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Anarchism
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{{Short description|Political philosophy and movement}}
{{Other uses|Anarchy|Anarchism (disambiguation)|Anarchist (disambiguation)}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=May 2023}}
{{Anarchism sidebar}}
'''Anarchism''' is a [[political philosophy]] and [[Political movement|movement]] that seeks to abolish all institutions that perpetuate [[authority]], coercion, or [[Social hierarchy|hierarchy]], primarily targeting the [[state (polity)|state]] and [[capitalism]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Fiala |first=Andrew |title=Anarchism |date=2021 |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anarchism/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |edition=Winter 2021 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University}}</ref> Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state with [[Stateless society|stateless societies]] and voluntary [[Free association (communism and anarchism)|free associations]]. A historically left-wing movement, anarchism is usually described as the [[libertarian]] wing of the [[socialist movement]] ([[libertarian socialism]]).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism
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Albedo
|
{{Short description|Ratio of how much light is reflected back from a body}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
[[File:Greenland_Albedo_Change.png|thumb|Albedo change in [[Greenland]]: the map shows the difference between the amount of sunlight [[Greenland]] reflected in the summer of 2011 versus the average percent it reflected between 2000 and 2006. Some areas reflect close to 20 percent less light than a decade ago.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Greenland's Ice Is Growing Darker |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/76916/greenlands-ice-is-growing-darker |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=NASA}}</ref>]]
'''Albedo''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|l|ˈ|b|iː|d|oʊ|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-albedo.wav}} {{respell|al|BEE|doh}}; {{etymology|la|albedo|whiteness}}) is the fraction of [[sunlight]] that is [[Diffuse reflection|diffusely reflected]] by a body. It is measured on a scale from 0 (corresponding to a [[black body]] that absorbs all incident radiation) to 1 (corresponding to a body that reflects all incident radiation). ''Surface albedo'' is defined as the ratio of [[Radiosity (radiometry)|radiosity]] ''J''<sub>e</sub> to the [[irradiance]] ''E''<sub>e</sub> (flux per unit area) received by a surface.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cse.ohio-state.edu/~parent.1/classes/782/Lectures/03_Radiometry.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://web.cse.ohio-state.edu/~parent.1/classes/782/Lectures/03_Radiometry.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Fundamentals of Rendering - Radiometry / Photometry|author1=Pharr|author2=Humphreys|website=Web.cse.ohio-state.edu|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> The proportion reflected is not only determined by properties of the surface itself, but also by the spectral and angular distribution of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://curry.eas.gatech.edu/Courses/6140/ency/Chapter9/Ency_Atmos/Reflectance_Albedo_Surface.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://curry.eas.gatech.edu/Courses/6140/ency/Chapter9/Ency_Atmos/Reflectance_Albedo_Surface.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Reflectance and albedo, surface |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Atmosphere |editor=J. R. Holton |editor2=J. A. Curry |last=Coakley |first=J. A. |publisher=Academic Press |year=2003|pages=1914–1923}}</ref> These factors vary with atmospheric composition, geographic location, and time (see [[position of the Sun]]).
While directional-hemispherical [[reflectance]] factor is calculated for a single angle of incidence (i.e., for a given position of the Sun), albedo is the directional integration of reflectance over all solar angles in a given period. The temporal resolution may range from seconds (as obtained from flux measurements) to daily, monthly, or annual averages.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo
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A
|
{{Short description|First letter of the Latin alphabet}}
{{About|the Latin letter|the similar Greek letter|Alpha|the similar Cyrillic letter|A (Cyrillic)|other uses}}
{{Technical reasons|A#|A-sharp|A-sharp (disambiguation){{!}}A-sharp}}
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{bots|deny=Citation bot}}{{CS1 config|mode=}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox grapheme
| letter = A a
| script = [[Latin script]]
| type = [[Alphabet]]
| typedesc = ic
| language = [[Latin language]]
| phonemes = {{flex list|width=2em|[{{IPAlink|a}}]|[{{IPAlink|ɑ}}]|[{{IPAlink|ɒ}}]|[{{IPAlink|æ}}]|[{{IPAlink|ə}}]|[{{IPAlink|ɛ}}]|[{{IPAlink|oː}}]|[{{IPAlink|ɔ}}]|[{{IPAlink|e}}]|[{{IPAlink|ʕ}}]|[{{IPAlink|ʌ}}] [{{IPAlink|ɐ}}] |{{IPAc-en|eɪ}}}}
| unicode = U+0041, U+0061
| alphanumber = 1
| fam1 = <hiero>F1</hiero>
| fam2 = [[File:Proto-semiticA-01.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Proto-Sinaitic 'alp]]
| fam3 = [[File:Protoalef.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Proto-Caananite aleph]]
| fam4 = [[File:Phoenician_aleph.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Phoenician aleph]]
| fam5 = [[Alpha|Α α]]
| fam6 = [[𐌀]][[File:Greek-uncial-1.jpg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Greek classical uncial]]
| fam7 = [[File:Semitic-2.jpg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Early Latin A]][[File:Latin-uncial-1.jpg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Latin 300 AD uncial, version 1]]
| usageperiod = {{circa|700 BCE}}{{snd}}present
| children = {{flex list|
* [[Æ]]
* [[Ä]]
* [[Â]]
* [[Ɑ]]
* [[Ʌ]]
* [[Ɐ]]
* [[ª]]
* [[Å]]
* [[₳]]
* [[@]]
* [[Ⓐ]]
* [[ⓐ]]
* [[⒜]]
* {{not a typo|[[🅰]]}}}}
| sisters = {{flex list|width=3em|
* [[𐌰]]
* [[А]]
* [[Ә]]
* [[Ӑ]]
* [[Aleph|<span>א</span> <span>ا</span> <span>ܐ</span>]]
* [[ࠀ]]
* [[𐎀]]
* [[ℵ]]
* [[አ]]
* [[ء]]
* [[Ա|Ա ա]]
* [[અ]]
* [[अ]]
* [[অ]]}}
| associates = [[List of Latin-script digraphs#A|a(x)]], [[Ae (digraph)|ae]], [[Eau (trigraph)|eau]], [[Au (digraph)|au]]
| direction = Left-to-right
| image = Latin_letter_A.svg
| imageclass = skin-invert-image
}}
{{Latin letter info|a}}
'''A''', or '''a''', is the first [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] and the first [[vowel letter]] of the [[Latin alphabet]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Latin-alphabet |title=Latin alphabet |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>{{sfn|Simpson|Weiner|1989|p=1}} used in the modern [[English alphabet]], and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''[[English alphabet#Letter names|a]]'' (pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|eɪ|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-A.wav}} {{respell|AY}}), plural ''aes''.{{refn|group=nb|''Aes'' is the plural of the name of the letter. The plural of the letter itself is rendered ''A''s, A's, ''a''s, or a's.}}{{sfn|Simpson|Weiner|1989|p=1}}
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A
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Alabama
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{{Short description|U.S. state}}
{{hatnote group|{{for|the river of the same name|Alabama River}}{{other uses}}}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Duplicated citations|reason=[[User:Polygnotus/DuplicateReferences|DuplicateReferences]] detected:<br>
* https://web.archive.org/web/20160618035649/http://www.archives.alabama.gov/timeline/al1801.html (refs: 33, 53)
* https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html (refs: 130, 134, 141)
* https://web.archive.org/web/20131012074403/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/01/rcms2010_01_state_name_2010.asp (refs: 149, 150)
|date=June 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = February 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox U.S. state
| name = Alabama
| image_flag = Flag of Alabama.svg
| flag_link = Flag of Alabama
| image_seal = Seal of Alabama.svg<!--also has coat of arms: Coat of arms of Alabama.svg-->
| seal_link = Seal of Alabama
| nicknames = the [[Northern flicker|Yellowhammer]] State, the Heart of [[Dixie]], the Cotton State
| motto = {{langx|la|[[Audemus jura nostra defendere]]}}{{break}}(We dare defend our rights)
| anthem = "[[Alabama (state song)|Alabama]]"
| image_map = Alabama in United States.svg
| seat = [[Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery]]
| LargestCity = [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]]
| LargestMetro = [[Birmingham metropolitan area, Alabama|Greater Birmingham]]
| LargestCounty = [[Jefferson County, Alabama|Jefferson]]
| area_total_km2 = 135,765
| area_total_sq_mi = 52,419
| area_land_km2 = 131,426
| area_land_sq_mi = 50,744
| area_water_km2 = 4,338
| area_water_sq_mi = 1,675
| area_water_percent = 3.2
| area_rank = 30th
| length_km = 531
| length_mi = 330
| width_km = 305
| width_mi = 190
| Latitude = 30°11' N to 35° N
| Longitude = 84°53' W to 88°28' W
| elevation_m = 150
| elevation_ft = 500
| elevation_max_m = 735.5
| elevation_max_ft = 2,413
| elevation_max_point = [[Mount Cheaha]]<ref>{{cite ngs |id=DG3595 |designation= Cheehahaw |access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref><ref name=USGS>{{cite web |url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=United States Geological Survey |year=2001 |access-date=October 21, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=October 15, 2011}}</ref>{{efn|Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]]}}
| elevation_min_m = 0
| elevation_min_ft = 0
| elevation_min_point = [[Gulf of Mexico]]<ref name=USGS/>
| OfficialLang = English
| Languages = {{as of|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stephens |first1=Challen |title=A look at the languages spoken in Alabama and the drop in the Spanish speaking population |url=http://www.al.com/news/index.ssf/2015/10/a_look_at_the_drop_in_foreign.html |access-date=September 21, 2016 |work=AL.com |date=October 19, 2015 |archive-date=October 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009145848/http://www.al.com/news/index.ssf/2015/10/a_look_at_the_drop_in_foreign.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* English 95.1%
* Spanish 3.1%
| population_demonym = [[Adjectivals and demonyms for U.S. states|Alabamian]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gettysburg.stonesentinels.com/Confederate/AL.php |title=State of Alabama |website=The Battle of Gettysburg |access-date=July 21, 2014 |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713111010/http://www.gettysburg.stonesentinels.com/Confederate/AL.php |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Adjectivals and demonyms for U.S. states|Alabaman]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/248153?redirectedFrom=alabaman#eid |website=www-oed-com |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=September 30, 2020}}</ref>
| population_rank = 24th
| population_as_of = 2024
| 2010Pop = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 5,157,699<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/AL/PST045224 |access-date=January 9, 2025 |title= United States Census Quick Facts Alabama|website=Census.gov}}</ref>
| MedianHouseholdIncome = ${{round|62212|-2}} (2<span>0</span>23)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2024/demo/acsbr-023.pdf |title=Household Income in States and Metropolitan Areas: 2023 |website=2.census.gov |access-date=January 12, 2025}}</ref>
| 2020DensityUS = 99.2
| 2020Density = 38.3
| population_density_rank = 27th
| IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income|44th]]
| Former = Alabama Territory
| AdmittanceDate = December 14, 1819
| AdmittanceOrder = 22nd
| Governor = [[Kay Ivey]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
| Lieutenant Governor = [[Will Ainsworth]] (R)
| Legislature = [[Alabama Legislature]]
| Upperhouse = [[Alabama Senate|Senate]]
| Lowerhouse = [[Alabama House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| Judiciary = [[Supreme Court of Alabama]]
| Senators = [[Tommy Tuberville]] (R){{break}}[[Katie Britt]] (R)
| Representative = 5 Republicans{{break}}2 [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]
| timezone1 = [[Central Time Zone|Central]]
| utc_offset1 = – 06:00
| timezone1_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST = – 05:00
| timezone1_location = Entire state (legally)
| timezone2 = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]]
| utc_offset2 = – 05:00
| timezone2_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
| utc_offset2_DST = – 04:00
| timezone2_location = [[Phenix City, Alabama|Phenix City]] area (unofficially)
| iso_code = US-AL
| postal_code = AL
| TradAbbreviation = Ala.
| website = https://alabama.gov
| Capital =
| Representatives =
}}
'''Alabama''' ({{IPAc-en|,|æ|l|ə|'|b|æ|m|ə|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Alabama.wav}} {{respell|AL|ə|BAM|ə}})<ref>{{Cite Collins Dictionary|Alabama|access-date=March 8, 2024}}</ref> is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[Southeastern United States|Southeastern]] and [[Deep South]]ern regions of the United States. It borders [[Tennessee]] to the north, [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] to the east, [[Florida]] and the [[Gulf of Mexico]] to the south, and [[Mississippi]] to the west. Alabama is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|30th largest by area]], and the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|24th-most populous]] of the [[List of states and territories of the United States|50 U.S. states]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://beef2live.com/story-ranking-states-area-89-118259 |title=Ranking of U.S. States by Area |access-date=November 7, 2022 |archive-date=December 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217192443/https://beef2live.com/story-ranking-states-area-89-118259 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama
|
Achilles
|
{{Short description|Greek mythological hero}}
{{Redirect|Achilleus|the Roman usurper with this name|Aurelius Achilleus|other uses|Achilles (disambiguation)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Greek
| name = Achilles
| image = Achilles fighting against Memnon Leiden Rijksmuseum voor Oudheden.jpg
| caption = Ancient Greek polychromatic [[Ancient Greek vase painting|pottery painting]] (dating {{circa|300 BCE}}) of Achilles during the Trojan War
| god_of =
| abode = [[Phthia]]
| symbol =
| consort = [[Deidamia (daughter of Lycomedes)|Deidamia]], [[Briseis]]
| parents = [[Peleus]] and [[Thetis]]
| siblings = [[Polymele]]
| children = [[Neoptolemus]], Oneiros
| Roman_equivalent =
}}
{{Greek mythology sidebar}}
In [[Greek mythology]], '''Achilles''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|k|ɪ|l|iː|z|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Achilles.wav}} {{respell|ə|KIL|eez}}) or '''Achilleus''' ({{langx|grc|[[wikt:Ἀχιλλεύς|Ἀχιλλεύς]]|Achilleús}}) was a hero of the [[Trojan War]] who was known as being the greatest of all the Greek warriors. The central character in [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', he was the son of the [[Nereids|Nereid]] [[Thetis]] and [[Peleus]], king of [[Phthia]] and famous [[Argonauts|Argonaut]]. Achilles was raised in Phthia along with his childhood companion [[Patroclus]] and received his education by the [[centaur]] [[Chiron]]. In the ''Iliad'', he is presented as the commander of the mythical tribe of the [[Myrmidons]].
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles
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Abraham Lincoln
|
{{Short description|President of the United States from 1861 to 1865}}
{{Other uses}}
{{redirect|President Lincoln|the troopship|USS President Lincoln{{!}}USS ''President Lincoln''}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Abraham Lincoln 1863 Portrait (3x4 cropped).jpg
| caption = Lincoln in 1863
| alt = Portrait of a bearded Abraham Lincoln showing his head and shoulders
| order = 16th
| office = President of the United States
| vicepresident = {{plainlist|
* {{longitem|[[Hannibal Hamlin]]<br />(1861–1865)}}
* {{longitem|Andrew Johnson<br />(Mar–Apr. 1865)}}
}}
| term_start = March 4, 1861
| term_end = April 15, 1865
| children = {{hlist|[[Robert Todd Lincoln|Robert]]|[[Edward Baker Lincoln|Edward]]|[[William Wallace Lincoln|Willie]]|[[Tad Lincoln|Tad]]}}
| parents = {{ubl|[[Thomas Lincoln]]|[[Nancy Lincoln|Nancy Hanks]]}}
| predecessor = [[James Buchanan]]
| successor = [[Andrew Johnson]]
| state1 = [[Illinois]]
| district1 = {{ushr|IL|7|7th}}
| term_start1 = March 4, 1847
| term_end1 = March 3, 1849
| predecessor1 = [[John Henry (representative)|John Henry]]
| successor1 = [[Thomas L. Harris]]
| state_house2 = Illinois
| constituency2 = {{nowrap|from [[Sangamon County, Illinois|Sangamon County]]}}
| term_start2 = December 1, 1834
| term_end2 = December 4, 1842
| predecessor2 = [[Achilles Morris]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1809|2|12}}
| birth_place = near [[Hodgenville, Kentucky]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1865|4|15|1809|2|12}}
| death_place = Washington, D.C.<!--Links not needed per MOS:OVERLINK-->, U.S.
| death_cause = [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|Assassination by gunshot]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|lawyer}}
| resting_place = [[Lincoln Tomb]]
| party = {{plainlist|
* [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] (before 1856)
* [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (after 1856)
}}
| otherparty = [[National Union Party (United States)|National Union]] (1864–1865)
| height = 6 ft 4 in<ref name=anb>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=American National Biography|title=Lincoln, Abraham|last=McPherson|first=James|date=September 26, 2024|doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400631}}</ref>
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Mary Todd Lincoln|Mary Todd]]|November 4, 1842}}
| signature = Abraham Lincoln 1862 signature.svg
| signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink
| allegiance = <!-- United States, Illinois -->
| branch = [[Illinois Militia]]
| serviceyears = April–July 1832
| rank = {{plainlist|
* [[Captain (United States O-3)|Captain]]{{Efn|name="Ranks"|Discharged from command-rank of captain and re-enlisted at rank of private.<ref>{{harvnb|Burlingame|2008|loc=vol. 1 pp. 67–68}}.</ref>}}
* [[Private (United States)|Private]]{{Efn|name="Ranks"}}
}}
| battles = [[Black Hawk War]] (see [[Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War]])
}}
'''Abraham Lincoln'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɪ|ŋ|k|ən|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Lincoln.wav}} {{Respell|LINK|ən}}}} (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th [[president of the United States]], serving from 1861 until [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|his assassination]] in 1865. He led the United States through the [[American Civil War]], defeating the [[Confederate States of America]] and playing a major role in the [[End of slavery in the United States|abolition of slavery]].
Lincoln was born into [[poverty]] in [[Kentucky]] and raised on the [[American frontier|frontier]]. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, [[Illinois]] state [[Illinois House of Representatives|legislator]], and [[U.S. representative]]. Angered by the [[Kansas–Nebraska Act]] of 1854, which opened the territories to slavery, he became a leader of the new [[History of the Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]. He reached a national audience in the [[Lincoln–Douglas debates|1858 Senate campaign debates]] against [[Stephen A. Douglas]]. Lincoln won the [[1860 United States presidential election|1860 presidential election]], prompting the slave states to begin to [[Secession in the United States|secede]] and form the Confederate States of America. A month after Lincoln assumed the presidency, Confederate forces [[Battle of Fort Sumter|attacked Fort Sumter]], starting the Civil War.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln
|
Aristotle
|
{{Short description|Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath (384–322 BC)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Good article}}
{{Protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=March 2020}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs1}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| name=Aristotle
| image=Aristotle Altemps Inv8575.jpg
| caption=Roman copy (in marble) of a [[Ancient Greek sculpture|Greek bronze]] bust of Aristotle by [[Lysippos]] ({{circa|330 BC}}), with modern alabaster mantle
| birth_date=384 BC
| birth_place=[[Stagira (ancient city)|Stagira]], [[Chalcidian League]]
| death_date={{nowrap|322 BC (aged 61–62)}}
| death_place=[[Chalcis]], [[Euboea]], [[Macedonian Empire]]
| education=[[Platonic Academy]]
| era=[[Ancient Greek philosophy]]
| region=[[Western philosophy]]
| school_tradition= [[Peripatetic school]]
| notable_students = [[Alexander the Great]], [[Theophrastus]], [[Aristoxenus]]
| main_interests={{Flatlist}}
* [[Logic]]
* [[Physis|Natural philosophy]]
* [[Metaphysics]]
* [[Ethics]]
* [[Politics]]
* [[Rhetoric]]
* [[Aesthetics|Poetics]]
{{Endflatlist}}
| notable_ideas=[[Aristotelianism]]
{{collapsible list
| title = Theoretical philosophy
| [[Aristotelian logic]], [[syllogism]]
| [[Four causes]]
| [[Genus and differentia]]
| [[Hylomorphism]], [[substance theory|substance]], [[essence]], [[accident (philosophy)|accident]]
| [[Hypokeimenon]]
| [[Potentiality and actuality]]
| [[Aristotle's theory of universals|Theory of universals]]
| [[Unmoved mover]]
}}
{{collapsible list
| title = Natural philosophy
| [[Aristotelian biology]]
| [[Aristotelian physics]]
| [[Common sense]]
| [[Eternity of the world]]
| [[Five wits]]
| ''[[Horror vacui (physics)|Horror vacui]]''
| [[Classical elements#Aristotle|Theory of elements]], [[Aether (classical element)|aether]]
| [[Rational animal]]
}}
{{collapsible list
| title = Practical philosophy
| [[Aristotelian ethics]]
| [[Catharsis]]
| [[Deliberative rhetoric|Deliberative]], [[epideictic]] and [[Forensic rhetoric|forensic]] [[rhetoric]]
| [[Enthymeme]] and [[Paradeigma]]
| [[Family as a model for the state]]
| [[Golden mean (philosophy)|Golden mean]]
| [[Kyklos#Aristotle|Kyklos]]
| [[Magnanimity]]
| [[Mimesis]]
| [[Natural slavery]]
| [[Intellectual virtue]]s: [[sophia (wisdom)|sophia]], [[episteme]], [[nous]], [[phronesis]], [[techne]]
| [[Three appeals]]: [[ethos]], [[logos]], [[pathos]]
| [[Aristotle's views on women|Views on women]]
}}
|notable_works=
{{Flatlist}}
* ''[[Organon]]''
* [[Physics (Aristotle)|''Physics'']]
* [[Metaphysics (Aristotle)|''Metaphysics'']]
* ''[[Nicomachean Ethics]]''
* [[Politics (Aristotle)|''Politics'']]
* [[Rhetoric (Aristotle)|''Rhetoric'']]
* [[Poetics (Aristotle)|''Poetics'']]
{{Endflatlist}}
|native_name={{nobold|Ἀριστοτέλης}}|native_name_lang=el}}
'''Aristotle'''{{Efn-ua|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ær|ᵻ|s|t|ɒ|t|əl|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Aristotle.wav}} {{respell|ARR|ih|stot|əl}}{{sfn|Collins English Dictionary}}}} ({{langx|grc-x-attic|Ἀριστοτέλης|Aristotélēs}};{{Efn-ua|{{IPA|grc|aristotélɛːs|pron}}}} 384–322 BC) was an [[Ancient Greek philosophy|Ancient Greek philosopher]] and [[polymath]]. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the [[natural science]]s, [[philosophy]], [[linguistics]], [[economics]], [[politics]], [[psychology]], and [[the arts]]. As the founder of the [[Peripatetic school]] of philosophy in the [[Lyceum (classical)|Lyceum]] in [[Athens]], he began the wider [[Aristotelianism|Aristotelian]] tradition that followed, which set the groundwork for the development of modern [[science]].
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle
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An American in Paris
|
{{short description|1928 composition by George Gershwin}}
{{About|the 1928 George Gershwin composition}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox musical composition
| name = ''An American in Paris''
| image = American in Paris.tif
| alt =
| caption = First recording
| composer = [[George Gershwin]]
| key =
| genre = [[Orchestral jazz]]
| form = [[Rhapsody (music)|Rhapsody]]
| composed = Spring 1928
| premiere_date = December 13, 1928
| premiere_location = [[Carnegie Hall]], New York City
| premiere_conductor = [[Walter Damrosch]]
| premiere_performers = [[New York Philharmonic]]
}}
'''''An American in Paris''''' is a [[Jazz|jazz-influenced]] [[symphonic poem]] (or tone poem)<ref name="TH-20170401">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=An American in Paris |url=https://theatricalia.com/play/e69/an-american-in-paris |date=April 1, 2017 |work=Theatricalia.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230831150800/https://theatricalia.com/play/e69/an-american-in-paris |archivedate=August 31, 2023 |accessdate=August 31, 2023 }}</ref> for orchestra by American composer [[George Gershwin]] first performed in 1928. It was inspired by the time that Gershwin had spent in Paris and evokes the sights and energy of the French capital during the ''{{Lang|fr|[[Années folles]]}}''.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_American_in_Paris
|
Academy Award for Best Production Design
|
{{Short description|Academy Award which recognizes achievement for art direction in film}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Academy Award for Best Production Design
| presenter = [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] (AMPAS)
| country = United States
| year = {{start date and age|1929|5|16}} (for films released during the [[1927 in film|1927]]/[[1928 in film|1928]] film season)
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = [[Nathan Crowley]], [[Lee Sandales]]<br>''[[Wicked (2024 film)|Wicked]]'' ([[97th Academy Awards|2024]])
}}
The '''Academy Award for Best Production Design''' recognizes achievement for [[art direction]] in [[film]]. The category's original name was '''Best Art Direction''', but was changed to its current name in 2012 for the [[85th Academy Awards]].<ref name="Music Rules">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2012/20120830.html |title=Music Rules Approved for 85th Academy Awards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004163009/http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2012/20120830.html |archive-date=2014-10-04 |access-date=2012-08-31 |work=oscars.org}}</ref> This change resulted from the Art Directors' branch of the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] (AMPAS) being renamed the Designers' branch. Since [[19th Academy Awards|1947]], the award is shared with the set decorators. It is awarded to the best interior design in a film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/best-art-direction-10.html |title=Academy Award for Best Art Direction |website=Awardsandshows.com |access-date=June 4, 2016}}</ref>
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Production_Design
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Academy Awards
|
{{Short description|Annual awards for cinematic achievements}}
{{Redirect-multi|2|Oscars|The Oscar|other uses|Oscar (disambiguation){{!}}Oscar}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Academy Awards
| previous_awards = 97th Academy Awards
| previous_date = {{start date|2025|3|2}}
| pending_awards =
| pending_date =
| next_awards = 98th Academy Awards
| next_date = {{start date|2026|3|15}}
| image = Oscars logo.svg
| image_size = 270
| image2 =
| alt =
| caption = The Oscars logo
| caption2 =
| awarded_for = Excellence in the [[film industry]]
| presenter = [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]
| country = United States
| firstawarded = {{Start date and age|1929|5|16}}
| network =
| website = {{URL|https://oscars.org}}
}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Most recent Academy Award winners
| election_date = [[97th Academy Awards|Best in films in 2024]]
| type = primary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 96th Academy Awards
| previous_year = 2023
| next_election = 98th Academy Awards
| next_year = 2025
| 1blank = Award
| 2blank = Winner
| image1 = Adrien Brody-61584.jpg
| image1_size = 160x160px
| 1data1 = [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| 2data1 = [[Adrien Brody]]<br>(''[[The Brutalist]]'')
| image2 = Mikey Madison at the 2024 Toronto International Film Festival 3 (cropped).jpg
| image2_size = 160x160px
| 1data2 = [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| 2data2 = [[Mikey Madison]]<br>(''[[Anora]]'')
| image4 = Kieran Culkin at the 2024 New York Film Festival 2 (cropped II).jpg
| image4_size = 160x160px
| 1data4 = [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| 2data4 = [[Kieran Culkin]]<br>(''[[A Real Pain]]'')
| image5 = Zoe Saldaña at the 2024 Toronto International Film Festival (cropped).jpg
| image5_size = 160x160px
| 1data5 = [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| 2data5 = [[Zoe Saldaña]]<br>(''[[Emilia Pérez]]'')
| image7 = Sean Baker at the 2024 Toronto International Film Festival 2 (cropped).jpg
| image7_size = 160x160px
| 1data7 = [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]], [[Academy Award for Best Director|Director]], [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay|Original Screenplay]], [[Academy Award for Best Film Editing|Film Editing]]
| 2data7 = [[Sean Baker]]<br>(''[[Anora]]'')
| image8 = Alex Coco and Samantha Quan at the 2024 New York Film Festival (cropped).jpg
| image8_size = 160x160px
| 1data8 = [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]
| 2data8 = [[Alex Coco]] and [[Samantha Quan]]<br>(''[[Anora]]'')
| title = Best Picture
| before_election = ''[[Oppenheimer (film)|Oppenheimer]]''
| after_election = ''[[Anora]]''
}}
The '''Academy Awards''', commonly known as the '''Oscars''', are awards for [[art]]istic and technical merit in [[film]].<ref name="history"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Balaga |first=Marta |date=March 6, 2024 |title=How a More International Oscars Could Change Future Awards Seasons |url=https://variety.com/2024/awards/awards/oscars-global-filmmakers-1235929184/ |access-date=March 6, 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> They are presented annually by the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] (AMPAS) in the United States in recognition of excellence in cinematic achievements, as assessed by the Academy's voting membership.<ref>{{cite web |last=Feinberg |first=Scott |date=January 20, 2020 |title=Oscars: What the '1917' PGA Win and 'Parasite' SAG Win Mean for Best Picture |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/oscars-2020-what-1917-pga-win-parasite-sag-win-means-best-picture-1271371/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111050650/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/oscars-2020-what-1917-pga-win-parasite-sag-win-means-best-picture-1271371/ |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |access-date=February 5, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> The Oscars are widely considered to be the most prestigious awards in the [[Cinema of the United States|American film industry]].<ref>Attributed to multiple references: {{blist|{{cite news |last=Mifflin |first=Lawrie |date=May 22, 1995 |title=More Awards Programs, More Winners, More Money |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/22/business/more-awards-programs-more-winners-more-money.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531221804/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/22/business/more-awards-programs-more-winners-more-money.html |archive-date=May 31, 2013 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 |quote=People love the Academy Awards — the celebrities, the music, the jokes and the suspense of the most prestigious awards program in show business.}}|{{cite web |date=February 26, 2017 |title=What are the Oscars and BAFTAs and what's the difference? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/25761294 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120005827/https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/25761294 |archive-date=January 20, 2014 |access-date=April 5, 2022 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |quote=The Oscars are thought to be the most prestigious film awards in the world.}}|{{cite news |last=Whipp |first=Glenn |date=January 9, 2023 |title=Awards show power rankings, from worst to first |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/awards/story/2023-01-09/ranking-awards-shows-oscars-golden-globes |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109142354/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/awards/story/2023-01-09/ranking-awards-shows-oscars-golden-globes |archive-date=January 9, 2023 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |issn=0458-3035 |quote=1. The Oscars}}|{{cite web |last=Vega |first=Nicolas |date=March 26, 2022 |title=The Oscar statuette is the most prestigious prize in Hollywood—here's why it's only worth $1 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/26/why-oscar-statuettes-are-only-worth-1-dollar.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326131849/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/26/why-oscar-statuettes-are-only-worth-1-dollar.html |archive-date=March 26, 2022 |access-date=April 5, 2022 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |quote=Winning an Academy Award is often considered the most prestigious honor you can receive in Hollywood.}}|{{cite news |last=Rao |first=Sonia |date=April 16, 2021 |title=Why do the Oscars matter? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2021/04/16/oscars-academy-award-significance/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416115445/https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2021/04/16/oscars-academy-award-significance/ |archive-date=April 16, 2021 |access-date=May 12, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |issn=0190-8286 |quote=They are, after all, the most extravagant of award shows, considered important enough for an adjacent industry of publicists and marketing experts to devote months to campaigning, and entertaining enough for a broadcast television network to allocate hours of Sunday night airtime to the ceremony.}}|{{cite web |last=Torres |first=Libby |date=January 21, 2020 |title=The 18 best Oscar hosts of all time, ranked |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/best-oscars-hosts-all-time-2018-1 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201000806/https://www.businessinsider.com/best-oscars-hosts-all-time-2018-1 |archive-date=February 1, 2018 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |website=[[Business Insider]] |quote=The Academy Awards are Hollywood's biggest night, and celebrate achievements in cinema by A-list stars and directors.}}|{{cite web |last=Wilkinson |first=Alissa |date=March 2, 2022 |title=The Oscars can't quite decide if they're about America or the whole world |url=https://www.vox.com/22949629/oscars-international-hollywood-global-drive-car-worst-person-parasite |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302140959/https://www.vox.com/22949629/oscars-international-hollywood-global-drive-car-worst-person-parasite |archive-date=March 2, 2022 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |quote=And are the Oscars, given out by Hollywood's most prestigious professional association, the biggest prize in the world — or just in America?}}|{{cite web |last=Kenyon |first=Sandy |date=February 6, 2020 |title=Oscars campaigning: How do studios lobby for Academy Awards? |url=https://abc7news.com/entertainment-sandy-kenyon-oscars-academy-awards/5905688/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407184349/https://abc7news.com/entertainment-sandy-kenyon-oscars-academy-awards/5905688/ |archive-date=April 7, 2020 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |publisher=[[KGO-TV|ABC 7]] |quote=The Oscar has always been the most prestigious award in all of show business, but now it's also the most valuable.}}|{{cite news |last=Davies |first=Hannah J. |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Stage frights: five of the most shocking moments in Oscars history |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/mar/28/stage-frights-five-of-the-most-shocking-moments-in-oscars-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328160417/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/mar/28/stage-frights-five-of-the-most-shocking-moments-in-oscars-history |archive-date=March 28, 2022 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |issn=0261-3077 |quote=Will Smith isn't the only actor to cause consternation at the world's most coveted film awards.}}|{{cite web |last=Starkey |first=Adam |date=January 23, 2023 |title=Who has won the most Oscars? |url=https://www.nme.com/news/film/who-won-most-oscars-3382332 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124013232/https://www.nme.com/news/film/who-won-most-oscars-3382332 |archive-date=January 24, 2023 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |website=[[NME]] |quote=The Academy Awards, better known as the Oscars, is seen as the most prestigious award show in the film industry.}}|{{cite web |last=Shrader |first=Natalie |date=March 14, 2023 |title=14 UNCSA connections to 2023 Oscar-winning films |url=https://www.uncsa.edu/news/20230314-oscars-connections.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314203242/https://www.uncsa.edu/news/20230314-oscars-connections.aspx |archive-date=March 14, 2023 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |publisher=[[University of North Carolina School of the Arts]] |quote=The Academy Awards, better known as the Oscars, are regarded as the most prestigious and significant awards in the entertainment industry.}}}}</ref>
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards
|
Actrius
|
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Actresses
| image = Actrius film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Catalan language film poster
| native_name = ([[Catalan language|Catalan]]: '''''Actrius''''')
| director = [[Ventura Pons]]
| producer = Ventura Pons
| writer = [[Josep Maria Benet i Jornet]]
| screenplay = Ventura Pons
| story =
| based_on = {{based on|(stage play) ''E.R.''|Josep Maria Benet i Jornet}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Núria Espert]]|[[Rosa Maria Sardà]]|[[Anna Lizaran]]|[[Mercè Pons]]}}
| narrator = <!-- or: |narrators = -->
| music = Carles Cases
| cinematography = Tomàs Pladevall
| editing = Pere Abadal
| production_companies = {{ubl|[[Canal+ (Spanish TV channel)|Canal+ España]]|Els Films de la Rambla S.A.|[[Generalitat de Catalunya|Generalitat de Catalunya - Departament de Cultura]]|[[Televisión Española]]}}
| distributor = [[Buena Vista International]]
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1997|1|17|[[Spain]]}}
| runtime = 100 minutes
| country = Spain
| language = Catalan
| budget =
| gross = <!--(please use condensed and rounded values, e.g. "£11.6 million" not "£11,586,221")-->
}}
'''''Actresses''''' ([[Catalan language|Catalan]]: '''''Actrius''''') is a 1997 [[Catalan language]] Spanish drama film produced and directed by [[Ventura Pons]] and based on the award-winning stage play ''E.R.'' by [[Josep Maria Benet i Jornet]]. The film has no male actors, with all roles played by females.<ref name="El Pais">{{cite news|last1=Torres|first1=Rosanna|title='E. R', de Benet i Jornet, es llevada al cine y al teatro|url=http://elpais.com/diario/1996/10/15/cultura/845330405_850215.html|access-date=2015-12-21|lang=es|work=[[El País]]|date=1996-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014165502/http://elpais.com/diario/1996/10/15/cultura/845330405_850215.html|archive-date=2012-10-14}}</ref> The film was produced in 1996. <ref>{{cite web |title=Actrius |url=https://www.bcncatfilmcommission.com/en/films/actrius|lang=en|website=Barcelona Film Commission |access-date=2021-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513150105/https://www.bcncatfilmcommission.com/en/films/actrius|archive-date=2021-05-13|url-status=live}}</ref>
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actrius
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Animalia (book)
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{{Short description|1986 picture book by Graeme Base}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox book|<!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books -->
| name = '''Animalia'''
| image = Animalia (book cover).jpg
| caption =
| alt = Book cover: a larger picture framed by smaller pictures, all of which contain different animals, and title with author at the top
| author = [[Graeme Base]]
| illustrator = Graeme Base
| country = Australia
| language = English
| genre = [[Picture books]]
| publisher = [[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]]
| release_date = 1986
| pages = 32
| isbn = 0-810-91868-4
| oclc =
}}
<!--{{Infobox publication|image=Animalia.jpg|caption=Book cover}}-->
'''''Animalia''''' is an illustrated [[Children's literature|children's book]] by [[Graeme Base]]. It was originally published in 1986, followed by a tenth anniversary edition in 1996, and a 25th anniversary edition in 2012. Over four million copies have been sold worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|last=Puffin Books|title=Animalia 25th Anniversary Edition|url=http://www.puffin.com.au/products/9780670076673/animalia-25th-anniversary-edition|access-date=7 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528013213/http://www.puffin.com.au/products/9780670076673/animalia-25th-anniversary-edition|archive-date=28 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> A special numbered and signed anniversary edition was also published in 1996, with an embossed gold jacket.<ref>{{cite web|last=ABE Books|title=Animalia (Numbered and Signed anniversary edition)|url=http://www.abebooks.com/Animalia-Numbered-Signed-Anniversary-Edition-Base/3201558151/bd|access-date=8 June 2013}}</ref>
==Synopsis==
''Animalia'' is an [[alliteration|alliterative]] [[alphabet]] book and contains twenty-six illustrations, one for each letter of the alphabet. Each illustration features an animal from the animal kingdom (A is for [[alligator]] and [[armadillo]], B is for [[butterfly]], C is for [[cat]], etc.) along with a tongue-twister utilizing the letter of the page for many of the words. The illustrations contain many other objects beginning with that letter that the reader can try to identify (e.g. the "D" entry features, besides a pair of dragons, the dinosaur ''Diplodocus'' and the pelycosaur ''Dimetrodon''; however, there are not necessarily "a thousand things, or maybe more", contrary to what the author states; for instance, the "A" entry features an alarm clock, as does the "C" entry; also, a tennis racket appears in the "T" entry as well as in the "R" entry). As an additional challenge, the author has hidden a picture of himself as a child in every picture.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia_(book)
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International Atomic Time
|
{{Short description|Time standard based on atomic clocks}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2020}}
'''International Atomic Time''' (abbreviated '''TAI''', from its French name '''{{lang|fr|temps atomique international}}'''<ref>Temps atomique 1975{{elucidate|date=April 2020}}</ref>) is a high-precision [[Atomic clock|atomic]] [[coordinate time|coordinate]] [[time standard]] based on the notional passage of [[proper time]] on Earth's [[geoid]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Is the International Atomic Time TAI a coordinate time or a proper time?|journal=Celestial Mechanics|volume=38|issue=2|pages=155–161 |bibcode=1986CeMec..38..155G|last1=Guinot|first1=B.|year=1986|doi=10.1007/BF01230427|s2cid=120564915}}</ref> TAI is a [[weighted average]] of the time kept by over 450 [[atomic clock]]s in over 80 national laboratories worldwide.<ref name="Time n.d." /> It is a continuous scale of time, without [[leap seconds]], and it is the principal realisation of [[Terrestrial Time]] (with a fixed offset of [[epoch (astronomy)|epoch]]). It is the basis for [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC), which is used for civil timekeeping all over the Earth's surface and which has leap seconds.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Time
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Altruism
|
{{Short description|Concern for the well-being of others}}
{{Redirect|Otherism|the philosophical concept|Other (philosophy)}}
{{About||the concept in behavioral ecology|Altruism (biology)|the ethical doctrine|Altruism (ethics)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
[[File:Belisaire demandant l'aumone Jacques-Louis David.jpg|thumb|Giving [[alms]] to the poor is often considered an altruistic action.]]
'''Altruism''' is the concern for the [[well-being]] of others, independently of personal benefit or reciprocity.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altruism
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Ayn Rand
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{{Short description|Russian-American writer and philosopher (1905–1982)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Ayn Rand
| native_name = Алиса Зиновьевна Розенбаум
| image = Ayn Rand (1943 Talbot portrait).jpg
| alt = Photo of Ayn Rand
| caption = Rand in 1943
| birth_name = Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum
| birth_date = {{birth date|1905|02|02}}
| birth_place = [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1982|3|6|1905|2|2}}
| death_place = New York City, U.S.<!-- DO NOT REMOVE the country per [[Template:Infobox writer]] -->
| pseudonym = Ayn Rand
| occupation = {{hlist|Author|philosopher}}
| language = {{cslist|English|Russian}}
| citizenship = {{ublist|
| Russia (until 1931){{efn|Rand's initial citizenship was in the [[Russian Empire]] and continued through the [[Russian Republic]] and the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]], which became part of the [[Soviet Union]].}}
| United States (from 1931)}}
| alma_mater = [[Leningrad State University]]
| period = 1934–1982
| notableworks = [[Bibliography of Ayn Rand and Objectivism#Works by Rand|Full list]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Frank O'Connor (actor, born 1897)|Frank O'Connor]]|1929|1979|end=d}}{{efn|name="frank"|Rand's husband, Charles Francis O'Connor (1897–1979),{{sfn|Heller|2009|p=65}} is not to be confused with the actor and director [[Frank O'Connor (director)|Frank O'Connor]] (1881–1959) or the writer whose pen name was [[Frank O'Connor]].}}
| signature = Ayn Rand signature 1949.svg
| signature_alt = Ayn Rand
}}
'''Alice O'Connor''' (born '''Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum''';{{efn|{{langx|ru|link=no|Алиса Зиновьевна Розенбаум}}, {{IPA|ru|ɐˈlʲisə zʲɪˈnovʲjɪvnə rəzʲɪnˈbaʊm|}}. Most sources [[transliterate]] her given name as either ''Alisa'' or ''Alissa''.{{sfn|Gladstein|1999|p=121}}}} {{OldStyleDateNY|February 2|January 20}}, 1905{{dash}}March 6, 1982), better known by her pen name '''Ayn Rand''' ({{IPAc-en|aɪ|n|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Ayn.wav}}), was a Russian-born American writer and philosopher.<!-- DO NOT REMOVE WITHOUT CONSENSUS. -->{{sfn|Badhwar|Long|2020}} She is known for her fiction and for developing a philosophical system which she named ''[[Objectivism]]''. Born and educated in Russia, she moved to the United States in 1926. After two early novels that were initially unsuccessful and two [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] plays, Rand achieved fame with her 1943 novel ''[[The Fountainhead]]''. In 1957, she published her best-selling work, the novel ''[[Atlas Shrugged]]''. Afterward, until her death in 1982, she turned to non-fiction to promote her philosophy, publishing her own [[Objectivist periodicals|periodicals]] and releasing several collections of essays.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand
|
Alain Connes
|
{{short description|French mathematician (born 1947)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Alain Connes
| image = Alain_Connes.jpg
| alt = Photo of the upper body of Alain Connes with vegetation, blue sky, and clouds in the background
| caption = Alain Connes in 2004
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|04|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Draguignan]], France
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = Mathematics <br/> [[Particle physics]]
| workplaces = [[Collège de France]] <br/> [[IHÉS]] <br/> [[Ohio State University]] <br/> [[Vanderbilt University]]
| alma_mater = [[École Normale Supérieure]] <br> [[Pierre and Marie Curie University]]
| thesis_title = A Classification of Factors of Type III
| thesis_year = 1973
| doctoral_advisor = [[Jacques Dixmier]]
| doctoral_students = [[Jean-Benoît Bost]]<br>[[Georges Skandalis]]
| known_for = [[Baum–Connes conjecture]]<br>[[Noncommutative geometry]]<br>[[Noncommutative standard model]]<br>[[Operator algebra]]s<br>[[Thermal time hypothesis]]
| awards = [[Peccot Lectures|Peccot-Vimont Prize]] (1976)<br/>[[CNRS Silver Medal]] (1977)<br/> [[Ampère Prize]] (1980)<br/> [[Fields Medal]] (1982)<br/> [[Clay Research Award]] (2000)<br/> [[Crafoord Prize]] (2001)<br/> [[CNRS Gold medal]] (2004)
| website = {{URL|https://alainconnes.org/}}
| footnotes =
}}
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Connes
|
Allan Dwan
|
{{Short description|American film director & screenwriter (1885–1981)}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Allan Dwan
| image = Allan Dwan - Sep 1920 EH.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Dwan in 1920
| birth_name = Joseph Aloysius Dwan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1885|4|3}}
| birth_place = Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1981|12|28|1885|4|3}}
| death_place = Los Angeles, California, U.S.
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Pauline Bush (actress)|Pauline Bush]]|1915|1919|end=divorce}}<br/>{{marriage|Marie Shelton|1927|1949|end=divorce}}
| occupation = Film director<br />Film producer<br />Screenwriter
| years_active = 1911–1961; 1980
}}
'''Allan Dwan''' (born '''Joseph Aloysius Dwan'''; April 3, 1885 – December 28, 1981) was a pioneering Canadian and American motion picture director, producer, and screenwriter.
==Early life==
Born Joseph Aloysius Dwan in [[Toronto]], Ontario, Canada, Dwan was the younger son of commercial traveler of woolen clothing Joseph Michael Dwan (1857–1917) and his wife Mary Jane Dwan (née Hunt). The family moved to the United States when he was seven years old on December 4, 1892, by ferry from Windsor to Detroit, according to his [[naturalization]] petition of August 1939. His elder brother, Leo Garnet Dwan (1883–1964), became a physician.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Dwan
|
Algeria
|
{{short description|Country in North Africa}}
{{About|the country}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
| native_name = {{native name|ar|الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية}}<br />{{resize|80%|{{transliteration|ar|al-Jumhūriyyatu al-Jazāʾiriyyatu ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyyatu ash‑Shaʿbiyyah}}}}
| name =
| common_name = Algeria
| image_flag = Flag of Algeria.svg
| flag_border = yes
| image_coat = National Emblem of Algeria (bronze effect).svg
| symbol_type = [[Emblem of Algeria|Emblem]]
| national_motto = {{lang|ar|بِالشَّعْبِ و لِلشَّعْبِ}}<br />"Biš-šaʿb wa liš-šaʿb"<br />"By the people and for the people"<ref name="CONST-AR">{{cite web|url=http://www.el-mouradia.dz/arabe/symbole/textes/constitution96.htm|title=Constitution of Algeria, Art. 11|id=language: France and Arabic (government language); people of Algeria speak Arabic and Berber|publisher=El-mouradia.dz|access-date=17 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718124116/http://www.el-mouradia.dz/arabe/symbole/textes/constitution96.htm|archive-date=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="CONST-EN">{{cite web|url=http://www.apn-dz.org/apn/english/constitution96/titre_01.htm|title=Constitution of Algeria; Art. 11|publisher=Apn-dz.org|date=28 November 1996|access-date=17 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725130249/http://www.apn-dz.org/apn/english/constitution96/titre_01.htm|archive-date=25 July 2013 }}</ref>
| national_anthem = {{lang|ar|قَسَمًا}}<br />''[[Kassaman|Qasaman]]''<br />"We Pledge"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National anthem of Algeria, by the U.S. Navy Band.oga]]}}</div>
| image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg
| map_caption = {{Legend|#2d5508|Location of Algeria}}
| image_map2 =
| capital = [[Algiers]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|36|42|N|3|13|E|type:city_region:DZ}}
| largest_city = capital
| religion = {{unbulleted list|99% [[Islam in Algeria|Sunni Islam]] ([[State religion|official]]) |<1% others}}
| official_languages = {{Plainlist|
* [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]
* [[Standard Algerian Berber|Berber]]{{efn|The [[Algerian constitutional amendment of 2016]] officialized Berber as Algeria's second "official" language. The revised constitution also created the [[Algerian Academy of Amazigh Language]], which is responsible for promoting Berber "in view of cementing, in the future, its official language status".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kestler-D'Amours|first=Jillian|title=Algeria's Berbers protest for language rights|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/15/algerias-berbers-protest-for-tamazight-language-rights|access-date=2024-09-17|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref>}}}}
| languages_type = National vernacular
| languages = [[Algerian Arabic]]{{efn|The official languages are [[Modern Standard Arabic]] and, since 2016, [[Standard Algerian Berber]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-13|title=What Languages Are Spoken In Algeria?|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-algeria.html |access-date=2024-07-07|website=WorldAtlas|language=en-US}}</ref> Algerian Arabic is the [[spoken language]] used by the vast majority of the population. Other [[Languages of Algeria|Arabic dialects and minority languages]] are spoken regionally.}}
| languages2_type = Foreign languages
| languages2 = [[French language|French]]{{efn|see [[French language in Algeria]]}}<br />[[English language|English]]{{efn|see [[English language in Algeria]]}}
| ethnic_groups = See [[#Ethnic groups|Ethnic groups]]
| religion_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Algeria|access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref>
| demonym = [[Algerians|Algerian]]
| government_type = Unitary [[semi-presidential republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Algeria|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Algeria|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Nadir Larbaoui]]
| leader_title3 = [[List of presidents of the Council of the Nation (Algeria)|Council President]]
| leader_name3 = [[Azouz Nasri]]
| leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the People's National Assembly (Algeria)|Assembly President]]
| leader_name4 = [[Ibrahim Boughali]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of Algeria|Parliament]]
| upper_house = [[Council of the Nation]]
| lower_house = [[People's National Assembly]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Algeria|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Numidia]]
| established_date1 = 202 BC
| established_event2 = [[Kingdom of Tlemcen]]
| established_date2 = 1235
| established_event3 = [[Regency of Algiers]]
| established_date3 = 1516
| established_event4 = [[French Algeria]]
| established_date4 = 5 July 1830
| established_event5 = [[Algerian War|Independence]]
| established_date5 = 5 July 1962
| area_km2 = 2381741
| area_rank = 10th
| area_sq_mi = 919595
| percent_water =
| population_estimate = 47,400,000<ref name=population>{{cite web|url=https://elwatan-dz.com/demographie-plus-de-47-millions-dalgeriens-dici-2025|title=Démographie : Plus de 47 millions d'Algériens d'ici 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Aït Saâda|first1=Farid|title=L'espérance de vie moyenne des Algériens est de 79,6 ans : Une qualité de vie nettement meilleure|url=https://www.elmoudjahid.dz/fr/economie/l-esperance-de-vie-moyenne-des-algeriens-est-de-79-6-ans-une-qualite-de-vie-nettement-meilleure-220929|website=[[El Moudjahid]]|access-date=5 September 2024|language=fr}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_estimate_rank = 33rd
| population_census_year =
| population_density_km2 = 19
| population_density_sq_mi = 49
| population_density_rank = 206th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $875.334 billion<ref name="IMFWEODZ"/>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank = 39th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $18,525<ref name="IMFWEODZ"/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 100th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $268.885 billion<ref name="IMFWEODZ">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DZA|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|website=IMF.org|access-date=April 16, 2024}}</ref>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank = 49th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $5,691<ref name="IMFWEODZ"/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 111th
| Gini = 27.6
| Gini_year = 2011
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|title=Distribution of Family Income – Gini Index|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=1 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|archive-date=13 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=DZ|title=GINI index (World Bank estimate)|publisher=World Bank|access-date=24 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118143415/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=DZ|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| HDI = 0.763
| HDI_year = 2023<!--Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
| HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web|date=6 May 2025|title=Human Development Report 2025|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|archive-date=6 May 2025|access-date=6 May 2025|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|language=en}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 96th
| currency = [[Algerian dinar]]
| currency_code = DZD
| time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Algeria|+213]]
| cctld = {{ublist |[[.dz]] |{{lang|ar|[[Internationalized country code top-level domain|.الجزائر]]}}|today=}}
| religion_year = 2012
}}
'''Algeria''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-Algeria-pronunciation.ogg|æ|l|ˈ|dʒ|ɪər|i|ə}} {{respell|al|JEER|ee|ə}}; {{Langx|ar|الجزائر|al-Jazāʾir}}, {{IPA|ar|al.d͡ʒazaːʔir|lang|LL-Q13955 (ara)-Reda Kerbouche-الجزائر.wav}}; {{Langx|fr|link=no|Algérie}} {{IPA|fr|alʒeʁi|}}}} officially the '''People's Democratic Republic of Algeria''',{{efn|{{Langx|ar|الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية|al-Jumhūriyyah al-Jazāʾiriyyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyyah ash‑Shaʿbiyyah}}; {{Langx|fr|link=no|République algérienne démocratique et populaire}}. Formerly also rendered as the '''Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria''' in English, as seen on the [[Algiers Accords (1981)|1981 Algiers Accords]]{{check|date=July 2025}}.}} is a country in the [[Maghreb]] region of [[North Africa]]. It is bordered to [[Algeria–Tunisia border|the northeast]] by [[Tunisia]]; to [[Algeria–Libya border|the east]] by [[Libya]]; to [[Algeria–Niger border|the southeast]] by [[Niger]]; to [[Algeria–Western Sahara border|the southwest]] by [[Mali]], [[Mauritania]], and [[Western Sahara]]; to [[Algeria–Morocco border|the west]] by [[Morocco]]; and to the north by the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. The capital and [[List of cities in Algeria|largest city]] is [[Algiers]], located in the far north on the Mediterranean coast.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria
|
List of Atlas Shrugged characters
|
{{Short description|none}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Atlas Shrugged'' characters}}
This is a list of characters in [[Ayn Rand]]'s 1957 novel ''[[Atlas Shrugged]].''
==Major characters==
The following are major characters from the novel.{{efn|Characters in this article are listed as "major" if they are described as major or primary characters in surveys of Rand's work (such as Gladstein's ''The New Ayn Rand Companion''), in a book or essay collection about the novel (such as ''Essays on Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged''), or in a widely available study guide about the novel (such as [[CliffsNotes]] or [[SparkNotes]]).}}
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Atlas_Shrugged_characters
|
Anthropology
|
{{Short description|Scientific study of humans, human behavior, and societies}}
{{Hatgrp|
{{About|the study of humans}}
{{Distinguish|Human evolution{{!}}Anthropogeny}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Anthropology}}
'''Anthropology''' is the scientific study of [[human]]ity that crosses [[biology]] and [[sociology]], concerned with [[human behavior]], [[human biology]], [[cultures]], [[society|societies]], and [[linguistics]], in both the present and past, including [[archaic humans]].<ref name="aaa">{{cite web | title=What is Anthropology? | work=The American Anthropological Association | url=https://www.americananthro.org/AdvanceYourCareer/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=2150 | publisher=[[American Anthropological Association]] | access-date=10 August 2013 | archive-date=16 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216033701/http://www.americananthro.org/AdvanceYourCareer/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=2150 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Social anthropology]] studies patterns of behaviour, while [[cultural anthropology]] studies cultural meaning, including norms and values.<ref name="aaa" /> The term [[sociocultural anthropology]] is commonly used today. [[Linguistic anthropology]] studies how language influences social life. [[Biological anthropology|Biological (or physical) anthropology]] studies the [[biology]] and [[evolution]] of [[Human evolution|humans]] and their close [[primate]] relatives.<ref name="aaa" />
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology
|
Agricultural science
|
{{short description|Academic field within biology}}
{{Redirect|Crop Science|the journal|Crop Science (journal)|the company|Bayer CropScience}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Agriculture|related}}
'''Agricultural science''' (or '''agriscience''' for short<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Agriscience {{!}} Meaning & Definition for UK English |encyclopedia=[[Oxford Dictionary of English]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] via [[Lexico]] |language=en |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/agriscience |access-date=2022-02-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220064428/https://www.lexico.com/definition/agriscience |archive-date=20 February 2022}}</ref>) is a broad multidisciplinary field of [[biology]] that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and [[social science]]s that are used in the practice and understanding of [[agriculture]]. Professionals of the agricultural science are called agricultural scientists or [[agriculturists]].
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_science
|
Alchemy
|
{{Short description|Branch of natural philosophy}}
{{Redirect|Alchemist|other uses|Alchemist (disambiguation)|and|Alchemy (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
[[File:E-codices zbz-Ms-Rh-0172 044 max copy.jpg|thumb|15th century depiction of an [[Ouroboros]] from the alchemical treatise ''{{lang|la|[[Aurora consurgens]]}}'' (Zurich, ''Rheinau 172'').]]
{{Esotericism}}
'''Alchemy''' (from the [[Arabic]] word {{transliteration|ar|al-kīmīā}}, {{lang|ar|الكیمیاء}}) is an ancient branch of [[natural philosophy]], a [[philosophical]] and [[protoscientific]] tradition that was historically practised in [[Chinese alchemy|China]], [[Rasayana|India]], the [[Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam|Muslim world]], and [[Europe]].<ref name="Routledge">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Pereira |first=Michela |editor-last=Craig |editor-first=Edward |editor-link=Edward Craig (philosopher) |encyclopedia=[[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |title=Alchemy |year=2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-25069-6 |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-Q001-1 |quote=Alchemy is the quest for an agent of material perfection, produced through a creative activity (''opus''), in which humans and nature collaborate. It exists in many cultures (China, India, Islam; in the Western world since Hellenistic times) under different specifications: aiming at the production of gold and/or other perfect substances from baser ones, or of the elixir that prolongs life, or even of life itself. Because of its purpose, the alchemists' quest is always strictly linked to the religious doctrine of redemption current in each civilization where alchemy is practised.<br /> In the Western world alchemy presented itself at its advent as a sacred art. But when, after a long detour via Byzantium and Islamic culture, it came back again to Europe in the twelfth century, adepts designated themselves philosophers. Since then alchemy has confronted natural philosophy for several centuries.}}</ref> In its Western form, alchemy is first attested in a number of [[pseudepigraphical]] texts written in [[Egypt (Roman province)|Greco-Roman Egypt]] during the first few centuries AD.<ref name=":1">{{harvnb|Principe|2013|pp=9–14}}.</ref> [[Alchemy#Hellenistic Egypt|Greek-speaking alchemists]] often referred to their craft as "the Art" ({{lang|grc|τέχνη}}) or "Knowledge" ({{lang|grc|ἐπιστήμη}}), and it was often characterised as mystic ({{lang|grc|μυστική}}), sacred ({{lang|grc|ἱɛρά}}), or divine ({{lang|grc|θɛíα}}).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keyser |first=Paul T. |date=1990 |title=Alchemy in the Ancient World: From Science to Magic |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2142/12197 |journal=Illinois Classical Studies |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=353–378 |hdl=2142/12197 |issn=0363-1923 }}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy
|
Astronomer
|
{{short description|Scientist in the field of astronomy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2024}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=3}}
{{Other uses|The Astronomer (disambiguation)}}
[[File:IAU 2006 General Assembly- Result of the IAU Resolution Votes (iau0603g).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|A voting session is conducted in 2006 [[International Astronomical Union]]'s general assembly for determining a [[IAU definition of planet|new definition of a planet]]]]
An '''astronomer''' is a [[scientist]] in the field of [[astronomy]] who focuses on a specific question or field outside the scope of [[Earth]]. Astronomers observe [[astronomical object]]s, such as [[star]]s, [[planet]]s, [[natural satellite|moons]], [[comet]]s and [[galaxy|galaxies]] – in either [[observational astronomy|observational]] (by analyzing the data) or [[theoretical astronomy]]. Examples of topics or fields astronomers study include [[planetary science]], [[Sun|solar astronomy]], the [[Star formation|origin]] or [[stellar evolution|evolution of stars]], or the [[galaxy formation and evolution|formation of galaxies]]. A related but distinct subject is [[physical cosmology]], which studies the [[universe]] as a whole.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer
|
ASCII
|
{{Short description|Character encoding standard}}
{{hatnote group|
{{other uses}}
{{Distinguish|text=MS [[Windows-1252]] or other types of [[extended ASCII]]}}
}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013|cs1-dates=y}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox character encoding|
| name = ASCII
| alias = ISO-IR-006,<ref>{{cite iso-ir |number=6 |title=ASCII Graphic character set |id-in-title=yes |sponsor=ANSI |sponsor-link=American National Standards Institute |date=1975-12-01}}</ref> ANSI_X3.4-1968, ANSI_X3.4-1986, ISO_646.irv:1991, ISO646-US, us, IBM367, cp367<ref name="IANA_2007"/>
| mime = us-ascii
| image = USASCII code chart.svg
| caption = ASCII chart from [[MIL-STD-188#MIL-STD-188-100 series|MIL-STD-188-100]] (1972)
| lang = primarily [[English language|English]]; also supports [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Rotokas alphabet|Rotokas]], [[Interlingua]], [[Ido]], and [[X-SAMPA]] <!-- not Latin, see [[Apex (diacritic)]] and [[Interpunct]] -->
| extensions = * [[Unicode]]
* [[ISO/IEC 8859]] (series)
* [[KOI-8]]
* [[OEM code page|OEM]] (series)
* [[Windows-125x]] (series)
* [[Extended ASCII|Others]]
| prev = [[International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2|ITA 2]], [[FIELDATA]]
| next = [[ISO/IEC 8859]], [[ISO/IEC 10646]] ([[Unicode]])
| classification = [[ISO/IEC 646|ISO/IEC 646 series]]
}}
'''ASCII''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-ASCII.ogg|ˈ|æ|s|k|iː}} {{respell|ASS|kee}}),<ref name="Mackenzie_1980">{{cite book |url=https://textfiles.meulie.net/bitsaved/Books/Mackenzie_CodedCharSets.pdf |title=Coded Character Sets, History and Development |series=The Systems Programming Series |author-last=Mackenzie |author-first=Charles E. |date=1980 |edition=1 |publisher=[[Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.]] |isbn=978-0-201-14460-4 |lccn=77-90165 |pages=6, 66, 211, 215, 217, 220, 223, 228, 236–238, 243–245, 247–253, 423, 425–428, 435–439 |access-date=2019-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526172151/https://textfiles.meulie.net/bitsaved/Books/Mackenzie_CodedCharSets.pdf |archive-date=May 26, 2016 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref>{{rp|6}} an acronym for '''American Standard Code for Information Interchange''', is a [[character encoding]] standard for representing a particular set of 95 ([[English language]] focused) [[printable character|printable]] and 33 [[control character|control]] characters {{endash}} a total of 128 [[code point]]s. The set of available punctuation had significant impact on the syntax of computer languages and text markup. ASCII hugely influenced the design of character sets used by modern computers; for example, the first 128 code points of [[Unicode]] are the same as ASCII.
ASCII encodes each code-point as a value from 0 to 127 {{endash}} storable as a seven-[[bit]] [[integer]].<ref name="RFC-4949">{{cite IETF |title=Internet Security Glossary, Version 2 |date=August 2007 |author-first=R. |author-last=Shirley |rfc=4949 |access-date=2016-06-13}}</ref> Ninety-five code-points are printable, including digits ''0'' to ''9'', lowercase letters ''a'' to ''z'', uppercase letters ''A'' to ''Z'', and commonly used [[punctuation symbol]]s. For example, the letter {{code|i}} is represented as 105 ([[decimal]]). Also, ASCII specifies 33 non-printing [[control code]]s which originated with {{notatypo|[[Teletype Corporation#Teletype Corporation|Teletype devices]]}}; most of which are now obsolete.<ref name="Maini_2007">{{cite book |author-last=Maini |author-first=Anil Kumar |title=Digital Electronics: Principles, Devices and Applications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQSpNAEACAAJ&pg=PA28 |date=2007 |publisher=[[John Wiley and Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-03214-5 |page=28 |quote=In addition, it defines codes for 33 nonprinting, mostly obsolete control characters that affect how the text is processed.}}</ref> The control characters that are still commonly used include [[carriage return]], [[line feed]], and [[Tab key#Tab characters|tab]].
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII
|
Austin
|
{{wiktionary|Austin}}
'''Austin''' refers to:
{{TOC right}}
==Common meanings==
* [[Austin, Texas]], United States, a city
* [[Austin (given name)]], a list of people and fictional characters
* [[Austin (surname)]], a list of people and fictional characters
* [[Austin Motor Company]], a British car manufacturer
==Arts and entertainment==
* [[Austin (album)|''Austin'' (album)]], by Post Malone, 2023
* [[Austin (Blake Shelton song)|"Austin" (Blake Shelton song)]], 2001
* [[Austin (Dasha song)|"Austin" (Dasha song)]], 2023
* [[Austin (TV series)|''Austin'' (TV series)]], a 2024 Australian-British comedy series
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin
|
Animation
|
{{Short description|Method of creating moving pictures}}
{{Redirect|Animate|other uses|Animate (disambiguation)|and|Animation (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2024}}
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 150
| image2 = Animexample3edit.png
| width2 = 150
| caption2 = The animation above consists of these six frames repeated indefinitely (This makes it a [[stop motion]] animation.)
| image1 = Animexample.gif
| width1 = 85h
| caption1 = 2D computer animation moving at 10 [[frames per second]] (FPS)
| footer_align = center
| height1 = 16
| height2 = 80
| total_width =
| alt1 = Weare
}}
'''Animation''' is a [[filmmaking]] technique whereby [[image|still images]] are manipulated to create [[Motion picture|moving images]]. In [[traditional animation]], images are drawn or painted by hand on [[cel|transparent celluloid sheet]]s to be [[photograph]]ed and exhibited on [[film]]. Animation has been recognized as an artistic medium, specifically within the [[Entertainment#Industry|entertainment industry]]. Many animations are either traditional animations or [[computer animation]]s made with [[computer-generated imagery]] (CGI). [[Stop motion animation]], in particular [[claymation]], has continued to exist alongside these other forms.
Animation is contrasted with [[live action]], although the two do not exist in isolation. Many moviemakers have produced [[Live-action animation|films that are a hybrid of the two]]. As CGI increasingly [[Photorealism|approximates photographic imagery]], filmmakers can easily [[Compositing|composite]] 3D animations into their film rather than using [[practical effect]]s for showy [[visual effects]] (VFX).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation
|
Apollo
|
{{Short description|Greek god of music, prophecy and healing}}
{{About|the Greek and Roman god|the spaceflight program|Apollo program|other uses|Apollo (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Thyraeus|other uses|Thyraeus (mythology)}}
{{Redirect-distinguish-for|Phoebus|Phobos (mythology)|other uses|Phoebus (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<!-- this article uses the BCE/CE convention -->
{{Very long|date=May 2025|words=14827}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Greek
| name = Apollo
| image = Italy-3104 - Apollo (5378415112).jpg
| alt =
| caption = ''[[Apollo Belvedere]]'', {{circa|120}}–140 CE
| god_of = God of oracles, healing, archery, music and arts, light, knowledge, herds and flocks, and protection of the young
| member_of = the [[Twelve Olympians]] and the ''[[Dii Consentes]]''
| abode = [[Mount Olympus]]
| symbol = [[Lyre]], [[laurel wreath]], [[Python (mythology)|python]], bow and arrows
| tree = [[Laurus nobilis|laurel]], [[cypress]]
| animals = Raven, [[swan]], [[wolf]]
| consort =
| birth_place = [[Delos]]
| parents = [[Zeus]] and [[Leto]]
| siblings = [[Artemis]] (twin), and [[Zeus#Offspring|many paternal half-siblings]]
| children = [[Asclepius]], [[Aristaeus]], [[Corybantes]], [[Hymen (god)|Hymen]], [[Apollonis]], [[Amphiaraus]], [[Anius]], [[Apis (Greek mythology)|Apis]], [[Cycnus of Aetolia|Cycnus]], [[Eurydice]], [[Hector]], [[Linus of Thrace]], [[Lycomedes]], [[Melaneus]], [[Melite (heroine)|Melite]], [[Miletus (mythology)|Miletus]], [[Mopsus (son of Manto)|Mopsus]], [[Oaxes]], [[Oncius]], [[Orpheus]], [[Troilus]], [[Phemonoe]], [[Philammon]], [[Tenerus (son of Apollo)|Tenerus]], [[Trophonius]], and [[#Children|various others]]
| mount = A chariot drawn by swans
| planet = [[Sun]]<br />[[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]<ref name=":merc">{{cite book | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=GnrAVhVZ3wMC&pg=PA75 75] | title = The Planet Observer's Handbook | first1 = Fred W. | last1 = Price | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | date = 1994 | isbn = 0-521-78981-8 | location = New York City, New York | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GnrAVhVZ3wMC}}</ref> (antiquity)
| equivalent4_type = Celtic
| equivalent4 = [[Grannus]]
}}
{{Ancient Greek religion}}
{{Contains special characters}}
'''Apollo'''{{efn|[[Attic Greek|Attic]], [[Ionic Greek|Ionic]], [[Homeric Greek|Homeric]] and {{langx|grc-x-koine|Ἀπόλλων|Apóllōn}}, {{langx|grc|Ἀπόλλωνος|Apóllōnos|label=genitive}} {{IPA|grc|a.pól.lɔːn|label=[[Attic Greek|Attic]]–[[Ionic Greek|Ionic]] pronunciation:}}, {{IPA|grc|a.pól.lɔː.nos|}}; {{IPA|grc-x-koine|aˈpol.lon|lang|link=yes}}, {{IPA|la|aˈpol.lo.nos|}}<br />{{langx|grc-x-doric|Ἀπέλλων|Apéllōn}}, {{IPA|grc-x-doric|a.pel.lɔ̂ːn|link=yes}}; {{langx|grc|Ἀπείλων|Apeílōn|label=[[Arcadocypriot Greek]]:}}, {{IPA|grc|a.pěː.lɔːn|label=Arcadocypriot Greek:}}; {{langx|grc-x-aeolic|Ἄπλουν|Áploun}}, {{IPA|grc-x-aeolic|á.ploːn|lang|link=yes}}<br />{{langx|la|Apollō}}, {{langx|la|Apollinis|label=genitive}}, {{IPA|la-x-classic|äˈpɔlːʲoː|lang|link=yes}}, {{IPA|la|äˈpɔl.lʲɪ.nɪs̠|}}; {{IPA|la|ɑˈpɔl.lɔ|label=[[Late Latin]]:}}, {{IPA|la|ɑˈpɔl.li.nis|}}}} is one of the [[Twelve Olympians|Olympian deities]] in [[Ancient Greek religion|ancient Greek]] and [[Ancient Roman religion|Roman religion]] and [[Greek mythology|Greek]] and [[Roman mythology]]. Apollo has been recognized as a god of archery, music and dance, truth and prophecy, healing and diseases, the [[Sun]] and light, poetry, and more. One of the most important and complex of the Greek gods, he is the son of [[Zeus]] and [[Leto]], and the twin brother of [[Artemis]], goddess of the hunt. He is considered to be the most beautiful god and is represented as the ideal of the ''[[kouros]]'' (ephebe, or a beardless, athletic youth). Apollo is known in Greek-influenced [[Etruscan mythology]] as ''[[Apulu]]''.<ref>Krauskopf, I. 2006. "The Grave and Beyond." ''The Religion of the Etruscans.'' edited by N. de Grummond and E. Simon. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. vii, p. 73-75.</ref>
As the patron deity of [[Delphi]] (''Apollo Pythios''), Apollo is an [[oracular]] god—the prophetic [[deity]] of the [[Pythia|Delphic Oracle]] and also the deity of ritual purification. His oracles were often consulted for guidance in various matters. He was in general seen as the god who affords help and wards off evil, and is referred to as {{transliteration|grc|[[Alexicacus]]}}, the "averter of evil". Medicine and healing are associated with Apollo, whether through the god himself or mediated through his son [[Asclepius]]. Apollo delivered people from epidemics, yet he is also a god who could bring ill health and deadly [[Plague (disease)|plague]] with his arrows. The invention of archery itself is credited to Apollo and his sister Artemis. Apollo is usually described as carrying a silver or golden bow and a quiver of arrows.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo
|
Andre Agassi
|
{{Short description|American tennis player (born 1970)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
| name = Andre Agassi
| image = [[file:Andre Agassi (2011).jpg|frameless|upright=.8]]
| caption = Agassi at the 2011 Champions Shootout
| fullname = Andre Kirk Agassi
| country = {{Flagu|United States}}
| residence = [[Las Vegas]], Nevada, US<!-- either "[[Las Vegas]], Nevada" or "[[Las Vegas, Nevada]]", NOT "[[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]]" per MOS:GEOLINK -->
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|04|29}}
| birth_place = Las Vegas, Nevada, US
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=11}}
| turnedpro = 1986
| retired = 2006
| plays = Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
| coach = {{Ubl
| [[Emmanuel Agassi]] (1970–1983)
| [[Nick Bollettieri]] (1983–1993)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/10/sports/tennis-agassi-has-streisand-but-loses-bollettieri.html |title=TENNIS; Agassi Has Streisand But Loses Bollettieri |date=July 10, 1993 |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Robin |last=Finn |access-date=July 5, 2014 |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215724/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/10/sports/tennis-agassi-has-streisand-but-loses-bollettieri.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Pancho Segura]] (1993)
| [[Brad Gilbert]] (1994–2002)
| [[Darren Cahill]] (2002–2006)
}}
| careerprizemoney = $31,152,975<ref>{{cite web |title=ATP Prize Money Leaders |url=http://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/career_prize.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230071910/https://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/career_prize.pdf |archive-date=2024-12-30 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Open Era tennis records – Men's singles#Prize money|14th all-time in earnings]]
| tennishofyear = 2011
| tennishofid = andre-agassi
| singlesrecord = {{tennis record|won=870|lost=274}} (76.0%)
| singlestitles = 60
| highestsinglesranking = [[List of ATP number 1 ranked singles players|No. '''1''']] (April 10, 1995)
| AustralianOpenresult = '''W''' ([[1995 Australian Open – Men's singles|1995]], [[2000 Australian Open – Men's singles|2000]], [[2001 Australian Open – Men's singles|2001]], [[2003 Australian Open – Men's singles|2003]])
| FrenchOpenresult = '''W''' ([[1999 French Open – Men's singles|1999]])
| Wimbledonresult = '''W''' ([[1992 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1992]])
| USOpenresult = '''W''' ([[1994 US Open – Men's singles|1994]], [[1999 US Open – Men's singles|1999]])
|Othertournaments = Yes
|MastersCupresult = '''W''' ([[1990 ATP Tour World Championships – Singles|1990]])
|Olympicsresult = '''W''' ([[Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|1996]])
|GrandSlamCupresult= F ([[1998 Compaq Grand Slam Cup – Men's singles|1998]])
| doublesrecord = 40–42 (48.8%)
| doublestitles = 1
| FrenchOpenDoublesresult = QF (1992)
| USOpenDoublesresult = 1R (1987)
| highestdoublesranking = No. 123 (August 17, 1992)
| Team = yes
| DavisCupresult = '''W''' (1990, 1992, 1995)
|CoachYears = 2017–2020
|CoachPlayers = {{unbulleted list
|[[Novak Djokovic]] (2017–2018)
|[[Grigor Dimitrov]] (2018–2020)
}}
| medaltemplates-expand = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry | {{Flagu|United States}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|Olympic Games – [[Tennis at the Summer Olympics|Tennis]]}}
{{MedalGold | [[1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Atlanta]] | [[Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|Singles]] }}
| module = {{Infobox person
| embed = yes
| signature = AndreAgassiSignature.png
}}<!-- Infobox person -->
}}<!-- Infobox tennis biography -->
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Agassi
|
Austroasiatic languages
|
{{Short description|Language family concentrated in Southeast Asia}}
{{Distinguish|Austronesian languages|Afroasiatic languages}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Austroasiatic
| altname = Austro-Asiatic
| region = [[Southeast Asia|Southeast]], [[South Asia|South]] and [[East Asia]]
| familycolor = Austroasiatic
| speakers = {{est.}} 117 million
| family = One of the world's primary [[Language family|language families]]
| protoname = [[Proto-Austroasiatic language|Proto-Austroasiatic]]
| child1 = [[Munda languages|Munda]]
| child2 = [[Khasi-Palaungic languages|Khasi-Palaungic]]
| child3 = [[Khmuic languages|Khmuic]]
| child4 = ''[[Mang language|Mang]]''
| child5 = [[Pakanic languages|Pakanic]]
| child6 = [[Vietic languages|Vietic]]
| child7 = [[Katuic languages|Katuic]]
| child8 = [[Bahnaric languages|Bahnaric]]
| child9 = ''[[Khmer language|Khmer]]''
| child10 = [[Pearic languages|Pearic]]
| child11 = [[Monic languages|Monic]]
| child12 = [[Aslian languages|Aslian]]
| child13 = [[Nicobarese languages|Nicobarese]]
| iso5 = aav
| glotto = aust1305
| glottoname = Austroasiatic
| map = Austroasiatic-en.svg
| mapcaption = Austroasiatic languages by branch
{{columns-list|colwidth=10em|style=width: 350px; font-style: italic;|
{{Legend|#FFEC19|[[Munda languages|Munda]]}}
{{Legend|#FFBF00|[[Khasic languages|Khasic]]}}
{{Legend|#FF8400|[[Palaungic languages|Palaungic]]}}
{{Legend|#FF3C00|[[Khmuic languages|Khmuic]]}}
{{Legend|#FF82BF|[[Vietic languages|Vietic]]}}
{{Legend|#B67BFF|[[Katuic languages|Katuic]]}}
{{Legend|#5D98FF|[[Bahnaric languages|Bahnaric]]}}
{{Legend|#61FFCF|[[Khmer language|Khmer]]}}
{{Legend|#9CE100|[[Monic languages|Monic]]}}
{{Legend|#55CE00|[[Aslian languages|Aslian]]}}
{{Legend|#01A604|[[Pearic languages|Pearic]]}}
{{Legend|#808040|[[Pakanic languages|Pakanic]]}}
{{Legend|#946432|[[Nicobarese languages|Nicobarese]]}} }}
| ancestor =
| notes =
| map2 = AA_languages_map_%28with_natl%27_border%29.svg
| mapcaption2 = Austroasiatic languages
}}
The '''Austroasiatic languages'''{{refn|group=note|Sometimes also ''Austro-Asiatic'' or ''Austroasian''}} ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɒ|s|t|r|oʊ|.|eɪ|ʒ|i|ˈ|æ|t|ɪ|k|,_|ˌ|ɔː|-|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Austroasiatic.wav}} {{respelling|OSS|troh|ay|zhee|AT|ik|,_|AWSS-}}) are a large [[language family]] spoken throughout [[Mainland Southeast Asia]], [[South Asia]] and [[East Asia]]. These languages are natively spoken by the majority of the population in [[Vietnam]] and [[Cambodia]], and by minority populations scattered throughout parts of [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[India]], [[Myanmar]], [[Malaysia]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], and [[southern China]]. Approximately 117 million people speak an Austroasiatic language, of which more than two-thirds are [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] speakers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Austroasiatic.html|title=Austroasiatic|website=www.languagesgulper.com|language=en|access-date=15 October 2017|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329085717/http://languagesgulper.com/eng/Austroasiatic.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Of the Austroasiatic languages, only [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], [[Khmer language|Khmer]], and [[Mon language|Mon]] have lengthy, established presences in the historical record. Only two are presently considered to be the [[national language]]s of sovereign states: Vietnamese in Vietnam, and Khmer in Cambodia. The Mon language is a recognized indigenous language in Myanmar and Thailand, while the [[Wa language]] is a "recognized national language" in the de facto autonomous [[Wa State]] within Myanmar. [[Santali language|Santali]] is one of [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|the 22 scheduled languages of India]]. The remainder of the family's languages are spoken by minority groups and have no official status.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages
|
Afroasiatic languages
|
{{short description|Large language family of Africa and West Asia}}
{{Redirect2|Afro-Asiatic|Afrasian|the ethnic classification|Afro-Asians|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Afroasiatic
| region = [[North Africa]], [[West Asia]], [[Horn of Africa]], [[Sahel]], and [[Malta]]<!-- Primary speech area - see map below. Per [[Template:Infobox language]], this parameter is reserved for "geographic region in which it is mainly spoken". -->
| speakers = {{sigfig|632.596603|2}} million<ref name=Eth>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/| title=Statistical Summaries; Ethnologue}}</ref><ref name=eth>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroup/31/| title=Afro-Asiatic; Ethnologue}}</ref>
| familycolor = Afro-Asiatic
| family = One of the world's primary [[Language family|language families]]
| protoname = [[Proto-Afroasiatic language|Proto-Afroasiatic]]
| child1 = [[Berber languages|Berber]]
| child2 = [[Chadic languages|Chadic]]
| child3 = [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]]
| child4 = [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] {{Extinct}}{{NoteTag|Egyptian's descendant, Coptic might still have a small number of active speakers although it's inconclusive.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2005/12/10/coptic-languages-last-survivors | title=Coptic language's last survivors | date=20 August 2015 }}</ref>}}
| child5 = [[Omotic languages|Omotic]]{{sfn|Sands|2009|pp=559–580}}
| child6 = [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
| iso2 = afa
| iso5 = afa
| glotto = afro1255
| glottorefname = Afro-Asiatic
| map = Detailed Afroasiatic map.svg
| mapcaption = Modern distribution of the Afroasiatic languages
| ancestor =
| glottoname =
| notes =
| altname = Hamito-Semitic, Semito-Hamitic, Afrasian
| map2 = Afro-Asiatic language.png
| mapcaption2 = Hypothesized approximate historical distribution of Afroasiatic branches (Chadic and Omotic branches, and the [[Ethio-Semitic]] sub-branch not shown)
}}
The '''Afroasiatic languages''' (also known as '''Afro-Asiatic''', '''Afrasian''', '''Hamito-Semitic''', or '''Semito-Hamitic''') are a [[language family]] (or "phylum") of about 400 languages spoken predominantly in [[West Asia]], [[North Africa]], the [[Horn of Africa]], and parts of the [[Sahara]] and [[Sahel]].{{sfn|Almansa-Villatoro|Štubňová Nigrelli|2023|p=3}} Over 500 million people are native speakers of an Afroasiatic language, constituting the fourth-largest language family after [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]], [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]], and [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]].{{sfn|Eberhard|Simons|Fennig|2021|loc=Summary by language family}} Most linguists divide the family into six branches: [[Berber languages|Berber (Amazigh)]], [[Chadic languages|Chadic]], [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]], [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]], [[Omotic languages|Omotic]], and [[Semitic languages|Semitic]].{{sfn|Sands|2009|p=565}} The vast majority of Afroasiatic languages are considered indigenous to the [[Africa|African continent]], including all those not belonging to the Semitic branch (which originated in West Asia).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages
|
Andorra
|
{{Short description|Microstate in Southern Europe}}
{{Hatnote group|
{{About-distinguish-text|the Principality of Andorra, a landlocked nation in the eastern Pyrenees,|the Italian town of [[Andora]]}}
{{Other uses}}
}}
{{Pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Principality of Andorra
| common_name = Andorra
| native_name = {{native name|ca|Principat d'Andorra}}
| image_flag = Flag of Andorra.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Andorra.svg
| symbol_type = Coat of arms
| national_motto = {{langx|la|Virtus Unita Fortior|label=none}} ([[Latin]])<br />"United virtue is stronger"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/andorra/adsymbols.htm|title=Andorran Symbols|date=29 March 2021|publisher=WorldAtlas}}</ref>
| national_anthem = "[[El Gran Carlemany]]" {{In lang|ca}}<br />"The Great [[Charlemagne]]"<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:El Gran Carlemany.ogg]]}}</div>
| image_map = Location Andorra Europe.png
| map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=centre of green circle |region=Europe |region_color=dark grey}}
| image_map2 =
| capital = [[Andorra la Vella]]
| coordinates = {{coord|42|30|23|N|1|31|17|E|type:city_region:AD|display=inline}}
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[Catalan language|Catalan]] 44.1%<ref name="constitution"/><ref name="cia"/>
| languages_type = Significant language
| languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]] 40.3%<ref name="cia"/>
| languages2_type = Other languages
| languages2 = {{plainlist|
*13.5% [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
*10% [[French language|French]]
*3% [[English language|English]]
*6.8% other<ref name="cia"/>
}}
| ethnic_groups = {{plainlist|
* 34.3% [[Spaniards]]
* 32.1% [[Demographics of Andorra|Andorrans]]
* 10% [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]
* 5.6% [[French people|French]]
* 18% others
}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="cia"/>
| ethnic_groups_year = 2024
| religion = {{unbulleted list
|{{Tree list}}
* 90.8% Christianity
** 85.5% [[Catholic Church in Andorra|Catholicism]] ([[State religion|official]])<ref>{{cite book|first1=Jeroen|last1= Temperman|title=State–Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance|publisher=BRILL|year=2010|isbn=978-90-04-18149-6|quote=... guarantees the Roman Catholic Church free and public exercise of its activities and the preservation of the relations of special co-operation with the state in accordance with the Andorran tradition. The Constitution recognizes the full legal capacity of the bodies of the Roman Catholic Church which have legal status in accordance with their own rules.}}</ref>
** 5.3% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| 6.9% [[Irreligion|no religion]]
| 2.3% others
}}
| religion_year = 2020
| religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=6c|title=National Profiles | World Religion|website=www.thearda.com}}</ref>
| demonym = [[List of Andorrans|Andorran]]
| government_type = [[Unitary government|Unitary]] parliamentary [[diarchic]] constitutional [[Coregency#Andorra|co-principality]]
| leader_title1 = [[Co-Princes of Andorra|Co-Princes]]
| leader_name1 = {{plainlist|
* [[Josep-Lluís Serrano Pentinat]]
* [[Emmanuel Macron]]}}
| leader_title2 = [[List of Representatives of the Co-Princes of Andorra|Representatives]]
| leader_name2 = {{plainlist|
* [[Eduard Ibáñez]]
* [[Patrice Faure]]}}
| leader_title3 = [[Head of Government of Andorra|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name3 = [[Xavier Espot Zamora]]
| leader_title4 = [[List of General Syndics of the General Council|General Syndic]]
| leader_name4 = [[Carles Ensenyat Reig]]
| legislature = [[General Council (Andorra)|General Council]]
| sovereignty_type = Independence
| established_event1 = From the [[Crown of Aragon]]
| established_date1 = [[Paréage of Andorra (1278)|8 September 1278]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cultura.ad/historia-d-andorra |title = Història d'Andorra|language=ca|website=Cultura.ad|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.enciclopedia.cat/EC-GEC-0003858.xml |title = Andorra|language=ca|website=Enciclopèdia.cat|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref>
| established_event2 = From the [[Kingdom of France]]
| established_date2 = 12 October 1652
| established_event3 = From the [[Sègre (department)|French Empire]]
| established_date3 = 1814
| established_event4 = [[Constitution of Andorra|Constitution]]
| established_date4 = 2 February 1993
| area_km2 = 467.63
| area_rank = 178th
| area_sq_mi = 180.55
| percent_water = 0.26 (121.4 [[hectares|ha]]<!-- Not including areas of rivers -->){{efn|{{in lang|fr|cap=yes}} Girard P & Gomez P (2009), Lacs des Pyrénées: Andorre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.estadistica.ad/serveiestudis/publicacions/CD/Anuari/cat/pdf/xifres.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113203301/http://www.estadistica.ad/serveiestudis/publicacions/CD/Anuari/cat/pdf/xifres.PDF |archive-date=13 November 2009 |title=Andorra en xifres 2007: Situació geogràfica, Departament d'Estadística, Govern d'Andorra |access-date=26 August 2012 }}</ref>}}
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 87,486<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-13 |title=A001. Population estimates; A003. Statistics on the censuses of parishes. February 2025 |url=https://www.estadistica.ad/portal/apps/sites/#/estadistica-en/pages/publicacio?Idioma=en&Id=33438&IdCat=1,4 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Department of Statistics}}</ref>
| population_estimate_rank = 185th
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_census_year = 2021
| population_density_km2 = 187.1
| population_density_sq_mi = 484.6
| population_density_rank = 71st
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $6.001 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AD">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=111,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: April 2024|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|website=imf.org}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2024
| GDP_PPP_rank = 168th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $69,146<ref name="IMFWEO.AD" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 18th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $3.897 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AD" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2024
| GDP_nominal_rank = 159th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $44,900<ref name="IMFWEO.AD" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 24th
| Gini = 40.0
| Gini_year = 2023
| Gini_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady -->
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=COEFICIENT DE GINI (INGRESSOS) POBLACIÓ |url=https://www.estadistica.ad/portal/apps/sites/#/estadistica-en/pages/estadistiques-i-dades-detall?Idioma=en&N2=131&N3=132&DV=1496 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Departament d'Estadística}}</ref>
| HDI = 0.913
| HDI_rank = 32nd
| HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. -->
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref>
| currency = [[Euro]] ([[Euro sign|€]]){{efn|Before 1999, the [[French franc]] and [[Spanish peseta]]; the coins and notes of both currencies, however, remained legal tender until 2002. Small amounts of [[Andorran diner]]s (divided into 100 centim) were minted after 1982.}}
| currency_code = EUR
| time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +01:00
| utc_offset_DST = +02:00
| time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
| drives_on = right<ref name="DRIVESIDE">{{cite web |url=http://whatsideofroad.com/ad/ |title=What side of the road do they drive on in Andorra |access-date=19 March 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Andorra|+376]]
| cctld = [[.ad]]{{efn|Also [[.cat]], shared with [[Països Catalans|Catalan-speaking territories]]}}
| today =
}}
'''Andorra''',{{efn|Pronunciation:
* English: {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Andorra.ogg|æ|n|ˈ|d|ɔːr|ə}} {{respell|an|DOR|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|æ|n|ˈ|d|ɒr|ə}} {{respell|an|DORR|ə}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Roach|first=Peter|year=2011|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary|edition=18th|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-15253-2}}</ref>
* Catalan: {{IPA|ca|anˈdɔra||LL-Q7026 (cat)-Millars-Andorra.wav}}.}} officially the '''Principality of Andorra''',<ref name="constitution">{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Principality of Andorra |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ad/ad001en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516152108/https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ad/ad001en.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2019}}</ref>{{efn|In {{langx|ca|Principat d'Andorra|links=no}}, {{IPA|ca|pɾinsiˈpad danˈdɔra|pron}}; in {{langx|es|Principado de Andorra|links=no}}; in {{langx|fr|Principauté d'Andorre|links=no}}.<ref name="constitution"/>}} is a sovereign [[landlocked nation]] on the [[Iberian Peninsula]], in the eastern [[Pyrenees]] in [[Southwestern Europe]], [[Andorra–France border|bordered]] by [[France]] to the north and [[Spain]] to [[Andorra–Spain border|the south]]. Believed to have been created by [[Charlemagne]], Andorra was ruled by the [[Counts of Urgell|count of Urgell]] until 988, when it was transferred to the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell]]. The present principality was formed by [[Paréage of Andorra 1278|a charter in 1278]]. It is currently headed by two co-princes: the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell|Bishop of Urgell]] in [[Catalonia]], Spain, and the [[president of France]]. Its capital and largest city is [[Andorra la Vella]].
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra
|
Arithmetic mean
|
{{Short description|Type of average of a collection of numbers}}
{{redirect|X̄|the character|Macron (diacritic)}}
{{broader|Mean}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
In [[mathematics]] and [[statistics]], the '''arithmetic mean''' ({{IPAc-en|pron|ˌ|æ|r|ɪ|θ|ˈ|m|ɛ|t|ɪ|k|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-arithmetic.wav}} {{respell|arr|ith|MET|ik}}), '''arithmetic average''', or just the ''[[mean]]'' or ''[[average]]'' is the sum of a collection of numbers divided by the count of numbers in the collection.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jacobs|first=Harold R.|title=Mathematics: A Human Endeavor|edition=Third|year=1994|publisher=[[W. H. Freeman]]|page=547|isbn=0-7167-2426-X}}</ref> The collection is often a set of results from an [[experiment]], an [[observational study]], or a [[Survey (statistics)|survey]]. The term "arithmetic mean" is preferred in some contexts in mathematics and statistics because it helps to distinguish it from other types of means, such as [[geometric mean|geometric]] and [[harmonic mean|harmonic]].
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_mean
|
American Football Conference
|
{{short description|One of two conferences in the National Football League}}
{{for-multi|the 1940s American football league|All-America Football Conference|the league that operated from 1959 to 1961|American Football Conference (1959–1961)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox sports league
| title = American Football Conference
| league = [[National Football League]]
| logo = American Football Conference logo.svg
| caption = American Football Conference logo<br>(2010–present)
| pixels = 150 px
| formerly = [[American Football League]] (AFL)
| sport = [[American football]]
| founded = 1970
| teams = 16
| most_champs = [[New England Patriots]] (11 titles)
| champion = [[Kansas City Chiefs]] (5th title)
}}
The '''American Football Conference''' ('''AFC''') is one of the two [[Athletic conference|conferences]] of the [[National Football League]] (NFL), the highest level of professional [[American football]] in the United States. The AFC and its counterpart, the [[National Football Conference]] (NFC), each have 16 teams organized into four [[Division (sport)|divisions]]. Both conferences were created as part of the [[AFL–NFL merger|1970 merger]] between the National Football League, and the [[American Football League]] (AFL). All ten of the AFL teams, and three NFL teams, became members of the new AFC, with the remaining thirteen NFL teams forming the NFC. A series of league expansions and division realignments have occurred since the merger, thus making the current total of 16 teams in each conference. The current AFC champions are the [[Kansas City Chiefs]], who defeated the [[Buffalo Bills]] in the [[2024 NFL season|2024 season]]'s [[AFC Championship Game]] for their fifth conference championship and went on to lose [[Super Bowl LIX]] against the [[Philadelphia Eagles]].
==Teams==
Like the NFC, the conference has 16 teams organized into four [[Division (sport)|divisions]] each with four teams: [[AFC East|East]], [[AFC North|North]], [[AFC South|South]] and [[AFC West|West]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/25549819/2019-nfl-pro-bowl-selections-all-32-teams-full-nfc-afc-rosters|title=2019 Pro Bowl selections for every team: Full NFC, AFC rosters|date=December 19, 2018|website=ESPN.com|language=en|access-date=February 23, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/17/sports/football/parity-afc-becomes-a-conference-of-haves-and-have-nots.html|title=Parity? A.F.C. Is Made Up of Haves and Have-Nots|last=Stuart|first=Chase|date=December 16, 2014|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 23, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2019/01/02/nfl-playoffs-fatal-flaw-that-could-stop-your-favorite-team-winning-super-bowl/|title=2018 NFL playoffs: The fatal flaw that could stop your favorite team from winning the Super Bowl|website=The Wall Street Journal|author-first1=Neil|author-last1=Greenberg|date=January 2, 2019}}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_Conference
|
Animal Farm
|
{{Short description|1945 novella by George Orwell}}
{{About|the novel by George Orwell}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Animal Farm
| title_orig = Animal Farm: A Fairy Story
| image = Animal Farm - 1st edition.jpg
| caption = First edition cover
| author = [[George Orwell]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| genre = [[Political satire]]
| published = 17 August 1945 ([[Secker and Warburg]], London, England)
| media_type = Print (hard & paperback)
| isbn = <!-- First released before ISBN system implemented -->
| dewey = 823/.912 20
| congress = PZ3.O793 An
| oclc = 3655473
| followed_by = [[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]
| preceded_by = [[Inside the Whale and Other Essays]]
| awards = Modern Library's 100 Best Novels
NPR: 100 Best Science Fiction and Fantasy Books
Hugo Award for Best Short Novel (1946)
Prometheus Award – Hall of Fame (2011)
| pages = 92
}}
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Farm
|
Amphibian
|
{{Short description|Class of ectothermic tetrapods}}
{{Redirect|Amphibia||Amphibia (disambiguation)|and|Amphibian (disambiguation)}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Amphibians
| fossil_range = [[Early Carboniferous]] ([[Visean]])-Present {{fossil range|330|0}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Marjanović|first1=D.|year=2021|title=The Making of Calibration Sausage Exemplified by Recalibrating the Transcriptomic Timetree of Jawed Vertebrates|journal=Frontiers in Genetics|volume=12|at=521693|doi=10.3389/fgene.2021.521693|doi-access=free |pmid=34054911 |pmc=8149952 }}</ref><ref>Werneburg, R. Witzmann, F. & Schneider, J.W. (2019) [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12542-018-00442-x.pdf The oldest known tetrapod (Temnospondyli) from Germany (Early Carboniferous, Viséan)]. ''PalZ'' (2019) 93:679–690 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-018-00442-x</ref>
| image = {{Multiple image
| perrow = 2/2
| caption_align = center
| total_width = 280
| image1 = Litoria phyllochroa.JPG
| caption1 = [[Leaf green tree frog]]
| image2 = Buettneria AMNH.jpg
| caption2 = ''[[Anaschisma]]''
| image3 = Notophthalmus viridescensPCCA20040816-3983A.jpg
| caption3 = [[Eastern newt]]
| image4 = Dermophis mexicanus.jpg
| caption4 = [[Mexican burrowing caecilian]]
| border = infobox
}}
| taxon = Amphibia
| authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]] 1825<ref name=BlackburnWake/>
| subdivision_ranks = Subclasses
| subdivision = (partial list)
* {{extinct}}[[Lepospondyli]]
* {{extinct}}[[Temnospondyli]]
* [[Lissamphibia]] (modern amphibians)
** [[frog|Anura]] (frogs)
** [[Caudata]] ([[salamander]]s)
** [[Gymnophiona]] (caecilians)
** {{extinct}}[[Albanerpetontidae]]
}}
[[File:Biofluorescence in Ceratophrys cranwelli - 41598 2020 59528 Fig2-bottom (cropped).png|thumb|250px|Many amphibians—like this ''[[Ceratophrys cranwelli]]''—exhibit [[biofluorescence]].<ref name=LambDavis2020>{{Cite Q|Q89930490|author1-first=Jennifer Y.|author1-last=Lamb|author2-first=Matthew P.|author2-last=Davis}}</ref>]]
'''Amphibians''' are [[ectotherm]]ic, [[anamniote|anamniotic]], [[tetrapod|four-limbed]] [[vertebrate]] [[animal]]s that constitute the [[class (biology)|class]] '''Amphibia'''. In its broadest sense, it is a [[paraphyletic]] group encompassing all [[Tetrapod|tetrapods]], but excluding the [[amniote]]s (tetrapods with an [[amniotic membrane]], such as modern [[reptile]]s, [[bird]]s and [[mammal]]s). All [[extant taxon|extant]] (living) amphibians belong to the [[monophyletic]] [[subclass (biology)|subclass]] [[Lissamphibia]], with three living [[order (biology)|order]]s: Anura ([[frog]]s and [[toad]]s), Urodela ([[salamander]]s), and Gymnophiona ([[caecilian]]s). Evolved to be mostly [[semiaquatic]], amphibians have adapted to inhabit a wide variety of [[habitat]]s, with most species living in [[freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]], [[wetland]] or [[terrestrial ecosystem]]s (such as [[riparian woodland]], [[fossorial]] and even [[arboreal]] habitats). Their [[biological life cycle|life cycle]] typically starts out as [[aquatic animal|aquatic]] [[larva]]e with [[gill]]s known as [[tadpole]]s, but some species have developed behavioural adaptations to bypass this.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian
|
Alaska
|
{{Short description|U.S. state}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{about|the U.S. state}}
{{redirect|Alaskan}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox U.S. state
| native_name = <div style="padding-top:0.25em;">{{native name|ik|Alaaskaq}}{{br}}{{native name|esu|Alaskaq}}{{br}}{{native name|tli|Anáaski}}{{br}}{{native name|ems|Alas'kaaq}}</div>
| image_flag = Flag of Alaska.svg
| name = Alaska
| image_seal = Seal of the State of Alaska.svg
| flag_link = Flag of Alaska
| nickname = The Last Frontier
| motto = North to the Future
| anthem = [[Alaska's Flag]]{{br}}
| image_map = Alaska in United States.svg
| OfficialLangs = [[Ahtna language|Ahtna]], [[Alutiiq language|Alutiiq]], [[Dena'ina language|Dena'ina]], [[Central Alaskan Yup'ik language|Cup'ig]], [[Deg Xinag language|Deg Xinag]], English, [[Eyak language|Eyak]], [[Gwich'in language|Gwich'in]], [[Haida language|Haida]], [[Hän language|Hän]], [[Holikachuk language|Holikachuk]], [[Inupiat language|Inupiaq]], [[Koyukon language|Koyukon]], [[Lower Tanana language|Lower Tanana]], [[Lower Tanana language|Middle Tanana]], [[Central Siberian Yupik language|St. Lawrence Island Yupik]], [[Tanacross language|Tanacross]], [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]], [[Coast Tsimshian dialect|Tsimshian]], [[Aleut language|Unangax̂]], [[Upper Kuskokwim language|Upper Kuskokwim]], [[Upper Tanana language|Upper Tanana]], [[Central Alaskan Yup'ik language|Yup'ik]], [[Tsetsaut language|Wetał]]
| Languages = {{ubl
|English 86.3%
|[[Alaska Native languages]] 5.2%
|[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] 3.4%
|Spanish 2.9%
|Others 2.2%
}}
| population_demonym = Alaskan
| LargestCity = [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]]
| seat = [[Juneau, Alaska|Juneau]]
| area_rank = 1st
| area_total_sq_mi = 665,384<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html|title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates|website=Census.gov|access-date=September 1, 2023|archive-date=April 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407014954/https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 1,723,337
| width_mi = 2,261
| width_km = 3,639
| length_mi = 1,420
| length_km = 2,285
| area_water_percent = 13.77
| Latitude = 51°20'N to 71°50'N
| Longitude = 130°W to 172°E
| population_rank = 48th
| population_as_of = 2024
| 2010Pop = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 740,133<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/AK/PST045224|accessdate=January 9, 2025|title=United States Census Quick Facts Alaska|archive-date=January 19, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119203320/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/AK/PST045224|url-status=live}}</ref>
| MedianHouseholdIncome = ${{round|86631|-2}} (2<span>0</span>23)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2024/demo/acsbr-023.pdf|title=Household Income in States and Metropolitan Areas: 2023|accessdate=January 12, 2025|archive-date=January 12, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250112072850/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2024/demo/acsbr-023.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 2020DensityUS = 1.10
| 2020Density = 0.42
| population_density_rank = 50th
| IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income|12th]]
| elevation_max_point = [[Denali]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |access-date=October 21, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=October 15, 2011 }}</ref>
| elevation_max_ft = 20,310
| elevation_max_m = 6190.5
| elevation_ft = 1900
| elevation_m = 580
| elevation_min_point =
| elevation_min_m = 0
| elevation_min_ft = 0
| Former = Territory of Alaska
| AdmittanceDate = {{start date and age|1959|01|03}}
| AdmittanceOrder = 49th
| Governor = [[Mike Dunleavy (politician)|Mike Dunleavy]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
| Lieutenant Governor = [[Nancy Dahlstrom]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
| Legislature = [[Alaska State Legislature]]
| Judiciary = [[Alaska Supreme Court]]
| Senators = {{ubl
|[[Lisa Murkowski]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
|[[Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)|Dan Sullivan]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
}}
| timezone1 = [[Alaska Time Zone|AKST]]
| utc_offset1 = – 09:00
| timezone1_DST = AKDT
| utc_offset1_DST = – 08:00
| timezone1_location = east of 169°30'
| timezone2 = [[Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone|HST]]
| utc_offset2 = – 10:00
| timezone2_DST = HDT
| utc_offset2_DST = – 09:00
| timezone2_location = west of 169°30'
| iso_code = US-AK
| postal_code = AK
| website = alaska.gov
| Upperhouse = [[Alaska State Senate|State Senate]]
| Lowerhouse = [[Alaska House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| Representative = [[Nick Begich III]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
| area_land_km2 = 1,518,800
| area_land_sq_mi = 586,412 square miles<ref>{{cite web | url=https://alaska.gov/Kids/learn/aboutgeography.htm | title=Geography of Alaska, Alaska Kids' Corner, State of Alaska | access-date=January 17, 2024 | archive-date=December 3, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203064629/http://www.alaska.gov/kids/learn/aboutgeography.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_water_km2 = 236,507
| area_water_sq_mi = 91,316
| Capital = Juneau, Alaska
| LargestMetro = [[Anchorage metropolitan area|Anchorage]]
| Representatives =
}}
'''Alaska''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Alaska.ogg|ə|ˈ|l|æ|s|k|ə}} {{Respell|ə|LASS|kə}}) is a [[Non-contiguous United States|non-contiguous]] [[U.S. state]] on the northwest extremity of [[North America]]. Part of the [[Western United States]] region, it is one of the two non-contiguous U.S. states, alongside [[Hawaii]]. Alaska is considered to be the northernmost, westernmost, and easternmost (the [[Aleutian Islands]] cross the [[180th meridian]] into the eastern hemisphere) state in the United States. It borders the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian territory]] of [[Yukon]] and the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|province]] of [[British Columbia]] to the east. It shares a western maritime border, in the [[Bering Strait]], with [[Russia]]'s [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug]]. The [[Chukchi Sea|Chukchi]] and [[Beaufort Sea|Beaufort]] Seas of the [[Arctic Ocean]] lie to the north, and the [[Pacific Ocean]] lies to the south. Technically, it is a [[enclave and exclave|semi-exclave]] of the U.S., and is the largest exclave in the world.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska
|
Agriculture
|
{{Short description|Cultivation of plants and animals}}
{{redirect|Farming}}
{{About|agriculture for humans|agriculture for ants|Agriculture in ants}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2024}}
[[File:PivotWithDrops.JPG|thumb|Modern agriculture: a [[center pivot irrigation]] system on a field]]
{{Agriculture}}
'''Agriculture''' is the practice of cultivating the soil, planting, raising, and harvesting both food and non-food crops, as well as [[livestock]] production. Broader definitions also include [[forestry]] and [[aquaculture|aquaculture.]] Agriculture was a key factor in the rise of [[sedentism|sedentary]] human [[civilization]], whereby farming of [[domestication|domesticated]] plants and animals created food [[economic surplus|surpluses]] that enabled people to live in the cities. While humans started gathering grains at least 105,000 years ago, nascent farmers only began planting them around 11,500 years ago. Sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle were domesticated around 10,000 years ago. Plants were independently cultivated in at least 11 regions of the world. In the 20th century, [[industrial agriculture]] based on large-scale [[monoculture]]s came to dominate agricultural output.
{{as of|2021}}, [[smallholding|small farms]] produce about one-third of the world's food, but large farms are prevalent.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Lowder |first1=Sarah K. |last2=Sánchez |first2=Marco V. |last3=Bertini |first3=Raffaele |date=1 June 2021 |title=Which farms feed the world and has farmland become more concentrated? |journal=[[World Development (journal)|World Development]] |language=en |volume=142 |article-number=105455 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105455 |s2cid=233553897 |issn=0305-750X |doi-access=free}}</ref> The largest 1% of farms in the world are greater than {{cvt|50|hectare}} and operate more than 70% of the world's farmland.<ref name=":2" /> Nearly 40% of agricultural land is found on farms larger than {{cvt|1,000|hectare}}.<ref name=":2" /> However, five of every six farms in the world consist of fewer than {{cvt|2|hectare}}, and take up only around 12% of all agricultural land.<ref name=":2" /> Farms and farming greatly influence [[rural economics]] and greatly shape [[rural society]], affecting both the direct [[agricultural workforce]] and broader [[agribusiness|businesses]] that support the farms and farming populations.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture
|
Aldous Huxley
|
{{short description|English writer and philosopher (1894–1963)}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Aldous Huxley
| image = Aldous Huxley psychical researcher.png
| alt = Monochrome portrait of Aldous Huxley sitting on a table, facing slightly downwards.
| caption = Huxley in 1954
| birth_name = Aldous Leonard Huxley
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1894|07|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Godalming]], [[Surrey]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1963|11|22|1894|07|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Los Angeles County]], [[California]], U.S.
| resting_place = [[Compton, Guildford|Compton]], Surrey
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|philosopher}}
| education = [[Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]]
| notable_works = {{hlist|class=nowraplinks |''[[Brave New World]]'' |''[[Island (Huxley novel)|Island]]'' |''[[Point Counter Point]]'' |''[[The Doors of Perception]]'' |''[[The Perennial Philosophy]]''|''[[The Devils of Loudun]]''}}
| spouse = {{Unbulleted list|class=nowrap|{{marriage|Maria Nys|1919|12 February 1955|end=d}}|{{marriage|[[Laura Huxley|Laura Archera]]|1956}}}}
| children = [[Matthew Huxley|Matthew]]
| relatives = {{unbulleted list|[[Thomas Henry Huxley]] (grandfather)|[[Leonard Huxley (writer)|Leonard Huxley]] (father)|[[Julia Huxley|Julia Arnold]] (mother)| [[Andrew Huxley]] (half-brother)| [[Julian Huxley]] (brother)| [[Peter Eckersley (engineer)|Peter Eckersley]] (cousin)}}
| signature = Aldous Huxley signature.svg
}}
'''Aldous Leonard Huxley''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɔː|l|d|ə|s|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Aldous.wav}} {{respell|AWL|dəs}}; 26 July 1894 – 22 November 1963) was an English writer and philosopher.<ref>{{cite book |title=Aldous Huxley |editor-last=Watt |editor-first=Donald |publisher=Routledge |date=1975 |isbn=978-0-415-15915-9 |page=366 |quote=Inge's agreement with Huxley on several essential points indicates the respect Huxley's position commanded from some important philosophers ... And now we have a book by Aldous Huxley, duly labelled ''The Perennial Philosophy''. ... He is now quite definitely a mystical philosopher. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8PHKq723vpUC&pg=PA366}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Aldous Huxley and the Search for Meaning: A Study of the Eleven Novels |last=Sion |first=Ronald T. |date=2010 |publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc. |isbn=978-0-7864-4746-6 |page=2 |quote=Aldous Huxley, as a writer of fiction in the 20th century, willingly assumes the role of a modern philosopher-king or literary prophet by examining the essence of what it means to be human in the modern age. ... Huxley was a prolific genius who was always searching throughout his life for an understanding of self and one's place within the universe. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77ithOrxlgMC&pg=PA2}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Reiff|2009|p=7}}: "He was also a philosopher, mystic, social prophet, political thinker, and world traveler who had a detailed knowledge of music, medicine, science, technology, history, literature and Eastern religions."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Sawyer|2002|p=187}}: "Huxley was a philosopher but his viewpoint was not determined by the intellect alone. He believed the rational mind could only speculate about truth and never find it directly."</ref> His bibliography spans nearly 50 books,{{sfn|Reiff|2009|p=101}}<ref>[[Dana Sawyer]] in M. Keith Booker (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Literature and Politics: H–R'', Greenwood Publishing Group (2005), p. 359</ref> including [[non-fiction novel|non-fiction works]], as well as essays, [[narrative]]s and poems.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldous_Huxley
|
Ada
|
{{Wiktionary|Ada|ada|ADA}}
'''Ada''' may refer to:
{{TOC right}}
==Arts and entertainment==
* ''[[Ada or Ardor: A Family Chronicle]]'', a novel by Vladimir Nabokov
===Film and television===
* Ada, a character in 1991 movie ''[[Armour of God II: Operation Condor#Cast|Armour of God II: Operation Condor]]''
* ''[[Ada... A Way of Life]]'', a 2008 Bollywood musical by Tanvir Ahmed
* [[Ada (dog actor)]], a dog that played Colin on the sitcom ''Spaced''
* [[Ada (1961 film)|''Ada'' (1961 film)]], a 1961 film by Daniel Mann
* Ada TV, a [[television in Northern Cyprus|television channel in Northern Cyprus]]
* [[Ada (2019 film)|''Ada'' (2019 film)]], a short biopic about Ada Lovelace
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada
|
Algae
|
{{Short description|Diverse group of photosynthetic organisms}}
{{hatnote group|
{{other uses}}
{{redirect|Alga}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox
| above = Algae
| abovestyle = background:{{taxobox colour|Viridiplantae}}
| subheader = Organisms that perform oxygenic photosynthesis, except land plants
| image = [[File:NSW seabed 1.JPG|210px]]
| caption = Marine algae growing on the sea bed in shallow waters
| image2 = [[File:Водоросли пресноводного водоема 2.jpg|210px]]
| caption2 = Freshwater microscopic unicellular and colonial algae
| headerstyle = background:{{taxobox colour|Viridiplantae}}
| labelstyle = background:#dbffdb
| header1 = Traditional algal divisions<ref name="Guiry-2024">{{cite journal |first1=Michael D. |last1=Guiry |author-link=Michael D. Guiry |title=How many species of algae are there? A reprise. Four kingdoms, 14 phyla, 63 classes and still growing |journal=Journal of Phycology |date=2024 |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=214–228 |doi=10.1111/jpy.13431|pmid=38245909|doi-access=free |bibcode=2024JPcgy..60..214G }}</ref><ref>Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2025. ''AlgaeBase''. World-wide electronic publication, University of Galway. <nowiki>https://www.algaebase.org</nowiki>; searched on 25 May 2025.</ref>
| label2 = Prokaryotic
| data2 = [[Cyanobacteria]]
| label3 = Eukaryotic (primary endosymbiosis)
| data3 = [[Glaucophyte|Glaucophyta]], [[Red algae|Rhodophyta]], [[Prasinodermophyta]], [[Chlorophyta]], [[Charophyta]]*
| label4 = Eukaryotic (secondary endosymbiosis)
| data4 = [[Chlorarachniophyte|Chlorarachniophyta]], [[Chrompodellid|Chromeridophyta]], [[Cryptomonad|Cryptophyta]], [[Dinoflagellate|Dinoflagellata]], [[Euglenozoa|Euglenophyta]] (partially), [[Haptophyte|Haptophyta]], [[Ochrophyte|Heterokontophyta]]
| data5 = <nowiki>*</nowiki>[[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]], it excludes land plants
| header6 = [[#Diversity|Diversity]]
| label7 = Living
| data7 = 50,605 species
| label8 = Fossil
| data8 = 10,556 species
}}
'''Algae''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|æ|l|ɡ|i:}} {{respell|AL|ghee}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|æ|l|dʒ|i:|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-algae.wav}} {{respell|AL|jee}};<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/algae |title=ALGAE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref> {{Singular}}: '''alga''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|l|ɡ|ə|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-alga.wav}} {{respell|AL|gə}}) is an informal term for any [[organism]]s of a large and diverse group of [[photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] organisms that are not [[plant]]s, and includes [[species]] from multiple distinct [[clade]]s. Such organisms range from [[unicellular]] [[microalgae]], such as [[cyanobacteria]],{{efn|Some botanists restrict the name ''[[algae]]'' to eukaryotes, which does not include cyanobacteria, which are [[prokaryote]]s.{{citation needed|reason=This contradicts the position of the [[ICNafp]], so is not true for all botanists. |date=May 2025}}}} ''[[Chlorella]]'', and [[diatom]]s, to [[multicellular]] [[macroalgae]] such as kelp or [[brown algae]] which may grow up to {{convert|50|m}} in length. Most algae are aquatic organisms and lack many of the distinct cell and tissue types, such as [[stoma]]ta, [[xylem]], and [[phloem]] that are found in [[embryophyte|land plants]]. The largest and most complex marine algae are called [[seaweed]]s. In contrast, the most complex freshwater forms are the [[Charophyta]], a [[Division (taxonomy)|division]] of [[green algae]] which includes, for example, ''[[Spirogyra]]'' and [[stonewort]]s. Algae that are carried passively by water are [[plankton]], specifically [[phytoplankton]].
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae
|
Analysis of variance
|
{{short description|Collection of statistical models}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
'''Analysis of variance''' ('''ANOVA''') is a family of [[statistical methods]] used to compare the [[Mean|means]] of two or more groups by analyzing variance. Specifically, ANOVA compares the amount of variation ''between'' the group means to the amount of variation ''within'' each group. If the between-group variation is substantially larger than the within-group variation, it suggests that the group means are likely different. This comparison is done using an [[F-test]]. The underlying principle of ANOVA is based on the [[law of total variance]], which states that the total variance in a dataset can be broken down into components attributable to different sources. In the case of ANOVA, these sources are the variation between groups and the variation within groups.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_variance
|
Appellate procedure in the United States
|
{{short description|National rules of court appeals}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
[[File:Statue of Abraham Lincoln (District of Columbia City Hall) - 3.jpg|thumb|The [[District of Columbia Court of Appeals|Court of Appeals]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], with the [[Statue of Abraham Lincoln (District of Columbia City Hall)|statue of Abraham Lincoln]] in the foreground]]
'''United States appellate procedure''' involves the rules and regulations for filing [[appeal]]s in [[state court (United States)|state courts]] and [[United States federal courts|federal courts]]. The nature of an appeal can vary greatly depending on the type of case and the rules of the court in the [[jurisdiction]] where the case was prosecuted. There are many types of [[standard of review]] for appeals, such as ''[[Trial de novo|de novo]]'' and [[abuse of discretion]]. However, most appeals begin when a party files a [[petition for review]] to a higher court for the purpose of overturning the lower court's decision.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellate_procedure_in_the_United_States
|
Answer (law)
|
{{Short description|Legal document, filed in response to a complaint}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Civil procedure (United States)}}
In law, an '''answer''' was originally a solemn assertion in opposition to someone or something, and thus generally any counter-statement or [[defense (legal)|defense]], a reply to a [[question]] or response, or [[Objection (United States law)|objection]], or a correct solution of a problem.<ref name="Chisholm1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Answer|volume=2|page=85}}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answer_(law)
|
Appellate court
|
{{short description|Court of law that is empowered to hear an appeal}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{redirect-multi|2|Court of appeal|Court of appeals}}
[[File:High Court of Australia (6769096715).jpg|thumb|right|400px|The [[High Court of Australia]], the highest appellate court in Australia]]
[[File:1_Supreme_Court.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The [[Supreme Court of the United States]], the highest court in the United States]]
[[File:Helsingin hovioikeus.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The [[Helsinki Court of Appeal]] (''Helsingin hovioikeus''), an intermediate appellate court in Finland]]
An '''appellate court''', commonly called a '''court of appeal(s)''',<ref name="Garner_Page_232">{{cite book |last1=Garner |first1=Bryan A. |authorlink1=Bryan A. Garner |title=Garner's Dictionary of Legal Usage |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195384208 |page=232 |edition=3rd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1m1bI5vCooC&pg=PA232 |access-date=September 10, 2023}}</ref> '''appeal court''', '''court of second instance''' or '''second instance court''', is any [[court of law]] that is empowered to [[Hearing (law)|hear]] a [[Legal case|case]] upon [[appeal]] from a [[trial court]] or other lower [[tribunal]]. An appellate court other than a [[supreme court]] is sometimes referred to as an '''intermediate appellate court'''.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellate_court
|
Arraignment
|
{{Short description|Formal reading of the offence to a criminal defendant}}
{{distinguish|Arrangement}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
[[File:Ministries trial arraignment.webm|thumb|Arraignment at the [[Ministries trial|Ministries Trial]], 20 December 1947]]
'''Arraignment''' is a formal reading of a criminal charging document in the presence of the [[defendant]], to inform them of the [[Criminal charge|criminal charges]] against them. In response to arraignment, in some jurisdictions, the accused is expected to enter a [[plea]]; in other jurisdictions, no plea is required. Acceptable pleas vary among jurisdictions, but they generally include ''[[Guilty (plea)|guilty]]'', ''not guilty'', and the [[peremptory plea]]s (pleas in bar) setting out reasons why a trial cannot proceed. Pleas of ''[[nolo contendere]]'' ('no contest') and the [[Alford plea]] are allowed in some circumstances.
== By country ==
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arraignment
|
America the Beautiful
|
{{Short description|American patriotic song}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Distinguish|US National Anthem|text=the [[The Star-Spangled Banner|US national anthem]]}}
{{Redirect|Materna}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox anthem
|title = America the Beautiful
|transcription =
|english_title =
|alt_title = "Pikes Peak" (lyrics)<br />"Materna" (music)
|en_alt_title =
|alt_title_2 =
|en_alt_title_2 =
|image = America the Beautiful 1.jpg
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption =
|prefix = Patriotic
|type = song
|country = the United States
|author = [[Katharine Lee Bates]]
|lyrics_date = 1895
|composer = [[Samuel A. Ward]]
|music_date = 1883
|published = 1910 by [[Oliver Ditson & Co.]]
|until =
|sound = America the Beautiful (male vocalist) - United States Navy Band.opus
|sound_title = "America the Beautiful" as performed by the [[United States Navy Band]]
}}
"'''America the Beautiful'''" is an American patriotic song. Its lyrics were written by [[Katharine Lee Bates]] and its music was composed by church organist and choirmaster [[Samuel A. Ward]] at [[Grace Church (Newark)|Grace Episcopal Church]] in Newark, New Jersey,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2016/03/america_the_beautiful_began_in_newark_di_ionno.html#incart_river_index|title='America the Beautiful' began in Newark {{!}} Di Ionno|access-date=2016-09-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011091924/http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2016/03/america_the_beautiful_began_in_newark_di_ionno.html#incart_river_index|archive-date=October 11, 2016|date=2016-03-17}}</ref> though the two never met.<ref>Andy Pease, [http://windliterature.org/2014/07/01/america-the-beautiful-by-katharine-lee-bates-and-samuel-augustus-ward-arr-carmen-dragon/ {{"'}}America the Beautiful' by Katharine Lee Bates and Samuel Augustus Ward, arr. Carmen Dragon"] ({{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222162222/http://windliterature.org/2014/07/01/america-the-beautiful-by-katharine-lee-bates-and-samuel-augustus-ward-arr-carmen-dragon/ |date=February 22, 2018}}), Wind Band Literature, July 1, 2014; accessed 2019-08-17.</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_the_Beautiful
|
Assistive technology
|
{{short description|Assistive devices for people with disabilities}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2020}}
[[Image:Hoergeraet analog 050609.jpg|thumb|[[Hearing aid]]]]
{{Disability sidebar}}
'''Assistive technology''' ('''AT''') is a term for assistive, adaptive, and rehabilitative devices for [[Disability|people with disabilities]] and the elderly. People with disabilities often have difficulty performing [[activities of daily living]] (ADLs) independently, or even with assistance. ADLs are self-care activities that include toileting, mobility (ambulation), eating, bathing, dressing, grooming, and personal device care. Assistive technology can ameliorate the effects of disabilities that limit the ability to perform ADLs. Assistive technology promotes greater independence by enabling people to perform tasks they were formerly unable to accomplish, or had great difficulty accomplishing, by providing enhancements to, or changing methods of interacting with, the technology needed to accomplish such tasks. For example, wheelchairs provide independent mobility for those who cannot walk, while [[assistive eating devices]] can enable people who cannot feed themselves to do so. Due to assistive technology, people with disabilities have an opportunity of a more positive and easygoing lifestyle, with an increase in "social participation", "security and control", and a greater chance to "reduce institutional costs without significantly increasing household expenses."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Parant|first1=Aymeric |last2=Schiano-Lomoriello |first2=Sandrine |last3=Marchan |first3=Francis |date=October 2017|title=How would I live with a disability? Expectations of bio-psychosocial consequences and assistive technology use |journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|volume=12|issue=7|pages=681–685 |doi=10.1080/17483107.2016.1218555|pmid=27677931|s2cid=4797800}}</ref> In schools, assistive technology can be critical in allowing students with disabilities to access the general education curriculum. Students who experience challenges writing or keyboarding, for example, can use voice recognition software instead. Assistive technologies assist people who are recovering from strokes and people who have sustained injuries that affect their daily tasks.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sivan, Gallagher, Holt, Weightman, O'Connor, Levesley|first=Manoj, Justin, Ray, Andrew, Rory, Martin|date=6 February 2016|title=Employing the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework to capture user feedback in the design and testing stage of development of home-based arm rehabilitation technology|doi=10.1080/10400435.2016.1140689|journal=Assistive Technology|volume=28|issue=3|pages=175–182|pmid=26852630 |s2cid=205685927 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Calabrò|first1=Rocco Salvatore|last2=Naro|first2=Antonino|last3=Leo|first3=Antonino|last4=Bramanti|first4=Placido|title=Usefulness of robotic gait training plus neuromodulation in chronic spinal cord injury: a case report|journal=The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine|date=4 March 2016|pages=118–121|doi=10.1080/10790268.2016.1153275|pmc=5376144|pmid=27077568|volume=40|issue=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vanoglio|first1=F.|last2=Bernocchi|first2=P.|last3=Mule|first3=C.|last4=Garofali|first4=F.|last5=Mora|first5=C.|last6=Taveggia|first6=G.|last7=Scalvini|first7=S.|last8=Luisa|first8=A.|title=Feasibility and efficacy of a robotic device for hand rehabilitation in hemiplegic stroke patients: A randomized pilot controlled study|journal=Clinical Rehabilitation|date=7 April 2016|doi=10.1177/0269215516642606|volume=31|issue=3 |pages=351–360|pmid=27056250 |s2cid=39455580 }}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistive_technology
|
Acid
|
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{About|acids in chemistry}}
{{Redirect-multi|2|Acidity|acidic|the novelette|Acidity (novelette){{!}}''Acidity'' (novelette)|the band|Acidic (band)}}
{{Short description|Chemical compound giving a proton or accepting an electron pair}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
[[File:Zn reaction with HCl.JPG|thumb|[[Zinc]], a typical metal, reacting with [[hydrochloric acid]], a typical acid]]
{{Acids and bases}}
An '''acid''' is a [[molecule]] or [[ion]] capable of either donating a [[proton]] (i.e. [[Hydron|hydrogen cation]], H<sup>+</sup>), known as a [[Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory|Brønsted–Lowry acid]], or forming a [[covalent bond]] with an [[electron pair]], known as a [[Lewis acid]].<ref name="IUPAC_acid">[http://goldbook.iupac.org/A00071.html IUPAC Gold Book - acid]</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid
|
Bitumen
|
{{short description|Form of petroleum primarily used in road construction}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Bitumen.jpg|300px|thumb|Natural bitumen from the [[Dead Sea]] ]]
[[File:Refined bitumen.JPG|thumb|Refined bitumen]]
[[File:University of Queensland Pitch drop experiment-white bg.jpg|thumb|upright|The University of Queensland [[pitch drop experiment]], demonstrating the [[viscosity]] of bitumen]]
'''Bitumen''' ({{IPAc-en|uk|ˈ|b|ɪ|tʃ|ʊ|m|ɪ|n}} {{respell|BIH|chuum|in}}, {{IPAc-en|us|b|ɪ|ˈ|tj|uː|m|ɪ|n|,_|b|aɪ|-|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-bitumen.wav}} {{respell|bih|TEW|min|,_|by|-}})<ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> is an immensely [[viscosity|viscous]] constituent of [[petroleum]]. Depending on its exact composition, it can be a sticky, black liquid or an apparently solid mass that behaves as a liquid over very large time scales. In [[American English]], the material is commonly referred to as '''asphalt''' or '''tar'''. Whether found in natural deposits or refined from petroleum, the substance is classed as a [[pitch (resin)|pitch]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CPC Definition – C10C Working-up Pitch, Asphalt, Bitumen, Tar; Pyroligneous Acid |url=https://uspto.gov/web/patents/classification/cpc/html/defC10C.html |access-date=12 August 2023 |website=Classification Resources |publisher=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] |date=November 2016}}</ref> Prior to the 20th century, the term '''asphaltum''' was in general use.<ref name="Abraham1938">{{cite book |first=Herbert|last=Abraham |year=1938 | title=Asphalts and Allied Substances: Their Occurrence, Modes of Production, Uses in the Arts, and Methods of Testing |edition=4th |publisher=D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc. |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/asphaltsandallie031010mbp}}</ref> The word derives from the [[Ancient Greek]] word {{Wikt-lang|grc|ἄσφαλτος}} ({{grc-transl|ἄσφαλτος}}), which referred to natural bitumen or pitch. The largest natural deposit of bitumen in the world is the [[Pitch Lake]] of southwest [[Trinidad]], which is estimated to contain 10 million tons.<ref>{{cite web |title=The unique pitch lakes of the world |first=Oishimaya Sen|last=Nag |work=World Atlas |date=17 February 2021 |access-date=12 March 2021 |url= https://worldatlas.com/articles/the-five-natural-asphalt-lake-areas-in-the-world.html}}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumen
|
American National Standards Institute
|
{{Short description|American standards development organization}}
{{Redirect2|American Standards Association|ANSI|the film speed scale|Film speed#ASA{{!}}ASA film speed|other uses|ANSI (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|ASCII}}
{{Update|date=July 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = American National Standards Institute
| image = ANSI logo.svg
| alt = The official logo of the American National Standards Institute
| caption = <!-- If the year that the current logo was introduced is known, that may be provide a useful caption. Otherwise, please not simply "the logo of ANSI". -->
| msize = <!-- map size, optional, default 200px -->
| malt = <!-- map alt text -->
| mcaption = <!-- optional -->
| abbreviation = ANSI
| motto =
| formation = {{Start date and age|1918|10|19|paren=yes}}<ref>{{cite journal|date=October 19, 1918|title=Minutes|journal=American Engineering Standards Committee |page=1}}</ref>
| type = [[Nonprofit organization]]
| status = [[501(c)(3) organization|501(c)(3)]] private
| purpose = [[Standards organization|National standards]]
| headquarters = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.<br />{{Coordinates|38|54|14|N|77|02|35|W}}
| location =
| region_served =
| membership = 125,000 companies and 3.5 million professionals<ref name="membership" />
| language = [[American English|English]]
| leader_title = President and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]]
| leader_name = Laurie E. Locascio, PhD
| main_organ = <!--(gral. assembly, board of directors, etc)-->
| affiliations =
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| budget =
| website = {{Official URL}}
| remarks =
}}
The '''American National Standards Institute''' ('''ANSI''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|n|s|i|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-ANSI.wav}} {{respell|AN|see}}) is a private [[nonprofit organization]] that oversees the development of [[Standardization|voluntary consensus standards]] for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States.{{ref RFC|4949}} The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute
|
Apollo 11
|
{{Short description|First crewed Moon landing (1969)}}
{{Redirect|First Moon landing|earlier uncrewed Moon landings|Moon landing}}
{{About|the 1969 crewed lunar mission}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Apollo 11
| image = A Man on the Moon, AS11-40-5903 (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = [[Buzz Aldrin]] on the [[Moon]] in a photograph taken by [[Neil Armstrong]], who can be seen in the visor reflection along with Earth, the [[Lunar Module Eagle|Lunar Module ''Eagle'']], and the [[Flag of the United States|U.S. flag]].<ref name="Byrne. 2019">{{cite web | last=Byrne. | first=Dave | title=Apollo 11 Image Library | website=hq.nasa.gov | date=July 8, 2019 | url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/images11.html#Mag37 | access-date=June 10, 2021 | archive-date=February 24, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224163200/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/images11.html#Mag37 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| insignia = Apollo 11 insignia.png
| insignia_alt = Circular insignia: eagle with wings outstretched holds olive branch on Moon with Earth in background, in blue and gold border.
| mission_type = Crewed lunar landing ([[List of Apollo missions#Alphabetical mission types|G]])
| operator = [[NASA]]
| COSPAR_ID = {{Unbulleted list
|CSM: {{COSPAR|1969-059A}}
|LM: {{COSPAR|1969-059C}}
}}
| SATCAT = {{Unbulleted list
|CSM: 4039<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059A|title=Apollo 11 Command and Service Module (CSM)|website=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|access-date=November 20, 2019|archive-date=February 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210000804/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059A|url-status=live}}</ref>
|LM: 4041<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059C|title=Apollo 11 Lunar Module / EASEP|website=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|access-date=November 20, 2019|archive-date=August 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803160625/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059C|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
| mission_duration = 8 days, 3 hours, 18 minutes, 35 seconds
| spacecraft = {{Unbulleted list
|[[Apollo command and service module|Apollo CSM]]-107
|[[Apollo Lunar Module|Apollo LM]]-5
}}
| manufacturer = {{Unbulleted list
|CSM: [[North American Rockwell]]<ref name="mfr">{{cite web |title=Apollo 11 Press Kit |url=https://www.history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/Apollo11_Press-Kit_restored.pdf |publisher=history.nasa.gov |access-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106050321/https://www.history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/Apollo11_Press-Kit_restored.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|LM: [[Grumman]]<ref name="mfr" />
}}
| launch_mass = {{convert|109646|lb|kg}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Ground Ignition Weights |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-19_Ground_Ignition_Weights.htm |publisher=history.nasa.gov |access-date=May 31, 2022}}</ref>
| landing_mass = {{convert|10873|lb|kg}}
| launch_date = {{start-date|July 16, 1969, 13:32:00|timezone=yes}} [[UTC]] (9:32 am [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]])<ref name="Mission Overview" />
| launch_rocket = [[Saturn V]] SA-506
| launch_site = [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|Kennedy LC{{nbhyph}}39A]]
| landing_date = {{end date text|July 24, 1969, 16:50:35|timezone=yes}} UTC
| landing_site = {{unbulleted list|North Pacific Ocean|{{Coord|13|19|N|169|9|W|type:event|name=Apollo 11 splashdown}}}}
| recovery_by = {{USS|Hornet|CV-12|6}}
| orbit_epoch = July 19, 1969, 21:44 UTC<ref name="orbit">{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/landing-missions/apollo11.cfm |title=Apollo 11 Mission Summary |website=Smithsonian Air and Space Museum |access-date=September 6, 2019 |archive-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209050759/https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/landing-missions/apollo11.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| orbit_reference = [[Lunar orbit|Selenocentric]]
| orbit_periapsis = {{convert|54.5|nmi|km|order=flip|sp=us}}<ref name="orbit" />
| orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|66.1|nmi|km|order=flip|sp=us}}<ref name="orbit" />
| orbit_inclination = 1.25 degrees<ref name="orbit" />
| orbit_period = 2 hours<ref name="orbit" />
| apsis = selene
|interplanetary =
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
|type = orbiter
|object = [[Moon|Lunar]]
|component = [[Apollo command and service module|Command and service module]]
|orbits = 30
|arrival_date = July 19, 1969, 17:21:50 UTC{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=106}}
|departure_date = July 22, 1969, 04:55:42 UTC{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=109}}
}}
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
|type = lander
|object = [[Moon|Lunar]]
|component = [[Apollo Lunar Module]]
|arrival_date = July 20, 1969, 20:17:40 UTC<ref name="ALSJ 1" />
|departure_date = July 21, 1969, 17:54:00 UTC{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=97}}|location ={{unbulleted list|[[Tranquility Base]],|[[Mare Tranquillitatis]]|{{Lunar coords and quad cat|0.67416|N|23.47314|E}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_sites.html |title=Apollo Landing Site Coordinates |publisher=NASA |work=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive |first=David R. |last=Williams |date=December 11, 2003 |access-date=October 18, 2021 |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225003326/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_sites.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|sample_mass = {{convert|47.51|lb|kg|order=flip}}
|surface_EVAs = 1
|surface_EVA_time = 2 hours, 31 minutes, 40 seconds
}}
| docking =
{{Infobox spaceflight/Dock
| docking_target = LM
| docking_type = dock
| docking_date = July 16, 1969, 16:56:03 UTC{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=106}}
| undocking_date = July 20, 1969, 17:44:00 UTC{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=107}}
| time_docked =
}}
{{Infobox spaceflight/Dock
| docking_target = LM ascent stage
| docking_type = dock
| docking_date = July 21, 1969, 21:35:00 UTC{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=109}}
| undocking_date = July 21, 1969, 23:41:31 UTC{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=109}}
| time_docked =
}}
| crew_size = 3
| crew_members = {{Unbulleted list
|[[Neil Armstrong|Neil A. Armstrong]]
|[[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]]
|[[Buzz Aldrin|Edwin E. Aldrin Jr.]]
}}
| crew_callsign = {{Unbulleted list
|CSM: ''[[Command Module Columbia|Columbia]]''
|LM: ''[[Lunar Module Eagle|Eagle]]''
|On surface: ''[[Tranquility Base]]''
}}
| crew_photo = apollo 11.jpg
| crew_photo_caption = Left to right: [[Neil Armstrong]], [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]], [[Buzz Aldrin]]
| crew_photo_alt = Apollo 11 crew
| previous_mission = [[Apollo 10]]
| next_mission = [[Apollo 12]]
| programme = [[Apollo program]]
}}
'''Apollo 11''' was a [[spaceflight]] conducted from July 16 to 24, 1969, by the United States and launched by [[NASA]]. It marked the first time that humans [[Moon landing|landed]] on the [[Moon]]. Commander [[Neil Armstrong]] and Lunar Module pilot [[Buzz Aldrin]] landed the [[Lunar Module Eagle|Lunar Module ''Eagle'']] on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], and Armstrong became the first person to step onto the Moon's surface six hours and 39 minutes later, on July 21 at 02:56 UTC. Aldrin joined him 19 minutes later, and they spent about two and a quarter hours together exploring the site they had named [[Tranquility Base]] upon landing. Armstrong and Aldrin collected {{convert|47.5|lb|kg}} of lunar material to bring back to Earth as pilot [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]] flew the [[Command Module Columbia|Command Module ''Columbia'']] in [[lunar orbit]], and were on the Moon's surface for 21 hours, 36 minutes, before lifting off to rejoin ''Columbia''.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11
|
Apollo 8
|
{{Short description|First crewed space mission to orbit the Moon}}
{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Apollo 8
| image = NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Earthrise]]''<br />Taken from Apollo{{nbsp}}8 by [[William Anders]]<ref name="NYT-20181221" /><ref name="NYT-20181224a" /><ref name="NYT-20181224b" />
| image_alt = A black sky with a grey, cratered lunar horizon. A small blue Earth with scattered white clouds is just above the horizon, with about two-thirds of the Earth lit by the Sun and the remainder in darkness.
| insignia = Apollo-8-patch.png
| mission_type = Crewed lunar orbital CSM flight ([[List of Apollo missions#Alphabetical mission types|C']])
| operator = [[NASA]]
| COSPAR_ID =
| mission_duration = 6{{nbsp}}days, 3{{nbsp}}hours, 42{{nbsp}}seconds<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo8.html|title=Apollo 8|date=July 9, 2009|access-date=November 25, 2018|publisher=NASA}}</ref>
| spacecraft = {{Unbulleted list
|[[Apollo command and service module|Apollo CSM]]-103
|Apollo LTA-B
}}
| manufacturer = [[North American Rockwell]]
| launch_mass = {{Unbulleted indent list
|CSM: {{convert|63650|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}}<ref name="PressKit">{{cite web|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690003059_1969003059.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690003059_1969003059.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |title=Apollo 8 Press Kit |date=December 15, 1968 |publisher=NASA |pages=33–34 |type=Press kit |id=Release No. 68-208 |access-date=June 28, 2013}} The spacecraft mass at launch includes the CM and SM, but excludes the {{convert|8900|lb|kg|order=flip}} Launch Escape System (LES), which was discarded before reaching Earth orbit.</ref>
|CM:{{convert|12392|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}}
|SM:{{convert|51258|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}}
|SC/LM Adapter (jettisoned; connects LTA to CSM; not part of the CSM craft): {{convert|4060|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}}<ref name="prelaunch">{{cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap08fj/pdf/a08-prelaunch-rep.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap08fj/pdf/a08-prelaunch-rep.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |title=Pre-Launch Mission Operation Report No. M-932-68-08 |date=December 17, 1968 |publisher=NASA |page=30 |type=Memorandum |id=M-932-68-08 |access-date=February 12, 2019}}</ref>
|LTA (not part of CSM; fixed to rocket): {{convert|19900|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/ap08fj/pdf/a08-missionreport.pdf |title=Apollo 8 Mission Report |date=February 1969 |publisher=NASA |at=p. A-14 |id=MSC-PA-R-69-1 |access-date=June 28, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302223118/http://history.nasa.gov/ap08fj/pdf/a08-missionreport.pdf |archive-date=March 2, 2013}} The mass for LTA-B was less than that of a flying LM, because it was essentially a boilerplate descent stage. A fully loaded, flight-ready LM, like the ''Eagle'' from Apollo 11, had a mass of {{convert|33278|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}}, including propellants.</ref>
}}
| landing_mass = {{convert|10977|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}}
| launch_date = {{start-date|December 21, 1968, 12:51:00|timezone=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[UTC]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1968-118A |title=Apollo 8 |publisher=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive]] |access-date=January 9, 2023}}</ref>
| launch_rocket = [[Saturn V]] SA-503<ref group=n name="serialnote">Serial numbers were initially assigned by the [[Marshall Space Flight Center]] in the format "SA-5xx" (for Saturn-Apollo). By the time the rockets achieved flight, the [[Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center|Manned Spacecraft Center]] started using the format "AS-5xx" (for Apollo-Saturn).</ref>
| launch_site = [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]] [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|LC-39A]]
| landing_date = {{end-date|December 27, 1968, 15:51:42|timezone=yes}} UTC<ref name="MissionReport">{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a410/A08_MissionReport.pdf |title=Apollo 8 Mission Report |date=February 1969 |publisher=NASA |at=p. 3-2 |id=MSC-PA-R-69-1 |access-date=June 28, 2013 |archive-date=December 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222031006/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj//a410/A08_MissionReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| landing_site = North Pacific Ocean ({{Coord|8|8|N|165|1|W|type:event|name=Apollo 8 landing}})<ref name="MissionReport"/>
| recovery_by = {{USS|Yorktown|CV-10|6}}
| orbit_epoch = December 21, 1968, ~13:02 UTC
| orbit_reference =
| orbit_periapsis = {{convert|99.57|nmi|km|disp=out|abbr=on|1}} (99.57 [[Nautical mile|nmi]]; {{convert|99.57|nmi|mi|disp=out|abbr=on|1}})
| orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|99.99|nmi|km|disp=out|abbr=on|1}} (99.99 nmi; {{convert|99.99|nmi|mi|disp=out|abbr=on|1}})
| orbit_inclination = 32.15°
| orbit_period = 88.19 minutes
| orbit_rev_number = 2
| apsis = gee
|interplanetary =
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
|type = orbiter
|object = [[Moon|Lunar]]
|orbits = 10
|component = CSM
|arrival_date = December 24, 1968, 9:59:20 UTC<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a410/A08_MissionReport.pdf |title=Apollo 8 Mission Report |date=February 1969 |publisher=NASA |at=p. 3-1 |id=MSC-PA-R-69-1 |access-date=May 8, 2015 |archive-date=December 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222031006/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj//a410/A08_MissionReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|departure_date = December 25, 1968, 6:10:17 UTC<ref name="MissionReport"/>
<!--Orbit parameters, ONLY USE IF THE ABOVE ORBIT PARAMETERS SECTION DOESN'T APPLY TO THE TARGET-->
|epoch = December 24, 1968, ~02:30 UTC
|periapsis = {{convert|59.7|nmi|km|disp=out|abbr=on|1}} (59.7 nmi; {{convert|59.7|nmi|mi|disp=out|abbr=on|1}})
|apoapsis = {{convert|60.7|nmi|km|disp=out|abbr=on|1}} (60.7 nmi; {{convert|60.7|nmi|mi|disp=out|abbr=on|1}})
|inclination = 12°
|apsis = selene
|period = 2 hours
}}
| crew_size = 3
| crew_members = {{Unbulleted list
|[[Frank Borman|Frank F. Borman II]]
|[[Jim Lovell|James A. Lovell Jr.]]
|[[William Anders|William A. Anders]]
}}
| crew_callsign = Apollo 8
| crew_photo = Apollo8 Prime Crew.jpg
| crew_photo_caption = Left to right: [[William Anders|Anders]], [[Jim Lovell|Lovell]] and [[Frank Borman|Borman]]
| previous_mission = [[Apollo 7]]
| next_mission = [[Apollo 9]]
| programme = [[Apollo program]]
}}
'''Apollo 8''' (December 21–27, 1968) was the first crewed [[spacecraft]] to leave [[Sphere of influence (astrodynamics)|Earth's gravitational sphere of influence]], and the first [[human spaceflight]] to reach the [[Moon]]. The crew orbited the Moon ten times without landing and then returned to Earth.<ref name="NYT-20181221">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=Apollo 8's Earthrise: The Shot Seen Round the World—Half a century ago today, a photograph from the moon helped humans rediscover Earth. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/science/earthrise-moon-apollo-nasa.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/science/earthrise-moon-apollo-nasa.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited |date=December 21, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 24, 2018 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20181224a">{{cite news |last1=Boulton |first1=Matthew Myer |last2=Heithaus |first2=Joseph |title=We Are All Riders on the Same Planet—Seen from space 50 years ago, Earth appeared as a gift to preserve and cherish. What happened? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/earth-space-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/earth-space-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited |date=December 24, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 25, 2018 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20181224b">{{cite news |last=Widmer |first=Ted |title=What Did Plato Think the Earth Looked Like?—For millenniums, humans have tried to imagine the world in space. Fifty years ago, we finally saw it. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/plato-earth-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/plato-earth-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited |date=December 24, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 25, 2018 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> The three [[astronaut]]s—[[Frank Borman]], [[Jim Lovell|James Lovell]], and [[William Anders]]—were the first humans to see and photograph the [[far side of the Moon]] and an [[Earthrise]].
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8
|
Astronaut
|
{{short description|Spacecraft crew member}}
{{redirect|Cosmonaut|other uses|Astronaut (disambiguation)|and|Cosmonaut (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
[[File:Bruce McCandless II during EVA in 1984.jpg|thumb|[[NASA]] astronaut [[Bruce McCandless II]] using a [[Manned Maneuvering Unit]] outside {{OV|099}} on shuttle mission [[STS-41-B]] in 1984.]]
An '''astronaut''' (from the [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|ἄστρον}} ({{transliteration|grc|astron}}), meaning 'star', and {{lang|grc|ναύτης}} ({{transliteration|grc|nautes}}), meaning 'sailor') is a person trained, equipped, and deployed by a [[List of human spaceflight programs|human spaceflight program]] to serve as a commander or crew member of a [[spacecraft]]. Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the term is sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and [[space tourists]].<ref name="fact">{{cite web |author=NASA|author-link=NASA|year=2006 |title = Astronaut Fact Book |url = http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/factsheets/pdfs/astro.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071025124047/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/factsheets/pdfs/astro.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2007 |access-date=4 October 2007 |publisher=[[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]}}</ref><ref name="utah">{{cite web |url = http://www.utahstatesman.com/campus_news/1.563784 |title = Former astronaut visits USU |access-date=4 October 2007 |publisher=The Utah Statesman |year=2005 |first = Marie |last = MacKay |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080926175913/http://www.utahstatesman.com/campus_news/1.563784 |archive-date=26 September 2008 }}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut
|
A Modest Proposal
|
{{Short description|1729 satirical essay by Jonathan Swift}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox book
| name = A Modest Proposal
| image = File:Джонатан Свифт «Скромное предложение…».jpg
| caption = First edition of ''A Modest Proposal'' (1729)
| author = [[Jonathan Swift]]
| subject = [[Social commentary]]
| genre = [[Satirical]] essay
| pub_date = 1729
| pages = 64
| publisher = S. Harding
| language = English
| wikisource = The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift/Volume 9/A Modest Proposal
}}
'''''A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People from Being a Burthen<!-- NOTE: This is the original spelling. Please do not modify it. Thank you. --> to Their Parents or Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Publick<!-- NOTE: This is the original spelling. Please do not modify it. Thank you. -->''''',<ref name="gutenberg">{{cite book | url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1080/1080-h/1080-h.htm | title=A Modest Proposal, by Dr. Jonathan Swift | publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]] | date=27 July 2008 | access-date=10 January 2012}}</ref> commonly referred to as '''''A Modest Proposal''''', is a [[Juvenalian satire|Juvenalian satirical]] essay written and published by [[Anglo-Irish people|Anglo-Irish]] writer and clergyman [[Jonathan Swift]] in 1729. The essay suggests that poor people in [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] could ease their economic troubles by selling their children [[Human cannibalism|as food]] to the [[elite]]. In English writing, the phrase "a [[wikt:modest proposal|modest proposal]]" is now conventionally an allusion to this style of straight-faced satire.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Modest_Proposal
|
Alkali metal
|
{{short description|Group of highly reactive chemical elements}}
{{distinguish|Alkaline earth metal}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox periodic table group
| title = Alkali metals
| group number= 1
| trivial name= alkali metals
| by element = lithium group
| CAS = IA
| old IUPAC = IA
| mark = Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs,Fr
| left = [[noble gas]]es
| right = [[alkaline earth metal]]s}}
{| class="floatright"
! colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | ↓ <small>[[Period (periodic table)|Period]]</small>
|-
! [[Period 2 element|2]]
| {{element cell image|3|Lithium|Li| |Solid|Alkali metal|Primordial|legend=|image=Lithium paraffin.jpg|image caption=Lithium metal stored under paraffin}}
|-
! [[Period 3 element|3]]
| {{element cell image|11|Sodium|Na| |Solid|Alkali metal|Primordial|legend=|image=Na (Sodium).jpg|image caption=Sodium metal}}
|-
! [[Period 4 element|4]]
| {{element cell image|19|Potassium|K| |Solid|Alkali metal|Primordial|legend=|image=Potassium-2.jpg|image caption=Potassium metal}}
|-
! [[Period 5 element|5]]
| {{element cell image|37|Rubidium|Rb| |Solid|Alkali metal|Primordial|legend=|image=Rb5.jpg|image caption=Rubidium metal in a glass ampoule}}
|-
! [[Period 6 element|6]]
| {{element cell image|55|Caesium|Cs| |Solid|Alkali metal|Primordial|legend=|image=Cesium.jpg|image caption=Caesium metal in a glass ampoule}}
|-
! [[Period 7 element|7]]
| {{element cell image|87|Francium|Fr| |Solid|Alkali metal|from decay|legend=}}
|-
| colspan="2"|{{hr}}''Legend''
{| style="text-align:center; border:0; margin: 0 auto"
|-
| style="border:{{element color|Primordial}}; background:{{Element color|table mark}};" | [[Primordial element|primordial]]
|-
| style="border:{{element color|from decay}}; background:{{Element color|table mark}};padding:0 2px;" | [[radioactive decay|element by radioactive decay]]
|}
|}
The '''alkali metals''' consist of the [[chemical element]]s [[lithium]] (Li), [[sodium]] (Na), [[potassium]] (K),<ref group=note>The symbols '''Na''' and '''K''' for sodium and potassium are derived from their Latin names, ''natrium'' and ''kalium''; these are still the origins of the names for the elements in some languages, such as German and Russian.</ref> [[rubidium]] (Rb), [[caesium]] (Cs),{{refn|''Caesium'' is the spelling recommended by the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] (IUPAC).<ref>{{RedBook2005|pages=248–49}}.</ref> The [[American Chemical Society]] (ACS) has used the spelling ''cesium'' since 1921,<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first= Anne M. |editor1-last= Coghill |editor2-first= Lorrin R. |editor2-last= Garson |year= 2006 |title= The ACS Style Guide: Effective Communication of Scientific Information |edition= 3rd |publisher= American Chemical Society |location= Washington, D.C. |isbn= 978-0-8412-3999-9 |page= [https://archive.org/details/acsstyleguideeff0000unse/page/127 127] |url= https://archive.org/details/acsstyleguideeff0000unse/page/127 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Pure Appl. Chem. |volume=70 |issue=1 |last1=Coplen |pages= 237–257 |year= 1998 |first1=T. B. |url= http://old.iupac.org/reports/1998/7001coplen/history.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://old.iupac.org/reports/1998/7001coplen/history.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |last2=Peiser |first2=H. S. |title= History of the recommended atomic-weight values from 1882 to 1997: a comparison of differences from current values to the estimated uncertainties of earlier values |doi= 10.1351/pac199870010237|s2cid=96729044 }}</ref> following ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary''.|group=note}} and [[francium]] (Fr). Together with [[hydrogen]] they constitute [[Group (periodic table)#Group names|group 1]],{{refn|In both the old IUPAC and the [[Chemical Abstracts Service|CAS]] systems for group numbering, this group is known as '''group IA''' (pronounced as "group one A", as the "I" is a [[Roman numeral]]).<ref name = fluck>{{cite journal |last1=Fluck |first1=E. |year=1988 |title=New Notations in the Periodic Table |journal=[[Pure Appl. Chem.]] |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=431–436 |publisher=[[IUPAC]] |doi=10.1351/pac198860030431 |s2cid=96704008 |url=http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1988/pdf/6003x0431.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1988/pdf/6003x0431.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=24 March 2012}}</ref>|name=group-numbering|group=note}} which lies in the [[s-block]] of the [[periodic table]]. All alkali metals have their outermost electron in an [[s-orbital]]: this shared electron configuration results in their having very similar characteristic properties.{{refn|While hydrogen also has this electron configuration, it is not considered an alkali metal as it has very different behaviour owing to the lack of [[valence electron|valence]] p-orbitals in [[period 1 element]]s.|group=note}} Indeed, the alkali metals provide the best example of [[periodic trends|group trends]] in properties in the periodic table, with elements exhibiting well-characterised [[Homologous series|homologous]] behaviour.<ref name=rsc>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/visualelements/PAGES/data/intro_groupi_data.html |title=Visual Elements: Group 1 – The Alkali Metals |author=Royal Society of Chemistry |work=Visual Elements |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |access-date=13 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805145647/http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/visualelements/PAGES/data/intro_groupi_data.html |archive-date=5 August 2012 |author-link=Royal Society of Chemistry }}</ref> This family of elements is also known as the '''lithium family''' after its leading element.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metal
|
Alphabet
|
{{Short description|Set of letters used to write a given language}}
{{Redirect|Abcs|other uses|ABCS (disambiguation)}}
{{About|alphabets in general|the English alphabet in particular|English alphabet|the international technology conglomerate|Alphabet Inc.|other uses}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
An '''alphabet''' is a writing system that uses a standard set of symbols called ''[[letter (alphabet)|letters]]'' to represent particular sounds in a spoken language. Specifically, letters largely correspond to [[phoneme]]s as the smallest sound segments that can distinguish one word from another in a given language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pulgram |first=Ernst |year=1951 |title=Phoneme and Grapheme: A Parallel |journal=WORD |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15–20 |doi=10.1080/00437956.1951.11659389 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Not all [[writing system]]s represent language in this way: a [[syllabary]] assigns symbols to spoken [[syllable]]s, while [[logographies]] assign symbols to [[word]]s, [[morpheme]]s, or other semantic units.<ref name="Daniels4">{{Harvnb|Daniels|Bright|1996|p=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-4684-1068-6_5 |chapter=The Korean writing system: An alphabet? A syllabary? A logography? |title=Processing of Visible Language |date=1980 |last1=Taylor |first1=Insup |pages=67–82 |isbn=978-1-4684-1070-9 }}</ref>
The first letters were invented in [[Ancient Egypt]] to serve as an aid in writing [[Egyptian hieroglyph]]s; these are referred to as [[Egyptian uniliteral sign]]s by [[lexicographer]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Himelfarb |first1=Elizabeth J. |title=First Alphabet Found in Egypt |journal=Archaeology |volume=53 |issue=1 |date=2000 |page=21 }}</ref> This system was used until the 5th century AD,<ref name="Houston-2003" /> and fundamentally differed by adding pronunciation hints to existing hieroglyphs that had previously carried no pronunciation information. Later on, these [[phonemic]] symbols also became used to transcribe foreign words.<ref name="Daniels" /> The first fully phonemic script was the [[Proto-Sinaitic script]], also descending from Egyptian hieroglyphs, which was later modified to create the [[Phoenician alphabet]]. The Phoenician system is considered the first true alphabet and is the ultimate ancestor of many modern scripts, including [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]], [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[Greek alphabet|Greek]], [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]], [[Latin alphabet|Latin]], and possibly [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic]].<ref name="Coulmas 140" /><ref name="Daniels 9296">{{Harvnb|Daniels|Bright|1996|pp=92–96}}</ref><ref name="Goldwasser-2012" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goldwasser |first=Orly |year=2010 |title=How the Alphabet was Born from Hieroglyphs |journal=Biblical Archaeology Review |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=40–53}}</ref>
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet
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Anatomy
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{{short description|Study of the structure of organisms}}
{{redirect|Anatomic|the Afro Celt Sound System album|Volume 5: Anatomic{{!}}''Volume 5: Anatomic''}}
{{for-multi|the anatomy of plants|Plant anatomy|other uses}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=September 2016}}
[[File:Vesalius-copy.jpg|thumb|350px|One of the large, detailed illustrations in [[Andreas Vesalius]]'s ''[[De humani corporis fabrica]]'' 16th century, marking the rebirth of anatomy<ref>{{Cite web |title=De humani corporis fabrica libri septem. Cum indice rerum & uerborum memorabilium locupletissimo |url=https://ia801207.us.archive.org/10/items/bub_gb_5Xby3nxU3XMC/bub_gb_5Xby3nxU3XMC.pdf}}</ref>]]
{{TopicTOC-Biology}}
'''Anatomy''' ({{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|ἀνατομή}}'' ({{grc-transl|ἀνατομή}})|[[dissection]]}}) is the branch of [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] concerned with the study of the internal structure of [[organisms]] and their parts.<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|anatomy}}</ref> Anatomy is a branch of [[natural science]] that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having its beginnings in prehistoric times.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rotimi |first=Booktionary |title=Anatomy |url=https://www.preps.ng/jamb-subject-combination-for-anatomy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801080440/https://www.booktionary.com.ng/index_files/Page1935.htm |archive-date=1 August 2017 |access-date=18 June 2017}}</ref> Anatomy is inherently tied to [[developmental biology]], [[embryology]], [[comparative anatomy]], [[evolutionary biology]], and [[phylogeny]],<ref name="intro HGray">{{cite web |last=Gray |first=Henry |year=1918 |title=Introduction |url=https://www.bartleby.com/107/1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316005206/https://www.bartleby.com/107/1.html |archive-date=16 March 2007 |access-date=19 March 2007 |website=Anatomy of the Human Body |via=[[Bartleby.com]] |edition=20th}}</ref> as these are the processes by which anatomy is generated, both over immediate and long-term timescales. Anatomy and [[physiology]], which study the structure and [[function (biology)|function]] of organisms and their parts respectively, make a natural pair of related disciplines, and are often studied together. [[Human anatomy]] is one of the essential [[basic sciences]] that are applied in medicine, and is often studied alongside [[physiology]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Arráez-Aybar |display-authors=etal |year=2010 |title=Relevance of human anatomy in daily clinical practice |journal=[[Annals of Anatomy]] |volume=192 |issue=6|pages=341–48 |doi=10.1016/j.aanat.2010.05.002 |pmid=20591641 }}</ref>
Anatomy is a complex and dynamic field that is constantly evolving as discoveries are made. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the use of advanced imaging techniques, such as [[MRI]] and [[CT scan]]s, which allow for more detailed and accurate visualizations of the body's structures.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy
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Affirming the consequent
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{{Short description|Type of fallacious argument (logical fallacy)}}
{{Redirect|False conversion|the Islamic doctrine|Taqiya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
In [[propositional calculus|propositional logic]], '''affirming the consequent''' (also known as '''converse error''', '''fallacy of the converse''', or '''confusion of [[necessity and sufficiency]]''') is a [[formal fallacy]] (or an [[Validity (logic)|invalid]] form of argument) that is committed when, in the context of an [[indicative conditional]] statement, it is stated that because the [[consequent]] is true, therefore the [[Antecedent (logic)|antecedent]] is true. It takes on the following form:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirming_the_consequent
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Andrei Tarkovsky
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{{Short description|Soviet filmmaker (1932–1986)}}
{{Redirect|Tarkovsky|the surname, as well as other people with this name|Tarkovsky (surname)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs1}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Andrei tarkovsky stamp russia 2007.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Tarkovsky on a Russian stamp
| native_name = {{nobold|Андрей Тарковский}}
| native_name_lang = ru
| birth_name = Andrei Arsenyevich Tarkovsky
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1932|4|4}}
| birth_place = [[Zavrazhye, Kadyysky District, Kostroma Oblast|Zavrazhye]], [[Ivanovo Oblast]]<!--now Kostroma Oblast, but the village apparently belonged to Ivanovo at the time-->, [[Russian SFSR]], Soviet Union
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1986|12|29|1932|4|4}}
| death_place = Paris, France
| resting_place = [[Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery]], Paris, France
| nationality =
| alma_mater = [[All-Union State Institute of Cinematography]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter|film theorist}}
| years_active = 1958–1986
| notable_works = [[Works by Andrei Tarkovsky|Full list]]
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* {{Marriage|[[Irma Raush]]|1957|1970|reason=divorced}}
* {{Marriage|[[Larisa Tarkovskaya|Larisa Kizilova]]|1970}}
}}
| father = [[Arseny Tarkovsky]]
| awards = [[List of awards won by Andrei Tarkovsky|List]]
}}
'''Andrei Arsenyevich Tarkovsky''' ({{langx|ru|Андрей Арсеньевич Тарковский}}, {{IPA|ru|ɐnˈdrʲej ɐrˈsʲenʲjɪvʲɪtɕ tɐrˈkofskʲɪj|pron|Pronunciation ru андрей тарковский.ogg}};<ref>{{Cite web|language=en|url=https://forvo.com/word/%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9/#ru|title=How to pronounce Андрей Тарковский
|website=forvo.com}}</ref> 4 April 1932<ref>{{cite web| url = https://bigenc.ru/c/tarkovskii-andrei-arsen-evich-279216/?v=7226008| author = [[Andrei Plakhov|Андрей Степанович Плахов]] | title = Тарковский, Андрей Арсеньевич| access-date = April 3, 2024| publication-date = May 11, 2023 }} // ''[[Great Russian Encyclopedia|Большая российская энциклопедия]]''. Том 31. [[Москва]], 2016, с. 674.</ref> – 29 December 1986) was a Soviet{{efn|Tarkovsky was born in the [[Russian SFSR]], with his mother being from the {{ill|Dubasov family|ru|Дубасовы}} of [[Russian nobility]], and with mixed Polish, Romanian and Russian ancestry on his paternal side; his nationality remained Soviet throughout his life, even during his last years in exile.}} film director and screenwriter of Russian origin.<!--Do NOT change without new consensus, see [[Talk:Andrei Tarkovsky#Tarkovsky a Russian film director and screenwriter?]].--><ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema|author=Peter Rollberg|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2009|place=US|isbn=978-0-8108-6072-8|pages=685–690}}</ref> He is widely considered one of the greatest directors in cinema history. [[Works by Andrei Tarkovsky|His films]] explore spiritual and [[metaphysics|metaphysical]] themes and are known for their [[Slow cinema|slow pacing and long takes]], dreamlike visual imagery and preoccupation with nature and memory.<ref name=Sight>{{cite web |last1=James |first1=Nick |title=The Tarkovsky Legacy |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/features/deep-focus/tarkovsky-legacy |website=[[Sight & Sound]] |date=8 May 2019 |access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Petric |first1=Vlada |title=Tarkovsky's Dream Imagery |journal=Film Quarterly |date=December 1989 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=28–34 |doi=10.1525/fq.1989.43.2.04a00040}}</ref>
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky
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Ambiguity
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{{Short description|Type of uncertainty of meaning where several interpretations are possible}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Ambiguous|the film|Ambiguous (film)}}
{{Copy edit|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
[[File:Alice 05a-1116x1492.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Drawing of the back an anthropomorphic caterpillar, seated on a toadstool amid grass and flowers, blowing smoke from a hookah; a blonde girl in an old-fashioned frock is standing on tiptoe to peer at the caterpillar over the toadstool's edge|Sir [[John Tenniel]]'s illustration of the [[Caterpillar (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Caterpillar]] for [[Lewis Carroll]]'s ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'' is noted for its ambiguous central figure, whose head can be viewed as either a man's face with a pointed nose and chin smoking a pipe, or as the end of an actual [[caterpillar]], with the first two right "true" legs visible (1865).<ref>"And do you see its long nose and chin? At least, they ''look'' exactly like a nose and chin, that is don't they? But they really ''are'' two of its legs. You know a Caterpillar has got ''quantities'' of legs: you can see more of them, further down." Carroll, Lewis. ''The Nursery "Alice"''. Dover Publications (1966), p 27.</ref>]]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity
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Abel
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{{short description|Biblical figure}}
{{Refimprove|date=June 2025}}
{{about|the biblical figure|other uses|Abel (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Abrahamic religions]]
| image = Sacrificio de Abel, de Juan Antonio de Frías y Escalante (Museo del Prado).jpg
| caption = ''Sacrifice of Abel'' by [[Juan Antonio de Frías y Escalante]], {{circa|1667}}
| father = [[Adam]]
| mother = [[Eve]]
}}
'''Abel'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|eɪ|b|əl|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Abel.wav}}; {{Langx|he|הֶבֶל}} ''Héḇel'', in [[pausa]] {{Script/Hebrew|הָבֶל}} ''Hā́ḇel''; {{langx|grc-x-biblical|Ἅβελ}} ''Hábel''; {{langx|ar|هابيل|Hābīl}}}} ({{Langx|he|הֶבֶל}} ''Hébel'', in [[pausa]] {{Script/Hebrew|הָבֶל}} ''Hā́ḇel''; {{langx|grc-x-biblical|Ἅβελ}} ''Hábel''; {{langx|ar|[[wikt:هابيل|هابيل]]}}, ''Hābēl'') is a biblical figure in the [[Book of Genesis]] within the [[Abrahamic religion]]s. Born as the second son of [[Adam]] and [[Eve]], the first two humans created by [[God in Judaism|God]], he was a [[shepherd]] who offered his firstborn flock to God as a religious offering. God accepted Abel's offering but not the offering of his older brother [[Cain]], leading Cain to stone Abel to death out of jealousy. This act marked the first death in biblical history, making Abel the first murder victim.
==Life and death==
{{excerpt|Cain and Abel|Genesis narrative}}
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel
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Aardvark
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{{Short description|Burrowing mammal native to Africa}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|5|0|Early [[Pliocene]] – Recent}}
| image = Orycteropus afer 175359469.jpg
| image_caption = Aardvark in the [[Bushveld]], Limpopo
| image2 = Aardvark (Orycteropus afer).jpg
| image2_caption = At [[Royal Burgers' Zoo]], Arnhem, Netherlands
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Taylor, A. |author2=Lehmann, T. |date=2015 |title=''Orycteropus afer'' |volume=2015 |page=e.T41504A21286437 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41504A21286437.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Orycteropus
| species = afer
| authority = ([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1766)
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = See text
| range_map = Aardvark area.png
| range_map_caption = Aardvark range
| range_map_alt = Map of Africa showing a highlighted range (in green) covering most of the continent south of the Sahara desert
}}
[[File:Aardvark Skeleton.jpg|thumb|Skeleton of an aardvark]]
The '''aardvark''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑːr|d|v|ɑːr|k|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-aardvark.wav}} {{respell|ARD|vark}}; '''''Orycteropus afer''''') is a medium-sized, burrowing, [[nocturnal]] mammal native to Africa.<ref name="EB">{{harvnb|Hoiberg|2010|pp=3–4}}</ref><ref>[https://www.dsae.co.za/entry/aardvark/e00015 "Aardvark, n."] ''Dictionary of South African English''. Dictionary Unit for South African English, 2018. 26 February 2019.</ref> The aardvark is the only living member of the family [[Orycteropodidae]] and the order [[Tubulidentata]].<ref name="MSW3">{{harvnb|Schlitter|2005|p=86}}</ref><ref name="EoM" /> It has a long [[proboscis]], similar to a pig's snout, which is used to sniff out food.
The aardvark is an [[afrothere]], a [[clade]] that also includes [[elephants]], [[manatees]], and [[hyraxes]].
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark
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