editor clang plugins.
Not only does this allow proper autocomplete on projects with extra includes and flags, but there is also support for flycheck so that it doesn't complain about missing header files.
SPC m r srefactor: refactor thing at point. | 2019-04-24T15:22:45 | http://spacemacs.org/layers/+lang/c-c++/README.html |
The theme this time is plants like the pumpkin that have curly tendrils and to use coloured wax for the background. I melted several colours of blue wax onto the card and twisted it around while wet so that they ran and mixed. In one corner I made a mask of part of a circle and melted white wax into that area to give the impression of moonlight. I then drew 3 bats in black wax across the moon. My pumpkin is cut out of a coke can and embossed and coloured with alcohol inks. A thin glaze of glitter glue was applied to the dark sky to add shimmer from the moonlight.
Oh, it's beautiful! Love the bright shades of blue, the texture, the pumpkin, love everything about this card!!
OMG! Stunning card! The background and the pumpkin are great.
Welcome to my blog. For years I have enjoyed art in all forms, mixed media is a love of mine and I enjoy all kinds of crafts. I am always interested in new techniques so please let me know of any that you find effective and fun to do. Feel free to try out any techniques you see here but be kind enough to put a link to my blog when you do so. Please leave comments or questions under the items, reviews favourable or not are always helpful. | 2019-04-24T12:21:08 | http://paulaexuk.blogspot.com/2010/11/carte-jouer-4.html |
The National Rheumatoid Arthritis Society is ‘the voice’ of people affected by Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) across the whole of the UK and in due course, we hope to be so for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). Founded in 2001, we are the only UK charity devoted specifically to RA, and we are launching a service for families, children, young people and adults affected by Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in July 2014.
We take pride in the fact that everything we stand for and do is patient-led. Our head office team of 24 members of staff works closely with all of our NRAS Members and Volunteers, the Board of Trustees and our panel of Medical and Allied Health Professional Advisors to design, coordinate, fund and deliver a comprehensive and wide range of high quality products and member services for all affected by RA and in due course, JIA.
‘If you’ve just been diagnosed with RA or you think you may have it, you may be feeling all sorts of things: emotional, anxious or afraid of what the future holds. That’s perfectly understandable. I felt all those things and more when I was diagnosed over 30 years ago.
‘But things are so different now. There are now very effective treatments which are a lot better than used to be the case, so you can expect to lead a more normal life than was ever possible years ago. There is a lot of research happening around the world, with new drugs in the pipeline. The way in which treatment is delivered is also more targeted and effective. So it is all the more important to get an early diagnosis and start treatment as soon as possible.
What can I do to look after myself?
Our helpline is manned by three trained staff supported by other members of the NRAS team.
Our aim is to provide callers with up to date information, give emotional support especially for those going through a difficult time and help people understand more about the disease and the treatments available. We aim to keep well-informed of developments in the field of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and will always try to answer your questions as fully as possible. We provide information and support on a range of topics including getting a diagnosis, side effects of medications, issues with work, the financial impact of RA, possible benefits available, diet and exercise, pregnancy, complementary therapies and surgery.
We receive a very wide range of calls and when relevant information or detailed knowledge is not available, we will always endeavour to find good evidence-based information from other sources, and give details of the best organisation to help you, perhaps with more in-depth knowledge and experience on a particular topic.
Callers need to be aware that we have no medical training and so unfortunately are not able to answer specific medical questions such as, “I’m not feeling well, should I stop my methotrexate?” In such circumstances we always refer callers to their rheumatology team or GP. We really do appreciate how frustrating this is as often it is difficult to get through to healthcare professionals, but it would be very unsafe for us to field this type of question.
We have access to a team of Medical Advisors; consultants, rheumatology nurse specialists and other health professionals whom we can contact for further information and advice. They are not unfortunately working here in the office with us but they occasionally help us to respond to difficult queries by email. Of course any responses provided by them in these circumstances can only be very general.
If you would like to talk to someone else who also has RA for general support, you may prefer to speak to one of our volunteers from the NRAS Volunteer Network. Our volunteers are trained to speak on the telephone about whatever aspect of your RA that you are most concerned about. This service is restricted to UK calls only. | 2019-04-19T22:12:02 | https://painuk.org/members/charities/national-rheumatoid-arthritis-society/ |
Digital Premium Movies include HBO and The Movie Channel. The first movie channel is $19.95 and $15 for the second movie channel.
For example: Paying $19.95 for HBO and an additional $15 for The Movie Channel will give you a total of 2 movie channels for $39.95.
*Digital broadcast signals are available to all expanded basic subscribers. | 2019-04-26T15:46:41 | https://www.rittercommunications.com/lineup-tri-co |
This morning children in kindergarten to 8th grade met in Family Groups and Circles to work on a Cosmos-related project together. The annual Student Council Talent Show is coming up in February, and there was a request for "scenery" for the show! This morning we all got to work, with older helping younger - and vice versa! - and some beautiful decorations were made. | 2019-04-21T09:02:41 | https://www.tpschool.org/blog/2015/1/23/cosmos-scenery |
Tim Sherwood is unfazed by speculation of a takeover at Aston Villa.
Owner Randy Lerner put the Premier League club up for the sale last May, but as yet a new buyer has not been found.
Reports have suggested that Villa are in talks with an interested party from United States, although no official word has arrived from the club or Lerner.
Manager Sherwood, though, is unconcerned by off-field issues and is focused purely on guiding Villa away from trouble with just three points separating them from 18th-placed Burnley.
"There's a buyer out there for Manchester United, it's going to have to be a rich one," he said ahead of Saturday's trip to Manchester United.
"Every club is for sale but I haven't heard anything, no.
"It's not a concern, I just have to do my job. My job is to prepare the team and keep them in the league this year."
Ahead of the visit to Old Trafford, Sherwood has been boosted by the return to training of quartet Ron Vlaar, Tom Cleverley, Joe Cole and Philippe Senderos.
"A few of them are medically fit now but physically they are still a bit behind," he added. "It's up to me to decide whether to throw them in at Old Trafford or wait for the games coming up.
"There's a few more bodies out on the training field that's for sure. Vlaar is back out there and so is Tom Cleverley which is good. Joe Cole and Philippe Senderos are training also." | 2019-04-23T22:35:37 | https://www.sportingnews.com/au/other-sports/news/villa-boss-sherwood-unconcerned-by-takeover-talk/otlfy47cpy431ecm9hef9mz5e |
Watsons Bay Wedding on a most blustery day!
28 Jul Watsons Bay Wedding on a most blustery day!
A thunderstorm wasn’t going to stop this most glamorous of couples! Watson’s Bay Boutique Hotel, a great choice of location to get ready. A quiet and serene ceremony at Our Lady, Star of the Sea, Watson’s Bay followed by the perfect reception at impeccable Dunbar House at Watson’s Bay! A glorious day. Congratulations Mel and Brett and thank you so much for having Milk & Honey Photography capture your day! | 2019-04-23T18:51:08 | https://milkandhoney.com.au/watsons-bay-blustery-day/ |
They are also great for subscription clubs. With Payolee you can take one time or recurring payments. We’ve created a payment solution that is easy to use and has fast setup time. Eonon provide you the cheaper price but with best quality Car DVD for you. Taking much less cash to ‘fill up’ than oil burning engines from the Car DVD. You can charge them the whole night from your domestic electricity supply, and depending on your practical company this can be reduced by taking advantage of off peak tariffs.
replica celine bags Larry Austin is a freelance journalist who writes on travel related topics such as hotel and destination reviews etc. Today, every Company is competing in order to get a lead, they have been searching for economical and dependable media to promote their business and reach out to the end user. Mostly web servers that host high profile sites, DNS servers and mail servers are the most common targets of such attacks replica celine bags. | 2019-04-23T04:30:26 | https://graceylanefarm.com/2013/11/24/medium-fitch-expects-the-regions-direct-risk-will-continue-to/ |
Manufacturing in Virginia is suffering, according to data from the University of Virginia’s Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service.
Michael Pope looked into the numbers.
This entry was posted on April 1, 2019, 6:32 am and is filed under Uncategorized. You can follow any responses to this entry through RSS 2.0. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site. | 2019-04-18T21:12:26 | https://virginiapublicradio.org/2019/04/01/data-shows-steady-decline-of-virginia-manufacturing-jobs/ |
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The eradication program will result in the unplanned slaughter of an estimated 126,000 or more head, from at least 190 farms. Because Mycoplasma bovis is not a danger to the food supply, that beef is expected to be added to the country’s export numbers this year. There is also likely to be an impact on another of the country’s big export items, dry powdered milk, supplies of which would likely be reduced as a result of the culling on the dairy side.
Purdue University’s Chris Hurt, agricultural economist, says the USDA shows the country has about 6 million milk and beef cows. Assuming a slaughter of 150,000 head, that is about 2.5% of New Zealand’s herd. He says the degree to which this added supply might impact beef prices will be partially tied to how quickly the animals are slaughtered and moved into supply channels.
According to reports from Biosecurity New Zealand, the government, dairy and beef industries agreed to the attempted eradication, a process set to take place over the next one to two years. At presstime, the government had identified 37 infected farms, and 260 “suspect” farms infected cattle will come from. There will also be “movement controls” for any farms considered high risk. This is out of 20,000 total farms. | 2019-04-19T13:31:57 | http://kticradio.com/agricultural/massive-herd-slaughter-new-zealand-moves-to-eradicate-infected-cattle/ |
If you are a new or current member please see Member sub-pages for Group guidelines and Order Calendar. By becoming a member you will automatically become part of a group email list so that you can be alerted to order times, payment dates, and to receive the monthly order spreadsheet. You also have the option of joining a Facebook group page which contains any news concerning the whereabouts of delivery managers, particularly during winter months, and farm information concerning product availability and occasional offerings from other farms that we have connections to. You can also use the Facebook page to communicate with other members to share recipes and experiences, and also to organize the pick-up of your items when you are unavailable.
If you are thinking about becoming a member or in the process of becoming a new member see Member subpages for Group Guidelines, Order Calendar, and, specifically, the Sign-up Checklist. If after reviewing the information on this website you want to become a member contact a local delivery manager for availability and the documents necessary to sign up. We do not post these documents here so that we know who has them and so we don't receive more sign-ups than we can handle or know about.
If you only wish to order CSA and/or meat, you do not have to be a member of the herd share groups. These can be ordered completely independent of group membership. You will still need to contact a local delivery manager for availability and order documents. | 2019-04-22T04:54:06 | https://diversityfarms.weebly.com/members.html |
A Mexican journalist seeking asylum from death threats has no place in detention!
On February 5th, 2017, Mexican journalist Martín Méndez Pineda came to the United States border seeking asylum from growing death threats in Guerrero, Mexico. Instead, he was taken into custody at the border by Immigrations and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and has been detained ever since.
After publishing an article exposing police misconduct in Guerrero in February 2016, several men came to Méndez’s home where they assaulted and threatened to kill him. He was subjected to intimidation and harassment by Mexican federal officers thereafter. Following months of persecution, Méndez went into hiding for fear of his life and eventually fled Guerrero for the U.S. border. On February 5th 2017, Méndez was detained in El Paso, Texas, where he remains in custody.
Reporters Without Borders (RSF) deplores this egregious and inexplicable conduct by ICE and calls on the authorities to free Martín Méndez, who broke no law in seeking asylum and does not have a criminal record.
Unfortunately, Méndez’s predicament is not unique. There have been several cases of journalists seeking refuge in the United States who have instead been placed in detention at the border for unacceptably long periods of time.
Martín Méndez had the right to lawfully seek asylum in the country that has now locked him up without charge or provocation, and has no place in custody.
Mexico is the deadliest country for journalists in the Western Hemisphere, ranking 149th out of 180 on RSF’s 2016 World Press Freedom Index. In March alone, three journalists were gunned down in public: Cecilio Pineda Birto in Guerrero, Miroslava Breach in Chihuahua, and Ricardo Monlui in Veracruz. There were also two attempted murders of journalists in the same month.
Join us at Reporters Without Borders by signing the petition urging the U.S. authorities to free Martín Mendez, an innocent journalist persecuted for doing his job. Share with your networks using #FreeMartinMendez. | 2019-04-22T05:21:59 | https://rsf.org/en/free-martin-mendez |
See the FREE topo map of Citrus Wildlife Management Area a Park in Citrus County Florida on the Lecanto USGS quad map.
takes advantage of the area’s unique edge of the Citrus Wildlife Management Area before heading of the Croom Wildlife Management Area.
The majority of the land within Withlacoochee State Forest is included in Florida's Wildlife Management Area (WMA) program and offers seasonal hunting opportunities.
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Menu. Home; How do I report a boating, fishing or wildlife law violation? Shooting and target practice.
Citrus Wildlife Management Area local information and maps. Citrus Wildlife Management Area is a park in Florida, United States, North America.
After many good years, MyParkPhotos has made the decision to close down. We want to thank you all for your passion, talent and dedication to this site.
Hernando County Unit Chassahowitzka NWR Oh, Ranger!
Crystal River National Wildlife Refuge. boating, fishing, manatee and other wildlife viewing, picnic area. Entrance Fee No. Scuba Diving Yes. Citrus County. | 2019-04-22T00:48:35 | https://www.nextube.co.za/citrus/wildlife/management/area/ |
A flashlight and key chain combo that outshines the rest. Made from aluminum with shiny lacquer finish and silver accents. Brilliant white LED light always ready for use. Lifetime laser engraving. Batteries included. | 2019-04-21T15:10:14 | https://www.pensaustralia.com/au/products.asp?prod=LAK(Z) |
We, the Silently Broken are writing you this day because I have an obligation to speak up when we see-- or in this case experience something wrong. As your sister/brother in Christ and as someone who has been called to kill the stigma around mental illness in the church, we have been given this obligation.
We don’t do this, because we are inspired, but because they were the ones who’d hurt others, liberally. If they hurt their other brethren, then they’d hurt us. In other words, seekers of Christ who are just starting out, they spend more time watching and listening to you and thinking badly about your actions than with people who are real and aren’t afraid to show where they struggle. It’s somewhat refreshing to seekers to find people in church without that mask. They tend to believe the word coming from an openly imperfect Christian more than from someone who mimics perfection.
There is a beautiful transparency to honest disciples who never wear a false face and do not pretend to be anything but who they are.
We were humiliated by your treatment of us through one of the hardest times of our lives. It really wasn’t any of your business who we choose to tell. And even when we do what you told us to do and kept silent, you kicked us out anyway. This would be a devastating and traumatic situation for anyone; because in the one place where you are supposed to be loved and helped, we were cast out. Once all this is over, we feel like we don’t belong anywhere. As Christians, we are in and not of the world and are hated by the world. But as someone with mental illness, we don’t belong with our family in Christ.
Now that I have finished expressing this, I want you to be aware that I have forgiven you, despite how traumatic this was. But I do want you to do this big favour for me. As your sister/brother in Christ, I ask that you learn from this situation and not do this to anyone ever again. If a Christian in my same situation comes expressing things like this, please be aware that it IS part of your mission to help them and treat them the same as everyone else, with the same love. Please treat the others how you’d want to be treated. Bear their burdens, because as you are your brother’s keeper. It is your problem just as it is mine.
The ragamuffin who sees his life as a voyage of discovery and runs the risk of failure has a better feel for faithfulness than the timid man who hides behind the law and never finds out who he is at all. | 2019-04-18T12:16:16 | https://www.lightformi.com/blog/church-leaders |
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The personally identifiable information collected at this website may be indefinitely retained and electronically archived. Please keep in mind that information collected at this website may be different than that collected at or through other activities, events, or functions related to El Paso County and the use and disclosure, if any, of such information may vary and are not covered under this policy.
You may access all of the personal information that we collect from you online and maintain by e-mailing us at El Paso County. To protect your privacy and security, we will also take reasonable steps to verify your identity before granting access or making corrections.
El Paso County maintains industry standard encryption technologies to ensure the security, integrity and privacy of the personal information that you provide through the website. Please keep in mind, however, that no data transmission over the Internet or any wireless network can be guaranteed to be 100% secure. As a result, we cannot guarantee the security of any information you transmit using our website, and therefore, it is important to remember that you transmit such information at your own risk. El Paso County does not assume responsibility for use or disclosure of your information that are the result of unauthorized or illegal access to our systems or to those of our vendors or partners.
Understanding that Internet technologies are rapidly evolving, any changes to this policy will be promptly posted on this page, with an updated "effective date" posted below. El Paso County reserves the right to modify the terms of this policy at any time and in our sole discretion, by posting a change notice to this page. Your continued use of the website following our posting of a change notice will constitute binding acceptance of those changes. | 2019-04-18T10:26:08 | https://www.elpasocountyfair.com/privacy-terms-cookies |
Did you attend our conference on data visualization on January 15? Whether you were able to join us or not, we hope you’ll stop by Andala Coffee House on January 22 to discuss applications of visualization techniques in academia and industry.
This event is open to all. You don’t need to be a member of NEASIST to join us.
RSVPs welcome (but not required) at our Meetup site. | 2019-04-19T16:51:20 | https://neasist.asist.org/2015/01/16/january-meetup-on-data-visualization/ |
Honey has been consumed by humans for over 10,000 years. It is the only food from insects that we eat. Honey is derived from the nectar of flowers, which is gathered by the female, or worker bee and stored in her honey sac for transportation to the hive. While obtaining the nectar, pollen from the flower is gathered on the two hind legs of the bee. During the course of the day, a bee may make as many as 25 trips gathering nectar and pollen, but will only visit one type of flower. This phenomenon is known as flower fidelity and is nature’s way of not confusing the pollination issue.
Upon her returns to the hive, she is greeted by guards who identify her as a member of the colony and allow her entrance. She then passes her partially digested nectar to another worker or deposits the nectar in an empty cell in the wax foundation. The pollen is deposited in a cell and softened with water to a paste. This pollen paste, a source of protein, is used for rearing the brood.
The complex sugar (sucrose) is converted to simpler sugars (glucose and fructose) to which are added enzymes. Water, which in the beginning stage of honey is the dominate component, is evaporated by the bees fanning the honey with their wings. Less water content allows the product to better resist spoiling. Good honey contains only about 18% water or less.
The mature honey consists of 80% sugar, mostly fructose and glucose, 18% water and 2% minerals, vitamins, pollen and protein. One tablespoon of honey contains 64 calories. Honey has a healthy glycemic index, which means its sugars can be more gradually absorbed into the system resulting in better digestion.
The vitamins present are B6, thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid and certain amino acids. The minerals include calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and zinc. Honey also contains antioxidants and is free of fat and cholesterol. Furthermore, the vitamins and minerals in honey help to metabolize undesirable cholesterol and fatty acids on the organs and tissues, thus helping to prevent obesity. Honey also improves the immune system. It also provides relief from coughs by soothing the throat. Mixed with milk and taken before bedtime it helps the sleep process.
Through the ages honey has been used to help the healing of wounds. Bacteria do not live in honey and its application to wounds tends to dry out bacteria which may be present in the wound site. Some studies actually show that honey can kill bacteria by virtue of a protein known as defensis-1. Additionally, the dressings for the wound do not stick to the affected areas when honey is applied, resulting in pain free changing of the dressings and less interference with newly forming tissue over the wound area.
There have been some significant results in healing diabetic ulcers by applying honey to the affected area. One case example described a patient with diabetic ulcers on his feet, who, after spending over US$395,000.00 in treatments and surgery over two years, had lost two toes and experienced no healing of the ulcerated areas. Within weeks of treating the areas with honey, the sores were cured and the patient was ambulatory.
In addition to wounds and infected areas, honey is also good for treating burns and as a skin cream. Local honey also helps to minimize the effects of seasonal allergies. This appears to be the result of local pollens being introduced into the system by ingesting honey, thus helping to immunize the individual from the effects of the airborne pollens. Studies have shown honey to be helpful in preventing acid reflux and in shortening the duration of bacterial diarrhea in infants and young children.
The wonderful thing about honey is that when consumed as raw honey (not heated over 116 degrees) it is an entirely pure and natural sweetener with no adverse effects and instead, abundant healthful properties. | 2019-04-21T12:44:03 | https://ambergriscaye.com/forum/ubbthreads.php/topics/490900/honey-nutritional-facts-and-medical-uses.html |
What is your opinion of every time a holiday in extra villa is mentioned? Will it cause you to weak in the knees once you suppose the money you’ll need to spend to have a luxury villa holiday experience? An extravagance villa holiday talks about opulence, luxury, class and comfort, nevertheless it does not necessarily imply that you have to splurge. In case you have always stayed in luxury hotels within your holidays, then it’s time you changed to a luxury villa. The total cost of staying inside a luxury villa can certainly exercise below what you would devote to luxury hotels. On top of that, staying in luxury villas for holidays has certain advantages that even luxury hotels do not provide.
Most travelers think that private villas are simply to the famous and rich and they also do not take them under consideration when contriving a holiday. But, actually, if you plan your holiday properly you can enjoy a stay in an individual villa by only spending around you would spend on hotels. These villas supply you with your own house even though you may are saved to holiday. They have got great living areas, spacious rooms, fully functional kitchens, etc. Regardless if you are vacationing with relatives and buddies or are stored on holiday along with your spouse, you can find a villa that may fit your requirements. Those are the perfect area for space, privacy and freedom.
The privacy private villas offer is not matched by the most secluded hotels. Even most remote hotels will surely produce other hotel guests or hotel staff around, but also in a private villa you may be away from all such distractions. An exclusive villa is at your disposal only which is usually far from a number of external distractions. Such a setting can go further to produce your holiday an excellent one.
Some private villas will comw with designed with a personal pool, that provides you excellent privacy – something is not going to get involved a communal pool in a luxury hotel. Private villas with pools can also be just the thing for kids. They could have pleasure in fun water activities while you can rest by the pool and view on them. Such pools are generally considerably cleaner and safer than communal pool areas in hotels, that are sometimes too crowded and chaotic, rendering it a hardship on individuals to relax.
These villas are available with personal staff which will take proper your needs, including food, laundry, cleaning, transportation, etc. Also, keeping a villa for holidays permits you to set your individual pace of performing things; it’s not necessary to rush through each of the activities available. Based on the sized the household or group you will end up holidaying with, you can find villas that will accommodate all without feeling crowded. So the next time you’re planning a trip and therefore are searching for accommodation options do consider a lovely private villa.
Mau thiet ke biet thu dep take a look at our web page. | 2019-04-25T22:24:21 | https://trunk.www.volkalize.com/members/eagleghana3/activity/1806761/ |
Currently viewing the category: "International News"
I am a daughter of a lost civilization.
My mother was born in Libya, and my father is from Yemen.
Most of the world knows the history of the Jews of Europe, which culminated in the Holocaust, where one-third of the world’s Jewish population was wiped out.
(JTA) — Eighteen Jewish groups urged Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to exclude Jewish artifacts when making import restriction agreements with countries in the Middle East and North Africa.
In a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, JIMENA called on Secretary Pompeo to encourage the State Department and the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs to explicitly recognize the rights of Jewish and minority heritage when negotiating future cultural property agreements with countries in North Africa and the Middle East.
Take Action by writing op-eds, blog-entries and news articles! | 2019-04-19T18:30:46 | http://www.jimena.org/category/news/page/2/ |
Looking for the Best Plumbers in Calgary? Look No Further!
Call now and take advantage of the ClearView 30-point heating inspection and tune-up that we recommend every year to keep your system in optimal condition and to address any issues before you're left out in the cold. Call ClearView to schedule your heating maintenance today!
Everyone knows Calgary weather is tough, but did you know it’s even tougher on heaters? Our wintertime temperatures can swing wildly from day to day – heck, even from hour to hour – causing starts and stops which equal excessive wear and tear on heating systems. And to make matters worse, many furnaces are natural gas-fueled, creating safety concerns as well.
But ClearView’s got you covered. Our certified heating repair specialists arrive ready to diagnose and tackle any heating problem, large or small. Plus, we’ll thoroughly review your system to ensure it safely meets the heavy demands of winter use, and is ready for the off-season shutdown months, too.
So don’t get left out in the cold. Call on ClearView to put decades of Calgary-area heating repair expertise to work for the comfort and safety of your home and family. And to make things even easier on you, we have $0 down financing options so you can have the heat you need – right away. | 2019-04-21T09:10:42 | https://clearviewplumbing.ca/heating-services/ |
Yeehaw! Two pairs of Wild West—inspired Nike Air Maxes have surfaced — 97 and 95 — perfect for anyone who wants to do any boot scootin or rootin tootin. Mostly inspired from the work clothing worn by old cowboys, these are definitely a statement piece. Both sport the same tan mud guards and paisley strip contrasting with the worn-out denim. The AM95 receives a white midsole, while the AM97 receives a blue midsole that matches the uppers.
The whole Wild West pack is set to release on February 2 at select Nike stockists. | 2019-04-22T05:03:20 | https://www.sneakerfreaker.com/sneakers/a-wild-west-inspired-air-max-95-and-97-surface/ |
On November 30, 2013, at 5:08 a.m., Cincinnati Police officers responded to the 500 block of Oliver Street, for a report of a person down. Upon arrival, District One officers located a male shooting victim. The victim was pronounced dead at the scene. The victim has been identified as Jaime Grimes, October 5, 1988. The investigation is continuing at this time. | 2019-04-20T13:07:50 | http://crime-stoppers.us/jaime-grimes/ |
Posted on August 13, 2012, in php and tagged api, github, php, public api, rest. Bookmark the permalink. 7 Comments.
In my case, I have to set reverse proxies dynamically. So the approach I came so far was to make a nginx/apache conf file that only sets one proxy rule, throw it in a private s3 bucket and run a command that all instances pulls it and put it in a conf dir that loads every *-proxy.conf, for example, and reboot the server service for them all.
I will test for both solutions and see the benchmarks.
Provably reverse proxy is the best solution. Do you have any examples?
Pingback: Datablog: Radiobox2 API | Hack de Overheid! | 2019-04-18T12:47:22 | https://gonzalo123.com/2012/08/13/building-a-simple-api-proxy-server-with-php/ |
Placemat advertising in Michigan. is one of the most affordable ways to advertise your business or organization. Advertising on placemats provides you an opportunity to showcase your business and connect with a captive audience. | 2019-04-18T23:29:17 | http://www.theplacematpeople.com/state/placemat-advertising-in-MI |
Though December is considered to be more appropriate time for observing Christmas, the July celebrations of the festival are slowly catching on. The "Christmas in July" is now a popular occasion observed every year in countries such as Australia and the U.S. Features of Christmas in July include Santa Claus, ice cream and other cold foods, and gifts. If you know about Christmas in July, it is time to find out how much you are actually familiar with the occasion. TheHolidaySpot provides you with a splendid quiz to check whether your knowledge of the festival is good enough to fetch you some points. Try it out and have a great time. If you like solving our Christmas in July Quiz, please click here and refer it to your friends and dear ones. Happy Christmas in July to you!
Have fun attempting our fabulous Christmas in July Quiz. For each correct entry, you will be rewarded with 1 point. Anything more than 6 points is cool and over 8 points is just great. Get going! | 2019-04-23T00:30:34 | http://www.theholidayspot.com/christmas_in_july/christmas_in_july_quiz.htm |
Electrical preventive maintenance is cost-effective in many ways, improves equipment efficiency and reduces utility bills. Don’t neglect your electrical distribution system. Consider an EPM program — before a costly failure occurs. | 2019-04-21T19:05:38 | http://www.bestintownservices.ae/our-services/electrical/ |
Introduction: Miracle Money events come in all sizes and from too many sources to count. That is why they are called “Miracles” and why we are not to block them by holding expectations of how much or from where they will appear when we say the MMT Statement. The following are just a few of the thousands of stories -- some small, some medium, and some, like the first one below, very large. In a word, all the ways the MMT can work in our lives are truly limitless.
Here is one of the Miracle Money stories I always use when teaching this process to groups. Back in 1987 when I was living in Madison, WI. I met a young man, we will call “John.” This young man had an Masters degree in entomology [the study of bugs!] from the Univ of WI in Madison. Because John didn't want to work for the chemical companies, he was having trouble getting a job. He kept emphasizing this by telling people he wasn't working nearly every time he had a conversation with them. I knew this type of negative reinforcement was not helping the situation, so I decided to take him aside and teach him the Miracle Money Technique. He was very open to this working for him and took it all in.
Well, John is the reason I sometimes add another Rule which is: "Don't call me before 7:30 in the morning to tell me this works!" Because of course, John did call me the next day roughly around 7 am to tell me how some friends of his had stopped by the night I taught him the MMT and unexpectedly gave him a gift of $50 in cash and also invited him to visit with them over one of the holiday weekends. So I reminded him about then saying, "And this week I will experience another Miracle having to do with money" so the process would keep going. He assured me he would and I continued to get reports on his "Miracles" over the coming weeks.
One day, several months later, he called in great excitement because his perseverance had paid off in ways and to an extent neither of us had imagined. John had received a call from the Univ of Wisconsin inviting him to come back and get a PhD in entomology on scholarship!! He hadn't even applied for one! Not only that, they offered him free housing on campus and a monthly stipend. Holy cow! While there was some actual cash involved [the stipend], by now John had no trouble seeing that the free tuition and housing was an enormous Miracle having to do with money even though he would never have the actual cash associated with that in his hands!
I worked for a US Regulatory Board [that shall remain nameless] in DC for several decades. Today I got a real money miracle with a sizable check from a class action lawsuit against the government involving them not paying me enough. The pay wasn't all that much; however, the interest was quite sizable!
I thought I would give it a try so two days ago I said the Miracle Money Statement. The next day I needed to buy my daughter some more ski gloves as she had lost hers. I was at the store and found a pair for $12 so I decided to buy them as she really does need them. I went to the till to pay for them and to my surprise they had a discount sticker of $8 and then when they were rung through I got a further discount and only ended up paying $5 for the gloves.
I have been trying this for the last couple of weeks, I wasn't really expecting much to happen because to be honest I don't consider myself very lucky at all where money is concerned. It's like I'm jinxed when it comes to anything financial.
Anyway, the fist few days all that happened was every time I said it I would find a lot of loose change - nothing much but I would take it and put it in my change jar, say thank you and do the statement again. I kept finding change. Then last week my daughter decided that instead of my coming to her house everyday to babysit her daughter, she would start bringing her to my house a couple of times a week, which that is good because it saves me gas money. Then the first week it turned out that things kept happening and she ended up bringing the baby to my house everyday, meaning that I saved five days worth of gas - which is almost as good as money in the bank. So I said the MM statement again, and today - out of an unusual set of circumstances and from a source I would never have expected I received $150!!!! And what is really strange is that is the amount that I need to pay a couple of bills that are due in a few days and I didn't know how I was going to get the money for them!!! I was really stressing about it. NowI'm a believer.
Wow, this works! A family member borrowed money from me last March and I never expected to see it back (which was OK). I used your process and totally unexpected, a check for this money showed up. And this week I will expect another money miracle.
OMG, OMG Miracle Report: This past Friday, on my very FIRST day using the Money Miracle Technique, I had multiple MIRACLES in just one day!
1) The first miracle was when I booted up on my computer and discovered I'd been given a $40 gift membership to the board. (Yea!) I acknowledged the Money Miracle and repeated the statement.
2) I was down to my last $190 with no job and owed my eviction lawyer $300 -- to defend me from drug-criminal landlords -- and a trial coming up this week. I was just going to give up and leave town. Quit at last. I drove in to see my some-time writing partner to tell him my problems. When I got there, he said, "Did you get the $1,000 I wired into your account? In shock, I said, no, because we haven't been working. I still hadn't told him I was in trouble. This was done somehow with no explanation. So he makes a phone call to check and tells me, yes there's $1,000 in your account. I was stunned. (I said "thank you," acknowledged the 2nd MM and quickly said my second "another" statement for the day).
4) He then tells me he's going to put me on the payroll of his new company (we'll see, but I said my fourth just to be safe).
5) He then says to come back after I get the $1,000 to meet someone. I meet with a woman he wants me to work with. We hit it off and she invites me to dinner and says it's on her -- an elegant restaurant in Beverly Hills. I acknowledge it and say "another" again.
6) Then I come home and find a package at my door -- an expensive cosmetic gift from a friend in Boston.
It is really amazing. It is now 11:00 pm, about 14 hours after I first said the phrase, and I'm wondering what can happen next; how high I can count??? So, I hope all will try it. it's truly a GIFT and very powerful!
"Oh my goodness!" This sooo works! I had a ton of miracles today!
First off, on my lunch break I'm talking to my manager, asking if we get paid this week and she says "Yeah, and we should be getting our raises too."
My manager pays for everyone's lunch.
With the $5 I got back from not having to pay for lunch, I go to a gas station and buy some snacks and 2 lotto tickets since they didn't have "Casino Fortune" which I really wanted to play. I expected the price to be a whole lot more, and it turned out to be exactly $5.
I go to a 7-11 convenience store and get the "Casino Fortune" game that I original wanted to play. I win $15. I'm cracking up right now as I'm typing this!
HI! I'm fairly new to the board and this is the first I've posted. However, I am not new to the Miracle Money Technique as it was taught to me in 1997. I want to say that after all these years it is STILL WORKING. Here's an example from this morning: We live in the northeast where a bitter cold spell is currently keeping everyone inside and under wraps. Even our dogs run outside and back in as fast they can or their little legs freeze up within minutes and we have to carry them because they're so frozen (had to set the stage for this one). Anyway - the heat was working at midnight, yet at 8:00AM it was 55 degrees in the house and dropping steadily (as well as rapidly). No panic - called the people who had put in the furnace and was told they could MAYBE get to us today and that they were working on overtime charges even though it was only Friday.
Okay - now maybe a little panic. Firmly stated the Miracle Money Technique as suggested when the body feels that bit of panic rise (income has been slight recently and funds for surprise furnace repair are in short supply at the moment). Started going through the phone book and each call went down a bit in price but they still couldn't guarantee service today (I'm thinking freezing and burst pipes by this time). As I'm looking for an ad on the page in the phone book I catch sight of another ad (not seen on my previous 3 perusals) and it says "Emergency Service 24/7 - No Overtime Charges". I call and not only is the price the best one yet they say they can probably get here sometime this morning.
End of story - We had the problem fixed within 3 hours for a very honest, decent price - despite the fact that hundreds of people around here are seeking the same services at the same time. Oh - forgot to mention that the part we needed was on the truck - the very last one he had left!!
And this week I will experience another miracle having to do with money.
I was sent this technique in a message and I have to admit, it worked to the fullest with me. I went to work today saying the Statement before I left, and come to find out after I got to work that I was due for a raise a year ago!! They not only told me that, but I was due all the back pay, plus overtime, and double overtime hours. I was in shock, because i truly have nothing and the combined raise and overtime is at least five grand!! Thank you so much for giving me that extra hope and guidance.
Well, Well, Well... let me tell you of my last two days. After repeating the affirmation (and trying very hard not to want to say it every time I thought of it!!)...that first night I hit the jackpot...Yep, I was thrilled to find 6 cents in coin at the bottom of the washer. But, I was proud, I had drawn money to me, and hey, I got to say the affirmation again, expecting more to flow into my life. Well, I went for tutoring this morning. I was a bit upset that no one was home last Friday for tutoring (and I needed the money!)... so, was thrilled when they apologized to me afterwards, and gave me money for BOTH today and LAST FRIDAY...SO, now, in less that 24 hours, I am $30.06 up. Well, the adventure continues. I again made my affirmation, feeling rather smug and happy that it was, indeed, drawing money to me. This afternoon, I was at my son's house. He's owed me several thousand dollars for almost a year. Imagine my shock when he strode into the kitchen and handed me FIVE HUNDRED DOLLAR BILLS... I hadn't asked for it, as I knew that times were tough...but, again, I made my affirmation that this week I would receive another miracle having to do with finances. Two days later, I am $561.06 up, and it looks as if my financial crisis is almost over... YEAH. So, if you haven't started, what are you waiting for? I know the Universe is ready and willing to share with you, too!
I used this technique this week and today, I just found out I get a big bonus for referring a colleague who was hired on with the same company! I knew we had a referral system but did not think I would get this much ($1000) and also thought the person had to be here 6 months, and discovered it is only 90 days! Yippee!
Oh, wow, i started doing the MMT by saying the Statement late friday evening, figuring come Monday this would happen. Come to find out, I thought I only had $200 in energy assistance coming for this current year, being very much behind with gas and electric, (shut-off notices and all) i've been in frustration mode with them for 2 months now, phone calls, and to no avail, til YESTERDAY when i found out, I will be awarded 875.00 (which will catch up all past due on both) and pay a few months in advance on BOTH !!!
It's now Tuesday, and i'm so excited i've been sharing this with my kid (he's 28) - and it worked for him yesterday, free lunch by his friends at work) and he found a nice bike for my grand-baby for $5 on craigs list, (brand new) !!!!!
I have another one and its a great one! My money has been really tight this year, and now going through a divorce has made it worse. Every penny counts. After Christmas, I put the tree back in the attic. Then, I could not close the attic door. I called a repairman but decided against it as it was going to cost $200 basically to come out. I looked on line at attic doors and most of the sites said the hardware is not fixable and you have to replace the entire system, which started at $200. I knew this project I could never do myself even if I wanted to.
I then called a family friend. He came over and looked at it and said he would "try" to repair it. He decided that maybe he could do it by replacing some of the rivets on the hardware with some stronger bolts. I had 63 cents in my wallet and a $5 bill. We bought the bolts and the total came to 63 cents. I prayed that night that God would just show his presence in our lives and I prayed for God's abundance. My friend came over the next day and fixed the attic door for 63 cents!
Most recent Money Miracle: Twas WAY behind in my car payment, circumstances I could not control due to a major check this summer not arriving for MONTHS... FInally called the car company (after many unanswered calls from them) and I was told if I could pay for one month, they would let me out of the other two months payments, tacking it onto the end of my financing. THAT is MONEY... I know I'll pay a bit more interest, but that is almost $900.00 that I won't have to try to come up with to get caught up. This works, people...and, with no money coming in, while continuing to do the MMT I’ve gotten tutoring jobs, and unexpected food and necessities to live through two months with NO income!!! DO IT!
OK, here's my update. This morning my husband received word that he's getting a big contract job. They just need to cut through the red tape and then they'll send him a contract to sign. So we said the MM Statement again. Shortly after that, he got a call from a current client telling him they're sending him a big project to do. So we said it again. This evening we went into a store looking for an item that they turned out not to have. But they did have the flannel sheets we've been craving for 70% off. We heat our house entirely with a wood burning stove, so we like to have extra warm beds. So we said it again and we'll see what happens. We did buy a lotto ticket tonight just in case the universe wants to use that channel.
Update #2: We had to say the Statement again this morning because we won $15 in lotto.
I taught the MMT to one of my friends and she said the Statement. The day after she said it and after looking for work for many months, she was offered a great job. This job was a total surprise. It wasn't something she applied for. A friend recommended her and the guy called her and offered the job based on the friend's recommendation!
I have an interesting Miracle Money story of my own. Earlier this week, I said the Statement and had a few responses (on Tuesday) which were unclear to me (if they counted as Money Miracles). The first response was when I went to park at the Post Office. I noticed that there was 15 minutes already paid for in the parking meter. As I wasn't sure if this was going to be enough time, I fed a quarter into the meter to increase the time to around 30 minutes. I was in and out of the Post Office in about 5 minutes. Kind of a Miracle, but I did spend that quarter.
On my way back to work, I decided to get a couple slices of pizza for lunch at a pizza place I like. I forgot that on Tuesday they run their $1 cheese pizza slice specials. So I got a nice discount. As with the Post Office, I wasn't quite sure if it should be counted as a Miracle since at least subconsciously I knew that Tuesday = discount pizza day.
COMMENTARY: This is an example of the rule that says, "Do not repeat except in case of DOUBT or fear." Getting the first 15 minutes free was a clear Money Miracle. It was your concern about time that had YOU adding the extra money. So, here you also received your first lesson in trusting the Miracle -- the meter was also telling you that you would only need 15 minutes, or less. Owning [seeing and acknowledging] the fact you got the pizza for $1 was a clear Money Miracle if you realize that when you set to go get the pizza it was not BECAUSE you knew is was a $1 that day -- you simply wanted pizza for lunch. If something even hints towards being a Money Miracle, acknowledge it without second guessing it and then they will multiply. When in doubt, see and accept it as a Money Miracle anyway and then repeat the Statement. And I love the two pennies part!! | 2019-04-24T13:54:56 | http://www.miraclemoneytechnique.org/stories/ |
The official trailer for "Alex Cross" starring Tyler Perry and Matthew Fox. After Washington DC detective Alex Cross (Perry) is told that a family member has been murdered, he vows to track down the killer. He soon discovers that she was not his first victim and that things are not what they seem. | 2019-04-20T14:15:46 | https://alugha.com/videos/41c58d90-ec0e-11e3-b439-40618694ed11?lang=eng |
36" standard length works great for a door or window.
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Buy one for a 36" door / Buy two for a standard sliding glass door.
Proudly Handmade in NC, using USA Materials. Helps to save energy year round.
Our standard draft stoppers are approximately 2.5" high when filled.
View More In Draft Stoppers.
If you have any questions about this product by Appleberry Attic, contact us by completing and submitting the form below. If you are looking for a specif part number, please include it with your message. | 2019-04-23T18:05:40 | https://www.chippyandloopus.com/product/red-brown-draft-stopper-unfilled-draft-stopper-for-window-or-door-draft-stopper |
Megazone Laser Tag Birthday Parties are easy, low-fuss and great value. From the time you arrive to the time you leave, your party will be busy enjoying the centre and having the time of their lives. As the organiser, you get to kick back and enjoy the ride. All you need to do is book, organise a cake, and get the kids to Megazone Manukau on the day! Book the best Birthday Party ever!
Megazone Manukau is your local Laser Tag, Mini Golf & Arcade Centre in the heart of Manukau CBD. We are a modern indoor facility, that is suited to any weather. Meaning less stress when thinking about organising a Birthday Party. Make it a party to remember! When the kids aren’t shooting up the Laser Tag arena they can jump into the arcade full of ticket redemption games or into the Glow In The Dark Mini Golf.
We will choose a game level to suit the age of your guests and will even sort out the food and drink for you. Megazone takes all the stress out of organising your next event with these Birthday Party Packages. | 2019-04-25T12:49:33 | http://www.playlasertag.co.nz/birthday-parties/ |
Ready to send this booking request to Trilogy?
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Merchants in both the food and accommodation space are interested in investing innovation to stay competitive. However, these merchants offer relatively few in-store features. The following Deep Dive examines how the food and accommodation market compares to the health and beauty market in terms of innovation readiness and the factors that motivates each market’s innovation priorities.
Good and accommodation merchants are not alone in pursuing innovations to keep competitive. Those from other industries — including health and beauty — are also making it a key priority, so how do their efforts compare?
Accommodation merchants perform like those from health and beauty. They earned an index score of 34.1, higher than retail firms’ average of 33.5 and the 31.4 earned by food companies. This is lower than health and beauty’s 35.1, however, possibly because the sector’s merchants’ in-store and online offerings are more robust and include loyalty and rewards, coupons, promotion codes and storing online profile data, among other features.
Many merchants across all studied markets pursue innovation to remain competitive. This is especially true for the 78.3 percent of accommodation firms and 77.1 percent of food companies that called it a primary reason to do so, more than the 69.9 percent of health and beauty merchants that said the same.
Accommodation merchants were more likely to consider customer loyalty and business analytics improvements, while those for food more commonly see innovation as a way to boost sales and revenues. Health and beauty merchants placed greater importance on improving customers’ in-store shopping experiences, likely because they encourage patrons to test products before making purchases.
Accommodation merchants are behind their counterparts in terms of preparedness, though. As seen in Figure 3, 43.5 percent are either “very” or “extremely” prepared, a lower share than found in food (49.3 percent) or health and beauty (61.9 percent) firms.When selecting POS vendors, 73.1 percent of accommodation firms pointed to the technology’s functionality as a key reason for adopting it. This was also the top concern for 65.9 percent of food companies.
Different merchant types placed higher emphasis on other innovations. Health and beauty firms considered POS systems’ prices to be most important (51.7 percent), more than accommodation (58.1 percent) and food (61.2 percent) merchants. Food companies were more concerned about providers’ trustworthiness than their counterparts at 58.2 percent.
Food and accommodation merchants may have expressed less interest in adopting smart POS systems than health and beauty companies, but a significant share were still looking for new opportunities to remain competitive and boost sales. These firms also expressed interest in acquiring new providers, and were therefore eager to learn how the right smart POS system could work for their specific needs. | 2019-04-18T16:27:36 | https://www.pymnts.com/innovation/2019/deep-dive-competition-accommodation-food-merchants/ |
Friday’s edition of the APN debate show, Mudda, discussed India’s food problem after the country ranked 100th out of 119, falling three positions on the global hunger index. India has performed worse than Bangladesh, North Korea and Iran.
The show was moderated by Anant Tyagi. Panellists included Sanjay Singh from BJP, Ajay Verma from Congress, social worker Vishal Singh, Manoj Yadav from Samajwadi Party, economist Aman Agrawal and APN consulting editor Govind Pant Raju.
Sanjay Singh held the country’s growing population as the reason behind the pressure on resources. He also blamed Rohingyas and Bangladeshis for “eating up” the country’s resources. His Congress counterpart, Ajay Verma, said policies such as demonetisation have added to the economic burden.
According to Vishal Singh, the biggest problem is that policymakers have constantly failed to implement their plans on the ground level. “Only providing food is not sufficient, diet should also be taken care of. We haven’t been able to reach those desperately in need of attention,” he said.
Citing the example of Thursday’s football match between India and Ghana, Raju said that even after being better equipped than the Ghanaian players, the Indians lost 0-4. One of the reasons behind this is the better nutrition the Ghanaians are getting compared to the Indian players. “Sports is just an example; things would change only when the attitude of considering your citizens merely as voters changes,” he said.
The second edition of Mudda discussed the BJP launching Yogi Adityanath as a star campaigner in the Gujarat elections. This appears to be the BJP’s strategy of projecting its Hindutva image and consolidating its core vote bank. Before Gujarat, Adityanath also campaigned in Kerala with the state BJP leaders in the janraksha yatra. However, the yatra failed miserably with people criticising the BJP for maligning the image of Kerala.
Ajay Verma said that the BJP will not be able to run the country with its vision of a Congress-free India. “Being of BJP or Congress is a matter of the system but that aside, we are citizens as well. Your policies must be inclusive as Narendra Modi is our prime minister, too,” he said.
Sanjay Singh said Hindutva is the soul of secularism to which Manoj Yadav retorted that not Hindutva but the constitution is the soul of the country. He also questioned the BJP plan to run the country with Hindutva as its ideology. “Yogi is being used for the controversial statements that he has always been making. They are taking Hindutva to Gujarat,” he said. He also asked if the great Gujarat model which led the BJP to victory in the 2014 elections was enough for the party to win the Gujarat polls. | 2019-04-21T16:33:12 | https://www.viewsonnewsonline.com/media/television/better-economic-policy-needed-to-solve-hunger-18669 |
The feeling of having forgotten something important is no fun. I unlock the door and check people in for a 5:45 A.M. aerobics class two days a week. This means I have to get up at 5:15 to get there in time. A few times I have gotten my days mixed up or not set my alarm correctly. When I wake up and realize that I’ve overslept and missed my commitment, it starts my whole day off on the wrong note. I’ve let others down. I forgot something I’m supposed to remember. A friend of mine once placed a post-it note right on her steering wheel to help her remember her carpool schedule. Too many times she had forgotten and she hated the feeling of not getting it right. Over twenty-five times the words remind, remember, forget, or forgotten are used in the book of Jeremiah. God knows our tendency to forget and calls us to intentionally set patterns in our lives to help us remember Him against the backdrop of counterfeit gods screaming for our attention.
I remember staring at my ring during college classes after I got engaged. I could barely concentrate on what my professors were saying with that sparkly thing glowing up at me. You can bet I never forgot about my jewelry then. How many brides can’t remember where they have put their gowns? We take great care with these items because they are important to us.
We can easily wonder how the people in Jeremiah’s day managed to forget their Maker. Even without television, magazines, internet, and media galore, they got so focused on the things of this earth that they forgot their God. Jeremiah is God’s prophet calling out to the people – “Don’t forget God because you are so focused on things you can touch, taste, and feel.” (my paraphrase) Forty-seven verses scattered throughout the book of Jeremiah mention idols.
We can read through Jeremiah and self-righteously accuse the Israelites. They were making things with their own hands and worshiping them instead of God. They participated in adultery, lust, child sacrifice, and spent their time and money pouring out offerings to imaginary gods.
While our outward expressions may look different, is it possible we have succumbed to our cultures more subtle relationship with idolatry? An idol is an image we worship. Its when we spend more time and effort focused on any one thing more than God.When I take a closer look at my own life, I find that sometimes we are more careful with our make-up, cell phones, and work-out regimes than with our relationship with the living God. We take greater care to color our gray hairs, accessorize our outfits, and make sure our tans are even than to keep our hearts right with our Creator.
He is the One who made us and the entire world around us. The One who sees the master plan. The God who desires a close relationship with us. The things of this earth that urgently cry out for our attention can often relegate God to the bottom of the pile. While they may not be physical statues and your worship may not include pouring out drinks and burning incense, God calls you to keep Him foremost in your life. Just as God asked the people of Judah to remember Him. He asks the same thing of us. He made a New Covenant with us through the blood of His Son Jesus. He wants us to remember what He has done.
So many other things are calling out for my time and attention today. If I’m not intentional in remembering and pursuing Him, counterfeits can quickly creep in. And ….. truth is—they never really satisfy. I hope your day is full of remembering how good He really is and His truth is not forgotten on you. | 2019-04-26T05:41:03 | http://melissaspoelstra.com/forgotten/ |
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Click Save to preserve settings. | 2019-04-20T16:35:59 | https://uperformhelp.ancile.com/hc/en-us/articles/211536563-Setting-Guided-Help-Options |
Pro S-Video to S-Video with Stereo Audio, 36 ft.
Connect your laptop or other device that has s-video and stereo audio output with our Pro S-Video to S-Video + Stereo Audio Cables.
Play video clips, power-point presentations, photo-slide shows, etc., from your PC to your TV or record to VHS or DVD Recorders. This cable will allow you to play all kinds of video files from the computer to the TV, such as divx, mpeg, mov, avi, or other video files that are supported by your computer.
Availability: Ships same day. UPC 877273000187. GTIN 00877273000187. | 2019-04-22T06:00:32 | https://www.svideo.com/4pinsvideo36.html |
The Jewish Holiday of Passover celebrated this past month, as it is every spring, commemorates the liberation of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt. Its feature is the Seder when family and friends join together for an elaborate festive meal with specific customs and rituals. For many families, one of the highlights of the Seder night is the Mah Nishtanah, the “four questions” recited by the youngest members of the family. The questions are about the difference between this night as opposed to all other nights and its purpose is to stimulate interest and thought about the history and traditions involved with Passover.
In the tradition of the questions of ‘mah nishtanah’, I would like to stimulate thought about the history, actions, and state surrounding the acquired neuroimmune disease Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) which manifests itself in epidemic and sporadic form and affects an estimated million American men, women, and children. There is no FDA approved treatment to date regardless of the fact that it leaves the majority of sufferers disabled from work, housebound or bedbound – some for decades.
From the beginning, when representatives of the CDC were called down to investigate the outbreak at Lake Tahoe in the 1980’s, CDC and other US health agencies have mistreated this disease which has resulted in incalculable harm to the million American men, women and children with ME. Every item questioned below are actions the government has taken or refused to make based on their attempt to disappear the reality and facts of the real acquired neuroimmune disease ME.
Following the form of ‘mah nishtanah’ questions as in “on all other nights we eat leavened or unleavened bread; tonight we eat only matzah”, here are the questions for ME.
All other complex chronic diseases are taught in depth in medical and nursing schools; this complex chronic disease is either not taught at all, or mentioned dismissively?
All other complex chronic diseases have a medical expertise assigned to them with ample nationwide practitioners caring and treating patients; this complex chronic disease does not have a distinct medical expertise assigned to it and has very few knowledgeable doctors caring and treating patients?
All other complex chronic diseases that render patients unable to of a fair chance to secure Social Security Disability payments; this complex chronic disease has a high rate of denial for SSD, regardless of the severity of symptoms and the disabling nature of them?
All other complex chronic diseases that appear in epidemic form are studied for their infectious nature; this complex chronic disease which has appeared in over 50 outbreaks worldwide since the 1930’s (see list here) yet its infectious nature is mostly ignored and covered up by CDC?
All other complex chronic diseases that are biological in nature are described, defined and studied as a biomedical disease; this complex chronic disease is falsely labeled, defined and studied as a psychosomatic condition?
Why have the government health agencies ignored, neglected and covered up this severely disabling acquired multisystem disease for decades?
Why did the government health agencies enable the psych lobby to highjack this disease when they have known for decades that this is a biomedical disease?
Why are they so reluctant to properly name and define this disease as recommended by the medical experts and community?
How much money has the government withheld with their refusal to properly fund this disease and by their continuous denial of disability coverage?
This May patients and advocates need to ask deep-seated questions and demand answers. With the insistence and demand that the proper name (myalgic encephalomyelitis) with the appropriate definition (ICC) be used, it will force the government to finally distinguish ME from fatiguing and psychosomatic conditions. It is with this most important distinction that meaningful change will take effect.
Thank you, David. I appreciate your support.
Gabby the questions are to the point. Hope one day soon there will be some answers.
Excellent questions! Myalgic Encephalomyelitis patients around the world deserve answers, and we’re not stopping until we get them.
These are important questions. Decades of inaction and a lack of information shared with the public and medical professionals have led to needless suffering.
Thanks, Colleen and thank you for including the ME-ICC questionnaire link!
Great questions Gabby. I would add as the first question – ME had been described in the scientific literature since 1956. (I’d thought it was Acheson in 57, but Lisa’s great History of ME ( https://paradigmchange.me/me/history/ ) shows it was a Canadian woman Lindan R. Benign Myalgic Encephalomyelitis. Can Med Assoc J. 1956 Oct 1;75(7):596-7. PMID: 20325349) and has been codified in W.H.O.as a nerurological disease since 1969. Why did the US government not used the existing name, but instead develop their own, trivializing, name CFS?
Dayenu — a song of gratitude from Passover.”Dayenu” means “It would have been enough”, as “it would have been enough if the Lord had led us out of Egypt,” but not (also) given us the Torah. Dayenu.
In our PWME situation works in reverse. “Enough” in our situation involves a plenitude of harms, as Gaby laid out so well above, not a plenitude or blessings. Thus:.
Dayenu — it would have been enough if the CDC and NIH had ignored the already proven immune symptoms of the disease in 1988, but at least acknowledged the neurological symptoms like seizures that were seen at Incline Village.
Dayenu. It would have been enough if the agencies had hidden and misrepresented the symptoms but at least not named the Tahoe outbreak “Chronic Fatigue Symptom” although international experts had identified the cases as matched to Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, already listed under neurology at 93.3 since 1969 in the WHO ICD. Thanks to the name the patients are damned as malingerers and psychosomatics for all eternity.
Dayenu Maybe it would have been enough if they had prevented sharing and publication of research but at least funded a litlle more.
Dayenu. Maybe It would have been enough if they had starved research but not prevented knowledge of treatments like early acyclovir and legality for Ampligen.
Dayenu It would have been enough if they had allowed us to wither and die for lack of treatments and care but at least not set up and sabotaged a well-publicized NIH intramural trial with with leaders committed to a psychological interpretation and therefore composing a suspect cohort of a barely-ill population susceptible to mischaracterization.(The trial is still short of participants.) And maybe enough if they had not installed a principle investigator who has many and more rewarding irons in the fire, and has been acknowledged by Dr. Collins to be investigating fatigue phenomena rather more than our disease.
it would have been enough that the intramural research were to be off-base if we had not been disappointed in our hopes that having gained the attention of the devoutly Christian NIH Director surely would have brought to an end to Federal health agency policies that maximize disability and death among our populaton.
Dayenu? The slate of hope has gone blank.
Unknown factors seem to have made invisible in the Director’s treatment of us such fundamentals of Judeo-Christian belief systems as various among the Ten Commandments. Missing in action are the injunction against taking the name of the Lord in vain, that one shall not bear false witness, that one may not cause a murder, and that one may not steal or even covet thy neighbor’s goods,.
More precisely, they seem to be not applied with regard to the continuing extensive mistreatment of M.E. patients.
Of course evil can and often does prevail among those who see themselves as persons of faith. It is documented that CDC and NIH staff have long been extensively indoctrinated to hate M.E. patients and to deny them research and favorable policy prior to Dr. Collins joining the Obama administration in 2008. Such a pervasive and deep- seated institutional indoctrination has often displaced faith teachings in history. Millions of churchgoing Protestants, Roman Catholics, Uniate Catholics and Orthodox tossed biblical injunctions aside when indoctrinated to regard the disabled, Jews, gypsies and others as worthless vermin during the Nazi years. Some didn’t.
“The only thing necessary for evil to flourish is for good men to do nothing.” attributed to Edmund Burke.
Thank you, Deboruth for expanding on my Passover theme. Dayenu (it is enough) is a very appropriate directive to our government health agencies. We have had enough of all the neglect, abuse, and maltreatment. The time is long overdue for the government to come clean, apologize for their malfeasance and finally take appropriate care of this debilitating disease.
A very good summary of the situation thank you. We need to write a similar one for the UK. | 2019-04-24T02:07:55 | https://relatingtome.net/2018/05/03/the-mah-nishtanah-of-me/ |
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Chennai: Raghav Verma, co-founder, Chaayos, introduced free Wi-Fi in his outlet for customers to sign in and possibly share updates on social media. Little did he realise that Wi-Fi became a channel to increase customer engagement.
Wi-Fi analytics — which uses data from customers signing in to free Wi-Fi provided at cafes and large retail stores to push in offers and increase conversions – is used by brick and mortar establishments.
"When a customer signs in through free Wi-Fi, we get some of his details, including phone number, email and possibly his occupation. We also get to know the kind of phone he has used and understand when he last signed in and what he purchased. We roll out offers through the details he gives when he signs in the next time and that ends up increasing customer engagement and retention," said Verma. Chaayos provides real time SMS alerts in the periphery of selected cafes as promotion to customers in vicinity tracking the location if they have Wi-Fi in search mode.
Satyam Darmora, founder, I2E1, a company that provides Wi-Fi analytics says that brick and mortar retailers are warming up to having real-time analytics, compared to e-commerce players where it is easier to track customer behaviour. “Customers can use free Wi-Fi and the retailers can get a profile of people who walk in – including where they have last used free Wi-Fi — and send targeted offers. For instance, if one has used the free Wi-Fi in McDonalds and Shoppers Stop many times, one can gauge the preferences,” he said. Wi-Fi sign ups, as a means of measuring footfall, is also used by NBFCs to gauge the business performance of restaurants, salons etc, to whom they lend money. Tribe, a fintech startup, which estimates the capacity of the business to pay back the loan, uses Wi-Fi as means to estimate footfall and hence the average billing per day and in turn the health of the business.
“We work with the NBFCs in the Aavishkar-Intellecap group to keep track of the restaurants in Mumbai and Bengaluru that offer free Wi-Fi. A week after demonetisation, a restaurant that used to record an average footfall of over 500, suddenly dropped to 88 and we were able to find that their business was slow, with the data,” said Atreya Rayaprolu, co-founder & COO, Tribe. Using free Wi-Fi and getting customer preferences & data is a technique of brick & mortar stores to improve instore engagement. Harsh Shah, founder, Fynd, says that for apparel brands, compared to the footfalls, close to 1/3rd end up buying.
“In addition, large format stores can look at spots where most of the customers spend a longer time and place products accordingly. Also, they send out personalised offers based on their past buying, spending capacity etc, just using the free Wi-Fi provided,” he added. | 2019-04-23T12:44:28 | https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/wi-fi-now-an-analytics-tool-for-retailers-to-engage-with-shoppers/articleshow/59480583.cms |
History – C&H Building Specialties Inc.
C & H Building Specialties Inc. was founded in 1956 by Arthur B.Camp. Our offices were originally located on Belmont Ave.in Chicago. In 1959 we relocated to Northwest Highway in the Norwood Park neighborhood where we remained for 29 years.
As the company continued it’s growth, it became evident newer and larger facilities were required, and in the fall of 1986 a move was made to a new office/warehouse complex in Wheeling, Illinois.
Mr. Camp retired in 1988 at which time Dennis Burke was appointed President and sole owner. Mr. Burke has been in semi retirement for several years but as of this date remains available in a limited capacity. Currently his son Gary Burke is in charge of the day to day operations.
As manufacturer’s representatives, C & H is involved in the sale and service of many architectural building specialty items including aluminum ladders, disappearing stairways, skylights, roof hatches, expansion joint covers, projection screens, floor mats, and commercial and industrial flagpoles, which we not only furnish but install.
For more specific information on any of the products or manufacturers we represent, please refer to the table of contents to the left. | 2019-04-23T00:24:54 | http://candhbuildingspecialties.com/index.php/history/ |
SYRIAN ARABIC #The second lesson of the alphabet first ... - Perfect choice!
Start studying Math Lesson 7 - Replacing Letters with Numbers and Properties. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
may not look at the material presented in Lesson Two while taking the quiz. ... Which group of letters are the ten similar letters between Greek and English?
My all time favorite activity for practicing letters (and sight words too) is (7) Fiddle Sticks. ... Would you mind if I share your blog with my facebook group?
Lesson 7; Lesson 8; Lesson 9; Lesson 10; Lesson 11; ... Finish the final oval in each group with an upward right curve as shown in the ... count the ovals and letters. | 2019-04-20T10:11:12 | https://oakley.pro/en/view/8/237874 |
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