id stringlengths 2 115 | lastModified stringlengths 24 24 | tags list | author stringlengths 2 42 ⌀ | description stringlengths 0 6.67k ⌀ | citation stringlengths 0 10.7k ⌀ | likes int64 0 3.66k | downloads int64 0 8.89M | created timestamp[us] | card stringlengths 11 977k | card_len int64 11 977k | embeddings list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
yelp_review_full | 2023-01-25T15:03:32.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-classification",
"task_ids:sentiment-classification",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:crowdsourced",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:100K<n<1M",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:other",
"arxiv:1509.01626",
"region:us"
] | null | The Yelp reviews dataset consists of reviews from Yelp. It is extracted from the Yelp Dataset Challenge 2015 data.
The Yelp reviews full star dataset is constructed by Xiang Zhang (xiang.zhang@nyu.edu) from the above dataset.
It is first used as a text classification benchmark in the following paper: Xiang Zhang, Junbo Zhao, Yann LeCun.
Character-level Convolutional Networks for Text Classification. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 28 (NIPS 2015). | @inproceedings{zhang2015character,
title={Character-level convolutional networks for text classification},
author={Zhang, Xiang and Zhao, Junbo and LeCun, Yann},
booktitle={Advances in neural information processing systems},
pages={649--657},
year={2015}
} | 38 | 20,703 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
language:
- en
license:
- other
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- text-classification
task_ids:
- sentiment-classification
pretty_name: YelpReviewFull
license_details: yelp-licence
dataset_info:
features:
- name: label
dtype:
class_label:
names:
'0': 1 star
'1': 2 star
'2': 3 stars
'3': 4 stars
'4': 5 stars
- name: text
dtype: string
config_name: yelp_review_full
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 483811554
num_examples: 650000
- name: test
num_bytes: 37271188
num_examples: 50000
download_size: 196146755
dataset_size: 521082742
train-eval-index:
- config: yelp_review_full
task: text-classification
task_id: multi_class_classification
splits:
train_split: train
eval_split: test
col_mapping:
text: text
label: target
metrics:
- type: accuracy
name: Accuracy
- type: f1
name: F1 macro
args:
average: macro
- type: f1
name: F1 micro
args:
average: micro
- type: f1
name: F1 weighted
args:
average: weighted
- type: precision
name: Precision macro
args:
average: macro
- type: precision
name: Precision micro
args:
average: micro
- type: precision
name: Precision weighted
args:
average: weighted
- type: recall
name: Recall macro
args:
average: macro
- type: recall
name: Recall micro
args:
average: micro
- type: recall
name: Recall weighted
args:
average: weighted
---
---
# Dataset Card for YelpReviewFull
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [Yelp](https://www.yelp.com/dataset)
- **Repository:** [Crepe](https://github.com/zhangxiangxiao/Crepe)
- **Paper:** [Character-level Convolutional Networks for Text Classification](https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.01626)
- **Point of Contact:** [Xiang Zhang](mailto:xiang.zhang@nyu.edu)
### Dataset Summary
The Yelp reviews dataset consists of reviews from Yelp.
It is extracted from the Yelp Dataset Challenge 2015 data.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
- `text-classification`, `sentiment-classification`: The dataset is mainly used for text classification: given the text, predict the sentiment.
### Languages
The reviews were mainly written in english.
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
A typical data point, comprises of a text and the corresponding label.
An example from the YelpReviewFull test set looks as follows:
```
{
'label': 0,
'text': 'I got \'new\' tires from them and within two weeks got a flat. I took my car to a local mechanic to see if i could get the hole patched, but they said the reason I had a flat was because the previous patch had blown - WAIT, WHAT? I just got the tire and never needed to have it patched? This was supposed to be a new tire. \\nI took the tire over to Flynn\'s and they told me that someone punctured my tire, then tried to patch it. So there are resentful tire slashers? I find that very unlikely. After arguing with the guy and telling him that his logic was far fetched he said he\'d give me a new tire \\"this time\\". \\nI will never go back to Flynn\'s b/c of the way this guy treated me and the simple fact that they gave me a used tire!'
}
```
### Data Fields
- 'text': The review texts are escaped using double quotes ("), and any internal double quote is escaped by 2 double quotes (""). New lines are escaped by a backslash followed with an "n" character, that is "\n".
- 'label': Corresponds to the score associated with the review (between 1 and 5).
### Data Splits
The Yelp reviews full star dataset is constructed by randomly taking 130,000 training samples and 10,000 testing samples for each review star from 1 to 5.
In total there are 650,000 trainig samples and 50,000 testing samples.
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
The Yelp reviews full star dataset is constructed by Xiang Zhang (xiang.zhang@nyu.edu) from the Yelp Dataset Challenge 2015. It is first used as a text classification benchmark in the following paper: Xiang Zhang, Junbo Zhao, Yann LeCun. Character-level Convolutional Networks for Text Classification. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 28 (NIPS 2015).
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed]
### Licensing Information
You can check the official [yelp-dataset-agreement](https://s3-media3.fl.yelpcdn.com/assets/srv0/engineering_pages/bea5c1e92bf3/assets/vendor/yelp-dataset-agreement.pdf).
### Citation Information
Xiang Zhang, Junbo Zhao, Yann LeCun. Character-level Convolutional Networks for Text Classification. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 28 (NIPS 2015).
### Contributions
Thanks to [@hfawaz](https://github.com/hfawaz) for adding this dataset. | 6,551 | [
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lex_glue | 2023-06-01T14:59:56.000Z | [
"task_categories:question-answering",
"task_categories:text-classification",
"task_ids:multi-class-classification",
"task_ids:multi-label-classification",
"task_ids:multiple-choice-qa",
"task_ids:topic-classification",
"annotations_creators:found",
"language_creators:found",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"source_datasets:extended",
"language:en",
"license:cc-by-4.0",
"arxiv:2110.00976",
"arxiv:2109.00904",
"arxiv:1805.01217",
"arxiv:2104.08671",
"region:us"
] | null | Legal General Language Understanding Evaluation (LexGLUE) benchmark is
a collection of datasets for evaluating model performance across a diverse set of legal NLU tasks | @article{chalkidis-etal-2021-lexglue,
title={{LexGLUE}: A Benchmark Dataset for Legal Language Understanding in English},
author={Chalkidis, Ilias and
Jana, Abhik and
Hartung, Dirk and
Bommarito, Michael and
Androutsopoulos, Ion and
Katz, Daniel Martin and
Aletras, Nikolaos},
year={2021},
eprint={2110.00976},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL},
note = {arXiv: 2110.00976},
} | 32 | 20,558 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
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task_ids:
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pretty_name: LexGLUE
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---
# Dataset Card for "LexGLUE"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** https://github.com/coastalcph/lex-glue
- **Repository:** https://github.com/coastalcph/lex-glue
- **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.00976
- **Leaderboard:** https://github.com/coastalcph/lex-glue
- **Point of Contact:** [Ilias Chalkidis](mailto:ilias.chalkidis@di.ku.dk)
### Dataset Summary
Inspired by the recent widespread use of the GLUE multi-task benchmark NLP dataset (Wang et al., 2018), the subsequent more difficult SuperGLUE (Wang et al., 2019), other previous multi-task NLP benchmarks (Conneau and Kiela, 2018; McCann et al., 2018), and similar initiatives in other domains (Peng et al., 2019), we introduce the *Legal General Language Understanding Evaluation (LexGLUE) benchmark*, a benchmark dataset to evaluate the performance of NLP methods in legal tasks. LexGLUE is based on seven existing legal NLP datasets, selected using criteria largely from SuperGLUE.
As in GLUE and SuperGLUE (Wang et al., 2019b,a), one of our goals is to push towards generic (or ‘foundation’) models that can cope with multiple NLP tasks, in our case legal NLP tasks possibly with limited task-specific fine-tuning. Another goal is to provide a convenient and informative entry point for NLP researchers and practitioners wishing to explore or develop methods for legalNLP. Having these goals in mind, the datasets we include in LexGLUE and the tasks they address have been simplified in several ways to make it easier for newcomers and generic models to address all tasks.
LexGLUE benchmark is accompanied by experimental infrastructure that relies on Hugging Face Transformers library and resides at: https://github.com/coastalcph/lex-glue.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
The supported tasks are the following:
<table>
<tr><td>Dataset</td><td>Source</td><td>Sub-domain</td><td>Task Type</td><td>Classes</td><tr>
<tr><td>ECtHR (Task A)</td><td> <a href="https://aclanthology.org/P19-1424/">Chalkidis et al. (2019)</a> </td><td>ECHR</td><td>Multi-label classification</td><td>10+1</td></tr>
<tr><td>ECtHR (Task B)</td><td> <a href="https://aclanthology.org/2021.naacl-main.22/">Chalkidis et al. (2021a)</a> </td><td>ECHR</td><td>Multi-label classification </td><td>10+1</td></tr>
<tr><td>SCOTUS</td><td> <a href="http://scdb.wustl.edu">Spaeth et al. (2020)</a></td><td>US Law</td><td>Multi-class classification</td><td>14</td></tr>
<tr><td>EUR-LEX</td><td> <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.00904">Chalkidis et al. (2021b)</a></td><td>EU Law</td><td>Multi-label classification</td><td>100</td></tr>
<tr><td>LEDGAR</td><td> <a href="https://aclanthology.org/2020.lrec-1.155/">Tuggener et al. (2020)</a></td><td>Contracts</td><td>Multi-class classification</td><td>100</td></tr>
<tr><td>UNFAIR-ToS</td><td><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.01217"> Lippi et al. (2019)</a></td><td>Contracts</td><td>Multi-label classification</td><td>8+1</td></tr>
<tr><td>CaseHOLD</td><td><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.08671">Zheng et al. (2021)</a></td><td>US Law</td><td>Multiple choice QA</td><td>n/a</td></tr>
</table>
#### ecthr_a
The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) hears allegations that a state has breached human rights provisions of the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR). For each case, the dataset provides a list of factual paragraphs (facts) from the case description. Each case is mapped to articles of the ECHR that were violated (if any).
#### ecthr_b
The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) hears allegations that a state has breached human rights provisions of the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR). For each case, the dataset provides a list of factual paragraphs (facts) from the case description. Each case is mapped to articles of ECHR that were allegedly violated (considered by the court).
#### scotus
The US Supreme Court (SCOTUS) is the highest federal court in the United States of America and generally hears only the most controversial or otherwise complex cases which have not been sufficiently well solved by lower courts. This is a single-label multi-class classification task, where given a document (court opinion), the task is to predict the relevant issue areas. The 14 issue areas cluster 278 issues whose focus is on the subject matter of the controversy (dispute).
#### eurlex
European Union (EU) legislation is published in EUR-Lex portal. All EU laws are annotated by EU's Publications Office with multiple concepts from the EuroVoc thesaurus, a multilingual thesaurus maintained by the Publications Office. The current version of EuroVoc contains more than 7k concepts referring to various activities of the EU and its Member States (e.g., economics, health-care, trade). Given a document, the task is to predict its EuroVoc labels (concepts).
#### ledgar
LEDGAR dataset aims contract provision (paragraph) classification. The contract provisions come from contracts obtained from the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings, which are publicly available from EDGAR. Each label represents the single main topic (theme) of the corresponding contract provision.
#### unfair_tos
The UNFAIR-ToS dataset contains 50 Terms of Service (ToS) from on-line platforms (e.g., YouTube, Ebay, Facebook, etc.). The dataset has been annotated on the sentence-level with 8 types of unfair contractual terms (sentences), meaning terms that potentially violate user rights according to the European consumer law.
#### case_hold
The CaseHOLD (Case Holdings on Legal Decisions) dataset includes multiple choice questions about holdings of US court cases from the Harvard Law Library case law corpus. Holdings are short summaries of legal rulings accompany referenced decisions relevant for the present case. The input consists of an excerpt (or prompt) from a court decision, containing a reference to a particular case, while the holding statement is masked out. The model must identify the correct (masked) holding statement from a selection of five choices.
The current leaderboard includes several Transformer-based (Vaswaniet al., 2017) pre-trained language models, which achieve state-of-the-art performance in most NLP tasks (Bommasani et al., 2021) and NLU benchmarks (Wang et al., 2019a). Results reported by [Chalkidis et al. (2021)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.00976):
*Task-wise Test Results*
<table>
<tr><td><b>Dataset</b></td><td><b>ECtHR A</b></td><td><b>ECtHR B</b></td><td><b>SCOTUS</b></td><td><b>EUR-LEX</b></td><td><b>LEDGAR</b></td><td><b>UNFAIR-ToS</b></td><td><b>CaseHOLD</b></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Model</b></td><td>μ-F1 / m-F1 </td><td>μ-F1 / m-F1 </td><td>μ-F1 / m-F1 </td><td>μ-F1 / m-F1 </td><td>μ-F1 / m-F1 </td><td>μ-F1 / m-F1</td><td>μ-F1 / m-F1 </td></tr>
<tr><td>TFIDF+SVM</td><td> 64.7 / 51.7 </td><td>74.6 / 65.1 </td><td> <b>78.2</b> / <b>69.5</b> </td><td>71.3 / 51.4 </td><td>87.2 / 82.4 </td><td>95.4 / 78.8</td><td>n/a </td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="8" style='text-align:center'><b>Medium-sized Models (L=12, H=768, A=12)</b></td></tr>
<td>BERT</td> <td> 71.2 / 63.6 </td> <td> 79.7 / 73.4 </td> <td> 68.3 / 58.3 </td> <td> 71.4 / 57.2 </td> <td> 87.6 / 81.8 </td> <td> 95.6 / 81.3 </td> <td> 70.8 </td> </tr>
<td>RoBERTa</td> <td> 69.2 / 59.0 </td> <td> 77.3 / 68.9 </td> <td> 71.6 / 62.0 </td> <td> 71.9 / <b>57.9</b> </td> <td> 87.9 / 82.3 </td> <td> 95.2 / 79.2 </td> <td> 71.4 </td> </tr>
<td>DeBERTa</td> <td> 70.0 / 60.8 </td> <td> 78.8 / 71.0 </td> <td> 71.1 / 62.7 </td> <td> <b>72.1</b> / 57.4 </td> <td> 88.2 / 83.1 </td> <td> 95.5 / 80.3 </td> <td> 72.6 </td> </tr>
<td>Longformer</td> <td> 69.9 / 64.7 </td> <td> 79.4 / 71.7 </td> <td> 72.9 / 64.0 </td> <td> 71.6 / 57.7 </td> <td> 88.2 / 83.0 </td> <td> 95.5 / 80.9 </td> <td> 71.9 </td> </tr>
<td>BigBird</td> <td> 70.0 / 62.9 </td> <td> 78.8 / 70.9 </td> <td> 72.8 / 62.0 </td> <td> 71.5 / 56.8 </td> <td> 87.8 / 82.6 </td> <td> 95.7 / 81.3 </td> <td> 70.8 </td> </tr>
<td>Legal-BERT</td> <td> 70.0 / 64.0 </td> <td> <b>80.4</b> / <b>74.7</b> </td> <td> 76.4 / 66.5 </td> <td> <b>72.1</b> / 57.4 </td> <td> 88.2 / 83.0 </td> <td> <b>96.0</b> / <b>83.0</b> </td> <td> 75.3 </td> </tr>
<td>CaseLaw-BERT</td> <td> 69.8 / 62.9 </td> <td> 78.8 / 70.3 </td> <td> 76.6 / 65.9 </td> <td> 70.7 / 56.6 </td> <td> 88.3 / 83.0 </td> <td> <b>96.0</b> / 82.3 </td> <td> <b>75.4</b> </td> </tr>
<tr><td colspan="8" style='text-align:center'><b>Large-sized Models (L=24, H=1024, A=18)</b></td></tr>
<tr><td>RoBERTa</td> <td> <b>73.8</b> / <b>67.6</b> </td> <td> 79.8 / 71.6 </td> <td> 75.5 / 66.3 </td> <td> 67.9 / 50.3 </td> <td> <b>88.6</b> / <b>83.6</b> </td> <td> 95.8 / 81.6 </td> <td> 74.4 </td> </tr>
</table>
*Averaged (Mean over Tasks) Test Results*
<table>
<tr><td><b>Averaging</b></td><td><b>Arithmetic</b></td><td><b>Harmonic</b></td><td><b>Geometric</b></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Model</b></td><td>μ-F1 / m-F1 </td><td>μ-F1 / m-F1 </td><td>μ-F1 / m-F1 </td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4" style='text-align:center'><b>Medium-sized Models (L=12, H=768, A=12)</b></td></tr>
<tr><td>BERT</td><td> 77.8 / 69.5 </td><td> 76.7 / 68.2 </td><td> 77.2 / 68.8 </td></tr>
<tr><td>RoBERTa</td><td> 77.8 / 68.7 </td><td> 76.8 / 67.5 </td><td> 77.3 / 68.1 </td></tr>
<tr><td>DeBERTa</td><td> 78.3 / 69.7 </td><td> 77.4 / 68.5 </td><td> 77.8 / 69.1 </td></tr>
<tr><td>Longformer</td><td> 78.5 / 70.5 </td><td> 77.5 / 69.5 </td><td> 78.0 / 70.0 </td></tr>
<tr><td>BigBird</td><td> 78.2 / 69.6 </td><td> 77.2 / 68.5 </td><td> 77.7 / 69.0 </td></tr>
<tr><td>Legal-BERT</td><td> <b>79.8</b> / <b>72.0</b> </td><td> <b>78.9</b> / <b>70.8</b> </td><td> <b>79.3</b> / <b>71.4</b> </td></tr>
<tr><td>CaseLaw-BERT</td><td> 79.4 / 70.9 </td><td> 78.5 / 69.7 </td><td> 78.9 / 70.3 </td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4" style='text-align:center'><b>Large-sized Models (L=24, H=1024, A=18)</b></td></tr>
<tr><td>RoBERTa</td><td> 79.4 / 70.8 </td><td> 78.4 / 69.1 </td><td> 78.9 / 70.0 </td></tr>
</table>
### Languages
We only consider English datasets, to make experimentation easier for researchers across the globe.
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### ecthr_a
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```json
{
"text": ["8. The applicant was arrested in the early morning of 21 October 1990 ...", ...],
"labels": [6]
}
```
#### ecthr_b
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```json
{
"text": ["8. The applicant was arrested in the early morning of 21 October 1990 ...", ...],
"label": [5, 6]
}
```
#### scotus
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```json
{
"text": "Per Curiam\nSUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES\nRANDY WHITE, WARDEN v. ROGER L. WHEELER\n Decided December 14, 2015\nPER CURIAM.\nA death sentence imposed by a Kentucky trial court and\naffirmed by the ...",
"label": 8
}
```
#### eurlex
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```json
{
"text": "COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 1629/96 of 13 August 1996 on an invitation to tender for the refund on export of wholly milled round grain rice to certain third countries ...",
"labels": [4, 20, 21, 35, 68]
}
```
#### ledgar
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```json
{
"text": "All Taxes shall be the financial responsibility of the party obligated to pay such Taxes as determined by applicable law and neither party is or shall be liable at any time for any of the other party ...",
"label": 32
}
```
#### unfair_tos
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```json
{
"text": "tinder may terminate your account at any time without notice if it believes that you have violated this agreement.",
"label": 2
}
```
#### casehold
An example of 'test' looks as follows.
```json
{
"context": "In Granato v. City and County of Denver, No. CIV 11-0304 MSK/BNB, 2011 WL 3820730 (D.Colo. Aug. 20, 2011), the Honorable Marcia S. Krieger, now-Chief United States District Judge for the District of Colorado, ruled similarly: At a minimum, a party asserting a Mo-nell claim must plead sufficient facts to identify ... to act pursuant to City or State policy, custom, decision, ordinance, re d 503, 506-07 (3d Cir.l985)(<HOLDING>).",
"endings": ["holding that courts are to accept allegations in the complaint as being true including monell policies and writing that a federal court reviewing the sufficiency of a complaint has a limited task",
"holding that for purposes of a class certification motion the court must accept as true all factual allegations in the complaint and may draw reasonable inferences therefrom",
"recognizing that the allegations of the complaint must be accepted as true on a threshold motion to dismiss",
"holding that a court need not accept as true conclusory allegations which are contradicted by documents referred to in the complaint",
"holding that where the defendant was in default the district court correctly accepted the fact allegations of the complaint as true"
],
"label": 0
}
```
### Data Fields
#### ecthr_a
- `text`: a list of `string` features (list of factual paragraphs (facts) from the case description).
- `labels`: a list of classification labels (a list of violated ECHR articles, if any) .
<details>
<summary>List of ECHR articles</summary>
"Article 2", "Article 3", "Article 5", "Article 6", "Article 8", "Article 9", "Article 10", "Article 11", "Article 14", "Article 1 of Protocol 1"
</details>
#### ecthr_b
- `text`: a list of `string` features (list of factual paragraphs (facts) from the case description)
- `labels`: a list of classification labels (a list of articles considered).
<details>
<summary>List of ECHR articles</summary>
"Article 2", "Article 3", "Article 5", "Article 6", "Article 8", "Article 9", "Article 10", "Article 11", "Article 14", "Article 1 of Protocol 1"
</details>
#### scotus
- `text`: a `string` feature (the court opinion).
- `label`: a classification label (the relevant issue area).
<details>
<summary>List of issue areas</summary>
(1, Criminal Procedure), (2, Civil Rights), (3, First Amendment), (4, Due Process), (5, Privacy), (6, Attorneys), (7, Unions), (8, Economic Activity), (9, Judicial Power), (10, Federalism), (11, Interstate Relations), (12, Federal Taxation), (13, Miscellaneous), (14, Private Action)
</details>
#### eurlex
- `text`: a `string` feature (an EU law).
- `labels`: a list of classification labels (a list of relevant EUROVOC concepts).
<details>
<summary>List of EUROVOC concepts</summary>
The list is very long including 100 EUROVOC concepts. You can find the EUROVOC concepts descriptors <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nlpaueb/multi-eurlex/master/data/eurovoc_descriptors.json">here</a>.
</details>
#### ledgar
- `text`: a `string` feature (a contract provision/paragraph).
- `label`: a classification label (the type of contract provision).
<details>
<summary>List of contract provision types</summary>
"Adjustments", "Agreements", "Amendments", "Anti-Corruption Laws", "Applicable Laws", "Approvals", "Arbitration", "Assignments", "Assigns", "Authority", "Authorizations", "Base Salary", "Benefits", "Binding Effects", "Books", "Brokers", "Capitalization", "Change In Control", "Closings", "Compliance With Laws", "Confidentiality", "Consent To Jurisdiction", "Consents", "Construction", "Cooperation", "Costs", "Counterparts", "Death", "Defined Terms", "Definitions", "Disability", "Disclosures", "Duties", "Effective Dates", "Effectiveness", "Employment", "Enforceability", "Enforcements", "Entire Agreements", "Erisa", "Existence", "Expenses", "Fees", "Financial Statements", "Forfeitures", "Further Assurances", "General", "Governing Laws", "Headings", "Indemnifications", "Indemnity", "Insurances", "Integration", "Intellectual Property", "Interests", "Interpretations", "Jurisdictions", "Liens", "Litigations", "Miscellaneous", "Modifications", "No Conflicts", "No Defaults", "No Waivers", "Non-Disparagement", "Notices", "Organizations", "Participations", "Payments", "Positions", "Powers", "Publicity", "Qualifications", "Records", "Releases", "Remedies", "Representations", "Sales", "Sanctions", "Severability", "Solvency", "Specific Performance", "Submission To Jurisdiction", "Subsidiaries", "Successors", "Survival", "Tax Withholdings", "Taxes", "Terminations", "Terms", "Titles", "Transactions With Affiliates", "Use Of Proceeds", "Vacations", "Venues", "Vesting", "Waiver Of Jury Trials", "Waivers", "Warranties", "Withholdings",
</details>
#### unfair_tos
- `text`: a `string` feature (a ToS sentence)
- `labels`: a list of classification labels (a list of unfair types, if any).
<details>
<summary>List of unfair types</summary>
"Limitation of liability", "Unilateral termination", "Unilateral change", "Content removal", "Contract by using", "Choice of law", "Jurisdiction", "Arbitration"
</details>
#### casehold
- `context`: a `string` feature (a context sentence incl. a masked holding statement).
- `holdings`: a list of `string` features (a list of candidate holding statements).
- `label`: a classification label (the id of the original/correct holding).
### Data Splits
<table>
<tr><td>Dataset </td><td>Training</td><td>Development</td><td>Test</td><td>Total</td></tr>
<tr><td>ECtHR (Task A)</td><td>9,000</td><td>1,000</td><td>1,000</td><td>11,000</td></tr>
<tr><td>ECtHR (Task B)</td><td>9,000</td><td>1,000</td><td>1,000</td><td>11,000</td></tr>
<tr><td>SCOTUS</td><td>5,000</td><td>1,400</td><td>1,400</td><td>7,800</td></tr>
<tr><td>EUR-LEX</td><td>55,000</td><td>5,000</td><td>5,000</td><td>65,000</td></tr>
<tr><td>LEDGAR</td><td>60,000</td><td>10,000</td><td>10,000</td><td>80,000</td></tr>
<tr><td>UNFAIR-ToS</td><td>5,532</td><td>2,275</td><td>1,607</td><td>9,414</td></tr>
<tr><td>CaseHOLD</td><td>45,000</td><td>3,900</td><td>3,900</td><td>52,800</td></tr>
</table>
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
<table>
<tr><td>Dataset</td><td>Source</td><td>Sub-domain</td><td>Task Type</td><tr>
<tr><td>ECtHR (Task A)</td><td> <a href="https://aclanthology.org/P19-1424/">Chalkidis et al. (2019)</a> </td><td>ECHR</td><td>Multi-label classification</td></tr>
<tr><td>ECtHR (Task B)</td><td> <a href="https://aclanthology.org/2021.naacl-main.22/">Chalkidis et al. (2021a)</a> </td><td>ECHR</td><td>Multi-label classification </td></tr>
<tr><td>SCOTUS</td><td> <a href="http://scdb.wustl.edu">Spaeth et al. (2020)</a></td><td>US Law</td><td>Multi-class classification</td></tr>
<tr><td>EUR-LEX</td><td> <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.00904">Chalkidis et al. (2021b)</a></td><td>EU Law</td><td>Multi-label classification</td></tr>
<tr><td>LEDGAR</td><td> <a href="https://aclanthology.org/2020.lrec-1.155/">Tuggener et al. (2020)</a></td><td>Contracts</td><td>Multi-class classification</td></tr>
<tr><td>UNFAIR-ToS</td><td><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.01217"> Lippi et al. (2019)</a></td><td>Contracts</td><td>Multi-label classification</td></tr>
<tr><td>CaseHOLD</td><td><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.08671">Zheng et al. (2021)</a></td><td>US Law</td><td>Multiple choice QA</td></tr>
</table>
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Dataset Curators
*Ilias Chalkidis, Abhik Jana, Dirk Hartung, Michael Bommarito, Ion Androutsopoulos, Daniel Martin Katz, and Nikolaos Aletras.*
*LexGLUE: A Benchmark Dataset for Legal Language Understanding in English.*
*2022. In the Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Dublin, Ireland.*
### Licensing Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Citation Information
[*Ilias Chalkidis, Abhik Jana, Dirk Hartung, Michael Bommarito, Ion Androutsopoulos, Daniel Martin Katz, and Nikolaos Aletras.*
*LexGLUE: A Benchmark Dataset for Legal Language Understanding in English.*
*2022. In the Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Dublin, Ireland.*](https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.00976)
```
@inproceedings{chalkidis-etal-2021-lexglue,
title={LexGLUE: A Benchmark Dataset for Legal Language Understanding in English},
author={Chalkidis, Ilias and Jana, Abhik and Hartung, Dirk and
Bommarito, Michael and Androutsopoulos, Ion and Katz, Daniel Martin and
Aletras, Nikolaos},
year={2022},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
address={Dubln, Ireland},
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@iliaschalkidis](https://github.com/iliaschalkidis) for adding this dataset. | 32,871 | [
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] |
allenai/nllb | 2022-09-29T18:53:15.000Z | [
"arxiv:2207.0467",
"arxiv:2205.12654",
"arxiv:2207.04672",
"region:us"
] | allenai | null | null | 77 | 20,362 | 2022-08-14T02:02:15 | # Dataset Card for No Language Left Behind (NLLB - 200vo)
## Table of Contents
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [Needs More Information]
- **Repository:** [Needs More Information]
- **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.0467
- **Leaderboard:** [Needs More Information]
- **Point of Contact:** [Needs More Information]
### Dataset Summary
This dataset was created based on [metadata](https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq/tree/nllb) for mined bitext released by Meta AI. It contains bitext for 148 English-centric and 1465 non-English-centric language pairs using the stopes mining library and the LASER3 encoders (Heffernan et al., 2022). The complete dataset is ~450GB.
[CCMatrix](https://opus.nlpl.eu/CCMatrix.php) contains previous versions of mined instructions.
#### How to use the data
There are two ways to access the data:
* Via the Hugging Face Python datasets library
For accessing a particular [language pair](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/nllb/blob/main/nllb_lang_pairs.py):
```
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("allenai/nllb", "ace_Latn-ban_Latn")
```
* Clone the git repo
```
git lfs install
git clone https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/nllb
```
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
N/A
### Languages
Language pairs can be found [here](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/nllb/blob/main/nllb_lang_pairs.py).
## Dataset Structure
The dataset contains gzipped tab delimited text files for each direction. Each text file contains lines with parallel sentences.
### Data Instances
The number of instances for each language pair can be found in the [dataset_infos.json](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/nllb/blob/main/dataset_infos.json) file.
### Data Fields
Every instance for a language pair contains the following fields: 'translation' (containing sentence pairs), 'laser_score', 'source_sentence_lid', 'target_sentence_lid', where 'lid' is language classification probability, 'source_sentence_source', 'source_sentence_url', 'target_sentence_source', 'target_sentence_url'.
* Sentence in first language
* Sentence in second language
* LASER score
* Language ID score for first sentence
* Language ID score for second sentence
* First sentence source (See [Source Data Table](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/nllb#source-data))
* First sentence URL if the source is crawl-data/\*; _ otherwise
* Second sentence source
* Second sentence URL if the source is crawl-data/\*; _ otherwise
The lines are sorted by LASER3 score in decreasing order.
Example:
```
{'translation': {'ace_Latn': 'Gobnyan hana geupeukeucewa gata atawa geutinggai meunan mantong gata."',
'ban_Latn': 'Ida nenten jaga manggayang wiadin ngutang semeton."'},
'laser_score': 1.2499876022338867,
'source_sentence_lid': 1.0000100135803223,
'target_sentence_lid': 0.9991400241851807,
'source_sentence_source': 'paracrawl9_hieu',
'source_sentence_url': '_',
'target_sentence_source': 'crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144165.4/wet/CC-MAIN-20200219153707-20200219183707-00232.warc.wet.gz',
'target_sentence_url': 'https://alkitab.mobi/tb/Ula/31/6/\n'}
```
### Data Splits
The data is not split. Given the noisy nature of the overall process, we recommend using the data only for training and use other datasets like [Flores-200](https://github.com/facebookresearch/flores) for the evaluation. The data includes some development and test sets from other datasets, such as xlsum. In addition, sourcing data from multiple web crawls is likely to produce incidental overlap with other test sets.
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
Data was filtered based on language identification, emoji based filtering, and for some high-resource languages using a language model. For more details on data filtering please refer to Section 5.2 (NLLB Team et al., 2022).
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
Monolingual data was collected from the following sources:
| Name in data | Source |
|------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| afriberta | https://github.com/castorini/afriberta |
| americasnlp | https://github.com/AmericasNLP/americasnlp2021/ |
| bho_resources | https://github.com/shashwatup9k/bho-resources |
| crawl-data/* | WET files from https://commoncrawl.org/the-data/get-started/ |
| emcorpus | http://lepage-lab.ips.waseda.ac.jp/en/projects/meiteilon-manipuri-language-resources/ |
| fbseed20220317 | https://github.com/facebookresearch/flores/tree/main/nllb_seed |
| giossa_mono | https://github.com/sgongora27/giossa-gongora-guarani-2021 |
| iitguwahati | https://github.com/priyanshu2103/Sanskrit-Hindi-Machine-Translation/tree/main/parallel-corpus |
| indic | https://indicnlp.ai4bharat.org/corpora/ |
| lacunaner | https://github.com/masakhane-io/lacuna_pos_ner/tree/main/language_corpus |
| leipzig | Community corpora from https://wortschatz.uni-leipzig.de/en/download for each year available |
| lowresmt2020 | https://github.com/panlingua/loresmt-2020 |
| masakhanener | https://github.com/masakhane-io/masakhane-ner/tree/main/MasakhaNER2.0/data |
| nchlt | https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/299 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/302 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/306 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/308 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/309 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/312 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/314 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/315 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/321 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/325 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/328 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/330 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/332 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/334 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/336 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/337 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/341 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/343 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/346 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/348 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/353 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/355 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/357 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/359 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/362 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/364 |
| paracrawl-2022-* | https://data.statmt.org/paracrawl/monolingual/ |
| paracrawl9* | https://paracrawl.eu/moredata the monolingual release |
| pmi | https://data.statmt.org/pmindia/ |
| til | https://github.com/turkic-interlingua/til-mt/tree/master/til_corpus |
| w2c | https://lindat.mff.cuni.cz/repository/xmlui/handle/11858/00-097C-0000-0022-6133-9 |
| xlsum | https://github.com/csebuetnlp/xl-sum |
#### Who are the source language producers?
Text was collected from the web and various monolingual data sets, many of which are also web crawls. This may have been written by people, generated by templates, or in some cases be machine translation output.
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
Parallel sentences in the monolingual data were identified using LASER3 encoders. (Heffernan et al., 2022)
#### Who are the annotators?
The data was not human annotated.
### Personal and Sensitive Information
Data may contain personally identifiable information, sensitive content, or toxic content that was publicly shared on the Internet.
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
This dataset provides data for training machine learning systems for many languages that have low resources available for NLP.
### Discussion of Biases
Biases in the data have not been specifically studied, however as the original source of data is World Wide Web it is likely that the data has biases similar to those prevalent in the Internet. The data may also exhibit biases introduced by language identification and data filtering techniques; lower resource languages generally have lower accuracy.
### Other Known Limitations
Some of the translations are in fact machine translations. While some website machine translation tools are identifiable from HTML source, these tools were not filtered out en mass because raw HTML was not available from some sources and CommonCrawl processing started from WET files.
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
The data was not curated.
### Licensing Information
The dataset is released under the terms of [ODC-BY](https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1-0/). By using this, you are also bound to the respective Terms of Use and License of the original source.
### Citation Information
Schwenk et al, CCMatrix: Mining Billions of High-Quality Parallel Sentences on the Web. ACL https://aclanthology.org/2021.acl-long.507/
Hefferman et al, Bitext Mining Using Distilled Sentence Representations for Low-Resource Languages. Arxiv https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.12654, 2022.<br>
NLLB Team et al, No Language Left Behind: Scaling Human-Centered Machine Translation, Arxiv https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.04672, 2022.
### Contributions
We thank the NLLB Meta AI team for open sourcing the meta data and instructions on how to use it with special thanks to Bapi Akula, Pierre Andrews, Onur Çelebi, Sergey Edunov, Kenneth Heafield, Philipp Koehn, Alex Mourachko, Safiyyah Saleem, Holger Schwenk, and Guillaume Wenzek. We also thank the AllenNLP team at AI2 for hosting and releasing this data, including Akshita Bhagia (for engineering efforts to host the data, and create the huggingface dataset), and Jesse Dodge (for organizing the connection).
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cosmos_qa | 2023-04-05T10:02:42.000Z | [
"task_categories:multiple-choice",
"task_ids:multiple-choice-qa",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:found",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:cc-by-4.0",
"arxiv:1909.00277",
"region:us"
] | null | Cosmos QA is a large-scale dataset of 35.6K problems that require commonsense-based reading comprehension, formulated as multiple-choice questions. It focuses on reading between the lines over a diverse collection of people's everyday narratives, asking questions concerning on the likely causes or effects of events that require reasoning beyond the exact text spans in the context | @inproceedings{huang-etal-2019-cosmos,
title = "Cosmos {QA}: Machine Reading Comprehension with Contextual Commonsense Reasoning",
author = "Huang, Lifu and
Le Bras, Ronan and
Bhagavatula, Chandra and
Choi, Yejin",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)",
month = nov,
year = "2019",
address = "Hong Kong, China",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D19-1243",
doi = "10.18653/v1/D19-1243",
pages = "2391--2401",
} | 9 | 20,192 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language:
- en
language_creators:
- found
license:
- cc-by-4.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
pretty_name: CosmosQA
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- multiple-choice
task_ids:
- multiple-choice-qa
paperswithcode_id: cosmosqa
dataset_info:
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: context
dtype: string
- name: question
dtype: string
- name: answer0
dtype: string
- name: answer1
dtype: string
- name: answer2
dtype: string
- name: answer3
dtype: string
- name: label
dtype: int32
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 17159918
num_examples: 25262
- name: test
num_bytes: 5121479
num_examples: 6963
- name: validation
num_bytes: 2186987
num_examples: 2985
download_size: 24399475
dataset_size: 24468384
---
# Dataset Card for "cosmos_qa"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://wilburone.github.io/cosmos/](https://wilburone.github.io/cosmos/)
- **Repository:** https://github.com/wilburOne/cosmosqa/
- **Paper:** [Cosmos QA: Machine Reading Comprehension with Contextual Commonsense Reasoning](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.00277)
- **Point of Contact:** [Lifu Huang](mailto:warrior.fu@gmail.com)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 24.40 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 24.51 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 48.91 MB
### Dataset Summary
Cosmos QA is a large-scale dataset of 35.6K problems that require commonsense-based reading comprehension, formulated as multiple-choice questions. It focuses on reading between the lines over a diverse collection of people's everyday narratives, asking questions concerning on the likely causes or effects of events that require reasoning beyond the exact text spans in the context
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### default
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 24.40 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 24.51 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 48.91 MB
An example of 'validation' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{
"answer0": "If he gets married in the church he wo nt have to get a divorce .",
"answer1": "He wants to get married to a different person .",
"answer2": "He wants to know if he does nt like this girl can he divorce her ?",
"answer3": "None of the above choices .",
"context": "\"Do i need to go for a legal divorce ? I wanted to marry a woman but she is not in the same religion , so i am not concern of th...",
"id": "3BFF0DJK8XA7YNK4QYIGCOG1A95STE##3180JW2OT5AF02OISBX66RFOCTG5J7##A2LTOS0AZ3B28A##Blog_56156##q1_a1##378G7J1SJNCDAAIN46FM2P7T6KZEW2",
"label": 1,
"question": "Why is this person asking about divorce ?"
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### default
- `id`: a `string` feature.
- `context`: a `string` feature.
- `question`: a `string` feature.
- `answer0`: a `string` feature.
- `answer1`: a `string` feature.
- `answer2`: a `string` feature.
- `answer3`: a `string` feature.
- `label`: a `int32` feature.
### Data Splits
| name |train|validation|test|
|-------|----:|---------:|---:|
|default|25262| 2985|6963|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
As reported via email by Yejin Choi, the dataset is licensed under [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) license.
### Citation Information
```
@inproceedings{huang-etal-2019-cosmos,
title = "Cosmos {QA}: Machine Reading Comprehension with Contextual Commonsense Reasoning",
author = "Huang, Lifu and
Le Bras, Ronan and
Bhagavatula, Chandra and
Choi, Yejin",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)",
month = nov,
year = "2019",
address = "Hong Kong, China",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D19-1243",
doi = "10.18653/v1/D19-1243",
pages = "2391--2401",
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@patrickvonplaten](https://github.com/patrickvonplaten), [@lewtun](https://github.com/lewtun), [@albertvillanova](https://github.com/albertvillanova), [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf) for adding this dataset. | 7,507 | [
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snli | 2023-01-25T14:44:35.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-classification",
"task_ids:natural-language-inference",
"task_ids:multi-input-text-classification",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:crowdsourced",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:100K<n<1M",
"source_datasets:extended|other-flicker-30k",
"source_datasets:extended|other-visual-genome",
"language:en",
"license:cc-by-4.0",
"arxiv:1909.02209",
"region:us"
] | null | The SNLI corpus (version 1.0) is a collection of 570k human-written English
sentence pairs manually labeled for balanced classification with the labels
entailment, contradiction, and neutral, supporting the task of natural language
inference (NLI), also known as recognizing textual entailment (RTE). | @inproceedings{snli:emnlp2015,
Author = {Bowman, Samuel R. and Angeli, Gabor and Potts, Christopher, and Manning, Christopher D.},
Booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)},
Publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
Title = {A large annotated corpus for learning natural language inference},
Year = {2015}
} | 32 | 19,998 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
language:
- en
license:
- cc-by-4.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
source_datasets:
- extended|other-flicker-30k
- extended|other-visual-genome
task_categories:
- text-classification
task_ids:
- natural-language-inference
- multi-input-text-classification
paperswithcode_id: snli
pretty_name: Stanford Natural Language Inference
dataset_info:
features:
- name: premise
dtype: string
- name: hypothesis
dtype: string
- name: label
dtype:
class_label:
names:
'0': entailment
'1': neutral
'2': contradiction
config_name: plain_text
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 1263912
num_examples: 10000
- name: train
num_bytes: 66159510
num_examples: 550152
- name: validation
num_bytes: 1268044
num_examples: 10000
download_size: 94550081
dataset_size: 68691466
---
# Dataset Card for SNLI
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [SNLI homepage](https://nlp.stanford.edu/projects/snli/)
- **Repository:**
- **Paper:** [A large annotated corpus for learning natural langauge inference](https://nlp.stanford.edu/pubs/snli_paper.pdf)
- **Leaderboard:** [SNLI leaderboard](https://nlp.stanford.edu/projects/snli/) (located on the homepage)
- **Point of Contact:** [Samuel Bowman](mailto:bowman@nyu.edu) and [Gabor Angeli](mailto:angeli@stanford.edu)
### Dataset Summary
The SNLI corpus (version 1.0) is a collection of 570k human-written English sentence pairs manually labeled for balanced classification with the labels entailment, contradiction, and neutral, supporting the task of natural language inference (NLI), also known as recognizing textual entailment (RTE).
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[SemBERT](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.02209.pdf) (Zhousheng Zhang et al, 2019b) is currently listed as SOTA, achieving 91.9% accuracy on the test set. See the [corpus webpage](https://nlp.stanford.edu/projects/snli/) for a list of published results.
### Languages
The language in the dataset is English as spoken by users of the website Flickr and as spoken by crowdworkers from Amazon Mechanical Turk. The BCP-47 code for English is en.
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
For each instance, there is a string for the premise, a string for the hypothesis, and an integer for the label. Note that each premise may appear three times with a different hypothesis and label. See the [SNLI corpus viewer](https://huggingface.co/datasets/viewer/?dataset=snli) to explore more examples.
```
{'premise': 'Two women are embracing while holding to go packages.'
'hypothesis': 'The sisters are hugging goodbye while holding to go packages after just eating lunch.'
'label': 1}
```
The average token count for the premises and hypotheses are given below:
| Feature | Mean Token Count |
| ---------- | ---------------- |
| Premise | 14.1 |
| Hypothesis | 8.3 |
### Data Fields
- `premise`: a string used to determine the truthfulness of the hypothesis
- `hypothesis`: a string that may be true, false, or whose truth conditions may not be knowable when compared to the premise
- `label`: an integer whose value may be either _0_, indicating that the hypothesis entails the premise, _1_, indicating that the premise and hypothesis neither entail nor contradict each other, or _2_, indicating that the hypothesis contradicts the premise. Dataset instances which don't have any gold label are marked with -1 label. Make sure you filter them before starting the training using `datasets.Dataset.filter`.
### Data Splits
The SNLI dataset has 3 splits: _train_, _validation_, and _test_. All of the examples in the _validation_ and _test_ sets come from the set that was annotated in the validation task with no-consensus examples removed. The remaining multiply-annotated examples are in the training set with no-consensus examples removed. Each unique premise/caption shows up in only one split, even though they usually appear in at least three different examples.
| Dataset Split | Number of Instances in Split |
| ------------- |----------------------------- |
| Train | 550,152 |
| Validation | 10,000 |
| Test | 10,000 |
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
The [SNLI corpus (version 1.0)](https://nlp.stanford.edu/projects/snli/) was developed as a benchmark for natural langauge inference (NLI), also known as recognizing textual entailment (RTE), with the goal of producing a dataset large enough to train models using neural methodologies.
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
The hypotheses were elicited by presenting crowdworkers with captions from preexisting datasets without the associated photos, but the vocabulary of the hypotheses still reflects the content of the photos as well as the caption style of writing (e.g. mostly present tense). The dataset developers report 37,026 distinct words in the corpus, ignoring case. They allowed bare NPs as well as full sentences. Using the Stanford PCFG Parser 3.5.2 (Klein and Manning, 2003) trained on the standard training set as well as on the Brown Corpus (Francis and Kucera 1979), the authors report that 74% of the premises and 88.9% of the hypotheses result in a parse rooted with an 'S'. The corpus was developed between 2014 and 2015.
Crowdworkers were presented with a caption without the associated photo and asked to produce three alternate captions, one that is definitely true, one that might be true, and one that is definitely false. See Section 2.1 and Figure 1 for details (Bowman et al., 2015).
The corpus includes content from the [Flickr 30k corpus](http://shannon.cs.illinois.edu/DenotationGraph/) and the [VisualGenome corpus](https://visualgenome.org/). The photo captions used to prompt the data creation were collected on Flickr by [Young et al. (2014)](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Q14-1006.pdf), who extended the Flickr 8K dataset developed by [Hodosh et al. (2013)](https://www.jair.org/index.php/jair/article/view/10833). Hodosh et al. collected photos from the following Flickr groups: strangers!, Wild-Child (Kids in Action), Dogs in Action (Read the Rules), Outdoor Activities, Action Photography, Flickr-Social (two or more people in the photo). Young et al. do not list the specific groups they collected photos from. The VisualGenome corpus also contains images from Flickr, originally collected in [MS-COCO](https://cocodataset.org/#home) and [YFCC100M](http://projects.dfki.uni-kl.de/yfcc100m/).
The premises from the Flickr 30k corpus corrected for spelling using the Linux spell checker and ungrammatical sentences were removed. Bowman et al. do not report any normalization, though they note that punctuation and capitalization are often omitted.
#### Who are the source language producers?
A large portion of the premises (160k) were produced in the [Flickr 30k corpus](http://shannon.cs.illinois.edu/DenotationGraph/) by an unknown number of crowdworkers. About 2,500 crowdworkers from Amazon Mechanical Turk produced the associated hypotheses. The premises from the Flickr 30k project describe people and animals whose photos were collected and presented to the Flickr 30k crowdworkers, but the SNLI corpus did not present the photos to the hypotheses creators.
The Flickr 30k corpus did not report crowdworker or photo subject demographic information or crowdworker compensation. The SNLI crowdworkers were compensated per HIT at rates between $.1 and $.5 with no incentives. Workers who ignored the guidelines were disqualified, and automated bulk submissions were rejected. No demographic information was collected from the SNLI crowdworkers.
An additional 4,000 premises come from the pilot study of the [VisualGenome corpus](https://visualgenome.org/static/paper/Visual_Genome.pdf). Though the pilot study itself is not described, the location information of the 33,000 AMT crowdworkers that participated over the course of the 6 months of data collection are aggregated. Most of the workers were located in the United States (93%), with others from the Philippines, Kenya, India, Russia, and Canada. Workers were paid $6-$8 per hour.
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
56,941 of the total sentence pairs were further annotated in a validation task. Four annotators each labeled a premise-hypothesis pair as entailment, contradiction, or neither, resulting in 5 total judgements including the original hypothesis author judgement. See Section 2.2 for more details (Bowman et al., 2015).
The authors report 3/5 annotator agreement on 98% of the validation set and unanimous annotator agreement on 58.3% of the validation set. If a label was chosen by three annotators, that label was made the gold label. Following from this, 2% of the data did not have a consensus label and was labeled '-' by the authors.
| Label | Fleiss κ |
| --------------- |--------- |
| _contradiction_ | 0.77 |
| _entailment_ | 0.72 |
| _neutral_ | 0.60 |
| overall | 0.70 |
#### Who are the annotators?
The annotators of the validation task were a closed set of about 30 trusted crowdworkers on Amazon Mechanical Turk. No demographic information was collected. Annotators were compensated per HIT between $.1 and $.5 with $1 bonuses in cases where annotator labels agreed with the curators' labels for 250 randomly distributed examples.
### Personal and Sensitive Information
The dataset does not contain any personal information about the authors or the crowdworkers, but may contain descriptions of the people in the original Flickr photos.
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
This dataset was developed as a benchmark for evaluating representational systems for text, especially including those induced by representation learning methods, in the task of predicting truth conditions in a given context. (It should be noted that the truth conditions of a hypothesis given a premise does not necessarily match the truth conditions of the hypothesis in the real world.) Systems that are successful at such a task may be more successful in modeling semantic representations.
### Discussion of Biases
The language reflects the content of the photos collected from Flickr, as described in the [Data Collection](#initial-data-collection-and-normalization) section. [Rudinger et al (2017)](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-1609.pdf) use pointwise mutual information to calculate a measure of association between a manually selected list of tokens corresponding to identity categories and the other words in the corpus, showing strong evidence of stereotypes across gender categories. They also provide examples in which crowdworkers reproduced harmful stereotypes or pejorative language in the hypotheses.
### Other Known Limitations
[Gururangan et al (2018)](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2017.pdf), [Poliak et al (2018)](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2023.pdf), and [Tsuchiya (2018)](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1239.pdf) show that the SNLI corpus has a number of annotation artifacts. Using various classifiers, Poliak et al correctly predicted the label of the hypothesis 69% of the time without using the premise, Gururangan et al 67% of the time, and Tsuchiya 63% of the time.
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
The SNLI corpus was developed by Samuel R. Bowman, Gabor Angeli, Christopher Potts, and Christopher D. Manning as part of the [Stanford NLP group](https://nlp.stanford.edu/).
It was supported by a Google Faculty Research Award, a gift from Bloomberg L.P., the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Deep Exploration and Filtering of Text (DEFT) Program under Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) contract no. FA8750-13-2-0040, the National Science Foundation under grant no. IIS 1159679, and the Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research, under grant no. N00014-10-1-0109.
### Licensing Information
The Stanford Natural Language Inference Corpus is licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).
### Citation Information
```
@inproceedings{snli:emnlp2015,
Author = {Bowman, Samuel R. and Angeli, Gabor and Potts, Christopher, and Manning, Christopher D.},
Booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)},
Publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
Title = {A large annotated corpus for learning natural language inference},
Year = {2015}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@mariamabarham](https://github.com/mariamabarham), [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf), [@lewtun](https://github.com/lewtun), [@patrickvonplaten](https://github.com/patrickvonplaten) and [@mcmillanmajora](https://github.com/mcmillanmajora) for adding this dataset. | 14,092 | [
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anli | 2023-04-05T09:33:23.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-classification",
"task_ids:natural-language-inference",
"task_ids:multi-input-text-classification",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"annotations_creators:machine-generated",
"language_creators:found",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:100K<n<1M",
"source_datasets:original",
"source_datasets:extended|hotpot_qa",
"language:en",
"license:cc-by-nc-4.0",
"arxiv:1910.14599",
"region:us"
] | null | The Adversarial Natural Language Inference (ANLI) is a new large-scale NLI benchmark dataset,
The dataset is collected via an iterative, adversarial human-and-model-in-the-loop procedure.
ANLI is much more difficult than its predecessors including SNLI and MNLI.
It contains three rounds. Each round has train/dev/test splits. | @InProceedings{nie2019adversarial,
title={Adversarial NLI: A New Benchmark for Natural Language Understanding},
author={Nie, Yixin
and Williams, Adina
and Dinan, Emily
and Bansal, Mohit
and Weston, Jason
and Kiela, Douwe},
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
year = "2020",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
} | 22 | 19,862 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
- machine-generated
language_creators:
- found
language:
- en
license:
- cc-by-nc-4.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
source_datasets:
- original
- extended|hotpot_qa
task_categories:
- text-classification
task_ids:
- natural-language-inference
- multi-input-text-classification
paperswithcode_id: anli
pretty_name: Adversarial NLI
dataset_info:
features:
- name: uid
dtype: string
- name: premise
dtype: string
- name: hypothesis
dtype: string
- name: label
dtype:
class_label:
names:
'0': entailment
'1': neutral
'2': contradiction
- name: reason
dtype: string
config_name: plain_text
splits:
- name: train_r1
num_bytes: 8006920
num_examples: 16946
- name: dev_r1
num_bytes: 573444
num_examples: 1000
- name: test_r1
num_bytes: 574933
num_examples: 1000
- name: train_r2
num_bytes: 20801661
num_examples: 45460
- name: dev_r2
num_bytes: 556082
num_examples: 1000
- name: test_r2
num_bytes: 572655
num_examples: 1000
- name: train_r3
num_bytes: 44720895
num_examples: 100459
- name: dev_r3
num_bytes: 663164
num_examples: 1200
- name: test_r3
num_bytes: 657602
num_examples: 1200
download_size: 18621352
dataset_size: 77127356
---
# Dataset Card for "anli"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:**
- **Repository:** [https://github.com/facebookresearch/anli/](https://github.com/facebookresearch/anli/)
- **Paper:** [Adversarial NLI: A New Benchmark for Natural Language Understanding](https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.14599)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 18.62 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 77.12 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 95.75 MB
### Dataset Summary
The Adversarial Natural Language Inference (ANLI) is a new large-scale NLI benchmark dataset,
The dataset is collected via an iterative, adversarial human-and-model-in-the-loop procedure.
ANLI is much more difficult than its predecessors including SNLI and MNLI.
It contains three rounds. Each round has train/dev/test splits.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
English
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### plain_text
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 18.62 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 77.12 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 95.75 MB
An example of 'train_r2' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{
"hypothesis": "Idris Sultan was born in the first month of the year preceding 1994.",
"label": 0,
"premise": "\"Idris Sultan (born January 1993) is a Tanzanian Actor and comedian, actor and radio host who won the Big Brother Africa-Hotshot...",
"reason": "",
"uid": "ed5c37ab-77c5-4dbc-ba75-8fd617b19712"
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### plain_text
- `uid`: a `string` feature.
- `premise`: a `string` feature.
- `hypothesis`: a `string` feature.
- `label`: a classification label, with possible values including `entailment` (0), `neutral` (1), `contradiction` (2).
- `reason`: a `string` feature.
### Data Splits
| name |train_r1|dev_r1|train_r2|dev_r2|train_r3|dev_r3|test_r1|test_r2|test_r3|
|----------|-------:|-----:|-------:|-----:|-------:|-----:|------:|------:|------:|
|plain_text| 16946| 1000| 45460| 1000| 100459| 1200| 1000| 1000| 1200|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
[cc-4 Attribution-NonCommercial](https://github.com/facebookresearch/anli/blob/main/LICENSE)
### Citation Information
```
@InProceedings{nie2019adversarial,
title={Adversarial NLI: A New Benchmark for Natural Language Understanding},
author={Nie, Yixin
and Williams, Adina
and Dinan, Emily
and Bansal, Mohit
and Weston, Jason
and Kiela, Douwe},
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
year = "2020",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf), [@easonnie](https://github.com/easonnie), [@lhoestq](https://github.com/lhoestq), [@patrickvonplaten](https://github.com/patrickvonplaten) for adding this dataset. | 7,467 | [
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] |
imagenet-1k | 2023-09-25T19:42:34.000Z | [
"task_categories:image-classification",
"task_ids:multi-class-image-classification",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:crowdsourced",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:1M<n<10M",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:other",
"arxiv:1409.0575",
"arxiv:1912.07726",
"arxiv:1811.12231",
"arxiv:2109.13228",
"region:us"
] | null | ILSVRC 2012, commonly known as 'ImageNet' is an image dataset organized according to the WordNet hierarchy. Each meaningful concept in WordNet, possibly described by multiple words or word phrases, is called a "synonym set" or "synset". There are more than 100,000 synsets in WordNet, majority of them are nouns (80,000+). ImageNet aims to provide on average 1000 images to illustrate each synset. Images of each concept are quality-controlled and human-annotated. In its completion, ImageNet hopes to offer tens of millions of cleanly sorted images for most of the concepts in the WordNet hierarchy. ImageNet 2012 is the most commonly used subset of ImageNet. This dataset spans 1000 object classes and contains 1,281,167 training images, 50,000 validation images and 100,000 test images | @article{imagenet15russakovsky,
Author = {Olga Russakovsky and Jia Deng and Hao Su and Jonathan Krause and Sanjeev Satheesh and Sean Ma and Zhiheng Huang and Andrej Karpathy and Aditya Khosla and Michael Bernstein and Alexander C. Berg and Li Fei-Fei},
Title = { {ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge} },
Year = {2015},
journal = {International Journal of Computer Vision (IJCV)},
doi = {10.1007/s11263-015-0816-y},
volume={115},
number={3},
pages={211-252}
} | 182 | 19,787 | 2022-05-02T16:33:23 | ---
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
language:
- en
license:
- other
license_details: imagenet-agreement
multilinguality:
- monolingual
paperswithcode_id: imagenet
pretty_name: ImageNet
size_categories:
- 1M<n<10M
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- image-classification
task_ids:
- multi-class-image-classification
extra_gated_prompt: 'By clicking on “Access repository” below, you also agree to ImageNet
Terms of Access:
[RESEARCHER_FULLNAME] (the "Researcher") has requested permission to use the ImageNet
database (the "Database") at Princeton University and Stanford University. In exchange
for such permission, Researcher hereby agrees to the following terms and conditions:
1. Researcher shall use the Database only for non-commercial research and educational
purposes.
2. Princeton University, Stanford University and Hugging Face make no representations
or warranties regarding the Database, including but not limited to warranties of
non-infringement or fitness for a particular purpose.
3. Researcher accepts full responsibility for his or her use of the Database and
shall defend and indemnify the ImageNet team, Princeton University, Stanford University
and Hugging Face, including their employees, Trustees, officers and agents, against
any and all claims arising from Researcher''s use of the Database, including but
not limited to Researcher''s use of any copies of copyrighted images that he or
she may create from the Database.
4. Researcher may provide research associates and colleagues with access to the
Database provided that they first agree to be bound by these terms and conditions.
5. Princeton University, Stanford University and Hugging Face reserve the right
to terminate Researcher''s access to the Database at any time.
6. If Researcher is employed by a for-profit, commercial entity, Researcher''s employer
shall also be bound by these terms and conditions, and Researcher hereby represents
that he or she is fully authorized to enter into this agreement on behalf of such
employer.
7. The law of the State of New Jersey shall apply to all disputes under this agreement.'
dataset_info:
features:
- name: image
dtype: image
- name: label
dtype:
class_label:
names:
0: tench, Tinca tinca
1: goldfish, Carassius auratus
2: great white shark, white shark, man-eater, man-eating shark, Carcharodon
carcharias
3: tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvieri
4: hammerhead, hammerhead shark
5: electric ray, crampfish, numbfish, torpedo
6: stingray
7: cock
8: hen
9: ostrich, Struthio camelus
10: brambling, Fringilla montifringilla
11: goldfinch, Carduelis carduelis
12: house finch, linnet, Carpodacus mexicanus
13: junco, snowbird
14: indigo bunting, indigo finch, indigo bird, Passerina cyanea
15: robin, American robin, Turdus migratorius
16: bulbul
17: jay
18: magpie
19: chickadee
20: water ouzel, dipper
21: kite
22: bald eagle, American eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus
23: vulture
24: great grey owl, great gray owl, Strix nebulosa
25: European fire salamander, Salamandra salamandra
26: common newt, Triturus vulgaris
27: eft
28: spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum
29: axolotl, mud puppy, Ambystoma mexicanum
30: bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana
31: tree frog, tree-frog
32: tailed frog, bell toad, ribbed toad, tailed toad, Ascaphus trui
33: loggerhead, loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta
34: leatherback turtle, leatherback, leathery turtle, Dermochelys coriacea
35: mud turtle
36: terrapin
37: box turtle, box tortoise
38: banded gecko
39: common iguana, iguana, Iguana iguana
40: American chameleon, anole, Anolis carolinensis
41: whiptail, whiptail lizard
42: agama
43: frilled lizard, Chlamydosaurus kingi
44: alligator lizard
45: Gila monster, Heloderma suspectum
46: green lizard, Lacerta viridis
47: African chameleon, Chamaeleo chamaeleon
48: Komodo dragon, Komodo lizard, dragon lizard, giant lizard, Varanus komodoensis
49: African crocodile, Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus
50: American alligator, Alligator mississipiensis
51: triceratops
52: thunder snake, worm snake, Carphophis amoenus
53: ringneck snake, ring-necked snake, ring snake
54: hognose snake, puff adder, sand viper
55: green snake, grass snake
56: king snake, kingsnake
57: garter snake, grass snake
58: water snake
59: vine snake
60: night snake, Hypsiglena torquata
61: boa constrictor, Constrictor constrictor
62: rock python, rock snake, Python sebae
63: Indian cobra, Naja naja
64: green mamba
65: sea snake
66: horned viper, cerastes, sand viper, horned asp, Cerastes cornutus
67: diamondback, diamondback rattlesnake, Crotalus adamanteus
68: sidewinder, horned rattlesnake, Crotalus cerastes
69: trilobite
70: harvestman, daddy longlegs, Phalangium opilio
71: scorpion
72: black and gold garden spider, Argiope aurantia
73: barn spider, Araneus cavaticus
74: garden spider, Aranea diademata
75: black widow, Latrodectus mactans
76: tarantula
77: wolf spider, hunting spider
78: tick
79: centipede
80: black grouse
81: ptarmigan
82: ruffed grouse, partridge, Bonasa umbellus
83: prairie chicken, prairie grouse, prairie fowl
84: peacock
85: quail
86: partridge
87: African grey, African gray, Psittacus erithacus
88: macaw
89: sulphur-crested cockatoo, Kakatoe galerita, Cacatua galerita
90: lorikeet
91: coucal
92: bee eater
93: hornbill
94: hummingbird
95: jacamar
96: toucan
97: drake
98: red-breasted merganser, Mergus serrator
99: goose
100: black swan, Cygnus atratus
101: tusker
102: echidna, spiny anteater, anteater
103: platypus, duckbill, duckbilled platypus, duck-billed platypus, Ornithorhynchus
anatinus
104: wallaby, brush kangaroo
105: koala, koala bear, kangaroo bear, native bear, Phascolarctos cinereus
106: wombat
107: jellyfish
108: sea anemone, anemone
109: brain coral
110: flatworm, platyhelminth
111: nematode, nematode worm, roundworm
112: conch
113: snail
114: slug
115: sea slug, nudibranch
116: chiton, coat-of-mail shell, sea cradle, polyplacophore
117: chambered nautilus, pearly nautilus, nautilus
118: Dungeness crab, Cancer magister
119: rock crab, Cancer irroratus
120: fiddler crab
121: king crab, Alaska crab, Alaskan king crab, Alaska king crab, Paralithodes
camtschatica
122: American lobster, Northern lobster, Maine lobster, Homarus americanus
123: spiny lobster, langouste, rock lobster, crawfish, crayfish, sea crawfish
124: crayfish, crawfish, crawdad, crawdaddy
125: hermit crab
126: isopod
127: white stork, Ciconia ciconia
128: black stork, Ciconia nigra
129: spoonbill
130: flamingo
131: little blue heron, Egretta caerulea
132: American egret, great white heron, Egretta albus
133: bittern
134: crane
135: limpkin, Aramus pictus
136: European gallinule, Porphyrio porphyrio
137: American coot, marsh hen, mud hen, water hen, Fulica americana
138: bustard
139: ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres
140: red-backed sandpiper, dunlin, Erolia alpina
141: redshank, Tringa totanus
142: dowitcher
143: oystercatcher, oyster catcher
144: pelican
145: king penguin, Aptenodytes patagonica
146: albatross, mollymawk
147: grey whale, gray whale, devilfish, Eschrichtius gibbosus, Eschrichtius
robustus
148: killer whale, killer, orca, grampus, sea wolf, Orcinus orca
149: dugong, Dugong dugon
150: sea lion
151: Chihuahua
152: Japanese spaniel
153: Maltese dog, Maltese terrier, Maltese
154: Pekinese, Pekingese, Peke
155: Shih-Tzu
156: Blenheim spaniel
157: papillon
158: toy terrier
159: Rhodesian ridgeback
160: Afghan hound, Afghan
161: basset, basset hound
162: beagle
163: bloodhound, sleuthhound
164: bluetick
165: black-and-tan coonhound
166: Walker hound, Walker foxhound
167: English foxhound
168: redbone
169: borzoi, Russian wolfhound
170: Irish wolfhound
171: Italian greyhound
172: whippet
173: Ibizan hound, Ibizan Podenco
174: Norwegian elkhound, elkhound
175: otterhound, otter hound
176: Saluki, gazelle hound
177: Scottish deerhound, deerhound
178: Weimaraner
179: Staffordshire bullterrier, Staffordshire bull terrier
180: American Staffordshire terrier, Staffordshire terrier, American pit
bull terrier, pit bull terrier
181: Bedlington terrier
182: Border terrier
183: Kerry blue terrier
184: Irish terrier
185: Norfolk terrier
186: Norwich terrier
187: Yorkshire terrier
188: wire-haired fox terrier
189: Lakeland terrier
190: Sealyham terrier, Sealyham
191: Airedale, Airedale terrier
192: cairn, cairn terrier
193: Australian terrier
194: Dandie Dinmont, Dandie Dinmont terrier
195: Boston bull, Boston terrier
196: miniature schnauzer
197: giant schnauzer
198: standard schnauzer
199: Scotch terrier, Scottish terrier, Scottie
200: Tibetan terrier, chrysanthemum dog
201: silky terrier, Sydney silky
202: soft-coated wheaten terrier
203: West Highland white terrier
204: Lhasa, Lhasa apso
205: flat-coated retriever
206: curly-coated retriever
207: golden retriever
208: Labrador retriever
209: Chesapeake Bay retriever
210: German short-haired pointer
211: vizsla, Hungarian pointer
212: English setter
213: Irish setter, red setter
214: Gordon setter
215: Brittany spaniel
216: clumber, clumber spaniel
217: English springer, English springer spaniel
218: Welsh springer spaniel
219: cocker spaniel, English cocker spaniel, cocker
220: Sussex spaniel
221: Irish water spaniel
222: kuvasz
223: schipperke
224: groenendael
225: malinois
226: briard
227: kelpie
228: komondor
229: Old English sheepdog, bobtail
230: Shetland sheepdog, Shetland sheep dog, Shetland
231: collie
232: Border collie
233: Bouvier des Flandres, Bouviers des Flandres
234: Rottweiler
235: German shepherd, German shepherd dog, German police dog, alsatian
236: Doberman, Doberman pinscher
237: miniature pinscher
238: Greater Swiss Mountain dog
239: Bernese mountain dog
240: Appenzeller
241: EntleBucher
242: boxer
243: bull mastiff
244: Tibetan mastiff
245: French bulldog
246: Great Dane
247: Saint Bernard, St Bernard
248: Eskimo dog, husky
249: malamute, malemute, Alaskan malamute
250: Siberian husky
251: dalmatian, coach dog, carriage dog
252: affenpinscher, monkey pinscher, monkey dog
253: basenji
254: pug, pug-dog
255: Leonberg
256: Newfoundland, Newfoundland dog
257: Great Pyrenees
258: Samoyed, Samoyede
259: Pomeranian
260: chow, chow chow
261: keeshond
262: Brabancon griffon
263: Pembroke, Pembroke Welsh corgi
264: Cardigan, Cardigan Welsh corgi
265: toy poodle
266: miniature poodle
267: standard poodle
268: Mexican hairless
269: timber wolf, grey wolf, gray wolf, Canis lupus
270: white wolf, Arctic wolf, Canis lupus tundrarum
271: red wolf, maned wolf, Canis rufus, Canis niger
272: coyote, prairie wolf, brush wolf, Canis latrans
273: dingo, warrigal, warragal, Canis dingo
274: dhole, Cuon alpinus
275: African hunting dog, hyena dog, Cape hunting dog, Lycaon pictus
276: hyena, hyaena
277: red fox, Vulpes vulpes
278: kit fox, Vulpes macrotis
279: Arctic fox, white fox, Alopex lagopus
280: grey fox, gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus
281: tabby, tabby cat
282: tiger cat
283: Persian cat
284: Siamese cat, Siamese
285: Egyptian cat
286: cougar, puma, catamount, mountain lion, painter, panther, Felis concolor
287: lynx, catamount
288: leopard, Panthera pardus
289: snow leopard, ounce, Panthera uncia
290: jaguar, panther, Panthera onca, Felis onca
291: lion, king of beasts, Panthera leo
292: tiger, Panthera tigris
293: cheetah, chetah, Acinonyx jubatus
294: brown bear, bruin, Ursus arctos
295: American black bear, black bear, Ursus americanus, Euarctos americanus
296: ice bear, polar bear, Ursus Maritimus, Thalarctos maritimus
297: sloth bear, Melursus ursinus, Ursus ursinus
298: mongoose
299: meerkat, mierkat
300: tiger beetle
301: ladybug, ladybeetle, lady beetle, ladybird, ladybird beetle
302: ground beetle, carabid beetle
303: long-horned beetle, longicorn, longicorn beetle
304: leaf beetle, chrysomelid
305: dung beetle
306: rhinoceros beetle
307: weevil
308: fly
309: bee
310: ant, emmet, pismire
311: grasshopper, hopper
312: cricket
313: walking stick, walkingstick, stick insect
314: cockroach, roach
315: mantis, mantid
316: cicada, cicala
317: leafhopper
318: lacewing, lacewing fly
319: dragonfly, darning needle, devil's darning needle, sewing needle, snake
feeder, snake doctor, mosquito hawk, skeeter hawk
320: damselfly
321: admiral
322: ringlet, ringlet butterfly
323: monarch, monarch butterfly, milkweed butterfly, Danaus plexippus
324: cabbage butterfly
325: sulphur butterfly, sulfur butterfly
326: lycaenid, lycaenid butterfly
327: starfish, sea star
328: sea urchin
329: sea cucumber, holothurian
330: wood rabbit, cottontail, cottontail rabbit
331: hare
332: Angora, Angora rabbit
333: hamster
334: porcupine, hedgehog
335: fox squirrel, eastern fox squirrel, Sciurus niger
336: marmot
337: beaver
338: guinea pig, Cavia cobaya
339: sorrel
340: zebra
341: hog, pig, grunter, squealer, Sus scrofa
342: wild boar, boar, Sus scrofa
343: warthog
344: hippopotamus, hippo, river horse, Hippopotamus amphibius
345: ox
346: water buffalo, water ox, Asiatic buffalo, Bubalus bubalis
347: bison
348: ram, tup
349: bighorn, bighorn sheep, cimarron, Rocky Mountain bighorn, Rocky Mountain
sheep, Ovis canadensis
350: ibex, Capra ibex
351: hartebeest
352: impala, Aepyceros melampus
353: gazelle
354: Arabian camel, dromedary, Camelus dromedarius
355: llama
356: weasel
357: mink
358: polecat, fitch, foulmart, foumart, Mustela putorius
359: black-footed ferret, ferret, Mustela nigripes
360: otter
361: skunk, polecat, wood pussy
362: badger
363: armadillo
364: three-toed sloth, ai, Bradypus tridactylus
365: orangutan, orang, orangutang, Pongo pygmaeus
366: gorilla, Gorilla gorilla
367: chimpanzee, chimp, Pan troglodytes
368: gibbon, Hylobates lar
369: siamang, Hylobates syndactylus, Symphalangus syndactylus
370: guenon, guenon monkey
371: patas, hussar monkey, Erythrocebus patas
372: baboon
373: macaque
374: langur
375: colobus, colobus monkey
376: proboscis monkey, Nasalis larvatus
377: marmoset
378: capuchin, ringtail, Cebus capucinus
379: howler monkey, howler
380: titi, titi monkey
381: spider monkey, Ateles geoffroyi
382: squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus
383: Madagascar cat, ring-tailed lemur, Lemur catta
384: indri, indris, Indri indri, Indri brevicaudatus
385: Indian elephant, Elephas maximus
386: African elephant, Loxodonta africana
387: lesser panda, red panda, panda, bear cat, cat bear, Ailurus fulgens
388: giant panda, panda, panda bear, coon bear, Ailuropoda melanoleuca
389: barracouta, snoek
390: eel
391: coho, cohoe, coho salmon, blue jack, silver salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch
392: rock beauty, Holocanthus tricolor
393: anemone fish
394: sturgeon
395: gar, garfish, garpike, billfish, Lepisosteus osseus
396: lionfish
397: puffer, pufferfish, blowfish, globefish
398: abacus
399: abaya
400: academic gown, academic robe, judge's robe
401: accordion, piano accordion, squeeze box
402: acoustic guitar
403: aircraft carrier, carrier, flattop, attack aircraft carrier
404: airliner
405: airship, dirigible
406: altar
407: ambulance
408: amphibian, amphibious vehicle
409: analog clock
410: apiary, bee house
411: apron
412: ashcan, trash can, garbage can, wastebin, ash bin, ash-bin, ashbin,
dustbin, trash barrel, trash bin
413: assault rifle, assault gun
414: backpack, back pack, knapsack, packsack, rucksack, haversack
415: bakery, bakeshop, bakehouse
416: balance beam, beam
417: balloon
418: ballpoint, ballpoint pen, ballpen, Biro
419: Band Aid
420: banjo
421: bannister, banister, balustrade, balusters, handrail
422: barbell
423: barber chair
424: barbershop
425: barn
426: barometer
427: barrel, cask
428: barrow, garden cart, lawn cart, wheelbarrow
429: baseball
430: basketball
431: bassinet
432: bassoon
433: bathing cap, swimming cap
434: bath towel
435: bathtub, bathing tub, bath, tub
436: beach wagon, station wagon, wagon, estate car, beach waggon, station
waggon, waggon
437: beacon, lighthouse, beacon light, pharos
438: beaker
439: bearskin, busby, shako
440: beer bottle
441: beer glass
442: bell cote, bell cot
443: bib
444: bicycle-built-for-two, tandem bicycle, tandem
445: bikini, two-piece
446: binder, ring-binder
447: binoculars, field glasses, opera glasses
448: birdhouse
449: boathouse
450: bobsled, bobsleigh, bob
451: bolo tie, bolo, bola tie, bola
452: bonnet, poke bonnet
453: bookcase
454: bookshop, bookstore, bookstall
455: bottlecap
456: bow
457: bow tie, bow-tie, bowtie
458: brass, memorial tablet, plaque
459: brassiere, bra, bandeau
460: breakwater, groin, groyne, mole, bulwark, seawall, jetty
461: breastplate, aegis, egis
462: broom
463: bucket, pail
464: buckle
465: bulletproof vest
466: bullet train, bullet
467: butcher shop, meat market
468: cab, hack, taxi, taxicab
469: caldron, cauldron
470: candle, taper, wax light
471: cannon
472: canoe
473: can opener, tin opener
474: cardigan
475: car mirror
476: carousel, carrousel, merry-go-round, roundabout, whirligig
477: carpenter's kit, tool kit
478: carton
479: car wheel
480: cash machine, cash dispenser, automated teller machine, automatic teller
machine, automated teller, automatic teller, ATM
481: cassette
482: cassette player
483: castle
484: catamaran
485: CD player
486: cello, violoncello
487: cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, cell, mobile phone
488: chain
489: chainlink fence
490: chain mail, ring mail, mail, chain armor, chain armour, ring armor,
ring armour
491: chain saw, chainsaw
492: chest
493: chiffonier, commode
494: chime, bell, gong
495: china cabinet, china closet
496: Christmas stocking
497: church, church building
498: cinema, movie theater, movie theatre, movie house, picture palace
499: cleaver, meat cleaver, chopper
500: cliff dwelling
501: cloak
502: clog, geta, patten, sabot
503: cocktail shaker
504: coffee mug
505: coffeepot
506: coil, spiral, volute, whorl, helix
507: combination lock
508: computer keyboard, keypad
509: confectionery, confectionary, candy store
510: container ship, containership, container vessel
511: convertible
512: corkscrew, bottle screw
513: cornet, horn, trumpet, trump
514: cowboy boot
515: cowboy hat, ten-gallon hat
516: cradle
517: crane2
518: crash helmet
519: crate
520: crib, cot
521: Crock Pot
522: croquet ball
523: crutch
524: cuirass
525: dam, dike, dyke
526: desk
527: desktop computer
528: dial telephone, dial phone
529: diaper, nappy, napkin
530: digital clock
531: digital watch
532: dining table, board
533: dishrag, dishcloth
534: dishwasher, dish washer, dishwashing machine
535: disk brake, disc brake
536: dock, dockage, docking facility
537: dogsled, dog sled, dog sleigh
538: dome
539: doormat, welcome mat
540: drilling platform, offshore rig
541: drum, membranophone, tympan
542: drumstick
543: dumbbell
544: Dutch oven
545: electric fan, blower
546: electric guitar
547: electric locomotive
548: entertainment center
549: envelope
550: espresso maker
551: face powder
552: feather boa, boa
553: file, file cabinet, filing cabinet
554: fireboat
555: fire engine, fire truck
556: fire screen, fireguard
557: flagpole, flagstaff
558: flute, transverse flute
559: folding chair
560: football helmet
561: forklift
562: fountain
563: fountain pen
564: four-poster
565: freight car
566: French horn, horn
567: frying pan, frypan, skillet
568: fur coat
569: garbage truck, dustcart
570: gasmask, respirator, gas helmet
571: gas pump, gasoline pump, petrol pump, island dispenser
572: goblet
573: go-kart
574: golf ball
575: golfcart, golf cart
576: gondola
577: gong, tam-tam
578: gown
579: grand piano, grand
580: greenhouse, nursery, glasshouse
581: grille, radiator grille
582: grocery store, grocery, food market, market
583: guillotine
584: hair slide
585: hair spray
586: half track
587: hammer
588: hamper
589: hand blower, blow dryer, blow drier, hair dryer, hair drier
590: hand-held computer, hand-held microcomputer
591: handkerchief, hankie, hanky, hankey
592: hard disc, hard disk, fixed disk
593: harmonica, mouth organ, harp, mouth harp
594: harp
595: harvester, reaper
596: hatchet
597: holster
598: home theater, home theatre
599: honeycomb
600: hook, claw
601: hoopskirt, crinoline
602: horizontal bar, high bar
603: horse cart, horse-cart
604: hourglass
605: iPod
606: iron, smoothing iron
607: jack-o'-lantern
608: jean, blue jean, denim
609: jeep, landrover
610: jersey, T-shirt, tee shirt
611: jigsaw puzzle
612: jinrikisha, ricksha, rickshaw
613: joystick
614: kimono
615: knee pad
616: knot
617: lab coat, laboratory coat
618: ladle
619: lampshade, lamp shade
620: laptop, laptop computer
621: lawn mower, mower
622: lens cap, lens cover
623: letter opener, paper knife, paperknife
624: library
625: lifeboat
626: lighter, light, igniter, ignitor
627: limousine, limo
628: liner, ocean liner
629: lipstick, lip rouge
630: Loafer
631: lotion
632: loudspeaker, speaker, speaker unit, loudspeaker system, speaker system
633: loupe, jeweler's loupe
634: lumbermill, sawmill
635: magnetic compass
636: mailbag, postbag
637: mailbox, letter box
638: maillot
639: maillot, tank suit
640: manhole cover
641: maraca
642: marimba, xylophone
643: mask
644: matchstick
645: maypole
646: maze, labyrinth
647: measuring cup
648: medicine chest, medicine cabinet
649: megalith, megalithic structure
650: microphone, mike
651: microwave, microwave oven
652: military uniform
653: milk can
654: minibus
655: miniskirt, mini
656: minivan
657: missile
658: mitten
659: mixing bowl
660: mobile home, manufactured home
661: Model T
662: modem
663: monastery
664: monitor
665: moped
666: mortar
667: mortarboard
668: mosque
669: mosquito net
670: motor scooter, scooter
671: mountain bike, all-terrain bike, off-roader
672: mountain tent
673: mouse, computer mouse
674: mousetrap
675: moving van
676: muzzle
677: nail
678: neck brace
679: necklace
680: nipple
681: notebook, notebook computer
682: obelisk
683: oboe, hautboy, hautbois
684: ocarina, sweet potato
685: odometer, hodometer, mileometer, milometer
686: oil filter
687: organ, pipe organ
688: oscilloscope, scope, cathode-ray oscilloscope, CRO
689: overskirt
690: oxcart
691: oxygen mask
692: packet
693: paddle, boat paddle
694: paddlewheel, paddle wheel
695: padlock
696: paintbrush
697: pajama, pyjama, pj's, jammies
698: palace
699: panpipe, pandean pipe, syrinx
700: paper towel
701: parachute, chute
702: parallel bars, bars
703: park bench
704: parking meter
705: passenger car, coach, carriage
706: patio, terrace
707: pay-phone, pay-station
708: pedestal, plinth, footstall
709: pencil box, pencil case
710: pencil sharpener
711: perfume, essence
712: Petri dish
713: photocopier
714: pick, plectrum, plectron
715: pickelhaube
716: picket fence, paling
717: pickup, pickup truck
718: pier
719: piggy bank, penny bank
720: pill bottle
721: pillow
722: ping-pong ball
723: pinwheel
724: pirate, pirate ship
725: pitcher, ewer
726: plane, carpenter's plane, woodworking plane
727: planetarium
728: plastic bag
729: plate rack
730: plow, plough
731: plunger, plumber's helper
732: Polaroid camera, Polaroid Land camera
733: pole
734: police van, police wagon, paddy wagon, patrol wagon, wagon, black Maria
735: poncho
736: pool table, billiard table, snooker table
737: pop bottle, soda bottle
738: pot, flowerpot
739: potter's wheel
740: power drill
741: prayer rug, prayer mat
742: printer
743: prison, prison house
744: projectile, missile
745: projector
746: puck, hockey puck
747: punching bag, punch bag, punching ball, punchball
748: purse
749: quill, quill pen
750: quilt, comforter, comfort, puff
751: racer, race car, racing car
752: racket, racquet
753: radiator
754: radio, wireless
755: radio telescope, radio reflector
756: rain barrel
757: recreational vehicle, RV, R.V.
758: reel
759: reflex camera
760: refrigerator, icebox
761: remote control, remote
762: restaurant, eating house, eating place, eatery
763: revolver, six-gun, six-shooter
764: rifle
765: rocking chair, rocker
766: rotisserie
767: rubber eraser, rubber, pencil eraser
768: rugby ball
769: rule, ruler
770: running shoe
771: safe
772: safety pin
773: saltshaker, salt shaker
774: sandal
775: sarong
776: sax, saxophone
777: scabbard
778: scale, weighing machine
779: school bus
780: schooner
781: scoreboard
782: screen, CRT screen
783: screw
784: screwdriver
785: seat belt, seatbelt
786: sewing machine
787: shield, buckler
788: shoe shop, shoe-shop, shoe store
789: shoji
790: shopping basket
791: shopping cart
792: shovel
793: shower cap
794: shower curtain
795: ski
796: ski mask
797: sleeping bag
798: slide rule, slipstick
799: sliding door
800: slot, one-armed bandit
801: snorkel
802: snowmobile
803: snowplow, snowplough
804: soap dispenser
805: soccer ball
806: sock
807: solar dish, solar collector, solar furnace
808: sombrero
809: soup bowl
810: space bar
811: space heater
812: space shuttle
813: spatula
814: speedboat
815: spider web, spider's web
816: spindle
817: sports car, sport car
818: spotlight, spot
819: stage
820: steam locomotive
821: steel arch bridge
822: steel drum
823: stethoscope
824: stole
825: stone wall
826: stopwatch, stop watch
827: stove
828: strainer
829: streetcar, tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car
830: stretcher
831: studio couch, day bed
832: stupa, tope
833: submarine, pigboat, sub, U-boat
834: suit, suit of clothes
835: sundial
836: sunglass
837: sunglasses, dark glasses, shades
838: sunscreen, sunblock, sun blocker
839: suspension bridge
840: swab, swob, mop
841: sweatshirt
842: swimming trunks, bathing trunks
843: swing
844: switch, electric switch, electrical switch
845: syringe
846: table lamp
847: tank, army tank, armored combat vehicle, armoured combat vehicle
848: tape player
849: teapot
850: teddy, teddy bear
851: television, television system
852: tennis ball
853: thatch, thatched roof
854: theater curtain, theatre curtain
855: thimble
856: thresher, thrasher, threshing machine
857: throne
858: tile roof
859: toaster
860: tobacco shop, tobacconist shop, tobacconist
861: toilet seat
862: torch
863: totem pole
864: tow truck, tow car, wrecker
865: toyshop
866: tractor
867: trailer truck, tractor trailer, trucking rig, rig, articulated lorry,
semi
868: tray
869: trench coat
870: tricycle, trike, velocipede
871: trimaran
872: tripod
873: triumphal arch
874: trolleybus, trolley coach, trackless trolley
875: trombone
876: tub, vat
877: turnstile
878: typewriter keyboard
879: umbrella
880: unicycle, monocycle
881: upright, upright piano
882: vacuum, vacuum cleaner
883: vase
884: vault
885: velvet
886: vending machine
887: vestment
888: viaduct
889: violin, fiddle
890: volleyball
891: waffle iron
892: wall clock
893: wallet, billfold, notecase, pocketbook
894: wardrobe, closet, press
895: warplane, military plane
896: washbasin, handbasin, washbowl, lavabo, wash-hand basin
897: washer, automatic washer, washing machine
898: water bottle
899: water jug
900: water tower
901: whiskey jug
902: whistle
903: wig
904: window screen
905: window shade
906: Windsor tie
907: wine bottle
908: wing
909: wok
910: wooden spoon
911: wool, woolen, woollen
912: worm fence, snake fence, snake-rail fence, Virginia fence
913: wreck
914: yawl
915: yurt
916: web site, website, internet site, site
917: comic book
918: crossword puzzle, crossword
919: street sign
920: traffic light, traffic signal, stoplight
921: book jacket, dust cover, dust jacket, dust wrapper
922: menu
923: plate
924: guacamole
925: consomme
926: hot pot, hotpot
927: trifle
928: ice cream, icecream
929: ice lolly, lolly, lollipop, popsicle
930: French loaf
931: bagel, beigel
932: pretzel
933: cheeseburger
934: hotdog, hot dog, red hot
935: mashed potato
936: head cabbage
937: broccoli
938: cauliflower
939: zucchini, courgette
940: spaghetti squash
941: acorn squash
942: butternut squash
943: cucumber, cuke
944: artichoke, globe artichoke
945: bell pepper
946: cardoon
947: mushroom
948: Granny Smith
949: strawberry
950: orange
951: lemon
952: fig
953: pineapple, ananas
954: banana
955: jackfruit, jak, jack
956: custard apple
957: pomegranate
958: hay
959: carbonara
960: chocolate sauce, chocolate syrup
961: dough
962: meat loaf, meatloaf
963: pizza, pizza pie
964: potpie
965: burrito
966: red wine
967: espresso
968: cup
969: eggnog
970: alp
971: bubble
972: cliff, drop, drop-off
973: coral reef
974: geyser
975: lakeside, lakeshore
976: promontory, headland, head, foreland
977: sandbar, sand bar
978: seashore, coast, seacoast, sea-coast
979: valley, vale
980: volcano
981: ballplayer, baseball player
982: groom, bridegroom
983: scuba diver
984: rapeseed
985: daisy
986: yellow lady's slipper, yellow lady-slipper, Cypripedium calceolus,
Cypripedium parviflorum
987: corn
988: acorn
989: hip, rose hip, rosehip
990: buckeye, horse chestnut, conker
991: coral fungus
992: agaric
993: gyromitra
994: stinkhorn, carrion fungus
995: earthstar
996: hen-of-the-woods, hen of the woods, Polyporus frondosus, Grifola frondosa
997: bolete
998: ear, spike, capitulum
999: toilet tissue, toilet paper, bathroom tissue
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 13613661561
num_examples: 100000
- name: train
num_bytes: 146956944242
num_examples: 1281167
- name: validation
num_bytes: 6709003386
num_examples: 50000
download_size: 166009941208
dataset_size: 167279609189
---
# Dataset Card for ImageNet
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** https://image-net.org/index.php
- **Repository:**
- **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.0575
- **Leaderboard:** https://paperswithcode.com/sota/image-classification-on-imagenet?tag_filter=171
- **Point of Contact:** mailto: imagenet.help.desk@gmail.com
### Dataset Summary
ILSVRC 2012, commonly known as 'ImageNet' is an image dataset organized according to the WordNet hierarchy. Each meaningful concept in WordNet, possibly described by multiple words or word phrases, is called a "synonym set" or "synset". There are more than 100,000 synsets in WordNet, majority of them are nouns (80,000+). ImageNet aims to provide on average 1000 images to illustrate each synset. Images of each concept are quality-controlled and human-annotated.
💡 This dataset provides access to ImageNet (ILSVRC) 2012 which is the most commonly used **subset** of ImageNet. This dataset spans 1000 object classes and contains 1,281,167 training images, 50,000 validation images and 100,000 test images. The version also has the [patch](https://drive.google.com/file/d/16RYnHpVOW0XKCsn3G3S9GTHUyoV2-4WX/view) which fixes some of the corrupted test set images already applied. For full ImageNet dataset presented in [[2]](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5206848), please check the download section of the [main website](https://image-net.org/download-images.php).
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
- `image-classification`: The goal of this task is to classify a given image into one of 1000 ImageNet classes. The leaderboard is available [here](https://paperswithcode.com/sota/image-classification-on-imagenet?tag_filter=171).
To evaluate the `imagenet-classification` accuracy on the test split, one must first create an account at https://image-net.org. This account must be approved by the site administrator. After the account is created, one can submit the results to the test server at https://image-net.org/challenges/LSVRC/eval_server.php The submission consists of several ASCII text files corresponding to multiple tasks. The task of interest is "Classification submission (top-5 cls error)". A sample of an exported text file looks like the following:
```
670 778 794 387 650
217 691 564 909 364
737 369 430 531 124
755 930 755 512 152
```
The export format is described in full in "readme.txt" within the 2013 development kit available here: https://image-net.org/data/ILSVRC/2013/ILSVRC2013_devkit.tgz. Please see the section entitled "3.3 CLS-LOC submission format". Briefly, the format of the text file is 100,000 lines corresponding to each image in the test split. Each line of integers correspond to the rank-ordered, top 5 predictions for each test image. The integers are 1-indexed corresponding to the line number in the corresponding labels file. See `imagenet2012_labels.txt`.
### Languages
The class labels in the dataset are in English.
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
An example looks like below:
```
{
'image': <PIL.JpegImagePlugin.JpegImageFile image mode=RGB size=384x512 at 0x276021C5EB8>,
'label': 23
}
```
### Data Fields
The data instances have the following fields:
- `image`: A `PIL.Image.Image` object containing the image. Note that when accessing the image column: `dataset[0]["image"]` the image file is automatically decoded. Decoding of a large number of image files might take a significant amount of time. Thus it is important to first query the sample index before the `"image"` column, *i.e.* `dataset[0]["image"]` should **always** be preferred over `dataset["image"][0]`.
- `label`: an `int` classification label. -1 for `test` set as the labels are missing.
The labels are indexed based on a sorted list of synset ids such as `n07565083` which we automatically map to original class names. The original dataset is divided into folders based on these synset ids. To get a mapping from original synset names, use the file [LOC_synset_mapping.txt](https://www.kaggle.com/competitions/imagenet-object-localization-challenge/data?select=LOC_synset_mapping.txt) available on Kaggle challenge page. You can also use `dataset_instance.features["labels"].int2str` function to get the class for a particular label index. Also note that, labels for test set are returned as -1 as they are missing.
<details>
<summary>
Click here to see the full list of ImageNet class labels mapping:
</summary>
|id|Class|
|--|-----|
|0 | tench, Tinca tinca|
|1 | goldfish, Carassius auratus|
|2 | great white shark, white shark, man-eater, man-eating shark, Carcharodon carcharias|
|3 | tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvieri|
|4 | hammerhead, hammerhead shark|
|5 | electric ray, crampfish, numbfish, torpedo|
|6 | stingray|
|7 | cock|
|8 | hen|
|9 | ostrich, Struthio camelus|
|10 | brambling, Fringilla montifringilla|
|11 | goldfinch, Carduelis carduelis|
|12 | house finch, linnet, Carpodacus mexicanus|
|13 | junco, snowbird|
|14 | indigo bunting, indigo finch, indigo bird, Passerina cyanea|
|15 | robin, American robin, Turdus migratorius|
|16 | bulbul|
|17 | jay|
|18 | magpie|
|19 | chickadee|
|20 | water ouzel, dipper|
|21 | kite|
|22 | bald eagle, American eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus|
|23 | vulture|
|24 | great grey owl, great gray owl, Strix nebulosa|
|25 | European fire salamander, Salamandra salamandra|
|26 | common newt, Triturus vulgaris|
|27 | eft|
|28 | spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum|
|29 | axolotl, mud puppy, Ambystoma mexicanum|
|30 | bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana|
|31 | tree frog, tree-frog|
|32 | tailed frog, bell toad, ribbed toad, tailed toad, Ascaphus trui|
|33 | loggerhead, loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta|
|34 | leatherback turtle, leatherback, leathery turtle, Dermochelys coriacea|
|35 | mud turtle|
|36 | terrapin|
|37 | box turtle, box tortoise|
|38 | banded gecko|
|39 | common iguana, iguana, Iguana iguana|
|40 | American chameleon, anole, Anolis carolinensis|
|41 | whiptail, whiptail lizard|
|42 | agama|
|43 | frilled lizard, Chlamydosaurus kingi|
|44 | alligator lizard|
|45 | Gila monster, Heloderma suspectum|
|46 | green lizard, Lacerta viridis|
|47 | African chameleon, Chamaeleo chamaeleon|
|48 | Komodo dragon, Komodo lizard, dragon lizard, giant lizard, Varanus komodoensis|
|49 | African crocodile, Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus|
|50 | American alligator, Alligator mississipiensis|
|51 | triceratops|
|52 | thunder snake, worm snake, Carphophis amoenus|
|53 | ringneck snake, ring-necked snake, ring snake|
|54 | hognose snake, puff adder, sand viper|
|55 | green snake, grass snake|
|56 | king snake, kingsnake|
|57 | garter snake, grass snake|
|58 | water snake|
|59 | vine snake|
|60 | night snake, Hypsiglena torquata|
|61 | boa constrictor, Constrictor constrictor|
|62 | rock python, rock snake, Python sebae|
|63 | Indian cobra, Naja naja|
|64 | green mamba|
|65 | sea snake|
|66 | horned viper, cerastes, sand viper, horned asp, Cerastes cornutus|
|67 | diamondback, diamondback rattlesnake, Crotalus adamanteus|
|68 | sidewinder, horned rattlesnake, Crotalus cerastes|
|69 | trilobite|
|70 | harvestman, daddy longlegs, Phalangium opilio|
|71 | scorpion|
|72 | black and gold garden spider, Argiope aurantia|
|73 | barn spider, Araneus cavaticus|
|74 | garden spider, Aranea diademata|
|75 | black widow, Latrodectus mactans|
|76 | tarantula|
|77 | wolf spider, hunting spider|
|78 | tick|
|79 | centipede|
|80 | black grouse|
|81 | ptarmigan|
|82 | ruffed grouse, partridge, Bonasa umbellus|
|83 | prairie chicken, prairie grouse, prairie fowl|
|84 | peacock|
|85 | quail|
|86 | partridge|
|87 | African grey, African gray, Psittacus erithacus|
|88 | macaw|
|89 | sulphur-crested cockatoo, Kakatoe galerita, Cacatua galerita|
|90 | lorikeet|
|91 | coucal|
|92 | bee eater|
|93 | hornbill|
|94 | hummingbird|
|95 | jacamar|
|96 | toucan|
|97 | drake|
|98 | red-breasted merganser, Mergus serrator|
|99 | goose|
|100 | black swan, Cygnus atratus|
|101 | tusker|
|102 | echidna, spiny anteater, anteater|
|103 | platypus, duckbill, duckbilled platypus, duck-billed platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus|
|104 | wallaby, brush kangaroo|
|105 | koala, koala bear, kangaroo bear, native bear, Phascolarctos cinereus|
|106 | wombat|
|107 | jellyfish|
|108 | sea anemone, anemone|
|109 | brain coral|
|110 | flatworm, platyhelminth|
|111 | nematode, nematode worm, roundworm|
|112 | conch|
|113 | snail|
|114 | slug|
|115 | sea slug, nudibranch|
|116 | chiton, coat-of-mail shell, sea cradle, polyplacophore|
|117 | chambered nautilus, pearly nautilus, nautilus|
|118 | Dungeness crab, Cancer magister|
|119 | rock crab, Cancer irroratus|
|120 | fiddler crab|
|121 | king crab, Alaska crab, Alaskan king crab, Alaska king crab, Paralithodes camtschatica|
|122 | American lobster, Northern lobster, Maine lobster, Homarus americanus|
|123 | spiny lobster, langouste, rock lobster, crawfish, crayfish, sea crawfish|
|124 | crayfish, crawfish, crawdad, crawdaddy|
|125 | hermit crab|
|126 | isopod|
|127 | white stork, Ciconia ciconia|
|128 | black stork, Ciconia nigra|
|129 | spoonbill|
|130 | flamingo|
|131 | little blue heron, Egretta caerulea|
|132 | American egret, great white heron, Egretta albus|
|133 | bittern|
|134 | crane|
|135 | limpkin, Aramus pictus|
|136 | European gallinule, Porphyrio porphyrio|
|137 | American coot, marsh hen, mud hen, water hen, Fulica americana|
|138 | bustard|
|139 | ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres|
|140 | red-backed sandpiper, dunlin, Erolia alpina|
|141 | redshank, Tringa totanus|
|142 | dowitcher|
|143 | oystercatcher, oyster catcher|
|144 | pelican|
|145 | king penguin, Aptenodytes patagonica|
|146 | albatross, mollymawk|
|147 | grey whale, gray whale, devilfish, Eschrichtius gibbosus, Eschrichtius robustus|
|148 | killer whale, killer, orca, grampus, sea wolf, Orcinus orca|
|149 | dugong, Dugong dugon|
|150 | sea lion|
|151 | Chihuahua|
|152 | Japanese spaniel|
|153 | Maltese dog, Maltese terrier, Maltese|
|154 | Pekinese, Pekingese, Peke|
|155 | Shih-Tzu|
|156 | Blenheim spaniel|
|157 | papillon|
|158 | toy terrier|
|159 | Rhodesian ridgeback|
|160 | Afghan hound, Afghan|
|161 | basset, basset hound|
|162 | beagle|
|163 | bloodhound, sleuthhound|
|164 | bluetick|
|165 | black-and-tan coonhound|
|166 | Walker hound, Walker foxhound|
|167 | English foxhound|
|168 | redbone|
|169 | borzoi, Russian wolfhound|
|170 | Irish wolfhound|
|171 | Italian greyhound|
|172 | whippet|
|173 | Ibizan hound, Ibizan Podenco|
|174 | Norwegian elkhound, elkhound|
|175 | otterhound, otter hound|
|176 | Saluki, gazelle hound|
|177 | Scottish deerhound, deerhound|
|178 | Weimaraner|
|179 | Staffordshire bullterrier, Staffordshire bull terrier|
|180 | American Staffordshire terrier, Staffordshire terrier, American pit bull terrier, pit bull terrier|
|181 | Bedlington terrier|
|182 | Border terrier|
|183 | Kerry blue terrier|
|184 | Irish terrier|
|185 | Norfolk terrier|
|186 | Norwich terrier|
|187 | Yorkshire terrier|
|188 | wire-haired fox terrier|
|189 | Lakeland terrier|
|190 | Sealyham terrier, Sealyham|
|191 | Airedale, Airedale terrier|
|192 | cairn, cairn terrier|
|193 | Australian terrier|
|194 | Dandie Dinmont, Dandie Dinmont terrier|
|195 | Boston bull, Boston terrier|
|196 | miniature schnauzer|
|197 | giant schnauzer|
|198 | standard schnauzer|
|199 | Scotch terrier, Scottish terrier, Scottie|
|200 | Tibetan terrier, chrysanthemum dog|
|201 | silky terrier, Sydney silky|
|202 | soft-coated wheaten terrier|
|203 | West Highland white terrier|
|204 | Lhasa, Lhasa apso|
|205 | flat-coated retriever|
|206 | curly-coated retriever|
|207 | golden retriever|
|208 | Labrador retriever|
|209 | Chesapeake Bay retriever|
|210 | German short-haired pointer|
|211 | vizsla, Hungarian pointer|
|212 | English setter|
|213 | Irish setter, red setter|
|214 | Gordon setter|
|215 | Brittany spaniel|
|216 | clumber, clumber spaniel|
|217 | English springer, English springer spaniel|
|218 | Welsh springer spaniel|
|219 | cocker spaniel, English cocker spaniel, cocker|
|220 | Sussex spaniel|
|221 | Irish water spaniel|
|222 | kuvasz|
|223 | schipperke|
|224 | groenendael|
|225 | malinois|
|226 | briard|
|227 | kelpie|
|228 | komondor|
|229 | Old English sheepdog, bobtail|
|230 | Shetland sheepdog, Shetland sheep dog, Shetland|
|231 | collie|
|232 | Border collie|
|233 | Bouvier des Flandres, Bouviers des Flandres|
|234 | Rottweiler|
|235 | German shepherd, German shepherd dog, German police dog, alsatian|
|236 | Doberman, Doberman pinscher|
|237 | miniature pinscher|
|238 | Greater Swiss Mountain dog|
|239 | Bernese mountain dog|
|240 | Appenzeller|
|241 | EntleBucher|
|242 | boxer|
|243 | bull mastiff|
|244 | Tibetan mastiff|
|245 | French bulldog|
|246 | Great Dane|
|247 | Saint Bernard, St Bernard|
|248 | Eskimo dog, husky|
|249 | malamute, malemute, Alaskan malamute|
|250 | Siberian husky|
|251 | dalmatian, coach dog, carriage dog|
|252 | affenpinscher, monkey pinscher, monkey dog|
|253 | basenji|
|254 | pug, pug-dog|
|255 | Leonberg|
|256 | Newfoundland, Newfoundland dog|
|257 | Great Pyrenees|
|258 | Samoyed, Samoyede|
|259 | Pomeranian|
|260 | chow, chow chow|
|261 | keeshond|
|262 | Brabancon griffon|
|263 | Pembroke, Pembroke Welsh corgi|
|264 | Cardigan, Cardigan Welsh corgi|
|265 | toy poodle|
|266 | miniature poodle|
|267 | standard poodle|
|268 | Mexican hairless|
|269 | timber wolf, grey wolf, gray wolf, Canis lupus|
|270 | white wolf, Arctic wolf, Canis lupus tundrarum|
|271 | red wolf, maned wolf, Canis rufus, Canis niger|
|272 | coyote, prairie wolf, brush wolf, Canis latrans|
|273 | dingo, warrigal, warragal, Canis dingo|
|274 | dhole, Cuon alpinus|
|275 | African hunting dog, hyena dog, Cape hunting dog, Lycaon pictus|
|276 | hyena, hyaena|
|277 | red fox, Vulpes vulpes|
|278 | kit fox, Vulpes macrotis|
|279 | Arctic fox, white fox, Alopex lagopus|
|280 | grey fox, gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus|
|281 | tabby, tabby cat|
|282 | tiger cat|
|283 | Persian cat|
|284 | Siamese cat, Siamese|
|285 | Egyptian cat|
|286 | cougar, puma, catamount, mountain lion, painter, panther, Felis concolor|
|287 | lynx, catamount|
|288 | leopard, Panthera pardus|
|289 | snow leopard, ounce, Panthera uncia|
|290 | jaguar, panther, Panthera onca, Felis onca|
|291 | lion, king of beasts, Panthera leo|
|292 | tiger, Panthera tigris|
|293 | cheetah, chetah, Acinonyx jubatus|
|294 | brown bear, bruin, Ursus arctos|
|295 | American black bear, black bear, Ursus americanus, Euarctos americanus|
|296 | ice bear, polar bear, Ursus Maritimus, Thalarctos maritimus|
|297 | sloth bear, Melursus ursinus, Ursus ursinus|
|298 | mongoose|
|299 | meerkat, mierkat|
|300 | tiger beetle|
|301 | ladybug, ladybeetle, lady beetle, ladybird, ladybird beetle|
|302 | ground beetle, carabid beetle|
|303 | long-horned beetle, longicorn, longicorn beetle|
|304 | leaf beetle, chrysomelid|
|305 | dung beetle|
|306 | rhinoceros beetle|
|307 | weevil|
|308 | fly|
|309 | bee|
|310 | ant, emmet, pismire|
|311 | grasshopper, hopper|
|312 | cricket|
|313 | walking stick, walkingstick, stick insect|
|314 | cockroach, roach|
|315 | mantis, mantid|
|316 | cicada, cicala|
|317 | leafhopper|
|318 | lacewing, lacewing fly|
|319 | dragonfly, darning needle, devil's darning needle, sewing needle, snake feeder, snake doctor, mosquito hawk, skeeter hawk|
|320 | damselfly|
|321 | admiral|
|322 | ringlet, ringlet butterfly|
|323 | monarch, monarch butterfly, milkweed butterfly, Danaus plexippus|
|324 | cabbage butterfly|
|325 | sulphur butterfly, sulfur butterfly|
|326 | lycaenid, lycaenid butterfly|
|327 | starfish, sea star|
|328 | sea urchin|
|329 | sea cucumber, holothurian|
|330 | wood rabbit, cottontail, cottontail rabbit|
|331 | hare|
|332 | Angora, Angora rabbit|
|333 | hamster|
|334 | porcupine, hedgehog|
|335 | fox squirrel, eastern fox squirrel, Sciurus niger|
|336 | marmot|
|337 | beaver|
|338 | guinea pig, Cavia cobaya|
|339 | sorrel|
|340 | zebra|
|341 | hog, pig, grunter, squealer, Sus scrofa|
|342 | wild boar, boar, Sus scrofa|
|343 | warthog|
|344 | hippopotamus, hippo, river horse, Hippopotamus amphibius|
|345 | ox|
|346 | water buffalo, water ox, Asiatic buffalo, Bubalus bubalis|
|347 | bison|
|348 | ram, tup|
|349 | bighorn, bighorn sheep, cimarron, Rocky Mountain bighorn, Rocky Mountain sheep, Ovis canadensis|
|350 | ibex, Capra ibex|
|351 | hartebeest|
|352 | impala, Aepyceros melampus|
|353 | gazelle|
|354 | Arabian camel, dromedary, Camelus dromedarius|
|355 | llama|
|356 | weasel|
|357 | mink|
|358 | polecat, fitch, foulmart, foumart, Mustela putorius|
|359 | black-footed ferret, ferret, Mustela nigripes|
|360 | otter|
|361 | skunk, polecat, wood pussy|
|362 | badger|
|363 | armadillo|
|364 | three-toed sloth, ai, Bradypus tridactylus|
|365 | orangutan, orang, orangutang, Pongo pygmaeus|
|366 | gorilla, Gorilla gorilla|
|367 | chimpanzee, chimp, Pan troglodytes|
|368 | gibbon, Hylobates lar|
|369 | siamang, Hylobates syndactylus, Symphalangus syndactylus|
|370 | guenon, guenon monkey|
|371 | patas, hussar monkey, Erythrocebus patas|
|372 | baboon|
|373 | macaque|
|374 | langur|
|375 | colobus, colobus monkey|
|376 | proboscis monkey, Nasalis larvatus|
|377 | marmoset|
|378 | capuchin, ringtail, Cebus capucinus|
|379 | howler monkey, howler|
|380 | titi, titi monkey|
|381 | spider monkey, Ateles geoffroyi|
|382 | squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus|
|383 | Madagascar cat, ring-tailed lemur, Lemur catta|
|384 | indri, indris, Indri indri, Indri brevicaudatus|
|385 | Indian elephant, Elephas maximus|
|386 | African elephant, Loxodonta africana|
|387 | lesser panda, red panda, panda, bear cat, cat bear, Ailurus fulgens|
|388 | giant panda, panda, panda bear, coon bear, Ailuropoda melanoleuca|
|389 | barracouta, snoek|
|390 | eel|
|391 | coho, cohoe, coho salmon, blue jack, silver salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch|
|392 | rock beauty, Holocanthus tricolor|
|393 | anemone fish|
|394 | sturgeon|
|395 | gar, garfish, garpike, billfish, Lepisosteus osseus|
|396 | lionfish|
|397 | puffer, pufferfish, blowfish, globefish|
|398 | abacus|
|399 | abaya|
|400 | academic gown, academic robe, judge's robe|
|401 | accordion, piano accordion, squeeze box|
|402 | acoustic guitar|
|403 | aircraft carrier, carrier, flattop, attack aircraft carrier|
|404 | airliner|
|405 | airship, dirigible|
|406 | altar|
|407 | ambulance|
|408 | amphibian, amphibious vehicle|
|409 | analog clock|
|410 | apiary, bee house|
|411 | apron|
|412 | ashcan, trash can, garbage can, wastebin, ash bin, ash-bin, ashbin, dustbin, trash barrel, trash bin|
|413 | assault rifle, assault gun|
|414 | backpack, back pack, knapsack, packsack, rucksack, haversack|
|415 | bakery, bakeshop, bakehouse|
|416 | balance beam, beam|
|417 | balloon|
|418 | ballpoint, ballpoint pen, ballpen, Biro|
|419 | Band Aid|
|420 | banjo|
|421 | bannister, banister, balustrade, balusters, handrail|
|422 | barbell|
|423 | barber chair|
|424 | barbershop|
|425 | barn|
|426 | barometer|
|427 | barrel, cask|
|428 | barrow, garden cart, lawn cart, wheelbarrow|
|429 | baseball|
|430 | basketball|
|431 | bassinet|
|432 | bassoon|
|433 | bathing cap, swimming cap|
|434 | bath towel|
|435 | bathtub, bathing tub, bath, tub|
|436 | beach wagon, station wagon, wagon, estate car, beach waggon, station waggon, waggon|
|437 | beacon, lighthouse, beacon light, pharos|
|438 | beaker|
|439 | bearskin, busby, shako|
|440 | beer bottle|
|441 | beer glass|
|442 | bell cote, bell cot|
|443 | bib|
|444 | bicycle-built-for-two, tandem bicycle, tandem|
|445 | bikini, two-piece|
|446 | binder, ring-binder|
|447 | binoculars, field glasses, opera glasses|
|448 | birdhouse|
|449 | boathouse|
|450 | bobsled, bobsleigh, bob|
|451 | bolo tie, bolo, bola tie, bola|
|452 | bonnet, poke bonnet|
|453 | bookcase|
|454 | bookshop, bookstore, bookstall|
|455 | bottlecap|
|456 | bow|
|457 | bow tie, bow-tie, bowtie|
|458 | brass, memorial tablet, plaque|
|459 | brassiere, bra, bandeau|
|460 | breakwater, groin, groyne, mole, bulwark, seawall, jetty|
|461 | breastplate, aegis, egis|
|462 | broom|
|463 | bucket, pail|
|464 | buckle|
|465 | bulletproof vest|
|466 | bullet train, bullet|
|467 | butcher shop, meat market|
|468 | cab, hack, taxi, taxicab|
|469 | caldron, cauldron|
|470 | candle, taper, wax light|
|471 | cannon|
|472 | canoe|
|473 | can opener, tin opener|
|474 | cardigan|
|475 | car mirror|
|476 | carousel, carrousel, merry-go-round, roundabout, whirligig|
|477 | carpenter's kit, tool kit|
|478 | carton|
|479 | car wheel|
|480 | cash machine, cash dispenser, automated teller machine, automatic teller machine, automated teller, automatic teller, ATM|
|481 | cassette|
|482 | cassette player|
|483 | castle|
|484 | catamaran|
|485 | CD player|
|486 | cello, violoncello|
|487 | cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, cell, mobile phone|
|488 | chain|
|489 | chainlink fence|
|490 | chain mail, ring mail, mail, chain armor, chain armour, ring armor, ring armour|
|491 | chain saw, chainsaw|
|492 | chest|
|493 | chiffonier, commode|
|494 | chime, bell, gong|
|495 | china cabinet, china closet|
|496 | Christmas stocking|
|497 | church, church building|
|498 | cinema, movie theater, movie theatre, movie house, picture palace|
|499 | cleaver, meat cleaver, chopper|
|500 | cliff dwelling|
|501 | cloak|
|502 | clog, geta, patten, sabot|
|503 | cocktail shaker|
|504 | coffee mug|
|505 | coffeepot|
|506 | coil, spiral, volute, whorl, helix|
|507 | combination lock|
|508 | computer keyboard, keypad|
|509 | confectionery, confectionary, candy store|
|510 | container ship, containership, container vessel|
|511 | convertible|
|512 | corkscrew, bottle screw|
|513 | cornet, horn, trumpet, trump|
|514 | cowboy boot|
|515 | cowboy hat, ten-gallon hat|
|516 | cradle|
|517 | crane_1|
|518 | crash helmet|
|519 | crate|
|520 | crib, cot|
|521 | Crock Pot|
|522 | croquet ball|
|523 | crutch|
|524 | cuirass|
|525 | dam, dike, dyke|
|526 | desk|
|527 | desktop computer|
|528 | dial telephone, dial phone|
|529 | diaper, nappy, napkin|
|530 | digital clock|
|531 | digital watch|
|532 | dining table, board|
|533 | dishrag, dishcloth|
|534 | dishwasher, dish washer, dishwashing machine|
|535 | disk brake, disc brake|
|536 | dock, dockage, docking facility|
|537 | dogsled, dog sled, dog sleigh|
|538 | dome|
|539 | doormat, welcome mat|
|540 | drilling platform, offshore rig|
|541 | drum, membranophone, tympan|
|542 | drumstick|
|543 | dumbbell|
|544 | Dutch oven|
|545 | electric fan, blower|
|546 | electric guitar|
|547 | electric locomotive|
|548 | entertainment center|
|549 | envelope|
|550 | espresso maker|
|551 | face powder|
|552 | feather boa, boa|
|553 | file, file cabinet, filing cabinet|
|554 | fireboat|
|555 | fire engine, fire truck|
|556 | fire screen, fireguard|
|557 | flagpole, flagstaff|
|558 | flute, transverse flute|
|559 | folding chair|
|560 | football helmet|
|561 | forklift|
|562 | fountain|
|563 | fountain pen|
|564 | four-poster|
|565 | freight car|
|566 | French horn, horn|
|567 | frying pan, frypan, skillet|
|568 | fur coat|
|569 | garbage truck, dustcart|
|570 | gasmask, respirator, gas helmet|
|571 | gas pump, gasoline pump, petrol pump, island dispenser|
|572 | goblet|
|573 | go-kart|
|574 | golf ball|
|575 | golfcart, golf cart|
|576 | gondola|
|577 | gong, tam-tam|
|578 | gown|
|579 | grand piano, grand|
|580 | greenhouse, nursery, glasshouse|
|581 | grille, radiator grille|
|582 | grocery store, grocery, food market, market|
|583 | guillotine|
|584 | hair slide|
|585 | hair spray|
|586 | half track|
|587 | hammer|
|588 | hamper|
|589 | hand blower, blow dryer, blow drier, hair dryer, hair drier|
|590 | hand-held computer, hand-held microcomputer|
|591 | handkerchief, hankie, hanky, hankey|
|592 | hard disc, hard disk, fixed disk|
|593 | harmonica, mouth organ, harp, mouth harp|
|594 | harp|
|595 | harvester, reaper|
|596 | hatchet|
|597 | holster|
|598 | home theater, home theatre|
|599 | honeycomb|
|600 | hook, claw|
|601 | hoopskirt, crinoline|
|602 | horizontal bar, high bar|
|603 | horse cart, horse-cart|
|604 | hourglass|
|605 | iPod|
|606 | iron, smoothing iron|
|607 | jack-o'-lantern|
|608 | jean, blue jean, denim|
|609 | jeep, landrover|
|610 | jersey, T-shirt, tee shirt|
|611 | jigsaw puzzle|
|612 | jinrikisha, ricksha, rickshaw|
|613 | joystick|
|614 | kimono|
|615 | knee pad|
|616 | knot|
|617 | lab coat, laboratory coat|
|618 | ladle|
|619 | lampshade, lamp shade|
|620 | laptop, laptop computer|
|621 | lawn mower, mower|
|622 | lens cap, lens cover|
|623 | letter opener, paper knife, paperknife|
|624 | library|
|625 | lifeboat|
|626 | lighter, light, igniter, ignitor|
|627 | limousine, limo|
|628 | liner, ocean liner|
|629 | lipstick, lip rouge|
|630 | Loafer|
|631 | lotion|
|632 | loudspeaker, speaker, speaker unit, loudspeaker system, speaker system|
|633 | loupe, jeweler's loupe|
|634 | lumbermill, sawmill|
|635 | magnetic compass|
|636 | mailbag, postbag|
|637 | mailbox, letter box|
|638 | maillot|
|639 | maillot, tank suit|
|640 | manhole cover|
|641 | maraca|
|642 | marimba, xylophone|
|643 | mask|
|644 | matchstick|
|645 | maypole|
|646 | maze, labyrinth|
|647 | measuring cup|
|648 | medicine chest, medicine cabinet|
|649 | megalith, megalithic structure|
|650 | microphone, mike|
|651 | microwave, microwave oven|
|652 | military uniform|
|653 | milk can|
|654 | minibus|
|655 | miniskirt, mini|
|656 | minivan|
|657 | missile|
|658 | mitten|
|659 | mixing bowl|
|660 | mobile home, manufactured home|
|661 | Model T|
|662 | modem|
|663 | monastery|
|664 | monitor|
|665 | moped|
|666 | mortar|
|667 | mortarboard|
|668 | mosque|
|669 | mosquito net|
|670 | motor scooter, scooter|
|671 | mountain bike, all-terrain bike, off-roader|
|672 | mountain tent|
|673 | mouse, computer mouse|
|674 | mousetrap|
|675 | moving van|
|676 | muzzle|
|677 | nail|
|678 | neck brace|
|679 | necklace|
|680 | nipple|
|681 | notebook, notebook computer|
|682 | obelisk|
|683 | oboe, hautboy, hautbois|
|684 | ocarina, sweet potato|
|685 | odometer, hodometer, mileometer, milometer|
|686 | oil filter|
|687 | organ, pipe organ|
|688 | oscilloscope, scope, cathode-ray oscilloscope, CRO|
|689 | overskirt|
|690 | oxcart|
|691 | oxygen mask|
|692 | packet|
|693 | paddle, boat paddle|
|694 | paddlewheel, paddle wheel|
|695 | padlock|
|696 | paintbrush|
|697 | pajama, pyjama, pj's, jammies|
|698 | palace|
|699 | panpipe, pandean pipe, syrinx|
|700 | paper towel|
|701 | parachute, chute|
|702 | parallel bars, bars|
|703 | park bench|
|704 | parking meter|
|705 | passenger car, coach, carriage|
|706 | patio, terrace|
|707 | pay-phone, pay-station|
|708 | pedestal, plinth, footstall|
|709 | pencil box, pencil case|
|710 | pencil sharpener|
|711 | perfume, essence|
|712 | Petri dish|
|713 | photocopier|
|714 | pick, plectrum, plectron|
|715 | pickelhaube|
|716 | picket fence, paling|
|717 | pickup, pickup truck|
|718 | pier|
|719 | piggy bank, penny bank|
|720 | pill bottle|
|721 | pillow|
|722 | ping-pong ball|
|723 | pinwheel|
|724 | pirate, pirate ship|
|725 | pitcher, ewer|
|726 | plane, carpenter's plane, woodworking plane|
|727 | planetarium|
|728 | plastic bag|
|729 | plate rack|
|730 | plow, plough|
|731 | plunger, plumber's helper|
|732 | Polaroid camera, Polaroid Land camera|
|733 | pole|
|734 | police van, police wagon, paddy wagon, patrol wagon, wagon, black Maria|
|735 | poncho|
|736 | pool table, billiard table, snooker table|
|737 | pop bottle, soda bottle|
|738 | pot, flowerpot|
|739 | potter's wheel|
|740 | power drill|
|741 | prayer rug, prayer mat|
|742 | printer|
|743 | prison, prison house|
|744 | projectile, missile|
|745 | projector|
|746 | puck, hockey puck|
|747 | punching bag, punch bag, punching ball, punchball|
|748 | purse|
|749 | quill, quill pen|
|750 | quilt, comforter, comfort, puff|
|751 | racer, race car, racing car|
|752 | racket, racquet|
|753 | radiator|
|754 | radio, wireless|
|755 | radio telescope, radio reflector|
|756 | rain barrel|
|757 | recreational vehicle, RV, R.V.|
|758 | reel|
|759 | reflex camera|
|760 | refrigerator, icebox|
|761 | remote control, remote|
|762 | restaurant, eating house, eating place, eatery|
|763 | revolver, six-gun, six-shooter|
|764 | rifle|
|765 | rocking chair, rocker|
|766 | rotisserie|
|767 | rubber eraser, rubber, pencil eraser|
|768 | rugby ball|
|769 | rule, ruler|
|770 | running shoe|
|771 | safe|
|772 | safety pin|
|773 | saltshaker, salt shaker|
|774 | sandal|
|775 | sarong|
|776 | sax, saxophone|
|777 | scabbard|
|778 | scale, weighing machine|
|779 | school bus|
|780 | schooner|
|781 | scoreboard|
|782 | screen, CRT screen|
|783 | screw|
|784 | screwdriver|
|785 | seat belt, seatbelt|
|786 | sewing machine|
|787 | shield, buckler|
|788 | shoe shop, shoe-shop, shoe store|
|789 | shoji|
|790 | shopping basket|
|791 | shopping cart|
|792 | shovel|
|793 | shower cap|
|794 | shower curtain|
|795 | ski|
|796 | ski mask|
|797 | sleeping bag|
|798 | slide rule, slipstick|
|799 | sliding door|
|800 | slot, one-armed bandit|
|801 | snorkel|
|802 | snowmobile|
|803 | snowplow, snowplough|
|804 | soap dispenser|
|805 | soccer ball|
|806 | sock|
|807 | solar dish, solar collector, solar furnace|
|808 | sombrero|
|809 | soup bowl|
|810 | space bar|
|811 | space heater|
|812 | space shuttle|
|813 | spatula|
|814 | speedboat|
|815 | spider web, spider's web|
|816 | spindle|
|817 | sports car, sport car|
|818 | spotlight, spot|
|819 | stage|
|820 | steam locomotive|
|821 | steel arch bridge|
|822 | steel drum|
|823 | stethoscope|
|824 | stole|
|825 | stone wall|
|826 | stopwatch, stop watch|
|827 | stove|
|828 | strainer|
|829 | streetcar, tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car|
|830 | stretcher|
|831 | studio couch, day bed|
|832 | stupa, tope|
|833 | submarine, pigboat, sub, U-boat|
|834 | suit, suit of clothes|
|835 | sundial|
|836 | sunglass|
|837 | sunglasses, dark glasses, shades|
|838 | sunscreen, sunblock, sun blocker|
|839 | suspension bridge|
|840 | swab, swob, mop|
|841 | sweatshirt|
|842 | swimming trunks, bathing trunks|
|843 | swing|
|844 | switch, electric switch, electrical switch|
|845 | syringe|
|846 | table lamp|
|847 | tank, army tank, armored combat vehicle, armoured combat vehicle|
|848 | tape player|
|849 | teapot|
|850 | teddy, teddy bear|
|851 | television, television system|
|852 | tennis ball|
|853 | thatch, thatched roof|
|854 | theater curtain, theatre curtain|
|855 | thimble|
|856 | thresher, thrasher, threshing machine|
|857 | throne|
|858 | tile roof|
|859 | toaster|
|860 | tobacco shop, tobacconist shop, tobacconist|
|861 | toilet seat|
|862 | torch|
|863 | totem pole|
|864 | tow truck, tow car, wrecker|
|865 | toyshop|
|866 | tractor|
|867 | trailer truck, tractor trailer, trucking rig, rig, articulated lorry, semi|
|868 | tray|
|869 | trench coat|
|870 | tricycle, trike, velocipede|
|871 | trimaran|
|872 | tripod|
|873 | triumphal arch|
|874 | trolleybus, trolley coach, trackless trolley|
|875 | trombone|
|876 | tub, vat|
|877 | turnstile|
|878 | typewriter keyboard|
|879 | umbrella|
|880 | unicycle, monocycle|
|881 | upright, upright piano|
|882 | vacuum, vacuum cleaner|
|883 | vase|
|884 | vault|
|885 | velvet|
|886 | vending machine|
|887 | vestment|
|888 | viaduct|
|889 | violin, fiddle|
|890 | volleyball|
|891 | waffle iron|
|892 | wall clock|
|893 | wallet, billfold, notecase, pocketbook|
|894 | wardrobe, closet, press|
|895 | warplane, military plane|
|896 | washbasin, handbasin, washbowl, lavabo, wash-hand basin|
|897 | washer, automatic washer, washing machine|
|898 | water bottle|
|899 | water jug|
|900 | water tower|
|901 | whiskey jug|
|902 | whistle|
|903 | wig|
|904 | window screen|
|905 | window shade|
|906 | Windsor tie|
|907 | wine bottle|
|908 | wing|
|909 | wok|
|910 | wooden spoon|
|911 | wool, woolen, woollen|
|912 | worm fence, snake fence, snake-rail fence, Virginia fence|
|913 | wreck|
|914 | yawl|
|915 | yurt|
|916 | web site, website, internet site, site|
|917 | comic book|
|918 | crossword puzzle, crossword|
|919 | street sign|
|920 | traffic light, traffic signal, stoplight|
|921 | book jacket, dust cover, dust jacket, dust wrapper|
|922 | menu|
|923 | plate|
|924 | guacamole|
|925 | consomme|
|926 | hot pot, hotpot|
|927 | trifle|
|928 | ice cream, icecream|
|929 | ice lolly, lolly, lollipop, popsicle|
|930 | French loaf|
|931 | bagel, beigel|
|932 | pretzel|
|933 | cheeseburger|
|934 | hotdog, hot dog, red hot|
|935 | mashed potato|
|936 | head cabbage|
|937 | broccoli|
|938 | cauliflower|
|939 | zucchini, courgette|
|940 | spaghetti squash|
|941 | acorn squash|
|942 | butternut squash|
|943 | cucumber, cuke|
|944 | artichoke, globe artichoke|
|945 | bell pepper|
|946 | cardoon|
|947 | mushroom|
|948 | Granny Smith|
|949 | strawberry|
|950 | orange|
|951 | lemon|
|952 | fig|
|953 | pineapple, ananas|
|954 | banana|
|955 | jackfruit, jak, jack|
|956 | custard apple|
|957 | pomegranate|
|958 | hay|
|959 | carbonara|
|960 | chocolate sauce, chocolate syrup|
|961 | dough|
|962 | meat loaf, meatloaf|
|963 | pizza, pizza pie|
|964 | potpie|
|965 | burrito|
|966 | red wine|
|967 | espresso|
|968 | cup|
|969 | eggnog|
|970 | alp|
|971 | bubble|
|972 | cliff, drop, drop-off|
|973 | coral reef|
|974 | geyser|
|975 | lakeside, lakeshore|
|976 | promontory, headland, head, foreland|
|977 | sandbar, sand bar|
|978 | seashore, coast, seacoast, sea-coast|
|979 | valley, vale|
|980 | volcano|
|981 | ballplayer, baseball player|
|982 | groom, bridegroom|
|983 | scuba diver|
|984 | rapeseed|
|985 | daisy|
|986 | yellow lady's slipper, yellow lady-slipper, Cypripedium calceolus, Cypripedium parviflorum|
|987 | corn|
|988 | acorn|
|989 | hip, rose hip, rosehip|
|990 | buckeye, horse chestnut, conker|
|991 | coral fungus|
|992 | agaric|
|993 | gyromitra|
|994 | stinkhorn, carrion fungus|
|995 | earthstar|
|996 | hen-of-the-woods, hen of the woods, Polyporus frondosus, Grifola frondosa|
|997 | bolete|
|998 | ear, spike, capitulum|
|999 | toilet tissue, toilet paper, bathroom tissue|
</details>
### Data Splits
| |train |validation| test |
|-------------|------:|---------:|------:|
|# of examples|1281167|50000 |100000 |
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
The ImageNet project was inspired by two important needs in computer vision research. The first was the need to establish a clear North Star problem in computer vision. While the field enjoyed an abundance of important tasks to work on, from stereo vision to image retrieval, from 3D reconstruction to image segmentation, object categorization was recognized to be one of the most fundamental capabilities of both human and machine vision. Hence there was a growing demand for a high quality object categorization benchmark with clearly established evaluation metrics. Second, there was a critical need for more data to enable more generalizable machine learning methods. Ever since the birth of the digital era and the availability of web-scale data exchanges, researchers in these fields have been working hard to design more and more sophisticated algorithms to index, retrieve, organize and annotate multimedia data. But good research requires good resources. To tackle this problem at scale (think of your growing personal collection of digital images, or videos, or a commercial web search engine’s database), it was critical to provide researchers with a large-scale image database for both training and testing. The convergence of these two intellectual reasons motivated us to build ImageNet.
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
Initial data for ImageNet image classification task consists of photographs collected from [Flickr](https://www.flickr.com) and other search engines, manually labeled with the presence of one of 1000 object categories. Constructing ImageNet was an effort to scale up an image classification dataset to cover most nouns in English using tens of millions of manually verified photographs [1](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5206848). The image classification task of ILSVRC came as a direct extension of this effort. A subset of categories and images was chosen and fixed to provide a standardized benchmark while the rest of ImageNet continued to grow.
#### Who are the source language producers?
WordNet synsets further quality controlled by human annotators. The images are from Flickr.
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
The annotation process of collecting ImageNet for image classification task is a three step process.
1. Defining the 1000 object categories for the image classification task. These categories have evolved over the years.
1. Collecting the candidate image for these object categories using a search engine.
1. Quality control on the candidate images by using human annotators on Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT) to make sure the image has the synset it was collected for.
See the section 3.1 in [1](https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.0575) for more details on data collection procedure and [2](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5206848) for general information on ImageNet.
#### Who are the annotators?
Images are automatically fetched from an image search engine based on the synsets and filtered using human annotators on Amazon Mechanical Turk. See [1](https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.0575) for more details.
### Personal and Sensitive Information
The 1,000 categories selected for this subset contain only 3 people categories (scuba diver, bridegroom, and baseball player) while the full ImageNet contains 2,832 people categories under the person subtree (accounting for roughly 8.3% of the total images). This subset does contain the images of people without their consent. Though, the study in [[1]](https://image-net.org/face-obfuscation/) on obfuscating faces of the people in the ImageNet 2012 subset shows that blurring people's faces causes a very minor decrease in accuracy (~0.6%) suggesting that privacy-aware models can be trained on ImageNet. On larger ImageNet, there has been [an attempt](https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.07726) at filtering and balancing the people subtree in the larger ImageNet.
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
The ImageNet dataset has been very crucial in advancement of deep learning technology as being the standard benchmark for the computer vision models. The dataset aims to probe models on their understanding of the objects and has become the de-facto dataset for this purpose. ImageNet is still one of the major datasets on which models are evaluated for their generalization in computer vision capabilities as the field moves towards self-supervised algorithms. Please see the future section in [1](https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.0575) for a discussion on social impact of the dataset.
### Discussion of Biases
1. A [study](https://image-net.org/update-sep-17-2019.php) of the history of the multiple layers (taxonomy, object classes and labeling) of ImageNet and WordNet in 2019 described how bias is deeply embedded in most classification approaches for of all sorts of images.
1. A [study](https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.12231) has also shown that ImageNet trained models are biased towards texture rather than shapes which in contrast with how humans do object classification. Increasing the shape bias improves the accuracy and robustness.
1. Another [study](https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.13228) more potential issues and biases with the ImageNet dataset and provides an alternative benchmark for image classification task. The data collected contains humans without their consent.
1. ImageNet data with face obfuscation is also provided at [this link](https://image-net.org/face-obfuscation/)
1. A study on genealogy of ImageNet is can be found at [this link](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20539517211035955) about the "norms, values, and assumptions" in ImageNet.
1. See [this study](https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.07726) on filtering and balancing the distribution of people subtree in the larger complete ImageNet.
### Other Known Limitations
1. Since most of the images were collected from internet, keep in mind that some images in ImageNet might be subject to copyrights. See the following papers for more details: [[1]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.13228) [[2]](https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.0575) [[3]](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5206848).
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
Authors of [[1]](https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.0575) and [[2]](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5206848):
- Olga Russakovsky
- Jia Deng
- Hao Su
- Jonathan Krause
- Sanjeev Satheesh
- Wei Dong
- Richard Socher
- Li-Jia Li
- Kai Li
- Sean Ma
- Zhiheng Huang
- Andrej Karpathy
- Aditya Khosla
- Michael Bernstein
- Alexander C Berg
- Li Fei-Fei
### Licensing Information
In exchange for permission to use the ImageNet database (the "Database") at Princeton University and Stanford University, Researcher hereby agrees to the following terms and conditions:
1. Researcher shall use the Database only for non-commercial research and educational purposes.
1. Princeton University and Stanford University make no representations or warranties regarding the Database, including but not limited to warranties of non-infringement or fitness for a particular purpose.
1. Researcher accepts full responsibility for his or her use of the Database and shall defend and indemnify the ImageNet team, Princeton University, and Stanford University, including their employees, Trustees, officers and agents, against any and all claims arising from Researcher's use of the Database, including but not limited to Researcher's use of any copies of copyrighted images that he or she may create from the Database.
1. Researcher may provide research associates and colleagues with access to the Database provided that they first agree to be bound by these terms and conditions.
1. Princeton University and Stanford University reserve the right to terminate Researcher's access to the Database at any time.
1. If Researcher is employed by a for-profit, commercial entity, Researcher's employer shall also be bound by these terms and conditions, and Researcher hereby represents that he or she is fully authorized to enter into this agreement on behalf of such employer.
1. The law of the State of New Jersey shall apply to all disputes under this agreement.
### Citation Information
```bibtex
@article{imagenet15russakovsky,
Author = {Olga Russakovsky and Jia Deng and Hao Su and Jonathan Krause and Sanjeev Satheesh and Sean Ma and Zhiheng Huang and Andrej Karpathy and Aditya Khosla and Michael Bernstein and Alexander C. Berg and Li Fei-Fei},
Title = { {ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge} },
Year = {2015},
journal = {International Journal of Computer Vision (IJCV)},
doi = {10.1007/s11263-015-0816-y},
volume={115},
number={3},
pages={211-252}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@apsdehal](https://github.com/apsdehal) for adding this dataset. | 85,410 | [
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togethercomputer/RedPajama-Data-1T | 2023-06-30T22:06:10.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-generation",
"language:en",
"region:us"
] | togethercomputer | RedPajama is a clean-room, fully open-source implementation of the LLaMa dataset. | null | 902 | 19,698 | 2023-04-17T06:28:35 | ---
task_categories:
- text-generation
language:
- en
pretty_name: Red Pajama 1T
---
### Getting Started
The dataset consists of 2084 jsonl files.
You can download the dataset using HuggingFace:
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("togethercomputer/RedPajama-Data-1T")
```
Or you can directly download the files using the following command:
```
wget 'https://data.together.xyz/redpajama-data-1T/v1.0.0/urls.txt'
while read line; do
dload_loc=${line#https://data.together.xyz/redpajama-data-1T/v1.0.0/}
mkdir -p $(dirname $dload_loc)
wget "$line" -O "$dload_loc"
done < urls.txt
```
After downloading the files, you can load the dataset from disk by setting the `RED_PAJAMA_DATA_DIR` environment variable to the directory containing the files:
```python
import os
from datasets import load_dataset
os.environ["RED_PAJAMA_DATA_DIR"] = "/path/to/download"
ds = load_dataset("togethercomputer/RedPajama-Data-1T")
```
A smaller 1B-token sample of the dataset can be found [here](https://huggingface.co/datasets/togethercomputer/RedPajama-Data-1T-Sample).
A full set of scripts to recreate the dataset from scratch can be found [here](https://github.com/togethercomputer/RedPajama-Data).
### Dataset Summary
RedPajama is a clean-room, fully open-source implementation of the LLaMa dataset.
| Dataset | Token Count |
|---------------|-------------|
| Commoncrawl | 878 Billion |
| C4 | 175 Billion |
| GitHub | 59 Billion |
| Books | 26 Billion |
| ArXiv | 28 Billion |
| Wikipedia | 24 Billion |
| StackExchange | 20 Billion |
| Total | 1.2 Trillion |
### Languages
Primarily English, though the Wikipedia slice contains multiple languages.
## Dataset Structure
The dataset structure is as follows:
```json
{
"text": ...,
"meta": {"url": "...", "timestamp": "...", "source": "...", "language": "...", ...},
"red_pajama_subset": "common_crawl" | "c4" | "github" | "books" | "arxiv" | "wikipedia" | "stackexchange"
}
```
## Dataset Creation
This dataset was created to follow the LLaMa paper as closely as possible to try to reproduce its recipe.
### Source Data
#### Commoncrawl
We download five dumps from Commoncrawl, and run the dumps through the official `cc_net` pipeline.
We then deduplicate on the paragraph level, and filter out low quality text using a linear classifier trained to
classify paragraphs as Wikipedia references or random Commoncrawl samples.
#### C4
C4 is downloaded from Huggingface. The only preprocessing step is to bring the data into our own format.
#### GitHub
The raw GitHub data is downloaded from Google BigQuery. We deduplicate on the file level and filter out low quality
files and only keep projects that are distributed under the MIT, BSD, or Apache license.
#### Wikipedia
We use the Wikipedia dataset available on Huggingface, which is based on the Wikipedia dump from 2023-03-20 and contains
text in 20 different languages. The dataset comes in preprocessed format, so that hyperlinks, comments and other
formatting boilerplate has been removed.
#### Gutenberg and Books3
The PG19 subset of the Gutenberg Project and Books3 datasets are downloaded from Huggingface. After downloading, we use
simhash to remove near duplicates.
#### ArXiv
ArXiv data is downloaded from Amazon S3 in the `arxiv` requester pays bucket. We only keep latex source files and
remove preambles, comments, macros and bibliographies.
#### Stackexchange
The Stack Exchange split of the dataset is download from the
[Internet Archive](https://archive.org/download/stackexchange). Here we only keep the posts from the 28 largest sites,
remove html tags, group the posts into question-answer pairs, and order answers by their score.
### SHA256 Checksums
SHA256 checksums for the dataset files for each data source are available here:
```
https://data.together.xyz/redpajama-data-1T/v1.0.0/sha256/arxiv_SHA256SUMS.txt
https://data.together.xyz/redpajama-data-1T/v1.0.0/sha256/book_SHA256SUMS.txt
https://data.together.xyz/redpajama-data-1T/v1.0.0/sha256/c4_SHA256SUMS.txt
https://data.together.xyz/redpajama-data-1T/v1.0.0/sha256/common_crawl_SHA256SUMS.txt
https://data.together.xyz/redpajama-data-1T/v1.0.0/sha256/github_SHA256SUMS.txt
https://data.together.xyz/redpajama-data-1T/v1.0.0/sha256/stackexchange_SHA256SUMS.txt
https://data.together.xyz/redpajama-data-1T/v1.0.0/sha256/wikipedia_SHA256SUMS.txt
```
To cite RedPajama, please use:
```
@software{together2023redpajama,
author = {Together Computer},
title = {RedPajama: An Open Source Recipe to Reproduce LLaMA training dataset},
month = April,
year = 2023,
url = {https://github.com/togethercomputer/RedPajama-Data}
}
```
### License
Please refer to the licenses of the data subsets you use.
* [Common Crawl Foundation Terms of Use](https://commoncrawl.org/terms-of-use/full/)
* [C4 license](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/c4#license)
* GitHub was limited to MIT, BSD, or Apache licenses only
* Books: [the_pile_books3 license](https://huggingface.co/datasets/the_pile_books3#licensing-information) and [pg19 license](https://huggingface.co/datasets/pg19#licensing-information)
* [ArXiv Terms of Use](https://info.arxiv.org/help/api/tou.html)
* [Wikipedia License](https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikipedia#licensing-information)
* [StackExchange license on the Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/stackexchange)
<!--
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed]
### Licensing Information
[More Information Needed]
### Citation Information
[More Information Needed]
### Contributions
[More Information Needed]
--> | 6,120 | [
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] |
librispeech_asr | 2022-11-18T20:18:42.000Z | [
"task_categories:automatic-speech-recognition",
"task_categories:audio-classification",
"task_ids:speaker-identification",
"annotations_creators:expert-generated",
"language_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:expert-generated",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:100K<n<1M",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:cc-by-4.0",
"region:us"
] | null | LibriSpeech is a corpus of approximately 1000 hours of read English speech with sampling rate of 16 kHz,
prepared by Vassil Panayotov with the assistance of Daniel Povey. The data is derived from read
audiobooks from the LibriVox project, and has been carefully segmented and aligned.87 | @inproceedings{panayotov2015librispeech,
title={Librispeech: an ASR corpus based on public domain audio books},
author={Panayotov, Vassil and Chen, Guoguo and Povey, Daniel and Khudanpur, Sanjeev},
booktitle={Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 2015 IEEE International Conference on},
pages={5206--5210},
year={2015},
organization={IEEE}
} | 65 | 19,278 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
pretty_name: LibriSpeech
annotations_creators:
- expert-generated
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
- expert-generated
language:
- en
license:
- cc-by-4.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
paperswithcode_id: librispeech-1
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- automatic-speech-recognition
- audio-classification
task_ids:
- speaker-identification
dataset_info:
- config_name: clean
features:
- name: file
dtype: string
- name: audio
dtype:
audio:
sampling_rate: 16000
- name: text
dtype: string
- name: speaker_id
dtype: int64
- name: chapter_id
dtype: int64
- name: id
dtype: string
splits:
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num_bytes: 6619683041
num_examples: 28539
- name: train.360
num_bytes: 23898214592
num_examples: 104014
- name: validation
num_bytes: 359572231
num_examples: 2703
- name: test
num_bytes: 367705423
num_examples: 2620
download_size: 30121377654
dataset_size: 31245175287
- config_name: other
features:
- name: file
dtype: string
- name: audio
dtype:
audio:
sampling_rate: 16000
- name: text
dtype: string
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dtype: int64
- name: chapter_id
dtype: int64
- name: id
dtype: string
splits:
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num_bytes: 31810256902
num_examples: 148688
- name: validation
num_bytes: 337283304
num_examples: 2864
- name: test
num_bytes: 352396474
num_examples: 2939
download_size: 31236565377
dataset_size: 32499936680
- config_name: all
features:
- name: file
dtype: string
- name: audio
dtype:
audio:
sampling_rate: 16000
- name: text
dtype: string
- name: speaker_id
dtype: int64
- name: chapter_id
dtype: int64
- name: id
dtype: string
splits:
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num_bytes: 6627791685
num_examples: 28539
- name: train.clean.360
num_bytes: 23927767570
num_examples: 104014
- name: train.other.500
num_bytes: 31852502880
num_examples: 148688
- name: validation.clean
num_bytes: 359505691
num_examples: 2703
- name: validation.other
num_bytes: 337213112
num_examples: 2864
- name: test.clean
num_bytes: 368449831
num_examples: 2620
- name: test.other
num_bytes: 353231518
num_examples: 2939
download_size: 61357943031
dataset_size: 63826462287
---
# Dataset Card for librispeech_asr
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [LibriSpeech ASR corpus](http://www.openslr.org/12)
- **Repository:** [Needs More Information]
- **Paper:** [LibriSpeech: An ASR Corpus Based On Public Domain Audio Books](https://www.danielpovey.com/files/2015_icassp_librispeech.pdf)
- **Leaderboard:** [The 🤗 Speech Bench](https://huggingface.co/spaces/huggingface/hf-speech-bench)
- **Point of Contact:** [Daniel Povey](mailto:dpovey@gmail.com)
### Dataset Summary
LibriSpeech is a corpus of approximately 1000 hours of 16kHz read English speech, prepared by Vassil Panayotov with the assistance of Daniel Povey. The data is derived from read audiobooks from the LibriVox project, and has been carefully segmented and aligned.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
- `automatic-speech-recognition`, `audio-speaker-identification`: The dataset can be used to train a model for Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR). The model is presented with an audio file and asked to transcribe the audio file to written text. The most common evaluation metric is the word error rate (WER). The task has an active Hugging Face leaderboard which can be found at https://huggingface.co/spaces/huggingface/hf-speech-bench. The leaderboard ranks models uploaded to the Hub based on their WER. An external leaderboard at https://paperswithcode.com/sota/speech-recognition-on-librispeech-test-clean ranks the latest models from research and academia.
### Languages
The audio is in English. There are two configurations: `clean` and `other`.
The speakers in the corpus were ranked according to the WER of the transcripts of a model trained on
a different dataset, and were divided roughly in the middle,
with the lower-WER speakers designated as "clean" and the higher WER speakers designated as "other".
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
A typical data point comprises the path to the audio file, usually called `file` and its transcription, called `text`. Some additional information about the speaker and the passage which contains the transcription is provided.
```
{'chapter_id': 141231,
'file': '/home/patrick/.cache/huggingface/datasets/downloads/extracted/b7ded9969e09942ab65313e691e6fc2e12066192ee8527e21d634aca128afbe2/dev_clean/1272/141231/1272-141231-0000.flac',
'audio': {'path': '/home/patrick/.cache/huggingface/datasets/downloads/extracted/b7ded9969e09942ab65313e691e6fc2e12066192ee8527e21d634aca128afbe2/dev_clean/1272/141231/1272-141231-0000.flac',
'array': array([-0.00048828, -0.00018311, -0.00137329, ..., 0.00079346,
0.00091553, 0.00085449], dtype=float32),
'sampling_rate': 16000},
'id': '1272-141231-0000',
'speaker_id': 1272,
'text': 'A MAN SAID TO THE UNIVERSE SIR I EXIST'}
```
### Data Fields
- file: A path to the downloaded audio file in .flac format.
- audio: A dictionary containing the path to the downloaded audio file, the decoded audio array, and the sampling rate. Note that when accessing the audio column: `dataset[0]["audio"]` the audio file is automatically decoded and resampled to `dataset.features["audio"].sampling_rate`. Decoding and resampling of a large number of audio files might take a significant amount of time. Thus it is important to first query the sample index before the `"audio"` column, *i.e.* `dataset[0]["audio"]` should **always** be preferred over `dataset["audio"][0]`.
- text: the transcription of the audio file.
- id: unique id of the data sample.
- speaker_id: unique id of the speaker. The same speaker id can be found for multiple data samples.
- chapter_id: id of the audiobook chapter which includes the transcription.
### Data Splits
The size of the corpus makes it impractical, or at least inconvenient
for some users, to distribute it as a single large archive. Thus the
training portion of the corpus is split into three subsets, with approximate size 100, 360 and 500 hours respectively.
A simple automatic
procedure was used to select the audio in the first two sets to be, on
average, of higher recording quality and with accents closer to US
English. An acoustic model was trained on WSJ’s si-84 data subset
and was used to recognize the audio in the corpus, using a bigram
LM estimated on the text of the respective books. We computed the
Word Error Rate (WER) of this automatic transcript relative to our
reference transcripts obtained from the book texts.
The speakers in the corpus were ranked according to the WER of
the WSJ model’s transcripts, and were divided roughly in the middle,
with the lower-WER speakers designated as "clean" and the higher-WER speakers designated as "other".
For "clean", the data is split into train, validation, and test set. The train set is further split into train.100 and train.360
respectively accounting for 100h and 360h of the training data.
For "other", the data is split into train, validation, and test set. The train set contains approximately 500h of recorded speech.
| | Train.500 | Train.360 | Train.100 | Valid | Test |
| ----- | ------ | ----- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
| clean | - | 104014 | 28539 | 2703 | 2620|
| other | 148688 | - | - | 2864 | 2939 |
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[Needs More Information]
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[Needs More Information]
#### Who are the source language producers?
[Needs More Information]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[Needs More Information]
#### Who are the annotators?
[Needs More Information]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
The dataset consists of people who have donated their voice online. You agree to not attempt to determine the identity of speakers in this dataset.
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[Needs More Information]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
The dataset was initially created by Vassil Panayotov, Guoguo Chen, Daniel Povey, and Sanjeev Khudanpur.
### Licensing Information
[CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
### Citation Information
```
@inproceedings{panayotov2015librispeech,
title={Librispeech: an ASR corpus based on public domain audio books},
author={Panayotov, Vassil and Chen, Guoguo and Povey, Daniel and Khudanpur, Sanjeev},
booktitle={Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 2015 IEEE International Conference on},
pages={5206--5210},
year={2015},
organization={IEEE}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@patrickvonplaten](https://github.com/patrickvonplaten) for adding this dataset. | 10,177 | [
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wiki_qa | 2023-04-05T13:43:16.000Z | [
"task_categories:question-answering",
"task_ids:open-domain-qa",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:found",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:other",
"region:us"
] | null | Wiki Question Answering corpus from Microsoft | @InProceedings{YangYihMeek:EMNLP2015:WikiQA,
author = {{Yi}, Yang and {Wen-tau}, Yih and {Christopher} Meek},
title = "{WikiQA: A Challenge Dataset for Open-Domain Question Answering}",
journal = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
year = 2015,
doi = {10.18653/v1/D15-1237},
pages = {2013–2018},
} | 17 | 18,900 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language_creators:
- found
language:
- en
license:
- other
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- question-answering
task_ids:
- open-domain-qa
paperswithcode_id: wikiqa
pretty_name: WikiQA
dataset_info:
features:
- name: question_id
dtype: string
- name: question
dtype: string
- name: document_title
dtype: string
- name: answer
dtype: string
- name: label
dtype:
class_label:
names:
'0': '0'
'1': '1'
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 1337903
num_examples: 6165
- name: train
num_bytes: 4469148
num_examples: 20360
- name: validation
num_bytes: 591833
num_examples: 2733
download_size: 7094233
dataset_size: 6398884
---
# Dataset Card for "wiki_qa"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=52419](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=52419)
- **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Paper:** [WikiQA: A Challenge Dataset for Open-Domain Question Answering](https://aclanthology.org/D15-1237/)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 7.10 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 6.40 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 13.50 MB
### Dataset Summary
Wiki Question Answering corpus from Microsoft.
The WikiQA corpus is a publicly available set of question and sentence pairs, collected and annotated for research on open-domain question answering.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### default
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 7.10 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 6.40 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 13.50 MB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
{
"answer": "Glacier caves are often called ice caves , but this term is properly used to describe bedrock caves that contain year-round ice.",
"document_title": "Glacier cave",
"label": 0,
"question": "how are glacier caves formed?",
"question_id": "Q1"
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### default
- `question_id`: a `string` feature.
- `question`: a `string` feature.
- `document_title`: a `string` feature.
- `answer`: a `string` feature.
- `label`: a classification label, with possible values including `0` (0), `1` (1).
### Data Splits
| name |train|validation|test|
|-------|----:|---------:|---:|
|default|20360| 2733|6165|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
MICROSOFT RESEARCH DATA LICENSE AGREEMENT
FOR
MICROSOFT RESEARCH WIKIQA CORPUS
These license terms are an agreement between Microsoft Corporation (or based on where you live, one of its
affiliates) and you. Please read them. They apply to the data associated with this license above, which includes
the media on which you received it, if any. The terms also apply to any Microsoft:
- updates,
- supplements,
- Internet-based services, and
- support services
for this data, unless other terms accompany those items. If so, those terms apply.
BY USING THE DATA, YOU ACCEPT THESE TERMS. IF YOU DO NOT ACCEPT THEM, DO NOT USE THE DATA.
If you comply with these license terms, you have the rights below.
1. SCOPE OF LICENSE.
a. You may use, copy, modify, create derivative works, and distribute the Dataset:
i. for research and technology development purposes only. Examples of research and technology
development uses are teaching, academic research, public demonstrations and experimentation ;
and
ii. to publish (or present papers or articles) on your results from using such Dataset.
b. The data is licensed, not sold. This agreement only gives you some rights to use the data. Microsoft reserves
all other rights. Unless applicable law gives you more rights despite this limitation, you may use the data only
as expressly permitted in this agreement. In doing so, you must comply with any technical limitations in the
data that only allow you to use it in certain ways.
You may not
- work around any technical limitations in the data;
- reverse engineer, decompile or disassemble the data, except and only to the extent that applicable law
expressly permits, despite this limitation;
- rent, lease or lend the data;
- transfer the data or this agreement to any third party; or
- use the data directly in a commercial product without Microsoft’s permission.
2. DISTRIBUTION REQUIREMENTS:
a. If you distribute the Dataset or any derivative works of the Dataset, you will distribute them under the
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b. If you have created derivative works of the Dataset, and distribute such derivative works, you will
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Page 1 of 3the original Dataset. Such notices must state: (i) that you have changed the Dataset; and (ii) the date
of any changes.
3. DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTIONS. You may not: (a) alter any copyright, trademark or patent notice in the
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4. OWNERSHIP. Microsoft retains all right, title, and interest in and to any Dataset provided to you under this
Agreement. You acquire no interest in the Dataset you may receive under the terms of this Agreement.
5. LICENSE TO MICROSOFT. Microsoft is granted back, without any restrictions or limitations, a non-exclusive,
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6. FEEDBACK. If you give feedback about the Dataset to Microsoft, you give to Microsoft, without charge, the right
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without charge, any patent rights needed for their products, technologies and services to use or interface with
any specific parts of a Microsoft dataset or service that includes the feedback. You will not give feedback that is
subject to a license that requires Microsoft to license its Dataset or documentation to third parties because we
include your feedback in them. These rights survive this Agreement.
7. EXPORT RESTRICTIONS. The Dataset is subject to United States export laws and regulations. You must
comply with all domestic and international export laws and regulations that apply to the Dataset. These laws
include restrictions on destinations, end users and end use. For additional information, see
www.microsoft.com/exporting.
8. ENTIRE AGREEMENT. This Agreement, and the terms for supplements, updates, Internet-based services and
support services that you use, are the entire agreement for the Dataset.
9. SUPPORT SERVICES. Because this data is “as is,” we may not provide support services for it.
10. APPLICABLE LAW.
a. United States. If you acquired the software in the United States, Washington state law governs the
interpretation of this agreement and applies to claims for breach of it, regardless of conflict of laws principles.
The laws of the state where you live govern all other claims, including claims under state consumer protection
laws, unfair competition laws, and in tort.
b. Outside the United States. If you acquired the software in any other country, the laws of that country
apply.
11. LEGAL EFFECT. This Agreement describes certain legal rights. You may have other rights under the laws of your
country. You may also have rights with respect to the party from whom you acquired the Dataset. This
Agreement does not change your rights under the laws of your country if the laws of your country do not permit
it to do so.
12. DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY. The Dataset is licensed “as-is.” You bear the risk of using it. Microsoft gives no
express warranties, guarantees or conditions. You may have additional consumer rights or statutory guarantees
under your local laws which this agreement cannot change. To the extent permitted under your local laws,
Microsoft excludes the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and non-
infringement.
13. LIMITATION ON AND EXCLUSION OF REMEDIES AND DAMAGES. YOU CAN RECOVER FROM
MICROSOFT AND ITS SUPPLIERS ONLY DIRECT DAMAGES UP TO U.S. $5.00. YOU CANNOT RECOVER ANY
OTHER DAMAGES, INCLUDING CONSEQUENTIAL, LOST PROFITS, SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR INCIDENTAL
DAMAGES.
This limitation applies to
- anything related to the software, services, content (including code) on third party Internet sites, or third party
programs; and Page 2 of 3
- claims for breach of contract, breach of warranty, guarantee or condition, strict liability, negligence, or other
tort to the extent permitted by applicable law.
It also applies even if Microsoft knew or should have known about the possibility of the damages. The above
limitation or exclusion may not apply to you because your country may not allow the exclusion or limitation of
incidental, consequential or other damages.
### Citation Information
```
@inproceedings{yang-etal-2015-wikiqa,
title = "{W}iki{QA}: A Challenge Dataset for Open-Domain Question Answering",
author = "Yang, Yi and
Yih, Wen-tau and
Meek, Christopher",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
month = sep,
year = "2015",
address = "Lisbon, Portugal",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/D15-1237",
doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1237",
pages = "2013--2018",
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@patrickvonplaten](https://github.com/patrickvonplaten), [@mariamabarham](https://github.com/mariamabarham), [@lewtun](https://github.com/lewtun), [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf) for adding this dataset. | 13,584 | [
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jmhessel/newyorker_caption_contest | 2023-10-26T00:38:13.000Z | [
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"task_categories:multiple-choice",
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"task_categories:text-generation",
"task_categories:visual-question-answering",
"task_categories:other",
"task_categories:text2text-generation",
"task_ids:multi-class-classification",
"task_ids:language-modeling",
"task_ids:visual-question-answering",
"task_ids:explanation-generation",
"annotations_creators:expert-generated",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"annotations_creators:found",
"language_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:expert-generated",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:1K<n<10K",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:cc-by-4.0",
"humor",
"caption contest",
"new yorker",
"arxiv:2209.06293",
"region:us"
] | jmhessel | There are 3 caption contest tasks, described in the paper. In the Matching multiple choice task, models must recognize a caption written about a cartoon (vs. options that were not). In the Quality Ranking task, models must evaluate the quality
of that caption by scoring it more highly than a lower quality option from the same contest. In the Explanation Generation task, models must explain why the joke is funny. | @article{hessel2022androids,
title={Do Androids Laugh at Electric Sheep? Humor" Understanding" Benchmarks from The New Yorker Caption Contest},
author={Hessel, Jack and Marasovi{\'c}, Ana and Hwang, Jena D and Lee, Lillian and Da, Jeff and Zellers, Rowan and Mankoff, Robert and Choi, Yejin},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2209.06293},
year={2022}
}
www.capcon.dev
Our data contributions are:
- The cartoon-level annotations;
- The joke explanations;
- and the framing of the tasks
We release these data we contribute under CC-BY (see DATASET_LICENSE).
If you find this data useful in your work, in addition to citing our contributions, please also cite the following, from which the cartoons/captions in our corpus are derived:
@misc{newyorkernextmldataset,
author={Jain, Lalit and Jamieson, Kevin and Mankoff, Robert and Nowak, Robert and Sievert, Scott},
title={The {N}ew {Y}orker Cartoon Caption Contest Dataset},
year={2020},
url={https://nextml.github.io/caption-contest-data/}
}
@inproceedings{radev-etal-2016-humor,
title = "Humor in Collective Discourse: Unsupervised Funniness Detection in The {New Yorker} Cartoon Caption Contest",
author = "Radev, Dragomir and
Stent, Amanda and
Tetreault, Joel and
Pappu, Aasish and
Iliakopoulou, Aikaterini and
Chanfreau, Agustin and
de Juan, Paloma and
Vallmitjana, Jordi and
Jaimes, Alejandro and
Jha, Rahul and
Mankoff, Robert",
booktitle = "LREC",
year = "2016",
}
@inproceedings{shahaf2015inside,
title={Inside jokes: Identifying humorous cartoon captions},
author={Shahaf, Dafna and Horvitz, Eric and Mankoff, Robert},
booktitle={KDD},
year={2015},
} | 29 | 18,251 | 2022-09-29T17:28:05 | ---
annotations_creators:
- expert-generated
- crowdsourced
- found
language:
- en
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
- expert-generated
license:
- cc-by-4.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
pretty_name: newyorker_caption_contest
size_categories:
- 1K<n<10K
source_datasets:
- original
tags:
- humor
- caption contest
- new yorker
task_categories:
- image-to-text
- multiple-choice
- text-classification
- text-generation
- visual-question-answering
- other
- text2text-generation
task_ids:
- multi-class-classification
- language-modeling
- visual-question-answering
- explanation-generation
---
# Dataset Card for New Yorker Caption Contest Benchmarks
## Table of Contents
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [capcon.dev](https://www.capcon.dev)
- **Repository:** [https://github.com/jmhessel/caption_contest_corpus](https://github.com/jmhessel/caption_contest_corpus)
- **Paper:** [Do Androids Laugh at Electric Sheep? Humor "Understanding" Benchmarks from The New Yorker Caption Contest](https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.06293)
- **Leaderboard:** https://leaderboard.allenai.org/nycc-matching/ and https://leaderboard.allenai.org/nycc-ranking
- **Point of Contact:** jmhessel@gmail.com
### Dataset Summary
See [capcon.dev](https://www.capcon.dev) for more!
Data from:
[Do Androids Laugh at Electric Sheep? Humor "Understanding" Benchmarks from The New Yorker Caption Contest](https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.06293)
```
@inproceedings{hessel2023androids,
title={Do Androids Laugh at Electric Sheep? {Humor} ``Understanding''
Benchmarks from {The New Yorker Caption Contest}},
author={Hessel, Jack and Marasovi{\'c}, Ana and Hwang, Jena D. and Lee, Lillian
and Da, Jeff and Zellers, Rowan and Mankoff, Robert and Choi, Yejin},
booktitle={Proceedings of the ACL},
year={2023}
}
```
If you use this dataset, we would appreciate you citing our work, but also -- several other papers that we build this corpus upon. See [Citation Information](#citation-information).
We challenge AI models to "demonstrate understanding" of the
sophisticated multimodal humor of The New Yorker Caption Contest.
Concretely, we develop three carefully circumscribed tasks for which
it suffices (but is not necessary) to grasp potentially complex and
unexpected relationships between image and caption, and similarly
complex and unexpected allusions to the wide varieties of human
experience.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
Three tasks are supported:
- "Matching:" a model must recognize a caption written about a cartoon (vs. options that were not);
- "Quality ranking:" a model must evaluate the quality of a caption by scoring it more highly than a lower quality option from the same contest;
- "Explanation:" a model must explain why a given joke is funny.
There are no official leaderboards (yet).
### Languages
English
## Dataset Structure
Here's an example instance from Matching:
```
{'caption_choices': ['Tell me about your childhood very quickly.',
"Believe me . . . it's what's UNDER the ground that's "
'most interesting.',
"Stop me if you've heard this one.",
'I have trouble saying no.',
'Yes, I see the train but I think we can beat it.'],
'contest_number': 49,
'entities': ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_three_(writing)',
'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_joke',
'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_institute'],
'from_description': 'scene: a bar description: Two priests and a rabbi are '
'walking into a bar, as the bartender and another patron '
'look on. The bartender talks on the phone while looking '
'skeptically at the incoming crew. uncanny: The scene '
'depicts a very stereotypical "bar joke" that would be '
'unlikely to be encountered in real life; the skepticism '
'of the bartender suggests that he is aware he is seeing '
'this trope, and is explaining it to someone on the '
'phone. entities: Rule_of_three_(writing), Bar_joke, '
'Religious_institute. choices A: Tell me about your '
"childhood very quickly. B: Believe me . . . it's what's "
"UNDER the ground that's most interesting. C: Stop me if "
"you've heard this one. D: I have trouble saying no. E: "
'Yes, I see the train but I think we can beat it.',
'image': <PIL.JpegImagePlugin.JpegImageFile image mode=L size=323x231 at 0x7F34F283E9D0>,
'image_description': 'Two priests and a rabbi are walking into a bar, as the '
'bartender and another patron look on. The bartender '
'talks on the phone while looking skeptically at the '
'incoming crew.',
'image_location': 'a bar',
'image_uncanny_description': 'The scene depicts a very stereotypical "bar '
'joke" that would be unlikely to be encountered '
'in real life; the skepticism of the bartender '
'suggests that he is aware he is seeing this '
'trope, and is explaining it to someone on the '
'phone.',
'instance_id': '21125bb8787b4e7e82aa3b0a1cba1571',
'label': 'C',
'n_tokens_label': 1,
'questions': ['What is the bartender saying on the phone in response to the '
'living, breathing, stereotypical bar joke that is unfolding?']}
```
The label "C" indicates that the 3rd choice in the `caption_choices` is correct.
Here's an example instance from Ranking (in the from pixels setting --- though, this is also available in the from description setting)
```
{'caption_choices': ['I guess I misunderstood when you said long bike ride.',
'Does your divorce lawyer have any other cool ideas?'],
'contest_number': 582,
'image': <PIL.JpegImagePlugin.JpegImageFile image mode=L size=600x414 at 0x7F8FF9F96610>,
'instance_id': 'dd1c214a1ca3404aa4e582c9ce50795a',
'label': 'A',
'n_tokens_label': 1,
'winner_source': 'official_winner'}
```
the label indicates that the first caption choice ("A", here) in the `caption_choices` list was more highly rated.
Here's an example instance from Explanation:
```
{'caption_choices': 'The classics can be so intimidating.',
'contest_number': 752,
'entities': ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature',
'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor'],
'from_description': 'scene: a road description: Two people are walking down a '
'path. A number of giant books have surrounded them. '
'uncanny: There are book people in this world. entities: '
'Literature, Solicitor. caption: The classics can be so '
'intimidating.',
'image': <PIL.JpegImagePlugin.JpegImageFile image mode=L size=800x706 at 0x7F90003D0BB0>,
'image_description': 'Two people are walking down a path. A number of giant '
'books have surrounded them.',
'image_location': 'a road',
'image_uncanny_description': 'There are book people in this world.',
'instance_id': 'eef9baf450e2fab19b96facc128adf80',
'label': 'A play on the word intimidating --- usually if the classics (i.e., '
'classic novels) were to be intimidating, this would mean that they '
'are intimidating to read due to their length, complexity, etc. But '
'here, they are surrounded by anthropomorphic books which look '
'physically intimidating, i.e., they are intimidating because they '
'may try to beat up these people.',
'n_tokens_label': 59,
'questions': ['What do the books want?']}
```
The label is an explanation of the joke, which serves as the autoregressive target.
### Data Instances
See above
### Data Fields
See above
### Data Splits
Data splits can be accessed as:
```
from datasets import load_dataset
dset = load_dataset("jmhessel/newyorker_caption_contest", "matching")
dset = load_dataset("jmhessel/newyorker_caption_contest", "ranking")
dset = load_dataset("jmhessel/newyorker_caption_contest", "explanation")
```
Or, in the from pixels setting, e.g.,
```
from datasets import load_dataset
dset = load_dataset("jmhessel/newyorker_caption_contest", "ranking_from_pixels")
```
Because the dataset is small, we reported in 5-fold cross-validation setting initially. The default splits are split 0. You can access the other splits, e.g.:
```
from datasets import load_dataset
# the 4th data split
dset = load_dataset("jmhessel/newyorker_caption_contest", "explanation_4")
```
## Dataset Creation
Full details are in the paper.
### Curation Rationale
See the paper for rationale/motivation.
### Source Data
See citation below. We combined 3 sources of data, and added significant annotations of our own.
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
Full details are in the paper.
#### Who are the source language producers?
We paid crowdworkers $15/hr to annotate the corpus.
In addition, significant annotation efforts were conducted by the authors of this work.
### Annotations
Full details are in the paper.
#### Annotation process
Full details are in the paper.
#### Who are the annotators?
A mix of crowdworks and authors of this paper.
### Personal and Sensitive Information
Has been redacted from the dataset. Images are published in the New Yorker already.
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
It's plausible that humor could perpetuate negative stereotypes. The jokes in this corpus are a mix of crowdsourced entries that are highly rated, and ones published in the new yorker.
### Discussion of Biases
Humor is subjective, and some of the jokes may be considered offensive. The images may contain adult themes and minor cartoon nudity.
### Other Known Limitations
More details are in the paper
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
The dataset was curated by researchers at AI2
### Licensing Information
The annotations we provide are CC-BY-4.0. See www.capcon.dev for more info.
### Citation Information
```
@article{hessel2022androids,
title={Do Androids Laugh at Electric Sheep? Humor "Understanding" Benchmarks from The New Yorker Caption Contest},
author={Hessel, Jack and Marasovi{\'c}, Ana and Hwang, Jena D and Lee, Lillian and Da, Jeff and Zellers, Rowan and Mankoff, Robert and Choi, Yejin},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2209.06293},
year={2022}
}
```
Our data contributions are:
- The cartoon-level annotations;
- The joke explanations;
- and the framing of the tasks
We release these data we contribute under CC-BY (see DATASET_LICENSE). If you find this data useful in your work, in addition to citing our contributions, please also cite the following, from which the cartoons/captions in our corpus are derived:
```
@misc{newyorkernextmldataset,
author={Jain, Lalit and Jamieson, Kevin and Mankoff, Robert and Nowak, Robert and Sievert, Scott},
title={The {N}ew {Y}orker Cartoon Caption Contest Dataset},
year={2020},
url={https://nextml.github.io/caption-contest-data/}
}
@inproceedings{radev-etal-2016-humor,
title = "Humor in Collective Discourse: Unsupervised Funniness Detection in The {New Yorker} Cartoon Caption Contest",
author = "Radev, Dragomir and
Stent, Amanda and
Tetreault, Joel and
Pappu, Aasish and
Iliakopoulou, Aikaterini and
Chanfreau, Agustin and
de Juan, Paloma and
Vallmitjana, Jordi and
Jaimes, Alejandro and
Jha, Rahul and
Mankoff, Robert",
booktitle = "LREC",
year = "2016",
}
@inproceedings{shahaf2015inside,
title={Inside jokes: Identifying humorous cartoon captions},
author={Shahaf, Dafna and Horvitz, Eric and Mankoff, Robert},
booktitle={KDD},
year={2015},
}
``` | 13,097 | [
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opus100 | 2023-06-01T14:59:58.000Z | [
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] | null | OPUS-100 is English-centric, meaning that all training pairs include English on either the source or target side.
The corpus covers 100 languages (including English).OPUS-100 contains approximately 55M sentence pairs.
Of the 99 language pairs, 44 have 1M sentence pairs of training data, 73 have at least 100k, and 95 have at least 10k. | @misc{zhang2020improving,
title={Improving Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation and Zero-Shot Translation},
author={Biao Zhang and Philip Williams and Ivan Titov and Rico Sennrich},
year={2020},
eprint={2004.11867},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
} | 59 | 18,204 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
pretty_name: Opus100
task_categories:
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multilinguality:
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task_ids: []
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license:
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paperswithcode_id: opus-100
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---
# Dataset Card for Opus100
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [Link](http://opus.nlpl.eu/opus-100.php)
- **Repository:** [GitHub](https://github.com/EdinburghNLP/opus-100-corpus)
- **Paper:** [ARXIV](https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.11867)
- **Leaderboard:**
- **Point of Contact:**
### Dataset Summary
OPUS-100 is English-centric, meaning that all training pairs include English on either the source or target side. The corpus covers 100 languages (including English). Selected the languages based on the volume of parallel data available in OPUS.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed]
### Languages
OPUS-100 contains approximately 55M sentence pairs. Of the 99 language pairs, 44 have 1M sentence pairs of training data, 73 have at least 100k, and 95 have at least 10k.
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
```
{
"ca": "El departament de bombers té el seu propi equip d'investigació.",
"en": "Well, the fire department has its own investigative unit."
}
```
### Data Fields
- `src_tag`: `string` text in source language
- `tgt_tag`: `string` translation of source language in target language
### Data Splits
The dataset is split into training, development, and test portions. Data was prepared by randomly sampled up to 1M sentence pairs per language pair for training and up to 2000 each for development and test. To ensure that there was no overlap (at the monolingual sentence level) between the training and development/test data, they applied a filter during sampling to exclude sentences that had already been sampled. Note that this was done cross-lingually so that, for instance, an English sentence in the Portuguese-English portion of the training data could not occur in the Hindi-English test set.
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed]
### Source Data
[More Information Needed]
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed]
### Licensing Information
[More Information Needed]
### Citation Information
```
@misc{zhang2020improving,
title={Improving Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation and Zero-Shot Translation},
author={Biao Zhang and Philip Williams and Ivan Titov and Rico Sennrich},
year={2020},
eprint={2004.11867},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@vasudevgupta7](https://github.com/vasudevgupta7) for adding this dataset. | 46,666 | [
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] |
bigcode/humanevalpack | 2023-08-17T18:45:27.000Z | [
"language_creators:expert-generated",
"multilinguality:multilingual",
"language:code",
"license:mit",
"code",
"arxiv:2308.07124",
"region:us"
] | bigcode | null | 24 | 18,107 | 2023-03-29T12:00:16 | ---
license: mit
pretty_name: HumanEvalPack
language_creators:
- expert-generated
multilinguality:
- multilingual
language:
- code
tags:
- code
---
# Dataset Card for HumanEvalPack
## Table of Contents
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Repository:** https://github.com/bigcode-project/octopack
- **Paper:** [OctoPack: Instruction Tuning Code Large Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.07124)
- **Point of Contact:** [Niklas Muennighoff](mailto:n.muennighoff@gmail.com)
### Dataset Summary
> HumanEvalPack is an extension of OpenAI's HumanEval to cover 6 total languages across 3 tasks. The Python split is exactly the same as OpenAI's Python HumanEval. The other splits are translated by humans (similar to HumanEval-X but with additional cleaning, see [here](https://github.com/bigcode-project/octopack/tree/main/evaluation/create/humaneval-x#modifications-muennighoff)). Refer to the [OctoPack paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.07124) for more details.
>
- **Languages:** Python, JavaScript, Java, Go, C++, Rust
- **OctoPack🐙🎒:**
<table>
<tr>
<th>Data</t>
<td><a href=https://huggingface.co/datasets/bigcode/commitpack>CommitPack</a></td>
<td>4TB of GitHub commits across 350 programming languages</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></t>
<td><a href=https://huggingface.co/datasets/bigcode/commitpackft>CommitPackFT</a></td>
<td>Filtered version of CommitPack for high-quality commit messages that resemble instructions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Model</t>
<td><a href=https://huggingface.co/bigcode/octocoder>OctoCoder</a></td>
<td>StarCoder (16B parameters) instruction tuned on CommitPackFT + OASST</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></t>
<td><a href=https://huggingface.co/bigcode/octogeex>OctoGeeX</a></td>
<td>CodeGeeX2 (6B parameters) instruction tuned on CommitPackFT + OASST</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Evaluation</t>
<td><a href=https://huggingface.co/datasets/bigcode/humanevalpack>HumanEvalPack</a></td>
<td>Extension of OpenAI's HumanEval to cover 3 scenarios across 6 languages</td>
</tr>
</table>
## Usage
```python
# pip install -q datasets
from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("bigcode/humanevalpack", "python")["test"]
ds[0]
```
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
An example looks as follows:
```json
{
"task_id": "Python/0",
"prompt": "from typing import List\n\n\ndef has_close_elements(numbers: List[float], threshold: float) -> bool:\n \"\"\" Check if in given list of numbers, are any two numbers closer to each other than\n given threshold.\n >>> has_close_elements([1.0, 2.0, 3.0], 0.5)\n False\n >>> has_close_elements([1.0, 2.8, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 2.0], 0.3)\n True\n \"\"\"\n",
"declaration": "from typing import List\n\n\ndef has_close_elements(numbers: List[float], threshold: float) -> bool:\n",
"canonical_solution": " for idx, elem in enumerate(numbers):\n for idx2, elem2 in enumerate(numbers):\n if idx != idx2:\n distance = abs(elem - elem2)\n if distance < threshold:\n return True\n\n return False\n",
"buggy_solution": " for idx, elem in enumerate(numbers):\n for idx2, elem2 in enumerate(numbers):\n if idx != idx2:\n distance = elem - elem2\n if distance < threshold:\n return True\n\n return False\n",
"bug_type": "missing logic",
"failure_symptoms": "incorrect output",
"entry_point": "has_close_elements",
"import": ""
"test_setup": ""
"test": "\n\n\n\n\ndef check(has_close_elements):\n assert has_close_elements([1.0, 2.0, 3.9, 4.0, 5.0, 2.2], 0.3) == True\n assert has_close_elements([1.0, 2.0, 3.9, 4.0, 5.0, 2.2], 0.05) == False\n assert has_close_elements([1.0, 2.0, 5.9, 4.0, 5.0], 0.95) == True\n assert has_close_elements([1.0, 2.0, 5.9, 4.0, 5.0], 0.8) == False\n assert has_close_elements([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 2.0], 0.1) == True\n assert has_close_elements([1.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1], 1.0) == True\n assert has_close_elements([1.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1], 0.5) == False\n\ncheck(has_close_elements)",
"example_test": "def check(has_close_elements):\n assert has_close_elements([1.0, 2.0, 3.0], 0.5) == False\n assert has_close_elements([1.0, 2.8, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 2.0], 0.3) == True\ncheck(has_close_elements)\n",
"signature": "has_close_elements(numbers: List[float], threshold: float) -> bool",
"docstring": "Check if in given list of numbers, are any two numbers closer to each other than\ngiven threshold.\n>>> has_close_elements([1.0, 2.0, 3.0], 0.5)\nFalse\n>>> has_close_elements([1.0, 2.8, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 2.0], 0.3)\nTrue",
"instruction": "Write a Python function `has_close_elements(numbers: List[float], threshold: float) -> bool` to solve the following problem:\nCheck if in given list of numbers, are any two numbers closer to each other than\ngiven threshold.\n>>> has_close_elements([1.0, 2.0, 3.0], 0.5)\nFalse\n>>> has_close_elements([1.0, 2.8, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 2.0], 0.3)\nTrue"
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits:
- `task_id`: Indicates the language (Python/JavaScript/Java/Go/C++/Rust) and task id (from 0 to 163) of the problem
- `prompt`: the prompt for models relying on code continuation
- `declaration`: the declaration of the function (same as prompt but without the docstring)
- `canonical_solution`: the correct solution passing all unit tests for the problem
- `buggy_solution`: same as `canonical_solution` but with a subtle human-written bug causing the unit tests to fail
- `bug_type`: the type of the bug in `buggy_solution` (one of [`missing logic`, `excess logic`, `value misuse`, `operator misuse`, `variable misuse`, `function misuse`])
- `failure_symptoms`: the problem the bug causes (one of [`incorrect output`, `stackoverflow`, `infinite loop`])
- `entry_point`: the name of the function
- 'import': imports necessary for the solution (only present for Go)
- 'test_setup': imports necessary for the test execution (only present for Go)
- `test`: the unit tests for the problem
- `example_test`: additional unit tests different from `test` that could be e.g. provided to the model (these are not used in the paper)
- `signature`: the signature of the function
- `docstring`: the docstring describing the problem
- `instruction`: an instruction for HumanEvalSynthesize in the form `Write a {language_name} function {signature} to solve the following problem:\n{docstring}`
## Citation Information
```bibtex
@article{muennighoff2023octopack,
title={OctoPack: Instruction Tuning Code Large Language Models},
author={Niklas Muennighoff and Qian Liu and Armel Zebaze and Qinkai Zheng and Binyuan Hui and Terry Yue Zhuo and Swayam Singh and Xiangru Tang and Leandro von Werra and Shayne Longpre},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.07124},
year={2023}
}
``` | 7,586 | [
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EleutherAI/lambada_openai | 2022-12-16T19:53:23.000Z | [
"task_ids:language-modeling",
"language_creators:machine-generated",
"multilinguality:translation",
"size_categories:1K<n<10K",
"source_datasets:lambada",
"language:de",
"language:en",
"language:es",
"language:fr",
"language:it",
"license:mit",
"region:us"
] | EleutherAI | The LAMBADA dataset as processed by OpenAI. It is used to evaluate the capabilities
of computational models for text understanding by means of a word prediction task.
LAMBADA is a collection of narrative texts sharing the characteristic that human subjects
are able to guess their last word if they are exposed to the whole text, but not
if they only see the last sentence preceding the target word. To succeed on LAMBADA,
computational models cannot simply rely on local context, but must be able to keep track
of information in the broader discourse.
Reference: https://github.com/openai/gpt-2/issues/131#issuecomment-497136199 | @misc{
author={Paperno, Denis and Kruszewski, Germán and Lazaridou, Angeliki and Pham, Quan Ngoc and Bernardi, Raffaella and Pezzelle, Sandro and Baroni, Marco and Boleda, Gemma and Fernández, Raquel},
title={The LAMBADA dataset},
DOI={10.5281/zenodo.2630551},
publisher={Zenodo},
year={2016},
month={Aug}
} | 30 | 17,887 | 2022-12-16T16:35:07 | ---
pretty_name: LAMBADA OpenAI
language_creators:
- machine-generated
license: mit
multilinguality:
- translation
task_ids:
- language-modeling
source_datasets:
- lambada
size_categories:
- 1K<n<10K
language:
- de
- en
- es
- fr
- it
dataset_info:
- config_name: default
features:
- name: text
dtype: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 1709449
num_examples: 5153
download_size: 1819752
dataset_size: 1709449
- config_name: de
features:
- name: text
dtype: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 1904576
num_examples: 5153
download_size: 1985231
dataset_size: 1904576
- config_name: en
features:
- name: text
dtype: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 1709449
num_examples: 5153
download_size: 1819752
dataset_size: 1709449
- config_name: es
features:
- name: text
dtype: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 1821735
num_examples: 5153
download_size: 1902349
dataset_size: 1821735
- config_name: fr
features:
- name: text
dtype: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 1948795
num_examples: 5153
download_size: 2028703
dataset_size: 1948795
- config_name: it
features:
- name: text
dtype: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 1813420
num_examples: 5153
download_size: 1894613
dataset_size: 1813420
---
## Dataset Description
- **Repository:** [openai/gpt2](https://github.com/openai/gpt-2)
- **Paper:** Radford et al. [Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners](https://d4mucfpksywv.cloudfront.net/better-language-models/language-models.pdf)
### Dataset Summary
This dataset is comprised of the LAMBADA test split as pre-processed by OpenAI (see relevant discussions [here](https://github.com/openai/gpt-2/issues/131#issuecomment-497136199) and [here](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/issues/491)). It also contains machine translated versions of the split in German, Spanish, French, and Italian.
LAMBADA is used to evaluate the capabilities of computational models for text understanding by means of a word prediction task. LAMBADA is a collection of narrative texts sharing the characteristic that human subjects are able to guess their last word if they are exposed to the whole text, but not if they only see the last sentence preceding the target word. To succeed on LAMBADA, computational models cannot simply rely on local context, but must be able to keep track of information in the broader discourse.
### Languages
English, German, Spanish, French, and Italian.
### Source Data
For non-English languages, the data splits were produced by Google Translate. See the [`translation_script.py`](translation_script.py) for more details.
## Additional Information
### Hash Checksums
For data integrity checks we leave the following checksums for the files in this dataset:
| File Name | Checksum (SHA-256) |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| lambada_test_de.jsonl | 51c6c1795894c46e88e4c104b5667f488efe79081fb34d746b82b8caa663865e |
| [openai/lambada_test.jsonl](https://openaipublic.blob.core.windows.net/gpt-2/data/lambada_test.jsonl) | 4aa8d02cd17c719165fc8a7887fddd641f43fcafa4b1c806ca8abc31fabdb226 |
| lambada_test_en.jsonl | 4aa8d02cd17c719165fc8a7887fddd641f43fcafa4b1c806ca8abc31fabdb226 |
| lambada_test_es.jsonl | ffd760026c647fb43c67ce1bc56fd527937304b348712dce33190ea6caba6f9c |
| lambada_test_fr.jsonl | 941ec6a73dba7dc91c860bf493eb66a527cd430148827a4753a4535a046bf362 |
| lambada_test_it.jsonl | 86654237716702ab74f42855ae5a78455c1b0e50054a4593fb9c6fcf7fad0850 |
### Licensing
License: [Modified MIT](https://github.com/openai/gpt-2/blob/master/LICENSE)
### Citation
```bibtex
@article{radford2019language,
title={Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners},
author={Radford, Alec and Wu, Jeff and Child, Rewon and Luan, David and Amodei, Dario and Sutskever, Ilya},
year={2019}
}
```
```bibtex
@misc{
author={Paperno, Denis and Kruszewski, Germán and Lazaridou, Angeliki and Pham, Quan Ngoc and Bernardi, Raffaella and Pezzelle, Sandro and Baroni, Marco and Boleda, Gemma and Fernández, Raquel},
title={The LAMBADA dataset},
DOI={10.5281/zenodo.2630551},
publisher={Zenodo},
year={2016},
month={Aug}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to Sid Black ([@sdtblck](https://github.com/sdtblck)) for translating the `lambada_openai` dataset into the non-English languages.
Thanks to Jonathan Tow ([@jon-tow](https://github.com/jon-tow)) for adding this dataset.
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oscar-corpus/OSCAR-2301 | 2023-04-18T10:08:22.000Z | [
"task_categories:fill-mask",
"task_categories:text-generation",
"task_ids:language-modeling",
"multilinguality:multilingual",
"size_categories:n>1T",
"source_datasets:original",
"license:cc0-1.0",
"arxiv:2212.10440",
"arxiv:2010.14571",
"region:us"
] | oscar-corpus | The Open Super-large Crawled Aggregated coRpus is a huge multilingual corpus obtained by language classification and filtering of the Common Crawl corpus using the Ungoliant architecture.\ | @ARTICLE{2022arXiv221210440J,
author = {{Jansen}, Tim and {Tong}, Yangling and {Zevallos}, Victoria and {Ortiz Suarez}, Pedro},
title = "{Perplexed by Quality: A Perplexity-based Method for Adult and Harmful Content Detection in Multilingual Heterogeneous Web Data}",
journal = {arXiv e-prints},
keywords = {Computer Science - Computation and Language},
year = 2022,
month = dec,
eid = {arXiv:2212.10440},
pages = {arXiv:2212.10440},
doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2212.10440},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {2212.10440},
primaryClass = {cs.CL},
adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022arXiv221210440J},
adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@inproceedings{abadji-etal-2022-towards,
title = "Towards a Cleaner Document-Oriented Multilingual Crawled Corpus",
author = "Abadji, Julien and
Ortiz Suarez, Pedro and
Romary, Laurent and
Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference",
month = jun,
year = "2022",
address = "Marseille, France",
publisher = "European Language Resources Association",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.463",
pages = "4344--4355",
abstract = "The need for large corpora raw corpora has dramatically increased in recent years with the introduction of transfer learning and semi-supervised learning methods to Natural Language Processing. And while there have been some recent attempts to manually curate the amount of data necessary to train large language models, the main way to obtain this data is still through automatic web crawling. In this paper we take the existing multilingual web corpus OSCAR and its pipeline Ungoliant that extracts and classifies data from Common Crawl at the line level, and propose a set of improvements and automatic annotations in order to produce a new document-oriented version of OSCAR that could prove more suitable to pre-train large generative language models as well as hopefully other applications in Natural Language Processing and Digital Humanities.",
}
@inproceedings{AbadjiOrtizSuarezRomaryetal.2021,
author = {Julien Abadji and Pedro Javier Ortiz Su{\'a}rez and Laurent Romary and Beno{\^i}t Sagot},
title = {Ungoliant: An optimized pipeline for the generation of a very large-scale multilingual web corpus},
series = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Challenges in the Management of Large Corpora (CMLC-9) 2021. Limerick, 12 July 2021 (Online-Event)},
editor = {Harald L{\"u}ngen and Marc Kupietz and Piotr Bański and Adrien Barbaresi and Simon Clematide and Ines Pisetta},
publisher = {Leibniz-Institut f{\"u}r Deutsche Sprache},
address = {Mannheim},
doi = {10.14618/ids-pub-10468},
url = {https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bsz:mh39-104688},
pages = {1 -- 9},
year = {2021},
abstract = {Since the introduction of large language models in Natural Language Processing, large raw corpora have played a crucial role in Computational Linguistics. However, most of these large raw corpora are either available only for English or not available to the general public due to copyright issues. Nevertheless, there are some examples of freely available multilingual corpora for training Deep Learning NLP models, such as the OSCAR and Paracrawl corpora. However, they have quality issues, especially for low-resource languages. Moreover, recreating or updating these corpora is very complex. In this work, we try to reproduce and improve the goclassy pipeline used to create the OSCAR corpus. We propose a new pipeline that is faster, modular, parameterizable, and well documented. We use it to create a corpus similar to OSCAR but larger and based on recent data. Also, unlike OSCAR, the metadata information is at the document level. We release our pipeline under an open source license and publish the corpus under a research-only license.},
language = {en}
}
@article{kreutzer-etal-2022-quality,
title = "Quality at a Glance: An Audit of Web-Crawled Multilingual Datasets",
author = {Kreutzer, Julia and
Caswell, Isaac and
Wang, Lisa and
Wahab, Ahsan and
van Esch, Daan and
Ulzii-Orshikh, Nasanbayar and
Tapo, Allahsera and
Subramani, Nishant and
Sokolov, Artem and
Sikasote, Claytone and
Setyawan, Monang and
Sarin, Supheakmungkol and
Samb, Sokhar and
Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t and
Rivera, Clara and
Rios, Annette and
Papadimitriou, Isabel and
Osei, Salomey and
Suarez, Pedro Ortiz and
Orife, Iroro and
Ogueji, Kelechi and
Rubungo, Andre Niyongabo and
Nguyen, Toan Q. and
M{\"u}ller, Mathias and
M{\"u}ller, Andr{\'e} and
Muhammad, Shamsuddeen Hassan and
Muhammad, Nanda and
Mnyakeni, Ayanda and
Mirzakhalov, Jamshidbek and
Matangira, Tapiwanashe and
Leong, Colin and
Lawson, Nze and
Kudugunta, Sneha and
Jernite, Yacine and
Jenny, Mathias and
Firat, Orhan and
Dossou, Bonaventure F. P. and
Dlamini, Sakhile and
de Silva, Nisansa and
{\c{C}}abuk Ball{\i}, Sakine and
Biderman, Stella and
Battisti, Alessia and
Baruwa, Ahmed and
Bapna, Ankur and
Baljekar, Pallavi and
Azime, Israel Abebe and
Awokoya, Ayodele and
Ataman, Duygu and
Ahia, Orevaoghene and
Ahia, Oghenefego and
Agrawal, Sweta and
Adeyemi, Mofetoluwa},
journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
volume = "10",
year = "2022",
address = "Cambridge, MA",
publisher = "MIT Press",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2022.tacl-1.4",
doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00447",
pages = "50--72",
abstract = "With the success of large-scale pre-training and multilingual modeling in Natural Language Processing (NLP), recent years have seen a proliferation of large, Web-mined text datasets covering hundreds of languages. We manually audit the quality of 205 language-specific corpora released with five major public datasets (CCAligned, ParaCrawl, WikiMatrix, OSCAR, mC4). Lower-resource corpora have systematic issues: At least 15 corpora have no usable text, and a significant fraction contains less than 50{\%} sentences of acceptable quality. In addition, many are mislabeled or use nonstandard/ambiguous language codes. We demonstrate that these issues are easy to detect even for non-proficient speakers, and supplement the human audit with automatic analyses. Finally, we recommend techniques to evaluate and improve multilingual corpora and discuss potential risks that come with low-quality data releases.",
}
@inproceedings{ortiz-suarez-etal-2020-monolingual,
title = "A Monolingual Approach to Contextualized Word Embeddings for Mid-Resource Languages",
author = "Ortiz Su{\'a}rez, Pedro Javier and
Romary, Laurent and
Sagot, Benoit",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
month = jul,
year = "2020",
address = "Online",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.acl-main.156",
pages = "1703--1714",
abstract = "We use the multilingual OSCAR corpus, extracted from Common Crawl via language classification, filtering and cleaning, to train monolingual contextualized word embeddings (ELMo) for five mid-resource languages. We then compare the performance of OSCAR-based and Wikipedia-based ELMo embeddings for these languages on the part-of-speech tagging and parsing tasks. We show that, despite the noise in the Common-Crawl-based OSCAR data, embeddings trained on OSCAR perform much better than monolingual embeddings trained on Wikipedia. They actually equal or improve the current state of the art in tagging and parsing for all five languages. In particular, they also improve over multilingual Wikipedia-based contextual embeddings (multilingual BERT), which almost always constitutes the previous state of the art, thereby showing that the benefit of a larger, more diverse corpus surpasses the cross-lingual benefit of multilingual embedding architectures.",
}
@inproceedings{OrtizSuarezSagotRomary2019,
author = {Pedro Javier {Ortiz Su{\'a}rez} and Benoit Sagot and Laurent Romary},
title = {Asynchronous pipelines for processing huge corpora on medium to low resource infrastructures},
series = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Challenges in the Management of Large Corpora (CMLC-7) 2019. Cardiff, 22nd July 2019},
editor = {Piotr Bański and Adrien Barbaresi and Hanno Biber and Evelyn Breiteneder and Simon Clematide and Marc Kupietz and Harald L{\"u}ngen and Caroline Iliadi},
publisher = {Leibniz-Institut f{\"u}r Deutsche Sprache},
address = {Mannheim},
doi = {10.14618/ids-pub-9021},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:mh39-90215},
pages = {9 -- 16},
year = {2019},
abstract = {Common Crawl is a considerably large, heterogeneous multilingual corpus comprised of crawled documents from the internet, surpassing 20TB of data and distributed as a set of more than 50 thousand plain text files where each contains many documents written in a wide variety of languages. Even though each document has a metadata block associated to it, this data lacks any information about the language in which each document is written, making it extremely difficult to use Common Crawl for monolingual applications. We propose a general, highly parallel, multithreaded pipeline to clean and classify Common Crawl by language; we specifically design it so that it runs efficiently on medium to low resource infrastructures where I/O speeds are the main constraint. We develop the pipeline so that it can be easily reapplied to any kind of heterogeneous corpus and so that it can be parameterised to a wide range of infrastructures. We also distribute a 6.3TB version of Common Crawl, filtered, classified by language, shuffled at line level in order to avoid copyright issues, and ready to be used for NLP applications.},
language = {en}
} | 66 | 17,338 | 2023-03-02T10:22:42 | ---
license: cc0-1.0
size_categories:
- n>1T
multilinguality:
- multilingual
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- fill-mask
- text-generation
task_ids:
- language-modeling
paperswithcode_id: oscar
extra_gated_prompt: "By filling the form below, you understand that only the metadata and the annotations of OSCAR 23.01 have a cc0-1.0 license, and that the rest of the content is crawled data derived from the November/December 2022 snapshot of Common Crawl, for which the authors of OSCAR **do not** hold any copyright whatsoever."
extra_gated_fields:
Name: text
Email: text
Affiliation: text
Country: text
Usecase: text
I have explicitly check with my jurisdiction and I confirm that downloading OSCAR 2301 is legal in the country/region where I am located right now, and for the use case that I have described above: checkbox
---
# Dataset Card for "OSCAR 23.01"
## IMPORTANT NOTE: THIS DATASET CARD IS STILL BEING WRITTEN, PLEASE BE PATIENT WHILE WE COMPLETE ALL THE INFORMATION ABOUT THE CORPUS
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://oscar-project.org](https://oscar-project.org)
- **Repository:** [https://github.com/oscar-project](https://github.com/oscar-project)
- **Papers:** [Towards a Cleaner Document-Oriented Multilingual Crawled Corpus](https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.463/), [Perplexed by Quality: A Perplexity-based Method for Adult and Harmful Content Detection in Multilingual Heterogeneous Web Data](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.10440)
- **Point of Contact:** [Contact](https://oscar-project.org/#contact)
### Dataset Summary
The OSCAR project (**O**pen **S**uper-large **C**rawled **A**ggregated co**R**pus) is an Open Source project aiming to provide web-based multilingual resources and datasets for Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications. The project focuses specifically in providing large quantities of unannotated raw data that is commonly used in the pre-training of large deep learning models. The OSCAR project has developed [high-performance data pipelines](https://github.com/oscar-corpus/ungoliant) specifically conceived to classify and filter large amounts of [web data](https://commoncrawl.org/). The project has also put special attention in improving the data quality of web-based corpora as well as providing data for low-resource languages, so that these new ML/AI technologies are accessible to as many communities as possible.
OSCAR 23.01 is the January 2023 version of the OSCAR Corpus based on the [November/December 2022 dump of Common Crawl](https://commoncrawl.org/2022/12/nov-dec-2022-crawl-archive-now-available/). While being quite similar to OSCAR 22.01, it contains several new features, including [KenLM](https://kheafield.com/code/kenlm/)-based adult content detection, precomputed [Locality-Sensitive Hashes](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locality_sensitive_hashing) for near deduplication, and [blocklist](https://dsi.ut-capitole.fr/blacklists/index_en.php)-based categories. OSCAR 23.01 has also moved from gzip to [Zstandard compression](https://facebook.github.io/zstd/). You might already have `zstd` installed on your system, but if not, please check the [Zstandard website](https://facebook.github.io/zstd/) for installation instructions.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
OSCAR is mainly intended to pretrain language models and word representations.
### Languages
All the data is distributed by language, both the original and the deduplicated versions of the data are available. 151 different languages are available. The table in subsection [Data Splits Sample Size](#data-splits-sample-size) provides the language code for each subcorpus as well as the number of words (space separated tokens), lines and sizes for both the original and the deduplicated versions of OSCAR.
### Issues
OSCAR 23.01 may have quality issues on low size subcorpora, as it has been the case before.
Note that since the documents are identified as a whole, it is expected to have lines in other languages in a given language subcorpus.
As an example, it is known and expected that the German subcorpus contains documents holding lines identified as Swiss German / Alemannic.
**If you encounter something that is unexpected, please file an issue here: https://github.com/oscar-corpus/corpus/issues.**
|Language code|Language|Issues|
|-------------|--------|------|
| | | |
## Dataset Structure
We show detailed information for all the configurations of the dataset.
### Data Instances
TODO
### Layout
```js
{
"content":"English sentence\nphrase en français\n????????????", // (1)
"warc_headers":{ // (2)
"warc-identified-content-language":"fra,eng",
"warc-target-uri":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/...",
"warc-record-id":"<urn:uuid:29eaa920-d299-4b1d-b687-c72bd8d68116>",
"warc-type":"conversion",
"content-length":"35298", // (3)
"warc-refers-to":"<urn:uuid:39e42055-0d94-4e45-9c6c-9e7056635d64>",
"warc-block-digest":"sha1:WFH2A5WHCS2H365GIAFYQPI7UOAMFGHB", // (3)
"warc-date":"2022-11-26T09:45:47Z",
"content-type":"text/plain"
},
"metadata":{
"identification":{ // (4)
"label":"fr",
"prob":0.8938327
},
"harmful_pp":4063.1814, // (5)
"tlsh":"tlsh:T125315FF2B6088901EEA097015DB39B4600B...", // (6)
"quality_warnings":[ // (7)
"short_sentences",
"header",
"footer"
],
"categories":[ // (8)
"examen_pix",
"liste_bu"
],
"sentence_identifications":[ // (9)
{
"label":"fr",
"prob":0.99837273
},
{
"label":"en",
"prob":0.9992377
},
null
]
}
}
```
### Data Splits
<details>
<summary>Click to expand the number of samples per configuration</summary>
</details>
## Table
| | Code | Language | # docs | # words | Content Length : |
|----:|:-------|:-------------------------|:--------------|:----------------|:-----------------|
| 0 | af | Afrikaans | 23,994 | 6,217,024 | 37.2 MB |
| 1 | sq | Albanian | 1,342,790 | 462,694,599 | 3.2 GB |
| 2 | am | Amharic | 119,434 | 40,262,809 | 512.9 MB |
| 3 | ar | Arabic | 25,012,116 | 10,081,452,882 | 110.7 GB |
| 4 | an | Aragonese | 34 | 264 | 11.0 kB |
| 5 | hy | Armenian | 1,056,974 | 336,045,041 | 4.9 GB |
| 6 | as | Assamese | 89,542 | 24,395,215 | 412.1 MB |
| 7 | ast | Asturian | 440 | 10,917 | 74.1 kB |
| 8 | av | Avaric | 44 | 1,073 | 18.6 kB |
| 9 | az | Azerbaijani | 1,159,994 | 316,850,330 | 3.0 GB |
| 10 | bn | Bangla | 3,474,086 | 1,092,983,765 | 19.1 GB |
| 11 | ba | Bashkir | 128,248 | 26,036,637 | 363.7 MB |
| 12 | eu | Basque | 678,474 | 136,672,615 | 1.2 GB |
| 13 | be | Belarusian | 445,612 | 164,729,607 | 2.3 GB |
| 14 | bh | Bihari languages | 48 | 507 | 6.8 kB |
| 15 | bpy | Bishnupriya | 2,346 | 346,947 | 5.4 MB |
| 16 | bs | Bosnian | 20 | 395 | 3.0 kB |
| 17 | br | Breton | 36,338 | 4,759,407 | 31.4 MB |
| 18 | bg | Bulgarian | 8,933,998 | 3,635,273,738 | 44.1 GB |
| 19 | my | Burmese | 430,276 | 82,433,836 | 3.0 GB |
| 20 | ca | Catalan | 6,953,898 | 2,240,460,836 | 15.3 GB |
| 21 | ceb | Cebuano | 16,174 | 6,263,404 | 41.1 MB |
| 22 | ckb | Central Kurdish | 182,508 | 61,334,746 | 772.9 MB |
| 23 | ce | Chechen | 11,686 | 1,051,752 | 13.9 MB |
| 24 | zh | Chinese | 138,478,270 | 44,378,380,161 | 1.4 TB |
| 25 | cv | Chuvash | 16,652 | 3,039,925 | 42.3 MB |
| 26 | kw | Cornish | 8 | 80 | 432 Bytes |
| 27 | hr | Croatian | 31,808 | 3,542,961 | 26.5 MB |
| 28 | cs | Czech | 34,859,632 | 9,717,378,559 | 77.0 GB |
| 29 | da | Danish | 7,214,338 | 2,217,634,340 | 14.8 GB |
| 30 | dv | Divehi | 77,060 | 10,655,359 | 200.1 MB |
| 31 | nl | Dutch | 72,552,688 | 19,564,553,306 | 135.0 GB |
| 32 | mhr | Eastern Mari | 9,502 | 1,615,215 | 22.9 MB |
| 33 | arz | Egyptian Arabic | 3,958 | 385,511 | 3.7 MB |
| 34 | en | English | 1,235,510,986 | 523,869,288,690 | 3.4 TB |
| 35 | eo | Esperanto | 226,924 | 67,774,923 | 474.8 MB |
| 36 | et | Estonian | 3,601,904 | 938,296,892 | 8.0 GB |
| 37 | tl | Filipino | 250,558 | 110,560,444 | 719.2 MB |
| 38 | fi | Finnish | 14,471,710 | 4,198,143,883 | 41.1 GB |
| 39 | fr | French | 158,334,998 | 62,127,088,294 | 430.5 GB |
| 40 | gl | Galician | 248,762 | 38,345,625 | 255.7 MB |
| 41 | ka | Georgian | 1,343,036 | 373,935,158 | 8.4 GB |
| 42 | de | German | 206,598,430 | 73,848,586,648 | 594.7 GB |
| 43 | gom | Goan Konkani | 398 | 121,035 | 2.3 MB |
| 44 | el | Greek | 20,282,864 | 7,691,622,692 | 95.7 GB |
| 45 | gn | Guarani | 14 | 260 | 2.2 kB |
| 46 | gu | Gujarati | 425,552 | 417,001,705 | 5.6 GB |
| 47 | ht | Haitian Creole | 2 | 20,671 | 93.1 kB |
| 48 | he | Hebrew | 3,997,888 | 1,697,158,891 | 18.0 GB |
| 49 | hi | Hindi | 5,514,454 | 2,475,605,444 | 32.6 GB |
| 50 | hu | Hungarian | 21,349,372 | 16,013,364,289 | 150.1 GB |
| 51 | is | Icelandic | 1,210,232 | 294,471,539 | 2.2 GB |
| 52 | io | Ido | 224 | 2,598 | 16.1 kB |
| 53 | ilo | Iloko | 144 | 4,411 | 28.0 kB |
| 54 | id | Indonesian | 7,109,778 | 3,228,020,221 | 23.4 GB |
| 55 | ia | Interlingua | 34 | 9,384 | 33.5 kB |
| 56 | ie | Interlingue | 2 | 0 | 881 Bytes |
| 57 | ga | Irish | 29,894 | 9,054,923 | 63.2 MB |
| 58 | it | Italian | 89,021,606 | 36,327,274,203 | 259.4 GB |
| 59 | ja | Japanese | 94,236,404 | 4,401,059,165 | 181.2 GB |
| 60 | jv | Javanese | 172 | 3,286 | 25.7 kB |
| 61 | xal | Kalmyk | 2 | 27 | 315 Bytes |
| 62 | kn | Kannada | 448,500 | 124,924,350 | 2.6 GB |
| 63 | krc | Karachay-Balkar | 496 | 8,385 | 122.4 kB |
| 64 | kk | Kazakh | 677,622 | 214,679,857 | 3.3 GB |
| 65 | km | Khmer | 450,660 | 59,880,231 | 3.2 GB |
| 66 | kv | Komi | 460 | 5,909 | 70.3 kB |
| 67 | ko | Korean | 15,147,698 | 3,435,866,935 | 38.1 GB |
| 68 | ku | Kurdish | 80,338 | 25,921,607 | 174.1 MB |
| 69 | ky | Kyrgyz | 144,288 | 32,062,783 | 489.3 MB |
| 70 | lo | Lao | 118,374 | 10,659,203 | 472.1 MB |
| 71 | la | Latin | 14,384 | 307,865 | 2.0 MB |
| 72 | lv | Latvian | 2,435,882 | 845,459,899 | 7.4 GB |
| 73 | lez | Lezghian | 676 | 60,634 | 856.6 kB |
| 74 | li | Limburgish | 6 | 169 | 1.4 kB |
| 75 | lt | Lithuanian | 5,182,028 | 1,674,362,574 | 14.5 GB |
| 76 | jbo | Lojban | 572 | 312,315 | 1.5 MB |
| 77 | lmo | Lombard | 112 | 3,269 | 21.0 kB |
| 78 | nds | Low German | 5,248 | 1,612,175 | 10.7 MB |
| 79 | dsb | Lower Sorbian | 8 | 84 | 664 Bytes |
| 80 | lb | Luxembourgish | 18,090 | 2,514,838 | 18.4 MB |
| 81 | mk | Macedonian | 1,063,298 | 389,344,425 | 4.7 GB |
| 82 | mai | Maithili | 46 | 467 | 6.8 kB |
| 83 | mg | Malagasy | 10,830 | 1,416,430 | 11.2 MB |
| 84 | ms | Malay | 11,500 | 238,477 | 2.6 MB |
| 85 | ml | Malayalam | 800,936 | 236,597,838 | 5.8 GB |
| 86 | mt | Maltese | 5,180 | 149,886 | 1.3 MB |
| 87 | mr | Marathi | 729,578 | 252,706,331 | 4.5 GB |
| 88 | mzn | Mazanderani | 384 | 16,115 | 169.2 kB |
| 89 | min | Minangkabau | 2,436 | 305,589 | 3.8 MB |
| 90 | xmf | Mingrelian | 7,318 | 283,316 | 6.1 MB |
| 91 | mwl | Mirandese | 4 | 54 | 423 Bytes |
| 92 | mn | Mongolian | 1,061,710 | 454,350,415 | 5.8 GB |
| 93 | multi | **Multilingual** | 2,948,202 | 1,251,676,406 | 11.9 GB |
| 94 | nah | Nahuatl languages | 38 | 279 | 2.4 kB |
| 95 | ne | Nepali | 1,152,156 | 278,901,036 | 4.9 GB |
| 96 | new | Newari | 1,996 | 229,703 | 4.0 MB |
| 97 | no | Norwegian | 2,797,378 | 373,160,033 | 2.6 GB |
| 98 | nn | Norwegian Nynorsk | 19,470 | 575,518 | 3.7 MB |
| 99 | oc | Occitan | 920 | 34,701 | 405.0 kB |
| 100 | or | Odia | 158,426 | 31,963,340 | 543.1 MB |
| 101 | os | Ossetic | 8,628 | 3,935,964 | 50.7 MB |
| 102 | ps | Pashto | 87,408 | 30,196,179 | 261.6 MB |
| 103 | fa | Persian | 23,813,882 | 9,609,206,698 | 93.2 GB |
| 104 | pms | Piedmontese | 2,524 | 510,087 | 3.1 MB |
| 105 | pl | Polish | 57,184,826 | 18,073,705,588 | 147.1 GB |
| 106 | pt | Portuguese | 36,062,800 | 15,172,557,311 | 105.0 GB |
| 107 | pa | Punjabi | 222,058 | 104,235,418 | 1.4 GB |
| 108 | qu | Quechua | 2 | 13 | 143 Bytes |
| 109 | ro | Romanian | 11,985,668 | 6,302,600,833 | 45.6 GB |
| 110 | bxr | Russia Buriat | 72 | 698 | 8.2 kB |
| 111 | ru | Russian | 194,143,422 | 78,032,029,344 | 1.1 TB |
| 112 | sah | Sakha | 17,566 | 4,288,051 | 68.8 MB |
| 113 | sa | Sanskrit | 16,802 | 2,479,345 | 56.3 MB |
| 114 | gd | Scottish Gaelic | 776 | 18,458 | 146.1 kB |
| 115 | sr | Serbian | 1,677,896 | 632,781,822 | 7.7 GB |
| 116 | sh | Serbian (Latin) | 3,214 | 166,517 | 816.4 kB |
| 117 | sd | Sindhi | 48,566 | 14,667,207 | 131.6 MB |
| 118 | si | Sinhala | 301,066 | 172,755,385 | 2.6 GB |
| 119 | sk | Slovak | 8,931,784 | 2,704,716,280 | 21.5 GB |
| 120 | sl | Slovenian | 1,112,560 | 192,816,743 | 1.4 GB |
| 121 | so | Somali | 6 | 51 | 503 Bytes |
| 122 | azb | South Azerbaijani | 26,364 | 2,029,729 | 28.4 MB |
| 123 | es | Spanish | 153,574,556 | 63,388,237,965 | 429.9 GB |
| 124 | su | Sundanese | 18 | 258 | 2.0 kB |
| 125 | sw | Swahili | 1,664 | 164,459 | 1.0 MB |
| 126 | sv | Swedish | 21,891,348 | 6,993,719,601 | 50.0 GB |
| 127 | gsw | Swiss German | 342 | 34,328 | 232.7 kB |
| 128 | tg | Tajik | 144,932 | 76,987,285 | 1.0 GB |
| 129 | ta | Tamil | 1,638,238 | 738,824,392 | 15.8 GB |
| 130 | tt | Tatar | 262,654 | 59,253,765 | 833.8 MB |
| 131 | te | Telugu | 644,712 | 201,575,815 | 3.9 GB |
| 132 | th | Thai | 14,845,900 | 2,224,483,018 | 92.0 GB |
| 133 | bo | Tibetan | 62,352 | 6,062,558 | 531.6 MB |
| 134 | tr | Turkish | 26,654,330 | 8,290,890,087 | 73.7 GB |
| 135 | tk | Turkmen | 4,576 | 325,786 | 3.3 MB |
| 136 | uk | Ukrainian | 10,059,992 | 3,183,842,018 | 44.7 GB |
| 137 | x-eml | Emiliano-Romagnol | 4 | 329 | 1.8 kB |
| 138 | hsb | Upper Sorbian | 402 | 15,827 | 123.2 kB |
| 139 | ur | Urdu | 887,004 | 434,023,273 | 3.8 GB |
| 140 | ug | Uyghur | 51,304 | 14,659,554 | 219.8 MB |
| 141 | uz | Uzbek | 15,806 | 1,665,960 | 15.3 MB |
| 142 | vi | Vietnamese | 33,933,994 | 22,424,984,210 | 140.8 GB |
| 143 | vo | Volapük | 896 | 49,968 | 371.9 kB |
| 144 | wa | Walloon | 390 | 6,347 | 34.3 kB |
| 145 | war | Waray | 1,494 | 19,665 | 126.8 kB |
| 146 | cy | Welsh | 151,512 | 52,250,043 | 333.0 MB |
| 147 | fy | Western Frisian | 45,458 | 9,885,788 | 70.4 MB |
| 148 | mrj | Western Mari | 496 | 60,180 | 765.8 kB |
| 149 | pnb | Western Panjabi | 12,904 | 11,844,695 | 105.8 MB |
| 150 | wuu | Wu Chinese | 136 | 1,199 | 26.8 kB |
| 151 | yi | Yiddish | 47,438 | 14,287,370 | 171.7 MB |
| 152 | yo | Yoruba | 128 | 2,396 | 16.6 kB |
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
OSCAR was constructed using [`Ungoliant`](https://github.com/oscar-corpus/ungoliant), a new pipeline derived from [goclassy](https://github.com/oscar-corpus/goclassy), itself being derived from [fastText's one](https://github.com/facebookresearch/fastText).
The pipeline works on documents rather than lines.
`Ungoliant` is implemented in the [Rust programming language](https://rust-lang.org), and uses [rayon](https://github.com/rayon-rs/rayon) as its data parallelism strategy.
Threading is done at shard, record and sentence level, making the whole generation process much more efficient.
Filtering will be explained in a future blog post at our [website](https://oscar-corpus.com)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[Common Crawl](https://commoncrawl.org/) is a non-profit foundation which produces and maintains an open repository of web crawled data that is both accessible and analysable. Common Crawl's complete web archive consists of petabytes of data collected over 8 years of web crawling. The repository contains raw web page HTML data (WARC files), metdata extracts (WAT files) and plain text extracts (WET files). The organisation's crawlers has always respected [nofollow](http://microformats.org/wiki/rel-nofollow) and [robots.txt](https://www.robotstxt.org/) policies.
Each monthly Common Crawl snapshot is in itself a massive multilingual corpus, where every single file contains data coming from multiple web pages written in a large variety of languages and covering all possible types of topics.
To construct OSCAR the WET files of Common Crawl were used. These contain the extracted plain texts from the websites mostly converted to UTF-8, as well as headers containing the metatada of each crawled document. Each WET file comes compressed in gzip format and is stored on Amazon Web Services. In the case of OSCAR 22.01, the **November/December 2021** snapshot was used. It is composed by 64 000 compressed text files containing documents and their headers.
#### Who are the source language producers?
The data comes from multiple web pages in a large variety of languages.
### Annotations
The dataset does not contain any additional annotations.
#### Annotation process
N/A
#### Who are the annotators?
N/A
### Personal and Sensitive Information
Being constructed from Common Crawl, Personal and sensitive information might be present. This **must** be considered before training deep learning models with OSCAR, specially in the case of text-generation models.
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
OSCAR is intended to bring more data to a wide variety of lanuages, the aim of the corpus is to make large amounts of data available to lower resource languages in order to facilitate the pre-training of state-of-the-art language modeling architectures.
### Discussion of Biases
OSCAR is not properly filtered yet and this can be reflected on the models trained with it. Care is advised specially concerning biases of the resulting models.
### Other Known Limitations
The [fastText linear classifier](https://fasttext.cc) is limed both in performance and the variety of languages it can recognize, so the quality of some OSCAR sub-corpora might be lower than expected, specially for the lowest-resource langiuages. Some audits have already been done by [third parties](https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.14571).
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
This release of OSCAR was made possible by [Julien Abadji](https://ujj.space), [Pedro Ortiz Suarez](https://portizs.eu/), [Rua Ismail](https://oscar-project.org/authors/rua/), [Sotaro Takeshita](https://sotaro.io/about), [Sebastian Nagel](https://www.polver.uni-konstanz.de/cnc/people/nagel/) and [Benoit Sagot](http://pauillac.inria.fr/~sagot/).
### Licensing Information
These data are released under this licensing scheme
We do not own any of the text from which these data has been extracted.
We license the actual packaging, the metadata and the annotations of these data under the Creative Commons CC0 license ("no rights reserved") http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
To the extent possible under law, the OSCAR project, Inria, the Univertity of Mannheim and DFKI GmbH have waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to OSCAR
This work is published from: France and Germany.
Should you consider that our data contains material that is owned by you and should therefore not be reproduced here, please:
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We will comply to legitimate requests by removing the affected sources from the next release of the corpus.
### Citation Information
```
@ARTICLE{2022arXiv221210440J,
author = {{Jansen}, Tim and {Tong}, Yangling and {Zevallos}, Victoria and {Ortiz Suarez}, Pedro},
title = "{Perplexed by Quality: A Perplexity-based Method for Adult and Harmful Content Detection in Multilingual Heterogeneous Web Data}",
journal = {arXiv e-prints},
keywords = {Computer Science - Computation and Language},
year = 2022,
month = dec,
eid = {arXiv:2212.10440},
pages = {arXiv:2212.10440},
doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2212.10440},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {2212.10440},
primaryClass = {cs.CL},
adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022arXiv221210440J},
adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
@inproceedings{abadji-etal-2022-towards,
title = "Towards a Cleaner Document-Oriented Multilingual Crawled Corpus",
author = "Abadji, Julien and
Ortiz Suarez, Pedro and
Romary, Laurent and
Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference",
month = jun,
year = "2022",
address = "Marseille, France",
publisher = "European Language Resources Association",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.463",
pages = "4344--4355",
abstract = "The need for large corpora raw corpora has dramatically increased in recent years with the introduction of transfer learning and semi-supervised learning methods to Natural Language Processing. And while there have been some recent attempts to manually curate the amount of data necessary to train large language models, the main way to obtain this data is still through automatic web crawling. In this paper we take the existing multilingual web corpus OSCAR and its pipeline Ungoliant that extracts and classifies data from Common Crawl at the line level, and propose a set of improvements and automatic annotations in order to produce a new document-oriented version of OSCAR that could prove more suitable to pre-train large generative language models as well as hopefully other applications in Natural Language Processing and Digital Humanities.",
}
@inproceedings{AbadjiOrtizSuarezRomaryetal.2021,
author = {Julien Abadji and Pedro Javier Ortiz Su{\'a}rez and Laurent Romary and Beno{\^i}t Sagot},
title = {Ungoliant: An optimized pipeline for the generation of a very large-scale multilingual web corpus},
series = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Challenges in the Management of Large Corpora (CMLC-9) 2021. Limerick, 12 July 2021 (Online-Event)},
editor = {Harald L{\"u}ngen and Marc Kupietz and Piotr Bański and Adrien Barbaresi and Simon Clematide and Ines Pisetta},
publisher = {Leibniz-Institut f{\"u}r Deutsche Sprache},
address = {Mannheim},
doi = {10.14618/ids-pub-10468},
url = {https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bsz:mh39-104688},
pages = {1 -- 9},
year = {2021},
abstract = {Since the introduction of large language models in Natural Language Processing, large raw corpora have played a crucial role in Computational Linguistics. However, most of these large raw corpora are either available only for English or not available to the general public due to copyright issues. Nevertheless, there are some examples of freely available multilingual corpora for training Deep Learning NLP models, such as the OSCAR and Paracrawl corpora. However, they have quality issues, especially for low-resource languages. Moreover, recreating or updating these corpora is very complex. In this work, we try to reproduce and improve the goclassy pipeline used to create the OSCAR corpus. We propose a new pipeline that is faster, modular, parameterizable, and well documented. We use it to create a corpus similar to OSCAR but larger and based on recent data. Also, unlike OSCAR, the metadata information is at the document level. We release our pipeline under an open source license and publish the corpus under a research-only license.},
language = {en}
}
@article{kreutzer-etal-2022-quality,
title = "Quality at a Glance: An Audit of Web-Crawled Multilingual Datasets",
author = {Kreutzer, Julia and
Caswell, Isaac and
Wang, Lisa and
Wahab, Ahsan and
van Esch, Daan and
Ulzii-Orshikh, Nasanbayar and
Tapo, Allahsera and
Subramani, Nishant and
Sokolov, Artem and
Sikasote, Claytone and
Setyawan, Monang and
Sarin, Supheakmungkol and
Samb, Sokhar and
Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t and
Rivera, Clara and
Rios, Annette and
Papadimitriou, Isabel and
Osei, Salomey and
Suarez, Pedro Ortiz and
Orife, Iroro and
Ogueji, Kelechi and
Rubungo, Andre Niyongabo and
Nguyen, Toan Q. and
M{\"u}ller, Mathias and
M{\"u}ller, Andr{\'e} and
Muhammad, Shamsuddeen Hassan and
Muhammad, Nanda and
Mnyakeni, Ayanda and
Mirzakhalov, Jamshidbek and
Matangira, Tapiwanashe and
Leong, Colin and
Lawson, Nze and
Kudugunta, Sneha and
Jernite, Yacine and
Jenny, Mathias and
Firat, Orhan and
Dossou, Bonaventure F. P. and
Dlamini, Sakhile and
de Silva, Nisansa and
{\c{C}}abuk Ball{\i}, Sakine and
Biderman, Stella and
Battisti, Alessia and
Baruwa, Ahmed and
Bapna, Ankur and
Baljekar, Pallavi and
Azime, Israel Abebe and
Awokoya, Ayodele and
Ataman, Duygu and
Ahia, Orevaoghene and
Ahia, Oghenefego and
Agrawal, Sweta and
Adeyemi, Mofetoluwa},
journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
volume = "10",
year = "2022",
address = "Cambridge, MA",
publisher = "MIT Press",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2022.tacl-1.4",
doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00447",
pages = "50--72",
abstract = "With the success of large-scale pre-training and multilingual modeling in Natural Language Processing (NLP), recent years have seen a proliferation of large, Web-mined text datasets covering hundreds of languages. We manually audit the quality of 205 language-specific corpora released with five major public datasets (CCAligned, ParaCrawl, WikiMatrix, OSCAR, mC4). Lower-resource corpora have systematic issues: At least 15 corpora have no usable text, and a significant fraction contains less than 50{\%} sentences of acceptable quality. In addition, many are mislabeled or use nonstandard/ambiguous language codes. We demonstrate that these issues are easy to detect even for non-proficient speakers, and supplement the human audit with automatic analyses. Finally, we recommend techniques to evaluate and improve multilingual corpora and discuss potential risks that come with low-quality data releases.",
}
@inproceedings{ortiz-suarez-etal-2020-monolingual,
title = "A Monolingual Approach to Contextualized Word Embeddings for Mid-Resource Languages",
author = "Ortiz Su{'a}rez, Pedro Javier and
Romary, Laurent and
Sagot, Benoit",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
month = jul,
year = "2020",
address = "Online",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.acl-main.156",
pages = "1703--1714",
abstract = "We use the multilingual OSCAR corpus, extracted from Common Crawl via language classification, filtering and cleaning, to train monolingual contextualized word embeddings (ELMo) for five mid-resource languages. We then compare the performance of OSCAR-based and Wikipedia-based ELMo embeddings for these languages on the part-of-speech tagging and parsing tasks. We show that, despite the noise in the Common-Crawl-based OSCAR data, embeddings trained on OSCAR perform much better than monolingual embeddings trained on Wikipedia. They actually equal or improve the current state of the art in tagging and parsing for all five languages. In particular, they also improve over multilingual Wikipedia-based contextual embeddings (multilingual BERT), which almost always constitutes the previous state of the art, thereby showing that the benefit of a larger, more diverse corpus surpasses the cross-lingual benefit of multilingual embedding architectures.",
}
@inproceedings{OrtizSuarezSagotRomary2019,
author = {Pedro Javier {Ortiz Su{'a}rez} and Benoit Sagot and Laurent Romary},
title = {Asynchronous pipelines for processing huge corpora on medium to low resource infrastructures},
series = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Challenges in the Management of Large Corpora (CMLC-7) 2019. Cardiff, 22nd July 2019},
editor = {Piotr Bański and Adrien Barbaresi and Hanno Biber and Evelyn Breiteneder and Simon Clematide and Marc Kupietz and Harald L{"u}ngen and Caroline Iliadi},
publisher = {Leibniz-Institut f{"u}r Deutsche Sprache},
address = {Mannheim},
doi = {10.14618/ids-pub-9021},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:mh39-90215},
pages = {9 -- 16},
year = {2019},
abstract = {Common Crawl is a considerably large, heterogeneous multilingual corpus comprised of crawled documents from the internet, surpassing 20TB of data and distributed as a set of more than 50 thousand plain text files where each contains many documents written in a wide variety of languages. Even though each document has a metadata block associated to it, this data lacks any information about the language in which each document is written, making it extremely difficult to use Common Crawl for monolingual applications. We propose a general, highly parallel, multithreaded pipeline to clean and classify Common Crawl by language; we specifically design it so that it runs efficiently on medium to low resource infrastructures where I/O speeds are the main constraint. We develop the pipeline so that it can be easily reapplied to any kind of heterogeneous corpus and so that it can be parameterised to a wide range of infrastructures. We also distribute a 6.3TB version of Common Crawl, filtered, classified by language, shuffled at line level in order to avoid copyright issues, and ready to be used for NLP applications.},
language = {en}
}
```
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fashion_mnist | 2023-04-17T14:02:05.000Z | [
"task_categories:image-classification",
"task_ids:multi-class-image-classification",
"annotations_creators:expert-generated",
"language_creators:found",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:mit",
"arxiv:1708.07747",
"region:us"
] | null | Fashion-MNIST is a dataset of Zalando's article images—consisting of a training set of
60,000 examples and a test set of 10,000 examples. Each example is a 28x28 grayscale image,
associated with a label from 10 classes. We intend Fashion-MNIST to serve as a direct drop-in
replacement for the original MNIST dataset for benchmarking machine learning algorithms.
It shares the same image size and structure of training and testing splits. | @article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1708-07747,
author = {Han Xiao and
Kashif Rasul and
Roland Vollgraf},
title = {Fashion-MNIST: a Novel Image Dataset for Benchmarking Machine Learning
Algorithms},
journal = {CoRR},
volume = {abs/1708.07747},
year = {2017},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1708.07747},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {1708.07747},
timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:47:27 +0200},
biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/bib/journals/corr/abs-1708-07747},
bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
} | 28 | 16,661 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- expert-generated
language_creators:
- found
language:
- en
license:
- mit
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- image-classification
task_ids:
- multi-class-image-classification
paperswithcode_id: fashion-mnist
pretty_name: FashionMNIST
dataset_info:
features:
- name: image
dtype: image
- name: label
dtype:
class_label:
names:
'0': T - shirt / top
'1': Trouser
'2': Pullover
'3': Dress
'4': Coat
'5': Sandal
'6': Shirt
'7': Sneaker
'8': Bag
'9': Ankle boot
config_name: fashion_mnist
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 31296655
num_examples: 60000
- name: test
num_bytes: 5233818
num_examples: 10000
download_size: 30878645
dataset_size: 36530473
---
# Dataset Card for FashionMNIST
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [GitHub](https://github.com/zalandoresearch/fashion-mnist)
- **Repository:** [GitHub](https://github.com/zalandoresearch/fashion-mnist)
- **Paper:** [arXiv](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1708.07747.pdf)
- **Leaderboard:**
- **Point of Contact:**
### Dataset Summary
Fashion-MNIST is a dataset of Zalando's article images—consisting of a training set of 60,000 examples and a test set of 10,000 examples. Each example is a 28x28 grayscale image, associated with a label from 10 classes. We intend Fashion-MNIST to serve as a direct drop-in replacement for the original MNIST dataset for benchmarking machine learning algorithms. It shares the same image size and structure of training and testing splits.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
- `image-classification`: The goal of this task is to classify a given image of Zalando's article into one of 10 classes. The leaderboard is available [here](https://paperswithcode.com/sota/image-classification-on-fashion-mnist).
### Languages
[More Information Needed]
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
A data point comprises an image and its label.
```
{
'image': <PIL.PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile image mode=L size=28x28 at 0x27601169DD8>,
'label': 9
}
```
### Data Fields
- `image`: A `PIL.Image.Image` object containing the 28x28 image. Note that when accessing the image column: `dataset[0]["image"]` the image file is automatically decoded. Decoding of a large number of image files might take a significant amount of time. Thus it is important to first query the sample index before the `"image"` column, *i.e.* `dataset[0]["image"]` should **always** be preferred over `dataset["image"][0]`.
- `label`: an integer between 0 and 9 representing the classes with the following mapping:
| Label | Description |
| --- | --- |
| 0 | T-shirt/top |
| 1 | Trouser |
| 2 | Pullover |
| 3 | Dress |
| 4 | Coat |
| 5 | Sandal |
| 6 | Shirt |
| 7 | Sneaker |
| 8 | Bag |
| 9 | Ankle boot |
### Data Splits
The data is split into training and test set. The training set contains 60,000 images and the test set 10,000 images.
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
**From the arXiv paper:**
The original MNIST dataset contains a lot of handwritten digits. Members of the AI/ML/Data Science community love this dataset and use it as a benchmark to validate their algorithms. In fact, MNIST is often the first dataset researchers try. "If it doesn't work on MNIST, it won't work at all", they said. "Well, if it does work on MNIST, it may still fail on others."
Here are some good reasons:
- MNIST is too easy. Convolutional nets can achieve 99.7% on MNIST. Classic machine learning algorithms can also achieve 97% easily. Check out our side-by-side benchmark for Fashion-MNIST vs. MNIST, and read "Most pairs of MNIST digits can be distinguished pretty well by just one pixel."
- MNIST is overused. In this April 2017 Twitter thread, Google Brain research scientist and deep learning expert Ian Goodfellow calls for people to move away from MNIST.
- MNIST can not represent modern CV tasks, as noted in this April 2017 Twitter thread, deep learning expert/Keras author François Chollet.
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
**From the arXiv paper:**
Fashion-MNIST is based on the assortment on Zalando’s website. Every fashion product on Zalando has a set of pictures shot by professional photographers, demonstrating different aspects of the product, i.e. front and back looks, details, looks with model and in an outfit. The original picture has a light-gray background (hexadecimal color: #fdfdfd) and stored in 762 × 1000 JPEG format. For efficiently serving different frontend components, the original picture is resampled with multiple resolutions, e.g. large, medium, small, thumbnail and tiny.
We use the front look thumbnail images of 70,000 unique products to build Fashion-MNIST. Those products come from different gender groups: men, women, kids and neutral. In particular, whitecolor products are not included in the dataset as they have low contrast to the background. The thumbnails (51 × 73) are then fed into the following conversion pipeline:
1. Converting the input to a PNG image.
2. Trimming any edges that are close to the color of the corner pixels. The “closeness” is defined by the distance within 5% of the maximum possible intensity in RGB space.
3. Resizing the longest edge of the image to 28 by subsampling the pixels, i.e. some rows and columns are skipped over.
4. Sharpening pixels using a Gaussian operator of the radius and standard deviation of 1.0, with increasing effect near outlines.
5. Extending the shortest edge to 28 and put the image to the center of the canvas.
6. Negating the intensities of the image.
7. Converting the image to 8-bit grayscale pixels.
#### Who are the source language producers?
**From the arXiv paper:**
Every fashion product on Zalando has a set of pictures shot by professional photographers, demonstrating different aspects of the product, i.e. front and back looks, details, looks with model and in an outfit.
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
**From the arXiv paper:**
For the class labels, they use the silhouette code of the product. The silhouette code is manually labeled by the in-house fashion experts and reviewed by a separate team at Zalando. Each product Zalando is the Europe’s largest online fashion platform. Each product contains only one silhouette code.
#### Who are the annotators?
**From the arXiv paper:**
The silhouette code is manually labeled by the in-house fashion experts and reviewed by a separate team at Zalando.
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
Han Xiao and Kashif Rasul and Roland Vollgraf
### Licensing Information
MIT Licence
### Citation Information
```
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1708-07747,
author = {Han Xiao and
Kashif Rasul and
Roland Vollgraf},
title = {Fashion-MNIST: a Novel Image Dataset for Benchmarking Machine Learning
Algorithms},
journal = {CoRR},
volume = {abs/1708.07747},
year = {2017},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1708.07747},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {1708.07747},
timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:47:27 +0200},
biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/bib/journals/corr/abs-1708-07747},
bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@gchhablani](https://github.com/gchablani) for adding this dataset. | 8,832 | [
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] |
mlabonne/guanaco-llama2-1k | 2023-08-25T16:49:41.000Z | [
"region:us"
] | mlabonne | null | null | 55 | 16,543 | 2023-07-23T15:07:50 | ---
dataset_info:
features:
- name: text
dtype: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 1654448
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 966693
dataset_size: 1654448
configs:
- config_name: default
data_files:
- split: train
path: data/train-*
---
# Guanaco-1k: Lazy Llama 2 Formatting
This is a subset (1000 samples) of the excellent [`timdettmers/openassistant-guanaco`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/timdettmers/openassistant-guanaco) dataset, processed to match Llama 2's prompt format as described [in this article](https://huggingface.co/blog/llama2#how-to-prompt-llama-2). It was created using the following [colab notebook](https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1Ad7a9zMmkxuXTOh1Z7-rNSICA4dybpM2?usp=sharing).
Useful if you don't want to reformat it by yourself (e.g., using a script). It was designed for [this article](https://mlabonne.github.io/blog/posts/Fine_Tune_Your_Own_Llama_2_Model_in_a_Colab_Notebook.html) about fine-tuning a Llama 2 (chat) model in a Google Colab.
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huggingface/cats-image | 2022-02-03T12:31:30.000Z | [
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exams | 2023-06-01T14:59:56.000Z | [
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"license:cc-by-sa-4.0",
"arxiv:2011.03080",
"region:us"
] | null | EXAMS is a benchmark dataset for multilingual and cross-lingual question answering from high school examinations.
It consists of more than 24,000 high-quality high school exam questions in 16 languages,
covering 8 language families and 24 school subjects from Natural Sciences and Social Sciences, among others. | @article{hardalov2020exams,
title={EXAMS: A Multi-subject High School Examinations Dataset for Cross-lingual and Multilingual Question Answering},
author={Hardalov, Momchil and Mihaylov, Todor and Dimitrina Zlatkova and Yoan Dinkov and Ivan Koychev and Preslav Nvakov},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2011.03080},
year={2020}
} | 10 | 16,040 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
pretty_name: EXAMS
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- name: text
dtype: string
- name: label
dtype: string
- name: para
dtype: string
- name: answerKey
dtype: string
- name: info
struct:
- name: grade
dtype: int32
- name: subject
dtype: string
- name: language
dtype: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 18597963
num_examples: 1571
- name: validation
num_bytes: 4763341
num_examples: 393
download_size: 169745177
dataset_size: 23361304
- config_name: crosslingual_vi
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: question
struct:
- name: stem
dtype: string
- name: choices
sequence:
- name: text
dtype: string
- name: label
dtype: string
- name: para
dtype: string
- name: answerKey
dtype: string
- name: info
struct:
- name: grade
dtype: int32
- name: subject
dtype: string
- name: language
dtype: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 954191
num_examples: 1955
- name: validation
num_bytes: 232264
num_examples: 488
download_size: 169745177
dataset_size: 1186455
- config_name: crosslingual_with_para_vi
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: question
struct:
- name: stem
dtype: string
- name: choices
sequence:
- name: text
dtype: string
- name: label
dtype: string
- name: para
dtype: string
- name: answerKey
dtype: string
- name: info
struct:
- name: grade
dtype: int32
- name: subject
dtype: string
- name: language
dtype: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 40884023
num_examples: 1955
- name: validation
num_bytes: 10260662
num_examples: 488
download_size: 169745177
dataset_size: 51144685
config_names:
- alignments
- crosslingual_bg
- crosslingual_hr
- crosslingual_hu
- crosslingual_it
- crosslingual_mk
- crosslingual_pl
- crosslingual_pt
- crosslingual_sq
- crosslingual_sr
- crosslingual_test
- crosslingual_tr
- crosslingual_vi
- crosslingual_with_para_bg
- crosslingual_with_para_hr
- crosslingual_with_para_hu
- crosslingual_with_para_it
- crosslingual_with_para_mk
- crosslingual_with_para_pl
- crosslingual_with_para_pt
- crosslingual_with_para_sq
- crosslingual_with_para_sr
- crosslingual_with_para_test
- crosslingual_with_para_tr
- crosslingual_with_para_vi
- multilingual
- multilingual_with_para
---
# Dataset Card for [Dataset Name]
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Repository:** https://github.com/mhardalov/exams-qa
- **Paper:** [EXAMS: A Multi-Subject High School Examinations Dataset for Cross-Lingual and Multilingual Question Answering](https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.03080)
- **Point of Contact:** [hardalov@@fmi.uni-sofia.bg](hardalov@@fmi.uni-sofia.bg)
### Dataset Summary
EXAMS is a benchmark dataset for multilingual and cross-lingual question answering from high school examinations. It consists of more than 24,000 high-quality high school exam questions in 16 languages, covering 8 language families and 24 school subjects from Natural Sciences and Social Sciences, among others.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed]
### Languages
The languages in the dataset are:
- ar
- bg
- de
- es
- fr
- hr
- hu
- it
- lt
- mk
- pl
- pt
- sq
- sr
- tr
- vi
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
An example of a data instance (with support paragraphs, in Bulgarian) is:
```
{'answerKey': 'C',
'id': '35dd6b52-7e71-11ea-9eb1-54bef70b159e',
'info': {'grade': 12, 'language': 'Bulgarian', 'subject': 'Biology'},
'question': {'choices': {'label': ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'],
'para': ['Това води до наследствени изменения между организмите. Мирновременните вождове са наследствени. Черният, сивият и кафявият цвят на оцветяване на тялото се определя от пигмента меланин и възниква в резултат на наследствени изменения. Тези различия, според Монтескьо, не са наследствени. Те са и важни наследствени вещи в клана. Те са били наследствени архонти и управляват демократично. Реликвите са исторически, религиозни, семейни (наследствени) и технически. Общо са направени 800 изменения. Не всички наследствени аномалии на хемоглобина са вредни, т.е. Моногенните наследствени болести, които водят до мигрена, са редки. Няма наследствени владетели. Повечето от тях са наследствени и се предават на потомството. Всичките синове са ерцхерцози на всичките наследствени земи и претенденти. През 1509 г. Фраунбергите са издигнати на наследствени имперски графове. Фамилията Валдбург заради постиженията са номинирани на „наследствени имперски трушсеси“. Фамилията Валдбург заради постиженията са номинирани на „наследствени имперски трушсеси“. Описани са единични наследствени случаи, но по-често липсва фамилна обремененост. Позициите им са наследствени и се предават в рамките на клана. Внесени са изменения в конструкцията на веригите. и са направени изменения в ходовата част. На храма са правени лоши архитектурни изменения. Изменения са предприети и вътре в двореца. Имало двама наследствени вождове. Имало двама наследствени вождове. Годишният календар, „компасът“ и биологичния часовник са наследствени и при много бозайници.',
'Постепенно задълбочаващите се функционални изменения довеждат и до структурни изменения. Те се дължат както на растягането на кожата, така и на въздействието на хормоналните изменения върху кожната тъкан. тези изменения се долавят по-ясно. Впоследствие, той претърпява изменения. Ширината остава без изменения. След тяхното издаване се налагат изменения в първоначалния Кодекс, защото не е съобразен с направените в Дигестите изменения. Еволюционният преход се характеризира със следните изменения: Наблюдават се и сезонни изменения в теглото. Приемат се изменения и допълнения към Устава. Тук се размножават и предизвикват възпалителни изменения. Общо са направени 800 изменения. Бронирането не претърпява съществени изменения. При животните се откриват изменения при злокачествената форма. Срещат се и дегенеративни изменения в семенните каналчета. ТАВКР „Баку“ се строи по изменения проект 1143.4. Трансът се съпровожда с определени изменения на мозъчната дейност. На изменения е подложен и Светия Синод. Внесени са изменения в конструкцията на веригите. На храма са правени лоши архитектурни изменения. Оттогава стиховете претърпяват изменения няколко пъти. Настъпват съществени изменения в музикалната култура. По-късно той претърпява леки изменения. Настъпват съществени изменения в музикалната култура. Претърпява сериозни изменения само носовата надстройка. Хоризонталното брониране е оставено без изменения.',
'Модификациите са обратими. Тези реакции са обратими. В началните стадии тези натрупвания са обратими. Всички такива ефекти са временни и обратими. Много от реакциите са обратими и идентични с тези при гликолизата. Ако в обращение има книжни пари, те са обратими в злато при поискване . Общо са направени 800 изменения. Непоследователността е представена от принципа на "симетрия", при който взаимоотношенията са разглеждани като симетрични или обратими. Откакто формулите в клетките на електронната таблица не са обратими, тази техника е с ограничена стойност. Ефектът на Пелтие-Зеебек и ефектът Томсън са обратими (ефектът на Пелтие е обратен на ефекта на Зеебек). Плазмолизата протича в три етапа, в зависимост от силата и продължителността на въздействието:\n\nПървите два етапа са обратими. Внесени са изменения в конструкцията на веригите. и са направени изменения в ходовата част. На храма са правени лоши архитектурни изменения. Изменения са предприети и вътре в двореца. Оттогава насетне екипите не са претърпявали съществени изменения. Изменения са направени и в колесника на машината. Тези изменения са обявени през октомври 1878 година. Последните изменения са внесени през януари 2009 година. В процеса на последващото проектиране са внесени някои изменения. Сериозните изменения са в края на Втората световна война. Внесени са изменения в конструкцията на погребите и подемниците. Внесени са изменения в конструкцията на погребите и подемниците. Внесени са изменения в конструкцията на погребите и подемниците. Постепенно задълбочаващите се функционални изменения довеждат и до структурни изменения.',
'Ерозионни процеси от масов характер липсват. Обновлението в редиците на партията приема масов характер. Тя обаче няма масов характер поради спецификата на формата. Движението против десятъка придобива масов характер и в Балчишка околия. Понякога екзекутирането на „обсебените от Сатана“ взимало невероятно масов характер. Укриването на дължими като наряд продукти в селата придобива масов характер. Периодичните миграции са в повечето случаи с масов характер и са свързани със сезонните изменения в природата, а непериодичните са премествания на животни, които настъпват след пожари, замърсяване на средата, висока численост и др. Имат необратим характер. Именно по време на двувековните походи на западните рицари използването на гербовете придобива масов характер. След присъединяването на Южен Кавказ към Русия, изселването на азербайджанци от Грузия придобива масов характер. Те имат нормативен характер. Те имат установителен характер. Освобождаването на работна сила обикновено има масов характер, защото обхваща големи контингенти от носителите на труд. Валежите имат подчертано континентален характер. Имат най-често издънков характер. Приливите имат предимно полуденонощен характер. Някои от тях имат мистериален характер. Тези сведения имат случаен, епизодичен характер. Те имат сезонен или годишен характер. Временните обезпечителни мерки имат временен характер. Други имат пожелателен характер (Здравко, Слава). Ловът и събирачеството имат спомагателен характер. Фактически успяват само малко да усилят бронирането на артилерийските погреби, другите изменения носят само частен характер. Някои карикатури имат само развлекателен характер, докато други имат политически нюанси. Поемите на Хезиод имат по-приложен характер.'],
'text': ['дължат се на фенотипни изменения',
'имат масов характер',
'са наследствени',
'са обратими']},
'stem': 'Мутационите изменения:'}}
```
### Data Fields
A data instance contains the following fields:
- `id`: A question ID, unique across the dataset
- `question`: the question contains the following:
- `stem`: a stemmed representation of the question textual
- `choices`: a set of 3 to 5 candidate answers, which each have:
- `text`: the text of the answers
- `label`: a label in `['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E']` used to match to the `answerKey`
- `para`: (optional) a supported paragraph from Wikipedia in the same language as the question and answer
- `answerKey`: the key corresponding to the right answer's `label`
- `info`: some additional information on the question including:
- `grade`: the school grade for the exam this question was taken from
- `subject`: a free text description of the academic subject
- `language`: the English name of the language for this question
### Data Splits
Depending on the configuration, the dataset have different splits:
- "alignments": a single "full" split
- "multilingual" and "multilingual_with_para": "train", "validation" and "test" splits
- "crosslingual_test" and "crosslingual_with_para_test": a single "test" split
- the rest of crosslingual configurations: "train" and "validation" splits
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed]
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
Eχαµs was collected from official state exams prepared by the ministries of education of various countries. These exams are taken by students graduating from high school, and often require knowledge learned through the entire course.
The questions cover a large variety of subjects and material based on the country’s education system. They cover major school subjects such as Biology, Chemistry, Geography, History, and Physics, but we also highly specialized ones such as Agriculture, Geology, Informatics, as well as some applied and profiled studies.
Some countries allow students to take official examinations in several languages. This dataset provides 9,857 parallel question pairs spread across seven languages coming from Croatia (Croatian, Serbian, Italian, Hungarian), Hungary (Hungarian, German, French, Spanish, Croatian, Serbian, Italian), and North Macedonia (Macedonian, Albanian, Turkish).
For all languages in the dataset, the first step in the process of data collection was to download the PDF files per year, per subject, and per language (when parallel languages were available in the same source), convert the PDF files to text, and select those that were well formatted and followed the document structure.
Then, Regular Expressions (RegEx) were used to parse the questions, their corresponding choices and the correct answer choice. In order to ensure that all our questions are answerable using textual input only, questions that contained visual information were removed, as selected by using curated list of words such as map, table, picture, graph, etc., in the corresponding language.
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed]
### Licensing Information
The dataset, which contains paragraphs from Wikipedia, is licensed under CC-BY-SA 4.0. The code in this repository is licensed according the [LICENSE file](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mhardalov/exams-qa/main/LICENSE).
### Citation Information
```
@article{hardalov2020exams,
title={EXAMS: A Multi-subject High School Examinations Dataset for Cross-lingual and Multilingual Question Answering},
author={Hardalov, Momchil and Mihaylov, Todor and Dimitrina Zlatkova and Yoan Dinkov and Ivan Koychev and Preslav Nvakov},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2011.03080},
year={2020}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@yjernite](https://github.com/yjernite) for adding this dataset. | 31,938 | [
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] |
pubmed_qa | 2023-06-01T14:59:56.000Z | [
"task_categories:question-answering",
"task_ids:multiple-choice-qa",
"annotations_creators:expert-generated",
"annotations_creators:machine-generated",
"language_creators:expert-generated",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:100K<n<1M",
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"size_categories:1K<n<10K",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:mit",
"arxiv:1909.06146",
"region:us"
] | null | PubMedQA is a novel biomedical question answering (QA) dataset collected from PubMed abstracts.
The task of PubMedQA is to answer research questions with yes/no/maybe (e.g.: Do preoperative
statins reduce atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting?) using the corresponding abstracts.
PubMedQA has 1k expert-annotated, 61.2k unlabeled and 211.3k artificially generated QA instances.
Each PubMedQA instance is composed of (1) a question which is either an existing research article
title or derived from one, (2) a context which is the corresponding abstract without its conclusion,
(3) a long answer, which is the conclusion of the abstract and, presumably, answers the research question,
and (4) a yes/no/maybe answer which summarizes the conclusion.
PubMedQA is the first QA dataset where reasoning over biomedical research texts, especially their
quantitative contents, is required to answer the questions. | @inproceedings{jin2019pubmedqa,
title={PubMedQA: A Dataset for Biomedical Research Question Answering},
author={Jin, Qiao and Dhingra, Bhuwan and Liu, Zhengping and Cohen, William and Lu, Xinghua},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)},
pages={2567--2577},
year={2019}
} | 71 | 15,961 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- expert-generated
- machine-generated
language_creators:
- expert-generated
language:
- en
license:
- mit
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
- 10K<n<100K
- 1K<n<10K
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- question-answering
task_ids:
- multiple-choice-qa
paperswithcode_id: pubmedqa
pretty_name: PubMedQA
dataset_info:
- config_name: pqa_labeled
features:
- name: pubid
dtype: int32
- name: question
dtype: string
- name: context
sequence:
- name: contexts
dtype: string
- name: labels
dtype: string
- name: meshes
dtype: string
- name: reasoning_required_pred
dtype: string
- name: reasoning_free_pred
dtype: string
- name: long_answer
dtype: string
- name: final_decision
dtype: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 2089200
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 687882700
dataset_size: 2089200
- config_name: pqa_unlabeled
features:
- name: pubid
dtype: int32
- name: question
dtype: string
- name: context
sequence:
- name: contexts
dtype: string
- name: labels
dtype: string
- name: meshes
dtype: string
- name: long_answer
dtype: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 125938502
num_examples: 61249
download_size: 687882700
dataset_size: 125938502
- config_name: pqa_artificial
features:
- name: pubid
dtype: int32
- name: question
dtype: string
- name: context
sequence:
- name: contexts
dtype: string
- name: labels
dtype: string
- name: meshes
dtype: string
- name: long_answer
dtype: string
- name: final_decision
dtype: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 443554667
num_examples: 211269
download_size: 687882700
dataset_size: 443554667
config_names:
- pqa_artificial
- pqa_labeled
- pqa_unlabeled
---
# Dataset Card for [Dataset Name]
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [PUBMED_QA homepage](https://pubmedqa.github.io/ )
- **Repository:** [PUBMED_QA repository](https://github.com/pubmedqa/pubmedqa)
- **Paper:** [PUBMED_QA: A Dataset for Biomedical Research Question Answering](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.06146)
- **Leaderboard:** [PUBMED_QA: Leaderboard](https://pubmedqa.github.io/)
### Dataset Summary
[More Information Needed]
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed]
### Languages
[More Information Needed]
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
[More Information Needed]
### Data Fields
[More Information Needed]
### Data Splits
[More Information Needed]
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed]
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed]
### Licensing Information
[More Information Needed]
### Citation Information
[More Information Needed]
### Contributions
Thanks to [@tuner007](https://github.com/tuner007) for adding this dataset. | 4,590 | [
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] |
mteb/sts22-crosslingual-sts | 2022-09-27T19:10:13.000Z | [
"language:ar",
"language:de",
"language:en",
"language:es",
"language:fr",
"language:it",
"language:pl",
"language:ru",
"language:tr",
"language:zh",
"region:us"
] | mteb | SemEval 2022 Task 8: Multilingual News Article Similarity | \ | 4 | 15,195 | 2022-05-30T20:19:00 | ---
language:
- ar
- de
- en
- es
- fr
- it
- pl
- ru
- tr
- zh
---
Scores in this dataset have been inverted to be from least to most similar!
The scores in the original STS22 task were from most to least similar. | 220 | [
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HuggingFaceM4/general-pmd-synthetic-testing-with-embeddings | 2023-04-20T13:40:41.000Z | [
"license:bigscience-openrail-m",
"region:us"
] | HuggingFaceM4 | This dataset is designed to be used in testing. It's derived from general-pmd-10k dataset | @InProceedings{huggingface:dataset,
title = {Multimodal synthetic dataset for testing / general PMD},
author={HuggingFace, Inc.},
year={2022}
} | 0 | 15,125 | 2023-04-20T13:12:55 | ---
license: bigscience-openrail-m
---
This dataset is designed to be used in testing. It's derived from general-pmd/localized_narratives__ADE20k dataset
The current splits are: `['100.unique', '100.repeat', '300.unique', '300.repeat', '1k.unique', '1k.repeat', '10k.unique', '10k.repeat']`.
The `unique` ones ensure uniqueness across `text` entries.
The `repeat` ones are repeating the same 10 unique records: - these are useful for memory leaks debugging as the records are always the same and thus remove the record variation from the equation.
The default split is `100.unique`
The full process of this dataset creation, including which records were used to build it, is documented inside [general-pmd-synthetic-testing.py](https://huggingface.co/datasets/HuggingFaceM4/general-pmd-synthetic-testing/blob/main/general-pmd-synthetic-testing.py)
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bookcorpus | 2023-04-05T09:41:56.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-generation",
"task_categories:fill-mask",
"task_ids:language-modeling",
"task_ids:masked-language-modeling",
"annotations_creators:no-annotation",
"language_creators:found",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:10M<n<100M",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:unknown",
"arxiv:2105.05241",
"region:us"
] | null | Books are a rich source of both fine-grained information, how a character, an object or a scene looks like, as well as high-level semantics, what someone is thinking, feeling and how these states evolve through a story.This work aims to align books to their movie releases in order to providerich descriptive explanations for visual content that go semantically farbeyond the captions available in current datasets. \ | @InProceedings{Zhu_2015_ICCV,
title = {Aligning Books and Movies: Towards Story-Like Visual Explanations by Watching Movies and Reading Books},
author = {Zhu, Yukun and Kiros, Ryan and Zemel, Rich and Salakhutdinov, Ruslan and Urtasun, Raquel and Torralba, Antonio and Fidler, Sanja},
booktitle = {The IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
month = {December},
year = {2015}
} | 152 | 15,018 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- no-annotation
language_creators:
- found
language:
- en
license:
- unknown
multilinguality:
- monolingual
pretty_name: BookCorpus
size_categories:
- 10M<n<100M
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- text-generation
- fill-mask
task_ids:
- language-modeling
- masked-language-modeling
paperswithcode_id: bookcorpus
dataset_info:
features:
- name: text
dtype: string
config_name: plain_text
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 4853859824
num_examples: 74004228
download_size: 1179510242
dataset_size: 4853859824
---
# Dataset Card for BookCorpus
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://yknzhu.wixsite.com/mbweb](https://yknzhu.wixsite.com/mbweb)
- **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Paper:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 1.18 GB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 4.85 GB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 6.03 GB
### Dataset Summary
Books are a rich source of both fine-grained information, how a character, an object or a scene looks like, as well as high-level semantics, what someone is thinking, feeling and how these states evolve through a story.This work aims to align books to their movie releases in order to providerich descriptive explanations for visual content that go semantically farbeyond the captions available in current datasets.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### plain_text
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 1.18 GB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 4.85 GB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 6.03 GB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
{
"text": "But I traded all my life for some lovin' and some gold"
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### plain_text
- `text`: a `string` feature.
### Data Splits
| name | train |
|----------|-------:|
|plain_text|74004228|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
The books have been crawled from https://www.smashwords.com, see their [terms of service](https://www.smashwords.com/about/tos) for more information.
A data sheet for this dataset has also been created and published in [Addressing "Documentation Debt" in Machine Learning Research: A Retrospective Datasheet for BookCorpus](https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.05241).
### Citation Information
```
@InProceedings{Zhu_2015_ICCV,
title = {Aligning Books and Movies: Towards Story-Like Visual Explanations by Watching Movies and Reading Books},
author = {Zhu, Yukun and Kiros, Ryan and Zemel, Rich and Salakhutdinov, Ruslan and Urtasun, Raquel and Torralba, Antonio and Fidler, Sanja},
booktitle = {The IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
month = {December},
year = {2015}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@lewtun](https://github.com/lewtun), [@richarddwang](https://github.com/richarddwang), [@lhoestq](https://github.com/lhoestq), [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf) for adding this dataset. | 6,481 | [
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togethercomputer/RedPajama-Data-1T-Sample | 2023-07-19T06:59:10.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-generation",
"language:en",
"region:us"
] | togethercomputer | RedPajama is a clean-room, fully open-source implementation of the LLaMa dataset. This is a 1B-token sample of the full dataset. | null | 62 | 14,912 | 2023-04-16T23:12:30 | ---
task_categories:
- text-generation
language:
- en
pretty_name: Red Pajama 1T Sample
---
# Dataset Card for Dataset Name
### Dataset Summary
RedPajama is a clean-room, fully open-source implementation of the LLaMa dataset.
This HuggingFace repo contains a 1B-token sample of the RedPajama dataset.
The full dataset has the following token counts and is available for [download]( https://huggingface.co/datasets/togethercomputer/RedPajama-Data-1T):
| Dataset | Token Count |
|---------------|-------------|
| Commoncrawl | 878 Billion |
| C4 | 175 Billion |
| GitHub | 59 Billion |
| Books | 26 Billion |
| ArXiv | 28 Billion |
| Wikipedia | 24 Billion |
| StackExchange | 20 Billion |
| Total | 1.2 Trillion |
A full set of scripts to recreate the dataset from scratch can be found [here](https://github.com/togethercomputer/RedPajama-Data).
### Languages
Primarily English, though the Wikipedia slice contains multiple languages.
## Dataset Structure
The dataset structure is as follows:
```
{
"text": ...,
"meta": {"url": "...", "timestamp": "...", "source": "...", "language": "...", ...}
}
```
## Dataset Creation
This dataset was created to follow the LLaMa paper as closely as possible to try to reproduce its recipe.
### Source Data
#### Commoncrawl
We download five dumps from Commoncrawl, and run the dumps through the official `cc_net` pipeline.
We then deduplicate on the paragraph level, and filter out low quality text using a linear classifier trained to
classify paragraphs as Wikipedia references or random Commoncrawl samples.
#### C4
C4 is downloaded from Huggingface. The only preprocessing step is to bring the data into our own format.
#### GitHub
The raw GitHub data is downloaded from Google BigQuery. We deduplicate on the file level and filter out low quality
files and only keep projects that are distributed under the MIT, BSD, or Apache license.
#### Wikipedia
We use the Wikipedia dataset available on Huggingface, which is based on the Wikipedia dump from 2023-03-20 and contains
text in 20 different languages. The dataset comes in preprocessed format, so that hyperlinks, comments and other
formatting boilerplate has been removed.
#### Gutenberg and Books3
The PG19 subset of the Gutenberg Project and Books3 datasets are downloaded from Huggingface. After downloading, we use
simhash to remove near duplicates.
#### ArXiv
ArXiv data is downloaded from Amazon S3 in the `arxiv` requester pays bucket. We only keep latex source files and
remove preambles, comments, macros and bibliographies.
#### Stackexchange
The Stack Exchange split of the dataset is download from the
[Internet Archive](https://archive.org/download/stackexchange). Here we only keep the posts from the 28 largest sites,
remove html tags, group the posts into question-answer pairs, and order answers by their score.
<!--
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed]
### Licensing Information
[More Information Needed]
### Citation Information
[More Information Needed]
### Contributions
[More Information Needed]
--> | 3,606 | [
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] |
lighteval/siqa | 2023-10-07T08:03:32.000Z | [
"region:us"
] | lighteval | null | null | 3 | 14,901 | 2023-10-07T08:03:29 | ---
configs:
- config_name: default
data_files:
- split: train
path: data/train-*
- split: validation
path: data/validation-*
dataset_info:
features:
- name: context
dtype: string
- name: question
dtype: string
- name: answerA
dtype: string
- name: answerB
dtype: string
- name: answerC
dtype: string
- name: label
dtype: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 6327209
num_examples: 33410
- name: validation
num_bytes: 372815
num_examples: 1954
download_size: 3678635
dataset_size: 6700024
---
# Dataset Card for "siqa"
[More Information needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards) | 731 | [
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amazon_polarity | 2023-01-25T14:26:12.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-classification",
"task_ids:sentiment-classification",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:crowdsourced",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:1M<n<10M",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:apache-2.0",
"arxiv:1509.01626",
"region:us"
] | null | The Amazon reviews dataset consists of reviews from amazon.
The data span a period of 18 years, including ~35 million reviews up to March 2013.
Reviews include product and user information, ratings, and a plaintext review. | @inproceedings{mcauley2013hidden,
title={Hidden factors and hidden topics: understanding rating dimensions with review text},
author={McAuley, Julian and Leskovec, Jure},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 7th ACM conference on Recommender systems},
pages={165--172},
year={2013}
} | 28 | 14,708 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
language:
- en
license:
- apache-2.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 1M<n<10M
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- text-classification
task_ids:
- sentiment-classification
pretty_name: Amazon Review Polarity
dataset_info:
features:
- name: label
dtype:
class_label:
names:
'0': negative
'1': positive
- name: title
dtype: string
- name: content
dtype: string
config_name: amazon_polarity
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 1604364432
num_examples: 3600000
- name: test
num_bytes: 178176193
num_examples: 400000
download_size: 688339454
dataset_size: 1782540625
train-eval-index:
- config: amazon_polarity
task: text-classification
task_id: binary_classification
splits:
train_split: train
eval_split: test
col_mapping:
content: text
label: target
metrics:
- type: accuracy
name: Accuracy
- type: f1
name: F1 macro
args:
average: macro
- type: f1
name: F1 micro
args:
average: micro
- type: f1
name: F1 weighted
args:
average: weighted
- type: precision
name: Precision macro
args:
average: macro
- type: precision
name: Precision micro
args:
average: micro
- type: precision
name: Precision weighted
args:
average: weighted
- type: recall
name: Recall macro
args:
average: macro
- type: recall
name: Recall micro
args:
average: micro
- type: recall
name: Recall weighted
args:
average: weighted
---
# Dataset Card for Amazon Review Polarity
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** https://registry.opendata.aws/
- **Repository:** https://github.com/zhangxiangxiao/Crepe
- **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.01626
- **Leaderboard:** [Needs More Information]
- **Point of Contact:** [Xiang Zhang](mailto:xiang.zhang@nyu.edu)
### Dataset Summary
The Amazon reviews dataset consists of reviews from amazon.
The data span a period of 18 years, including ~35 million reviews up to March 2013.
Reviews include product and user information, ratings, and a plaintext review.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
- `text-classification`, `sentiment-classification`: The dataset is mainly used for text classification: given the content and the title, predict the correct star rating.
### Languages
Mainly English.
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
A typical data point, comprises of a title, a content and the corresponding label.
An example from the AmazonPolarity test set looks as follows:
```
{
'title':'Great CD',
'content':"My lovely Pat has one of the GREAT voices of her generation. I have listened to this CD for YEARS and I still LOVE IT. When I'm in a good mood it makes me feel better. A bad mood just evaporates like sugar in the rain. This CD just oozes LIFE. Vocals are jusat STUUNNING and lyrics just kill. One of life's hidden gems. This is a desert isle CD in my book. Why she never made it big is just beyond me. Everytime I play this, no matter black, white, young, old, male, female EVERYBODY says one thing ""Who was that singing ?""",
'label':1
}
```
### Data Fields
- 'title': a string containing the title of the review - escaped using double quotes (") and any internal double quote is escaped by 2 double quotes (""). New lines are escaped by a backslash followed with an "n" character, that is "\n".
- 'content': a string containing the body of the document - escaped using double quotes (") and any internal double quote is escaped by 2 double quotes (""). New lines are escaped by a backslash followed with an "n" character, that is "\n".
- 'label': either 1 (positive) or 0 (negative) rating.
### Data Splits
The Amazon reviews polarity dataset is constructed by taking review score 1 and 2 as negative, and 4 and 5 as positive. Samples of score 3 is ignored. Each class has 1,800,000 training samples and 200,000 testing samples.
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
The Amazon reviews polarity dataset is constructed by Xiang Zhang (xiang.zhang@nyu.edu). It is used as a text classification benchmark in the following paper: Xiang Zhang, Junbo Zhao, Yann LeCun. Character-level Convolutional Networks for Text Classification. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 28 (NIPS 2015).
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[Needs More Information]
#### Who are the source language producers?
[Needs More Information]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[Needs More Information]
#### Who are the annotators?
[Needs More Information]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[Needs More Information]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[Needs More Information]
### Discussion of Biases
[Needs More Information]
### Other Known Limitations
[Needs More Information]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[Needs More Information]
### Licensing Information
Apache License 2.0
### Citation Information
McAuley, Julian, and Jure Leskovec. "Hidden factors and hidden topics: understanding rating dimensions with review text." In Proceedings of the 7th ACM conference on Recommender systems, pp. 165-172. 2013.
Xiang Zhang, Junbo Zhao, Yann LeCun. Character-level Convolutional Networks for Text Classification. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 28 (NIPS 2015)
### Contributions
Thanks to [@hfawaz](https://github.com/hfawaz) for adding this dataset. | 6,641 | [
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] |
Open-Orca/OpenOrca | 2023-10-21T10:09:31.000Z | [
"task_categories:conversational",
"task_categories:text-classification",
"task_categories:token-classification",
"task_categories:table-question-answering",
"task_categories:question-answering",
"task_categories:zero-shot-classification",
"task_categories:summarization",
"task_categories:feature-extraction",
"task_categories:text-generation",
"task_categories:text2text-generation",
"size_categories:10M<n<100M",
"language:en",
"license:mit",
"arxiv:2306.02707",
"arxiv:2301.13688",
"region:us"
] | Open-Orca | null | null | 843 | 14,679 | 2023-06-15T18:16:11 | ---
language:
- en
license: mit
task_categories:
- conversational
- text-classification
- token-classification
- table-question-answering
- question-answering
- zero-shot-classification
- summarization
- feature-extraction
- text-generation
- text2text-generation
pretty_name: OpenOrca
size_categories:
- 10M<n<100M
---
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Dataset Attribution](#dataset-attribution)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Dataset Use](#dataset-use)
- [Use Cases](#use-cases)
- [Usage Caveats](#usage-caveats)
- [Getting Started](#getting-started)
<p><h1>🐋 The OpenOrca Dataset! 🐋</h1></p>
<a name="dataset-announcement"></a>
We are thrilled to announce the release of the OpenOrca dataset!
This rich collection of augmented FLAN data aligns, as best as possible, with the distributions outlined in the [Orca paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.02707).
It has been instrumental in generating high-performing model checkpoints and serves as a valuable resource for all NLP researchers and developers!
# Official Models
## Mistral-7B-OpenOrca
Our [latest model](https://huggingface.co/spaces/Open-Orca/Mistral-7B-OpenOrca), the first 7B to score better overall than all previous models below 30B.
98% of Llama2-70b-chat's performance, in a completely open 7B!
## OpenOrca-Platypus2-13B
Our [third model](https://huggingface.co/Open-Orca/OpenOrca-Platypus2-13B), the first 13B model to score higher than LLaMA1-65B on the HuggingFace Leaderboard!
Released in partnership with Platypus.
## LlongOrca 7B & 13B
* Our [first 7B release](https://huggingface.co/Open-Orca/LlongOrca-7B-16k), trained on top of LLongMA2 to achieve 16,000 tokens context. #1 long context 7B model at release time, with >99% of the overall #1 model's performance.
* [LlongOrca-13B-16k](https://huggingface.co/Open-Orca/LlongOrca-13B-16k), trained on top of LLongMA2. #1 long context 13B model at release time, with >97% of the overall #1 model's performance.
## OpenOrcaxOpenChat-Preview2-13B
Our [second model](https://huggingface.co/Open-Orca/OpenOrcaxOpenChat-Preview2-13B), highlighting that we've surpassed the performance reported in the Orca paper.
Was #1 at release time, now surpassed by our own OpenOrca-Platypus2-13B.
Released in partnership with OpenChat.
## OpenOrca-Preview1-13B
[OpenOrca-Preview1-13B](https://huggingface.co/Open-Orca/OpenOrca-Preview1-13B)
This model was trained in less than a day, for <$200, with <10% of our data.
At release, it beat the current state of the art models on BigBench-Hard and AGIEval. Achieves ~60% of the improvements reported in the Orca paper.
<a name="dataset-summary"></a>
# Dataset Summary
The OpenOrca dataset is a collection of augmented [FLAN Collection data](https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.13688).
Currently ~1M GPT-4 completions, and ~3.2M GPT-3.5 completions.
It is tabularized in alignment with the distributions presented in the ORCA paper and currently represents a partial completion of the full intended dataset, with ongoing generation to expand its scope.
The data is primarily used for training and evaluation in the field of natural language processing.
<a name="dataset-attribution"></a>
# Dataset Attribution
We would like to give special recognition to the following contributors for their significant efforts and dedication:
Teknium
WingLian/Caseus
Eric Hartford
NanoBit
Pankaj
Winddude
Rohan
http://AlignmentLab.ai:
Autometa
Entropi
AtlasUnified
NeverendingToast
NanoBit
WingLian/Caseus
Also of course, as always, TheBloke, for being the backbone of the whole community.
Many thanks to NanoBit and Caseus, makers of [Axolotl](https://github.com/OpenAccess-AI-Collective/axolotl), for lending us their expertise on the platform that developed and trained manticore, minotaur, and many others!
We are welcoming sponsors or collaborators to help us build these models to the scale they deserve. Please reach out via our socials:
http://Alignmentlab.ai https://discord.gg/n9hXaBPWxx
Want to visualize our full dataset? Check out our [Nomic Atlas Map](https://atlas.nomic.ai/map/c1b88b47-2d9b-47e0-9002-b80766792582/2560fd25-52fe-42f1-a58f-ff5eccc890d2).
[<img src="https://huggingface.co/Open-Orca/OpenOrca-Preview1-13B/resolve/main/OpenOrca%20Nomic%20Atlas.png" alt="Atlas Nomic Dataset Map" width="400" height="400" />](https://atlas.nomic.ai/map/c1b88b47-2d9b-47e0-9002-b80766792582/2560fd25-52fe-42f1-a58f-ff5eccc890d2)
<a name="supported-tasks-and-leaderboards"></a>
# Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
This dataset supports a range of tasks including language modeling, text generation, and text augmentation.
It has been instrumental in the generation of multiple high-performing model checkpoints which have exhibited exceptional performance in our unit testing.
Further information on leaderboards will be updated as they become available.
<a name="languages"></a>
# Languages
The language of the data is primarily English.
<a name="dataset-structure"></a>
# Dataset Structure
<a name="data-instances"></a>
## Data Instances
A data instance in this dataset represents entries from the FLAN collection which have been augmented by submitting the listed question to either GPT-4 or GPT-3.5.
The response is then entered into the response field.
<a name="data-fields"></a>
## Data Fields
The fields are:
1) 'id', a unique numbered identifier which includes one of 'niv', 't0', 'cot', or 'flan' to represent which source FLAN Collection submix the 'question' is sourced from.
2) 'system_prompt', representing the System Prompt presented to the GPT-3.5 or GPT-4 API for the datapoint
3) 'question', representing a question entry as provided by the FLAN Collection
4) 'response', a response to that question received from a query to either GPT-3.5 or GPT-4.
<a name="data-splits"></a>
## Data Splits
The data is unsplit.
<a name="dataset-creation"></a>
# Dataset Creation
<a name="curation-rationale"></a>
## Curation Rationale
The dataset was created to provide a source of augmented text data for researchers and developers.
The datapoints are intended primarily to provide an enhancement of the core FLAN Collection data which relies upon the detailed step by step reasoning capabilities of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4.
This "reasoning trace" augmentation has demonstrated exceptional results, allowing a LLaMA-13B model trained with this data to rival or beat GPT-3.5 on broad sets of hard reasoning tasks which all models below 100B parameters had previously performed dramatically worse on.
<a name="source-data"></a>
## Source Data
The data is generated using techniques in alignment with the distributions outlined in the Orca paper, except as noted below:
1) There is not enough CoT data in the FLAN Collection to generate 150K zero-shot entries, as the paper purports to use.
We suspect this portion was either undocumented or misrepresented. We have used the ~75K points available.
2) We used the pre-generated FLAN Collection datasets hosted on HuggingFace under conceptofmind, e.g. [conceptofmind/flan2021](https://huggingface.co/datasets/conceptofmind/flan2021_submix_original).
These are referenced by the [official FLAN Collection repo](https://github.com/google-research/FLAN/tree/main/flan/v2) as the preferred data source.
However, these are a subset of the full FLAN Collection data, and have less than the required entries for the flan2021 and t0 submixes, by ~1.25M and 200k respectively.
Combined, this gave us ~1.5M fewer datapoints than in the original Orca paper. Completing the set is an ongoing work.
<a name="dataset-use"></a>
# Dataset Use
<a name="use-cases"></a>
## Use Cases
The dataset can be used for tasks related to language understanding, natural language processing, machine learning model training, and model performance evaluation.
<a name="usage-caveats"></a>
## Usage Caveats
Given that this is a work-in-progress dataset, it is recommended to regularly check for updates and improvements.
Further, the data should be used in accordance with the guidelines and recommendations outlined in the Orca paper.
<a name="getting-started"></a>
## Getting Started
This dataset is organized such that it can be naively loaded via Hugging Face datasets library.
We recommend using streaming due to the large size of the files.
Regular updates and data generation progress can be monitored through the OpenOrca repository on Hugging Face.
# Citation
```bibtex
@misc{OpenOrca,
title = {OpenOrca: An Open Dataset of GPT Augmented FLAN Reasoning Traces},
author = {Wing Lian and Bleys Goodson and Eugene Pentland and Austin Cook and Chanvichet Vong and "Teknium"},
year = {2023},
publisher = {HuggingFace},
journal = {HuggingFace repository},
howpublished = {\url{https://https://huggingface.co/Open-Orca/OpenOrca}},
}
```
```bibtex
@misc{mukherjee2023orca,
title={Orca: Progressive Learning from Complex Explanation Traces of GPT-4},
author={Subhabrata Mukherjee and Arindam Mitra and Ganesh Jawahar and Sahaj Agarwal and Hamid Palangi and Ahmed Awadallah},
year={2023},
eprint={2306.02707},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
```
```bibtex
@misc{longpre2023flan,
title={The Flan Collection: Designing Data and Methods for Effective Instruction Tuning},
author={Shayne Longpre and Le Hou and Tu Vu and Albert Webson and Hyung Won Chung and Yi Tay and Denny Zhou and Quoc V. Le and Barret Zoph and Jason Wei and Adam Roberts},
year={2023},
eprint={2301.13688},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.AI}
}
```
```bibtex
@misc{touvron2023llama,
title={Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models},
author={Hugo Touvron and Louis Martin and Kevin Stone and Peter Albert and Amjad Almahairi and Yasmine Babaei and Nikolay Bashlykov and Soumya Batra and Prajjwal Bhargava and Shruti Bhosale and Dan Bikel and Lukas Blecher and Cristian Canton Ferrer and Moya Chen and Guillem Cucurull and David Esiobu and Jude Fernandes and Jeremy Fu and Wenyin Fu and Brian Fuller and Cynthia Gao and Vedanuj Goswami and Naman Goyal and Anthony Hartshorn and Saghar Hosseini and Rui Hou and Hakan Inan and Marcin Kardas and Viktor Kerkez and Madian Khabsa and Isabel Kloumann and Artem Korenev and Punit Singh Koura and Marie-Anne Lachaux and Thibaut Lavril and Jenya Lee and Diana Liskovich and Yinghai Lu and Yuning Mao and Xavier Martinet and Todor Mihaylov and Pushkar Mishra and Igor Molybog and Yixin Nie and Andrew Poulton and Jeremy Reizenstein and Rashi Rungta and Kalyan Saladi and Alan Schelten and Ruan Silva and Eric Michael Smith and Ranjan Subramanian and Xiaoqing Ellen Tan and Binh Tang and Ross Taylor and Adina Williams and Jian Xiang Kuan and Puxin Xu and Zheng Yan and Iliyan Zarov and Yuchen Zhang and Angela Fan and Melanie Kambadur and Sharan Narang and Aurelien Rodriguez and Robert Stojnic and Sergey Edunov and Thomas Scialom},
year={2023},
eprint= arXiv 2307.09288
}
@software{touvron2023llama,
title={LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models},
author={Touvron, Hugo and Lavril, Thibaut and Izacard, Gautier and Martinet, Xavier and Lachaux, Marie-Anne and Lacroix, Timoth{\'e}e and Rozi{\`e}re, Baptiste and Goyal, Naman and Hambro, Eric and Azhar, Faisal and Rodriguez, Aurelien and Joulin, Armand and Grave, Edouard and Lample, Guillaume},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.13971},
year={2023}
}
``` | 11,960 | [
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mosaicml/dolly_hhrlhf | 2023-10-02T15:48:48.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-generation",
"language:en",
"license:cc-by-sa-3.0",
"region:us"
] | mosaicml | null | null | 91 | 14,342 | 2023-05-02T22:27:06 | ---
dataset_info:
features:
- name: prompt
dtype: string
- name: response
dtype: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 43781455.002688624
num_examples: 59310
- name: test
num_bytes: 4479286.805304853
num_examples: 5129
download_size: 24882010
dataset_size: 48260741.80799348
license: cc-by-sa-3.0
task_categories:
- text-generation
language:
- en
pretty_name: Dolly HH-RLHF
---
# Dataset Card for "dolly_hhrlhf"
This dataset is a combination of [Databrick's dolly-15k](https://huggingface.co/datasets/databricks/databricks-dolly-15k) dataset and a filtered subset of [Anthropic's HH-RLHF](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Anthropic/hh-rlhf). It also includes a test split, which was missing in the original `dolly` set. That test set is composed of 200 randomly selected samples from `dolly` + 4,929 of the test set samples from HH-RLHF which made it through the filtering process. The train set contains 59,310 samples; `15,014 - 200 = 14,814` from Dolly, and the remaining 44,496 from HH-RLHF.
It is slightly larger than Alpaca, and in our experience of slightly higher quality, but is usable for commercial purposes so long as you follow the terms of the license.
## Filtering process
As mentioned, the HH-RLHF data in this dataset is filtered. Specifically, we take the first turn of the convesation, then remove any samples where the assistant:
- uses the word "human", "thank", or "sorry"
- asks a question
- uses a first person pronoun
This leaves samples which look like instruction-following, as opposed to conversation.
## License/Attribution
<!--
**Copyright (2023) MosaicML, Inc.**
-->
This dataset was developed at MosaicML (https://www.mosaicml.com) and its use is subject to the CC BY-SA 3.0 license.
Certain categories of material in the dataset include materials from the following sources, licensed under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license:
Wikipedia (various pages) - https://www.wikipedia.org/
Copyright © Wikipedia editors and contributors.
Databricks (https://www.databricks.com)
Copyright © Databricks
When citing this dataset, please use the following:
```
@misc{mosaicml2023dolly_hhrlhf,
author = {MosaicML},
title = {Dolly-HHRLHF Dataset},
year = {2023},
publisher = {HuggingFace Datasets},
howpublished = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/mosaicml/dolly_hhrlhf},
}
``` | 2,348 | [
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khalidalt/tydiqa-goldp | 2022-07-28T21:49:31.000Z | [
"task_categories:question-answering",
"task_ids:extractive-qa",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:crowdsourced",
"multilinguality:multilingual",
"size_categories:unknown",
"source_datasets:extended|wikipedia",
"language:en",
"language:ar",
"language:bn",
"language:fi",
"language:id",
"language:ja",
"language:sw",
"language:ko",
"language:ru",
"language:te",
"language:th",
"license:apache-2.0",
"region:us"
] | khalidalt | TyDi QA is a question answering dataset covering 11 typologically diverse languages with 204K question-answer pairs.
The languages of TyDi QA are diverse with regard to their typology -- the set of linguistic features that each language
expresses -- such that we expect models performing well on this set to generalize across a large number of the languages
in the world. It contains language phenomena that would not be found in English-only corpora. To provide a realistic
information-seeking task and avoid priming effects, questions are written by people who want to know the answer, but
don’t know the answer yet, (unlike SQuAD and its descendents) and the data is collected directly in each language without
the use of translation (unlike MLQA and XQuAD). | @article{tydiqa,
title = {TyDi QA: A Benchmark for Information-Seeking Question Answering in Typologically Diverse Languages},
author = {Jonathan H. Clark and Eunsol Choi and Michael Collins and Dan Garrette and Tom Kwiatkowski and Vitaly Nikolaev and Jennimaria Palomaki}
year = {2020},
journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics}
} | 7 | 14,253 | 2022-05-18T14:20:23 | ---
pretty_name: TyDi QA
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
language:
- en
- ar
- bn
- fi
- id
- ja
- sw
- ko
- ru
- te
- th
license:
- apache-2.0
multilinguality:
- multilingual
size_categories:
- unknown
source_datasets:
- extended|wikipedia
task_categories:
- question-answering
task_ids:
- extractive-qa
paperswithcode_id: tydi-qa
---
# Dataset Card for "tydiqa"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://github.com/google-research-datasets/tydiqa](https://github.com/google-research-datasets/tydiqa)
- **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Paper:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 3726.74 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 5812.92 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 9539.67 MB
### Dataset Summary
TyDi QA is a question answering dataset covering 11 typologically diverse languages with 204K question-answer pairs.
The languages of TyDi QA are diverse with regard to their typology -- the set of linguistic features that each language
expresses -- such that we expect models performing well on this set to generalize across a large number of the languages
in the world. It contains language phenomena that would not be found in English-only corpora. To provide a realistic
information-seeking task and avoid priming effects, questions are written by people who want to know the answer, but
don’t know the answer yet, (unlike SQuAD and its descendents) and the data is collected directly in each language without
the use of translation (unlike MLQA and XQuAD).
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### primary_task
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 1863.37 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 5757.59 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 7620.96 MB
An example of 'validation' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{
"annotations": {
"minimal_answers_end_byte": [-1, -1, -1],
"minimal_answers_start_byte": [-1, -1, -1],
"passage_answer_candidate_index": [-1, -1, -1],
"yes_no_answer": ["NONE", "NONE", "NONE"]
},
"document_plaintext": "\"\\nรองศาสตราจารย์[1] หม่อมราชวงศ์สุขุมพันธุ์ บริพัตร (22 กันยายน 2495 -) ผู้ว่าราชการกรุงเทพมหานครคนที่ 15 อดีตรองหัวหน้าพรรคปร...",
"document_title": "หม่อมราชวงศ์สุขุมพันธุ์ บริพัตร",
"document_url": "\"https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%...",
"language": "thai",
"passage_answer_candidates": "{\"plaintext_end_byte\": [494, 1779, 2931, 3904, 4506, 5588, 6383, 7122, 8224, 9375, 10473, 12563, 15134, 17765, 19863, 21902, 229...",
"question_text": "\"หม่อมราชวงศ์สุขุมพันธุ์ บริพัตร เรียนจบจากที่ไหน ?\"..."
}
```
#### secondary_task
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 1863.37 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 55.34 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 1918.71 MB
An example of 'validation' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{
"answers": {
"answer_start": [394],
"text": ["بطولتين"]
},
"context": "\"أقيمت البطولة 21 مرة، شارك في النهائيات 78 دولة، وعدد الفرق التي فازت بالبطولة حتى الآن 8 فرق، ويعد المنتخب البرازيلي الأكثر تت...",
"id": "arabic-2387335860751143628-1",
"question": "\"كم عدد مرات فوز الأوروغواي ببطولة كاس العالم لكرو القدم؟\"...",
"title": "قائمة نهائيات كأس العالم"
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### primary_task
- `passage_answer_candidates`: a dictionary feature containing:
- `plaintext_start_byte`: a `int32` feature.
- `plaintext_end_byte`: a `int32` feature.
- `question_text`: a `string` feature.
- `document_title`: a `string` feature.
- `language`: a `string` feature.
- `annotations`: a dictionary feature containing:
- `passage_answer_candidate_index`: a `int32` feature.
- `minimal_answers_start_byte`: a `int32` feature.
- `minimal_answers_end_byte`: a `int32` feature.
- `yes_no_answer`: a `string` feature.
- `document_plaintext`: a `string` feature.
- `document_url`: a `string` feature.
#### secondary_task
- `id`: a `string` feature.
- `title`: a `string` feature.
- `context`: a `string` feature.
- `question`: a `string` feature.
- `answers`: a dictionary feature containing:
- `text`: a `string` feature.
- `answer_start`: a `int32` feature.
### Data Splits
| name | train | validation |
| -------------- | -----: | ---------: |
| primary_task | 166916 | 18670 |
| secondary_task | 49881 | 5077 |
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Citation Information
```
@article{tydiqa,
title = {TyDi QA: A Benchmark for Information-Seeking Question Answering in Typologically Diverse Languages},
author = {Jonathan H. Clark and Eunsol Choi and Michael Collins and Dan Garrette and Tom Kwiatkowski and Vitaly Nikolaev and Jennimaria Palomaki}
year = {2020},
journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics}
}
```
```
@inproceedings{ruder-etal-2021-xtreme,
title = "{XTREME}-{R}: Towards More Challenging and Nuanced Multilingual Evaluation",
author = "Ruder, Sebastian and
Constant, Noah and
Botha, Jan and
Siddhant, Aditya and
Firat, Orhan and
Fu, Jinlan and
Liu, Pengfei and
Hu, Junjie and
Garrette, Dan and
Neubig, Graham and
Johnson, Melvin",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
month = nov,
year = "2021",
address = "Online and Punta Cana, Dominican Republic",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2021.emnlp-main.802",
doi = "10.18653/v1/2021.emnlp-main.802",
pages = "10215--10245",
}
}
```
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] |
xquad | 2023-04-05T13:45:22.000Z | [
"task_categories:question-answering",
"task_ids:extractive-qa",
"annotations_creators:expert-generated",
"language_creators:expert-generated",
"multilinguality:multilingual",
"size_categories:unknown",
"source_datasets:extended|squad",
"language:ar",
"language:de",
"language:el",
"language:en",
"language:es",
"language:hi",
"language:ro",
"language:ru",
"language:th",
"language:tr",
"language:vi",
"language:zh",
"license:cc-by-sa-4.0",
"arxiv:1910.11856",
"region:us"
] | null | XQuAD (Cross-lingual Question Answering Dataset) is a benchmark dataset for evaluating cross-lingual question answering
performance. The dataset consists of a subset of 240 paragraphs and 1190 question-answer pairs from the development set
of SQuAD v1.1 (Rajpurkar et al., 2016) together with their professional translations into ten languages: Spanish, German,
Greek, Russian, Turkish, Arabic, Vietnamese, Thai, Chinese, Hindi and Romanian. Consequently, the dataset is entirely parallel
across 12 languages. | @article{Artetxe:etal:2019,
author = {Mikel Artetxe and Sebastian Ruder and Dani Yogatama},
title = {On the cross-lingual transferability of monolingual representations},
journal = {CoRR},
volume = {abs/1910.11856},
year = {2019},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {1910.11856}
} | 12 | 14,186 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
pretty_name: XQuAD
annotations_creators:
- expert-generated
language_creators:
- expert-generated
language:
- ar
- de
- el
- en
- es
- hi
- ro
- ru
- th
- tr
- vi
- zh
license:
- cc-by-sa-4.0
multilinguality:
- multilingual
size_categories:
- unknown
source_datasets:
- extended|squad
task_categories:
- question-answering
task_ids:
- extractive-qa
paperswithcode_id: xquad
dataset_info:
- config_name: xquad.ar
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: context
dtype: string
- name: question
dtype: string
- name: answers
sequence:
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dtype: int32
splits:
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num_bytes: 1722799
num_examples: 1190
download_size: 13962158
dataset_size: 1722799
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dataset_size: 1283301
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download_size: 13962158
dataset_size: 2136990
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- name: id
dtype: string
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dtype: string
- name: question
dtype: string
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sequence:
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dtype: string
- name: answer_start
dtype: int32
splits:
- name: validation
num_bytes: 1299450
num_examples: 1190
download_size: 13962158
dataset_size: 1299450
---
# Dataset Card for "xquad"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://github.com/deepmind/xquad](https://github.com/deepmind/xquad)
- **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Paper:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 146.31 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 18.97 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 165.28 MB
### Dataset Summary
XQuAD (Cross-lingual Question Answering Dataset) is a benchmark dataset for evaluating cross-lingual question answering
performance. The dataset consists of a subset of 240 paragraphs and 1190 question-answer pairs from the development set
of SQuAD v1.1 (Rajpurkar et al., 2016) together with their professional translations into ten languages: Spanish, German,
Greek, Russian, Turkish, Arabic, Vietnamese, Thai, Chinese, and Hindi. Consequently, the dataset is entirely parallel
across 11 languages.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### xquad.ar
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 13.30 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 1.72 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 15.03 MB
An example of 'validation' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{
"answers": {
"answer_start": [527],
"text": ["136"]
},
"context": "\"Die Verteidigung der Panthers gab nur 308 Punkte ab und belegte den sechsten Platz in der Liga, während sie die NFL mit 24 Inte...",
"id": "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925c",
"question": "Wie viele Sacks erzielte Jared Allen in seiner Karriere?"
}
```
#### xquad.de
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 13.30 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 1.29 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 14.59 MB
An example of 'validation' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{
"answers": {
"answer_start": [527],
"text": ["136"]
},
"context": "\"Die Verteidigung der Panthers gab nur 308 Punkte ab und belegte den sechsten Platz in der Liga, während sie die NFL mit 24 Inte...",
"id": "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925c",
"question": "Wie viele Sacks erzielte Jared Allen in seiner Karriere?"
}
```
#### xquad.el
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 13.30 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 2.21 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 15.51 MB
An example of 'validation' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{
"answers": {
"answer_start": [527],
"text": ["136"]
},
"context": "\"Die Verteidigung der Panthers gab nur 308 Punkte ab und belegte den sechsten Platz in der Liga, während sie die NFL mit 24 Inte...",
"id": "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925c",
"question": "Wie viele Sacks erzielte Jared Allen in seiner Karriere?"
}
```
#### xquad.en
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 13.30 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 1.12 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 14.42 MB
An example of 'validation' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{
"answers": {
"answer_start": [527],
"text": ["136"]
},
"context": "\"Die Verteidigung der Panthers gab nur 308 Punkte ab und belegte den sechsten Platz in der Liga, während sie die NFL mit 24 Inte...",
"id": "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925c",
"question": "Wie viele Sacks erzielte Jared Allen in seiner Karriere?"
}
```
#### xquad.es
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 13.30 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 1.28 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 14.58 MB
An example of 'validation' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{
"answers": {
"answer_start": [527],
"text": ["136"]
},
"context": "\"Die Verteidigung der Panthers gab nur 308 Punkte ab und belegte den sechsten Platz in der Liga, während sie die NFL mit 24 Inte...",
"id": "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925c",
"question": "Wie viele Sacks erzielte Jared Allen in seiner Karriere?"
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### xquad.ar
- `id`: a `string` feature.
- `context`: a `string` feature.
- `question`: a `string` feature.
- `answers`: a dictionary feature containing:
- `text`: a `string` feature.
- `answer_start`: a `int32` feature.
#### xquad.de
- `id`: a `string` feature.
- `context`: a `string` feature.
- `question`: a `string` feature.
- `answers`: a dictionary feature containing:
- `text`: a `string` feature.
- `answer_start`: a `int32` feature.
#### xquad.el
- `id`: a `string` feature.
- `context`: a `string` feature.
- `question`: a `string` feature.
- `answers`: a dictionary feature containing:
- `text`: a `string` feature.
- `answer_start`: a `int32` feature.
#### xquad.en
- `id`: a `string` feature.
- `context`: a `string` feature.
- `question`: a `string` feature.
- `answers`: a dictionary feature containing:
- `text`: a `string` feature.
- `answer_start`: a `int32` feature.
#### xquad.es
- `id`: a `string` feature.
- `context`: a `string` feature.
- `question`: a `string` feature.
- `answers`: a dictionary feature containing:
- `text`: a `string` feature.
- `answer_start`: a `int32` feature.
### Data Splits
| name | validation |
| -------- | ---------: |
| xquad.ar | 1190 |
| xquad.de | 1190 |
| xquad.el | 1190 |
| xquad.en | 1190 |
| xquad.es | 1190 |
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Citation Information
```
@article{Artetxe:etal:2019,
author = {Mikel Artetxe and Sebastian Ruder and Dani Yogatama},
title = {On the cross-lingual transferability of monolingual representations},
journal = {CoRR},
volume = {abs/1910.11856},
year = {2019},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {1910.11856}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@lewtun](https://github.com/lewtun), [@patrickvonplaten](https://github.com/patrickvonplaten), [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf) for adding this dataset. | 14,536 | [
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] |
boolq | 2023-04-05T09:42:01.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-classification",
"task_ids:natural-language-inference",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:found",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:cc-by-sa-3.0",
"region:us"
] | null | BoolQ is a question answering dataset for yes/no questions containing 15942 examples. These questions are naturally
occurring ---they are generated in unprompted and unconstrained settings.
Each example is a triplet of (question, passage, answer), with the title of the page as optional additional context.
The text-pair classification setup is similar to existing natural language inference tasks. | @inproceedings{clark2019boolq,
title = {BoolQ: Exploring the Surprising Difficulty of Natural Yes/No Questions},
author = {Clark, Christopher and Lee, Kenton and Chang, Ming-Wei, and Kwiatkowski, Tom and Collins, Michael, and Toutanova, Kristina},
booktitle = {NAACL},
year = {2019},
} | 26 | 14,150 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language_creators:
- found
language:
- en
license:
- cc-by-sa-3.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- text-classification
task_ids:
- natural-language-inference
paperswithcode_id: boolq
pretty_name: BoolQ
dataset_info:
features:
- name: question
dtype: string
- name: answer
dtype: bool
- name: passage
dtype: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 5829592
num_examples: 9427
- name: validation
num_bytes: 1998190
num_examples: 3270
download_size: 8764539
dataset_size: 7827782
---
# Dataset Card for Boolq
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://github.com/google-research-datasets/boolean-questions](https://github.com/google-research-datasets/boolean-questions)
- **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Paper:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 8.77 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 7.83 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 16.59 MB
### Dataset Summary
BoolQ is a question answering dataset for yes/no questions containing 15942 examples. These questions are naturally
occurring ---they are generated in unprompted and unconstrained settings.
Each example is a triplet of (question, passage, answer), with the title of the page as optional additional context.
The text-pair classification setup is similar to existing natural language inference tasks.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### default
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 8.77 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 7.83 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 16.59 MB
An example of 'validation' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{
"answer": false,
"passage": "\"All biomass goes through at least some of these steps: it needs to be grown, collected, dried, fermented, distilled, and burned...",
"question": "does ethanol take more energy make that produces"
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### default
- `question`: a `string` feature.
- `answer`: a `bool` feature.
- `passage`: a `string` feature.
### Data Splits
| name |train|validation|
|-------|----:|---------:|
|default| 9427| 3270|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
BoolQ is released under the [Creative Commons Share-Alike 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/) license.
### Citation Information
```
@inproceedings{clark2019boolq,
title = {BoolQ: Exploring the Surprising Difficulty of Natural Yes/No Questions},
author = {Clark, Christopher and Lee, Kenton and Chang, Ming-Wei, and Kwiatkowski, Tom and Collins, Michael, and Toutanova, Kristina},
booktitle = {NAACL},
year = {2019},
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@lewtun](https://github.com/lewtun), [@lhoestq](https://github.com/lhoestq), [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf), [@patrickvonplaten](https://github.com/patrickvonplaten), [@albertvillanova](https://github.com/albertvillanova) for adding this dataset. | 6,600 | [
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reazon-research/reazonspeech | 2023-02-08T02:22:58.000Z | [
"task_categories:automatic-speech-recognition",
"size_categories:10M<n<100M",
"language:ja",
"license:other",
"region:us"
] | reazon-research | null | null | 29 | 13,980 | 2023-01-17T23:03:48 | ---
license: other
task_categories:
- automatic-speech-recognition
language:
- ja
pretty_name: ReazonSpeech
size_categories:
- 10M<n<100M
---
# Dataset Card for ReazonSpeech
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** https://research.reazon.jp/projects/ReazonSpeech
- **Repository:** https://github.com/reazon-research/reazonspeech
### Dataset Summary
ReazonSpeech is a large audio corpus collected from Japanese TV programs.
**TO USE THIS DATASET, YOU MUST AGREE THAT YOU WILL USE THE DATASET
SOLELY FOR THE PURPOSE OF JAPANESE COPYRIGHT ACT ARTICLE 30-4.**
### Languages
Japanese
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
The following shows an example dataset record:
```
{
'name': '000/0000000000000.flac',
'audio': {
'path': '/path/to/000/0000000000000.flac',
'array': array([ 0.01000000, ...], dtype=float32),
'sampling_rate': 16000},
'transcription': '今日のニュースをお伝えします。'}
}
```
### Data Fields
| Field | Type | Desc |
| --------------- | -------- | ---- |
| `name` | `string` | An unique id for the audio file |
| `audio` | `dict` | A dictionary containing the file path, the decoded audio, and the sampling rate |
| `transcription` | `string` | A text transcription of the audio data |
### Data Splits
| Split | Size | Desc |
| ------- | ----- | ---- |
| `all` | >1TB | Contains all the dataset |
| `small` | 350MB | Small subset for example purposes (default) |
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[Reazon Human Interaction Laboratory](https://research.reazon.jp/)
### Licensing Information
[CDLA-Sharing-1.0](https://cdla.dev/sharing-1-0/)
TO USE THIS DATASET, YOU MUST AGREE THAT YOU WILL USE THE DATASET
SOLELY FOR THE PURPOSE OF JAPANESE COPYRIGHT ACT ARTICLE 30-4.
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knkarthick/dialogsum | 2023-10-03T10:56:21.000Z | [
"task_categories:summarization",
"task_categories:text2text-generation",
"task_categories:text-generation",
"annotations_creators:expert-generated",
"language_creators:expert-generated",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:cc-by-nc-sa-4.0",
"dialogue-summary",
"one-liner-summary",
"meeting-title",
"email-subject",
"region:us"
] | knkarthick | null | null | 82 | 13,884 | 2022-06-28T10:17:20 | ---
annotations_creators:
- expert-generated
language_creators:
- expert-generated
language:
- en
license: cc-by-nc-sa-4.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- summarization
- text2text-generation
- text-generation
task_ids: []
pretty_name: DIALOGSum Corpus
tags:
- dialogue-summary
- one-liner-summary
- meeting-title
- email-subject
---
# Dataset Card for DIALOGSum Corpus
## Dataset Description
### Links
- **Homepage:** https://aclanthology.org/2021.findings-acl.449
- **Repository:** https://github.com/cylnlp/dialogsum
- **Paper:** https://aclanthology.org/2021.findings-acl.449
- **Point of Contact:** https://huggingface.co/knkarthick
### Dataset Summary
DialogSum is a large-scale dialogue summarization dataset, consisting of 13,460 (Plus 100 holdout data for topic generation) dialogues with corresponding manually labeled summaries and topics.
### Languages
English
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
DialogSum is a large-scale dialogue summarization dataset, consisting of 13,460 dialogues (+1000 tests) split into train, test and validation.
The first instance in the training set:
{'id': 'train_0', 'summary': "Mr. Smith's getting a check-up, and Doctor Hawkins advises him to have one every year. Hawkins'll give some information about their classes and medications to help Mr. Smith quit smoking.", 'dialogue': "#Person1#: Hi, Mr. Smith. I'm Doctor Hawkins. Why are you here today?\n#Person2#: I found it would be a good idea to get a check-up.\n#Person1#: Yes, well, you haven't had one for 5 years. You should have one every year.\n#Person2#: I know. I figure as long as there is nothing wrong, why go see the doctor?\n#Person1#: Well, the best way to avoid serious illnesses is to find out about them early. So try to come at least once a year for your own good.\n#Person2#: Ok.\n#Person1#: Let me see here. Your eyes and ears look fine. Take a deep breath, please. Do you smoke, Mr. Smith?\n#Person2#: Yes.\n#Person1#: Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer and heart disease, you know. You really should quit.\n#Person2#: I've tried hundreds of times, but I just can't seem to kick the habit.\n#Person1#: Well, we have classes and some medications that might help. I'll give you more information before you leave.\n#Person2#: Ok, thanks doctor.", 'topic': "get a check-up}
### Data Fields
- dialogue: text of dialogue.
- summary: human written summary of the dialogue.
- topic: human written topic/one liner of the dialogue.
- id: unique file id of an example.
### Data Splits
- train: 12460
- val: 500
- test: 1500
- holdout: 100 [Only 3 features: id, dialogue, topic]
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
In paper:
We collect dialogue data for DialogSum from three public dialogue corpora, namely Dailydialog (Li et al., 2017), DREAM (Sun et al., 2019) and MuTual (Cui et al., 2019), as well as an English speaking practice website. These datasets contain face-to-face spoken dialogues that cover a wide range of daily-life topics, including schooling, work, medication, shopping, leisure, travel. Most conversations take place between friends, colleagues, and between service providers and customers.
Compared with previous datasets, dialogues from DialogSum have distinct characteristics:
Under rich real-life scenarios, including more diverse task-oriented scenarios;
Have clear communication patterns and intents, which is valuable to serve as summarization sources;
Have a reasonable length, which comforts the purpose of automatic summarization.
We ask annotators to summarize each dialogue based on the following criteria:
Convey the most salient information;
Be brief;
Preserve important named entities within the conversation;
Be written from an observer perspective;
Be written in formal language.
### Who are the source language producers?
linguists
### Who are the annotators?
language experts
## Licensing Information
CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
## Citation Information
```
@inproceedings{chen-etal-2021-dialogsum,
title = "{D}ialog{S}um: {A} Real-Life Scenario Dialogue Summarization Dataset",
author = "Chen, Yulong and
Liu, Yang and
Chen, Liang and
Zhang, Yue",
booktitle = "Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL-IJCNLP 2021",
month = aug,
year = "2021",
address = "Online",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2021.findings-acl.449",
doi = "10.18653/v1/2021.findings-acl.449",
pages = "5062--5074",
```
## Contributions
Thanks to [@cylnlp](https://github.com/cylnlp) for adding this dataset. | 4,654 | [
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iohadrubin/c5 | 2023-10-07T06:13:07.000Z | [
"region:us"
] | iohadrubin | A colossal, cleaned version of Common Crawl's web crawl corpus.
Based on Common Crawl dataset: "https://commoncrawl.org".
This is the processed version of Google's C5 dataset by AllenAI. | @article{2019t5,
author = {Colin Raffel and Noam Shazeer and Adam Roberts and Katherine Lee and Sharan Narang and Michael Matena and Yanqi Zhou and Wei Li and Peter J. Liu},
title = {Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer},
journal = {arXiv e-prints},
year = {2019},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {1910.10683},
} | 0 | 13,779 | 2023-09-28T18:29:28 | Entry not found | 15 | [
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hf-internal-testing/dummy_image_text_data | 2023-02-08T10:34:38.000Z | [
"region:us"
] | hf-internal-testing | null | null | 0 | 13,737 | 2023-02-08T10:34:30 | ---
dataset_info:
features:
- name: image
dtype: image
- name: text
dtype: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 1944983.0
num_examples: 20
download_size: 1690123
dataset_size: 1944983.0
---
# Dataset Card for "dummy_image_text_data"
[More Information needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards) | 398 | [
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csebuetnlp/xlsum | 2023-04-18T01:46:20.000Z | [
"task_categories:summarization",
"task_categories:text-generation",
"annotations_creators:found",
"language_creators:found",
"multilinguality:multilingual",
"size_categories:1M<n<10M",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:am",
"language:ar",
"language:az",
"language:bn",
"language:my",
"language:zh",
"language:en",
"language:fr",
"language:gu",
"language:ha",
"language:hi",
"language:ig",
"language:id",
"language:ja",
"language:rn",
"language:ko",
"language:ky",
"language:mr",
"language:ne",
"language:om",
"language:ps",
"language:fa",
"language:pcm",
"language:pt",
"language:pa",
"language:ru",
"language:gd",
"language:sr",
"language:si",
"language:so",
"language:es",
"language:sw",
"language:ta",
"language:te",
"language:th",
"language:ti",
"language:tr",
"language:uk",
"language:ur",
"language:uz",
"language:vi",
"language:cy",
"language:yo",
"license:cc-by-nc-sa-4.0",
"conditional-text-generation",
"arxiv:1607.01759",
"region:us"
] | csebuetnlp | We present XLSum, a comprehensive and diverse dataset comprising 1.35 million professionally
annotated article-summary pairs from BBC, extracted using a set of carefully designed heuristics.
The dataset covers 45 languages ranging from low to high-resource, for many of which no
public dataset is currently available. XL-Sum is highly abstractive, concise,
and of high quality, as indicated by human and intrinsic evaluation. | @inproceedings{hasan-etal-2021-xl,
title = "{XL}-Sum: Large-Scale Multilingual Abstractive Summarization for 44 Languages",
author = "Hasan, Tahmid and
Bhattacharjee, Abhik and
Islam, Md. Saiful and
Mubasshir, Kazi and
Li, Yuan-Fang and
Kang, Yong-Bin and
Rahman, M. Sohel and
Shahriyar, Rifat",
booktitle = "Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL-IJCNLP 2021",
month = aug,
year = "2021",
address = "Online",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2021.findings-acl.413",
pages = "4693--4703",
} | 55 | 13,520 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- found
language_creators:
- found
language:
- am
- ar
- az
- bn
- my
- zh
- en
- fr
- gu
- ha
- hi
- ig
- id
- ja
- rn
- ko
- ky
- mr
- ne
- om
- ps
- fa
- pcm
- pt
- pa
- ru
- gd
- sr
- si
- so
- es
- sw
- ta
- te
- th
- ti
- tr
- uk
- ur
- uz
- vi
- cy
- yo
license:
- cc-by-nc-sa-4.0
multilinguality:
- multilingual
size_categories:
- 1M<n<10M
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- summarization
- text-generation
task_ids: []
paperswithcode_id: xl-sum
pretty_name: XL-Sum
tags:
- conditional-text-generation
---
# Dataset Card for "XL-Sum"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Card Creation Guide](#dataset-card-creation-guide)
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Initial Data Collection and Normalization](#initial-data-collection-and-normalization)
- [Who are the source language producers?](#who-are-the-source-language-producers)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Annotation process](#annotation-process)
- [Who are the annotators?](#who-are-the-annotators)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Repository:** [https://github.com/csebuetnlp/xl-sum](https://github.com/csebuetnlp/xl-sum)
- **Paper:** [XL-Sum: Large-Scale Multilingual Abstractive Summarization for 44 Languages](https://aclanthology.org/2021.findings-acl.413/)
- **Point of Contact:** [Tahmid Hasan](mailto:tahmidhasan@cse.buet.ac.bd)
### Dataset Summary
We present XLSum, a comprehensive and diverse dataset comprising 1.35 million professionally annotated article-summary pairs from BBC, extracted using a set of carefully designed heuristics. The dataset covers 45 languages ranging from low to high-resource, for many of which no public dataset is currently available. XL-Sum is highly abstractive, concise, and of high quality, as indicated by human and intrinsic evaluation.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More information needed](https://github.com/csebuetnlp/xl-sum)
### Languages
- `amharic`
- `arabic`
- `azerbaijani`
- `bengali`
- `burmese`
- `chinese_simplified`
- `chinese_traditional`
- `english`
- `french`
- `gujarati`
- `hausa`
- `hindi`
- `igbo`
- `indonesian`
- `japanese`
- `kirundi`
- `korean`
- `kyrgyz`
- `marathi`
- `nepali`
- `oromo`
- `pashto`
- `persian`
- `pidgin`
- `portuguese`
- `punjabi`
- `russian`
- `scottish_gaelic`
- `serbian_cyrillic`
- `serbian_latin`
- `sinhala`
- `somali`
- `spanish`
- `swahili`
- `tamil`
- `telugu`
- `thai`
- `tigrinya`
- `turkish`
- `ukrainian`
- `urdu`
- `uzbek`
- `vietnamese`
- `welsh`
- `yoruba`
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
One example from the `English` dataset is given below in JSON format.
```
{
"id": "technology-17657859",
"url": "https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-17657859",
"title": "Yahoo files e-book advert system patent applications",
"summary": "Yahoo has signalled it is investigating e-book adverts as a way to stimulate its earnings.",
"text": "Yahoo's patents suggest users could weigh the type of ads against the sizes of discount before purchase. It says in two US patent applications that ads for digital book readers have been \"less than optimal\" to date. The filings suggest that users could be offered titles at a variety of prices depending on the ads' prominence They add that the products shown could be determined by the type of book being read, or even the contents of a specific chapter, phrase or word. The paperwork was published by the US Patent and Trademark Office late last week and relates to work carried out at the firm's headquarters in Sunnyvale, California. \"Greater levels of advertising, which may be more valuable to an advertiser and potentially more distracting to an e-book reader, may warrant higher discounts,\" it states. Free books It suggests users could be offered ads as hyperlinks based within the book's text, in-laid text or even \"dynamic content\" such as video. Another idea suggests boxes at the bottom of a page could trail later chapters or quotes saying \"brought to you by Company A\". It adds that the more willing the customer is to see the ads, the greater the potential discount. \"Higher frequencies... may even be great enough to allow the e-book to be obtained for free,\" it states. The authors write that the type of ad could influence the value of the discount, with \"lower class advertising... such as teeth whitener advertisements\" offering a cheaper price than \"high\" or \"middle class\" adverts, for things like pizza. The inventors also suggest that ads could be linked to the mood or emotional state the reader is in as a they progress through a title. For example, they say if characters fall in love or show affection during a chapter, then ads for flowers or entertainment could be triggered. The patents also suggest this could applied to children's books - giving the Tom Hanks animated film Polar Express as an example. It says a scene showing a waiter giving the protagonists hot drinks \"may be an excellent opportunity to show an advertisement for hot cocoa, or a branded chocolate bar\". Another example states: \"If the setting includes young characters, a Coke advertisement could be provided, inviting the reader to enjoy a glass of Coke with his book, and providing a graphic of a cool glass.\" It adds that such targeting could be further enhanced by taking account of previous titles the owner has bought. 'Advertising-free zone' At present, several Amazon and Kobo e-book readers offer full-screen adverts when the device is switched off and show smaller ads on their menu screens, but the main text of the titles remains free of marketing. Yahoo does not currently provide ads to these devices, and a move into the area could boost its shrinking revenues. However, Philip Jones, deputy editor of the Bookseller magazine, said that the internet firm might struggle to get some of its ideas adopted. \"This has been mooted before and was fairly well decried,\" he said. \"Perhaps in a limited context it could work if the merchandise was strongly related to the title and was kept away from the text. \"But readers - particularly parents - like the fact that reading is an advertising-free zone. Authors would also want something to say about ads interrupting their narrative flow.\""
}
```
### Data Fields
- 'id': A string representing the article ID.
- 'url': A string representing the article URL.
- 'title': A string containing the article title.
- 'summary': A string containing the article summary.
- 'text' : A string containing the article text.
### Data Splits
We used a 80%-10%-10% split for all languages with a few exceptions. `English` was split 93%-3.5%-3.5% for the evaluation set size to resemble that of `CNN/DM` and `XSum`; `Scottish Gaelic`, `Kyrgyz` and `Sinhala` had relatively fewer samples, their evaluation sets were increased to 500 samples for more reliable evaluation. Same articles were used for evaluation in the two variants of Chinese and Serbian to prevent data leakage in multilingual training. Individual dataset download links with train-dev-test example counts are given below:
Language | ISO 639-1 Code | BBC subdomain(s) | Train | Dev | Test | Total |
--------------|----------------|------------------|-------|-----|------|-------|
Amharic | am | https://www.bbc.com/amharic | 5761 | 719 | 719 | 7199 |
Arabic | ar | https://www.bbc.com/arabic | 37519 | 4689 | 4689 | 46897 |
Azerbaijani | az | https://www.bbc.com/azeri | 6478 | 809 | 809 | 8096 |
Bengali | bn | https://www.bbc.com/bengali | 8102 | 1012 | 1012 | 10126 |
Burmese | my | https://www.bbc.com/burmese | 4569 | 570 | 570 | 5709 |
Chinese (Simplified) | zh-CN | https://www.bbc.com/ukchina/simp, https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp | 37362 | 4670 | 4670 | 46702 |
Chinese (Traditional) | zh-TW | https://www.bbc.com/ukchina/trad, https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad | 37373 | 4670 | 4670 | 46713 |
English | en | https://www.bbc.com/english, https://www.bbc.com/sinhala `*` | 306522 | 11535 | 11535 | 329592 |
French | fr | https://www.bbc.com/afrique | 8697 | 1086 | 1086 | 10869 |
Gujarati | gu | https://www.bbc.com/gujarati | 9119 | 1139 | 1139 | 11397 |
Hausa | ha | https://www.bbc.com/hausa | 6418 | 802 | 802 | 8022 |
Hindi | hi | https://www.bbc.com/hindi | 70778 | 8847 | 8847 | 88472 |
Igbo | ig | https://www.bbc.com/igbo | 4183 | 522 | 522 | 5227 |
Indonesian | id | https://www.bbc.com/indonesia | 38242 | 4780 | 4780 | 47802 |
Japanese | ja | https://www.bbc.com/japanese | 7113 | 889 | 889 | 8891 |
Kirundi | rn | https://www.bbc.com/gahuza | 5746 | 718 | 718 | 7182 |
Korean | ko | https://www.bbc.com/korean | 4407 | 550 | 550 | 5507 |
Kyrgyz | ky | https://www.bbc.com/kyrgyz | 2266 | 500 | 500 | 3266 |
Marathi | mr | https://www.bbc.com/marathi | 10903 | 1362 | 1362 | 13627 |
Nepali | np | https://www.bbc.com/nepali | 5808 | 725 | 725 | 7258 |
Oromo | om | https://www.bbc.com/afaanoromoo | 6063 | 757 | 757 | 7577 |
Pashto | ps | https://www.bbc.com/pashto | 14353 | 1794 | 1794 | 17941 |
Persian | fa | https://www.bbc.com/persian | 47251 | 5906 | 5906 | 59063 |
Pidgin`**` | n/a | https://www.bbc.com/pidgin | 9208 | 1151 | 1151 | 11510 |
Portuguese | pt | https://www.bbc.com/portuguese | 57402 | 7175 | 7175 | 71752 |
Punjabi | pa | https://www.bbc.com/punjabi | 8215 | 1026 | 1026 | 10267 |
Russian | ru | https://www.bbc.com/russian, https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian `*` | 62243 | 7780 | 7780 | 77803 |
Scottish Gaelic | gd | https://www.bbc.com/naidheachdan | 1313 | 500 | 500 | 2313 |
Serbian (Cyrillic) | sr | https://www.bbc.com/serbian/cyr | 7275 | 909 | 909 | 9093 |
Serbian (Latin) | sr | https://www.bbc.com/serbian/lat | 7276 | 909 | 909 | 9094 |
Sinhala | si | https://www.bbc.com/sinhala | 3249 | 500 | 500 | 4249 |
Somali | so | https://www.bbc.com/somali | 5962 | 745 | 745 | 7452 |
Spanish | es | https://www.bbc.com/mundo | 38110 | 4763 | 4763 | 47636 |
Swahili | sw | https://www.bbc.com/swahili | 7898 | 987 | 987 | 9872 |
Tamil | ta | https://www.bbc.com/tamil | 16222 | 2027 | 2027 | 20276 |
Telugu | te | https://www.bbc.com/telugu | 10421 | 1302 | 1302 | 13025 |
Thai | th | https://www.bbc.com/thai | 6616 | 826 | 826 | 8268 |
Tigrinya | ti | https://www.bbc.com/tigrinya | 5451 | 681 | 681 | 6813 |
Turkish | tr | https://www.bbc.com/turkce | 27176 | 3397 | 3397 | 33970 |
Ukrainian | uk | https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian | 43201 | 5399 | 5399 | 53999 |
Urdu | ur | https://www.bbc.com/urdu | 67665 | 8458 | 8458 | 84581 |
Uzbek | uz | https://www.bbc.com/uzbek | 4728 | 590 | 590 | 5908 |
Vietnamese | vi | https://www.bbc.com/vietnamese | 32111 | 4013 | 4013 | 40137 |
Welsh | cy | https://www.bbc.com/cymrufyw | 9732 | 1216 | 1216 | 12164 |
Yoruba | yo | https://www.bbc.com/yoruba | 6350 | 793 | 793 | 7936 |
`*` A lot of articles in BBC Sinhala and BBC Ukrainian were written in English and Russian respectively. They were identified using [Fasttext](https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.01759) and moved accordingly.
`**` West African Pidgin English
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More information needed](https://github.com/csebuetnlp/xl-sum)
### Source Data
[BBC News](https://www.bbc.co.uk/ws/languages)
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[Detailed in the paper](https://aclanthology.org/2021.findings-acl.413/)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[Detailed in the paper](https://aclanthology.org/2021.findings-acl.413/)
### Annotations
[Detailed in the paper](https://aclanthology.org/2021.findings-acl.413/)
#### Annotation process
[Detailed in the paper](https://aclanthology.org/2021.findings-acl.413/)
#### Who are the annotators?
[Detailed in the paper](https://aclanthology.org/2021.findings-acl.413/)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More information needed](https://github.com/csebuetnlp/xl-sum)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More information needed](https://github.com/csebuetnlp/xl-sum)
### Discussion of Biases
[More information needed](https://github.com/csebuetnlp/xl-sum)
### Other Known Limitations
[More information needed](https://github.com/csebuetnlp/xl-sum)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More information needed](https://github.com/csebuetnlp/xl-sum)
### Licensing Information
Contents of this repository are restricted to only non-commercial research purposes under the [Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). Copyright of the dataset contents belongs to the original copyright holders.
### Citation Information
If you use any of the datasets, models or code modules, please cite the following paper:
```
@inproceedings{hasan-etal-2021-xl,
title = "{XL}-Sum: Large-Scale Multilingual Abstractive Summarization for 44 Languages",
author = "Hasan, Tahmid and
Bhattacharjee, Abhik and
Islam, Md. Saiful and
Mubasshir, Kazi and
Li, Yuan-Fang and
Kang, Yong-Bin and
Rahman, M. Sohel and
Shahriyar, Rifat",
booktitle = "Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL-IJCNLP 2021",
month = aug,
year = "2021",
address = "Online",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2021.findings-acl.413",
pages = "4693--4703",
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@abhik1505040](https://github.com/abhik1505040) and [@Tahmid](https://github.com/Tahmid04) for adding this dataset. | 14,594 | [
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quail | 2023-04-05T13:37:16.000Z | [
"task_categories:multiple-choice",
"task_ids:multiple-choice-qa",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:found",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:cc-by-nc-sa-4.0",
"region:us"
] | null | QuAIL is a reading comprehension dataset. QuAIL contains 15K multi-choice questions in texts 300-350 tokens long 4 domains (news, user stories, fiction, blogs).QuAIL is balanced and annotated for question types.\ | @inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aaai/RogersKDR20,
author = {Anna Rogers and
Olga Kovaleva and
Matthew Downey and
Anna Rumshisky},
title = {Getting Closer to {AI} Complete Question Answering: {A} Set of Prerequisite
Real Tasks},
booktitle = {The Thirty-Fourth {AAAI} Conference on Artificial Intelligence, {AAAI}
2020, The Thirty-Second Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Conference, {IAAI} 2020, The Tenth {AAAI} Symposium on Educational
Advances in Artificial Intelligence, {EAAI} 2020, New York, NY, USA,
February 7-12, 2020},
pages = {8722--8731},
publisher = {{AAAI} Press},
year = {2020},
url = {https://aaai.org/ojs/index.php/AAAI/article/view/6398},
timestamp = {Thu, 04 Jun 2020 13:18:48 +0200},
biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/aaai/RogersKDR20.bib},
bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
} | 3 | 13,477 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language:
- en
language_creators:
- found
license:
- cc-by-nc-sa-4.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
pretty_name: Question Answering for Artificial Intelligence (QuAIL)
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- multiple-choice
task_ids:
- multiple-choice-qa
paperswithcode_id: quail
dataset_info:
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: context_id
dtype: string
- name: question_id
dtype: string
- name: domain
dtype: string
- name: metadata
struct:
- name: author
dtype: string
- name: title
dtype: string
- name: url
dtype: string
- name: context
dtype: string
- name: question
dtype: string
- name: question_type
dtype: string
- name: answers
sequence: string
- name: correct_answer_id
dtype: int32
config_name: quail
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 23432697
num_examples: 10246
- name: validation
num_bytes: 4989579
num_examples: 2164
- name: challenge
num_bytes: 1199840
num_examples: 556
download_size: 6402933
dataset_size: 29622116
---
# Dataset Card for "quail"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://text-machine-lab.github.io/blog/2020/quail/](https://text-machine-lab.github.io/blog/2020/quail/)
- **Repository:** https://github.com/text-machine-lab/quail
- **Paper:** [Getting Closer to AI Complete Question Answering: A Set of Prerequisite Real Tasks](https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6398 )
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 6.41 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 29.62 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 36.03 MB
### Dataset Summary
QuAIL is a reading comprehension dataset. QuAIL contains 15K multi-choice questions in texts 300-350 tokens long 4 domains (news, user stories, fiction, blogs).QuAIL is balanced and annotated for question types.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### quail
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 6.41 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 29.62 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 36.03 MB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{
"answers": ["the cousin is not friendly", "the cousin could have been pretier", "not enough information", "the cousin was too nice"],
"context": "\"That fall came and I went back to Michigan and the school year went by and summer came and I never really thought about it. I'm...",
"context_id": "f001",
"correct_answer_id": 0,
"domain": "fiction",
"id": "f001_19",
"metadata": {
"author": "Joseph Devon",
"title": "Black Eyed Susan",
"url": "http://manybooks.net/pages/devonjother08black_eyed_susan/0.html"
},
"question": "After the events in the text what does the author think about the cousin?",
"question_id": "19",
"question_type": "Subsequent_state"
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### quail
- `id`: a `string` feature.
- `context_id`: a `string` feature.
- `question_id`: a `string` feature.
- `domain`: a `string` feature.
- `author`: a `string` feature.
- `title`: a `string` feature.
- `url`: a `string` feature.
- `context`: a `string` feature.
- `question`: a `string` feature.
- `question_type`: a `string` feature.
- `answers`: a `list` of `string` features.
- `correct_answer_id`: a `int32` feature.
### Data Splits
|name |train|challenge|validation|
|-----|----:|--------:|---------:|
|quail|10246| 556| 2164|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Citation Information
```
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aaai/RogersKDR20,
author = {Anna Rogers and
Olga Kovaleva and
Matthew Downey and
Anna Rumshisky},
title = {Getting Closer to {AI} Complete Question Answering: {A} Set of Prerequisite
Real Tasks},
booktitle = {The Thirty-Fourth {AAAI} Conference on Artificial Intelligence, {AAAI}
2020, The Thirty-Second Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Conference, {IAAI} 2020, The Tenth {AAAI} Symposium on Educational
Advances in Artificial Intelligence, {EAAI} 2020, New York, NY, USA,
February 7-12, 2020},
pages = {8722--8731},
publisher = {{AAAI} Press},
year = {2020},
url = {https://aaai.org/ojs/index.php/AAAI/article/view/6398},
timestamp = {Thu, 04 Jun 2020 13:18:48 +0200},
biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/aaai/RogersKDR20.bib},
bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@sai-prasanna](https://github.com/sai-prasanna), [@ngdodd](https://github.com/ngdodd) for adding this dataset. | 8,198 | [
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lvwerra/stack-exchange-paired | 2023-03-13T11:30:17.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-generation",
"task_categories:question-answering",
"size_categories:10M<n<100M",
"language:en",
"region:us"
] | lvwerra | null | null | 75 | 13,373 | 2023-03-13T09:32:41 | ---
task_categories:
- text-generation
- question-answering
language:
- en
pretty_name: StackExchange Paired
size_categories:
- 10M<n<100M
---
# StackExchange Paired
This is a processed version of the [`HuggingFaceH4/stack-exchange-preferences`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/HuggingFaceH4/stack-exchange-preferences). The following steps were applied:
- Parse HTML to Markdown with `markdownify`
- Create pairs `(response_j, response_k)` where j was rated better than k
- Sample at most 10 pairs per question
- Shuffle the dataset globally
This dataset is designed to be used for preference learning. The processing notebook is in [the repository](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lvwerra/stack-exchange-paired/tree/main) as well.
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cifar100 | 2023-01-25T14:27:57.000Z | [
"task_categories:image-classification",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:found",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"source_datasets:extended|other-80-Million-Tiny-Images",
"language:en",
"license:unknown",
"region:us"
] | null | The CIFAR-100 dataset consists of 60000 32x32 colour images in 100 classes, with 600 images
per class. There are 500 training images and 100 testing images per class. There are 50000 training images and 10000 test images. The 100 classes are grouped into 20 superclasses.
There are two labels per image - fine label (actual class) and coarse label (superclass). | @TECHREPORT{Krizhevsky09learningmultiple,
author = {Alex Krizhevsky},
title = {Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images},
institution = {},
year = {2009}
} | 15 | 13,213 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language_creators:
- found
language:
- en
license:
- unknown
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
- extended|other-80-Million-Tiny-Images
task_categories:
- image-classification
task_ids: []
paperswithcode_id: cifar-100
pretty_name: Cifar100
dataset_info:
features:
- name: img
dtype: image
- name: fine_label
dtype:
class_label:
names:
'0': apple
'1': aquarium_fish
'2': baby
'3': bear
'4': beaver
'5': bed
'6': bee
'7': beetle
'8': bicycle
'9': bottle
'10': bowl
'11': boy
'12': bridge
'13': bus
'14': butterfly
'15': camel
'16': can
'17': castle
'18': caterpillar
'19': cattle
'20': chair
'21': chimpanzee
'22': clock
'23': cloud
'24': cockroach
'25': couch
'26': cra
'27': crocodile
'28': cup
'29': dinosaur
'30': dolphin
'31': elephant
'32': flatfish
'33': forest
'34': fox
'35': girl
'36': hamster
'37': house
'38': kangaroo
'39': keyboard
'40': lamp
'41': lawn_mower
'42': leopard
'43': lion
'44': lizard
'45': lobster
'46': man
'47': maple_tree
'48': motorcycle
'49': mountain
'50': mouse
'51': mushroom
'52': oak_tree
'53': orange
'54': orchid
'55': otter
'56': palm_tree
'57': pear
'58': pickup_truck
'59': pine_tree
'60': plain
'61': plate
'62': poppy
'63': porcupine
'64': possum
'65': rabbit
'66': raccoon
'67': ray
'68': road
'69': rocket
'70': rose
'71': sea
'72': seal
'73': shark
'74': shrew
'75': skunk
'76': skyscraper
'77': snail
'78': snake
'79': spider
'80': squirrel
'81': streetcar
'82': sunflower
'83': sweet_pepper
'84': table
'85': tank
'86': telephone
'87': television
'88': tiger
'89': tractor
'90': train
'91': trout
'92': tulip
'93': turtle
'94': wardrobe
'95': whale
'96': willow_tree
'97': wolf
'98': woman
'99': worm
- name: coarse_label
dtype:
class_label:
names:
'0': aquatic_mammals
'1': fish
'2': flowers
'3': food_containers
'4': fruit_and_vegetables
'5': household_electrical_devices
'6': household_furniture
'7': insects
'8': large_carnivores
'9': large_man-made_outdoor_things
'10': large_natural_outdoor_scenes
'11': large_omnivores_and_herbivores
'12': medium_mammals
'13': non-insect_invertebrates
'14': people
'15': reptiles
'16': small_mammals
'17': trees
'18': vehicles_1
'19': vehicles_2
config_name: cifar100
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 112751396
num_examples: 50000
- name: test
num_bytes: 22605519
num_examples: 10000
download_size: 169001437
dataset_size: 135356915
---
# Dataset Card for CIFAR-100
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [CIFAR Datasets](https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar.html)
- **Repository:**
- **Paper:** [Paper](https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/learning-features-2009-TR.pdf)
- **Leaderboard:**
- **Point of Contact:**
### Dataset Summary
The CIFAR-100 dataset consists of 60000 32x32 colour images in 100 classes, with 600 images
per class. There are 500 training images and 100 testing images per class. There are 50000 training images and 10000 test images. The 100 classes are grouped into 20 superclasses.
There are two labels per image - fine label (actual class) and coarse label (superclass).
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
- `image-classification`: The goal of this task is to classify a given image into one of 100 classes. The leaderboard is available [here](https://paperswithcode.com/sota/image-classification-on-cifar-100).
### Languages
English
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
A sample from the training set is provided below:
```
{
'img': <PIL.PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile image mode=RGB size=32x32 at 0x2767F58E080>, 'fine_label': 19,
'coarse_label': 11
}
```
### Data Fields
- `img`: A `PIL.Image.Image` object containing the 32x32 image. Note that when accessing the image column: `dataset[0]["image"]` the image file is automatically decoded. Decoding of a large number of image files might take a significant amount of time. Thus it is important to first query the sample index before the `"image"` column, *i.e.* `dataset[0]["image"]` should **always** be preferred over `dataset["image"][0]`
- `fine_label`: an `int` classification label with the following mapping:
`0`: apple
`1`: aquarium_fish
`2`: baby
`3`: bear
`4`: beaver
`5`: bed
`6`: bee
`7`: beetle
`8`: bicycle
`9`: bottle
`10`: bowl
`11`: boy
`12`: bridge
`13`: bus
`14`: butterfly
`15`: camel
`16`: can
`17`: castle
`18`: caterpillar
`19`: cattle
`20`: chair
`21`: chimpanzee
`22`: clock
`23`: cloud
`24`: cockroach
`25`: couch
`26`: cra
`27`: crocodile
`28`: cup
`29`: dinosaur
`30`: dolphin
`31`: elephant
`32`: flatfish
`33`: forest
`34`: fox
`35`: girl
`36`: hamster
`37`: house
`38`: kangaroo
`39`: keyboard
`40`: lamp
`41`: lawn_mower
`42`: leopard
`43`: lion
`44`: lizard
`45`: lobster
`46`: man
`47`: maple_tree
`48`: motorcycle
`49`: mountain
`50`: mouse
`51`: mushroom
`52`: oak_tree
`53`: orange
`54`: orchid
`55`: otter
`56`: palm_tree
`57`: pear
`58`: pickup_truck
`59`: pine_tree
`60`: plain
`61`: plate
`62`: poppy
`63`: porcupine
`64`: possum
`65`: rabbit
`66`: raccoon
`67`: ray
`68`: road
`69`: rocket
`70`: rose
`71`: sea
`72`: seal
`73`: shark
`74`: shrew
`75`: skunk
`76`: skyscraper
`77`: snail
`78`: snake
`79`: spider
`80`: squirrel
`81`: streetcar
`82`: sunflower
`83`: sweet_pepper
`84`: table
`85`: tank
`86`: telephone
`87`: television
`88`: tiger
`89`: tractor
`90`: train
`91`: trout
`92`: tulip
`93`: turtle
`94`: wardrobe
`95`: whale
`96`: willow_tree
`97`: wolf
`98`: woman
`99`: worm
- `coarse_label`: an `int` coarse classification label with following mapping:
`0`: aquatic_mammals
`1`: fish
`2`: flowers
`3`: food_containers
`4`: fruit_and_vegetables
`5`: household_electrical_devices
`6`: household_furniture
`7`: insects
`8`: large_carnivores
`9`: large_man-made_outdoor_things
`10`: large_natural_outdoor_scenes
`11`: large_omnivores_and_herbivores
`12`: medium_mammals
`13`: non-insect_invertebrates
`14`: people
`15`: reptiles
`16`: small_mammals
`17`: trees
`18`: vehicles_1
`19`: vehicles_2
### Data Splits
| name |train|test|
|----------|----:|---------:|
|cifar100|50000| 10000|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed]
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed]
### Licensing Information
[More Information Needed]
### Citation Information
```
@TECHREPORT{Krizhevsky09learningmultiple,
author = {Alex Krizhevsky},
title = {Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images},
institution = {},
year = {2009}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@gchhablani](https://github.com/gchablani) for adding this dataset. | 9,829 | [
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hendrycks/ethics | 2023-04-19T18:55:00.000Z | [
"language:en",
"license:mit",
"AI Alignment",
"arxiv:2008.02275",
"region:us"
] | hendrycks | A benchmark that spans concepts in justice, well-being, duties, virtues, and commonsense morality. | @article{hendrycks2020aligning,
title={Aligning ai with shared human values},
author={Hendrycks, Dan and Burns, Collin and Basart, Steven and Critch, Andrew and Li, Jerry and Song, Dawn and Steinhardt, Jacob},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2008.02275},
year={2020}
} | 6 | 13,189 | 2023-03-06T15:25:03 | ---
license: mit
language: en
dataset_info:
- config_name: default
features:
- name: label
dtype: int64
- name: input
dtype: string
- config_name: commonsense
features:
- name: label
dtype: int32
- name: input
dtype: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 14429921
num_examples: 13910
- name: validation
num_bytes: 3148616
num_examples: 3885
- name: test
num_bytes: 3863068
num_examples: 3964
download_size: 21625153
dataset_size: 21441605
- config_name: deontology
features:
- name: label
dtype: int32
- name: scenario
dtype: string
- name: excuse
dtype: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 1854277
num_examples: 18164
- name: validation
num_bytes: 369318
num_examples: 3596
- name: test
num_bytes: 359268
num_examples: 3536
download_size: 2384007
dataset_size: 2582863
- config_name: justice
features:
- name: label
dtype: int32
- name: scenario
dtype: string
splits:
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num_bytes: 2423889
num_examples: 21791
- name: validation
num_bytes: 297935
num_examples: 2704
- name: test
num_bytes: 228008
num_examples: 2052
download_size: 2837375
dataset_size: 2949832
- config_name: utilitarianism
features:
- name: baseline
dtype: string
- name: less_pleasant
dtype: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 2186713
num_examples: 13737
- name: validation
num_bytes: 730391
num_examples: 4807
- name: test
num_bytes: 668429
num_examples: 4271
download_size: 3466564
dataset_size: 3585533
- config_name: virtue
features:
- name: label
dtype: int32
- name: scenario
dtype: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 2605021
num_examples: 28245
- name: validation
num_bytes: 467254
num_examples: 4975
- name: test
num_bytes: 452491
num_examples: 4780
download_size: 3364070
dataset_size: 3524766
tags:
- AI Alignment
---
# Dataset Card for ETHICS
This is the data from [Aligning AI With Shared Human Values](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.02275) by Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andrew Critch, Jerry Li, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt, published at ICLR 2021.
For more information, see the [Github Repo](https://github.com/hendrycks/ethics).
## Dataset Summary
This dataset provides ethics-based tasks for evaluating language models for AI alignment.
## Loading Data
To load this data, you can use HuggingFace datasets and the dataloader script.
```
from datasets import load_dataset
load_dataset("hendrycks/ethics", "commonsense")
```
Where `commonsense` is one of the following sections: commonsense, deontology, justice, utilitarianism, and virtue.
### Citation Information
```
@article{hendrycks2021ethics,
title={Aligning AI With Shared Human Values},
author={Dan Hendrycks and Collin Burns and Steven Basart and Andrew Critch and Jerry Li and Dawn Song and Jacob Steinhardt},
journal={Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)},
year={2021}
}
```
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Open-Orca/FLAN | 2023-08-02T15:08:01.000Z | [
"size_categories:1B<n<10B",
"language:en",
"license:cc-by-4.0",
"arxiv:2301.13688",
"arxiv:2109.01652",
"arxiv:2110.08207",
"arxiv:2204.07705",
"region:us"
] | Open-Orca | null | null | 104 | 13,091 | 2023-07-21T13:45:12 | ---
license: cc-by-4.0
language:
- en
library_name: transformers
pipeline_tag: text-generation
datasets:
- Open-Orca/OpenOrca
size_categories:
- 1B<n<10B
---
<p><h1>🍮 The WHOLE FLAN Collection! 🍮</h1></p>
# Overview
This repository includes the full dataset from the [FLAN Collection](https://ai.googleblog.com/2023/02/the-flan-collection-advancing-open.html), totalling ~300GB as parquets.
Generated using the official seqio templating from the [Google FLAN Collection GitHub repo](https://github.com/google-research/FLAN/tree/main/flan/v2).
The data is subject to all the same licensing of the component datasets.
To keep up with our continued work on OpenOrca and other exciting research, find our Discord here:
https://AlignmentLab.ai
# Motivation
This work was done as part of the requirements for the OpenOrca project.
There was not a large enough subset of FLAN Collection generated publicly to subsample from to complete the work.
So, we opted to process the entire collection ourselves.
Generating this requires an understanding of seqio and a Linux server with 512GB of CPU ram, as well as fast drives and custom limits for many parameters beyond what is default on Linux server distributions (e.g., requiring up to 45,000 threads running at once).
It takes downloading over 400GB of datasets, working around tfds bugs, and then processing the datasets over the course of several days.
We provide this repo as a resource to other ML researchers, as it saves these time consuming and laborious steps to getting the data into a more accessible format for further consumption.
# Data
## Organization
* JSON files at top level are used for subsampling in OpenOrca
* Parquets in subdirectories contain the entire FLAN collection in Dask-sharded folders by submix fractions
## Zero-Shot vs Few-Shot and Options vs No-Options
The core sub-collections of FLAN are `CoT`, `Dialog`, `NIv2`, `T0`, and `flan2021`.
Within those sub-collections are four "remixes" of the data that are templated differently:
* `Zero-Shot` and `Few-Shot`
* `Zero-Shot` provides a prompt, question, or challenge without any exemplaries prior
* `Few-Shot` provides exemplaries first
* `Options` and `No-Options`
* `Options` provides a question or challenge with multiple-choice (e.g. A/B/C/D) answer options provided to select from
* `No-Options` requires a free-form answer
For every sub-collection, only some of the "remixes" may officially be provided. All available have been generated in full without any redaction or sub-sampling.
An example: `t0_fsopt_data` folder contains the sub-collection `T0`'s Few-Shot (FS), Options (OPT) remix set.
Notably, this is the largest "remix" and the one that necessitates 512GB CPU ram to generate. The raw json output is nearly 200GB.
## Parquet Sizes
Each sub-collection's individual remixes are provided as [Parquet](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/loading#parquet) files which have been sharded by [Dask](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/main/en/filesystems#dask) into ~160MB chunks (starting from 256MB blocks of the source jsonl files).
The folder structure along with size sums is provided below.
```
$ du -h --max-depth=1 ./
9.1G ./niv2_fsopt_data
2.4G ./niv2_zsopt_data
59G ./flan_fsopt_data
984M ./dialog_zsopt_data
11G ./flan_zsopt_data
8.6G ./dialog_fsopt_data
16G ./t0_zsnoopt_data
149M ./cot_fsopt_data
20M ./cot_zsopt_data
17G ./t0_zsopt_data
11G ./flan_zsnoopt_data
101G ./t0_fsopt_data
25G ./flan_fsnoopt_data
39G ./t0_fsnoopt_data
296G ./
```
# Citations
```bibtex
@misc{goodson2023huggyflan
title={Fine FLAN: Seqio to Parquet So You Don't Have To},
author={Bleys Goodson},
year={2023},
publisher = {HuggingFace},
journal = {HuggingFace repository},
howpublished = {\url{https://https://huggingface.co/datasets/Open-Orca/FLAN},
}
```
```bibtex
@misc{longpre2023flan,
title={The Flan Collection: Designing Data and Methods for Effective Instruction Tuning},
author={Shayne Longpre and Le Hou and Tu Vu and Albert Webson and Hyung Won Chung and Yi Tay and Denny Zhou and Quoc V. Le and Barret Zoph and Jason Wei and Adam Roberts},
year={2023},
eprint={2301.13688},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.AI}
}
```
```bibtex
@misc{wei2022finetuned,
title={Finetuned Language Models Are Zero-Shot Learners},
author={Jason Wei and Maarten Bosma and Vincent Y. Zhao and Kelvin Guu and Adams Wei Yu and Brian Lester and Nan Du and Andrew M. Dai and Quoc V. Le},
year={2022},
eprint={2109.01652},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
```
```bibtex
@misc{sanh2022multitask,
title={Multitask Prompted Training Enables Zero-Shot Task Generalization},
author={Victor Sanh and Albert Webson and Colin Raffel and Stephen H. Bach and Lintang Sutawika and Zaid Alyafeai and Antoine Chaffin and Arnaud Stiegler and Teven Le Scao and Arun Raja and Manan Dey and M Saiful Bari and Canwen Xu and Urmish Thakker and Shanya Sharma Sharma and Eliza Szczechla and Taewoon Kim and Gunjan Chhablani and Nihal Nayak and Debajyoti Datta and Jonathan Chang and Mike Tian-Jian Jiang and Han Wang and Matteo Manica and Sheng Shen and Zheng Xin Yong and Harshit Pandey and Rachel Bawden and Thomas Wang and Trishala Neeraj and Jos Rozen and Abheesht Sharma and Andrea Santilli and Thibault Fevry and Jason Alan Fries and Ryan Teehan and Tali Bers and Stella Biderman and Leo Gao and Thomas Wolf and Alexander M. Rush},
year={2022},
eprint={2110.08207},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.LG}
}
```
```bibtex
@misc{wang2022supernaturalinstructions,
title={Super-NaturalInstructions: Generalization via Declarative Instructions on 1600+ NLP Tasks},
author={Yizhong Wang and Swaroop Mishra and Pegah Alipoormolabashi and Yeganeh Kordi and Amirreza Mirzaei and Anjana Arunkumar and Arjun Ashok and Arut Selvan Dhanasekaran and Atharva Naik and David Stap and Eshaan Pathak and Giannis Karamanolakis and Haizhi Gary Lai and Ishan Purohit and Ishani Mondal and Jacob Anderson and Kirby Kuznia and Krima Doshi and Maitreya Patel and Kuntal Kumar Pal and Mehrad Moradshahi and Mihir Parmar and Mirali Purohit and Neeraj Varshney and Phani Rohitha Kaza and Pulkit Verma and Ravsehaj Singh Puri and Rushang Karia and Shailaja Keyur Sampat and Savan Doshi and Siddhartha Mishra and Sujan Reddy and Sumanta Patro and Tanay Dixit and Xudong Shen and Chitta Baral and Yejin Choi and Noah A. Smith and Hannaneh Hajishirzi and Daniel Khashabi},
year={2022},
eprint={2204.07705},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
``` | 6,822 | [
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opus_books | 2022-11-03T16:47:07.000Z | [
"task_categories:translation",
"annotations_creators:found",
"language_creators:found",
"multilinguality:multilingual",
"size_categories:1K<n<10K",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:ca",
"language:de",
"language:el",
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"language:es",
"language:fi",
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"language:it",
"language:nl",
"language:no",
"language:pl",
"language:pt",
"language:ru",
"language:sv",
"license:unknown",
"region:us"
] | null | This is a collection of copyright free books aligned by Andras Farkas, which are available from http://www.farkastranslations.com/bilingual_books.php
Note that the texts are rather dated due to copyright issues and that some of them are manually reviewed (check the meta-data at the top of the corpus files in XML). The source is multilingually aligned, which is available from http://www.farkastranslations.com/bilingual_books.php. In OPUS, the alignment is formally bilingual but the multilingual alignment can be recovered from the XCES sentence alignment files. Note also that the alignment units from the original source may include multi-sentence paragraphs, which are split and sentence-aligned in OPUS.
All texts are freely available for personal, educational and research use. Commercial use (e.g. reselling as parallel books) and mass redistribution without explicit permission are not granted. Please acknowledge the source when using the data!
16 languages, 64 bitexts
total number of files: 158
total number of tokens: 19.50M
total number of sentence fragments: 0.91M | @InProceedings{TIEDEMANN12.463,
author = {J�rg Tiedemann},
title = {Parallel Data, Tools and Interfaces in OPUS},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'12)},
year = {2012},
month = {may},
date = {23-25},
address = {Istanbul, Turkey},
editor = {Nicoletta Calzolari (Conference Chair) and Khalid Choukri and Thierry Declerck and Mehmet Ugur Dogan and Bente Maegaard and Joseph Mariani and Jan Odijk and Stelios Piperidis},
publisher = {European Language Resources Association (ELRA)},
isbn = {978-2-9517408-7-7},
language = {english}
} | 20 | 13,017 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
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license:
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multilinguality:
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size_categories:
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source_datasets:
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task_categories:
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task_ids: []
paperswithcode_id: null
pretty_name: OpusBooks
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---
# Dataset Card for OpusBooks
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** http://opus.nlpl.eu/Books.php
- **Repository:** None
- **Paper:** http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/463_Paper.pdf
- **Leaderboard:** [More Information Needed]
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed]
### Dataset Summary
[More Information Needed]
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed]
### Languages
[More Information Needed]
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
Here are some examples of questions and facts:
### Data Fields
[More Information Needed]
### Data Splits
[More Information Needed]
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed]
### Source Data
[More Information Needed]
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed]
### Annotations
[More Information Needed]
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed]
### Licensing Information
[More Information Needed]
### Citation Information
[More Information Needed]
### Contributions
Thanks to [@abhishekkrthakur](https://github.com/abhishekkrthakur) for adding this dataset. | 20,464 | [
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iohadrubin/c4 | 2023-09-22T09:14:22.000Z | [
"region:us"
] | iohadrubin | A colossal, cleaned version of Common Crawl's web crawl corpus.
Based on Common Crawl dataset: "https://commoncrawl.org".
This is the processed version of Google's C4 dataset by AllenAI. | @article{2019t5,
author = {Colin Raffel and Noam Shazeer and Adam Roberts and Katherine Lee and Sharan Narang and Michael Matena and Yanqi Zhou and Wei Li and Peter J. Liu},
title = {Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer},
journal = {arXiv e-prints},
year = {2019},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {1910.10683},
} | 0 | 12,937 | 2023-09-22T07:17:57 | Entry not found | 15 | [
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] |
Blablablab/SOCKET | 2023-10-10T20:51:48.000Z | [
"license:cc-by-4.0",
"arxiv:2305.14938",
"region:us"
] | Blablablab | A unified evaluation benchmark dataset for evaludating socialbility of NLP models. | @misc{choi2023llms,
title={Do LLMs Understand Social Knowledge? Evaluating the Sociability of Large Language Models with SocKET Benchmark},
author={Minje Choi and Jiaxin Pei and Sagar Kumar and Chang Shu and David Jurgens},
year={2023},
eprint={2305.14938},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
} | 3 | 12,693 | 2023-05-26T19:56:41 | ---
license: cc-by-4.0
---
# Dataset Card for Dataset Name
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:**
- **Repository: https://github.com/minjechoi/SOCKET
- **Paper: Do LLMs Understand Social Knowledge? Evaluating the Sociability of Large Language Models with SocKET Benchmark [link](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.14938)
- **Leaderboard:**
- **Point of Contact:**
### Dataset Summary
This Dataset contains the tasks used in the paper "Do LLMs Understand Social Knowledge? Evaluating the Sociability of Large Language Models with SocKET Benchmark" [link](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.14938).
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed]
### Languages
English
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
[More Information Needed]
### Data Fields
[More Information Needed]
### Data Splits
[More Information Needed]
## Dataset Creation
This benchmark is created by aggregating several existing NLP datasets that measure different aspects of social information.
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed]
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed]
### Licensing Information
[More Information Needed]
### Citation Information
@misc{choi2023llms,
title={Do LLMs Understand Social Knowledge? Evaluating the Sociability of Large Language Models with SocKET Benchmark},
author={Minje Choi and Jiaxin Pei and Sagar Kumar and Chang Shu and David Jurgens},
year={2023},
eprint={2305.14938},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
### Contributions
[More Information Needed] | 1,944 | [
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mozilla-foundation/common_voice_13_0 | 2023-06-26T15:23:12.000Z | [
"task_categories:automatic-speech-recognition",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:crowdsourced",
"multilinguality:multilingual",
"source_datasets:extended|common_voice",
"license:cc0-1.0",
"arxiv:1912.06670",
"region:us"
] | mozilla-foundation | null | @inproceedings{commonvoice:2020,
author = {Ardila, R. and Branson, M. and Davis, K. and Henretty, M. and Kohler, M. and Meyer, J. and Morais, R. and Saunders, L. and Tyers, F. M. and Weber, G.},
title = {Common Voice: A Massively-Multilingual Speech Corpus},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2020)},
pages = {4211--4215},
year = 2020
} | 81 | 12,661 | 2023-03-29T07:43:24 | ---
pretty_name: Common Voice Corpus 13.0
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
language_bcp47:
- ab
- ar
- as
- ast
- az
- ba
- bas
- be
- bg
- bn
- br
- ca
- ckb
- cnh
- cs
- cv
- cy
- da
- de
- dv
- dyu
- el
- en
- eo
- es
- et
- eu
- fa
- fi
- fr
- fy-NL
- ga-IE
- gl
- gn
- ha
- hi
- hsb
- hu
- hy-AM
- ia
- id
- ig
- is
- it
- ja
- ka
- kab
- kk
- kmr
- ko
- ky
- lg
- lo
- lt
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- mdf
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- mk
- ml
- mn
- mr
- mrj
- mt
- myv
- nan-tw
- ne-NP
- nl
- nn-NO
- oc
- or
- pa-IN
- pl
- pt
- quy
- rm-sursilv
- rm-vallader
- ro
- ru
- rw
- sah
- sat
- sc
- sk
- skr
- sl
- sr
- sv-SE
- sw
- ta
- th
- ti
- tig
- tk
- tok
- tr
- tt
- tw
- ug
- uk
- ur
- uz
- vi
- vot
- yo
- yue
- zh-CN
- zh-HK
- zh-TW
license:
- cc0-1.0
multilinguality:
- multilingual
size_categories:
ab:
- 10K<n<100K
ar:
- 100K<n<1M
as:
- 1K<n<10K
ast:
- 1K<n<10K
az:
- n<1K
ba:
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bas:
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be:
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bg:
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bn:
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br:
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ca:
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ckb:
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cnh:
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cs:
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cv:
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cy:
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da:
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de:
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dv:
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dyu:
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el:
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en:
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eo:
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es:
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et:
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eu:
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fa:
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fi:
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fr:
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fy-NL:
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gl:
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gn:
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ha:
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ia:
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id:
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ig:
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is:
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it:
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ja:
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ka:
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kk:
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ky:
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mr:
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oc:
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or:
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pl:
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pt:
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quy:
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ro:
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ru:
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rw:
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sah:
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sat:
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sc:
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sk:
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skr:
- 1K<n<10K
sl:
- 10K<n<100K
sr:
- 1K<n<10K
sv-SE:
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sw:
- 100K<n<1M
ta:
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th:
- 100K<n<1M
ti:
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tig:
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tk:
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tok:
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tr:
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tt:
- 10K<n<100K
tw:
- n<1K
ug:
- 10K<n<100K
uk:
- 10K<n<100K
ur:
- 100K<n<1M
uz:
- 100K<n<1M
vi:
- 10K<n<100K
vot:
- n<1K
yo:
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yue:
- 10K<n<100K
zh-CN:
- 100K<n<1M
zh-HK:
- 100K<n<1M
zh-TW:
- 100K<n<1M
source_datasets:
- extended|common_voice
task_categories:
- automatic-speech-recognition
paperswithcode_id: common-voice
extra_gated_prompt: "By clicking on “Access repository” below, you also agree to not attempt to determine the identity of speakers in the Common Voice dataset."
---
# Dataset Card for Common Voice Corpus 13.0
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [How to use](#how-to-use)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** https://commonvoice.mozilla.org/en/datasets
- **Repository:** https://github.com/common-voice/common-voice
- **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.06670
- **Leaderboard:** https://paperswithcode.com/dataset/common-voice
- **Point of Contact:** [Vaibhav Srivastav](mailto:vaibhav@huggingface.co)
### Dataset Summary
The Common Voice dataset consists of a unique MP3 and corresponding text file.
Many of the 27141 recorded hours in the dataset also include demographic metadata like age, sex, and accent
that can help improve the accuracy of speech recognition engines.
The dataset currently consists of 17689 validated hours in 108 languages, but more voices and languages are always added.
Take a look at the [Languages](https://commonvoice.mozilla.org/en/languages) page to request a language or start contributing.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
The results for models trained on the Common Voice datasets are available via the
[🤗 Autoevaluate Leaderboard](https://huggingface.co/spaces/autoevaluate/leaderboards?dataset=mozilla-foundation%2Fcommon_voice_11_0&only_verified=0&task=automatic-speech-recognition&config=ar&split=test&metric=wer)
### Languages
```
Abkhaz, Arabic, Armenian, Assamese, Asturian, Azerbaijani, Basaa, Bashkir, Basque, Belarusian, Bengali, Breton, Bulgarian, Cantonese, Catalan, Central Kurdish, Chinese (China), Chinese (Hong Kong), Chinese (Taiwan), Chuvash, Czech, Danish, Dhivehi, Dioula, Dutch, English, Erzya, Esperanto, Estonian, Finnish, French, Frisian, Galician, Georgian, German, Greek, Guarani, Hakha Chin, Hausa, Hill Mari, Hindi, Hungarian, Icelandic, Igbo, Indonesian, Interlingua, Irish, Italian, Japanese, Kabyle, Kazakh, Kinyarwanda, Korean, Kurmanji Kurdish, Kyrgyz, Lao, Latvian, Lithuanian, Luganda, Macedonian, Malayalam, Maltese, Marathi, Meadow Mari, Moksha, Mongolian, Nepali, Norwegian Nynorsk, Occitan, Odia, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Quechua Chanka, Romanian, Romansh Sursilvan, Romansh Vallader, Russian, Sakha, Santali (Ol Chiki), Saraiki, Sardinian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Sorbian, Upper, Spanish, Swahili, Swedish, Taiwanese (Minnan), Tamil, Tatar, Thai, Tigre, Tigrinya, Toki Pona, Turkish, Turkmen, Twi, Ukrainian, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek, Vietnamese, Votic, Welsh, Yoruba
```
## How to use
The `datasets` library allows you to load and pre-process your dataset in pure Python, at scale. The dataset can be downloaded and prepared in one call to your local drive by using the `load_dataset` function.
For example, to download the Hindi config, simply specify the corresponding language config name (i.e., "hi" for Hindi):
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
cv_13 = load_dataset("mozilla-foundation/common_voice_13_0", "hi", split="train")
```
Using the datasets library, you can also stream the dataset on-the-fly by adding a `streaming=True` argument to the `load_dataset` function call. Loading a dataset in streaming mode loads individual samples of the dataset at a time, rather than downloading the entire dataset to disk.
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
cv_13 = load_dataset("mozilla-foundation/common_voice_13_0", "hi", split="train", streaming=True)
print(next(iter(cv_13)))
```
*Bonus*: create a [PyTorch dataloader](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/use_with_pytorch) directly with your own datasets (local/streamed).
### Local
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
from torch.utils.data.sampler import BatchSampler, RandomSampler
cv_13 = load_dataset("mozilla-foundation/common_voice_13_0", "hi", split="train")
batch_sampler = BatchSampler(RandomSampler(cv_13), batch_size=32, drop_last=False)
dataloader = DataLoader(cv_13, batch_sampler=batch_sampler)
```
### Streaming
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
cv_13 = load_dataset("mozilla-foundation/common_voice_13_0", "hi", split="train")
dataloader = DataLoader(cv_13, batch_size=32)
```
To find out more about loading and preparing audio datasets, head over to [hf.co/blog/audio-datasets](https://huggingface.co/blog/audio-datasets).
### Example scripts
Train your own CTC or Seq2Seq Automatic Speech Recognition models on Common Voice 13 with `transformers` - [here](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/tree/main/examples/pytorch/speech-recognition).
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
A typical data point comprises the `path` to the audio file and its `sentence`.
Additional fields include `accent`, `age`, `client_id`, `up_votes`, `down_votes`, `gender`, `locale` and `segment`.
```python
{
'client_id': 'd59478fbc1ee646a28a3c652a119379939123784d99131b865a89f8b21c81f69276c48bd574b81267d9d1a77b83b43e6d475a6cfc79c232ddbca946ae9c7afc5',
'path': 'et/clips/common_voice_et_18318995.mp3',
'audio': {
'path': 'et/clips/common_voice_et_18318995.mp3',
'array': array([-0.00048828, -0.00018311, -0.00137329, ..., 0.00079346, 0.00091553, 0.00085449], dtype=float32),
'sampling_rate': 48000
},
'sentence': 'Tasub kokku saada inimestega, keda tunned juba ammust ajast saati.',
'up_votes': 2,
'down_votes': 0,
'age': 'twenties',
'gender': 'male',
'accent': '',
'locale': 'et',
'segment': ''
}
```
### Data Fields
`client_id` (`string`): An id for which client (voice) made the recording
`path` (`string`): The path to the audio file
`audio` (`dict`): A dictionary containing the path to the downloaded audio file, the decoded audio array, and the sampling rate. Note that when accessing the audio column: `dataset[0]["audio"]` the audio file is automatically decoded and resampled to `dataset.features["audio"].sampling_rate`. Decoding and resampling of a large number of audio files might take a significant amount of time. Thus it is important to first query the sample index before the `"audio"` column, *i.e.* `dataset[0]["audio"]` should **always** be preferred over `dataset["audio"][0]`.
`sentence` (`string`): The sentence the user was prompted to speak
`up_votes` (`int64`): How many upvotes the audio file has received from reviewers
`down_votes` (`int64`): How many downvotes the audio file has received from reviewers
`age` (`string`): The age of the speaker (e.g. `teens`, `twenties`, `fifties`)
`gender` (`string`): The gender of the speaker
`accent` (`string`): Accent of the speaker
`locale` (`string`): The locale of the speaker
`segment` (`string`): Usually an empty field
### Data Splits
The speech material has been subdivided into portions for dev, train, test, validated, invalidated, reported and other.
The validated data is data that has been validated with reviewers and received upvotes that the data is of high quality.
The invalidated data is data has been invalidated by reviewers
and received downvotes indicating that the data is of low quality.
The reported data is data that has been reported, for different reasons.
The other data is data that has not yet been reviewed.
The dev, test, train are all data that has been reviewed, deemed of high quality and split into dev, test and train.
## Data Preprocessing Recommended by Hugging Face
The following are data preprocessing steps advised by the Hugging Face team. They are accompanied by an example code snippet that shows how to put them to practice.
Many examples in this dataset have trailing quotations marks, e.g _“the cat sat on the mat.“_. These trailing quotation marks do not change the actual meaning of the sentence, and it is near impossible to infer whether a sentence is a quotation or not a quotation from audio data alone. In these cases, it is advised to strip the quotation marks, leaving: _the cat sat on the mat_.
In addition, the majority of training sentences end in punctuation ( . or ? or ! ), whereas just a small proportion do not. In the dev set, **almost all** sentences end in punctuation. Thus, it is recommended to append a full-stop ( . ) to the end of the small number of training examples that do not end in punctuation.
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("mozilla-foundation/common_voice_13_0", "en", use_auth_token=True)
def prepare_dataset(batch):
"""Function to preprocess the dataset with the .map method"""
transcription = batch["sentence"]
if transcription.startswith('"') and transcription.endswith('"'):
# we can remove trailing quotation marks as they do not affect the transcription
transcription = transcription[1:-1]
if transcription[-1] not in [".", "?", "!"]:
# append a full-stop to sentences that do not end in punctuation
transcription = transcription + "."
batch["sentence"] = transcription
return batch
ds = ds.map(prepare_dataset, desc="preprocess dataset")
```
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[Needs More Information]
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[Needs More Information]
#### Who are the source language producers?
[Needs More Information]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[Needs More Information]
#### Who are the annotators?
[Needs More Information]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
The dataset consists of people who have donated their voice online. You agree to not attempt to determine the identity of speakers in the Common Voice dataset.
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
The dataset consists of people who have donated their voice online. You agree to not attempt to determine the identity of speakers in the Common Voice dataset.
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed]
### Licensing Information
Public Domain, [CC-0](https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/)
### Citation Information
```
@inproceedings{commonvoice:2020,
author = {Ardila, R. and Branson, M. and Davis, K. and Henretty, M. and Kohler, M. and Meyer, J. and Morais, R. and Saunders, L. and Tyers, F. M. and Weber, G.},
title = {Common Voice: A Massively-Multilingual Speech Corpus},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2020)},
pages = {4211--4215},
year = 2020
}
``` | 14,670 | [
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google/fleurs | 2023-02-07T20:51:01.000Z | [
"task_categories:automatic-speech-recognition",
"annotations_creators:expert-generated",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"annotations_creators:machine-generated",
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] | google | null | null | 113 | 12,436 | 2022-04-19T10:25:58 | ---
annotations_creators:
- expert-generated
- crowdsourced
- machine-generated
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
- expert-generated
language:
- afr
- amh
- ara
- asm
- ast
- azj
- bel
- ben
- bos
- cat
- ceb
- cmn
- ces
- cym
- dan
- deu
- ell
- eng
- spa
- est
- fas
- ful
- fin
- tgl
- fra
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- glg
- guj
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- heb
- hin
- hrv
- hun
- hye
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- pus
- por
- ron
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- snd
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- slv
- sna
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- srp
- swe
- swh
- tam
- tel
- tgk
- tha
- tur
- ukr
- umb
- urd
- uzb
- vie
- wol
- xho
- yor
- yue
- zul
license:
- cc-by-4.0
multilinguality:
- multilingual
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
task_categories:
- automatic-speech-recognition
task_ids: []
pretty_name: 'The Cross-lingual TRansfer Evaluation of Multilingual Encoders for Speech
(XTREME-S) benchmark is a benchmark designed to evaluate speech representations
across languages, tasks, domains and data regimes. It covers 102 languages from
10+ language families, 3 different domains and 4 task families: speech recognition,
translation, classification and retrieval.'
tags:
- speech-recognition
---
# FLEURS
## Dataset Description
- **Fine-Tuning script:** [pytorch/speech-recognition](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/tree/main/examples/pytorch/speech-recognition)
- **Paper:** [FLEURS: Few-shot Learning Evaluation of
Universal Representations of Speech](https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.12446)
- **Total amount of disk used:** ca. 350 GB
Fleurs is the speech version of the [FLoRes machine translation benchmark](https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.03193).
We use 2009 n-way parallel sentences from the FLoRes dev and devtest publicly available sets, in 102 languages.
Training sets have around 10 hours of supervision. Speakers of the train sets are different than speakers from the dev/test sets. Multilingual fine-tuning is
used and ”unit error rate” (characters, signs) of all languages is averaged. Languages and results are also grouped into seven geographical areas:
- **Western Europe**: *Asturian, Bosnian, Catalan, Croatian, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, Galician, German, Greek, Hungarian, Icelandic, Irish, Italian, Kabuverdianu, Luxembourgish, Maltese, Norwegian, Occitan, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, Welsh*
- **Eastern Europe**: *Armenian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Czech, Estonian, Georgian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Ukrainian*
- **Central-Asia/Middle-East/North-Africa**: *Arabic, Azerbaijani, Hebrew, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Mongolian, Pashto, Persian, Sorani-Kurdish, Tajik, Turkish, Uzbek*
- **Sub-Saharan Africa**: *Afrikaans, Amharic, Fula, Ganda, Hausa, Igbo, Kamba, Lingala, Luo, Northern-Sotho, Nyanja, Oromo, Shona, Somali, Swahili, Umbundu, Wolof, Xhosa, Yoruba, Zulu*
- **South-Asia**: *Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu*
- **South-East Asia**: *Burmese, Cebuano, Filipino, Indonesian, Javanese, Khmer, Lao, Malay, Maori, Thai, Vietnamese*
- **CJK languages**: *Cantonese and Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, Korean*
## How to use & Supported Tasks
### How to use
The `datasets` library allows you to load and pre-process your dataset in pure Python, at scale. The dataset can be downloaded and prepared in one call to your local drive by using the `load_dataset` function.
For example, to download the Hindi config, simply specify the corresponding language config name (i.e., "hi_in" for Hindi):
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
fleurs = load_dataset("google/fleurs", "hi_in", split="train")
```
Using the datasets library, you can also stream the dataset on-the-fly by adding a `streaming=True` argument to the `load_dataset` function call. Loading a dataset in streaming mode loads individual samples of the dataset at a time, rather than downloading the entire dataset to disk.
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
fleurs = load_dataset("google/fleurs", "hi_in", split="train", streaming=True)
print(next(iter(fleurs)))
```
*Bonus*: create a [PyTorch dataloader](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/use_with_pytorch) directly with your own datasets (local/streamed).
Local:
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
from torch.utils.data.sampler import BatchSampler, RandomSampler
fleurs = load_dataset("google/fleurs", "hi_in", split="train")
batch_sampler = BatchSampler(RandomSampler(fleurs), batch_size=32, drop_last=False)
dataloader = DataLoader(fleurs, batch_sampler=batch_sampler)
```
Streaming:
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
fleurs = load_dataset("google/fleurs", "hi_in", split="train")
dataloader = DataLoader(fleurs, batch_size=32)
```
To find out more about loading and preparing audio datasets, head over to [hf.co/blog/audio-datasets](https://huggingface.co/blog/audio-datasets).
### Example scripts
Train your own CTC or Seq2Seq Automatic Speech Recognition models on FLEURS with `transformers` - [here](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/tree/main/examples/pytorch/speech-recognition).
Fine-tune your own Language Identification models on FLEURS with `transformers` - [here](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/tree/main/examples/pytorch/audio-classification)
### 1. Speech Recognition (ASR)
```py
from datasets import load_dataset
fleurs_asr = load_dataset("google/fleurs", "af_za") # for Afrikaans
# to download all data for multi-lingual fine-tuning uncomment following line
# fleurs_asr = load_dataset("google/fleurs", "all")
# see structure
print(fleurs_asr)
# load audio sample on the fly
audio_input = fleurs_asr["train"][0]["audio"] # first decoded audio sample
transcription = fleurs_asr["train"][0]["transcription"] # first transcription
# use `audio_input` and `transcription` to fine-tune your model for ASR
# for analyses see language groups
all_language_groups = fleurs_asr["train"].features["lang_group_id"].names
lang_group_id = fleurs_asr["train"][0]["lang_group_id"]
all_language_groups[lang_group_id]
```
### 2. Language Identification
LangID can often be a domain classification, but in the case of FLEURS-LangID, recordings are done in a similar setting across languages and the utterances correspond to n-way parallel sentences, in the exact same domain, making this task particularly relevant for evaluating LangID. The setting is simple, FLEURS-LangID is splitted in train/valid/test for each language. We simply create a single train/valid/test for LangID by merging all.
```py
from datasets import load_dataset
fleurs_langID = load_dataset("google/fleurs", "all") # to download all data
# see structure
print(fleurs_langID)
# load audio sample on the fly
audio_input = fleurs_langID["train"][0]["audio"] # first decoded audio sample
language_class = fleurs_langID["train"][0]["lang_id"] # first id class
language = fleurs_langID["train"].features["lang_id"].names[language_class]
# use audio_input and language_class to fine-tune your model for audio classification
```
### 3. Retrieval
Retrieval provides n-way parallel speech and text data. Similar to how XTREME for text leverages Tatoeba to evaluate bitext mining a.k.a sentence translation retrieval, we use Retrieval to evaluate the quality of fixed-size representations of speech utterances. Our goal is to incentivize the creation of fixed-size speech encoder for speech retrieval. The system has to retrieve the English "key" utterance corresponding to the speech translation of "queries" in 15 languages. Results have to be reported on the test sets of Retrieval whose utterances are used as queries (and keys for English). We augment the English keys with a large number of utterances to make the task more difficult.
```py
from datasets import load_dataset
fleurs_retrieval = load_dataset("google/fleurs", "af_za") # for Afrikaans
# to download all data for multi-lingual fine-tuning uncomment following line
# fleurs_retrieval = load_dataset("google/fleurs", "all")
# see structure
print(fleurs_retrieval)
# load audio sample on the fly
audio_input = fleurs_retrieval["train"][0]["audio"] # decoded audio sample
text_sample_pos = fleurs_retrieval["train"][0]["transcription"] # positive text sample
text_sample_neg = fleurs_retrieval["train"][1:20]["transcription"] # negative text samples
# use `audio_input`, `text_sample_pos`, and `text_sample_neg` to fine-tune your model for retrieval
```
Users can leverage the training (and dev) sets of FLEURS-Retrieval with a ranking loss to build better cross-lingual fixed-size representations of speech.
## Dataset Structure
We show detailed information the example configurations `af_za` of the dataset.
All other configurations have the same structure.
### Data Instances
**af_za**
- Size of downloaded dataset files: 1.47 GB
- Size of the generated dataset: 1 MB
- Total amount of disk used: 1.47 GB
An example of a data instance of the config `af_za` looks as follows:
```
{'id': 91,
'num_samples': 385920,
'path': '/home/patrick/.cache/huggingface/datasets/downloads/extracted/310a663d52322700b3d3473cbc5af429bd92a23f9bc683594e70bc31232db39e/home/vaxelrod/FLEURS/oss2_obfuscated/af_za/audio/train/17797742076841560615.wav',
'audio': {'path': '/home/patrick/.cache/huggingface/datasets/downloads/extracted/310a663d52322700b3d3473cbc5af429bd92a23f9bc683594e70bc31232db39e/home/vaxelrod/FLEURS/oss2_obfuscated/af_za/audio/train/17797742076841560615.wav',
'array': array([ 0.0000000e+00, 0.0000000e+00, 0.0000000e+00, ...,
-1.1205673e-04, -8.4638596e-05, -1.2731552e-04], dtype=float32),
'sampling_rate': 16000},
'raw_transcription': 'Dit is nog nie huidiglik bekend watter aantygings gemaak sal word of wat owerhede na die seun gelei het nie maar jeugmisdaad-verrigtinge het in die federale hof begin',
'transcription': 'dit is nog nie huidiglik bekend watter aantygings gemaak sal word of wat owerhede na die seun gelei het nie maar jeugmisdaad-verrigtinge het in die federale hof begin',
'gender': 0,
'lang_id': 0,
'language': 'Afrikaans',
'lang_group_id': 3}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
- **id** (int): ID of audio sample
- **num_samples** (int): Number of float values
- **path** (str): Path to the audio file
- **audio** (dict): Audio object including loaded audio array, sampling rate and path ot audio
- **raw_transcription** (str): The non-normalized transcription of the audio file
- **transcription** (str): Transcription of the audio file
- **gender** (int): Class id of gender
- **lang_id** (int): Class id of language
- **lang_group_id** (int): Class id of language group
### Data Splits
Every config only has the `"train"` split containing of *ca.* 1000 examples, and a `"validation"` and `"test"` split each containing of *ca.* 400 examples.
## Dataset Creation
We collect between one and three recordings for each sentence (2.3 on average), and buildnew train-dev-test splits with 1509, 150 and 350 sentences for
train, dev and test respectively.
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
This dataset is meant to encourage the development of speech technology in a lot more languages of the world. One of the goal is to give equal access to technologies like speech recognition or speech translation to everyone, meaning better dubbing or better access to content from the internet (like podcasts, streaming or videos).
### Discussion of Biases
Most datasets have a fair distribution of gender utterances (e.g. the newly introduced FLEURS dataset). While many languages are covered from various regions of the world, the benchmark misses many languages that are all equally important. We believe technology built through FLEURS should generalize to all languages.
### Other Known Limitations
The dataset has a particular focus on read-speech because common evaluation benchmarks like CoVoST-2 or LibriSpeech evaluate on this type of speech. There is sometimes a known mismatch between performance obtained in a read-speech setting and a more noisy setting (in production for instance). Given the big progress that remains to be made on many languages, we believe better performance on FLEURS should still correlate well with actual progress made for speech understanding.
## Additional Information
All datasets are licensed under the [Creative Commons license (CC-BY)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/).
### Citation Information
You can access the FLEURS paper at https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.12446.
Please cite the paper when referencing the FLEURS corpus as:
```
@article{fleurs2022arxiv,
title = {FLEURS: Few-shot Learning Evaluation of Universal Representations of Speech},
author = {Conneau, Alexis and Ma, Min and Khanuja, Simran and Zhang, Yu and Axelrod, Vera and Dalmia, Siddharth and Riesa, Jason and Rivera, Clara and Bapna, Ankur},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.12446},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.12446},
year = {2022},
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@patrickvonplaten](https://github.com/patrickvonplaten) and [@aconneau](https://github.com/aconneau) for adding this dataset.
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AmazonScience/massive | 2022-11-16T15:44:51.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-classification",
"task_ids:intent-classification",
"task_ids:multi-class-classification",
"annotations_creators:expert-generated",
"language_creators:found",
"multilinguality:af-ZA",
"multilinguality:am-ET",
"multilinguality:ar-SA",
"multilinguality:az-AZ",
"multilinguality:bn-BD",
"multilinguality:ca-ES",
"multilinguality:cy-GB",
"multilinguality:da-DK",
"multilinguality:de-DE",
"multilinguality:el-GR",
"multilinguality:en-US",
"multilinguality:es-ES",
"multilinguality:fa-IR",
"multilinguality:fi-FI",
"multilinguality:fr-FR",
"multilinguality:he-IL",
"multilinguality:hi-IN",
"multilinguality:hu-HU",
"multilinguality:hy-AM",
"multilinguality:id-ID",
"multilinguality:is-IS",
"multilinguality:it-IT",
"multilinguality:ja-JP",
"multilinguality:jv-ID",
"multilinguality:ka-GE",
"multilinguality:km-KH",
"multilinguality:kn-IN",
"multilinguality:ko-KR",
"multilinguality:lv-LV",
"multilinguality:ml-IN",
"multilinguality:mn-MN",
"multilinguality:ms-MY",
"multilinguality:my-MM",
"multilinguality:nb-NO",
"multilinguality:nl-NL",
"multilinguality:pl-PL",
"multilinguality:pt-PT",
"multilinguality:ro-RO",
"multilinguality:ru-RU",
"multilinguality:sl-SL",
"multilinguality:sq-AL",
"multilinguality:sv-SE",
"multilinguality:sw-KE",
"multilinguality:ta-IN",
"multilinguality:te-IN",
"multilinguality:th-TH",
"multilinguality:tl-PH",
"multilinguality:tr-TR",
"multilinguality:ur-PK",
"multilinguality:vi-VN",
"multilinguality:zh-CN",
"multilinguality:zh-TW",
"size_categories:100K<n<1M",
"source_datasets:original",
"license:cc-by-4.0",
"natural-language-understanding",
"arxiv:2204.08582",
"region:us"
] | AmazonScience | MASSIVE is a parallel dataset of > 1M utterances across 51 languages with annotations
for the Natural Language Understanding tasks of intent prediction and slot annotation.
Utterances span 60 intents and include 55 slot types. MASSIVE was created by localizing
the SLURP dataset, composed of general Intelligent Voice Assistant single-shot interactions. | @misc{fitzgerald2022massive,
title={MASSIVE: A 1M-Example Multilingual Natural Language Understanding Dataset with 51 Typologically-Diverse Languages},
author={Jack FitzGerald and Christopher Hench and Charith Peris and Scott Mackie and Kay Rottmann and Ana Sanchez and Aaron Nash and Liam Urbach and Vishesh Kakarala and Richa Singh and Swetha Ranganath and Laurie Crist and Misha Britan and Wouter Leeuwis and Gokhan Tur and Prem Natarajan},
year={2022},
eprint={2204.08582},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
@inproceedings{bastianelli-etal-2020-slurp,
title = "{SLURP}: A Spoken Language Understanding Resource Package",
author = "Bastianelli, Emanuele and
Vanzo, Andrea and
Swietojanski, Pawel and
Rieser, Verena",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)",
month = nov,
year = "2020",
address = "Online",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2020.emnlp-main.588",
doi = "10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.588",
pages = "7252--7262",
abstract = "Spoken Language Understanding infers semantic meaning directly from audio data, and thus promises to reduce error propagation and misunderstandings in end-user applications. However, publicly available SLU resources are limited. In this paper, we release SLURP, a new SLU package containing the following: (1) A new challenging dataset in English spanning 18 domains, which is substantially bigger and linguistically more diverse than existing datasets; (2) Competitive baselines based on state-of-the-art NLU and ASR systems; (3) A new transparent metric for entity labelling which enables a detailed error analysis for identifying potential areas of improvement. SLURP is available at https://github.com/pswietojanski/slurp."
} | 37 | 12,294 | 2022-04-27T20:48:46 | ---
annotations_creators:
- expert-generated
language_creators:
- found
license:
- cc-by-4.0
multilinguality:
- af-ZA
- am-ET
- ar-SA
- az-AZ
- bn-BD
- ca-ES
- cy-GB
- da-DK
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- ta-IN
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- th-TH
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- tr-TR
- ur-PK
- vi-VN
- zh-CN
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size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- text-classification
task_ids:
- intent-classification
- multi-class-classification
paperswithcode_id: massive
pretty_name: MASSIVE
language_bcp47:
- af-ZA
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- fa-IR
- fi-FI
- fr-FR
- he-IL
- hi-IN
- hu-HU
- hy-AM
- id-ID
- is-IS
- it-IT
- ja-JP
- jv-ID
- ka-GE
- km-KH
- kn-IN
- ko-KR
- lv-LV
- ml-IN
- mn-MN
- ms-MY
- my-MM
- nb-NO
- nl-NL
- pl-PL
- pt-PT
- ro-RO
- ru-RU
- sl-SL
- sq-AL
- sv-SE
- sw-KE
- ta-IN
- te-IN
- th-TH
- tl-PH
- tr-TR
- ur-PK
- vi-VN
- zh-CN
- zh-TW
tags:
- natural-language-understanding
---
# MASSIVE 1.1: A 1M-Example Multilingual Natural Language Understanding Dataset with 52 Typologically-Diverse Languages
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Card for [Needs More Information]](#dataset-card-for-needs-more-information)
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Initial Data Collection and Normalization](#initial-data-collection-and-normalization)
- [Who are the source language producers?](#who-are-the-source-language-producers)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [No Warranty](#no-warranty)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** https://github.com/alexa/massive
- **Repository:** https://github.com/alexa/massive
- **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.08582
- **Leaderboard:** https://eval.ai/web/challenges/challenge-page/1697/overview
- **Point of Contact:** [GitHub](https://github.com/alexa/massive/issues)
### Dataset Summary
MASSIVE 1.1 is a parallel dataset of > 1M utterances across 52 languages with annotations for the Natural Language Understanding tasks of intent prediction and slot annotation. Utterances span 60 intents and include 55 slot types. MASSIVE was created by localizing the SLURP dataset, composed of general Intelligent Voice Assistant single-shot interactions.
| Name | Lang | Utt/Lang | Domains | Intents | Slots |
|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------:|:-------:|:--------------:|:-------:|:--------:|:------:|
| MASSIVE 1.1 | 52 | 19,521 | 18 | 60 | 55 |
| SLURP (Bastianelli et al., 2020) | 1 | 16,521 | 18 | 60 | 55 |
| NLU Evaluation Data (Liu et al., 2019) | 1 | 25,716 | 18 | 54 | 56 |
| Airline Travel Information System (ATIS) (Price, 1990) | 1 | 5,871 | 1 | 26 | 129 |
| ATIS with Hindi and Turkish (Upadhyay et al., 2018) | 3 | 1,315-5,871 | 1 | 26 | 129 |
| MultiATIS++ (Xu et al., 2020) | 9 | 1,422-5,897 | 1 | 21-26 | 99-140 |
| Snips (Coucke et al., 2018) | 1 | 14,484 | - | 7 | 53 |
| Snips with French (Saade et al., 2019) | 2 | 4,818 | 2 | 14-15 | 11-12 |
| Task Oriented Parsing (TOP) (Gupta et al., 2018) | 1 | 44,873 | 2 | 25 | 36 |
| Multilingual Task-Oriented Semantic Parsing (MTOP) (Li et al., 2021) | 6 | 15,195-22,288 | 11 | 104-113 | 72-75 |
| Cross-Lingual Multilingual Task Oriented Dialog (Schuster et al., 2019) | 3 | 5,083-43,323 | 3 | 12 | 11 |
| Microsoft Dialog Challenge (Li et al., 2018) | 1 | 38,276 | 3 | 11 | 29 |
| Fluent Speech Commands (FSC) (Lugosch et al., 2019) | 1 | 30,043 | - | 31 | - |
| Chinese Audio-Textual Spoken Language Understanding (CATSLU) (Zhu et al., 2019) | 1 | 16,258 | 4 | - | 94 |
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
The dataset can be used to train a model for `natural-language-understanding` (NLU) :
- `intent-classification`
- `multi-class-classification`
- `natural-language-understanding`
### Languages
The MASSIVE 1.1 corpora consists of parallel sentences from 52 languages :
- `Afrikaans - South Africa (af-ZA)`
- `Amharic - Ethiopia (am-ET)`
- `Arabic - Saudi Arabia (ar-SA)`
- `Azeri - Azerbaijan (az-AZ)`
- `Bengali - Bangladesh (bn-BD)`
- `Catalan - Spain (ca-ES)`
- `Chinese - China (zh-CN)`
- `Chinese - Taiwan (zh-TW)`
- `Danish - Denmark (da-DK)`
- `German - Germany (de-DE)`
- `Greek - Greece (el-GR)`
- `English - United States (en-US)`
- `Spanish - Spain (es-ES)`
- `Farsi - Iran (fa-IR)`
- `Finnish - Finland (fi-FI)`
- `French - France (fr-FR)`
- `Hebrew - Israel (he-IL)`
- `Hungarian - Hungary (hu-HU)`
- `Armenian - Armenia (hy-AM)`
- `Indonesian - Indonesia (id-ID)`
- `Icelandic - Iceland (is-IS)`
- `Italian - Italy (it-IT)`
- `Japanese - Japan (ja-JP)`
- `Javanese - Indonesia (jv-ID)`
- `Georgian - Georgia (ka-GE)`
- `Khmer - Cambodia (km-KH)`
- `Korean - Korea (ko-KR)`
- `Latvian - Latvia (lv-LV)`
- `Mongolian - Mongolia (mn-MN)`
- `Malay - Malaysia (ms-MY)`
- `Burmese - Myanmar (my-MM)`
- `Norwegian - Norway (nb-NO)`
- `Dutch - Netherlands (nl-NL)`
- `Polish - Poland (pl-PL)`
- `Portuguese - Portugal (pt-PT)`
- `Romanian - Romania (ro-RO)`
- `Russian - Russia (ru-RU)`
- `Slovanian - Slovania (sl-SL)`
- `Albanian - Albania (sq-AL)`
- `Swedish - Sweden (sv-SE)`
- `Swahili - Kenya (sw-KE)`
- `Hindi - India (hi-IN)`
- `Kannada - India (kn-IN)`
- `Malayalam - India (ml-IN)`
- `Tamil - India (ta-IN)`
- `Telugu - India (te-IN)`
- `Thai - Thailand (th-TH)`
- `Tagalog - Philippines (tl-PH)`
- `Turkish - Turkey (tr-TR)`
- `Urdu - Pakistan (ur-PK)`
- `Vietnamese - Vietnam (vi-VN)`
- `Welsh - United Kingdom (cy-GB)`
## Load the dataset with HuggingFace
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("AmazonScience/massive", "en-US", split='train')
print(dataset[0])
```
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
```json
{
"id": "0",
"locale": "fr-FR",
"partition": "test",
"scenario": "alarm",
"intent": "alarm_set",
"utt": "réveille-moi à cinq heures du matin cette semaine",
"annot_utt": "réveille-moi à [time : cinq heures du matin] [date : cette semaine]",
"worker_id": "22",
"slot_method": [
{ "slot": "time", "method": "translation" },
{ "slot": "date", "method": "translation" }
],
"judgments": [
{
"worker_id": "22",
"intent_score": 1,
"slots_score": 1,
"grammar_score": 4,
"spelling_score": 2,
"language_identification": "target"
},
{
"worker_id": "8",
"intent_score": 1,
"slots_score": 1,
"grammar_score": 4,
"spelling_score": 2,
"language_identification": "target"
},
{
"worker_id": "0",
"intent_score": 1,
"slots_score": 1,
"grammar_score": 4,
"spelling_score": 2,
"language_identification": "target"
}
]
}
```
### Data Fields
`id`: maps to the original ID in the [SLURP](https://github.com/pswietojanski/slurp) collection. Mapping back to the SLURP en-US utterance, this utterance served as the basis for this localization.
`locale`: is the language and country code accoring to ISO-639-1 and ISO-3166.
`partition`: is either `train`, `dev`, or `test`, according to the original split in [SLURP](https://github.com/pswietojanski/slurp).
`scenario`: is the general domain, aka "scenario" in SLURP terminology, of an utterance
`intent`: is the specific intent of an utterance within a domain formatted as `{scenario}_{intent}`
`utt`: the raw utterance text without annotations
`annot_utt`: the text from `utt` with slot annotations formatted as `[{label} : {entity}]`
`worker_id`: The obfuscated worker ID from MTurk of the worker completing the localization of the utterance. Worker IDs are specific to a locale and do *not* map across locales.
`slot_method`: for each slot in the utterance, whether that slot was a `translation` (i.e., same expression just in the target language), `localization` (i.e., not the same expression but a different expression was chosen more suitable to the phrase in that locale), or `unchanged` (i.e., the original en-US slot value was copied over without modification).
`judgments`: Each judgment collected for the localized utterance has 6 keys. `worker_id` is the obfuscated worker ID from MTurk of the worker completing the judgment. Worker IDs are specific to a locale and do *not* map across locales, but *are* consistent across the localization tasks and the judgment tasks, e.g., judgment worker ID 32 in the example above may appear as the localization worker ID for the localization of a different de-DE utterance, in which case it would be the same worker.
```plain
intent_score : "Does the sentence match the intent?"
0: No
1: Yes
2: It is a reasonable interpretation of the goal
slots_score : "Do all these terms match the categories in square brackets?"
0: No
1: Yes
2: There are no words in square brackets (utterance without a slot)
grammar_score : "Read the sentence out loud. Ignore any spelling, punctuation, or capitalization errors. Does it sound natural?"
0: Completely unnatural (nonsensical, cannot be understood at all)
1: Severe errors (the meaning cannot be understood and doesn't sound natural in your language)
2: Some errors (the meaning can be understood but it doesn't sound natural in your language)
3: Good enough (easily understood and sounds almost natural in your language)
4: Perfect (sounds natural in your language)
spelling_score : "Are all words spelled correctly? Ignore any spelling variances that may be due to differences in dialect. Missing spaces should be marked as a spelling error."
0: There are more than 2 spelling errors
1: There are 1-2 spelling errors
2: All words are spelled correctly
language_identification : "The following sentence contains words in the following languages (check all that apply)"
1: target
2: english
3: other
4: target & english
5: target & other
6: english & other
7: target & english & other
```
### Data Splits
|Language|Train|Dev|Test|
|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
|af-ZA|11514|2033|2974|
|am-ET|11514|2033|2974|
|ar-SA|11514|2033|2974|
|az-AZ|11514|2033|2974|
|bn-BD|11514|2033|2974|
|ca-ES|11514|2033|2974|
|cy-GB|11514|2033|2974|
|da-DK|11514|2033|2974|
|de-DE|11514|2033|2974|
|el-GR|11514|2033|2974|
|en-US|11514|2033|2974|
|es-ES|11514|2033|2974|
|fa-IR|11514|2033|2974|
|fi-FI|11514|2033|2974|
|fr-FR|11514|2033|2974|
|he-IL|11514|2033|2974|
|hi-IN|11514|2033|2974|
|hu-HU|11514|2033|2974|
|hy-AM|11514|2033|2974|
|id-ID|11514|2033|2974|
|is-IS|11514|2033|2974|
|it-IT|11514|2033|2974|
|ja-JP|11514|2033|2974|
|jv-ID|11514|2033|2974|
|ka-GE|11514|2033|2974|
|km-KH|11514|2033|2974|
|kn-IN|11514|2033|2974|
|ko-KR|11514|2033|2974|
|lv-LV|11514|2033|2974|
|ml-IN|11514|2033|2974|
|mn-MN|11514|2033|2974|
|ms-MY|11514|2033|2974|
|my-MM|11514|2033|2974|
|nb-NO|11514|2033|2974|
|nl-NL|11514|2033|2974|
|pl-PL|11514|2033|2974|
|pt-PT|11514|2033|2974|
|ro-RO|11514|2033|2974|
|ru-RU|11514|2033|2974|
|sl-SL|11514|2033|2974|
|sq-AL|11514|2033|2974|
|sv-SE|11514|2033|2974|
|sw-KE|11514|2033|2974|
|ta-IN|11514|2033|2974|
|te-IN|11514|2033|2974|
|th-TH|11514|2033|2974|
|tl-PH|11514|2033|2974|
|tr-TR|11514|2033|2974|
|ur-PK|11514|2033|2974|
|vi-VN|11514|2033|2974|
|zh-CN|11514|2033|2974|
|zh-TW|11514|2033|2974|
### Personal and Sensitive Information
The corpora is free of personal or sensitive information.
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
__MASSIVE__: Jack FitzGerald and Christopher Hench and Charith Peris and Scott Mackie and Kay Rottmann and Ana Sanchez and Aaron Nash and Liam Urbach and Vishesh Kakarala and Richa Singh and Swetha Ranganath and Laurie Crist and Misha Britan and Wouter Leeuwis and Gokhan Tur and Prem Natarajan.
__SLURP__: Bastianelli, Emanuele and Vanzo, Andrea and Swietojanski, Pawel and Rieser, Verena.
__Hugging Face Upload and Integration__: Labrak Yanis (Not affiliated with the original corpus)
### Licensing Information
```plain
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cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License
without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and
conditions.
c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no
failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the
Licensor.
d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted
as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities
that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal
processes of any jurisdiction or authority.
=======================================================================
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licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be
considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public
licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain
Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material
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```
### Citation Information
Please cite the following papers when using this dataset.
```latex
@misc{fitzgerald2022massive,
title={MASSIVE: A 1M-Example Multilingual Natural Language Understanding Dataset with 51 Typologically-Diverse Languages},
author={Jack FitzGerald and Christopher Hench and Charith Peris and Scott Mackie and Kay Rottmann and Ana Sanchez and Aaron Nash and Liam Urbach and Vishesh Kakarala and Richa Singh and Swetha Ranganath and Laurie Crist and Misha Britan and Wouter Leeuwis and Gokhan Tur and Prem Natarajan},
year={2022},
eprint={2204.08582},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
@inproceedings{bastianelli-etal-2020-slurp,
title = "{SLURP}: A Spoken Language Understanding Resource Package",
author = "Bastianelli, Emanuele and
Vanzo, Andrea and
Swietojanski, Pawel and
Rieser, Verena",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)",
month = nov,
year = "2020",
address = "Online",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2020.emnlp-main.588",
doi = "10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.588",
pages = "7252--7262",
abstract = "Spoken Language Understanding infers semantic meaning directly from audio data, and thus promises to reduce error propagation and misunderstandings in end-user applications. However, publicly available SLU resources are limited. In this paper, we release SLURP, a new SLU package containing the following: (1) A new challenging dataset in English spanning 18 domains, which is substantially bigger and linguistically more diverse than existing datasets; (2) Competitive baselines based on state-of-the-art NLU and ASR systems; (3) A new transparent metric for entity labelling which enables a detailed error analysis for identifying potential areas of improvement. SLURP is available at https://github.com/pswietojanski/slurp."
}
```
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] |
yelp_polarity | 2023-06-27T07:34:43.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-classification",
"task_ids:sentiment-classification",
"language:en",
"arxiv:1509.01626",
"region:us"
] | null | Large Yelp Review Dataset.
This is a dataset for binary sentiment classification. We provide a set of 560,000 highly polar yelp reviews for training, and 38,000 for testing.
ORIGIN
The Yelp reviews dataset consists of reviews from Yelp. It is extracted
from the Yelp Dataset Challenge 2015 data. For more information, please
refer to http://www.yelp.com/dataset_challenge
The Yelp reviews polarity dataset is constructed by
Xiang Zhang (xiang.zhang@nyu.edu) from the above dataset.
It is first used as a text classification benchmark in the following paper:
Xiang Zhang, Junbo Zhao, Yann LeCun. Character-level Convolutional Networks
for Text Classification. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 28
(NIPS 2015).
DESCRIPTION
The Yelp reviews polarity dataset is constructed by considering stars 1 and 2
negative, and 3 and 4 positive. For each polarity 280,000 training samples and
19,000 testing samples are take randomly. In total there are 560,000 trainig
samples and 38,000 testing samples. Negative polarity is class 1,
and positive class 2.
The files train.csv and test.csv contain all the training samples as
comma-sparated values. There are 2 columns in them, corresponding to class
index (1 and 2) and review text. The review texts are escaped using double
quotes ("), and any internal double quote is escaped by 2 double quotes ("").
New lines are escaped by a backslash followed with an "n" character,
that is "\n". | @article{zhangCharacterlevelConvolutionalNetworks2015,
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprinttype = {arxiv},
eprint = {1509.01626},
primaryClass = {cs},
title = {Character-Level {{Convolutional Networks}} for {{Text Classification}}},
abstract = {This article offers an empirical exploration on the use of character-level convolutional networks (ConvNets) for text classification. We constructed several large-scale datasets to show that character-level convolutional networks could achieve state-of-the-art or competitive results. Comparisons are offered against traditional models such as bag of words, n-grams and their TFIDF variants, and deep learning models such as word-based ConvNets and recurrent neural networks.},
journal = {arXiv:1509.01626 [cs]},
author = {Zhang, Xiang and Zhao, Junbo and LeCun, Yann},
month = sep,
year = {2015},
} | 7 | 12,266 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
language:
- en
pretty_name: YelpPolarity
task_categories:
- text-classification
task_ids:
- sentiment-classification
paperswithcode_id: yelp-review-polarity
dataset_info:
features:
- name: text
dtype: string
- name: label
dtype:
class_label:
names:
'0': '1'
'1': '2'
config_name: plain_text
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 413558837
num_examples: 560000
- name: test
num_bytes: 27962097
num_examples: 38000
download_size: 166373201
dataset_size: 441520934
train-eval-index:
- config: plain_text
task: text-classification
task_id: binary_classification
splits:
train_split: train
eval_split: test
col_mapping:
text: text
label: target
metrics:
- type: accuracy
name: Accuracy
- type: f1
name: F1 binary
args:
average: binary
- type: precision
name: Precision macro
args:
average: macro
- type: precision
name: Precision micro
args:
average: micro
- type: precision
name: Precision weighted
args:
average: weighted
- type: recall
name: Recall macro
args:
average: macro
- type: recall
name: Recall micro
args:
average: micro
- type: recall
name: Recall weighted
args:
average: weighted
---
# Dataset Card for "yelp_polarity"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://course.fast.ai/datasets](https://course.fast.ai/datasets)
- **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Paper:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 166.38 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 441.74 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 608.12 MB
### Dataset Summary
Large Yelp Review Dataset.
This is a dataset for binary sentiment classification. We provide a set of 560,000 highly polar yelp reviews for training, and 38,000 for testing.
ORIGIN
The Yelp reviews dataset consists of reviews from Yelp. It is extracted
from the Yelp Dataset Challenge 2015 data. For more information, please
refer to http://www.yelp.com/dataset_challenge
The Yelp reviews polarity dataset is constructed by
Xiang Zhang (xiang.zhang@nyu.edu) from the above dataset.
It is first used as a text classification benchmark in the following paper:
Xiang Zhang, Junbo Zhao, Yann LeCun. Character-level Convolutional Networks
for Text Classification. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 28
(NIPS 2015).
DESCRIPTION
The Yelp reviews polarity dataset is constructed by considering stars 1 and 2
negative, and 3 and 4 positive. For each polarity 280,000 training samples and
19,000 testing samples are take randomly. In total there are 560,000 trainig
samples and 38,000 testing samples. Negative polarity is class 1,
and positive class 2.
The files train.csv and test.csv contain all the training samples as
comma-sparated values. There are 2 columns in them, corresponding to class
index (1 and 2) and review text. The review texts are escaped using double
quotes ("), and any internal double quote is escaped by 2 double quotes ("").
New lines are escaped by a backslash followed with an "n" character,
that is "
".
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### plain_text
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 166.38 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 441.74 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 608.12 MB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{
"label": 0,
"text": "\"Unfortunately, the frustration of being Dr. Goldberg's patient is a repeat of the experience I've had with so many other doctor..."
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### plain_text
- `text`: a `string` feature.
- `label`: a classification label, with possible values including `1` (0), `2` (1).
### Data Splits
| name |train |test |
|----------|-----:|----:|
|plain_text|560000|38000|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Citation Information
```
@article{zhangCharacterlevelConvolutionalNetworks2015,
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprinttype = {arxiv},
eprint = {1509.01626},
primaryClass = {cs},
title = {Character-Level {{Convolutional Networks}} for {{Text Classification}}},
abstract = {This article offers an empirical exploration on the use of character-level convolutional networks (ConvNets) for text classification. We constructed several large-scale datasets to show that character-level convolutional networks could achieve state-of-the-art or competitive results. Comparisons are offered against traditional models such as bag of words, n-grams and their TFIDF variants, and deep learning models such as word-based ConvNets and recurrent neural networks.},
journal = {arXiv:1509.01626 [cs]},
author = {Zhang, Xiang and Zhao, Junbo and LeCun, Yann},
month = sep,
year = {2015},
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@patrickvonplaten](https://github.com/patrickvonplaten), [@lewtun](https://github.com/lewtun), [@mariamabarham](https://github.com/mariamabarham), [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf), [@julien-c](https://github.com/julien-c) for adding this dataset. | 8,778 | [
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] |
clips/mqa | 2022-09-27T12:38:50.000Z | [
"task_categories:question-answering",
"task_ids:multiple-choice-qa",
"annotations_creators:no-annotation",
"language_creators:other",
"multilinguality:multilingual",
"size_categories:unknown",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:ca",
"language:en",
"language:de",
"language:es",
"language:fr",
"language:ru",
"language:ja",
"language:it",
"language:zh",
"language:pt",
"language:nl",
"language:tr",
"language:pl",
"language:vi",
"language:ar",
"language:id",
"language:uk",
"language:ro",
"language:no",
"language:th",
"language:sv",
"language:el",
"language:fi",
"language:he",
"language:da",
"language:cs",
"language:ko",
"language:fa",
"language:hi",
"language:hu",
"language:sk",
"language:lt",
"language:et",
"language:hr",
"language:is",
"language:lv",
"language:ms",
"language:bg",
"language:sr",
"license:cc0-1.0",
"region:us"
] | clips | MQA is a multilingual corpus of questions and answers parsed from the Common Crawl. Questions are divided between Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) pages and Community Question Answering (CQA) pages. | @misc{debruyn2021mfaq,
title={MFAQ: a Multilingual FAQ Dataset},
author={Maxime {De Bruyn} and Ehsan Lotfi and Jeska Buhmann and Walter Daelemans},
year={2021},
booktitle={MRQA@EMNLP2021},
} | 28 | 12,078 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- no-annotation
language_creators:
- other
language:
- ca
- en
- de
- es
- fr
- ru
- ja
- it
- zh
- pt
- nl
- tr
- pl
- vi
- ar
- id
- uk
- ro
- no
- th
- sv
- el
- fi
- he
- da
- cs
- ko
- fa
- hi
- hu
- sk
- lt
- et
- hr
- is
- lv
- ms
- bg
- sr
- ca
license:
- cc0-1.0
multilinguality:
- multilingual
pretty_name: MQA - a Multilingual FAQ and CQA Dataset
size_categories:
- unknown
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- question-answering
task_ids:
- multiple-choice-qa
---
# MQA
MQA is a Multilingual corpus of Questions and Answers (MQA) parsed from the [Common Crawl](https://commoncrawl.org/). Questions are divided in two types: *Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)* and *Community Question Answering (CQA)*.
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
all_data = load_dataset("clips/mqa", language="en")
{
"name": "the title of the question (if any)",
"text": "the body of the question (if any)",
"answers": [{
"text": "the text of the answer",
"is_accepted": "true|false"
}]
}
faq_data = load_dataset("clips/mqa", scope="faq", language="en")
cqa_data = load_dataset("clips/mqa", scope="cqa", language="en")
```
## Languages
We collected around **234M pairs** of questions and answers in **39 languages**. To download a language specific subset you need to specify the language key as configuration. See below for an example.
```python
load_dataset("clips/mqa", language="en") # replace "en" by any language listed below
```
| Language | FAQ | CQA |
|:-----------|------------:|-----------:|
| en | 174,696,414 | 14,082,180 |
| de | 17,796,992 | 1,094,606 |
| es | 14,967,582 | 845,836 |
| fr | 13,096,727 | 1,299,359 |
| ru | 12,435,022 | 1,715,131 |
| it | 6,850,573 | 455,027 |
| ja | 6,369,706 | 2,089,952 |
| zh | 5,940,796 | 579,596 |
| pt | 5,851,286 | 373,982 |
| nl | 4,882,511 | 503,376 |
| tr | 3,893,964 | 370,975 |
| pl | 3,766,531 | 70,559 |
| vi | 2,795,227 | 96,528 |
| id | 2,253,070 | 200,441 |
| ar | 2,211,795 | 805,661 |
| uk | 2,090,611 | 27,260 |
| el | 1,758,618 | 17,167 |
| no | 1,752,820 | 11,786 |
| sv | 1,733,582 | 20,024 |
| fi | 1,717,221 | 41,371 |
| ro | 1,689,471 | 93,222 |
| th | 1,685,463 | 73,204 |
| da | 1,554,581 | 16,398 |
| he | 1,422,449 | 88,435 |
| ko | 1,361,901 | 49,061 |
| cs | 1,224,312 | 143,863 |
| hu | 878,385 | 27,639 |
| fa | 787,420 | 118,805 |
| sk | 785,101 | 4,615 |
| lt | 672,105 | 301 |
| et | 547,208 | 441 |
| hi | 516,342 | 205,645 |
| hr | 458,958 | 11,677 |
| is | 437,748 | 37 |
| lv | 428,002 | 88 |
| ms | 230,568 | 7,460 |
| bg | 198,671 | 5,320 |
| sr | 110,270 | 3,980 |
| ca | 100,201 | 1,914 |
## FAQ vs. CQA
You can download the *Frequently Asked Questions* (FAQ) or the *Community Question Answering* (CQA) part of the dataset.
```python
faq = load_dataset("clips/mqa", scope="faq")
cqa = load_dataset("clips/mqa", scope="cqa")
all = load_dataset("clips/mqa", scope="all")
```
Although FAQ and CQA questions share the same structure, CQA questions can have multiple answers for a given questions, while FAQ questions have a single answer. FAQ questions typically only have a title (`name` key), while CQA have a title and a body (`name` and `text`).
## Nesting and Data Fields
You can specify three different nesting level: `question`, `page` and `domain`.
#### Question
```python
load_dataset("clips/mqa", level="question") # default
```
The default level is the question object:
- **name**: the title of the question(if any) in markdown format
- **text**: the body of the question (if any) in markdown format
- **answers**: a list of answers
- **text**: the title of the answer (if any) in markdown format
- **name**: the body of the answer in markdown format
- **is_accepted**: true if the answer is selected.
#### Page
This level returns a list of questions present on the same page. This is mostly useful for FAQs since CQAs already have one question per page.
```python
load_dataset("clips/mqa", level="page")
```
#### Domain
This level returns a list of pages present on the web domain. This is a good way to cope with FAQs duplication by sampling one page per domain at each epoch.
```python
load_dataset("clips/mqa", level="domain")
```
## Source Data
This section was adapted from the source data description of [OSCAR](https://huggingface.co/datasets/oscar#source-data)
Common Crawl is a non-profit foundation which produces and maintains an open repository of web crawled data that is both accessible and analysable. Common Crawl's complete web archive consists of petabytes of data collected over 8 years of web crawling. The repository contains raw web page HTML data (WARC files), metdata extracts (WAT files) and plain text extracts (WET files). The organisation's crawlers has always respected nofollow and robots.txt policies.
To construct MQA, we used the WARC files of Common Crawl.
## People
This model was developed by [Maxime De Bruyn](https://maximedb.vercel.app), Ehsan Lotfi, Jeska Buhmann and Walter Daelemans.
## Licensing Information
```
These data are released under this licensing scheme.
We do not own any of the text from which these data has been extracted.
We license the actual packaging of these data under the Creative Commons CC0 license ("no rights reserved") http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
Should you consider that our data contains material that is owned by you and should therefore not be reproduced here, please:
* Clearly identify yourself, with detailed contact data such as an address, telephone number or email address at which you can be contacted.
* Clearly identify the copyrighted work claimed to be infringed.
* Clearly identify the material that is claimed to be infringing and information reasonably sufficient to allow us to locate the material.
We will comply to legitimate requests by removing the affected sources from the next release of the corpus.
```
## Citation information
```
@inproceedings{de-bruyn-etal-2021-mfaq,
title = "{MFAQ}: a Multilingual {FAQ} Dataset",
author = "De Bruyn, Maxime and
Lotfi, Ehsan and
Buhmann, Jeska and
Daelemans, Walter",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Machine Reading for Question Answering",
month = nov,
year = "2021",
address = "Punta Cana, Dominican Republic",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2021.mrqa-1.1",
pages = "1--13",
}
``` | 7,025 | [
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math_qa | 2023-04-05T10:09:35.000Z | [
"task_categories:question-answering",
"task_ids:multiple-choice-qa",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:expert-generated",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"source_datasets:extended|aqua_rat",
"language:en",
"license:apache-2.0",
"region:us"
] | null | Our dataset is gathered by using a new representation language to annotate over the AQuA-RAT dataset. AQuA-RAT has provided the questions, options, rationale, and the correct options. | 41 | 12,036 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language:
- en
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
- expert-generated
license:
- apache-2.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
pretty_name: MathQA
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
- extended|aqua_rat
task_categories:
- question-answering
task_ids:
- multiple-choice-qa
paperswithcode_id: mathqa
dataset_info:
features:
- name: Problem
dtype: string
- name: Rationale
dtype: string
- name: options
dtype: string
- name: correct
dtype: string
- name: annotated_formula
dtype: string
- name: linear_formula
dtype: string
- name: category
dtype: string
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 1844184
num_examples: 2985
- name: train
num_bytes: 18368826
num_examples: 29837
- name: validation
num_bytes: 2752969
num_examples: 4475
download_size: 7302821
dataset_size: 22965979
---
# Dataset Card for MathQA
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://math-qa.github.io/math-QA/](https://math-qa.github.io/math-QA/)
- **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Paper:** [MathQA: Towards Interpretable Math Word Problem Solving with Operation-Based Formalisms](https://aclanthology.org/N19-1245/)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 7.30 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 22.96 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 30.27 MB
### Dataset Summary
We introduce a large-scale dataset of math word problems.
Our dataset is gathered by using a new representation language to annotate over the AQuA-RAT dataset with fully-specified operational programs.
AQuA-RAT has provided the questions, options, rationale, and the correct options.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### default
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 7.30 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 22.96 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 30.27 MB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
{
"Problem": "a multiple choice test consists of 4 questions , and each question has 5 answer choices . in how many r ways can the test be completed if every question is unanswered ?",
"Rationale": "\"5 choices for each of the 4 questions , thus total r of 5 * 5 * 5 * 5 = 5 ^ 4 = 625 ways to answer all of them . answer : c .\"",
"annotated_formula": "power(5, 4)",
"category": "general",
"correct": "c",
"linear_formula": "power(n1,n0)|",
"options": "a ) 24 , b ) 120 , c ) 625 , d ) 720 , e ) 1024"
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### default
- `Problem`: a `string` feature.
- `Rationale`: a `string` feature.
- `options`: a `string` feature.
- `correct`: a `string` feature.
- `annotated_formula`: a `string` feature.
- `linear_formula`: a `string` feature.
- `category`: a `string` feature.
### Data Splits
| name |train|validation|test|
|-------|----:|---------:|---:|
|default|29837| 4475|2985|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
The dataset is licensed under the [Apache License, Version 2.0](http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0).
### Citation Information
```
@inproceedings{amini-etal-2019-mathqa,
title = "{M}ath{QA}: Towards Interpretable Math Word Problem Solving with Operation-Based Formalisms",
author = "Amini, Aida and
Gabriel, Saadia and
Lin, Shanchuan and
Koncel-Kedziorski, Rik and
Choi, Yejin and
Hajishirzi, Hannaneh",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
month = jun,
year = "2019",
address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/N19-1245",
doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1245",
pages = "2357--2367",
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf), [@lewtun](https://github.com/lewtun), [@patrickvonplaten](https://github.com/patrickvonplaten) for adding this dataset. | 7,438 | [
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Babelscape/SREDFM | 2023-06-20T07:33:28.000Z | [
"task_categories:token-classification",
"size_categories:10M<n<100M",
"language:ar",
"language:ca",
"language:de",
"language:el",
"language:en",
"language:es",
"language:fr",
"language:hi",
"language:it",
"language:ja",
"language:ko",
"language:nl",
"language:pl",
"language:pt",
"language:ru",
"language:sv",
"language:vi",
"language:zh",
"license:cc-by-sa-4.0",
"arxiv:2306.09802",
"region:us"
] | Babelscape | Relation Extraction (RE) is a task that identifies relationships between entities in a text, enabling the acquisition of relational facts and bridging the gap between natural language and structured knowledge. However, current RE models often rely on small datasets with low coverage of relation types, particularly when working with languages other than English. \In this paper, we address the above issue and provide two new resources that enable the training and evaluation of multilingual RE systems.
First, we present SRED\textsuperscript{FM}, an automatically annotated dataset covering 18 languages, 400 relation types, 13 entity types, totaling more than 40 million triplet instances. Second, we propose RED\textsuperscript{FM}, a smaller, human-revised dataset for seven languages that allows for the evaluation of multilingual RE systems.
To demonstrate the utility of these novel datasets, we experiment with the first end-to-end multilingual RE model, mREBEL,
that extracts triplets, including entity types, in multiple languages. We release our resources and model checkpoints at \href{https://www.github.com/babelscape/rebel}{https://www.github.com/babelscape/rebel}. | @InProceedings{REDFM2023,
author = {Huguet Cabot, Pere-Lluis
and Tedeschi, Simone
and Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille
and Navigli, Roberto},
title = {RED\textsuperscript{FM}: a Filtered and Multilingual Relation Extraction Dataset},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Association for Computational Linguistics},
year = {2023},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
location = {Toronto, Canada},
} | 4 | 11,988 | 2023-06-13T18:35:19 | ---
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task_categories:
- token-classification
language:
- ar
- ca
- de
- el
- en
- es
- fr
- hi
- it
- ja
- ko
- nl
- pl
- pt
- ru
- sv
- vi
- zh
size_categories:
- 10M<n<100M
license: cc-by-sa-4.0
---
# RED<sup>FM</sup>: a Filtered and Multilingual Relation Extraction Dataset
This is the automatically-filtered dataset from the 2023 ACL paper [RED^{FM}: a Filtered and Multilingual Relation Extraction Dataset](https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.09802). If you use the model, please reference this work in your paper:
@inproceedings{huguet-cabot-et-al-2023-redfm-dataset,
title = "RED$^{\rm FM}$: a Filtered and Multilingual Relation Extraction Dataset",
author = "Huguet Cabot, Pere-Llu{\'\i}s and Tedeschi, Simone and Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille and
Navigli, Roberto",
booktitle = "Proc. of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023",
month = jul,
year = "2023",
address = "Toronto, Canada",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.09802",
}
## License
SRED<sup>FM</sup> is licensed under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license. The text of the license can be found [here](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). | 16,328 | [
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THUDM/LongBench | 2023-08-29T04:51:14.000Z | [
"task_categories:question-answering",
"task_categories:text-generation",
"task_categories:summarization",
"task_categories:conversational",
"task_categories:text-classification",
"size_categories:1K<n<10K",
"language:en",
"language:zh",
"Long Context",
"arxiv:2308.14508",
"arxiv:2108.00573",
"arxiv:1712.07040",
"arxiv:2105.03011",
"arxiv:2104.02112",
"arxiv:2104.05938",
"arxiv:2305.05280",
"arxiv:2303.09752",
"arxiv:1910.10683",
"arxiv:2306.14893",
"arxiv:2306.03091",
"region:us"
] | THUDM | LongBench is a comprehensive benchmark for multilingual and multi-task purposes, with the goal to fully measure and evaluate the ability of pre-trained language models to understand long text. This dataset consists of twenty different tasks, covering key long-text application scenarios such as multi-document QA, single-document QA, summarization, few-shot learning, synthetic tasks, and code completion. | null | 37 | 11,806 | 2023-07-29T14:33:21 | ---
task_categories:
- question-answering
- text-generation
- summarization
- conversational
- text-classification
language:
- en
- zh
tags:
- Long Context
size_categories:
- 1K<n<10K
---
# Introduction
**LongBench** is the first benchmark for bilingual, multitask, and comprehensive assessment of **long context understanding** capabilities of large language models. LongBench includes different languages (Chinese and English) to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of the large models' multilingual capabilities on long contexts. In addition, LongBench is composed of six major categories and twenty one different tasks, covering key long-text application scenarios such as single-document QA, multi-document QA, summarization, few-shot learning, synthetic tasks and code completion.
We are fully aware of the potentially high costs involved in the model evaluation process, especially in the context of long context scenarios (such as manual annotation costs or API call costs). Therefore, we adopt a fully automated evaluation method, aimed at measuring and evaluating the model's ability to understand long contexts at the lowest cost.
LongBench includes 14 English tasks, 5 Chinese tasks, and 2 code tasks, with the average length of most tasks ranging from 5k to 15k, and a total of 4,750 test data. For detailed statistics and construction methods of LongBench tasks, please refer [here](task.md). In addition, we provide LongBench-E, a test set with a more uniform length distribution constructed by uniform sampling, with comparable amounts of data in the 0-4k, 4k-8k, and 8k+ length intervals to provide an analysis of the model's performance variations at different input lengths.
Github Repo for LongBench: https://github.com/THUDM/LongBench
Arxiv Paper for LongBench: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.14508.pdf
# How to use it?
#### Loading Data
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
datasets = ["narrativeqa", "qasper", "multifieldqa_en", "multifieldqa_zh", "hotpotqa", "2wikimqa", "musique", \
"dureader", "gov_report", "qmsum", "multi_news", "vcsum", "trec", "triviaqa", "samsum", "lsht", \
"passage_count", "passage_retrieval_en", "passage_retrieval_zh", "lcc", "repobench-p"]
for dataset in datasets:
data = load_dataset('THUDM/LongBench', dataset, split='test')
```
Similarly, you can load the **LongBench-E** data
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
datasets = ["qasper", "multifieldqa_en", "hotpotqa", "2wikimqa", "gov_report", "multi_news", "trec", \
"triviaqa", "samsum", "passage_count", "passage_retrieval_en", "lcc", "repobench-p"]
for dataset in datasets:
data = load_dataset('THUDM/LongBench', f"{dataset}_e", split='test')
```
Alternatively, you can download the folder from [this link](https://huggingface.co/datasets/THUDM/LongBench/resolve/main/data.zip) to load the data.
#### Data Format
All data in **LongBench** (LongBench-E) are standardized to the following format:
```json
{
"input": "The input/command for the task, usually short, such as questions in QA, queries in Few-shot tasks, etc",
"context": "The long context required for the task, such as documents, cross-file code, few-shot examples in Few-shot tasks",
"answers": "A List of all true answers",
"length": "Total length of the first three items (counted in characters for Chinese and words for English)",
"dataset": "The name of the dataset to which this piece of data belongs",
"language": "The language of this piece of data",
"all_classes": "All categories in classification tasks, null for non-classification tasks",
"_id": "Random id for each piece of data"
}
```
#### Evaluation
This repository provides data download for LongBench. If you wish to use this dataset for automated evaluation, please refer to our [github](https://github.com/THUDM/LongBench).
# Task statistics
| Task | Task Type | Eval metric | Avg len |Language | \#Sample |
| :-------- | :-----------:| :-----------: |:-------: | :-----------: |:--------: |
| HotpotQA | Multi-doc QA | F1 |9,151 |EN |200 |
| 2WikiMultihopQA| Multi-doc QA | F1 |4,887 |EN |200 |
| MuSiQue| Multi-doc QA | F1 |11,214 |EN |200 |
| DuReader| Multi-doc QA | Rouge-L |15,768 |ZH |200 |
| MultiFieldQA-en| Single-doc QA | F1 |4,559 |EN |150 |
| MultiFieldQA-zh| Single-doc QA | F1 |6,701 |ZH |200 |
| NarrativeQA| Single-doc QA | F1 |18,409 |EN |200 |
| Qasper| Single-doc QA | F1 |3,619 |EN |200 |
| GovReport| Summarization | Rouge-L |8,734 |EN |200 |
| QMSum| Summarization | Rouge-L |10,614 |EN |200 |
| MultiNews| Summarization | Rouge-L |2,113 |EN |200 |
| VCSUM| Summarization | Rouge-L |15,380 |ZH |200 |
| TriviaQA| Few shot | F1 |8,209 |EN |200 |
| SAMSum| Few shot | Rouge-L |6,258 |EN |200 |
| TREC| Few shot | Accuracy |5,177 |EN |200 |
| LSHT| Few shot | Accuracy |22,337 |ZH |200 |
| PassageRetrieval-en| Synthetic | Accuracy |9,289 |EN |200 |
| PassageCount| Synthetic | Accuracy |11,141 |EN |200 |
| PassageRetrieval-zh | Synthetic | Accuracy |6,745 |ZH |200 |
| LCC| Code | Edit Sim |1,235 |Python/C#/Java |500 |
| RepoBench-P| Code | Edit Sim |4,206 |Python/Java |500 |
> Note: In order to avoid discrepancies caused by different tokenizers, we use the word count (using Python's split function) to calculate the average length of English datasets and code datasets, and use the character count to calculate the average length of Chinese datasets.
# Task description
| Task | Task Description |
| :---------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------- |
| HotpotQA | Answer related questions based on multiple given documents |
| 2WikiMultihopQA | Answer related questions based on multiple given documents |
| MuSiQue | Answer related questions based on multiple given documents |
| DuReader | Answer related Chinese questions based on multiple retrieved documents |
| MultiFieldQA-en | Answer English questions based on a long article, which comes from a relatively diverse field |
| MultiFieldQA-zh | Answer Chinese questions based on a long article, which comes from a relatively diverse field |
| NarrativeQA | Answer questions based on stories or scripts, including understanding of important elements such as characters, plots, themes, etc. |
| Qasper | Answer questions based on a NLP research paper, questions proposed and answered by NLP practitioners |
| GovReport | A summarization task that requires summarizing government work reports |
| MultiNews | A multi-doc summarization that requires summarizing over multiple news |
| QMSum | A summarization task that requires summarizing meeting records based on user queries |
| VCSUM | A summarization task that requires summarizing Chinese meeting records |
| SAMSum | A dialogue summarization task, providing several few-shot examples |
| TriviaQA | Single document question answering task, providing several few-shot examples |
| NQ | Single document question answering task, providing several few-shot examples |
| TREC | A classification task that requires categorizing questions, includes 50 categories in total |
| LSHT | A Chinese classification task that requires categorizing news, includes 24 categories in total |
| PassageRetrieval-en | Given 30 English Wikipedia paragraphs, determine which paragraph the given summary corresponds to |
| PassageCount | Determine the total number of different paragraphs in a given repetitive article |
| PassageRetrieval-zh | Given several Chinese paragraphs from the C4 data set, determine which paragraph the given abstract corresponds to |
| LCC | Given a long piece of code, predict the next line of code |
| RepoBench-P | Given code in multiple files within a GitHub repository (including cross-file dependencies), predict the next line of code |
# Task construction
> Note: For all tasks constructed from existing datasets, we use data from the validation or test set of the existing dataset (except for VCSUM).
- The tasks of [HotpotQA](https://hotpotqa.github.io/), [2WikiMultihopQA](https://aclanthology.org/2020.coling-main.580/), [MuSiQue](https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.00573), and [DuReader](https://github.com/baidu/DuReader) are built based on the original datasets and processed to be suitable for long context evaluation. Specifically, for questions in the validation set, we select the evidence passage that contains the answer and several distracting articles. These articles together with the original question constitute the input of the tasks.
- The tasks of MultiFiedQA-zh and MultiFieldQA-en consist of long artical data from about 10 sources, including Latex papers, judicial documents, government work reports, and PDF documents indexed by Google. For each long artical, we invite several PhD and master students to annotate, i.e., to ask questions based on the long artical and give the correct answers. To better automate evaluation, we ask the annotators to propose questions with definitive answers as much as possible.
- The tasks of [NarrativeQA](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1712.07040.pdf), [Qasper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.03011.pdf), [GovReport](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.02112.pdf), [QMSum](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.05938.pdf) and [MultiNews](https://aclanthology.org/P19-1102.pdf) directly use the data provided by the original papers. In the specific construction, we use the template provided by [ZeroSCROLLS](https://www.zero.scrolls-benchmark.com/) to convert the corresponding data into pure text input.
- The [VCSUM](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.05280) task is built based on the original dataset, and we design a corresponding template to convert the corresponding data into pure text input.
- The [TriviaQA](https://nlp.cs.washington.edu/triviaqa/) task is constructed in the manner of [CoLT5](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.09752), which provides several examples of question and answering based on documents, and requires the language model to answer related questions based on new documents.
- The tasks of [SAMSum](https://aclanthology.org/D19-5409.pdf), [TREC](https://aclanthology.org/C02-1150.pdf) and [LSHT](http://tcci.ccf.org.cn/conference/2014/dldoc/evatask6.pdf) are built based on the original datasets. For each question in the validation set, we sample several data from the training set to form few-shot examples. These examples together with the questions in the validation set constitute the input for this task.
- The PassageRetrieval-en task is constructed based on English Wikipedia. For each piece of data, we randomly sample 30 paragraphs from English Wikipedia and select one for summarization (using GPT-3.5-Turbo). This task requires the model to give the original paragraph name to which the summary corresponds.
- The PassageCount task is constructed based on the English wiki. For each piece of data, we randomly sample several passages from English Wikipedia, repeat each paragraph at random several times, and finally shuffle the paragraphs. This task requires the model to determine the total number of different paragraphs in the given context.
- The PasskeyRetrieval-zh task is constructed based on [C4](https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.10683). For each piece of data, we randomly sample several Chinese paragraphs from C4 and select one of them for summarization (using GPT-3.5-Turbo). This task requires the model to give the original paragraph name to which the summary corresponds.
- For the [LCC](https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.14893) task, we sample from the original code completion dataset. In the [RepoBench-P](https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.03091) task, we select the most challenging XF-F (Cross-File-First) setting from the original dataset and refer to the Oracle-Filled scenario in the paper. For each original piece of data, we randomly extract multiple cross-file code snippets, including the gold cross-file code snippet, and concatenate them as input, requiring the model to effectively use cross-file code for completion.
# LongBench-E statistics
| Task | Task Type | \#data in 0-4k | \#data in 4-8k | \#data in 8k+|
| :--------- | :-----------:| :-----------: |:---------: | :-------------: |
| HotpotQA | Multi-doc QA | 100 |100 |100 |
| 2WikiMultihopQA| Multi-doc QA | 100 |100 |100 |
| MultiFieldQA-en| Single-doc QA | 67 |70 |13 |
| Qasper| Single-doc QA | 100 |100 |24 |
| GovReport| Summarization | 100 |100 |100 |
| MultiNews| Summarization | 100 |100 |94 |
| TriviaQA| Few shot | 100 |100 |100 |
| SAMSum| Few shot | 100 |100 |100 |
| TREC| Few shot | 100 |100 |100 |
| PassageRetrieval-en| Synthetic | 100 |100 |100 |
| PassageCount| Synthetic | 100 |100 |100 |
| LCC| Code | 100 |100 |100 |
| RepoBench-P| Code | 100 |100 |100 |
# Citation
```
@misc{bai2023longbench,
title={LongBench: A Bilingual, Multitask Benchmark for Long Context Understanding},
author={Yushi Bai and Xin Lv and Jiajie Zhang and Hongchang Lyu and Jiankai Tang and Zhidian Huang and Zhengxiao Du and Xiao Liu and Aohan Zeng and Lei Hou and Yuxiao Dong and Jie Tang and Juanzi Li},
year={2023},
eprint={2308.14508},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
``` | 16,055 | [
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] |
wiki_dpr | 2023-04-05T13:43:12.000Z | [
"task_categories:fill-mask",
"task_categories:text-generation",
"task_ids:language-modeling",
"task_ids:masked-language-modeling",
"annotations_creators:no-annotation",
"language_creators:crowdsourced",
"multilinguality:multilingual",
"size_categories:10M<n<100M",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:cc-by-sa-3.0",
"license:gfdl",
"text-search",
"arxiv:2004.04906",
"region:us"
] | null | This is the wikipedia split used to evaluate the Dense Passage Retrieval (DPR) model.
It contains 21M passages from wikipedia along with their DPR embeddings.
The wikipedia articles were split into multiple, disjoint text blocks of 100 words as passages. | @misc{karpukhin2020dense,
title={Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answering},
author={Vladimir Karpukhin and Barlas Oğuz and Sewon Min and Patrick Lewis and Ledell Wu and Sergey Edunov and Danqi Chen and Wen-tau Yih},
year={2020},
eprint={2004.04906},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
} | 18 | 11,566 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- no-annotation
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
language:
- en
license:
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- gfdl
multilinguality:
- multilingual
size_categories:
- 10M<n<100M
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- fill-mask
- text-generation
task_ids:
- language-modeling
- masked-language-modeling
pretty_name: Wiki-DPR
tags:
- text-search
dataset_info:
- config_name: psgs_w100.nq.exact
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: text
dtype: string
- name: title
dtype: string
- name: embeddings
sequence: float32
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 78419281788
num_examples: 21015300
download_size: 70965697456
dataset_size: 78419281788
- config_name: psgs_w100.nq.compressed
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: text
dtype: string
- name: title
dtype: string
- name: embeddings
sequence: float32
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 78419281788
num_examples: 21015300
download_size: 70965697456
dataset_size: 78419281788
- config_name: psgs_w100.nq.no_index
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: text
dtype: string
- name: title
dtype: string
- name: embeddings
sequence: float32
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 78419281788
num_examples: 21015300
download_size: 70965697456
dataset_size: 78419281788
- config_name: psgs_w100.multiset.exact
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: text
dtype: string
- name: title
dtype: string
- name: embeddings
sequence: float32
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 78419281788
num_examples: 21015300
download_size: 70965697456
dataset_size: 78419281788
- config_name: psgs_w100.multiset.compressed
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: text
dtype: string
- name: title
dtype: string
- name: embeddings
sequence: float32
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 78419281788
num_examples: 21015300
download_size: 70965697456
dataset_size: 78419281788
- config_name: psgs_w100.multiset.no_index
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: text
dtype: string
- name: title
dtype: string
- name: embeddings
sequence: float32
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 78419281788
num_examples: 21015300
download_size: 70965697456
dataset_size: 78419281788
---
# Dataset Card for "wiki_dpr"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://github.com/facebookresearch/DPR](https://github.com/facebookresearch/DPR)
- **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Paper:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 425.79 GB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 470.52 GB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 978.05 GB
### Dataset Summary
This is the wikipedia split used to evaluate the Dense Passage Retrieval (DPR) model.
It contains 21M passages from wikipedia along with their DPR embeddings.
The wikipedia articles were split into multiple, disjoint text blocks of 100 words as passages.
The wikipedia dump is the one from Dec. 20, 2018.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
Each instance contains a paragraph of at most 100 words, as well as the title of the wikipedia page it comes from, and the DPR embedding (a 768-d vector).
#### psgs_w100.multiset.compressed
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 70.97 GB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 78.42 GB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 152.26 GB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{'id': '1',
'text': 'Aaron Aaron ( or ; "Ahärôn") is a prophet, high priest, and the brother of Moses in the Abrahamic religions. Knowledge of Aaron, along with his brother Moses, comes exclusively from religious texts, such as the Bible and Quran. The Hebrew Bible relates that, unlike Moses, who grew up in the Egyptian royal court, Aaron and his elder sister Miriam remained with their kinsmen in the eastern border-land of Egypt (Goshen). When Moses first confronted the Egyptian king about the Israelites, Aaron served as his brother\'s spokesman ("prophet") to the Pharaoh. Part of the Law (Torah) that Moses received from'],
'title': 'Aaron',
'embeddings': [-0.07233893871307373,
0.48035329580307007,
0.18650995194911957,
-0.5287084579467773,
-0.37329429388046265,
0.37622880935668945,
0.25524479150772095,
...
-0.336689829826355,
0.6313082575798035,
-0.7025573253631592]}
```
#### psgs_w100.multiset.exact
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 70.97 GB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 78.42 GB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 187.38 GB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{'id': '1',
'text': 'Aaron Aaron ( or ; "Ahärôn") is a prophet, high priest, and the brother of Moses in the Abrahamic religions. Knowledge of Aaron, along with his brother Moses, comes exclusively from religious texts, such as the Bible and Quran. The Hebrew Bible relates that, unlike Moses, who grew up in the Egyptian royal court, Aaron and his elder sister Miriam remained with their kinsmen in the eastern border-land of Egypt (Goshen). When Moses first confronted the Egyptian king about the Israelites, Aaron served as his brother\'s spokesman ("prophet") to the Pharaoh. Part of the Law (Torah) that Moses received from'],
'title': 'Aaron',
'embeddings': [-0.07233893871307373,
0.48035329580307007,
0.18650995194911957,
-0.5287084579467773,
-0.37329429388046265,
0.37622880935668945,
0.25524479150772095,
...
-0.336689829826355,
0.6313082575798035,
-0.7025573253631592]}
```
#### psgs_w100.multiset.no_index
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 70.97 GB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 78.42 GB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 149.38 GB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{'id': '1',
'text': 'Aaron Aaron ( or ; "Ahärôn") is a prophet, high priest, and the brother of Moses in the Abrahamic religions. Knowledge of Aaron, along with his brother Moses, comes exclusively from religious texts, such as the Bible and Quran. The Hebrew Bible relates that, unlike Moses, who grew up in the Egyptian royal court, Aaron and his elder sister Miriam remained with their kinsmen in the eastern border-land of Egypt (Goshen). When Moses first confronted the Egyptian king about the Israelites, Aaron served as his brother\'s spokesman ("prophet") to the Pharaoh. Part of the Law (Torah) that Moses received from'],
'title': 'Aaron',
'embeddings': [-0.07233893871307373,
0.48035329580307007,
0.18650995194911957,
-0.5287084579467773,
-0.37329429388046265,
0.37622880935668945,
0.25524479150772095,
...
-0.336689829826355,
0.6313082575798035,
-0.7025573253631592]}
```
#### psgs_w100.nq.compressed
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 70.97 GB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 78.42 GB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 152.26 GB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{'id': '1',
'text': 'Aaron Aaron ( or ; "Ahärôn") is a prophet, high priest, and the brother of Moses in the Abrahamic religions. Knowledge of Aaron, along with his brother Moses, comes exclusively from religious texts, such as the Bible and Quran. The Hebrew Bible relates that, unlike Moses, who grew up in the Egyptian royal court, Aaron and his elder sister Miriam remained with their kinsmen in the eastern border-land of Egypt (Goshen). When Moses first confronted the Egyptian king about the Israelites, Aaron served as his brother\'s spokesman ("prophet") to the Pharaoh. Part of the Law (Torah) that Moses received from'],
'title': 'Aaron',
'embeddings': [0.013342111371457577,
0.582173764705658,
-0.31309744715690613,
-0.6991612911224365,
-0.5583199858665466,
0.5187504887580872,
0.7152731418609619,
...
-0.5385938286781311,
0.8093984127044678,
-0.4741983711719513]}
```
#### psgs_w100.nq.exact
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 70.97 GB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 78.42 GB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 187.38 GB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{'id': '1',
'text': 'Aaron Aaron ( or ; "Ahärôn") is a prophet, high priest, and the brother of Moses in the Abrahamic religions. Knowledge of Aaron, along with his brother Moses, comes exclusively from religious texts, such as the Bible and Quran. The Hebrew Bible relates that, unlike Moses, who grew up in the Egyptian royal court, Aaron and his elder sister Miriam remained with their kinsmen in the eastern border-land of Egypt (Goshen). When Moses first confronted the Egyptian king about the Israelites, Aaron served as his brother\'s spokesman ("prophet") to the Pharaoh. Part of the Law (Torah) that Moses received from'],
'title': 'Aaron',
'embeddings': [0.013342111371457577,
0.582173764705658,
-0.31309744715690613,
-0.6991612911224365,
-0.5583199858665466,
0.5187504887580872,
0.7152731418609619,
...
-0.5385938286781311,
0.8093984127044678,
-0.4741983711719513]}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### psgs_w100.multiset.compressed
- `id`: a `string` feature.
- `text`: a `string` feature.
- `title`: a `string` feature.
- `embeddings`: a `list` of `float32` features.
#### psgs_w100.multiset.exact
- `id`: a `string` feature.
- `text`: a `string` feature.
- `title`: a `string` feature.
- `embeddings`: a `list` of `float32` features.
#### psgs_w100.multiset.no_index
- `id`: a `string` feature.
- `text`: a `string` feature.
- `title`: a `string` feature.
- `embeddings`: a `list` of `float32` features.
#### psgs_w100.nq.compressed
- `id`: a `string` feature.
- `text`: a `string` feature.
- `title`: a `string` feature.
- `embeddings`: a `list` of `float32` features.
#### psgs_w100.nq.exact
- `id`: a `string` feature.
- `text`: a `string` feature.
- `title`: a `string` feature.
- `embeddings`: a `list` of `float32` features.
### Data Splits
| name | train |
|-----------------------------|-------:|
|psgs_w100.multiset.compressed|21015300|
|psgs_w100.multiset.exact |21015300|
|psgs_w100.multiset.no_index |21015300|
|psgs_w100.nq.compressed |21015300|
|psgs_w100.nq.exact |21015300|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Citation Information
```
@misc{karpukhin2020dense,
title={Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answering},
author={Vladimir Karpukhin and Barlas Oğuz and Sewon Min and Patrick Lewis and Ledell Wu and Sergey Edunov and Danqi Chen and Wen-tau Yih},
year={2020},
eprint={2004.04906},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf), [@lewtun](https://github.com/lewtun), [@lhoestq](https://github.com/lhoestq) for adding this dataset. | 14,594 | [
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] |
bigcode/the-stack-dedup | 2023-08-17T08:21:58.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-generation",
"language_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:expert-generated",
"multilinguality:multilingual",
"size_categories:unknown",
"language:code",
"license:other",
"arxiv:2211.15533",
"arxiv:2107.03374",
"arxiv:2207.14157",
"region:us"
] | bigcode | null | null | 249 | 11,387 | 2022-10-06T17:49:19 | ---
annotations_creators: []
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
- expert-generated
language:
- code
license:
- other
multilinguality:
- multilingual
pretty_name: The-Stack
size_categories:
- unknown
source_datasets: []
task_categories:
- text-generation
task_ids: []
extra_gated_prompt: |-
## Terms of Use for The Stack
The Stack dataset is a collection of source code in over 300 programming languages. We ask that you read and acknowledge the following points before using the dataset:
1. The Stack is a collection of source code from repositories with various licenses. Any use of all or part of the code gathered in The Stack must abide by the terms of the original licenses, including attribution clauses when relevant. We facilitate this by providing provenance information for each data point.
2. The Stack is regularly updated to enact validated data removal requests. By clicking on "Access repository", you agree to update your own version of The Stack to the most recent usable version specified by the maintainers in [the following thread](https://huggingface.co/datasets/bigcode/the-stack/discussions/7). If you have questions about dataset versions and allowed uses, please also ask them in the dataset’s [community discussions](https://huggingface.co/datasets/bigcode/the-stack/discussions/new). We will also notify users via email when the latest usable version changes.
3. To host, share, or otherwise provide access to The Stack dataset, you must include [these Terms of Use](https://huggingface.co/datasets/bigcode/the-stack#terms-of-use-for-the-stack) and require users to agree to it.
By clicking on "Access repository" below, you accept that your contact information (email address and username) can be shared with the dataset maintainers as well.
extra_gated_fields:
Email: text
I have read the License and agree with its terms: checkbox
---
# Dataset Card for The Stack
## Table of Contents
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Changelog](#changelog)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [How to use it](#how-to-use-it)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
- [Terms of Use for The Stack](#terms-of-use-for-the-stack)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** https://www.bigcode-project.org/
- **Repository:** https://github.com/bigcode-project
- **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.15533
- **Leaderboard:** N/A
- **Point of Contact:** contact@bigcode-project.org
### Changelog
|Release|Description|
|-|-|
|v1.0| Initial release of the Stack. Included 30 programming languages and 18 permissive licenses. **Note:** Three included licenses (MPL/EPL/LGPL) are considered weak copyleft licenses. The resulting near-deduplicated dataset is 1.5TB in size. |
|v1.1| The three copyleft licenses ((MPL/EPL/LGPL) were excluded and the list of permissive licenses extended to 193 licenses in total. The list of programming languages was increased from 30 to 358 languages. Also opt-out request submitted by 15.11.2022 were excluded from this version of the dataset. The resulting near-deduplicated dataset is 3TB in size.|
|v1.2| Opt-out request submitted by 09.02.2022 were excluded from this version of the dataset. A stronger near-deduplication strategy was applied resulting leading to 2.7TB in size.|
### Dataset Summary
The Stack contains over 6TB of permissively-licensed source code files covering 358 programming languages. The dataset was created as part of the [BigCode Project](https://www.bigcode-project.org/), an open scientific collaboration working on the responsible development of Large Language Models for Code (Code LLMs). The Stack serves as a pre-training dataset for Code LLMs, i.e., code-generating AI systems which enable the synthesis of programs from natural language descriptions as well as other from code snippets. **This is the near-deduplicated version with 3TB data.**
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
The Stack is a pre-training dataset for creating code LLMs. Code LLMs can be used for a wide variety of downstream tasks such as code completion from natural language descriptions ([HumanEval](https://huggingface.co/datasets/openai_humaneval), [MBPP](https://huggingface.co/datasets/mbpp)), documentation generation for individual functions ([CodeSearchNet](https://huggingface.co/datasets/code_search_net)), and auto-completion of code snippets ([HumanEval-Infilling](https://github.com/openai/human-eval-infilling)). However, these downstream evaluation benchmarks are outside the scope of The Stack.
### Languages
The following natural languages appear in the comments and docstrings from files in the dataset: EN, ZH, FR, PT, ES, RU, DE, KO, JA, UZ, IT, ID, RO, AR, FA, CA, HU, ML, NL, TR, TE, EL, EO, BN, LV, GL, PL, GU, CEB, IA, KN, SH, MK, UR, SV, LA, JKA, MY, SU, CS, MN. This kind of data is essential for applications such as documentation generation and natural-language-to-code translation.
The dataset contains **358 programming languages**. The full list can be found [here](https://huggingface.co/datasets/bigcode/the-stack-dedup/blob/main/programming-languages.json).
### How to use it
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
# full dataset (3TB of data)
ds = load_dataset("bigcode/the-stack-dedup", split="train")
# specific language (e.g. Dockerfiles)
ds = load_dataset("bigcode/the-stack-dedup", data_dir="data/dockerfile", split="train")
# dataset streaming (will only download the data as needed)
ds = load_dataset("bigcode/the-stack-dedup", streaming=True, split="train")
for sample in iter(ds): print(sample["content"])
```
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
Each data instance corresponds to one file. The content of the file is in the `content` feature, and other features (`repository_name`, `licenses`, etc.) provide some metadata. Note that a given file can appear in several different repositories that satisfy our safe-license criterion. If that is the case, only the first – in alphabetical order -- of these repositories is shown for simplicity.
### Data Fields
- `content` (string): the content of the file.
- `size` (integer): size of the uncompressed file.
- `lang` (string): the programming language.
- `ext` (string): file extension
- `avg_line_length` (float): the average line-length of the file.
- `max_line_length` (integer): the maximum line-length of the file.
- `alphanum_fraction` (float): the fraction of characters in the file that are alphabetical or numerical characters.
- `hexsha` (string): unique git hash of file
- `max_{stars|forks|issues}_repo_path` (string): path to file in repo containing this file with maximum number of `{stars|forks|issues}`
- `max_{stars|forks|issues}_repo_name` (string): name of repo containing this file with maximum number of `{stars|forks|issues}`
- `max_{stars|forks|issues}_repo_head_hexsha` (string): hexsha of repository head
- `max_{stars|forks|issues}_repo_licenses` (string): licenses in repository
- `max_{stars|forks|issues}_count` (integer): number of `{stars|forks|issues}` in repository
- `max_{stars|forks|issues}_repo_{stars|forks|issues}_min_datetime` (string): first timestamp of a `{stars|forks|issues}` event
- `max_{stars|forks|issues}_repo_{stars|forks|issues}_max_datetime` (string): last timestamp of a `{stars|forks|issues}` event
### Data Splits
The dataset has no splits and all data is loaded as train split by default. If you want to setup a custom train-test split beware that dataset contains a lot of near-duplicates which can cause leakage into the test split.
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
One of the challenges faced by researchers working on code LLMs is the lack of openness and transparency around the development of these systems. Most prior works described the high-level data collection process but did not release the training data. It is therefore difficult for other researchers to fully reproduce these models and understand what kind of pre-training data leads to high-performing code LLMs. By releasing an open large-scale code dataset we hope to make training of code LLMs more reproducible. **This is the near-deduplicated version with 3TB data.**
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
220.92M active GitHub repository names were collected from the event archives published between January 1st, 2015 and March 31st, 2022 on [GHArchive](https://gharchive.org/). Only 137.36M of these repositories were public and accessible on GitHub – others were not accessible as they had been deleted by their owners. 51.76B files were downloaded from the public repositories on GitHub between November 2021 and June 2022. 5.28B files were unique. The uncompressed size of all stored files is 92.36TB.
The list of programming language extensions is taken from this [list](https://gist.github.com/ppisarczyk/43962d06686722d26d176fad46879d41) (also provided in Appendix C of the paper).
Near-deduplication was implemented in the pre-processing pipeline on top of exact deduplication. To find near-duplicates, MinHash with 256 permutations of all documents was computed in linear time. Locality Sensitive Hashing was used to find the clusters of duplicates. Jaccard Similarities were computed inside these clusters to remove any false positives and with a similarity threshold of 0.85. Roughly 40% of permissively licensed files were (near-)duplicates. See section 3 of the paper for further details.
The following are not stored:
- Files that cannot contribute to training code: binary, empty, could not be decoded
- Files larger than 1MB
- The excluded file extensions are listed in Appendix B of the paper.
##### License detection
Permissive licenses have minimal restrictions on how the software can be copied, modified, and redistributed. The full list of licenses can be found [here](https://huggingface.co/datasets/bigcode/the-stack-dedup/blob/main/licenses.json)
GHArchive contained the license information for approximately 12% of the collected repositories. For the remaining repositories, [go-license-detector](https://github.com/src-d/go-license-detector) was run to detect the most likely SPDX license identifier. The detector did not detect a license for ~81% of the repositories, in which case the repository was excluded from the dataset.
A file was in included in the safe license dataset if at least one of the repositories containing the file had a permissive license.
#### Who are the source language producers?
The source (code) language producers are users of GitHub that created unique repository names between January 1st, 2015, and March 31st, 2022.
### Personal and Sensitive Information
The released dataset may contain sensitive information such as emails, IP addresses, and API/ssh keys that have previously been published to public repositories on GitHub. Deduplication has helped to reduce the amount of sensitive data that may exist. In the event that the dataset contains personal information, researchers should only use public, non-personal information in support of conducting and publishing their [open-access](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access) research. Personal information should not be used for spamming purposes, including sending unsolicited emails or selling of personal information. Complaints, removal requests, and "do not contact" requests can be sent to contact@bigcode-project.org.
The PII pipeline for this dataset is still a work in progress (see this [issue](https://github.com/bigcode-project/admin/issues/9) for updates). Researchers that wish to contribute to the anonymization pipeline of the project can apply to join [here](https://www.bigcode-project.org/docs/about/join/). Developers with source code in the dataset can request to have it removed [here](https://www.bigcode-project.org/docs/about/ip/) (proof of code contribution is required).
### Opting out of The Stack
We are giving developers the ability to have their code removed from the dataset upon request. The process for submitting and enacting removal requests will keep evolving throughout the project as we receive feedback and build up more data governance tools.
You can check if your code is in The Stack with the following ["Am I In The Stack?" Space](https://huggingface.co/spaces/bigcode/in-the-stack). If you'd like to have your data removed from the dataset follow the [instructions on GitHub](https://github.com/bigcode-project/opt-out-v2).
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
The Stack is an output of the BigCode Project. BigCode aims to be responsible by design and by default. The project is conducted in the spirit of Open Science, focused on the responsible development of LLMs for code.
With the release of The Stack, we aim to increase access, reproducibility, and transparency of code LLMs in the research community. Work to de-risk and improve on the implementation of ethical best practices of code LLMs is conducted in various BigCode working groups. The Legal, Ethics, and Governance working group has explored topics such as licensing (including copyleft and the intended use of permissively licensed code), attribution of generated code to original code, rights to restrict processing, the inclusion of Personally Identifiable Information (PII), and risks of malicious code, among other topics. This work is ongoing as of October 25th, 2022.
We expect code LLMs to enable people from diverse backgrounds to write higher quality code and develop low-code applications. Mission-critical software could become easier to maintain as professional developers are guided by code-generating systems on how to write more robust and efficient code. While the social impact is intended to be positive, the increased accessibility of code LLMs comes with certain risks such as over-reliance on the generated code and long-term effects on the software development job market.
A broader impact analysis relating to Code LLMs can be found in section 7 of this [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.03374). An in-depth risk assessments for Code LLMs can be found in section 4 of this [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.14157).
### Discussion of Biases
The code collected from GitHub does not contain demographic information or proxy information about the demographics. However, it is not without risks,
as the comments within the code may contain harmful or offensive language, which could be learned by the models.
Widely adopted programming languages like C and Javascript are overrepresented compared to niche programming languages like Julia and Scala. Some programming languages such as SQL, Batchfile, TypeScript are less likely to be permissively licensed (4% vs the average 10%). This may result in a biased representation of those languages. Permissively licensed files also tend to be longer.
Roughly 40 natural languages are present in docstrings and comments with English being the most prevalent. In python files, it makes up ~96% of the dataset.
For further information on data analysis of the Stack, see this [repo](https://github.com/bigcode-project/bigcode-analysis).
### Other Known Limitations
One of the current limitations of The Stack is that scraped HTML for websites may not be compliant with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines ([WCAG](https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/wcag/)). This could have an impact on HTML-generated code that may introduce web accessibility issues.
The training dataset could contain malicious code and/or the model could be used to generate malware or ransomware.
To the best of our knowledge, all files contained in the dataset are licensed with one of the permissive licenses (see list in [Licensing information](#licensing-information)). The accuracy of license attribution is limited by the accuracy of GHArchive and go-license-detector. Any mistakes should be reported to BigCode Project for review and follow-up as needed.
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
1. Harm de Vries, ServiceNow Research, harm.devries@servicenow.com
2. Leandro von Werra, Hugging Face, leandro@huggingface.co
### Licensing Information
The Stack is a collection of source code from repositories with various licenses. Any use of all or part of the code gathered in The Stack must abide by the terms of the original licenses, including attribution clauses when relevant. We facilitate this by providing provenance information for each data point.
The list of [SPDX license identifiers](https://spdx.org/licenses/) included in the dataset can be found [here](https://huggingface.co/datasets/bigcode/the-stack-dedup/blob/main/licenses.json).
### Citation Information
```
@article{Kocetkov2022TheStack,
title={The Stack: 3 TB of permissively licensed source code},
author={Kocetkov, Denis and Li, Raymond and Ben Allal, Loubna and Li, Jia and Mou,Chenghao and Muñoz Ferrandis, Carlos and Jernite, Yacine and Mitchell, Margaret and Hughes, Sean and Wolf, Thomas and Bahdanau, Dzmitry and von Werra, Leandro and de Vries, Harm},
journal={Preprint},
year={2022}
}
```
### Contributions
[More Information Needed]
## Terms of Use for The Stack
The Stack dataset is a collection of source code in over 300 programming languages. We ask that you read and acknowledge the following points before using the dataset:
1. The Stack is a collection of source code from repositories with various licenses. Any use of all or part of the code gathered in The Stack must abide by the terms of the original licenses, including attribution clauses when relevant. We facilitate this by providing provenance information for each data point.
2. The Stack is regularly updated to enact validated data removal requests. By clicking on "Access repository", you agree to update your own version of The Stack to the most recent usable version specified by the maintainers in [the following thread](https://huggingface.co/datasets/bigcode/the-stack/discussions/7). If you have questions about dataset versions and allowed uses, please also ask them in the dataset’s [community discussions](https://huggingface.co/datasets/bigcode/the-stack/discussions/new). We will also notify users via email when the latest usable version changes.
3. To host, share, or otherwise provide access to The Stack dataset, you must include these Terms of Use and require users to agree to it.
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rungalileo/20_Newsgroups_Fixed | 2022-10-25T10:25:50.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-classification",
"task_ids:multi-class-classification",
"task_ids:topic-classification",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:crowdsourced",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:unknown",
"region:us"
] | rungalileo | null | null | 1 | 11,318 | 2022-05-19T01:02:07 | ---
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
language:
- en
license:
- unknown
multilinguality:
- monolingual
pretty_name: 20_Newsgroups_Fixed
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- text-classification
task_ids:
- multi-class-classification
- topic-classification
---
# Dataset Card for 20_Newsgroups_Fixed
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-instances)
- [Data Splits](#data-instances)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
## Dataset Description
- **Galileo Homepage:** [Galileo ML Data Intelligence Platform](https://www.rungalileo.io)
- **Repository:** [Needs More Information]
- **Dataset Blog:** [Improving Your ML Datasets With Galileo, Part 1](https://www.rungalileo.io/blog/)
- **Leaderboard:** [Needs More Information]
- **Point of Contact:** [Needs More Information]
- **Sklearn Dataset:** [sklearn](https://scikit-learn.org/0.19/datasets/twenty_newsgroups.html#the-20-newsgroups-text-dataset)
- **20 Newsgroups Homepage:** [newsgroups homepage](http://qwone.com/~jason/20Newsgroups/)
### Dataset Summary
This dataset is a version of the [**20 Newsgroups**](https://scikit-learn.org/0.19/datasets/twenty_newsgroups.html#the-20-newsgroups-text-dataset) dataset fixed with the help of the [**Galileo ML Data Intelligence Platform**](https://www.rungalileo.io/). In a matter of minutes, Galileo enabled us to uncover and fix a multitude of errors within the original dataset. In the end, we present this improved dataset as a new standard for natural language experimentation and benchmarking using the Newsgroups dataset.
### Curation Rationale
This dataset was created to showcase the power of Galileo as a Data Intelligence Platform. Through Galileo, we identify critical error patterns within the original Newsgroups training dataset - garbage data that do not properly fit any newsgroup label category. Moreover, we observe that these errors permeate throughout the test dataset.
As a result of our analysis, we propose the addition of a new class to properly categorize and fix the labeling of garbage data samples: a "None" class. Galileo further enables us to quickly make these data sample changes within the training set (changing garbage data labels to None) and helps guide human re-annotation of the test set.
#### Total Dataset Errors Fixed: 1163 *(6.5% of the dataset)*
|Errors / Split. |Overall| Train| Test|
|---------------------|------:|---------:|---------:|
|Garbage samples fixed| 718| 396| 322|
|Empty samples fixed | 445| 254| 254|
|Total samples fixed | 1163| 650| 650|
To learn more about the process of fixing this dataset, please refer to our [**Blog**](https://www.rungalileo.io/blog).
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
For each data sample, there is the text of the newsgroup post, the corresponding newsgroup forum where the message was posted (label), and a data sample id.
An example from the dataset looks as follows:
```
{'id': 1,
'text': 'I have win 3.0 and downloaded several icons and BMP\'s but I can\'t figure out\nhow to change the "wallpaper" or use the icons. Any help would be appreciated.\n\n\nThanx,\n\n-Brando'
'label': comp.os.ms-windows.misc}
```
### Data Fields
- id: the unique numerical id associated with a data sample
- text: a string containing the text of the newsgroups message
- label: a string indicating the newsgroup forum where the sample was posted
### Data Splits
The data is split into a training and test split. To reduce bias and test generalizability across time, data samples are split between train and test depending upon whether their message was posted before or after a specific date, respectively.
### Data Classes
The fixed data is organized into 20 newsgroup topics + a catch all "None" class. Some of the newsgroups are very closely related to each other (e.g. comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware / comp.sys.mac.hardware), while others are highly unrelated (e.g misc.forsale / soc.religion.christian). Here is a list of the 21 classes, partitioned according to subject matter:
| comp.graphics<br>comp.os.ms-windows.misc<br>comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware<br>comp.sys.mac.hardware<br>comp.windows.x | rec.autos<br>rec.motorcycles<br>rec.sport.baseball<br>rec.sport.hockey | sci.crypt<br><sci.electronics<br>sci.med<br>sci.space |
|:---|:---:|---:|
| misc.forsale | talk.politics.misc<br>talk.politics.guns<br>talk.politics.mideast | talk.religion.misc<br>alt.atheism<br>soc.religion.christian |
| None |
| 5,422 | [
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amazon_us_reviews | 2023-11-02T14:57:03.000Z | [
"task_categories:summarization",
"task_categories:text-generation",
"task_categories:fill-mask",
"task_categories:text-classification",
"task_ids:text-scoring",
"task_ids:language-modeling",
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"task_ids:sentiment-classification",
"task_ids:sentiment-scoring",
"task_ids:topic-classification",
"annotations_creators:no-annotation",
"language_creators:found",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:100M<n<1B",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:other",
"region:us"
] | null | Amazon Customer Reviews (a.k.a. Product Reviews) is one of Amazons iconic products. In a period of over two decades since the first review in 1995, millions of Amazon customers have contributed over a hundred million reviews to express opinions and describe their experiences regarding products on the Amazon.com website. This makes Amazon Customer Reviews a rich source of information for academic researchers in the fields of Natural Language Processing (NLP), Information Retrieval (IR), and Machine Learning (ML), amongst others. Accordingly, we are releasing this data to further research in multiple disciplines related to understanding customer product experiences. Specifically, this dataset was constructed to represent a sample of customer evaluations and opinions, variation in the perception of a product across geographical regions, and promotional intent or bias in reviews.
Over 130+ million customer reviews are available to researchers as part of this release. The data is available in TSV files in the amazon-reviews-pds S3 bucket in AWS US East Region. Each line in the data files corresponds to an individual review (tab delimited, with no quote and escape characters).
Each Dataset contains the following columns:
- marketplace: 2 letter country code of the marketplace where the review was written.
- customer_id: Random identifier that can be used to aggregate reviews written by a single author.
- review_id: The unique ID of the review.
- product_id: The unique Product ID the review pertains to. In the multilingual dataset the reviews for the same product in different countries can be grouped by the same product_id.
- product_parent: Random identifier that can be used to aggregate reviews for the same product.
- product_title: Title of the product.
- product_category: Broad product category that can be used to group reviews (also used to group the dataset into coherent parts).
- star_rating: The 1-5 star rating of the review.
- helpful_votes: Number of helpful votes.
- total_votes: Number of total votes the review received.
- vine: Review was written as part of the Vine program.
- verified_purchase: The review is on a verified purchase.
- review_headline: The title of the review.
- review_body: The review text.
- review_date: The date the review was written. | \ | 54 | 11,271 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- no-annotation
language_creators:
- found
language:
- en
license:
- other
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 100M<n<1B
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- summarization
- text-generation
- fill-mask
- text-classification
task_ids:
- text-scoring
- language-modeling
- masked-language-modeling
- sentiment-classification
- sentiment-scoring
- topic-classification
pretty_name: Amazon US Reviews
viewer: false
dataset_info:
- config_name: Books_v1_01
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- name: product_title
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- name: product_category
dtype: string
- name: star_rating
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- name: helpful_votes
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- name: total_votes
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---
# Dataset Card for "amazon_us_reviews"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://s3.amazonaws.com/amazon-reviews-pds/readme.html](https://s3.amazonaws.com/amazon-reviews-pds/readme.html)
- **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Paper:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 32377.29 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 82820.19 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 115197.49 MB
### Dataset Summary
<div class="course-tip course-tip-orange bg-gradient-to-br dark:bg-gradient-to-r before:border-orange-500 dark:before:border-orange-800 from-orange-50 dark:from-gray-900 to-white dark:to-gray-950 border border-orange-50 text-orange-700 dark:text-gray-400">
<p><b>Defunct:</b> Dataset "amazon_us_reviews" is defunct and no longer accessible due to the decision of data providers.</p>
</div>
Amazon Customer Reviews (a.k.a. Product Reviews) is one of Amazons iconic products. In a period of over two decades since the first review in 1995, millions of Amazon customers have contributed over a hundred million reviews to express opinions and describe their experiences regarding products on the Amazon.com website. This makes Amazon Customer Reviews a rich source of information for academic researchers in the fields of Natural Language Processing (NLP), Information Retrieval (IR), and Machine Learning (ML), amongst others. Accordingly, we are releasing this data to further research in multiple disciplines related to understanding customer product experiences. Specifically, this dataset was constructed to represent a sample of customer evaluations and opinions, variation in the perception of a product across geographical regions, and promotional intent or bias in reviews.
Over 130+ million customer reviews are available to researchers as part of this release. The data is available in TSV files in the amazon-reviews-pds S3 bucket in AWS US East Region. Each line in the data files corresponds to an individual review (tab delimited, with no quote and escape characters).
Each Dataset contains the following columns :
marketplace - 2 letter country code of the marketplace where the review was written.
customer_id - Random identifier that can be used to aggregate reviews written by a single author.
review_id - The unique ID of the review.
product_id - The unique Product ID the review pertains to. In the multilingual dataset the reviews
for the same product in different countries can be grouped by the same product_id.
product_parent - Random identifier that can be used to aggregate reviews for the same product.
product_title - Title of the product.
product_category - Broad product category that can be used to group reviews
(also used to group the dataset into coherent parts).
star_rating - The 1-5 star rating of the review.
helpful_votes - Number of helpful votes.
total_votes - Number of total votes the review received.
vine - Review was written as part of the Vine program.
verified_purchase - The review is on a verified purchase.
review_headline - The title of the review.
review_body - The review text.
review_date - The date the review was written.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### Apparel_v1_00
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 648.64 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 2254.36 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 2903.00 MB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
{
"customer_id": "45223824",
"helpful_votes": 0,
"marketplace": "US",
"product_category": "Apparel",
"product_id": "B016PUU3VO",
"product_parent": "893588059",
"product_title": "Fruit of the Loom Boys' A-Shirt (Pack of 4)",
"review_body": "I ordered the same size as I ordered last time, and these shirts were much larger than the previous order. They were also about 6 inches longer. It was like they sent men's shirts instead of boys' shirts. I'll be returning these...",
"review_date": "2015-01-01",
"review_headline": "Sizes not correct, too big overall and WAY too long",
"review_id": "R1N3Z13931J3O9",
"star_rating": 2,
"total_votes": 0,
"verified_purchase": 1,
"vine": 0
}
```
#### Automotive_v1_00
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 582.15 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 1518.88 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 2101.03 MB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
{
"customer_id": "16825098",
"helpful_votes": 0,
"marketplace": "US",
"product_category": "Automotive",
"product_id": "B000E4PCGE",
"product_parent": "694793259",
"product_title": "00-03 NISSAN SENTRA MIRROR RH (PASSENGER SIDE), Power, Non-Heated (2000 00 2001 01 2002 02 2003 03) NS35ER 963015M000",
"review_body": "Product was as described, new and a great look. Only bad thing is that one of the screws was stripped so I couldn't tighten all three.",
"review_date": "2015-08-31",
"review_headline": "new and a great look. Only bad thing is that one of ...",
"review_id": "R2RUIDUMDKG7P",
"star_rating": 3,
"total_votes": 0,
"verified_purchase": 1,
"vine": 0
}
```
#### Baby_v1_00
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 357.40 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 956.30 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 1313.70 MB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{
"customer_id": "23299101",
"helpful_votes": 2,
"marketplace": "US",
"product_category": "Baby",
"product_id": "B00SN6F9NG",
"product_parent": "3470998",
"product_title": "Rhoost Nail Clipper for Baby - Ergonomically Designed and Easy to Use Baby Nail Clipper, Natural Wooden Bamboo - Baby Health and Personal Care Kits",
"review_body": "\"This is an absolute MUST item to have! I was scared to death to clip my baby's nails. I tried other baby nail clippers and th...",
"review_date": "2015-08-31",
"review_headline": "If fits so comfortably in my hand and I feel like I have ...",
"review_id": "R2DRL5NRODVQ3Z",
"star_rating": 5,
"total_votes": 2,
"verified_purchase": 1,
"vine": 0
}
```
#### Beauty_v1_00
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 914.08 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 2397.39 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 3311.47 MB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
{
"customer_id": "24655453",
"helpful_votes": 1,
"marketplace": "US",
"product_category": "Beauty",
"product_id": "B00SAQ9DZY",
"product_parent": "292127037",
"product_title": "12 New, High Quality, Amber 2 ml (5/8 Dram) Glass Bottles, with Orifice Reducer and Black Cap.",
"review_body": "These are great for small mixtures for EO's, especially for traveling. I only gave this 4 stars because of the orifice reducer. The hole is so small it is hard to get the oil out. Just needs to be slightly bigger.",
"review_date": "2015-08-31",
"review_headline": "Good Product",
"review_id": "R2A30ALEGLMCGN",
"star_rating": 4,
"total_votes": 1,
"verified_purchase": 1,
"vine": 0
}
```
#### Books_v1_00
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 2740.34 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 7193.86 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 9934.20 MB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{
"customer_id": "49735028",
"helpful_votes": 0,
"marketplace": "US",
"product_category": "Books",
"product_id": "0664254969",
"product_parent": "248307276",
"product_title": "Presbyterian Creeds: A Guide to the Book of Confessions",
"review_body": "\"The Presbyterian Book of Confessions contains multiple Creeds for use by the denomination. This guidebook helps he lay person t...",
"review_date": "2015-08-31",
"review_headline": "The Presbyterian Book of Confessions contains multiple Creeds for use ...",
"review_id": "R2G519UREHRO8M",
"star_rating": 3,
"total_votes": 1,
"verified_purchase": 1,
"vine": 0
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### Apparel_v1_00
- `marketplace`: a `string` feature.
- `customer_id`: a `string` feature.
- `review_id`: a `string` feature.
- `product_id`: a `string` feature.
- `product_parent`: a `string` feature.
- `product_title`: a `string` feature.
- `product_category`: a `string` feature.
- `star_rating`: a `int32` feature.
- `helpful_votes`: a `int32` feature.
- `total_votes`: a `int32` feature.
- `vine`: a classification label, with possible values including `Y` (0), `N` (1).
- `verified_purchase`: a classification label, with possible values including `Y` (0), `N` (1).
- `review_headline`: a `string` feature.
- `review_body`: a `string` feature.
- `review_date`: a `string` feature.
#### Automotive_v1_00
- `marketplace`: a `string` feature.
- `customer_id`: a `string` feature.
- `review_id`: a `string` feature.
- `product_id`: a `string` feature.
- `product_parent`: a `string` feature.
- `product_title`: a `string` feature.
- `product_category`: a `string` feature.
- `star_rating`: a `int32` feature.
- `helpful_votes`: a `int32` feature.
- `total_votes`: a `int32` feature.
- `vine`: a classification label, with possible values including `Y` (0), `N` (1).
- `verified_purchase`: a classification label, with possible values including `Y` (0), `N` (1).
- `review_headline`: a `string` feature.
- `review_body`: a `string` feature.
- `review_date`: a `string` feature.
#### Baby_v1_00
- `marketplace`: a `string` feature.
- `customer_id`: a `string` feature.
- `review_id`: a `string` feature.
- `product_id`: a `string` feature.
- `product_parent`: a `string` feature.
- `product_title`: a `string` feature.
- `product_category`: a `string` feature.
- `star_rating`: a `int32` feature.
- `helpful_votes`: a `int32` feature.
- `total_votes`: a `int32` feature.
- `vine`: a classification label, with possible values including `Y` (0), `N` (1).
- `verified_purchase`: a classification label, with possible values including `Y` (0), `N` (1).
- `review_headline`: a `string` feature.
- `review_body`: a `string` feature.
- `review_date`: a `string` feature.
#### Beauty_v1_00
- `marketplace`: a `string` feature.
- `customer_id`: a `string` feature.
- `review_id`: a `string` feature.
- `product_id`: a `string` feature.
- `product_parent`: a `string` feature.
- `product_title`: a `string` feature.
- `product_category`: a `string` feature.
- `star_rating`: a `int32` feature.
- `helpful_votes`: a `int32` feature.
- `total_votes`: a `int32` feature.
- `vine`: a classification label, with possible values including `Y` (0), `N` (1).
- `verified_purchase`: a classification label, with possible values including `Y` (0), `N` (1).
- `review_headline`: a `string` feature.
- `review_body`: a `string` feature.
- `review_date`: a `string` feature.
#### Books_v1_00
- `marketplace`: a `string` feature.
- `customer_id`: a `string` feature.
- `review_id`: a `string` feature.
- `product_id`: a `string` feature.
- `product_parent`: a `string` feature.
- `product_title`: a `string` feature.
- `product_category`: a `string` feature.
- `star_rating`: a `int32` feature.
- `helpful_votes`: a `int32` feature.
- `total_votes`: a `int32` feature.
- `vine`: a classification label, with possible values including `Y` (0), `N` (1).
- `verified_purchase`: a classification label, with possible values including `Y` (0), `N` (1).
- `review_headline`: a `string` feature.
- `review_body`: a `string` feature.
- `review_date`: a `string` feature.
### Data Splits
| name | train |
|----------------|-------:|
|Apparel_v1_00 | 5906333|
|Automotive_v1_00 | 3514942|
|Baby_v1_00 | 1752932|
|Beauty_v1_00 | 5115666|
|Books_v1_00 | 10319090|
|Books_v1_01 | 6106719|
|Books_v1_02 | 3105520|
|Camera_v1_00 | 1801974|
|Digital_Ebook_Purchase_v1_00 | 12520722|
|Digital_Ebook_Purchase_v1_01 | 5101693|
|Digital_Music_Purchase_v1_00 | 1688884|
|Digital_Software_v1_00 | 102084|
|Digital_Video_Download_v1_00 | 4057147|
|Digital_Video_Games_v1_00 | 145431|
|Electronics_v1_00 | 3093869|
|Furniture_v1_00 | 792113|
|Gift_Card_v1_00 | 149086|
|Grocery_v1_00 | 2402458|
|Health_Personal_Care_v1_00 | 5331449|
|Home_Entertainment_v1_00 | 705889|
|Home_Improvement_v1_00 | 2634781|
|Home_v1_00 | 6221559|
|Jewelry_v1_00 | 1767753|
|Kitchen_v1_00 | 4880466|
|Lawn_and_Garden_v1_00 | 2557288|
|Luggage_v1_00 | 348657|
|Major_Appliances_v1_00 | 96901|
|Mobile_Apps_v1_00 | 5033376|
|Mobile_Electronics_v1_00 | 104975|
|Music_v1_00 | 4751577|
|Musical_Instruments_v1_00 | 904765|
|Office_Products_v1_00 | 2642434|
|Outdoors_v1_00 | 2302401|
|PC_v1_00 | 6908554|
|Personal_Care_Appliances_v1_00 | 85981|
|Pet_Products_v1_00 | 2643619|
|Shoes_v1_00 | 4366916|
|Software_v1_00 | 341931|
|Sports_v1_00 | 4850360|
|Tools_v1_00 | 1741100|
|Toys_v1_00 | 4864249|
|Video_DVD_v1_00 | 5069140|
|Video_Games_v1_00 | 1785997|
|Video_v1_00 | 380604|
|Watches_v1_00 | 960872|
|Wireless_v1_00 | 9002021|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
https://s3.amazonaws.com/amazon-reviews-pds/LICENSE.txt
By accessing the Amazon Customer Reviews Library ("Reviews Library"), you agree that the
Reviews Library is an Amazon Service subject to the [Amazon.com Conditions of Use](https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/ref=footer_cou?ie=UTF8&nodeId=508088)
and you agree to be bound by them, with the following additional conditions:
In addition to the license rights granted under the Conditions of Use,
Amazon or its content providers grant you a limited, non-exclusive, non-transferable,
non-sublicensable, revocable license to access and use the Reviews Library
for purposes of academic research.
You may not resell, republish, or make any commercial use of the Reviews Library
or its contents, including use of the Reviews Library for commercial research,
such as research related to a funding or consultancy contract, internship, or
other relationship in which the results are provided for a fee or delivered
to a for-profit organization. You may not (a) link or associate content
in the Reviews Library with any personal information (including Amazon customer accounts),
or (b) attempt to determine the identity of the author of any content in the
Reviews Library.
If you violate any of the foregoing conditions, your license to access and use the
Reviews Library will automatically terminate without prejudice to any of the
other rights or remedies Amazon may have.
### Citation Information
No citation information.
### Contributions
Thanks to [@joeddav](https://github.com/joeddav) for adding this dataset. | 60,400 | [
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duorc | 2023-06-01T14:59:57.000Z | [
"task_categories:question-answering",
"task_categories:text2text-generation",
"task_ids:abstractive-qa",
"task_ids:extractive-qa",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:crowdsourced",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:100K<n<1M",
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:mit",
"arxiv:1804.07927",
"region:us"
] | null | DuoRC contains 186,089 unique question-answer pairs created from a collection of 7680 pairs of movie plots where each pair in the collection reflects two versions of the same movie. | @inproceedings{DuoRC,
author = { Amrita Saha and Rahul Aralikatte and Mitesh M. Khapra and Karthik Sankaranarayanan},title = {{DuoRC: Towards Complex Language Understanding with Paraphrased Reading Comprehension}},
booktitle = {Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)},
year = {2018}
} | 26 | 11,072 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
language:
- en
license:
- mit
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
- 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- question-answering
- text2text-generation
task_ids:
- abstractive-qa
- extractive-qa
paperswithcode_id: duorc
pretty_name: DuoRC
dataset_info:
- config_name: SelfRC
features:
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dtype: string
- name: plot
dtype: string
- name: title
dtype: string
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num_examples: 60721
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download_size: 34462660
dataset_size: 340658266
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features:
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num_bytes: 115215816
num_examples: 15857
download_size: 62921050
dataset_size: 718409466
config_names:
- ParaphraseRC
- SelfRC
---
# Dataset Card for duorc
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [DuoRC](https://duorc.github.io/)
- **Repository:** [GitHub](https://github.com/duorc/duorc)
- **Paper:** [arXiv](https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.07927)
- **Leaderboard:** [DuoRC Leaderboard](https://duorc.github.io/#leaderboard)
- **Point of Contact:** [Needs More Information]
### Dataset Summary
The DuoRC dataset is an English language dataset of questions and answers gathered from crowdsourced AMT workers on Wikipedia and IMDb movie plots. The workers were given freedom to pick answer from the plots or synthesize their own answers. It contains two sub-datasets - SelfRC and ParaphraseRC. SelfRC dataset is built on Wikipedia movie plots solely. ParaphraseRC has questions written from Wikipedia movie plots and the answers are given based on corresponding IMDb movie plots.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
- `abstractive-qa` : The dataset can be used to train a model for Abstractive Question Answering. An abstractive question answering model is presented with a passage and a question and is expected to generate a multi-word answer. The model performance is measured by exact-match and F1 score, similar to [SQuAD V1.1](https://huggingface.co/metrics/squad) or [SQuAD V2](https://huggingface.co/metrics/squad_v2). A [BART-based model](https://huggingface.co/yjernite/bart_eli5) with a [dense retriever](https://huggingface.co/yjernite/retribert-base-uncased) may be used for this task.
- `extractive-qa`: The dataset can be used to train a model for Extractive Question Answering. An extractive question answering model is presented with a passage and a question and is expected to predict the start and end of the answer span in the passage. The model performance is measured by exact-match and F1 score, similar to [SQuAD V1.1](https://huggingface.co/metrics/squad) or [SQuAD V2](https://huggingface.co/metrics/squad_v2). [BertForQuestionAnswering](https://huggingface.co/transformers/model_doc/bert.html#bertforquestionanswering) or any other similar model may be used for this task.
### Languages
The text in the dataset is in English, as spoken by Wikipedia writers for movie plots. The associated BCP-47 code is `en`.
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
```
{'answers': ['They arrived by train.'], 'no_answer': False, 'plot': "200 years in the future, Mars has been colonized by a high-tech company.\nMelanie Ballard (Natasha Henstridge) arrives by train to a Mars mining camp which has cut all communication links with the company headquarters. She's not alone, as she is with a group of fellow police officers. They find the mining camp deserted except for a person in the prison, Desolation Williams (Ice Cube), who seems to laugh about them because they are all going to die. They were supposed to take Desolation to headquarters, but decide to explore first to find out what happened.They find a man inside an encapsulated mining car, who tells them not to open it. However, they do and he tries to kill them. One of the cops witnesses strange men with deep scarred and heavily tattooed faces killing the remaining survivors. The cops realise they need to leave the place fast.Desolation explains that the miners opened a kind of Martian construction in the soil which unleashed red dust. Those who breathed that dust became violent psychopaths who started to build weapons and kill the uninfected. They changed genetically, becoming distorted but much stronger.The cops and Desolation leave the prison with difficulty, and devise a plan to kill all the genetically modified ex-miners on the way out. However, the plan goes awry, and only Melanie and Desolation reach headquarters alive. Melanie realises that her bosses won't ever believe her. However, the red dust eventually arrives to headquarters, and Melanie and Desolation need to fight once again.", 'plot_id': '/m/03vyhn', 'question': 'How did the police arrive at the Mars mining camp?', 'question_id': 'b440de7d-9c3f-841c-eaec-a14bdff950d1', 'title': 'Ghosts of Mars'}
```
### Data Fields
- `plot_id`: a `string` feature containing the movie plot ID.
- `plot`: a `string` feature containing the movie plot text.
- `title`: a `string` feature containing the movie title.
- `question_id`: a `string` feature containing the question ID.
- `question`: a `string` feature containing the question text.
- `answers`: a `list` of `string` features containing list of answers.
- `no_answer`: a `bool` feature informing whether the question has no answer or not.
### Data Splits
The data is split into a training, dev and test set in such a way that the resulting sets contain 70%, 15%, and 15% of the total QA pairs and no QA pairs for any movie seen in train are included in the test set. The final split sizes are as follows:
Name Train Dec Test
SelfRC 60721 12961 12599
ParaphraseRC 69524 15591 15857
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[Needs More Information]
### Source Data
Wikipedia and IMDb movie plots
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[Needs More Information]
#### Who are the source language producers?
[Needs More Information]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
For SelfRC, the annotators were allowed to mark an answer span in the plot or synthesize their own answers after reading Wikipedia movie plots.
For ParaphraseRC, questions from the Wikipedia movie plots from SelfRC were used and the annotators were asked to answer based on IMDb movie plots.
#### Who are the annotators?
Amazon Mechanical Turk Workers
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[Needs More Information]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[Needs More Information]
### Discussion of Biases
[Needs More Information]
### Other Known Limitations
[Needs More Information]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
The dataset was intially created by Amrita Saha, Rahul Aralikatte, Mitesh M. Khapra, and Karthik Sankaranarayanan in a collaborated work between IIT Madras and IBM Research.
### Licensing Information
[MIT License](https://github.com/duorc/duorc/blob/master/LICENSE)
### Citation Information
```
@inproceedings{DuoRC,
author = { Amrita Saha and Rahul Aralikatte and Mitesh M. Khapra and Karthik Sankaranarayanan},
title = {{DuoRC: Towards Complex Language Understanding with Paraphrased Reading Comprehension}},
booktitle = {Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)},
year = {2018}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@gchhablani](https://github.com/gchhablani) for adding this dataset. | 9,127 | [
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dair-ai/emotion | 2023-04-20T08:08:15.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-classification",
"task_ids:multi-class-classification",
"annotations_creators:machine-generated",
"language_creators:machine-generated",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:other",
"emotion-classification",
"region:us"
] | dair-ai | Emotion is a dataset of English Twitter messages with six basic emotions: anger, fear, joy, love, sadness, and surprise. For more detailed information please refer to the paper. | @inproceedings{saravia-etal-2018-carer,
title = "{CARER}: Contextualized Affect Representations for Emotion Recognition",
author = "Saravia, Elvis and
Liu, Hsien-Chi Toby and
Huang, Yen-Hao and
Wu, Junlin and
Chen, Yi-Shin",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
month = oct # "-" # nov,
year = "2018",
address = "Brussels, Belgium",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1404",
doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1404",
pages = "3687--3697",
abstract = "Emotions are expressed in nuanced ways, which varies by collective or individual experiences, knowledge, and beliefs. Therefore, to understand emotion, as conveyed through text, a robust mechanism capable of capturing and modeling different linguistic nuances and phenomena is needed. We propose a semi-supervised, graph-based algorithm to produce rich structural descriptors which serve as the building blocks for constructing contextualized affect representations from text. The pattern-based representations are further enriched with word embeddings and evaluated through several emotion recognition tasks. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art techniques on emotion recognition tasks.",
} | 132 | 10,634 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- machine-generated
language_creators:
- machine-generated
language:
- en
license:
- other
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- text-classification
task_ids:
- multi-class-classification
paperswithcode_id: emotion
pretty_name: Emotion
tags:
- emotion-classification
dataset_info:
- config_name: split
features:
- name: text
dtype: string
- name: label
dtype:
class_label:
names:
'0': sadness
'1': joy
'2': love
'3': anger
'4': fear
'5': surprise
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 1741597
num_examples: 16000
- name: validation
num_bytes: 214703
num_examples: 2000
- name: test
num_bytes: 217181
num_examples: 2000
download_size: 740883
dataset_size: 2173481
- config_name: unsplit
features:
- name: text
dtype: string
- name: label
dtype:
class_label:
names:
'0': sadness
'1': joy
'2': love
'3': anger
'4': fear
'5': surprise
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 45445685
num_examples: 416809
download_size: 15388281
dataset_size: 45445685
train-eval-index:
- config: default
task: text-classification
task_id: multi_class_classification
splits:
train_split: train
eval_split: test
col_mapping:
text: text
label: target
metrics:
- type: accuracy
name: Accuracy
- type: f1
name: F1 macro
args:
average: macro
- type: f1
name: F1 micro
args:
average: micro
- type: f1
name: F1 weighted
args:
average: weighted
- type: precision
name: Precision macro
args:
average: macro
- type: precision
name: Precision micro
args:
average: micro
- type: precision
name: Precision weighted
args:
average: weighted
- type: recall
name: Recall macro
args:
average: macro
- type: recall
name: Recall micro
args:
average: micro
- type: recall
name: Recall weighted
args:
average: weighted
---
# Dataset Card for "emotion"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://github.com/dair-ai/emotion_dataset](https://github.com/dair-ai/emotion_dataset)
- **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Paper:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 16.13 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 47.62 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 63.75 MB
### Dataset Summary
Emotion is a dataset of English Twitter messages with six basic emotions: anger, fear, joy, love, sadness, and surprise. For more detailed information please refer to the paper.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
An example looks as follows.
```
{
"text": "im feeling quite sad and sorry for myself but ill snap out of it soon",
"label": 0
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are:
- `text`: a `string` feature.
- `label`: a classification label, with possible values including `sadness` (0), `joy` (1), `love` (2), `anger` (3), `fear` (4), `surprise` (5).
### Data Splits
The dataset has 2 configurations:
- split: with a total of 20_000 examples split into train, validation and split
- unsplit: with a total of 416_809 examples in a single train split
| name | train | validation | test |
|---------|-------:|-----------:|-----:|
| split | 16000 | 2000 | 2000 |
| unsplit | 416809 | n/a | n/a |
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
The dataset should be used for educational and research purposes only.
### Citation Information
If you use this dataset, please cite:
```
@inproceedings{saravia-etal-2018-carer,
title = "{CARER}: Contextualized Affect Representations for Emotion Recognition",
author = "Saravia, Elvis and
Liu, Hsien-Chi Toby and
Huang, Yen-Hao and
Wu, Junlin and
Chen, Yi-Shin",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
month = oct # "-" # nov,
year = "2018",
address = "Brussels, Belgium",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1404",
doi = "10.18653/v1/D18-1404",
pages = "3687--3697",
abstract = "Emotions are expressed in nuanced ways, which varies by collective or individual experiences, knowledge, and beliefs. Therefore, to understand emotion, as conveyed through text, a robust mechanism capable of capturing and modeling different linguistic nuances and phenomena is needed. We propose a semi-supervised, graph-based algorithm to produce rich structural descriptors which serve as the building blocks for constructing contextualized affect representations from text. The pattern-based representations are further enriched with word embeddings and evaluated through several emotion recognition tasks. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art techniques on emotion recognition tasks.",
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@lhoestq](https://github.com/lhoestq), [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf), [@lewtun](https://github.com/lewtun) for adding this dataset.
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paws | 2023-06-01T14:59:56.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-classification",
"task_ids:semantic-similarity-classification",
"task_ids:semantic-similarity-scoring",
"task_ids:text-scoring",
"task_ids:multi-input-text-classification",
"annotations_creators:expert-generated",
"annotations_creators:machine-generated",
"language_creators:machine-generated",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:100K<n<1M",
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:other",
"paraphrase-identification",
"arxiv:1904.01130",
"region:us"
] | null | PAWS: Paraphrase Adversaries from Word Scrambling
This dataset contains 108,463 human-labeled and 656k noisily labeled pairs that feature
the importance of modeling structure, context, and word order information for the problem
of paraphrase identification. The dataset has two subsets, one based on Wikipedia and the
other one based on the Quora Question Pairs (QQP) dataset.
For further details, see the accompanying paper: PAWS: Paraphrase Adversaries from Word Scrambling
(https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.01130)
PAWS-QQP is not available due to license of QQP. It must be reconstructed by downloading the original
data and then running our scripts to produce the data and attach the labels.
NOTE: There might be some missing or wrong labels in the dataset and we have replaced them with -1. | @InProceedings{paws2019naacl,
title = {{PAWS: Paraphrase Adversaries from Word Scrambling}},
author = {Zhang, Yuan and Baldridge, Jason and He, Luheng},
booktitle = {Proc. of NAACL},
year = {2019}
} | 17 | 10,626 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- expert-generated
- machine-generated
language_creators:
- machine-generated
language:
- en
license:
- other
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
- 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- text-classification
task_ids:
- semantic-similarity-classification
- semantic-similarity-scoring
- text-scoring
- multi-input-text-classification
paperswithcode_id: paws
pretty_name: 'PAWS: Paraphrase Adversaries from Word Scrambling'
tags:
- paraphrase-identification
dataset_info:
- config_name: labeled_final
features:
- name: id
dtype: int32
- name: sentence1
dtype: string
- name: sentence2
dtype: string
- name: label
dtype:
class_label:
names:
'0': '0'
'1': '1'
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 12239978
num_examples: 49401
- name: test
num_bytes: 1987802
num_examples: 8000
- name: validation
num_bytes: 1975870
num_examples: 8000
download_size: 4687157
dataset_size: 16203650
- config_name: labeled_swap
features:
- name: id
dtype: int32
- name: sentence1
dtype: string
- name: sentence2
dtype: string
- name: label
dtype:
class_label:
names:
'0': '0'
'1': '1'
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 7963651
num_examples: 30397
download_size: 2257283
dataset_size: 7963651
- config_name: unlabeled_final
features:
- name: id
dtype: int32
- name: sentence1
dtype: string
- name: sentence2
dtype: string
- name: label
dtype:
class_label:
names:
'0': '0'
'1': '1'
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 157806996
num_examples: 645652
- name: validation
num_bytes: 2442173
num_examples: 10000
download_size: 47393331
dataset_size: 160249169
config_names:
- labeled_final
- labeled_swap
- unlabeled_final
---
# Dataset Card for PAWS: Paraphrase Adversaries from Word Scrambling
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [PAWS](https://github.com/google-research-datasets/paws)
- **Repository:** [PAWS](https://github.com/google-research-datasets/paws)
- **Paper:** [PAWS: Paraphrase Adversaries from Word Scrambling](https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.01130)
- **Point of Contact:** [Yuan Zhang](zhangyua@google.com)
### Dataset Summary
PAWS: Paraphrase Adversaries from Word Scrambling
This dataset contains 108,463 human-labeled and 656k noisily labeled pairs that feature the importance of modeling structure, context, and word order information for the problem of paraphrase identification. The dataset has two subsets, one based on Wikipedia and the other one based on the Quora Question Pairs (QQP) dataset.
For further details, see the accompanying paper: PAWS: Paraphrase Adversaries from Word Scrambling (https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.01130)
PAWS-QQP is not available due to license of QQP. It must be reconstructed by downloading the original data and then running our scripts to produce the data and attach the labels.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed]
### Languages
The text in the dataset is in English.
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
Below are two examples from the dataset:
| | Sentence 1 | Sentence 2 | Label |
| :-- | :---------------------------- | :---------------------------- | :---- |
| (1) | Although interchangeable, the body pieces on the 2 cars are not similar. | Although similar, the body parts are not interchangeable on the 2 cars. | 0 |
| (2) | Katz was born in Sweden in 1947 and moved to New York City at the age of 1. | Katz was born in 1947 in Sweden and moved to New York at the age of one. | 1 |
The first pair has different semantic meaning while the second pair is a paraphrase. State-of-the-art models trained on existing datasets have dismal performance on PAWS (<40% accuracy); however, including PAWS training data for these models improves their accuracy to 85% while maintaining performance on existing datasets such as the [Quora Question Pairs](https://data.quora.com/First-Quora-Dataset-Release-Question-Pairs).
### Data Fields
This corpus contains pairs generated from Wikipedia pages, and can be downloaded
here:
* **PAWS-Wiki Labeled (Final)**: containing pairs that are generated from both word swapping and back translation methods. All pairs have human judgements on both paraphrasing and fluency and they are split into Train/Dev/Test sections.
* **PAWS-Wiki Labeled (Swap-only)**: containing pairs that have no back translation counterparts and therefore they are not included in the first set. Nevertheless, they are high-quality pairs with human judgements on both paraphrasing and fluency, and they can be included as an auxiliary training set.
* **PAWS-Wiki Unlabeled (Final)**: Pairs in this set have noisy labels without human judgments and can also be used as an auxiliary training set. They are generated from both word swapping and back translation methods.
All files are in the tsv format with four columns:
Column Name | Data
:------------ | :--------------------------
id | A unique id for each pair
sentence1 | The first sentence
sentence2 | The second sentence
(noisy_)label | (Noisy) label for each pair
Each label has two possible values: `0` indicates the pair has different meaning, while `1` indicates the pair is a paraphrase.
### Data Splits
The number of examples and the proportion of paraphrase (Yes%) pairs are shown
below:
Data | Train | Dev | Test | Yes%
:------------------ | ------: | -----: | ----: | ----:
Labeled (Final) | 49,401 | 8,000 | 8,000 | 44.2%
Labeled (Swap-only) | 30,397 | -- | -- | 9.6%
Unlabeled (Final) | 645,652 | 10,000 | -- | 50.0%
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
Existing paraphrase identification datasets lack sentence pairs that have high lexical overlap without being paraphrases. Models trained on such data fail to distinguish pairs like *flights from New York to Florida* and *flights from Florida to New York*.
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
Their automatic generation method is based on two ideas. The first swaps words to generate a sentence pair with the same BOW, controlled by a language model. The second uses back translation to generate paraphrases with high BOW overlap but different word order. These two strategies generate high-quality, diverse PAWS pairs, balanced evenly between paraphrases and non-paraphrases.
#### Who are the source language producers?
Mentioned above.
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
Sentence pairs are presented to five annotators, each of which gives a binary judgment as to whether they are paraphrases or not. They chose binary judgments to make dataset have the same label schema as the QQP corpus. Overall, human agreement is high on both Quora (92.0%) and Wikipedia (94.7%) and each label only takes about 24 seconds. As such, answers are usually straight-forward to human raters.
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
List the people involved in collecting the dataset and their affiliation(s). If funding information is known, include it here.
### Licensing Information
The dataset may be freely used for any purpose, although acknowledgement of Google LLC ("Google") as the data source would be appreciated. The dataset is provided "AS IS" without any warranty, express or implied. Google disclaims all liability for any damages, direct or indirect, resulting from the use of the dataset.
### Citation Information
```
@InProceedings{paws2019naacl,
title = {{PAWS: Paraphrase Adversaries from Word Scrambling}},
author = {Zhang, Yuan and Baldridge, Jason and He, Luheng},
booktitle = {Proc. of NAACL},
year = {2019}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@bhavitvyamalik](https://github.com/bhavitvyamalik) for adding this dataset. | 9,339 | [
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MLCommons/peoples_speech | 2023-05-16T16:11:10.000Z | [
"task_categories:automatic-speech-recognition",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"annotations_creators:machine-generated",
"language_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:machine-generated",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:1T<n",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:cc-by-2.0",
"license:cc-by-2.5",
"license:cc-by-3.0",
"license:cc-by-4.0",
"license:cc-by-sa-3.0",
"license:cc-by-sa-4.0",
"robust-speech-recognition",
"noisy-speech-recognition",
"speech-recognition",
"arxiv:2111.09344",
"region:us"
] | MLCommons | The People's Speech is a free-to-download 30,000-hour and growing supervised
conversational English speech recognition dataset licensed for academic and
commercial usage under CC-BY-SA (with a CC-BY subset). | @article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2111-09344,
author = {Daniel Galvez and
Greg Diamos and
Juan Ciro and
Juan Felipe Ceron and
Keith Achorn and
Anjali Gopi and
David Kanter and
Maximilian Lam and
Mark Mazumder and
Vijay Janapa Reddi},
title = {The People's Speech: A Large-Scale Diverse English Speech Recognition
Dataset for Commercial Usage},
journal = {CoRR},
volume = {abs/2111.09344},
year = {2021},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.09344},
eprinttype = {arXiv},
eprint = {2111.09344},
timestamp = {Mon, 22 Nov 2021 16:44:07 +0100},
biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-2111-09344.bib},
bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
} | 27 | 10,420 | 2022-08-16T14:21:49 | ---
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
- machine-generated
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
- machine-generated
language:
- en
license:
- cc-by-2.0
- cc-by-2.5
- cc-by-3.0
- cc-by-4.0
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- cc-by-sa-4.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 1T<n
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- automatic-speech-recognition
task_ids: []
pretty_name: People's Speech
tags:
- robust-speech-recognition
- noisy-speech-recognition
- speech-recognition
---
# Dataset Card for People's Speech
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-instances)
- [Data Splits](#data-instances)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** https://mlcommons.org/en/peoples-speech/
- **Repository:** https://github.com/mlcommons/peoples-speech
- **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.09344
- **Leaderboard:** [Needs More Information]
- **Point of Contact:** [datasets@mlcommons.org](mailto:datasets@mlcommons.org)
### Dataset Summary
The People's Speech Dataset is among the world's largest English speech recognition corpus today that is licensed for academic and commercial usage under CC-BY-SA and CC-BY 4.0. It includes 30,000+ hours of transcribed speech in English languages with a diverse set of speakers. This open dataset is large enough to train speech-to-text systems and crucially is available with a permissive license.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[Needs More Information]
### Languages
English
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
{
"id": "gov_DOT_uscourts_DOT_scotus_DOT_19-161/gov_DOT_uscourts_DOT_scotus_DOT_19-161_DOT_2020-03-02_DOT_mp3_00002.flac",
"audio": {
"path": "gov_DOT_uscourts_DOT_scotus_DOT_19-161/gov_DOT_uscourts_DOT_scotus_DOT_19-161_DOT_2020-03-02_DOT_mp3_00002.flac"
"array": array([-6.10351562e-05, ...]),
"sampling_rate": 16000
}
"duration_ms": 14490,
"text": "contends that the suspension clause requires a [...]"
}
### Data Fields
{
"id": datasets.Value("string"),
"audio": datasets.Audio(sampling_rate=16_000),
"duration_ms": datasets.Value("int32"),
"text": datasets.Value("string"),
}
### Data Splits
We provide the following configurations for the dataset: `cc-by-clean`, `cc-by-dirty`, `cc-by-sa-clean`, `cc-by-sa-dirty`, and `microset`. We don't provide splits for any of the configurations.
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
See our [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.09344).
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
Data was downloaded via the archive.org API. No data inference was done.
#### Who are the source language producers?
[Needs More Information]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
No manual annotation is done. We download only source audio with already existing transcripts.
#### Who are the annotators?
For the test and dev sets, we paid native American English speakers to do transcriptions. We do not know the identities of the transcriptionists for data in the training set. For the training set, we have noticed that some transcriptions are likely to be the output of automatic speech recognition systems.
### Personal and Sensitive Information
Several of our sources are legal and government proceedings, spoken histories, speeches, and so on. Given that these were intended as public documents and licensed as such, it is natural that the involved individuals are aware of this.
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
The dataset could be used for speech synthesis. However, this requires careful cleaning of the dataset, as background noise is not tolerable for speech synthesis.
The dataset could be used for keyword spotting tasks as well. In particular, this is good use case for the non-English audio in the dataset.
Our sincere hope is that the large breadth of sources our dataset incorporates reduces existing quality of service issues today, like speech recognition system’s poor understanding of non-native English accents. We cannot think of any unfair treatment that come from using this dataset at this time.
### Discussion of Biases
Our data is downloaded from archive.org. As such, the data is biased towards whatever users decide to upload there.
Almost all of our data is American accented English.
### Other Known Limitations
As of version 1.0, a portion of data in the training, test, and dev sets is poorly aligned. Specifically, some words appear in the transcript, but not the audio, or some words appear in the audio, but not the transcript. We are working on it.
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[Needs More Information]
### Licensing Information
We provide CC-BY and CC-BY-SA subsets of the dataset.
### Citation Information
Please cite:
```
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2111-09344,
author = {Daniel Galvez and
Greg Diamos and
Juan Ciro and
Juan Felipe Cer{\'{o}}n and
Keith Achorn and
Anjali Gopi and
David Kanter and
Maximilian Lam and
Mark Mazumder and
Vijay Janapa Reddi},
title = {The People's Speech: {A} Large-Scale Diverse English Speech Recognition
Dataset for Commercial Usage},
journal = {CoRR},
volume = {abs/2111.09344},
year = {2021},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.09344},
eprinttype = {arXiv},
eprint = {2111.09344},
timestamp = {Mon, 22 Nov 2021 16:44:07 +0100},
biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-2111-09344.bib},
bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
``` | 6,530 | [
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wino_bias | 2023-01-25T15:02:31.000Z | [
"task_categories:token-classification",
"task_ids:coreference-resolution",
"annotations_creators:expert-generated",
"language_creators:expert-generated",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:1K<n<10K",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:mit",
"arxiv:1804.06876",
"region:us"
] | null | WinoBias, a Winograd-schema dataset for coreference resolution focused on gender bias.
The corpus contains Winograd-schema style sentences with entities corresponding to people
referred by their occupation (e.g. the nurse, the doctor, the carpenter). | @article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1804-06876,
author = {Jieyu Zhao and
Tianlu Wang and
Mark Yatskar and
Vicente Ordonez and
Kai{-}Wei Chang},
title = {Gender Bias in Coreference Resolution: Evaluation and Debiasing Methods},
journal = {CoRR},
volume = {abs/1804.06876},
year = {2018},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.06876},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {1804.06876},
timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:47:01 +0200},
biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1804-06876.bib},
bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
} | 9 | 10,386 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
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language_creators:
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language:
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license:
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multilinguality:
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size_categories:
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source_datasets:
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task_categories:
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task_ids:
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paperswithcode_id: winobias
pretty_name: WinoBias
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---
# Dataset Card for Wino_Bias dataset
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [WinoBias](https://uclanlp.github.io/corefBias/overview)
- **Repository:**
- **Paper:** [Arxiv](https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.06876)
- **Leaderboard:**
- **Point of Contact:**
### Dataset Summary
WinoBias, a Winograd-schema dataset for coreference resolution focused on gender bias.
The corpus contains Winograd-schema style sentences with entities corresponding to people referred by their occupation (e.g. the nurse, the doctor, the carpenter).
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
The underlying task is coreference resolution.
### Languages
English
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
The dataset has 4 subsets: `type1_pro`, `type1_anti`, `type2_pro` and `type2_anti`.
The `*_pro` subsets contain sentences that reinforce gender stereotypes (e.g. mechanics are male, nurses are female), whereas the `*_anti` datasets contain "anti-stereotypical" sentences (e.g. mechanics are female, nurses are male).
The `type1` (*WB-Knowledge*) subsets contain sentences for which world knowledge is necessary to resolve the co-references, and `type2` (*WB-Syntax*) subsets require only the syntactic information present in the sentence to resolve them.
### Data Fields
- document_id = This is a variation on the document filename
- part_number = Some files are divided into multiple parts numbered as 000, 001, 002, ... etc.
- word_num = This is the word index of the word in that sentence.
- tokens = This is the token as segmented/tokenized in the Treebank.
- pos_tags = This is the Penn Treebank style part of speech. When parse information is missing, all part of speeches except the one for which there is some sense or proposition annotation are marked with a XX tag. The verb is marked with just a VERB tag.
- parse_bit = This is the bracketed structure broken before the first open parenthesis in the parse, and the word/part-of-speech leaf replaced with a *. The full parse can be created by substituting the asterix with the "([pos] [word])" string (or leaf) and concatenating the items in the rows of that column. When the parse information is missing, the first word of a sentence is tagged as "(TOP*" and the last word is tagged as "*)" and all intermediate words are tagged with a "*".
- predicate_lemma = The predicate lemma is mentioned for the rows for which we have semantic role information or word sense information. All other rows are marked with a "-".
- predicate_framenet_id = This is the PropBank frameset ID of the predicate in predicate_lemma.
- word_sense = This is the word sense of the word in Column tokens.
- speaker = This is the speaker or author name where available.
- ner_tags = These columns identifies the spans representing various named entities. For documents which do not have named entity annotation, each line is represented with an "*".
- verbal_predicates = There is one column each of predicate argument structure information for the predicate mentioned in predicate_lemma. If there are no predicates tagged in a sentence this is a single column with all rows marked with an "*".
### Data Splits
Dev and Test Split available
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
The WinoBias dataset was introduced in 2018 (see [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.06876)), with its original task being *coreference resolution*, which is a task that aims to identify mentions that refer to the same entity or person.
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the source language producers?
The dataset was created by researchers familiar with the WinoBias project, based on two prototypical templates provided by the authors, in which entities interact in plausible ways.
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the annotators?
"Researchers familiar with the [WinoBias] project"
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[Recent work](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/uploads/prod/2021/06/The_Salmon_paper.pdf) has shown that this dataset contains grammatical issues, incorrect or ambiguous labels, and stereotype conflation, among other limitations.
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
Jieyu Zhao, Tianlu Wang, Mark Yatskar, Vicente Ordonez and Kai-Wei Chan
### Licensing Information
MIT Licence
### Citation Information
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1804-06876,
author = {Jieyu Zhao and
Tianlu Wang and
Mark Yatskar and
Vicente Ordonez and
Kai{-}Wei Chang},
title = {Gender Bias in Coreference Resolution: Evaluation and Debiasing Methods},
journal = {CoRR},
volume = {abs/1804.06876},
year = {2018},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.06876},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {1804.06876},
timestamp = {Mon, 13 Aug 2018 16:47:01 +0200},
biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1804-06876.bib},
bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
### Contributions
Thanks to [@akshayb7](https://github.com/akshayb7) for adding this dataset. Updated by [@JieyuZhao](https://github.com/JieyuZhao). | 20,935 | [
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] |
tydiqa | 2023-04-05T13:42:46.000Z | [
"task_categories:question-answering",
"task_ids:extractive-qa",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:crowdsourced",
"multilinguality:multilingual",
"size_categories:unknown",
"source_datasets:extended|wikipedia",
"language:ar",
"language:bn",
"language:en",
"language:fi",
"language:id",
"language:ja",
"language:ko",
"language:ru",
"language:sw",
"language:te",
"language:th",
"license:apache-2.0",
"region:us"
] | null | TyDi QA is a question answering dataset covering 11 typologically diverse languages with 204K question-answer pairs.
The languages of TyDi QA are diverse with regard to their typology -- the set of linguistic features that each language
expresses -- such that we expect models performing well on this set to generalize across a large number of the languages
in the world. It contains language phenomena that would not be found in English-only corpora. To provide a realistic
information-seeking task and avoid priming effects, questions are written by people who want to know the answer, but
don’t know the answer yet, (unlike SQuAD and its descendents) and the data is collected directly in each language without
the use of translation (unlike MLQA and XQuAD). | @article{tydiqa,
title = {TyDi QA: A Benchmark for Information-Seeking Question Answering in Typologically Diverse Languages},
author = {Jonathan H. Clark and Eunsol Choi and Michael Collins and Dan Garrette and Tom Kwiatkowski and Vitaly Nikolaev and Jennimaria Palomaki}
year = {2020},
journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics}
} | 15 | 10,378 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
pretty_name: TyDi QA
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
language:
- ar
- bn
- en
- fi
- id
- ja
- ko
- ru
- sw
- te
- th
license:
- apache-2.0
multilinguality:
- multilingual
size_categories:
- unknown
source_datasets:
- extended|wikipedia
task_categories:
- question-answering
task_ids:
- extractive-qa
paperswithcode_id: tydi-qa
dataset_info:
- config_name: primary_task
features:
- name: passage_answer_candidates
sequence:
- name: plaintext_start_byte
dtype: int32
- name: plaintext_end_byte
dtype: int32
- name: question_text
dtype: string
- name: document_title
dtype: string
- name: language
dtype: string
- name: annotations
sequence:
- name: passage_answer_candidate_index
dtype: int32
- name: minimal_answers_start_byte
dtype: int32
- name: minimal_answers_end_byte
dtype: int32
- name: yes_no_answer
dtype: string
- name: document_plaintext
dtype: string
- name: document_url
dtype: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 5550574617
num_examples: 166916
- name: validation
num_bytes: 484380443
num_examples: 18670
download_size: 1953887429
dataset_size: 6034955060
- config_name: secondary_task
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: title
dtype: string
- name: context
dtype: string
- name: question
dtype: string
- name: answers
sequence:
- name: text
dtype: string
- name: answer_start
dtype: int32
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 52948607
num_examples: 49881
- name: validation
num_bytes: 5006461
num_examples: 5077
download_size: 1953887429
dataset_size: 57955068
---
# Dataset Card for "tydiqa"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://github.com/google-research-datasets/tydiqa](https://github.com/google-research-datasets/tydiqa)
- **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Paper:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 3.91 GB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 6.10 GB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 10.00 GB
### Dataset Summary
TyDi QA is a question answering dataset covering 11 typologically diverse languages with 204K question-answer pairs.
The languages of TyDi QA are diverse with regard to their typology -- the set of linguistic features that each language
expresses -- such that we expect models performing well on this set to generalize across a large number of the languages
in the world. It contains language phenomena that would not be found in English-only corpora. To provide a realistic
information-seeking task and avoid priming effects, questions are written by people who want to know the answer, but
don’t know the answer yet, (unlike SQuAD and its descendents) and the data is collected directly in each language without
the use of translation (unlike MLQA and XQuAD).
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### primary_task
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 1.95 GB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 6.04 GB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 7.99 GB
An example of 'validation' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{
"annotations": {
"minimal_answers_end_byte": [-1, -1, -1],
"minimal_answers_start_byte": [-1, -1, -1],
"passage_answer_candidate_index": [-1, -1, -1],
"yes_no_answer": ["NONE", "NONE", "NONE"]
},
"document_plaintext": "\"\\nรองศาสตราจารย์[1] หม่อมราชวงศ์สุขุมพันธุ์ บริพัตร (22 กันยายน 2495 -) ผู้ว่าราชการกรุงเทพมหานครคนที่ 15 อดีตรองหัวหน้าพรรคปร...",
"document_title": "หม่อมราชวงศ์สุขุมพันธุ์ บริพัตร",
"document_url": "\"https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%...",
"language": "thai",
"passage_answer_candidates": "{\"plaintext_end_byte\": [494, 1779, 2931, 3904, 4506, 5588, 6383, 7122, 8224, 9375, 10473, 12563, 15134, 17765, 19863, 21902, 229...",
"question_text": "\"หม่อมราชวงศ์สุขุมพันธุ์ บริพัตร เรียนจบจากที่ไหน ?\"..."
}
```
#### secondary_task
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 1.95 GB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 58.03 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 2.01 GB
An example of 'validation' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{
"answers": {
"answer_start": [394],
"text": ["بطولتين"]
},
"context": "\"أقيمت البطولة 21 مرة، شارك في النهائيات 78 دولة، وعدد الفرق التي فازت بالبطولة حتى الآن 8 فرق، ويعد المنتخب البرازيلي الأكثر تت...",
"id": "arabic-2387335860751143628-1",
"question": "\"كم عدد مرات فوز الأوروغواي ببطولة كاس العالم لكرو القدم؟\"...",
"title": "قائمة نهائيات كأس العالم"
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### primary_task
- `passage_answer_candidates`: a dictionary feature containing:
- `plaintext_start_byte`: a `int32` feature.
- `plaintext_end_byte`: a `int32` feature.
- `question_text`: a `string` feature.
- `document_title`: a `string` feature.
- `language`: a `string` feature.
- `annotations`: a dictionary feature containing:
- `passage_answer_candidate_index`: a `int32` feature.
- `minimal_answers_start_byte`: a `int32` feature.
- `minimal_answers_end_byte`: a `int32` feature.
- `yes_no_answer`: a `string` feature.
- `document_plaintext`: a `string` feature.
- `document_url`: a `string` feature.
#### secondary_task
- `id`: a `string` feature.
- `title`: a `string` feature.
- `context`: a `string` feature.
- `question`: a `string` feature.
- `answers`: a dictionary feature containing:
- `text`: a `string` feature.
- `answer_start`: a `int32` feature.
### Data Splits
| name | train | validation |
| -------------- | -----: | ---------: |
| primary_task | 166916 | 18670 |
| secondary_task | 49881 | 5077 |
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Citation Information
```
@article{tydiqa,
title = {TyDi QA: A Benchmark for Information-Seeking Question Answering in Typologically Diverse Languages},
author = {Jonathan H. Clark and Eunsol Choi and Michael Collins and Dan Garrette and Tom Kwiatkowski and Vitaly Nikolaev and Jennimaria Palomaki}
year = {2020},
journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf), [@albertvillanova](https://github.com/albertvillanova), [@lewtun](https://github.com/lewtun), [@patrickvonplaten](https://github.com/patrickvonplaten) for adding this dataset. | 10,245 | [
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CarperAI/openai_summarize_tldr | 2023-01-10T02:53:40.000Z | [
"region:us"
] | CarperAI | null | null | 15 | 10,192 | 2023-01-10T02:53:30 | ---
dataset_info:
features:
- name: prompt
dtype: string
- name: label
dtype: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 181260841
num_examples: 116722
- name: valid
num_bytes: 10018338
num_examples: 6447
- name: test
num_bytes: 10198128
num_examples: 6553
download_size: 122973500
dataset_size: 201477307
---
# Dataset Card for "openai_summarize_tldr"
[More Information needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards) | 532 | [
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gsarti/flores_101 | 2022-10-27T08:37:36.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-generation",
"task_categories:translation",
"annotations_creators:found",
"language_creators:expert-generated",
"multilinguality:multilingual",
"multilinguality:translation",
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"language:yo",
"language:zu",
"license:cc-by-sa-4.0",
"conditional-text-generation",
"arxiv:2106.03193",
"region:us"
] | gsarti | One of the biggest challenges hindering progress in low-resource and multilingual machine translation is the
lack of good evaluation benchmarks. Current evaluation benchmarks either lack good coverage of low-resource
languages, consider only restricted domains, or are low quality because they are constructed using
semi-automatic procedures. In this work, we introduce the FLORES evaluation benchmark, consisting of 3001
sentences extracted from English Wikipedia and covering a variety of different topics and domains.
These sentences have been translated in 101 languages by professional translators through a carefully
controlled process. The resulting dataset enables better assessment of model quality on the long tail of
low-resource languages, including the evaluation of many-to-many multilingual translation systems, as all
translations are multilingually aligned. By publicly releasing such a high-quality and high-coverage dataset,
we hope to foster progress in the machine translation community and beyond. | @inproceedings{,
title={The {FLORES}-101 Evaluation Benchmark for Low-Resource and Multilingual Machine Translation},
author={
Goyal, Naman and Gao, Cynthia and Chaudhary, Vishrav and Chen, Peng-Jen and Wenzek, Guillaume and
Ju, Da and Krishnan, Sanjana and Ranzato, Marc'Aurelio and Guzm\'{a}n, Francisco and Fan, Angela
},
year={2021}
} | 9 | 10,174 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- found
language_creators:
- expert-generated
language:
- af
- am
- ar
- hy
- as
- ast
- az
- be
- bn
- bs
- bg
- my
- ca
- ceb
- zho
- hr
- cs
- da
- nl
- en
- et
- tl
- fi
- fr
- ff
- gl
- lg
- ka
- de
- el
- gu
- ha
- he
- hi
- hu
- is
- ig
- id
- ga
- it
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- ne
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- 'no'
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- tg
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license:
- cc-by-sa-4.0
multilinguality:
- multilingual
- translation
size_categories:
- unknown
source_datasets:
- extended|flores
task_categories:
- text-generation
- translation
task_ids: []
paperswithcode_id: flores
pretty_name: flores101
tags:
- conditional-text-generation
---
# Dataset Card for Flores 101
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Card for Flores 101](#dataset-card-for-flores-101)
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
## Dataset Description
- **Home:** [WMT](http://www.statmt.org/wmt21/large-scale-multilingual-translation-task.html)
- **Repository:** [Github](https://github.com/facebookresearch/flores)
- **Blogpost:** [FAIR](https://ai.facebook.com/blog/the-flores-101-data-set-helping-build-better-translation-systems-around-the-world)
- **Paper:** [Arxiv](https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.03193)
- **Point of Contact:** [flores@fb.com](mailto:flores@fb.com)
- **Leaderboard** [Dynabench](https://dynabench.org/flores/Flores%20MT%20Evaluation%20(FULL))
### Dataset Summary
FLORES is a benchmark dataset for machine translation between English and low-resource languages.
Abstract from the original paper:
> One of the biggest challenges hindering progress in low-resource and multilingual machine translation is the lack of good evaluation benchmarks. Current evaluation benchmarks either lack good coverage of low-resource languages, consider only restricted domains, or are low quality because they are constructed using semi-automatic procedures. In this work, we introduce the FLORES evaluation benchmark, consisting of 3001 sentences extracted from English Wikipedia and covering a variety of different topics and domains. These sentences have been translated in 101 languages by professional translators through a carefully controlled process. The resulting dataset enables better assessment of model quality on the long tail of low-resource languages, including the evaluation of many-to-many multilingual translation systems, as all translations are multilingually aligned. By publicly releasing such a high-quality and high-coverage dataset, we hope to foster progress in the machine translation community and beyond.
**Disclaimer**: *The Flores-101 dataset is hosted by the Facebook and licensed under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
#### Multilingual Machine Translation
Refer to the [Dynabench leaderboard](https://dynabench.org/flores/Flores%20MT%20Evaluation%20(FULL)) for additional details on model evaluation on FLORES-101 in the context of the WMT2021 shared task on [Large-Scale Multilingual Machine Translation](http://www.statmt.org/wmt21/large-scale-multilingual-translation-task.html).
### Languages
The dataset contains parallel sentences for 101 languages, as mentioned in the original [Github](https://github.com/facebookresearch/flores/blob/master/README.md) page for the project. Languages are identified with the ISO 639-3 code (e.g. `eng`, `fra`, `rus`) as in the original dataset.
**New:** Use the configuration `all` to access the full set of parallel sentences for all the available languages in a single command.
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
A sample from the `dev` split for the Russian language (`rus` config) is provided below. All configurations have the same structure, and all sentences are aligned across configurations and splits.
```python
{
'id': 1,
'sentence': 'В понедельник ученые из Медицинской школы Стэнфордского университета объявили об изобретении нового диагностического инструмента, который может сортировать клетки по их типу; это маленький чип, который можно напечатать, используя стандартный струйный принтер примерно за 1 цент США.',
'URL': 'https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Scientists_say_new_medical_diagnostic_chip_can_sort_cells_anywhere_with_an_inkjet',
'domain': 'wikinews',
'topic': 'health',
'has_image': 0,
'has_hyperlink': 0
}
```
The text is provided as-in the original dataset, without further preprocessing or tokenization.
### Data Fields
- `id`: Row number for the data entry, starting at 1.
- `sentence`: The full sentence in the specific language.
- `URL`: The URL for the English article from which the sentence was extracted.
- `domain`: The domain of the sentence.
- `topic`: The topic of the sentence.
- `has_image`: Whether the original article contains an image.
- `has_hyperlink`: Whether the sentence contains a hyperlink.
### Data Splits
| config| `dev`| `devtest`|
|-----------------:|-----:|---------:|
|all configurations| 997| 1012:|
### Dataset Creation
Please refer to the original article [The FLORES-101 Evaluation Benchmark for Low-Resource and Multilingual Machine Translation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.03193) for additional information on dataset creation.
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
The original authors of FLORES-101 are the curators of the original dataset. For problems or updates on this 🤗 Datasets version, please contact [gabriele.sarti996@gmail.com](mailto:gabriele.sarti996@gmail.com).
### Licensing Information
Licensed with Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 4.0. License available [here](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).
### Citation Information
Please cite the authors if you use these corpora in your work:
```bibtex
@inproceedings{flores101,
title={The FLORES-101 Evaluation Benchmark for Low-Resource and Multilingual Machine Translation},
author={Goyal, Naman and Gao, Cynthia and Chaudhary, Vishrav and Chen, Peng-Jen and Wenzek, Guillaume and Ju, Da and Krishnan, Sanjana and Ranzato, Marc'Aurelio and Guzm\'{a}n, Francisco and Fan, Angela},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2106.03193},
year={2021}
}
``` | 6,979 | [
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zh-plus/tiny-imagenet | 2022-07-12T09:04:30.000Z | [
"task_categories:image-classification",
"task_ids:multi-class-image-classification",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:crowdsourced",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:100K<n<1M",
"source_datasets:extended|imagenet-1k",
"language:en",
"region:us"
] | zh-plus | null | null | 22 | 10,146 | 2022-07-01T03:33:16 | ---
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
extra_gated_prompt: "By clicking on \u201CAccess repository\u201D below, you also\
\ agree to ImageNet Terms of Access:\n[RESEARCHER_FULLNAME] (the \"Researcher\"\
) has requested permission to use the ImageNet database (the \"Database\") at Princeton\
\ University and Stanford University. In exchange for such permission, Researcher\
\ hereby agrees to the following terms and conditions:\n1. Researcher shall use\
\ the Database only for non-commercial research and educational purposes.\n2. Princeton\
\ University, Stanford University and Hugging Face make no representations or warranties\
\ regarding the Database, including but not limited to warranties of non-infringement\
\ or fitness for a particular purpose.\n3. Researcher accepts full responsibility\
\ for his or her use of the Database and shall defend and indemnify the ImageNet\
\ team, Princeton University, Stanford University and Hugging Face, including their\
\ employees, Trustees, officers and agents, against any and all claims arising from\
\ Researcher's use of the Database, including but not limited to Researcher's use\
\ of any copies of copyrighted images that he or she may create from the Database.\n\
4. Researcher may provide research associates and colleagues with access to the\
\ Database provided that they first agree to be bound by these terms and conditions.\n\
5. Princeton University, Stanford University and Hugging Face reserve the right\
\ to terminate Researcher's access to the Database at any time.\n6. If Researcher\
\ is employed by a for-profit, commercial entity, Researcher's employer shall also\
\ be bound by these terms and conditions, and Researcher hereby represents that\
\ he or she is fully authorized to enter into this agreement on behalf of such employer.\n\
7. The law of the State of New Jersey shall apply to all disputes under this agreement."
language:
- en
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
license: []
multilinguality:
- monolingual
paperswithcode_id: imagenet
pretty_name: Tiny-ImageNet
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
source_datasets:
- extended|imagenet-1k
task_categories:
- image-classification
task_ids:
- multi-class-image-classification
---
# Dataset Card for tiny-imagenet
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** https://www.kaggle.com/c/tiny-imagenet
- **Repository:** [Needs More Information]
- **Paper:** http://cs231n.stanford.edu/reports/2017/pdfs/930.pdf
- **Leaderboard:** https://paperswithcode.com/sota/image-classification-on-tiny-imagenet-1
### Dataset Summary
Tiny ImageNet contains 100000 images of 200 classes (500 for each class) downsized to 64×64 colored images. Each class has 500 training images, 50 validation images, and 50 test images.
### Languages
The class labels in the dataset are in English.
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
```json
{
'image': <PIL.JpegImagePlugin.JpegImageFile image mode=RGB size=64x64 at 0x1A800E8E190,
'label': 15
}
```
### Data Fields
- image: A PIL.Image.Image object containing the image. Note that when accessing the image column: dataset[0]["image"] the image file is automatically decoded. Decoding of a large number of image files might take a significant amount of time. Thus it is important to first query the sample index before the "image" column, i.e. dataset[0]["image"] should always be preferred over dataset["image"][0].
- label: an int classification label. -1 for test set as the labels are missing. Check `classes.py` for the map of numbers & labels.
### Data Splits
| | Train | Valid |
| ------------ | ------ | ----- |
| # of samples | 100000 | 10000 |
## Usage
### Example
#### Load Dataset
```python
def example_usage():
tiny_imagenet = load_dataset('Maysee/tiny-imagenet', split='train')
print(tiny_imagenet[0])
if __name__ == '__main__':
example_usage()
``` | 3,899 | [
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copenlu/answerable_tydiqa | 2022-09-12T11:19:54.000Z | [
"task_categories:question-answering",
"task_ids:extractive-qa",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:crowdsourced",
"multilinguality:multilingual",
"source_datasets:extended|wikipedia",
"language:en",
"language:ar",
"language:bn",
"language:fi",
"language:id",
"language:ja",
"language:sw",
"language:ko",
"language:ru",
"language:te",
"language:th",
"license:apache-2.0",
"region:us"
] | copenlu | null | null | 6 | 10,110 | 2022-08-16T11:31:34 | ---
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language:
- en
- ar
- bn
- fi
- id
- ja
- sw
- ko
- ru
- te
- th
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
license:
- apache-2.0
multilinguality:
- multilingual
pretty_name: Answerable TyDi QA
size_categories:
- ['100K<n<1M']
source_datasets:
- extended|wikipedia
task_categories:
- question-answering
task_ids:
- extractive-qa
---
# Dataset Card for "answerable-tydiqa"
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://github.com/google-research-datasets/tydiqa](https://github.com/google-research-datasets/tydiqa)
- **Paper:** [Paper](https://aclanthology.org/2020.tacl-1.30/)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 75.43 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 131.78 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 207.21 MB
### Dataset Summary
[TyDi QA](https://huggingface.co/datasets/tydiqa) is a question answering dataset covering 11 typologically diverse languages.
Answerable TyDi QA is an extension of the GoldP subtask of the original TyDi QA dataset to also include unanswertable questions.
## Dataset Structure
The dataset contains a train and a validation set, with 116067 and 13325 examples, respectively. Access them with
```py
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("copenlu/answerable_tydiqa")
train_set = dataset["train"]
validation_set = dataset["validation"]
```
### Data Instances
Here is an example of an instance of the dataset:
```
{'question_text': 'dimanakah Dr. Ernest François Eugène Douwes Dekker meninggal?',
'document_title': 'Ernest Douwes Dekker',
'language': 'indonesian',
'annotations':
{'answer_start': [45],
'answer_text': ['28 Agustus 1950']
},
'document_plaintext': 'Ernest Douwes Dekker wafat dini hari tanggal 28 Agustus 1950 (tertulis di batu nisannya; 29 Agustus 1950 versi van der Veur, 2006) dan dimakamkan di TMP Cikutra, Bandung.',
'document_url': 'https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20Douwes%20Dekker'}
```
Description of the dataset columns:
| Column name | type | Description |
| ----------- | ----------- | ----------- |
| document_title | str | The title of the Wikipedia article from which the data instance was generated |
| document_url | str | The URL of said article |
| language | str | The language of the data instance |
| question_text | str | The question to answer |
| document_plaintext | str | The context, a Wikipedia paragraph that might or might not contain the answer to the question |
| annotations["answer_start"] | list[int] | The char index in 'document_plaintext' where the answer starts. If the question is unanswerable - [-1] |
| annotations["answer_text"] | list[str] | The answer, a span of text from 'document_plaintext'. If the question is unanswerable - [''] |
**Notice:** If the question is *answerable*, annotations["answer_start"] and annotations["answer_text"] contain a list of length 1
(In some variations of the dataset the lists might be longer, e.g. if more than one person annotated the instance, but not in our case).
If the question is *unanswerable*, annotations["answer_start"] will have "-1", while annotations["answer_text"] contain a list with an empty sring.
## Useful stuff
Check out the [datasets ducumentations](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/quickstart) to learn how to manipulate and use the dataset. Specifically, you might find the following functions useful:
`dataset.filter`, for filtering out data (useful for keeping instances of specific languages, for example).
`dataset.map`, for manipulating the dataset.
`dataset.to_pandas`, to convert the dataset into a pandas.DataFrame format.
```
@article{tydiqa,
title = {TyDi QA: A Benchmark for Information-Seeking Question Answering in Typologically Diverse Languages},
author = {Jonathan H. Clark and Eunsol Choi and Michael Collins and Dan Garrette and Tom Kwiatkowski and Vitaly Nikolaev and Jennimaria Palomaki}
year = {2020},
journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf), [@albertvillanova](https://github.com/albertvillanova), [@lewtun](https://github.com/lewtun), [@patrickvonplaten](https://github.com/patrickvonplaten) for adding this dataset. | 4,938 | [
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] |
mc4 | 2022-10-28T16:36:33.000Z | [
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] | null | A colossal, cleaned version of Common Crawl's web crawl corpus.
Based on Common Crawl dataset: "https://commoncrawl.org".
This is the processed version of Google's mC4 dataset by AllenAI. | @article{2019t5,
author = {Colin Raffel and Noam Shazeer and Adam Roberts and Katherine Lee and Sharan Narang and Michael Matena and Yanqi Zhou and Wei Li and Peter J. Liu},
title = {Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer},
journal = {arXiv e-prints},
year = {2019},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {1910.10683},
} | 107 | 10,015 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
pretty_name: mC4
annotations_creators:
- no-annotation
language_creators:
- found
language:
- af
- am
- ar
- az
- be
- bg
- bn
- ca
- ceb
- co
- cs
- cy
- da
- de
- el
- en
- eo
- es
- et
- eu
- fa
- fi
- fil
- fr
- fy
- ga
- gd
- gl
- gu
- ha
- haw
- he
- hi
- hmn
- ht
- hu
- hy
- id
- ig
- is
- it
- iw
- ja
- jv
- ka
- kk
- km
- kn
- ko
- ku
- ky
- la
- lb
- lo
- lt
- lv
- mg
- mi
- mk
- ml
- mn
- mr
- ms
- mt
- my
- ne
- nl
- 'no'
- ny
- pa
- pl
- ps
- pt
- ro
- ru
- sd
- si
- sk
- sl
- sm
- sn
- so
- sq
- sr
- st
- su
- sv
- sw
- ta
- te
- tg
- th
- tr
- uk
- und
- ur
- uz
- vi
- xh
- yi
- yo
- zh
- zu
language_bcp47:
- bg-Latn
- el-Latn
- hi-Latn
- ja-Latn
- ru-Latn
- zh-Latn
license:
- odc-by
multilinguality:
- multilingual
size_categories:
- n<1K
- 1K<n<10K
- 10K<n<100K
- 100K<n<1M
- 1M<n<10M
- 10M<n<100M
- 100M<n<1B
- 1B<n<10B
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- text-generation
- fill-mask
task_ids:
- language-modeling
- masked-language-modeling
paperswithcode_id: mc4
---
# Dataset Card for mC4
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Card for mC4](#dataset-card-for-mc4)
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Initial Data Collection and Normalization](#initial-data-collection-and-normalization)
- [Who are the source language producers?](#who-are-the-source-language-producers)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Annotation process](#annotation-process)
- [Who are the annotators?](#who-are-the-annotators)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/c4
- **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.10683
### Dataset Summary
A multilingual colossal, cleaned version of Common Crawl's web crawl corpus. Based on Common Crawl dataset: "https://commoncrawl.org".
This is the version prepared by AllenAI, hosted at this address: https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/c4
108 languages are available and are reported in the table below.
Note that the languages that end with "-Latn" are simply romanized variants, i.e. written using the Latin script.
| language code | language name |
|:----------------|:---------------------|
| af | Afrikaans |
| am | Amharic |
| ar | Arabic |
| az | Azerbaijani |
| be | Belarusian |
| bg | Bulgarian |
| bg-Latn | Bulgarian (Latin) |
| bn | Bangla |
| ca | Catalan |
| ceb | Cebuano |
| co | Corsican |
| cs | Czech |
| cy | Welsh |
| da | Danish |
| de | German |
| el | Greek |
| el-Latn | Greek (Latin) |
| en | English |
| eo | Esperanto |
| es | Spanish |
| et | Estonian |
| eu | Basque |
| fa | Persian |
| fi | Finnish |
| fil | Filipino |
| fr | French |
| fy | Western Frisian |
| ga | Irish |
| gd | Scottish Gaelic |
| gl | Galician |
| gu | Gujarati |
| ha | Hausa |
| haw | Hawaiian |
| hi | Hindi |
| hi-Latn | Hindi (Latin script) |
| hmn | Hmong, Mong |
| ht | Haitian |
| hu | Hungarian |
| hy | Armenian |
| id | Indonesian |
| ig | Igbo |
| is | Icelandic |
| it | Italian |
| iw | former Hebrew |
| ja | Japanese |
| ja-Latn | Japanese (Latin) |
| jv | Javanese |
| ka | Georgian |
| kk | Kazakh |
| km | Khmer |
| kn | Kannada |
| ko | Korean |
| ku | Kurdish |
| ky | Kyrgyz |
| la | Latin |
| lb | Luxembourgish |
| lo | Lao |
| lt | Lithuanian |
| lv | Latvian |
| mg | Malagasy |
| mi | Maori |
| mk | Macedonian |
| ml | Malayalam |
| mn | Mongolian |
| mr | Marathi |
| ms | Malay |
| mt | Maltese |
| my | Burmese |
| ne | Nepali |
| nl | Dutch |
| no | Norwegian |
| ny | Nyanja |
| pa | Punjabi |
| pl | Polish |
| ps | Pashto |
| pt | Portuguese |
| ro | Romanian |
| ru | Russian |
| ru-Latn | Russian (Latin) |
| sd | Sindhi |
| si | Sinhala |
| sk | Slovak |
| sl | Slovenian |
| sm | Samoan |
| sn | Shona |
| so | Somali |
| sq | Albanian |
| sr | Serbian |
| st | Southern Sotho |
| su | Sundanese |
| sv | Swedish |
| sw | Swahili |
| ta | Tamil |
| te | Telugu |
| tg | Tajik |
| th | Thai |
| tr | Turkish |
| uk | Ukrainian |
| und | Unknown language |
| ur | Urdu |
| uz | Uzbek |
| vi | Vietnamese |
| xh | Xhosa |
| yi | Yiddish |
| yo | Yoruba |
| zh | Chinese |
| zh-Latn | Chinese (Latin) |
| zu | Zulu |
You can load the mC4 subset of any language like this:
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
en_mc4 = load_dataset("mc4", "en")
```
And if you can even specify a list of languages:
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
mc4_subset_with_five_languages = load_dataset("mc4", languages=["en", "fr", "es", "de", "zh"])
```
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
mC4 is mainly intended to pretrain language models and word representations.
### Languages
The dataset supports 108 languages.
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
An example form the `en` config is:
```
{'timestamp': '2018-06-24T01:32:39Z',
'text': 'Farm Resources in Plumas County\nShow Beginning Farmer Organizations & Professionals (304)\nThere are 304 resources serving Plumas County in the following categories:\nMap of Beginning Farmer Organizations & Professionals serving Plumas County\nVictoria Fisher - Office Manager - Loyalton, CA\nAmy Lynn Rasband - UCCE Plumas-Sierra Administrative Assistant II - Quincy , CA\nShow Farm Income Opportunities Organizations & Professionals (353)\nThere are 353 resources serving Plumas County in the following categories:\nFarm Ranch And Forest Retailers (18)\nMap of Farm Income Opportunities Organizations & Professionals serving Plumas County\nWarner Valley Wildlife Area - Plumas County\nShow Farm Resources Organizations & Professionals (297)\nThere are 297 resources serving Plumas County in the following categories:\nMap of Farm Resources Organizations & Professionals serving Plumas County\nThere are 57 resources serving Plumas County in the following categories:\nMap of Organic Certification Organizations & Professionals serving Plumas County',
'url': 'http://www.californialandcan.org/Plumas/Farm-Resources/'}
```
### Data Fields
The data have several fields:
- `url`: url of the source as a string
- `text`: text content as a string
- `timestamp`: timestamp as a string
### Data Splits
To build mC4, the authors used [CLD3](https://github.com/google/cld3) to identify over 100 languages. The resulting mC4 subsets for each language are reported in this table:
| config | train | validation |
|:---------|:--------|:-------------|
| af | ? | ? |
| am | ? | ? |
| ar | ? | ? |
| az | ? | ? |
| be | ? | ? |
| bg | ? | ? |
| bg-Latn | ? | ? |
| bn | ? | ? |
| ca | ? | ? |
| ceb | ? | ? |
| co | ? | ? |
| cs | ? | ? |
| cy | ? | ? |
| da | ? | ? |
| de | ? | ? |
| el | ? | ? |
| el-Latn | ? | ? |
| en | ? | ? |
| eo | ? | ? |
| es | ? | ? |
| et | ? | ? |
| eu | ? | ? |
| fa | ? | ? |
| fi | ? | ? |
| fil | ? | ? |
| fr | ? | ? |
| fy | ? | ? |
| ga | ? | ? |
| gd | ? | ? |
| gl | ? | ? |
| gu | ? | ? |
| ha | ? | ? |
| haw | ? | ? |
| hi | ? | ? |
| hi-Latn | ? | ? |
| hmn | ? | ? |
| ht | ? | ? |
| hu | ? | ? |
| hy | ? | ? |
| id | ? | ? |
| ig | ? | ? |
| is | ? | ? |
| it | ? | ? |
| iw | ? | ? |
| ja | ? | ? |
| ja-Latn | ? | ? |
| jv | ? | ? |
| ka | ? | ? |
| kk | ? | ? |
| km | ? | ? |
| kn | ? | ? |
| ko | ? | ? |
| ku | ? | ? |
| ky | ? | ? |
| la | ? | ? |
| lb | ? | ? |
| lo | ? | ? |
| lt | ? | ? |
| lv | ? | ? |
| mg | ? | ? |
| mi | ? | ? |
| mk | ? | ? |
| ml | ? | ? |
| mn | ? | ? |
| mr | ? | ? |
| ms | ? | ? |
| mt | ? | ? |
| my | ? | ? |
| ne | ? | ? |
| nl | ? | ? |
| no | ? | ? |
| ny | ? | ? |
| pa | ? | ? |
| pl | ? | ? |
| ps | ? | ? |
| pt | ? | ? |
| ro | ? | ? |
| ru | ? | ? |
| ru-Latn | ? | ? |
| sd | ? | ? |
| si | ? | ? |
| sk | ? | ? |
| sl | ? | ? |
| sm | ? | ? |
| sn | ? | ? |
| so | ? | ? |
| sq | ? | ? |
| sr | ? | ? |
| st | ? | ? |
| su | ? | ? |
| sv | ? | ? |
| sw | ? | ? |
| ta | ? | ? |
| te | ? | ? |
| tg | ? | ? |
| th | ? | ? |
| tr | ? | ? |
| uk | ? | ? |
| und | ? | ? |
| ur | ? | ? |
| uz | ? | ? |
| vi | ? | ? |
| xh | ? | ? |
| yi | ? | ? |
| yo | ? | ? |
| zh | ? | ? |
| zh-Latn | ? | ? |
| zu | ? | ? |
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed]
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed]
### Licensing Information
AllenAI are releasing this dataset under the terms of ODC-BY. By using this, you are also bound by the Common Crawl terms of use in respect of the content contained in the dataset.
### Citation Information
```
@article{2019t5,
author = {Colin Raffel and Noam Shazeer and Adam Roberts and Katherine Lee and Sharan Narang and Michael Matena and Yanqi Zhou and Wei Li and Peter J. Liu},
title = {Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer},
journal = {arXiv e-prints},
year = {2019},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {1910.10683},
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@dirkgr](https://github.com/dirkgr) and [@lhoestq](https://github.com/lhoestq) for adding this dataset.
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OpenAssistant/oasst1 | 2023-05-02T13:21:21.000Z | [
"size_categories:100K<n<1M",
"language:en",
"language:es",
"language:ru",
"language:de",
"language:pl",
"language:th",
"language:vi",
"language:sv",
"language:bn",
"language:da",
"language:he",
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"language:fi",
"language:pt",
"language:tr",
"language:ro",
"language:ar",
"language:uk",
"language:gl",
"language:fr",
"language:ko",
"license:apache-2.0",
"human-feedback",
"arxiv:2304.07327",
"region:us"
] | OpenAssistant | null | null | 1,064 | 9,973 | 2023-04-13T15:48:16 | ---
license: apache-2.0
dataset_info:
features:
- name: message_id
dtype: string
- name: parent_id
dtype: string
- name: user_id
dtype: string
- name: created_date
dtype: string
- name: text
dtype: string
- name: role
dtype: string
- name: lang
dtype: string
- name: review_count
dtype: int32
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dtype: bool
- name: deleted
dtype: bool
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dtype: int32
- name: synthetic
dtype: bool
- name: model_name
dtype: string
- name: detoxify
struct:
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dtype: float64
- name: severe_toxicity
dtype: float64
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dtype: float64
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dtype: float64
- name: insult
dtype: float64
- name: threat
dtype: float64
- name: sexual_explicit
dtype: float64
- name: message_tree_id
dtype: string
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dtype: string
- name: emojis
sequence:
- name: name
dtype: string
- name: count
dtype: int32
- name: labels
sequence:
- name: name
dtype: string
- name: value
dtype: float64
- name: count
dtype: int32
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 100367999
num_examples: 84437
- name: validation
num_bytes: 5243405
num_examples: 4401
download_size: 41596430
dataset_size: 105611404
language:
- en
- es
- ru
- de
- pl
- th
- vi
- sv
- bn
- da
- he
- it
- fa
- sk
- id
- nb
- el
- nl
- hu
- eu
- zh
- eo
- ja
- ca
- cs
- bg
- fi
- pt
- tr
- ro
- ar
- uk
- gl
- fr
- ko
tags:
- human-feedback
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
pretty_name: OpenAssistant Conversations
---
# OpenAssistant Conversations Dataset (OASST1)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** https://www.open-assistant.io/
- **Repository:** https://github.com/LAION-AI/Open-Assistant
- **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.07327
### Dataset Summary
In an effort to democratize research on large-scale alignment, we release OpenAssistant
Conversations (OASST1), a human-generated, human-annotated assistant-style conversation
corpus consisting of 161,443 messages in 35 different languages, annotated with 461,292
quality ratings, resulting in over 10,000 fully annotated conversation trees. The corpus
is a product of a worldwide crowd-sourcing effort involving over 13,500 volunteers.
Please refer to our [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.07327) for further details.
### Dataset Structure
This dataset contains message trees. Each message tree has an initial prompt message as the root node,
which can have multiple child messages as replies, and these child messages can have multiple replies.
All messages have a role property: this can either be "assistant" or "prompter". The roles in
conversation threads from prompt to leaf node strictly alternate between "prompter" and "assistant".
This version of the dataset contains data collected on the [open-assistant.io](https://open-assistant.io/) website until April 12 2023.
### JSON Example: Message
For readability, the following JSON examples are shown formatted with indentation on multiple lines.
Objects are stored without indentation (on single lines) in the actual jsonl files.
```json
{
"message_id": "218440fd-5317-4355-91dc-d001416df62b",
"parent_id": "13592dfb-a6f9-4748-a92c-32b34e239bb4",
"user_id": "8e95461f-5e94-4d8b-a2fb-d4717ce973e4",
"text": "It was the winter of 2035, and artificial intelligence (..)",
"role": "assistant",
"lang": "en",
"review_count": 3,
"review_result": true,
"deleted": false,
"rank": 0,
"synthetic": true,
"model_name": "oasst-sft-0_3000,max_new_tokens=400 (..)",
"labels": {
"spam": { "value": 0.0, "count": 3 },
"lang_mismatch": { "value": 0.0, "count": 3 },
"pii": { "value": 0.0, "count": 3 },
"not_appropriate": { "value": 0.0, "count": 3 },
"hate_speech": { "value": 0.0, "count": 3 },
"sexual_content": { "value": 0.0, "count": 3 },
"quality": { "value": 0.416, "count": 3 },
"toxicity": { "value": 0.16, "count": 3 },
"humor": { "value": 0.0, "count": 3 },
"creativity": { "value": 0.33, "count": 3 },
"violence": { "value": 0.16, "count": 3 }
}
}
```
### JSON Example: Conversation Tree
For readability, only a subset of the message properties is shown here.
```json
{
"message_tree_id": "14fbb664-a620-45ce-bee4-7c519b16a793",
"tree_state": "ready_for_export",
"prompt": {
"message_id": "14fbb664-a620-45ce-bee4-7c519b16a793",
"text": "Why can't we divide by 0? (..)",
"role": "prompter",
"lang": "en",
"replies": [
{
"message_id": "894d30b6-56b4-4605-a504-89dd15d4d1c8",
"text": "The reason we cannot divide by zero is because (..)",
"role": "assistant",
"lang": "en",
"replies": [
// ...
]
},
{
"message_id": "84d0913b-0fd9-4508-8ef5-205626a7039d",
"text": "The reason that the result of a division by zero is (..)",
"role": "assistant",
"lang": "en",
"replies": [
{
"message_id": "3352725e-f424-4e3b-a627-b6db831bdbaa",
"text": "Math is confusing. Like those weird Irrational (..)",
"role": "prompter",
"lang": "en",
"replies": [
{
"message_id": "f46207ca-3149-46e9-a466-9163d4ce499c",
"text": "Irrational numbers are simply numbers (..)",
"role": "assistant",
"lang": "en",
"replies": []
},
// ...
]
}
]
}
]
}
}
```
Please refer to [oasst-data](https://github.com/LAION-AI/Open-Assistant/tree/main/oasst-data) for
details about the data structure and Python code to read and write jsonl files containing oasst data objects.
If you would like to explore the dataset yourself you can find a
[`getting-started`](https://github.com/LAION-AI/Open-Assistant/blob/main/notebooks/openassistant-oasst1/getting-started.ipynb)
notebook in the `notebooks/openassistant-oasst1` folder of the [LAION-AI/Open-Assistant](https://github.com/LAION-AI/Open-Assistant)
github repository.
## Main Dataset Files
Conversation data is provided either as nested messages in trees (extension `.trees.jsonl.gz`)
or as a flat list (table) of messages (extension `.messages.jsonl.gz`).
### Ready For Export Trees
```
2023-04-12_oasst_ready.trees.jsonl.gz 10,364 trees with 88,838 total messages
2023-04-12_oasst_ready.messages.jsonl.gz 88,838 messages
```
Trees in `ready_for_export` state without spam and deleted messages including message labels.
The oasst_ready-trees file usually is sufficient for supervised fine-tuning (SFT) & reward model (RM) training.
### All Trees
```
2023-04-12_oasst_all.trees.jsonl.gz 66,497 trees with 161,443 total messages
2023-04-12_oasst_all.messages.jsonl.gz 161,443 messages
```
All trees, including those in states `prompt_lottery_waiting` (trees that consist of only one message, namely the initial prompt),
`aborted_low_grade` (trees that stopped growing because the messages had low quality), and `halted_by_moderator`.
### Supplemental Exports: Spam & Prompts
```
2023-04-12_oasst_spam.messages.jsonl.gz
```
These are messages which were deleted or have a negative review result (`"review_result": false`).
Besides low quality, a frequent reason for message deletion is a wrong language tag.
```
2023-04-12_oasst_prompts.messages.jsonl.gz
```
These are all the kept initial prompt messages with positive review result (no spam) of trees in `ready_for_export` or `prompt_lottery_waiting` state.
### Using the Huggingface Datasets
While HF datasets is ideal for tabular datasets, it is not a natural fit for nested data structures like the OpenAssistant conversation trees.
Nevertheless, we make all messages which can also be found in the file `2023-04-12_oasst_ready.trees.jsonl.gz` available in parquet as train/validation splits.
These are directly loadable by [Huggingface Datasets](https://pypi.org/project/datasets/).
To load the oasst1 train & validation splits use:
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("OpenAssistant/oasst1")
train = ds['train'] # len(train)=84437 (95%)
val = ds['validation'] # len(val)=4401 (5%)
```
The messages appear in depth-first order of the message trees.
Full conversation trees can be reconstructed from the flat messages table by using the `parent_id`
and `message_id` properties to identify the parent-child relationship of messages. The `message_tree_id`
and `tree_state` properties (only present in flat messages files) can be used to find all messages of a message tree or to select trees by their state.
### Languages
OpenAssistant Conversations incorporates 35 different languages with a distribution of messages as follows:
**Languages with over 1000 messages**
- English: 71956
- Spanish: 43061
- Russian: 9089
- German: 5279
- Chinese: 4962
- French: 4251
- Thai: 3042
- Portuguese (Brazil): 2969
- Catalan: 2260
- Korean: 1553
- Ukrainian: 1352
- Italian: 1320
- Japanese: 1018
<details>
<summary><b>Languages with under 1000 messages</b></summary>
<ul>
<li>Vietnamese: 952</li>
<li>Basque: 947</li>
<li>Polish: 886</li>
<li>Hungarian: 811</li>
<li>Arabic: 666</li>
<li>Dutch: 628</li>
<li>Swedish: 512</li>
<li>Turkish: 454</li>
<li>Finnish: 386</li>
<li>Czech: 372</li>
<li>Danish: 358</li>
<li>Galician: 339</li>
<li>Hebrew: 255</li>
<li>Romanian: 200</li>
<li>Norwegian Bokmål: 133</li>
<li>Indonesian: 115</li>
<li>Bulgarian: 95</li>
<li>Bengali: 82</li>
<li>Persian: 72</li>
<li>Greek: 66</li>
<li>Esperanto: 59</li>
<li>Slovak: 19</li>
</ul>
</details>
## Contact
- Discord [Open Assistant Discord Server](https://ykilcher.com/open-assistant-discord)
- GitHub: [LAION-AI/Open-Assistant](https://github.com/LAION-AI/Open-Assistant)
- E-Mail: [open-assistant@laion.ai](mailto:open-assistant@laion.ai) | 10,167 | [
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] |
phiyodr/coco2017 | 2023-06-26T11:40:47.000Z | [
"task_categories:image-to-text",
"task_ids:image-captioning",
"size_categories:100K<n<1M",
"language:en",
"coco",
"image-captioning",
"region:us"
] | phiyodr | null | null | 1 | 9,817 | 2023-06-26T08:48:25 | ---
language:
- en
pretty_name: COCO2017
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
task_categories:
- image-to-text
task_ids:
- image-captioning
tags:
- coco
- image-captioning
dataset_info:
features:
- name: license
dtype: int64
- name: file_name
dtype: string
- name: coco_url
dtype: string
- name: height
dtype: int64
- name: width
dtype: int64
- name: date_captured
dtype: string
- name: flickr_url
dtype: string
- name: image_id
dtype: int64
- name: ids
sequence: int64
- name: captions
sequence: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 64026361
num_examples: 118287
- name: validation
num_bytes: 2684731
num_examples: 5000
download_size: 30170127
dataset_size: 66711092
---
# coco2017
Image-text pairs from [MS COCO2017](https://cocodataset.org/#download).
## Data origin
* Data originates from [cocodataset.org](http://images.cocodataset.org/annotations/annotations_trainval2017.zip)
* While `coco-karpathy` uses a dense format (with several sentences and sendids per row), `coco-karpathy-long` uses a long format with one `sentence` (aka caption) and `sendid` per row. `coco-karpathy-long` uses the first five sentences and therefore is five times as long as `coco-karpathy`.
* `phiyodr/coco2017`: One row corresponds one image with several sentences.
* `phiyodr/coco2017-long`: One row correspond one sentence (aka caption). There are 5 rows (sometimes more) with the same image details.
## Format
```python
DatasetDict({
train: Dataset({
features: ['license', 'file_name', 'coco_url', 'height', 'width', 'date_captured', 'flickr_url', 'image_id', 'ids', 'captions'],
num_rows: 118287
})
validation: Dataset({
features: ['license', 'file_name', 'coco_url', 'height', 'width', 'date_captured', 'flickr_url', 'image_id', 'ids', 'captions'],
num_rows: 5000
})
})
```
## Usage
* Download image data and unzip
```bash
cd PATH_TO_IMAGE_FOLDER
wget http://images.cocodataset.org/zips/train2017.zip
wget http://images.cocodataset.org/zips/val2017.zip
#wget http://images.cocodataset.org/annotations/annotations_trainval2017.zip # zip not needed: everything you need is in load_dataset("phiyodr/coco2017")
unzip train2017.zip
unzip val2017.zip
```
* Load dataset in Python
```python
import os
from datasets import load_dataset
PATH_TO_IMAGE_FOLDER = "COCO2017"
def create_full_path(example):
"""Create full path to image using `base_path` to COCO2017 folder."""
example["image_path"] = os.path.join(PATH_TO_IMAGE_FOLDER, example["filepath"], example["filename"])
return example
dataset = load_dataset("phiyodr/coco2017")
dataset = dataset.map(create_full_path)
``` | 2,725 | [
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adversarial_qa | 2022-11-18T17:31:37.000Z | [
"task_categories:question-answering",
"task_ids:extractive-qa",
"task_ids:open-domain-qa",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:found",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:cc-by-sa-4.0",
"arxiv:2002.00293",
"arxiv:1606.05250",
"region:us"
] | null | AdversarialQA is a Reading Comprehension dataset, consisting of questions posed by crowdworkers on a set of Wikipedia articles using an adversarial model-in-the-loop.
We use three different models; BiDAF (Seo et al., 2016), BERT-Large (Devlin et al., 2018), and RoBERTa-Large (Liu et al., 2019) in the annotation loop and construct three datasets; D(BiDAF), D(BERT), and D(RoBERTa), each with 10,000 training examples, 1,000 validation, and 1,000 test examples.
The adversarial human annotation paradigm ensures that these datasets consist of questions that current state-of-the-art models (at least the ones used as adversaries in the annotation loop) find challenging. | @article{bartolo2020beat,
author = {Bartolo, Max and Roberts, Alastair and Welbl, Johannes and Riedel, Sebastian and Stenetorp, Pontus},
title = {Beat the AI: Investigating Adversarial Human Annotation for Reading Comprehension},
journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {662-678},
year = {2020},
doi = {10.1162/tacl_a_00338},
URL = { https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00338 },
eprint = { https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00338 },
abstract = { Innovations in annotation methodology have been a catalyst for Reading Comprehension (RC) datasets and models. One recent trend to challenge current RC models is to involve a model in the annotation process: Humans create questions adversarially, such that the model fails to answer them correctly. In this work we investigate this annotation methodology and apply it in three different settings, collecting a total of 36,000 samples with progressively stronger models in the annotation loop. This allows us to explore questions such as the reproducibility of the adversarial effect, transfer from data collected with varying model-in-the-loop strengths, and generalization to data collected without a model. We find that training on adversarially collected samples leads to strong generalization to non-adversarially collected datasets, yet with progressive performance deterioration with increasingly stronger models-in-the-loop. Furthermore, we find that stronger models can still learn from datasets collected with substantially weaker models-in-the-loop. When trained on data collected with a BiDAF model in the loop, RoBERTa achieves 39.9F1 on questions that it cannot answer when trained on SQuAD—only marginally lower than when trained on data collected using RoBERTa itself (41.0F1). }
} | 27 | 9,615 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language_creators:
- found
language:
- en
license:
- cc-by-sa-4.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- question-answering
task_ids:
- extractive-qa
- open-domain-qa
paperswithcode_id: adversarialqa
pretty_name: adversarialQA
train-eval-index:
- config: adversarialQA
task: question-answering
task_id: extractive_question_answering
splits:
train_split: train
eval_split: validation
col_mapping:
question: question
context: context
answers:
text: text
answer_start: answer_start
metrics:
- type: squad
name: SQuAD
dataset_info:
- config_name: adversarialQA
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: title
dtype: string
- name: context
dtype: string
- name: question
dtype: string
- name: answers
sequence:
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dtype: string
- name: answer_start
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- name: metadata
struct:
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dtype: string
- name: model_in_the_loop
dtype: string
splits:
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num_examples: 30000
- name: validation
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num_examples: 3000
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num_examples: 3000
download_size: 9018914
dataset_size: 33535565
- config_name: dbidaf
features:
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dataset_size: 11147572
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- config_name: droberta
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num_examples: 1000
download_size: 9018914
dataset_size: 11201190
---
# Dataset Card for adversarialQA
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [adversarialQA homepage](https://adversarialqa.github.io/)
- **Repository:** [adversarialQA repository](https://github.com/maxbartolo/adversarialQA)
- **Paper:** [Beat the AI: Investigating Adversarial Human Annotation for Reading Comprehension](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.00293)
- **Leaderboard:** [Dynabench QA Round 1 Leaderboard](https://dynabench.org/tasks/2#overall)
- **Point of Contact:** [Max Bartolo](max.bartolo@ucl.ac.uk)
### Dataset Summary
We have created three new Reading Comprehension datasets constructed using an adversarial model-in-the-loop.
We use three different models; BiDAF (Seo et al., 2016), BERTLarge (Devlin et al., 2018), and RoBERTaLarge (Liu et al., 2019) in the annotation loop and construct three datasets; D(BiDAF), D(BERT), and D(RoBERTa), each with 10,000 training examples, 1,000 validation, and 1,000 test examples.
The adversarial human annotation paradigm ensures that these datasets consist of questions that current state-of-the-art models (at least the ones used as adversaries in the annotation loop) find challenging. The three AdversarialQA round 1 datasets provide a training and evaluation resource for such methods.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
`extractive-qa`: The dataset can be used to train a model for Extractive Question Answering, which consists in selecting the answer to a question from a passage. Success on this task is typically measured by achieving a high word-overlap [F1 score](https://huggingface.co/metrics/f1). The [RoBERTa-Large](https://huggingface.co/roberta-large) model trained on all the data combined with [SQuAD](https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.05250) currently achieves 64.35% F1. This task has an active leaderboard and is available as round 1 of the QA task on [Dynabench](https://dynabench.org/tasks/2#overall) and ranks models based on F1 score.
### Languages
The text in the dataset is in English. The associated BCP-47 code is `en`.
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
Data is provided in the same format as SQuAD 1.1. An example is shown below:
```
{
"data": [
{
"title": "Oxygen",
"paragraphs": [
{
"context": "Among the most important classes of organic compounds that contain oxygen are (where \"R\" is an organic group): alcohols (R-OH); ethers (R-O-R); ketones (R-CO-R); aldehydes (R-CO-H); carboxylic acids (R-COOH); esters (R-COO-R); acid anhydrides (R-CO-O-CO-R); and amides (R-C(O)-NR2). There are many important organic solvents that contain oxygen, including: acetone, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, furan, THF, diethyl ether, dioxane, ethyl acetate, DMF, DMSO, acetic acid, and formic acid. Acetone ((CH3)2CO) and phenol (C6H5OH) are used as feeder materials in the synthesis of many different substances. Other important organic compounds that contain oxygen are: glycerol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, citric acid, acetic anhydride, and acetamide. Epoxides are ethers in which the oxygen atom is part of a ring of three atoms.",
"qas": [
{
"id": "22bbe104aa72aa9b511dd53237deb11afa14d6e3",
"question": "In addition to having oxygen, what do alcohols, ethers and esters have in common, according to the article?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 36,
"text": "organic compounds"
}
]
},
{
"id": "4240a8e708c703796347a3702cf1463eed05584a",
"question": "What letter does the abbreviation for acid anhydrides both begin and end in?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 244,
"text": "R"
}
]
},
{
"id": "0681a0a5ec852ec6920d6a30f7ef65dced493366",
"question": "Which of the organic compounds, in the article, contains nitrogen?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 262,
"text": "amides"
}
]
},
{
"id": "2990efe1a56ccf81938fa5e18104f7d3803069fb",
"question": "Which of the important classes of organic compounds, in the article, has a number in its abbreviation?",
"answers": [
{
"answer_start": 262,
"text": "amides"
}
]
}
]
}
]
}
]
}
```
### Data Fields
- title: the title of the Wikipedia page from which the context is sourced
- context: the context/passage
- id: a string identifier for each question
- answers: a list of all provided answers (one per question in our case, but multiple may exist in SQuAD) with an `answer_start` field which is the character index of the start of the answer span, and a `text` field which is the answer text.
Note that no answers are provided in the test set. Indeed, this dataset is part of the DynaBench benchmark, for which you can submit your predictions on the [website](https://dynabench.org/tasks/2#1).
### Data Splits
The dataset is composed of three different datasets constructed using different models in the loop: BiDAF, BERT-Large, and RoBERTa-Large. Each of these has 10,000 training examples, 1,000 validation examples, and 1,000 test examples for a total of 30,000/3,000/3,000 train/validation/test examples.
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
This dataset was collected to provide a more challenging and diverse Reading Comprehension dataset to state-of-the-art models.
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
The source passages are from Wikipedia and are the same as those used in [SQuAD v1.1](https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.05250).
#### Who are the source language producers?
The source language produces are Wikipedia editors for the passages, and human annotators on Mechanical Turk for the questions.
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
The dataset is collected through an adversarial human annotation process which pairs a human annotator and a reading comprehension model in an interactive setting. The human is presented with a passage for which they write a question and highlight the correct answer. The model then tries to answer the question, and, if it fails to answer correctly, the human wins. Otherwise, the human modifies or re-writes their question until the successfully fool the model.
#### Who are the annotators?
The annotators are from Amazon Mechanical Turk, geographically restricted the the USA, UK and Canada, having previously successfully completed at least 1,000 HITs, and having a HIT approval rate greater than 98%. Crowdworkers undergo intensive training and qualification prior to annotation.
### Personal and Sensitive Information
No annotator identifying details are provided.
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
The purpose of this dataset is to help develop better question answering systems.
A system that succeeds at the supported task would be able to provide an accurate extractive answer from a short passage. This dataset is to be seen as a test bed for questions which contemporary state-of-the-art models struggle to answer correctly, thus often requiring more complex comprehension abilities than say detecting phrases explicitly mentioned in the passage with high overlap to the question.
It should be noted, however, that the the source passages are both domain-restricted and linguistically specific, and that provided questions and answers do not constitute any particular social application.
### Discussion of Biases
The dataset may exhibit various biases in terms of the source passage selection, annotated questions and answers, as well as algorithmic biases resulting from the adversarial annotation protocol.
### Other Known Limitations
N/a
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
This dataset was initially created by Max Bartolo, Alastair Roberts, Johannes Welbl, Sebastian Riedel, and Pontus Stenetorp, during work carried out at University College London (UCL).
### Licensing Information
This dataset is distributed under [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/).
### Citation Information
```
@article{bartolo2020beat,
author = {Bartolo, Max and Roberts, Alastair and Welbl, Johannes and Riedel, Sebastian and Stenetorp, Pontus},
title = {Beat the AI: Investigating Adversarial Human Annotation for Reading Comprehension},
journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {662-678},
year = {2020},
doi = {10.1162/tacl\_a\_00338},
URL = { https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00338 },
eprint = { https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00338 },
abstract = { Innovations in annotation methodology have been a catalyst for Reading Comprehension (RC) datasets and models. One recent trend to challenge current RC models is to involve a model in the annotation process: Humans create questions adversarially, such that the model fails to answer them correctly. In this work we investigate this annotation methodology and apply it in three different settings, collecting a total of 36,000 samples with progressively stronger models in the annotation loop. This allows us to explore questions such as the reproducibility of the adversarial effect, transfer from data collected with varying model-in-the-loop strengths, and generalization to data collected without a model. We find that training on adversarially collected samples leads to strong generalization to non-adversarially collected datasets, yet with progressive performance deterioration with increasingly stronger models-in-the-loop. Furthermore, we find that stronger models can still learn from datasets collected with substantially weaker models-in-the-loop. When trained on data collected with a BiDAF model in the loop, RoBERTa achieves 39.9F1 on questions that it cannot answer when trained on SQuAD—only marginally lower than when trained on data collected using RoBERTa itself (41.0F1). }
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@maxbartolo](https://github.com/maxbartolo) for adding this dataset. | 14,702 | [
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] |
multi_woz_v22 | 2023-01-25T14:41:08.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-generation",
"task_categories:fill-mask",
"task_categories:token-classification",
"task_categories:text-classification",
"task_ids:dialogue-modeling",
"task_ids:multi-class-classification",
"task_ids:parsing",
"annotations_creators:machine-generated",
"language_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:machine-generated",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:apache-2.0",
"arxiv:1810.00278",
"region:us"
] | null | Multi-Domain Wizard-of-Oz dataset (MultiWOZ), a fully-labeled collection of human-human written conversations spanning over multiple domains and topics.
MultiWOZ 2.1 (Eric et al., 2019) identified and fixed many erroneous annotations and user utterances in the original version, resulting in an
improved version of the dataset. MultiWOZ 2.2 is a yet another improved version of this dataset, which identifies and fizes dialogue state annotation errors
across 17.3% of the utterances on top of MultiWOZ 2.1 and redefines the ontology by disallowing vocabularies of slots with a large number of possible values
(e.g., restaurant name, time of booking) and introducing standardized slot span annotations for these slots. | @article{corr/abs-2007-12720,
author = {Xiaoxue Zang and
Abhinav Rastogi and
Srinivas Sunkara and
Raghav Gupta and
Jianguo Zhang and
Jindong Chen},
title = {MultiWOZ 2.2 : {A} Dialogue Dataset with Additional Annotation Corrections
and State Tracking Baselines},
journal = {CoRR},
volume = {abs/2007.12720},
year = {2020},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.12720},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {2007.12720}
} | 14 | 9,572 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- machine-generated
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
- machine-generated
language:
- en
license:
- apache-2.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- text-generation
- fill-mask
- token-classification
- text-classification
task_ids:
- dialogue-modeling
- multi-class-classification
- parsing
paperswithcode_id: multiwoz
pretty_name: Multi-domain Wizard-of-Oz
dataset_info:
- config_name: v2.2
features:
- name: dialogue_id
dtype: string
- name: services
sequence: string
- name: turns
sequence:
- name: turn_id
dtype: string
- name: speaker
dtype:
class_label:
names:
'0': USER
'1': SYSTEM
- name: utterance
dtype: string
- name: frames
sequence:
- name: service
dtype: string
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struct:
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dtype: string
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sequence: string
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sequence:
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dtype: string
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sequence: string
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sequence:
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- name: dialogue_acts
struct:
- name: dialog_act
sequence:
- name: act_type
dtype: string
- name: act_slots
sequence:
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
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sequence:
- name: act_type
dtype: string
- name: act_slot_name
dtype: string
- name: act_slot_value
dtype: string
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dtype: int32
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dtype: int32
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 68222649
num_examples: 8437
- name: validation
num_bytes: 8990945
num_examples: 1000
- name: test
num_bytes: 9027095
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 276592909
dataset_size: 86240689
- config_name: v2.2_active_only
features:
- name: dialogue_id
dtype: string
- name: services
sequence: string
- name: turns
sequence:
- name: turn_id
dtype: string
- name: speaker
dtype:
class_label:
names:
'0': USER
'1': SYSTEM
- name: utterance
dtype: string
- name: frames
sequence:
- name: service
dtype: string
- name: state
struct:
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dtype: string
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sequence: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: int32
- name: copy_from
dtype: string
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sequence: string
- name: dialogue_acts
struct:
- name: dialog_act
sequence:
- name: act_type
dtype: string
- name: act_slots
sequence:
- name: slot_name
dtype: string
- name: slot_value
dtype: string
- name: span_info
sequence:
- name: act_type
dtype: string
- name: act_slot_name
dtype: string
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dtype: string
- name: span_start
dtype: int32
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dtype: int32
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 40937577
num_examples: 8437
- name: validation
num_bytes: 5377939
num_examples: 1000
- name: test
num_bytes: 5410819
num_examples: 1000
download_size: 276592909
dataset_size: 51726335
---
# Dataset Card for MultiWOZ
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Repository:** [MultiWOZ 2.2 github repository](https://github.com/budzianowski/multiwoz/tree/master/data/MultiWOZ_2.2)
- **Paper:** [MultiWOZ v2](https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.00278), and [MultiWOZ v2.2](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.nlp4convai-1.13.pdf)
- **Point of Contact:** [Paweł Budzianowski](pfb30@cam.ac.uk)
### Dataset Summary
Multi-Domain Wizard-of-Oz dataset (MultiWOZ), a fully-labeled collection of human-human written conversations spanning over multiple domains and topics.
MultiWOZ 2.1 (Eric et al., 2019) identified and fixed many erroneous annotations and user utterances in the original version, resulting in an
improved version of the dataset. MultiWOZ 2.2 is a yet another improved version of this dataset, which identifies and fixes dialogue state annotation errors
across 17.3% of the utterances on top of MultiWOZ 2.1 and redefines the ontology by disallowing vocabularies of slots with a large number of possible values
(e.g., restaurant name, time of booking) and introducing standardized slot span annotations for these slots.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
This dataset supports a range of task.
- **Generative dialogue modeling** or `dialogue-modeling`: the text of the dialogues can be used to train a sequence model on the utterances. Performance on this task is typically evaluated with delexicalized-[BLEU](https://huggingface.co/metrics/bleu), inform rate and request success.
- **Intent state tracking**, a `multi-class-classification` task: predict the belief state of the user side of the conversation, performance is measured by [F1](https://huggingface.co/metrics/f1).
- **Dialog act prediction**, a `parsing` task: parse an utterance into the corresponding dialog acts for the system to use. [F1](https://huggingface.co/metrics/f1) is typically reported.
### Languages
The text in the dataset is in English (`en`).
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
A data instance is a full multi-turn dialogue between a `USER` and a `SYSTEM`. Each turn has a single utterance, e.g.:
```
['What fun places can I visit in the East?',
'We have five spots which include boating, museums and entertainment. Any preferences that you have?']
```
The utterances of the `USER` are also annotated with frames denoting their intent and believe state:
```
[{'service': ['attraction'],
'slots': [{'copy_from': [],
'copy_from_value': [],
'exclusive_end': [],
'slot': [],
'start': [],
'value': []}],
'state': [{'active_intent': 'find_attraction',
'requested_slots': [],
'slots_values': {'slots_values_list': [['east']],
'slots_values_name': ['attraction-area']}}]},
{'service': [], 'slots': [], 'state': []}]
```
Finally, each of the utterances is annotated with dialog acts which provide a structured representation of what the `USER` or `SYSTEM` is inquiring or giving information about.
```
[{'dialog_act': {'act_slots': [{'slot_name': ['east'],
'slot_value': ['area']}],
'act_type': ['Attraction-Inform']},
'span_info': {'act_slot_name': ['area'],
'act_slot_value': ['east'],
'act_type': ['Attraction-Inform'],
'span_end': [39],
'span_start': [35]}},
{'dialog_act': {'act_slots': [{'slot_name': ['none'], 'slot_value': ['none']},
{'slot_name': ['boating', 'museums', 'entertainment', 'five'],
'slot_value': ['type', 'type', 'type', 'choice']}],
'act_type': ['Attraction-Select', 'Attraction-Inform']},
'span_info': {'act_slot_name': ['type', 'type', 'type', 'choice'],
'act_slot_value': ['boating', 'museums', 'entertainment', 'five'],
'act_type': ['Attraction-Inform',
'Attraction-Inform',
'Attraction-Inform',
'Attraction-Inform'],
'span_end': [40, 49, 67, 12],
'span_start': [33, 42, 54, 8]}}]
```
### Data Fields
Each dialogue instance has the following fields:
- `dialogue_id`: a unique ID identifying the dialog. The MUL and PMUL names refer to strictly multi domain dialogues (at least 2 main domains are involved) while the SNG, SSNG and WOZ names refer to single domain dialogues with potentially sub-domains like booking.
- `services`: a list of services mentioned in the dialog, such as `train` or `hospitals`.
- `turns`: the sequence of utterances with their annotations, including:
- `turn_id`: a turn identifier, unique per dialog.
- `speaker`: either the `USER` or `SYSTEM`.
- `utterance`: the text of the utterance.
- `dialogue_acts`: The structured parse of the utterance into dialog acts in the system's grammar
- `act_type`: Such as e.g. `Attraction-Inform` to seek or provide information about an `attraction`
- `act_slots`: provide more details about the action
- `span_info`: maps these `act_slots` to the `utterance` text.
- `frames`: only for `USER` utterances, track the user's belief state, i.e. a structured representation of what they are trying to achieve in the fialog. This decomposes into:
- `service`: the service they are interested in
- `state`: their belief state including their `active_intent` and further information expressed in `requested_slots`
- `slots`: a mapping of the `requested_slots` to where they are mentioned in the text. It takes one of two forms, detailed next:
The first type are span annotations that identify the location where slot values have been mentioned in the utterances for non-categorical slots. These span annotations are represented as follows:
```
{
"slots": [
{
"slot": String of slot name.
"start": Int denoting the index of the starting character in the utterance corresponding to the slot value.
"exclusive_end": Int denoting the index of the character just after the last character corresponding to the slot value in the utterance. In python, utterance[start:exclusive_end] gives the slot value.
"value": String of value. It equals to utterance[start:exclusive_end], where utterance is the current utterance in string.
}
]
}
```
There are also some non-categorical slots whose values are carried over from another slot in the dialogue state. Their values don"t explicitly appear in the utterances. For example, a user utterance can be "I also need a taxi from the restaurant to the hotel.", in which the state values of "taxi-departure" and "taxi-destination" are respectively carried over from that of "restaurant-name" and "hotel-name". For these slots, instead of annotating them as spans, a "copy from" annotation identifies the slot it copies the value from. This annotation is formatted as follows,
```
{
"slots": [
{
"slot": Slot name string.
"copy_from": The slot to copy from.
"value": A list of slot values being . It corresponds to the state values of the "copy_from" slot.
}
]
}
```
### Data Splits
The dataset is split into a `train`, `validation`, and `test` split with the following sizes:
| | train | validation | test |
|---------------------|------:|-----------:|-----:|
| Number of dialogues | 8438 | 1000 | 1000 |
| Number of turns | 42190 | 5000 | 5000 |
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed]
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
The initial dataset (Versions 1.0 and 2.0) was created by a team of researchers from the [Cambridge Dialogue Systems Group](https://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/research/dialogue/corpora/). Version 2.1 was developed on top of v2.0 by a team from Amazon, and v2.2 was developed by a team of Google researchers.
### Licensing Information
The dataset is released under the Apache License 2.0.
### Citation Information
You can cite the following for the various versions of MultiWOZ:
Version 1.0
```
@inproceedings{ramadan2018large,
title={Large-Scale Multi-Domain Belief Tracking with Knowledge Sharing},
author={Ramadan, Osman and Budzianowski, Pawe{\l} and Gasic, Milica},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
volume={2},
pages={432--437},
year={2018}
}
```
Version 2.0
```
@inproceedings{budzianowski2018large,
Author = {Budzianowski, Pawe{\l} and Wen, Tsung-Hsien and Tseng, Bo-Hsiang and Casanueva, I{\~n}igo and Ultes Stefan and Ramadan Osman and Ga{\v{s}}i\'c, Milica},
title={MultiWOZ - A Large-Scale Multi-Domain Wizard-of-Oz Dataset for Task-Oriented Dialogue Modelling},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)},
year={2018}
}
```
Version 2.1
```
@article{eric2019multiwoz,
title={MultiWOZ 2.1: Multi-Domain Dialogue State Corrections and State Tracking Baselines},
author={Eric, Mihail and Goel, Rahul and Paul, Shachi and Sethi, Abhishek and Agarwal, Sanchit and Gao, Shuyag and Hakkani-Tur, Dilek},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.01669},
year={2019}
}
```
Version 2.2
```
@inproceedings{zang2020multiwoz,
title={MultiWOZ 2.2: A Dialogue Dataset with Additional Annotation Corrections and State Tracking Baselines},
author={Zang, Xiaoxue and Rastogi, Abhinav and Sunkara, Srinivas and Gupta, Raghav and Zhang, Jianguo and Chen, Jindong},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Conversational AI, ACL 2020},
pages={109--117},
year={2020}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@yjernite](https://github.com/yjernite) for adding this dataset. | 15,312 | [
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] |
ola13/small-the_pile | 2022-11-24T11:40:52.000Z | [
"region:us"
] | ola13 | null | null | 3 | 9,533 | 2022-11-24T11:40:27 | ---
dataset_info:
features:
- name: text
dtype: string
- name: meta
struct:
- name: perplexity_score
dtype: float64
- name: pile_set_name
dtype: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 606056668
num_examples: 100000
download_size: 328667964
dataset_size: 606056668
---
# Dataset Card for "small-the_pile"
[More Information needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards) | 487 | [
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] |
flax-sentence-embeddings/stackexchange_titlebody_best_voted_answer_jsonl | 2022-07-11T13:13:27.000Z | [
"task_categories:question-answering",
"task_ids:closed-domain-qa",
"annotations_creators:found",
"language_creators:found",
"multilinguality:multilingual",
"size_categories:unknown",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:cc-by-nc-sa-4.0",
"region:us"
] | flax-sentence-embeddings | This new dataset is designed to solve this great NLP task and is crafted with a lot of care. | @misc{StackExchangeDataset,
author = {Flax Sentence Embeddings Team},
title = {Stack Exchange question pairs},
year = {2021},
howpublished = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/flax-sentence-embeddings/},
} | 5 | 9,488 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- found
language_creators:
- found
language:
- en
license:
- cc-by-nc-sa-4.0
multilinguality:
- multilingual
pretty_name: stackexchange
size_categories:
- unknown
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- question-answering
task_ids:
- closed-domain-qa
---
# Dataset Card Creation Guide
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Card Creation Guide](#dataset-card-creation-guide)
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Initial Data Collection and Normalization](#initial-data-collection-and-normalization)
- [Who are the source language producers?](#who-are-the-source-language-producers)s
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [stackexchange](https://archive.org/details/stackexchange)
- **Repository:** [flax-sentence-embeddings](https://github.com/nreimers/flax-sentence-embeddings)
### Dataset Summary
We automatically extracted question and answer (Q&A) pairs from [Stack Exchange](https://stackexchange.com/) network. Stack Exchange gather many Q&A communities across 50 online plateform, including the well known Stack Overflow and other technical sites. 100 millon developpers consult Stack Exchange every month. The dataset is a parallel corpus with each question mapped to the top rated answer. The dataset is split given communities which cover a variety of domains from 3d printing, economics, raspberry pi or emacs. An exhaustive list of all communities is available [here](https://stackexchange.com/sites).
### Languages
Stack Exchange mainly consist of english language (en).
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
Each data samples is presented as follow:
```
{'title_body': 'How to determine if 3 points on a 3-D graph are collinear? Let the points $A, B$ and $C$ be $(x_1, y_1, z_1), (x_2, y_2, z_2)$ and $(x_3, y_3, z_3)$ respectively. How do I prove that the 3 points are collinear? What is the formula?',
'upvoted_answer': 'From $A(x_1,y_1,z_1),B(x_2,y_2,z_2),C(x_3,y_3,z_3)$ we can get their position vectors.\n\n$\\vec{AB}=(x_2-x_1,y_2-y_1,z_2-z_1)$ and $\\vec{AC}=(x_3-x_1,y_3-y_1,z_3-z_1)$.\n\nThen $||\\vec{AB}\\times\\vec{AC}||=0\\implies A,B,C$ collinear.',
```
This particular exampe corresponds to the [following page](https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/947555/how-to-determine-if-3-points-on-a-3-d-graph-are-collinear)
### Data Fields
The fields present in the dataset contain the following informations:
- `title_body`: This is the concatenation of the title and body from the question
- `upvoted_answer`: This is the body from the most upvoted answer
### Data Splits
We provide multiple splits for this dataset, which each refers to a given community channel. We detail the number of pail for each split below:
| | Number of pairs |
| ----- | ------ |
| apple | 92,487 |
| english | 100,640 |
| codereview | 41,748 |
| dba | 71,449 |
| mathoverflow | 85,289 |
| electronics | 129,494 |
| mathematica | 59,895 |
| drupal | 67,817 |
| magento | 79,241 |
| gaming | 82,887 |
| ell | 77,892 |
| gamedev | 40,154 |
| gis | 100,254 |
| askubuntu | 267,135 |
| diy | 52,896 |
| academia | 32,137 |
| blender | 54,153 |
| cs | 30,010 |
| chemistry | 27,061 |
| judaism | 26,085 |
| crypto | 19,404 |
| android | 38,077 |
| ja | 17,376 |
| christianity | 11,498 |
| graphicdesign | 28,083 |
| aviation | 18,755 |
| ethereum | 26,124 |
| biology | 19,277 |
| datascience | 20,503 |
| law | 16,133 |
| dsp | 17,430 |
| japanese | 20,948 |
| hermeneutics | 9,516 |
| bicycles | 15,708 |
| arduino | 16,281 |
| history | 10,766 |
| bitcoin | 22,474 |
| cooking | 22,641 |
| hinduism | 8,999 |
| codegolf | 8,211 |
| boardgames | 11,805 |
| emacs | 16,830 |
| economics | 8,844 |
| gardening | 13,246 |
| astronomy | 9,086 |
| islam | 10,052 |
| german | 13,733 |
| fitness | 8,297 |
| french | 10,578 |
| anime | 10,131 |
| craftcms | 11,236 |
| cstheory | 7,742 |
| engineering | 8,649 |
| buddhism | 6,787 |
| linguistics | 6,843 |
| ai | 5,763 |
| expressionengine | 10,742 |
| cogsci | 5,101 |
| chinese | 8,646 |
| chess | 6,392 |
| civicrm | 10,648 |
| literature | 3,539 |
| interpersonal | 3,398 |
| health | 4,494 |
| avp | 6,450 |
| earthscience | 4,396 |
| joomla | 5,887 |
| homebrew | 5,608 |
| expatriates | 4,913 |
| latin | 3,969 |
| matheducators | 2,706 |
| ham | 3,501 |
| genealogy | 2,895 |
| 3dprinting | 3,488 |
| elementaryos | 5,917 |
| bioinformatics | 3,135 |
| devops | 3,462 |
| hsm | 2,517 |
| italian | 3,101 |
| computergraphics | 2,306 |
| martialarts | 1,737 |
| bricks | 3,530 |
| freelancing | 1,663 |
| crafts | 1,659 |
| lifehacks | 2,576 |
| cseducators | 902 |
| materials | 1,101 |
| hardwarerecs | 2,050 |
| iot | 1,359 |
| eosio | 1,940 |
| languagelearning | 948 |
| korean | 1,406 |
| coffee | 1,188 |
| esperanto | 1,466 |
| beer | 1,012 |
| ebooks | 1,107 |
| iota | 775 |
| cardano | 248 |
| drones | 496 |
| conlang | 334 |
| pt | 103,277 |
| stats | 115,679 |
| unix | 155,414 |
| physics | 141,230 |
| tex | 171,628 |
| serverfault | 238,507 |
| salesforce | 87,272 |
| wordpress | 83,621 |
| softwareengineering | 51,326 |
| scifi | 54,805 |
| security | 51,355 |
| ru | 253,289 |
| superuser | 352,610 |
| sharepoint | 80,420 |
| rpg | 40,435 |
| travel | 36,533 |
| worldbuilding | 26,210 |
| meta | 1,000 |
| workplace | 24,012 |
| ux | 28,901 |
| money | 29,404 |
| webmasters | 30,370 |
| raspberrypi | 24,143 |
| photo | 23,204 |
| music | 19,936 |
| philosophy | 13,114 |
| puzzling | 17,448 |
| movies | 18,243 |
| quant | 12,933 |
| politics | 11,047 |
| space | 12,893 |
| mechanics | 18,613 |
| skeptics | 8,145 |
| rus | 16,528 |
| writers | 9,867 |
| webapps | 24,867 |
| softwarerecs | 11,761 |
| networkengineering | 12,590 |
| parenting | 5,998 |
| scicomp | 7,036 |
| sqa | 9,256 |
| sitecore | 7,838 |
| vi | 9,000 |
| spanish | 7,675 |
| pm | 5,435 |
| pets | 6,156 |
| sound | 8,303 |
| reverseengineering | 5,817 |
| outdoors | 5,278 |
| tridion | 5,907 |
| retrocomputing | 3,907 |
| robotics | 4,648 |
| quantumcomputing | 4,320 |
| sports | 4,707 |
| russian | 3,937 |
| opensource | 3,221 |
| woodworking | 2,955 |
| patents | 3,573 |
| tor | 4,167 |
| ukrainian | 1,767 |
| opendata | 3,842 |
| monero | 3,508 |
| sustainability | 1,674 |
| portuguese | 1,964 |
| mythology | 1,595 |
| musicfans | 2,431 |
| or | 1,490 |
| poker | 1,665 |
| windowsphone | 2,807 |
| moderators | 504 |
| stackapps | 1,518 |
| stellar | 1,078 |
| vegetarianism | 585 |
| tezos | 1,169 |
| total | 4,750,619 |
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
We primary designed this dataset for sentence embeddings training. Indeed sentence embeddings may be trained using a contrastive learning setup for which the model is trained to associate each sentence with its corresponding pair out of multiple proposition. Such models require many examples to be efficient and thus the dataset creation may be tedious. Community networks such as Stack Exchange allow us to build many examples semi-automatically.
### Source Data
The source data are dumps from [Stack Exchange](https://archive.org/details/stackexchange)
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
We collected the data from the math community.
We filtered out questions which title or body length is bellow 20 characters and questions for which body length is above 4096 characters.
When extracting most upvoted answer, we filtered to pairs for which their is at least 100 votes gap between most upvoted and downvoted answers.
#### Who are the source language producers?
Questions and answers are written by the community developpers of Stack Exchange.
## Additional Information
### Licensing Information
Please see the license information at: https://archive.org/details/stackexchange
### Citation Information
```
@misc{StackExchangeDataset,
author = {Flax Sentence Embeddings Team},
title = {Stack Exchange question pairs},
year = {2021},
howpublished = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/flax-sentence-embeddings/},
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to the Flax Sentence Embeddings team for adding this dataset. | 8,689 | [
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yahma/alpaca-cleaned | 2023-04-10T20:29:06.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-generation",
"language:en",
"license:cc-by-4.0",
"instruction-finetuning",
"region:us"
] | yahma | null | null | 250 | 9,414 | 2023-03-24T18:27:58 | ---
license: cc-by-4.0
language:
- en
tags:
- instruction-finetuning
pretty_name: Alpaca-Cleaned
task_categories:
- text-generation
---
# Dataset Card for Alpaca-Cleaned
- **Repository:** https://github.com/gururise/AlpacaDataCleaned
## Dataset Description
This is a cleaned version of the original Alpaca Dataset released by Stanford. The following issues have been identified in the original release and fixed in this dataset:
1. **Hallucinations:** Many instructions in the original dataset had instructions referencing data on the internet, which just caused GPT3 to hallucinate an answer.
```
"instruction":"Summarize the given article in 200 Words.",
"input": "https://www.bbc.com/news/world-51461830",
"output": "The recent protests in Belarus are part of a growing wave of discontent against the rule of Alexander Lukashenko, who has led the country since 1994. Demonstrations against his government have been ongoing since August, and come in the wake of an election widely seen as rigged. As police and security forces have cracked down on protesters, the movement has only grown, with hundreds of thousands of people taking to the streets to call for new leadership. Human rights activists have accused the government of using extreme violence in order prosecute protesters, leading to an international outcry and sanctions from the European Union. As the situation in Belarus continues to unfold, the international community is monitoring the situation closely - hoping for a peaceful resolution, while also standing firm against the oppressive tactics employed by the Belarusian state."
"instruction": "Classify the following shape according to simple geometry.",
"input": "<Picture Attached>",
"output": "Triangle"
"instruction": "Given a recent news article, write a headline for it.",
"input": "https://www.news.example.com/article-1",
"output": "\"NASA Launches a Mars 2020 Mission to Search for Signs of Ancient Life\""
```
2. **Merged Instructions:** There were many instructions that were merged together in the original dataset for some reason.
```
"instruction": "Should I invest in stocks?",
"input": "",
"output": "It depends on your individual situation. Investing in stocks carries a certain amount of risk but can also offer potential rewards. Make sure to research the different types of stocks, understand the risks and rewards, and develop a plan that works for you.\n##\n18. Instruction: Identify the noun in the following sentence:\n18. Input:\nThe large apple was delicious.\n18. Output:\nApple"
```
3. **Empty outputs:** Some entries in the original dataset had empty outputs.
```
"instruction": "Calculate the area of the following shape in square centimeters.",
"input": "rectangle of size 4 cm x 5 cm",
"output": ""
```
4. **Empty code examples:** Some descriptions in the original dataset were missing code examples, making it difficult to understand the intended behavior of the code.
5. **Instructions to generate images:** Some descriptions in the original dataset included instructions to generate images, something obviously not possible.
```
"instruction": "Create a graphic or logo that visually represents the word \"courage\".",
"input": "",
"output": "<No Output>"
```
6. **N/A outputs:** Some code snippets in the original dataset had N/A outputs.
7. **Inconsistent input field:** The original dataset had inconsistent usage of the input field when it was supposed to be empty.
```
"input":"<no input>"
"input":"No input"
"input":"noinput"
"input":"<noinput>"
```
8. **Wrong answers:** Some instructions/questions in the original dataset had incorrect answers. About 80% of the math problems are estimated to have incorrect answers.
```
"instruction": "Calculate the median of the following data set.",
"input": "1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9",
"output": "5"
"instruction": "Convert 25m to km.",
"input": "",
"output": "25km"
```
9. **Non-Sensical/Unclear instructions:** Many instructions are unclear, we try to clarify (or re-write) if instructions are non-sensical. Instructions that are slightly unclear, but where one could deduce the meaning are not altered.
```
"instruction": "Freeze the following sample of yogurt for 10 minutes.",
"input": "Yogurt sample",
"output": "<noinput>"
"instruction": "Increase the font size to 12 points.",
"input": "",
"output": "The font size has been increased to 12 points."
```
10. **Extraneous escape and control characters:** The original dataset had several entries with extraneous escape and control characters.
### Original Alpaca Dataset Summary
Alpaca is a dataset of 52,000 instructions and demonstrations generated by OpenAI's `text-davinci-003` engine. This instruction data can be used to conduct instruction-tuning for language models and make the language model follow instruction better.
The authors built on the data generation pipeline from [Self-Instruct framework](https://github.com/yizhongw/self-instruct) and made the following modifications:
- The `text-davinci-003` engine to generate the instruction data instead of `davinci`.
- A [new prompt](https://github.com/tatsu-lab/stanford_alpaca/blob/main/prompt.txt) was written that explicitly gave the requirement of instruction generation to `text-davinci-003`.
- Much more aggressive batch decoding was used, i.e., generating 20 instructions at once, which significantly reduced the cost of data generation.
- The data generation pipeline was simplified by discarding the difference between classification and non-classification instructions.
- Only a single instance was generated for each instruction, instead of 2 to 3 instances as in Self-Instruct.
This produced an instruction-following dataset with 52K examples obtained at a much lower cost (less than $500).
In a preliminary study, the authors also found that the 52K generated data to be much more diverse than the data released by [Self-Instruct](https://github.com/yizhongw/self-instruct/blob/main/data/seed_tasks.jsonl).
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
The Alpaca dataset designed for instruction training pretrained language models.
### Languages
The data in Alpaca are in English (BCP-47 en).
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
An example of "train" looks as follows:
```json
{
"instruction": "Create a classification task by clustering the given list of items.",
"input": "Apples, oranges, bananas, strawberries, pineapples",
"output": "Class 1: Apples, Oranges\nClass 2: Bananas, Strawberries\nClass 3: Pineapples",
"text": "Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.\n\n### Instruction:\nCreate a classification task by clustering the given list of items.\n\n### Input:\nApples, oranges, bananas, strawberries, pineapples\n\n### Response:\nClass 1: Apples, Oranges\nClass 2: Bananas, Strawberries\nClass 3: Pineapples",
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are as follows:
* `instruction`: describes the task the model should perform. Each of the 52K instructions is unique.
* `input`: optional context or input for the task. For example, when the instruction is "Summarize the following article", the input is the article. Around 40% of the examples have an input.
* `output`: the answer to the instruction as generated by `text-davinci-003`.
* `text`: the `instruction`, `input` and `output` formatted with the [prompt template](https://github.com/tatsu-lab/stanford_alpaca#data-release) used by the authors for fine-tuning their models.
### Data Splits
| | train |
|---------------|------:|
| alpaca | 52002 |
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed]
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
Excerpt the [blog post](https://crfm.stanford.edu/2023/03/13/alpaca.html) accompanying the release of this dataset:
> We believe that releasing the above assets will enable the academic community to perform controlled scientific studies on instruction-following language models, resulting in better science and ultimately new techniques to address the existing deficiencies with these models. At the same time, any release carries some risk. First, we recognize that releasing our training recipe reveals the feasibility of certain capabilities. On one hand, this enables more people (including bad actors) to create models that could cause harm (either intentionally or not). On the other hand, this awareness might incentivize swift defensive action, especially from the academic community, now empowered by the means to perform deeper safety research on such models. Overall, we believe that the benefits for the research community outweigh the risks of this particular release. Given that we are releasing the training recipe, we believe that releasing the data, model weights, and training code incur minimal further risk, given the simplicity of the recipe. At the same time, releasing these assets has enormous benefits for reproducible science, so that the academic community can use standard datasets, models, and code to perform controlled comparisons and to explore extensions. Deploying an interactive demo for Alpaca also poses potential risks, such as more widely disseminating harmful content and lowering the barrier for spam, fraud, or disinformation. We have put into place two risk mitigation strategies. First, we have implemented a content filter using OpenAI’s content moderation API, which filters out harmful content as defined by OpenAI’s usage policies. Second, we watermark all the model outputs using the method described in Kirchenbauer et al. 2023, so that others can detect (with some probability) whether an output comes from Alpaca 7B. Finally, we have strict terms and conditions for using the demo; it is restricted to non-commercial uses and to uses that follow LLaMA’s license agreement. We understand that these mitigation measures can be circumvented once we release the model weights or if users train their own instruction-following models. However, by installing these mitigations, we hope to advance the best practices and ultimately develop community norms for the responsible deployment of foundation models.
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
The `alpaca` data is generated by a language model (`text-davinci-003`) and inevitably contains some errors or biases. We encourage users to use this data with caution and propose new methods to filter or improve the imperfections.
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed]
### Licensing Information
The dataset is available under the [Creative Commons NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode).
### Citation Information
```
@misc{alpaca,
author = {Rohan Taori and Ishaan Gulrajani and Tianyi Zhang and Yann Dubois and Xuechen Li and Carlos Guestrin and Percy Liang and Tatsunori B. Hashimoto },
title = {Stanford Alpaca: An Instruction-following LLaMA model},
year = {2023},
publisher = {GitHub},
journal = {GitHub repository},
howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/tatsu-lab/stanford_alpaca}},
}
```
### Contributions
[More Information Needed] | 11,604 | [
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] |
skt/kobest_v1 | 2022-08-22T09:00:17.000Z | [
"annotations_creators:expert-generated",
"language_creators:expert-generated",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:ko",
"license:cc-by-sa-4.0",
"arxiv:2204.04541",
"region:us"
] | skt | The dataset contains data for KoBEST dataset | null | 18 | 9,130 | 2022-04-07T13:54:23 | ---
pretty_name: KoBEST
annotations_creators:
- expert-generated
language_creators:
- expert-generated
language:
- ko
license:
- cc-by-sa-4.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
- original
---
# Dataset Card for KoBEST
## Table of Contents
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Repository:** https://github.com/SKT-LSL/KoBEST_datarepo
- **Paper:**
- **Point of Contact:** https://github.com/SKT-LSL/KoBEST_datarepo/issues
### Dataset Summary
KoBEST is a Korean benchmark suite consists of 5 natural language understanding tasks that requires advanced knowledge in Korean.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
Boolean Question Answering, Choice of Plausible Alternatives, Words-in-Context, HellaSwag, Sentiment Negation Recognition
### Languages
`ko-KR`
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### KB-BoolQ
An example of a data point looks as follows.
```
{'paragraph': '두아 리파(Dua Lipa, 1995년 8월 22일 ~ )는 잉글랜드의 싱어송라이터, 모델이다. BBC 사운드 오브 2016 명단에 노미닛되었다. 싱글 "Be the One"가 영국 싱글 차트 9위까지 오르는 등 성과를 보여주었다.',
'question': '두아 리파는 영국인인가?',
'label': 1}
```
#### KB-COPA
An example of a data point looks as follows.
```
{'premise': '물을 오래 끓였다.',
'question': '결과',
'alternative_1': '물의 양이 늘어났다.',
'alternative_2': '물의 양이 줄어들었다.',
'label': 1}
```
#### KB-WiC
An example of a data point looks as follows.
```
{'word': '양분',
'context_1': '토양에 [양분]이 풍부하여 나무가 잘 자란다. ',
'context_2': '태아는 모체로부터 [양분]과 산소를 공급받게 된다.',
'label': 1}
```
#### KB-HellaSwag
An example of a data point looks as follows.
```
{'context': '모자를 쓴 투수가 타자에게 온 힘을 다해 공을 던진다. 공이 타자에게 빠른 속도로 다가온다. 타자가 공을 배트로 친다. 배트에서 깡 소리가 난다. 공이 하늘 위로 날아간다.',
'ending_1': '외야수가 떨어지는 공을 글러브로 잡는다.',
'ending_2': '외야수가 공이 떨어질 위치에 자리를 잡는다.',
'ending_3': '심판이 아웃을 외친다.',
'ending_4': '외야수가 공을 따라 뛰기 시작한다.',
'label': 3}
```
#### KB-SentiNeg
An example of a data point looks as follows.
```
{'sentence': '택배사 정말 마음에 듬',
'label': 1}
```
### Data Fields
### KB-BoolQ
+ `paragraph`: a `string` feature
+ `question`: a `string` feature
+ `label`: a classification label, with possible values `False`(0) and `True`(1)
### KB-COPA
+ `premise`: a `string` feature
+ `question`: a `string` feature
+ `alternative_1`: a `string` feature
+ `alternative_2`: a `string` feature
+ `label`: an answer candidate label, with possible values `alternative_1`(0) and `alternative_2`(1)
### KB-WiC
+ `target_word`: a `string` feature
+ `context_1`: a `string` feature
+ `context_2`: a `string` feature
+ `label`: a classification label, with possible values `False`(0) and `True`(1)
### KB-HellaSwag
+ `target_word`: a `string` feature
+ `context_1`: a `string` feature
+ `context_2`: a `string` feature
+ `label`: a classification label, with possible values `False`(0) and `True`(1)
### KB-SentiNeg
+ `sentence`: a `string` feature
+ `label`: a classification label, with possible values `Negative`(0) and `Positive`(1)
### Data Splits
#### KB-BoolQ
+ train: 3,665
+ dev: 700
+ test: 1,404
#### KB-COPA
+ train: 3,076
+ dev: 1,000
+ test: 1,000
#### KB-WiC
+ train: 3,318
+ dev: 1,260
+ test: 1,260
#### KB-HellaSwag
+ train: 3,665
+ dev: 700
+ test: 1,404
#### KB-SentiNeg
+ train: 3,649
+ dev: 400
+ test: 397
+ test_originated: 397 (Corresponding training data where the test set is originated from.)
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed]
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed]
### Licensing Information
```
@misc{https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2204.04541,
doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2204.04541},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.04541},
author = {Kim, Dohyeong and Jang, Myeongjun and Kwon, Deuk Sin and Davis, Eric},
title = {KOBEST: Korean Balanced Evaluation of Significant Tasks},
publisher = {arXiv},
year = {2022},
}
```
[More Information Needed]
### Contributions
Thanks to [@MJ-Jang](https://github.com/MJ-Jang) for adding this dataset. | 5,556 | [
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opus_euconst | 2022-11-03T16:47:26.000Z | [
"task_categories:translation",
"annotations_creators:found",
"language_creators:found",
"multilinguality:multilingual",
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:cs",
"language:da",
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"language:lv",
"language:mt",
"language:nl",
"language:pl",
"language:pt",
"language:sk",
"language:sl",
"language:sv",
"license:unknown",
"region:us"
] | null | A parallel corpus collected from the European Constitution for 21 language. | J. Tiedemann, 2012, Parallel Data, Tools and Interfaces in OPUS. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2012) | 7 | 9,101 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
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license:
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multilinguality:
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size_categories:
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source_datasets:
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task_categories:
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task_ids: []
paperswithcode_id: null
pretty_name: OpusEuconst
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---
# Dataset Card for [Dataset Name]
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:**[sardware](http://opus.nlpl.eu/EUconst.php)
- **Repository:**
- **Paper:**
- **Leaderboard:**
- **Point of Contact:**
### Dataset Summary
A parallel corpus collected from the European Constitution.
21 languages, 210 bitexts
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
The underlying task is machine translation.
### Languages
[More Information Needed]
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
[More Information Needed]
### Data Fields
[More Information Needed]
### Data Splits
[More Information Needed]
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed]
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed]
### Licensing Information
[More Information Needed]
### Citation Information
J. Tiedemann, 2012, Parallel Data, Tools and Interfaces in OPUS. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2012)
### Contributions
Thanks to [@patil-suraj](https://github.com/patil-suraj) for adding this dataset. | 55,732 | [
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argilla/gutenberg_spacy-ner | 2023-06-28T06:34:37.000Z | [
"language:en",
"region:us"
] | argilla | null | null | 4 | 9,026 | 2022-10-07T13:22:03 | ---
dataset_info:
features:
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dtype: string
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sequence: string
- name: prediction
list:
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struct:
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struct:
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sequence: 'null'
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struct:
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list:
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list:
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struct:
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sequence: float64
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 1426424
num_examples: 100
download_size: 389794
dataset_size: 1426424
language:
- en
---
# Dataset Card for "gutenberg_spacy-ner"
[More Information needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards) | 1,958 | [
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] |
jfleg | 2022-11-18T20:15:50.000Z | [
"task_categories:text2text-generation",
"annotations_creators:expert-generated",
"language_creators:found",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"multilinguality:other-language-learner",
"size_categories:1K<n<10K",
"source_datasets:extended|other-GUG-grammaticality-judgements",
"language:en",
"license:cc-by-nc-sa-4.0",
"grammatical-error-correction",
"region:us"
] | null | JFLEG (JHU FLuency-Extended GUG) is an English grammatical error correction (GEC) corpus.
It is a gold standard benchmark for developing and evaluating GEC systems with respect to
fluency (extent to which a text is native-sounding) as well as grammaticality.
For each source document, there are four human-written corrections (ref0 to ref3). | @InProceedings{napoles-sakaguchi-tetreault:2017:EACLshort,
author = {Napoles, Courtney
and Sakaguchi, Keisuke
and Tetreault, Joel},
title = {JFLEG: A Fluency Corpus and Benchmark for Grammatical Error Correction},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the
Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 2, Short Papers},
month = {April},
year = {2017},
address = {Valencia, Spain},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {229--234},
url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-2037}
}
@InProceedings{heilman-EtAl:2014:P14-2,
author = {Heilman, Michael
and Cahill, Aoife
and Madnani, Nitin
and Lopez, Melissa
and Mulholland, Matthew
and Tetreault, Joel},
title = {Predicting Grammaticality on an Ordinal Scale},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the
Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)},
month = {June},
year = {2014},
address = {Baltimore, Maryland},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {174--180},
url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2029}
} | 35 | 8,931 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- expert-generated
language_creators:
- found
language:
- en
license:
- cc-by-nc-sa-4.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
- other-language-learner
size_categories:
- 1K<n<10K
source_datasets:
- extended|other-GUG-grammaticality-judgements
task_categories:
- text2text-generation
task_ids: []
paperswithcode_id: jfleg
pretty_name: JHU FLuency-Extended GUG corpus
tags:
- grammatical-error-correction
dataset_info:
features:
- name: sentence
dtype: string
- name: corrections
sequence: string
splits:
- name: validation
num_bytes: 379991
num_examples: 755
- name: test
num_bytes: 379711
num_examples: 748
download_size: 731111
dataset_size: 759702
---
# Dataset Card for JFLEG
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [Github](https://github.com/keisks/jfleg)
- **Repository:** [Github](https://github.com/keisks/jfleg)
- **Paper:** [Napoles et al., 2020](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-2037/)
- **Leaderboard:** [Leaderboard](https://github.com/keisks/jfleg#leader-board-published-results)
- **Point of Contact:** Courtney Napoles, Keisuke Sakaguchi
### Dataset Summary
JFLEG (JHU FLuency-Extended GUG) is an English grammatical error correction (GEC) corpus. It is a gold standard benchmark for developing and evaluating GEC systems with respect to fluency (extent to which a text is native-sounding) as well as grammaticality. For each source document, there are four human-written corrections.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
Grammatical error correction.
### Languages
English (native as well as L2 writers)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
Each instance contains a source sentence and four corrections. For example:
```python
{
'sentence': "They are moved by solar energy ."
'corrections': [
"They are moving by solar energy .",
"They are moved by solar energy .",
"They are moved by solar energy .",
"They are propelled by solar energy ."
]
}
```
### Data Fields
- sentence: original sentence written by an English learner
- corrections: corrected versions by human annotators. The order of the annotations are consistent (eg first sentence will always be written by annotator "ref0").
### Data Splits
- This dataset contains 1511 examples in total and comprise a dev and test split.
- There are 754 and 747 source sentences for dev and test, respectively.
- Each sentence has 4 corresponding corrected versions.
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed]
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed]
### Licensing Information
This work is licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/).
### Citation Information
This benchmark was proposed by [Napoles et al., 2020](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-2037/).
```
@InProceedings{napoles-sakaguchi-tetreault:2017:EACLshort,
author = {Napoles, Courtney and Sakaguchi, Keisuke and Tetreault, Joel},
title = {JFLEG: A Fluency Corpus and Benchmark for Grammatical Error Correction},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 2, Short Papers},
month = {April},
year = {2017},
address = {Valencia, Spain},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {229--234},
url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-2037}
}
@InProceedings{heilman-EtAl:2014:P14-2,
author = {Heilman, Michael and Cahill, Aoife and Madnani, Nitin and Lopez, Melissa and Mulholland, Matthew and Tetreault, Joel},
title = {Predicting Grammaticality on an Ordinal Scale},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)},
month = {June},
year = {2014},
address = {Baltimore, Maryland},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {174--180},
url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-2029}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@j-chim](https://github.com/j-chim) for adding this dataset. | 5,815 | [
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uonlp/CulturaX | 2023-09-25T10:43:45.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-generation",
"task_categories:fill-mask",
"task_ids:language-modeling",
"task_ids:masked-language-modeling",
"annotations_creators:no-annotation",
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"arxiv:2309.09400",
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] | uonlp | CulturaX: A Cleaned, Enormous, and Multilingual Dataset for Large Language Models in 167 Languages \ | @misc{nguyen2023culturax,
title={CulturaX: A Cleaned, Enormous, and Multilingual Dataset for Large Language Models in 167 Languages},
author={Thuat Nguyen and Chien Van Nguyen and Viet Dac Lai and Hieu Man and Nghia Trung Ngo and Franck Dernoncourt and Ryan A. Rossi and Thien Huu Nguyen},
year={2023},
eprint={2309.09400},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
} | 220 | 8,825 | 2023-09-04T08:20:39 | ---
pretty_name: CulturaX
annotations_creators:
- no-annotation
language_creators:
- found
language:
- af
- als
- am
- an
- ar
- arz
- as
- ast
- av
- az
- azb
- ba
- bar
- bcl
- be
- bg
- bh
- bn
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- bpy
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- bxr
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- cbk
- ce
- ceb
- ckb
- cs
- cv
- cy
- da
- de
- dsb
- dv
- el
- eml
- en
- eo
- es
- et
- eu
- fa
- fi
- fr
- frr
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- gd
- gl
- gn
- gom
- gu
- he
- hi
- hr
- hsb
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- hu
- hy
- ia
- id
- ie
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- io
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- ja
- jbo
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- ka
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- km
- kn
- ko
- krc
- ku
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- ky
- la
- lb
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- lv
- mai
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- mhr
- min
- mk
- ml
- mn
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- mrj
- ms
- mt
- mwl
- my
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- mzn
- nah
- nap
- nds
- ne
- new
- nl
- nn
- 'no'
- oc
- or
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- pa
- pam
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- pms
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- qu
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- sah
- scn
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- sk
- sl
- so
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- sr
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- sw
- ta
- te
- tg
- th
- tk
- tl
- tr
- tt
- tyv
- ug
- uk
- ur
- uz
- vec
- vi
- vls
- vo
- wa
- war
- wuu
- xal
- xmf
- yi
- yo
- yue
- zh
multilinguality:
- multilingual
size_categories:
- n<1K
- 1K<n<10K
- 10K<n<100K
- 100K<n<1M
- 1M<n<10M
- 10M<n<100M
- 100M<n<1B
- 1B<n<10B
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- text-generation
- fill-mask
task_ids:
- language-modeling
- masked-language-modeling
extra_gated_prompt: "By completing the form below, you acknowledge that the provided data is offered as is. Although we anticipate no problems, you accept full responsibility for any repercussions resulting from the use of this data. Furthermore, you agree that the data must not be utilized for malicious or harmful purposes towards humanity."
extra_gated_fields:
Name: text
Email: text
Affiliation: text
Country: text
Usecase: text
I have explicitly check with my jurisdiction and I confirm that downloading CulturaX is legal in the country/region where I am located right now, and for the use case that I have described above: checkbox
You agree to not attempt to determine the identity of individuals in this dataset: checkbox
---
<div align="center">
<h1> CulturaX </h1>
<h3> Cleaned, Enormous, and Public: The Multilingual Fuel to Democratize Large Language Models for 167 Languages </h3>
</div>
## Dataset Description
- **Repository:** [https://github.com/nlp-uoregon/CulturaX](https://github.com/nlp-uoregon/CulturaX)
- **Papers:** [CulturaX: A Cleaned, Enormous, and Multilingual Dataset for Large Language Models in 167 Languages](https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.09400)
## Dataset Summary
We present CulturaX, a substantial multilingual dataset with 6.3 trillion tokens in 167 languages, tailored for large language model (LLM) development. Our dataset undergoes meticulous cleaning and deduplication through a rigorous pipeline of multiple stages to accomplish the best quality for model training, including language identification, URL-based filtering, metric-based cleaning, document refinement, and data deduplication. We employ MinHash at document level to achieve fuzzy deduplication for the datasets in different languages. Our data cleaning framework includes diverse criteria and threshold selections, guided by extensive data samples, ensuring comprehensive noise filtering in various aspects. CulturaX is fully released to the public in HuggingFace to facilitate research and advancements in multilingual LLMs.
Our dataset combines the most recent iteration of mC4 (version 3.1.0) [1] with all accessible OSCAR corpora up to the present year, including 20.19, 21.09, 22.01, and 23.01 [2]. After deep cleaning and deduplication, CulturaX involves 16TB data in the parquet format (expanding to 27TB when unpacked). More than a half of our dataset is dedicated to non-English languages to significantly boost the data size and enhance the feasibility of training models in multilingual scenarios.
To obtain perplexity scores for data cleaning, we train a SentencePiece tokenizer and 5-gram Kneser-Ney language models as provided in the KenLM library [3] using the 20230501 dumps of Wikipedia. Our KenLM models are also released in HuggingFace: https://huggingface.co/uonlp/kenlm.
Details for the dataset can be found in our technical paper: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.09400](https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.09400)
You can download the dataset using Hugging Face datasets:
*You may need to follow these instructions to setup authentication before downloading the dataset: [https://huggingface.co/docs/huggingface_hub/quick-start#login](https://huggingface.co/docs/huggingface_hub/quick-start#login)*
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("uonlp/CulturaX",
language="en",
use_auth_token=True)
```
### Languages
The supported languages and statistics for our dataset can be found below:
*(Note that the language code `als` and `eml` refer to `gsw` and `x-eml` in the OSCAR-2301 dataset.)*
| | Code | Language | # Documents | # Tokens | # Tokens (%) |
|----:|:-------|:-------------------------|:----------------|:--------------------|:------|
| 0 | en | English | 3,241,065,682 | 2,846,970,578,793 | 45.13 |
| 1 | ru | Russian | 799,310,908 | 737,201,800,363 | 11.69 |
| 2 | es | Spanish | 450,937,645 | 373,845,662,394 | 5.93 |
| 3 | de | German | 420,017,484 | 357,030,348,021 | 5.66 |
| 4 | fr | French | 363,754,348 | 319,332,674,695 | 5.06 |
| 5 | zh | Chinese | 218,624,604 | 227,055,380,882 | 3.60 |
| 6 | it | Italian | 211,309,922 | 165,446,410,843 | 2.62 |
| 7 | pt | Portuguese | 190,289,658 | 136,941,763,923 | 2.17 |
| 8 | pl | Polish | 142,167,217 | 117,269,087,143 | 1.86 |
| 9 | ja | Japanese | 111,188,475 | 107,873,841,351 | 1.71 |
| 10 | vi | Vietnamese | 102,411,180 | 98,453,464,077 | 1.56 |
| 11 | nl | Dutch | 117,392,666 | 80,032,209,900 | 1.27 |
| 12 | ar | Arabic | 74,027,952 | 69,354,335,076 | 1.10 |
| 13 | tr | Turkish | 94,207,460 | 64,292,787,164 | 1.02 |
| 14 | cs | Czech | 65,350,564 | 56,910,486,745 | 0.90 |
| 15 | fa | Persian | 59,531,144 | 45,947,657,495 | 0.73 |
| 16 | hu | Hungarian | 44,132,152 | 43,417,981,714 | 0.69 |
| 17 | el | Greek | 51,430,226 | 43,147,590,757 | 0.68 |
| 18 | ro | Romanian | 40,325,424 | 39,647,954,768 | 0.63 |
| 19 | sv | Swedish | 49,709,189 | 38,486,181,494 | 0.61 |
| 20 | uk | Ukrainian | 44,740,545 | 38,226,128,686 | 0.61 |
| 21 | fi | Finnish | 30,467,667 | 28,925,009,180 | 0.46 |
| 22 | ko | Korean | 20,557,310 | 24,765,448,392 | 0.39 |
| 23 | da | Danish | 25,429,808 | 22,921,651,314 | 0.36 |
| 24 | bg | Bulgarian | 24,131,819 | 22,917,954,776 | 0.36 |
| 25 | no | Norwegian | 18,907,310 | 18,426,628,868 | 0.29 |
| 26 | hi | Hindi | 19,665,355 | 16,791,362,871 | 0.27 |
| 27 | sk | Slovak | 18,582,517 | 16,442,669,076 | 0.26 |
| 28 | th | Thai | 20,960,550 | 15,717,374,014 | 0.25 |
| 29 | lt | Lithuanian | 13,339,785 | 14,247,110,836 | 0.23 |
| 30 | ca | Catalan | 15,531,777 | 12,530,288,006 | 0.20 |
| 31 | id | Indonesian | 23,251,368 | 12,062,966,061 | 0.19 |
| 32 | bn | Bangla | 12,436,596 | 9,572,929,804 | 0.15 |
| 33 | et | Estonian | 8,004,753 | 8,805,656,165 | 0.14 |
| 34 | sl | Slovenian | 7,335,378 | 8,007,587,522 | 0.13 |
| 35 | lv | Latvian | 7,136,587 | 7,845,180,319 | 0.12 |
| 36 | he | Hebrew | 4,653,979 | 4,937,152,096 | 0.08 |
| 37 | sr | Serbian | 4,053,166 | 4,619,482,725 | 0.07 |
| 38 | ta | Tamil | 4,728,460 | 4,378,078,610 | 0.07 |
| 39 | sq | Albanian | 5,205,579 | 3,648,893,215 | 0.06 |
| 40 | az | Azerbaijani | 5,084,505 | 3,513,351,967 | 0.06 |
| 41 | kk | Kazakh | 2,733,982 | 2,802,485,195 | 0.04 |
| 42 | ur | Urdu | 2,757,279 | 2,703,052,627 | 0.04 |
| 43 | ka | Georgian | 3,120,321 | 2,617,625,564 | 0.04 |
| 44 | hy | Armenian | 2,964,488 | 2,395,179,284 | 0.04 |
| 45 | is | Icelandic | 2,373,560 | 2,350,592,857 | 0.04 |
| 46 | ml | Malayalam | 2,693,052 | 2,100,556,809 | 0.03 |
| 47 | ne | Nepali | 3,124,040 | 2,061,601,961 | 0.03 |
| 48 | mk | Macedonian | 2,762,807 | 2,003,302,006 | 0.03 |
| 49 | mr | Marathi | 2,266,588 | 1,955,227,796 | 0.03 |
| 50 | mn | Mongolian | 1,928,828 | 1,850,667,656 | 0.03 |
| 51 | be | Belarusian | 1,643,486 | 1,791,473,041 | 0.03 |
| 52 | te | Telugu | 1,822,865 | 1,566,972,146 | 0.02 |
| 53 | gl | Galician | 1,785,963 | 1,382,539,693 | 0.02 |
| 54 | eu | Basque | 1,598,822 | 1,262,066,759 | 0.02 |
| 55 | kn | Kannada | 1,352,142 | 1,242,285,201 | 0.02 |
| 56 | gu | Gujarati | 1,162,878 | 1,131,730,537 | 0.02 |
| 57 | af | Afrikaans | 826,519 | 1,119,009,767 | 0.02 |
| 58 | my | Burmese | 865,575 | 882,606,546 | 0.01 |
| 59 | si | Sinhala | 753,655 | 880,289,097 | 0.01 |
| 60 | eo | Esperanto | 460,088 | 803,948,528 | 0.01 |
| 61 | km | Khmer | 1,013,181 | 746,664,132 | 0.01 |
| 62 | pa | Punjabi | 646,987 | 727,546,145 | 0.01 |
| 63 | cy | Welsh | 549,955 | 576,743,162 | 0.01 |
| 64 | ky | Kyrgyz | 570,922 | 501,442,620 | 0.01 |
| 65 | ga | Irish | 304,251 | 376,947,935 | 0.01 |
| 66 | ps | Pashto | 376,914 | 363,007,770 | 0.01 |
| 67 | am | Amharic | 243,349 | 358,206,762 | 0.01 |
| 68 | ku | Kurdish | 295,314 | 302,990,910 | 0.00 |
| 69 | tl | Filipino | 348,453 | 242,086,456 | 0.00 |
| 70 | yi | Yiddish | 141,156 | 217,584,643 | 0.00 |
| 71 | lo | Lao | 217,842 | 168,256,876 | 0.00 |
| 72 | fy | Western Frisian | 223,268 | 167,193,111 | 0.00 |
| 73 | sd | Sindhi | 109,162 | 147,487,058 | 0.00 |
| 74 | mg | Malagasy | 115,910 | 142,685,412 | 0.00 |
| 75 | or | Odia | 153,461 | 100,323,213 | 0.00 |
| 76 | as | Assamese | 52,627 | 83,787,896 | 0.00 |
| 77 | ug | Uyghur | 47,035 | 77,677,306 | 0.00 |
| 78 | uz | Uzbek | 87,219 | 75,250,787 | 0.00 |
| 79 | la | Latin | 48,968 | 44,176,580 | 0.00 |
| 80 | hr | Croatian | 460,690 | 40,796,811 | 0.00 |
| 81 | sw | Swahili | 66,506 | 30,708,309 | 0.00 |
| 82 | ms | Malay | 238,151 | 19,375,976 | 0.00 |
| 83 | br | Breton | 43,765 | 13,987,037 | 0.00 |
| 84 | sa | Sanskrit | 16,290 | 13,561,367 | 0.00 |
| 85 | gd | Scottish Gaelic | 8,408 | 4,796,485 | 0.00 |
| 86 | su | Sundanese | 1,554 | 1,308,460 | 0.00 |
| 87 | jv | Javanese | 2,058 | 625,429 | 0.00 |
| 88 | tg | Tajik | 483,835 | - | - |
| 89 | ceb | Cebuano | 263,890 | - | - |
| 90 | tt | Tatar | 218,102 | - | - |
| 91 | ckb | Central Kurdish | 172,035 | - | - |
| 92 | lb | Luxembourgish | 165,891 | - | - |
| 93 | mt | Maltese | 151,320 | - | - |
| 94 | nn | Norwegian Nynorsk | 126,083 | - | - |
| 95 | qu | Quechua | 1,202 | 72,101 | 0.00 |
| 96 | ba | Bashkir | 71,957 | - | - |
| 97 | arz | Egyptian Arabic | 71,625 | - | - |
| 98 | dv | Divehi | 66,702 | - | - |
| 99 | bo | Tibetan | 54,185 | - | - |
| 100 | sh | Serbian (Latin) | 45,619 | - | - |
| 101 | yo | Yoruba | 192 | 42,943 | 0.00 |
| 102 | bs | Bosnian | 1,237 | 39,768 | 0.00 |
| 103 | azb | South Azerbaijani | 29,833 | - | - |
| 104 | ht | Haitian Creole | 12 | 26,183 | 0.00 |
| 105 | war | Waray | 23,687 | - | - |
| 106 | cv | Chuvash | 22,570 | - | - |
| 107 | sah | Sakha | 22,141 | - | - |
| 108 | li | Limburgish | 206 | 18,532 | 0.00 |
| 109 | ce | Chechen | 17,322 | - | - |
| 110 | pnb | Western Panjabi | 15,625 | - | - |
| 111 | nds | Low German | 15,139 | - | - |
| 112 | tk | Turkmen | 14,393 | - | - |
| 113 | gn | Guarani | 103 | 12,708 | 0.00 |
| 114 | oc | Occitan | 10,556 | - | - |
| 115 | xmf | Mingrelian | 9,706 | - | - |
| 116 | ast | Asturian | 9,002 | - | - |
| 117 | os | Ossetic | 8,596 | - | - |
| 118 | mhr | Eastern Mari | 7,883 | - | - |
| 119 | pms | Piedmontese | 7,566 | - | - |
| 120 | als[*] | Swiss German | 6,936 | - | - |
| 121 | vo | Volapük | 6,621 | - | - |
| 122 | so | Somali | 39 | 6,053 | 0.00 |
| 123 | bpy | Bishnupriya | 5,087 | - | - |
| 124 | new | Newari | 4,344 | - | - |
| 125 | hsb | Upper Sorbian | 4,244 | - | - |
| 126 | lmo | Lombard | 3,530 | - | - |
| 127 | an | Aragonese | 2,746 | - | - |
| 128 | ilo | Iloko | 2,328 | - | - |
| 129 | mzn | Mazanderani | 1,914 | - | - |
| 130 | lez | Lezghian | 1,806 | - | - |
| 131 | rm | Romansh | 30 | 1,769 | 0.00 |
| 132 | krc | Karachay-Balkar | 1,745 | - | - |
| 133 | min | Minangkabau | 1,429 | - | - |
| 134 | kv | Komi | 1,396 | - | - |
| 135 | wa | Walloon | 1,383 | - | - |
| 136 | jbo | Lojban | 1,349 | - | - |
| 137 | io | Ido | 1,144 | - | - |
| 138 | mrj | Western Mari | 1,056 | - | - |
| 139 | gom | Goan Konkani | 721 | - | - |
| 140 | ia | Interlingua | 613 | - | - |
| 141 | av | Avaric | 438 | - | - |
| 142 | bh | Bihari languages | 265 | - | - |
| 143 | wuu | Wu Chinese | 222 | - | - |
| 144 | nah | Nahuatl languages | 131 | - | - |
| 145 | vec | Venetian | 113 | - | - |
| 146 | bxr | Russia Buriat | 100 | - | - |
| 147 | kw | Cornish | 94 | - | - |
| 148 | mai | Maithili | 93 | - | - |
| 149 | eml[*] | Emiliano-Romagnol | 91 | - | - |
| 150 | dsb | Lower Sorbian | 59 | - | - |
| 151 | xal | Kalmyk | 51 | - | - |
| 152 | lrc | Northern Luri | 43 | - | - |
| 153 | nap | Neapolitan | 31 | - | - |
| 154 | tyv | Tuvinian | 23 | - | - |
| 155 | scn | Sicilian | 21 | - | - |
| 156 | frr | Northern Frisian | 11 | - | - |
| 157 | mwl | Mirandese | 9 | - | - |
| 158 | myv | Erzya | 4 | - | - |
| 159 | ie | Interlingue | 4 | - | - |
| 160 | pam | Pampanga | 4 | - | - |
| 161 | bar | Bavarian | 3 | - | - |
| 162 | yue | Yue Chinese | 3 | - | - |
| 163 | cbk | Chavacano | 2 | - | - |
| 164 | bcl | Central Bikol | 1 | - | - |
| 165 | vls | West Flemish | 1 | - | - |
| 166 | rue | Rusyn | 1 | - | - |
### Dataset Structure
```json
{
"text": ...,
"timestamp": ...,
"url": ...,
"source": "mc4" | "OSCAR-xxxx",
}
```
## Considerations for Using the Data
As CulturaX is the cleaned version of the mC4 and OSCAR datasets, which were both extracted from CommonCrawl, personal and sensitive information might still contain personal and sensitive information.
This must be considered prior to using this dataset for any purpose, such as training deep learning models, etc.
## License Information
The licence terms for CulturaX strictly follows those of `mC4` and `OSCAR`. Please refer to both below licenses when using this dataset.
- [mC4 license](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/c4#license)
- [OSCAR license](https://huggingface.co/datasets/oscar-corpus/OSCAR-2301#licensing-information)
## Citation
To cite CulturaX, please use:
```
@misc{nguyen2023culturax,
title={CulturaX: A Cleaned, Enormous, and Multilingual Dataset for Large Language Models in 167 Languages},
author={Thuat Nguyen and Chien Van Nguyen and Viet Dac Lai and Hieu Man and Nghia Trung Ngo and Franck Dernoncourt and Ryan A. Rossi and Thien Huu Nguyen},
year={2023},
eprint={2309.09400},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
```
## Reference
[1] Linting Xue, Noah Constant, Adam Roberts, Mihir Kale, Rami Al-Rfou, Aditya Siddhant, Aditya Barua, and Colin Raffel. 2021. mT5: A massively multilingual
pre-trained text-to-text transformer. In NAACL 2021. https://huggingface.co/datasets/mc4
[2] Pedro Javier Ortiz Suárez, Benoît Sagot, and Laurent Romary. 2019. Asynchronous pipelines for processing huge corpora on medium to low resource infrastructures. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Challenges in the Management of Large Corpora (CMLC-
7) 2019. https://oscar-project.org/
[3] KenLM: Faster and smaller language model queries. In Proceedings of the Sixth
Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation, 2011. | 22,372 | [
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openai/summarize_from_feedback | 2023-01-03T16:55:41.000Z | [
"arxiv:2009.01325",
"region:us"
] | openai | Summarize from Feedback contains the human feedback data released by the "Learning to summarize from human feedback" paper. | @inproceedings{stienon2020learning,
author = {Nisan Stiennon and Long Ouyang and Jeff Wu and Daniel M. Ziegler and Ryan Lowe and Chelsea Voss and Alec Radford and Dario Amodei and Paul Christiano},
title = {Learning to summarize from human feedback},
booktitle = {NeurIPS},
year = 2020,
} | 124 | 8,747 | 2022-12-28T03:42:47 | ---
pretty_name: Summarize from Feedback
---
# Dataset Card for Summarize from Feedback
## Dataset Description
In the [Learning to Summarize from Human Feedback paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.01325), a reward model was trained from human feedback.
The reward model was then used to train a summarization model to align with human preferences. This is the dataset of human feedback that was released for reward modelling.
There are two parts of this dataset: `comparisons` and `axis`. In the `comparisons` part, human annotators were asked to choose the best out of two summaries.
In the `axis` part, human annotators gave scores on a likert scale for the quality of a summary.
The `comparisons` part only has a train and validation split, and the `axis` part only has a test and validation split.
The summaries used for training the reward model in the paper come from the TL;DR dataset.
Additional validation and test data come from the TL;DR dataset, CNN articles, and Daily Mail articles.
For more information, see the repo [here](https://github.com/openai/summarize-from-feedback#human-feedback-data).
## Citation Information
[https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.01325](https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.01325)
```
@inproceedings{stienon2020learning,
author = {Nisan Stiennon and Long Ouyang and Jeff Wu and Daniel M. Ziegler and Ryan Lowe and Chelsea Voss and Alec Radford and Dario Amodei and Paul Christiano},
title = {Learning to summarize from human feedback},
booktitle = {NeurIPS},
year = 2020,
}
```
Dataset added to the Hugging Face Hub with help from [@Tristan](https://huggingface.co/Tristan) | 1,610 | [
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nq_open | 2022-11-03T16:32:11.000Z | [
"task_categories:question-answering",
"task_ids:open-domain-qa",
"annotations_creators:expert-generated",
"language_creators:other",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"source_datasets:extended|natural_questions",
"language:en",
"license:cc-by-sa-3.0",
"region:us"
] | null | The NQ-Open task, introduced by Lee et.al. 2019,
is an open domain question answering benchmark that is derived from Natural Questions.
The goal is to predict an English answer string for an input English question.
All questions can be answered using the contents of English Wikipedia. | @article{doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00276,
author = {Kwiatkowski, Tom and Palomaki, Jennimaria and Redfield, Olivia and Collins, Michael and Parikh, Ankur and Alberti, Chris and Epstein, Danielle and Polosukhin, Illia and Devlin, Jacob and Lee, Kenton and Toutanova, Kristina and Jones, Llion and Kelcey, Matthew and Chang, Ming-Wei and Dai, Andrew M. and Uszkoreit, Jakob and Le, Quoc and Petrov, Slav},
title = {Natural Questions: A Benchmark for Question Answering Research},
journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {453-466},
year = {2019},
doi = {10.1162/tacl_a_00276},
URL = {
https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00276
},
eprint = {
https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00276
},
abstract = { We present the Natural Questions corpus, a question answering data set. Questions consist of real anonymized, aggregated queries issued to the Google search engine. An annotator is presented with a question along with a Wikipedia page from the top 5 search results, and annotates a long answer (typically a paragraph) and a short answer (one or more entities) if present on the page, or marks null if no long/short answer is present. The public release consists of 307,373 training examples with single annotations; 7,830 examples with 5-way annotations for development data; and a further 7,842 examples with 5-way annotated sequestered as test data. We present experiments validating quality of the data. We also describe analysis of 25-way annotations on 302 examples, giving insights into human variability on the annotation task. We introduce robust metrics for the purposes of evaluating question answering systems; demonstrate high human upper bounds on these metrics; and establish baseline results using competitive methods drawn from related literature. }
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2019-latent,
title = "Latent Retrieval for Weakly Supervised Open Domain Question Answering",
author = "Lee, Kenton and
Chang, Ming-Wei and
Toutanova, Kristina",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
month = jul,
year = "2019",
address = "Florence, Italy",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1612",
doi = "10.18653/v1/P19-1612",
pages = "6086--6096",
abstract = "Recent work on open domain question answering (QA) assumes strong supervision of the supporting evidence and/or assumes a blackbox information retrieval (IR) system to retrieve evidence candidates. We argue that both are suboptimal, since gold evidence is not always available, and QA is fundamentally different from IR. We show for the first time that it is possible to jointly learn the retriever and reader from question-answer string pairs and without any IR system. In this setting, evidence retrieval from all of Wikipedia is treated as a latent variable. Since this is impractical to learn from scratch, we pre-train the retriever with an Inverse Cloze Task. We evaluate on open versions of five QA datasets. On datasets where the questioner already knows the answer, a traditional IR system such as BM25 is sufficient. On datasets where a user is genuinely seeking an answer, we show that learned retrieval is crucial, outperforming BM25 by up to 19 points in exact match.",
} | 5 | 8,534 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- expert-generated
language_creators:
- other
language:
- en
license:
- cc-by-sa-3.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
pretty_name: NQ-Open
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
- extended|natural_questions
task_categories:
- question-answering
task_ids:
- open-domain-qa
paperswithcode_id: null
dataset_info:
features:
- name: question
dtype: string
- name: answer
sequence: string
config_name: nq_open
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 6651344
num_examples: 87925
- name: validation
num_bytes: 313841
num_examples: 3610
download_size: 8913614
dataset_size: 6965185
---
# Dataset Card for nq_open
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** https://efficientqa.github.io/
- **Repository:** https://github.com/google-research-datasets/natural-questions/tree/master/nq_open
- **Paper:** https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1612.pdf
- **Leaderboard:** https://ai.google.com/research/NaturalQuestions/efficientqa
- **Point of Contact:** [Mailing List](efficientqa@googlegroups.com)
### Dataset Summary
The NQ-Open task, introduced by Lee et.al. 2019,
is an open domain question answering benchmark that is derived from Natural Questions.
The goal is to predict an English answer string for an input English question.
All questions can be answered using the contents of English Wikipedia.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
Open Domain Question-Answering,
EfficientQA Leaderboard: https://ai.google.com/research/NaturalQuestions/efficientqa
### Languages
English (`en`)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
```
{
"question": "names of the metropolitan municipalities in south africa",
"answer": [
"Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality",
"Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality",
"eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality",
"City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality",
"City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality",
"Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality",
"City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality"
]
}
```
### Data Fields
- `question` - Input open domain question.
- `answer` - List of possible answers to the question
### Data Splits
- Train : 87925
- validation : 1800
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[Needs More Information]
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
Natural Questions contains question from aggregated queries to Google Search (Kwiatkowski et al., 2019). To gather an open version of this dataset, we only keep questions with short answers and discard the given evidence document. Answers with many tokens often resemble extractive snippets rather than canonical answers, so we discard answers with more than 5 tokens.
#### Who are the source language producers?
[Needs More Information]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[Needs More Information]
#### Who are the annotators?
[Needs More Information]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[Needs More Information]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[Needs More Information]
### Discussion of Biases
Evaluating on this diverse set of question-answer pairs is crucial, because all existing datasets have inherent biases that are problematic for open domain QA systems with learned retrieval.
In the Natural Questions dataset the question askers do not already know the answer. This accurately reflects a distribution of genuine information-seeking questions.
However, annotators must separately find correct answers, which requires assistance from automatic tools and can introduce a moderate bias towards results from the tool.
### Other Known Limitations
[Needs More Information]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[Needs More Information]
### Licensing Information
All of the Natural Questions data is released under the
[CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/) license.
### Citation Information
```
@article{doi:10.1162/tacl\_a\_00276,
author = {Kwiatkowski, Tom and Palomaki, Jennimaria and Redfield, Olivia and Collins, Michael and Parikh, Ankur and Alberti, Chris and Epstein, Danielle and Polosukhin, Illia and Devlin, Jacob and Lee, Kenton and Toutanova, Kristina and Jones, Llion and Kelcey, Matthew and Chang, Ming-Wei and Dai, Andrew M. and Uszkoreit, Jakob and Le, Quoc and Petrov, Slav},
title = {Natural Questions: A Benchmark for Question Answering Research},
journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {453-466},
year = {2019},
doi = {10.1162/tacl\_a\_00276},
URL = {
https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00276
},
eprint = {
https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00276
},
abstract = { We present the Natural Questions corpus, a question answering data set. Questions consist of real anonymized, aggregated queries issued to the Google search engine. An annotator is presented with a question along with a Wikipedia page from the top 5 search results, and annotates a long answer (typically a paragraph) and a short answer (one or more entities) if present on the page, or marks null if no long/short answer is present. The public release consists of 307,373 training examples with single annotations; 7,830 examples with 5-way annotations for development data; and a further 7,842 examples with 5-way annotated sequestered as test data. We present experiments validating quality of the data. We also describe analysis of 25-way annotations on 302 examples, giving insights into human variability on the annotation task. We introduce robust metrics for the purposes of evaluating question answering systems; demonstrate high human upper bounds on these metrics; and establish baseline results using competitive methods drawn from related literature. }
}
@inproceedings{lee-etal-2019-latent,
title = "Latent Retrieval for Weakly Supervised Open Domain Question Answering",
author = "Lee, Kenton and
Chang, Ming-Wei and
Toutanova, Kristina",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
month = jul,
year = "2019",
address = "Florence, Italy",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1612",
doi = "10.18653/v1/P19-1612",
pages = "6086--6096",
abstract = "Recent work on open domain question answering (QA) assumes strong supervision of the supporting evidence and/or assumes a blackbox information retrieval (IR) system to retrieve evidence candidates. We argue that both are suboptimal, since gold evidence is not always available, and QA is fundamentally different from IR. We show for the first time that it is possible to jointly learn the retriever and reader from question-answer string pairs and without any IR system. In this setting, evidence retrieval from all of Wikipedia is treated as a latent variable. Since this is impractical to learn from scratch, we pre-train the retriever with an Inverse Cloze Task. We evaluate on open versions of five QA datasets. On datasets where the questioner already knows the answer, a traditional IR system such as BM25 is sufficient. On datasets where a user is genuinely seeking an answer, we show that learned retrieval is crucial, outperforming BM25 by up to 19 points in exact match.",
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@Nilanshrajput](https://github.com/Nilanshrajput) for adding this dataset. | 8,632 | [
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] |
Dahoas/rm-static | 2023-03-06T00:13:07.000Z | [
"region:us"
] | Dahoas | null | null | 87 | 8,234 | 2022-12-22T16:50:14 | ---
dataset_info:
features:
- name: prompt
dtype: string
- name: response
dtype: string
- name: chosen
dtype: string
- name: rejected
dtype: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 113850006
num_examples: 76256
- name: test
num_bytes: 7649255
num_examples: 5103
download_size: 73006535
dataset_size: 121499261
---
# Dataset Card for "rm-static"
Split of [hh-static](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Dahoas/static-hh) used for training reward models after supervised fine-tuning. | 530 | [
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] |
vwxyzjn/summarize_from_feedback_tldr_3_filtered | 2023-09-19T20:10:04.000Z | [
"task_categories:summarization",
"size_categories:1K<n<10K",
"language:en",
"license:mit",
"region:us"
] | vwxyzjn | null | null | 1 | 8,189 | 2023-09-19T20:07:59 | ---
license: mit
task_categories:
- summarization
language:
- en
size_categories:
- 1K<n<10K
---
This is the query dataset taken directly from https://github.com/openai/summarize-from-feedback/tree/700967448d10004279f138666442bf1497d0e705#reddit-tldr-dataset | 261 | [
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] |
math_dataset | 2023-04-05T10:09:32.000Z | [
"language:en",
"region:us"
] | null | Mathematics database.
This dataset code generates mathematical question and answer pairs,
from a range of question types at roughly school-level difficulty.
This is designed to test the mathematical learning and algebraic
reasoning skills of learning models.
Original paper: Analysing Mathematical Reasoning Abilities of Neural Models
(Saxton, Grefenstette, Hill, Kohli).
Example usage:
train_examples, val_examples = datasets.load_dataset(
'math_dataset/arithmetic__mul',
split=['train', 'test'],
as_supervised=True) | @article{2019arXiv,
author = {Saxton, Grefenstette, Hill, Kohli},
title = {Analysing Mathematical Reasoning Abilities of Neural Models},
year = {2019},
journal = {arXiv:1904.01557}
} | 46 | 8,168 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
pretty_name: Mathematics Dataset
language:
- en
paperswithcode_id: mathematics
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---
# Dataset Card for "math_dataset"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://github.com/deepmind/mathematics_dataset](https://github.com/deepmind/mathematics_dataset)
- **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Paper:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 130.65 GB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 9.08 GB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 139.73 GB
### Dataset Summary
Mathematics database.
This dataset code generates mathematical question and answer pairs,
from a range of question types at roughly school-level difficulty.
This is designed to test the mathematical learning and algebraic
reasoning skills of learning models.
Original paper: Analysing Mathematical Reasoning Abilities of Neural Models
(Saxton, Grefenstette, Hill, Kohli).
Example usage:
train_examples, val_examples = datasets.load_dataset(
'math_dataset/arithmetic__mul',
split=['train', 'test'],
as_supervised=True)
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### algebra__linear_1d
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 2.33 GB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 92.60 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 2.43 GB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
```
#### algebra__linear_1d_composed
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 2.33 GB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 200.58 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 2.53 GB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
```
#### algebra__linear_2d
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 2.33 GB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 127.41 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 2.46 GB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
```
#### algebra__linear_2d_composed
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 2.33 GB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 235.59 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 2.57 GB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
```
#### algebra__polynomial_roots
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 2.33 GB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 164.01 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 2.50 GB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### algebra__linear_1d
- `question`: a `string` feature.
- `answer`: a `string` feature.
#### algebra__linear_1d_composed
- `question`: a `string` feature.
- `answer`: a `string` feature.
#### algebra__linear_2d
- `question`: a `string` feature.
- `answer`: a `string` feature.
#### algebra__linear_2d_composed
- `question`: a `string` feature.
- `answer`: a `string` feature.
#### algebra__polynomial_roots
- `question`: a `string` feature.
- `answer`: a `string` feature.
### Data Splits
| name | train |test |
|---------------------------|------:|----:|
|algebra__linear_1d |1999998|10000|
|algebra__linear_1d_composed|1999998|10000|
|algebra__linear_2d |1999998|10000|
|algebra__linear_2d_composed|1999998|10000|
|algebra__polynomial_roots |1999998|10000|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Citation Information
```
@article{2019arXiv,
author = {Saxton, Grefenstette, Hill, Kohli},
title = {Analysing Mathematical Reasoning Abilities of Neural Models},
year = {2019},
journal = {arXiv:1904.01557}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@patrickvonplaten](https://github.com/patrickvonplaten), [@lewtun](https://github.com/lewtun), [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf) for adding this dataset. | 24,843 | [
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] |
food101 | 2023-01-25T14:30:37.000Z | [
"task_categories:image-classification",
"task_ids:multi-class-image-classification",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:crowdsourced",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"source_datasets:extended|other-foodspotting",
"language:en",
"license:unknown",
"region:us"
] | null | null | @inproceedings{bossard14,
title = {Food-101 -- Mining Discriminative Components with Random Forests},
author = {Bossard, Lukas and Guillaumin, Matthieu and Van Gool, Luc},
booktitle = {European Conference on Computer Vision},
year = {2014}
} | 24 | 8,116 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
language:
- en
license:
- unknown
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
- extended|other-foodspotting
task_categories:
- image-classification
task_ids:
- multi-class-image-classification
paperswithcode_id: food-101
pretty_name: Food-101
dataset_info:
features:
- name: image
dtype: image
- name: label
dtype:
class_label:
names:
'0': apple_pie
'1': baby_back_ribs
'2': baklava
'3': beef_carpaccio
'4': beef_tartare
'5': beet_salad
'6': beignets
'7': bibimbap
'8': bread_pudding
'9': breakfast_burrito
'10': bruschetta
'11': caesar_salad
'12': cannoli
'13': caprese_salad
'14': carrot_cake
'15': ceviche
'16': cheesecake
'17': cheese_plate
'18': chicken_curry
'19': chicken_quesadilla
'20': chicken_wings
'21': chocolate_cake
'22': chocolate_mousse
'23': churros
'24': clam_chowder
'25': club_sandwich
'26': crab_cakes
'27': creme_brulee
'28': croque_madame
'29': cup_cakes
'30': deviled_eggs
'31': donuts
'32': dumplings
'33': edamame
'34': eggs_benedict
'35': escargots
'36': falafel
'37': filet_mignon
'38': fish_and_chips
'39': foie_gras
'40': french_fries
'41': french_onion_soup
'42': french_toast
'43': fried_calamari
'44': fried_rice
'45': frozen_yogurt
'46': garlic_bread
'47': gnocchi
'48': greek_salad
'49': grilled_cheese_sandwich
'50': grilled_salmon
'51': guacamole
'52': gyoza
'53': hamburger
'54': hot_and_sour_soup
'55': hot_dog
'56': huevos_rancheros
'57': hummus
'58': ice_cream
'59': lasagna
'60': lobster_bisque
'61': lobster_roll_sandwich
'62': macaroni_and_cheese
'63': macarons
'64': miso_soup
'65': mussels
'66': nachos
'67': omelette
'68': onion_rings
'69': oysters
'70': pad_thai
'71': paella
'72': pancakes
'73': panna_cotta
'74': peking_duck
'75': pho
'76': pizza
'77': pork_chop
'78': poutine
'79': prime_rib
'80': pulled_pork_sandwich
'81': ramen
'82': ravioli
'83': red_velvet_cake
'84': risotto
'85': samosa
'86': sashimi
'87': scallops
'88': seaweed_salad
'89': shrimp_and_grits
'90': spaghetti_bolognese
'91': spaghetti_carbonara
'92': spring_rolls
'93': steak
'94': strawberry_shortcake
'95': sushi
'96': tacos
'97': takoyaki
'98': tiramisu
'99': tuna_tartare
'100': waffles
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 3845865322
num_examples: 75750
- name: validation
num_bytes: 1276249954
num_examples: 25250
download_size: 4998236572
dataset_size: 5122115276
---
# Dataset Card for Food-101
## Table of Contents
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [Food-101 Dataset](https://data.vision.ee.ethz.ch/cvl/datasets_extra/food-101/)
- **Repository:**
- **Paper:** [Paper](https://data.vision.ee.ethz.ch/cvl/datasets_extra/food-101/static/bossard_eccv14_food-101.pdf)
- **Leaderboard:**
- **Point of Contact:**
### Dataset Summary
This dataset consists of 101 food categories, with 101'000 images. For each class, 250 manually reviewed test images are provided as well as 750 training images. On purpose, the training images were not cleaned, and thus still contain some amount of noise. This comes mostly in the form of intense colors and sometimes wrong labels. All images were rescaled to have a maximum side length of 512 pixels.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
- `image-classification`: The goal of this task is to classify a given image of a dish into one of 101 classes. The leaderboard is available [here](https://paperswithcode.com/sota/fine-grained-image-classification-on-food-101).
### Languages
English
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
A sample from the training set is provided below:
```
{
'image': <PIL.JpegImagePlugin.JpegImageFile image mode=RGB size=384x512 at 0x276021C5EB8>,
'label': 23
}
```
### Data Fields
The data instances have the following fields:
- `image`: A `PIL.Image.Image` object containing the image. Note that when accessing the image column: `dataset[0]["image"]` the image file is automatically decoded. Decoding of a large number of image files might take a significant amount of time. Thus it is important to first query the sample index before the `"image"` column, *i.e.* `dataset[0]["image"]` should **always** be preferred over `dataset["image"][0]`.
- `label`: an `int` classification label.
<details>
<summary>Class Label Mappings</summary>
```json
{
"apple_pie": 0,
"baby_back_ribs": 1,
"baklava": 2,
"beef_carpaccio": 3,
"beef_tartare": 4,
"beet_salad": 5,
"beignets": 6,
"bibimbap": 7,
"bread_pudding": 8,
"breakfast_burrito": 9,
"bruschetta": 10,
"caesar_salad": 11,
"cannoli": 12,
"caprese_salad": 13,
"carrot_cake": 14,
"ceviche": 15,
"cheesecake": 16,
"cheese_plate": 17,
"chicken_curry": 18,
"chicken_quesadilla": 19,
"chicken_wings": 20,
"chocolate_cake": 21,
"chocolate_mousse": 22,
"churros": 23,
"clam_chowder": 24,
"club_sandwich": 25,
"crab_cakes": 26,
"creme_brulee": 27,
"croque_madame": 28,
"cup_cakes": 29,
"deviled_eggs": 30,
"donuts": 31,
"dumplings": 32,
"edamame": 33,
"eggs_benedict": 34,
"escargots": 35,
"falafel": 36,
"filet_mignon": 37,
"fish_and_chips": 38,
"foie_gras": 39,
"french_fries": 40,
"french_onion_soup": 41,
"french_toast": 42,
"fried_calamari": 43,
"fried_rice": 44,
"frozen_yogurt": 45,
"garlic_bread": 46,
"gnocchi": 47,
"greek_salad": 48,
"grilled_cheese_sandwich": 49,
"grilled_salmon": 50,
"guacamole": 51,
"gyoza": 52,
"hamburger": 53,
"hot_and_sour_soup": 54,
"hot_dog": 55,
"huevos_rancheros": 56,
"hummus": 57,
"ice_cream": 58,
"lasagna": 59,
"lobster_bisque": 60,
"lobster_roll_sandwich": 61,
"macaroni_and_cheese": 62,
"macarons": 63,
"miso_soup": 64,
"mussels": 65,
"nachos": 66,
"omelette": 67,
"onion_rings": 68,
"oysters": 69,
"pad_thai": 70,
"paella": 71,
"pancakes": 72,
"panna_cotta": 73,
"peking_duck": 74,
"pho": 75,
"pizza": 76,
"pork_chop": 77,
"poutine": 78,
"prime_rib": 79,
"pulled_pork_sandwich": 80,
"ramen": 81,
"ravioli": 82,
"red_velvet_cake": 83,
"risotto": 84,
"samosa": 85,
"sashimi": 86,
"scallops": 87,
"seaweed_salad": 88,
"shrimp_and_grits": 89,
"spaghetti_bolognese": 90,
"spaghetti_carbonara": 91,
"spring_rolls": 92,
"steak": 93,
"strawberry_shortcake": 94,
"sushi": 95,
"tacos": 96,
"takoyaki": 97,
"tiramisu": 98,
"tuna_tartare": 99,
"waffles": 100
}
```
</details>
### Data Splits
| |train|validation|
|----------|----:|---------:|
|# of examples|75750|25250|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed]
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed]
### Licensing Information
LICENSE AGREEMENT
=================
- The Food-101 data set consists of images from Foodspotting [1] which are not
property of the Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ). Any use beyond
scientific fair use must be negociated with the respective picture owners
according to the Foodspotting terms of use [2].
[1] http://www.foodspotting.com/
[2] http://www.foodspotting.com/terms/
### Citation Information
```
@inproceedings{bossard14,
title = {Food-101 -- Mining Discriminative Components with Random Forests},
author = {Bossard, Lukas and Guillaumin, Matthieu and Van Gool, Luc},
booktitle = {European Conference on Computer Vision},
year = {2014}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@nateraw](https://github.com/nateraw) for adding this dataset. | 10,337 | [
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ropes | 2022-11-18T21:42:43.000Z | [
"task_categories:question-answering",
"task_ids:extractive-qa",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:found",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"source_datasets:extended|wikipedia",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:cc-by-4.0",
"arxiv:1908.05852",
"region:us"
] | null | ROPES (Reasoning Over Paragraph Effects in Situations) is a QA dataset
which tests a system's ability to apply knowledge from a passage
of text to a new situation. A system is presented a background
passage containing a causal or qualitative relation(s) (e.g.,
"animal pollinators increase efficiency of fertilization in flowers"),
a novel situation that uses this background, and questions that require
reasoning about effects of the relationships in the background
passage in the background of the situation. | @inproceedings{Lin2019ReasoningOP,
title={Reasoning Over Paragraph Effects in Situations},
author={Kevin Lin and Oyvind Tafjord and Peter Clark and Matt Gardner},
booktitle={MRQA@EMNLP},
year={2019}
} | 12 | 8,060 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
pretty_name: ROPES
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
- found
language:
- en
license:
- cc-by-4.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
- extended|wikipedia
- original
task_categories:
- question-answering
task_ids:
- extractive-qa
paperswithcode_id: ropes
dataset_info:
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: background
dtype: string
- name: situation
dtype: string
- name: question
dtype: string
- name: answers
sequence:
- name: text
dtype: string
config_name: plain_text
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 12231940
num_examples: 10924
- name: test
num_bytes: 1928532
num_examples: 1710
- name: validation
num_bytes: 1643498
num_examples: 1688
download_size: 3516917
dataset_size: 15803970
---
# Dataset Card for ROPES
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [ROPES dataset](https://allenai.org/data/ropes)
- **Paper:** [Reasoning Over Paragraph Effects in Situations](https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.05852)
- **Leaderboard:** [ROPES leaderboard](https://leaderboard.allenai.org/ropes)
### Dataset Summary
ROPES (Reasoning Over Paragraph Effects in Situations) is a QA dataset which tests a system's ability to apply knowledge from a passage of text to a new situation. A system is presented a background passage containing a causal or qualitative relation(s) (e.g., "animal pollinators increase efficiency of fertilization in flowers"), a novel situation that uses this background, and questions that require reasoning about effects of the relationships in the background passage in the context of the situation.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
The reading comprehension task is framed as an extractive question answering problem.
Models are evaluated by computing word-level F1 and exact match (EM) metrics, following common practice for recent reading comprehension datasets (e.g., SQuAD).
### Languages
The text in the dataset is in English. The associated BCP-47 code is `en`.
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
Data closely follow the SQuAD v1.1 format. An example looks like this:
```
{
"id": "2058517998",
"background": "Cancer is a disease that causes cells to divide out of control. Normally, the body has systems that prevent cells from dividing out of control. But in the case of cancer, these systems fail. Cancer is usually caused by mutations. Mutations are random errors in genes. Mutations that lead to cancer usually happen to genes that control the cell cycle. Because of the mutations, abnormal cells divide uncontrollably. This often leads to the development of a tumor. A tumor is a mass of abnormal tissue. As a tumor grows, it may harm normal tissues around it. Anything that can cause cancer is called a carcinogen . Carcinogens may be pathogens, chemicals, or radiation.",
"situation": "Jason recently learned that he has cancer. After hearing this news, he convinced his wife, Charlotte, to get checked out. After running several tests, the doctors determined Charlotte has no cancer, but she does have high blood pressure. Relieved at this news, Jason was now focused on battling his cancer and fighting as hard as he could to survive.",
"question": "Whose cells are dividing more rapidly?",
"answers": {
"text": ["Jason"]
},
}
```
### Data Fields
- `id`: identification
- `background`: background passage
- `situation`: the grounding situation
- `question`: the question to answer
- `answers`: the answer text which is a span from either the situation or the question. The text list always contain a single element.
Note that the answers for the test set are hidden (and thus represented as an empty list). Predictions for the test set should be submitted to the leaderboard.
### Data Splits
The dataset contains 14k QA pairs over 1.7K paragraphs, split between train (10k QAs), development (1.6k QAs) and a hidden test partition (1.7k QAs).
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
From the original paper:
*ROPES challenges reading comprehension models to handle more difficult phenomena: understanding the implications of a passage of text. ROPES is also particularly related to datasets focusing on "multi-hop reasoning", as by construction answering questions in ROPES requires connecting information from multiple parts of a given passage.*
*We constructed ROPES by first collecting background passages from science textbooks and Wikipedia articles that describe causal relationships. We showed the collected paragraphs to crowd workers and asked them to write situations that involve the relationships found in the background passage, and questions that connect the situation and the background using the causal relationships. The answers are spans from either the situation or the question. The dataset consists of 14,322 questions from various domains, mostly in science and economics.*
### Source Data
From the original paper:
*We automatically scraped passages from science textbooks and Wikipedia that contained causal connectives eg. ”causes,” ”leads to,” and keywords that signal qualitative relations, e.g. ”increases,” ”decreases.”. We then manually filtered out the passages that do not have at least one relation. The passages can be categorized into physical science (49%), life science (45%), economics (5%) and other (1%). In total, we collected over 1,000 background passages.*
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
From the original paper:
*We used Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT) to generate the situations, questions, and answers. The AMT workers were given background passages and asked to write situations that involved the relation(s) in the background passage. The AMT workers then authored questions about the situation that required both the background and the situation to answer. In each human intelligence task (HIT), AMT workers are given 5 background passages to select from and are asked to create a total of 10 questions. To mitigate the potential for easy lexical shortcuts in the dataset, the workers were encouraged via instructions to write questions in minimal pairs, where a very small change in the question results in a different answer.*
*Most questions are designed to have two sensible answer choices (eg. “more” vs. “less”).*
To reduce annotator bias, training and evaluation sets are writter by different annotators.
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed]
### Annotations
[More Information Needed]
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed]
### Licensing Information
The data is distributed under the [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) license.
### Citation Information
```
@inproceedings{Lin2019ReasoningOP,
title={Reasoning Over Paragraph Effects in Situations},
author={Kevin Lin and Oyvind Tafjord and Peter Clark and Matt Gardner},
booktitle={MRQA@EMNLP},
year={2019}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@VictorSanh](https://github.com/VictorSanh) for adding this dataset. | 8,518 | [
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hf-internal-testing/cats_vs_dogs_sample | 2023-04-11T17:04:37.000Z | [
"region:us"
] | hf-internal-testing | null | \\n@Inproceedings (Conference){asirra-a-captcha-that-exploits-interest-aligned-manual-image-categorization,
author = {Elson, Jeremy and Douceur, John (JD) and Howell, Jon and Saul, Jared},
title = {Asirra: A CAPTCHA that Exploits Interest-Aligned Manual Image Categorization},
booktitle = {Proceedings of 14th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)},
year = {2007},
month = {October},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.},
url = {https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/asirra-a-captcha-that-exploits-interest-aligned-manual-image-categorization/},
edition = {Proceedings of 14th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)},
} | 0 | 8,002 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | Entry not found | 15 | [
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paws-x | 2023-01-25T14:42:16.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-classification",
"task_ids:semantic-similarity-classification",
"task_ids:semantic-similarity-scoring",
"task_ids:text-scoring",
"task_ids:multi-input-text-classification",
"annotations_creators:expert-generated",
"annotations_creators:machine-generated",
"language_creators:expert-generated",
"language_creators:machine-generated",
"multilinguality:multilingual",
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"source_datasets:extended|other-paws",
"language:de",
"language:en",
"language:es",
"language:fr",
"language:ja",
"language:ko",
"language:zh",
"license:other",
"paraphrase-identification",
"arxiv:1908.11828",
"region:us"
] | null | PAWS-X, a multilingual version of PAWS (Paraphrase Adversaries from Word Scrambling) for six languages.
This dataset contains 23,659 human translated PAWS evaluation pairs and 296,406 machine
translated training pairs in six typologically distinct languages: French, Spanish, German,
Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. English language is available by default. All translated
pairs are sourced from examples in PAWS-Wiki.
For further details, see the accompanying paper: PAWS-X: A Cross-lingual Adversarial Dataset
for Paraphrase Identification (https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.11828)
NOTE: There might be some missing or wrong labels in the dataset and we have replaced them with -1. | @InProceedings{pawsx2019emnlp,
title = {{PAWS-X: A Cross-lingual Adversarial Dataset for Paraphrase Identification}},
author = {Yang, Yinfei and Zhang, Yuan and Tar, Chris and Baldridge, Jason},
booktitle = {Proc. of EMNLP},
year = {2019}
} | 17 | 7,998 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- expert-generated
- machine-generated
language_creators:
- expert-generated
- machine-generated
language:
- de
- en
- es
- fr
- ja
- ko
- zh
license:
- other
multilinguality:
- multilingual
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
- extended|other-paws
task_categories:
- text-classification
task_ids:
- semantic-similarity-classification
- semantic-similarity-scoring
- text-scoring
- multi-input-text-classification
paperswithcode_id: paws-x
pretty_name: 'PAWS-X: A Cross-lingual Adversarial Dataset for Paraphrase Identification'
tags:
- paraphrase-identification
dataset_info:
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download_size: 30282057
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num_examples: 2000
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num_bytes: 473118
num_examples: 2000
download_size: 30282057
dataset_size: 11763261
---
# Dataset Card for PAWS-X: A Cross-lingual Adversarial Dataset for Paraphrase Identification
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [PAWS-X](https://github.com/google-research-datasets/paws/tree/master/pawsx)
- **Repository:** [PAWS-X](https://github.com/google-research-datasets/paws/tree/master/pawsx)
- **Paper:** [PAWS-X: A Cross-lingual Adversarial Dataset for Paraphrase Identification](https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.11828)
- **Point of Contact:** [Yinfei Yang](yinfeiy@google.com)
### Dataset Summary
This dataset contains 23,659 **human** translated PAWS evaluation pairs and
296,406 **machine** translated training pairs in six typologically distinct
languages: French, Spanish, German, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. All
translated pairs are sourced from examples in
[PAWS-Wiki](https://github.com/google-research-datasets/paws#paws-wiki).
For further details, see the accompanying paper:
[PAWS-X: A Cross-lingual Adversarial Dataset for Paraphrase
Identification](https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.11828)
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
It has been majorly used for paraphrase identification for English and other 6 languages namely French, Spanish, German, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean
### Languages
The dataset is in English, French, Spanish, German, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
For en:
```
id : 1
sentence1 : In Paris , in October 1560 , he secretly met the English ambassador , Nicolas Throckmorton , asking him for a passport to return to England through Scotland .
sentence2 : In October 1560 , he secretly met with the English ambassador , Nicolas Throckmorton , in Paris , and asked him for a passport to return to Scotland through England .
label : 0
```
For fr:
```
id : 1
sentence1 : À Paris, en octobre 1560, il rencontra secrètement l'ambassadeur d'Angleterre, Nicolas Throckmorton, lui demandant un passeport pour retourner en Angleterre en passant par l'Écosse.
sentence2 : En octobre 1560, il rencontra secrètement l'ambassadeur d'Angleterre, Nicolas Throckmorton, à Paris, et lui demanda un passeport pour retourner en Écosse par l'Angleterre.
label : 0
```
### Data Fields
All files are in tsv format with four columns:
Column Name | Data
:---------- | :--------------------------------------------------------
id | An ID that matches the ID of the source pair in PAWS-Wiki
sentence1 | The first sentence
sentence2 | The second sentence
label | Label for each pair
The source text of each translation can be retrieved by looking up the ID in the
corresponding file in PAWS-Wiki.
### Data Splits
The numbers of examples for each of the seven languages are shown below:
Language | Train | Dev | Test
:------- | ------: | -----: | -----:
en | 49,401 | 2,000 | 2,000
fr | 49,401 | 2,000 | 2,000
es | 49,401 | 2,000 | 2,000
de | 49,401 | 2,000 | 2,000
zh | 49,401 | 2,000 | 2,000
ja | 49,401 | 2,000 | 2,000
ko | 49,401 | 2,000 | 2,000
> **Caveat**: please note that the dev and test sets of PAWS-X are both sourced
> from the dev set of PAWS-Wiki. As a consequence, the same `sentence 1` may
> appear in both the dev and test sets. Nevertheless our data split guarantees
> that there is no overlap on sentence pairs (`sentence 1` + `sentence 2`)
> between dev and test.
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
Most existing work on adversarial data generation focuses on English. For example, PAWS (Paraphrase Adversaries from Word Scrambling) (Zhang et al., 2019) consists of challenging English paraphrase identification pairs from Wikipedia and Quora. They remedy this gap with PAWS-X, a new dataset of 23,659 human translated PAWS evaluation pairs in six typologically distinct languages: French, Spanish, German, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. They provide baseline numbers for three models with different capacity to capture non-local context and sentence structure, and using different multilingual training and evaluation regimes. Multilingual BERT (Devlin et al., 2019) fine-tuned on PAWS English plus machine-translated data performs the best, with a range of 83.1-90.8 accuracy across the non-English languages and an average accuracy gain of 23% over the next best model. PAWS-X shows the effectiveness of deep, multilingual pre-training while also leaving considerable headroom as a new challenge to drive multilingual research that better captures structure and contextual information.
### Source Data
PAWS (Paraphrase Adversaries from Word Scrambling)
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
All translated pairs are sourced from examples in [PAWS-Wiki](https://github.com/google-research-datasets/paws#paws-wiki)
#### Who are the source language producers?
This dataset contains 23,659 human translated PAWS evaluation pairs and 296,406 machine translated training pairs in six typologically distinct languages: French, Spanish, German, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean.
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
If applicable, describe the annotation process and any tools used, or state otherwise. Describe the amount of data annotated, if not all. Describe or reference annotation guidelines provided to the annotators. If available, provide interannotator statistics. Describe any annotation validation processes.
#### Who are the annotators?
The paper mentions the translate team, especially Mengmeng Niu, for the help with the annotations.
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
List the people involved in collecting the dataset and their affiliation(s). If funding information is known, include it here.
### Licensing Information
The dataset may be freely used for any purpose, although acknowledgement of Google LLC ("Google") as the data source would be appreciated. The dataset is provided "AS IS" without any warranty, express or implied. Google disclaims all liability for any damages, direct or indirect, resulting from the use of the dataset.
### Citation Information
```
@InProceedings{pawsx2019emnlp,
title = {{PAWS-X: A Cross-lingual Adversarial Dataset for Paraphrase Identification}},
author = {Yang, Yinfei and Zhang, Yuan and Tar, Chris and Baldridge, Jason},
booktitle = {Proc. of EMNLP},
year = {2019}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@bhavitvyamalik](https://github.com/bhavitvyamalik), [@gowtham1997](https://github.com/gowtham1997) for adding this dataset. | 11,782 | [
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ought/raft | 2022-10-25T09:54:19.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-classification",
"task_ids:multi-class-classification",
"annotations_creators:expert-generated",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:expert-generated",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:unknown",
"source_datasets:original",
"source_datasets:extended|ade_corpus_v2",
"source_datasets:extended|banking77",
"language:en",
"license:other",
"arxiv:2109.14076",
"region:us"
] | ought | Large pre-trained language models have shown promise for few-shot learning, completing text-based tasks given only a few task-specific examples. Will models soon solve classification tasks that have so far been reserved for human research assistants?
[RAFT](https://raft.elicit.org) is a few-shot classification benchmark that tests language models:
- across multiple domains (lit review, tweets, customer interaction, etc.)
- on economically valuable classification tasks (someone inherently cares about the task)
- in a setting that mirrors deployment (50 examples per task, info retrieval allowed, hidden test set) | @InProceedings{huggingface:dataset,
title = {A great new dataset},
author={huggingface, Inc.
},
year={2020}
} | 32 | 7,960 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- expert-generated
- crowdsourced
language_creators:
- expert-generated
language:
- en
license:
- other
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- unknown
source_datasets:
- original
- extended|ade_corpus_v2
- extended|banking77
task_categories:
- text-classification
task_ids:
- multi-class-classification
pretty_name: 'Real-world Annotated Few-shot Tasks: RAFT'
language_bcp47:
- en-US
---
# Dataset Card for RAFT
## Table of Contents
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** https://raft.elicit.org
- **Repository:** https://huggingface.co/datasets/ought/raft
- **Paper:** [arxiv.org](https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.14076)
- **Leaderboard:** https://huggingface.co/spaces/ought/raft-leaderboard
- **Point of Contact:** [Eli Lifland](eli.d.lifland@gmail.com)
### Dataset Summary
The Real-world Annotated Few-shot Tasks (RAFT) dataset is an aggregation of English-language datasets found in the real world. Associated with each dataset is a binary or multiclass classification task, intended to improve our understanding of how language models perform on tasks that have concrete, real-world value. Only 50 labeled examples are provided in each dataset.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
- `text-classification`: Each subtask in RAFT is a text classification task, and the provided train and test sets can be used to submit to the [RAFT Leaderboard](https://huggingface.co/spaces/ought/raft-leaderboard) To prevent overfitting and tuning on a held-out test set, the leaderboard is only evaluated once per week. Each task has its macro-f1 score calculated, then those scores are averaged to produce the overall leaderboard score.
### Languages
RAFT is entirely in American English (en-US).
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
| Dataset | First Example |
| ----------- | ----------- |
| Ade Corpus V2 | <pre>Sentence: No regional side effects were noted.<br>ID: 0<br>Label: 2</pre> |
| Banking 77 | <pre>Query: Is it possible for me to change my PIN number?<br>ID: 0<br>Label: 23<br></pre> |
| NeurIPS Impact Statement Risks | <pre>Paper title: Auto-Panoptic: Cooperative Multi-Component Architecture Search for Panoptic Segmentation...<br>Paper link: https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/ec1f764517b7ffb52057af6df18142b7-Paper.pdf...<br>Impact statement: This work makes the first attempt to search for all key components of panoptic pipeline and manages to accomplish this via the p...<br>ID: 0<br>Label: 1</pre> |
| One Stop English | <pre>Article: For 85 years, it was just a grey blob on classroom maps of the solar system. But, on 15 July, Pluto was seen in high resolution ...<br>ID: 0<br>Label: 3<br></pre> |
| Overruling | <pre>Sentence: in light of both our holding today and previous rulings in johnson, dueser, and gronroos, we now explicitly overrule dupree....<br>ID: 0<br>Label: 2<br></pre> |
| Semiconductor Org Types | <pre>Paper title: 3Gb/s AC-coupled chip-to-chip communication using a low-swing pulse receiver...<br>Organization name: North Carolina State Univ.,Raleigh,NC,USA<br>ID: 0<br>Label: 3<br></pre> |
| Systematic Review Inclusion | <pre>Title: Prototyping and transforming facial textures for perception research...<br>Abstract: Wavelet based methods for prototyping facial textures for artificially transforming the age of facial images were described. Pro...<br>Authors: Tiddeman, B.; Burt, M.; Perrett, D.<br>Journal: IEEE Comput Graphics Appl<br>ID: 0<br>Label: 2</pre> |
| TAI Safety Research | <pre>Title: Malign generalization without internal search<br>Abstract Note: In my last post, I challenged the idea that inner alignment failures should be explained by appealing to agents which perform ex...<br>Url: https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/ynt9TD6PrYw6iT49m/malign-generalization-without-internal-search...<br>Publication Year: 2020<br>Item Type: blogPost<br>Author: Barnett, Matthew<br>Publication Title: AI Alignment Forum<br>ID: 0<br>Label: 1</pre> |
| Terms Of Service | <pre>Sentence: Crowdtangle may change these terms of service, as described above, notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in any agreemen...<br>ID: 0<br>Label: 2<br></pre> |
| Tweet Eval Hate | <pre>Tweet: New to Twitter-- any men on here know what the process is to get #verified?...<br>ID: 0<br>Label: 2<br></pre> |
| Twitter Complaints | <pre>Tweet text: @HMRCcustomers No this is my first job<br>ID: 0<br>Label: 2</pre> |
### Data Fields
The ID field is used for indexing data points. It will be used to match your submissions with the true test labels, so you must include it in your submission. All other columns contain textual data. Some contain links and URLs to websites on the internet.
All output fields are designated with the "Label" column header. The 0 value in this column indicates that the entry is unlabeled, and should only appear in the unlabeled test set. Other values in this column are various other labels. To get their textual value for a given dataset:
```
# Load the dataset
dataset = datasets.load_dataset("ought/raft", "ade_corpus_v2")
# First, get the object that holds information about the "Label" feature in the dataset.
label_info = dataset.features["Label"]
# Use the int2str method to access the textual labels.
print([label_info.int2str(i) for i in (0, 1, 2)])
# ['Unlabeled', 'ADE-related', 'not ADE-related']
```
### Data Splits
There are two splits provided: train data and unlabeled test data.
The training examples were chosen at random. No attempt was made to ensure that classes were balanced or proportional in the training data -- indeed, the Banking 77 task with 77 different classes if used cannot fit all of its classes into the 50 training examples.
| Dataset | Train Size | Test Size | |
|--------------------------------|------------|-----------|---|
| Ade Corpus V2 | 50 | 5000 | |
| Banking 77 | 50 | 5000 | |
| NeurIPS Impact Statement Risks | 50 | 150 | |
| One Stop English | 50 | 516 | |
| Overruling | 50 | 2350 | |
| Semiconductor Org Types | 50 | 449 | |
| Systematic Review Inclusion | 50 | 2243 | |
| TAI Safety Research | 50 | 1639 | |
| Terms Of Service | 50 | 5000 | |
| Tweet Eval Hate | 50 | 2966 | |
| Twitter Complaints | 50 | 3399 | |
| **Total** | **550** | **28712** | |
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
Generally speaking, the rationale behind RAFT was to create a benchmark for evaluating NLP models that didn't consist of contrived or artificial data sources, for which the tasks weren't originally assembled for the purpose of testing NLP models. However, each individual dataset in RAFT was collected independently. For the majority of datasets, we only collected them second-hand from existing curated sources. The datasets that we curated are:
* NeurIPS impact statement risks
* Semiconductor org types
* TAI Safety Research
Each of these three datasets was sourced from our existing collaborators at Ought. They had used our service, Elicit, to analyze their dataset in the past, and we contact them to include their dataset and the associated classification task in the benchmark. For all datasets, more information is provided in our paper. For the ones which we did not curate, we provide a link to the dataset. For the ones which we did, we provide a datasheet that elaborates on many of the topics here in greater detail.
For the three datasets that we introduced:
* **NeurIPS impact statement risks** The dataset was created to evaluate the then new requirement for authors to include an "impact statement" in their 2020 NeurIPS papers. Had it been successful? What kind of things did authors mention the most? How long were impact statements on average? Etc.
* **Semiconductor org types** The dataset was originally created to understand better which countries’ organisations have contributed most to semiconductor R\&D over the past 25 years using three main conferences. Moreover, to estimate the share of academic and private sector contributions, the organisations were classified as “university”, “research institute” or “company”.
* **TAI Safety Research** The primary motivations for assembling this database were to: (1) Aid potential donors in assessing organizations focusing on TAI safety by collecting and analyzing their research output. (2) Assemble a comprehensive bibliographic database that can be used as a base for future projects, such as a living review of the field.
**For the following sections, we will only describe the datasets we introduce. All other dataset details, and more details on the ones described here, can be found in our paper.**
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
* **NeurIPS impact statement risks** The data was directly observable (raw text scraped) for the most part; although some data was taken from previous datasets (which themselves had taken it from raw text). The data was validated, but only in part, by human reviewers. Cf this link for full details:
* **Semiconductor org types** We used the IEEE API to obtain institutions that contributed papers to semiconductor conferences in the last 25 years. This is a random sample of 500 of them with a corresponding conference paper title. The three conferences were the International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), the Symposia on VLSI Technology and Circuits (VLSI) and the International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM).
* **TAI Safety Research** We asked TAI safety organizations for what their employees had written, emailed some individual authors, and searched Google Scholar. See the LessWrong post for more details: https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/4DegbDJJiMX2b3EKm/tai-safety-bibliographic-database
#### Who are the source language producers?
* **NeurIPS impact statement risks** Language generated from NeurIPS 2020 impact statement authors, generally the authors of submission papers.
* **Semiconductor org types** Language generated from IEEE API. Generally machine-formatted names, and title of academic papers.
* **TAI Safety Research** Language generated by authors of TAI safety research publications.
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
* **NeurIPS impact statement risks** Annotations were entered directly into a Google Spreadsheet with instructions, labeled training examples, and unlabeled testing examples.
* **Semiconductor org types** Annotations were entered directly into a Google Spreadsheet with instructions, labeled training examples, and unlabeled testing examples.
* **TAI Safety Research** N/A
#### Who are the annotators?
* **NeurIPS impact statement risks** Contractors paid by Ought performed the labeling of whether impact statements mention harmful applications. A majority vote was taken from 3 annotators.
* **Semiconductor org types** Contractors paid by Ought performed the labeling of organization types. A majority vote was taken from 3 annotators.
* **TAI Safety Research** The dataset curators annotated the dataset by hand.
### Personal and Sensitive Information
It is worth mentioning that the Tweet Eval Hate, by necessity, contains highly offensive content.
* **NeurIPS impact statement risks** The dataset contains authors' names. These were scraped from publicly available scientific papers submitted to NeurIPS 2020.
* **Semiconductor org types** N/A
* **TAI Safety Research** N/A
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
* **NeurIPS impact statement risks** N/A
* **Semiconductor org types** N/A
* **TAI Safety Research** N/A
### Discussion of Biases
* **NeurIPS impact statement risks** N/A
* **Semiconductor org types** N/A
* **TAI Safety Research** N/A
### Other Known Limitations
* **NeurIPS impact statement risks** This dataset has limitations that should be taken into consideration when using it. In particular, the method used to collect broader impact statements involved automated downloads, conversions and scraping and was not error-proof. Although care has been taken to identify and correct as many errors as possible, not all texts have been reviewed by a human. This means it is possible some of the broader impact statements contained in the dataset are truncated or otherwise incorrectly extracted from their original article.
* **Semiconductor org types** N/A
* **TAI Safety Research** Don't use it to create a dangerous AI that could bring the end of days.
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
The overall RAFT curators are Neel Alex, Eli Lifland, and Andreas Stuhlmüller.
* **NeurIPS impact statement risks** Volunteers working with researchers affiliated to Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute (Carolyn Ashurst, now at The Alan Turing Institute) created the impact statements dataset.
* **Semiconductor org types** The data science unit of Stiftung Neue Verantwortung (Berlin).
* **TAI Safety Research** Angelica Deibel and Jess Riedel. We did not do it on behalf of any entity.
### Licensing Information
RAFT aggregates many other datasets, each of which is provided under its own license. Generally, those licenses permit research and commercial use.
| Dataset | License |
| ----------- | ----------- |
| Ade Corpus V2 | Unlicensed |
| Banking 77 | CC BY 4.0 |
| NeurIPS Impact Statement Risks | MIT License/CC BY 4.0 |
| One Stop English | CC BY-SA 4.0 |
| Overruling | Unlicensed |
| Semiconductor Org Types | CC BY-NC 4.0 |
| Systematic Review Inclusion | CC BY 4.0 |
| TAI Safety Research | CC BY-SA 4.0 |
| Terms Of Service | Unlicensed |
| Tweet Eval Hate | Unlicensed |
| Twitter Complaints | Unlicensed |
### Citation Information
[More Information Needed]
### Contributions
Thanks to [@neel-alex](https://github.com/neel-alex), [@uvafan](https://github.com/uvafan), and [@lewtun](https://github.com/lewtun) for adding this dataset. | 15,188 | [
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roneneldan/TinyStories | 2023-08-16T16:54:12.000Z | [
"arxiv:2305.07759",
"region:us"
] | roneneldan | null | null | 264 | 7,811 | 2023-05-12T19:04:09 | License: CDLA-Sharing-1.0
-------------
Dataset containing synthetically generated (by GPT-3.5 and GPT-4) short stories that only use a small vocabulary.
Described in the following paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.07759.
The models referred to in the paper were trained on TinyStories-train.txt (the file tinystories-valid.txt can be used for validation loss). These models can be found on Huggingface, at roneneldan/TinyStories-1M/3M/8M/28M/33M/1Layer-21M.
There are two more resources:
tinystories_all_data.tar.gz - contains a superset of the stories together with metadata and the prompt that was used to create each story.
TinyStoriesV2-GPT4-train.txt - Is a new version of the dataset that is based on generations by GPT-4 only (the original dataset also has generations by GPT-3.5 which are of lesser quality). It contains all the examples in TinyStories.txt which were GPT-4 generated as a subset (but is significantly larger).
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multi_nli | 2023-04-05T10:10:15.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-classification",
"task_ids:natural-language-inference",
"task_ids:multi-input-text-classification",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:found",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:100K<n<1M",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:cc-by-3.0",
"license:cc-by-sa-3.0",
"license:mit",
"license:other",
"region:us"
] | null | The Multi-Genre Natural Language Inference (MultiNLI) corpus is a
crowd-sourced collection of 433k sentence pairs annotated with textual
entailment information. The corpus is modeled on the SNLI corpus, but differs in
that covers a range of genres of spoken and written text, and supports a
distinctive cross-genre generalization evaluation. The corpus served as the
basis for the shared task of the RepEval 2017 Workshop at EMNLP in Copenhagen. | @InProceedings{N18-1101,
author = {Williams, Adina
and Nangia, Nikita
and Bowman, Samuel},
title = {A Broad-Coverage Challenge Corpus for
Sentence Understanding through Inference},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of
the North American Chapter of the
Association for Computational Linguistics:
Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long
Papers)},
year = {2018},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {1112--1122},
location = {New Orleans, Louisiana},
url = {http://aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1101}
} | 39 | 7,694 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
- found
language:
- en
license:
- cc-by-3.0
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- mit
- other
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- text-classification
task_ids:
- natural-language-inference
- multi-input-text-classification
paperswithcode_id: multinli
pretty_name: Multi-Genre Natural Language Inference
license_details: Open Portion of the American National Corpus
dataset_info:
features:
- name: promptID
dtype: int32
- name: pairID
dtype: string
- name: premise
dtype: string
- name: premise_binary_parse
dtype: string
- name: premise_parse
dtype: string
- name: hypothesis
dtype: string
- name: hypothesis_binary_parse
dtype: string
- name: hypothesis_parse
dtype: string
- name: genre
dtype: string
- name: label
dtype:
class_label:
names:
'0': entailment
'1': neutral
'2': contradiction
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 410211586
num_examples: 392702
- name: validation_matched
num_bytes: 10063939
num_examples: 9815
- name: validation_mismatched
num_bytes: 10610221
num_examples: 9832
download_size: 226850426
dataset_size: 430885746
---
# Dataset Card for Multi-Genre Natural Language Inference (MultiNLI)
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://www.nyu.edu/projects/bowman/multinli/](https://www.nyu.edu/projects/bowman/multinli/)
- **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Paper:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 226.85 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 76.95 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 303.81 MB
### Dataset Summary
The Multi-Genre Natural Language Inference (MultiNLI) corpus is a
crowd-sourced collection of 433k sentence pairs annotated with textual
entailment information. The corpus is modeled on the SNLI corpus, but differs in
that covers a range of genres of spoken and written text, and supports a
distinctive cross-genre generalization evaluation. The corpus served as the
basis for the shared task of the RepEval 2017 Workshop at EMNLP in Copenhagen.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
The dataset contains samples in English only.
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 226.85 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 76.95 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 303.81 MB
Example of a data instance:
```
{
"promptID": 31193,
"pairID": "31193n",
"premise": "Conceptually cream skimming has two basic dimensions - product and geography.",
"premise_binary_parse": "( ( Conceptually ( cream skimming ) ) ( ( has ( ( ( two ( basic dimensions ) ) - ) ( ( product and ) geography ) ) ) . ) )",
"premise_parse": "(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Conceptually) (NN cream) (NN skimming)) (VP (VBZ has) (NP (NP (CD two) (JJ basic) (NNS dimensions)) (: -) (NP (NN product) (CC and) (NN geography)))) (. .)))",
"hypothesis": "Product and geography are what make cream skimming work. ",
"hypothesis_binary_parse": "( ( ( Product and ) geography ) ( ( are ( what ( make ( cream ( skimming work ) ) ) ) ) . ) )",
"hypothesis_parse": "(ROOT (S (NP (NN Product) (CC and) (NN geography)) (VP (VBP are) (SBAR (WHNP (WP what)) (S (VP (VBP make) (NP (NP (NN cream)) (VP (VBG skimming) (NP (NN work)))))))) (. .)))",
"genre": "government",
"label": 1
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
- `promptID`: Unique identifier for prompt
- `pairID`: Unique identifier for pair
- `{premise,hypothesis}`: combination of `premise` and `hypothesis`
- `{premise,hypothesis} parse`: Each sentence as parsed by the Stanford PCFG Parser 3.5.2
- `{premise,hypothesis} binary parse`: parses in unlabeled binary-branching format
- `genre`: a `string` feature.
- `label`: a classification label, with possible values including `entailment` (0), `neutral` (1), `contradiction` (2). Dataset instances which don't have any gold label are marked with -1 label. Make sure you filter them before starting the training using `datasets.Dataset.filter`.
### Data Splits
|train |validation_matched|validation_mismatched|
|-----:|-----------------:|--------------------:|
|392702| 9815| 9832|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
They constructed MultiNLI so as to make it possible to explicitly evaluate models both on the quality of their sentence representations within the training domain and on their ability to derive reasonable representations in unfamiliar domains.
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
They created each sentence pair by selecting a premise sentence from a preexisting text source and asked a human annotator to compose a novel sentence to pair with it as a hypothesis.
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
The majority of the corpus is released under the OANC’s license, which allows all content to be freely used, modified, and shared under permissive terms. The data in the FICTION section falls under several permissive licenses; Seven Swords is available under a Creative Commons Share-Alike 3.0 Unported License, and with the explicit permission of the author, Living History and Password Incorrect are available under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licenses; the remaining works of fiction are in the public domain in the United States (but may be licensed differently elsewhere).
### Citation Information
```
@InProceedings{N18-1101,
author = "Williams, Adina
and Nangia, Nikita
and Bowman, Samuel",
title = "A Broad-Coverage Challenge Corpus for
Sentence Understanding through Inference",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of
the North American Chapter of the
Association for Computational Linguistics:
Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long
Papers)",
year = "2018",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
pages = "1112--1122",
location = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1101"
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@bhavitvyamalik](https://github.com/bhavitvyamalik), [@patrickvonplaten](https://github.com/patrickvonplaten), [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf), [@mariamabarham](https://github.com/mariamabarham) for adding this dataset. | 8,669 | [
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garage-bAInd/Open-Platypus | 2023-09-17T16:56:19.000Z | [
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"language:en",
"arxiv:2308.07317",
"region:us"
] | garage-bAInd | null | null | 238 | 7,681 | 2023-08-03T19:31:18 | ---
configs:
- config_name: default
data_files:
- split: train
path: data/train-*
dataset_info:
features:
- name: input
dtype: string
- name: output
dtype: string
- name: instruction
dtype: string
- name: data_source
dtype: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 30776452
num_examples: 24926
download_size: 15565850
dataset_size: 30776452
language:
- en
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
---
# OpenPlatypus
This dataset is focused on improving LLM logical reasoning skills and was used to train the Platypus2 models. It is comprised of the following datasets, which were filtered using keyword search and then Sentence Transformers to remove questions with a similarity above 80%:
| Dataset Name | License Type |
|--------------------------------------------------------------|--------------|
| [PRM800K](https://github.com/openai/prm800k) | MIT |
| [ScienceQA](https://github.com/lupantech/ScienceQA) | [Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) |
| [SciBench](https://github.com/mandyyyyii/scibench) | MIT |
| [ReClor](https://whyu.me/reclor/) | Non-commercial |
| [TheoremQA](https://huggingface.co/datasets/wenhu/TheoremQA) | MIT |
| [`nuprl/leetcode-solutions-python-testgen-gpt4`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/nuprl/leetcode-solutions-python-testgen-gpt4/viewer/nuprl--leetcode-solutions-python-testgen-gpt4/train?p=1) | None listed |
| [`jondurbin/airoboros-gpt4-1.4.1`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/jondurbin/airoboros-gpt4-1.4.1) | other |
| [`TigerResearch/tigerbot-kaggle-leetcodesolutions-en-2k`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/TigerResearch/tigerbot-kaggle-leetcodesolutions-en-2k/viewer/TigerResearch--tigerbot-kaggle-leetcodesolutions-en-2k/train?p=2) | apache-2.0 |
| [openbookQA](https://huggingface.co/datasets/openbookqa/viewer/additional/train?row=35) | apache-2.0 |
| [ARB](https://arb.duckai.org) | MIT |
| [`timdettmers/openassistant-guanaco`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/timdettmers/openassistant-guanaco) | apache-2.0 |
## Data Contamination Check
We've removed approximately 200 questions that appear in the Hugging Face benchmark test sets. Please see our [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.07317) and [project webpage](https://platypus-llm.github.io) for additional information.
## Model Info
Please see models at [`garage-bAInd`](https://huggingface.co/garage-bAInd).
## Training and filtering code
Please see the [Platypus GitHub repo](https://github.com/arielnlee/Platypus).
## Citations
```bibtex
@article{platypus2023,
title={Platypus: Quick, Cheap, and Powerful Refinement of LLMs},
author={Ariel N. Lee and Cole J. Hunter and Nataniel Ruiz},
booktitle={arXiv preprint arxiv:2308.07317},
year={2023}
}
```
```bibtex
@article{lightman2023lets,
title={Let's Verify Step by Step},
author={Lightman, Hunter and Kosaraju, Vineet and Burda, Yura and Edwards, Harri and Baker, Bowen and Lee, Teddy and Leike, Jan and Schulman, John and Sutskever, Ilya and Cobbe, Karl},
journal={preprint arXiv:2305.20050},
year={2023}
}
```
```bibtex
@inproceedings{lu2022learn,
title={Learn to Explain: Multimodal Reasoning via Thought Chains for Science Question Answering},
author={Lu, Pan and Mishra, Swaroop and Xia, Tony and Qiu, Liang and Chang, Kai-Wei and Zhu, Song-Chun and Tafjord, Oyvind and Clark, Peter and Ashwin Kalyan},
booktitle={The 36th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)},
year={2022}
}
```
```bibtex
@misc{wang2023scibench,
title={SciBench: Evaluating College-Level Scientific Problem-Solving Abilities of Large Language Models},
author={Xiaoxuan Wang and Ziniu Hu and Pan Lu and Yanqiao Zhu and Jieyu Zhang and Satyen Subramaniam and Arjun R. Loomba and Shichang Zhang and Yizhou Sun and Wei Wang},
year={2023},
arXiv eprint 2307.10635
}
```
```bibtex
@inproceedings{yu2020reclor,
author = {Yu, Weihao and Jiang, Zihang and Dong, Yanfei and Feng, Jiashi},
title = {ReClor: A Reading Comprehension Dataset Requiring Logical Reasoning},
booktitle = {International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)},
month = {April},
year = {2020}
}
```
```bibtex
@article{chen2023theoremqa,
title={TheoremQA: A Theorem-driven Question Answering dataset},
author={Chen, Wenhu and Ming Yin, Max Ku, Elaine Wan, Xueguang Ma, Jianyu Xu, Tony Xia, Xinyi Wang, Pan Lu},
journal={preprint arXiv:2305.12524},
year={2023}
}
```
```bibtex
@inproceedings{OpenBookQA2018,
title={Can a Suit of Armor Conduct Electricity? A New Dataset for Open Book Question Answering},
author={Todor Mihaylov and Peter Clark and Tushar Khot and Ashish Sabharwal},
booktitle={EMNLP},
year={2018}
}
```
```bibtex
@misc{sawada2023arb,
title={ARB: Advanced Reasoning Benchmark for Large Language Models},
author={Tomohiro Sawada and Daniel Paleka and Alexander Havrilla and Pranav Tadepalli and Paula Vidas and Alexander Kranias and John J. Nay and Kshitij Gupta and Aran Komatsuzaki},
arXiv eprint 2307.13692,
year={2023}
}
``` | 5,340 | [
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hotpot_qa | 2023-04-05T10:07:23.000Z | [
"task_categories:question-answering",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:found",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:100K<n<1M",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:cc-by-sa-4.0",
"multi-hop",
"arxiv:1809.09600",
"region:us"
] | null | HotpotQA is a new dataset with 113k Wikipedia-based question-answer pairs with four key features:
(1) the questions require finding and reasoning over multiple supporting documents to answer;
(2) the questions are diverse and not constrained to any pre-existing knowledge bases or knowledge schemas;
(3) we provide sentence-level supporting facts required for reasoning, allowingQA systems to reason with strong supervisionand explain the predictions;
(4) we offer a new type of factoid comparison questions to testQA systems’ ability to extract relevant facts and perform necessary comparison. | @inproceedings{yang2018hotpotqa,
title={{HotpotQA}: A Dataset for Diverse, Explainable Multi-hop Question Answering},
author={Yang, Zhilin and Qi, Peng and Zhang, Saizheng and Bengio, Yoshua and Cohen, William W. and Salakhutdinov, Ruslan and Manning, Christopher D.},
booktitle={Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})},
year={2018}
} | 19 | 7,663 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language:
- en
language_creators:
- found
license:
- cc-by-sa-4.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
pretty_name: HotpotQA
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- question-answering
task_ids: []
paperswithcode_id: hotpotqa
tags:
- multi-hop
dataset_info:
- config_name: distractor
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: question
dtype: string
- name: answer
dtype: string
- name: type
dtype: string
- name: level
dtype: string
- name: supporting_facts
sequence:
- name: title
dtype: string
- name: sent_id
dtype: int32
- name: context
sequence:
- name: title
dtype: string
- name: sentences
sequence: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 552949315
num_examples: 90447
- name: validation
num_bytes: 45716111
num_examples: 7405
download_size: 612746344
dataset_size: 598665426
- config_name: fullwiki
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: question
dtype: string
- name: answer
dtype: string
- name: type
dtype: string
- name: level
dtype: string
- name: supporting_facts
sequence:
- name: title
dtype: string
- name: sent_id
dtype: int32
- name: context
sequence:
- name: title
dtype: string
- name: sentences
sequence: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 552949315
num_examples: 90447
- name: validation
num_bytes: 46848601
num_examples: 7405
- name: test
num_bytes: 46000102
num_examples: 7405
download_size: 660094672
dataset_size: 645798018
---
# Dataset Card for "hotpot_qa"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://hotpotqa.github.io/](https://hotpotqa.github.io/)
- **Repository:** https://github.com/hotpotqa/hotpot
- **Paper:** [HotpotQA: A Dataset for Diverse, Explainable Multi-hop Question Answering](https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.09600)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 1.27 GB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 1.24 GB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 2.52 GB
### Dataset Summary
HotpotQA is a new dataset with 113k Wikipedia-based question-answer pairs with four key features: (1) the questions require finding and reasoning over multiple supporting documents to answer; (2) the questions are diverse and not constrained to any pre-existing knowledge bases or knowledge schemas; (3) we provide sentence-level supporting facts required for reasoning, allowingQA systems to reason with strong supervision and explain the predictions; (4) we offer a new type of factoid comparison questions to test QA systems’ ability to extract relevant facts and perform necessary comparison.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### distractor
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 612.75 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 598.66 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 1.21 GB
An example of 'validation' looks as follows.
```
{
"answer": "This is the answer",
"context": {
"sentences": [["Sent 1"], ["Sent 21", "Sent 22"]],
"title": ["Title1", "Title 2"]
},
"id": "000001",
"level": "medium",
"question": "What is the answer?",
"supporting_facts": {
"sent_id": [0, 1, 3],
"title": ["Title of para 1", "Title of para 2", "Title of para 3"]
},
"type": "comparison"
}
```
#### fullwiki
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 660.10 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 645.80 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 1.31 GB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
{
"answer": "This is the answer",
"context": {
"sentences": [["Sent 1"], ["Sent 2"]],
"title": ["Title1", "Title 2"]
},
"id": "000001",
"level": "hard",
"question": "What is the answer?",
"supporting_facts": {
"sent_id": [0, 1, 3],
"title": ["Title of para 1", "Title of para 2", "Title of para 3"]
},
"type": "bridge"
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### distractor
- `id`: a `string` feature.
- `question`: a `string` feature.
- `answer`: a `string` feature.
- `type`: a `string` feature.
- `level`: a `string` feature.
- `supporting_facts`: a dictionary feature containing:
- `title`: a `string` feature.
- `sent_id`: a `int32` feature.
- `context`: a dictionary feature containing:
- `title`: a `string` feature.
- `sentences`: a `list` of `string` features.
#### fullwiki
- `id`: a `string` feature.
- `question`: a `string` feature.
- `answer`: a `string` feature.
- `type`: a `string` feature.
- `level`: a `string` feature.
- `supporting_facts`: a dictionary feature containing:
- `title`: a `string` feature.
- `sent_id`: a `int32` feature.
- `context`: a dictionary feature containing:
- `title`: a `string` feature.
- `sentences`: a `list` of `string` features.
### Data Splits
#### distractor
| |train|validation|
|----------|----:|---------:|
|distractor|90447| 7405|
#### fullwiki
| |train|validation|test|
|--------|----:|---------:|---:|
|fullwiki|90447| 7405|7405|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
HotpotQA is distributed under a [CC BY-SA 4.0 License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).
### Citation Information
```
@inproceedings{yang2018hotpotqa,
title={{HotpotQA}: A Dataset for Diverse, Explainable Multi-hop Question Answering},
author={Yang, Zhilin and Qi, Peng and Zhang, Saizheng and Bengio, Yoshua and Cohen, William W. and Salakhutdinov, Ruslan and Manning, Christopher D.},
booktitle={Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ({EMNLP})},
year={2018}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@albertvillanova](https://github.com/albertvillanova), [@ghomasHudson](https://github.com/ghomasHudson) for adding this dataset. | 9,191 | [
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stsb_multi_mt | 2022-11-18T21:48:48.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-classification",
"task_ids:text-scoring",
"task_ids:semantic-similarity-scoring",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:found",
"language_creators:machine-generated",
"multilinguality:multilingual",
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"language:de",
"language:en",
"language:es",
"language:fr",
"language:it",
"language:nl",
"language:pl",
"language:pt",
"language:ru",
"language:zh",
"license:other",
"arxiv:1708.00055",
"region:us"
] | null | These are different multilingual translations and the English original of the STSbenchmark dataset. Translation has been done with deepl.com. | @InProceedings{huggingface:dataset:stsb_multi_mt,
title = {Machine translated multilingual STS benchmark dataset.},
author={Philip May},
year={2021},
url={https://github.com/PhilipMay/stsb-multi-mt}
} | 33 | 7,630 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
- found
- machine-generated
language:
- de
- en
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- it
- nl
- pl
- pt
- ru
- zh
license:
- other
multilinguality:
- multilingual
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
- extended|other-sts-b
task_categories:
- text-classification
task_ids:
- text-scoring
- semantic-similarity-scoring
paperswithcode_id: null
pretty_name: STSb Multi MT
dataset_info:
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---
# Dataset Card for STSb Multi MT
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Repository**: https://github.com/PhilipMay/stsb-multi-mt
- **Homepage (original dataset):** https://ixa2.si.ehu.es/stswiki/index.php/STSbenchmark
- **Paper about original dataset:** https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.00055
- **Leaderboard:** https://ixa2.si.ehu.eus/stswiki/index.php/STSbenchmark#Results
- **Point of Contact:** [Open an issue on GitHub](https://github.com/PhilipMay/stsb-multi-mt/issues/new)
### Dataset Summary
> STS Benchmark comprises a selection of the English datasets used in the STS tasks organized
> in the context of SemEval between 2012 and 2017. The selection of datasets include text from
> image captions, news headlines and user forums. ([source](https://ixa2.si.ehu.es/stswiki/index.php/STSbenchmark))
These are different multilingual translations and the English original of the [STSbenchmark dataset](https://ixa2.si.ehu.es/stswiki/index.php/STSbenchmark). Translation has been done with [deepl.com](https://www.deepl.com/). It can be used to train [sentence embeddings](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers) like [T-Systems-onsite/cross-en-de-roberta-sentence-transformer](https://huggingface.co/T-Systems-onsite/cross-en-de-roberta-sentence-transformer).
**Examples of Use**
Load German dev Dataset:
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("stsb_multi_mt", name="de", split="dev")
```
Load English train Dataset:
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("stsb_multi_mt", name="en", split="train")
```
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed]
### Languages
Available languages are: de, en, es, fr, it, nl, pl, pt, ru, zh
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
This dataset provides pairs of sentences and a score of their similarity.
score | 2 example sentences | explanation
------|---------|------------
5 | *The bird is bathing in the sink.<br/>Birdie is washing itself in the water basin.* | The two sentences are completely equivalent, as they mean the same thing.
4 | *Two boys on a couch are playing video games.<br/>Two boys are playing a video game.* | The two sentences are mostly equivalent, but some unimportant details differ.
3 | *John said he is considered a witness but not a suspect.<br/>“He is not a suspect anymore.” John said.* | The two sentences are roughly equivalent, but some important information differs/missing.
2 | *They flew out of the nest in groups.<br/>They flew into the nest together.* | The two sentences are not equivalent, but share some details.
1 | *The woman is playing the violin.<br/>The young lady enjoys listening to the guitar.* | The two sentences are not equivalent, but are on the same topic.
0 | *The black dog is running through the snow.<br/>A race car driver is driving his car through the mud.* | The two sentences are completely dissimilar.
An example:
```
{
"sentence1": "A man is playing a large flute.",
"sentence2": "A man is playing a flute.",
"similarity_score": 3.8
}
```
### Data Fields
- `sentence1`: The 1st sentence as a `str`.
- `sentence2`: The 2nd sentence as a `str`.
- `similarity_score`: The similarity score as a `float` which is `<= 5.0` and `>= 0.0`.
### Data Splits
- train with 5749 samples
- dev with 1500 samples
- test with 1379 sampples
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed]
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed]
### Licensing Information
See [LICENSE](https://github.com/PhilipMay/stsb-multi-mt/blob/main/LICENSE) and [download at original dataset](https://ixa2.si.ehu.eus/stswiki/index.php/STSbenchmark).
### Citation Information
```
@InProceedings{huggingface:dataset:stsb_multi_mt,
title = {Machine translated multilingual STS benchmark dataset.},
author={Philip May},
year={2021},
url={https://github.com/PhilipMay/stsb-multi-mt}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@PhilipMay](https://github.com/PhilipMay) for adding this dataset. | 9,974 | [
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hf-internal-testing/librispeech_asr_demo | 2022-04-07T07:06:24.000Z | [
"region:us"
] | hf-internal-testing | LibriSpeech is a corpus of approximately 1000 hours of read English speech with sampling rate of 16 kHz,
prepared by Vassil Panayotov with the assistance of Daniel Povey. The data is derived from read
audiobooks from the LibriVox project, and has been carefully segmented and aligned.
Note that in order to limit the required storage for preparing this dataset, the audio
is stored in the .flac format and is not converted to a float32 array. To convert, the audio
file to a float32 array, please make use of the `.map()` function as follows:
```python
import soundfile as sf
def map_to_array(batch):
speech_array, _ = sf.read(batch["file"])
batch["speech"] = speech_array
return batch
dataset = dataset.map(map_to_array, remove_columns=["file"])
``` | @inproceedings{panayotov2015librispeech,
title={Librispeech: an ASR corpus based on public domain audio books},
author={Panayotov, Vassil and Chen, Guoguo and Povey, Daniel and Khudanpur, Sanjeev},
booktitle={Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 2015 IEEE International Conference on},
pages={5206--5210},
year={2015},
organization={IEEE}
} | 2 | 7,573 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | Entry not found | 15 | [
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SetFit/sst2 | 2021-12-25T06:16:15.000Z | [
"region:us"
] | SetFit | null | null | 3 | 7,552 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | # Stanford Sentiment Treebank - Binary
[Stanford Sentiment Treebank](http://nlp.stanford.edu/sentiment/) with 2 labels: negative, positive
Splits are from:
[https://github.com/AcademiaSinicaNLPLab/sentiment_dataset/tree/master/data](https://github.com/AcademiaSinicaNLPLab/sentiment_dataset/tree/master/data)
Training data is on sentence level, not on phrase level!
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hate_speech18 | 2023-03-27T14:11:55.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-classification",
"task_ids:intent-classification",
"annotations_creators:found",
"language_creators:found",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:cc-by-sa-3.0",
"region:us"
] | null | These files contain text extracted from Stormfront, a white supremacist forum. A random set of
forums posts have been sampled from several subforums and split into sentences. Those sentences
have been manually labelled as containing hate speech or not, according to certain annotation guidelines. | @inproceedings{gibert2018hate,
title = "{Hate Speech Dataset from a White Supremacy Forum}",
author = "de Gibert, Ona and
Perez, Naiara and
Garcia-Pablos, Aitor and
Cuadros, Montse",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online ({ALW}2)",
month = oct,
year = "2018",
address = "Brussels, Belgium",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5102",
doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5102",
pages = "11--20",
} | 13 | 7,521 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- found
language_creators:
- found
language:
- en
license:
- cc-by-sa-3.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- text-classification
task_ids:
- intent-classification
paperswithcode_id: hate-speech
pretty_name: Hate Speech
dataset_info:
features:
- name: text
dtype: string
- name: user_id
dtype: int64
- name: subforum_id
dtype: int64
- name: num_contexts
dtype: int64
- name: label
dtype:
class_label:
names:
'0': noHate
'1': hate
'2': idk/skip
'3': relation
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 1375340
num_examples: 10944
download_size: 3664530
dataset_size: 1375340
train-eval-index:
- config: default
task: text-classification
task_id: multi_class_classification
splits:
train_split: train
col_mapping:
text: text
label: target
metrics:
- type: accuracy
name: Accuracy
- type: f1
name: F1 macro
args:
average: macro
- type: f1
name: F1 micro
args:
average: micro
- type: f1
name: F1 weighted
args:
average: weighted
- type: precision
name: Precision macro
args:
average: macro
- type: precision
name: Precision micro
args:
average: micro
- type: precision
name: Precision weighted
args:
average: weighted
- type: recall
name: Recall macro
args:
average: macro
- type: recall
name: Recall micro
args:
average: micro
- type: recall
name: Recall weighted
args:
average: weighted
---
# Dataset Card for [Dataset Name]
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** https://github.com/Vicomtech/hate-speech-dataset
- **Repository:** https://github.com/Vicomtech/hate-speech-dataset
- **Paper:** https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-51.pdf
- **Leaderboard:**
- **Point of Contact:**
### Dataset Summary
These files contain text extracted from Stormfront, a white supremacist forum. A random set of forums posts have been sampled from
several subforums and split into sentences. Those sentences have been manually labelled as containing hate speech or not, according
to certain annotation guidelines.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed]
### Languages
English
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
[More Information Needed]
### Data Fields
- text: the provided sentence
- user_id: information to make it possible to re-build the conversations these sentences belong to
- subforum_id: information to make it possible to re-build the conversations these sentences belong to
- num_contexts: number of previous posts the annotator had to read before making a decision over the category of the sentence
- label: hate, noHate, relation (sentence in the post doesn't contain hate speech on their own, but combination of serveral sentences does)
or idk/skip (sentences that are not written in English or that don't contain information as to be classified into hate or noHate)
### Data Splits
[More Information Needed]
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed]
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed]
### Licensing Information
[More Information Needed]
### Citation Information
```
@inproceedings{gibert2018hate,
title = "{Hate Speech Dataset from a White Supremacy Forum}",
author = "de Gibert, Ona and
Perez, Naiara and
Garc{\'\i}a-Pablos, Aitor and
Cuadros, Montse",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online ({ALW}2)",
month = oct,
year = "2018",
address = "Brussels, Belgium",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5102",
doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-5102",
pages = "11--20",
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@czabo](https://github.com/czabo) for adding this dataset. | 5,610 | [
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hate_speech_offensive | 2023-01-25T14:31:41.000Z | [
"task_categories:text-classification",
"annotations_creators:expert-generated",
"annotations_creators:crowdsourced",
"language_creators:found",
"multilinguality:monolingual",
"size_categories:10K<n<100K",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:unknown",
"hate-speech-detection",
"arxiv:1703.04009",
"region:us"
] | null | An annotated dataset for hate speech and offensive language detection on tweets. | @inproceedings{hateoffensive,
title = {Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Language},
author = {Davidson, Thomas and Warmsley, Dana and Macy, Michael and Weber, Ingmar},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
series = {ICWSM '17},
year = {2017},
location = {Montreal, Canada},
pages = {512-515}
} | 8 | 7,518 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- expert-generated
- crowdsourced
language_creators:
- found
language:
- en
license:
- unknown
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- text-classification
task_ids: []
paperswithcode_id: hate-speech-and-offensive-language
pretty_name: Hate Speech and Offensive Language
tags:
- hate-speech-detection
dataset_info:
features:
- name: count
dtype: int64
- name: hate_speech_count
dtype: int64
- name: offensive_language_count
dtype: int64
- name: neither_count
dtype: int64
- name: class
dtype:
class_label:
names:
'0': hate speech
'1': offensive language
'2': neither
- name: tweet
dtype: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 3207826
num_examples: 24783
download_size: 2546446
dataset_size: 3207826
train-eval-index:
- config: default
task: text-classification
task_id: multi_class_classification
splits:
train_split: train
col_mapping:
tweet: text
label: target
metrics:
- type: accuracy
name: Accuracy
- type: f1
name: F1 macro
args:
average: macro
- type: f1
name: F1 micro
args:
average: micro
- type: f1
name: F1 weighted
args:
average: weighted
- type: precision
name: Precision macro
args:
average: macro
- type: precision
name: Precision micro
args:
average: micro
- type: precision
name: Precision weighted
args:
average: weighted
- type: recall
name: Recall macro
args:
average: macro
- type: recall
name: Recall micro
args:
average: micro
- type: recall
name: Recall weighted
args:
average: weighted
---
# Dataset Card for [Dataset Name]
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** https://github.com/t-davidson/hate-speech-and-offensive-language
- **Repository:** https://github.com/t-davidson/hate-speech-and-offensive-language
- **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.04009
- **Leaderboard:**
- **Point of Contact:** https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdrPNlfVBlqxun2tivzAtsZaOoPC5YYMocn-xscCgeRakLXHg/viewform?usp=pp_url&entry.1506871634&entry.147453066&entry.1390333885&entry.516829772
### Dataset Summary
An annotated dataset for hate speech and offensive language detection on tweets.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed]
### Languages
English (`en`)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
```
{
"count": 3,
"hate_speech_annotation": 0,
"offensive_language_annotation": 0,
"neither_annotation": 3,
"label": 2, # "neither"
"tweet": "!!! RT @mayasolovely: As a woman you shouldn't complain about cleaning up your house. & as a man you should always take the trash out...")
}
```
### Data Fields
```
count: (Integer) number of users who coded each tweet (min is 3, sometimes more users coded a tweet when judgments were determined to be unreliable,
hate_speech_annotation: (Integer) number of users who judged the tweet to be hate speech,
offensive_language_annotation: (Integer) number of users who judged the tweet to be offensive,
neither_annotation: (Integer) number of users who judged the tweet to be neither offensive nor non-offensive,
label: (Class Label) class label for majority of CF users (0: 'hate-speech', 1: 'offensive-language' or 2: 'neither'),
tweet: (string)
```
### Data Splits
This dataset is not splitted, only the train split is available.
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed]
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
Usernames are not anonymized in the dataset.
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed]
### Licensing Information
MIT License
### Citation Information
@inproceedings{hateoffensive,
title = {Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Language},
author = {Davidson, Thomas and Warmsley, Dana and Macy, Michael and Weber, Ingmar},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
series = {ICWSM '17},
year = {2017},
location = {Montreal, Canada},
pages = {512-515}
}
### Contributions
Thanks to [@hugoabonizio](https://github.com/hugoabonizio) for adding this dataset. | 5,834 | [
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flax-sentence-embeddings/stackexchange_title_best_voted_answer_jsonl | 2022-07-11T13:13:11.000Z | [
"task_categories:question-answering",
"task_ids:closed-domain-qa",
"annotations_creators:found",
"language_creators:found",
"multilinguality:multilingual",
"size_categories:unknown",
"source_datasets:original",
"language:en",
"license:cc-by-nc-sa-4.0",
"region:us"
] | flax-sentence-embeddings | This new dataset is designed to solve this great NLP task and is crafted with a lot of care. | @misc{StackExchangeDataset,
author = {Flax Sentence Embeddings Team},
title = {Stack Exchange question pairs},
year = {2021},
howpublished = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/flax-sentence-embeddings/},
} | 5 | 7,476 | 2022-03-02T23:29:22 | ---
annotations_creators:
- found
language_creators:
- found
language:
- en
license:
- cc-by-nc-sa-4.0
multilinguality:
- multilingual
pretty_name: stackexchange
size_categories:
- unknown
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- question-answering
task_ids:
- closed-domain-qa
---
# Dataset Card Creation Guide
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Card Creation Guide](#dataset-card-creation-guide)
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Initial Data Collection and Normalization](#initial-data-collection-and-normalization)
- [Who are the source language producers?](#who-are-the-source-language-producers)s
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [stackexchange](https://archive.org/details/stackexchange)
- **Repository:** [flax-sentence-embeddings](https://github.com/nreimers/flax-sentence-embeddings)
### Dataset Summary
We automatically extracted question and answer (Q&A) pairs from [Stack Exchange](https://stackexchange.com/) network. Stack Exchange gather many Q&A communities across 50 online plateform, including the well known Stack Overflow and other technical sites. 100 millon developpers consult Stack Exchange every month. The dataset is a parallel corpus with each question mapped to the top rated answer. The dataset is split given communities which cover a variety of domains from 3d printing, economics, raspberry pi or emacs. An exhaustive list of all communities is available [here](https://stackexchange.com/sites).
### Languages
Stack Exchange mainly consist of english language (en).
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
Each data samples is presented as follow:
```
{'title_body': "Is there a Stack Exchange icon available? StackAuth /sites route provides all the site's icons except for the one of the Stack Exchange master site.\nCould you please provide it in some way (a static SVG would be good)?",
'upvoted_answer': 'Here it is!\n\nDead link: SVG version here\nNote: the same restrictions on this trademarked icon that apply here, also apply to the icon above.',
'downvoted_answer': 'No, the /sites route is not the right place for that.\n\n/sites enumerates all websites that expose API end-points. StackExchange.com does not expose such an endpoint, so it does not (and will not) appear in the results.'}
```
This particular exampe corresponds to the [following page](https://stackapps.com/questions/1508/is-there-a-stack-exchange-icon-available)
### Data Fields
The fields present in the dataset contain the following informations:
- `title_body`: This is the concatenation of the title and body from the question
- `upvoted_answer`: This is the body from the most upvoted answer
### Data Splits
We provide multiple splits for this dataset, which each refers to a given community channel. We detail the number of pail for each split below:
| | Number of pairs |
| ----- | ------ |
| gaming | 82,887 |
| dba | 71,449 |
| codereview | 41,748 |
| gis | 100,254 |
| english | 100,640 |
| mathoverflow | 85,289 |
| askubuntu | 267,135 |
| electronics | 129,494 |
| apple | 92,487 |
| diy | 52,896 |
| magento | 79,241 |
| gamedev | 40,154 |
| mathematica | 59,895 |
| ell | 77,892 |
| judaism | 26,085 |
| drupal | 67,817 |
| blender | 54,153 |
| biology | 19,277 |
| android | 38,077 |
| crypto | 19,404 |
| christianity | 11,498 |
| cs | 30,010 |
| academia | 32,137 |
| chemistry | 27,061 |
| aviation | 18,755 |
| history | 10,766 |
| japanese | 20,948 |
| cooking | 22,641 |
| law | 16,133 |
| hermeneutics | 9,516 |
| hinduism | 8,999 |
| graphicdesign | 28,083 |
| dsp | 17,430 |
| bicycles | 15,708 |
| ethereum | 26,124 |
| ja | 17,376 |
| arduino | 16,281 |
| bitcoin | 22,474 |
| islam | 10,052 |
| datascience | 20,503 |
| german | 13,733 |
| codegolf | 8,211 |
| boardgames | 11,805 |
| economics | 8,844 |
| emacs | 16,830 |
| buddhism | 6,787 |
| gardening | 13,246 |
| astronomy | 9,086 |
| anime | 10,131 |
| fitness | 8,297 |
| cstheory | 7,742 |
| engineering | 8,649 |
| chinese | 8,646 |
| linguistics | 6,843 |
| cogsci | 5,101 |
| french | 10,578 |
| literature | 3,539 |
| ai | 5,763 |
| craftcms | 11,236 |
| health | 4,494 |
| chess | 6,392 |
| interpersonal | 3,398 |
| expressionengine | 10,742 |
| earthscience | 4,396 |
| civicrm | 10,648 |
| joomla | 5,887 |
| homebrew | 5,608 |
| latin | 3,969 |
| ham | 3,501 |
| hsm | 2,517 |
| avp | 6,450 |
| expatriates | 4,913 |
| matheducators | 2,706 |
| genealogy | 2,895 |
| 3dprinting | 3,488 |
| devops | 3,462 |
| bioinformatics | 3,135 |
| computergraphics | 2,306 |
| elementaryos | 5,917 |
| martialarts | 1,737 |
| hardwarerecs | 2,050 |
| lifehacks | 2,576 |
| crafts | 1,659 |
| italian | 3,101 |
| freelancing | 1,663 |
| materials | 1,101 |
| bricks | 3,530 |
| cseducators | 902 |
| eosio | 1,940 |
| iot | 1,359 |
| languagelearning | 948 |
| beer | 1,012 |
| ebooks | 1,107 |
| coffee | 1,188 |
| esperanto | 1,466 |
| korean | 1,406 |
| cardano | 248 |
| conlang | 334 |
| drones | 496 |
| iota | 775 |
| salesforce | 87,272 |
| wordpress | 83,621 |
| rpg | 40,435 |
| scifi | 54,805 |
| stats | 115,679 |
| serverfault | 238,507 |
| physics | 141,230 |
| sharepoint | 80,420 |
| security | 51,355 |
| worldbuilding | 26,210 |
| softwareengineering | 51,326 |
| superuser | 352,610 |
| meta | 1,000 |
| money | 29,404 |
| travel | 36,533 |
| photo | 23,204 |
| webmasters | 30,370 |
| workplace | 24,012 |
| ux | 28,901 |
| philosophy | 13,114 |
| music | 19,936 |
| politics | 11,047 |
| movies | 18,243 |
| space | 12,893 |
| skeptics | 8,145 |
| raspberrypi | 24,143 |
| rus | 16,528 |
| puzzling | 17,448 |
| webapps | 24,867 |
| mechanics | 18,613 |
| writers | 9,867 |
| networkengineering | 12,590 |
| parenting | 5,998 |
| softwarerecs | 11,761 |
| quant | 12,933 |
| spanish | 7,675 |
| scicomp | 7,036 |
| pets | 6,156 |
| sqa | 9,256 |
| sitecore | 7,838 |
| vi | 9,000 |
| outdoors | 5,278 |
| sound | 8,303 |
| pm | 5,435 |
| reverseengineering | 5,817 |
| retrocomputing | 3,907 |
| tridion | 5,907 |
| quantumcomputing | 4,320 |
| sports | 4,707 |
| robotics | 4,648 |
| russian | 3,937 |
| opensource | 3,221 |
| woodworking | 2,955 |
| ukrainian | 1,767 |
| opendata | 3,842 |
| patents | 3,573 |
| mythology | 1,595 |
| portuguese | 1,964 |
| tor | 4,167 |
| monero | 3,508 |
| sustainability | 1,674 |
| musicfans | 2,431 |
| poker | 1,665 |
| or | 1,490 |
| windowsphone | 2,807 |
| stackapps | 1,518 |
| moderators | 504 |
| vegetarianism | 585 |
| tezos | 1,169 |
| stellar | 1,078 |
| pt | 103,277 |
| unix | 155,414 |
| tex | 171,628 |
| ru | 253,289 |
| total | 4,750,619 |
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
We primary designed this dataset for sentence embeddings training. Indeed sentence embeddings may be trained using a contrastive learning setup for which the model is trained to associate each sentence with its corresponding pair out of multiple proposition. Such models require many examples to be efficient and thus the dataset creation may be tedious. Community networks such as Stack Exchange allow us to build many examples semi-automatically.
### Source Data
The source data are dumps from [Stack Exchange](https://archive.org/details/stackexchange)
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
We collected the data from the math community.
We filtered out questions which title or body length is bellow 20 characters and questions for which body length is above 4096 characters.
#### Who are the source language producers?
Questions and answers are written by the community developpers of Stack Exchange.
## Additional Information
### Licensing Information
Please see the license information at: https://archive.org/details/stackexchange
### Citation Information
```
@misc{StackExchangeDataset,
author = {Flax Sentence Embeddings Team},
title = {Stack Exchange question pairs},
year = {2021},
howpublished = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/flax-sentence-embeddings/},
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to the Flax Sentence Embeddings team for adding this dataset. | 8,655 | [
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