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a08f04a1-df2f-4648-b666-2561051fe557 | (3) An air inlet, even when provided with a mica valve may be a source of danger when it is placed at or about the ground level. 39 Dr. Butler has pointed out some of the objections to the trap, and he states that " probably the most universally objectionable feature of the siphon is that it prevents the efficient ventilation of the sewers. That the public sewers are inefficiently ventilated in those cases where their communication with the soil-pipe ventilators of the house drains is intercepted, is shown in many ways. It is a common experience with municipal officers that daily complaints are received, during the summer months, of the offensive smells proceeding from the openings of the sewers in the crown of the roadway, placed there originally with the intention of acting as fresh-air inlets to the sewers, and now in many districts being sealed off because they are found to act as vents for the foul gasses of an unventilated sewer." |
255701c1-458f-4376-a7c8-efe1f51bfc0e | The other objections to the trap are its liability to obstruction and the difficulty of obtaining conditions under which it is selfcleansing. 1,725 interceptors were examined in Acton between the months of May and November, 1907, and of these 124 were found to be stopped. There were 30 other drains in which the manhole was foul, a condition which showed that a stoppage had previously occurred in the trap. Out of the 124, 58 of the stoppages were due to the cap of the raking arm having fallen on to the channel pipe. In addition to these, in 167 of the interceptors there was no cap to the raking arm ; either it had not been fitted on at the time the drain was constructed or it was subsequently removed. |
5148475c-9f1e-4e1e-a2f5-d08509337753 | Whatever may have been the original cause, in 225 cases, or 13 per cent, of the drains examined, the interceptor, apart from other defects found, failed in its object, and the sewer air had access to the house drains. The result was that the untrapped opening which had been intended as the inlet ventilator of the house drain acted as the outlet ventilator of the sewer. It is true that a mica flap is usually fitted into the inlet pipe, but the flap gets out of repair frequently, and thus fails in its object. To such an extent is the inlet ventilator recognised as a source of nuisance that it is not an infrequent event to find the inlet pipe stopped by the tenants 40 of the house. The unstopping of the raking arm is not the only cause of the reversal of the air currents through the inlet pipe, but we are not now concerned with the other causes. |
9c6f8479-91ef-4719-8076-ef87a1d0a7f7 | There is no doubt as to the cause of the unstopping of the raking arm in the majority of these 225 cases. The raking arm was unstopped by the pressure of air in the sewer, and the cap falling into the mouth of the intercepting trap, caused an accumulation of sewage in the manhole. There are many types of traps now on the market in which a stoppage cannot take place from this cause. In addition to the 58 traps stopped by the cap of the raking arm, in 66 other instances the interceptors were obstructed, and an accumulation of sewage occurred in the inspection chamber. In the case of some of these, the obstruction was due to the actions of the occupiers of the house, but in the majority of instances it was due, either to an inherent defect in the trap, or to a faulty construction. But apart from an actual obstruction, the 6-inch intercepting traps were generally foul. |
c80c7989-39aa-4982-8e92-92e82be7d90b | In hardly a single instance did we find a self-cleansing 6-inch trap, and it is almost impossible for a 2 gallon or even a 2½ gallon flush to scour a 6 inch trap. Under present conditions, most of the 6 inch intercepting traps are miniature cesspools in the immediate vicinity of a house. They hold over a gallon of decomposing sewage. The number of traps inspected is admittedly small, but the results obtained are in accordance with the experience gained in the routine work of the district. It may also be mentioned that these defects are not peculiar to old property, but most of the drains inspected were those of houses erected within recent years, and may I think, be taken as a fair criterion of what obtains throughout the district. The results also coincide with those obtained in other districts where a systematic inspection of these traps has been carried out. For instance, in a neighbouring district 6,745 intercepting traps were inspected. |
e707da60-247b-436a-b135-a300d4c2e9e0 | Of these 288 were choked, and in 654 instances the cap of the raking arm had fallen into the inspection chamber. 41 The results cannot be deemed satisfactory. Out of the 1,725 inspected, in 291 there was either an escape of sewer gas into the house drains, or there was an accumulation of sewage in the inspection chamber. In addition, there were others in which the trap although not obstructed, yet was in such a state as to be a nuisance. In view of these facts it is no wonder that some authorities have advocated the total abolition of the intercepting traps. Undoubtedly, this would simplify the problem of sewer ventilation, and the unventilated condition of town sewers is universally recognised to be unsatisfac'ory, but in view of Major Horrocks' experiments, one should hesitate to advocate the abolition of the trap. Moreover, it is the experience of many householders that the presence of the trap is one of the best means against rats. |
b63304a5-6bc4-4afc-99a6-88c21d9db2a0 | One could name many premises in Acton which formerly were overrun by rats. The drainage system was overhauled ; the house drains were intercepted from the sewer, and the premises have since been immune from the plague of rats. Under present conditions, it would not be advisable or safe to abolish the trap, but further powers should be given to local authorities in the bye-laws. The systematic inspection made between May and November was obviously limited to intercepting traps in which the housedrains terminated in a manhole, but as a large majority of the intercepting traps in the district have inspection chambers in connection therewith, this limitation is not of consequence. Strictly speaking, the trap is simply the method by which the sewer air is kept out of the house drains, and as this is brought about by the interposition of water between the inlet and outlet of the trap, the only essential part is the " water seal." |
d70f0b00-ed78-486a-a1d7-47b14af92cf6 | The cleansing arm and the inspection chamber are accessories to the trap, and are placed there for purposes other than those by means of which the house drains are intercepted from the sewer. Theoretically, all that is necessary is a simple siphon placed at the point of the house drain nearest to the sewer, but owners of property as well as sanitary authorities have found it advisable to have also 42 an inspection chamber and a cleansing arm. To be effectual the following requirements should therefore be fulfilled:— 1. There should be a sufficient water seal. 2. The trap should be self-cleansing. 3. The cap of the raking or cleansing arm should not be forced by the pressure of air in the sewer, and it should admit of easy removal should the trap become blocked. The first requirement is generally fulfilled. A water-seal of ¾inch is usually sufficient and most traps have a seal of an inch or over. |
42fc0a25-5dba-4fe8-9c57-384bcf87d16b | It was stated in a previous paragraph that most of the 6 inch traps were not self-cleansing. There are very few houses in Acton where a 4 inch trap would not be ample, and if this is properly laid it can be made self-cleansing. Under existing conditions, the best type is that which has a 2 inch or 2½ inch cascade,but occasionally, the " fall " is not sufficient to allow of this arrangement. The opinion prevails among many people that a 4 inch trap is more liable to become blocked than a six inch one. If the drain is properly laid it is difficult to imagine why this should be so. Anything that will pass through a closet trap or through the grid of a yard trap will easily pass through a 4 inch intercepting trap. Moreover, in a trap which is not self-cleansing any solid article acts as a nucleus, and thus sets up an obstruction. |
550898f8-ea54-4140-a656-a02abc6db06a | The other objection to a 4 inch trap is the possibility of siphonage. Experimentally, it is quite easy to siphon a 4 inch trap, but in practice this must be a very rare occurrence, and if it did occur, the seal would only be broken until one of the contributory drains is used. Where an inspection chamber is provided, the cap of the raking arm should be able to resist any rise of pressure in the sewer, and at the same time admit of easy removal in case of obstruction at the trap. There are many types now on the market which fulfil these conditions, and local authorities should have the power to veto the use of an unsatisfactory type of trap. 13 FACTORIES AND WORKSHOPS ACT. 1901. |
de89282b-1504-4222-ad6d-3b4407068341 | Section 132 of this Act reads:— '* The Medical Officer of Health of every District Council shall, in his annual report to them, report specifically on the administration of this Act in workshops and workplaces, and he shall send a copy of his annual report or so much of it as deals with this subject to the Secretary of State." In the case of factories, the duties of a District Council are few. The Council is charged with the duty of seeing that every factory in its district is provided with means of escape in case of fire. This duty is carried out by the Surveyor's department. The other duty in regard to factories is the enforcement of Section 22 of the Public Health Amendment Act, 1890. The inspection of factories comes within the province of H.M. Inspector of Factories. |
ddad0df0-387f-4ada-b4d1-432b0480ec40 | Where any sanitary defect is discovered by him in a factory, which is remediable under the law relating to public health, and not under the Factory and Workshop Act, he informs the Council of the defect, and it is the duty of the Council to arrange for the remedy of the defect. The Factory Inspector also notifies to the local authority any matter coming under his notice which should be attended to by the local authority. Nine such references from H.M. Inspector of Factories were received during the year, and the following conditions were found :— Excessive steam in wash-house 2 Workshop required limewashing 1 Premises in bad repair 1 Defective sanitary conveniences 4 Insufficient ventilation 1 44 LAUNDRIES. There are 93 factory laundries and 230 workshop laundries in the district. WORKSHOPS AND WORKPLACES. At the end of the year there were 372 workshops on the register. Of these 230 were laundries. |
4a1244e8-3060-409e-8c22-08feec51ba89 | This number is 48 less than 1906, but the decrease is only apparent. In the course of inspection, it was found that some of the workshop laundries had been converted into factories, and it will be observed that there are only 230 laundries classed as workshops in 1907, as compared with 288 in 1906. The results of the inspection will be found in the accompanying tables. BAKEHOUSES. There were 28 bakehouses in the district ; of these 8 are underground. HOMEWORK. 178 Lists of outworkers were received ; 124 of these were received from occupiers of workships in the district and 54 were received from other Councils. In 21 instances, the place of employment was in another district, and the names and addresses were forwarded to the Council in whose district the premises were situated. |
d119b5e2-3f08-4977-8ce8-5192f016b783 | 5 Cases of Infectious Diseases occurred in houses where home work was done, and although no order under Section no of the Act was made, the employers did not send work to the house until the patient had been removed to Hospital, and the premises were disinfected. In conclusion. I may mention that the Chief Sanitary Inspector and both the Assistant Inspectors obtained the Meat Certificate of the Sanitary Institute during the year. 45 I regret to record the resignation of Miss Williams as Health Visitor, and her illness, together with the outbreak of Scarlet Fever in the autumn, handicapped the work of the Department, especially the inspection of workshops where female labour is employed. I remain, Your obedient servant, D. J. THOMAS. p Table 1. 40 VITAL STATISTICS OF WHOLE DISTRICT DURING 1907 AND PREVIOUS YEARS. Year. Population estimated to Middle of each Year. Births Total Deaths Registered in the District. Total Deaths in Public Institutions in the District. |
4a6d7147-2fcb-4e84-9201-f732b70f5de8 | Deaths of Non-residents registered in Public Institutions in District. Deaths of Residents registered in Public Institutions beyond District Nett Deaths at all Ages belonging to the District. No. Rate* Under 1 Year of Age. At all Ages. No. Rate per 1,000 Births registered. No. Rate * No. Rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1897 31,952 973 30.4 193 198 470 14.7 . . . . . 1898 33,404 995 29.8 181 182 507 15.2 . . . . . 1899 34,901 1,068 30.6 200 187 509 14.6 . . . . . 1900 36,508 1,080 29.5 182 168 528 14. |
252b7034-91b1-48cc-bba3-05f3b91cd0f0 | 4 15 . . . . 1901 38,373 1,211 31.5 206 170 519 13.5 6 . . . . 1902 41,000 1,242 30.3 186 150 593 14.4 12 . . . . 1903 43,802 1,422 32.4 150 105 430 9.8 8 . . . . 1904 46,780 1,450 30 207 143 576 12.3 9 . . . . 1905 50,000 1,527 30.5 162 106 537 10.7 27 1 92 628 12.5 1906 52,000 1,533 29.4 193 125 597 11.5 29 7 97 687 13. |
c3bf79d8-746b-4e08-9f81-4879e06c4fa2 | 2 Average for yrs 1897-1906 408,720 12,501 30.6 1860 148 5266 12.9 . . . . . 1907 53,000 1,535 29 183 119 605 11.4 25 8 140 737 13.9 * Rates in Columns 4, 8, and 13 calculated per 1,000 of estimated population. Total population at all ages at Census of 1901, 37,744. Number of inhabited houses at Census of 1901, 6,114. Average number of persons per house at Census of 1901, 6.1. Area of District in acres (exclusive of area covered by water) 2,304. Union Infirmary not in district. Outside Institutions, see body of report. 47 Table 2. |
046c0409-06d9-44ab-850d-e0ae619dc089 | VITAL STATISTICS OF SEPARATE LOCALITIES IN 1907 AND 1906. ACTON. 1906 1907 Population estimated to middle of each year 52000 53000 Births registered 1533 1535 Deaths at all ages 687 737 Deaths under 1 year 201 200 North-East Ward. Population estimated to middle of each year 13000 13500 Births registered 325 331 Deaths at all ages 137 153 Deaths under 1 year 32 31 North-West Ward. Population estimated to middle of each year 11000 11500 Births registered 229 213 Deaths at all ages 135 105 Deaths under 1 year 34 23 South-East Ward. Population estimated to middle of each year 11000 11000 Births registered 255 320 Deaths at all ages 122 120 Deaths under 1 year 28 32 South-West Ward. |
1c0a4220-da55-44ae-bc92-3dd7c8653f58 | Population estimated to middle of each year 17000 17000 Births registered 724 671 Deaths at all ages 293 347 Deaths under 1 year 107 114 Table 3. CASES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE NOTIFIED DURING THE YEAR 1907. NOTIFIABLE DISEASE. Cases notified in whole District. Total cases notified in each locality. Number of Cases removed to Hospital from each locality. At all Ages. At Ages—Years. North-East. North-West. South-East. South-West. North-East. North-West. South-East. South-West. From outside. Total cases removed to Hospital. Under 1 1 to 5. 5 to 15. 15 to 25. 25 to 65. 65 and upwards. Smallpox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cholera . . . . . . . |
43245893-5f1b-4f3b-a4c8-42c139308bd0 | . . . . . . . . . . Diphtheria (including Membanous Croup) 63 2 16 38 4 3 . 16 12 11 24 16 7 8 21 36 88 Erysipelas 29 3 2 2 2 18 2 6 5 5 13 . 1 . . . 1 Scarlet Fever 207 4 68 159 21 15 . 50 53 57 107 48 37 44 103 14 246 Tythus Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enteric Fever 13 . 1 2 3 7 . 1 2 5 5 1 1 2 3 . 7 Relapsing Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Continued Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . |
12b49c52-500d-4ff9-8dce-e9b938e83080 | . . . . . Puerperal Fever 1 . . . 1 . . . . . 1 . . . . . . Plague . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phthisis 4 . . . 3 1 . 2 . . 2 . . . . . . Totals 377 9 87 201 34 44 2 75 72 78 152 65 46 54 127 50 342 Table 4. CAUSES OF. AND AGES AT, DEATH DURING YEAR 1907. Causes of Death. Deaths at the Subjoined Ages of " Residents," whether occurring in or beyond the District. Deaths at all Ages of "Residents" belonging to Localities, whether occurring in or beyond the District. Total Deaths whether of "Residents" or " NonResi dents" in Public Institutions in the District. All Ages. |
04a6071d-2903-4309-98ff-8b6dd08282ef | Under 1 year. 1 and under 5. 5 and under 15. 15 and under 25. 25 and under 65. 65 and upwards. North-East Ward. North-West Ward. South-East Ward. South-West Ward. untraced. Small-pox ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Measles 20 2 14 4 ... ... ... 2 6 4 8 ... ... Scarlet Fever 6 ... 2 4 ... ... ... 1 ... 3 2 ... 6 Whooping-cough . 17 7 10 ... ... ... ... 2 1 ... 14 ... ... Diphtheria (including Membranous croup). 5 . 3 2 . . . . 1 1 3 . 6 Croup . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fever Tyhus . . . . . . . . . . . . |
47a8cd74-5cab-48d2-86fc-cc0456f508ab | . Enteric 3 . . . 2 1 . 1 1 1 . . 1 Other continued . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epidemic Influenza 9 1 . 2 . 4 2 3 1 2 3 . 1 Cholera . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plague . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diarrhoea 19 14 5 . . . . 2 1 3 13 . . Enteritis 12 8 . . . 1 3 1 3 2 6 . . Puerperal Fever 1 . . . . 1 . 1 . . . . . Erysipelas . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Septic Diseases 6 . . 1 . 3 2 1 . 1 4 . . |
69e1a080-57cb-4156-9dbe-ddf9baa80fd4 | Phthisis (Pulmonmonary Tuberculosis) 66 1 3 4 8 48 2 13 11 8 33 1 . Other Tubercular Diseases 22 7 10 2 . 3 . . . 5 17 . . Cancer, Malignant Disease 46 . 1 1 . 24 20 14 9 5 16 2 1 Bronchitis 57 20 5 1 . 10 21 13 8 7 28 1 . Pneumonia 85 42 19 4 3 13 4 13 8 10 54 . 3 Pleurisy 1 . . 1 . . . . . . 1 . 1 Other Diseases of Respiratory Organs 8 4 1 . . 2 1 1 1 3 2 1 . Alcoholism— Cirrhosis of Liver 10 . . . . |
5e93b770-2a4e-4bf2-8eac-6302f5138652 | 8 2 . 5 2 3 . . Venereal Diseases 2 1 . . . . 1 . . . 2 . . Premature Birth. |
9c8ba9b0-2d63-4d29-9f24-63794f11c905 | 29 29 ... ... ... ... ... 7 2 3 17 ... ... Diseases and accidents of parturition 4 ... ... ... ... 4 ... 1 2 ... 1 ... ... Heart Diseases 53 1 2 4 ... 24 14 12 14 7 19 1 ... Accidents 17 7 2 1 ... 6 1 8 ... 3 6 ... 4 Suicides 2 ... ... 1 ... 1 ... ... 2 ... ... ... ... All other Causes 237 56 17 6 7 64 87 57 29 50 95 6 2 All causes 737 200 94 38 28 217 160 153 105 120 347 12 25 50 Table 5.INFANTILE MORTALITY Deaths from stated Causes in Weeks CAUSE OF DEATH. |
90e6bf5a-f329-4e58-ac9a-825af1aee016 | Under 1 week 1-2 weeks 2-3 weeks 3-4 weeks Total under 1 month. Common Infectious Diseases Small-pox ... ... ... ... ... Chicken-pox ... ... ... ... ... Measles ... ... ... ... ... Scarlet Fever ... ... ... ... ... Diphtheria (including Membanous Croup ... ... ... ... ... Whooping Cough. ... ... ... ... ... Diarrhoeal Diseases Diarrhoea, all forms ... 1 ... 1 2 Enteritis, Mucoenteritis, Gastro enteritis ... ... ... ... ... Gastritis, Gastrointestinal Catarrh ... ... ... ... ... Wasting Diseases Premature Birth. |
0c872472-adeb-413e-b7f3-40df79a2e248 | 26 1 ... 1 28 Congenital Defects 7 1 ... l 9 Injury at Birth 2 ... ... ... 2 Want of Birth milk, starvation ... ... ... l 1 Atrophy, Debility, Marasmus 1 ... 1 ... 2 Tuberculous Diseases. |
b34e0ea1-4e62-4e7e-8c61-31290ce96ddb | Tuberculosis Meningitis ... ... ... ... ... Tuberculosis tonitis:Tabes Mesenterica ... ... ... ... ... Other Tuberculous Diseases ... 1 ... ... 1 Erysipelas ... ... ... ... ... Syphilis ... ... ... ... ... Rickets ... ... ... ... ... Meningitis, (not Tuberculous) ... ... ... ... ... Convulsions ... 1 ... ... 1 Bronchitis ... ... ... 1 l Laryngitis 1 ... ... ... l Pneumonia 1 ... 1 2 4 Suffocation, overlaying 1 l ... ... 2 Other Causes ... l ... 2 3 39 7 2 9 57 Population estimated to middle of 1907, 53,000. Births in the year legitimate, 1498 illegitimate 37 DURING THE YEAR 1907. 51 and Months under" One Year of Age. 1-2 months. 2-3 months. |
44f4b9a0-a499-415b-92ff-8e7977279276 | 3-4 months. 4-0 months. 5-6 months. 6-7 months. 7-8 months. 8 9 months. 9-10 months. 10-11 months. 11-12 months. Total Deaths under One Year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . . 1 . . . 1 . 3 7 l 3 2 2 . 1 1 1 1 . . 14 l . 2 1 1 1 . . . . . 6 . 1 1 . . . . . . . . 2 . . . 1 . . . . . . . 29 1 . . 1 . |
2d2002e1-4a46-4a6a-b41a-96f617e0037d | . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 . . 2 1 2 . . 1 . 1 10 7 3 1 2 . . . 1 . 1 . 17 . . . . . . 2 1 . . . 3 . 1 1 . . . . . . . . 2 1 . . . . . . 1 . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 1 . . . . 1 2 . . . . . . . . . 1 3 1 1 . . . 1 1 . 1 . . 6 3 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 2 1 . 21 . 1 . 1 . . . . . 1 . |
0865854a-5b7b-446d-8067-f360020d9962 | 4 8 3 3 . 3 4 7 1 3 4 2 42 . 1 . 1 . . 1 . . . . 5 . 1 3 1 1 . . 1 . . . 10 28 18 15 15 9 12 14 7 9 7 9 201 Deaths in the year of legitimate 184 illegitimate 17 52 INFANTILE MORTALITY. WARD DISTRIBUTION. North East North West South East South West Total Measles . 2 . . 2 Whooping Cough 1 1 . 5 7 Diarrhoea 2 . 1 11 14 Enteritis . 2 2 2 6 Gastritis . 1 . 1 2 Premature Birth 4 5 2 18 29 Congenital Defects 3 . 5 3 11 Injury at Birth . . . |
cda264c1-5aa0-412b-9ddc-e7d7fdd89a8b | 2 2 Want of Breast-Milk, Starvation 3 . 1 6 10 Atrophy, Debility and Marasmus 3 2 6 6 17 Tuberculous Meningitis . . 2 1 3 Tuberculous Peritonitis and Tabes Mesenterica . . 1 1 2 Other Tuberculous Diseases . . . 3 3 Syphilis . . . 1 1 Rickets . . 1 . 1 Meningitis (not Tuberculous) 1 1 1 . 3 Convulsions . . 2 4 6 Bronchitis 5 1 1 13 20 Laryngitis 1 3 . . 4 Pneumonia 6 5 4 27 42 Overlaying . . 1 4 5 Other Causes 2 . 2 6 10 31 23 32 114 200 53 FACTORIES, WORKSHOPS, |
c5837efc-9f6c-4259-afa0-dbb304064c83 | LAUNDRIES, WORKPLACES, AND HOMEWORK 1. INSPECTION. Including Inspections made by Sanitary Inspectors or Inspectors of Nuisances. Premises Inspections Written Notices Factories (including Factory Laundries) 15 5 Workshops (including Workshop Laundries) 198 38 Workplaces (other than Outworkers' premises included in Part 3 of this Report) 6 - Total 219 43 2. DEFECTS FOUND. Found Remedied Nuisances under the Public Health Acts :— Want of cleanliness 31 31 Want of ventilation 3 3 Overcrowding — — Want of drainage of floors 9 9 Other Nuisances — — Sanitary accommodation insufficient 1 1 unsuitable or defective 14 14 not separate for sexes 1 1 Total 59 59 3. HOME WORK. OUTWORKERS' LISTS, SECTION 107. NATURE OF WORK. |
6f7d97c2-bc81-479a-ab64-57e476badc75 | Twice Yearly. Once Yearly. Outworkers' forwarded to other Councils. Inspection of Outworkers' Premises Infected Premises, Instances. Lists. Outworkers. Lists. Outworkers. Outworkers' received from other Councils. Wearing Apparel— (1) making, etc 96 150 6 9 54 2 35 (2) cleaning washing 78 196 15 46 — 2 67 5 Brush making 2 18 — — — 9 15 Stuffed toys 2 88 — — - 8 46 — Total 178 352 21 55 54 21 193 54 REGISTERED WORKSHOPS. Workshops on the Register (s. 131) at the end of the year. Laundries 230 Dressmaking 45 Millinery 8 Tailoring 7 Bakehouses 28 Others 54 Total number of workshops on Register 372 OTHER MATTERS. |
372f9e29-31e9-4632-814d-840b4e60f251 | Matters notified to H.M. Inspector of Factories :— Failure to affix Abstract of the Factory and Workshop Act (s. 133) 38 Action taken in matters referred Notified by H.M. Inspector 9 to H.M. Inspector as remediable under the Public Health Acts, but not under the FacReports (of actions taken) sent. tory and Workshop Act (s. 5) to H.M. Inspector 9 Underground Bakehouses (s. 101 :— In use at the end of year 8 Your obedient servant, D. J. THOMAS. April, 1908. 55 ANNUAL REPORT OF CHIEF SANITARY INSPECTOR FOR THE YEAR 1907. 522 Complaints received 1588 Premises inspected 1588 Premises re-inspected 4157 times. |
a88c9439-ef1d-4ba7-8813-2df91e4b4574 | 669 Interviews with Owners or Agents 2154 House to House Inspections 2122 Nuisances reported 1876 Nuisances abated 2 Common Lodging Houses inspected 101 times. |
fa0bf99a-3eb4-4bf3-a401-948fc7108829 | 298 Houses Let in Lodgings inspected 37 11 Van Dwellings inspected 2 Drainage Examinations under Section 41 131 Drains submitted to smoke or volatile test 218 Drains submitted to water test 78 Re-drainage Plans deposited 85 New Systems of Drainage provided 30 Butchers' Shops inspected 268 „ 18 Fishmongers' Shops inspected 97 „ 30 Greengrocers' shops inspected 106 „ 2 Premises where food is manufactured or prepared inspected 64 „ 24 Dairies inspected 56 „ 38 Milk Purveyors' premises inspected 40 „ 2 Cowsheds inspected 24 „ 28 Bakehouses inspected 215 „ 112 Laundries inspected 15 Other Workshops inspected 4 Slaughter Houses inspected 122 „ 2 Piggeries inspected 49 „ 2 Offensive Trades inspected 70 „ 4 Mews and Stables inspected 164 „ 42 Public House Urinals, &c. |
804da5e7-f79b-46d2-aef4-1fcdf4f88437 | inspected 98 „ 11 Schools inspected 16 „ 56 2 Show Grounds inspected 6 times. 145 Smoke Observations taken 12 Visits paid to Infected Houses 413 Rooms disinfected 10 School Rooms disinfected 13 Closets disinfected after Enteric Fever 67 Library Books removed from Infected Houses and dealt with 276 Infectious Cases removed to Isolation Hospital 956 Preliminary Notices served 1233 Statutory Notices served 1141 Letters received 947 Letters written 11 Notices received from H.M. Inspector of tories '22 Notifications of Waste of Water sent to Metropolitan Water Board Cowsheds. There are only two Cowsheds in the district. The construction of one is not altogether satisfactory, but as the cows are kept out for the greater part of the year, and simply brought in daily for milking, it is not a matter of much importance. |
83055fb3-ae47-41a6-b643-03587a020ae8 | The other is constructed on better lines, and the lighting and ventilation are more in accordance with what they should be. It is estimated that about 30 per cent. of milch cows are affected with Tuberculosis and about 2 per cent. are affected with Tuberculosis of the Udder. If this be so, it is highly desirable that all milch cows should be inspected by a veterinary surgeon, and I would point out that notwithstanding the power given to Local Authorities under the Dairies and Cowsheds Order to have this done, up to the present no steps have been taken with regard to the matter in this district. Perhaps in the Bill which is to be presented to Parliament, dealing with our milk supply, it will be compulsory that all milch 57 cows shall he periodically inspected, hut in any case I hope the Council will give the matter the consideration it deserves. |
bfb6686b-5c71-456d-98e0-b062b003d292 | There are 24 dairies in the district which are satisfactory, but I have to complain of the number (38)0f little general shops which are registered for the sale of milk. Although there is no law to prevent the registration of these premises, it must be plain to the average intelligence that keeping milk under such conditions is contrary to the teaching of Sanitary science. These shop-keepers admit that they are not repaid for the trouble and responsibility of selling milk, but that they do so to oblige their customers. This large number of milk shops considerably swells the cost of administering the Food and Drugs Acts and necessitates, perhaps, sampling one milkman's milk several times the same day, as all the general shops are supplied from the local dairymen. I shall be glad to see the time when all such premises will be annually licensed, so that the Local Authority will have greater control. |
a25fd737-2aeb-4887-9f76-118ff472bceb | The Council were very wise in taking steps last May to compel all Dairymen and Purveyors of milk, whose premises are not in Acton (but who come here to sell milk), to register with them.The power under which the Council acted is given by Article No. 6 of the Dairies and Cowsheds Order, 1885, as follows:— 6. (I) It shall not be lawful for any person to carry on in the District of any Local Authority the trade of a Cowkeeper, Dairyman or Purveyor of Milk unless he is registered as such therein in accordance with this article. 44 Dairymen, etc., have registered accordingly. Houses Let in Lodgings. I had hoped to have been able to have compiled a register of these premises, but owing to the large number of houses of this class in the District, I have found it impossible. |
0b211970-7869-46fc-8d45-d0d01735bfac | I estimate that if I could employ assistance solely for this work, that it would take at least two years and by the end of that time perhaps the whole 58 thing would require again revising. I do not think any advantage would be gained to the District by registration over our present system of inspection. Dirty Houses. I am pleased to report that we have very few habitually dirty people in the district, and, in time, I hope we shall be able to persuade these to become clean. The question, " How is it possible to infuse into the minds of habitually dirty people a desire for cleanliness, tidyness, and order in the house ? " is one which has exercised the minds of all sanitarians for a long time. I have carried out some experiments with this object in view, and have come to the conclusion that such a state of things can only be brought about amongst the naturally dirty by making a list of such people and paying them a visit every day. |
8f1b3ceb-13dc-474d-bcbe-bea25499b707 | Unfortunately, such inspections are difficult to keep up without neglecting other duties, but I believe if these daily inspections could be continued, the object would be achieved. I have found that as soon as the inspections are dropped, the people drift back into their old habits. Mews. We have four Mews in the district, which are periodically inspected, and I have had no complaints regarding them. In two cases the drainage system was entirely reconstructed. Piggeries. With the exception of two, the Council has been successful in causing the pig-keepers to move into the country. These two are so situate as not to cause offence to anyone, and are kept exceptionally clean. Old Oak Lane, in the summer time,would be a pleasant country walk but for the piggeries in the Hammersmith district. 59 Slaughter Houses. In April the Council granted a license for a new Slaughterhouse (for pigs only) upon the following conditions, viz.:— 1. |
4d5e1398-0d29-493d-8d33-518a9cd4181a | That slaughtering be carried out between the hours of 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. 2. That there shall be no Sunday slaughtering. 3. That the license is granted for the sole use of the premises by the licensee only. 4. That no glands shall be removed from any carcase. 5. That the carcases shall be hung up so as to facilitate inspection with a passage of at least 2 feet between the rows. 6. That all pigs shall be stunned before sticking. 7. In the absence of the Inspector, should any carcase, after being dressed, be found to show signs of disease, the same and its offal shall be hung up separately from other carcases and the Inspector communicated with upon the matter as early as possible. The carcase and offal not to be interfered with until examined by the Inspector. 8. |
b11cdd8a-2244-4e1a-ade9-6578183b2ed9 | That no compensation shall be paid in the event of the Council establishing a Public Abattoir. 9. That a copy of these conditions, together with a copy of the Slaughter House Bye-Laws shall be hung in a conspicuous place in the Slaughter House, to be at all times legible. 10. Any disregard of the foregoing conditions will be brought before the Council and taken into consideration when application is made for a renewal of the License. 60 The premises were constructed on the most approved lines, and were opened in October. I can only speak in the highest terms of the manner in which it is conducted and the assistance afforded to me by the manager for inspecting carcases, etc. I am hoping that during the coming year, the use of two registered slaughter-houses will be discontinued. |
ba06342a-aa66-4976-8cff-fdba5684aaaa | As there are four on the register, this will leave only two in the district, and practically in the same locality, which will be very desirable, as it facilitates inspection and supervision, and I trust the Council will not grant any more licenses without very careful consideration. Smoke Abatement. Observations have been kept upon the chimneys of factories, etc., in the district, and cautionary notices sent to the owners offending. These notices generally had the desired effect, and no proceedings have been necessary. I beg to record my thanks to the Inspector to the Coal Smoke Abatement Society for his co-operation upon many occasions. Round-Abouts and Show Grounds. There are two pieces of land in the district which are periodically used for the above purpose. The Council has insisted upon water and w.c. accommodation being provided on the land (by means of its Bye-Laws), which greatly prevents the creation of any nuisance. Both vans and the ground were regularly inspected. Gas in Sewers. |
3d4376a7-c09b-44a0-8ae9-e32e269999dc | In two or three parts of the district I received complaints of smells of gas in houses, notwithstanding that gas was not laid on. I found, upon inspection, that coal gas was getting into the sewers and from thence into certain defective drains under the houses. At Acton Green, where a Chemical Tester had been inserted in the house drain, an explosion occurred, fortunately doing no damage, but simplv blowing off the manhole covers to the sewer and inspection 61 chambers. The Gas Company were communicated with, and it was found that a collar on their main running through our sewer manhole was broken and allowing a serious leakage to take place. This was immediately remedied. In High Street we were unable to find the cause of the gas smell in the sewer, and notwithstanding the assistance of the Public Analyst. we could not prove that it was coal gas or given off from Petrol or Naptha. Personally, I think it was coal gas. Board of Trade Inspector. |
1f2518d1-2a8d-4f3b-9b9a-c127d5b89812 | In April, the Board of Trade Inspector spent a week in the district, procuring certain details with regard to the Housing Accomodation of Artizans, and the department afforded him all the information it could upon the matter. Inspection of Meat and other Foods. I have frequently inspected butchers, greengrocers, and fishmongers' shops, and other places where food is sold or prepared, and have to report favourably thereon. There seems to be no diminution in Tuberculosis in the country fed pigs. It is a noticeable fact that London fed pigs are practically free from the disease, and, in my opinion, this is largely due to the manner of feeding. London fed pigs are practically fed upon the offal collected from hotels, etc. This is thoroughly boiled and after all the fat has been removed, the residue is given to the pigs with sometimes an addition of meal. These animals are, therefore, fed on sterile food. Hence the comparative immunity from the disease. |
359f2c57-6ab5-45e6-925e-41cd4784a3da | In the country, I believe, it is the practice not to boil the food (with the exception, perhaps, of potatoes). Milk from the separator is poured into the pigs' troughs, and as it is estimated that 30 per cent. of all milch cows are affected with Tuberculosis, it seems to me that drinking the milk in this state has a lot to do with the large 62 percentage of the disease in these pigs. If this, and all garbage, were thoroughly boiled before being given as food, and the styes well constructed, I think we should soon see an appreciable drop in the number of animals affected. I do not know whether or not the Board of Argiculture have had this matter under consideration, but it would be a good thing if some experiments could be carried out with pigs fed on boiled food and with some on unboiled food, consisting principally of raw separated milk. |
cc075d66-2fa5-4555-822d-3cae3d8f0d53 | In many districts, inbreeding amongst pigs is carried on to a very large extent, and this, no doubt, predisposes them to this and other diseases. In only two instances has it been necessary to institute proceedings against persons exposing diseased or unwholesome food for sale. In one case, a butcher exposed three pigs' plucks for sale, which were very badly affected with Tuberculosis, and was fined £5 and costs. In another case, a provision dealer was fined 40s. and costs for exposing unwholesome bacon. Last June, I was successful in obtaining the Certificate of the Royal Sanitary Institute for an Inspector of Meat and other Foods by examination. During the year the following articles were seized or surrendered, and in some cases ordered to be destroyed by a Justice:— 1 Box of apples. 8½ Stone of plaice. 3 Boxes of haddocks. 3 Cases of rabbits. 87 Wild Rabbits. |
ff212be0-c602-4420-9eec-206433b657db | (90) 39 Pigs' heads. 1 Trunk of codlings. 1 Trunk of fresh haddocks. 7 Lungs. 63 6 Livers. 5 Spleens. 6 Pigs' plucks. I Trunk of fish roe. 1 Box of Jaffa oranges. I½ lb. of bacon. 2 Boxes of hake. I Pig. Quantity of offal. 1 Box of plaice, dabs, etc. 2 Boxes of mackerel (58 and 116). 13 Baskets of strawberries. 3 Boxes of kippers. 14 Fowls. 2 Breasts of mutton. 1 Kidney. 1 Case of cod. 120 Turkeys. 1 Mesentery or Caul. Food and Drugs. During the year, I procured:— 61 Samples of New Milk. 38 Samples of Butter. 1 Sample of Margarine. |
b22a50a7-955a-40cf-aaf9-144e96a87799 | In three cases, the Analyst reported that the Milk samples submitted were inferior in quality and probably adulterated. No action was taken with regard to these, neither was it necessary to take any proceedings regarding any of the other milk samples submitted to the analyst. About the middle of the year, this district and Chiswick was over-run with itinerant butter vendors. These persons usually carried one or two pounds of butter, the rest being margarine. Mr. Clarke, Chief Inspector for Chiswick, and myself worked in 64 co-operation, and succeeded in ridding the district of the trade of these undesirable persons, and I beg to acknowledge his valuable assistance. The results of our work will be seen from the Table of Prosecutions. Our chief difficulty was in serving the summonses, as in the majority of cases, false names and addresses were given. |
c70165e5-9af0-45db-b9fb-bc5210c7a231 | I trust when the law is amended, provision will be made for the registration of these individuals, a copy of which registration they should be required to produce, or in default to immediate apprehension, similar to the law regulating Pedlars. Legal Proceedings. February 6th.—Occupying land without w.c. or water supply provided on such land.—Adjourned for defendant to carry out requirements of Council. February 20th.—Ditto.—Summons withdrawn on defendant paying costs of adjournment and proceedings. February 27th.—Exposing for sale i¾ lbs. bacon which was unwholesome.—Fine 40s. and costs. March 20th.—Exposing for sale 3 portions of pigs' plucks affected with Tuberculosis.—Fine £5 and costs. June gth.—Selling Margarine as better, 100 per cent.—Fine £20 and costs. |
effb11fa-2f60-4b59-85dd-04c89a895c2e | June 5th.—Selling Margarine in unlabelled packet.—Costs. June 5th.—Obstructing Officer.—Costs. June 5th:—Refusing to sell.—Costs. June 26th.—Selling Margarine as Butter, 100 per cent.—Fine £10 and costs. 60 June 26th.—Selling Margarine in unlabelled packets.—Costs June 26th.—Selling Margarine as Butter, 95 per cent.—£10 and costs. June 26th.—Selling Margarine in unlabelled packets.—Costs. June 26th.—Selling Butter adulterated, 96 per cent. Margarine.— £10 and costs. June 26th.—Selling Margarine not branded as same.—Costs. September 25th.—Selling Butter adulterated with 96 per cent. Margarine.—Fine £5. |
71c9747e-f83c-4569-b413-ec7a5b0d722b | September 25th.—Ditto.—Fine £5. September 25th.—Ditto.—Fine £3. September 25th.—Selling Margarine in plain wrappers.—Costs. September 25th.—Ditto.—Costs. September 25th.—Ditto.—Costs. Sale of Food and Drugs Acts. Year. No. of samples taken. Adulterated. Inferior. Genuine. Fines and costs imposed. 1905 117 10 6 101 10 10 6 1906 81 4 7 70 6 2 0 1907 109 9 3 97 87 2 6 Totals 307 23 16 268 103 15 0 66 Public Health Acts. Year. No. of proceedings taken. No. of connections obtained. |
f261fcc6-3994-43e6-aee7-ce0e85c88465 | Fines and costs imposed 1902 3 3 Orders made and costs in each case. 1903 3 3 25 12 0 1905 14 14 23 14 6 1906 1 1 7 2 0 1907 4 4 10 3 0 Totals 25 25 66 11 6 The following Tabulated List gives particulars of the Sanitary Improvements effected during the year:— F.J. Fearns J.J.Jenkins North. South. District. District .Ttl. House Drains taken up and reconstructed 56 36 92 „ repaired 81 33 114 „ upstopped and cleansed 60 120 180 „ provided with intercepting traps 37 49 86 „ manholes provided to 54 50 104 „ ventilated 33 48 81 „ Manholes to, |
eceb7983-ca96-4f96-acd8-9038399427ce | cleansed 8 39 47 „ „ repaired 12 65 77 „ Fresh-air inlets repaired 25 25 50 „ „ provided 44 74 118 Water Closets repaired 3 10 13 67 Water Closets, new, provided 86 84 170 , new pans provided to 1 21 22 , unstopped and cleansed 17 31 48 , pan closets and containers replaced by efficient pans - 1 1 , provided with new flushing cisterns 20 89 109 „ flushing cisterns repaired 25 51 76 „ flush, disconnected from drinking water cistern - 9 9 „ additional or separate, provided in Factories and workshops - - - , apartment, foul and dilapidated 10 11. 21 „ water supply laid on to 1 - 1 Soil Pipes repaired 2 4 6 „ ventilated 7 11 18 , |
7083b55d-8b40-48e3-8375-574682bd53c4 | increased ventilation provided to 1 4 5 „ reconstructed 20 11 31 Want of stoppers to interceptors 37 119 156 Ventilating shafts repaired 5 11 16 Waste Pipes, sink, disconnected from drain 8 16 24 „ trapped with lead traps 57 42 99 , unstopped or repaired 7 14 21 , bath and lavatory, disconnected from drain 3 9 12 Sinks, new, provided - 5 5 „ repaired 4 10 14 Rainwater Pipes disconnected from drain 45 48 93 „ repaired 6 5 11 „ provided 1 13 14 Eaves Guttering provided 3 9 12 „ repaired 10 10 02 Gully Traps replaced with stoneware gullies 7 15 22 „ removed from improper situations 4 7 11 „ unstopped - 21 21 „ provided - 13 13 68 Gully Traps, |
7c642ec7-fc89-40df-b6ab-e34a59f30c81 | grids provided to 2 6 8 „ cement work around, repaired 3 21 24 Yards, paving repaired 6 24 30 „ paved and drained 86 118 204 „ cleansed — 39 39 Dust bins provided 26 101 127 Ashpits, foul and defective, remedied - 12 12 Cisterns repaired and covered 34 13 47 „ cleansed 11 18 29 , removed from improper position — 13 13 Rooms cleansed and whitewashed 221 195 416 „ Plastering of walls and ceilings repaired 57 12 69 „ Dealt with under Housing Acts — — — Workshops cleansed and limewashed 2 17 19 , roofs repaired 1 4 5 Roofs of Houses repaired 17 18 35 Floors of houses repaired or relaid 17 17 34 , |
714adb89-2d8c-4213-a0df-9ce52023c59b | workshops repaired or relaid — 7 7 „ stables repaired or relaid — 4 4 Stables provided with drainage 1 2 3 „ „ ventilation — 1 1 Coachhouse floors repaired — 1 1 „ ceilings repaired 1 — 1 Dampness of house walls remedied 42 13 55 Air spaces under floors of houses ventilated 2 3 5 Accumulations of refuse removed 10 18 28 „ manure removed 25 9 34 „ water in cellars removed 1 2 3 „ in ditches — 4 4 Manure receptacles provided — 8 8 Animals, Fowls, etc. nuisances from, abated 4 16 20 Urinals cleansed 2 4 6 „ provided with water, etc 1 — 1 69 Urinals reconstructed - 2 2 „ removed — 2 2 Overcrowding, |
098a81e2-1d10-4f51-bfd5-db69d4190465 | number of cases abated — 9 9 Water supplv provided to houses 1 14 15 Taps provided on main — 17 17 Smoke Nuisances 7 — 7 Miscellaneous nuisances abated 24 23 47 Inspections.—Number of premises inspected on complaint 522 Number of premises inspected in connection with Infectious diseases 425 „ Number under periodical inspection 286 „ Houses inspected from house-to-house 21.54 Total number of inspections and re-inspections made 8215 Notices.—Cautionary or intimation notices given 956 „ Statutory orders issued 1233 „ Summonses served 2 „ Convictions obtained 2 Dwelling Houses.—Houses, premises, etc. cleansed, repaired, etc 559 Common Lodging Houses.—Number registered under Bye-Laws 2 „ Number of inspections made 101 Movable Dwellings. |
4e8642e1-bf70-4458-9f30-568a2631d0a4 | Caravans, Tents, etc.—Number observed during the year 11 Number of nuisances therefrom abated 8 Bakehouses.—Number in district 28 Slaughter-houses.—Number of inspections made and frequency of inspection 122 Slaughter-houses.—Number on register 4 Cow-sheds.—Number on register 2 „ Number of inspections made and frequency of inspection 24 „ Number of milch cows in district 98 Dairies and Milkshops.—Number on register 02 ,, Number of inspections made and frequency of inspection 96 Unsound food.—Artices or parcels seized 331 „ Condemned bv Magistrate 82 70 Unsound food.—Articles and parcels surrendered 329 Adulterated Food.—Samples taken by the District Local Authority 100 „ Found adulterated 14 Offensive Trade.—Number of premises in district 2 • „ Number of inspections made 70 „ Contraventions of Bye-Laws 1 WATER SUPPLY AND WATER SERVICE. |
f066c1c8-5ab5-4f9f-aa78-041984bd5010 | Percentage of houses supplied from public water service... 100 per cent. Cisterns.—Cleansed, repaired, covered, etc 89 Draw-taps placed on mains 17 Percentage of houses supplied on constant system 100 per cent. Water Closets.—Repaired, supplied with water, or otherwise improved 450 Percentage of houses provided with water closets 100 per cent. DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE OF EXISTING BUILDINGS. Drains.—Examined, tested, exposed, etc 351 „ Unstopped, repaired, trapped, etc 956 „ Waste pipes, rain water pipes disconnected, repaired, eto 200 „ New soil pipes or ventilating shafts fixed 112 „ Existing soil pipes or ventilating shafts repaired 45 „ Disconnecting traps or chambers inserted 190 „ Reconstructed 92 Cesspools.—Abolished, and drain connected to sewer 4 Percentage of houses draining into sewers 100 Disinfection.—Rooms disinfected, |
5c29b002-1092-41b2-a2be-b2e2e1bd0428 | ordinary infectious diseases 380 „ „ Phthisis 33 Rooms stripped and cleansed 58 Dust.—New bins provided 127 „ Periodical frequency of dust removal weekly „ Method of disposal Destructor Sundry Nuisances abated.—Overcrowding 9 , „ , Smoke 7 71 Sundry Nuisanees abated.—Accumulations of refuse 62 „ „ „ Foul ditches, ponds, etc. and stagnant water 7 „ „ „ Foul pigs and other animals 20 „ , , Dampness 60 „ „ „ Yards repaved or repaired 234 , , „ Other nuisances 47 1 am, yours obediently, MAURICE W. KINCH, A.R.San.I. (Chief Sanitary Inspector). Public Health Dept., 130 Churchfield Road, Acton, W. 5 SE 08 ACTON— EXPRESS PRINTERS LIMITED, 7 CHURCH ROAD. 1908. |
d0adfd3a-f1a9-4200-b90a-634b83d02e4c | Urban District of Acton. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Medical Officer of health TOGETHER WITH THE REPORT ON THE Medical Inspection of Schools FOR THE YEAR 1908 BS x 1/18 Act 16 Urban District of Acton. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Medical Officer of health FOR THE YEAR 1908 2 By the Order of the Local Government Board, dated March 23rd, 1891, article 18, section 14, it is prescribed that the Medical Officer of Health shall make an Annual Report to the Sanitary Authority, up to the end of December in each year, comprising a summary of the action taken, or which he has advised the Sanitary Authority to take, during the year, for preventing the spread of disease, and an account of the sanitary state of his district generally at the end of the year. |
131223fd-d84d-429a-8ae4-76d77c774631 | The Report shall contain an account of the enquiries which he has made as to conditions injurious to health existing in the district, and of the proceedings in which he has taken part or advised uijder any Statute, so far as such proceedings relate to those conditions ; and also an account of the supervision exercised by him, or on his advice, for sanitary purposes, over places and houses that the sanitary authority have power to regulate, with the nature and results of any proceedings which may have been so required and taken in respect of the same during the year. The Report shall record the action taken by him, or on his advice during the year, in regard to offensive trades, to dairies, cowsheds and milk shops. The Report shall also contain tabular statements (on Forms to be supplied by us, or to the like effect) of the sickness and mortality within the district, classified according to diseases, age and localities. |
bc22a7e6-b680-4e64-bc0f-c3dc831786b6 | In a memorandum issued by the Local Government Board in November 1908, it is recommended that the Report shall deal with the extent, distribution and causes of disease within the district ; and should give an account of any noteworthy outbreak of epidemic diseases during the year under review, stating the result of investigations into their origin and propagation, and the steps taken to check their spread. As these Report are for the information of the Local Government, and of the County Council, as well as of the Council of the District, a statement of the local circumstances and a history of local sanitary questions, which may seem superfluous for the latter, may often he needed by the former bodies. Under section 132 of the Factory and Workshop Act, 1901, the Medical Officer of Health is also required in his Annual Report to report specifically on the administration of the Act in workshops and workplaces, and to send a copy of his Annual Report, or so much of it as deals with this subject, to the Secretary of Mate. |
0ab7b4ed-5a82-4463-ad17-1cf2ef14443e | ANNUAL REPORT of the MEDICAL OFFICER OF HEALTH for the year 1908. 130, Churchfield Road, Acton, W. February, 1909. To the Chairman and Members of the Acton District Council. Gentlemen, I have the honour to submit to the Council a report on the sanitary conditions of the district, together with the vital and other statistics for the year 1908. The death-rate was lower in 1908 than in 1907 and 1906. The death-rale amongst children under 12 months of age was also lower. In view of the hot summer experienced, resulting in an increase of the deaths from Diarrhœa, the lower infantile mortality is satisfactory. There was an extensive epidemic of Measles, which resulted in 38 deaths. The outbreak of Scarlet Fever which commenced in 1907, continued practically throughout the year. These two diseases are dealt with at length on a later page. |
6abf156d-8fcb-4725-b4ff-2498e5b50a8f | There were 7 deaths from Diphtheria as compared with 6 in 1907, but only two from Enteric Fever as compared with three in the previous year. Bye-laws dealing with the Employment of Children were adopted during the year. Arrangements were made early in the year for the Medical Inspection of School Children, and this subject is dealt with in a separate report. The accommodation at the Isolation Hospital has been the subject of reports and discussions, and plans have now been prepared for an additional pavilion. The following is a summary of the vital statistics for the year: Estimated population 55,000. Birth rate 28.5 per 1,000 inhabitants. Death rate 13.1 „ 4 Infantile mortality 120 per 1,000 births. Zymotic death rate 2.2 per 1,000 inhabitants. Respiratory death rate (including Phthisis) 3.2 per 1,000 inhabitants. |
6e4150a8-327e-42e2-8d19-2af286350d50 | Phthisis death rate 1 per 1,000 inhabitants. Death rate from other forms of Tuberculosis 5 per 1,000 inhabitants. POPULATION. Eight years have now elapsed since the official census was made, and the further we are removed in time from that census until the next, the more inexact our estimates become, and the less reliable are all vital statistics. In former reports the various methods by which an estimate of the population is made were discussed, and reasons were given for adopting the number of houses in occupation as the basis. But even this method is liable to considerable error. The number of inhabitants in each house rose from 5.9 at the census of 1891 to 6.2 at the census of 1901. This increase was due to the fact that houses formerly occupied by one family were converted into flats This process is still going on, and some of the new houses have been erected in the form of double tenements. |
ecebd320-3ae1-4251-a4f2-29337a674cce | Between June 30th 1907, and June 30th, 1908, 310 single tenement dwelling house were erected and 25 double tenement ones. An average of 6.2 persons per house is probably below that which obtains at the present time. On the other hand, the percentage of uninhabited houses is higher now than in 1901. At the census of 1901 there were 6,540 inhabited houses in the district. Between March 31st, 1901, and June 30th, 1908, 2,62 dwelling houses were erected. In this latter figure double tenement houses are reckoned as one house. If the same number of persons per house and the same percentage of " empties" as the figures at the census disclosed, t allowed, the estimated population would be 55,176. The figures in this report have been based upon an estimate population of 55,000. |
7aca0755-f039-4d91-9e99-fac1a8f68ee5 | This figure is more likely to be an under estimate than an over estimate of the population. 5 BIRTHS. There were 1568 births registered as having occurred within the district. This number corresponds to a birth-rate of 28.5 per 1,000 inhabitants. Although the aggregate number of births exceeds that recorded in any previous year, the birth-rate last year was the lowest on record. It was .5 per 1,000 inhabitants less than that of 1907, and .9 per 1000 less th in the average for the ten years 1898—1909. The birth-rate has shown a continuous decline throughout the kingdom since 1894, and in Acton the rate is still above that of England and Wales. Last year, the birth-rate in England and Wales was 26 5 per 1000; in the 76 large towns it was 27, and in the 142 smaller towns it was 26 per 1,000. |
b955ec56-e32a-4ff2-a546-b55b960c8bb7 | Usually the number of male children born exceeds the number of female ones, but last year the order was reversed, and there were 785 females and 783 males. The births were distributed amongst the Wards as follows:— Noith-East 363 North-West 215 South-East 338 South-West 662 As usual the North-West Ward showed the lowest rate per 1,000 inhabitants and the South-West the highest. In the latter the rate was more than twice that of the former—39 and 18 per 1,000 respectively. The infants registered as having been born out of wedlock numbered 42, which figure corresponds to a rate of 26.8 per 1,000 birihs. This is lower than the illegitimate birth rate of England and Wales,but higher than that of Acton in 1906 or 1907. DEATHS. |
590125ce-3cf3-4205-a50a-fb4e39275fe5 | Number 723 Death Rate per 1,000 13.1 Death Rate per 1,000 in England and Wales 14.7 Death Rate per 1,000 in 76 large towns 14.9 Death Rate per 1,000 in 126 smaller towns 14 There were 590 deaths registered in the district, one of these did not belong to Acton and occurred in a public institution, 6 133 deaths of residents occurred in public institutions outside the district, and this number has to be added. The total number of deaths belonging to the district is 723 which corresponds to a death-rate of 13.1 per 1,000 inhabitants. It has been explained in previous reports that in order to compare the death-rate of one district with that of another it is necessary to make an allowance for the difference in age and sex constitution of the various districts. |
a472a650-15bf-4d20-962d-8c663a976dc9 | Females live longer than males, and a district containing a preponderance of women would show a lower death-rate other things being equal. But the most important factor is the age-constitution of a population. The tendency to death is greatest among persons living at the extremes of life, among infants and old people. The ages at death last year were as follows:— Under 1 year. 1 to 5. 51015. 151025. 251065. over65. 188 106 29 23 209 168 The Registrar General has published a table of "factors" for all the large towns &c. by applying which to the "crude death-rate' it becomes corrected for age and sex distribution, so that the "corrected death-rate" gives the death-rate of any place, calculated on the basis that the age and sex distribution in that place is the same as that for the whole country. |
0c0ace04-a56f-4ac1-a365-60e838304b8e | Thus all "corrected" deathrates, being reduced to a common basis, may fairly be compared. The "factor for correction" for Acton is 1.04240. If the "crude death-rate," 13.1, be multiplied by this figure, the corrected deathrate is 13.6. The corrected death rate for the 76 large towns is 15.8 and for the 142 smaller towns 14.7. The death rate is .8 per 1,000 lower than that of 1907; there was a diminution in the number of deaths in children under 1 year of age, and in the age-periods 5 to 15, 15 to 25, and 25 to 65 years. There was an increase in the age-periods 1-5 and over 65 years. |
5f61db8d-19d9-4ea9-b8d2-dd49789cd575 | The increase in the number of deaths in children between the ages of 1 and 5 years was mostly due to the out-break of Measles which occurred in the Spring. 7 There was a most marked drop in the number of deaths from Pneumonia and Heart Disease. Ward Distribution. North East. North West. South East. South West. 144 124 124 331 Based upon the estimated population of each ward, the death-rate per 1,000 was:— North East. North West. South East. South West. 10.3 10.3 10.3 18.3 The death-rate in the North-East South-East & South-West Wards is lower than it was in 1907, but that of the North-West is higher. The most marked improvement appears in the South-West Ward, but a death-rate 80 per cent. above that of the rest of the district is far from satisfactory. |
2a099897-1c81-4322-a8c5-3af8cf46254e | It was pointed out in last year's report that some of the causes of the enhanced death-rate are not entirely dependent upon sanitary conditions. The birth rate in the South-West Ward is much higher than in the rest of the district, and the Ward therefore contains an abnormal percentage of persons peculiarly sensitive to adverse influences. The age distrubition of the population though, is not sufficient to account for the marked difference in the death-rate of this Ward as compared with the rest of the district. Diseases of childhood would naturally be more prevalent in the Ward, but even from such diseases as Measles, Diarrhoea, &c., the mortality is excessive. |
871d70d8-6efe-4654-af99-1f1c5c543a22 | Out of 38 deaths from Measles 25 occurred in the South-West Ward; and some of the other diseases claimed their victims from the Ward in the following proportions:— Scarlet Fever 10 out of 15 Whooping Cough 9 „ ,,15 Diarrhoea 33 „ „ 46 Prematurity 17 ,, „ 25 The same phenomenon is observed in other diseases which are more or less dependent on social conditions. Out of 56 deaths from Phthisis, 26 belonged to the South West Ward, from Pneumonia 25 out of 55 deaths and from Bronchitis 28 out of 50. Persons living under such conditions as overcrowding, badly lit and badly 8 ventilated dwellings, and physical fatigue associated with under nourishment are rendered more susoeptible to the attacks of the above diseases, and when attacked are more prone to succumb. |
3da4b060-9b01-4d78-827d-e8df9c90f82a | When we turn to diseases that would not be affected with the conditions named, we find that an abnormal toll is not levied on the South-West Ward. Out of 48 deaths from Cancer, belonged to the Ward, and 17 out of 43 deaths from Heart Disease. From Alcoholism and Cirrhosis of the Liver there were only 3 deaths in the South-West Ward as compared with twice that number in the North-West Ward. One of the most marked features in the death returns is the increased percentage of deaths in public institutions. The death returns of Acton residents who had died in public institutions outside the district were first obtained in 1905. In that year 119 deaths or a percentage of 19 of the total deaths occurred in public institutions. Last year the number was 164, or a percentage of 23 of the total deaths. |
c576341f-331e-4d2a-87b7-4747c5202c9e | The following list gives the names of the institutions together with the number of deaths in each:— Fever Hospital 18 Cottage Hospital 13 Isleworth Infirmary 82 West London Hospital 13 Middlesex County Asylum 8 St. Mary's Hospital 4 St. George's Hospital 4 Cancer Hospital, Chelsea 3 Children's Hospital, Great Ormonde Street 3 Victoria Hospital 3 Queen Victoria Hospital, Bethnal Green 2 Middlesex Hospital 1 King's College Hospital 1 St. Bartholomew's Hospital 1 Chelsea Hospital for Women 1 New Hospital for Women 1 Queen Charlotte's Hospital 1 National Hospital j 9 Children's Hospital, Paddington Infants' Hospital, Vincent Square 1 St. Peter's Hospital 1 London Fever Hospital 1 ZYMOTIC DISEASES. Deaths, 124. Death-rate, 2 25. |
ba46ba56-44d3-4e90-9810-21eb941a270a | The so called Zymotic death-rate includes deaths from seven Zymotic diseases, Small-pox, Measles, Whooping Cough, Scarlet Fever, Diphtheria, "fever ' and Diarrhœa. The district was entirely free of Small-pox and the other diseases are dealt with separately. MEASLES. In 1908,38 deaths were registered as due 10 Measles and 37 of these occurred in the months of March, April, May and June. In the Annual Report for 1906, an attempt was made to trace briefly the history of the disease during the last quarter of a century. The experience of Acton has been somewhat similar to that of the whole of England and Wales. Daring the third quarter of the last century, there was a decided improvement, but this was followed by a serious rise towards the end of the century. |
27460639-5c20-419f-9ccd-7493372f66e5 | In Acton the improvement was noticed up to the year 1885, but since that date, the means adopted for the prevention of Measles have not had the effect of steadily and continuously reducing the death-rate. An epidemic has made its appearance almost every second year, and the district has been visited by an epidemic causing a death-rate of more than 50 per 1,000 inhabitants at intervals of 4, 3, 4. 6, 4 and 2 years respectively. |
277b7a6e-7798-43c2-99a1-ddd6d2712c82 | The following table gives the annual number of deaths per ico,000 inhabitants in quinquenial periods for the 26 years 1884 to 1908:— 1884 — 1888 34 per 100,000 1889 — 1895 38 „ „ 1894 — 1898 41 „ „ 1899 — 1903 25 „ „ 1904 — 1908 39 „ „ 10 During the past 5 years the death-rate per 100,000 has been as follows:— 1904 32 1905 8 1906 52 1907 38 1908 65 In the 25 years, 1884—1908, Measles was accountable for 250 deaths, and no other Zymotic disease, with the exception of Diarrhœa plays so important part in the mortality returns of children under 5 years of age. |
8bc4679a-dda8-4688-af34-ad56ee94d84c | We have to face two problems, the prevention and control of epidemics, and the reduction of the fatality of the disease. The latler is to some extent dependent on the former, for after a certain period, the older the child, the less susceptible he is to the disease, and even if the disease be contracted, children over 5 years of age rarely succumb. The age at which relatively the greatest number of children die of Measles is the second year of life, while after the third year has passed there is a rapid decrease in the fatality of the disease. Dr Theodore Thompson in his report in the Local Government Board on the control of Measles states "that the incidence of attack is different from that of death. For while the main incidence of death is on the second year, the incidence of attack is chiefly on the third, fourth and fifth year. |
f118033a-7268-4ee6-ab5f-d86ef21a9918 | From this different incidence of attack anddeath it resultst hat the fatality from Measles is very much higher in the second year of life than in any of those succceding years. While, therefore, more children die of Measles in the second year of life than at any other age, more children are attacked by this disease in each of the three years following ; so that children in the second year of life, although less susceptible to attack are much more likely to die if attacked than any other children." This aspect of the question is worthy of consideration, as bearing upon the epidemicity of the disease. If the assumption be correct and it probably is, the length of the inter-epidemic period is of importance. |
f04786bb-462e-4dc0-b1ac-0dcaaada387d | If the inter-epidemic period could be lengthened, not only some children would have reached an age when they would be less 11 susceptible to an attack, but a larger number of children will, when the epidemic arrives, have reached ages at which the disease is little fatal. It is generally conceded that the attendance of a child at school whilst suffering from the initial symptoms of the disease is usually the starling point ofan epidemic, and unless "preventive measures are taken before the fall of the first crop, the chances of preventing or controlling an epidemic are remote. In the past, very seldom did information of the first case reach the Sanitary Department, and the first intimation received usually referred to the absence of about a dozen children from school on account of Measles. When inquiries were made it was elicited that our earliest information referred to the first crop, and that a case had occurred about a fortnight previously, but had passed unnoticed. |
1973a35c-1786-4335-b04d-55c88e351d64 | In the hope of obtaining information of the earliest cases (as well as for other reasons), the compulsory notification of Measles has been tried in several towns. In the Annual Report for 1906, the experience of Aberdeen and Burton-on-Trent was given. In both these towns compulsory notification was tried, and in neither place could the result be deemed satisfactory. The reason is not far to seek. The notification was probably of an incomplete character. Measles is not regarded by the public as a serious disease, and in many instances a doctor is not called in to attend the child. Last year in Acton, 337 cases were inquired into, and it was ascertained that 198 of these were attended by a doctor. In 1907, 390 cases were investigated, and of these 191 were treated by a doctor. Roughly speaking, in this district, about one-third of the Measles cases are not attended by a doctor. |
1d5e8406-129d-4f7b-8ff9-42ec2df8060b | If compulsory notification were adopted, it would take many years before any considerable number of those unattended by a doctor would be notified. For the same reason, early knowledge of the first cases would not invariably be obtained through the agency of the Infectious Diseases Notification Act. In view of the experience gained by those towns that have placed Measles amongst the compulsory notifiable diseases, it appears that guccess is more probable along other paths more especially in a 12 development of School notification. It is to be hoped now that the Medicnl Inspection of School Children is an accomplished fact, this system may be utilized in conjunction with Health Visiting to secure the detection of the earliest cases, and to adopt preventive measures before an Epidemic has become out of control. There is one difficulty under present conditions which always confronts us. When a case occurs in a class, the only practicable method is to close that class for a fortnight, and to keep all the children under observation during the incubation period. |
63b2a3ea-d1cb-48b0-9d18-4cee86f5a49c | Unfortunately, the closure of a single class is more serious financially than the closure of the whole department, and the occurrence of a single case does not justify the latter course. It may be of interest to record the result of closing a school on the occurrence of a single case. A case of Measles, N.S. was notified from the South Acton Infant School, on December 16th, 1908. The child had been ill since December nth, and the rash appeared on December 14th. The introduction of the disease into the district can be traced with a fair decree of definiteness. A child D.I. aged 14 months, attended the out-patients department of the Paddington Green Children's Hospital on November 19th. At the time, Measles was prevalent in the Western boroughs of the administrative County of London. The child exhibited symptoms of Measles on November 28th, and the rash appeared on December 3rd. |
d3c1e1a3-48aa-410e-ba52-e3d3718f764d | The disease was of a severe type and the child died on December 5th. As stated above N.S. was notified on December 16th, and inquiries made amongst children absent from school revealed two more cases. One of the latter attended South Acton School and was taken ill on December 9th. This child used to live in the same house as D.I. did, and had been to see the latter during her illness. Two classes in the school were affected, and the children above referred to had attended when suffering from the initial symptoms of Measles. The first crop would be due to fall somewhere between December 18th and December 23rd. As the interference with the work of the school would be very slight, it was decided to close the department for the Christmas 14 Holidays on Friday, December 18th, instead of December 23rd. |
36ca23a8-5223-4c99-b828-8ce4c7e3d614 | The names and addresses of all the children attending the two classes were obtained, and the houses visited before the school re-opened after the holidays. Five cases of Measles were found and these had sickened after the closure of the school. The regulations for exclusion of children from premises where Measles existed were observed, and no cases occurred in other houses. It is probable that Measles would not spread very extensively amongst the children attending these two classes, as one class was exceedingly well protected. 90 per cent, of the children in one of the classes had suffered from a previous attack. The other classes in the school were not so well protected, and it is reasonable to assume that a large number of children would have been infected if the five cases had attended school when suffering from the initial symptoms. The closure of single classes has been tried in some districts with varying success. Some state that this has been the means of postponing an epidemic at any rate for some months. |
874dfdd3-d918-4d1e-a7e1-2d56210387c4 | Even if the epidemic were postponed only for a few months, in some circumstances this might mean a saving of life. In the poorer districts, it ts well known that an epidemic of Measles is more serious and more fatal if it occurs in the winter months than it is in the summer. A large number of the deaths are due to lung complications and these are far more frequent during a winter than a summer epidemic. Apart from the question of a lengthened inter-epidemic period, if the first case were detected in a school during the winter months, the closure of a class for a fortnight would be well worth a trial. During the late epidemic, the earlier cases were not detected, and the Schools were not closed until the outbreak had got beyond the stage of effective control. Rothschild Road was the first school to be affected, and by the end of February the attendance had fallen so low that it was decided to close the school from February 28th, to March 23rd. |
28da9fc6-f135-414e-8ee0-43cb70068bf5 | Acton Infant's Department was closed from March 16th to April 6th; Priory Infant's from March 27th to April 27th, South Acton Infant's from April 10th to April 27th ; Beaumont Park Infant's from April 10th to April 27th and East Acton from May 1st to May 18th. 14 These measures were taken after the mere exclus ion of affecte children and contacts had failed. All the children in a house where Measles existed were not exclude!, but the following regulations were adopted by the Education Committee. Children suffering from Measles must be excluded for at least one month. Children coming from houses where Measles exist, but who are not themselves suffering from the disease, should be dealt with as follows:—A child attending other than an infant school who has had Measles need not be excluded from attendance at school. |
77f6cfae-6e71-447a-b29d-317488b2c312 | A child attending other than an infant school who has not had Measles, must be excluded from attendance at school until the Monday following the expiration of fourteen days from the commencement of the last case. A child attending an infant school, whether or not it has had Measles, must be excluded from attendance at school until the Monday following the expiration of fourteen days from the com mencement of the last case. The non-success of the policy of exclusion of individual scholars is easily explainable. Measles is infectious during the period in which the patient has running from the eyes and nose and before the rash appears. Every endeavour is made by the teacher during a Measles epidemic to exclude all childien who have a cold in the head, but it is impossible by this means to prevent every child who is suffering from the initial symptoms of Measles from attendance at school. A considerable difference of opinion exists as to the time for which a child suffering from Measles should be excluded from school. |
e2d28b55-8b0e-4b62-badd-701ee2bb0a70 | Inquiries were made of different Sanitary Authorities, and in one district the period of exclusion was two weeks, in 5 the period was 3 weeks, and in 7 it was at least a month. It is more than probable that Measles does not remain infectious for more than a couple of weeks, but children who have suffered from the disease are rendered very liable to lung complications, and any premature exposure would render the children liable to broncho-pneumonia. We do not think it necessary to keep children away for a period of 4 weeks, if there is a doctor in attendance, and he certifies that it 15 is safe for the child to be at school, the period of exclusion could be reduced to a fortnight; otherwise, it is not safe for the child to return under three weeks. |
6a528fb1-5fb1-4ba9-9381-2c9742f8a3a3 | The rule could be made to read as follows:—Children suffering from Measles must be excluded for a period of three weeks from the appearance of the rash, unless a medical certificate be obtained, when the child can return at the end of a fortnight. It was stated above that a lengthening of the inter-epidemic period would in itself be the means of saving a number of lives, as the incidence of attack is different to the incidence of death. The following table gives the ages at death in this district in 1908:— Under 1 year. 1—2. 2—3. 3—4. 4—5. 5—6. 6—7. 8 17 3 4 3 2 1 The ages of the cases reported and visited by ttie Sanitary Authority were as follows:— Under 1 year 1—2. 2—3. 3—4. 4—5. |
791103ca-c72f-43f0-a526-f4a3d142115e | 5—6. 6—8. over 8. 10 17 9 9 14 159 80 38 The cases visited by us do not represent fairly the age incidence of the disease in the district. Practically, all the children of school age suffering from Measles are reported, and most of the cases occurring in a house from which a child attends school are included in the above table, but if a case of Measles occurs in a house, and there are no other children from that house attending school, we have no means of ascertaining the existence of such a case. For that reason the second table does not represent the true incidence of attack in children under 5 years of age. One point though, the table does make clear. The fatality of the disease in children over 5 years of age is less than one per cent. |
0d8e6d68-1673-45d8-9a5f-b31a92c305f9 | whilst the number of deaths from the disease in the second year of life alone represents a mortality of more than one per cent. of the children living in that age period. 1 he tables suggest that children suffering from Measles in their second year of life, are specially liable to succumb, and every measure which would effect a lengthening of the interepidemic period would lower the death-rate from the disease. But age is not the only factor which affects the fatality of the 16 disease. The distribution of the deaths in the district will make it apparent that social conditions play a most important part. The street distribution was as follows:— Colville Road 6 deaths. |
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