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Тарелка Кировская
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Игрове Недельник Делюн
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C Y N ( 302 ) C Y NTel a pint of the infufion of fixty or feventy grains ofthe mod tranfparent ifing-glafs, or fifh-glue, in a littlewhite-wine and river or rain water, ftirred well toge¬ther, after being drained through a linen cloth. Whenthis vifcous fubftance is put into the calif, it fpreadsit-felf over the furface like a net, and carries all the dregsto the bottom with it.Ginger added to cyder, not only correds its windi-nefs, but makes it more bride; and a few drops ofcurrant juice, befides tinging, adds a pleafant quick-nefs to it. Honey, or fugar, mixed with fome fpices,and added to flat cyder, will very much revive it.Some commend boiling of cyder-juice, which Ihouldbe done as i'oon as it is preffed, fenmming it continu¬ally, and obferving to let it boil no longer than till itacquires the colour of fmall beer: when cold, put itinto a calk, leaving a fmall vent; and when it beginsto bubble up out of the vent, bottle it for ufe.CYDONIA, in botany. See Crateva.CYGNUS, in ornithology. See Anas.Cygnus, in aftronomy. See Vol. 1. p, 486.CYLINDER, in geometry, a foiid body, fuppofed tobe generated by the rotation of a parallelogram.Rolling, or loaded Cylinder. See Mechanics.CYLINDROID, in geometry, a foiid body, approach¬ing to the figure of a cylinder, but differing from it infome refped, as having the bafes elliptical, but parallei and equal.CYLINDRUS, in natural hiftory. See Voluta.CYMA, in botany, the tender ftalks which herbs fendforth in the beginning of the fpring, particularly thgfeof the cabbage-kind.CYMATIUM, in architedure, a member or moulding,of the corniche, the profile of which is waved, thatis, concave at top, and convex at bottom. See Ar-CHITECTURE.CYMBAL, a mufical inftrument in ufe among the an¬cients. The cymbal was round, made of brafr, likeour kettle-drums, and, as fome think, in their form,but fmaller, and of different ufe.CYMBAL ARIA, in botany. See Antirrhinum.CYMBARIA, in botany, a genus of the didynamia an-giofpermia clafs of plants The calix is divided intomany parts ; and the capftile is unilocular. There isbut one fpecies.CYN^EDUS, in ichthyology. See Sparus.CYNANCHE, among phyficians, denotes an inflamma¬tion of the larynx.CYNANCHUM, in botany, a genus of the pentandriadigynia clafs. The nedarium is cylindrical, and hasfive teeth. There are five fpecies, none of them na¬tives of Britain.CYNANTHROPIA, in medicine, the diftemper occasi¬oned by the bite of a mad dog. See Medicine.CYNAPIUM, in botany. See Ethusa.CYNARA, the Artichoak, in botany, a genus of thefyngenefia polygamia asqualis clafs. The calix is di¬lated and imbricated, with flelhy feales Sharp at thepoints. There are four fpecies, none of them natives-of Britain. The ufe of the artichoke as a food is wellknown.CYNICS, a fed of ancient philofophers, who valuedthemfelves upon their contempt of riches and ftate,arts and fciences, and every thing, in ihort, exceptvirtue or morality.The cynic philofophers owe their origin and inftitu-tion to Antifthenes of Athens, a-difciple of Socrates,who, being afked of what ufe his philofophy had beento him, replied, “ It enables me to live with myfelf.”Diogenes was the moft famous of his difciples, inwhofe life the fyftem of this philofophy appears in itsgreateft perfedion: he led a moft wretched life, a tubhaving ferved him for a lodging, which he rolled be¬fore him where ever he went; yet he was, neverthelefs,not the mote humble orf account of his ragged cloak,bag, and tub; for, one day, entering Plato’s houfe,at a time that there was a fplendid entertainment therefor feveral perfons of diftindion, he jumped up upon avery rich couth, in all his dirt, faying, “ I trample onthe pride of Plato.” “ Yes (replied Plato,) but withgreat pride, Diogenes.” He had the utmoft contemptfor all the human race, for he walked the ftreets of A-thens, at noon-day, with a lighted lantern in his hand,telling the people, “ He was in fearch of a man.”Amongft many excellent maxims of morality, he heldfome very pernicious opinions ; for he ufed to fay,that the uninterrupted goad fortune of Harpalus,who generally paffed for a thief and a robber, was ateftimony againft the gods. He regarded chaftity andmodefty as weakneffes; hence Laertius obferves ofhim, that he did every thing openly, whether it be¬longed to Ceres or Venus, though he adds that Dio¬genes only ran to an excefs of impudence to put othersout of conceit with it: but impudence was foe charac-teriftic of thefe philofophers, who argued, that whatwas right to be done, might be done at all times, andin all places. The chief principle of this fed, in com¬mon with the ftoics, was, that we Ihould follow nature;but they differed from the ftoics in their explanation ofthat maxim, the cynics being of opinion that a manfollowed nature, that gratified his natural motions andappetites; while the ftoics underftood right reafon,by the word nature.Cynic spasm, a kind of convulfion, wherein the patientimitates the howlings of dogs.CYNIPS, in zoology, a genus of infeds belonging to theorder of hymenoptera. The mouth confifts of twojaws, without any probofeis; and the fting in the tailis fpiral, and generally hid. There are nineteen fpecies,diftinguifhed by their colour, and the plants they in¬habit.CYNOCEPHALUS, in zoology, the trivial name of afpecies of fimia. See S1 m 1 a .CYNOGLOSSUM, in botany, a genus of the pentan¬dria monogynia clafs. The corolla is tunnel-fhaped ;the feeds are depreffed, and the ftylus is fixed to theinterior fide of them. There are eight fpecies, only•one of which is a native of Britain, viz. the officinale,or hound’s-tongue; the root is faidto be pedoral andnarcotic.CYNOMETRA, in botany, a genus of the decandriamonogynia clafs. The calix confifts of four fegments,the
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sel a pint of the infusion of sixty or seventy grains of the most transparent icing-glass, or fish-glue, in a little white-wine and river or rain water, stirred well together, after being strained through a linen cloth. When this viscous substance is put into the cask, it spreads itself over the surface like a net, and carries all the dregs to the bottom with it.
Ginger added to cyder, not only corrects its windiness, but makes it more brisk; and a few drops of currant-juice, besides tinging, adds a pleasant quickness to it. Honey, or sugar, mixed with some spices, and added to flat cyder, will very much revive it.
Some commend boiling of cyder-juice, which should be done as soon as it is pressed, scumming it continually, and observing to let it boil no longer than till it acquires the colour of small beer: when cold, put it into a cask, leaving a small vent; and when it begins to bubble up out of the vent, bottle it for use.
CYDONIA, in botany. See Crateva.
CYGNUS, in ornithology. See Anas.
Cygnus, in astronomy. See Vol. I. p. 486.
CYLINDER, in geometry, a solid body, supposed to be generated by the rotation of a parallelogram.
Rolling, or loaded Cylinder. See Mechanics.
CYLINDROID, in geometry, a solid body, approaching to the figure of a cylinder, but differing from it in some respect, as having the bases elliptical, but paralel and equal.
CYLINDRUS, in natural history. See Voluta.
CYMA, in botany, the tender stalks which herbs send forth in the beginning of the spring, particularly those of the cabbage-kind.
CYMATIUM, in architecture, a member or moulding, of the corniche, the profile of which is waved, that is, concave at top, and convex at bottom. See Architecture.
CYMBAL, a musical instrument in use among the ancients. The cymbal was round, made of brass, like our kettle-drums, and, as some think, in their form, but smaller, and of different use.
CYMBALARIA, in botany. See Antirrhinum.
CYMBARIA, in botany, a genus of the didynamia angiospermia class of plants. The calix is divided into many parts; and the capsule is unilocular. There is but one species.
CYNEDUS, in ichthyology. See Sparus.
CYNANCHE, among physicians, denotes an inflammation of the larynx.
CYNANCHUM, in botany, a genus of the pentandria digynia class. The nectarium is cylindrical, and has five teeth. There are five species, none of them natives of Britain.
CYNANTHROPIA, in medicine, the distemper occasioned by the bite of a mad dog. See Medicine.
CYNAPIUM, in botany. See Ethusa.
CYNARA, the Artichoak, in botany, a genus of the syngenesis polygamia xqualis class. The calix is dilated and imbricated, with fleshy scales sharp at the points. There are four species, none of them natives of Britain. The use of the artichoke as a food is well known.
CYNICS, a sect of ancient philosophers, who valued themselves upon their contempt of riches and state, arts and sciences, and every thing, in short, except virtue or morality.
The cynic philosophers owe their origin and institution to Antisthenes of Athens, a disciple of Socrates, who, being asked of what use his philosophy had been to him, replied, "It enables me to live with myself." Diogenes was the most famous of his disciples, in whose life the system of this philosophy appears in its greatest perfection: he led a most wretched life, a tub having served him for a lodging, which he rolled before him where ever he went; yet he was, nevertheless, not the more humble or account of his ragged cloak, bag, and tub; for, one day, entering Plato's house, at a time that there was a splendid entertainment there for several persons of distinction, he jumped up upon a very rich couch, in all his dirt, saying, "I trample on the pride of Plato." "Yes (replied Plato,) but with great pride, Diogenes." He had the utmost contempt for all the human race, for he walked the streets of Athens, at noon-day, with a lighted lantern in his hand, telling the people, "He was in search of a man." Amongst many excellent maxims of morality, he held some very pernicious opinions; for he used to say, that the uninterrupted good fortune of Harpalus, who generally passed for a thief and a robber, was a testimony against the gods. He regarded chastity and modesty as weaknesses; hence Laertius observes of him, that he did every thing openly, whether it belonged to Ceres or Venus, though he adds that Diogenes only ran to an excess of impudence to put others out of conceit with it: but impudence was the characteristic of these philosophers, who argued, that what was right to be done, might be done at all times, and in all places. The chief principle of this sect, in common with the stoics, was, that we should follow nature; but they differed from the stoics in their explanation of that maxim, the cynics being of opinion that a man followed nature, that gratified his natural motions and appetites; while the stoics understood right reason, by the word nature.
CYNIC SPASM, a kind of convulsion, wherein the patient imitates the howlings of dogs.
CYNIPS, in zoology, a genus of insects belonging to the order of hymenoptera. The mouth consists of two jaws, without any proboscis; and the sting in the tail is spiral, and generally hid. There are nineteen species, distinguished by their colour, and the plants they inhabit.
CYNOCEPHALUS, in zoology, the trivial name of a species of simia. See Simia.
CYNOGLOSSUM, in botany, a genus of the pentandria monogynia class. The corolla is tunnel-shaped; the seeds are depressed, and the stylus is fixed to the interior side of them. There are eight species, only one of which is a native of Britain, viz. the officinale, or hound's-tongue; the root is said to be pectoral and narcotic.
CYNOMETRA, in botany, a genus of the decandria monogynia class. The calix consists of four segments, the
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SOUTH HAVEN
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VENEZUELA
COLOMBIA
BRAZIL
CHILE
ARGENTINA
SURINAME
PACIFIC OCEAN
TROPICAL OCEAN
INDIAN OCEAN
GREEN ISLANDS
THE GULF OF CARIBBEAN
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270
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270 A N A TAt the upper part of the bladder, they approach eachother ; and, joining the urachus, form that rope, whichmay be termed the fuperior ligament of the bladder.The lower part of the bladder, which deferves thename of fundus much better than the upper part, is per¬forated by three openings, one anterior, and two pofte¬rior. The anterior opening is formed by an elongationof all the proper coats, in form of a gullet, turned muchin the fame manner with the inner orifice of the roftrumof the head of an alembic. This elongation is Called theneck of the bladder, the defcription of which belongs tothat of the parts of generation in men.The other two openings in the true fundus af thebladder, are formed by the ureters, which, in theircourfedownward already defcribed, run behind the fpermaticveffels, and then behind the lower part of the bladder,approaching each other. Each ureter lies between theumbilical artery and vas deferens of the fame fide, theartery lying on the outfide of the ureter, and the vas de¬ferens on the infide.Afterwards they get between the vafa deferentia andthe bladder, eroding thefe canals: and then at about afinger’s breadth from each other, they begin to piercethe coats of the bladder. They run a little way betweenthe mufcular and nervous coats, and open into theblad-.dcr obliquely, fomething nearer each other than whenthey firft entered its coats.The orifices of the ureters in the bladder, arc fome¬thing oval, and narrower than the cavity of the uretersimmediately above them The edge of thefe orifices isvery thin, and feems to be formed merely by the union©f the internal coat of the bladder with that of theureters.Befides the ligaments already mentioned, there arelikewife two fmall ones, by which the anterior part ofthe true fundus of the bladder is connected to the oflapubis, which lhall be defcribed with the neck and fphinc-ter after the hi Rory of the parts of generation in bothfexes.THE PARTS OF GENERATION INMALES.The fpermatic arteries go out mod commonly fromthe anterior part of the inferior aorta, near each other,and about an inch lower than the arteriae renales.They run down obliquely in the pofterior part of theabdomen, within the cellular fubftance of the perito-nscum, palling infenfibly from behind forward; and foparting gradually more and more from 'the aorta, theycrofS over the forefide of the ureters, and run throughthe openings or rings of the abdominal mufcles, alongwith the elongations or produftions of the cellular portionof the peritonseum.They are fmall at their origin; and in their courfedownward, they give off pretty confidcrable lateral ra¬mifications to the membrana adipofa, peritonaeum, andalfo to the mefentery.They fonjetimes pafs through the areolae, or mefhes ofthe fpermatic veins; and before they go out of the ab¬domen, they are divided into very fine rami, which runO M Y. Part Vr.in a more or lefs winding courfe, almoft parallel to eachother.Afterwards they enter the cellular productions of theperitonaeum, which ferve them for vaginae. They do notfluctuate indifferently from one fide to the other of thefevaginae; but are connected along their inner furface bythin membranous laminae, which are likewife continua¬tions of the cellular fubftance of the peritonaeum.The arteries continue the fame winding courfe withinthefe vaginae, pailing before the vafa deferentia, whichare likewife contained in them; and at length they ter¬minate by ramifications in the epididymes and teftes.The teftes are two glandular bodies, fituated neareach other, without the abdomen, below the interfticebetween the groins in an adult. The ancients namedtb^m didymi or gejnini, Their fize is nearly that of apigeon’s egg, and they are of an oval figure, a little flat¬ted at each fide. We may confider in each tefticle, twoextremities, two edges, and two fides. One extremityis fituated forward, and a little upward ; the other back¬ward, and a little downward; and their edges lie up¬ward and downward.At the upper edge, they have each an appendix, cal¬led epididymis, together with which it is involved infe-veral coverings; and they are both fufpended in a com¬mon covering, called the ferotum.Each tefticle is a fpermatic gland formed by a vaft'number of fine whitilh tubes, folded and twifted in dif¬ferent manners, and diftributed in different fafciculi, be¬tween membranous fepta; the whole being furroundedby a ftrong common covering, named tunica albuginea.Thefe fepta are difpofed longitudinally, divaricatingfrom each other on one fide, and approaching on the 6-ther. They approach each other along one edge of thetefticle, and terminate in a long narrow whitilh body, asin a kind of axis.From thence they divaricate in a regular manner, andare fixed by their oppofite edges in the inner furface ofthe tunica albuginea, of which they appear to be a con¬tinuation. This white body may be termed the nucleusof the tefticle.From this defcription, we fee that all thefe fepta arenot of an equal breadth; that the interftices betweenthem are in fome meafure trangular; and that the extentof the fmall tubes, which lie therein, muft be very con-fiderable. They have been reckoned to amount to manyells, by taking the fum of all their feveral portions ; andthey may be eafily unfolded by a long maceration, whichdeftroys the delicate fubftance by which all their folds andconvolutions are connected and tied down.All thefe fmall canals feem to teiminate by a fmallernumber of common trunks at the white body or nucleus al¬ready mentioned; which trunks do afterwards pierce theupper part of the anterior extremity of the tefticle, andare difpofed in feveral folds along the lateral external partof the upper edge, all the way to the pofterior extremi¬ty. From this union arifes a long whitilh plaited fafei-culus or bundle, called epididymis, or appendix to thetefticle.The epididymis thus formed, may be reckoned a pro¬duction of the tefticle, or a kind of teftis accefforius;and
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At the upper part of the bladder, they approach each other; and, joining the urachus, form that rope, which may be termed the superior ligament of the bladder.
The lower part of the bladder, which deserves the name of fundus much better than the upper part, is perforated by three openings, one anterior, and two posterior. The anterior opening is formed by an elongation of all the proper coats, in form of a gullet, turned much in the same manner with the inner orifice of the rostrum of the head of an alembic. This elongation is called the neck of the bladder, the description of which belongs to that of the parts of generation in men.
The other two openings in the true fundus of the bladder, are formed by the ureters, which, in their course downward already described, run behind the spermatic vessels, and then behind the lower part of the bladder, approaching each other. Each ureter lies between the umbilical artery and vas deferens of the same side, the artery lying on the outside of the ureter, and the vas deferens on the inside.
Afterwards they get between the vasa deferentia and the bladder, crossing these canals; and then at about a finger's breadth from each other, they begin to pierce the coats of the bladder. They run a little way between the muscular and nervous coats, and open into the bladder obliquely, something nearer each other than when they first entered its coats.
The orifices of the ureters in the bladder, are something oval, and narrower than the cavity of the ureters immediately above them. The edge of these orifices is very thin, and seems to be formed merely by the union of the internal coat of the bladder with that of the ureters.
Besides the ligaments already mentioned, there are likewise two small ones, by which the anterior part of the true fundus of the bladder is connected to the offa pubis, which shall be described with the neck and sphincter after the history of the parts of generation in both sexes.
THE PARTS OF GENERATION IN MALES.
The spermatic arteries go out most commonly from the anterior part of the inferior aorta, near each other, and about an inch lower than the arteriæ renales.
They run down obliquely in the posterior part of the abdomen, within the cellular substance of the peritonæum, passing insensibly from behind forward; and so parting gradually more and more from the aorta, they cross over the foreside of the ureters, and run through the openings or rings of the abdominal muscles, along with the elongations or productions of the cellular portion of the peritonæum.
They are small at their origin; and in their course downward, they give off pretty considrable lateral ramifications to the membrana adiposa, peritonæum, and also to the mesentery.
They sometimes pass through the areola, or meshes of the spermatic veins; and before they go out of the abdomen, they are divided into very fine rami, which run in a more or less winding course, almost parallel to each other.
Afterwards they enter the cellular productions of the peritonæum, which serve them for vaginae. They do not fluctuate indifferently from one side to the other of these vaginae; but are connected along their inner surface by thin membranous laminæ, which are likewise continuations of the cellular substance of the peritonæum.
The arteries continue the same winding course within these vaginae, passing before the vasa deferentia, which are likewise contained in them; and at length they terminate by ramifications in the epididymes and testes.
The testes are two glandular bodies, situated near each other, without the abdomen, below the interstice between the groins in an adult. The ancients named them didymi or gemini. Their size is nearly that of a pigeon's egg, and they are of an oval figure, a little flattened at each side. We may consider in each testicle, two extremities, two edges, and two sides. One extremity is situated forward, and a little upward; the other backward, and a little downward; and their edges lie upward and downward.
At the upper edge, they have each an appendix, called epididymis, together with which it is involved in several coverings; and they are both suspended in a common covering, called the scrotum.
Each testicle is a spermatic gland formed by a vast number of fine whitish tubes, folded and twisted in different manners, and distributed in different fasciculi, between membranous septa; the whole being surrounded by a strong common covering, named tunica albuginea.
These septa are disposed longitudinally, divaricating from each other on one side, and approaching on the other. They approach each other along one edge of the testicle, and terminate in a long narrow whitish body, as in a kind of axis.
From thence they divaricate in a regular manner, and are fixed by their opposite edges in the inner surface of the tunica albuginea, of which they appear to be a continuation. This white body may be termed the nucleus of the testicle.
From this description, we see that all these septa are not of an equal breadth; that the interstices between them are in some measure trangular; and that the extent of the small tubes, which lie therein, must be very considerable. They have been reckoned to amount to many ells, by taking the sum of all their several portions; and they may be easily unfolded by a long maceration, which destroys the delicate substance by which all their folds and convolutions are connected and tied down.
All these small canals seem to terminate by a smaller number of common trunks at the white body or nucleus already mentioned; which trunks do afterwards pierce the upper part of the anterior extremity of the testicle, and are disposed in several folds along the lateral external part of the upper edge, all the way to the posterior extremity. From this union arises a long whitish plaited fasciulus or bundle, called epididymis, or appendix to the testicle.
The epididymis thus formed, may be reckoned a production of the testicle, or a kind of testis accessorius;
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2
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C-L
| 503
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554
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Normal
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554 FAR T,walk, he is ready to fall at every ftep, unlefs he be care¬fully fupported ; his eyes are fo fixed with the ina&ion ofthe mai'des, as give hin> a deadnefs ia his looks; heInorts and fneezes often, pants continually with fhortnefsof breath ; and this fymptom increafes continually tillhe drops down dead; which generally happens in a fewdays, unlefs fome fudden and very effe&ual turn can begiven to the diflemper.In all thefe cafes the horfe {hould firft be bled plenti¬fully, unlefs he is low in flefli, old, or lately come offany hard continued duty, then you muff be more fparingof his blood; afterwards give the following ball.Take affa fcetida half an ounce, Ruflia caftor powder¬ed two drams, valerian root powdered one ounce ;make into a ball with honey and oil of amber.This ball may be given twice a-day at firft; and thenonce, wafhed down with a decoction ef mifletoe or vale¬rian fweetened with liquorice or honey : an ounce of affafcetida may be tied up in a piece of ftrong coarfe linenrag, and put behind his grinders to champ on.The laxative purges and emollient glyfters Ihould begiven intermediately to keep the body open ; but when theformer balls have been taken a week or ten days, the fol¬lowing may be given once a-day with the valerian de-coftion.Take cinnabar of antimony fix drams, affa fcetidahalf an ounce, ariftolochia myrrh and bay-berries ofeach two drams ; make into a ball with treacle andoil of amber.This is the mod effectual method of treating thefe dif-orders; but when they are fufpedled to arife from bots,and worms, which is generally the cafe, mercurial medi¬cines moll lead the way, thus:Take mercurius dulcis and philonium of each halfan ounce; make into a ball with.conferve of rofes,and give the horfe immediately; half the quantitymay be repeated in four or five days.The following infufion fhould then be given, to thequantity of three or four horns, three or four times a-day, till the fymptoms abate; when the above nervousballs may be continued till they are removed.Take penny-royal and rue of each two large handfuls,chamomile flowers one handful, affa fcetida and ca¬ftor of each half an ounce, faffron and liquorice-Toot fliced of each two drams ; infufe in two quartsof boiling water ; pour off from the ingredients aswanted.If the caftor is omitted, add an ounce of affa fcetida.The following ointment may be rubbed into the cheeks,temples, neck, fhonlders, fpines of the back and loins,and where-ever there is the greateft contractions andftiff-nefs.Take nerve and marflimallow ointment of each fourounces, oil of amber two ounces, with a fufficientquantity of camphorate fpirit of wine; make a lini¬ment.When the jaws are fo locked up that medicines can¬not be given by the mouth, it is more eligible to givethem by way of glyfter ; for forcing open the jaws byviolence often puts a horfe into fuch agonies, that thefymptoms are thereby increafed.I E Tt T.In this cafe alfo he muft be fupported by nouri/hingglyfters, made of milk-pottage, broths, &c. which multbe given to the quantity of three or four quarts a-day ;glyfters of this kind will be retained, and abforbed intothe blood; and there have been inftanced of horfes thusfupported for three weeks together, who muft otherwifehave perilhed.Mr Gibfon mentions fome extraordinary in fiances offuccefs in cafes of this fort by thefe methods, and repeat¬ed frictions, which are extremely ferviceable in all con-vulfive diforders, and often prevent their being jaw fet,;they fhould be applied with unwearied diligence everytwo or three hours, where ever any ftiffnefs or contrac¬tions in the mufcles appear ; for a horfe in this conditionnever lies down till they are in fome meafure removed.The ufeof rowels in thefe cafes is generally unfiiccefs-ful, the fliin being fo tenfe and tight, that they feldomdigeft kindly, and fometimes mortify ; fo-that if they areapplied, they Ihould be put under the jaws, and in thebreaft.The red-hot iron fo frequently run through the fore¬top and mane, near the occipital bone, for this purpofe,has often been found to have deftroyed the cervical liga¬ment.In paralytic diforders, where the ufe of a limb or limbsis taken away, the internals above recommended Ihouldbe given, in order to warm, invigorate, and attenuate theblood; and the following ftimulating embrocation fhouldbe rubbed into the parts affeCted.Take oil of turpentine four ounces, nerve ointmentand oil of bays of feach two ounces, camphor rub¬bed fine one ounce, rectified oil of amber threeounces, tindlure of cantharides one ounce.With this liniment the parts affeCted, fhould be wellbathed for a confiderable time, to make it penetrate ; andwhen the hind parts chiefly are lame, the back and loinsfhould be well rubbed with the fame. To the nervousmedicines above recommended, may be added fnake-root, contrayerva, muftard-feed, horfe-raddifh root deep¬ed in ftrong beer, or wine where it can be afforded. Takethe following for an example, which may be given to thequantity of three pints a-day alone, or two horns fuilmay be taken after the nervous balls.Take fnake-root, contrayerva, and valerian, of eachhalf an ounce; muftard-feed and horfe-raddifh rootferaped, of each two ounces; long pepper two drams,:infufe in three pints of ftrong wine.When the horfe^is recovering from any of the abovediforders, the following alterative purge may be repeatedtwo or three times, as it operates very gently.Take fuccotrine aloes one ounce, myrrh half anounce, , affa fcetida and gum ammoniacum of eachtwo drams, faffron one dram; make into a ball withany fyrup.Where a retention of dung is the caufe of this diforr-der, the great gut Ihould firft be raked thoroughly with afmall hand, after which plenty of emollient oily glyftersfhould be thrown up, and the opening drink given, tillthe bowels are thoroughly emptied of their imprifoneddung. Their diet Ihould for fome days be opening, and.confift
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walk, he is ready to fall at every step, unless he be carefully supported; his eyes are so fixed with the inaction of the muscles, as give him a deadness in his looks; he snorts and sneezes often, pants continually with shortness of breath; and this symptom increases continually till he drops down dead; which generally happens in a few days, unless some sudden and very effectual turn can be given to the distemper.
In all these cases the horse should first be bled plentifully, unless he is low in flesh, old, or lately come off any hard continued duty, then you must be more sparing of his blood; afterwards give the following ball.
Take assa foetida half an ounce, Russia castor powdered two drams, valerian root powdered one ounce; make into a ball with honey and oil of amber.
This ball may be given twice a-day at first; and then once, washed down with a decoction of misletoe or valerian sweetened with liquorice or honey: an ounce of assa foetida may be tied up in a piece of strong coarse linen rag, and put behind his grinders to champ on.
The laxative purges and emollient glysters should be given intermediately to keep the body open; but when the former balls have been taken a week or ten days, the following may be given once a-day with the valerian decoction.
Take cinnabar of antimony six drums, assa foetida half an ounce, aristolochia myrrh and bay-berries of each two drams; make into a ball with treacle and oil of amber.
This is the most effectual method of treating these disorders; but when they are suspected to arise from bots, and worms, which is generally the case, mercurial medicines most lead the way, thus:
Take mercurius dulcis and philonium of each half an ounce; make into a ball with conserve of roses, and give the horse immediately; half the quantity may be repeated in four or five days.
The following infusion should then be given, to the quantity of three or four horns, three or four times a day, till the symptoms abate; when the above nervous balls may be continued till they are removed.
Take penny-royal and rue of each two large handsfuls, chamomile flowers one handful, assa foetida and castor of each half an ounce, saffron and liquorice-root sliced of each two drams; infuse in two quarts of boiling water; pour off from the ingredients as wanted.
If the castor is omitted, add an ounce of assa foetida.
The following ointment may be rubbed into the cheeks, temples, neck, shoulders, spines of the back and loins, and where ever there is the greatest contractions and stiffness.
Take nerve and marshmallow ointment of each four ounces, oil of amber two ounces, with a sufficient quantity of camphorate spirit of wine; make a liniment.
When the jaws are so locked up that medicines cannot be given by the mouth, it is more eligible to give them by way of glyster; for forcing open the jaws by violence often puts a horse into such agonies, that the symptoms are thereby increased.
In this case also he must be supported by nourishing glysters, made of milk-pottage, broths, etc. which must be given to the quantity of three or four quarts a-day; glysters of this kind will be retained, and absorbed into the blood; and there have been instanced of horses thus supported for three weeks together, who must otherwise have perished.
Mr Gibson mentions some extraordinary instances of success in cases of this sort by these methods, and repeated friction, which are extremely serviceable in all convulsive disorders, and often prevent their being jaw-set; they should be applied with unwearied diligence every two or three hours, where ever any stiffness or contractions in the muscles appear; for a horse in this condition never lies down till they are in some measure removed.
The use of rowels in these cases is generally unsuccessful, the skin being so tense and tight, that they seldom digest kindly, and sometimes mortify; so that if they are applied, they should be put under the jaws, and in the breast.
The red-hot iron so frequently run through the foretop and mane, near the occipital bone, for this purpose, has often been found to have destroyed the cervical ligament.
In paralytic disorders, where the use of a limb or limbs is taken away, the internals above recommended should be given, in order to warm, invigorate, and attenuate the blood; and the following stimulating embrocation should be rubbed into the parts affected.
Take oil of turpentine four ounces, nerve ointment and oil of bays of each two ounces, camphor rubbed fine one ounce, rectified oil of amber three ounces, tincture of cantharides one ounce.
With this liniment the parts affected should be well bathed for a considerable time, to make it penetrate; and when the hind parts chiefly are lame, the back and loins should be well rubbed with the same. To the nervous medicines above recommended, may be added snake-root, contrayerva, mustard-seed, horse-raddish root steeped in strong beer, or wine where it can be afforded. Take the following for an example, which may be given to the quantity of three pints a-day alone, or two horns full may be taken after the nervous balls.
Take snake-root, contrayerva, and valerian, of each half an ounce; mustard-seed and horse-raddish root scraped, of each two ounces; long pepper two drams: infuse in three pints of strong wine.
When the horse is recovering from any of the above disorders, the following alterative purge may be repeated two or three times, as it operates very gently.
Take succotrine aloes one ounce, myrrh half an ounce, assa foetida and gum ammoniacum of each two drams, saffron one dram; make into a ball with any syrup.
Where a retention of dung is the cause of this disorder, the great gut should first be raked thoroughly with a small hand, after which plenty of emollient oily glysters should be thrown up, and the opening drink given, till the bowels are thoroughly emptied of their imprisoned dung. Their dict should for some days be opening, and consist
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1
|
A-B
| 743
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Normal
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BOS ( 624 ) BOSBorough bridge, a town in the North Riding ofYorkfhire, about 15 miles norh-weft of York; in i°1 W. long, and 540 10' N. lat.BOROZAIL, or the zail of the Ethiopians, a difcafeepidemic in the countries about the river Senega. Itprincipally affeifls the pudenda, but is different fromthe lues venerea. It owes its rife to excellive venery:In the men this diftemper is called afab, and in thewomen affabatus.BORRAGE. See Anchusa.BORRELLISTS, in church-hiftory, a Chriftian feft inHolland. They reject the ufe of churches, of the fa-cramcnts, public prayer, and all other external aftsofworfhip. TheyafTert, that all the Chriftian churchesof the world have degenerated from the pure apofto-lical doctrines, becaufe they have fuffered the word ofGod, which is infallible, to be expounded, or rathercorrupted, by doftors, who are hot infallible. Theylead a very auftere life, and employ a great part oftheir goods in alms.BORSALO, a kingdom of Africa, in Nigtitia: It ex¬tends along the north fide of the river Gambia, as faras Tantaconde.BOS, in zoology, a genus of quadrupeds belonging tothe order of pecora. The chara&ers of this genus aretaken from the horns and teeth. The horns are hol¬low within, an3 turned forward, in the form of cref-eents: There are eight fore-teeth in the under jaw,and none in the upper, their place being fupplied by ahard membrane; and there are nd dog-teeth in eitherjaw. Lmnseus enumerates fix fpecies, viz. 1. Thetaurus, including the bull and cow, has cylindricalhorns, bent outwards, and loofe dewlaps. The bullor male is naturally a fierce and terrible animal. Whenthe cows are in feafon, he is perfectly ungovernable,and often altogether furious. When chaffed, he hasan air of fullen majefty, and oft t^ars up the groundwith his feet and horns. The principal ufe of the bullis to propagate the fpecies; although he might betrained to labour, his obedience cannot be dependedon. A bull, like aftallion, fhould be the mod hand-fome of his fpecies. He fhould be large, well made,and in good heart; he fhould have a black eye, a fierceafpeefl, but an open front; a fhort head; thick, fhort,and blackifh horns, and long fhaggy ears; a fhort andftraight nofe, large and full breaft and fhoulders,thick and flefhy neck, firm reins, a ftreight back,thick flefhy legs, and a long tail well covered withhair. Caftration remarkably foftens the nature of thisanimal ; it deftroys all his fire and impetuofity, andfenders him mild and tradable, without diminifhinghis ftrength; on the contrary, after this operation,his weight is increafed, and he becomes fitter for thepurpofes of plow’.g, <bc.The beft time for caftrating bulls is at the ageof puberty, or when they are eighteen months ortwo years old ; when performed fooner, they oftendie. However, it is not uncommon to caftrate'calvesa few' days after birth. But fuch as furvive an ope¬ration fo dangerous to their tender age, generally growlarger and fatter, and have more courage and adivitythan thofe who are caftrated at the age of puberty. Whenthe operation is delayed till the age of fix, feven, oreight years, they lofe but few of the qualities of bulls,are much more furious and untradable than other oxes,and when the cows are in feafon, they go in queft ofthem with their ufual ardor. See Plate LII. fig. 2.The females of all thofe fpecies of animals which wekeep in flocks, and whofe increafe is the principal objed,are much more ufeful than the males. The cow pro¬duces milk, butter, cheefe, <&c. which are principal ar¬ticles in our food, and befides anfwer many ufeful pur¬pofes in various arts.Cows are generally in feafon, and receive the bull,from the beginning of May to the middle of July. Theirtime of geltation is nine months, which naturally bringsthe veal or calves to our markets from the beginning ofJanuary to the end of April. However, luxury hasfalleD upon methods of interrupting this natural courfe,and veal may be had almoft every month in the year.Cows, when improperly managed, are very fubjed toabortion. In the time of geltation, therefore, theytrught to be obferved with more than ordinary care, left:they fiiould leap ditches, Neither fhould they befuffered to draw in the plough or other caniage, whichis a pradice in fome countries. They fhould be put intothe beft pafture, and Ihould not be milked for fix weeksor two months before they bring forth their young. TheCalve ihould be allowed to ‘fuck and follow its motherduring the firft fix or eight days. After this it begins toeat pretty well, and two or three fucks in a day will befufficient. But if the objed be to have.it quickly fat¬tened for the market, a few raw eggs every day, withhotted milk, and a little bread, will make it excellentveal in four or five weeks. This management of calvesapplies only to fuch as are defigned for the butcher.When they are intended to be nourifhed and brought up,they ought to have at leaft two months fuck; becaufethe longer they fuck, they grow the ftronger and larger.Thofe that are brought forth in April, May, or June,are the mod proper for this purpofc; when calved laterin the feafon, they do not acquire fufficient ftrength tofupport them during the winter.The cow comes to the age of puberty in 18 months,but the bull requires two years: But although theyare capable of propagating at thefe ages, it is betterto reftrain them till they be full three years. Fromthree to nine years thofe animals are in full vigour ; butwhen older, they are fit for nothing but to be fed for thebutcher. A milk cow ought to be chofen young, flefhy,and with a brifk eye.The heavieft and moft bulky animals neither fleep fpprofoundly, nor fo long as the fmkller ones. The fleepof the ox is fhort and flight; he wakes at the leaft noife.He lies generally on the left fide, and the kidtiey of thatfide is always larger than the other. There is great va¬riety in the colour of oxen. A reddifh or black colouris moft efteemed. The hair fhould be gloffy, thick, andfoft; for, when otherwife, the animal is either not inhealth, or has a weakly conftitution. The beft time forinuring
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BOROUGH BRIDGE, a town in the North Riding of Yorkshire, about 15 miles north-west of York; in 1° 15′. W. long. and 54° 10′ N. lat.
BOROZAIL, or the zail of the Ethiopians, a disease epidemic in the countries about the river Senega. It principally affects the pudenda, but is different from the lucs venerea. It owes its rise to excessive venery: In the men this distemper is called afab, and in the women affabatus.
BORRAGE. See Anchusa.
BORRELLISTS, in church-history, a Christian sect in Holland. They reject the use of churches, of the sacraments, public prayer, and all other external acts of worship. They assert, that all the Christian churches of the world have degenerated from the pure apostolical doctrines, because they have suffered the word of God, which is infallible, to be expounded, or rather corrupted, by doctors, who are not infallible. They lead a very austere life, and employ a great part of their goods in alms.
BORSALO, a kingdom of Africa, in Nigritia: It extends along the north side of the river Gambia, as far as Tantaconde.
BOS, in zoology, a genus of quadrupeds belonging to the order of pecora. The characters of this genus are taken from the horns and teeth. The horns are hollow within, and turned forward, in the form of crescents: There are eight forc-teeth in the under jaw, and none in the upper, their place being supplied by a hard membrane; and there are no dog-teeth in either jaw. Linnæus enumerates six species, viz. 1. The taurus, including the bull and cow, has cylindrical horns, bent outwards, and loose dewlaps. The bull or male is naturally a fierce and terrible animal. When the cows are in season, he is perfectly ungovernable, and often altogether furious. When chassed, he has an air of fullen majesty, and oft tears up the ground with his feet and horns. The principal use of the bull is to propagate the species; although he might be trained to labour, his obedience cannot be depended on. A bull, like a stallion, should be the most handsome of his species. He should be large, well made, and in good heart; he should have a black eye, a fierce aspect, but an open front; a short head; thick, short, and blackish horns, and long shaggy ears; a short and straight nose, large and full breast and shoulders, thick and fleshy neck, firm reins, a streight back, thick fleshy legs, and a long tail well covered with hair. Caltration remarkably softens the nature of this animal; it destroys all his fire and impetuosity, and renders him mild and tractable, without diminishing his strength; on the contrary, after this operation, his weight is increased, and he becomes fitter for the purposes of plowing, &c.
The best time for castrating bulls is at the age of puberty, or when they are eighteen months or two years old; when performed sooner, they often die. However, it is not uncommon to castrate calves a few days after birth. But such as survive an operation so dangerous to their tender age, generally grow larger and fatter, and have more courage and activity than those who are castrated at the age of puberty. When the operation is delayed till the age of six, seven, or eight years, they lose but few of the qualities of bulls, are much more furious and untractable than other oxes, and when the cows are in season, they go in quest of them with their usual ardor. See Plate LII. fig. 2.
The females of all those species of animals which we keep in flocks, and whose increase is the principal object, are much more useful than the males. The cow produces milk, butter, cheese, &c., which are principal articles in our food, and besides answer many useful purposes in various arts.
Cows are generally in season, and receive the bull, from the beginning of May to the middle of July. Their time of gestation is nine months, which naturally brings the veal or calves to our markets from the beginning of January to the end of April. However, luxury has fallen upon methods of interrupting this natural course, and veal may be had almost every month in the year.
Cows, when improperly managed, are very subject to abortion. In the time of gestation, therefore, they ought to be observed with more than ordinary care, left they should leap ditches, &c. Neither should they be suffered to draw in the plough or other carriage, which is a practice in some countries. They should be put into the best pasture, and should not be milked for six weeks or two months before they bring forth their young. The calve should be allowed to suck and follow its mother during the first six or eight days. After this it begins to eat pretty well, and two or three sucks in a day will be sufficient. But if the object be to have it quickly fattened for the market, a few raw eggs every day, with boiled milk, and a little bread, will make it excellent veal in four or five weeks. This management of calves applies only to such as are designed for the butcher. When they are intended to be nourished and brought up, they ought to have at least two months suck; because the longer they suck, they grow the stronger and larger. Those that are brought forth in April, May, or June, are the most proper for this purpose; when calved later in the season, they do not acquire sufficient strength to support them during the winter.
The cow comes to the age of puberty in 18 months, but the bull requires two years: But although they are capable of propagating at these ages, it is better to restrain them till they be full three years. From three to nine years those animals are in full vigour; but when older, they are fit for nothing but to be fed for the butcher. A milk cow ought to be chosen young, fleshy, and with a brisk eye.
The heaviest and most bulky animals neither sleep so profoundly, nor so long as the smaller ones. The sleep of the ox is short and slight; he wakes at the least noise. He lies generally on the left side, and the kidney of that side is always larger than the other. There is great variety in the colour of oxen. A reddish or black colour is most esteemed. The hair should be glossy, thick, and soft; for, when otherwise, the animal is either not in health, or has a weakly constituted. The best time for inuring
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||
3
|
M-Z
| 112
|
91
| null |
Normal
| 3,905
| 5,132
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M E D rOf a l^ERlPNEUMONy.There are fever&l kinds of this difeafe. For it mayarife from a violent inflammation of the lungs, by a veryflzy denfe blood obftruding very many of the pulmonicand bronchial arteries : or from an obftru(5lion of the lungsby a heavy, vifcid, pituiious matter; which is called afpurious or baftard peripneumony : or from a thin, acriddefluxion on the lungs ; and then it is a catarrhal perip-.neumony.The fymptoms common to all, are, a load at the breafl,a fhort difficult breathing, and more or lefs of a fever.But in a true peripneumony, there is a more tenfive painthan in the pleurify; beffdes, it is ratber more obtufe andpreffing than acute, and fhoots as far as the back and fca-pulse. But the difficulty of breathing is greater, as wellas the anxiety and expecfloration, whereby a variega*ted fpittle is brought up, which lay as it were deep:for in this difeafe the veffels of the lungs themfelves,whereby the blood circulates from one ventricle of theheart to the other, , are afFe(51ed ; being fluffed and obftru^l:-ed with a thick blood, which is apt to grow more vifcidand folid. Wherefore it is the more dangerous and fatal,efpecially if it attacks old perfons, and if bleeding is nottimely adminiflred. Boerhaave fays, the pulfe is foft.fiender, and in every fenfe unequal; and Huxham, thatif the pulfe is hardly felt before bleeding, it will after¬wards beat very ftrongly.In the cure, great regard mufl be had to the differentftages of this difeafe, and the different fymptoms that at¬tend it. Bleeding is indifpenfably neceflary at the begin¬ning of a fevere inflammation of the lungs ; but if, afterthe fecond or third bleeding, the patient begins to fpit awell conceded matter, freely tinged with blood, youmufl forbear to repeat it, otherwife the patient will beWeakened, and a fatal fuppreflion of the expedorationwill enfue. But if he brings up a conffderable quantityof florid, thin, fpumous blood, by fpitting; then bleed a-gain, quiet the cough with diacodium, and give properacids pretty freely, with foft cooling incrafl'ants. If athin, gleety, dark-coloured matter is expedorated, it isgenerally a mark of greater malignity, and that the bloodis in a putrefying diflblving ftate, and will not bear a largeiofs of blood.Generally the more violent the rigor or horror is at theattack, the more violent the fucceeding fever will be,which will in fome meafure guide us in drawing of bloodsIf the fymptoms are not relieved by the firrt bleeding, af¬ter eight, ten, or twelve hours, let it be repeated; orfoonef, if they become aggravated If the fever, anxiety,oppreffion, and difiicuhy of breathing, increafe, bleed a^-gain, efpecially if it appears very firm and denfe, or co¬vered over with a thick yeliowilh coat or buff. How¬ever, it does not appear fometimes till the fecond or thirdbleeding, though the fymptoms indicate a very high in¬flammation. This often happens from the blood not fpout-ing out in a full ftream. This appearance of the blood,with a firm flrong pulfe, will warrant the taking awaymore, till the breathing becomes free and eafy.If the craffamentum is of a very loofe texture, and notcovered with.^ buff coat, and the pulfe on bleeding finks,CINE.flutters, or grows more weak and fraall, it is time todefift. A bluifli film on the blood, with a kind of a foftgreeniffi jelly underneath, while the cruor itfelf is livid,loofe and foft, with a turbid, reddifh, or green ferum,is afign of a very lax crafis of the blood, and great acri¬mony, which will not bear great quantities to be drawnoff. If the blood is very florid, thin and loofe, withlittle or no ferum after flanding for fome time, it gene¬rally argues a confiderable advance to a putrid and veryacrid ftate.A flrong, throbbing, thick pulfe, always indicates far¬ther bleeding ; at leaft till the patient breathes more eafi-ly, ora free expedloration of laudable matter is obtained.It often happens, that the pulfe at the very beginningfeems.obfcure and oppreflTed, irregular, fluggifli,and fome¬times intermitting, with weaknefs and oppreffion. Butthis does not arife from the defeft, but from the toogreat quantity of blood; for the blood-veflels being o-ver-Ioaded and diftended, cannot a(fl with fufficient vi¬gour. This is fucceeded with a dreadful train of fymp¬toms, and even death itfelf, if not prevented with fuffi¬cient bleeding.-In fome very violent peripneumonies, an immediateand exceffive weaknefs conies on, with an inexpreffibleanxiety and oppreffion of the breaft ; a very fmall, weak,trembling pulfe, coldnefs of the extremities, with clam¬my, coldifh, partial fweats, the eyes flaring, fixed andinflamed, the face bloated and almofl livid. This hasfoon been followed with a flupor, delirium, and fometimeswith a complete paraplegia.Some kinds of peripneumonies will not bear large bleed¬ing, efpecially the epidemic or malignant The pulfeand ftrength of thefe patients have funk to a furprifing_degree; and the difeafe has turned into a fort of a nervous-fever, with great tremors, fubfultus tendinum, profufefweats, or an atrabilious diarrhoea, with a black tongue,coma, or delirium; though at the beginning the pulfefeemed to be full and throbbing,, and the pain, cough,and oppreffion fovery urgent, as to indicate bleeding pret¬ty ftrongly. In thefe cafes the blood was feldom buffyto any confiderable degree, but commonly very florid, ofa very loofe and foft confiftence, or very dark-coloured,,and coated with a thin and bluifh or greeniffi film, underwhich was a foft greeniffi jelly, and a dark livid cruorat the bottom. Sometimes the. coat was much thickerand more tough, but of a pale red colour, refembJing the'cornelian flone, or .a dilute jelly of red curr ants . Whenthe blood is thus diffolved, abftain from farther bleeding,efpeciallydf the pulfe or patient becomes more languid af*ter it, though the oppreffion, load^ or even pain, mayfeem to require it.When the fizy coat on the blood is exceffively tough,and extremely yellow, or of a pale red colour, it threatensdanger ; for the inflammatory lentor wUi fcarcely mixwith any diluents. Sometimes, after repeated bleeding;the crafTamentum has fcarce been a fixth part of the vo¬lume of the blood, and yet as folid as a piece pf flefli.This is generally mortal.When the peripneumonic fymptoms continue for fouror five days or more, we may jufliy fear an abfeefs, or amortification;,and little advantage is to be expeded fromfartherr
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Of a Peripneumony.
There are several kinds of this disease. For it may arise from a violent inflammation of the lungs, by a very sizy dense blood obstructing very many of the pulmonic and bronchial arteries; or from an obstruction of the lungs by a heavy, viscid, pituitous matter; which is called a spurious or bastard peripneumony; or from a thin, acrid desluxion on the lungs; and then it is a catarrhal peripneumony.
The symptoms common to all, are, a load at the breast, a short difficult breathing, and more or less of a fever. But in a true peripneumony, there is a more tensive pain than in the pleurisy; besides, it is rather more obtuse and pressing than acute, and shoots as far as the back and scapulae. But the difficulty of breathing is greater, as well as the anxiety and expectoration, whereby a variegated spittle is brought up, which lay as it were deep: for in this disease the vessels of the lungs themselves, whereby the blood circulates from one ventricle of the heart to the other, are affected; being stuffed and obstructed with a thick blood, which is apt to grow more viscid and solid. Wherefore it is the more dangerous and fatal, especially if it attacks old persons, and if bleeding is not timely administrated. Boerhaave says, the pulse is soft. Slender, and in every sense unequal; and Huxham, that if the pulse is hardly felt before bleeding, it will afterwards beat very strongly.
In the cure, great regard must be had to the different stages of this disease, and the different symptoms that attend it. Bleeding is indispensably necessary at the beginning of a severe inflammation of the lungs; but if, after the second or third bleeding, the patient begins to spit a well concocted matter, freely tinged with blood, you must forbear to repeat it, otherwise the patient will be weakened, and a fatal suppression of the expectoration will ensue. But if he brings up a considerable quantity of florid, thin, spumous blood, by spitting; then bleed again, quiet the cough with diacodium, and give proper acids pretty freely, with soft cooling incrassants. If a thin, gleety, dark-coloured matter is expectorated, it is generally a mark of greater malignity, and that the blood is in a putrefying dissolving state, and will not bear a large loss of blood.
Generally the more violent the rigor or horror is at the attack, the more violent the succeeding fever will be, which will in some measure guide us in drawing of blood. If the symptoms are not relieved by the first bleeding, after eight, ten, or twelve hours, let it be repeated; or sooner, if they become aggravated. If the fever, anxiety, oppression, and difficulty of breathing, increase, bleed again, especially if it appears very firm and dense, or covered over with a thick yellowish coat or buff. However, it does not appear sometimes till the second or third bleeding, though the symptoms indicate a very high inflammation. This often happens from the blood not spouting out in a full stream. This appearance of the blood, with a firm strong pulse, will warrant the taking away more, till the breathing becomes free and easy.
If the crassamentum is of a very loose texture, and not covered with a buff coat, and the pulse on bleeding sinks, flutters, or grows more weak and small, it is time to desist. A bluish film on the blood, with a kind of a soft greenish jelly underneath, while the cruor itself is livid, loose and soft, with a turbid, reddish, or green serum, is a sign of a very lax crasis of the blood, and great acrimony, which will not bear great quantities to be drawn off. If the blood is very florid, thin and loose, with little or no serum after standing for some time, it generally argues a considerable advance to a putrid and very acrid state.
A strong, throbbing, thick pulse, always indicates farther bleeding; at least till the patient breathes more easily, or a free expectoration of laudable matter is obtained. It often happens, that the pulse at the very beginning seems obscure and oppressed, irregular, sluggish, and sometimes intermitting, with weakness and oppression. But this does not arise from the defect, but from the too great quantity of blood; for the blood vessels being over-loaded and distended, cannot act with sufficient vigour. This is succeeded with a dreadful train of symptoms, and even death itself, if not prevented with sufficient bleeding.
In some very violent peripneumonies, an immediate and excessive weakness comes on, with an inexpressible anxiety and oppression of the breast; a very small, weak, trembling pulse, coldness of the extremities, with clammy, coldish, partial sweats, the eyes staring, fixed and inflamed, the face bloated and almost livid. This has soon been followed with a stupor, delirium, and sometimes with a complete paraplegia.
Some kinds of peripneumonies will not bear large bleeding, especially the epidemic or malignant. The pulse and strength of these patients have sunk to a surprising degree; and the disease has turned into a sort of a nervous fever, with great tremors, subsultus tendinum, profuse sweats, or an atrabilious diarrhoea, with a black tongue, coma, or delirium; though at the beginning the pulse seemed to be full and throbbing, and the pain, cough, and oppression so very urgent, as to indicate bleeding pretty strongly. In these cases the blood was seldom buffy to any considerable degree, but commonly very florid, of a very loose and soft consistence, or very dark-coloured, and coated with a thin and bluish or greenish film, under which was a soft greenish jelly, and a dark livid cruor at the bottom. Sometimes the coat was much thicker and more tough, but of a pale red colour, resembling the cornelian stone, or a dilute jelly of red currants. When the blood is thus dissolved, abstain from farther bleeding, especially if the pulse or patient becomes more languid after it, though the oppression, load, or even pain, may seem to require it.
When the sizy coat on the blood is excessively tough, and extremely yellow, or of a pale red colour, it threatens danger; for the inflammatory lentor will scarcely mix with any diluents. Sometimes, after repeated bleeding, the crassamentum has scarce been a sixth part of the volume of the blood, and yet as solid as a piece of flesh. This is generally mortal.
When the peripneumonic symptoms continue for four or five days or more, we may justly fear an abscess, or a mortification; and little advantage is to be expected from farther.
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592 . S H O R T - H A N Dmen in fliort-hand, which is the Lord's prayer, with thofeufecl wlien it is wrote in the common way, he will End, thatthe former contains only about 150* while the latter con-•PARN alphabet, formed upon the moE juft and natural plan,by whi ; h, with the help of a few general rules, all thewords of the language to which it is particularly adapted,m^y be eaftiy, neatly, and fpeedily written, will not befufficientto fatisfy the CKpeiftations of an inquifitive reader;who muft be fenfible, that however complete the alphabetmay be, yet many compendious applications of it may beobtained by a proper inquiry into the nature of our language,and the abbreviations which it admits of. He will not beLtisfied with being taught only how to exprefs all the let¬ters of a word by the fhorteft and eafieft ftrokes, but willalfo require further inftruftion how to defcribe intelligiblywords and fentences by as few of thofe ftrokes *as poflible.To inveftigate, from a few things given, many which areomitted, wilf be found no unpleafant nor unprofitable ex-ercife of the learner’s fagacity ; and if the few be properlygiven, the fenfe of the paftage, and a due attention to theidiom of our language, will render the difcovery of the o-rxiilBons more certain,'and alfo !efs difficult, than the unex¬perienced can eafily imagine.—Without fome fuch rules ofabbreviation, one end of fhort-hand, that of following afpeaker, would fcarcely be attainable.Before the invention of the art of printing, the tediouf-nefs of writing all the words at full length put the copiersof books upon forming many ways of abbreviating them, asappears in all manufcripts. In thofe of the New Tcfta-rnent we find many principal words defcribed by their initialand final letters only, with a dafh over them. In Latinmanufcripts, thofe terminations, by which the relations ofwords to one another are in that language ufually exprcffed, were generally omitted: nor was there any need ofwriting them at length ; for the principal, word being given,of which the reft were governed in cafe, gender, and num¬ber, any reader who underftood that language could eaft-ly fupply thofe omiffions. Our language, generally ex-prrffing thofe relations by Iltrle particles, does not indeedaitard that particular mode of abbreviation. Upon a care¬ful examination, however, It will be found capable of fur-jcifhitig many others as ufeful and extenfive.But it will be proper, before we proceed further in t^hisart of abbreviation, to advertife the learner, -who is apt tobe too eager to pufli/orward. not to embarrafs himfelf withit, till, by a competent praftice of writing according to therules laid clown in the firft part, he is become fo well ac¬quainted with the characters, as to be ^ble to write andread them with as much eafe as his own common hand.The beft way to learn any art is to proceed by degrees, notven uring upon a fecond ftep before the firft is perfe<5t]yraaftered. And it is evident, that this method of proceed¬ing is, on this occafion, particularly neceftary : for though,in many fentences, the fenfe, and the particular conftruCtionof the words, may plainly enough pcdnt out fuch of them, asare defcribed with unufual brevity ; yet how lliali an un-praCliJed learner,, unable to embrace in one view the wordsdenoted by the preceding and following marks, determine'what the ifttermediaic contracted ones ,mu.ft needs be ? But,WRITING.tains near fix tinies that number ; which fhews hdw muchtime and labour may be faved, even by the fev/ fimple rulesalready given.T II.if he will have patience to abftain from this fecOnd part,until he can write readily, and read without hefitationwhatever is written, according to the rules of the firft, hemay reft affured that he will meet with little more diffi-^culty in readmg wor4s contracted than he did in thofe writ¬ten more at length, provided that the rules of abbreviationbe duly attended to. But, if the reader expects that weare to give him every particular manner of abbreviationwhich can poffibly be invented, he will be difappointed.The principal and mod ufeful rules are given;, and it is leftto the fagacity of the practifer, by obferving the nature ofthefe, and proceeding upon the fame princi; les, to makefuch further advances as his occalions may require. Itwould be vain to pretend to have exhaufted a fubjc^l whichis as extenfiTe as the language itfelf in which we write ;and confequently may be earned further and further by e-very one, in 'proportion to his Ikill in the language, and hisknowledge of the fubjeeft treated upon.The learner has been already taught how to write allthe confonants of any word by one continued mark, thofewords only excepted which may be more briefly defcribedhy the help of prepofltions and terminations. He may nowadvance a ftep further, and join together fuch fhort wordsas are either reprefented by the letters^of the alphabet a-lone ; or fuch as, by their frequent occurrence, are becomefo familiar, as to be readily known, though denoted bytheir firft con'pnants only, This will be found* a greater fa-ving of time than can eafily be imagined ; and muft there¬fore, when difpatch is required, be done in ali 'inftances inwhich they may be joined neatly and without ambiguity.Rule I. I’he different times and modes of the verbsare generally expreffed, in the Englifli language, by the helpof other verbs, for that reafon called auxiliary; as, .‘u;///,Jhall^ hcivet had, can, could, may, muft be, &c. Thefemuft, upon that account, occur very frequently; and, beingfignified by their firft confonant, they may be joined to oneanother; as, can be, nuHl be have or has been, to be,ought to be, 7Huft be, Plate CLIII i. and vvhen thenegative particle not intervenes, it may be denoted by itsfirft confonant, and be joined with them; as, cannoCbe,2- 'Tu/// not be, have not been, not to be, ought not tobe, 3. When thefe joinings are,'by^a little pra<ftice,become eafy to the learner, he may proceed iurther, andjoin the preceding pronouns to thefe auxiliary ve^rbs; as, hemuft he, he cannot be, N° 4. This can occafion no* ambi¬guity: for though he taught in his alphabet, that thefetwo marks (N® 5.) denoted, the former and the latterbad\ yet, when, placed immediately before muft and can,their, ficuation {hows that th y cannot, in that cafe, fignifyhave and had, thofe auxiliaries never admitting ot fuch anarrangement. And further, as •w and are often dr.opt incommon fpeech and writing, as he*/l for he nvill, we^ve for<we have: fo.they may, tor the fake of joining, be omittedin fliort-hand ; as, he nvtU, he nssill not be, they'have been,,N" 6,Rule IL The learner was taught in the firft part, That;in,
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PART II.
An alphabet, formed upon the most just and natural plan, by which, with the help of a few general rules, all the words of the language to which it is particularly adapted, may be easily, neatly, and speedily written, will not be sufficient to satisfy the expectations of an inquisitive reader; who must be sensible, that however complete the alphabet may be, yet many compendious applications of it may be obtained by a proper inquiry into the nature of our language, and the abbreviations which it admits of. He will not be satisfied with being taught only how to express all the letters of a word by the shortest and easiest strokes, but will also require further instruction how to describe intelligibly words and sentences by as few of those strokes as possible. To investigate, from a few things given, many which are omitted, will be found no unpleasant nor unprofitable exercise of the learner's sagacity; and if the few be properly given, the sense of the passage, and a due attention to the idiom of our language, will render the discovery of the omissions more certain, and also less difficult, than the unexpected can easily imagine.—Without some such rules of abbreviation, one end of short-hand, that of following a speaker, would scarcely be attainable.
Before the invention of the art of printing, the tediousness of writing all the words at full length put the copiers of books upon forming many ways of abbreviating them, as appears in all manuscripts. In those of the New Testament we find many principal words described by their initial and final letters only, with a dash over them. In Latin manuscripts, those terminations, by which the relations of words to one another are in that language usually expressed, were generally omitted: nor was there any need of writing them at length; for the principal word being given, of which the rest were governed in case, gender, and number, any reader who understood that language could easily supply those omissions. Our language, generally expressing those relations by little particles, does not indeed afford that particular mode of abbreviation. Upon a careful examination, however, it will be found capable of furnishing many others as useful and extensive.
But it will be proper, before we proceed further in this art of abbreviation, to advertise the learner, who is apt to be too eager to push forward, not to embarrass himself with it, till, by a competent practice of writing according to the rules laid down in the first part, he is become so well acquainted with the characters, as to be able to write and read them with as much ease as his own common hand. The best way to learn any art is to proceed by degrees, not venturing upon a second step before the first is perfectly mastered. And it is evident, that this method of proceeding is, on this occasion, particularly necessary: for though, in many sentences, the sense, and the particular construction of the words, may plainly enough point out such of them, as are described with unusual brevity; yet how shall an unpractised learner, unable to embrace in one view the words denoted by the preceding and following marks, determine what the intermediate contracted ones must needs be? But, if he will have patience to abstain from this second part, until he can write readily, and read without hesitation whatever is written, according to the rules of the first, he may rest assured that he will meet with little more difficulty in reading words contracted than he did in those written more at length, provided that the rules of abbreviation be duly attended to. But, if the reader expects that we are to give him every particular manner of abbreviation which can possibly be invented, he will be disappointed. The principal and most useful rules are given; and it is left to the sagacity of the practiser, by observing the nature of these, and proceeding upon the same principles, to make such further advances as his occasions may require. It would be vain to pretend to have exhausted a subject which is as extensive as the language itself in which we write; and consequently may be carried further and further by every one, in proportion to his skill in the language, and his knowledge of the subject treated upon.
The learner has been already taught how to write all the consonants of any word by one continued mark, those words only excepted which may be more briefly described by the help of prepositions and terminations. He may now advance a step further, and join together such short words as are either represented by the letters of the alphabet alone; or such as, by their frequent occurrence, are become so familiar, as to be readily known, though denoted by their first consonants only. This will be found—a greater saving of time than can easily be imagined; and must therefore, when dispatch is required, be done in all instances in which they may be joined neatly and without ambiguity.
Rule I. The different times and modes of the verbs are generally expressed, in the English language, by the help of other verbs, for that reason called auxiliary; as, will, shall, have, had, can, could, may, must, be, &c. These must, upon that account, occur very frequently; and, being signified by their first consonant, they may be joined to one another; as, can be, will be have or has been, to be, ought to be, must be, Plate CLIII. No 1. and when the negative particle not intervenes, it may be denoted by its first consonant, and be joined with them; as, cannot be, N° 2. will not be, have not been, not to be, ought not to be, N° 3. When these joinings are, by a little practice, become easy to the learner, he may proceed further, and join the preceding pronouns to these auxiliary verbs; as, he must be, he cannot be, N° 4. This can occasion no ambiguity: for though he was taught in his alphabet, that these two marks (N° 5.) denoted, the former have, and the latter bad; yet, when placed immediately before must and can, their situation shows that they cannot, in that case, signify have and bad, those auxiliaries never admitting of such an arrangement. And further, as w and h are often dropt in common speech and writing, as he'll for he will, we've for we have; so they may, for the sake of joining, be omitted in short-hand; as, he will, he will not be, they have been. N° 6.
Rule II. The learner was taught in the first part, That
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472 P E R S P EBC : from v/bich you have a front view of the whole bodycf the church, with all the pillars, on each fide: thenhx your horizon at any height you think proper, as at DE:hifed it by the perpendicular EA: and where thefe twolines inferfei^)-, is the point of fight F. This perpendicu¬lar will p:ifs through the centres of all the arches in the .dome or cupola: which centres may be found by any threegiven points. Next divide your bafe line into any givennumber'of feet; and the vifual lines, ruled from thefe di-vifions to the point of fight, will reduce all your objedls totheir jufl proportion, by fetting off their height upon a per¬pendicular railed at their refpedllve diltances. The bafe,in the example here given, is divided into twelve equal partsof fi ve feet each ; from which (fuppofingyour front columnto be, 35 feet high) take feven divifions from the bafe line ofyour'drawing, and fet them off upon the perpendicular GH;then (fuppofing this column to be five feet thick at the bafe)fet off one of thofe divifions upon the parallel IK, which isthe breadth required. !>o that, by proportioning this fcaleto any dillance by the foregoing direflions, you may notonly find the dimenfions of all your columns, but aifo of e-very difiindt part of them, as well as of all the doors, win¬dows, and other obje(5Is that occur. Forinftance: Havingfound the height and breadth of your firft or neared columnG, draw from the top and bottom "bf the faid column tothe point of fight the lines HF and KF; after which', rulethe line IF froor the bafe of the column to the point of fight,and you have the height and breadth of ail the reft of the co¬lumns, as has been already (hewn in fig. 3.By ruling lines from the points a,bjC,di See. to the pointof fight, you will fee that all the fummits and bafes ofyour columns, doc , , windows, muft tend immediate¬ly to that point; and by lines drawn from the points 1,2,3,4, 6^. on each fide, to the correfpondent points on the op-pofite fide, may be feen all the parts of your building lyingi:pon the fame parallel.“To draiu an oblique vievj. See fig. 6. of Plate CXLIV.Firft draw your horizontal line AB ; then, if your favou¬rite obje<5t,bc on.the right hand, as at C, place yourfelf onthe left hand upon the bafe line, as at D; then from that fta-tion eredl a perpendicular DE, which will pafs through thehorizon at the point of fight F v to which rule the diagonalsGF and HF, which will fhew the roof and bafe of yourprincipal building C, and will alfo, as before directed, ferveas a fiahdard for all the reft.Obferve alfo, either in direifl or oblique views, whetherthe profpeifl bef^ore you make a curve ; for if it does, youmnft be careful to make the fame curve in your drawing.To drav3 a perfpeftive mohersin are accidental points.See fig. 7. Of Plate CXLIV.Rule your horizontal line ah^ and on one part of it fixyour point of fight, as at c*; from which rule the diagonalscd and ce on the one fide, and cf and cq on the other; whichwill fhew the roofs and bafes of all the houfes in the ftreetdirectly facing you ; (fuppofing yourfelf placed at A in thecentre of the bafe line ;) Then fix your accidental points gapd h upon the horizontal line, and rule from them to theangles and Iniy (where, the ftreeis on each fide take a dif¬ferent direction, towards the accidental points^ and h) andthe lines and gk give the roofs and bafes of all the build-'logs on one fide, as lb mb do on the other..C T 1 V E.Accidental points feldom intervene where the difiance isfmalJ, as in noblemens feats, groves^ canals, whichmay be drawn by the ftrid rules of perfpedive : but wherethe profpedl is extenfive and varied, including mountains,bridges, caftlcs, rivers, precipice*, w'oods, cities, 6'r. itwill require fuch an infinite number of accidental points,that it will be better to do them as nature fliail di*flate, andyour ripened judgment approve.To find the centre for the roof of ahoufe^ in an oblique viem.,See fig. 8. of Plate CXLIV.Suppofe from the point of fight A, the vifual lines ABand^C be drawn, BC being one perpendicular given, andDE the other, rule the diagonals from D to C, and fromE to E, and the perpendicular FG, raifed through thepoint of their interfedion, will fliew the true centre of theroof, as will appear by ruling the liaes GE and GC.For want ofbeing acquainted with this neceffary rule, manywho have been well verfed in other parts of perfpedive, havt*fpoiled the look of their pidure, by drawing the roofs oftheir houfes oat of their true perpendicular.We fiidi conclude by giving a few pradical rules, i.Let every line, which in the objed, or geometrical figure,is Ih-aight, perpendicular, or parallel to its bafe, be fo alfoin its fcenographic delineation. 2. Let the lines, whichin the objed return at right angles from the fore-right fide,be drawn fcenographicaily from the vifual point. 3. Letall firaight lines, which in the objed return from the fore¬right fide, run in a fceriographic figurejnto the horizontalline. 4. Let the objed you intend to delineate, Handingon your right-hand, be placed alfo on the right hand of thevifual point; and that on the left-hand, on the left-hapdofthe fame point; and that which is juft before, in the mid¬dle of it. 5. Let thofe lines which are (in the objed) e-quidiftant to the returning line be drawn in the fcenogra¬phic figure, from that point found in the horizon. 6. lufetiing off the altitude of columns, pedeftals, and the like,meafure the height from the bafe line upwards, in tlie frontor fore-right fide ; and a vifual ray down that point in thefront fhall limit the-altitude of the column or pillar, all theway behind the fore-right fide, or orthographic appearance,even to the vifual point. This rule you muft obferve in allfigures, as well where there is a front or fore-right fide,as where there is none. 7. In delineating ovals, circles,arches, croffes, fpiralr, and crofs-arches, or any other fi¬gure in the roof of any room, firft draW ichnographically,and fo with perpendiculars from the moft eminent pointsthereof, carry it up unto thecieling; from which feveral-jjoints, carry on the figure. 8. The centre in any feeno-graphic regular figure is found by drawing lines from oppo-fite angles: for the point where the diagonals crofs, is thecentre. 9. A ground-plane cf fquares is alike, both aboveand -b^elow the horizontal line ; only the more it is diftantabove or beneath the horizon, the fquares wdll be fo muchthe larger or wider. 10. In drawing a perfpeftlve figure,where many lines come together, you may, for the direft-ing of your eye, draw the diagonals in red ; the vifual lines .in black ; the perpendiculars in green, or other different co¬lour, from that w'hich you intend the figure (hail be of,II. Having confidered the height, diftance, and pofition ofthe figure, and drawn it accordingly, with fide or angle a-gaiaft the bafe \ raife perpendiculars from the feveral angles.
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BC: from which you have a front view of the whole body of the church, with all the pillars, &c. on each side: then fix your horizon at any height you think proper, as at DE: bisect it by the perpendicular EA: and where these two lines intersect, is the point of sight F. This perpendicular will pass through the centres of all the arches in the dome or cupola: which centres may be found by any three given points. Next divide your base line into any given number of feet; and the visual lines, ruled from these divisions to the point of sight, will reduce all your objects to their just proportion, by setting off their height upon a perpendicular raised at their respective distances. The base, in the example here given, is divided into twelve equal parts of five feet each; from which (supposing your front column to be 35 feet high) take seven divisions from the base line of your drawing, and set them off upon the perpendicular GH; then (supposing this column to be five feet thick at the base) set off one of those divisions upon the parallel IK, which is the breadth required. So that, by proportioning this scale to any distance by the foregoing directions, you may not only find the dimensions of all your columns, but also of every distinct part of them, as well as of all the doors, windows, and other objects that occur. For instance: Having found the height and breadth of your first or nearest column G, draw from the top and bottom of the said column to the point of sight the lines HF and KF; after which, rule the line IF from the base of the column to the point of sight, and you have the height and breadth of all the rest of the columns, as has been already shewn in fig. 3.
By ruling lines from the points a,b,c,d, &c. to the point of sight, you will see that all the summits and bases of your columns, doors, windows, &c. must tend immediately to that point; and by lines drawn from the points 1,2,3,4, &c. on each side, to the correspondent points on the opposite side, may be seen all the parts of your building lying upon the same parallel.
To draw an oblique view. See fig. 6. of Plate CXLIV.
First draw your horizontal line AB; then, if your favourite object be on the right hand, as at C, place yourself on the left hand upon the base line, as at D; then from that station erect a perpendicular DE, which will pass through the horizon at the point of sight F; to which rule the diagonals GF and HF, which will shew the roof and base of your principal building C, and will also, as before directed, serve as a standard for all the rest.
Observe also, either in direct or oblique views, whether the prospect before you make a curve; for if it does, you must be careful to make the same curve in your drawing.
To draw a perspective view, wherein are accidental points. See fig. 7. of Plate CXLIV.
Rule your horizontal line ab, and on one part of it fix your point of sight, as at c; from which rule the diagonals cd and ce on the one side, and cf and cq on the other; which will shew the roofs and bases of all the houses in the street directly facing you; (supposing yourself placed at A in the centre of the base line:) Then fix your accidental points g and h upon the horizontal line, and rule from them to the angles ik and lm, (where the streets on each side take a different direction, towards the accidental points g and h) and the lines gi and gk give the roofs and bases of all the buildings on one side, as lb and mb do on the other.
Accidental points seldom intervene where the distance is small, as in noblemens seats, groves, canals, &c. which may be drawn by the strict rules of perspective: but where the prospect is extensive and varied, including mountains, bridges, castles, rivers, precipices, woods, cities, &c. it will require such an infinite number of accidental points; that it will be better to do them as nature shall distate, and your ripened judgment approve.
To find the centre for the roof of a house, in an oblique view. See fig. 8. of Plate CXLIV.
Suppose from the point of sight A, the visual lines AB and AC be drawn, BC being one perpendicular given, and DE the other, rule the diagonals from D to C, and from E to E, and the perpendicular FG, raised through the point of their intersection, will shew the true centre of the roof, as will appear by ruling the lines GE and GC.
For want of being acquainted with this necessary rule, many who have been well versed in other parts of perspective, have spoiled the look of their picture, by drawing the roofs of their houses out of their true perpendicular.
We shall conclude by giving a few practical rules. 1. Let every line, which in the object, or geometrical figure, is straight, perpendicular, or parallel to its base, be so also in its scenographic delineation. 2. Let the lines, which in the object return at right angles from the fore-right side, be drawn scenographically from the visual point. 3. Let all straight lines, which in the object return from the fore-right side, run in a scenographic figure into the horizontal line. 4. Let the object you intend to delineate, standing on your right-hand, be placed also on the right hand of the visual point; and that on the left-hand, on the left-hand of the same point; and that which is just before, in the middle of it. 5. Let those lines which are (in the object) equidistant to the returning line be drawn in the scenographic figure, from that point found in the horizon. 6. In setting off the altitude of columns, pedestals, and like measure the height from the base line upwards, in the front or fore-right side; and a visual ray down that point in the front shall limit the altitude of the column or pillar, all the way behind the fore-right side, or orthographic appearance, even to the visual point. This rule you must observe in all figures, as well where there is a front or fore-right side, as where there is none. 7. In delineating ovals, circles, arches, crosses, spirals, and cross-arches, or any other figure in the roof of any room, first draw ichnographically, and so with perpendiculars from the most eminent points thereof, carry it up unto the cieling; from which several points, carry on the figure. 8. The centre in any scenographic regular figure is found by drawing lines from opposite angles: for the point where the diagonals cross, is the centre. 9. A ground-plane of squares is alike, both above and below the horizontal line; only the more it is distant above or beneath the horizon, the squares will be so much the larger or wider. 10. In drawing a perspective figure, where many lines come together, you may, for the directing of your eye, draw the diagonals in red; the visual lines in black; the perpendiculars in green, or other different colour, from that which you intend the figure shall be of. 11. Having considered the height, distance, and position of the figure, and drawn it accordingly, with side or angle against the base; raise perpendiculars from the several angles,
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A-B
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298
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294 A N A Tf cited in tHe moveable cartilage which forms the ala ofliie nares.'1 he oblique or lateral mufcle is a thin flefhy plane,lying on die fide of the former. The lateral mufcle isfixed by its upper extremity ;to tire apophyfis nafalis ofthe os maxillare, below its articulation with the os fron¬ds,, and fometimes a little lower than the middle of thebluer edge-of the orbit. From tiience it runs towardthe.ala narium, and is infer ted in the moveable cartilage,near the os maxillare, being covered laterally by a por¬tion of the neighbouring mufcle of the upper lip.. The tranfverfe or inferior mufcle, called alfo myrti-formes, is inferred by one end in the os maxillare, nearthe lower edge of the orbi-c, much about the place whichanfwers to the extremity of the.focket of the dens cani-nus on the fame fide. From thence it runs almoft-tranf-verfely upward, and is fixed in die lateral cartilages of thenote, over which it fometimes runs to the aise of thegreat cartilage, to be inferted there,The fit ft two pairs of thefe mufcles raife and dilatethe alas of the nares when they aft; and at the fametime raife die upper lip, by reafon of their conneftion withthe mufcles of that part. They likewife wrinkle theikin on the Tides of the nofe., The membrana pituitaria is that which lines the wholeinternal nares, the cellular convolutions, the concha;,the Tides of the feptum narium, and, by an uninterruptedcontinuation,, the Loner furface of the finus frontales andmaxillares, and of the duftus lacrymalcs, palatini, and fphe-n aid ales. It is likewife continued down from the nares tothe pharynx, feptum palati, isc.It is termed pituhnria, becaufe, through the greateftpant of its large extent, it ferves to feparate from thearterial blood a mucilaginous lympha, called pituha bythe ancients, which in the natural ftate is pretty liquid ;but it is fubjeft to very great changes, becoming fome-times. glutinous or fnotty, fometimes limpid, 6e. nei¬ther is it feparated in equal quantities through the wholemembrane.When we carefully examine this membrane, it appearsto be of a different ftrufture in different parts. Nearthe edge of the external nares it is very thin, appearingto be the fkin and epidermis in a degenerated ftate. Allthe other, parts of it in general are fpungy, and of diffe¬rent thickneffes. The thickeft parts are thofe on theieptum narium, on the whole lower portion of the. inters-r,al nares, and on die conchas.On tire fide next tlie periofteum and perichcndrium itis plentifully ftored with final! glands,, the excretorydufts of which are very lung near the feptum narium,and their orifices very vifible.The frontal, maxillary and fplienoidal fnufes open in¬to the internal nares, but in different manners. Thefrontal finufes open from above downward, anfwering tpthe in 'undibula of the os ethmoides. The fpheaoidalesopen forwards, oppofite to the poftertor orifices of thenares; and the maxillares open a little higher, betweenthe two conchae.The opening of the finus maxillaris in fome fubjeftsis Angle, in others double; it lies cxaftly between thetwo conphac, about the middle of their depth,.O M Y. Part VI,It is proper here to obferve the whole extent of themaxillary finus. Below, there is but a very thin par?tition between it and the dentes molares, the roots ofwhich do, in fome fubjefts, perforate that feptum. A-bove, there is only a very thin tranfparent lamina be¬tween the orbit and the finus. Backward, above the tu-berofity of the os maxillare, the fides of the finus arfevery thin, efpecially at the place which lies before dieroot of the apophyfis pterygoides, through which the in¬ferior maxillary nerve fends down a ram,us to the fora¬men palatinum pofterius, commonly called guflatoriuni.Inward, or toward the conchas narium, the bony partof the finus is likew ife very thin.The lachrymal facculus is an oblong membranous bag,into which the ferous fluid is difeharged from the eyethrough the punfta lachrymalia; and from which the famefluid paffes to the lower part of the internal nares. It. islituated in a bony groove and canal, formed partly bythe apophyfis nafalis of the os maxillare and os unguis,partly by the fame os maxillare and lower part of the osunguis, and partly by this lower portion of the os unguisand a fmall fuperior portion of the concha narium in¬ferior.This bony lachrymal duft runs down for a little wayobliquely backward, toward the lower and lateral part ofthe internal nares on each fide, where its lower extremi¬ty opens on one fide of the fiDUs maxillaris under theinferior concha. The upper part of this duft is only anhalf canal or groove; the lower is a complete canal, nar¬rower than the former.The facculus lachrymalis may be divided into a fuperioror orbitary portion, and an inferior or nafal portion.The orbitary portion fills the whole bony groove, beingfituated immediately behind the middle tendon of themufculus orbicularis. The nafal portion lies in thebony canal of the nofe, being narrower and Ihorter thanthe former.The oibitary portion is difpofed at its upper extremi¬ty, much in the manner of an inteftinum caecum, andat the lower extremity is continued with the portio na¬falis. Towards the internal angle of the eye, behindthe tendon of the orbicular mufcle, it is perforated bya fmall fliort canal formed by the union of the lachrymaldufts.The nafal portion having reached the lower part ofthe bony duft under the inferior concha, terminates ina fmall, flat, membranous bag, the bottom of which- isperforated by a round opening.The fubftance of this facculus is fomething fpongy orcellulous, and pretty thick, being ftrongly united by itsconvex fide to the periofteum of the bony canal.The duftus inciforii, or nafi>palatini of Steno, aretwo canals which go from die bottom of the internal na¬res crofs the arch of the palate, and open behind thefirft or largeft dentes inciforii.. Their two orifices maybe difrinftly feen in the fkekton at the lower part of thenafal foffa:, on the anterior aad lateral; fides of the Crifta;maxillares; and we may likewife perceive their obliquepaflage through the maxillary hopes, and laftly their in¬ferior orifices in a fmall cavity or folia! a, called for ormen palaiinum anterius.,. The
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ferred in the moveable cartilage which forms the ala of the nares.
The oblique or lateral muscle is a thin fleshy plane, lying on the side of the former. The lateral muscle is fixed by its upper extremity to the apophysis nasalis of the os maxillare, below its articulation with the os frontis, and sometimes a little lower than the middle of the inner edge of the orbit. From thence it runs toward the alae narium, and is inserted in the moveable cartilage, near the os maxillare, being covered laterally by a portion of the neighbouring muscle of the upper lip.
The transverse or inferior muscle, called also myrtiformes, is inserted by one end in the os maxillare, near the lower edge of the orbit, much about the place which answers to the extremity of the socket of the dens caninus on the same side. From thence it runs almost transversely upward, and is fixed in the lateral cartilages of the nose, over which it sometimes runs to the alae of the great cartilage, to be inserted there.
The first two pairs of these muscles raise and dilate the alae of the nares when they act; and at the same time raise the upper lip, by reason of their connection with the muscles of that part. They likewise wrinkle the skin on the sides of the nose.
The membrana pituitaria is that which lines the whole internal nares, the cellular convolutions, the conchæ, the sides of the septum narium, and, by an uninterrupted continuation, the inner surface of the sinus frontales and maxillares, and of the ductus lacrymales, palatini, and sphenoidales. It is likewise continued down from the nares to the pharynx, septum palati, &c.
It is termed pituitaria, because, through the greatest part of its large extent, it serves to separate from the arterial blood a mucilaginous lympha, called pituita by the ancients, which in the natural state is pretty liquid; but it is subject to very great changes, becoming sometimes glutinous or snotty, sometimes limpid, &c. neither is it separated in equal quantities through the whole membrane.
When we carefully examine this membrane, it appears to be of a different structure in different parts. Near the edge of the external nares it is very thin, appearing to be the skin and epidermis in a degenerated state. All the other parts of it in general are spungy, and of different thicknesses. The thickest parts are those on the septum narium, on the whole lower portion of the internal nares, and on the conchæ.
On the side next the periosteum and perichondrium it is plentifully stored with small glands, the excretory ducts of which are very long near the septum narium, and their orifices very visible.
The frontal, maxillary and sphenoidal sinuses open into the internal nares, but in different manners. The frontal sinuses open from above downward, answering to the infundibula of the os ethmoides. The sphenooidales open forwards, opposite to the posterior orifices of the nares; and the maxillares open a little higher, between the two conchæ.
The opening of the sinus maxillaris in some subjects is single, in others double; it lies exactly between the two conchæ, about the middle of their depth.
It is proper here to observe the whole extent of the maxillary sinus. Below, there is but a very thin partition between it and the dentes molares, the roots of which do, in some subjects, perforate that septum. Above, there is only a very thin transparent lamina between the orbit and the sinus. Backward, above the tuberosity of the os maxillare, the sides of the sinus are very thin, especially at the place which lies before the root of the apophysis pterygoides, through which the inferior maxillary nerve sends down a ramus to the foramen palatinum posterius, commonly called guftatorium. Inward, or toward the concha narium, the bony part of the sinus is likewise very thin.
The lachrymal sacculus is an oblong membranous bag, into which the serous fluid is discharged from the eye through the puncta lachrymalia; and from which the same fluid passes to the lower part of the internal nares. It is situated in a bony groove and canal, formed partly by the apophysis nasalis of the os maxillare and os unguis, partly by the same os maxillare and lower part of the os unguis, and partly by this lower portion of the os unguis and a small superior portion of the concha narium inferior.
This bony lachrymal duct runs down for a little way obliquely backward, toward the lower and lateral part of the internal nares on each side, where its lower extremity opens on one side of the sinus maxillaris under the inferior concha. The upper part of this duct is only an half canal or groove; the lower is a complete canal, narrower than the former.
The sacculus lachrymalis may be divided into a superior or orbitary portion, and an inferior or nasal portion. The orbitary portion fills the whole bony groove, being situated immediately behind the middle tendon of the musculus orbicularis. The nasal portion lies in the bony canal of the nose, being narrower and shorter than the former.
The orbitary portion is disposed at its upper extremity, much in the manner of an intestinum cecum, and at the lower extremity is continued with the portio nasalis. Towards the internal angle of the eye, behind the tendon of the orbicular muscle, it is perforated by a small short canal formed by the union of the lachrymal ducts.
The nasal portion having reached the lower part of the bony duct under the inferior concha, terminates in a small, flat, membranous bag, the bottom of which is perforated by a round opening.
The substance of this sacculus is something spongy or cellulous, and pretty thick, being strongly united by its convex side to the periosteum of the bony canal.
The ductus incisorii, or naso-palatini of Steno, are two canals which go from the bottom of the internal nares cross the arch of the palate, and open behind the first or largest dentes incisorii. Their two orifices may be distinctly seen in the skeleton at the lower part of the nasal fossae, on the anterior and lateral sides of the crista maxillares; and we may likewise perceive their oblique passage through the maxillary bones, and lastly their inferior orifices in a small cavity or fossula, called foramen palatinum anterius.
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2
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C-L
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G E O MC 0 R 0 L L A R Y.Hence any trigonometrical problem in rght-iined tri¬angles, may be refolvcd by delineating the triangle fromwhat is given concerning t, as in this propofition. Theunknown lides are examined by a line of equal parts, andthe angles by a protra&or or line of chords.PROPOSI riON XXII.The diameter of a circle being given, to find its cir¬cumference nearly.—The periphery of any polygon in-fcribed,*in' the circle is lefs than the circumference, andthe periphery of any polygon defcribcd about a circle isgreater than the circumference. Whence Archimedesfirft drfcovered that tlje diameter was in proportion to thecircumference, as 7 to 22 nearly, which ferves for com¬mon ufe. But the moderns have computed the proporti¬on of the diameter to the circumference to greater exaCt-nels. Suppofing the diameter 100, the periphery will bemore'than 314, but lefs than 315. The. diameter ismore nearly to the circumference, as 113 to 355. ButLudolphus van Cuelen exceeded the labours of all ; forby immenfe ftudy he found, that, fuppofing the diameter100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,coo,000,the periphery will be lefs than314,159,265,338,979,323.846,264,338,327,951,but greater than314,159,265,358,979,323,846,264,338,327,950;whence it will be eafy, any part of the circumference be¬ing given’in degrees and minutes, to affign it in parts ofthe diameter.Of Surveying and Meafuring of Land.Hitherto we have treated of the- meafuring of an¬gles and lides, whence it is abundantly eafy to lay downafield, a plane, or an entire country : for to this nothingis rgquifite but the protraction of triangles, and of otherplain figures, after having meafured. their lides and an¬gles. But as this iselteemed an important part of prac-.tical geometry, we lliall -fir-join here an account of itwith ail polfible brevity; fuggelling withal, that a furvey-or wil Uni prove himfelf more by one day’s practice, thanby a great deal of reading.PROPOSITION XXIII.To explain what furveying is, and what tnfirumentsSurveyors ufe.—Firlt, it is neceffary that the forveyorview the field that is to.be meafured, and invelligate itslides and angles, by means of an iron chain (having a par¬ticular mark at each foot of length, or at any numberof feet, as may be mod convenient for reducing, lines orlurfaces to the received meafures), and the graphometerdeferibed above. Secondly, It is neceffary to delineatethe field in piano, or to form-a map of it ; that ib, tolay down on paper a figure limilar to the field ; which isdone by the protra&or (or line of chords) and of the lineof equal parts. Thirdly, It is necelfary to find out thearea of the field fo furveyed and reprefented by a map.Of this lad we are to treat below.The fides and angles of fmall fields are furveyed by thehelp of a plain table; which is generally of.an oblongrectangular figure, and fupported" by a fulcrum, fo as toturn, every way by asdics of a tall R-.kst, It ji&s *E T R Y.moveable frame, which fur rounds the board, and fervesto keep a clean paper put on the board clofe and tight toit. The lides of the frame facing the paper are dividedinto equal parts every way. The board hath bolides a-box with a magnetic needle, and moreover a large indexwith two lights. On the edge of the frame of the boardare marked degrees and minutes, fo as to fupply the roomof a graphometer.PROPOSITION XXIV.Fig. 8. To delineate a field by the help of a plain-table, from one fialion ’whence all its angles may be feen,and their dijiances meafured by a chain.—Let the fieldthat is to be laid down be ABODE. At any convenientplace F, let the plain-table be ere&ed ; cover it with cleanpaper, in which Jet fome point near the middle reprefentthe ftation. Then applying at this place the index withthe lights, direCt it fo as that through the fights fomemaikmay be feen at one of the angles, fuppole A; andfrom the point F, reprefenting the ftation, draw a faintright line along the fide of the index : then, by the helpof the chain, let FA the'diftance of the ftation from theforefaid angle be meafured. Then taking what part youthink convenient for a foot or pace from the line of equalparts, fet off on the faint line the parts correfponding tothe line FA that was meafured ; and let there be a markmade reprefenting the angle of the field A. Keeping thetable immoveable, the Line is to be done with the reft:of the angles ; then right lines joining thofe marks IhaUinclude a figure like to the field, as is evident from 5. 6VEucl.COROLLARY.The fame thing is done in like manner by the grapho—meter: for having obferved in each of the triangles, AFB-,BFC, CFD, <bc. the angle at the ftation F, and havingmeafured the lines from the ftation to the angles of thefield, let limiiar triangles be protracted on paper (by the2 J. prop. 6f this) having their common vertex in thepoint of ftation. All the lines, excepting thofe whichreprefent the lides of the field, are to. be drawn faint orobfeure.Note 1. When a furveyor wants to lay down a field,let him place ciftinclly in negifter all the obfervations ofthe angles, and the meafures of the fick-s, until, at timeand place convenient, he draw out the figure on paper.Note 2 The obfervations made by the help of thegraphometer are to be examined: for all the angles aboutthe point F ought to be equal to four right ones, (by con.2. art. 30. of part I.).P R O P O S I T I O N XXV.Fig 9 To lay down a field by means of two Jhstions,from each: of which all the angles can be fen, by meafu¬ring only the dijlance of the fiations—Let the iriftm-ment be placed at the ftation F: and having chofen apoint reprefenting it upon the paper which is laid uponthe plain table, let the index be applied at this point, foas to be moveable about it. Then let it be direCled fuc-cefiively to the feveral angles of the field: and when anyangle is fee-n through the fights, draw an obfeure line a-long the fide of the index. Let the index, with thefights, be directed after the fame manner to the ftation<!': on the cbfcure line drawn along its fide, pointing. toA,
|
GEOMETRY.
COROLLARY.
Hence any trigonometrical problem in right-lined triangles, may be resolved by delineating the triangle from what is given concerning it, as in this proposition. The unknown sides are examined by a line of equal parts, and the angles by a protractor or line of chords.
PROPOSITION XXII.
The diameter of a circle being given, to find its circumference nearly.—The periphery of any polygon inscribed in the circle is less than the circumference, and the periphery of any polygon described about a circle is greater than the circumference. Whence Archimedes first discovered that the diameter was in proportion to the circumference, as 7 to 22 nearly; which serves for common use. But the moderns have computed the proportion of the diameter to the circumference to greater exactness. Supposing the diameter 100, the periphery will be more than 314, but less than 315. The diameter is more nearly to the circumference, as 113 to 355. But Ludolphus van Cuelen exceeded the labours of all; for by immense study he found, that, supposing the diameter 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,00
|
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|
||
3
|
M-Z
| 762
|
657
| 92
|
Normal
| 3,965
| 5,140
|
S U R Gt^;•c cells; in ’Cv'lilch cafe, if the ovary is greatly magnified,the undulaiioo will be readily felt, and the operation be ad-vifeable.When the afates and anafarca are complicated, it isfeldom proper to perform the operation, fince the water maybe much more effedualiy evacuated by fcanfications in thelegs than by tapping.Upon the fuppofition nothing forbids the extradition of the•water, the manner of operating is this : Having placed thepatient in a chair of a convenient height, let' him join hishands ‘fo as to prefs upon his ftomach ; then dipping thetrocar in oil, you flab it fuddenly through the teguments,and, •withdrawing the perforator, leave the waters to emptyby the canula: abdon/en being, when filled, in the cir-cumflance of a bladder ddtended with a fluid, would makeit indifferent where to wound; but the apprehenfion of hurt¬ing the liver, if it be much enlarged, has induced opera¬tors rather to chufe the left fi^e, and generally in that part•which is about three inches obliquely below the navel; ifthe navel pro*ubcrates, you may make a fmall pun<5lure witha iance't through the fit n, and the Xvaters will be readilyvoided by that orifice, v/ithout any danger of a hernia fuc-ceeding but it fhould be carefully attended to, whetherthe protuberance is formed by the water or an exomphalos\in v^-hich latter cafe, the intefline would be wounded, and notwithout the greatefl danger, Thefurgeon neither in open¬ing with the lancet, nor perforating with the trocar, needfear injuring the inteflines, unlefs there is but little water inthe abdomen^ fince they are too much confined by the me-fentcry to come witbrn reach of danger from thefe intlru-meats ; but it fomeiiraes happens that when the water isalmofl all emptied, it is fuddenly flopped by the intdlineoromentum prefllng againfl the end of the canula ; in‘whichcafe you may pufli them away with a probe : during the eTacuation, your afliflants mufl keep prelling dn each tide ofthe abdomeni with a force equal to that of the waters be¬fore contained there ; for by neglc(5ling this rule, the patientwill be apt to fall into faintings, from the weight on thegreat vtfTels of the abdomen being taken off and the fink¬ing of the diaphragm fucceedino ; in confequence of which,more blood flowing into the inferior veffels than ufual, leavesthe fuperior ones of a fudden too empty, and thus interrupts the regular progrefs of the circulation. To obviatethis inconvenience, the co.mpreffion mufl not only be madeV/ith the hands during the operation, butvbe aftetwardii centinned, by fvvathing the abdomen with a roller of flannel,about eight yards long, and five Inches broad, beginning at"the bottom of the belly, fo rhat the inteflines may be bornenp againfl the diaphragm : you may change the roller everyday till the third or fourth day, by which time the fevc-ral parts will have acquired their due tone. For the dref-fing a piece of dry lint and plaifler fufficc ; bat bcti^eemthe fl>in and rolled it may be proper to lay a double flannela foot fquare, dipt in brandy or fpirits of wine.Tbis operation, though it does not often abfolutely cure,yet it fometimes preferves life a great many years, and evena pleafant one, efpecially if the waters have been long col-k<^ing.Explanation of Fig. 3. Plate CLVII.' *Ai A trocar of the mofl. convenient fize for emptying theay omen when the \\'ater is net gelatinous, It, is here re-E R Y/ 657prefented with the perforator in the canula, jufl as it'isplaced when we perform the operation.Bj The canula of a large trocar, recommended In caEs.where the water is gelatinous.C, The perforator oFthe large trocar.The handle of the trocar is generally made of wood, the'canula of filver, and the perforator of fleel. Great carefhould be taken by the makers of this inflrument, that theperforator fhould exadly fillup the cavity of the canula; forvunlefs the extremity of the canula lies quite clofc and fniooth-on the perforator, the introdu^lion of it into the abdomenwill be very painful* To,make it flip in more eafily, theedge of the extremity of the canula fhould be thin and fharpyand thatthc canula fhould be of ileel; for the filver one be¬ing of too foft a metal, becomes jagged or bruifed at itstremity with very little ufe.Of the Fistula in Ano.The fiflula in am is an abfeefs running upon or intothe intefinum return.The piles, which are little tumours formed abodt theverge of the immediately v;ithin the memhrana in¬terna of the refiu77iy do fometimes fuppurate, and becomethe fore-runners of a large abfeefs ; aifo external injurieshere, as in every other part of the body, may produce it ;but from whatever caufe the abfeefs arife, the manner of 0-perating upon it will be according to the nature and direc¬tion of its cavity.If the furgeon'have the firfl management of the abfeefs,and there appear an external inflammation upon one fide efithe buttock only ; after having waited for the proper matu¬rity, let him with a knife make an incifion the whole length^of it ; and in all probability, even though the bladder be-afFe<flcd, the largenefsof the wound, and the proper applica--tion of dofliis lightly preffed in, will prevent the putrefadioncf the intefline, and make the cavity fill upjike inapofthu-«mations of other parts.If theyf/zw/be continued^ to the other buttock, almofl fur^rounding the intefline, the whole courfe of it mufl be dila^*ted in like manner; fince, in fuch fpungy cavities, a genera¬tion of flefh cannot be procured but by large openings ;■whence aifo, if the flein is very thin, lying loofe and flibby^over the JintiSy it is abfoluteiy ireceffary to cut it quite a-wsy, or the patient will be apt to fink under theTdifcharge,which, in the circumflance here defcribedj.is foraerimes ex-cefSve. By^this method, which cannot be tog much re¬commended, it is amazing how happy the event is likely tobe; v/nereas, from neglcding it, and trufling only to a nar¬row opening, if the difeharge do not deflroy the patient, atleafl the matter, by being confined, corrupts the gut, andinfinuating itfelf about it, forms many other channels, whichrunning in various diredions often baffle an operator, andhave been the caufe of a fiitula being lo generally efleemed. very diflicult of cure.Here we have confidered the impoflhumation as pofTeffinga great part of the buttock ; but it more frequently happens,that the matter points, with a fmall extent of inflammationon the fldn, and the direction of the Jinus is even wflth the-gut ; in this cafe; having made a pundure, you may with aprobe learn if it has penetrated into the intefline. by paflin!?-your finger op it, and feeling the probe mtrodiiced through^the .wound into its cavity; though, for the mcfl part, ithiay
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SURGERY.
two cells; in which case, if the ovary is greatly magnified, the undulation will be readily felt, and the operation be advisable.
When the ascites and anasarca are complicated, it is seldom proper to perform the operation, since the water may be much more effectually evacuated by scarifications in the legs than by tapping.
Upon the supposition nothing forbids the extraction of the water, the manner of operating is this: Having placed the patient in a chair of a convenient height, let him join his hands so as to press upon his stomach; then dipping the trocar in oil, you stab it suddenly through the teguments, and, withdrawing the perforator, leave the waters to empty by the canula: the abdomen being, when filled, in the circumstance of a bladder distended with a fluid, would make it indifferent where to wound; but the apprehension of hurting the liver, if it be much enlarged, has induced operators rather to chuse the left side, and generally in that part which is about three inches obliquely below the navel: if the navel protuberates, you may make a small puncture with a lancet through the skin, and the waters will be readily voided by that orifice, without any danger of a hernia succeeding: but it should be carefully attended to, whether the protuberance is formed by the water or an exomphalos; in which latter case, the intestine would be wounded, and not without the greatest danger. The surgeon neither in opening with the lancet, nor perforating with the trocar, need fear injuring the intestines, unless there is but little water in the abdomen, since they are too much confined by the mesentery to come within reach of danger from these instruments; but it sometimes happens that when the water is almost all emptied, it is suddenly stopped by the intestine or omentum pressing against the end of the canula; in which case you may push them away with a probe during the evacuation, your assistants must keep pressing on each side of the abdomen, with a force equal to that of the waters before contained there; for by neglecting this rule, the patient will be apt to fall into faintings, from the weight on the great vessels of the abdomen being taken off and theinking of the diaphragm succeeding; in consequence of which, more blood flowing into the inferior vessels than usual, leaves the superior ones of a sudden too empty, and thus interrupts the regular progress of the circulation. To obviate this inconvenience, the compression must not only be made with the hands during the operation, but be afterwards continued, by swathing the abdomen with a roller of flannel, about eight yards long, and five inches broad, beginning at the bottom of the belly, so that the intestines may be borne up against the diaphragm: you may change the roller every day till the third or fourth day, by which time the several parts will have acquired their due tone. For the dres-fing a piece of dry lint and plaister suffice; but between the skin and roller it may be proper to lay a double flannel a foot square, dipt in brandy or spirits of wine.
This operation, though it does not often absolutely cure, yet it sometimes preserves life a great many years, and even a pleasant one, especially if the waters have been long collecting.
EXPLANATION of Fig. 3. Plate CLVII.
A, A trocar of the most convenient size for emptying the abdomen when the water is not gelatinous. It is here presented with the perforator in the canula, just as it is placed when we perform the operation.
B, The canula of a large trocar, recommended in cases where the water is gelatinous.
C, The perforator of the large trocar.
The handle of the trocar is generally made of wood, the canula of silver, and the perforator of steel. Great care should be taken by the makers of this instrument, that the perforator should exactly fill up the cavity of the canula; for unless the extremity of the canula lies quite close and smooth on the perforator, the introduction of it into the abdomen will be very painful. To make it slip in more easily, the edge of the extremity of the canula should be thin and sharp; and that the canula should be of steel; for the silver one being of too soft a metal, becomes jagged or bruised at its extremity with very little use.
Of the Fistula in Ano.
The fistula in ano is an abscess running upon or into the intestinum rectum.
The piles, which are little tumours formed about the verge of the anus, immediately within the membrana interna of the rectum, do sometimes suppurate, and become the fore-runners of a large abscess; also external injuries here, as in every other part of the body, may produce it; but from whatever cause the abscess arise, the manner of operating upon it will be according to the nature and direction of its cavity.
If the surgeon have the first management of the abscess, and there appear an external inflammation upon one side of the buttock only; after having waited for the proper maturity, let him with a knife make an incision the whole length of it; and in all probability, even though the bladder be affected, the largeness of the wound, and the proper application of dosils lightly pressed in, will prevent the putrefaction of the intestine, and make the cavity fill up like impostuations of other parts.
If the sinus be continued to the other buttock, almost surrounding the intestine, the whole course of it must be dilated in like manner; since, in such spungy cavities, a generation of flesh cannot be procured but by large openings; whence also, if the skin is very thin, lying loose and flabby over the sinus, it is absolutely necessary to cut it quite away, or the patient will be apt to sink under the discharge, which, in the circumstance here described, is sometimes excessive. By this method, which cannot be too much recommended, it is amazing how happy the event is likely to be; whereas, from neglecting it, and trusting only to a narrow opening, if the discharge do not destroy the patient, at least the matter, by being confined, corrupts the gut, and insinuating itself about it, forms many other channels, which running in various directions often baffle an operator, and have been the cause of a fistula being to generally esteemed very difficult of cure.
Here we have considered the imposthumation as possessing a great part of the buttock; but it more frequently happens, that the matter points with a small extent of inflammation on the skin, and the direction of the sinus is even with the gut: in this case, having made a puncture, you may with a probe learn if it has penetrated into the intestine, by passing your finger up it, and feeling the probe introduced through the wound into its cavity; though, for the most part, it may
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|
|
2
|
C-L
| 223
| null |
Normal
| 2,474
| 3,337
|
C I B ( .198 ) C I C•ftomach: by the commixture of tbefe liquors, whe¬ther of faliva or the juice of the ftomach, a propermcnftruum is compofed, by which the parts of thealiment are ftill more and more divided by its infinua-ting into their pores, and acquire ftill a greater like-nefs to the animal fluids. The ftomach, by means ofits mufcular fibres, contracting itfelf, does graduallydicharge its contents by the pylorus into the duode¬num; in which gut, after a fmall femicircul-ir defcent,it meets with the pancreatic juice and bile; both■which joining it, renders fome part of the alimentmore fluid, by ftill difuniting the grofler part from themore pure, and here the chylifadtion is made perfedt.The bile which abounds with lixivial falts, and apt toentangle with the grofler parts of the concodted ali¬ment, ftimulates the guts, and cleanfes their cavitiesof the mucous matter feparated from the blood by theglands of the guts, and lodged in their cavities ;which not only moiftens the infide of the guts, but de¬fends the mouth of the ladteal veflTels from being in¬jured by alien bodies which often pafs that way.The contents of the inteftines move ftill on, bymeans of the periftaJtic motion of the guts; whilftthofe thinner parts, fitted to the pores of the ladtealveflels, are abforbed by them: the thicker move ftillmore flowly on, and by the many ftops they continual-' ly meet with by the -connivant valves, all the chyle orthin parts are at length entirely abforbed: the remainsbeing merely exorementitious, are only fit to be pro¬truded by ftool.In the paflage through the fmall inteftines, the finerpart of the mafs, which we call the chyle (as has beenalready obferved) enters the orifices of the ladteal veffels of the firft kind, wherewith the whole mefenteryis intermixed, which either alone, or together withthe meferaic veins, difcharge themfelves into theglands, at the bafis of the mefentery.Then the chyle is taken up by the ladteals of thefecond kind, and is conveyed into glands between thetwo tendons of the diaphragm, called Pecquet’s refer-varory; whence it is carried to the heart by the tho¬racic dudt, and the fubclavian vein : and here it firftmixes with the blood, and in time beqomes aifimilatedthereto.CHYLOSIS, among phyficians, the adl of reducing thealiment in the ftomach to chyle.CHYME, or Chymus, in the common fignification ofthe word, denotes every kind of humour which is in-cralfated by concodtion, under which notion it compre¬hends all the humours fit or unlit for preferring andnouriftiing the body, whether good or bad. It fre¬quently imports the fineft part of the chyle, when fe¬parated from the fasces, and contained in the ladtealand thoracic dudt, -CHYMISTRY, or Chemistry. See Chemistry.CHYMOLOGI, an appellation given to fuch natnraliftsas have employed their time in inveftigating the pro¬perties of plants from their tafte and fmell.CHYMOSIS, in medicine, the adt of making or preparingchyme. See Chyme.C«ymosis is alfo a diftortion of the eye-lids, arifingfrom an inflammation ; alfo an inflammation of thecornea tunica in the eye.CIALIS, the name of the capital of a kingdom of thatname n independant Tartary, fituated on the roadfrom Sama cahd to China.CIBDELOPLACIA, in natural hiftory, a genus offpars debafed by a very large admixture of earth : theyare opaque, formed of thin crufts, covering vegetablesand other bodies, byway ofincruftations.Of this genus we have the following fpecies : 1.A greyifh-white one, with a rough furface. 2. Awhitifh brown one: both thefe are friablfe. 3. Ahard, pale-brown kind, which is the oftecolla of theIhops. 4. The whitifh-grey kind, with a fmooth fur-face : this is the unicornu foflile and ceratites of au¬thors. 5. The whitifli-brown coralloide kind.CIBDELOSTRACIA, in natural hiftory, terrene fpars,^deftitute of all brightnefs and tranfparence, formed in-*to thin plates, and ufually found coating over the fidesof fiflures, and other cavities of ftone, with congeries. of them of great extent, and of plain or botroyide fur-faces.Of thefe there are ufually reckoned feven kinds :the firft is the hard, brownilh-white cibdeloftracium,found 'in Germany : the fecond is the hard, whitifhcibdeloftracium, with thin crufts, and a fmoother fur--face, found alfo in the Harts-foreft in Germany: thethird is the hard, pale-brown cibdeloftracium, withnumerous very thin crufts, found in fubterra’nean ca¬verns in many parts of England as well as Germany ithe fourth is the white, light, and friable cibdeloftra¬cium, found alfo in Germany, but very rafely in anypart of England: the fifth is the light, hard, pale-brown cibdeloftracium, with a fmooth furface, foundin almoft all parts of the world : the fixth is the w.hi-tifh, friable, cruftaceous cibdeloftracium, with a rough¬er furface, frequent in Germany and England; andthe feventh is the brovvnifh white, friable cibdeloftra¬cium, with a dufty furface, found jn feveral parts ofIreland, as well as Germany.CICADIA, in zoology, a genus of infers belonging tothe order of hemiptera. The beak is infledted; theantennae are fetaceous; the four wings are membrana¬ceous and defledted ; and the feet, in moft of the fpe¬cies, are of the j-umping kind. The fpecies are fifty-one. The larvse of feveral of this genus evacuategreat quantities of a frothy matter upon the branchesand leaves of plants, in the midft of which thej^con-ftantly refide.CICATR1CULA, among natural hiftorians, denotes afmall whitiih fpeck in the yolk of an egg, fuppofed to'be the firft rudiments of the future chick.CICATRIX, in furgery, a little feam or elevation ofcallous flefti rifing on the flcin, and remaining thereafter the healing of a wound of ulder. It is common¬ly called a fear. See Surgery.CICATRIZANTS, in pharmacy, medicines which afliftnature to form a cicatrix. Such are arminian bole,powder of tutty, dificcativum rubrum, <bc.Cicatrizants are otherwife called efcharotics, epulo-tics, incarnatives, agglutinants, drc.CICELY.
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stomach; by the commixture of these liquors, whether of saliva or the juice of the stomach, a proper menstruum is composed, by which the parts of the aliment are still more and more divided by its ininuating into their pores, and acquire still a greater likeness to the animal fluids. The stomach, by means of its muscular fibres, contracting itself, does gradually discharge its contents by the pylorus into the duodenum; in which gut, after a small semicircular descent, it meets with the pancreatic juice and bile; both which joining it, renders some part of the aliment more fluid, by still disuniting the grosser part from the more pure, and here the chylifaction is made perfect. The bile which abounds with lixivial salts, and apt to entangle with the grosser parts of the concocted aliment, stimulates the guts, and cleanses their cavities of the mucous matter separated from the blood by the glands of the guts, and lodged in their cavities; which not only moistens the inside of the guts, but defends the mouth of the lacteal vessels from being injured by alien bodies which often pass that way.
The contents of the intestines move still on, by means of the peristaltic motion of the guts; whilst those thinner parts, fitted to the pores of the lacteal vessels, are absorbed by them: the thicker move still more slowly on, and by the many stops they continually meet with by the connivant valves, all the chyle or thin parts are at length entirely absorbed; the remains being merely exorementitious, are only fit to be protruded by stool.
In the passage through the small intestines, the finer part of the mass, which we call the chyle (as has been already observed) enters the orifices of the lacteal vessels of the first kind, wherewith the whole mesentery is intermixed, which either alone, or together with the meseraic veins, discharge themselves into the glands, at the basis of the mesentery.
Then the chyle is taken up by the lacteals of the second kind, and is conveyed into glands between the two tendons of the diaphragm, called Pecquet's reservoir; whence it is carried to the heart by the thoracic duct, and the subclavian vein: and here it first mixes with the blood, and in time becomes assimilated thereto.
CHYLOSIS, among physicians, the act of reducing the aliment in the stomach to chyle.
CHYME, or Chymus, in the common signification of the word, denotes every kind of humour which is incrassated by concoction, under which notion it comprehends all the humours fit or unfit for preserving and nourishing the body, whether good or bad. It frequently imports the finest part of the chyle, when separated from the faeces, and contained in the lacteal and thoracic duct.
CHYMISTRY, or Chemistry. See Chemistry.
CHYMOLOGI, an appellation given to such naturalists as have employed their time in investigating the properties of plants from their taste and smell.
CHYMOSIS, in medicine, the act of making or preparing chyme. See Chyme.
Chymosis is also a distortion of the eye-lids, arising from an inflammation; also an inflammation of the cornea tunica in the eye.
CIALIS, the name of the capital of a kingdom of that name in independant Tartary, situated on the road from Sama cadd to China.
CIBDELOPLACIA, in natural history, a genus of spars debased by a very large admixture of earth: they are opaque, formed of thin crusts, covering vegetables and other bodies, by way of incrustations.
Of this genus we have the following species: 1. A greyish-white one, with a rough surface. 2. A whitish-brown one: both these are friable. 3. A hard, pale-brown kind, which is the ostecolla of the shops. 4. The whitish-grey kind, with a smooth surface: this is the unicornu fossil and ceratites of authors. 5. The whitish-brown coralloide kind.
CIBDELOSTRACIA, in natural history, terrene spars, destitute of all brightness and transparency, formed into thin plates, and usually found coating over the sides of fissures, and other cavities of stone, with congeries of them of great extent, and of plain or botroyide surfaces.
Of these there are usually reckoned seven kinds: the first is the hard, brownish-white cibdelostracium, found in Germany: the second is the hard, whitish cibdelostracium, with thin crusts, and a smoother surface, found also in the Harts-forest in Germany: the third is the hard, pale-brown cibdelostracium, with numerous very thin crusts, found in subterranean caverns in many parts of England as well as Germany: the fourth is the white, light, and friable cibdelostracium, found also in Germany, but very rarely in any part of England: the fifth is the light, hard, pale-brown cibdelostracium, with a smooth surface, found in almost all parts of the world: the sixth is the whitish, friable, crustaceous cibdelostracium, with a rougher surface, frequent in Germany and England; and the seventh is the brownish-white, friable cibdelostracium, with a dusty surface, found in several parts of Ireland, as well as Germany.
CICADIA, in zoology, a genus of insects belonging to the order of hemiptera. The beak is inflected; the antennæ are setaceous; the four wings are membranaceous and deflected; and the feet, in most of the species, are of the jumping kind. The species are fifty-one. The larvae of several of this genus evacuate great quantities of a frothy matter upon the branches and leaves of plants, in the midst of which they constantly reside.
CICATRICULA, among natural historians, denotes a small whitish speck in the yolk of an egg, supposed to be the first rudiments of the future chick.
CICATRIX, in surgery, a little seam or elevation of callous flesh rising on the skin, and remaining there after the healing of a wound or ulcer. It is commonly called a scar. See Surgery.
CICATRIZANTS, in pharmacy, medicines which assist nature to form a cicatrix. Such are arminian bole, powder of tutty, disiccativum rubrum, &c.
Cicatrizants are otherwise called escharotics, epulotics, incarnatives, agglutinants, &c.
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Plate CP.IIysthix <<.y /rtvyuni'S
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HYDROMETERS
Plate C1.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5. HYSTRIX or Porcopine
A. Bell So.
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( 3'^s 3N A M .ABOB, a vicero}' or governor of one of the pro*X vinces of the Mogul's empire, in India.NABONASSAR, or jE/’a cf Nabonassar. SeeAstronomy, p. 493. ^ ^N ADIR, in afiroiomy, that point of the heavens wh^chis diametrically oppofite to the zenith, or point dire^Ilyover our heads. See Astronomy, p. 435.N^Vl, in forgery, marks or excrefcences made on theficin of an infant before its birth, vulgarly Tuppofed tobe occafioned by the imagination of the mother.NAHUM, or th: prophecy ^/'Nahum, a canohical bookcf the Old Teftament.Nahum, the feventh of the twelve lefler prophets,was-a native of Elkofnai, a little village of Galdee.The ful^jed of his prophecy is the dedruflion of Ni*nevehr which he (Jefcribes in the moll lively and pa¬thetic manner; his flyle is bold and figurative, andcannot be exceeded by the moll: pevfeift mailers oforatory. 4'his prophecy was verified at the fiege ofthat city by Allyagos, in the year of the world 3378,622 years before Chrill.NAIADS, in mythology, the nymphs of the fountains.See Mythology. ^NAIANT, inXeraldry, a term ufed in blazoning ffhes,when borne in an horizontal pollure, as if fwimming.NA{AS, in botany, a genus of’the monoecia monandriaclafs. The calixofthe male is cylindrical and bifid ; thecorolla confilhoffourfegments; and there are no fila¬ments: The female has neither calix nor corolla, but onepillil and an ovated capfule. There is only one fpecies,vi^z, the marina, found in the European,feas.NAIL, unbuilt in anatomy. See Anatomy, p. 256.Nails, in'building, ^c. fmall fpikes of iron, brafs, he.which being drove into wood, ferve to bind feveralpieces together, or to fallen fometjiing upon them.Nail, is alfo a meafurc of length, containing the fix-teenth part of a yard.NAIRN, a borough and port town of Scotland, eighteenmiles call of the town of Invernefs.NAISSANT, in heraldry, is applied to any animal if-fuing out of the midfl of Tome ordinary, and (hewingonly his head, ftioulders, forefeet and legs, with thetip of his tail ; the reft of his body being hid in theftiield, or fome charge upon it ; in which it differsfronX iffuant, which denotes a living creature arifingout of the bottom of any ordinary or charge.>^KED SEEDS, in botany, are thofe that are not in-clofed in any pod or cafe. ^KAMA, in botany^ a genus of the pentandria digyniaclafs. The calix confifts of five leaves, and the corol-•K 'NAPla of five fegrnents; and the capfule Has one cell andtwo valves. There are two fpecies, none of them na¬tives of Britain. fNAME, denotes a word whereby men have agreed toeXprefs foms idea ; or'v.hich ferves to fignify.a thingor fubjefl rpokea of. See Grammar. ,NAMUR, a ftrong city cf the Auftrian Netherlands,capital of the province of Namur, (itupied at the con¬fluence of the Sambre and Maefe : E, Jong. 4*'* 50^N, lat. 50^ 30'.NANCY, the capiral cf Lorrain in Germany, fituatedin K. long. 6^’, N. lat. 48° 44^NANFIO> one of the iflands in the Archipelago, fix-teen miles round, and fituated in E. long, 26®, N.. fit. 35°.NANKING, the capital of the province of Nanking,and formerly of the Empire of China, is fituated in E.long. 118° 3o^ N. lat. 32’"'.NANSAMUND, a coupty of Virginia, in North Ame¬rica, foath of the Ifle of'Wight county, t’lrcugh whichthe river ofNanramund rims.NANTZ, a city of France in the province of Brittany,'fituated on the river Loire, in W. long, 30', N.lat,_47® 15. -NANTWICH, a market town of Chefhire, fituated.fc-venteen miles fouth-weft of Chefter. *NAPASA, in botO!iy, a genus of the monadelphia poly-andria clafs. The calix is fimple and cylindrical ; andthe capfule contains one feed. There are two fpecies,none of them natives of Britain.NAPHTHA, in natural hiftory, a fluid mineral Body,of a thin confiftence, bright and pellucid, of a ftrongfmell, very readily inflammable, and, when pure, burn^ing away without leaving any lefidcum.The naphtha is found in cSnfiderable quantities float¬ing on the water of certain fprings, principally breakingOut at the fidcs cf hifls in Petfia, Tartary, and fomepart's of the empire of China ; where if a lighted candlebe held near the furface, it takes fire and overfpreadsthe furface of the water for a great extent, with aftrong wXite flame, and emits a very difagreeabJe fmell.The genuine naphtha is very rare in Europe ; it is notknown to be any where naturally produced here, andwhat we fee of it is generally fophifticated. Diftiliedby the retort, it yields an oil fomewhat thinner tbarjit was originally, and of a w’eaker fmell. The fub-ftance rerhaining at the bottom of the retort, has muchthe refemblancc of amber; and Dr Hill thinks it highlyprobable, that the origin of all the amber is from thefame fort of principle ; nay, he tells us that he has fuc-* ceeded
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N. ABOB, a viceroy or governor of one of the provinces of the Mogul's empire, in India.
NABONASSAR, or Era of NABONASSAR. See Astronomy, p. 493.
NADIR, in astronomy, that point of the heavens which is diametrically opposite to the zenith, or point directly over our heads. See Astronomy, p. 435.
NEVI, in surgery, marks or excrescences made on the skin of an infant before its birth, vulgarly supposed to be occasioned by the imagination of the mother.
NAHUM, or the prophecy of Nahum, a canonical book of the Old Testament.
Nahum, the seventh of the twelve lesser prophets, was a native of Elkoshai, a little village of Galilee. The subject of his prophecy is the destruction of Nineveh, which he describes in the most lively and pathetic manner; his style is bold and figurative, and cannot be exceeded by the most perfect masters of oratory. This prophecy was verified at the siege of that city by Astyages, in the year of the world 3378, 622 years before Christ.
NAIADS, in mythology, the nymphs of the fountains. See Mythology.
NAIANT, in heraldry, a term used in blazoning fishes, when borne in an horizontal posture, as if swimming.
NAJAS, in botany, a genus of the monoccia monandria class. The calix of the male is cylindrical and bisid; the corolla consists of four segments; and there are no filaments: The female has neither calix nor corolla, but one pistil and an ovated capsule. There is only one species, viz. the marina, found in the European seas.
NAIL, unguis, in anatomy. See Anatomy, p. 256.
Nails, in building, &c. small spikes of iron, brass, &c. which being drove into wood, serve to bind several pieces together, or to fasten something upon them.
Nail, is also a measure of length, containing the sixteenth part of a yard.
NAIRN, a borough and port town of Scotland, eighteen miles cast of the town of Inverness.
NAISSANT, in heraldry, is applied to any animal issuing out of the midst of some ordinary, and shewing only his head, shoulders, forefeet and legs, with the tip of his tail; the rest of his body being hid in the shield, or some charge upon it; in which it differs from issuant, which denotes a living creature arising out of the bottom of any ordinary or charge.
NAKED seeds, in botany, are those that are not inclosed in any pod or case.
NAMA, in botany, a genus of the pentandria digynia class. The calix consists of five leaves, and the corol-
la of five segments; and the capsule has one cell and two valves. There are two species, none of them natives of Britain.
NAME, denotes a word whereby men have agreed to express some idea; or which serves to signify a thing or subject spoken of. See Grammar.
NAMUR, a strong city of the Austrian Netherlands, capital of the province of Namur, situated at the confluence of the Sambre and Maese: E. long. $4^\circ$ 50', N. lat. $50^\circ$ 30'.
NANCY, the capital of Lorrain in Germany, situated in E. long. $6^\circ$, N. lat. $48^\circ$ 44'.
NANFIO, one of the islands in the Archipelago, sixteen miles round, and situated in E. long. $26^\circ$, N. lat. $35^\circ$.
NANKING, the capital of the province of Nanking, and formerly of the Empire of China, is situated in E. long. $118^\circ$ 30', N. lat. $32^\circ$.
NANSAMUND, a county of Virginia, in North America, south of the Isle of Wight county, through which the river of Nansamund runs.
NANTZ, a city of France in the province of Brittany, situated on the river Loire, in W. long. $1^\circ$ 39', N. lat. $47^\circ$ 15.
NANTWICH, a market town of Cheshire, situated seventeen miles south-west of Chester.
NAP/EA, in botany, a genus of the monadelphia polyandria class. The calix is simple and cylindrical; and the capsule contains one seed. There are two species, none of them natives of Britain.
NAPHTHA, in natural history, a fluid mineral body, of a thin consistence, bright and pellucid, of a strong smell, very readily inflammable, and, when pure, burning away without leaving any residuum.
The naphtha is found in considerable quantities floating on the water of certain springs, principally breaking out at the sides of hills in Persia, Tartary, and some parts of the empire of China; where if a lighted candle be held near the surface, it takes fire and spreads the surface of the water for a great extent, with a strong white flame, and emits a very disagreeable smell. The genuine naphtha is very rare in Europe; it is not known to be any where naturally produced here, and what we see of it is generally sophisticated. Distilled by the retort, it yields an oil somewhat thinner than it was originally, and of a weaker smell. The substance remaining at the bottom of the retort, has much the resemblance of amber; and Dr Hill thinks it highly probable, that the origin of all the amber is from the same sort of principle; nay, he tells us that he has succeeded
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429
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O P. Twill be refle<5lecl at the furface BC, The rays, ^yhich pafsthrough the bafe, foim an oblong coloured pi<5lure HK,where MH is a more refrangible ray, and MK a lefs re¬frangible one. If the few rays of the beara^ which arerefleded from M in the diredi.on MN, are made to pafsthiough another prifm XYV, they will like wife form anoblong coloured pidure //, where p is the mod refran¬gible and t the lead refrangible ray. This pidure willbe a very/aint one, becaufe ibere are, but few r;^s re-fleded from M.Now if the prifm A.CB is turned flowly round uponits axis in the diredion ACB, the obliquity of the raysEM to the bafe BC will keep increafing, till at lad thisobliquity may become To great, that no rays will pafsout at M, but all of them will be refleded. When thistotal refiedibn is made, the oblong pidure //, which wasfaint before, will become much brighter, becaufe thennot only a few rays, but all the btam, will be recededthither. This total reflection will not be made all atonce ; but as the prifm is turned flowly round upon itsaxis, the mod refrangible rays .MH will be fird refleded,for the violet colour will difappear in the oblong pidureHK, whild all the ocher colours continue as bright asthey were before ; and when this colour difappears atHK, the fame colour at p will become bright, and allthe other colours at pt will continue ais faint as they werebefore. When the prifm is turned a little farther uponits axis, the indigo colour, which confids of rays that havethe next greated degree of refrangibiiity, will be reflec¬ted, fb that this colour will difappear at HK and willbecome bright at pt. The fame thing will happen to allthe rays in their order ; as the prifm is turned round,each different fort of*rays will be reflected foonef as therays have a greater degree of refrangibiiity, or latter asthey have a lefs degree. The red rays at K, which are thelead refrangible of all, will be reflected lad of all. Fromhence therefore it appears, that the rays of the fun aredifferently reflex!ble, and that thofe which are mod re¬frangible are-likewife mod reflexible.Homogeneous light is refraCied regularly nuiihout any di¬latation or fcattering of the rays.' When the rays of any one particular colour in the ob-Icng picture of the fun, as the green rays, for indance,are feparated from one another; if feme of thefe greenrays which are homogeneal, or are all equally refrangible,are tranfmitted through a very fmall round hole in a diffpadeboard, and ate refracted by a prifm on the other fideof the hole, the picture formed by thefe green rays afterjrefractioff upon a white paper held beyond the prifm willcot be oblong, but circular, as the hole is through whichthey paffed. Therefore this homogeneous light is notdilated, nor are therays of it fcattered by this refraction.'Xhe confufed appearance of oljeHsy nnhen they are feen'through refracting bodiest is enving to the different re-frangihiliiy of light.If flies, or the letters of a fmall print, or any otheriBiauteobjects, are placed ip heterogeneal light, fuch as adirect beam ot the fun’s, which has never been feparatedby any refraction into its homogeneous parts thefe ob¬jects being viewed through a glafs-prlfm will be feen con-fufedly, their edges will appear/o midy that ihefmailerparts of minute animals cannot eafily be dlflingulfficd fremone another, and the lettejs of the fmall print cannot beread, ^But if the fame objects are placed in a btam ofhomogeneous light, which is feparated from all other raysof a differeq^ refrangibiiity in the manner already deferi-bed, they will appear as didinct through a prifm as ifthey were viewed with the naked eye. Therefore wsmay conclude, that this confufion is owirg to the differentrefrangibiiity of thofe rays which come from the objects ;fince objects never appear confufed when they are feenthrough refracting bodies, unlefs they are enlightenedwith feveral forts of rays which, have different degreesof refrangibiiity.IIt is probable that any Jingle ray of the leaf refrangi¬ble fort contains a greater quasitity of matter than anyfngle ray of the mof refrangible fort.• WE have already feen, that at the fame angles of in¬cidence violet rays will be more refractedor more turned"out of the way than red rays. And we have likewtfe feepathat rays arc refracted when they pafs out of one mediuminto another, by being either more or lefs attracted in onemedium than they are in the other. Now fince, whenall other circumdances are equal, when red rays and violetrays fall at equal obliquities, and are to pafs out of glafsinto air, fo that the mediums, and confequently the at¬tractive force or caufe of refraction, is given ; if the famecaufe can turn the violet rays more out of the way, orrefract them more, than it does the red rays, thefe raysmud have different moments ; the mod refrangible rays,or thofe which are mod eafily turned out of the way, havethe lead moment;^ and the lead refrangible rays, or thofewhich are mod dilfficuJt to turn out of the way, have thegreated moment. But if all forts of rays have the famevelocity, their refpective quantities of matter will be aS'their moments; and confequently any Tingle ray of themod refrangible fort contains a lefs quantity of matter'than any fingic ray of the lead refrangible fort.It may be upon this account that a red colour, or aipale purple, is lefs pleafant to the eye than a blue, green,or a yellow, The red. rays drike the eye with fo greata force as to be offenfive to it; and the fmall force ofthe pale-purple ones will produce too faint a fenfation tobe agreeable. The intermediate colours are thereforemore pleafant to the eye, as the force of the rays is neithertoo gre^t to be offenfive, nor too fmall to produce a quick .and lively fenfation.The colours of homogeneous light are fo invariable, thatneither any refraCiion nor any refe Cl ion can alterthem.If abeam of homogeneous light paffes through a roundhole in a padeboard, and then is refrafted by .a prifm onthe other fide of the hole, this refraction will make noalteration in the colour of the rays ; if they were red, orwhatever was their colour, before they entered the prifm,their colour will dill be the fame, when they have paffedthrough it, and fall upon a white paper held beyond the.piifra. This proves the fird part of the propofition, thatthe
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will be reflected at the surface BC. The rays, which pass through the base, form an oblong coloured picture HK, where MH is a more refrangible ray, and MK a less refrangible one. If the few rays of the beam, which are reflected from M in the direction MN, are made to pass through another prism XYV, they will likewise form an oblong coloured picture pt, where p is the most refrangible and t the least refrangible ray. This picture will be a very saint one, because there are but few rays reflected from M.
Now if the prism ACB is turned slowly round upon its axis in the direction ACB, the obliquity of the rays EM to the base BC will keep increasing, till at last this obliquity may become so great, that no rays will pass out at M, but all of them will be reflected. When this total reflection is made, the oblong picture pt, which was saint before, will become much brighter, because then not only a few rays, but all the beam, will be reflected thither. This total reflection will not be made all at once; but as the prism is turned slowly round upon its axis, the most refrangible rays MH will be first reflected, for the violet colour will disappear in the oblong picture HK, whilst all the other colours continue as bright as they were before; and when this colour disappears at HK, the same colour at pt will become bright, and all the other colours at pt will continue as saint as they were before. When the prism is turned a little farther upon its axis, the indigo colour, which consists of rays that have the next greatest degree of refrangibility, will be reflected, so that this colour will disappear at HK and will become bright at pt. The same thing will happen to all the rays in their order; as the prism is turned round, each different sort of rays will be reflected sooner as the rays have a greater degree of refrangibility, or latter as they have a less degree. The red rays at K, which are the least refrangible of all, will be reflected last of all. From hence therefore it appears, that the rays of the sun are differently reflexible, and that those which are most refrangible are likewise most reflexible.
Homogeneous light is refracted regularly without any dilatation or scattering of the rays.
When the rays of any one particular colour in the oblong picture of the sun, as the green rays, for instance, are separated from one another; if some of these green rays which are homogeneal, or are all equally refrangible, are transmitted through a very small round hole in a stiff pasteboard, and are refracted by a prism on the other side of the hole, the picture formed by these green rays after refraction upon a white paper held beyond the prism will not be oblong, but circular, as the hole is through which they passed. Therefore this homogeneous light is not dilated, nor are the rays of it scattered by this refraction.
The confused appearance of objects, when they are seen through refracting bodies, is owing to the different refrangibility of light.
If flies, or the letters of a small print, or any other minute objects, are placed in heterogeneal light, such as a direct beam of the sun's, which has never been separated by any refraction into its homogeneous parts; these objects being viewed through a glass-prism will be seen confusedly, their edges will appear so misty that the smaller parts of minute animals cannot easily be distinguished from one another, and the letters of the small print cannot be read. But if the same objects are placed in a beam of homogeneous light, which is separated from all other rays of a different refrangibility in the manner already described, they will appear as distinct through a prism as if they were viewed with the naked eye. Therefore we may conclude, that this confusion is owing to the different refrangibility of those rays which come from the objects; since objects never appear confused when they are seen through refracting bodies, unless they are enlightened with several sorts of rays which have different degrees of refrangibility.
It is probable that any single ray of the least refrangible sort contains a greater quantity of matter than any single ray of the most refrangible sort.
We have already seen, that at the same angles of incidence violet rays will be more refracted or more turned out of the way than red rays. And we have likewise seen, that rays are refracted when they pass out of one medium into another, by being either more or less attracted in one medium than they are in the other. Now since, when all other circumstances are equal, when red rays and violet rays fall at equal obliquities, and are to pass out of glasses into air, so that the mediums, and consequently the attractive force or cause of refraction, is given; if the same cause can turn the violet rays more out of the way, or refract them more, than it does the red rays, these rays must have different moments; the most refrangible rays, or those which are most easily turned out of the way, have the least moment; and the least refrangible rays, or those which are most difficult to turn out of the way, have the greatest moment. But if all sorts of rays have the same velocity, their respective quantities of matter will be as their moments; and consequently any single ray of the most refrangible sort contains a less quantity of matter than any single ray of the least refrangible sort.
It may be upon this account that a red colour, or a pale purple, is less pleasant to the eye than a blue, green, or a yellow. The red rays strike the eye with so great a force as to be offensive to it; and the small force of the pale purple ones will produce too saint a sensation to be agreeable. The intermediate colours are therefore more pleasant to the eye, as the force of the rays is neither too great to be offensive, nor too small to produce a quick and lively sensation.
The colours of homogeneous light are so invariable, that neither any refraction nor any reflection can alter them.
If a beam of homogeneous light passes through a round hole in a pasteboard, and then is refracted by a prism on the other side of the hole, this refraction will make no alteration in the colour of the rays; if they were red, or whatever was their colour, before they entered the prism, their colour will still be the same, when they have passed through it, and fall upon a white paper held beyond the prism. This proves the first part of the proposition, that the
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The following is a summary of the text from the image provided:
1. The document appears to be an old book or manuscript with a worn, yellowed appearance.
2. It contains several lines of text that are not clearly legible due to the quality of the scan.
3. The text seems to be in English and includes some formatting such as indentation and underline.
4. There are no visible images or illustrations within the document.
Given the nature of the document, it is likely that it is a historical record or a legal document from the past. However, without a clearer view of the text, it is difficult to determine its exact content.
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tS L I ( ) S M Etide of the traffick in America. The Briti(h fouth-fea^ company have, by treaty, the foie privilege of farnifli-ing the Spanifh Weft Indies with flaves.SLAUGHTER. See Manslaughter, Homicide,Murder, &c.SLEDGE, a kind of carriage without wheels, for theconveyance of very weighty things, as hugeftones,SLEEP, is defined to be that ftate wherein the body ap¬pearing perfedly at reft, external objects move the or¬gans of ienfe as ufual, without exciting the ufual fenfa-tions.Sleep is broken off unnaturally, when any of the or¬gans of fenfation is fo bnflcly afled on, that the adion ispropagated to the brain.Sleep being one of the non-naturals, it is not pofliblefor thofe to preferve their health, who do not go tofleep in a regular manner: for ilcep repairs the fpirits,which are di.fiipated by watching; and confequently it re-ftores theftrength of thofe who are weak, indifpofed, or la¬bour much. It likewife promotesperfpiration, contributesgreatly to digeftion, and more to nutrition. The nightis the moft proper for fleep; for the vigour of the mindand body are better reftored in the night than in theday ; thus nodurnal labour and lucubrations impair the' health.•SLEEPER, or the great sleeper, in zoology. SeeMus. VSleepers, in natural hiftory, a rfame given to fome ani¬mals which are faid to fleep all the winter ; fuch as bears,marmotes dormice, bats, hedge hogs, fwaliows, 6'tf.Thcfe do not feed in winter, have no fenfible evacu¬ations, breathe little or not at all, and moft of the vifce-ra ceafe from their fundions. Some of thefe creaturesfeem to be dead, and others to return to a ftate like thatof the fetus before the birth: in this condition theycontinue, till by length of time maturating the process,or by new heat, the fluids are attenuated, the folids fti-mulated, and the fundlions begin where they left off.Sleepers, in the glafs-trade, are the large iron-bars crof-fing the fmaller ones, and hindering the paflage of thecoals, but leaving room for the afties.Sleepers, in a (hip, timbers Jying before and aft, in thebottom of the fliip, as the rung-heads do: the lowermoftof them is bolted to the rung-heads, and the uppermoftto t;he futtocks and rungs.SLESWICK, the capital of the duchy of Slefwick, other-wife called South Jutland, fituatcd on the river Sley :E. long 45:', and N. lat. 54® 45'. See Jutland.’SLIDING, in mechanics, is when the fame point of abody, moving along a furface, defcribes a line on thatfur face.^SLIGO, a county of Ireland, in the province of Connaught,bounded by the ocean on the north, by Letrim on theeart, by Rofcoramon on the fouth, and by Mayo on theweft.SLING, an inftrument ferving for calling ftones with greatviolence.. The inhabitants of the Balearic iflards werefamous in antiquity for the dexterous management ofthe fling : it is faid they bore three kinds of flings, fomelonger, others fliorter, which they ufed according as their/enemies were either nearer or more remote. It is ad-{^ed, that the firft ferved them for a head-band, the fe-cond for a girdle, and that a third they conftantly carriedwith them in the hand.SLIPPING, among gardeners, the tearing off a fprigfrom a branch, or a branch from an arm of the tree.Tiiefe fort of flips take root more readily than cuttings,SLOANEA, in botany, a genus of the polyandria mono-gytia clafs. The corolla confifts of five petals, and thecalix of five deciduous leaves ; the ftigma is perforated;and the berry contains many feeds.SLOATH, in zoology. See Bradypus,SLOE. See Prunus.SLOOP, a fort of floating veflel, otherwife called (hallop.In our navy, floops are tenders on the men of war, and arcufually of about fixt)r tons-, and carry about thirty men.SLOUGH a deep muddy place. The caftfldn t>f a fnake,the damp of a coal-pit, and the fear of a wound, are al-fo called by the fame appellation. The flough of a wildboar, is the bed, foil, or mire, wherein he wallows, orin which he lies in the day time,SLUeZK, the capital of the palatinate of the fame name,in the duchy of Lithuania and kingdom of Poland : fitua-ted in E. long 27®, and N, lat. 53®*SLUICE, in hydraulics, a frame of timber, ftone, earthyferving to retain and raife the water of the Tea, a ri¬ver, and on occafion to let it pafs : fuch is.thefluice of a mill, which flops and colle<fts the water of arivulet, drir. in order to difeharge it at length in greaterplenty upon the mill-wheel; fuch alfo are thofe ufed indrains, to difeharge water off lands ; and fuch are thefluices of FJanders, 6’r. which ferve to prevent the wa¬ters of the fea overflowing the lower lands^ except whenthere is occafion to drown them. See Canal.SLUTTELBURG, a town of Ruflia, in the province ofIngria, fituated on the fouth-fide of the Jake Ladogo, in' E. long. 31® 20', N. lat. 60°.SLUYS, aport-town of Dutch Flanders, fituate oppofitetothe ifland of Cadfant: E. long 3® 15', N. lat. 51^18^*•SMACK, a fmall veflel with but one mail.SMALAND, a province in Sweden, in the territory ofGothland, bounded by Eaft Gothland, on the north: bythe Baltic Tea, on the eaft; by Blecking, on the fouth;and by Halland, on the weftSMALLAGE, in botany. Sec Apium,SMALT, a preparation of arfenic. See Chemistry, p:M5- „ •SMARAGDUS, in natural hiftory. See Emerald.SMARIS, in ichthyology. See Sparus.SMELL, with regard to the organ, is an impreflion madeon the nofe, by little particles continually exhaling fromodorous bodies: with regard to the objed, it is the figureand difpofition of odorous effluvia, which ftriking on theorgan, excite the fenfe of fmelling: and with regard tothe foul, it is the perception of the impreflion of the ob¬ject on the organ, or the affection in the foul refultingtherefrom.The principal organs of fmelling are the noftrils, andthe olfadfory nerves; the minute ramifications of whichlatter are deferibed throughout the whole concave of theformer. See Anatomy, p. 293.SMELT, in ichthyology, a fpecies of falmo. See Salmo.SMELTING, in metallurgy, the fufion or melting of theores of metals, in order to feparate the metalline part' from'
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ticle of the traffick in America. The British south-sea company have, by treaty, the sole privilege of furnishing the Spanish West Indies with slaves.
SLAUGHTER. See Manslaughter, Homicide, Murder, &c.
SLEDGE, a kind of carriage without wheels, for the conveyance of very weighty things, as huge stones, &c.
SLEEP, is defined to be that state wherein the body appearing perfectly at rest, external objects move the organs of sense as usual, without exciting the usual sensations.
Sleep is broken off unnaturally, when any of the organs of sensation is so briskly acted on, that the action is propagated to the brain.
Sleep being one of the non-naturals, it is not possible for those to preserve their health, who do not go to sleep in a regular manner: for sleep repairs the spirits, which are dissipated by watching; and consequently it restores the strength of those who are weak, indisposed, or labour much. It likewise promotes perspiration, contributes greatly to digestion, and more to nutrition. The night is the most proper for sleep; for the vigour of the mind and body are better restored in the night than in the day; thus nocturnal labour and lucubrations impair the health.
SLEEPER, or the Great Sleeper, in zoology. See Mus.
Sleepers, in natural history, a name given to some animals which are said to sleep all the winter; such as bears, marmotes, dormice, bats, hedge hogs, swallows, &c. These do not feed in winter, have no sensible evacuations, breathe little or not at all, and most of the visceral cease from their functions. Some of these creatures seem to be dead, and others to return to a state like that of the factus before the birth: in this condition they continue, till by length of time maturing the process, or by new heat, the fluids are attenuated, the solids stimulated, and the functions begin where they left off.
Sleepers, in the glass-trade, are the large iron-bars crossing the smaller ones, and hindering the passage of the coals, but leaving room for the ashes.
Sleepers, in a ship, timbers lying before and ast, in the bottom of the ship, as the rung-heads do: the lowermost of them is bolted to the rung-heads, and the uppermost to the futtocks and rungs.
SLESWICK, the capital of the duchy of Sleswick, otherwise called South Jutland, situated on the river Sley: E. long 9°45', and N. lat. 54°45'. See Jutland.
SLIDING, in mechanics, is when the same point of a body, moving along a surface, describes a line on that surface.
SLIGO, a county of Ireland, in the province of Connaught, bounded by the ocean on the north, by Letrim on the east, by Roscommon on the south, and by Mayo on the west.
SLING, an instrument serving for casting stones with great violence. The inhabitants of the Balearic islands were famous in antiquity for the dexterous management of the sling: it is said they bore three kinds of slings, some longer, others shorter, which they used according as their enemies were either nearer or more remote. It is added, that the first served them for a head-band, the second for a girdle, and that a third they constantly carried with them in the hand.
SLIPPING, among gardeners, the tearing off a sprig from a branch, or a branch from an arm of the tree. These sort of slips take root more readily than cuttings.
SLOANEA, in botany, a genus of the polyandria monogyna class. The corolla consists of five petals, and the calix of five deciduous leaves; the stigma is perforated; and the berry contains many seeds.
SLOATH, in zoology. See Bradypus.
SLOE. See Prunus.
SLOOP, a sort of floating vessel, otherwise called shallop. In our navy, floops are tenders on the men of war, and are usually of about sixty tons, and carry about thirty men.
SLOUGH a deep muddy place. The cast skin of a snake, the damp of a coal-pit, and the scar of a wound, are also called by the same appellation. The slough of a wild boar, is the bed, soil, or mire, wherein he wallows, or in which he lies in the day-time.
SLUCZK, the capital of the palatinate of the same name, in the duchy of Lithuania and kingdom of Poland: situated in E. long. 27°, and N. lat. 53°.
SLUICE, in hydraulics, a frame of timber, stone, earth, &c. serving to retain and raise the water of the sea, a river, &c. and on occasion to let it pass: such is the fluice of a mill, which stops and collects the water of a rivulet, &c. in order to discharge it at length in greater plenty upon the mill-wheel; such also are those used in drains, to discharge water off lands; and such are the fluices of Flanders, &c. which serve to prevent the waters of the sea overflowing the lower lands, except when there is occasion to drown them. See Canal.
SLUTTELBURG, a town of Russia, in the province of Ingria, situated on the south-side of the lake Ladogo, in E. long. 31°20', N. lat. 60°.
SLUYS, a port-town of Dutch Flanders, situate opposite to the island of Cadsant: E. long 3°15', N. lat. 51°18'.
SMACK, a small vessel with but one mast.
SMALAND, a province in Sweden, in the territory of Gothland, bounded by East Gothland, on the north; by the Baltic Sea, on the east; by Blecking, on the south; and by Halland, on the west.
SMALLAGE, in botany. See Apium.
SMALT, a preparation of arsenic. See Chemistry, p: 145.
SMARAGDUS, in natural history. See Emerald.
SMARIS, in ichthyology. See Sparus.
SMELL, with regard to the organ, is an impression made on the nose, by little particles continually exhaling from odorous bodies: with regard to the object, it is the figure and disposition of odorous effluvia, which striking on the organ, excite the sense of smelling; and with regard to the soul, it is the perception of the impression of the object on the organ, or the affection in the soul resulting therefrom.
The principal organs of smelling are the nostrils, and the olfactory nerves; the minute ramifications of which latter are described throughout the whole concave of the former. See Anatomy, p. 293.
SMELT, in ichthyology, a species of salmo, See Salmo.
SMELTING, in metallurgy, the fusion or melting of the ores of metals, in order to separate the metalline part from
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[{"model_id": "zai-org/GLM-OCR", "model_name": "GLM-OCR", "column_name": "markdown", "timestamp": "2026-02-18T16:15:59.100026", "task": "ocr", "temperature": 0.01, "top_p": 1e-05, "repetition_penalty": 1.1, "max_tokens": 8192}]
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in Data Studio
Document OCR using GLM-OCR
This dataset contains OCR results from images in davanstrien/encyclopaedia-britannica-1771 using GLM-OCR, a compact 0.9B OCR model achieving SOTA performance.
Processing Details
- Source Dataset: davanstrien/encyclopaedia-britannica-1771
- Model: zai-org/GLM-OCR
- Task: text recognition
- Number of Samples: 50
- Processing Time: 9.7 min
- Processing Date: 2026-02-18 16:23 UTC
Configuration
- Image Column:
image - Output Column:
markdown - Dataset Split:
train - Batch Size: 64
- Max Model Length: 8,192 tokens
- Max Output Tokens: 8,192
- Temperature: 0.01
- Top P: 1e-05
- GPU Memory Utilization: 80.0%
Model Information
GLM-OCR is a compact, high-performance OCR model:
- 0.9B parameters
- 94.62% on OmniDocBench V1.5
- CogViT visual encoder + GLM-0.5B language decoder
- Multi-Token Prediction (MTP) loss for efficiency
- Multilingual: zh, en, fr, es, ru, de, ja, ko
- MIT licensed
Dataset Structure
The dataset contains all original columns plus:
markdown: The extracted text in markdown formatinference_info: JSON list tracking all OCR models applied to this dataset
Reproduction
uv run https://huggingface.co/datasets/uv-scripts/ocr/raw/main/glm-ocr-v2.py \
davanstrien/encyclopaedia-britannica-1771 \
<output-dataset> \
--image-column image \
--batch-size 64 \
--task ocr
Generated with UV Scripts (glm-ocr-v2.py)
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