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1 | A-B | 6 | null | Normal | 2,481 | 3,393 | ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA.VOLUME the FIRST. | ||
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1 | A-B | 8 | null | Title | 2,481 | 3,393 | \—-—■ r -dk$fltKJgkEncyclopcedia Britannica;Jama ok, a CfrH&'f /prtJDICTIONARYO FARTS and SCIENCES,C/O VI PILED UPON A NEW PLAN.IN WHICHThe diferent Sciences and Arts are digefted intodiftindl Treatifes or Syftems;AND. The \irious Technical Terms, - are explained as they occurin the order of the Alphabet.ILLUSTRATED WITH ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY COPPERPLATES,By a Society of GENTLEMEN in Scotland.I N T H R E E VOLUMES.VOL. I.EDINBURGH:Printed for A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar;Aid fold by Co l i n Macfa rq.uh a r, at his Printing-office, N.col&n-RreeLM. .UCuL XXI. | ||
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1 | A-B | 10 | null | Normal | 2,481 | 3,393 | PREFACEUTILITY ought to be the principal intention of every publication.Wherever this intention does not plainly appear, neither the booksnor their authors have the finalleft claim to the approbation of mankind.To diffufe the knowledge of Science, is the profefled defign of the fol¬lowing work. What methods, it may be afked, have the compilers em¬ployed to accomplifh this defign ? Not to mention original articles, theyhave had recourse to the belt books upon almoft every fiibject, extractedthe ufeful parts, and rejected whatever appeared trifling or lefs interefl-ing. Inftead of difmembering the Sciences, by attempting to treat themintelligibly under a multitude of technical terms, they have digefted theprinciples of every fcience in the form of fyftems or diffcinct treatifes, andexplained the terms as they occur in the order of the alphabet, with re¬ferences to the fciences to which they belong.As this plan differs from that of all the Dictionaries of Arts and Scien¬ces hitherto publiflied, the compilers think it neceflary to mention whatthey imagine gives it a fuperiority over the common method. A fewwords will anfwer this purpofe. Whoever has had occafion to confidtChambers, Owen, rirc. or even the voluminous French Encyclopedic, willhave difcovered the folly of attempting to communicate fcience under thevarious technical terms arranged in an alphabetical order. Such an at¬tempt is repugnant to the very idea of fcience, which is a connected fe-ries of conclufions deduced from felf-evident or previoufly difcovered prin¬ciples. It is well if a man be capable of comprehending the principlesand relations of the different parts of fcience, when laid before him inone uninterrupted chain. But where is the man who can learn the prin¬ciples of any fcience from a Dictionary compiled upon the plan hithertoadopted? We will, however, venture to affirm, that any man of ordi¬nary parts, may, if he chuf s, learn the principles of Agriculture, of A-ftronomy, of Botany, of Chemiftry, &c. drc. from the EncyclopediaBritann ica.In the execution of this extenfive and multifarious undertaking, theCompilers laboured under many difadvantages, partly arifing from thenature of the work, and partly owing to the following ciicumflance.The | ||
1 | A-B | 11 | null | Normal | 2,481 | 3,393 | vi PREFACE.Th e Editors, though fully fenfible of the propriety of adopting theprefent plan, were not aware of the length of time neceffary for the ex¬ecution, but engaged to begin the publication too early. However, bythe remonflrances of the Compilers, the publication was delayed for twelvemonths. Still time was wanted. But the fubfcribers pufhed the Editors,and they at lafl perfuaded the Compilers to confent to the publication.If time had been allowed, the Compilers defigned to have compleated thefciences before proceeding to the technical terms; and by that means tohave guarded againft omiffions, and made all the references from the termsto the fciences more particular. The conlequence was unavoidable.Ail the references to any fcience that occur in the alphabet previous tothe name of the fcience itfelf, are general: tliofe that follow' are parti¬cular ; pointing out, not only the name of the fcience, but the numberof the? page.We mult further acknowledge, that, in fome in fiances, we have de¬viated from the general plan; but, we hope, not without reafon. For ex¬ample, under the words Botany and Natural History, it would havebeen an endlefs, and perhaps an ufelefs talk, to have given the genericdiftindtions of every plant, and of every animal. Thefe are to be foundunder the names of the plants and animals themfelves. The fame obfei>ration may be made with refpeet to Mineralogy, Materia Medica, Pa¬thology, Pbyftolo'gy, and ‘Therapeutics. Thefe, are fo interwoven withAnatomy, Botany,. Cbcmijiry, and Medicine, that, in a work of this kind,it was almoft impoffible, without many unneceflary repetitions, totreat them as diftined fciences. Indeed, properly fpeaking, they are notfciences, but parts or acceffbries of fciences, which, by the dexterity ofteachers and authors, have been long exhibited under that form.With regard to errors in general, whether falling under the denomi¬nation of mental, typographical, or accidental, we arc confcious of beingable to point out a greater number than any critic whatever. Men whoare acquainted with the innumerable difficulties attending the executionof a work of fueh an extenfive nature will make proper allowances. 1 othefe we appeal, and fhall refl fatlsfied with the judgment they pronounce.In order to give fame idea,of the materials of which this Dictionary iseompofed, we fhall conclude the preface with a iifl of the principal au¬thors made life of in the compilation.L I S T | ||
1 | A-B | 12 | null | Normal | 2,481 | 3,393 | LIST of A U T H O R S, &c.Albini tabulae- anatomica,Alfton’s Tirocinium botanieum.--—EfTay on the fexes of plants.Bacon’s fylva fy lvarum.Balk, Laurentii, Adolpho-Fredericianum,in Amocn. Acad.Balfour’s philofophical effays.Barrow’s dictionary of arts andfciences.Bertfmud fur l’art de conduire et de re-gler les pendules et les inontres.Bartlet’s farriery.Bielfield’s univerfal erudition.”Brookes’s practice of phyfic.-—natural hiftory.Brown de or tit animalium caloris.Bouffon’s bijloire nature lie.Byrom’s Ihort-hand writing.Calmet’s dictionary of the bible.Campbell’sdiffertation on miracles.Catefby’s natural hiftory of Carolina,Florida, &c.Chambers’s dictionary of arts andfciences.Chambers’s architecture.Cheflelden’s anatomy.Cotes’s hydroftatical lectures*Cowper’s myotomia reformat a.Crocker’s dictionary of arts andfciences.Cullen’s fynopfis nofologia methodicx.-MS. 1 Clares.-Derham’s phyfieo-theology.Dickfon’s agriculture.Le Drail’s furgery.Duncan’s moral philofophy.-Logic.Edwards’s natural hiftory.Elmgren’s• termini 'botanici.Le Grand Encyclopedic.Erfkine’s inftitutes of the law ofScotland.Effays on husbandry.Foreign eflays on agriculture.Effays phyfic al and literary.Euclid’s elements.Euflachii tabulae - anatomies.Franklin on electricity, &c.Fergufon’s aftronomy.--Mechanics.-Hydroftatics and hydraulics.-Dialling.-—-Principles of geography.-Optics.-Pneumatics.Goguet’s origin of laws, arts, andfciences.Gregory’s practical geometry.Grew’s anatomy of plants.Haart-m/m deplantis hybridis, in Amcen.Acad.Du Hamel’s elements of agriculture.Harris’s Hermes.Kaftelquift’s travels.--—de viribus pi ant arum.Haft Rudolphi, Amphibia Gyllenborgi-ana, in Amoen. Acad..Heifter’s furgery.Hill’s Eden.Hiorth de plantis efculentis, in Amoen...Acad.Hiftory of arts and fciences.Hook, s’s philofophical experiments. .Hudfon’s F/ortf Anglic a..Hume’s eflays.Home’s principia medicine.Home | ||
1 | A-B | 13 | null | Normal | 2,456 | 3,337 | LIST of A U T H O R S, - &c.vijiHome on bl aching.Jack’s conic feCtions.JohnJloni hijloria naturalis.Jortin de plantis tinttoriis, in Arrian.Acad.Lord Kaims’s elements of criticifm.-abridgment of the ftatutes.Langley’s builder’s afllftant.Lee’s botany,Lewis’s dilpenlatory,Linnai Jyflema nature.-Amamitates academica.-Pbilofophia botanica.-Genera plantarum.-Species plantarum.-Fundamenta botanica.Locke on the human underftaiiding.Maclaurin’s fluxions.-Algebra.Macqueer’s chemiftry.Macdowal’sinftitutes of Scots law.Mair’s Book-keeping.-Arithmetick.Miller’s gardener’s dictionary.Monro’s ofteology.-Junior de venis lymphaticis val-vulofis.^Muller’s fortification.Mufceum rujlicum.Newtoni principia.-Lefiiones optica.Owen’s dictionary of arts and (cien**ces.Patoun’s navigation.Earl of Pembroke on horfemanfhip.Pennant’s Britifli zoology.Philofophical tranfaCtions.Polygraphic dictionary.Preceptor.Prieftley’s hiftory of eleCtricity.Rail fynopfis Jlitpium Britannicarum.Rudborgi differtatio depeloria, inAmam.Acad.Rutherforth’s natural philofophy.Sale’s Koran and life of Mahomed.Sandeman de Rheo palmato.Seba rerum naturalium thefaurus.Sharp’s furgery.Sloane’s natural hiftory of Jamaica.Smellie’s midwifery.Smith’s optics.Sir James Stewart’s political oeco-nomy.Swan’s architecture.Sundii Surinamenfia Grilliana, inAmam.Acad.Toumefort’s fyftem of botany. 'Try dell’s theory and practice of mu-lick.Ulloa’s voyages.Voltaire’s eflay on tafte.Wahlbomii fponfalia plantarum, in A-mam. Acad.Dr Whytt’s works.Wildman on bees.Willoughby’s ornithologia.-Ichthy ograpbia.Window’s anatomy.Worcefter’s natural philofophy.Young on compofition.Gazetteers, Pamphlets, Magazines, and other periodical publications ; be-fides many books mentioned in the work itfelf. | ||
1 | A-B | 14 | null | Normal | 2,456 | 3,337 | Encyclopaedia Britannica;Or, A NEW and COMPLETEDICTIONARYO FARTS and SCIENCES.A BABAA A, the name of feveral rivers in different partsof the world, viz. i. of one in Solagne, inFrance; 2. of on? in French Flanders; 3. ofthree in Switzerland; 4. of five in the LowCountries; 5. of five in Weftphalia; 6. ofone in Livonia.AABAM, a term, among alchemifts, for lead.AACH, the name of a town and river in Swabia. It isalfo a name fometimes given to Aix-la-chapelle.AADE, the name of two rivers, one in the country ofthe Grifons in Switzerland, and the other in DutchBrabant.AAHUS, a fmall town and diftrifl; in Weftphalia.A AM, a Dutch meafure for liquids, containing about63 lb. ayoirdupoife.AAMA, a province in Barbary, very little known.AAR, the name of two rivers, one in Weftphalia, and onein Switzerland, It is likewife the name of a fmallifland in the Baltic fea.AARSEO, a town in Africa, fituated near the mouth ofthe river Mina.AATTER, or Atter, a province of Arabia Felix, fi¬tuated on the Red-fea.—N. B. AH other places whichbegin with a double A, but more generally with,aAngle one, will be inferted according to the laff ortho¬graphy.. vAB, the eleventh month of the civil year of the Hebrews.It correfponds to paft of our June and July, and con-fifts of 30 days. On the firCt of this month the Jewscommemorate the death of Aaron by a faft : they fallalfo on th? ninth, becaufe on that day both the templeof Solomon and that ereified after the captivity wereburnt. The. fame day is alfo remarkable for the publi¬cation of Adrian’s edi£t, prohibiting the Jews to lookback, evemwhen at a di(lance, upon Jerusalem, or toVox. I. No. 1.lament its 'defolation. The lamp of the fan&uary, inthe time of Ahaz, was extinguiihed on the night of thei8th, for which reafon the Jews fait that day. SeeAstronomy, Of the div'tjion of time.AB, in the Syriac kalendar, is the name of the lad furp-mer-month.ABACATUAIA, in ichthyology, a barbarous name ofthe zeus vomer, a filh belonging to the thoracic ordirofLinnxus. See Zeus.ABACAY, a barbarous name of a fpecies of the pfittacus,or parrot. See PstTTACus.ABACH, a town in Bavaria, fituated on the Danube,a little above Ratifbon.ABACISCUS. See Abacus.ABACO, a term, among ancient writers, for arithmetic.ABACOA, the name of one of the Bahama iflands.See Bahama.ABACOT, the name of an ancient cap of (late worn bythe kings of England, the upper part whereof was inthe form of a double crown.ABACTORES, or Abac tors, a term for fuch ascarry off or drive away a whole herd of cattle by Health.ABACTUS, an obfolete term, among phyficians, for amifcarriage procured by art.ABACUS, a table ftrewed over with dud or fand, uponwhich the ancient mathematicians drew their figures,It alfo fignified a cupboard, or buffet.ABACUS, in architecture, lignifies the fuperior part ormember of the capital of a column, and ferves as akind of crowning to both. It was originally intendedto reprefent a fquare tile covering a bafket. The formof the abacus is not the fame in all orders: in theTufcan, Doric, and Ionic, it'is generally fquare; butin the Corinthian and Compofite, its four fides arearched inwards, and embelli(hed in the middle withA fome | ||
1 | A-B | 15 | null | Normal | 2,456 | 3,337 | ABA ( 2 ) ABBfome ornament, as a rofe or other flower. Scammozziufes abacus for a concave moulding on the capital ofthe Tufcan pedeftal; and Palladio calls the plinth a-bove the echinus, or boultin, in the Tufcan and Doricorders, by the fame name. See plate I. fig. i. andArchitecture.Abacus is alfo the name of an ancient inftrument forfacilitating operations in arithmetic. It is variouflycontrived. That chiefly ufed in Europe is made bydrawing any number of parallel lines at the diftance oftwo diameters of one of the counters ufed in the cal¬culation. A counter placed outhe lo weft line, fignifies r;on the 2d, io; on the 3d, ioo; on the 4th, 1000, &c.In the intermediate fpaces, the fame counters are efti-inated at one half of the value of the line immediatelyfuperior, viz. between the ift and 2d, 5; betweenthe 2d and 3d, 50, &c. See plate I. fig. 2. A B,where the fame number, 1768 for example, is reprefent-ed under both by different difpofitions of the counters.Abacus harmonious, among muficians, the arrangementof the keys of a mufical inftrument.Abacus logijitcus, a right-angled triangle, whofe fidesforming the right angle contain the numbers from 1 todo, and its area the fadta of every two of the numbersperpendicularly oppofite. This is alfo called a canonof fexagefimals.h^evs Pytbagoricus, the multiplication-table, or anytable of numbers that facilitates operations in arith¬metic.ABADAN, a town of Perfia, fituatednear the mouth ofthe Tygris.ABADDON, from a bad, to deftroy; a name given bySt John, in the Revelations, to the king of the locufts.ABADIR, a title which the Carthaginians gave to godsof the firft order. In the Roman mythology, it is thename of a ftone which Saturn fwallowed, believing.itto be his new-born fon Jupiter: hence it became theobject of religious worfhip.ABiERE, a town in the defarts of Arabia.ABAFT, a fea-term, fignifying towards the fern: forinftance, abaft the mtzzen-maf, implies, that the ob¬ject is between the mizzen-maft and the. ftern.ABAI, in botany, a fynonime of the calycanthus praecox,a genus of plants belonging to the icofandria polygyniaclafs of Linnaeus. See Calycanthus.ABAISSE. See Abased.ABALIENATION. See Alienation.ABANBO, a river of Ethiopia which falls into the Nile.ABANCAI, or Abancays, a town and river of Peru,in the diftridt of Lima.ABANO, a fmall town in Italy, fubjedt to Venice, andfituated five miles fouth-weft of Padua.ABAPTISTON, or Anabaptiston, an obfolete termfor the chirurgical inftrument called a trepan. SeeSurgery, and Trepan.ABARCA, a ihoe made of raw hides, formerly wornby the peafants in Spain.ABARTICULATION, in anatomy, a fpecies of arti¬culation which is now termed dtarthrofs. See Ana¬tomy, Part I. and Diart hr ofs.ABAS, a weight ufed in Perfia for weighing pearls. It isl-8th lefs than the European carat. *' •ABASCIA, the country of the Alcas. SeeALCAS.ABAISED, Abaijfe, in heraldry, an epithet applied to' the wings of eagles, &c. when the tip looks downwardsto the point of thefhield, or. when the wings are fhut;the natural way of bearing them being extended.ABASING, in the fea-language, fignifies the fame asftriking.ABASSI, or Abassis, a filver coin current in Perfia,.equivalent in value to a French livre, or tenpence half¬penny Sterling. It took its name from Schaw Abas II.king of Perfia, under whom it was ft ruck.ABATAMENTUM, in law, is an entry to lands by in-terpofition, i. e. when a perfon dies feized, and anotherwho has no right enters before the heir.ABATE, from abatre, to deftroy; a term ufed by thewriters of the common law, both in an adtive and neu¬tral fenfe; as, to abate a caftle, is to deftroy or beat itdown,; to abate a writ, is, by fome exception to ren¬der it null and void.Abate, in the manage, implies the performance of anydownward motion properly. Hence a horfe is faid toabate, or take down his curvets, when he puts bothhis hind-legs to the ground at once, and obferves thefame exadtnefs in all the times.ABATEMENT, in heraldry, implies fomething addedto a coat of arms in order to lefl’en its dignity, and pointout fome.imperfedlion or llain in the charadter of thewearer.Abatement,: in law. See Abate.Abatement, in commerce, fignifies an allowance ordifeount in the price of certain commodities, in confi-deration of prompt payment; a diminution in the ftipu-lated quantity or quality of goods, or fome fuch cir-cumftance.Abatement, in the cuftoms, an allowance made uponthe duty of goods, when the quantum damaged is deter¬mined by the judgment of two merchants upon oath,and afeertained by a certificate from the furveyor andland-waiter.ABATIS, an ancient term for an officer of the (tables.ABATOR, in law, a term applied to a perfon who entersto a houfe or lands, void by the death of the laft pof-feffor, before the true heir.ABAVO, in botany, a fynonime of the adanfonia, a(hrub belonging to the monadelphia polyandria of Lin¬naeus. See Adansonta.ABAYANCE. See Abeyance.ABB, a term, among clothiers, applied to the yarn of aweaver’s warp. They alfo fay Abb-wool in the famefenfe.ABBA, in the Syriac and Chaldee languages, literallyfignifies a father; and figuratively, a fuperior, reputedas a father in refpedt of age, dignity, or affeftion. It isalfo a Jewifh title of honour given to fome of the clafscalled Tanaites.ABBAT. See Abbot.ABBATIS. See Abatis.ABBEFORD, a fea-port town in Norway, in 58. 44.N. lat.ABBESS, the fuperior of an abbey or convent of nuns,over whom (he has the fame authority as the abbots overthe monks. Their fex indeed hinders them from per¬forming | ||
1 | A-B | 16 | null | Normal | 2,456 | 3,337 | ABB C 3 )forming the fpiritual-fundlions; but in the 12 th centurythere were abefles in Spain who gave benedictions, andconfefi’ed people of both fexes.ABBEVILLE, a large city of Piccardy in France, ly¬ing 90 miles north of Paris, in 50. 7. N. lat. and2. o. E. long.ABBEY, a religious houfe, governed by an abbot, whereperfons retire from the world, to fpend their time infolitude and devotion. By the invention of maflesfor the living and the dead, difpenfations, jubilees,indulgences, &c. the abbeys procured fuch large pri¬vileges, exemptions, and donations, that, when thefe _houfes were totally aboli/hed in England by HenryVIII. to the number of 190, an yearly revenue ofL. 2,853,000 reverted to the crown.ABBEY-BOYLE, a town in the county of Rofcom-mon in Ireland.ABBOT, the fuperior of an abbey or convent of monks.In the firft ages of Chriftianity, the abbots were plaindifinterefted men, and lived contented with the go¬vernment of their monafteries, which were generallyeredled in the moft folitary parts: but being calledfrom their deferts to oppofe the herefies in the church,they foon began- to entertain fentiments of ambition,and endeavoured"to /hake off their dependency on thebi/hops. Hence arofe the diltindhons of mitred abbots,crofieredabbots, (ecumenical abbots, cardinal abbots,,5tc.The principal diftindlien which fubfifls at prefent amongabbots, is that of regular and commendatory, the formerof which take the vow, and wear the habit of the or¬der ; the latter are feculars, though they are obligedto take orders at the proper age. Before the Refor¬mation in England, there were abbots elective and re-prefentative ; fome mitred, and others not. The mi¬tred abbots were inverted with epifcopal authoritywithin their own limits, independent of the bi/hop;but the others were fubjedt to the diocefan in all fpi-ritual government. The mitred abbots were Lords ofparliament, of which number Sir Edward Coke rec¬kons 27, who fat in parliament, befides two LordsPriors.ABBREVIATE of adjudications, in Scots law, an ab-ftradt or abridgment of a decreet of adjudication, whichis recQrded in a regifter kept for that purpofe.. SeeScots Law, title, Adjudications.ABBREVIATION, or Abbreviature, implies thefubftitution of a fyllable, letter, or charadter, for awhole word-ABBREVIATOR, a perfon who abridges any largebook into a narrower compafs.-ABBREVIATORS, a college of 72 perfons in the chan¬cery of Rome, who draw up the pope’s brieves, andreduce petitions into proper form.-ABBREVOIR, a term in mafonry, expreffive of cer¬tain indentures made in the joints or beds of ftones,which being filled with the cement or mortar, bindthem firmer together.ABBROCHMENT. See Abrochment.ABBUTTALS, figr.ify the buttings or bourfdings ofland towards any point. Limits were anciently diftin-gui/hed by artificial hillocks, which were called boten-A B Etines, and hence butting. In adefeription of the fiteof land, the fides on the breadth are more properlyadjacentes, and thofe terminating the length are abb te¬tanies ; which, in old furveys, were fometimes ex-,preffed by capitare, to head; whence abbuttals-arenow called head lands.ABC ASSES, a people or country in Alia, fituate be¬tween Circafiia, the Black-fea, and Mingrelia.ABCDARIA, in botany, a fynonime of the verbefinaacmella. See Verbesina.ABCDARY, or Abcdarian, an epithet applied to com-pofitions, whofe parts are difpofed in an alphabeticalABDALS, or fervants of God, in the Eaftern coun¬tries; furious enthufiafts, who frequently run aboutthe ftreets, deftroying all who differ from them in re¬ligious opinions.ABDELAVI, in botany, a name ufed by Arabian wri¬ters for a fpecies of cucumis. See Cucumis.ABDEST, a term ufed for the legal purifications bywater, p radii fed among the Mahometans and Perfiansbefore they begin their religious ceremonies.ABDICARIAN proportion, in logic, the fame with anegative one. See Logic, and Proportion.ABDICATION, the adtion of renouncing or giving upan office.ABDOMEN, in anatomy, is that part of the trunk ofthe body which lies between the thorax and the bot¬tom of the pelvis. See Anatomy, part VI.ABDUCTION, a form of reufoning among logicians,which confifts in drawing conclufions from certain andundeniable propofitions. See Logic.Abduction, in furgery, a fpecies of fradture whereinthe broken parts of the bone recede from each other.See Surgery, Of fraftures.ABDUCTOR, in anatomy, the name of feveral mufcles-which ferve to open or draw back the parts to whichthey are fixed. See Anatomy, Part VI.ABEL-TREE, or Abel e-tree, an obfolete name fora fpecies of the poplar. See Populus.ABELIANS, Abeloites, or Abelonians, afedtefheretics that fprung up near Hippo in Africa duringthe reign of Arcadius. They had one dirtingui/hingand extraordinary tenet, which was to marry, but ne¬ver to confummate.ABELMOSC1I, or Abelmusch, in botany, the trivialname of a fpecies of the hibifeus. See Hibiscus.ABENSBURG, or Abensperg, a fmall town in Bk-varia, on the river Abenae, near the Danube.ABERBROTHOCK, one of the royal boroughs ofScotland, fitnated in the county of Angus; about 40miles north of Edinburgh. Its weft long, is 2. 20.’ and N. lat. 56. 30. There was formeily one of thericheft monafteries in Scotland in this town. It wasfounded by King Wiliiam of Scotland about the year1170, in honour of Thomas Becket Arclibi/hop ofCanterbury, with whom he is faid to have been in¬timately acquainted. This monaftery received confi-derable donations from Gilchrift Earl of Angus,, andGilbred his fon. It was pofl'effed by the monks of §tBennet. The inhabitants of Aberbrothock, for. thefake | ||
1 | A-B | 17 | null | Normal | 2,456 | 3,337 | A B R. ( 4 ) A IB 1fake of their monadery, were made denifofts of allEngland (London excepted) by King John.ABERDEEN, the name of two cities in Scotland, tail¬ed the Old and New Tuvins, fituated on the GermanOcean, in i 45. W. Ion. and 57. 1I. N. lat.The old town lies about a mile to the north of thenew, at the mouth of the river Don, over which is a.line bridge, of a Angle arch, which reds at both fideson two rocks. The old tov/n was formerly the feat ofthe bifhop, and had a large cathedral church, com¬monly called St Macber’s. This cathedral had an-• ciently two rows of (lone pillars acrofs .the chuich,and three turrets ; the deeple, which was the larged ofthefe turrets, refted upon an arch, fupported by fourpillars. In this cathedral there was a fine library;but about the year 1560 it waf almod totally deftroyedBut the capital building is the King’s-college, on thefouth fide of the town, which is a large and (lately fa¬bric. The (leeplo is vaulted with a double crofs arch,above which is an imperial crown, fupported by eight(lone pillars, and clofed with a globe and two gildederodes. In the year 1631 this (leeple was thrown downby a dorm, but was foon after rebuilt in a more (late¬ly form. This college was founded by Bifliop Elphindpn in the year 15005 but James IV. claimed thepatronage of it, and it has fince been called the King'sCollege. This college, and the Marilhall-cjllege inthe new town, form one univerfity, called the Univer-Jity of King Charles.The new town is the capital of the (hire of Aberdeen.For largenefs, trade, and. beauty, it greatly exceedsany town in the North. It (lands upon a hill or rilingground. The buildings are generally four (lories high,and have, for the mod part, gardens behind them, whichgives it a beautiful appearance. On the high dreet isa large church, Which formerly belonged to the Frao-eifeans. This church was begun by Bp William Ei-phinflon, and finifhed by Gavinus Dunbar, Bifhop ofAberdeen, about the 1500. Bp Dunbar is faid like-wife to have built the bridge over the Dee, which Con-fids of feven arches.. The chief public building inthe new town is the Marifhall-collcge, founded byGeorge Keith Earl cf Mar(hall, in the year 159J ;but has fince been greatly augmented "with additionalbuildings. In both the Mariihall and King’s-collegethe languages, mathematics, natural philofophy, divi¬nity, Sc. are taught by very able profefl'orsABERDOUR, a fmall town in Fifefhire, Scotland, onthe frith of Forth, about ten miles N. W. of Edin¬burgh.ABERGAVENY, in Monmouthfhire, England, a well-built town, lying 142 miles W. byN. of London, in51. 50. N. lat. and 3d. 5 W Ion. This town Con-fids of about 500 hanfes, has a Weekly market on theTuefdays, .and another on the Fridays; and threefairs for horfes, (heep, and black cattle.ABERMURDER, an old law-term for murder, provedin a judicial manner, which could not be atoned forwith money.ABERRATION, in aftronomy, a fmall apparent mo¬tion of the fixed dars, fird difeovered by Dr Bradleyand Mr Mollineux, and found to be owing to the pro-gredive motion of light, and the earth’s annual mo¬tion in its orbit. If a lucid objeCt be fixed, and theeye of the ohferver moving along in any other direc¬tion than that of a ftreight line from the eye to theobjeft, it is plain, that theobjeCt mud have an appa¬rent motion, greater or lefs, according to the velocitywith which the eye is moved, and the didance of theobjeCt from the eye. See Astronomy.ABERRATION, in optics, a deviation of the rays oflight which prevents their uniting in the fame focalpoint, and is occafioned by their being refraCted by afpherical lens, or refieCted by a fpherical (peculum.See Optics.ABERYSWITH, a market-town in Wales, lying 199• miles W. S. W. of London, in 52. 30. N. lat. and40 15 W. long.ABESTA, the name of one of the facred books of thePerfian magi, which they aferibe to their great found-•er Zeroader The abeda is a commentary on two o-thers of their religious books called Zend and Pazend\the three together including the whole fydem of theIgnicold, or worihippers of fireABESTON, a blundering way of writing Abedus. SeeAbestus.ABETTOR, a law-term, implying one who encouragesanother to the performance of fome criminal aClion,or who is.art and part in the performance itfelf. Trea¬son is the only crime in which abettors are excluded bylaw, every individual concerned being confidered as aprincipal. It is the fame with art and part in'theScots law.ABEVACUATION, in medicine, a gentle evacuation.See Evacuation.ABEX, the name of a large trad of land, lying alongthe wed coad of the Red-fea, fouth of Egypt, fubjeCtto the Ottoman Porte.ABEYANCE, in law, the expectancy of an edate.Thus if lands be leafed to one perfon for life, withreverfion to another for years, the remainder for yearsis an abeyance till the death of the lcflee,ABHEL, in botany, an obfolete name of the fabina orfavin. See Juniper and Sabina.ABIB, fignifying an ear of corn, a name given by theJews to the fird month of their ecdefiadical year, af¬terwards called Nifan. It commenced at the vernalequinox, and, according to the covrrfe of the moon, bywhich their months were., regulated, anfwered to thelatter part of our March, and beginning of April.ABIDING by a writing, in Scots law : When a perfonfounds upon a writing alledged to be falfe, he may beobliged to declare judicially, whether he will dandorabide by it as a true deed. As to the confequencesof abiding by, or paffingfrom, a falfif deed, fee ScotsLaw, title, Crimes.ABIES, the fir-tree, in botany, belongs to the monseciamonadelphia clafs of Linnaeus. For its characters, feePinus, of which it is a (pedes.ABIGEAT, an old law-term, denoting the crime ofdealing cattle by droves or herds. This crime wasmore feverely punidied than furtum, the delinquentbeing '3 | ||
1 | A-B | 18 | null | Normal | 2,456 | 3,337 | A B L (5being often condemned to the mines, baniihroent, andfometiines capitally.ABIGEATUS, cr Abactus, among phyficians, Cg^nif:cs a mifearriage effected by art.ABIG1ES, a term in the Roman law, applied to onewho had been guilty of the crime Ab i g e at; which fee.ABILITY, a term in law, denoting a power of doing cer¬tain actions in the aequifition or transferring of property.ABINGDON, a town of Berkfhire, England, featedon the Thames,-about 55 miles W. of London, andgives title of Earl to the noble family of Bertie.AB-INTESTATE, in the civil law, is applied to aperfon who inherits the right of one who died inte-flate, or without making a will. See Intestate.ABISHERING, a term found in old law books, deno¬ting a liberty or freedom from all amerciaments, ..anda right to exadt forfeitures of others.ABIT., or Abo it, obfoiete terms for cerufe or whitelead. See Ceruse and Chemistry.ABJURATION, in our ancient euftoms, implied anoath, taken by a perfon guilty of felony, and who hadfled to a place of fandtuary, whereby he folemnly en¬gaged to leave the kingdom for ever.Abjuration, is now.ufed to fignify the renouncing,declaiming, and denying, upon oath, the Pretender tohave any kind of right to the crown of thefe kingdoms.Abjuration of herefy, the foiemn reeantaticn of anydodtline as falfe and wicked.ABLAC, a fmall river in Swabia, which falls into theDanube not far from Furdenburg. ,ABLACTATION, the weaning a child from the bread.See Weaning..Ablactation, in gardening, fignifies grafting by ap¬proach. See Grafting and Garden 1 ng.ABLACQUEATION, an old term in gardening, fig¬nifies the operations of removing the earth and baringthe roots of trees in winter, to expofe them more freelyto the air, rain, fnows,ABLATIVE, is the 6th cafe in Latin grammar, andpeculiar to that language. It is oppofed to the dative,which exprelfes the adtion of giving, and the ablativethat of taking away.ABLAY, or Ablai, a country of Great Tartary, whofeinhabitants, ealled Bocbars, are vaffals of the Ruf¬fians. It lies to the ead of the Ir.tis, and extends 500leagues along the fouthem frontiers tof Siberia. •ABLECTI, in Roman antiquity, a felcdt body of foldierschofen from among thofe called Extraorduiar>u,which fee.ABLEGM1NA, among the ancient Romans, fignifiedthofe parts in the intrails cf vidtims which were fprihk-led with flour, and biirnt.upon the altar, in faerificingto the gods.ABLET, or Ablen, anobfolete name ofthe fifh Cal¬led Cyprinus. See Cypri-nCs.ABLUENTS, in medicine, are the fame with dilutCrs.ABLUTION, a eeremony ufed by the ancient Romansbefore they began the facrifice, which confided in wafh-ing the body. They very probably learned this cere¬mony from the Jews, as have idfo the Mahometans,who dill pradlife it with the -utraod ftrictaefs.Vol. I. No. x.) A B RAblution, among chemids, the fweetening anymatterimpregnated with falts, by repeatedly waihing it withpure water. See Chemistry.Ablution, with phyficians, is either the wafliing of a-ny external part by bathing, or ofthe domaeh and in-tedines by.diluting liquors.ABO, a city of Sweden, capital of Finland, feated atthe mouth of the river Aurojoks on the gulph of Both¬nia, 24. o. N. E. of Stockholm, in lac. 60. go, N.and long. 21. 30. E.ABOARD, fignifies any part on the deck or infide of a(hip; hence any perfon who goes on the deck, or intothe apartments of a fhip, is faid to go aboard.ABOLITION, implies the adt of annulling, dedroying,malting void, or reducing to nothing. In law, it fig¬nifies the repealing any law or datute.ABOLLA, the name of a military garment worn bythe Greeks and Romans.ABOMASUS, Abomasum, or Abomasius, names ofthe fourth domaeh of ruminating animals. The firdltomach is ealled venter, the feeond reticulum, thethird omafus, and the fourth abomajis. The thirddomaeh, omafis, is endued with the Angular qualityof curdling milk. But the truth is, the domachs ofalmod all animals, whether they ruminate cr not, willproduce the fame effedt, though not perhaps in an e-qual degree, as the domachs of calves or lambs.See Milk, Runnet.ABOMINATION, a term ufed in feripture to exprefsidols, idolatry, <bc.ABORIGINES, an epithet applied to the original orfird inhabitants of any country, but particularly ufeito fignify the ancient inhabitants of Latiuni, or coun¬try now called Campagna di Roma, when /Eneas withhis Trojans came into Italy.ABORTION, in midwifery, the birth of a foetus before.,it has acquired a fuffieient degree of perfection to en¬able it to perform refpiration and the other vital func¬tions. See Midwifery, title, Of abortions.Abortion, among gardeners, fignifies fuch fruits as,being produced too eafy, never arrive at maturity.ABORTIVE, in a general fenfe, implies any thingwhich comes before its proper time, or mifearries inthe execution.ABOY, a fmall town in Ireland, in the province of Lein-der.ABRA, a filver coin of Poland, in value nearly equiva¬lent to an Englifli Shilling.ABRACADABRA, a magical word or fpcll, which be¬ing written as many times as the word contains letters,and omitting the lad letter of the former every time,was, in the ages of ignorance and fuperdition, wyrnabout the neck, as an antidote againd agues and feve-ral other difealesABRAHAM’/ balm, in botany, See Cannabis.ABRAHAMITES, an order of monks exterminated• for idolatry by Theophilus in the ninth eentury. Alfothe name of another fed! of heretics who had adoptedthe errors of Paulus. See Paulicians.ABRAMIS, an obfcletejaame for the fills, cyprinus. SeeCyprinus.Abr.a$a,B | ||
1 | A-B | 19 | null | Normal | 2,456 | 3,337 | A B R (6ABRASA, in furgery, ulcers, where the Ikin is fo ten¬der and lax as to render them fubjed to abrafion.ABRASION, in medicine, tire corroding of any part byacrid humours or medicines.ABRAUM, an obfolete name of a certain fpecies of clay,called by fome authors Adamic earth, on account ofits red colour.ABRASAX, or Abraxas, a myftical term found inthe ancient theology and philofophy of Balilides’s fol¬lowers. 'ABR AX, an antique done with the word abraxas engra¬ved on it. They are of various fizes, and moll ofthem as old as the third century.ABREAST, a fea-term. In an attack, purfuit, ,or re¬treat at fea, the fquadrons or divilions of a fleet areoften obliged to vary their difpofitions, and at thefame time obferve a proper regularity, -by failing inright or curved lines: when they fail at a proper di-ftance from each other, and are all equally forward,they are then faid to have formed the line abreaji.ABRENUNCIATION. See Renunciation.ABRIDGEMENT, in literature, a term fignifying theredudion of a book into a fmaller compafs.—The artof conveying much fentiment in few words, is thehappieft talent an author can be pofleffed of. Thistalent rs peculiarly neceffary in the prefent ftate of li¬terature ; for many writers have acquired the dexte¬rity of fp reading a few tritical thoughts over feve-xal hundred pages. When an author hits ujSon athought that pleafes him, he is apt to dwell upon it,to view it in different lights, to force it in improperly,or upon the flighteft relations. fI'hough this may bepleafant to the writer, it tires and vexes the reader.There is another great fource of diffufion in compo-fition. It is a capital object with an author, whateverbe the fubjed, to give vent to all his belt thoughts.When he finds a proper place for any of them, he ispeculiarly happy. But, rather than facrifice a thoughthe is fond of, he forces it in by way of digrelfion,or fuperfluous illuftration. If none of thefe expe¬dients anfwer his purpofe, he has recourfe to the mar¬gin, a very convenient apartment for all manner ofpedantry and impertinence. There is not an author,however corred-j but is more or lefs faulty in thisrefped. An abridger, however, is not fubjed to thefetemptations. The thoughts are not his own; he viewsthem in a cooler and lefs affedionate manner; he dilco-vers an impropriety in fome, a vanity in others, and awant of utility in many. His bufinefs, therefore, isto retrench fuperfluities, digreffions, quotations, pe¬dantry, <bc. and to lay before the public only what isreally ufeful. This is by no means an eafy employ¬ment : To abridge fome books, requires talents equal,if not fuperiour, to thofe of the author. The fads,manner, fpirit, and reafoning, mull be preferved; no¬thing effential, either in argument or illuftration, oughtto be omitted. The difficulty of the talk is the prin¬cipal reafon why we have fo few good abridgements :Wynne’s abridgement of Locke’s Effay on the Hu¬man Underftanding is, perhaps, the only unexception¬able one in cur language.) ABR 0Thefe obfervations relate folely to fuch abridge¬ments as are defigned for the public. But,When a perfon wants to fet down the fubftance ofany book, a fhorter and lefs laborious method may befollowed. It would be foreign to our plan to give ex¬amples of abridgements for the public : But, as it maybe ufeful, efpecially to young people, to know howto abridge books for their own ufe, after giving afew diredions, we fliall exhibit an example or two,to ftiew with what eafe it may be done.Read the book carefully ; endeavour to learn theprincipal view of the author; attend to the argu¬ments employed: When you have done fo, you willgenerally find, that what the author ufes as new oradditional arguments, are in reality only collateralones, orextenfions of the principal argument. Takea piece of paper, or a common-place book, put downwhat the author wants to prove, fubjoin the argu¬ment or arguments, and you have the fubftance of thebook in a few lines. For example,In the Effay on Miracles, Mr Hume’s defign is toprove, That miracles which have not been the imme¬diate objeds of our fenfes, cannot reafonably be be¬lieved upon the teftimony of others.Now, his argument, (for there happens to be butone), is,“ That experience, which in fome things is vari-“ able, in others uniform, is our only guide in rea-“ foning concerning matters of fad. A variable ex-“ perience gives rife to probability only; an uniform“ experience amounts to a proof. Our belief of any“ fad from the teftimony of eye-witneffes, is deri-“ ved from no other principle than our experience“ in the veracity of human teftimony. If the fad“ attefted be miraculous, here arifes a conteft of“ two oppofite experiences, or proof againft proof.“ Now, a miracle is a violation of the laws of na-“ ture ; and as a firm and unalterable experience has“ eftablilhed thefe laws, the proof againft a miracle,“ from the very nature of the fad, is as complete as'“ any argument from experience can polfibly be ima-“ gined; and if fo, it is an undeniable confequence,“ that it cannot be furmounted by any proof what-“ ever derived from human teftimony.”In Dr Campbell’s Differtation on Miracles, the au¬thor’s principal aim is to (hew the fallacy of Mr Hume’sargument; which he has done moft fuccefsfully by an¬other Angle argument, as follows :“ The evidence arifing from human teftimony is“ not folely derived from experience : on the contra-“ ry, teftimony hath a natural influence on belief an-“ tecedent to experience. The early and unlimit-“ ed affent given to teftimony by children gradually“ contrads as they advance in life: it is, therefore,“ more confonant to truth, to fay, that our diffidence“ in teftimony is the refult of experience, than that“ our faith in it has this foundation. Befides, the.“ uniformity of experience, in favour of any fad, is“ not a proof againft its being reverfed in a particular“ inftance. The evidence arifing from the Angle te-“ ftimony of a man of known veracity will go far to“ tftablilh | ||
1 | A-B | 20 | null | Normal | 2,456 | 3,337 | A B R (** eftablilh a belief ia its being actually reverfed: If“ his teftimony be confirmed by a few others of the“ fame character, we cannot with-hold our afi’ent to“ the truth of it. Now, though the operations of na-“ ture are governed by uniform laws, and though we“ have not the teftimony of our fenfes in favour of a-“ ny violation of them , Hill, if, in particular inftan-“ ces, we have the teftimony of thouftnds of our fel-“ low-creatures, and thofe too men of ftrid integri-“ ty, fwayed by no motives of ambition or intereft,“ and governed by the principles of common fenfe,“ That they were actually eye-witnelfes of thefe vio-“ lations, the conftitution of our nature obliges us to“ believe them.” wThefe two examples contain the fubftance of about400 pages. — Making private abridgements of thiskind has many advantages; it engages us to read withaccuracy and attention; it fixes the fubjcft in ourminds ; and, if we Ihould happen to forget, infteadof reading the books again, by glancing a few lines,we are not only in pofleflion of the chief arguments,but recall in a good meafure the author’s method andmanner.Abridging is peculiarly ufeful in taking the fubfiance of what is delivered by Profeflors, isc. It isimpoflible, even with the afliflance of Ihort-hand, totake down, verbatim, what is faid by a public fpeak-er. Befides, although it were practicable, fuch a ta¬lent would be of little ufe. Every public fpeakerhascircumlocutions, redundancies, lumber, which defervenot to be copied* All that is really ufeful may becomprehended in a fliort compafs. If the plan of thedifeourfe, and arguments employed in fupport of thedifferent branches be taken down, you have the whole.Thefe you may afterwards extend in the form of adifeourfe drefled in your own language. This wouldnot only be a more rational employment, but wouldlikewife be an excellent method of improving youngmen in compofition, an objeCt too little attended to inall our univerfities. Befides, it would be more for thehonour of profeflors ; as it would prevent at lead fuchimmenfe loads of disjointed and unintelligible rubbifhfrom being handed about by the name of fuch a man’slcCturcs.Abridgement, inlaw, fignifies the making a declara¬tion or plaint Ihorter by leaving out fomethingAbridgement, in arithmetic. See Arithmetic, Ofvulgar fractionsAbridgement, in algebra. See Algebra, Of equa¬tions .ABROBANIA, a town and diftriCt in Tranfylvania.ABRQCHMENT, an old law term which fignifies fore-ftalling. See Forestalling.ABROGATION, fignifies annulling, making void, orrepealing a law.ABROLKOS, the name o^" certain {helves, or banks offand, about 20 leagues from the coaft of BrazilABRON, a river of France which falls into the Loirenot far from NeversABRONO. SeeABRUGi,ABROTANOlDES, the came of a fpecies of coral call-7 ) A B Sed porus. It is alfo a fynonime of the artemifia. SeeArtemisia.ABROTANOlDES, a wine mentirued by Diofcorides,impregnated with futhernwood.ABROTANUM, in botany, a fynonime of feveral plants.See Artemisia, Filago, Santolina.ABRUPTION, in furgery. See Abduction.ABRUS, in botany, the trivial name of the glycine. SeeGlycine.ABRUZZO, in geography, the name of two provincesbelonging to the K. of Naples, on the gulph of Ve¬nice, diftinguifhed by Nearer and Farther Abruzzo,from their pofition with refpeCt to Naples.ABSCEDENTIA, in furgery, a term applied to decay¬ed parts of the body, which, in a morbid ftate, arefeparated from the found, or lofe that union whichwas preferved in a natural ftate.ABSCESS, in medicine and furgery, an impofthume, orany tumor or cavity containing purulent matter. SeeSurgery, title, Of tumours or abfeeff'es.ABSCHARON, a town in Afia, fituated on the weftern(bore of the Cafpian fea.ABSCISSE, in mathematics. See Conic Sections,ABSCISSION, a figure in rhetoric, whereby the fpeak-er flops Ihort in the middle of his difeourfe, leavingthe audience to make the inference.Abscission, in furgery, the fame with amputation.ABSCONSA, a dark lanthorn ufed by the monks atthe ceremony of burying their dead.ABSENCE, in Scots law': When a perfon cited beforea court does not appear, and judgment is pronounced,that judgment is faid to be in abfence No perfoncan be tried criminally in abfence. See Law, title,Sentences and their execution.ABSINTHIATED medicines, fuch as are impregnatedwith abfinthium or wormwood.ABSINTHIUM, in botany, the trivial name of thecommon wormwood or artemifia. It is alfo a fyno¬nime of the tanacetum incanum, the fenecio incanum,the anthemis montana,. the achillsea egyptiaca, and ofthe parthenium hyfterophorus. See Artemisia, <bc.ABSIS, in aftronomy, the fame with Apsis, which fee.ABSOLUTE, in a general fenfe, denotes a thing’s be¬ing independent of, or unconne&ed with, any other ;it is alfo ufed to exprefs freedom from all limitation.Absolute government, is that wherein the prince, un¬limited by the laws, is left folely to his own will. SeeGovernment.Absolute gravity, in phyfics, is the whole force by whicha body is urged downwards. See Mechanics.Absolute, in metaphyfics, denotes a being that pof-fefles independent exiftence.ABSOLUTION, in general, is the pardoning cr forgi¬ving a guilty perfon.'Absolution, in civil law, is a fentenee whereby theparty accufed is declared innocent of the crime laidto his charge.Absolution, in the canon law, is a juridical aft. where¬by the eeclefiaftical officers remit or forgive the peni¬tent offender, or declare him reftc-red to the privilegesof innocence in confideration of his repentance,ABSORBENT | ||
1 | A-B | 21 | null | Normal | 2,456 | 3,337 | A B S (8ABSORBENT medicines, teftaceous powders, as chalk,crabs-eyes, <bc. which are taken inwardly tor dryingup or abforbingvny acrid or redundant humours inthe ftomach or inteftines, They are likewife appliedoutwardly to ulcers or fores with the fame intention.Absorbent veffels, in anatomy, a name given promif-cuoully to the la&eal veffels, lymphatics, and inhalentarteries. See Anatomy-,Absorbent veffeh, is alfo a name ufed for the fmallfibrous roots of plants.ABSORPTION, in the animal ceconomy, is the adwhereby the abforbent vefTels imbibe the juices, <bc.ABSTEMIOUS, an epithet applied to perfons very tem¬perate in eating and drinking. It is likewife appliedto fhofe who could not partake pf the eucharift on ac¬count of their averfion to wine.ABSTENTUS, in law, an heir who is with-held by histutor from entering upon his inheritance.ABSTERGENT medicines, thofe employed for refol-ving obdru&ions, concretions, <bc. fuch as foap, fcc.ABSTINENCE, the refraining from fomethingwe havea propenfity to. It commonly imports a fpare diet.ABSTINENTS, in church hiftory, a fort of people inthe anchnt churGh who carried their abftinence andmortification very far. ' They have'beeri claffed withheretics, though we have no certain account of theirparticular opinions.ABSTRACT idea, in metaphyfics, is a partial idea ofa complex object, limited to one or more of the com¬ponent parts or properties, laving afide or abftradlingfrom the reft. Thi s, in viewing an objedt with the eye,or recollecting it in the mind, we can eafily abftradtfrom fome of its parts or properties, and attach our-felves to others: we- can attend to the rednefs of acherry, without regard to its figure, tafte, or confid¬ence. See Abstraction, Metaphysics.Abstract terms, words that are ufed to exprefs ab-ftraft ideas. Thus beauty, uglinefs, whitenefs, round-nefs, life, death, are abftra£t terms.Abstract mathematics, fometimes denominated puremathematics, treat of magnitude or quantity abfolute-ly and generally confidered, without regard to any par¬ticular fpecies of magnitude.Abstract numbers, fuch as have no particular applica¬tion.Abstract, is alfo a term in literature tofignify a con¬es fe, yet general view or analyfis of fome. larger work.It differs from an abridgment, in being fhorter and morefuperficial; and from an extract, as this laft is a copyof fome part or pall'age of it.ABSTRACTION, the operation of the mind when oc¬cupied by abftradt ideas. A large oak fixes our atten¬tion, and abftradts us from the ffirubs that furrounff it.In the fame manner, a beautiful woman in a crowd,abftradts our thoughts, and engroffes our attention fole-ly to herfelf. Thefe are examples of real abftrariion :when thefe, or any others of afimilar kind, are recalledto the mind, after the objeris themfelves are removedfrom our fight, they form what is called abjirafl ideas,or the mind is faid to be employed in abftraft ideas.But the power of abftradtion is not confined to db-3) a b yjecls that are feparable in reality as well as mental¬ly : the fize, the figure, the colour ,'of a tree are infe-parably connected, and cannot exift independent ofeach other; and yet we c&n mentally confine our ob-fervations to any one of thefe 'properties, neglecting orabftra&ing from the reft.Abstraction, in chemiftry, the evaporating or drawing"off the menftruum from any fubjett.ABSTRACTITIOUS, anobfolete term, among chemifts,for a vegetable fpirit obtained without fermentation.ABSTRUSE, a term applied to any thing that is hardto be underftood, whether the obfeurity arifes fromthe difficulty of the fubjeft, or the confuted mannerof the writer.ABSURD, an epithet for any thing that contradicts anapparent truth.ABSURDITY, the name of an abfurd action or fenti-ment.ABSUS, in botany, the trivial name of a fpecies of the,; jcaffia. i ‘ YABSYNTHIUM. See Absinthium.ABUAI, one of the Philippine iftes. See Philippine.ABUCCO, Abocco, or Aboochi, a. weight ufed inthe kingdom of Pegu, equal to 12‘ teccalis ; two a-buccoS make an agiro; and two aglri make half a biza,which is equal to 2 5 oz. of the heavy weight of Ve¬nice.ABUKESO. See Aslani.ABUNA, the title of the Archbiffiop or Metropolitanof Abyffmia.ABUNDANT numbers, fuch whofe aliquot parts ad¬ded together exceed the number itfelf; a* 20, thealiquot parts of which are, 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, and make 22.ABU SAN, an ifland on the coaft of Africa, in 35 35.N lat dependent on the province of Garet, in thekingdom of Fez.ABUSE, implies the perverting of any thing from, itsoriginal intention.ABUTIGE, a town in Upper Egypt, famous for produ¬cing the beft opium.ABUTTALS. See Abbuttals.ABUTILON, in botany, the trivial name of feveralfpecies of the fida. See Si da. Abutilon is alfo afynonime of the mclochia tomentofa, and melochia de-preffa, two American plants of the monadelphia pen-tandria clafs. It it is likewife a fynonime of the la-vatora, malva, and hibifeus.ABYSS, in a general fenfe, fignifies any unfathomablegulph. It is alfo the name of a vaft cavern filled with-water, fuppofed to exift near the centre of the earth.Abyss, in feripture, is fometimes ufed for hell.Abyss, in antiquity, a name given to the temple ofProferpine,Aeyss, among alchemifts, fignifies the receptacle of thefeminal matter, and fometimes the feminal matter it¬felf.ABYSSINIA, a kingdom of Africa, bounded on theN. by that of Sennar, or Nubia; on the E. part¬ly by the Red fea, and partly by Dancala; on the\V. by Gorham and Gin giro; and on the S by A-laba and Ornrao-Zaidi. It was formerly of greaterextent | ||
1 | A-B | 22 | null | Normal | 2,456 | 3,337 | A C A (9extent than it is at prefent, becaufe ferenJ provinceshave revolted, and the Turks have made encroach¬ments to the eaft. The kftd is fertile in many places,and the air is very hot, except in the rainy ieafon,and then it is very temperate. For four months in theyear, greater rains fall there than perhaps in any otherpart of the world, which occafion the l'welling of theriver Nile, that has its fource in this country. It con¬tains mines of all forts of metal, except tin ; but theinhabitants make no great advantage thereof.. Thefields are watered by feveral ftreams, except in themountainous parts. The emperor, or king, is calledNegus ; and he has been commonly taken for PrefterJohn. Kis authority is abfolute, and he often dwellswith his whole court in tents. However, Abyflinia isnot without cities, as fome pretend; for Gondar is alarge place, where the king commonly refides whenhe is not in the field. The inhabitants are black, orvery near it; but they are not fo Ugly as the negroes.They make profeflfon of the Chriftian religion, but ithas a mixture of Judaifin. The habit of perlonS ofquality is a filken vert, with a fort of fcarf; but thecommon people wear nothing but a pair of drawers.ABYSSINIAN church, that eftablifhcd in the empire ofAbyflinia. It is a branch of the Copts or Jacobites,a fe<ft of heretics, who admit but one nature in JefusChrirt.AGriCALOTL, the Brafilian name of a fpeeies of theCorvus. SeeCoavos.ACACIA, in botany, a fynonime of the poinciana,genifta, mimofa, robinia, guaicun, 6c. See tliefearticles.ACacia, in the materia mediea, die infpiffitated juiceof the unripe fruit of the acacia. This juice isbrought from Egypt in roundiih pieces, wrapt up inthin bladders, and is ufed as a mild aftringent.AcaCia germaniea, See Pruna.Acacia, among antiquaries, fomething refembling aroll or bag, faen on racial*! as in the hands of feveralconfuls and emperors. Some take it to reprefent ahandkerchief rolled up, wherewith they made fignalsat the games ; others a roll of petitions or memorials;and fome a purple bag full of earth, to remind them oftheir mortality.ACACIANS, in ecclefiaftical hiftory, the name of fe¬veral feds of heretics; fome of whom maintained,that the Son was only a fimilar, not foe fame, fub-ftance with the Father ; and others, that he was notonly a diftindl, but a diffimilar fublfance. Two of tbefefeCfs had their denomination from Acacias bifhop ofCsefarea, who lived in the fourth century, and changedhis opinions, fo as, at different times, to be head ofboth. Another was named from Acacius patriarch ofGonftahtinopld, who lived in the clofe 6f the fifth sen*tury.ACADEMIC, AeiOTHicuK, ot AcaDemist, amember ®f an academy. Sec Academy in the mo¬dern fenfe.ACADEMICS, or Acabemists, a denomination gi¬ven to the cultivators of a fpeeies of philofophy origi¬nally derived from Socrates) and afterwards UluftrgJedXol. I. No x. 3) A C Aand inforced by Plato, who taught in a grove near A-thens, confecrated to the memory of Academus an A-thenian hero; from which rircumftance this philofophyreceived the name of academical. Before the days ofPlato, philofophy had, in a great meafure, fallen intocontempt. The conttadidtory fyrtems and hypothefesthat had fucceffively been urged upon the world, Werebecome fo numerous, that, from a view of this ineon-ftancy and uncertainty of human opinions, many wereled to conclude, that truth lay beyond the reach ofoupcomprehenfion. Abfolute and univerfal fcepticifm wasthe natural confequeiice of this conclufien. In orderto remedy this abufe of philofophy and of the hufmnFaculties, Plato laid hold of the principles of thTe aca¬demical philofophy, and, in his Phaedo, reaforiS ntthefollowing manner: “ If we ate unable to difeover“ truth, (fays he), it muft be owing to two circUm-“ rtances; either there is no truth, in the nature bf“ things, or the mind, from A defedt in its powers,“ is not able to apprehend it. Upon the latter fuppo-“ fition, all the uncertainty arid fludluaiion in the opi-“ hions and judgments of mankind admit of an eafy“ folntion: Let us therefore be modeft, and aferibe“ our errors to the real weaknefs of our own minds,“ and not to the nature of things themfdves. Truth“ is often difficult of aceefs: in order to come at it,** we mult proceed with Caution and diffidence, care-“ fully examining every ftep ; and after ail cor labdur,“ we Will frequently find our greatert efforts difap-“ pointed, and be obliged to confefs bur ignorance“ aad v/eaknds.”Labour and caution in out refearches, in oppofition torafh and hafty decifions, were the dirtinguiffiing charac-teriftres of the difciples of the imoient academy. Aphilofopher poffeffed of thefe principles, will be flowin his progrefs, but will foldom fall into errors, orhave ocCafion to alter his opinion after it is once form¬ed. Vanity and precipitance are the great futures’offcepticifm : hurried bn by thefe, inrtead of attending tothe cool and deliberate principles recommended by theacademy, feveral of our modern philofophers have plun¬ged themf Ives into ah abford and- ridicul.ous kind of fcep¬ticifm. They pretend to diferedit things that are plain,fimple, and eafily comprehended; but give peremptoryand decifive judgments upon fubjetfs that evidently ex¬ceed the limits of our capacity; Of thefe Berkley JndHume are the moft confiderable. Berkley denied theexirtence of every thing, excepting his own ideas. MrHume has gone a ftep further, and queftiobed even foeexirtence of ideas; but at the fame time has not hdfi-tared to give determined opinions with regard to eter¬nity, providence, and a futUre ftate, miraculous intfcr-pofitions of the Deity, 6c. fubjefts far above foereach of our faculties. In his feffay on the academicalor feeptical philofophy, he has confounded two vdryoppofite fperies of philofophy. After the days ofPlato, indeed, the principles of the firft academy weregrofsly Corrupted by Areefilas, Carneades, 6c. TIrismight lead Mr Hume into the notion that the acade¬mical and feeptical philofophy were fynommous terms.But no principles can be of a more oppofite nattireC than. | ||
1 | A-B | 23 | null | Normal | 2,456 | 3,337 | A C A < xo ) A C Athan thofe which were inculcated by the old academyof Socrates and Plato, and the fceptical notions whichwere propagated by Arcefilas, Carneades, and the o-ther difciples of the fucceeding academics.ACADEMY, in antiquity, a garden or villa, fituatedwithin a mile of Athens, where Plato' and his follow¬ers held their philofophical conferences. It took itsname from one Academus, or Ecademus, a citizen ofAthens, who was the original owner of it, and madeit a kind of gymnafium : he lived in the time of The-feus. . Cimon embellilhed it with fountains, trees,and walks; but Sylla, during the fiege of Athens,employed thefe very trees in making battering-enginesagainft the city. Cicero too had his villa, or placeof retirement, near Puzzuoli, which he alfo named anacademy, where he compofed his Academical que-Jlions, and his book De natura deorum.Academy, among the moderns, is mod commonly ufedto fignify a fociety of learned men, edablifhed for theimprovement of any art or fcience. Charlemagne wasthe firft that edablifhed an academy in Europe. Modnations have fince followed his example; but Italyhas by far the greated number. In the cities ofPiedmont, Ferrara, and Milan, Jarckius reckons 550.We have but few in Britain. In England thofe ofnote are, the Royal Society, the Antiquarian Society,Society for the encouragement of arts, and the Aca¬demy of Painting; in Scotland, the Edinburgh So¬ciety, College of Phyficians, and Mufical Society;all which fee in their proper places.The French have feveral academies; as, the RoyalAcademy of Sciences, for the improvement of phy-fics, mathematics, and chemidry. It was firft infti-tuted in 1666, by the afliftance of Mr Colbert,comptroller-general of the finances, but was not con¬firmed by the French king till the year 1696, who,by a regulation dated the 26th of January, new-mo¬delled and put it on a better footing. According tothis regulation, the academy was to be compofed often honorary academicians, eight drangers affociates,twenty penfionaries fellows, twenty eleves or fcholars,and twelve French adociates ; thefe were to be divi¬ded into fix claffes, viz. geometricians, adronomers,mechanics, anatomids, chemids, and botanids; thehonorary academids to be all inhabitants of France,the penfionaries and eleves all to refide at Paris.In the year 1716, the duke of Orleans, then re¬gent, made an alteration in their conditution, aug¬menting the number of honoraries and adociates totwelve, admitting regulars among fuch adociates, fup-prefiing the clafs of eleves, and edablilhing in lieuthereof a new clafs of twelve adjuncts to the fix feve¬ral kinds of fcience cultivated by the academy; and,ladly, appointing a vice-prefident, to be chofen yearlyby the king out of the honorary members, and a di-redlor and fub-diredlor out of the penfionaries.The academies of Florence and Bologne, of Mont¬pelier and Bourdeaux, of Leipfic and Berlin, and oflate thofe of Peterdmrg and Seville, were formed up¬on the fame model with the Royal Academy of Sci¬ences.French Academy, a fociety of forty, edablifhed forimproving the French language.This academy was founded by Cardinal Riclilieu,and confirmed by the edidt of Lewis XIII, in 1635.They have compiled a didtionary, intided, I.e Dic-tionaire de I'academie Francoife. This work wasbegun, in 1637, and finifhed in 1694. They have adiredtor and chancellor, who are drawn by lot everythree months, and a fecretary who is perpetual. Theymeet at the old Louvre, on the Mondays, ThUrfdays,and Saturdays, all the year round, and hold an ex¬traordinary meeting at the reception of a new mem¬ber, and on St Lewis’s day, when the prizes of elo¬quence and poetry are adjudged.Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. This fo¬ciety was founded about the year 16461. The mem¬bers were at firft about twenty-five in number, viz.twelve officers, called ancients, eleven private mem¬bers, and two fyndics; but at prefent it confifts offorty painters and fculptors. There are four perpe¬tual redtors, nominated by the king; a diredtor andchancellor; a fecretary, who keeps the regifter, andcounterfigns the difpOtches; a treafurer, twelve pro-feflors, adjundts to the redtors-and profeffors, fixcounfellors, a profeffor for the part of anatomy thatbelongs to painting and fculpture, and another forgeometry and perfpedtive.There is alfo an academy of painting, fculpture,(yc. at Rome, eftablifhed by Lewis XIV. whereinthofe who have won the annual prize at Paris, are en¬titled to be three years entertained for their furtherimprovement.Academy of Medals and Infcriptions, called alfo Theacademy of belles lettres, was eredted by Lewis XIV.for the ftudy and explanation of ancient monuments,and to perpetuate the remembrance of great events,by medals, relievos, infcriptions, iyc. The plan ofthis academy was formed by Mr Colbert, and efta¬blifhed in 1663. In its firft inftitution it confiftedonly of four or five members ; but in 1701, they wereincreafed to forty, viz. ten honoraries, ten penfiona¬ries, ten afTociates, and ten novices or eleves, underthe direction of a prefident and vice-prefident, whoare annually appointed by the king.Their chief employment has been upon the medal-lie hiftory of the reign of Lewis their founder. Butthe learned are indebted to this academy for manyvolumes of efl’ays on other parts of hiftory, publifhedunder the title of Memoirs, &c.Academy of Architefiure, eftablifhed about the end ofthe year 1671 by Mr Colbert, confifted at firft onlyof fix architedls; but their number is fince confiderablyincreafed.Academy of Politics, is compofed of fix perfons, whomeet at the Louvre, in the chamber where the papersrelating to foreign affairs are lodged. But as thekings of France are unwilling to truft any, except theirminiflers, with the infpedtion of foreign affairs, thisacademy is of little ufe to the public.Royal Academy of Dancing was eftab ifhe : by the Kingof France in 1661. It coahfts oi tha\cen able d ncing-jnafters. | ||
1 | A-B | 24 | null | Normal | 2,456 | 3,337 | A C A ( n ) A C Amatters, who meet once a-month ; and two of the aca-demifts teach by turns the art of dancing, ancient andmodern.The French have alfo academies in mod of theirgreat cities, as, the Academy of Sciences at Mont¬pelier, that of the Lanternifts at Thouloufe; befidesothers at Nifmes, Arles, Angiers, Lyons, Caen inNormandy, 6c.; and the Chirurgical Academy atParis is a modern inftitution for the general improve¬ment of the art, and to compile and publilh the an¬cient and modern hiftory of it.Royal Spanijb Academy at Madrid, has for its objettthe cultivation of the Caftilian tongue, and was efta-blilhed in 1714 by the Duke d’Efcalona, with the ap¬probation of the King of Spain. It confifts of twenty-four academifts, including the dir eft or and fecretary.In Portugal, John V. founded an hiftorical academyat Lilbon, in the year 1720, for collecting and afcer-taining the hiftory of his own dominions. It confiftsof fifty members, a director, f ur cenfors, and a fe¬cretary.In Germany, they have the Academy of NaturesCuriojty otherwife called the Leopoldine Academy,founded in 1652 by Jo. Laur. Baufch a phyfician,and, in 1670, taken under the protection of the Em¬peror Leopold. The defign of this fociety was topromote medical knowledge. They began in 168410publilh their obferv itions, under the title of Epheme-rides; which publication has been continued annually,with fome interruptions, and under different titles.This academy confifts of a prefident, two adjuncts orfecretaries, and colleagues or members without limi¬tation.Berlin Academy, was founded by Frederick I. thelate King of Pruflia, in the year 1700. It has forits objects the improvement of natural knowledge, andthe belles lettres. The charter of this fociety wasamended in 1710, and by it the prefident is to be no¬minated by the king. The members are divided intofour claffcs; 1. for phyfic, medicine, and chemiftry;2. for mathematics, aftronomy, and mechanics; 5. forthe German language, and the hiftory of the country;4. for Oriental learning, particularly what relates tothe propagation of the gofpel among infidels. Thegreat promoter of this foundation was the celebratedMr Leibnitz.Ruffian Academy was founded by Czar Peter the Great,at Peterlburg, upon the plan of the Academy of Sci¬ences at Paris ; befides which, they take in the Ruf¬fian language.Academy is alfo a term for fchools and other feminariesof learning among the Jews, where their rabbins anddoctors inftruCted their youth in the Hebrew language,and explained to them the Talmud, and the fecrets ofthe Cabbala: Thofe of Tiberias and Babylon havebeen the mod noted.Academy is often ufed with us to denote a kind of col¬legiate fchool, where youth are inftruCted in arts andfciences. There is one at Portfmouth for teachingnavigation, drawing, 6c.; another at Woolwich, forfortification, gunnery, 6c.Academy is likewife a name given to a riding-fchool,where young gentlemen are taught to ride the greathorfe, 6c. and the ground allotted for it is ufuallycalled the Menage.Academy figure, a drawing of a naked man or wo¬man, taken from the life, which is ufually done onpaper with red or black chalk, and fometimes withpaftils or crayons.ACADIE, or Acadia, in geography, a name former¬ly given to Nova Scotia, one of our American colo¬nies. See Nova Scotia.ACfENA, in antiquity, a Grecian meafure of length,being a ten feet rod, ufed in meafuring their lands.ACAIABA. See Acajou.ACAJA, in botany, a lynonime of the fpondias lutea,an American tree. See Spondias.ACAJOU, in botany, a fynonime of the anacardium oc-cidentale, or calhew-nut-tree. See Anacardium.ACALEPTIC, in ancient profody, a complete verfe.ACALIS, in botany, an obfolete name of the Cerato-nia. See Ceratonia.ACALYPHA, in botany, a genus of plants belongingto the monoecia monadelphia clafs. There are onlyfour fpecies of this plant; the acalypha virginica,which is a native of Ceylon; the virgata, indica, andauftralis, all natives of America. Sir Hans Sloai>ranks this plant with the nettle, under the name of ur-tica tninor inert fpicata.ACAMATOS, a word ufed to exprefs the beft lhape ofthe human body.ACAMBOU, a kingdom on the coaft of Guinea in A-frica.ACAMEEH, among fome of the old chemifts, the fco-riae of filver; as- alfo a fuperfluity of the humidum ra-dicale.ACANACEOUS plants, fuch as are armed withprickles.ACANAPHORA, in botany, an obfolete name of thecentaurea jacea, or knapweed. See Centaurea.ACANES, in geography. SeeAxANis.ACANGIS, that is, ravagers or adventurers; a namewhich the Turks give their huffars or light-troops,who are generally fent out in detachments to procureintelligence, harafs the enemy, or ravage the country.ACANNY, an inland country on the gold coaft of Gui¬nea in Africa, which affords the beft gold, and ingreat plenty. There is a town or village of the famename, W. Jong. o. 5. lat. 8. 30.ACANTHA, in botany, the prickle of any plant.Acantha, in zoology, a term for the fpine or pricklyfins of fifties.ACANTHA, in anatomy, an obfolete term for the fpi-nal proceffes of the back.ACANTHABOLUS, in furgery, an inftrument forpulling thorns, or the like, out of the fkin.ACANTHACEOU ~, among ancient botanifts, an epi¬thet given to thirties and other prickly plants.ACANTHE, in botany, an obfolete name for the Cy-nara or artichoak. See Cynara,ACANTHIAS, in ichthyology, the trivial name of afpecies of fqualus. See Squaevs.ACAN- | ||
1 | A-B | 25 | null | Normal | 2,456 | 3,337 | A C A ( rACANTHINE, any thing refembling or belonging tothe herb acanthus. Acanthine garments, among theancients, are faici to be made of the down cf thiilles;others think, they were garments embroidered in imi¬tation of the acanthus.ACANTHI UM, in botany, the trivial name of a fpe-cies of onopordum. See Onopokdum.ACANTHOIDES, in botany, a fynonime of the car-Iina, or carline-thiftle. See Carlin a. .ACANTHQPTERYGIOUS fijhes, a term ufed byLinnaeus and others for thofe filhes whofe back-fins arehard, offeous, and prickly.ACANTHUS, bears-breach, or brank-urfine, in bota-ny, a genus of plants belonging to the didynamia arv-giofpermia clafs. There are only five fpecies of thisplant,'all of which are natives either of Italy or theIndies. For its figure, which is extremely beautiful,fee plate.I. fig. 3. The leaves, of the acanthus arefamous for having given rife to the capital of the Co¬rinthian order of architecture.Acanthus is likewife ufed by Theophraftus as a fyno-nime of the acacia.Acanthus, in architefhire, an ornament reprefentingthe leaves of the acanthus, ufed in the capitals of theCorinthian and Compofite orders. See Architec¬ture.AC ANUS, in botany, a fynonime of the carduus cafia-bonae of Linnaeus. See Carduus.ACAPATLI, the American name of the piper longum,or long pepper. See Piper.ACAPNON, in botany, an obfolete name of the origa¬num or marjoram. See Origanum.ACAPULCO, in geography, a fea-port town in NorthAmerica, in 102, o. W. long. 17. 3. N. lat. fituatedin the province of Mexico, on a fine bay of the South-fea, from whence a Ihip fails annually to Manilla inthe Philippine iflands.ACARA, in ichthyology, an obfolete name of the percachryfoptera. See Perca.ACARA-AYA, in ichthyology, an obfolete name of afpecies of the cyprinus or carp. See Cyprinus.ACARA-PEBA, in ichthyology, an obsolete name ofthe fparus. See^SPARUs.ACARA-PINIMA, in ichthyology, an obfolete nameof the fparus cantharus. See Sparus.AC ARA-PITAMBA, in ichthyology, an obfolete nameof a ipecies of the mugil. See Mugil.ACARAI, a town in Paraguay in South America, builtby the Jefuits in 1624, 116. 40. hang, 26. Q. S. lat.ACARI. SeeAcAaus.ACARICOBA, in botany, a fynonime of the hydroco-tyle umbellata. See Hydro-cotyle.ACARNA, in botany, a fynonime of the carduus Caufa-bonse, of the cnicus, of the carlina lanata, corymbo-fa, racemofa, and cancellata. Acarna is aifo ufed byVaillant as a term for cynaracephaloos or aickboak-headed plants. • .ACARN AN, an obfolete name of the fparus erythry-nus. See Sparus.ACARON, the name of the god of flies. The Ekroo-ites called him Baalzebub-.2 ) ' A C AACARUS, a genus of infeds belonging to the order ofaptera, or fuch as haye no wings. The acarus has 8legs, 2 eyes, one on eafch fide of the head, and twojointed teataculalike feet. See plate I, fig, 4. Thereare thirty-one Ipecies of the acarus. 1. Theelephan-tinus, is about the fize of a white lupin feed, has adeprefled orbicular livid body, thickeft at the edges,with three furrows on each fide of the belly, and ablack oval trifid fpot at the bafe or end of the body.It is a native of India. 2. The segyptius, is of anoval lhape, yellowilh colour, and a white edge ormargin. It is a native of the Eaft. 3. The redu-vius is plain and oval, with an oval fpot at the bale.It lives on oxen and dogs. 4. The americanus, isreddilh and oval, with the fcutellum and joints of thefeetwhite. It is a native of America. 4.Thefanguifu-gus. The hinder part of the abdomen is crenated, thefcutellum is oval and yellowiih, and the beak is trifl'd.It is a native of America, and ilicks fo fad on the legsof travellers, fucking their blood, that they can hard¬ly be extracted. 6. The ricinus is ^globular, and hasa round fpot at the bafe ; the feelers are clubbed. Itinhabits the bodies of dogs and oxen. 7..The0an-croides, with nippers like a crab, and an oval depreff-ed belly. It is found in the fhady places of Eu¬rope. 8. The fcorpioides, with crab-hke nippers, acylindrical belly, and a final 1 pendulous head. It isof a yellowilh colour; and its bite is venomous. Itis a native of America. 9. The craflipes has the .fe-cond pair of kgs lhaped like thofe of 4 crab, and is anative of Europe, to. The paflerinus has the thirdpair of legs remarkably thicker than the reft. It in-feifts feveral fpecies of fparrows. 11. The motato-rius has the firft pair of legs very long and nimble,and frequents the woods. 12. The aphidioides hasthe firft pair of feet longeit, and two fmall horns atthe hinder part of the belly. It is a native of Eu¬rope. 13. The coleoptratus is black, and the fidesare 1 little cmftaceous. It is a native of Europe.14. The tebrius is of a greenifh yellow Colour Ithas a fmall fting or weapon, with which it woundsthe leaves of plants, and occafions them to fold back¬ward. They are very frequently to be met with inthe autumn, inclofed in the folded leaves of the lime-tree. 15. The firo has lob-Jike fides ; the four hin¬der feet are longeft; the head and thighs are of aniron colour, and the belly is briftly. It inhabitsthe farinaceous plants of Europe and America. 16.The exnlcerans hap very long fetaceons legs, but thetwo firft are (hort. It inhabits the fcabies. 17. Thegeniculatus, is black, and the joints of the thighs areglobular. 18 The aquaticus has a deprefled redbelly, and the hinder part of it obtufe. It inhabitsthe fvefh waters of Europe. 19. The bolofericeushas the fame characters with, the farmer, only it doesnot live in water. 20 The baccarum, has a red di-ftended belly, and lives on goofeberries, <&e. 21. Thetnufeerum, is of a yellowilh red colour, and the hin¬der legs are long and threed-like. It inhabits mof-fies. 22. The batatas, is of a blood-colour, and alittle rough; the fore pair of kgs are as long as the | ||
1 | A-B | 26 | null | Normal | 2,456 | 3,337 | ACC (i•body. It inhabits the potatoes of Surinam. 23. Thegymnopterorum, is reddiffi, with two fcarlet fpots oneach fide. It inhabits bees, fee. 24. The coleop-tratorum, is reddiffi, with a white anus. It inhabitsthe fcarabaeus. 25. The rupeftris, is ycllowiffi, witha double coloured line on the back. It is a native ofEurope. 26. The longicornis, i.s red, and the feel¬ers are longer than the fnout. It is a native of Eu¬rope. 2 7. The littoralis, is of a tawny yellowifh co¬lour, and has blood-red legs. It frequents the ffioresof Europe. 28. The fungerrum is of a yellowifh co¬lour, and has a globular clammy belly. It inhabitsthe muffiroom. 29. The fcaber, is afh-coloured, anddepreffed ; the fides are feurfy. It is a native of Eu¬rope. 30. The falicinus, is red, with two yellowlines on. the back; it is forked before. It dwells onthe willows. 31. The croceus, is yellow, with areddifh fpot on each fide of the breaft.ACATALECTIC, a term, in the ancient poetry, forfuch verfes as have all their feet or fyllables, in con-' tradiftinftion to thofe that have a fyllable too few.ACATALEPSY, fignifies the impoffibility of compre¬hending any thing.ACATALIS, a name given by the ancients to the juni¬per-berry.ACATASTATOS, with phyficians, fignifies the irre¬gular paroxyfms of a difeafe.ACATERY, or Accatry, an officer 6f the king’shoufehold, defigned for a check betwixt the clerks ofthe kitchen and the purveyors.ACATHARSIA, an impurity of the blood or humours.4 ACATHISTUS, in an ecclefiaflical fenfe, a folemnhymn anciently fung in the Greek church on the Sa¬turday of the fifth week of Lent, ip honour of theVirgin, for having thrice delivered Conftantinople fromthe invafions of the barbarous nations.ACATItJM, in antiquity, a kind of boat ufed in mili¬tary affairs, and was a fpecies of the naves adluariae.See Actuarial Naves.ACATSIA-VALLI, in botany, a fynonime of the caf-fitha filiformis. See Cassitha.ACAULIS, in botany, fignifies plants that have no cau-lis or ftem.ACCALIA, in antiquity, folemn feafts held in honourof Acca Laurentia, nurfe to Romulus. They wereotherwife called Laurentalia.-To the fame Ac¬ca is alfo aferibed the inflitution of the fratres ar-vales,ACCAPITARE, inlaw, the adl of becoming vaffal ofa lord, or of yielding him homage and obedience. SeeVassal and Homage.ACCAPITUM, fignifies the money paid by a vaffal up¬on his admiflion to a feud.Accapitum, in our ancient law, was ufed alfo to ex-prefs the relief due to the chief lord. See Relief.ACCEDAS ad curiam, in the Englifh law, a writ ly¬ing, where a man has received, or fears falfe judg¬ment, in an inferior court; it lies alfo for juflied de¬layed, and is a fpecies of the writ reeordare.ACCEDONES. See Accendones.ACCELERATED, implies, in a general fenfe, quick-Vol.I. No. 1. 33 ) ACCened, continually increafing. Thus, accelerated mo-iitn is a motion continually increafing. See Mecha¬nics.ACCELERATION, an increafe of velocity in the mo¬tion of a body; it is oppofed to retardation, which isa diminution of motion.Acceleration, is alfo a term ufed by ancient aftro-nomers, with whom it fignified the difference betweenthe revolution of the primum mobile, and that of thefun, computed to be three minutes and fifty-fix fe-conds.ACCELERATOR, in anatomy, the name of two muf-cles of the penis, which ferve for ejecting the urine orfemen. SeeANATOMY, Part VI.ACCENDENTES, a lower order of minifters in theRomiffi church, whole.office is to light and trim thecandles.ACCENDONES, in Roman antiquity, a Ibrt of gla¬diators, whofe office was to excite and animate thecombatants during the engagement. See Gladiator.ACCENSI, among the ancient Romans., a kind of fu-pernumerary foldiers, who ferved to fill the places ofthole who were killed or difableff by their wounds.Accensi ferenfes, among the Romans, an inferior or¬der of officers, who attended the magillrates in themanner of our ulhers, ferjeants, or tipftaffs.ACCENSION, in chemiftry, die aftion of fetting a bo¬dy on fire : thus the accenfion of tinder is effected bylinking fire with flint and Heel.ACCENT, or accenting, in reading or fpeaking : Whenwe raife the tone higher in founding any particularword or fyllable, that word or fyllable is faid to-beaccented, or graced with an accent. In hexametersthere is a capital accent in every line, eafily diftin-.guilhable from the reft by a-good ear. Thus,Nee bene promeritis capitdr, nec tangitur ira.Accents either in profe or poetry have a double effeft :They contribute to the melody, by giving it air andfpirit; they contribute not lefs to the fenfe, by diftin-guilhing words of importance from others. Accent¬ing is entirely confined to long fyllables ; for a ffiofitfyllable is not capable of an accent. Every word inan hexameter line that has a long fyllable may be ac¬cented, unlefs the fenfe interpofe, which rejects theaccenting a word that makes no figure by its fignifica-*tion. But, notwithftanding this circumftance, thereis conftandy one accent in every line which makes agreater figure than any of the reft. Thus,Smooth flow the wives, the zephyrs gently play, ,Belinda fmil'd, and all the world was gay.In order to facilitate the reading of dead languages,grammarians have adopted various characters for di-. ftinguifhing the accents belonging to particular Eylla-bles; fuch as the acute, marked thus, ('), the gravethus ('), and the circumflex thus ('J),!or(*), fee. The.. acute denotes that the voice is to be raifed; thegrave, that it is to be lowered or flattened ; and thecircumflex, that the fyllable is to be lengthened ordwelt upon.Accent | ||
1 | A-B | 27 | null | Normal | 2,456 | 3,337 | ACC ( 14 ) ACCAccent, in mufic, is a certain modulation of founds toexprefs a pailion, whether by the voice or iiiftruments.See Music.ACCENTER, in mufic, one of the three fingers in atrio, viz. the perfon who fings the higheit part. SeeTrio.ACCEPTANCE, in Scots law, denotes either a per-fon’s adhibiting his fubfcription to a bill or draught,by which he fabje&s himfelf to the payment of it ; oraccepting or agreeing to offers made in bargaining, bywhich the bargain is concluded.Acceptance, in the church of Rome, is put for recei¬ving the Pope’s conftitut ions.Acceptance, in commerce, is the fubfcribing, fign-ing, and making one’s felf debtor for the fum contain¬ed in a bill of exchange, or other obligation. SeeBills.ACCEPTATION, in grammar, the fenfe or meaningwherein any word is taken,ACCEPTER, or Acceptor, the perfon who acceptsa bill of exchange, <bc.ACCEPTION, the lame with acceptation.ACCEPTILATION, among civilians, an acquittanceor difcharge given by the creditor to the debtor with¬out the payment of any value.ACCESS, the approach of one perfon or thing to an¬other. It is alfo ufed by phylicians for the beginningof a paroxifm.ACCESSARY, or Accessory, inlaw. See Acces¬sory.ACCESSIBLE, fomething that may be approached, orthat accefs may be had to. Thus we fay. Such aplace is acceilible on one fide, <bc.ACCESSION, in Scots law, is a method of acquiringproperty, by which, in things that have a clofe con¬nexion or dependence upon one another, the propertyof the principal thing draws after it the property of theacceffory. Thus, the owner of a cow becomes like-wife the owner of the calf. See Law, title, D bi¬ff on of rights. It fometimes Ukewife fignifies con-fent or acquiefcence.Accession, among phylicians, is ufed for a paroxyfmof a difeafe; among politicians, it fignifies a prince’sfjcceeding to the government upon the death, of hispredeceffor.ACCESSORY, in Scots law, is the fubjeft acquiredby acceffion; or, in crimes, it fignifies the perfon-bywhofe alEdance, advice, or command, the crime wascommitted: In this latter fenfe, it is the lame withaccomplice, art and part, isc.. See Law, title. Crimes.Accessory nerve. See Anatomy, Part V.ACCIB, a name given by fome authors to lead.ACCIDENT, in a general fenfe, denotes any cafual e-vent.Accident, in logic, fignifies fecondary qualities, orfuch as do not eftentially belong to any fubjedt.Accident, in grammar. See Grammar.Accident, in heraldry, an additional point or markin a coat of arms, which may be either omitted or re¬tained without altering the effence of the armour;fuch as, abatementdifferences, and tinilure.Accident, among phylicians, an oblolete term for %fymptom.ACCIDENTS, ip aftrology, the moll remarkable oc¬currences in a man’s life.Abfolute Accident, in the Romilh church, an accidentwhich may poflibly fubfift, at leaf! miracuJoufly, with¬out a lubjedt; which is unintelligible jargon.Accidental, fomething that happens by accident, ora mode that is not efiential to its fubjedt.Accidental point, in perfpedtive. See Perspective.Accidental dignities and debilities, in aftrology, cer¬tain cafual difpofitions of the planets, whereby theyare fuppofed to be either ftrengthened or weakened.ACCIPENSER, in ichthyology, a genus of fifties be¬longing to the Amphibia Nantes of Linnaeus. The ac-cipenfer has a fingle linear Boftril: the mouth is in theunder part of the head, and contains no teeth; thecirri are below the inout, and before the mouth.There are four fpecies of this genus, viz. r. Thefturio, or fturgeon, with 4 cirri, and 11 fquamous pro¬tuberances on the back. It inhabits the Europeanfeas. This fifti was fo greatly efteemed in the time ofSeverus, that he ordered it to be carried to his feaftsby fervants crowned with garlands, and trumpets play¬ing before. See Plate I. fig. 5. 2. The ruthenushas 4 cirri, and 15 fquamous protuberances. It is anative of Rufiia. 3. The hufo has 4 cirri; the bo¬dy is naked, i. e. has no prickles or protuberances.The Ikin of the hufo is fo tough and ftrong, that itis employed for ropes in carts and other wheel-car¬riages. Ifinglafs is alfo made of the Ikin of this filh,and its eggs are fometimes made into pickles. It in¬habits the Danube, and the rivers of Rulfia. SeePlate I. fig. 6. 4. The plecoftomus, which is diftin-guilhed from the other three by having only 2 cirri.It is a native of Surinam. The whole four fpecies areviviparous.ACCIPENSIUS. See Accipenser.ACCIPITER, the name of Linnaeus’s firfl order of birds.The birds belonging to this order have crooked beaks.This order comprehends only four genera, viz. Thevultur, falco, flrix, and lanius. See Vultur, <&c,ACCIPITRINAj an obfolete name of the hierachiumor hawkweed. See Hierachium.ACCISMUS, in antiquity, fignifies a feigned refufal ofwhat one eameftly defires.AecisMus, in rhetoric, is accounted a fpecies of iro¬ny. See Irony.ACCLAMATION, any expreflien of joy, or applaufe,whereby the public teftifies its approbation.Acclamation is alfo ufed, in a bad fenfe, for expref-fions of deteftation.Acclamation, in rhetoric, a figure, the fame with E-piphonema, which fee.Acclamation, medals, among antiquaries, fuch as re-prefent the people exprefling their joy in the poftureof acclamation.ACCLIVUS, in anatomy, a fynonime of the obliquusafeendens mufcle. See Anatomy, Part II.ACCLIVITY, the rife or afeeat of a hill, in eppofi-uon to the declivity or. descent of it. Some wri- | ||
1 | A-B | 28 | null | Normal | 2,456 | 3,337 | ACC ( :ten in fortification ufe it for the lahu of a rampart.ACCLOYED, in farriery, fignifies pricked. Thus ahorfe’s foot pricked in (hoeing, is laid to be accloyed.ACCOL.A, among the Romans, fignified that a perfonlived near fome place.ACCOLADE, in antiquity, one of the forms of con¬ferring knighthood, in which the prince laid his armsabout the neck of the young knight, embraced him,and, fome fay, gave him a blow on the cheek, neck,or ffioulder, in imitation of the form of manumiffionamong the Romans.ACCOLEE, fometimes fynonomous with Accolade,which lee. •— It is alfo ufed in divers fenfes in herald¬ry : Sometimes it is applied to two things joined; atother times, to animals with crowns, or collars a-bout their necks, as the lion in the Ogilvy’s arms ;and laflly to kews, battons, maces, fwords, i.7c. pla¬ced faltier-wife behind the Ihield.ACCOMMODATION, making two or more things a-gree with one another.—-Among divines, it is apply¬ing what is originally faid of one perfon, or thing, toanother r Thus the words of Ifaiah to the Jews of histime, are, by our Saviour, accommodated to his con-tempories, and by St Paul to his.—In law, it fignifiesthe amicable iiTue of a debate, which is effectedfometimes by mediation of friends, fometimes by fub-miffion, and fometimes by a divifion of the fubjed indebate.ACCQMPAGNAGE, a term in the filk manufadures,fignifying a fine woof of the fame colour with the gild¬ing, helping to enrich the ground under which it paf-fes, and to hinder it from llriking crofs the gilding it-felf, which would diminifh its glofs and'luftre. Allrich fluffs, the warps whereof are of a colour diffe¬rent from the gilding, Ihould be accompanied.ACCOMPANIMENT, foraething attending or addedas a circumftance to another, either by way of orna¬ment, or for the fake of fymmetry. See Circum¬stance.Accompaniment, in mufic, thefe parts that are ad¬ded to render the harmony more full and complete, asan- inUrument accompanying a voice. Among the rao-tferns, the accompaniment frequently plays a differentmelody from the fong it accompanies; but authors arenot agreed whether it was fo among the ancients.See Music.Accompaniment, in painting, denotes fuch objeds asare added, either by way of ornament, or probability,as dogs, guns, game, be. in a hunting piece. SeePainting.Accompaniment, in heraldry, any thing added to aIhield by way of ornament; as the belt, mantling,fupporters, be. It is alfo applied to feveral bear¬ings about a principal one; as a faltier, bend, fefs,chevron, be.ACCOMPLICE, in law. See Accessory.ACCOMPLISHMENT, the entire execution or ful¬filling of any thing.Accomplishment, is alfo ufed for any mental or per-fonal endowment.ACCOMPT, See Account.5 > ACCACCOMPTANT. See Accountant.ACCORD, in mufic. See Concord.Accord, in law, an accommodation between parties atvariance, by means of an offer made by the one, andaccepted by the other.Accord, in painting, is the harmony that reigns amongthe lights and (hades of a picture.ACCORNED, in heraldry : When any figure of an ani¬mal, in an efcutcheon, has horns of a different colourfrom thofe of the real animal, then it is faid to beaccorned.ACCOUNT, or Accompt, in a general fenfe, a com¬putation or reckoning of any thing by numbers. Col-ledively, it is ufed to exprefs the books which mer¬chants, traders, bankers, Crc. ufe for recording theirtranfadions in bufinefs. Sec Book-keeping.Account in company, is an account betwixt partnersrelating to the tranfadions of their joint concern. SeeBook-keeping.Account of fains, is an account given by one mer¬chant to another, or by a fador to his principal, 61the difpofal, charges, commiffion, and nett proceeds ofcertain merchandifes fent for the proper or companyaccount of him that configned them to fuch fador orvender. See Book-keeping.Account current,—of goods. See Book-keeping.Account in bank, a fund which it is common formerchants or others to furnifn themfelves with in thecafh of a bank, to be in readinefs for the payment ofbills of exchange, purchafes, be.Auditing an A.ccount, is the examining and pafiingan account by an.officer appointed for the purpofe. SeeAuditor.Chamber of Accounts, in the French polity, 's a fo-vereign court of great antiquity, which takes cogni¬zance of, and regilters the accounts of the king’s re¬venue. It is nearly the fame with the Engliffi Courtof Exchequer ; which fee.Account in the remembrancer's office, in the exche¬quer, is the Hate of any branch of the king’s revenue;as the account of the mint, of the wardrobe, of thearmy, navy, be. •Account, in law, theadion that lies againft a perfonwho is accountable by office to another, but refufes torender the account.Account, isaHo taken fometimes, in a particular fenfe,for the computation of time; as we fay, The Julianaccount, the Gregorian account, be. in which fenfeit is equivalent to ftyle.Account is alfo u(ed in funriry mercantile forms ofexpreflion for advantage, hazard, lofs, be,ACCOUNTABLE, a term ttfed to denote a perfon’sbeing liable to render an account for any thing.ACCOUNTANT, or Accomptant, in the moll ge¬neral fenfe, is a. perfon drilled in accounts. In a morereftrided fenfe, it is applied to a peifon, or officer,appointed to keep the accounts of a public company,or office, as the South-fea, the Iadia company, thebank, the exeife, be.ACCOUNTANTSHIP, the art of keeping and balan¬cing accounts. See Book-keeping.. ’ACCOUNT- | ||
1 | A-B | 29 | null | Normal | 2,456 | 3,337 | JACC ( 16 ) ACEACCOUNTANT-GENERAL, a new officer in thecourt of Chancery appointed by a<ft of parliament toreceive all moneys lodged in court inftead of the ma¬ilers, and convey the fame to the bank of England forfecurity.ACCOUNTING-HOUSE, counting-houfe, or compt-ing-houfe, is a houfe, or office, fet apart by a mer¬chant, or trading-company, for tranfadting their bufi-nefs, as well as keeping their books, accounts, vouch¬ers, fyc.ACCOUTREMENT, an old term, applied to the fur¬niture of a foldier, knight, or gentleman.ACCRETION, in phyfics, the increafe, or growth, ofan organical body, by the acceffion of new parts.Accretion, among civilians, the property acquiredin a vague or unoccupied thing, by its adhering toor following another already occupied; thus, if a le¬gacy be left to two perfons, one of whom dies beforethe teftator, the legacy devolves to the furvivor byright of accretion.ACCROCHE, in heraldry, denotes a thing’s beinghook-ed with another.ACCROCHING, in old law-books, is incroaching up¬on, or ufurping another man’s right.ACCRUE, in law, any thing that is connedled to ano¬ther as an appendage.ACCUBATION, in antiquity, the pofture ufed bythe Greeks and Romans at table. The body was ex¬tended, and the head refting on a pillow, or on theelbow.The Romans at their meals made ufe of a low roundtable, around which two or three couches were,placed inproportion to the number of guefts; and hence it wascalled biclinium, ox triclinium. Thefe were coveredwith a fort of bed-cloaths, and furniflied with quilts andpillows fo* leaning on. The guefts reclined on the leftfide, the firft at the head of the bed, with his feet be¬hind the back of the fecond, <bc. Before they cameto table, they changed their cloaths, for what theycalled the cxnatoria vejles, the dining garment, andpulled off their Ihoes to keep the couch clean.ACCUBITOR, an ancient officer of the emperors ofConftantinople, whofe bulinefs was to lie near the em¬peror. He was the head of the youths of the bed¬chamber, and had the cubicularius and procubitor un¬der him.ACCUMULATION, in a general fenfe, the adt ofheaping or amafling things together. Among lawyersit is ufed in fpeaking of the concurrence of feveral ti¬tles to the fame thing, or of feveral circumftances tothe fame proof.Accumulation of degrees, in an univerfity, is the ta¬king feveral of them together, or at fmaller intervalsthan ufual, or than is allowed by the rules of the uni¬verfity.ACCURATE. See Exactness.ACCURSED, denotes fomething that lies under a curfe,or is deteftable. It is likewife ufed for an excommu¬nicated perfon.ACCUSATION, in law, the charging any perfon witha criminal aftion, either in one’s own name, or thatof the public. It differs, little from impeachment oriridi&ment.ACCUSATIVE. See Grammar.AC-DENGHIS, a name given to the Archipelago bythe Turks.ACE, a term among gamefters, fignifying a card or diemarked with a fingle point.ACENTETUM, or Acenteta, names ufed by theancients for the pureft rock cryftal. See Crystal.ACEPHALI, or Acephalitje, a name given, in ec-clefiaftical hiftory, to feveral fefts that were deftituteof any head or leader; as ajfo, to fuch biffiops aswere exempted from the j urifdidtion of a patriarch.ACEPHALOUS, in our ancient law-books, an appel¬lation given to fuch perfons as held nothing of anyfuperior.ACEPHALUS, without a head.Acephalus, an obfolete term for the tenia, or tape¬worm. See Tenia.Acephalus, is alfo ufed to exprefs a verfe defective inthe beginning.ACER, in botany, the maple or fycomore tree, a ge¬nus of the polygamia dicecia clafs. There are ten fpe-cies of this genus. The calix of the female is quin-quifide, the corolla pentapetalous, the ftamina eight,one piftil, and two ieed-capfules. The calix of themale is alfo quinquifide, the corolla pentapetalous, and.the ftamina eight. There are only two fpecies of theacer which are reckoned natives of England, viz. thepfeudo-platanus, and the campeftre.ACERB, a four rough aftringency of tafte, fuch as thatof unripe fruit. See Astringent.ACERENZA. See Cirenza.ACERIDES, fignifies a plafter without any wax in itscompofition.ACERINA, an abfolete name of a fpecies of the perch,a fiffi of the thoracic order. See Perca.ACERNO, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples,with a bifhop’s fee. It is 17 miles S. W. ofConza, and 12 N. E. of Salerno, long. 14. 23.lat 40. 55.ACERRA, in antiquity, an altar eredted, among theRomans, near the gate of a perfon deceafed, on whichhis friends daily offered incenfe, till his burial.—TheChinefe have ftill a cuftom like this ; they eredt an al¬tar to the deceafed in a room hung with mourning,and place an image of the dead perfon on the altar>,to which every one that approaches it bows four times,and offers oblations and perfumes.Acerra, in geography, a town of Italy in the kingdomof Naples, and in the terra di Lavoro. It ftands onthe river Agno, 7 miles N. E. of Naples, and 20S. W. of Benevento, Ion. 14. 23. lat. 40. 55.ACERRAi, th<? pots wherein incenfe was burnt.ACERSECOMES, long-haired, a name of Apollo, be-caufe he was ufually painted fo.ACESTIDES, in foundery, a name given by the an¬cients to the chimneys of their furnaces wherein brafswas made. ' 1ACETABULUM, in antiquity, a little vafe or cup ufedat table to ferve up fauces or feafoning. It alfo de¬notes 1 | ||
1 | A-B | 30 | null | Normal | 2,551 | 3,337 | J3!Site I. | ||
1 | A-B | 31 | null | Normal | 2,521 | 3,337 | 1*1 ate IIV//. 1. A CHILMJA X CXBILTS O./foyi/’t Sanf// 4/u'r/1AC01^ITLTMrYR F.NA1C’ IIMyw//f | ||
1 | A-B | 32 | null | Normal | 2,521 | 3,337 | A C H( 17 )C Hnotes a Roman meafure, both for IrquiU. and drythings, equal to a cyathus and a haJf.ACETABULUM, in anatomy, a cavity in any bone forreceiving the protuberant head of another, and therebyforming that fpecies of articulation called enarthrdfis.See Anatomy, Part I.Acetabulum, in botany, the trivial name of a fpeciesof the peziza, or cup-peziza, a fungus belonging tothe cryptogamia fungi of Linntsus. It has got thename of acetabulum from the ref^mblance its leavesbear to a cup. See Peziza. *ACETARY. Nehemiah Grew, in his anatomy of plants,applies this term to a pulpy fubftance in certain fruits,e. g. the pear, which is inclofed in a congeries of final!calculous bodies towards the bafe of the fruit, and isalways of an acidtafle. See Agriculture, Se£t. i.ACETIFICATION, a term ufed by chemiits for tiremaking of vinegar.ACETOSA, in botany, a fynoninie of the rumex, orforrel. See Rumex.ACETOSE, or Acetous, an epithet applied to fuchfubftances as are four, or partake of the nature of vi¬negar.ACETUM, vinegar, the vegetable acid of the chemifts.See Chemistry, title, tjf acids.Acetum dijlillatum, in chemiftry, diddled vinegar.Acetum efuriens, in cliemidry, a diddled vinegar, rec¬tified by the help of verdigreafe.Acetum radicatum. BoCrhaave thinks the tartacusregeneratus is the acetum radicatum of the old che-mifts.ACGIAH-SARAI, a towp on the north fhore of theCafpian fea.ACH, or Ache, in medicine, a term ufed for any fe¬ver e pain, ashead-ach, tooth-ach, &c. See Medi¬cine.ACHAC, a barbarous name of a fpecies of the tetrao,a bird of the order of gallinse. See Tetrao.ACfLEINUS. See Achienus.ACIIAIA, a province of Turkey in Europe, now calledLivadia, of which Athens was anciently the capital,at prefent named Saithines or Setines. See Li-r VAD1A.ACHALACTLI, in ornithology, a barbarous name ofthe columba cyanocephala. See Columba.ACH AM, a country in the E. Indies, bounded on theN. by Bouton, on the E. by China, on the S. by A-va, and on the W. by Patan and Jefuat in Bengal.It is very little known to the Europeans.ACHANE, in Perfian antiquity, a corn-meafure, equalto forty-five Attic mediami. See Medimni.ACHANDES. See Remora.ACHAOVA, in botany, an obfolete name of the marummatricaria, Oc. See Marum,ACHASSES, a river of Languedoc in France.ACHAT, in the law-French, fignifies a contrail orbargain, efpecially by way of purchafe.ACHAT. See Agat.ACHATOR, in the old law-books, is ufed for Pur¬veyor, which fee.Vol. I. No. x. 3ACHBALUC-MANGI, a town in the northern confinesof China.ACHE, in medicine. See Ach.ACHECAMBEY, one of the Bahama iflands. SeeBahama.ACHELO, a town near the Euxine fea.AGHEN, or Ac hem, a capital town of a kingdom ofthe fame name, in the N. part of the ifland of Suma¬tra, in the E. Indies. It extends as far as the line.The inhabitants are generally very fuperftitious. Ithas for a conliderable time been a noted place fortrade ; and was formerly governed by a queen; butin 1700, a Said, or Preacher, found means to ufurpthe government. Its principal produce is gold dull,which is exceeding good. They punilh theft very fe-verely; yet robbery and murder are very frequent a-mong them. This town is feated by the fide of a ri¬ver, and the king’s palace is in the middle of thetown, and is well fortified. It is 450 miles N. W.of Malua, and 1000 S. E. of Fort St George, 95.55.E. long. 5. 30. lat.ACHERNER, in atlronomy, a ftar of the firft magni¬tude a the fouthern extremity of the conftellation E-ridanus. See Eridanus, and Astronomy.ACHETA, an obfolete name of the gryllus or cricket.See Gryllus.ACHIAR, a Malayan word, fignifying a fort of fruiterr roots pickled with vinegar and fpice. See Ba mboe.ACHIENUS, a name given by the ancients to the cer-vus or Hag. See Cervus.ACHILLdEA, in botany, a genus of plants belonging tothe fyngenefia polygamia fuperflua clafs. Of this genusthere are 21 fpecies, only two of which are natives ofBritain, viz. the achilkea millefolium, or commonyarrow, (fee Plate II. fig. 1.) and the achillsa ptar-mica, or fneezewort.Achillaea, a name frequently given by the ancients tothe gum called dragons blood. See Dracons-BLOOD.ACHILLEID, Achiliexs, a celebrated poem of Sta¬tius, in which that author propofed to deliver thewhole life and exploits of Achilles ; but being pre¬vented by death, he has only treated of the infancyand education of his hero.Tetido ACHILLIS. See Anatomy, Part II.ACHIMENES, in botany, a fynonime of the columneafcandens, a genus of the didynamia angiofpermia clafs.> See Columnea.ACHIOTE. See Achiotte.ACHIOTL, a name given to the drug achiotte.ACHIOTTE, an American drug, ufed in dying and inr ' ’ , chocolate. It is produced from the mitella11a, a tree which grows in North America, Be¬ts the fmail filaments or leaves of this..tree, littlegrains of a vennilion colour are found, which the In¬dians make into cakes, and fend in this form to Eu¬rope ; it is fuppofed to promote urine.ACHIROPOETOS, a name given, by ancient writers,to certain pictures o£Chrill and the Virgin fuppofedto have been miracdoufly made without hands.E ACHLAR, | ||
1 | A-B | 33 | 18 | 68 | Normal | 2,466 | 3,328 | A Cl ( 18ACHLAR, a river in America, called Jr axis by theancients.ACHLIS. See Machlis,ACHLYS, in medicine, a dimnefs of fight, arifing fromany fear remaining after an ulcer in the cornea. Itis alfo ufed for the diforder called a fuffufton of theuterus.ACHMETSCHET, a town of the peninfula of theCrimea, the refidence of the fultan Galga, who is eld-eft fon of the Khan of Tartary, 51.2Q. long. 45.0. lat.ACHONRY, a frtlall town of Ireland in the province ofConnaught, and county of Sligo, feated on the riverShannon.ACHOR, in medicine, fmall ulcers on the face whichdifeharge a vifeid humour. See Medicine.ACHRAS, in botany, a genus of the hexandria mono-gynia clafs. It bears a fruit not unlike the pear.There are cnly three fpecies of the achras, viz. themimofa, the fapota, and the falicifolia, all natives ofAmerica.ACHRONICAL, Achronycal, or Acronychal.See Acronical-ACHYR, a ftrong town and caftle of the Ukrain, fub-jeft to the Ruffians fince 1667.. It Hands oh the riverUorflclo near the frontiers of Ruffia, 127 miles W. ofKiow, 36. o. long. 49. 32. lat.ACHYRANTES, in botany, a genus of the pentandriamonogynia clafs. There are feven fpecies of the achy-rantes, molt of them natives of the Indies.ACHYRANTHA, in botany, the trivial name of a fpe¬cies of the iHecebryim. See Illecebrum.ACHYRONIA, in botany, an obfolete name of a genusof the diadelphia decandria clafs.ACHYROPHORUS, in' botany, a fynonime of the fe-riola. See Seriola.ACIA, a term in the Roman fuTgery, about the mean¬ing of which phyficians and commentators are greatlydivided; fome taking it for the needle, and others forthe thread.ACICULT, the fmall fpikes or prickles of the hedge¬hog, echinus marinus, &c.ACIDS, fubftances which give a four, fharp, or tarttafte. Among the chemifts, the acid falts are diftin-guifhed into the nitrous, vitriolic, muriatic, and vege¬table. See Chemistry, title. Of acids.Acids, in the materia medica, are fuch medicines aspofiefs an acid quality; fuch as vinegar, fpirit of vi¬triol, 6". Thefe being powerful antifeptics, are e-fteemed good in all purtrid and malignant difeafes, and,by their cooling virtue, are no lefs efficacious in fe-verifh and inflammatory cafes.ACIDITY, that quality which'renders bodies acid.ACIDOTON, in botany, is both a fynonime and thetrivial name of a fpecies of the adeha. See Adelia.ACIDULfE, a term for water or any fobftance impreg¬nated with an acid.ACIDULATED, a name given to medicines that havean acid in their compofltion.ACIERNO, a town in the Hither Principality, in thekingdom of Naples, with a bifhop’s fee. It is 15 milesE. of Salerno, 37. 0. E. long. 40. 52. lat.) A C OACINAIES, in antiquity, a kind of cutlafs, or'fcime-tcr, in ufe among the Perlians.ACINARIA, in botany, a fynonime of the focus acina-rius, belonging to the crvptogamia algae of Linnaeus.See Focus.ACINI, in botany, a fynonime of the thymus alpinus.See Thymus.AC1NIFORMIS tunica, in anatomy. See Uvea.AC1NODENDRION, in botany, the trivial name ofa fpeties of the melaftoma. See Melastoma.ACINODENDRUM, in botany, a fynonime of two• fpecies of the melafloma.ACINOIDES, in botany, the trivial name of a fpeciesof the ziziphora. See Ziziphora.ACINOS, in botany, a fynonime of a fpecies of the Cu-nila. See Cun 1 la.ACINUS, in botany, fignifies grapes or berries growingin clufteis.ACISONTHERA, in botany, both a fynonime and thetrivial name of a fpecies of the rhexia. See Rhfxi a.ACITLI, in ornythology, the American name of thecolymbus criftatus, a bird of the order of anferes. SeeColymbus.ACKNOWLEDGMENT, in a general fenfe, is a per-fon’s owning or confeffing a thing; but, more parti¬cularly, is the expreffion of gratitude for a favour.AcKNowLEDGMENT-»«wiy’, a certain fum paid by te¬nants in feveral parts of England, on the death oftheir landlords, as an acknowledgment of their newlords.ACLIDES, in Roman antiquity, a kind of miffive wea¬pon, with a thong affixed to it, whereby to draw itback. Moft authors deferibe it as a fort of dart orjavelin ; but Scaliger makes it round’fli or globular,with a (lender wooden (lem to poife it by.ACLOWA, in botany, a barbarous name of a fpecies ofcolutea. It is ufed by the natives of Guinea to curethe itch. See Cold-tea.ACME, or Ac k me, The top or height of any thing. Itis ufually applied to the maturity of an animal juft be¬fore it begins to decline; and phyficians have ufed itto exprefs the utmoft violence or crifis of a difeafe.ACMELLA, in botany, the trivial name of a fpecies ofthe verbefina. See Verbesina.ACNIDA, in botany, a genus of the dicecia pentandria-clafs. There is only one fpecies of it, vis. the ae-nida canabina. It is a native of Virginia.ACNDA, in Roman antiquity, fignified a certain mea-fure of land,' near about the Englifti rood, or fourthpart of an acre. See Rood.ACOBA, a fmall town of Portugal in the province ofEftremadura.ACOEMETyE, or Acoemeti, in church hiftory, ormen who lived without deep; a fet of monks whochaunted the divine fervice night and day in their pla¬ces of worfhip. They divided themfelves into threebodies, who alternately fucceedcd one another,, fo thattheir churches were never filent. This practice theyfounded upon the precept. Pray •without ceaftns. Theyflourifhed in the eaft about the middle of the fifth cen¬tury. There are a kind cf acoemeti (till fubfifting in | |
1 | A-B | 34 | 19 | null | Normal | 2,466 | 3,328 | AGORoman church, viz. the religious of the holy facra-ment, who keep up a perpetual adoration, fome oneor other of them praying before the holy facrament,day and night.ACOLASTRE, a fmall river of France in the Nivernois.ACOLCHICHI, in ornythology, a barbarous name ofthe phoenicopterus, a bird of the order of grails. SeePhoenicopterus.ACOLIN, an obfolete name of a fpecies of the tetrao,of the order of gallinae See Tetrao.Acolin, in geography, a river of France which takes• its rife in the Bourbonnois.ACOLUTHI, a term applied to perfons who werefirm and fteady in their opinions, and particularly to• the ftoics, who were remarkably tenacious of their re-folutions and principles.In church-hiftory, the term acolythus, or acolytbiji,is peculiarly applied to candidates for the miniftry whocontinually attend the bifhops.ACOLYTHIA, in the Greek church, denotes the of¬fice or order of divine fervice; or the prayers, cere¬monies, hymns, foe. whereof the Greek fervice iscompofedfACOMA, a town of N. America, in New-Mexico,feated on a high mountain, with a firong caftle. It isthe capital of the province, and was taken by the Spa¬niards in i$99, 108. 3$. W. long. 35. o. lat.ACOMAC, a county of Virginia, in N. America, be¬ing a peninfula, bounded on the N. by Maryland; onthe E. and S. by the ocean, and on the W. by thebay of Chefe-peak. Cape Charles is at the entranceof the bay, being the mod fouthern promontory of thiscounty.ACONK, a fpecies of whet-ftone. See Cos.ACONITUM, in botany, a genus of the polyandriatrigynia. There are feven fpecies of the aconitum. ■ x.The lyccdtonum, is a native of Lapland, Switzerland,and other hilly countries of Europe. 2. The unci-natum, is a native of Philadelphia. 3, The variega-tum grows on the Italian and Bohemian mountains.4. The napellus, is a native of Switzerland, Bava¬ria, and France. $. The Pyrenaicum, is a native ofSiberia, Tartary, and the Pyrenaean mountains. Seeplate II. fig. 2. 6. The cammarum, and, 7. Theanthora, are both natives of Taurus and the Pyrc-naean mountains. The Englilh name of the aconitumis 'wolfsbane or monkshood. Each fpecies is highly a-crid, and extremely dangerous when, taken into thellomach, as it generally occafions convulfions, and fre¬quently a mortification in that organ.ACONTIAS, in zoology, an obfolete name of the an-guis jaculus, or dart-fnake, belonging to the order ofamphibia ferpentes. See Anguis.Acontias, is alfo a name applied by fome writers to akind of comet or meteor, whofe head appears roundilhor oblong, and its tail long and flender, like a dart orarrow.ACONTIUM, in ancient writers, a kind of Greciandart or javelin, fomewhat refembling the Roman pilum.ACOPA, in botany, an obfolete name of a fpecies of. the trifolium, SheTrifolium.A C CVAcopa, alfo fignifies medicines for refrelhing the bodyafter great fatigue.-ACOPAM. See Acopa.ACOPIS, a kind of foflil, mentioned by Pliny.ACOPUM, among ancient phyficians, a topical medicinecompofed of warm and emollient ingredients for allay¬ing the fenfe of wearinefs.ACORES, ingeography. See Azores.ACORN, the fruit of the oak-tree. See Quercus.ACORUM, in botany, a fynonime of the acorus. SeeAcorus.ACORUS, in botany, the fweet-fuelling flag or cala¬mus, a genus of the hexandria monogynia clafs. It'is a native of this as well as other European countries.There are three varieties of this genus, viz. the aco¬rus calamus; the vulgaris, or aromaticus of the {hops ;and the verus, which chiefly grows in the Indies.Acorus, in mat. med. a name fometimes given to thegreat galangal. See GalangalAcorus, in botany, is likewife a fynonime of the irispfeudacorus. See Iris.ACOUSMATICI, fometimes alfo called Acoujlici, inGrecian antiquity, fuch difciples of Pythagoras as hadnot completed their five years probation. See Py¬thagorean pbilofophy.ACOUSTIC, in general, denotes any thing that relatesto the ear, or the fonle of hearing.Acoustic dull, in anatomy, the lame with meatus au-ditorius, or the external paflage of the ear. See A-natomy, Part VI.Acoustic injlrument, an inftrument made in the formof a'horn, perforated at the finall end, to afliit hear¬ing. - 1 ri <Acoustic nerve, the fanfe with the auditory nerve.See Anatomy, Part V. and. Auditory nerve.ACOUSTICS, with phyficians, medicines for curingdcafnefs.ACQS, a town at the foot of the Pyrenaean mountainsin the government of Foixrin France. It takes itsname from the hot waters in thefe parts; 1. 2$. E.long. 43. o. lat.ACQUA, a town in the Grand Dutchy of Tufcany,where there are warm baths, 12. 5. E. long. 43.4$. lat.ACQUA-CHE-TAVELLA, a celebrated fountain ofItaly, in Calabria-citerior, a province of Naples. Itis near the mouth of the river Crata, and the ruinscommonly called Sihari rovinata. It has been faidtobeautify thofe who walhed in it.ACQUAPENDENTE, a pretty large town of Italy,in the territory of the church,, and patrimony of StPeter, with a Sifhop’s fee. It is feated on a mountain,,near the river Paglia, 10 miles W. of Orvieto, and57 N. by W. of Rome, 11. $3. E long. 42-43. lat.ACQUARIA, a fmall town of Italy, in Frigana, a di-ftridt of Modena, which is remarkable for its medici-. nal waters* It is 12 miks fouth of the city of Mo¬dena, 11. 17. E. long. 44. 24. lat.ACQUA VIVA, a fmall town in the Terra di Bari, aprovince in the kingdom: of Naples, 17. 25,,. E- long.,41. io-lau( 19 )ACQUEST, | |
1 | A-B | 35 | 20 | null | Normal | 2,466 | 3,328 | A C 11ACQUEST, or Acquist, inlaw, figuifies goods gotby purcliafe or donation. See Conquest.ACQUI, a town of Italy, in the Dutchy of Montfer-rat, with a bilhop’s fee, and commodious baths. Itwas taken by the Spaniards in 1745, and retaken,bythe Piedmontefe in 1746; but after this, it was takenagain and difmantled by the French, who afterwardsforfook it. It is featedon the river Bormio, 25 milesN. W. of Genoa, and 30 S. of Cafal, 8. 30. E. long.44. 40. lat.ACQUIESCENCE, in commerce, is the confent thata perfon gives to the determination given either by ar¬bitration, or by a confulACQUIETANDIS plegiis, in the Englilh law, is awrit that lies for a furety, againft a creditor, who re-fufes to acquit the complainant after the debt is paid.ACQUIETANTIA de Jh'tr'ts et hundredis, in England,fignifies the privilege of being free from fuit and fer-vice in Ihires and hundreds.ACQUISITION, in general, denotes the obtaining orprocuring fomething. Among lawyers, it is ufed forthe right or title to an eftate got by purchafe or dona¬tion.ACQUIT ARE, in ancient law-books, fignifies to dif-charge or pay off the debts of a perfon deceafed.ACQUITTAL, a difcharge, deliverance, or fetting ofa perfon free from the guilt or fufpicion of an offence.ACQUITTANCE, a releafe or difcharge in writingfor a fum of money.ACRA, a town of Africa, on the coaft of Guinea, wherethe Englilh, Dutch, and Danes, have ftrang forts,and each fort its particular village, o. 2. W. long.5. o. lat.ACRASIA, among phyficians, fignifies the predominan¬cy of one quality over another.ACRE, or Ac a a, a fea-port town in Syria. It wasformerly called Ptoleniais, and is a bifhop’s fee. Itwas very famous in the time of the crufadoes, and un¬derwent feveral fieges both by the Chrillians and Sara¬cens. It is now an inconfiderable town, being entire¬ly fupported by its harbour, which is frequented byfhips of feveral nations. It is 20 miles S. of Tyre,and 37 N. of Jerufalem, 39. 25. E. long. 32.40, lat.Acre, in the Mogul’s dominions, the fame with lack,and fignifies the fum of 100,000 rupees ; the rupee isof the value of the French crown of 3 livres, or 30fols of Holland; an 100 lacks of rupees make a cou-ron in Indoftan, or 10,000,000 rupees; the poundSterling is about 8 rupees; according to which pro¬portion, a lack of rupees amounts to 12,500 poundsSterling.Acre, a meafure of land ufed in feveral provinces ofFrance, particularly in Normandy, It is larger orlefs according to the different places; but commonlycontains 160 perches.The Acre of ’woods in France, confifts of four roods,called verg 'es; the rood is 40 perches, the perch 24feet, the foot 12 inches, the inch 12 lines.Acre, the univerfal meafure of land in Britain. Anacre in England contains 4 fquare roods, a rood 40A C Rperches or poles of 16' feet each by ftatute. Yet thEmeafure does not prevail in all parts of England, asthe length of the pole varies in different counties, andis called cujiomary meafure, the difference runningfrom the 16 ‘ feet to 28. The acre is alfo divided in¬to 10 fquare chains, of 22 yards each, that is 4840fquare yards. An acre in Scotland contains 4 fquareroods; 1 fquare rood is 40 fquare falls; 1 fquare fall,36 fquare ells; 1 fquare ell, 9 fquare feet, and 73fquare inches; 1 fquare foot, 144 fquare inches.The Scots acre is alfo divided into 10 fquare chains ;the meafuring chain Ihould be 24 ells in length, divi¬ded into 100 links, each link 8T’(!| inches; and fo1 fquare chain will contain 10,000 fquare links.The Englilh ftatute acre is about 3 roods and 6 fallsftandard meafure of Scotland.ACREME, in old law-books, fignifies ten acres of land.ACRIBEIA, fignifies great accuracy.ACRID, a name for any tiling that is of a (harp .orpungent tafte.ACRIDOPHAGI, fignifies locujl-eaters. It has beenmuch difputed whether the inhabitants of Arabia, E-thiopia, Qr. ever eat locufts. We fliall give tliefub-ftance of what Hafl’elquift fays on this fubjedt, whotravelled in Syria and Egypt fo late as the year 1752.This ingenious gentleman, who travelled with a viewto improve natural hiftory, informs us, that he afkedFranks, and many other people who had lived long inthefe countries, whether they had ever heard that theinhabitants of Arabia and Ethiopia, isc. ufed loeuftsas food. They anfwered that they had. He like-wife afked the fame queftion of Armenians, Cophtes,and Syrians, who lived in Arabia, and had travelledin Syria and near the Red-fea; fome of whom fa id,they heard of fuch a practice, and others that theyhad often feen the people eat thefe infett.s. He atlaft obtained complete iatisfattion on this head from alearned fheck at Cairo, who had lived fix years inMecca. This gentleman toldJiim, in prefence of M.le Grand, the principal French interpreter at Cairo,and others, that a famine frequently rages at Meccawhen there is a fcarcity of corn in Egypt, which obli¬ges the inhabitants to live upon coarfer food than or¬dinary : That when com is fcarce, the Arabians grindthe locufts in hand-mills, or ftone mortars, and bakethem into cakes, and ufe thefe cakes in place ofbread: That he has frequently feen locufts ufed bythe Arabians, even when there was no fcarcity ofcom; but then they boil them, ilew them, with but¬ter, and make them into a kind of fricafiee, which hefays is not difagreeably tailed; for he hid fometimeatailed thefe locuft-fricaffees out of curiofity. Fromthis account, we may fee the folly of that difpute a-rnong divines about die nature of St John’s food ii\the wildernefs. Some of them fay that locufts werethe fruits of certain trees, others that they were akind of birds, <bc.; but thofe who adhered to the li¬teral meaning of the text were at leaft the moll orthc-.dox, although their arguments were perhaps not follrong as they might have been, had they had an op¬portunity of quoting fuch an author as Ilaffelquift.,ACRI-( 20 ) | |
1 | A-B | 36 | 21 | null | Normal | 2,466 | 3,328 | a c r, ( 2ACRTFQLIUM, in botany, a lharp Or prickly leaf,ACRIMONY, that quality in bodies which rendersthem acrid to t-hc tafte.ACRIVIOLA, in botany, a fynonime of a fpecies oftropssolum or Indian crefs. See Trop^eolum.ACRO AM ATTIC, or Acroatic, in general, denotesa thing fubliine, profound, or abftrufe. Ariflotle’sledlures to his favourite difciples and intimate friendsbore this denomination, in oppofition to his exotericleisures, or thofe- accommodated to a popular audi¬ence.ACRQBATICA, or Acrobaticum, in Grecian anti¬quity, an enginowhereby the people were raifed aloft,that they might fee .further, or with greater advan¬tage. It was much the fame with the fcanforium ofthe Latins.ACROCHIRISMUS, in Grecian antiquity, a kind'ofgynjnaftic exercife, performed with the fills, withoutdoling at all.ACROCHORDON, a painful wart, which is very pro¬minent and pendulous.ACROCQRION, in botany, an obfqlete name of thecrocus. See Crocus.ACROMATIC, or Achromatic, in optics, a termapplied to a particular kind of telefcope, the me ft per¬fect of the refradting kind. See Optics and Tele¬scope,ACROMION, in anatomy, the upper part of the fca-pula. See Anatomy, Part I.ACROMON OGRAMMATICUM, in poetry, a kindof poem., wherein every fqhfe4u*nt verfe begins, withthe letter wherewith the immediately preceding oneterminated.ACRON, a territory on the gold coa/l of Guinea in A-frica, bordering on th.e Fantynean country. TheDutch, have a fort here, called Fort Patience. Theinhabitants apply themfelves principally to hulbandry.They are a very ignorant people, and go naked likethe red of the negroes.ACRON, among ancient botanifts, fignifies the top orflower of plants of the thillle kind.ACRONICAL, Achronycal, or Achronical, inaftronomy, is a term applied to the riling of a liar,when the fun is fet in the evening; but has been pro-mifeuoufly ufed to exprefs a liar’s riling at funfet, orfetting at funrife.ACROSPIRE, a vulgar term for What the botanills callthe plume. See Agriculture, Of vegetation.ACROSPIRED, in mait-nfiaking, is the grain’s ihoot-ing both at the root and blade end. See Malt.ACROSTIC, Acrost 1 cum, in poetry, a poem dif-pofed in fuch a manner, that the initial letters of theverfes. makeLome perfon’s name, title, motto, isc.ACROSTICUM, in botany, a genus of the cryptoga-mia Alices, of which there are 30 fpecies, but onlythree of them are natives of Britain, viz. the fepten-trionale, or horned fern ; the ilvenfe, or haijy fern •and the thelypteris, or marlh fern.ACROSTOLIUM, in ancient naval architedlure, theextreme part cf the ornament ufed on the prows oftheir fnips, which was fometimes in the lhape of aVol. I. No. 1. 3i ) A C Tbuckler, helmet, animal, ire.; but more frequentlycircular, or Ipiral. It was ufual to tear them fromthe prows of vanquilhed vefleta, and fix them to theconquerors, as a lignal of vidtory.ACROTEIJECJTIC, among eceleliaftic .writers, an ap¬pellation given to any thing added to the end of a pfalm,as the Gloria Patri or doxology.ACROTERI, a town in the illand of Santorin, thatlios in the fea of Candia, 25. 26. E. long. 3d.25. Ft.ACROTERI A, in architedlure, fmall pedelluls, ufuallywithout bafes, anciently placed at the middle and thetwo extremes of pediments or frontifpieces, fervirg tofupport the llatues, ire. It alfo fignifies the figuresplaced as ornaments on the tops of churches, and thelharp pinnacles that Hand in ranges about flat build¬ings with rails and ballullers.Among ancient phylicians, it fignified the larger ex*tremiries of the body, as the head, hands, and feet.It has alfo been ufed for the tips of the fingers, andfometimes for the eminences or procefl'es of bones.ACRITHYMIA, in furgery, a large tumour refenr-bling a wart, though fometimes flat and deprefled.See Surgery, title, Of tumours.ACSOR, a town in the river Nile in Egypt, famed forits earthen ware.ACSU, a town in Aliatic Tartary, fituated in 40. 30.N. lat.ACT, in general, denotes the exertion of power; anddiffers from power, as the effedt from the caufe.Act, among lawyers, is an inllrument in writing fordeclaring or juflifying the truth of any thing. InWhich leufe, records, decrees, fentences, reports, cer¬tificates, ire. are called Alls.Acts, alfo denote the deliberations and refolutions cfan affembly, fenate, or convocation, as, Adis of par¬liament, ire.Act of faith, auta da fe, in the Romilh church, is afort of jail delivery, for the puniflnnent of heretics,and the abfolution of thofe who are found to be inno¬cent. The culprits are firlt led to church, wherktheir fentence, either of condemnation or abfolutLon,is pronounced, and the guilty are delivered over to thefecular power, with an earneft interccflion for them,that no blood may be Hied. But if they perfifl intheir fuppofed errors, they are burnt alive. See In¬quisition. i.Acts, in dramatic poetry, are the parts or divifions in¬to which tragedies and comedies are generally fplit.. Dramatic compofitions ufually confifl of five adls. Butthis divifion is. not eflentially neceflary, but may bevaried according to the humour of the author, or thenature of the fubjedt. See Drama.Act of grace. See Grace.ACTjF.A, in botany, a genus of the polyandria mono-gynia clafs. Tbere are three fpecies of this plant,viz. the adltea fpicata, or bone-berries, which is anative of Britain; the racemofa, which is a native ofAmerica; and the ciraicifuga, which is a native of Si¬beria.ACTIAN gamety in Roman antiquity, were folemnF games | |
1 | A-B | 37 | 22 | 70 | Normal | 2,466 | 3,328 | ACT ( 22games inftituted by Auguftus, in memory of his vic¬tory over Marc Anthony at Adtium, held every fifthyear, and celebrated in honour of Apollo, fince calledAftiur. Hence Adtian years, an sera commencingfrom the battle of Adtium, called the Mr a of Au-• guflus.ACTION, in a general fenfe. See Act.Action, in mechanics, the motion produced by theim-pulfe of one body upon another. See Mechanics.Action, in ethics, denotes the external figns or expref-fions of the fentiments of a moral agent. See Ethics,Metaphysics.Action, in poetry, the fame with the fubjedt or fable.Critics generally diftinguifh two kinds, the principaland the incidental. 'The principal adtion is what isgenerally called the fable; and the incidental an epi-fode. See Drama. .Action, in oratory, is the outward deportment of theorator, or the accommodation of his countenance,voice, and gefture, to the fubjedt of which he is treat¬ing. See Eloquence.Action, in a theatrical fenfe, is much the fame withadtion in!oratory; the one adapts his adtion to an af-fumed char-adter, the other is fuppofed to feel in rea¬lity what he ^xprefles, 'Action, in painting and fculpture, is the pofture of aftatue or pidturc, lerving to exprefs fome paffion, <bc.Action, among phyficians. See Motions.Action, in commerce, is a term ufed abroad for apart or (hare in a company’s ftock or capital.Action, in Scots law, is a demand made before ajudge for obtaining what we arevlegally intitledto de¬mand, and is more commonly known by the name oflaw-fuit or procefs. See Law, tide, A ft ions.ACTIONARY, or Actionist, a proprietor of ftockin a trading company.ACTIONS, among merchants, fometimes fignify move-able effedts; and we fay the merchant’s creditors havefeized on all his adtions, when we mean that they havetaken pofleflion of all his adtive debts.ACTIVE, denotes fomething that communicates adtionor motion to another; in which acceptation it Handsoppof d to paffive.Active, in grammar, is a'pplicd to fuch words as ex¬prefs adtion; and is therefore oppofed to paffive. Theadtive performs the adtion, as the paffive receives it-.Active principles, in chemiftry, fuch as are fuppofedto adt without any affiftance from others; as mercury,fulphur, fcc. See Chemistry. /ACTIVITY, in general, denotes the power of adting,or the adtive faculty. See Active.Sphere of Activity, the whole fpace in which the vir¬tue, power, or influence of any objedt is exertedACTIUS, in mythology, a frrname of Apollo, fromAdtium, Where he was wo Whipped.ACTOR, in general, fignifies a perfon who adts or per¬forms fomething.Actor, in the drama, is a perfon who reprefents fomepart or charadter upon the theatre. The drama inits original only canfifted of a Ample chorus, who) A C Ufung hymns in honour of Bacchus ; fo that the primi¬tive adtors were only fingers and muficians. Thefpiswas the firft who introduced a perjona, or aft or, toeafe the chorus, by reciting the adventures of fomeof their heroes. iEfchylus introduced a fecond, andchanged the ancient recitals into dialogues. Sopho¬cles added a third, in order to reprefent the variety ofincidents in a more natural manner. And here theGreeks ftopped; at leaft we do not find, in any oftheir tragedies, above three perfons in the fame feene,though, in their comedies, they took a greater liber¬ty. The ancient adlors were mafked, which mufthave been a great difadvantage to their adtion, as theywere thereby deprived of all the variety of expreffionthe countenance is capable of. Adtors were as muchhonoured at Athens, as they were defpifed at Rome.The Freneh have, in this particular, adopted themanner of the Romans, and the. Englifh that of theAthenians. See Drama.ACTORUM tabula, in antiquity, were tables inftj.tutedby Servius Tullius, in which the births of childrenwere regiftered. They were kept in the treafury ofSaturnus.ACTRESS, a woman who performs a part upon theftage. Women adtors wene unknown to the ancients.ACTUAL, fomething that is real and efFedtivc, or thatexifts truly and abfolutely.ACTUARIAL naves, a kind of fhips among the Ro¬mans, chiefly defigned for fwift failingACTUARIUS, or Actarius, a notary or officer ap¬pointed to write the adts or proceedings of a court, orthe like. In. the Eaftern empire, the adtuarii wereproperly officers who kept the military accounts, re¬ceived the corn from the fufceplores, or ftore-keepers,and delivered it to the foldiers.ACTUATE, to bring into adt* to put a thing in motion,or to flir up a pcrlon to adtion.ACTUS, in ancient.architedture, a meafure in length e-qual to 120 Roman feet. In ancient agriculture, theword fignified the length of one furrow, or the diftancea plough goes before it-turns.Actus minimus, was a quantity of land 120 feet inlength, and four in breadth.Actus major, or Actus quadratus, a piece of groundin the fquare form, whofe fide was equal to 120 feet,equal to half the jugerum.Actus intervicenalis, a fpace of ground four feet inbreadth, left between the lands as a path or way.ACUANITES, or Acuanita, a branch of thofe an¬cient heretics who bore the general name of Mani -hees.This branch took their diftinguiffiing title from Acua,a difciple of Thomas.ACUBENE, in aftronomy, the Arabic name of a ftarof the fourth magnitude, in the fouthern forceps ofCancer; by Bayer marked A. See Astronomyand Cancer.ACUHYTLI, a barbarous name of a fpecies of ferpent.AGUITION. See Acutition.ACULEATE, or Aculeati, a term applied to anyplant or animal armed with prickks.ACU- | |
1 | A-B | 38 | null | Normal | 2,466 | 3,328 | ADAACULEATUS, in ichthyology, a fynonitne of the ga-flerodeus or flickle-back. See Gasterosteus.ACULEI, the prickles of animals or of plants.ACULEOSA, in botany, a fynonime of the gorteriaciliaris and the roella ciliata. See Gorteria, Ro-ella.ACULER, in the menage, is ufed for the motion of ahorfe, when, in working upon volts, he does not gofar enough forward at every time or motion, fo thathis fnoulders embrace or take in too little ground, andhis croupe comes too near the centre of the volt.Horfes are naturally inclined to this fault in makingdemi-volts.ACUMEN, in the ancient mufic, a found produced bythe intention or raifing of the voice.ACUMINA, in antiquity, a kind of military omen, modgenerally fuppofed to have been taken from the pointsor edges of darts, fwords, or other weapons.ACUMULO, a fmall town in Abruzzo Ulterior, aprovince of the kingdom of Naples, 17. 15. long. 39,30. lat.ACUPUNCTURE, the name of a furgical operationamong the Chinefe and Japanefe, which is performedby pricking the part affcAed with a filver needle.They employ this operation in head-achs, lethargies,convulfions, colics, <bc.ACUS, in ichthyology, the trivial name of a fpecies offyngnathus. See Syngnathus.ACUTE, as applied to angles, triangles, cones, <bc.See thefe articles.Acute accent, in grammar. See Accent.Acute, in mufic, fignifies a tone that is fharp, flirjll,or high, in rcfpeci of fome other, and is oppofed tograve.Acute difeafes, fuch as come fuddenly to a crifis.This term is ufed for all difeafes which do not fallunder the head of chronic difeafes.ACUTITION, among phyficians, the lharpening or in-creafing the force of any medicine.ACYROLOGIA,- fignifies an improper word, phrafe,or expreflion.AD, a Latin prepofition, originally fignifying to, andfrequently ufed in compofition both with and \yithoutthe d, to exprefe the relation of qne thing to another.Ad beflias, in antiquity, is the punifhment of criminals• condemned to be thrown to wild beads.Ad hominem, in logic, a kind of argument drawn fromthe principles or prejudices of thefe with whom weargue.An ludos, in antiquity, a fentence upon criminals amongthe Romans, whereby they were condemned to enter¬tain the people either by fighting with wild beads, orwith one another, and thus executing judice uponthemfel ves.Ad inetalla, in antiquity, the punifhment of fuch cri¬minals as were condemned to the mines, among theRomans • and therefore called M,et allic-i.Ad quiddities, among fchoolmen. See Quiddities.Ad valorem, a term chiefly ufed in fpeaking of the du¬ties or cuftoras paid for certain goods : The duties onADAfome articles are paid by the number, weight, mea-fure, tale, isc. and others are paid ad valorem, thatis, according to their value.ADA, a large town of Alia, inhabited chiefly by Arme¬nians.ADACA-MANGEN, in botany, a fynonime of thefpbseranthus. See Sph^ranthus.ADAGE, a proverb, or fhort fentence, containing fomewife obfervation or popular faying.ADAGIO, in mufic, an Italian adverb, fignifying fofily,leifurely ; and is ufed to denote the flowed of all times,except the grave.ADAJA, a river in Spain which falls into the Duro.ADALIDES, in the Spainifh policy, are officers of ju¬dice for matters touching tire military forces, efpeci-ally on expeditions.ADAMANT, a name fometimes given to the diamond.See Diamond. It is likewife applied to the fcoriseof gold, the magnet, <bc,ADAMANTIC, in church hidory, a name given to thefollowers of Origen, firnamed Adamant ins.ADAMBOE, in botany, a fynonime of the ipomoea cam-panulata, an Indian plant, belonging to the pentandriamonogynia clafs. See Ipomoea.AD AMI pomum, or Adam's apple, in botany, an obfo-lete name of a fpecies of the citrus or orange. SeeCitrus.Adami pomum, in anatomy, the convex part of the firftcartilage of the larynx. See Anatomy, Part VI.ADAMIC earth, a name given to common red chy,alluding to that fpecies of earth of which the fird manis fuppofed to have been made.ADAMITES, in church hidory, .a name fometimes 11-fed for the defeendents of Adam by Seth, who aremore ufually called Set kites. But the name Adamitesis more particularly ufed, by ecclefiadical writers, fora left of ancient heretics, who took upon them to imi¬tate the nakednefs'of Adam, and pretended to be re¬inflated in his original innocence.ADAMSHIDE, a diflri<A of the circle of Raflenburg,belonging to the King of Pruffia, Which, with Dom-brolken, was bought, in 1737, for 42,000 dollars.ADAM 'speak, a high mountain of the E. Indies, inthe ifland of Ceylon, on the top of which they be¬lieve the fird'man was created ; and there is the fhapeof a man’s foot, cut out of the rock, about five or fixfeet in length, which they pretend is the print of hisfoot, 80. 50. E. long. .5 55. lat.ADg,NA, an ancient town of Natolia, with a bifhop’sfee. It dands on the river Choquen, 25 miles N. E.of Tarfus, 36. 25. long. 38. 10. lat. :ADANSONIA, in botany, a genus of the monadelphiapolyandria clafs. It is a native of Senegal and E-gyP1- "(ADAOUS, or Adows, a people ©f Guinea in Africa.ADAPTERS, in chemidry, machines for fitting a reci¬pient to the capital. See Chemistry.ADAR, the name of a Hebrew month, anfwering to theend of February and beginning of March, the 12th oftheir facred, and 6th of their civil year. On the7th( 23 ) | ||
1 | A-B | 39 | null | Normal | 2,466 | 3,328 | A D D (y-th day of it, the Jews keep a fait for the death ofMofes; on the 13 th, they have the fall of Efther;and on the 14th, they celebrate the feafl: of Purim,for their deliverance from Hainan's confpiracy,AD ARCE, a kind of concreted falts found on reeds andother vegetables, and applied by the ancients as a re¬medy in feveral cutaneous difeafes.ADARCQN, in jewifh. antiquity, a gold coin mention¬ed in feriptnre, about the value of which authors arenot agreed.A DARE, a fmall town of Ireland, in the county ofLimtnerick.ADARME, in commere, a fmall weight in Spain, whichis alfo ufed at Buenos-Aires, and in all Spanilh Ame¬rica. It is the 16th part of an ounce, which at Parisis called the demi-gros. But the Spanilh ounce is fe-ven per cent. lighter than that of Paris. Stephensrenders it in Englilh by A. dratn. .AD ARTICULATION, in anatomy, the fame withdiarthrofis. See Diarthrosis.ADATAIS, Adatis, or Adatys, in commerce, amuflin or cotton-cloth, very fine and clear, of whichthe piece is ten French ells long, and three quartersbroad. It comes from the E. Indies; and the fioeftis made at Bengal. Sea Must in.ADCHER,. in the materia medica, a name given byfome to the fchosnanth. See Scoenanth.ADCORDABILES denarii, in ancient law-books, ismoney paid by the vaffal to his lord, in the nature ofa fine, upon felling ©r exchanging a feud.ADCRESCENTES, among the Romans, denoted akind of loldiery, entered in the army, but not yet puton duty; from thefe the Handing forces were recruited.See Accensi.ADDA, in geography, a river of Switzerland and Italy,which rifes in mount Braulio, in the country of theGrifons, and palling through the Valteline, traverfesthe lake Como and the Milanefe, and falls into thePp> near Cremona.ADD ACE, in natural hilfory, a name the Africans giveto the common antelope. See Gazella.ADDEPHAGIA, in medicine, a term ufed by fomephyficians, for gluttony, or a voracious appetite.ADDER, in zoology, a vulgar name for the Viter;which fee.ADDERS-TONGUE, in botany, the Englilh nameof the ophiogloffum. See OphioGlossum.ADDER-WORT, in botany, the Englilh name of thepolygonum biilata. See Polygonum.ADDEXTRATORES, in the court of Rome, the pope’smitre-bearers, fo called according to Ducange, be-. caufe they walk at the pope’s right-hand, when herides to vifit the churches.ADDICE, or Adze, a kind of crooked ax ufed byIhip-wrights, carpenters, coopers, ebc.ADDICTI, in antiquity, a kind of Haves, among theRomans,, adjudged to ferve fome creditor whom theycould not otherwife fatisfy, and whofe Haves they be¬came till they could pay, or work out the debt.ADDICTION, among the Romans, was the makingover goods to another, either byfale, or by legal fen-tence; the goods fo delivered were called bona addit-t/j. Debtors were fome times delivered over in thefame manner; and thence calledferui addicTi.ADDICTIO in diem, among the Romans, the adjud¬ging a thing to a perfem for a certain price, unlefs byfuch a day the owner, or fome other, give morefor it.ADD1TAMENT, a term fometimes ufed by chemiftsand phyficians for the addition of any new ingredientto. increale the ftrength of a menftruum or compofi-tion.ADDITION, is the joining together or uniting two ormore things, or augmenting a thing by the acceffion.of others thereto.Addition, in Arithmetic, Algebra, Loga¬rithms, &c. lee thefe articles.Addition of ratios, a term fometimes ufed for co?n-pofition of ratios.Addition, in mufic, a dot marked on the right fide ofa note, fignifying that it is to he founded or length¬ened half as much more as it would have been with¬out fuch mark.Addition, in law, is. that title or defiguation which isgiven to a man, over and ajbqve his proper name andfir name, to Ihew of what eltate, degree, occupation,or place he is.Additions, in heraldry, fome things added to a coatof arms, as marks of honour; and therefore'direftlyoppofite to abatements. Among additions we reckonBordure,Quarter,Canton,Gyron, Pile, 6c.See thefe articles.Addition, in diltillery, a general name given to fuchthings as are added to the wafh or liquor while ferment¬ing, to increafe the vinofity and quantity of the fpirit,or give it a particular reliih,ADDITIVE, in general, fomething to be added. Thus,mathematicians fpeak of additive ratios, aftronomersof additive equations, &e.ADDOU, one of the Maldivian iflands.ADDRESS, a term often ufed to exprefs the lkill andpropriety with which an affair is conduced or mana¬ged.An Address, in a particular acceptation, is a congra¬tulation, petition, or remonftrance, prefented to a fu-perior, efpecially to the king.ADDUCENT mufcles, or Adductors. See Ad¬ductor.ADDUCTION, in anatomy, the motion or aftion ofthe adducent mufcles.ADDUCTOR, in anatomy, the names of all mufcleswhich pull one part of the body towards another. SeeAnatomy, Part II.ADEA, in geography, a province of Annian, on the eaft-ern coaft of Africa, called alfo Adel.ADEB, a large and uncertain Egyptian weight, ufedchiefly for rice.ADEL, or Adea, in geography, a kingdom of Africa,called alfo Zeila, from its capital town. It lies o»the S. eoaft of the ftrait of Babelmandel. There isfeldom any rain here, and yet the country h fruitful,it being well watered with rivers. It abcutds withwheat. | ||
1 | A-B | 40 | null | Normal | 2,526 | 3,378 | Plate JIL, | ||
1 | A-B | 41 | null | Normal | 2,466 | 3,328 | .i • ■:. .nil -ilia | ||
1 | A-B | 42 | null | Normal | 2,466 | 3,328 | A D E (2 5 ) ADIwheat, tnillet, frankincenfe, and pepper. Their reli¬gion is the Mahometan.Ad el-fijb, an obfolete name of the falmo albula, be¬longing to the order of abdominales. . See Sal mo.ADEL-ODAGAM, in botany, a fynonime ofthejufli-cia bivalvis. See Justicia. .ADELIA, in botany, a genus of the dieccia monadel-phia clafs. Of this genus there are three fpecies ; thebernardia, a native of America; and the ricinellaand acidoton, both natives of Jamaica.ADELPHIANI, in church hillory, a fed! of ancientheretics, fo called from their leader Adelphius. Theykeep the fab bath as a fail.ADELSCALC, in antiquity, a fervant of the king; fromthe German, adel, noble, and fcalc, a fervant. Theyfeem to have been the fame with royal thanes amongthe Saxons, and the minijlri regis in ancient char¬ters.ADELSPERG, a fmall town of Germany, in lowerCarniola.-ADEMPTION, in law, is the revocation of a donation,or grant, either directly by a deed or writ, or indi¬rectly by otberwife difpofing of the fubjeCt of it. SeeRescission.ADEN, formerly a rich and confiderable town of Ara¬bia the Happy It is feated by the fea-fide, a lit¬tle eaftward of the llraits of Bebdmandel.ADENANTHERA, in botany, a genus of the decan-dria monogynia clafs. There are only two fpecies ofthis plant, the pavonina and the faleataria, both na¬tives of India.ADENBURG, or Aldenburc, in geography, a townpfWeftphalia, and in the dutchy of Burg, fubjeCt tothe Elector Palatine. It is 12 miles N. E. of Cologne,and 17 W of Bonn, 7. 25. E long. 51. 2. lat.ADENDUM, a fmall town of Africa, in the kingdomof Fez.ADENOGR APHY, 'that part of anatomy which treatsof the glandular parts.ADENOIDES, in anatomy. See Prostates.ADENOLOGYi See Adenography.ADENOS, a kind of cotton otherwife called marinecotton. It comes from Aleppo by the way of Marfeilles,where it pays 20 per cent, duty, according to the tariffof the year 1766. Its valuation, according to the fametariff, is 76 livres idfols.ADENOSE abfeefs, a term fometimes ufed for a hardtumour refembling a gland.ADEONA, in mythology, the name of a goddefs invokedby the Romans when they fet out upon a journey.ADEPHAGIA, in mythology, the goddefs of glutto¬ny, to whom, the Sicilians paid religious worfhip.ADEPS, in anatomy, the fat found in the abdomen.It alfo fignifies animal-fat of any kind.ADEPTS, a term among alcbemifts for thofe who pre¬tended to have found out the panacea or philofophers-ftone.ADEQUATE, fomething equal to or exa&ly corre-fponding with another.Adequate idea, fignifies a diftinCl or perfedt concep¬tion of all the. qualities of any objeCt.Vol. I. No. 2. 3ADERBERG, a town of Pomerania, fituate on the Ci¬der.ADERBIGAN, a province of Perfia, bounded on theN. by Armenia Proper, on the S. by Irac-Agemi, onthe E. by Ghilan, and on the W. by Curdiftan. Theprincipal town is Tauris, from 42. to. 48. long, from36. ro 39. lat.APERNO, a fmall place in the Val di Demona in thekingdom pf Sicily, 15. 25. E. long. 28. 5. lat.ADESSENARIANS, AdesSenarii, in church-hifto-ry, a fe£t of Chriftians, who hold the real prefenceof Chriff’s body in the eucharift, though not by" wayof tranfubftantiation. They differ confiderably as. tothis prefence, fome holding that the body of Chrifl isin the bread.; others, that it is about the bread; andothers, that it is under the bread.ADFECTED equation. See Algebra.ADFILIATION, a Gothic cuftom, whereby the chil¬dren of a former marriage are put upon the famefooting with thofe of the fecond. This is alfo cal¬led unio prolium, and (till retained in fome parts ofGermany.ADHATODA, in botany, a fynonime of a fpecies ofruelia, acanthus, and of two fpecies of jufticia.Afiion of ADHERENCE, in Scots law, an adtion com-,petent to ahufband or wife, to compel either party toadhere, in cafe of defertion. See Law, title. Mar-AD H ERG AT, a town of Syria, near the frontiers ofArabia.ADHESION, implies the flicking or adhering of twobodies together.Adhesion, in logic, fignifies tenacioufnefs to an argu¬ment, without regard to any evidence of its truth.Adhesion, in anatomy, a term for one part flicking toanother, which in a natural flate are feparate.ADHOA, in ancient cuftoms. See Relief.ADJA, or Adga, a town of Guinea on the coaft ofFantin.ADJACENT, an appellation given to fuch things as arefituate near, or adjoining to each other..ADIANTHUM, in botany, a genus of the cryptoga-mia filices, of which there are 19 fpecies, and only ntwo of them natives of Britain, viz. the adianthumcapillus veneris, or true maiden-hair, and the trapezi-forme, or fhining maiden-hair.ADIAPHORISTS, Adiafhoristje, or Adiafk-o-rites, in church-hiflory, a name importing luke-iWarmnefs, given, in the fixteenth century, to the mode¬rate Lutherans, who embraced the opinions of Me-,landthon, whofe difpofition was vaflly more pacific thanthat of Luther.ADJAZZO, in geography, a handfome town and caftleof Corfica in the Mediterranean, with a bifliop’s fee,and a good harbour. It is populous, and fertile inwine. Some call it Agaccio. It is 27 miles S. W.of Corte, 8. 53. E. long. 41. 54. lat.ADJECTIVE, in grammar, when joined to a fubftan-tive, imports fome quality, or accident, or circum-• fiance belonging to that fubftantive.ADIGE, in geography, a river in Italy, which taking -G its | ||
1 | A-B | 43 | null | Normal | 2,431 | 3,328 | ADM ( 2<its rife S. of the lake Glace, among the Alps, runs S.by Trent, then E. by Verona in the territory of Ve¬nice, and falls into the gulph of Venice, N. of themouth of the Po.ADJOURNMENT; the word imports putting offfomething to another day or time..ADIPOSE, a term ufed by anatomifts for any cell,membrane, &C-. that is remarkable for its fatnefs.ADVIRBEITSAN, in geography, a province of Per-jfia, in Alia, and part of the ancient Media. It isbounded on the N. by the province of Shirvan, onthe S. by Irac-Agemi and Curdiftan, on the E. by Gi-lan and the Cafpian fea, and on the AV. by Turco-mania.ADIT, in general, fignifies the paffage to, or entranceof any thing, as the adit of a mine, &c.ADJUDICATION, in Scots , law, rhe name of thataftion by which a creditor attaches the heritable eftateof his debtor, or his debtor’s heir, in order to appropri¬ate it to himlelf, either in payment or fecurity of hisdebt j or, that aftion by. which the holder of an heri¬table right, labouring under any defeft in point ofform, may fupply tliat defect. See Law, title. Com-prtfings and adjudications.ADJUNCT, fomething added or joined to another. Inrhetoric and grammar, they fignify certain words orthings added ta others, to amplify or augment theforce of the difcourfe.ADJUTANT, in the military art, is an officer wholebufinefs it is to aflift the major. Each battalion offoot and regiment of horfe has an adjutant, who re¬ceives the orders every night from the brigade-major ;which, after carrying them to the colonel, he deliversout to the ferjeants. When detachments are to bepoade, he gives the number to be furniffied by each,company or troop, and affigns the hour and place of ren¬dezvous. He alfo places the guards, receives and di-.tributes the ammunition to the companies, <bc. andby the major’s orders, regulates the prices of bread,beer, and other provifions.—The word is fometimeaufed by the French for an aid-du-camp,Anjtrre.HT&-general, among the Jefuits, a feleft num¬ber of fathers, refiding with the general pf the order,each of whom has a province or country affigned him,as England, Holland, <bc. and their bufinefs is to in¬form the father-general of ftate-occurrences in fuchcountries.ADJUTORIUM, „a term ufed by phyficians for anymedicine in a prefcription but the capital one.Abjutorium, in anatomy, the fame with the humerusor fnoulder-blade. See Humerus.ADLE-EGGS, fuch as have not received an impregna¬tion from the femen of the cock.ADLOCUTION, in Roman antiquity, is chiefly under-ftood of fpeeches made by Roman generals, to theirarmies, to animate them with courage, before a battle.ADMINICLES, in Scots law, fignifies any writing ordeed referred to by a party in an action of law, forproving his alledgeances or affertions.Adminicles, among antiquarians, tfie ornaments where¬with Juno is represented on medals.I ) ADMADMINICULATOR, an ancient officer of the church,whofe bufinefs.it was to attend to, and defend thecaufe of widows, orphans, andothers deftitute of help,ADMINISTRATION, in general, the government,direction, or management of affairs, and particular¬ly the exercife of diftributive juftice ; among eccle-fiaftics it is often ufed to exprefs the giving or difpen-fing the facraments, <bc.Administration, is alfo the name given by the Spa¬niards in Peru, to the ftaple magazine, or warehoiife,eftablifhed at Callao, a fmall town on the S. Sea, whichis the port of Lima, the capital of that part of S. A-merica, and particularly of Peru. The foreign (hips,which have leave to trade along that coaft, are obligedto unload here, paying 13 per cent, of the price theyfell for, if the cargo be entire, and even 16 per cent.if otherwilc; befides which they pay 3 per iodo,duty for confulffiip, and fome other fmall royal rightsand claims.Administration, a term ufed by anatomifts for theart of differing with propriety.ADMINISTRATOR, in Scots law, a perfon legallyimpowered to aft for another whom the law prefumesincapable of afting for himfelf. Thus tutors or cura¬tors arefometimes ftyled adminijlrdtors in law to pu¬pils, minors, or,fatuous perfans. But more generallythe term is ufed to imply that power which is confer¬red by the law upon a father over the perfcns and e-ftates of his children during their minority. See Law,title. Minors, and their tutors and curators.Administrator, is fometimes ufed for the prefidentof a province; for a perfon appointed to receive, ma¬nage, and diftribute the revenues of an hofpital or re¬ligious houfe ; for a prince who enjoys the revenuesof a fecularized bifhopjick; and for the regent of akingdom, during a minority of the prince, or a va¬cancy of the throne.ADMINISTRATRIX, a woman who afts as admini-ftrator.ADM1RABILIS, in botany, a fyr.onime of the roirabi-lis. SeeMiRABins.ADMIRABILIS fal, the fame with Glauber’s fait. SeaGlauber’s salt.ADMIRAL, in maritime affairs, a great officer whocommands the Daval forces of a kingdom or ftate.High Admiral, in the law of Scotland, a judge in¬verted with fupreme jurifdiftion in all maritime caufeswithin Scotland. See Law, title, Supreme judges,and courts of Scotland.Adm 1 ral alfo denotes the commander in chief of a finglefleet or fquadron; or, in general, ary flag-officer what¬ever. In the Britifh navy, befides the admiral whocommands in chief, there are the vice-admiral, whocommands the fecond fquadron; and the rear-admiral,who commands the third. The admiral carries hisflag at the main-top-maft-head; the vice-admiral atthe fore-top-maft-head; and the rear-admiral at the'mizen-top-maft-head. See Flag.F/«-Admiral likewife denotes an officer inverted withthe jurifdiftion of an admiral, within a certain diftrift.There are a number of fuch in G. Britain.Admiral, | ||
1 | A-B | 44 | null | Normal | 2,431 | 3,328 | ADOAdmiral is alfo an appellation given to the moft con-fiderable (hip of a fleet of merchant-men, or of theveflels employed in the cod-fi(hery of Newfoundland.This lad has the privilege of chufing what place hepleafcs on the fhore to dry his fi(h ; gives proper or¬ders, and appoints the fifhing places to thofe who comeafter him; and as long as the fifhing-feafon continues,he carries a flag on his main-mart.Admiral, in zoology, the Engliih name of a fpecies ofthe voluta, a (hell fi(h belonging to the order of ver¬mes tertacea. See Voluta.High Court of ADMIRALTY, in Scotland, the court *in which the high-admiral is judge. See Admi¬ral.ADMIRATION, in general, denotes furprife, wonder,or aftoniftntient at any extraordinary event. Some¬times alfo it fignifies the expreflion of wonder.ADMISSION, among ecclefiaftical writers, is the a£t ofa bifhop’s allowing axlerk to be properly qualified forferving a cure.ADMITTENDO clerico, in the Engliih law, a writgranted to a perfon who has recovered his right of pre-fentation againft the bifliop, iyc. in the common pleas,by which the bilhop, or metropolitan is ordained to ad¬mit his clerk.Admittendo in focium, in the Englifh law, a writfor the afiociation of certain perfons to juftices of af-fize formerly appointed.ADMONITION, in ecclefiaftical difcipline, is a formalwarning of an offender of his irregularities, and ad-vifing him to reform.ADMONITIO fajlium, among the Romans, a milita¬ry punifhment, not unlike our whipping, only it wasperformed with vine-branches.ADMORTIZATION, in the feudal cuftoms, the re¬duction of the property of lands or tenements to mort¬main. See Mortmain.ADNATA, inanatomy, one of the coats of the eye, whichis alfo called conjunct iva and alouginea. See Ana¬tomy, Part VI.Adnata, is alfo ufed for any hair, wool, or the like,which grows upon animals or vegetables.ADNOUN, a term ufed by feme giammarians for anadjedtive.AD otto, implied the higheft degree of perfection, amongancient philofophers.ADOLESCENCE, the flower of youth, or time ofgrowth in the human fpecies, commencing at infancy,and terminating in manhood.ADOLPH Fredrick's Schachj, a filver-mine in Sweden,which, from 174210 1747, produced a great deal offilver.ADOM, in geography, a populous village in the pro¬vince of Stuhl-Weiffenberg, belonging to Hungary.It lies in a fruitful country, towards the river Da¬nube, 19. 20. long. 47. 30. lat.ADONAI, one of the names of the Supreme Being inthe feriptures. The proper m aning of the word ismy lords, in the plural number, as Adoni is my lordin the Angular.ADONIA, in mythology, feftiva’.s in honour of Venus,A D Pand in memory of Adonis, with whom (he is faid tohave been in love.ADONIAS, in botany, an obfolete name of the anemone.See Anemone.ADONIDES, in botany, a name given to botanifts whodeferibed or made catalogues of plants cultivated inany particular place.ADONION, in botany, an obfolete name of a fpecies offouthernwood.ADONIS, in zoology. See Exocoetus.Adonis, in botany, a genus of the polyandria pojy-gynia clafs. The Englifh names are, adonis-flower,pheafant’s eye, red maithes, or red morocco. Thecalix of this genus is pentaphyllous, the petals arefive, and the feeds are naked. There are five fpeciesoFthe adonis, viz. the aeftivalis, autumnalis, verna-lis, appennina, and capenfis; none of which are nativesof Britain, excepting the autumnalis. Sec Plate III.fig. 1. which reprefents the adonis appennina.Adonis polio, in antiquity, an ancient beverage madeof wine, mixed with flower of roafted adon. It wasthe fame with cyceon.ADOPTIANI, in church hiftory, a fcft/Of antient he¬retics, followers of Felix of Urgel, and Elipand ofToledo, who, towards the end of the eighth century,advanced the notion, that Jefus Chrift, in his humannature, is the Son of God, not by nature, but by adop¬tion.ADOPTION, a folemn adt whereby any one takes an¬other man’s fon into his family, and makes him hisheir, inverting him with all the rights and privilegesof a fon.ADOPTIVE, in general, fignifies any thing adopted.Thus we fay, adoptive children, &c.Adoptive arms, in heraldry, or, arms of adoption,thofe which a perfon enjoys by the gift or conceflion ofanother, and to which he was not otherwife intitled.ADOPTIVE See Adoptiani.ADORATION, is the homage and fubmiftion due tothe Supreme Being.ADOSSEE,in heraldry, fignifies two figures or bearings,being placed back to • back. Thus the arms of thedutchy of Bar are two bars adoffee, or back to back.ADOUR, the name of a river of France, which rifies inthe mountains of Bigorre, and running N. by Tarbesthrough Gafcony, afterwards turns E. and, parting byDax, falls into the bay of Bifcay, below Bayonne.ADOXA, or Tuberose Moschatel, in botany, a. genus of the odiandria tetragynia clafs. There is on¬ly one fpecies of the adoxa, which is a native of Bri¬tain and other parts of Europe.ADPERCEPTION, a term ufed by Leibnitz for the adtwhereby the mind becomes ccnfcious of its perceptions.AD pondus omnium, among phyficians, an abbreviationin their preferiptions, fignifying that the.lad mention¬ed ingredient is to weigh as much as all die reft to¬gether.AD quod damnum, in the Englifh law, a writ directedto the (herifir, commanding him to enquire into the da¬mage which may befal from granting certain privilegesto a place, as a fair, market, or the like.( 27 )ADRA, | ||
1 | A-B | 45 | null | Normal | 2,431 | 3,328 | A D V ( 28 ) A D VADRA, in geography, a fea-port town of Spain, in thekingdom of Granada, 37 miles^, S. E. of Granada,and 12 S. W. of Almeria, 1. 10. W; long. 36. o. lat.ADRACANTH. See Tragacanth.ADRACHNE, in botany, an obfolete name of a fpeciesof arbutus. See Arbutus.ADRAMMELECH, in antiquity, or mythology, adeity worfhipped by the inhabitants of Sepliarvaim, apeople planted in the Holy Land by the kings of Af-l'yiia, after Salmanazar had taken Samaria, and puta final period to the kingdom of Ifrael. The wor-lhippers of Adrammeleeh burnt their children in thefire to the honour of that idol. The name is Perfian,and fignifies the magnificent king.ADRIUNE, in botany, an obfolete name of the cycla¬men. See Cyclamen.ADROBE, the name of two rivers in that part of Afia-tic Tartary which is fubjeft to Mofcovy: They both. fall into the Wolga beneath Cazan.ADSCRIPTS, a term,ufed by fome mathematicians forthe natural tangents. See Tangent.ADSIDELLA, in antiquity, the table at which theflamens fat during the facrifices.ADSTAT, a fmall town belonging to Denmark in theifiand of Iceland, not far from Holar.ADSTRICTION, among phyficians, a term ufed to de¬note the rigidity of .any part.ADVANCE, in the mercantile ftyle, denotes moneypaid before goods are delivered, work done, or bufi-nefs performed.ADVANCED ditch, in fortification, is that which fur-rounds the'glacis or efplanade of a place.Advanced guard, or vanguard, in the art of war, thefirft }ine or divifion of an army, ranged, or marchingin order -of battle; or, it is that part which is nextthe enemy, and marches firft towards them.Advanced guard, is more paticularly ufed for a fmallparty of horfe ftationed before the main-guard.ADVANCER, among fportfmen, one of the ftarts, orbranches of a buck’s attire, between the back antlerand the palm.ADUAR, in the Arabian and Moorifh cuftoms, a kindof ambulatory village, confiding of tents, which thefepeople remove from one place to another, as fiats theirconveniency.ADVENT, in the kalendar," properly fignifies the ap¬proach of the feaft of the Nativity. It includes fourfundays, which begin on St Andrew’s day, or on theSunday before or after it. During advent, and to theend of the oftaves of Epiphany, the folemnizing ofmarriage is forbid, without a fpecial licence.ADVENTITIOUS, an epithet applied to any thing thatis accidental or fortuitous.AD VENTREM infpiciendum, in law, a writ by whicha woman is to be fearched whether file be with childby a former hufband, on her vith-holding of landsfrom the next, fading ifliie of her own body.ADVENTURE, in a general fenfe, fome extraordina¬ry or accidental event. It alfo denotes a hazardousor difficult undertaking.Bill of Adventure, among merchants, a writing fign-ed by a merchant, teftifying the goods mentioned init to be flapped on board a certain veflfel belongingto another perfon, who is to run all hazards; themerchant only obliging himfelf JO account to him forthe produce.ADVENTURER, in a general fenfe, denotes one wbohazards lomething. •ADVERB, in grammar, a word joined to verbs, ex¬prefling the manner, time, <bc. of an aftion: thus,in the phrafe, he ijjas warmly attached to the inter eftof his mafter, the'word warmly is an adverb. SeeGrammar. VADVERSARIA, among the ancients, a book of ac¬counts, not unlike our journals, or day-books. It ismore particularly ufed for a kind of common-place-book. See Common-place-book.ADVERSARY, a perfon who is an enemy to, or oppo-fes another.ADVERSATIVE, in grammar, a word exprefling fomedifference between what goes before and what follows»it. Thus, in the phrafe, he is an honeft man, but agreat enthuftaft, the word but is an adverfative con¬junction.ADVERSATOR, in antiquity, a fervant who attendedthe rich in returning from fupper, to give them noticeof any obllacles in the way, at which they might be aptto Humble.ADVERTISEMENT, in a general fenfe, denotes anyinformation given to perfons interefted in an affair;-and is more particularly ufed for a brief account of anaffair inferted in the public papers, for the informationof all concerned.ADULT, an appellation given to any thing that is ar¬rived at maturity : Thus we fay, an adult perfon, anadult plant, <bc. Among civilians, it denotes a youthbetween fourteen and twenty-five years of age.ADULTERATION, the aft of^ebafing, by an impro¬per mixture, fomething that was pure and genuine'ADULTERY, an unlawful commerce between one mar¬ried perfon and another, or between a married and un¬married perfon. See Scots Law, titles, Marriage,and Crimes.ADVOCATE, among the Romans, a perfon who un¬dertook the defence of caufes. The term is Hill keptup in all countries where the civil law obtains.King's Advocate, is the principal crown-lawyer inScotland. His bufinefs is to aft as a public profecu-tor, and to plead in all caufes lhat concern the crown;but particularly in fuch as are of a criminal nature.The office of King’s advocate is not very ancient: It-feems to have been ellabliflied about the beginning ofthe 16th century. Originally he had no power toprofecute crimes without the concurrence of a privateparty; but in the year 1597, he was impowered toprolecute crimes at his own inftance.Faculty of A dvo cates, in Scotland, a refpeftable bo¬dy of lawyers, who plead in all caufes before theCourts of Seffion, Jufticiary, and Exchequer. Theyare alfo intitled to plead in the houfe of peers, and o-ther fupreme courts in England.In the year 1660, the faculty founded a libraryupon | ||
1 | A-B | 46 | null | Normal | 2,431 | 3,328 | A D V ( 29 ) JE G lupon a very extenfive plan, fuggefted by that learnedand eminent lawyer Sir George M'Kenzie of Rofe-haugh, advocate to King Charles II. and King JamesVII. who enriched it with many valuable books. Ithas been daily increafing fince that time, and now con¬tains not only the bell collection of law-books in Eu¬rope, but a very large and feleCt collection of books onall fubjeCts. Befides, this library contains a greatnumber of original manufcripts, and a vaft variety ofJewifh, Grecian, Roman, Scots, and Englifh coinsand medals. \A candidate for the office of an advocate undergoesthree feveral trials : The firft is in Latin, upon the ci¬vil law and Greek and Roman antiquities ; the fecond,in Englifh, upon the municipal law of Scotland; andin the third, ho is obliged to defend a Latin thefis,which is impugned by three members of the faculty.Immediately before putting on the gown, the candidatemakes a fhort Latin fpeech to the lords, and then takesthe oaths to the government and de fideli.The faculty at prefent confifts of above 200 mem¬bers. As an advocate or lawyer is efteemed the gen-teeleft profeffion ia Scotland, many gentlemen of for¬tune take the degree of advocate, without having anyintention of praCtifing at the bar. This circumftancegreatly increafes their number, gives dignity to theprofeffion, and enriches their library and public fund.It is from this refpeCtable body, that all vacancies on• the bench are generally fupplied,Fifcal Advocate, fifci advocatus, in Roman antiqui¬ty, an officer of ftate under the Roman Emperor?, whopleaded in all caufes wherein the fifcus, or private, trea¬sury, was concerned.CoHjijlorial Advocates, officers of the confiftory atRome, who plead in all oppofitions to the difpofal ofbenefices in that court; they are ten in number.,Advocate of a city, in the German polity, a magi¬strate appointed in the Emperor’s name to adminifterjuftice.Bill of ADVOCATION, in Scots law, a writing drawnup in the form of a petition, whereby a party, in an ac¬tion before an inferior court, applies to the fupremecourt, or court of Seffion, for calling the a&ion fromthe inferior court before itfelf. See Law, title, Ju-rifdiflion, and judges in general.Letters of Advocation, in Scots law, the decree orwarrant of the court of Seffion upon cognifance of thefafts fet forth in the bill, drawn up in the form of afummons, andpaffing under the fignet, difcharging theinferior judge and all others from further procedure inthe caufe, and advocating it to itfelf. Seo Bill ofAdvocation.ADVOCATIONE decimarum> a writ which lies forclaiming a fourth part fqr tithes, or upwards, belong¬ing to any church.ADVOUSON, or Adwouzen. SeeADvowzoN.ADVOU, in law, fignifies the patron of a church, orhe who has a right to prefent to a benefice.Paramount ADVOWEE, is ufed for the king, as be¬ing the higheft patron.ADVOWING. See Avowing,Voi..'I. No, 2.ADVOWTRY, a term ufed in fome old law-books foradultery.ADVOWZON, in law, is the right of patronage, orprefenting to a vacant benefice,ADUST, among phyficians, a term applied to the blood,be. when top hot and fiery.ADU STION, among phyficians, the fame with inflam¬mation.ADYTUM, in pagan antiquity, the mod retired and fa-cred place of their temples, into which none but thepriefts were allowed to enter.ADZEL, a fmall town of Livonia, fituated on the fouth-fide of the river Aa, about ten German leagues fouth-weft of Dorpt,AEACEA, in Greeian antiquity, folemn feftivals andgames celebrated at AEgina, in honour of Abacus ; who,on account of his juftice upon earth, was thought toto have been appointed one of the judges in hell.AECHMALOTARCHA, in Jewifh antiquity, the titlegiven to the principal leader or governor of .the Hebrewcaptives refiding in Chaldea, Aflyria, and the neigh¬bouring countries.AEDES, in Roman antiquity, befides its more ordinaryfignification of a houfe, likewife fignified an inferiorkind of temple, confecrated to fome deity.AEDICULA, a term ufed to denote the inner part ofthe temple, where the altar and ftatue of the deity flood.AEDILATE, the office of ssdije, foipetimes called <edi-lity. See the next article,AEDILE, in Roman antiquity, a magiftrate whofe bu-finefs it was to fuperintend buildings of all kinds, butmore efpecially public ones, as temples, aqusedu&s,high-ways, bridges, be.AEDITUUS, in Roman antiquity, an officer belongingto the temples, who had the charge of the offerings,treafure, and facred utenfils. The female deities hada woman-officer of this kind called asditua.AEGAGROPILA, a ball compofed of a fubftance refem-bling hair, generated in the ftomach of the chamois-goat. This ball is of the fame nature with thofe foundin cows, hogs, be.AEGILETHRON, in botany, an obfolete name of themercurialis. See Mercuriahs.AEGIAS, among phyficians, a white fpeck on the pupilof the eye, which occafions dimnefs of fight.AEGILOPS, among phyficians, a. fpecies of abfeefs. SeeSurgery, title. Of abfcejjes, ox tumors.AEgilops, in botany, a genus of the polygamia monoeciaclafs. There are five fpecies of this plant, which is akind of grafs, vis. the ovata, caudata, fquarrofa,triuncialis, and incurvata, only the Iaft of which is anative of Britain, and grows by the fea-fhore. TheEnglifh name is fea-bard grafs.AEGINETIA, in botany, a fynonime of a fpecies of oro-.banche. See Orobanch-e.AEGIPAN, in heathen mythology, a denomination givento the god Pan, becaufe he was reprefented with thehorns, legs, feet, be. of a.goat.AEGIS, in heathen pythology, is particularly ufed forthe fhield or cuirafs of Jupiter and PaJIas.AEGIUCHUS, in heathen mythology, a firname of Ju-H P‘ter>,3 | ||
1 | A-B | 47 | null | Normal | 2,431 | 3,328 | iE O N ( go ) A E Rpiter, given him on account of his having been fuckled Aon, among the Platonifts, was ufed to denote any vir-by a goat.AGLEFINUS, or Haddock, in ichthyology, a fpe ¬cies of the gadus. See Gadus.AGOCEPHALUS, in ornithology, an oblolete nameof a fpecie3 of tringa. See Tringa.AGOCERAS, in botany, an obfolete name of a fpeciesof ononis. See Ononis.AGGCERATOS, in botany, a fynonime of the hugo-nia. See PIugonia.AGOLETHRON, in botany, an obfolete name of therhododendron hirfiuum. See Rhododendron.AGONIC HUS, in botany, an obfolete name of the li-thofpermum. See Lithospermum.AGOPHTHALMUS, a name given to any of the fe-mipellucid gems with circular fpots in them, refemblingthe eye of a goat.AGOPQGON, in botany, an obfolete name of the'tra-gapodon. See Tragapodon.AGOPODIUM, a genus of the pentandria digyniaclafs. There is but one fpecies of this plant, whichis a native of Britain and other parts of Europe.The Englilh name is herb-gerard, gout-weed, or ajh-•meed.AGYPTIACUM, in pharmacy, the name of feveraldetergent ointments.AGYPTILLA, the name of a ft one variegated with■different colours, and faid to be capable of giving wa¬ter the colour and tafte of wine.AINAUTA,' in antiquity, a denomination given tothe fenators of Miletus, becaufe they held their deli¬berations on board a flap, and never returned to landtill matters had been agreed on.,ALURUS, in Egyptian mythology, the deity or god ofcats; reprefented fometimes like a cat, and foinetimes•like a man with a cat’s head.ANEATORES, in Roman antiquity, a general namefor the muficians of an army.ANIGMA, denotes any dark laying, wherein fome well-known thing is concealed under obfeure language.AN GMATOGRAPHY, or Anigmathology, theart of refolving, or making {enigmas.AOLIC, in a general fenfe, denotes fomething belong¬ing to Aolis.Aolic dialed, among grammarians, one of the fiveylialedts of the Greek tongue, agreeing in moft thingswith the Doric dialed. See Boric.Aolic verfe, in profady, a verfe, confiding of an iam¬bus, or fpendee; then of two anapefts, feparated by along fyllable; and kitty, of another fyllable. Such as,0 Jlelliferi auditor erbis.AO L! PILE, a hollow metalline ball with a flenderneck, tr pipe ; which after being filled with water,and a great degree of heat applied to it, the waterilR.es out with great velocity in the form of an elalticvapour. See Pneumatics.AOLIS, in ancient geography, a country lying upon thewdhrn coait of Afia Minor, *AOLUS, the god of the winds.AON, fignifies the age or duration of any thing.tue, attribute, or perfection.Aon, in mythology, the firll woman, according to thePhoenician writers,Aon, among anatomifts, an obfolete name for the fpinalmarrow.AONI AN, in botany, an obfolete name of the ledum ma-jus. See Sedum.ARA, in chronology, ,a feries of years commencing froma certain fixed point of time, called an epbeha ; thuswe fay, the Chriftian {era, that is, the number of yearselapfed fince the birth of Ohrid. See Astronomy,Of the divifon of time.Ara of Nabonaffar. See Nabonassar.Ara of the Hegira. See Hegira.ARARIUM, in Roman antiquity, the treafury or placewhere the public money was depofited.Ararium privatum, was the emperor’s privy purfe, orplace where the moneys ariling from his private patri¬mony were depofited.ARARIUS, in a general fenfe, denotes any perfon em¬ployed in coining or managing the public monies.Ararius was more particularly ufed by the Romansfor a degraded citizen, whofe name had been ftruck offthe lift of his century.The aerarii were fo called on account of their beingliable to all the taxes and other burdens of the ftate,without enjoying any of its privileges. Hence, interararios referri, was a more fevere punilhment thantribu moveri. *AERiAL, in a general fenfe, denotes fomething parta¬king of the nature of air; thus, aerial fubftance, aeri¬al particles, <bc.AERIANS, in church-hiftory, a branch of Arians, who,to the doCtrines of that feCt, added fome peculiar dog¬mas of their own ; as, that there is no difference be¬tween bifhops and priefts ; a doCtrine maintained bymany modern divines, particularly of the prefbyterianand reformed churches.AERICA, in ichthyology, a fynonime of the clupea he-rengus, or herring. See Cjlupea.Flos ARIS, among alchemifts, final! feales procuredfrom copper melted by a ftrong heat j it is fometimesufed for aerugo or verdegris.AEROGRAPHY fignifies a defeription of the air, efpe-cially of its dimenfions, and other rnoft obvious pro¬perties ; in which fenfe it differs but little from aero¬logy, which is a fcientifical account of the nature andlelsobvious properties of air. See Pneumatics.AEROMANCY, a fpecies of divination performed bymeans of air, wind, &c. It is alfo ufed for the aitof foretelling the various changes of the air and wea¬ther, by means of barometers, hygrometers, <tc.AElvOMETRY, the art of meafuring the motion, gra¬vity, elafticity, rarefaction, condenfation, fic. of air.See Pneumatics.AEROPHOBIA, among phyficians, fignifies the dread,of air.AEROPHYLACEA, a term ufed by naturalifts for ca¬verns or refervoirs of air, fuppofed to exift in thebowels of the earth.ARRA, | ||
1 | A-B | 48 | null | Normal | 2,431 | 3,328 | M S TERRA, a fmall town of Portugal, in the province ofEftramadura, fituated upon the river Zatas.AERESCHOT, a town of the Dutch Netherlands, fi¬tuated in Brabant, about fifteen miles eaflwaTd ofMechlin.ERUGINOUS, in ornithology, the trivial name of afpecies of falco. See Falco.Eruginous, an epithet given to fuch things are re-femble or partake of the nature of the rult of cop¬per.ERUGO, properly fignifies the ruft of copper, or ver-degris ; but is applied indifferently to rult of any kind.ERUGO falls, a kind of reddifh flimy matter, fepara-ted from Egyptian natrum; probably a mixture ofbitumen and a red earth.ERUSCAT0RES, in antiquity, a kind of drollingbeggars, not urilike gypfies, who drew money fromthe credulous by fortune-telling, <bc. It was alfo adenomination given to gripping exadors, or colledorsof the revenue.AERY, or Airy, among fportfmen. See Airy.ES, properly fignifies copper, or money coined of thatmetal. See Copper.Es flavum, yellow Copper, among the Romans, an ap¬pellation given to the coarfer kinds of brafs. SeeBrass.iEs caldarium, the name of a -certain regulus of antimo¬ny, employed in preparing the line blue colour calledfmalt.As njhivi, a preparation of copper, by expofing platesof it in a reverberatory furnace, till they crumble in¬to a powder, which is called as ttjlttm. It is uftd forcolouring glafs, eating off dead flefh, or cleanfing foululcers.AES A LON, in ornithology, an obfolete name of a fpeciesof falco. See Falco.AESCH, in ichthyology, an obfolete name of a fpecies offalmo. See Salmo.ESCHYNOMENE, in botany, a genus of the diadel-phia decanaria clafs. There are feven fpecies of thisgenus, none of which are natives of Britain. The ca-lix of the asfehynomene is bilabiated, and the pod joint¬ed. It is alfo a fynonime of feveral fpecies of tlie jni-mofa, or fenfitive plant. See Mimosa.ESCULANUS, or Eres, in mythology, a deity whoprefided over the coinage of copper-money.ESCULAPlUSV ferment, or Coluber Esculapu.See Coluber.ESC ULUS, in botany, a genus of the heptandria mo-nogynia clafs. There are only two fpeeies of it, viz.the cafianum, and the pavia, both- natives of India.The calix of the sefculus is rnonophyllous with fivetieih ; the corolla has five petaM unequally coloured,and inferted into the calix.'ESTIMATIQ capitis, a term met with in old law-booksfor a fine anciently ordained to be paid Par offencescommitted again;! perfons of quality, according to theirfeveral degrees.ESTIVAL, in a general fenfe, denotes fomething con¬nected with, or belonging to fumraer. Hence, sedivalfign, sellival .a’dice, 6c.M T HESTUARIA, in geography, denotes an arm of thelea, which runs a good way within land. Such is theBriftol channel, and many of the friths of Scotland.ESTUARIES, in ancient baths, were fecret paffagesfrom the hypocaudum iiito the chambers. See Bath,and Hypocaustum.ESTUARY, among phyficians, a vapour-bath, or anyother indrument for conveying heat to the body.ETH, or Ath, a ltrong little' town in the. AndrianNetherlands, and province of Hainault, fituated onthe river Dender, about twenty miles S. W. of Brvif-fels.ETHALE, a term ufed by the ancients for the cadmiafornacum. See Cadmia.ETHALIES, a name given by the Greeks to the fedum.See Sedum.ETHER, the name of an imaginary fluid, fuppofed byfeveral authors, both ancient and modern, to be thecaufe of gravity, heat, light, mufcular motion, fenfa-tion, and, in a word, of every phenomenon in nature.Anaxagoras maintained that ether was of a fimilar na¬ture with fire; Perrault reprefents it as 7200 timesmore rare than air; and Hook makes it more dehfethan gold itfelf. Whoever has an inclination to knowthe various hypothefes concerning ether, may cOnfultShebbere, Perrault, Hook’s polthumous works, Aft.Eritd. Lipf. 17x6, Bernouilli’s Cogitat. degravitatextkeris, &c. See,Before the method of philofophiffng by induction wasknown, the hypothefes of philolophers were wild, fan¬ciful, ridiculous. They had recouife to ether, occultqualities, and other imaginary caufes, in order to ex¬plain the various phenomena of nature: But fincethe days of the great Lord Verulam, who may be ftyledthe parent of genuine philofophy, a contrary courfe hashappily been followed. He convinced the world, thatall knowledge mud be derived from experiment andobfervation; and that every attempt to invedigatecaufes by any other means mud be unfuccefsful. Sincehis time, the bed philofophers have followed the tradh'which he pointed out. Boyle, Locke, Newton, Hales,and a few others, in little more than one centujry,have improved and extended fcience far beyond whatthe accumulated force of all the philofophers fince thecreation had been able to effedluate : A driking proofboth of rhe comprekenfive genius of Bacon, and of thefolidity of his plan of inveltigation.It mud indeed be acknowledged, that there is a pro-penficy in the human mind, which, unlefs it be pro¬perly redrained, has a diredt tendency both to corruptfcience, and to retard ourprogrefs in it. Not contented,with the examination of objedls which readily fall with¬in the fp-here of cur observation, we feel a drong de¬fire to account for things which, from their very na¬ture, mud, and ever will, elude our refearches. EvenSir Ifaac Newton himfelf was not proof againft thistemptation. It was not enough that he had difeoveredthe nature of light and colours, the application of gra¬vity to the motions cf the heavenly bodies, &c. lie mudgo further, and attempt to allign the caufe of gravity, it-ielf. But, how dots he proceed kilns matter ? Not inthe( 3* ) |
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