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62921396-5b66-425a-a1fd-21d813d17d24 | (2) "If it contain any substance that sensibly increases its weight, bulk or strength, or gives it a fictitious value, unless the amount of each substance present be due to circumstances necessarily appertaining to its collection or manufacture, or be necessary for its preservation, or unless the presence thereof be acknowledged at the time of sale. (3) "If any important constituent has been wholly or in part abstracted or omitted, unless acknowledgement of such abstraction or omission be made at the time of sale. (4) "If it be an imitation of, or sold under the name of, any other article. "(B) In the case of drugs : (1) "If when retailed for medical purposes under a name recognised by the British Pharmacopoeia it be not equal in strength and purity to the standard laid down in approved works on materia medica, or the professed standard under which it is sold." |
b5ff79a4-2010-4eef-b1cb-26dc4e910836 | "I think all will agree that the second definition is necessary to meet the many different categories of unsatisfactory products which are now regarded as adulterated. But even this definition is now inadequate, and inclusion must now be made of another section under (A) for preparations Which do not comply with standards prescribed by the Ministry of Food." It is also desirable that comment should be made upon important changes which have taken place in the marketing of our food supplies which have reduced, substantially, the potentialities of adulteration. In Greater London an ever-increasing proportion of the trade of distributing food by retail is in the hands of the multiple shop proprietors who distribute pre-packed products of uniform quality. In a similar manner milk and ice-cream are processed in one or other of a small number of large manufactories where they are pre-packed for distribution by the many small retailers. This stream-lining of supplies has during recent years made necessary the issue of regulations prescribing standards for many of the foods now Page 59 on sale. |
a28adcc3-fa24-41ec-98c2-8923ecd25605 | It was also consequential that there should be a Labelling Order, to prevent exaggerated claims being made for the pre-packed article. This is particularly true in respect of food substitutes, and the supply of foods containing vitamins and minerals. Whilst, therefore, it ceases to be necessary to make such frequent chemical analyses of pasteurised milk because of the rationalisation of that industry, there is developing a wider range of foodstuffs for which standards have been prescribed, or which contain materials requiring an analytical check. It is also important to add that a further fundamental change is that most examinations are no longer carried out to expose an unscrupulous trader but rather to maintain standards prescribed. As an illustration of the importance of standards, it is interesting to note it is estimated that some 70 million gallons of ice-cream and consumed in this country annually, which means an average of 1.4 gallons per head. Again we find that 1 gallon of ice-cream should weigh not less than 5½ lbs. |
50858cfb-ba6a-486b-9b01-df8a5b76586f | The nutritionists have estimated upon this basis a person taking an average of 10 grams of ice-cream per day gets no significant nutritional value, but this would not be true in respect of children who consumer frequently 150 to 200 grams per day and receive about 15 per cent. of each of two vitally important nutrients to say nothing about 6 per cent of his (or her) energy needs. The weight of the usual portion of ice-cream purchased is about 50 grams. ICE-CREAM—CHEMICAL EXAMINATION Twenty samples were submitted for chemical examination. ' summary of analysis is given below :— Samples submitted FAT ANALYSIS Under ■? |
d6d8c942-5424-4e7f-870f-2da455f711c4 | c 0/ z-5 /o 2-5%-5% 5%-8-5% 8.5%-io% Over i0%J 20 — 6 4 10 Page 60 ICE-CREAM—BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION One hundred and twenty samples of ice-cream were bacteriologically examined. These were also submitted to the Ministry of Health Provisional Methylene Blue Reduction Test. The results of these examinations are set out below:— Bacteriological Examination Satisfactory Unsatisfactory 120 93 27 Methylene Blue Test Grades i & ii Grades iii & iv 120 111 9 milk supply Thirty premises are registered with the Corporation for the retail sale of pre-packed supplies. In addition 12 milk purveyors occupying premises in other districts are registered to retail milk in Barking. Seventy-two samples of milk were submitted to Methylene Blue Reduction Test, and phosphatase examination of which three were reported unsatisfactory. |
08c873fb-068e-4e75-a99a-a00efd2941af | The unsatisfactory samples occurred during the hot spell of weather in July. Seventy-two samples of milk were submitted to biological examination for the presence of tubercle during the year of which seventy samples were reported free from tubercle. In two cases the guinea-pig died prematurely. sampling of food and drugs During the year 321 samples were submitted to chemical analysis, details of which are set out in the appendix. The following 8 samples were reported to be unsatisfactory. 1. Sausage Meat, Beef—Whilst containing less preservative than that allowed by the Public Health (Preservatives in Food) Regulations, did not bear a declaration that preservative was added. 2. Bread— Contained blackish-brown particles which on examination proved to be rodent excreta. Page 61 3. Bread— Contained small greyish-black mass which consisted of a discoloured mixture of gelatinised starch and wheat bran. 4. |
3bcaf9dd-0c07-48fc-815b-07f7fdf7589e | Curry Powder— Contained 2.8 per cent, of iron oxide which had originated from the rust inside container. 5. Christmas Cake— Owing to the type of albumin which was used in the preparation of the "royal" icing, this cake had an unusual smell. 6. Mint Sauce— Contained 10.2 per cent. of acetic acid which, although not sufficient to be harmful, was of such strength as to be objectionable to some palates. | 7. Mint Sauce— Check sample taken formally showed similar results. 8. Peanuts— Contained considerable quantity of rodent excreta. In these instances appropriate action was taken which included the withdrawal from sale by the Manufacturers of all the mint sauce in the affected consignment (Items 6 and 7) and in the case of the peanuts the offending company was fined £2 with £2 costs (Item 8). |
ba9d0b31-238a-4e34-bf35-1196885969ef | The following schedule shows the type of food samples submitted for examination during the year. FOOD & DRUGS ACT, 1938 Samples Analysed Apricot Preserve 1 Aspirin 1 Baking Powder 3 Beans in Tomato Sauce 1 Beef, pressed 1 Beer 13 Black Pudding 1 Balsam of Aniseed 1 Bismuth Dyspepsia Lozenges 1 Blackcurrant pastilles 1 Bread 2 Butter 14 Page 62 FOOD & DRUGS ACT, 1938—continued Samples Analysed Cakes 2 Cake Flour and Mixture 5 Camphorated Oil 1 Chicken Paste 1 Chutney Sauce 1 Cod Roe Spread, |
81dc92b7-b38c-498c-9f7b-34e3acd838e8 | Smoked 2 Coffee 5 Cooking Fat 8 Cold Cure 1 Cough Linctus 1 Corn Salve 1 Curry Powder 3 Dried Fruit 2 Dessert Powder 5 Ex-Ox (Beef Extract) 1 Fish Paste 2 Flavouring 2 Fruit Squash 6 Gelatine 4 Glycerine Honey and Lemon Balsam 1 Ginger, ground and spread 5 Gin 2 Gravy Browning and Thickening 2 Honey 1 Horseradish 4 Ice-cream 20 Jam 21 Jelly Crystals 2 Lemonade Powder 2 Lime Juice Cordial 1 Liquid Paraffin 1 Luncheon Meat 8 Margarine 11 Milk 18 Mincemeat 4 Milo (tonic) 1 Nuts 4 Olive Oil 2 Page 63 FOOD & DRUGS ACT, |
c11b6790-e603-4e8f-9d1c-405146d541bd | 1938—continued Sample Analysis Ostermilk Parsley and Thyme Stuffing Peas (processed) Peel Pepper Pickles Pork and Rabbit Potato Crisps Pudding Refreshers Salad Cream Sandwich Spread Sausages 3 Soups Spaghetti in Tomato Sauce Spice, Mixed Tapioca Tinned Fruit Tomato Juice Cocktail Tomato Sauce 1 Throat Tablets Vinegar Whisky 32 UNSOUND FOOD CONDEMNED AND DESTROYED—1950 Bacon 110¼ 1bs. Baked Beans, Spaghetti 317 tins. Butter 11¼ 1bs. Cakes 251bs. Cereals 2651bs. Cheese 251½ Coffee 4 1bs. Confectionery 31½ 1bs. Crushed Apples 130 1bs. Page 64 UNSOUND FOOD CONDEMNED AND DESTROYED—1950 —continued Dried Prunes and Figs 222 lbs. |
f68389f3-b5c9-4ee8-a6e8-bb1fcce356d7 | Fish Paste 74 tins Fish, Wet and Dried 1,466 lbs. Jams, Marmalade Preserves 281] lbs. Margarine ½1b. Meat 1,262 lbs. Milk 655 tins Peanut Butter 1 lb. Peanuts, Salted, Roast 31 ½ lbs. Peas 261 tins Pickles and Sauces 59½ pints Rabbits 219 lbs. Sausages 34 lbs. Shell Fish 5 gallons Soups 106 tins Syrup 4 lbs. Tinned Fruit 468 tins Tinned Fish 153 tins finned Puddings 6 tins Tongue 32½1bs. Tomatoes 32¼ lbs. Vegetables 168 tins HOUSING STATISTICS Your Chief Sanitary Inspector who is Rehousing Officer for the Borough has supplied the statistics to be found in the appendix. |
e44bc513-d4c6-42f5-a3ba-5ab3e008edd6 | POST-WAR HOUSING The erection of the 400 flat dwellings at Longbridge Road has been proceeding as quickly as circumstances permit. At the end of 1950 the Council was still awaiting a decision on land in the southern part of the Borough where a suggested 1,500 house estate is to be developed. Time presses in this matter because the completion of Longbridge Road Estate will leave many young families who need separate homes still waiting. Page 65 Lack of building land also means the deferment of any further clearance of the 1,500 unfit or obsolescent dwellings in the oldest part of the town. I know the Council is most anxious to provide a separate home for every family in the Borough, at a rent which the tenant can pay and of standard to meet modern requirements of comfort and amenity. It may well be that rent and comfort can both be met by our architected finding ways of satisfying the essential requirements within a smalled total superficial area than the present minimum of 900 sq. |
2126846a-f7c6-4fd4-b2c7-4a47061c49d1 | ft. for a three bedroom house and 750 sq. ft. for a two-bedroom house. Adequate space is essential to health and happiness, but this must not be carried to excess. I am concerned with this aspect of building because of the risk to further new building arising from the increased cost of construction. FLAT DWELLINGS I do not like flats for young children, and I am pleased to find the Council so willing to facilitate the exchanges which have been taking place between our established families who live in houses, and the young families in new flats. This is a practice which can well be encouraged to the advantage of both. So far few complaints have been received by me of noise, nor has there been any nuisance incidence which might be expected from the healthy young children who are living at Longbridge Road. |
3c98e6ef-78c1-4158-bf76-db5caf46d64a | I welcome the spontaneous movement for tenants' associations, because, with the full support and interest of the tenants, there is no limit to the scope of usefulness of such associations where large numbers of people must live closely together. SPECIAL GROUPS I am sorry it has not been possible for the construction of the hostel and flats for the aged on the St. Paul's Church site to proceed. Changing social and economic conditions have provided us with the problem of the " ageing " and " aged." The span of active life' is growing steadily wider, and elderly people with their greater leisure can render valuable service to the community in which they live, and feel. Page 66 for this reason they must have their proper place in the new neighbourhoods and new communities which are being created. I hope the Council will not only go forward with their scheme at St. Paul's Church site, but will also endeavour to provide special accommodation for the aged at Longbridge Road and in the projected estate on the south of Ripple Road. |
297991f3-851a-4022-a163-47d95ced4b75 | UNITS OF ACCOMMODATION COMPLETED DURING 1950 By Barking Corporation:— Longbridge Road flats 225 Upney Lane houses 8 St. John's Road houses 2 London Road maisonnettes 6 London Road flats 18 Thames Road hutments 31 290 By London County Council: Rebuilt houses 4 By Private Enterprise : Rebuilt war-destroyed houses 12 Total d sellings provided 306 Duttings during 1950: Letting to new tenants by Barking Borough Council 319 Transfers effected 207 Mutual exchanges 79 Total 605 Rehoused by London County Council 156 Total applications outstanding at December 31st, 1950 2,763 Applications for transfer of accommodation 613 Total 3,376 Page 67 POST-WAR HOUSING ACCOMMODATION PROVIDED By Barking Corporation: Requisitioned property 461 St. |
f0ff7ccb-1a6c-4274-bb39-5871997ad741 | Paul's Flats (conversion of Civil Defence Depot) 11 Camp hutments 116 Hutments for homeless 50 Thames Road hutments 85 Prefabricated bungalows 285 Rebuilt war-destroyed houses/flats 63 1,072 Permanent Building : Mayesbrook Park Estate 265 Westrow Drive Estate 100 Longbridge Road flats 231 Upney Lane houses 8 St. Awdrys Road houses 14 St. John's Road houses 8 Devon Road flats 4 London Road flats 24 654 1,725 By London County Council : Rebuilt and new houses 195 Prefabricated bungalows 337 — 532 By Private Enterprise : New houses 26 Rebuilt houses 142 168 Total 2,425 Page 68 TABLE OF CONTENTS SOCIAL CONDITIONS, STATISTICS AND GENERAL PROVISION OF HEALTH SERVICES Accidents 4-5 Aged, Care of 7-11 Ambulance Service 20 B.C.G. |
683e865a-dffa-46b3-b8da-9a4caf2c5674 | Vaccination 5-6 Cancer 3-4 Chronic Sick 22 Clinic Services 27-29 Day Nurseries 15,17-19 Domestic Help Services 14-15 Employment 11-12 Feet, Care of 22-23 Hair, Care of 24 Health Centres 26-27 Heart Disease 4 Infant Mortality 6 Infectious and Other Diseases 29-31 Laundry Facilities 16 Leisure 14-17 Mass Radiography 5 Mortuary Facilities 6-7 Noise 19 Parks and Open Spaces 16-17 Rhesus Factor 24-26 Sitters-In 15,20-22 Still-births 15 Travelling Facilities 12-14 Tuberculosis 5-6 Wastage of Human Life 3-6 Tables. |
23a6611f-2ec3-429d-979c-ed4dbad98bc4 | GENERAL AND VITAL STATISTICS:— Area 32 Population 32 Births 32 Deaths 32-33 DEATHS (NET) 1950 (Causes and Totals) 33 INFANT MORTALITY—1950 34 NEO-NATAL MORTALITY—1950 34 Comparative infant mortality rates 35 DIPHTHERIA IMMUNISATION 36 ANTE-NATAL CLINICS 37 POST-NATAL CLINICS 37 GYNÆCOLOGICALclinics 37 INFANT welfare clinics 37 dental service 37 EAR. |
aa18b9b2-ce99-4605-a355-18ad7d82ccf6 | NOSE and throat service 38 ORIHOPÆDIC CLINIC 38 TREATMENT OF DEFECTIVE VISION 38 SQUINT TRAINING 38 SKIN CLINIC 38 Page 69 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES Adulteration 58/59 Atmospheric Pollution 44-48 Bed Bugs 41 Cleansing & Refuse Disposal 39/40 Drainage and Sewerage 39 Disinfestation 41 Dustbins 40/41 Factories Act, |
4c20c18c-d406-4813-ad32-d68d8e6cc3fb | 1937 50/52 Flooding 39/40 Fly Nuisance 41 Food Hygiene 57-58 Food Poisoning 58 Hardness of Water 39 Housing 65-68 Ice-cream 60-61 Massage & Special Treatment Establishments 49 Meat Delivery 58 Mice 41-42 Milk Supply 61 National Assistance Act 49 Noise Nuisance 48 Noxious Fume Emission 47/48 Outwork 51-52 Pests 41-42 Rainfall 39 Refuse Disposal 42 Rent & Mortgage Interest Restrictions Acts, 1920-39 51 Rivers and Streams 39-41 Rodent Control in Sewers 42-42 Sampling 58-60,61-62 Sanitary Inspection of the Area 52-57 Secondary Streets 47 Statistics, Housing, Sanitation, Shops Act, etc. |
e5075754-121c-4688-a3f5-82819ee167f3 | 53-56 Swimming Baths and Pool 49-52 Tipping 40 Unsound Food 64-65 Water Supply 39 Wells 39 Wind-roses (Diagrams) 46/47 Page 70 |
a42556a6-65b1-41cc-a359-bea4e439d8e6 | AC-4411 (1) BARK 81 QUIZ In which the Medical Officer reports on the Health of the Children of Barking for the year 1950. BARK 81 Health Department, Barking, Essex. November, 1951 To the Chairman and Members of the Barking Committee for Education. Although this Report is very late I do hope it will be welcome. On the last occasion I had the pleasure of presenting such a Report to you, the Chairman said: "Here is one of the Doctor's usual Quizzes." I have, therefore, continued my previous practice of submitting my Report by means of Question and Answer, and have gladly accepted the Chairman's own name for it—"QUIZ." I am, Your obedient servant, C. LEONARD WILLIAMS, Medical Officer. Question:—As a newcomer to the town ought I to make the acquaintance of the personnel of the nearest Clinic ? |
c6fb1962-ccc7-4bcd-850e-687be8cae884 | Answer:—The answer to this question is undoubtedly "Yes," but the odds are that you will not have to put your hat and coat on and go to the Clinic because there is a Health Visitor for your district, and it is almost assured that either your neighbour—on the one side of you or across the road—knows this Health Visitor personally, and will ask her to drop in and see you in order to make your acquaintance. You see, we do not want to wait until you have got to call in a doctor; by the time your child is ill the possibility of preventing illness has gone— what we want to find out are those very minor maladies which, if unchecked, develop into something far more serious. Moreover, there are lots of services for conditions which could not be looked upon as diseases; for instance, if your child's teeth are not so straight as they ought to be this is not a disease but is something in which we can help you very much. |
b1b156bf-259a-4f9d-b0f1-291b36235291 | Alternatively, your child may have what is commonly known as "flat-footedness" and which, ninety-nine times out of a hundred, is not, but is only a matter of stance. Here again, arrangements can be made for your child to attend our Orthopaedic Clinic to receive, under the direction of the senior physiotherapist, special exercises by a remedial gymnast. It will, however, only be by talking matters over with the Health Visitor that you will find out how numerous the Services are and, of course, in particular, in what way those Services are of benefit to you. Do not wait until the doctor goes to the school; have a chat with the Health Visitor now. All the Health Visitors are very human; they are stockfull of local knowledge, and if after talking to her your child does not personally require any help which we can give, at least you will know how fortunate you are and you will, perhaps, be able to help somebody else towards getting whatever treatment may be necessary. |
23359137-3207-4ee7-89d9-43365d3b649b | During the year one thousand four hundred and forty-two home visits were made. Question:—Is it necessary for me to be present when my child is medically examined at school unless there is something to which I specially want to draw the doctor's attention ? Answer:—The answer is Yes, and I mean Yes, even for the older girls and the older boys who, when they get so old, think their mothers Page 3 Number of children seen at School Medical Inspections during 1950 Entrants:— (First examination after admission to school) 1,086 Second Age Group:— (Pupils in their last year at a Primary School) 788 Third Age Group:— (Pupils in their last year at a Secondary School) 1,156 Others:— (Pupils examined at other periods in their school life) 5,258 Totals: 8,288 and their fathers are no longer necessary at such an inspection. |
ba4a8e13-d3d0-45f1-9948-1ed66b855120 | Constantly I am saying that such medical inspections are a general review of the child as a whole. At these examinations we have a doctor present; we have a Health Visitor who very possibly has known the child from infancy, and whenever it is at all possible either the Head Teacher or the class teacher is present, and it is this joint conference, as it were, which is of the highest importance. What is more, it saves such a lot of time. There may be something— I will not say wrong but I will say "not quite so good as it ought to be "—and it is at these conferences that thus can be mentioned and we can talk it over and find out jointly what is the best way of dealing with it. Question:—What factors are taken into account when assessing a child's nutritional standard ? Answer:—This is the most difficult question I have been called upon to answer. I can only say in a forthright way that it depends entirely upon the personal opinion of the examining medical officer. |
f7394701-88eb-41d1-98ae-a02123ee659c | It has been said we are a mongrel nation and although we do not like the word used in such a statement, we are bound to admit that the statement is true; it is just so difficult to say what should be the normal height and weight of an Englishman as it is to say what is the normal height and weight of a dog; both dogs and men have a mixed ancestry. I would, however, make it quite clear that height and weight are by no means the only factors and, indeed, are not the chief factors; muscle tone is very important in assessing nutrition. Some people test this one way and some people test it another. For myself I have regard to the degree in which the shoulder blades are fixed, and the degree to which it is possible to lift them off the chest wall. I also place some reliance on how far it is possible, at very gentle pressure, to bend the forearm backward on the arm itself. General condition of school children in 1950 Good 48.3 per cent. |
01526c87-1252-43bc-b934-d6a6da90b3b2 | Fair 511 » » Poor •6 „ „ Page 4 Question:—What is the difference between Vitamins A, B, C, and D, and are they all necessary to the growth of a child? Answer:—In answering this question I want to speak very briefly on the subject—as such. It means that certain special foods are not so "universal" as some other foods. Imagine that you are building a Gothic Cathedral and that it is being built of Cornish granite. Then, of course, the quarries of Cornwall will provide the stable requirements of the building, but here and there in the building, for certain architectural reasons, you will want special size stones of special quality which do not come into the common requirements of the whole building. These might be looked upon as vitamins. |
72dd2716-dc05-4fac-a95b-15effdd855c5 | Fortunately for us in this country our ordinary food does contain by far the greater amount of all the vitamins we require; particularly, of course, where the thoughtful mother does see that her child has the proper amount of milk every day, an orange now and then, and does see that the cabbage, when it is cooked, is not parboiled. In so far as Nature has provided vitamins without any form of concoction, it is far better that we should take them in our ordinary diet without thinking about them, than that we should get all sorts of health fads to make quite sure we are getting not only A, B, C, and D, but E and F, and all the others which have been discovered. Question:—Why do some children require dental treatment at an earlier age than others? Answer:—This question I am asking Mr. |
c842b178-fecb-4b5b-b02c-ef1f0ed36639 | Tran, my Senior Dental Officer, to answer in detail, but I have a few general observations to offer and they are that most children require dental treatment at a far earlier age than is commonly supposed. If you look at a most beautiful moorland scene with glorious heather you think it perfect, but if you only stoop down and look at some of the heather you will find that here and there it is diseased. The same is true of almost everything, and growth and decay go on together, and I do wish we could develop a public opinion which would bring children to the dental chair earlier than they do come because if only the little odds and ends were dealt with at the time it would save so much trouble to the child later and, incidentally, so much worry to the mother and—if I may be permitted to say so—also so much work for us. Another general observation I have to make is—please do have regard to what the dentist tells you as to whether a tooth can, or cannot, be saved. |
219e0739-1761-437f-8734-7599c0793df1 | It is so necessary to save the milk teeth because otherwise the jaw will not develop so well as it otherwise would. What Mr. Tran says on this subject is as follows:— " Why do some children's teeth decay sooner than others? Page 5 Why do some children walk sooner than others? One might dismiss both these questions with the answer that it is just one of these things. There is no doubt, however, that quite a number of predisposing factors govern the answer to the dental question. Heredity certainly plays a considerable part in determining the aptitude under which some children's teeth decay sooner than others. The care, or otherwise, of the expectant mother has a great influence on the structural make-up of the teeth of the unborn infant, the main factor being in the amount of calcium intake of the expectant mother. |
39ff8cbb-09bf-4199-bd03-cbffcf99232b | The process of hardening or calcification of the teeth takes place after the teeth have been primarily formed, such process being a spasmodic process rather than a continuous process, and should the calcium intake not be sufficient during a period of calcification then the teeth will suffer accordingly. Numerous childhood ailments are also liable to leave their mark on the teeth, especially such ailments as rickets, the fevers or measles should they occur during a calcification period. It should be added that a diseased temporary tooth if left untreated may seriously affect an unerupted permanent tooth in the same manner. In spite of all these tendencies to affect the teeth of the child it is right to say that the majority of children's teeth are perfectly normal when they erupt and are ready for work. Once the normal teeth are exposed in the oral cavity then can the slogan "Clean teeth do not decay" apply and the onus of maintaining a healthy dentition falls on the child itself and the parents. |
dc0204ac-1077-4bf0-ae33-c27045638690 | The teeth should be cleaned at an early age and the sooner the child is taught the use of the toothbrush the better it will be for the child's health. A child may have bad teeth and apparently be quite healthy but illness is likely to strike at any moment and at such time it is essential that the patient should have the purest of nourishment and air uncontaminated by the germs of decay which exist in a mouth of diseased teeth. The teeth should be cleaned after every meal; this does not necessarily mean with the toothbrush as quite a number of everyday items of food have an excellent cleansing property. To mention but a few, they are most of the raw fruits and such raw vegetables as carrots and turnips; most children relish such eatables. The most important time for cleaning the teeth with the toothbrush is the LAST THING AT NIGHT. |
a0f99d6a-8258-4e51-877e-0f70eaf99de0 | It is little more than useless for the child to clean the teeth before going to bed and then for the child to be given some snack such as bread and butter or biscuits which foodstuffs remain on the surfaces of the teeth throughout the night when the mouth is dry and not even the saliva is available to wash them clean. It is at such times that the most damage is done, as the foodstuff remains unchecked in the pits and crevices of the teeth and thus starts decay. |
99c15668-d441-4067-9449-f538e365013c | Page 6 DENTAL EXAMINATIONS Number of children examined at school 5,364 Number of children examined at clinics 4,899 Number of children found to require treatment 7,982 DENTAL TREATMENTS Number of Fillings: Permanent teeth 4,296 Temporary teeth 2,178 Number of Extractions: Permanent teeth 1,350 Temporary teeth 3,980 Number of Other Operations: Permanent teeth 5,777 Temporary teeth 2,365 Number of Dentures Supplied 37 Number of Orthodontic Appliances Supplied 265 Total number of Attendances for Treatment 14,463 The child should have an early introduction to the dentist, no matter whether the mother thinks there is something wrong or not; the child thus becomes familiar with dental inspection routine at an early age and commences to gain confidence which is essential to successful child dentistry. In conclusion, I would add one word "DON'T" for the benefit of parents, teachers and all who have anything to do with child welfare. |
7cde2f75-70aa-410f-ba5f-d13eafec9855 | DON'T frighten the child with fantastic stories of the horrors of dentistry. I once heard a Head Teacher tell his boys at a routine dental inspection: "You wait until you get to the clinic, the dentist will pull your head off." I hasten to add that this incident was not in Barking. Such a "joke" might be well taken by 99 per cent. of the scholars, but there is always the chance of the presence of the nervous child who might thus receive his or her first horror of the dentist." Question:—What are the chances that my little daughter, now aged five, will have to wear glasses before she leaves school? Answer:—The chances are about one in fifteen. Will you notice that the question is about a little girl. |
c310c5f2-1fed-40d8-9314-48b706f2d0fc | It is a curious thing that mothers are not quite so worried about their boys having to wear glasses, but I have found—particularly with girls who are growing up and are about fifteen years of age—that there are a number of them who do not want to wear glasses and show considerable ingenuity in trying to get an opinion from someone or another that they need not wear glasses, and if anybody is so soft-hearted as to say they need not wear them all the time it practically means they wear their glasses none of the time. Curiously enough short-sighted children take to their glasses better than those suffering from other eye defects. Proper glasses do put them into an altogether different world, and they find they cannot do without them, but with regard to some other defects it is sometimes difficult to get children to wear the glasses they ought to wear. The history of the Eye Service in Barking is, in its way, romantic. |
b4e60cf8-e1eb-400d-9e99-7dc5e6418273 | Elsewhere I have told of how the Service commenced in the old Moot Hall; the stairway to the upstairs hall was very dark, and what they did was for the child to sit on one stair; the doctor to stand on some stairs Page 7 below, and for a nurse to sit behind the child with a light so that the doctor could shine the light back into the child's eyes. From these lowly beginnings an Eye Service developed which is now on a firm footing, and to-day our Clinics are specially fitted up for this work. In the year 1935 the Council appointed Mr. Adamson Gray, F.R.C.S., a Consultant Specialist in eyes. He remained with us for twelve years and under his care we developed a service in all respects comparable with any Out-Patient Service which could be obtained at a Special Eye Hospital or at a Specialist Department of any General Hospital. |
43deae5d-7f1a-4c98-932f-1f7eff78228d | What was more, whereas at these hospitals a person may have seen a relatively junior doctor, in Barking the whole of the work was undertaken by Mr. Gray himself. As the volume of the work has increased it has been found necessary —at least for a time—for some of the less exacting work to be undertaken by a medical practitioner with special experience in eyes but, nevertheless, not of full consultant rank, and having regard to the manpower available, particularly now that throughout the whole country people are making more demands upon this service we shall, I think, have to continue this practice. These services were developed at a time when I was firmly convinced that only the best was good enough for our children. |
7ce6ea4a-8da4-4e59-85ff-e58c854e7d2d | I hear to-day of alternative arrangements, but I still hold the view that the examination of children's eyes deserves the very best that we can give; that it is a part of medical examination, and that this work can only properly be carried out where you have a Consultant Specialist to direct it, and medical practitioners with special experience in eye work to help. I want to strike a note of definite warning with regard to children who squint. The treatment of these is likely to be long; it is time- consuming, and because so many of the children are quite small it means that the time of the mother is taken up as well as the time of the child, but it is well worth while particularly if we get the children young enough, and I am happy to be able to record that children are coming to the Orthoptic (or Squint Training) Clinic in increasing numbers before they are five years of age. OPHTHALMIC CLINIC Consulting Ophthalmic Specialist : Mr. |
72ac1cdf-46a8-4ddd-baa1-0e52cdb840f4 | R. Jamieson Number of sessions held: 262 Number of new cases treated for errors of refraction (including squint) 487 Total number of attendances 2,536 ORTHOPTIC CLINIC Number of sessions held 505 Total number of attendances 2,521 Now, although it may hurt some parents to read these words, I must put it on record that many children who squint have a lazy eye, which is often associated with a lazy mind, and that the treatment of squint is not only a question of eye training, but also a question of mind training. Page 8 Question:—Are the long waiting lists for the removal of tonsils and adenoids having a harmful effect on children's health ? Answer:—The answer to this question is, I believe to be, " Yes," but it is not Yes in every case. |
c6aa6f62-4c71-468b-8c3a-1302aa80d64b | TREATMENT OF EAR, NOSE AND THROAT DEFECTS AT SPECIALIST'S CLINIC Consulting Ear, Nose and Throat Specialist : Mr. Courtenay Mason, F.R.C.S. Number of sessions 48 Total number of attendances 856 OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF EAR, NOSE AND THROAT DEFECTS Number of children who received operative treatment 320 Where the tonsils are themselves diseased, or where they are obstructive and prevent the proper development of the chest, every month that they are left in when they should be out is hindering the growth and development of the child, and although the child will improve considerably after the operation is performed, we have no reason to believe this improvement will ever quite make up the normal development which would have taken place if these diseased or obstructive tonsils had been dealt with. In 1949 over a thousand schoolchildren received treatment at the Orthopa:dic Clinic. |
b4532dff-f821-4b02-8b2f-30d00dbee7f7 | Is this not rather high for a school population of only twelve to thirteen thousand ? The answer is definitely No. There can be no doubt that everybody tends to cut a garment according to the cloth, and where there are no proper arrangements for the treatment of orthopaedic cases the doctors and nurses, whilst striving might and main to get the major cases dealt with, find it utterly futile and a waste of paper, pen and ink, to try to get the minor cases treated. ORTHOPEDIC CLINIC Consultations Number of new cases seen by Orthopedic Surgeon 92 Number of re-examinations by Orthopaedic Surgeon 57 Treatments Total number of attendances for U.V.L. treatment 1,598 Total number of attendances for other treatment 3,871 It is only when a service is set up and going that you can find out what is the real demand. |
50324d5d-9b4a-4151-8e59-98c22b24a409 | What I want to stress is that from the standpoint of the welfare of the child, whilst it is very important to look after the major defects it is even more important to look after the many minor defects. There is the possibility that owing to the war and to the constantly changing school population of Page 9 Barking, there may be a few more cases requiring orthopædic treatment than if we were a stable population and if there had been no war, but I think this only accounts for a very small proportion of the total treatments. Mr. A. M. A. Moore, F.R.C.S., who for over ten years had been Consulting Orthopaedic Surgeon, resigned in April, and was succeeded by Mr. Leon Gillis, F.R.C.S. Question:—Why can some foot conditions be treated at the Chiropody Clinic whilst others have to be treated at an Orthopaedic Clinic? Answer:—I find this sometimes causes some confusion but the answer is quite simple. |
4eafdef7-971f-4abc-864b-05efa80b8c03 | The scope of the work of a Chiropodist is the "treatment of malformed nails and superficial excrescences occurring on the feet, such as corns, warts, callosities and bunions," whilst the Orthopaedic Clinic deals not only with feet but all other parts of the body, and not only for minor troubles, but also for major troubles involving the bones, the sinews and the muscles. CHIROPODY CLINIC Number of new cases treated 263 Total number of attendances 1,190 As a matter of fact, the time should come—and I hope it will come soon—when there will be no Chiropody Clinics for children, or adults either, so far as that goes. I want to say yet once again that if people would only wear proper fitting stockings and proper fitting shoes we could well-nigh close our Chiropody Clinics. Question:—Is it advisable to have a child immunised during a prevalence of Infantile Paralysis? |
64de76da-863a-4ea9-8020-1bb80471eab9 | Answer:—So much has been written on this subject that it is difficult to condense it into a few lines. I am persuaded it is of paramount importance that a child should be immunised against Diphtheria, and that we must be willing to pay a price for this, even if it does mean there may be a risk. So far as Infantile Paralysis is concerned what we want to do is to view the problem in its right perspective. As you know, a large number of cases of persons infected with the virus of Infantile Paralysis never show the paralysis. There are several factors determining whether paralysis shall, or shall not, develop; the severity of the infection is no doubt a dominant issue, but there are other factors also. Thus, if a child is infected with the virus of Infantile Paralysis and goes swimming, running, or jumping, paralysis is more likely to come on than it otherwise would. |
fea10c16-eb25-4582-a781-8bbfb2d4b989 | In the same way if, during this period, a child is slapped, I have no doubt there is more risk of paralysis. Page 10 DIPHTHERIA IMMUNISATION Percentage of school population immunised: 87.2 It is the same with immunisation or any other interference which is likely to damage the tissues. What I advise people is to remember the deadly cost of Diphtheria and to think of this before they exaggerate any risk of Immunisation being a factor in the causation of paralysis in cases of Infantile Paralysis. Question:—Do children get Measles and other Infectious Diseases at school, or somewhere outside school ? |
d71252a9-e695-415c-b41e-394c4cdf057b | Answer:—If you are thinking of a family living on a remote farm in the depth of the country, then I think it only right to say that these specially protected children are more likely to get Measles and other infectious diseases when they go to school than before they go to school, but even this is modified by the fact that the children in any one family will not be all the same age, so that some will be going to school and some will not, and the infection may take place at home and not at school. When you go to urban areas it is quite safe to assume that by far the greater amount of Measles and similar infectious diseases are caught, not at school, but outside school and outside school hours. This, if you begin to think it over, must of necessity be so. A child is, after all, only about twenty-five hours a week in school, and for only about forty weeks in the year. This leaves a very great amount of time when children are meeting one another out of school. |
938e65c2-085c-4672-97e9-25b04b994bf8 | This reminds me of an interesting research undertaken in a large Infectious Diseases Hospital where it was found that children rarely caught another infectious disease when they were in hospital for a particular disease and that, indeed, the chance of their doing so was less in hospital than it was among a similar group of children not in hospital, and I feel it is much the same with regard to schools. Having regard to the fact that the children are under the close scrutiny of teachers of experience; having regard to the fact that these teachers have Health Visitors and school doctors all but immediately available to answer any questions, and having regard to the fact that the ventilation in the majority of our schools is so good, I personally believe that whilst no doubt some degree of infection does occur at school, the great majority of infection is not caught at school. |
54ad2359-75d9-45a7-aa87-d319337234cd | INFECTIOUS DISEASES Number of cases notified during 1950 Scarlet Fever 99 Whooping Cough 140 Measles 140 Diphtheria Nil Pneumonia 20 Infantile Paralysis 5 Page 11 Question:—How can I tell that my child has not Whooping Cough? Answer:—The answer is that you cannot, and the answer is that a doctor cannot, apart from what may be a very prolonged examination. This examination may include waiting with a plate of specially prepared jelly and often-times waiting and waiting until the child coughs in a particular way. The plate is then held in front of the child's mouth, and if you get a certain growth on the plate then you can say this child has Whooping Cough. |
7d0a741f-6ee1-4975-8c9f-cd008684e141 | Now although I believe in being painfully frank in these my remarks, I do not wish it to be thought that we cannot come to a very shrewd opinion without the necessity of going through what can only be a very long study of an individual case—a study which takes up so much time that it is impracticable to use it in a large number of cases. What we want to remember is that it is not every child who whoops who has Whooping Cough, and it is not every child who does not whoop who has not got Whooping Cough. In coming to a shrewd opinion it is the nature of the cough which indicates whether the child has, or has not, Whooping Cough. Once heard, the type of cough is never forgotten, and you can stand in one ward and make the shrewd diagnosis of a child in another ward if you happen to hear the child cough. If you are musically inclined I can explain this in two or three words—the cough is a crescendo. |
762430ef-13cf-49ea-b226-a7f30f2997a1 | If you are not musically inclined, let me explain this in a little further detail. The cough starts with a little cough at the back of the throat as though the child has a tickling at the back of the throat; it then increases and increases and increases in violence so that the child is breathing out more than he is breathing in, with the result that he has lost more air from the lungs than is normal, and just when the child is trying to breathe in he coughs again—making it impossible to do so. The child goes red in the face; purple in the face, and fortunately in—of course—the vast majority of instances, the cough does stop and the child takes in one deep breath. It is this (which may be spoken of as "forced inspiration," although it is not a good term) which can—and in so many cases does— lead to the whoop for which Whooping Cough is so named. Question:—What is the risk of my child suffering from Infantile Paralysis? |
50472148-b4ad-42bc-a803-8b3323a33950 | Answer:—The risk in Barking last year, as well as the average for the last five years, was less than one in two thousand. One thing is quite clear, however, and that is we are going to get an apparent increase in the cases of Infantile Paralysis or, as I prefer to call it, Anterior Poliomyelitis. It is now commonly known that Infantile Paralysis is a very bad name for the disease ; firstly because it is by no means confined to infants and, secondly, because not all the cases—by any manner of means—show paralysis. Page 12 Modern methods of diagnosis make it possible to diagnose the disease often in the absence of paralysis, and it is because this is so that there will be an apparent increase in the number of cases compared with the days when a diagnosis was never made until paralysis had set in. |
3aa7ba96-6e6f-4f76-aa5c-5c611c2f2fe6 | There is at the present time a very extensive research being conducted into Infantile Paralysis; whether anything will come of it I do not know, but I am not very hopeful. The prevention of Infantile Paralysis is not one of those things of which I can say we have reason to believe that the answer is "just round the corner." Although I am not at all optimistic about the prevention of Infantile Paralysis at the present time, I am delighted to be able to say that during my lifetime there has been an enormous improvement in treatment and certainly, distressing as it must be to any parent to learn his or her child has Infantile Paralysis, it is not nearly such a distressing thing as it was when I was a young boy. Question:—Would you advise me to allow my child to undergo a T.B. prevention course? Answer:—The answer to this question is undoubtedly Yes, but I want to make it quite clear this is an experiment. |
a3b7ac7c-a4fe-490a-8221-3614666a3a8a | It is an experiment which cannot be tried out in a test-tube or on animals; it can only be tried out by actually testing the children themselves. What happens is this—all the children whose parents volunteer are X-rayed, and in other ways tested for tubercle. This is a special examination, much more detailed than can be done by routine, and in itself is worth while. What is more, these examinations will be repeated from time to time for some years, and this is still more worth while. These children will then be divided into two groups, some of whom will be artificially protected and watched, and some of whom will be watched without being artificially protected, and in this way it will be possible to find out how worth while is the artificial protection when it is employed in mass, which is the question before those who are undertaking the research. Now there are certain other children whom we want to be protected. |
4fb99289-e662-4b38-9f43-2829f5c44f94 | These children are selected by your doctors, principally by the Tuberculosis Officer, and the Tuberculosis Officer is the expert in this matter. These children (who, for one reason or another, should be treated) in my opinion must be treated. Not that I mean compulsion should be used— indeed, we hope there will never be need to ask for such compulsory powers—but I do mean that at this stage of our knowledge it is utterly obligatory that these children should be treated in this way because although there is a question as to whether mass immunisation is a principle to be advocated or not advocated, there is, in my opinion, no question as to the efficacy of this immunisation against tuberculosis in individual cases. Page 13 Having regard to the fact that the first of these trials did not take place in Barking until the end of 1950, only eighty-three children were tested during that year, but it is anticipated that many more will undergo this prevention course in 1951. |
1f0a5c3f-e710-44a0-9e12-a4a4f8d06b03 | Question:—My daughter is fourteen years old and gets spots on her face. One neighbour tells me I ought to take her to the Skin Clinic; another neighbour tells me she will grow out of it. What ought I to do? Answer:—The answer to this question is that the two submissions are correct. I think that the girl should undoubtedly be taken to the Skin Clinic, but it is equally true that a girl of fourteen is likely to grow out of her spots. I think the two points to make are—firstly, that there is no earthly reason why a girl of fourteen should go on having spots if there is no need, and, secondly, that there is no such thing as a skin disease; that is, as a separate entity. If the skin is diseased there is always some underlying constitutional trouble. |
5c98bea6-bfd1-44d5-a402-1d8b12a46bda | It may— may, I say—be nothing more and nothing less than nerves, or it may be due to other causes, but it is always wise to get at this fundamental constitutional trouble if it is at all possible to do so. Spottiness should never be looked upon as natural and something which will naturally clear up; it should always be the subject of enquiry. Question:—My children all seem to get dry scurf on their faces. No one pays much attention to it except myself. Should they pay more attention? Answer:—The answer is unquestionably Yes. As I have pointed out elsewhere any trouble to do with the skin is so very often merely the expression of some constitutional disturbance or other peculiarities. Children who get dry scurf on their faces almost invariably belong to a group of children who have fine, thin, sensitive skins, and where there is not so much natural fat in the skin as there is in that of ordinary people. |
9910b4ed-df43-433e-9e59-b72ab0d3c4a0 | The first thing to remember is that most of us wash too much and use far too much soap. This takes away these natural greases from the skin and renders the skin more liable not only to major ailments, but to minor ailments such as dry scurf. If little Tommy has his face washed thoroughly once a day to take off the grime and the dirt, it is all that is necessary. As a matter of fact, more washing—if it needs too much soap—is bad for him; a damp faceflannel (if it must be used) is all to the good, but you can only expect his face will get a bit scurfy if all the natural greases have been washed off several times a day. SKIN CLINIC Consulting Skin Specialist: Dr. Deville. Number of sessions held by Consulting Skin Specialist Number of examinations by Consulting Skin Specialist 51 354 Page 14 Incidentally, the same is true of little Tommy's hands. |
67690b2d-b651-4ee6-ac58-67b6ade2b782 | I am afraid the popularity I may have with little Tommy on account of the views I hold will be off-set by the unpopularity of my views by the mothers and teachers. Then again there is the question of wind. It is not every person whose skin will stand up to going out into a howling wind and, what is more, it is not every child's skin (nor everybody else's) that will stand up to sitting in front of the fire for more than short periods. What is still more important is the question of the soap you are going to use. I know I am on very dangerous ground, but I would go so far as to say that if your child does suffer from dry scurf on his face I should certainly consult your doctor on the question of what soap to use and what soap to avoid. Question:—What, having regard to recent changes in the build-up of the Medical Services, is the present position with regard to the School Medical Service? |
0a65e3ec-ef79-4b57-8b45-a550d560091b | Answer:—It seems to me that this question can best be answered by referring enquiries to the Ministry of Education Circular 179 dated the 4th August, 1948. In so far, however, as this is not available for everybody, I would wish to make two quotations and I would like to give my personal assurance that I have not lifted them out of their context:— "The treatment of minor ailments at a school clinic (or in the school itself) is well established as the most expeditious and comprehensive means of dealing with many troublesome conditions and of preventing further impairment of health. The School Health Service has the advantage of using the services of the school nurse, working under the school doctor, for dealing with such conditions, and continuity of treatment is ensured through the close association of this work with the schools. No change in this system is contemplated and its extension where necessary on existing lines should continue." |
936f3dd4-7707-4bab-a9eb-9252e5fe51d8 | "The Minister is confident that Authorities will continue to recognise to the full the special responsibility which has been placed on them with regard to the health of their pupils, will maintain and develop those services which it falls to them to provide, and do their utmost to ensure that the effectiveness of the School Health Service is in no way impaired. For many decades the building up of the School Health Service has been a work of the highest national importance and it is vital that there should be no relaxation." Question:—In an effort to keep my child's head free from infestation I wash it every week. Is this sufficient, or ought I to do anything else? Answer:—It is necessary to wash the hair every week, but washing alone is not sufficient, because the nits, which are the eggs of the livestock, are actually stuck on to the hairs, and Nature has done her work so marvellously well that it is very difficult to get them away. |
fb27f84f-1e9f-4e35-9ce9-7cfa9acf8fd7 | Page 15 In addition to washing the hair once a week, therefore, it should be well brushed twice a day, and combed with a fine tooth comb at least every night. Children should be taught that they must not try on each other's hats. Everybody is agreed that girls at school, particularly young girls, are not so likely to get into trouble with infestation if their hair is kept short, and some people say that we should go a stage further and keep the hair tied back or plaited. I hope to achieve such a high standard of cleanliness that this will not be necessary, because whilst I can say that if the hair is plaited there is less likely to be cross-infestation, such infestation if it does occur is very likely to be a serious than in hair which from time to trouble in hair which is plaited time is blown about and otherwise disturbed. |
dd7c2f78-c23e-4c54-86d7-045b86d1f245 | The older girls or, indeed, girls of any age, must be taught to adopt simple hair styles; to avoid tight curls and, indeed, to avoid anything which is likely to mean that they will not brush or comb their hair at least twice a day. Question:—Should all handicapped children attend Special Schools ? Answer:—The answer to this is definitely No. School life, particularly life in the school playground, is the very best background for developing character, and however necessary it may be in certain cases it is a bad thing to bring children up with the idea they are different from other children and must go to a different sort of school. |
468e49ad-5fca-4dac-adf3-daff3775cf4a | Where a child is so handicapped that he or she cannot derive proper benefit from going to an ordinary school, or where it would be too dangerous for him or her to do so, or where their presence in the school is likely to upset the efficiency of that school, then it is a question that "needs must when the devil drives," and such children must go to Special Schools, but it is a far, far better thing for a child with a handicap, if it is at all possible, to learn its niche INFESTATION Total number of examinations in the schools by the school nurses or other authorised persons 22,652 Total number of individual i pupils found to be infested 684 Number of Children Attending Special Schools. Faircross Day Special School, Barking. Open-air Section 37 Physically-handicapped Section 21 Educationally Sub-normal Section 33 Tunmarsh Lane Day Special School for the Deaf and Partially Deaf, West Ham. Totally deaf 4 Partially deaf 4 Residential Special Schools. |
d10ed8d4-9cef-4cce-95b7-5d4733a09f4d | Open-air 4 Educationally sub-normal 1 Partially deaf 1 Epileptic 1 Blind 1 Partially sighted 1 Page 16 in life whilst yet very young, rather than that at the age of sixteen he should be faced with the enormous problem of going forth from the sheltered seclusion of a Special School to find out—the hard way—what is his niche in life. Question:— I have read about a Special Unit for the Treatment of Juvenile Rheumatism. Does this mean that children are suffering more from rheumatism, or that more is being done for those who do so suffer ? Answer:—Personally I do not believe there is any more juvenile rheumatism to-day than there has been in the past; contrariwise, I believe it is on the decline. What I can say is that I do not trust any figures which are published. |
e07827f9-a163-4da7-8a13-6c04cead8228 | You see the plain, blunt fact is that if a child is a little feverish, and if a child has growing pains, then you can "bet your bottom dollar" that child is suffering from rheumatism. The attack may be of very short duration—indeed—it may even be that the child is so little off colour that he, or she, is not put to bed at all, nor even kept off school. It will be seen that where we have a disease which can, on occasion, give such slight manifestation it is impossible to believe that we can collect accurate statistics, and we must, I think, rely on the experience of men like myself who have been looking out for rheumatism for considerably over a quarter of a century. Question:— What is Athlete's Foot ? |
633f53e5-d5e3-411f-aaa4-b99a205752e7 | Answer:— You have been out in the country and you have seen mushrooms and toadstools and other fungi, some of which are the most curious shapes and most gorgeous colours, but—believe it or not— Athlete's Foot is the same sort of thing, save only that they do not grow up like mushrooms. So far as mushrooms are concerned the fungus is in the soil, and here and there it grows into the toadstools (on which the fairies sit). In the same way the skin on the feet—particularly between the toes—becomes infested with fungus. This means it belongs to the same group of troubles as ringworm of the head and ringworm of the body. |
7c5dc0d1-5303-4a50-9ec8-5c7341e7f3b0 | It is, of course, catching in the same way as ringworm of the head is catching, and if you get a lot of people in their bare feet walking about, or if you find people using one another's socks or shoes, then you have got circumstances which are very favourable to the spreading of Athlete's Foot. The best way of dealing with it is to prevent it; if only people who had Athlete's Foot would keep it to themselves we soon should have no trouble at all. Meanwhile I am happy to say that the treatment of it is not too difficult. There is an ointment which has been in use for this purpose for many years, and it is still good, although other ointments are on the Page 17 market and there are also dusting powders which can be shaken into the socks and used together with the ointments, and the whole thing if vigorously attacked should not take very long to clear up. |
128d018b-e02b-407a-894f-813858b10791 | My point, however, is why do some skins seem to invite this fungoid growth and some do not, and here I believe it is a lot to do with the health of the skin. People do, particularly in summer time, need to take their shoes and socks off. What would happen to your hands if you went about with leather gloves on all the time, and particularly in summer time ? People should wear at least two pairs of socks every day and not wear any one pair of shoes throughout the whole of the day. If these things were done the health of the skin of the feet would be much better than it is to-day and we should have less Athlete's Foot. Question:—Should a child be forced to drink milk and eat "things that are good for him" if he really dislikes them ? Answer:—The answer is definitely "No," even if it be cabbage which is so good for children and which, alas, so many of them detest. |
0bc6e30b-82b5-4bb9-80a0-8a57d8a9f6d6 | I was once told that I was going to be asked officially as to whether children who would not eat their cabbage (or whatever the vegetable was) should be allowed to have the apple tart or such other sweet as followed. I am very happy that although I had been warned of this question it was never actually put to me, and the reason why I did not want to answer this question officially is because the situation should not arise. I had lots of fads when I was a boy at home, and I was told when I went away to say I did not like this and did not like that, but I had not been away from home very long before I was glad enough to eat everything. Most of the fads which children show have really been implanted in them by those who are looking after them, and however unpopular it makes me, I must say it is generally their mothers. |
2d9701ab-204d-4738-a0aa-91e3f215cc08 | I suppose Cod Liver Oil is one of the most difficult things to persuade a child to take, but after many years of experience I am convinced it is the pained look on the face of the mother who has to give it to her child, rather than to the inherent qualities of the Cod Liver Oil itself which makes the child detest it. It is amazing at our Day Nurseries how these fads disappear, and I do wish we had more places so that only children who chiefly suffer from these fads might feed together with other children, because I know from long experience of children in hospital that they copy one another like sheep following one another, and that when once you can get a leader to start the meeting children will eat almost anything. Children are very accommodating and they will eat well nigh anything if it is put before them in the right way, but if they do detest it, it does make them feel sick, and if they feel sick when they are eating it, it does not do them half the good it otherwise would. |
1b96d865-5569-44e4-936b-297613b2b9a8 | Page 18 From a health standpoint does part-time employment put an undue strain on children ? If the part-time employment does not take any more out of the child than the child would spend in normal recreation during the same period of time, then the answer to this question is "No," but if the part-time employment means undue exposure to inclement weather; in other words, if the child will have to be out in all weathers when normally he or she would be at home, then the conditions do not comply with my statement above, and such employment is detrimental to the health of the child. Due regard must be had to the nature of the education the child has to face up to; if at school a child is already doing so much as he or she can possibly stand then, of course, whether it be normal recreation or part-time employment one has to be very careful how the child spends its spare time, and it is difficult to believe that a child can find organised employment which will not take more out of that child than normal recreation. |
49295a99-1ebc-4d4b-8aa1-86981307d24c | Question:—Showers after gym: are they beneficial ? Answer:—The plain answer to this blunt question is that baths are always beneficial. It is difficult to think of anybody in the course of twenty-four hours taking too many, and certainly I recommend them heartily after gym. In the first place, after gym many, if not all, the pores of the body are open; there is usually a little bit of dirt in them, and if they are open the person is sweating; this dirt has just come out and although dry towelling will do a lot to remove this dirt (and incidentally get it on the towel), a shower is ever so much more efficient. |
8758f156-480b-4e98-937e-60bfd21c953c | If you do not believe that the pores of the skin contain a lot of dirt just go to a Turkish Bath; you can have an ordinary bath half an hour before you go, but when you get to the Turkish Bath and begin to sweat, scrape yourself, and you will be surprised to find that the sweat is not so clean as you might think it would be. This is a simple little experiment which anybody can try. As a matter of fact, this can be tried in a Steam Bath so well as in a Turkish Bath, and the devotees of the Steam Bath will say you can see it much better at a Steam Bath than at a Turkish Bath. In the second place, although it is not very poisonous, the sweat which comes out of the body is one of the means of getting rid of substances which are poisonous, and you do not want to leave them on the surface of the skin. |
85266b7d-d4da-4800-95e1-5527d0194a69 | Number of children medically examined for part-time employment 88 Number found medically unfit 1 Page 19 Now, although I have answered the question which has been put to me I want to say a little more, and that is, it is my opinion these showers do not lead to colds. To every medical opinion which is expressed so positively as this there is always an exception, but the exceptions to the above statement are so few that you need not think your child is the exception. Such cases are rare indeed. Question:— Should later arrival at school for infant children in the winter be instituted ? Answer:— It will, of course, be clearly understood that I have no authority whatever to speak on this matter from an education standpoint, and all I can say from a medical standpoint is that I know of no medical reason why schools should start later than 9.30 even on a winter's morning. |
2010a644-4c41-4fcb-b11c-d7d2c8cc01bd | There may, of course, be individual homes where, because father has got to go to work at one time and an older brother go off at another time, and an older sister at yet another time, it may be a matter of difficulty in fitting in a time when the child can have his meal quietly and at peace, and be at school by 9.30 in the morning, but these are matters for the sociologist rather than for a medical man, as such. It is sufficient if we should say that every child before arriving at school should have time to have his, or her, breakfast, and should have time to have it quietly, and, of course, incidentally, that there should be time for attention to personal hygiene and the demands of nature before the child goes to school. It is a very healthy custom to see that the bowels are open before going to school, and it is far more important that the child should attend to this necessary function rather than that he or she should arrive at school on the tick of the clock. |
834d15d6-b8d4-48fe-bca6-a278ef5dd1c7 | Question:— Should sleeping after dinner be extended to Infants' Schools from Nursery Classes, and if so, how far ? Answer:— So far as I know all healthy animals, when they have had a good meal, go to sleep and—of course—we know that a snake after he has had a heavy meal goes to sleep for quite a long time. Everybody should go to sleep after he or she has had a good meal. This is perfectly normal. After you have had a good meal the stomach has a job of work to do; in doing this job of work it requires that the blood supply shall be increased. Incidentally, too, the liver—which may be deemed as the "National chemical industry" of the body—has a job of work to do as well, and requires a hefty blood supply. |
64477c8b-cd4b-426a-97ea-4ffae0248868 | All this in turn means that something has got to go without so far as the blood supply is concerned, and incidentally amongst other things the blood supply to the brain is not so good after a meal as it is some time before. For these reasons everybody, if possible, should sleep after a meal, and if it could be arranged it would be wise for the mid-day break for all Page 20 school children to be increased so as to allow them to rest a while after they have had their food, but for the young children, right through the Infants' School, it is very necessary indeed—particularly in these days when children do not get enough sleep anyhow. |
ae8ec7f0-7d89-4aeb-ba21-ef252f457a8a | One of the things which never ceased to amaze me when I had to do with a large number of children at the hospitals was how, if they were put to bed for four, five or six weeks, they had grown out of their clothes by the time they got up again which shows, of course, that they were not getting enough rest before they had the misfortune to have an enforced rest. People in the sunny south say that only Englishmen and mad dogs take exercise in the middle of the day, and there is a lot to be said for this. In the sunny south the siesta becomes a matter of obligation on account of the heat. I can only say it is a pity we do not get more sunshine which would make it obligatory for us to have a mid-day siesta. Question:— What are the most common causes of speech defects ? |
2bc6cf16-057f-4d94-865b-1c6dcc99d50e | Answer:— This question is not nearly so easy to answer as might appear because although the answer in a number of cases is straightforward, in other cases it is not unusual for a combination of circumstances to lead up to the defect. It is quite obvious that where a child is deaf, where there is malformation of the teeth, where there is a cleft palate, or where there is nasal obstruction or paralysis of some kind then, of course, we can go right away to the root of the trouble. Sometimes this can be treated—which is a great help—but even if treated it is not at all uncommon to find that the child is learning to talk at a different age than usual and requires help, which means that the Speech Therapist can be of considerable help. There are, of course, other cases. |
25d3650b-e3db-4e3b-9af8-fd8423c7cad2 | If you watch a baby breathing it is spasmodic and there is no rhythm in it; indeed, the same is more or less true of all children up to the age of about seven, by which age the rhythm is gradually established. Some children do not develop this breathing sufficiently at the time they begin to speak, and amongst these children are to be found a large number of speech defects, particularly stammering. This leads me to another point; it is the intelligent child who develops this real rhythm in breathing at an early age, and I am inclined to think that a part of every speech defect is not only due to the fact the child is a late developer so far as breathing is concerned but—to put it very modestly—the child is a late developer so far as the mind is concerned. Some people go so far as to say that speech defect is associated with low intelligence, and whilst submitting there is something in this I do think it has more to do with late development than inherent low intelligence. |
89335c77-b007-46f5-a4a8-439e6160e888 | SPEECH CLINIC Number of new cases treated 36 Total attendances 1,097 Page 21 Associated with this is the question of emotional disturbance. This is what is known as a vicious circle. A child who is emotionally upset tends to stammer or to have some other speech defect, and as a result of the speech defect the child is more upset emotionally. Breaking this vicious circle is one of the hardest tasks presented to a Speech Therapist and it is here that relaxation is the main factor in her method of treatment. Question:— Is convalescent treatment as beneficial in the winter as in the summer ? Answer:— This question is an often recurring one and the answer must, of course, be—"It all depends." |
3a1ffea2-2820-4986-8ec5-2bae5ebf3bcc | What I want to put on record, at the cost of repeating myself, is that the children at Hydon Heath Camp did exceptionally well during the winter provided they had had a sufficient stay there during the previous summer in order to tone themselves up, as it were, for the coming rigours of the winter-time. With regard to other cases—that is, those of a short-term stay— there can be no doubt that generally speaking winter is not favourable in a large number of cases. Chesty children with bronchitis do not do very well, so far as convalescence is concerned, unless the weather is favourable. Whilst I am talking on this subject I want to say I am not very much in favour of short-term convalescence for children. A large number of these children are, or have recently been, far from well. |
1f8b2ec3-f017-4c38-86a3-324f2de66f15 | This is the time when children become more dependent than ever on their mothers and their home life, and it does take them some time to adjust themselves to the more communal life of a Convalescent Home. During this time they are not making the progress they otherwise would; so much so that it can reasonably be said it is very fortunate if, at the end of a week, a child is just beginning to pick up and make good. If, then, the child is going home at the end of another week there is the further disturbance of going home. To my mind, if convalescence is to be economic, it should be at least for a period of one month. Question:—What is done for children who are "behaviour problems" ? Answer:—Elsewhere, on several occasions, I have written about children who are mis-named "behaviour problems," but I have not written much as to what is done for these children. |
63faee93-0108-457a-b89f-abf9047743b7 | I have not written very much because there is so little that can be done. These children are out of joint with their environment but this does not mean, as I have stated so many hundreds of times, that there is of necessity anything wrong with the child; that is, it does not mean the child is maladjusted within himself. Number of children admitted to Convalescent Homes during 1950 54 Page 22 It is our tragic experience to find it is the environment, rather than the child, that requires adjustment, and it is very difficult to know what to do. I am mindful of the story of the psychologist who was examining a child because the child had smacked the mother's face, and when the psychologist tried to submit to the mother that possibly this was, to a certain extent, due to her attitude towards the child, the mother smacked the psychologist's face. |
a88043d9-8e22-451e-8ad5-3e455280d319 | It is only recently that I, myself, without being smacked in the face, was certainly met with disapproval, and I thought I was doing what was best to be done in such a circumstance. In certain circumstances we do refer these children to Child Guidance Clinics, but it is our hope that the people at the Child Guidance Clinics will give advice to the parents and, quite frankly, if they give advice to the parents and that advice is followed, there may not be the need to give much advice to the children themselves. In this way and in that, too, we have tried to get the child away from the home environment for a little time. It is our experience this does, oftentimes, lead to some improvement, but I am afraid it tends to be temporary. |
98ddd8d8-cdc7-46bd-aea9-01b2616949b1 | Personally I believe it is only when we are prepared to accept a simpler way of living, which does not make so many demands on the mother of the family and which gives the father a fuller share than he has to-day in the bringing up of the family, that we shall find our answer to this problem, which I believe to be one of particular moment in the present age. CHILD GUIDANCE CLINICS Number treated at Child Guidance Clinics during 1950 7 Question:—What can I do with William Smith? The boys here call him the "Fat Boy of Peckham," and quite frankly we are beginning to find he is a bit of a nuisance. Answer:— Quite frankly, with regard to treatment I am not very hopeful. It is true that in a number of these cases fat men later turn to flesh; in fact very possibly super strong men have been boys of this type but we cannot rely on this. The trouble is that the boy does not get a square deal from us all. |
620c06b8-bfe7-4439-b916-8f58c6750ec6 | Very many of these children are definitely artistic; when seeing flowers, they see more than we see and it is not uncommon for them to daub with paints in order to try to make a picture of a pansy or a butterfly; also so very many of this type of child show an appreciation of high-class music such as is quite uncommon at their age. What is more, these boys are somnolent and so far as I know their somnolence is not merely because they are too heavy but because inherendy they are somnolent, and it is no good thinking ill of them because they Page 23 snooze during classtime, it is so truly natural for them to snooze; in other words, Dickens's picture of this boy—as so many of his pen-pictures— is very apt although perhaps, as is usual with this great writer, somewhat of a caricature. |
d4d25764-4883-4d8d-a3ed-a08cb105a30f | These boys are out of adjustment so far as class life is concerned and must be a trial to their teachers; they are out of touch with regard to their class mates and the boys and girls they meet in the playground because from so many standpoints they are years and years older than the children with whom they are mixing, and all we can do from a medical standpoint is to recognise that these facts are inevitable and do whatever we can to help them adjust themselves to their environment, because that, after all, is the chief benefit any child receives from education at school; it is a hard task. I am very glad that you have brought this matter to my notice because the "Fat Boy of Peckham" is what we call an endocrine defect; that is, his glands of internal secretion are not functioning properly. This is a branch of medicine which is sadly neglected, particularly in our school work. During the war we had a man in Barking who did a good bit of work on this subject. |
abd8e5bb-b508-46f7-b6a5-1831890210e6 | He is now a Research Associate in the Department of Endocrinology and Assistant Professor of Oncology in the University of Georgia, United States of America, and although I must say that I was not very impressed with results, I did learn that there is a very great need for further study of this problem and that if we have the necessary research a large number of children might be helped who, at the present time, by reason of that defect, are looked upon as abnormal, and who still find their way to psychologists and other people who are not specially trained in the branch of medicine which deals with these endocrine glands. Question:— From a medical point of view what importance do you put on Rhythmic Dancing ? Answer:— Rhythmic Dancing is dancing to a musical instrument, almost invariably a piano, which gives a lead so far as rhythm is concerned; it is sometimes developed into dancing where the children are encouraged to interpret the music, but this interpretation goes rather beyond the fundamentals of Rhythmic Dancing. |
f58f5fa1-6b13-4855-bde3-33a924b67028 | Rhythmic Dancing is good because it satisfies one of our innermost urges. Human beings and, so far as I know, animals also are fond of rhythm. This is a curious mental phenomenon and I believe it requires satisfying so much as many of our other inherent urges. Because Rhythmic Dancing satisfies one of our fundamental urges it is pleasurable to us and the value of exercise depends largely upon the pleasure we take in it. I believe that Rhythmic Dancing is less fatiguing than Swedish exercises, and of course all exercises should stop before fatigue is well established. So far as health is concerned I certainly think that pride of place must be reserved exclusively for free exercises, but I do think that Rhythmic Dancing is a very good second. Page 24 SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICE. MEDICAL INSPECTION RETURNS Year ended 31st December, 1950. TABLE I Medical Inspection of Pupils attending Maintained Primary and Secondary Schools. (Including Special Schools.) |
9d2084f6-a992-4bf9-abc9-d838a5c966e4 | A.—PERIODIC MEDICAL INSPECTIONS. Number of Inspections in the prescribed Groups: Entrants 1,086 Second Age Group 788 Third Age Group 1,156 Total 3,030 Number of other Periodic Inspections 5,258 Grand Total 8,288 B.—OTHER INSPECTIONS Number of Special Inspections 11,917 Number of Re-Inspections 12,321 Total 24,238 C.—PUPILS FOUND TO REQUIRE TREATMENT. Number of Individual Pupils found at Periodic Medical Inspection to Require Treatment (excluding Dental Diseases and Infestation with Vermin). Group For defective vision (excluding squint) For any of the other conditions recorded in Table IIA. |
9db4adee-87f2-4429-965b-ec9bd4c3e371 | Total individual pupils (1) (2) (3) (4) Entrants 9 148 156 Second Age Group 30 108 126 Third Age Group 60 98 152 Total (prescribed groups) 99 354 434 Other Periodic Inspections 214 723 854 Grand Total 313 1,077 1,288 Page 25 TABLE II A.—RETURN OF DEFECTS FOUND BY MEDICAL INSPECTION IN THE YEAR ENDED 31st DECEMBER, 1950. Defect Code No. Defect or Disease Periodic Inspections Special Inspections No. of defects No. of defects Requiring treatment Requiring to be kept under observation, but not requiring treatment Requiring treatment Requiring to be kept under observation, but not requiring treatment (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 4 Skin 176 25 912 1 5 Eyes— a. Vision 313 13 213 — b. |
587d1fdc-01a4-442a-b8c2-7780c1663186 | Squint 13 17 41 — c. Other 35 10 560 — 6 Ears— a. Hearing 19 5 18 3 b. Otitis Media 9 6 16 - c. Other 26 15 229 5 7 Nose or Throat 223 145 349 38 8 Speech 32 10 15 1 9 Cervical Glands 4 35 18 7 10 Heart and circulation 12 22 17 10 11 Lungs 37 76 51 25 12 Developmental— a. Hernia 3 19 1 5 b. Other 13 22 15 1 13 Orthopaedic— a. Posture 61 16 14 — b. Flat foot 121 19 10 — c. Other 146 51 35 2 14 Nervous system— a. Epilepsy — 9 3 — b. |
0090f5e8-e0fd-453b-b037-704e457d3a02 | Other 14 32 36 8 15 Psychological— a. Development 4 16 22 9 b. Stability 12 42 5 3 16 Other 342 106 5,026 103 Page 26 TABLE II (Contd.) B.—CLASSIFICATION OF THE GENERAL CONDITION OF PUPILS INSPECTED DURING THE YEAR IN THE AGE GROUPS. Age Groups Number of Pupils Inspected A (Good) B (Fair) C (Poor) No. %of Col. (2) No. % of Col. (2) No. % of Col. |
2bdf30f0-fd10-405e-bb69-f34e4f132089 | (2) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Entrants 1,086 714 65.75 370 34.07 2 .18 Second Age Groups 788 368 46.7 414 52.54 6 .76 Third Age Groups 1,156 496 42.91 656 56.75 4 .34 Other Periodic Inspections 5,258 2,425 46.13 2,797 53.2 36 .67 Totals 8,288 4,003 48.3 4,237 51.12 48 .58 TABLE III Infestation with Vermin. |
247fcd42-a29d-4abf-86d0-327431455cf0 | (i) Total number of examinations in the schools by School Nurses or other authorised persons 22,652 (ii) Number of individual pupils found to be infested 684 (iii) Number of individual pupils in respect of whom cleansing notices were issued 344 (iv) Number of individual pupils cleansed 93 Page 27 TABLE IV Treatment Tables. GROUP I.—DISEASES OF THE SKIN (excluding Uncleanliness,. for which see Table III). Number of cases treated or under treatment during the year. (a) Skin— Ringworm:— (i) Scalp 1 (ii) Body 2 Scabies 16 Impetigo 87 Other skin diseases 1,158 Total 1,264 GROUP II.—EYE DISEASES, DEFECTIVE VISION AND SQUINT. |
d5c9c7a8-7bd8-451e-b8de-ee94c1f93cc3 | Number of cases dealt with External and other, excluding errors of refraction and squint 600 Errors of refraction (including squint) 1,054 Total 1,654 Number of pupils for whom spectacles were:— (a) Prescribed 652 (b) Obtained 724 Page 28 TABLE IV (Contd.) GROUP III.—DISEASES AND DEFECTS OF EAR, NOSE AND THROAT. Received operative treatment:— (a) For diseases of the ear 1 (b) For adenoids and chronic tonsillitis 319 (c) For other nose and throat conditions — Received other forms of treatment 994 Total 1,314 GROUP IV.—ORTHOPAEDIC AND POSTURAL DEFECTS. (a) Number treated as in-patients in hospitals 2 (b) Number treated otherwise—e.g. in clinics or outpatient departments 692 GROUP V.—CHILD GUIDANCE TREATMENT. |
06983103-9e09-4b3b-b547-ab57e30ddb30 | Number of pupils treated at Child Guidance Clinics 6 GROUP VI.—SPEECH THERAPY. Number of pupils treated by Speech Therapist 85 GROUP VII.—OTHER TREATMENT GIVEN. Miscellaneous Minor Ailments (e.g. minor injuries, bruises, sores, chilblains, etc.) 5,975 Page 29 TABLE V Dental Inspection and Treatment. (1) Number of pupils inspected by the Authority's Dental Officers:— (a) Periodic age groups 5,364 (b) Specials 4,899 (c) Total 10,263 (2) Number found to require treatment 7,982 (3) Number referred for treatment 7,982 (4) Number actually treated 6,155 (5) Attendances made by pupils for treatment 14,463 (6) Half days devoted to: (a) Inspection 30 (b) Treatment 1,344 Total 1,374 (7) Fillings: Permanent Teeth 4, |
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