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af238b60-52ba-4fe1-bb33-7f1f0c9320db | The remainder were built by public utility societies and trusts and private enterprise, more especially private enterprise which built 351,000. Under the Wheatley Act of 1924, an endeavour was again made to build houses to let, and not for sale. Subsidies were given to local authorities, and it was hoped to build houses to let at about 9s. weekly. Few authorities found it successful to build for this price, and the average rent has been 13s. to 15s. weekly. Nearly half a million houses were built under this Act up to its repeal in 1932. Under the Greenwood Act of 1930, the main efforts and effects have been towards improving the methods by which the clearance of slum areas could be brought about. This Act gives powers to local authorities to clear areas, to improve areas, to demolish separate insanitary houses and to close parts of buildings. |
74494212-88ee-4908-bfbf-0f1d9e3fd526 | The present government, having cancelled the Wheatley subsidy, is leaving the provision of additional working class houses to private enterprise, with the aid of the Public Utility Trusts and Building Societies. Acton became busy with the preparation of housing schemes soon after the end of the war. In 1920 the Council acquired the East Acton Estate (74½ acres) and the North Acton Estate (18 acres) for the purpose of erecting houses for the working classes. It was intended to erect 600 houses on the East Acton Estate and 175 houses on the North Acton Estate. As is suggested in a previous paragraph the housing policy of the Government changed in 1921. Lord Melchett, then Sir Alfred Mond, succeeded Dr. Addison and in July 1921 the guillotine fell on the subsidies. Notice was received 11 by the Council from the Ministry of Health that the subsidy would be limited to the houses already built, then building or for which tenders had been approved. |
338721bf-2f15-403d-a6e3-f9bb9365fa50 | The whole of the land in North Acton was either sold or let on lease to public companies or private builders for the erection of houses. On the East Acton Estate under the Addison scheme, there were erected 176 Parlour-tvpe houses and 144 non-parlourtype houses. Of this total 268 were erected under contract by the Westminster Building Company, 30 demonstration houses by different contractors and 22 houses by direct labour. Of the 320 houses 12 are centrally heated. The accommodation is as follows:— 177 Parlour, Living Room, Scullery, 3 bedrooms. 1 Living Room, Scullery, 4 bedrooms. 141 „ „ „ 3„ 1 „ „ „ 2 „ 320 Subsequently 28 flats were erected on the East Acton Estate under the Wheatley Act. The accommodation in these flats is Living room, Scullery and 3 Bedrooms. The remainder of the land in East Acton was sold and developed by private builders. |
37a5f84e-a460-4185-8946-86fbf03e6c24 | Until 1933 the other housing schemes of the Council were the re-conditioning of 3 flats in Bollo Bridge Road, and the erection of 8 flats in Enfield Road and 8 flats in Brouncker Road. The flats in Enfield Road have each a Living room, 2 Bedrooms, Scullery and a Bathroom. The flats in Brouncker Road have each a Living room, 3 Bedrooms, Scullery and Bathroom. The Council have built houses and flats on the land which formed part of the Friars Estate, and although this scheme was not finished in 1933 I have included it in this report as the houses and flats are now completed and occupied. They consist of 6 houses and 64 flats. The houses and 48 of the flats have each a Living room, 3 Bedrooms, Scullery and Bathroom. 16 of the flats have each a Living room, 2 Bedrooms, Scullery and Bathroom. |
dcf08692-ed68-401d-8b7d-c173aac23286 | At the present time the rents of the different houses and flats are as follows:— 12 Gross Rent. Living Room, Scullery and 2 Bedrooms: s. d. Bollo Bridge Road (flats) 8 7 East Acton 23 3 Enfield Road (flats) 11 6 Wales Farm Road (flats) 11 10 & 11 6 Living Room, Scullery, 3 bedrooms: East Acton from 17 1 & to (& incl. Cent. heat) 26 10 Brouncker Road (flats) 12 3 East Acton (flats) 11 10 Wales Farm Road 13 11 & Wales Farm Road (flats) 13 8 Living Room, Scullery, 4 bedrooms: East Acton (& incl. Cent. heat) 29 9 Parlour, Living Room, Scullery: 3 Bedrooms: East Acton from 20 2 & to (& incl. |
c9ab426c-d500-4cc3-b6aa-05601575e25e | Cent. heat) 31 2 Flats in Bollo Bridge Road 6 roomed 14 6 5 „ 12 4 3 „ 8 7 With a few exceptions, such as those erected on the Great Western Railway Estate, on the Wesley Estate, on the Hanger Hill Estate and those erected by the International Nickel Company in Canada Road and the Goldsmiths Company in Acton Vale, the houses erected by the Town Council are the only ones built for letting purposes. The other houses have been built for sale on completion. The houses built by the Hanger Hill Estate Company and by the Goldsmiths Company were not intended for the working classes, and the other houses built for letting purposes were erected with a definite object in view. These houses were erected for the accommodation of certain men who are engaged in a particular occupation. It may therefore be said that for the working classes in general, the only houses built since the war have been erected by the Council. |
5c7be5c2-a860-4b9a-8302-dfb51512d78a | When the Council ceased building on the East Acton Estate in 1923 there was no slackening in the rate of building ; in fact the erection of houses proceeded at a greater pace, but the houses which were erected were for sale and were beyond the reach of those who were in most need of accommodation. The following table is given to show the number of houses which have been erected in the district since the war. 13 Houses erected since the War: 1918 Nil 1927/28 322 1919 Nil 1928/29 233 1920/21 140 1929/30 605 1921/22 167 1930/31 449 1922/23 119 1931/32 257 1923/24 109 1932/33 188 1924/25 248 1925/26 285 1926/27 *- *Exact figures not available. |
ab42a574-fbc7-4ef7-8982-052e2a41350c | In this period 476 new houses were brought into rating as well as 22 flats and 9 houses with shops. It has been commented upon that the Council has not scheduled any area as a Clearance Area or an Improvement Area. The explanation is not far to seek, and is found in the manner in which the slums have grown up. The nineteenth century was a period during which industry expanded at an unprecedented rate. No similar example can be found in history. England was the first country to become industrialised, and the lack of experience and knowledge was responsible for mistakes of fundamental importance. Everybody was unprepared. In the industrial areas houses were built without any regulation or supervision. In most places there were no bve-laws of any kind in force. Transport facilities were poor and families were herded together so as to be within easy distance of their work. In many industrial centres, the march and progress of an industry can be read in its housing conditions, especially in its courts and alleys. |
e00d2b5d-e1d0-4cb8-841e-1a0e300c264e | I know of towns where the history of an industry explains the origin of these courts. A number of houses would be built in what developed into a road. These houses would have gardens in their rear and very rarely in their front. A period of prosperity in the neighbouring works would occur, and a great demand would arise for houses in proximity to the works. Lean-to structures would be put at the back of the existing houses, these would persist as back-to-back houses. Tnis was only one method by which these unsatisfactory housing conditions arose. I am mentioning these facts to show how Acton escaped the many deleterious conditions which have left slums as their legacies. |
7ce8bd58-797a-4e63-a2fe-67b2a59c1339 | Although Acton, has developed recently on industrial lines, it escaped almost entirely the direct results of the nineteenth century revolution in industry, as the following figures will show:— 14 Year Inhabited houses Population 1861 610 3,151 1871 1,568 8,306 1881 2,844 17,110 1891 4,084 24,207 1901 6,114 37,744 It may be said that Acton's development has taken place after the introduction of bye-laws regulating new streets and buildings. At the present time there remain very few houses which were erected before the adoption of building bve-laws. Although it is not claimed that our problem is entirely an economic and social one, gross sanitary defects are not our most prominent difficulty. Even where our sanitary difficulties are greatest, the streets are wide ones, with fairly large spaces at the rear of the houses. |
3df7e1d0-43aa-4785-a049-85e681aae089 | Our chief difficulty is the scarcity of houses at a rent which is within the reach of the poorer inhabitants. Although transport facilities have been revolutionised in recent years, we still find that the people desire to live near their place of employment. The development of the northern part of the district along factory lines has created a demand for housing accommodation far in excess of the supply. This state of affairs has enabled those unscrupulous landlords—and I am sorry to say they form a very large proportion— to exploit this want to their own profit. I know that there are exceptions, but in the majority of instances it is a case of getting the highest rent possible. Usually when a landlord manages his own property, his conduct to his tenants is more human. There are certain house agents whose conduct is revolting. The conception of stewardship is entirely lacking. Their sole idea is that land and houses belong to the owner and that the property is a possession and not a responsibility. |
82827944-ed7d-43ad-98a0-44b4423a0ee4 | Unless the owner is forced by a sanitary notice he will carry out no repairs, and the repairs executed will be strictly limited by his legal requirements. The tenants frequently are afraid to complain to the health department because they are afraid of the consequences. We know of a recent instance where the agent served a notice to quit because the tenant had been down to the health department to make a complaint. In our sanitary notices we frequently ask for the execution of certain work which possibly cannot be strictly and legally enforced, because we think that certain amenities should be enjoyed by all, though not specifically prescribed in the Public Health Acts. There are certain agents who invariably refuse to carry out the extralegal work. They execute the minimum amount of work and think 15 it smart to defy the sanitary inspector to sue them for the rest of the work. There is a class of owners who never think that one day the property will have worn out and must be renewed. A man does not buy a motor car or build a ship as a possession for ever. |
e42de74c-b6fb-46bb-a1d0-0d5418db08ba | He owns it and knows that there will come a time when the car or ship is good for nothing or will be broken up, and that this time will come soon unless he looks after it and spends some money on repair or renovation. The owner of a house acts otherwise. He builds, settles this rent and expects ever after to receive not less but more. If an industry is started in the neighbourhood and the demand for accommodation increases, the rent is sure to be increased. The establishment of new industries in the district has provided these landlords with the opportunity to raise inordinately the rent. I am aware of the danger of arguing from the particular to the general, but the instances of extortionate rents are so numerous that I am justified in saying that shameful overcharging is general and these rents cannot possibly be paid except at the cost of the nutrition of the tenants' families. It was stated during the discussions on the repeal of the Rent Restrictions Act that a marked increase of rent was not likely to follow decontrol. |
29e6762c-b240-479d-8b02-e85281a19fd3 | In this district an increase has followed decontrol in almost every instance. The increased rents are general through the district. If I gave instances, it might be objected that they are exceptions, but they are not. A small house in Mill Hill Terrace which was rented under 10s. a week before the war is now rented at 30s. The tenant is a lorry driver, and had to sub-let two of the rooms in order to pay the rent. We have known of instances where a controlled house rented at 8s. a week was sub-let to produce over £3 a week. I submitted a list to the Health Committee of all the rents paid in a certain street. One of the houses was controlled and the tenant paid 15s. a week rent. The other houses were sub-let and produced rents varying from 32s. 6d. to over £3 per week. The average rent per room was 7s. |
4fd10bdd-5a4c-4467-b85b-13453883f39c | to 8s., per week. These rooms were supposed to be furnished, but we are all familiar with the travesty which is called furnished apartments. A few sticks are put in a room and the owner or tenant who sub-lets is enabled to wax fat on letting it as furnished apartments. An inquiry into a house and laundry in Stanley Road was made as a result of a complaint that their was overcrowding. There was no legal overcrowding, but the house was occupied as follows: Occupants. Rent. |
6e1e1d62-7899-4d92-b8e9-7640aa3e8eb8 | s. d. Ground floor 2 adults, 2 children under 10 18 0 First „ (a) 8 adults, 4 children under 10 16 0 16 First ,, (b) 2 adults 8 6 First ,, (c) 2 adults, 2 children under 10 12 6 Second ,, (a) 2 adults, 2 children under 10 10 0 Second ,, (b) 1 adult 7 0 2 rooms vacant. Total 72 0 These instances could be multiplied almost indefinitely. It is not always the owner of the property who nets the gross profit from rooms in houses let in lodgings. Sometimes the tenant puts in a few " sticks " and calls it furnished apartments. We are all familiar with the usual excuses given for sub-letting. These people state that they are forced to house more people than could be decently housed, because there is no accommodation elsewhere, and any roof is better than no roof at all. |
3228d6e1-9203-4e7a-85a4-dddbc2ae12e7 | The argument is false, because it omits to say that half-adozen families in one house are forced to pay more than one family. The reason why these houses are sub-let is not philanthropy, but it is compounded of greed, possession and selfishness. More money can be made out of the houses in that way, and little regard is paid even to the health of the occupiers, much less to their comfort. The high rents which are prevalent in the poorer areas is one of the most serious problems of public health to-day. It will at once be appreciated that a very large number of people in our district have to lower the standard of nutrition in order to pay rent. Our chief concern is the reduction of the wages available for necessities after an exorbitant rent has been paid. There are many workers earning good wage which would be sufficient to support them and their families, but who are actually forced below the poverty line as regards nutrition because of the excessive rents. Sir Francis Freemantle uses the term "three ' R. |
4c3b48d7-602c-433e-9c92-efee32933184 | 's," and states it is generally recognised that the cost of Rent, Rates and Rail. (or 'bus) for travelling to and from work should not exceed onefifth of the family income. But in spite of the large increase in house building, there was still a large section of the poorer population whose needs were not yet met. There were many who could not afford more than 12s. a week for these purposes, and this figure was considerably beyond the means of workers with large families or with uncertain employment. If the standard mentioned by Sir Francis Freemantle were observed, the minimum wages in Acton would vary from 75s. to £5 a week. To anyone acquainted with the conditions, it is known that such wages are not available to the great majority of artisans 17 here, and that the unskilled workmen does not earn anything like these figures. One-fourth and frequently one-third of his wages has to be spent upon rent, and the nutrition of his family has to suffer. |
c8e42766-477a-4cc6-ae33-ef4fa5734b39 | We have extensive records from which conclusions can be drawn and it may be stated that there are very few privately owned non-controlled flats of 3 rooms which are let under 15s. a week. This figure can be taken as a minimum one; many have to pay more than this sum. As in most other places, our housing problem is essentially one of housing the poor, that is, those who cannot be expected to pay more than 12s. a week in rent, having regard to the other calls on the family income. These people have not been sufficiently catered for in the post-war housing campaign. Houses built by private enterprise are mostly built for owner-occupiers and as the figures on a previous page show, until the flats on the Friars Estate were built, the houses erected by the Council were beyond the reach of those in most urgent need of accommodation. |
3c99816f-a42e-4302-8156-9c3c5478887e | The question of high rent is our most urgent one at the present time, and the question of closing individual houses is not so important nor does it loom so large. Scattered throughout the district there are certain houses which will in time have to be closed. Some of these have passed the state when they can be rendered fit for human habitation at a reasonable expenditure. Many factors are bringing about the deterioration of these houses. In some of them the owners have not taken sufficient care of the property. Maintenance of houses in a proper state of repair and general fitness is now, in many towns the most difficult part of the sanitary inspectors many duties. The landlord should, but rarely does, regard house property as a wasting asset, and set aside annually a sufficient sum to buy himself out and rebuild when the property reaches the condition of old age. Quite recently when a demolition order was contemplated upon some houses which were admitted to be about 2(H) years old, possibly more, it was suggested that an attempt should be made to recondition these houses. |
27b5c27f-d02c-44d2-aab3-e2965a928820 | In the Report of the Departmental Committee on Housing, it is stated unequivocally that they were opposed to the policy of reconditioning as a cheap alternative to the demolition of houses which can and should be demolished as the law stands. These old houses are gradually being demolished and all those for which demolition orders were made would come into the category of worn-out houses. There is another type of house which is unsatisfactory and difficult to deal with. These are the large and increasing number 18 of houses which were originally designed for occupation by a single family, but which are now occupied, without structural alteration by two or more families. The conditions in these houses are far worse than in old houses. It is in these houses that the worst overcrowding is to be found. As a rule these houses are deficient in the proper conveniences for washing, cooking and sanitary purposes which are necessary for the accommodation of the increased population which occupy them. |
3ae24b45-1fc7-4b3c-bfd2-c12ce57da995 | In Acton, these houses are structurally sound and would provide satisfactory accommodartion if reconditioned and freed from overcrowding. It is not the house which is at fault, but the use to which the house is put. It is hoped that the new bye-laws will enable us to prevent some, at any rate, of the flagrant abuses associated with this class of house. HOUSING. Number of Houses erected during the year:— (a) Total (including number given separately under (b) 232 (b) With State assistance under the Housing Acts :— (i) By the Local Authority 42 (ii) By other bodies or persons 28 1. |
1c79d114-725b-40d4-b3ce-105377b1ce16 | Inspection of Dwelling-houses during the Year 1933:— (1) (a) Total number of dwelling-houses inspected for housing defects (under Public Health or Housing Acts) 1591 (b) Number of inspections made for the purpose 3982 (2) (a) Number of dwelling-houses (included under sub-head(l) above), which were inspected and recorded under the Housing Consolidated Regulations, 1925 1236 (b) Number of inspections made for the purpose 3078 (3) Number of dwelling-houses found to be in a state so dangerous or injurious to health as to be unfit for human habitation Nil. (4) Number of dwelling-houses (exclusive of those referred to under the preceding subhead) found not to be in all respects reasonably fit for human habitation 1476 19 2. |
00e4fa0c-ca78-427b-896c-eed5c7701a8e | Remedy of Defects during the Year without Service of formal Notices:— Number of defective dwelling-houses renderered fit in consequence of informal action by the Local Authority or their officers 1332 3. Action under Statutory Powers during the Year:— A.—Proceedings under sections 17, 18 and 23 of the Housing Act, 1930: (1) Number of dwelling-houses in respect of which notices were served requiring repairs 138 (2) Number of dwelling-houses which were ered fit after service of formal notices:— (a) By owners 138 (b) By local authority in default of owners Nil. B.—Proceedings under Public Health Acts:— (1) Number of dwelling-houses in respect of which notices were served requiring defects to be remedied 6 (2) Number of dwelling-houses in which defects were remedied after service of formal notices:— (a) By owners 6 (b) By local authority in default of owners Nil. |
b2a5a911-3acd-4d2a-98db-bc1433ebe243 | C.—Proceedings under sections 19 and 21 of the Housing Act, 1930: (1) Number of dwelling-houses in respect of which Demolition Orders were made 14 (2) Number of dwelling-houses demolished in 1933, in pursuance of Demolition Orders 3 D.—Proceedings under section 20 of the Housing Act, 1930:— (1) Number of separate tenements or underground rooms in respect of which Closing Orders were made Nil. 20 (2) Number of separate tenements or underground rooms in respect of which Closing Orders were determined, the tenement or room having been rendered fit Nil. TABULAR STATEMENT OF INSPECTIONS AND DETAIL OF WORK CARRIED OUT BY THE SANITARY INSPECTORS. Number of Inspections and Action Taken. |
ff2934ba-3553-4684-84ae-eb1d6bcb22f4 | Total number of dwelling-houses inspected for housing detects (under Public Health or Housing Acts) 1591 (1) Dealt with by service of Informal Notice 1332 (2) Dealt with by service of Statutory Notice under Section 17, Housing Act, 1930 138 (3) Dealt with by service of Statutory Notice under Public Health Acts 6 Premises (other than defective dwelling houses) inspected for nuisances and miscellaneous defects 714 (1) Dealt with by service of Informal Notice 597 (2) Dealt with by service of Statutory Notice under Public Health Act, &c. 26 Reinspections subsequent to service of Notice 6804 Inspection after notification of Infectious Disease 604 Number of Premises under Periodical Inspection. |
3380266c-23c5-4b0a-a096-72234c1804bd | Workshops and Workplaces 132 Bakehouses 29 Slaughterhouses 2 Public Health Urinals 37 Common Lodging Houses 1 Houses-let-in-lodgings 57 Butchers' Shops 45 Fish Shops 29 Premises where food is manufactured or prepared 34 Milk Purveyors 116 Cowsheds Nil. Piggeries Nil. Rag and Bone Dealers 7 Mews 4 Schools 13 Caravan Grounds 2 21 Rent Restriction Act. Number of Certificates granted 5 Detail of Work carried out. |
dc57809a-c2de-4528-bdd3-52410679c349 | Sanitary Dustbins provided 475 Yards paved or yard paving repaired 176 Insanitary forecourts remedied 49 Defective drains repaired or reconstructed 74 Defective soil pipes and ventilating shafts repaired or renewed 77 Defective fresh air inlets repaired or renewed 68 Defective gullies removed and replaced by new 54 Rain water downpipes disconnected from drain 19 Dishing and curb to gullies repaired and new grating fixed 287 Defective W.C. pan and traps removed and replaced by new 58 Defective W.C. flushing apparatus repaired or new fixed 413 Defective W.C. |
e5d0acc5-f3f3-4a0d-bb68-1840622db35a | seats repaired or new fixed 184 Defective flush pipe connections repaired 63 Insanitary sinks removed or new fixed 35 Sink waste pipes repaired or trapped 162 Insanitary wall surface over sinks remedied 123 Ventilated food cupboards provided 6 Drinking water cisterns cleaned 386 Defective covers to drinking water cisterns repaired or new fixed 128 Insanitary sites beneath floors concreted 15 Spaces beneath floors ventilated 127 Dampness in walls from defective damp-proof course remedied 138 Dampness from defective roof, rain water gutterings, &c., remedied 733 Defective plastering repaired (number of rooms) 345 Rooms where dirty walls and ceilings have been cleansed and redecorated 2221 Defective floors repaired 127 Defective or dangerous stairs repaired 26 Defective doors and windows repaired 343 Defective kitchen ranges and fire grates repaired 139 Defective washing coppers repaired 102 Coal cupboards provided or repaired 17 New W.C. |
4fcdf56b-28f9-4029-9ea0-3f2fecaa073c | apartments provided 3 Accummulations of offensive matter removed 23 Drains unstopped and cleansed 214 Overcrowding nuisances abated 5 Drains tested, exposed for examination, &c. 58 22 Smoke observations taken 148 Smoke nuisance abated on service of notice 5 Nuisances from animals abated 9 Notifications of waste of water sent to Metropolitan Water Board 242 UNSOUND FOOD SURRENDERED DURING 1933. Table 1. Diseased Meat. T uberculosis. Sheep . Pigs. 38 Sheeps' Plucks. 52 Carcases with Heads. 54 sets Sheeps' Lungs. 4 Forequarters. 11 Sheeps' Livers. 2 Legs. 1 Sheep's Head. 1 Side. 2 sets Sheeps' Lungs with 348 Heads. Hearts. 2 Heads & Collars. Pleurisy. 314 Plucks. Pigs 2735 lbs. |
1b8cd385-6a7c-4a79-ba98-2deeefcd0dec | Chitterlings. 2 Ribs. 6 Forequarters. Cattle Cattle. 4 Calves' Carcases with Offal. 5 Stirks Carcases with Ofial. | Forequarter of Veal. 11 Calves' Carcases with Offal. 11 Breasts of Veal. 1 Hindquarter of Veal. 9 Ribs of Veal. 1 Forequarter of Veal. Calves' Plucks. 2 Stirks Heads & Tongues. 29 sets Calves' Lungs with 3 Calves Heads & Tongues. Hearts 1 set Ox Lungs with Heart. 1 set Stirk's Lungs with Heart. Sheep 2 sets Calves' Lungs with 2 Breasts Mutton. Hearts 9 Sheeps Plucks. 1 Stirk's piuck. 2 sets Sheeps' Lungs with 1 Calf's Offal. Hearts. 21 Calves' Plucks. |
84f31068-c165-42e8-b2a5-f1a32afb55e9 | 10 Ribs of Mutton" Tuberculosis and Emaciation. Pleurisy and Dropsy. 1 Sheeps Carcase. 1 Stirk's Carcase with Offal.Suppurating Pleurisy. Parasites. Pigs. 1 Ox Liver. 1 Carcase with Head. 1 set Ox Lungs with Heart. Cattle 2 sets Stirk's Lungs withHearts 1 Forequarter of Veal. 1 set Calf's Lungs with Heart. 1 Calf's Pluck. 23 Abscesses. Cattle. Pigs. 2 Calves' Carcases with Offal. 1 Hindquarter. Leukaemia. Cattle. \ Calf's Carcase with Offal. 9 Calves' Heads. Moribund. 5 Calves' Plucks. 6 Calves' Livers. Pigs. 1 piece Loin of Veal. 1 Carcase with Offal. |
d2e902f9-fd41-40d3-b912-2987b0679dd7 | Pneumonia. Cattle. 4 Calves' Carcases with Offal. 10 Calves' Carcases with Offal. 1 Calf s Pluck. 1 Heifer's Carcase with Offal. Actinomycosis. 1 Cow's Head with Tongue. 1 Calf's Cartase with Offal. Jaundice. 2 Calves' Carcases with Offal. Cirrhosis. 1 Ox Liver. Dropsy. 2 Stirks' Livers. 4 Calves' Carcases with Offal. Fevered. Dropsy and Emaciation. 1 Calf's Carcase with Offal. 1 Cow's Carcase with Offal. Nephritis. 1 Heifer's Carcase with Offal. 2 Calves' Kidneys. Sheep. 4 Sheeps' Carcases with Offal. Septicaemia. |
be2423e3-1651-4554-bff8-3e759d22b10c | 1 Calf's Carcase with Offal. Adenitis. Cattle. Congestion. 11 Calves' Plucks. 4 Calves'Plucks. 4 Calves Livers. Lymphadenitis. Arthritis. Pigs 1 Knuckle of Veal. 2 Hindquarters. 2 Hindquarters of Veal. Bruised, tractured, etc. Sheep. 1 Carcase with Head. 1 set Sheep Shanks. 3 Hindquarters. ½ Leg of Mutton. 1 Leg. pIGS 1 Forequarter. Urticaria. Cattle. 1 Skin. 3 lbs. Loin of Veal. 2 Legs of Veal. Pyaemta- 2 Ribs of Veal. 1 Carcase with Head. 3 Breasts of Veal. 24 Unsound. Cattle. Pigs. 1 Ox Liver. 2 Carcases. |
94d9ce0d-9f13-4046-9a80-77a488a3f80a | 1 Calf's Carcase with Offal. 144 lbs. of Pork. 145 lbs. Hindquarter of Beef. OTHER FOODS. Bruised. 7 Chickens. 35 lbs. of Turkeys. 1 Duck. Unsound 1 .Turkey. 7 boxes Cod Fillets. 2 tins °x Tongue. 14 lbs. Skate Wings. 3 (6 lb-) tms Corned Beef. 1 Tin of Prawns. 3 (7 lb) tins Corned Beef. 26 TABLE II NUMBER OF PIGS' CARCASES INSPECTED FROM 1st JANUARY TO 31st DECEMBER, 1933 WITH ANALYSIS OF SURRENDERS ON ACCOUNT OF DISEASE. 1933 No. of Carcases Inspected. No. of Heads Diseased. No. of Carcases Diseased. No. of sides Diseased. No. |
63ff07b7-27c5-4f46-ba6f-5681e21b32ac | of Fore Quarters Diseased. No. of Hind Quarters Diseased. No. of Legs Diseased. No. of Shoulders Diseased. Plucks (Lungs, Livers and Hearts). Mesenteries, Stomachs and Intestines Pieces of Pork. January 2226 31 5 - 1 - - - 47 388 lbs. — lbs. February 1581 34 5 — — — 1 - 34 288 „ — „ March 1029 27 3 — — — 1 - 23 216 „ — „ April 1170 39 2 — — 2 — - 31 280 „ — „ May 1330 44 11 - - - - - 19 152 „ — „ June 1059 13 1 — 2 — 1 - 19 136 „ — „ July 1058 25 0 — — 2 — - 22 208 „ — „ August |
007d38f8-fcd6-4a15-aa11-d252cd396ce0 | 1036 23 5 — 1 1 — - 21 178 „ 18 „ September 1053 41 0 — 2 1 1 - 26 208 „ — „ October 2179 55 7 — 3 1 — - 30 248 „ 188 „ November 1703 50 7 — 1 1 — - 34 288 „ — „ December 1897 39 3 — 1 1 - 27 200 „ — „ Total 18581 421 61 — 11 8 5 — 333 2790 „ 206 „ 26 SANITARY CONDITION OF SCHOOLS. A complete survey of the Sanitary arrangements and water supply of the schools was made by Mr. Kinch early in 1934. The following table gives a summary of the conditions which obtained in each school. School. Drainage. Drinking water from cisterns. |
133703ed-02cb-48aa-8cdb-13291c2299f3 | Number and position of taps on main. Cistern covered. Acton Wells School Modern— Satisfactory. Partly. 3 fountains in playground. No. John Perryn School. do. No All drinking water taps on the main. Yes. Central School. do. Partly 2 fountains in playground. Yes. Derwentwater School. do. Partly Tap in Infants Cloak-room & use of the 2 fountains in playgrounds of Central School. Yes. Priory School. do. No. Taps in 4 cloak rooms and 3 fountains in playgrounds. No. Southfield Road School. do. Partly. 2 fountains in playgrounds. Yes. Beaumont Park School. do. Partly. Taps in 2 classand 2 HeadMistresses' rooms. No. Turnham Green R.C. School. |
5ee0ac29-1ffc-4e18-a827-357696314b4b | do. No. All supplies direct from main. No cistern. 27 Rothschild School. do. No. All drinking water direct from main Yes. Berrymede School (Junr. Girls & Infants) do. Yes. None Yes. Berrymode School (Junr. Boys) do. Yes. None Yes. There were two unsatisfactory conditions, one of which already has been remedied and the other will be remedied in the summer of 1934. There had been carelessness in the cleaning of the cisterns. This matter had been discussed by the Education Committee before our survey was made and arrangements had been made to clean them out before the report was brought to their notice. All the cisterns have now been cleaned. A further step will be taken during the summer holidays and all the taps from which drinking water is taken will be on the main. |
5c50c245-bed7-459a-ab33-d69cf4929fbb | The work has been included in the years estimate and it will be carried out in the summer holidays. INSPECTION AND SUPERVISION OF FOOD. Milk Supply. There are no cowsheds in the Borough, all the milk being produced outside. There are 91 persons or firms retailing milk in the district under the following categories :— Dairymen. Purveyors of Milk. No. with rounds not occupying premises in the Borough. No. with rounds occupying premises in the Borough. No. of General shops from which milk is sold from covered pans only No. of shops from which milk is sold in closed and unopened receptacles only. 8 18 25 67 28 Special Designated Milk. |
2a1e8ca5-82c4-439d-b6b2-5cbd241dc0cf | The number of persons or firms licenced to sell Special Designated Milk are as follows:— 4 ' Certified ' 7 ' Grade A (Tuberculin Tested)' — ' Grade A ' 11 ' Pasteurised ' 1 ' Grade A Pasteurised ' BAKEHOUSES. Of the 29 bakehouses in the Borough 5 are underground these were licensed under the Factory Acts of 1901. SMOKE INSPECTIONS. Several complaints were received with regard to smoke nuisances from three factory chimneys. In two cases the nuisances were abated by the occupiers using a better quality coal but in the third, the nuisance was still very bad at times and the owners were threatened with Police Court Proceedings unless an improvement was effected. They then installed a smoke consuming apparatus, but notwithstanding, the smoke emitted is occasionally unsatisfactory, which in my opinion is due entirely to the poor quality of the coal burnt. |
95a1897f-4da5-4389-bb67-a553f3c40dee | Observations of the chimney are continually being made and all steps will be taken to make the occupiers comply with the requirements of the Public Health (Smoke Abatement) Act and the Council's Bye-law made thereunder. MEAT INSPECTION. There are two slaughter-houses in the Borough, in one pigs only are slaughtered and in the other cattle and sheep only. Every carcase is thoroughly examined by a certificated Meat and Foods Inspector at the time of slaughter, and it will be seen from a preceeding table, that a considerable number of carcases are affected with disease. At the slaughter-house where pigs only are slaughtered, the Occupiers in April last, installed an Electro-Lethaler for anaesthetising the pigs before sticking. The instrument is in the form 29 of a large pair of tongs which are gripped on to the neck of the animal immediately behind the ears. The action of gripping switches on an electric current which renders the pig unconscious for about two minutes. |
602f7525-21d2-42de-a1c9-6f8582b81f10 | It is then ' stuck" and bled to death before recovering consciousness. This method is so quick, easy and effective that it causes no squealing. It requires no great skill to manipulate the appliance and it entails no danger to the operator. From the large number of pigs I have seen dealt with in this manner, I am satisfied that it is the most humane method of slaughtering yet devised. It has not been necessary to institute Police Court proceedings for any offence against persons dealing in food. BIRTHS. Table 7 gives particulars of the births registered and notified in the district, and the births belonging to the district which have occurred and been registered outside the district. It has been explained in previous reports how these figures are obtained. The total number of registered births is obtained from the Registrar General, and the notified births are obtained through the notification of births in the district, or from the Medical Officers of Health of districts in which the outside births have occurred. |
0d7adabc-9677-4326-bcf5-9ae38274db88 | The total number of births registered was 886—being 469 males and 417 females, - and the figure is equal to a birth-rate of 12.6 per 1,000 inhabitants. In addition 33 still births were returned as belonging to the district. This is not only the lowest birth-rate for the district, but it is also the lowest number of births which has been registered in the district for nearly 40 years. Not since 1895 has there been actually less births registered than the number registered last year. The population of the district, of course, was much less in the closing years of last century and to reach this figure the birth-rate has steadily declined for nearly half-a-century. This phenomenon is not peculiar to Acton, and the factors which have brought this result are operative throughout all the cultured races of the world. When the figures for the kingdom will be published there will probably be again an outcry about race suicide and other prophecies about dire results of birth control. |
4282af5e-204e-46cd-a179-d08d5b069ed3 | Whatever views may be held about birth control, the practice has 30 come to stay. In the course of the last two years there has been observable on all sides a tendency for discussions on birth control to centre upon practical rather than upon moral issues. It is estimated that the number of couples who practice abstinence as a contraceptive method is so small as to be negligible. The use of contraceptive methods is practised amongst most classes of the population. Although the birth-rate in the South-West Ward is still higher than that in the rest of the district the fall in the rate has been as marked in that ward as was the fall observed in the other wards. The notified bitrhs were distr'buted as follows :— North-East. North-West. South-East. South-West. 274 213 127 261 The birth-rate in each ward was:— 12.2 12.7 7.7 17.6 DEATHS. |
7e3b4076-8990-407c-b24b-08daace9179d | 492 deaths were registered in the district; of these 31 did not belong to Acton, and were transferred to other districts. 329 deaths of Acton residents occurred outside the area and have been included in our returns. The total number of deaths belonging to the district is therefore 788, which corresponds to a death-rate of 11.2 per 1,000 inhabitants. There is a slight discrepancy between this number and that of the Registrar General because his numbers are those registered during the calendar year. His number is 783 and mine is 788. My number is correct as far as information has been received of the total number of deaths which occurred in 1933. Causes of Death. Considerable attention has recently been drawn to the great increase in the number of deaths from certain diseases. In one sense, there is a paradox in the present situation regarding some diseases, such as Heart Disease, Cancer, Diabetes, etc. There has been an unquestionable improvement in the treatment of these diseases. |
e92313f0-6a05-4a73-9991-639dbae3e4d3 | Nevertheless, there has occurred an increase in the 31 ber of deaths. The natural conclusion would be that many more cases are occurring than did in the past. We do not have exact data on this matter, such as notification in the case of persons suffering from Tuberculosis gives us ; if we did we should not be in the dark as to the increase and its extent. The increase in the incidence of some diseases is compounded of many factors, and part of it only may be called a real increase. The number of cases which are recognised has grown rapidly through the expansion of medical facilities, improvements in the technique of diagnosis and the increased use of these techniques. Not only are sick people more thoroughly examined, but early cases are picked out in greater numbers through an examination of supposedly healthy persons. In this an increase in the examination for life assurance has played a prominent part. |
a70de428-d41a-4722-acc8-ec4e3dc3769f | All the improvements in medical facilities and in early discovery through more thorough and frequent examination of persons both in health and sickness had not really added a single case to the number of persons suffering from these diseases. It has merely enabled us to identify more cases than before, and when death occurred these deaths have been registered as due to these diseases, whereas in the past many of these cases were not diagnosed and the deaths were registered as due to other causes. In the case of heart disease, it is generally recognised that within recent years there has been a great advance in our knowledge of cardiac disorders, and an entirely different conception now exists as to the fundamental causes of heart failure. Formerly, it was considered that the important causation of death from heart disease was always an affection of the valves of the heart, and unless a murmer was heard the death was attributed to some cause other than heart diseass. |
756d30a2-c949-4987-bfc0-0ff42bd2912a | It is now recognised that the essential cause of cardiac failure lies in the heart muscle and is due to changes in the heart muscle which render it unable to maintain an efficient circulation. This change of view has resulted in an enormous addition to the number of deaths attributed to heart disease, but the increase is most noticeable in the deaths of old people. Of the 148 deaths which occurred last year, 106 of them were in persons over 65 years of age. I have taken at random the deaths in one month last year and in each case the death certificate stated that death was due to—(a) Myocarditis and (b) Senility. The ages of these persons were 90 years, 86 years, 85 years and 78 years respectively. Because the doctors happened to have stated that the immediate 32 cause of death was myocarditis these deaths are included under Heart Disease. There were only 19 deaths from old age, and all these were certified by about 5 doctors. |
460589ee-21a7-4f08-8dd4-ac4829219a87 | In one institution, two only of the doctors ever give a certificate that the death is due to old age the others state that the immediate cause of death is either Myocarditis, or Bronchitis or some illness which particularly affect old people. Similarly only about 3 doctors in the district sign a certificate that the death was due to old age. Apart from the changing age-incidence of the population there is no indication that heart disease is becoming more frequent. The increase is due to a change in the prevailing views of the certifying doctors, upon whose certificates the statistical structure rests. One of the most important factors in the increased number of deaths from such diseases as Heart disease and Cancer has been the altered age incidence of the population, which has been in the direction of increasing the proportions in our population of those groups in which the incidence of these diseases is highest. The average age of the population and of those who die is considerably higher than it was 20 or 30 years ago and consequently the risk of succumbing to these diseases is much greater. |
734b4516-819a-47f7-b57a-1bd54483071a | Cancer is essentially a disease which occurs in late middle life and old age. Of the 111 deaths from Cancer which occurred in Acton last year, 60 were in people over 65 years of age. Approximately about onehalf of the deaths from Cancer are in people over 65 years of age. It will thus be obvious how the age incidence of the population affects the prevalence of Cancer. These factors, of course, are not sufficient to account for the increased incidence of all diseases. To anyone acquainted with vital statistics, it is known that whilst the incidence of some diseases is apparently stationary that of others varies considerably. Some diseases attack and kill at very nearly the same rates year after year and the slight differences which are discernable can be accounted for satisfactorily; others, and this includes the common endemic infections very in more or less rhythmical cycles. Last year was a non-epidemic year of Measles, and only 1 death occurred. |
38134dd7-f584-4caf-a2b3-fb481109252a | Diptheria, on the other hand, continued in epidemic form and accounted for 23 deaths. The question of Diphtheria is dealt with on another page. Broadly, the deaths from the usual infectious diseases, show a steady decline. Others, in addition to those mentioned, show a steady increase, and one of the diseases which has attracted attention 33 cently has been Diabetes. This disease has increased steadily in incidence and somewhat irregularly in fatality and has shifted its character. The irregularities in the behavour of Diabetes have been influenced by insulin, but to suggest that insulin is responsible for the increased incidence of diabetes is grotesque. The first obvious results of the general use of insulin were to reduce the recorded mortality of diabetes and to advance its age of fatality. The latter continues; diabetics live longer than they did. The former possibly was temporary and disappeared. A number of causes have been at work which have in a real sense increased the number of diabetics. |
606683a4-13e0-4b91-8275-796ff23d956f | During the last generation, until the present world-wide depression occurred, there had been a very appreciable improvement in the economic condition of all classes of the population. Real wages increased, and with this came an increase in the buying power of the people. On all sides, the average man could enjoy, and did enjoy the use of more and more food, and other comforts of life. Concomitant with the rise in the standards of life was an increase in the use of machinery and a greater mechanisation of industrial processes. More and more people took to industrial employment and in such employment were called upon to a lesser degree to use their energy in the production of work. More food materials were taken in and less energy was called upon to burn it up. The result may be over-feeding, and an increase in the number of overweight persons, among whom diabetes takes its greatest toll. |
8fed352f-f6fa-4866-8ec0-a30abf79dd82 | On the other hand, in diabetes, again, it is probable that the greater attention paid to diagnosis in general and to examination of the urine in particular, especially for life assurance and superannuation purposes, is responsible for the discovery of a larger number of diabetics than formerly and for increased certification of diabetes as the cause of death. Deaths in Public Institutions. 386 deaths occurred in Public Institutions ; this number does not include the deaths in nursing homes. I have previously commented upon the increasing use which is made of public institutions whenever an illness occurs. At the present time in Acton less than one half of the deaths occur in the home. Inquests and Coroner's Inquiries. 43 inquests were held and in 14 instances the Coroner issued a certificate without an inquest after he had ordered a post-mortem examination. 34 INFECTIOUS DISEASES. Diphtheria. During the year 161 cases of Diphtheria were notified and there were 23 deaths from the disease. |
c9db0aa8-0cb3-47a6-8182-4ea2fc42dfe7 | In last year's annual report a detailed account was given of a most virulent outbreak of Diphtheria which broke out in September, 1932, and the epidemic which caused the deaths in the early part of 1933 was a continuation of the 1932 outbreak. Although an arbitrary period has been taken for annual reports, an account of the outbreak in one year would be incomplete. I am therefore giving a table showing the notifications and deaths from September, 1932. Date. Notifications. Deaths. 1932 September. |
617c7e93-6fd6-4566-a046-8768bfc827b0 | 17 3 October 33 4 November 48 9 December ] 7 2 1933 January 29 3 February 17 7 March 26 4 April 15 3 May 19 2 June 17 2 July 13 0 August 4 0 September 4 0 October 7 0 November 2 0 December 7 1 In last year's report a table was given showing the incidence of the disease since 1890 and from that table it will be seen that there have been irregular periods of minimum and maximum prevalence. The last period of maximum prevalence was in 1920-1921 and 1922 and followed a period of a comparatively low incidence of only 4 years. The outbreak of 1932 followed a very low period of minimum prevalence of 9 years, and it was reasonable to conclude that the period of maximum prevalence would be a prolonged one. It appears as far as can at present be predicted, that the period of maximum prevalence has been very considerably shortened. |
9fad8740-8c02-482d-a3b7-c9f61a1fab2e | The only change in the attack upon the disease has been the introduction of artificial active immunisation of the children, and so far, the re- 35 suits have been highly gratifying. In the school report, figures are given which show the work which has been done in this direction, and it appears that from the herd immunity point of view, we can claim that the procedure has been a success. Individually also, it has been successful. Among 3725, of whom 2725 had received the full protective three doses and 1,000 were Schick negative, there were only 3 children who developed clinical diphtheria, and were admitted to the Fever Hospital. These cases occurred within 3 months of the final inoculation. These cases were comparatively mild, and all recovered without any of the usual complications. The results of our work have justified the claims which were made when the scheme for immunisation was launched. |
120e1179-5c00-4b7b-bc0f-dbae16060689 | We are now concentrating upon the pre-school child and the school entrants, and the future success of the scheme will depend upon the extent to which the parents will respond. Tuberculosis. 78 cases or Pulmonary Tuberculosis and 11 cases of other forms of Tuberculosis were notified during the year. There were 53 deaths from Pulmonary Tuberculosis and 9 deaths from other forms of Tuberculosis. The death notification interval of the 53 patients who died of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in 1933 was:— Information from Death Returns 11 Died within 1 month after notification 7 Died between 1 and 3 months after notification 6 Died between 3 and 6 months after notification 1 Died between 6 and 12 months after notification10 Died between 1 and 2 years after notification 7 Died between 2 and 3 years after notification 5 Died over 3 years after notification 6 On December 31st the following is a statement of the particulars appearing in the Register of cases of Tuberculosis. |
5a9d552d-69da-4521-8635-9e4c78c2d458 | Pulmonary Non-Pulmonary Males Females Males Females Total Number of Cases of T.B. on the Register at the commencement of year 119 158 150 25 368 36 Number of Cases notified for the first time during 37 28 6 6 77 the year Number of Cases previously removed from the Register which have been restored thereto during the year 1 — — — 1 Number of Cases added to the Register other than by notification 4 7 — — 11 Number of Cases removed from the Register during the year 38 24 4 4 70 Number of Cases remaining on the Register at the end of the year 162 161 37 27 387 In 1931, the Tuberculosis Officer examined 59 new cases of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and 11 new cases of Non-Pulmonary Tuberculosis. 62 patients were admitted to Sanatoria under the county scheme and 14 were admitted to Hospitals. 37 Age Periods New Cases. Deaths. |
db4f65f0-32af-487a-b601-830df72b3b4c | Respiratory. Non-Respiratory Respiratory. Non-Respiratory M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. 0- - - - - - - - - 1- — — — — — 1 1 — 5- — 1 1 2 — — 1 1 15- 10 12 1 1 5 5 1 1 25- 11 11 1 1 9 7 1 1 35- 8 7 2 — 8 3 1 — 45- 7 3 1 2 5 2 - — 55- 6 1 — — 5 1 — — 65 and upwards — — — - 1 1 - — — — - — - - - - Totals 42 38 6 6 33 20 6 3 38 ISOLATION HOSPITAL. |
6c4c6a84-a635-4b70-b16f-956e09c77481 | 738 cases were admitted during the year compared with 758 cases during 1932. On January 1st, 1933, there were 107 cases in the hospital and on January 1st, 1934 there were 64. The following is a list of the cases admitted for the different diseases. Scarlet Fever. Diphtheria. Erysipelas. Chicken-Pox Acton 373 157 — — Wembley 114 33 4 1 Kingsbury 46 10 - Total 738 The 26 deaths were distributed as follows:— Scarlet Fever. Diphtheria. Measles. Acton 1 22 1 Wembley 2 — — Kingsbury — — — BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS. (a) For Diphtheria Positive. Negative. Total Examinations 2191203 1988 Sent by Medical Practitioners 81 439 do. |
c2f578aa-ed36-4f25-af39-42a6f4a33856 | (re-examinations) 2 81 Sent from Isolation Hospital 92 764 do. (re-examinations) — 11 Convalescents (1st Swabs) — 120 Contacts 20 485 do. (2nd examinations) — 7 Carrier's Swab. 2 3 Precautionary Swabs — 5 School Sore Throats 6 73 39 (b) For Ringworm. Total Examinations—19 Positive. 15 Negative. 4 (c) For Tubercle. Total Examinations—142 Positive. Negative. 29 113 MATERNITY AND CHILD WELFARE. Infantile Mortality. 41 deaths occurred in infants under 1 year, corresponding to an infantile mortality of 46 per 1,000 births. This is the lowest infantile mortality recorded in the district; the next lowest was that of 1930 when it was 50 per 1,000 births. |
6908e59f-e5f8-457e-8f9b-4ebe37067b4f | One of the most striking features of the past year has been the comparative absence of diarrhoea in a particularly hot and dry summer. A few years ago such a phenomenon would have been unexpected, and, in the beginning of the century it would have been astounding. In the early years of my tenure of office in Acton, there were certain events which were particularly dreaded, among these were a major epidemic of measles during the winter and a very hot dry summer. Although the mortality from Measles has been considerably reduced, it still occupies a fairly prominent place in our death returns; but diarrhoeal diseases among infants have almost disappeared as a cause of death. It has been hinted that the causes of immunity from Diarrhoea mortality were associated with climatic conditions, and that it was unfair to compare an infantile mortality with that of former years as we have experienced a series of cold wet summers. But it is perfectly fair to compare the summer of 1933 with those of 1921, 1911 and 1906. |
c5138128-665e-4e6d-bf09-947b6b91edef | As far as climatic conditions are concerned the summer of 1933 was a particularly favourable one for the development of summer Diarrhoea and yet in the third quarter of this year only two deaths of children under two years of age occurred in Acton from Diarrhoea. Altogether 7 deaths occurred from Diarrhoea. This improvement is not exceptional and limited to a few places, but it has been observed almost throughout the whole country. Some towns have no recorded deaths from the disease, and in only one Metropolitan Borough and in Sunderland, was there a 40 rate of over 30 per 1,000 births from Diarrhoeal diseases in children under two years old. Last year the figures for the worst places would have been considered extraordinary in the best towns at the beginning of this century. It may be interesting to compare our figures with those before and in the early years of the child welfare movement. |
52c6f10c-596d-4b16-9df0-59e27f78c67b | In 1906 there were 96 deaths from Diarrhoeal diseases, 80 of them in infants under 12 months; in 1911 there were 98 deaths of which 68 were in infants under 12 months; in 1921 there were 29 deaths of which 24 were in infants under 12 months old. In the later years of the last century and the early years of this one, Diarrhoeal diseases were the most important causes of death in infants as the following figures will show. Year No. of deaths from Diarrhoeal Diseases. 1897 80 1898 50 1899 56 1900 50 1901 69 1902 23 1903 21 1904 82 1905 40 At that time summer Diarrhoea was considered to be due to a micro-organism which resided in the superficial layers of the earth. |
adee57e2-b239-45ff-ba1e-79deff621e0c | The micro-organism was supposed to have the power of leaving the soil being carried in the air gaining access to the food and of being introduced into the human body. The development and multiplication of the micro-organism depended on a high temperature not in the air itself but in the superficial layers of the soil. Diarrhoea incidence was believed to mark time with the subsoil temperature and epidemics of that disease were expected, when the thermometer four feet below the surface registered 58 Fahrenheit. This year for weeks on end the sub-soil temperature exceeded 60o Fahrenheit. The whole of the quarter was dry and hot. The weather of July was notably dry and sunny, and over England and Wales as a whole the rainfall was below the average. The two warmest spells occurred during the first week and between the 18th and 27th. Day temperatures of over 90" Fahrenheit were recorded and in one place 94°F. was reached. |
e556c72f-161c-4a78-8467-76f013e3fbc4 | 41 The weather of August was again unusually warm and sunny as well as notably dry. With the exception of 1911 it was the warmest August since 1841. Day readings of 90° F. or above were recorded at a large number of stations on several days. Abundant sunshine was one of the noteworthy features of the month. September was an unusually warm and sunny month. On several occasions in the early part of the month a maxima of 80 °F. was recorded and in isolated places readings of 84 °F. were recorded. But in spite of these conditions there was no Diarrhoea. The disease was negligible, and in many parts of the country it was entirely absent. If these climatic conditions had obtained 30 years ago, Diarrhoea would be rampant and many deaths of infants would have resulted. |
8e2597e4-4668-40a7-ac31-87c059befa90 | But though Diarrhoea was associated with certain climatic conditions, no one explained what were the changed circumstances which initiated an epidemic enteritis, and in view of this year's experience we have to abandon the view that there is any connection between an epidemic and the rise of the subsoil temperature. The early pioneers of sanitation attributed most diseases to filth, and in particular summer diarrhoea was supposed to be due to milk infection. Different epidemics were said to have been primarily caused by the Shiga, Flexner, Morgan, Welch and other bacilli, and the exponents of the filth theory would probably claim that our efforts towards cleanliness have been successful in combating these organisms and resulted in a diminution of summer diarrhoea. The explanation is not such a simple one. It is true that vast strides have been made to secure cleanliness both inside and outside the home and this probably has exercised a most beneficial influence, but it is not the only cause of the lessened incidence of summer diarrhoea. |
c4321afe-28d9-4e95-821d-753c161f086c | Concurrently with the lessoned incidence of diarrhoeal diseases in the summer there has also been a marked diminution of deaths from respiratory diseases in the winter. The usual and commonest cause of disease in children is probably the abnormal activity of the normal denizens of the bowels and respiratory tract. These latter organisms avail themselves of an exaltation of virulence and are able to pass the usual barriers and to pour their poison into the blood. In the case of diarrhoea infection never came out of a clear sky, and previous digestive disorders paved the way for the invasion. As long as we concentrated our attention on the prevention of outside contamination, our efforts were not successful. The success achieved in the 42 prevention of summer diarrhoea is due not to any special measures taken during the hot months of the year, but to the general preventive work throughout the year. |
e9e50661-336a-4f1d-82a7-0510c02f382d | Continuous propaganda among the mothers has instilled in them a lively interest in the prevention of certain diseases, and one of the most marked results is the absence of Diarrhoeal diseases in a hot and dry summer. We have travelled a great distance since the days when we had to preach against the long rubber tube bottle. If one wished to see such a bottle nowadays, one would have to visit a museum, and yet in the beginning of this century these bottles were in frequent and constant use. It was no unusual sight to see one of these bottles placed on the hob so that the milk could be kept warm whilst the baby fed. We sometimes hear a claim made that the infantile mortality, especially, from Diarrhoeal diseases, has been reduced by the efforts of the dairymen to obtain a purer milk supply. |
bce70045-c97d-4406-8698-1c8c427181f1 | Everyone admits the improvement which has taken place in the character of the milk supply, but the cause which operated in the banishment of the longtube bottle also brought about, partly, at any rate, the improvement in the milk supply. Infant Welfare propaganda created an appreciation of cleanliness in the mothers, and particularly cleanliness in food. A demand for clean milk was one of the results, and the demand of the mothers was more effective than the pleading of the sanitarians. Since the dawn of bacteriology, Sanitarians had pointed out the unsatisfactory condition of milk, but their plea for a clean supply was met with the retort that clean milk would become prohibitive in price. Opportunely, powdered milk was placed on the market, and at once attained great popularity. Some astute members of the milk trade saw the danger, and immediately proceeded to set their house in order. |
94c859ac-eebd-4cee-abc4-7eb7a6e5e2e9 | To-day the majority of the milk distributors recognise that a clean milk supply is an asset to them, but it is as well to recognise the forces which have operated towards cleanliness. A hot summer such as we have experienced in 1933, provides us with an opportunity, to mark the progress which has been made and to review the causes which have led to the great reduction in our infantile mortality. Among the foremost of these, is the intelligent interest which mothers nowadays take in the health of the children. We no longer hear remarks about the abysmal ignorance of young mothers, except in the rarest circumstances. A health visitor gets better results when the young mother has sole charge of her baby, than when she is trammelled by the advice of the grandmother. 43 Maternal Mortality. 5 deaths occurred in child bearing women, all of whom died outside the Borough : the circumstances in which the death took place were thus rendered very difficult of investigation. We do know that in 4 of these ante-natal supervision had been exercised. |
35fe6011-ba71-4684-a35f-80345eb7c6b8 | Two of the deaths were in unmarried women, one of whom had not previously to her death been examined by a doctor. One of the cases had arranged for admission to Park Royal Hospital and had attended the prenatal clinic. Statistics have frequently been published to show that, from the purely obstetric point of view, it seems to matter little where delivery takes place, and provided that labour is normal, there is little doubt that the woman delivered in a slum is running no more risk of dying than if she were delivered in a modern labour ward. Normal labour, though, can never be guaranteed, but efficient prenatal work by a process of weeding out, can do a great deal in this direction. It may be argued that in these circumstances, our efforts should be directed towards a more comprehensive scheme of pre-natal supervision, so that abnormal confinement may be to a large extent foreseen and treated in an institution. |
6e0fa735-9335-474f-9220-421f67373b59 | There is a diversity of opinion as to the relative advantages and disadvantages of the home and the maternity home or hospital in a case of normal confinement, an as stated above, statistics can be made to prove either. But there are factors in which health workers are interested other than the risks of the actual confinement and these factors decide the success or failure of the facilities which an authority may make for an uncomplicated confinement. The Council's scheme for uncomplicated confinements has been described in a previous annual report. Arrangements have been made with the Middlesex Council for the admission of cases to the Central Middlesex Hospital, the Borough Council pays an agreed sum to the County and assesses the fees to be paid by the patient. The following figures show the number of cases admitted under the Council's scheme since its initiation. |
ee8903e4-1814-416f-bcd6-9723f8087667 | 1931 Cases admitted during:— 1st Quarter 1 2nd Quarter 7 3rd Quarter 20 4th Quarter 22 44 1932 Cases admitted during) 1st Quarter 25 2nd Quarter 32 3rd Quarter 32 4th Quarter 33 1933 Cases admitted during:— 1st Quarter 26 2nd Quarter 43 3rd Quarter 39 4th Quarter 41 In spite of the lower number of births which occur in the district, the number of confinements which take place in institutions is steadily increasing and there are many reasons to account for this increase. I think the primary reason is the lack of adequate accommodation in the home. The high rents which are being asked in the district preclude a large number of newly married couples from obtaining more than two or three rooms. Most of the expectant mothers applying for admission are living in only a part of the house and the following figures will give some idea of the difficulties which have to be faced. |
a5c2e885-1e98-4d76-b9f4-400e20d0e8fa | Seven occupied only 1 room, and the weekly rents paid were:— s. d. 4 0 1 7 0 1 7 6 1 10 0 2 12 6 1 15 0 1 Thirty-four occupied 2 rooms and the weekly rents were :— Under 10 0 2 Between 10s. & 12s. 6d. 6 Between 12s. 6d. & 15s. 15 Between 15s. & 17s. 6d. 6 17s. 6d. and over 6 Fifty-nine occupied 3 rooms and the weekly rents of these were:— 45 Under 15s. 1 Between 15s. &20s. 25 Between 20s. &25s. 16 25s. |
e761b795-62d4-4db3-8292-cc9a28297562 | and over 8 Apart from the fact that the expense of a confinement is a serious item, it is difficult for the mother to obtain the rest which is necessary during the puerperium. It has been objected to institutional confinements that the mother and child come out of hospital ill-adapted to a normal life, and that the mother in a home confinement can be taught during the puerperium the proper care of her baby, and that breast-feeding is better established under home conditions. This has not been our experience here. A hospital confined mother is, in our experience, more educated in the methods of infant feeding, and more especially, she is less apt to start night feeding. How much trouble does a mother store up for herself when she starts to give her infant a night feed, and how difficult it is to break the habit once it is formed. We find also that a higher percentage of institution trained mothers endeavour to breast-feed their infants. |
cdf8fc6e-2205-44f9-907e-f787d42fdde8 | There is not so much tendency to abandon breast-feeding on account of some imaginary cause which is non-existent. She is not so inclined to wean the baby because she imagines that the milk does not agree with him, or that the breast-milk is not nutritious. These advantages can of course be attained easily at home, provided an intelligent midwife is in attendance. Strange though it may seem, a large number of women in Acton are still attended by non-qualified and non-registered women, and though a doctor is engaged and may be in attendance, these mothers are not made to realize the importance of regular feeding, the care of their breasts and other duties of motherhood. There is little doubt also that rest, both to the body and the mind, is essential for the first ten days or a fortnight after delivery. In most cases this is more easily obtainable in a maternity home than it is in their own homes, and this rest is a great boon to the mother. |
3b324018-b43e-490e-8d2d-36baad43e3cf | One gynaecologist has stated that he was looking forward to a great decrease in the number of cases of genital prolapse as a result of the general extension of maternity hospitals. Some mothers will worry wherever they may be. They take their troubles with them to the hospital, and wonder what the other children are doing and if the father has shelved some of his responsibility whilst the mother is in hospital, but in the majority of cases, the mother in 46 an institution for her confinement is relieved of much petty worry and anxiety. The arrangement with the authorities of the Acton Hospital for the treatment of complicated cases of pregnancy has been renewed, and three patients were admitted into the hospital during the year. Pre-Natal Clinic. There has been no change in the arrangements for the examination of expectant mothers. The clinic is held in the School Clinic premises in Avenue Road, and Dr. Bell is in charge. 25 sessions were held with a total of 259 attendances. |
2b034c07-18aa-4858-879a-7798ef148e8a | Patients who book admission to the Central Middlesex Hospital attend a clinic held at the hospital after one attendance at the Council's clinic. Maternity Home. The Council has an agreement with Middlesex CountyCouncil for the admission of maternity cases into Park Royal Hospital. The arrangements were reported fully in a previous report. During 1933, 148 cases were admitted under this agreement. Day Nursery. The Nursery is situated in Bollo Bridge Road, and is open on five days a week. The Nursery was open on 235 occasions, and 5,956 wholeday attendances were made. There has been an improvement in the number of attendances this year. Nurse Children. At the end of the year 1932, there were 42 children and at the end of the year 1933, there were 52 children on the register. 47 FOSTER CHILDREN. No. as at 31st. Dec. 1932. |
3715471a-a7b8-45dc-b14c-9025b781da06 | Notice of Reception of Children during 1933. NOTICE OF REMOVAL TO : Children Adopted Died. Children reached age of 9 No. as at 31st.Dec. 1933. Parents. Another area with Foster Parent. Another Foster Mother Public lnstitutution or Home. Other causes. 42 40 13 2 8 3 2 - 1 1 52 FOSTER MOTHERS. No. as at 31st Dec., 1932. Application for Registration during 1933. Removed to another Area with child. No longer a Foster Mother. No. as at 31st. Dec., 1933 30 31 2 19 40 48 Child Welfare Centres. There has been no change in the arrangements for the Child Welfare Centres since last year. |
aa905eb6-2a05-411c-ae5d-6c3338b4a761 | Seven sessions are held weekly— 4 in Avenue Road, 1 each in Steele Road Mission, John Perryn School and St. Gabriel's Hall. 49 TABLE 1 ' BIRTH-RATE, DEATH-RATE, AND ANALYSIS OF MORTALITY DURING THE YEAR 1933. The Mortality rates for England and Wales refer to the whole population, but for London and the towns to civilians only. Rate per 1,000 Total Population. Annual Death-rate per 1.000 Population. Rate per 1,000 Live Births Percentage of Total Deaths Live Births. Still-births. All Causes. Enteric Fever. Small-pox. Measles. Scarlet Fever. Whooping Cough. Diphtheria. Influenza. Violence. Diarrhoea and Enteritis (under two years). Total Deaths under one year. Certified by Registered Modical Practitioners. Inquest Cases. |
336196e2-80f0-4e33-89df-0d8a6cd769d9 | Certified by Coroner after P.M. No Inquest. Uncertified Causes of Death. England and Wales 14.4 0.02 12.3 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.06 0.57 0.54 7.1 64 90.9 6.3 1.9 0.9 118 County Boroughs and Great Towns, including London 14.4 0.67 12.2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.06 0.18 0.55 0.49 9.4 67 91.0 6.0 2.5 0.5 132 Smaller Towns Estimated Population0, 25,00050,000) 14.5 0.03 11.0 0.00 0.00 0.04 0. |
454ae42f-01b9-4c92-a14e-6cc8e8c12a11 | 02 0.04 0.04 0.53 0.44 4.9 56 91.7 5.8 1.5 1.0 London 13.2 0.45 12.2 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.08 0.08 0.51 0.58 11.6 69 88.3 6.3 5.4 0.0 Acton 12.6 0.47 11.2 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.32 0.39 0.54 9.2 41 92.8 5.4 1.8 0.00 The maternal mortality rates for England and Wales are as follows:— Puerperal Sepsis. Others. Total. |
1e898454-7b18-4a78-86bc-a1c4961b7553 | per 1,000 Live Births 1.79 2.63 4.42 per 1,000 Total Births 1.71 2.52 4.23 50 TABLE II. VITAL STATISTICS FOR THE WHOLE DISTRICT DURING 1933 AND PREVIOUS YEARS. Year. Population estimated to Middle of each Year. Births Total Deaths Registered Transferable Deaths Nett Deaths belonging to the District Nett in the District Under 1 year of Age At all Ages Number Rate Number Rate of Non-Residents Registered in the District of Residents Registered outside Dist. Number Rate per 1,000 Births Number Rate per 1,000 inhabitants 1923 62,060 1171 18.57 368 5.84 11 243 77 65 599 9.50 1924 63,945 1158 18.11 448 7.01 8 235 65 56 715 11.18 1925 64, |
aaa6b2a8-ec37-4f6c-85a7-b1ad706d2b1e | 845 1047 16.15 446 6.88 18 241 80 76 669 10.32 1926 65,760 1098 16,70 422 6.42 15 250 60 55 657 9.99 1927 66,700 1026 15.60 445 6.67 21 280 62 60 704 10.55 1928 67,645 1003 14.83 479 7.08 29 244 55 55 694 10.26 1929 68,600 1026 14.96 540 7.87 21 307 85 83 826 12.04 1930 69,565 1105 15.88 440 6.33 31 284 56 50 693 9.96 1931 70,560 1018 14.43 456 6. |
f054b966-988e-46a3-b182-906bd235f26c | 46 35 321 62 61 742 10.52 1932 70,640 970 13.7 486 6.88 29 302 60 62 786 11.11 1933 20.300 886 12.6 492 6.99 31 329 41 46 788 11.2 51 TABLE III. AGES AT DEATH, AND WARD DISTRIBUTION OF DEATHS IN 1933. Causes of Deaths. Age in Years. Ward Distribution. All ages Under 1 year 1 and under 2 2 and under 5 5 and under 15 15 and under 25 25 and under 45 45 and under 65 65 and upwards North East. North West. South East. South West. Enteric Fever 1 — — 1 — — — — — 1 — — | — Measles 1 — — - 1 — — — |
d7e58ebb-7c78-470f-901a-c4cca01cf84d | — 1 — - — Scarlet Fever 3 — — 1 2 — — — — — 1 - 2 Whooping Cough 2 2 — - — — — — — — — - 10 Diphtheria 23 — - 8 13 1 1 — — 6 4 3 8 Influenza 2'/ — - — — 1 3 7 16 7 9 3 1 Encephalitis Lethargica 1 - - - - — - 1 — — — — - Cerebro-spinal Fever 1 1 - - - - — — — — — 1 23 Phthisis 53 - — — — 10 26 15 2 12 6 12 2 Other forms of Tuberculosis 9 — 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 5 2 - 2 Syphilis 2 — — — — — 1 1 — — - - |
c1a71674-2fef-4ba5-8daf-781dd8cf50ff | G.P.I. & Tabes Dorsalis 3 - - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 — 24 Cancer 111 - - - - - 7 44 60 47 17 23 1 Diabetes 7 - - - — - 1 2 4 3 2 1 9 Cerebral Haemorrhage, &e. |
d0f5b2b1-fbf7-4ad8-841f-cc8d43922807 | 40 - - - - - 1 6 33 9 13 9 37 Heart Disease 148 — — — 2 2 11 27 106 43 35 33 2 Aneurysm 4 — — — — 1 — 2 1 1 1 — 12 Other Circulatory Diseases 44 - - - - - - 14 30 12 10 10 25 Bronchitis 61 1 1 — — — 2 17 40 19 7 10 12 Pneumonia 41 4 2 3 — 1 10 6 15 9 11 9 4 Other R. |
64cbbb0b-980f-4be9-8d96-c1390dfc6f48 | esperatory Diseases 15 - — 2 1 — 5 4 3 4 3 4 - Peptic Ulcer 7 - - - — - - 4 3 2 3 2 2 Diarrhoea 8 7 1 - - - - - - 1 2 3 2 Appendicitis 7 — — . |
cf8b9247-a2b1-4fbc-b2d2-03df5e91f37a | — 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 Cirrhosis of Liver 3 — - - - - - 1 2 1 — — 1 Other diseases of Liver 3 — - - - - - 2 1 — 1 1 1 Nephritis 24 - — — 2 1 1 7 13 9 5 6 4 Puerperal Sepsis 3 — — — — — 3 — — 1 — 1 1 Other diseases, &c. of Parturition 2 - - — - 1 1 — — — 1 — 1 Prematurity, &c. |
cd1dfb48-0993-44cb-b19b-059981ce7f64 | 21 21 - - - - - - - 5 9 4 3 Senility 19 - - - - - - - 19 3 2 10 4 Suicide 10 — — — - — 5 4 1 3 3 1 .3 Other deaths from violence 28 2 1 1 2 2 6 5 9 13 8 3 4 Other defined diseases 56 3 1 3 4 3 6 19 17 18 16 12 10 TOTALS 788 41 7 20 31 27 92 191 1379 238 175 162 213 52 TABLE IV. INFANTILE MORTALITY, 1933. Causes of Death. Ages. Wards. |
effb3847-3164-44d6-bf5b-f2201e8d70da | Total Under 1 week 1—2 weeks 2—3 weeks 3—4 weeks 1—3 I months 3—6 months 6—9 months. 9—12 months North East North West South East South West Prematurity 15 11 2 1 - 1 - - - 5 5 4 1 Convulsions 2 — 1 — - — — 1 — — — 2 — Whooping Cough 2 — — — - 1 1 — — — — — 2 Cerebro-spinal Meningitis 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 — Pneumonia 4 i — — - 1 — 1 1 — 1 2 1 Bronchitis 1 - — 1 - - — — — — 1 — — Blue Asphyxia 1 1 — — - — — — - — — 1 — Atelectasis 1 1 — — - — — — — |
45467f81-7ff9-482c-af3d-5b9b7761a845 | 1 — — — Diarrhoea 7 - — — 2 3 1 — 1 1 1 4 1 Spina Bifida 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1 — — Congenital Heart Disease 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 Pyloric Stenosis - - — — — 1 — — — — 1 — — Congenital Defect of Kidney 1 - — — . |
b0b79532-80b8-4725-8a1e-9f8909f78473 | — 1 — — —' — 1 — — Injury at Birth 1 1 - - - - - - - — 1 — — Overlaying 1 — — — — — — 1 — 1 — — — Accidental Scalds 1 — — — — — — — 1 — — — 1 TOTALS 41 16 3 2 2 9 3 3 3 8 12 14 7 53 TABLE V. CASES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE NOTIFIED DURING THE YEAR, 1933. Notifiable Disease. Cases notified in whole District. At Ages—Years. Ward Distribution. At all Ages under 1 1 to 5 5 to 15 15 to 25 25 to 45 45 to 65 Over 65 North East North West South East South West Scarlet Fever 442 - 100 282 33 25 2 - 116 91 61 174 Diphtheria |
164aeec2-1cb7-497d-a6b4-ecfcba1405cc | 101 1 47 93 12 7 1 — 39 19 33 70 Enteric Fever 1 - - - - - - - - - - - Pneumonia 54 - 10 10 6 11 12 5 9 14 10 21 Puerperal Pyrexia 3 — — — 1 2 — — 1 1 — 1 Cerebro-Spinal Fever 1 1 — - - - - - - 1 - - Ophthalmia Neonatorum 2 2 — — — — — — 1 1 — — Erysipelas 25 — — 1 2 10 11 1 8 4 4 9 Encephalitis Lethargica 1 — — - - — — 1 — 1 - — Tuberculosis (resp.) |
0c25e433-a02e-4cf1-a1bf-ee9ec81eb646 | 78 — — 2 22 37 17 — 26 18 10 24 Tuberculosis (other) 11 — — 2 2 4 3 — 4 1 4 2 TOTALS 779 4 157 390 78 97 46 7 205 151 122 301 54 OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM. Cases. Vision unimpaired. Vision impaired. Total Blindness. Deaths. Notified. Treated. At home. In hospital. 2 1 1 2 — — - 55 CASES REMOVED TO HOSPITAL. Total Notified. |
0aff726e-cd9e-4714-b4d2-ed4679d4d263 | Scarlet Fever 369 442 Diphtheria 157 161 Enteric Fever 1 1 Pneumonia 26 54 Puerperal Pyrexia 3 3 Encephalitis Lethargica — 1 Cerebro-Spinal Fever 1 1 Ophthalmia Neonatorum 1 2 Erysipealas 13 25 TABLE 7. BIRTHS. Male Female. Total. Live Births. Total 469 417 886 Legitimate 446 400 846 Illegitimate 23 17 40 Still Births. Total 19 14 33 Legitimate 19 12 31 Illegitimate — 2 2 Notified Live Births. Ward Distribution. Total Births notified in Total. N. East. N. West. S. East. S. West. |
4962438e-bd3e-4e32-9224-d4928193f26f | the district 545 165 115 77 188 Notifications received from other districts 328 109 97 49 73 Notified Still Births. Inside12. Outside 15 Total27 Notifications were received from:— Doctors and Parents 645 Midwives 255 Table 8. INFANT WELFARE CEN1RES, 1931. |
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